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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOLUME 111
NUMBERS 3422-3430

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1961

Publications of the United States National Museum

The scientific publications of the United States National Museum include two
series, Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States
National Museum Bulletin.

In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with
the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts
in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies
of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and
to specialists and others interested in the various subjects.

The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate
form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with
the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the
volume.

In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer,
separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts)
and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are
either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation.
Since 1902 papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been
published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium.

REMINGTON KELLOGG,
Director, United States National Museum.

il

CONTENTS

Crapitt, Raupy E., Jr. A new American genus of Crypto-
pid centipedes, with an annotated key to the Scolopendro-
morph genera from America north of Mexico. Sixteen
figures. No. 3422, published January 27, 1960

New genus: Thalkethops.
New species: Thalkethops grallatriz.

CraBitL, Ratew E., Jr. Centipedes of the Smithsonian-
Bredin expeditions to the West Indies. Twenty-four fig-
ures. No. 3427, published April 8, 1960

New genus: Caritohallex.
New species: Caritohallez minyrrhopus, Ityphilus idanus, Schen-
dylurus virgingordae, Lestophilus bredint.

FRoESCHNER, Ricuarp C. Cydnidae of the Western Hemi-
sphere. Thirteen plates (300 plate figures). No. 3430,
published October 25, 1960 . . (INDEXED SEPARATELY)

New subfamilies: Garsauriinae, Scaptocorinae.

New subgenera: Pseudopangaeus, Ecarinoceps.

New species: Scaptocoris divergens, S. grossa, Rhytidoporus bar-
beri, R. obsoletus, Ectinopus muticus, Onalips bisinuatus, O. com-
pletus, Melanaethus aereus, M. externus, M. mixtus, M. plani-
frons, Pangaeus punctilinea, P. setosus, P. tuberculipes, P. pluri-
punctatus, P. bisctosus, P. impressus, P. neogeus, P. punctinotum,
P. quinquespinosus, P. rugonotum, P. semibrunneus, Tominotus
albicostus, T. brevirostris, T. inconspicuus, T. unisetosus, Dallas-
tellus puncticoria, D. vanduzeet, D. laevis, D. longirostris, D. meg-
alocephalus, D. reflecus, D, alutaceus, D. bacchinus, D. dilatipes, D.
fusus, D. horvathi, D. interruptus, D. orchidiphilus, D. ovalis, D.
puncticeps, D. triangularis, Amnestus basidentatus, A. explanatus,
A, foveatus, A. radialis, A. sexdentatus, A. trimaculatus.

New subspecies: Sehirus cinctus texensis.

Horrman, Ricuarp L. A fourth contribution to the knowl-
edge of neotropical Platyrhacid millipeds (Diplopoda
Polydesmida). One figure. No. 3423, published Feb-
ruary 2, 1960 é

New tribes: Platyrhacini, Psammodesmini.
New species: Platyrhacus acanthopleurus, Nyssodesmus attemst.

Horrman, Ricnuarp L. Millipeds from Dominica, British
West Indies. Two figures. No. 3424, published January
22, 1960 .

Pages

167-195

337-680

ijl

nV, CONTENTS

HorrMan, Ricuarp L., anp Orcutt, Barpara 8S. A syn-
opsis of the Atopetholidae, a family of spiroboloid milli-
peds. Twelve figures. No. 3426, published March 14,
1960 cs OY, ue a grey cebios epee to Scie en

New subfamilies: Eurelinae, Atopetholinae, Onychelinae, Ari-

nolinae
New genus: Comanchelus.
New species: Comanchelus hubrichti, Arinolus citrinus.

JERATH, MAaNoHAR Lau. Notes on larvae of nine genera of
Aphodiinae in the United States (Coleoptera : Scarabaei-
dae). Eighty-nine figures. No. 3425, published Feb-
PUT ys, LOGO 2 sit Beelet etree: tes lee Bo alee arse a ee ie eat ees

ScuHuincER, Evert I. A revision of the genus Ogcodes La-
treille with particular reference to species of the Western
Hemisphere. Nine figures and thirteen plates (112 plate
figures). No. 3429, published September 9, 1960.

New subgenera: Protogcodes, Neogcodes

New species: Ogcodes paramonovi, O. similis, O. leptisoma, O. argi-
gaster, O. orientalis, O. philippinensis, O. adaptatus, O. hennigi,
O. boharti, O. canadensis, O. sabroskyi, O. colombiensis, O. brasi-
lensis, O. argentinensis.

SELANDER, RicHarpD B., AND BoUSEMAN, JOHN K. Meloid
beetles (Coleoptera) of the West Indies. Twelve figures.
No. 3428, published March 14, 1960

New species: Tetraonyx maestra.

Pages

95-165

43-94

227-336

197-226

Proceedings of

the Umited States

National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C.

Volume 111 1960 Number 3422

A NEW AMERICAN GENUS OF CRYPTOPID CENTIPEDES,
WITH AN ANNOTATED KEY TO THE SCOLOPENDRO-
MORPH GENERA FROM AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

By Rates E. Crasiiy, Jr.

Of all centipedes perhaps the Scolopendromorpha are the best
known, at least at generic and suprageneric levels. This knowledge
has come about partly as a result of the availability of large numbers
of study specimens drawn very widely from the earth, and partly
as a result of the relatively clear-cut, usually well-defined assemblages
that we encounter throughout much of the order. In contrast,
where our understanding of the suprageneric structure of all other
centipedes is faulty or imperfect, the lack of adequate numbers of
geographically representative specimens or intrinsic categorical
difficulties or both are generally responsible.

The scolopendromorphs that we know best, quite understandably,
are the larger forms—the kinds attractive to collectors because they
are big, fierce looking, and, in the tropics, abundant; for the most
part they are the familiar Scolopendridae. By the same token the
ones that we know less well are the smaller, often tiny Cryptopidae.
Here I believe much more remains to be learned; as a matter of fact,
it is quite reasonable to anticipate the discovery particularly in the
New World Tropics and Subtropics of new cryptopid species and new
cryptopid supraspecific patterns, the present new genus being one
example.

The new form seems most like those presently included under
Kethops, and yet apparently differs sufficiently to warrant elevation
to equivalent generic rank. Admittedly this decision may seem
undesirable once the suprageneric structure of the Scolopocryptopinae
has been extended and more perfectly delineated; however, at the

1

» PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

time of this writing, certain of the differences distinguishing Thalkethops
grallatriz, new genus, new species, from the Kethops species seem at
least qualitatively to justify my action.

Thalkethops and Kethops stand alone within the scolopocryptopine
constellation in their possession of cryptopiform ultimate legs (see
note 1, p. 13) and lack of sclerotized plates or other appurtenances
on the anterior prosternal margin (fig. 13). The lack of prehensorial
spinous processes of the basal article distinguishes both genera from
the two closely allied genera, Scolopocryptops and Dinocryptops (see
note 2, p. 13). They also differ from Kartops in lacking prosternal
armature. Newportia and Tidops are readily signalized by their
seventh pedal segment spiracles, which Thalkethops and Kethops lack.

I believe the most striking superficial features of Thalkethops are
also prominent among the features giving it its generic identity,
namely, the extraordinarily long antennal articles (fig. 5), and the
long, thin, almost stiltlike legs (hence grallatriz, a female stilt walker,
see fig. 14). Additional characters of significance are the following:
T. graliatriz: Tarsi 1-21 each with a nearly complete circumarticular
suture (fig. 3), hence each essentially bipartite; sternital cross-sulci
and submarginal sulci absent. Kethops spp.: Tarsi 1-21 each undi-
vided, not suturate (fig. 12); sternital cross-sulci more or less and
submarginal sulci always distinct. Finally, the following characters
may prove to differ consistently between the two: 7. grallatriz: Hach
first maxillary coxosternum with a thin longitudinal and essentially
membranous strip (fig. 7); coxopleural ventral margin without a
submarginal sulcus, its edge not reflected to form a low flange.
Kethops spp.: Each first maxillary coxosternum without a thin mem-
branous strip (at least in 7’. euterpe Crabill); coxopleuron with a sub-
marginal sulcus, with a flangelike reflected edge (at least in T.. euterpe
Crabill and 7. utahensis (Chamberlin), the genotype).

Several features of 7’. grallatriz suggest adaptation for cave life. The
long, light, thin legs seem well suited for swift passage along the
cluttered cave floor and over the walls and perhaps along the ceiling.
The pale, virtually transparent tergites and appendages may repre-
sent a loss of pigmentation such as is well known to occur commonly
in many kinds of cavernicoles.

Thalkethops, new genus

GENERIC pDrAGNosis: Color: Tergites, sternites, and parts of legs
mostly translucent, the underying musculature plainly discernible
underneath. Antennae, each with 17 articles; each article extra-
ordinarily elongate. Cephalic plate without eyespots or margins;
posteromedially with a pair of short, slightly divergent sutures.
Maxillae: First, each coxosternum with a weak longitudinal membra-

NEW AMERICAN CRYPTOPID GENUS—CRABILL 3

nous strip; second, its apical claw long and acuminate, its dorsal
edge pectinate, its ventral edge undissected. Prehensorial segment:
Prosternum with anterior margin plain, without sclerotized ridges or
plates; ventrally without, dorsally with a short pair of sinuous chitin-
lines. Prehensors: Spinous processes and denticles absent; poison
calyx in trochanteroprefemur, robust and elongate; tarsungula of
normal size and configuration (as in Kethops). Tergites: First with
omegoid sutural pattern plus posterior paramedian sutures and
anterior cervical suture; 2-22 each with complete paramedian
sutures; other sutures absent; 23 without sutures or sulci. Sternites:
1-22 each with a shallow midlongitudinal sulcus; submarginal and
cross-sulci both apparently absent. Spiracles: Not operculate; on
pedal segments 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22. Legs: 1-21 each
long and very thin, each tarsus essentially divided by an incomplete
ventrobilateral suture, none with a dorsal condyle; 22 very long and
thin, tarsus with a dorsal condyle and completely bipartite; 23 the leg
cryptopiform, the tarsus with condyle, the prefemur, femur, tibia, and
1st tarsus each with from one to many ventrally ankylosed mucrones
(see note 3, p. 13); the pretarsus unlike those preceding, without acces-
sory claws. Coxopleuron: Porigerous; with a ventroposterior short,
thin, acute spinous process.

Type sprcies: Thalkethops grallatriz, new species (by present
designation and monotypy).

Thalkethops grallatrix, new species

Fieurss 1-5, 7, 9-11, 13-16

Holotype probably female. New Mexico, Eddy County, Carlsbad
Cave (see note 4, p. 14); Dixon Freeland and Thomas Ela, August 31,
1957, USNM 2505.

Body length 34.5 mm. General color: Antennae, head, prehensors,
and ultimate legs with associated segment pale yellow; tergites,
sternites, and other legs yellowish-white to whitish and translucent
to transparent, the underlying musculature plainly disclosed.

Antennae: Each 15 mm. long, each with 17 articles; very pale
yellow. From dorsal aspect articles 3-17 conspicuously longer than
wide (e.g., 4th, length: width = 3.4 mm.: 1.0 mm.; 10th, 1: w = 3.0:
0.6; see figs. 5-6). Articles 1-3 each sparsely clothed with longer setae,
4 partly clothed with finer denser setae, 5-17 densely finely setose.

Cephalic plate: Yellowish, shining, 2.0 mm. long, 2.2 mm. at greatest
width; very sparsely invested with minute setae. Posterior corners
markedly rounded, sides straight as far as anterolateral angles, there-
after converging to form the anterior apex, the apex centrally in-
dented and bisected by a short distinct suture. Paramedian sutures

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

distinct, beginning on posterior margin then diverging slightly, the
somewhat longer of the two 0.33 mm. long. Cephalic plate without
lateral margins.

Clypeus: Deep yellow, sparsely clothed with longer setae. Anterior
apex weakly developed. Lateral paraclypeal sutures short, anteriorly
incomplete, generally vague.

Labrum: Well separated medially from posterior clypeal margin.
Median tooth deeply pigmented, robust, evenly pointed, flanked by
heavily sclerotized, deeply pigmented rounded inner shoulders of
labral sidepieces. True posterior margins of sidepieces membranous,
delicately fimbriulate; beneath (i.e., dorsal to) each the darker heavier
portions of each sidepiece are visible. Each sidepiece broadly meet-
ing inner end of its coclypeus. Anterolateral corner of each sidepiece
with a minute slitlike opening (of a labral gland?); each sidepiece
with a field of microscopic sensory points, each resembling a typical
sensillum basiconicum. Anteriorly across entire labrum one well-
defined complete and several abortive sclerotic wrinkles (rugae).

First maxillae: Each coxosternum with a weak longitudinal suture
(actually a thin membranous strip).

Second maxillae: Second article with the usual weak dorsodistal
spur. Claw long, acuminate, its dorsal edge pectinate, its ventral
edge straight, undissected. Dorsal brush dense, beginning at about
middle of third article.

Mandible: As shown in figure 1 (see also note 5, p. 14).

Prehensorial segment: Prosternum: Setae sparse, the majority rela-
tively long; surface impressed with numerous microscopic pits each
with a sensory point (i.e., each resembling a sensillum basiconicum) ;
ventrally without chitin-lines, dorsally with a pair of short abortive
and sinuous chitin-lines (see note 6, p. 14); pleuroprosternal sutures
distinct, complete; anterior margin unarmed, without plates or raised
sclerotized border, the two sides apparently (but not actually) sepa-
rated by a midlongitudinal short membranous strip. Prehensors: All
articles with numerous sensilla basiconica; none with spinous proc-
esses, denticles, or other armature; poison calyx within the trochan-
teroprefemur, elongate, thick; tarsungula of normal size and configura-
tion (as in Kethops, see figs. 8 and 9), evenly curved from base to tip;
poison canal aperture dorsal, very long and narrow, its greatest length
to width=5:1.

Tergites: First pedal tergite yellowish, with a few larger setae; with
a distinct cervical suture to which are attached omegoid (i.e., W-
shaped) sutures, their posterior apices continuous with prominent
paramedian sutures. Tergites 2-22 whitish and translucent, the pos-
terior border very pale yellowish, the underlying musculature plainly
visible, very sparsely clothed with minute setae; each impressed

NEW AMERICAN CRYPTOPID GENUS—CRABILL 5

Ficures 1-9 (unless otherwise stated, the following depict parts of Thalkethops grallatrix,
holotype).—1, Right mandible, outer surface (see note 5): a, pulvillus; 5, teeth; c, sickle
bristles; d, lamina dentifera; ¢, lamina triangularis; f, manubrium; g, lamina manubrii;
h, lamina condylifera; i, condylus or condyle. 2, First pedal tergite, dorsal (setae
omitted): a, cervical suture; b, omegoid or W-shaped sutural pattern; c, paramedian
sutures. 3, Distotarsus and pretarsus of tenth leg (setae omitted). 4, Second maxillary
claw, left, ventral aspect. 5, Fourth (lower) and Sth (upper) antennal articles, left,
(setae of 5th shown, of 4th omitted). 6, Kethops euterpe Crabill, type, 4th (lower) and
5th (upper) antennal articles, right (setae of 4th shown, those of 5th omitted). 7, First
maxilla, left, ventral aspect (all setae shown): a, weak membranous strip. 8, Kethops
euterpe Crabill, Right poison calyx (black) with its duct (outlined). 9, Right poison
calyx (black) with its duct (outlined).

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

longitudinally with two distinct paramedian sutures; each with a pair
of broad very shallow longitudinal submarginal troughs or sulci ectal
to the aforementioned paramedian sutures, the sulci delineating very
weakly defined atypical tergital margins on about 3 or 4 through 22.

Sternites 1-22: Each whitish and translucent, the underlying mus-
culature visible; setae extremely sparse and minute. Each longer
than wide. Each with a shallow midlongitudinal and rather broad
sulcus, these best seen on 1 through 20 or so, thereafter evanescent,
barely discernible on 20 and 21; cross-sulci apparently absent; sub-
marginal sulci absent.

Spiracles: Present on pedal segments 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,
and 22 (see note 2, p. 13). Legs 1-22 whitish to dilute yellowish-
white; setae tiny and sparse except on prefemora and femora, which
have a few more robust and deeply colored setae. Legs 1-21 each
thin and relatively very long (10th leg not including trochanter and
pretarsus, 6.17 mm.; Ist tarsus (1.17 mm.)+2d tarsus (0.57 mm.) >
tibia (1.57 mm.)> prefemur (1.53 mm.) >femur (1.33 mm.)); a pale
suture incomplete only dorsally indistinctly dividing each tarsus into
a longer very slightly thicker proximotarsus and a shorter very slightly
thinner distotarsus; dorsal condyles absent on 1—21; each pretarsus
with 2 very long thin accessory claws (actually spurs ankylosed to base
of pretarsus). Legpair 22: Tarsus completely divided, with a promi-
nent pigmented dorsal condyle; slightly longer than preceding legs,
otherwise not differing significantly. Prectrotaxy: VTaM=1-21,
VTiM=1-22, DTiA=1-21; pretarsal accessories= 1—22.

Ultimate pedal segment and legs: Tergite yellowish, opaque, with
about 20 scattered setae; without sutures or sulci; slightly longer than
wide, posterior margin evenly bowed outward, the apex round and
broad; side abruptly reflected upward on each side to form a flange
with the contingent upper coxopleural margin. Coxopleuron yellow-
ish-white, opaque; with a few stout setae; porigerous area without
setae reaching anterior margin but separated from dorsal margin by a
narrow strip, posteriorly sloping ventrally to posterior and ventral
margins, pores small, numbering at least 100 on each side; ventro-
lateral margin not reflected into a fiange, not submarginally sulcate;
each coxopleural spinous process very thin, almost ensiform, between
¥% and \ as long as posterior margin is high, tipped with a black point
and 2 delicate setae, its shaft ventrally with 2 stout setae; the ventral
edges of the 2 coxopleura contiguous for nearly their entire lengths.
Ultimate legs: Right (left abnormal), excluding pretarsus, 6.0 mm. long
(i.e., prefemur-+ trochanter=1.80 mm., femur=1.50 mm., tibia=1.27
mm., lst tarsus=0.60 mm., 2d tarsus=0.83 mm.); yellow and opaque;
trochanter nearly completely amalgamated with prefemur, the latter
very slightly flattened dorsally, the remaining articles dorsally

NEW AMERICAN CRYPTOPID GENUS—CRABILL 7

15

Figures 10-15 (unless otherwise stated, the following depict parts of Thalkethops grallatrix,
holotype).—10, Labrum, ventral aspect: a, coclypeus; 8, slitlike opening; c, field of
sensilla basiconica; d, translabral rugae; e, solid, pigmented underlying portion; f, hyaline,
fimbriulate posterior border of labrum. 11, Second maxillae (all setae omitted).
12, Kethops euterpe Crabill, 10th leg, anterolateral surface (setae omitted). 13, Pros-
ternum and left prehensor, ventral aspect (setae omitted): a, poison calyx; 6, pleuropro-
sternal suture. 14, Tenth leg, anterolateral surface, showing serial spurs and their
formulae (setae omitted). 15, Ultimate right leg, inner surface (setae omitted), showing
pigmented mucrones.

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

ane

Ficure 16.—Thalkethops grallatrix, holotype: a, typical spine, the spinous process arming

the coxopleuron of grallatrix; b, a straight mucro; c, a curved mucro; d, a lanceolate
setae; ¢, f typical setae; g, a typical leg spur or calcar.

—_—

rounded; all articles finely dorsally setose; prefemur on each side with
sparse stout lanceolate (see note 3, p. 13) setae, ventrally with a
linear series of 7 short stout and pointed ankylosed mucrones (see note
3, p. 13) and a few scattered fine setae; femur ventrally with 12
ankylosed mucrones, its sides with lanceolate setae; tibia ventrally
with a row of 11 mucrones, without lanceolate setae, subdensely with
long fine setae; first tarsus ventrally with one hooked firmly ankylosed
(nearly spiniform) mucro; second tarsus proximoventrally excavate,
without mucrones or lanceolate setae, with numerous long fine setae;
pretarsus long, thin and curved, without accessory claws.

Key to the Scolopendromorph Genera of America North of Mexico

The key given below should facilitate the identification of all
scolopendromorph genera and obligate higher categories presently
known to be represented in America north of Mexico.! In addition,
I have included and identified by daggers (f) those few genera com-
mon to adjacent regions to the south, chiefly Mexico, whose presence
within our area may eventually be demonstrated. Following the

1 Since the preparation of this manuscript Professor Chamberlin has written me of his discovery of a new
Californian Ethmostigmus; this is the first record of the genus in North America. At the time of this writing
his description of the new species was not published.

NEW AMERICAN CRYPTOPID GENUS—CRABILL 9

key, the North American distribution of each genus is briefly sum-
marized, and mention is made of the more important species. To the
best of my knowledge, a similar treatment devoted to the genera
represented in North America has not appeared in print since 1893, a
span of years characterized by the steady accumulation of distribu-
tional information as well as by significant revisionary activity.

la. With four ocelli on each side of the cephalic plate . . SCcOLOPENDRIDAE (2)
1b. Without ocelli, the ocellar positions either concolorous with the remainder
of the cephalic plate or unpigmented and contrasting with the deeply

colored environs. . . . . . . . » CRYPTOPIDAE (3)
2a. Spiracles operculate, i.e., feach divided fi an inner and an outer atrium
by an internal and eeccnuially tripartite valve . . . ScOLOPENDRINAB (5)
2b. Spiracles not operculate, i.e., each spiracular atrium fully exposed, none
with an internal valvular partition . . . . . . . . . OTOSTIGMINAB (7)
3a. With 21 pairs of legs and pedal segments .......+++-++-++: 4
3b. With 23 pairs of legs and pedal segments . . . . ScoLopocrYPTOPINAE (8)

4a. Anterior margin of prosternum with a pair of elongate, coarsely toothed
plates. Cephalic plate with prominent eyespots in the ocellar positions.
Ultimate pedal segment conspicuously elongate; ultimate legs extremely
heavy, robust... . . . . . . . THEATOPINAE, genus Theatops
4b. Anterior margin of pEecntre without such toothed plates. Cephalic
plate without eyespots. Ultimate pedal segment of normel proportions.

Ultimate legs only slightly heavier than penults . . . Crypropinas (12)
5a. First or proximotarsi of the first 15 to 20 san of legs each with a promi-
nent ventrodistalspur. .. . <. teh wel vor eat we, as ae
5b. No proximotarsus with a vantrodistal ae . . « Genus Hemiscolopendra

6a. Ultimate pretarsus basally with two accessory claws. . Genus Scolopendra
6b. Ultimate pretarsus without accessory claws . . . . Genus Arthrorhabdus
7a. Seventh pedal segment without a pair of spiracles . Genus Otostigmus {
7b. Seventh pedal segment with a pair of spiracles. Trochanteroprefemur of

prehensor with a prominent inner spinous process. . . . . Genus Rhysida
7c. Seventh pedal segment with a pair of spiracles. Trochanteroprefemur of
prehensor without an inner spinous process. . . Genus Ethomostigmus 7

8a. Seventh pedal segment with a pair of spiracles (see note 2, p. 13). Ultimate
second tarsus either subdivided into many pseudosegments or un-

Gividedias ite ineic 5 Pie 3d
8b. Seventh pedal segment tromaeily Trieoan a male ‘of epiedcles. Ultimate
second tarsus undivided. ..... i dathe, LO

9a. First pedal tergite often with an praeecid attra! patieee pos with pos-
terior paramedian sutures, complete or abortive. Ultimate second tarsus
divided into pseudosegments . . . . . .. . . . Genus Newportia f
9b. First pedal tergite never with an Griesotth sutural pattern, normally without
paramedian sutures or fragments thereof. Ultimate second Tarsus un-
Givided'sj- ai 3) 408 tends als. ea . . . Genus Dinocryptops
Gonmeny Scolannerupione: see note 2, p. 13)
10a. Prosternal anterior margin with a pair of low dark, heavily sclerotized
ridges. Trochanteroprefemur distally with a prominent inner spinous
PTOCESSS> 5 TAI) ETRE ac 82 . . . Genus Scolopocryptops
iformerly, Otocryptops; see note 2, p. 13)
10b. Prosternal anterior margin unadorned, without dark, well sclerotized ridges.
Trochanteroprefemur without an inner distal spinous process. . . .- 11
505109—59——_-2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

lla. Legs 1-21 each without trace of tarsal division. Sternital cross-sulci
usually apparent; submarginal sulci typically pronounced.
Genus Kethops
11b. Legs 1-21 each with a tarsal suture delineating a proximotarsus and a disto-
tarsus. Sternital cross-sulci absent; submarginal sulci absent.
Thalkethops, new genus
12a. Each coxopleuron with a prominent ventroposterior spinous process.
Genus Anethops
12b. Each coxopleuron without such a process, its posterior border essentially
SORAIE IG ce ses arcs wags toe eM e ven a oe ee en ear eros Genus Cryptops

Distribution of Genera

ScOLOPENDRIDAE

Scolopendra: There are apparently fewer than half a dozen species
in North America; of them three are quite common, viz, viridis Say,
in the Southeastern Atlantic, South-Central, and apparently in some
Western States; polymorpha Wood, in the States west of Missouri;
heros Girard, throughout most of the Southern States across the
continent. In addition, a number of Tropical or Pantropical species
are frequently intercepted at seaports; e.g., alternans Leach, subspinipes
Leach, and morsitans Linné; none is known to be established within
North America. In general, distribution of the genus in North
America is different east and west of about long. 95° W., as follows:
East of long. 95° W., from the gulf coast north into southern Missouri,
Illinois, and Kentucky (heros and viridis), up the Atlantic Coastal
States from Florida as far north as southern Virginia (viridis); west of
long. 95° W., throughout the Southwest (heros, polymorpha, and
perhaps viridis), up the Pacific Coastal States as far north as Washing-
ton (polymorpha and heros extending evidently only into California
and Utah), throughout all but the most northern Montane and Plains
States (polymorpha and possibly heros). Both heros and polymorpha
have been reported from Mexico, but whether the true viridis occurs
there, in my opinion, remains to be settled.

Arthrorhabdus: One species, pygmaeus (Pocock), has been recorded
infrequently from New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. It undoubtedly
also inhabits adjacent Mexico.

Hemiscolopendra: Only punetiventris (Newport) [=Cormocephalus
(H.) punctiventris (Newport) of authors] is believed to inhabit
North America. Quite common east of the 95th meridian, viz, from
just south of the Great Lakes to the gulf coast and Southeastern
Atlantic States where it is extremely prevalent, on the Atlantic coastal
plain northward into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, and New
England; not known to occur west of about long. 95° W., in the
United States.

Otostigmus: This genus is common to all Tropical and most

NEW AMERICAN CRYPTOPID GENUS—CRABILL 11

Subtropical lands including America south of the United States. Its
species can be expected at seaports, and probably one or more Mexican
forms presently undetected have established themselves in our extreme
Southwest.

Rhysida: A common Neotropical genus, Rhysida is represented in
the United States by at least one possibly established species, longipes
(Newport), discovered recently in southern Florida (Chamberlin,
1958, p. 14). Others may eventually be found in the Southwest.
The report of celeris (Humboldt and Saussure) in Georgia given by
Kraepelin (1902, p. 150) and repeated by Attems (1930, p. 189) has
not been corroborated by subsequent collections. My own suspicion
is that the species is not established in inland Georgia at the present
time.

CRYPTOPIDAE

Theatops: Four species are known to occur in North America: 7’
californiensis Chamberlin (?==erythrocephala (Koch)), California and
Oregon; phana Chamberlin, Texas; spinicauda (Wood), Mexico and
California in the West, in the East from northern Missouri and
Illinois south to the Gulf States, north through the Carolinas, con-
tinuing up the coastal plain probably as far as extreme southern
Pennsylvania; and postica (Say), recorded sporadically from Utah
and Arizona, in the East a very common and widespread centipede,
viz, southern Illinois to Ohio, south to the Gulf States, and north to
northern Virginia. In general, the western distribution of the genus
is poorly known, but east of the Plains States postica and spinicauda
have been reported from numerous localities, viz, very common in
the Southeastern Atlantic States, both extending northward to south
of the Great Lakes and well up the Atlantic coastal plain; not known
to occur in New York and New England.

Newportia: Abundantly represented in the American Tropics, this
genus is as yet unrecorded from the United States; however, its
presence in the Southwest near Mexico is a possibility.

Dinocryptops (formerly Scolopocryptops, see Crabill, 1953, p. 96):
D. miersii (Newport), a common Neotropical species, has been linked
several times with areas in the United States, principally California
and the Southeastern Atlantic States (Attems, 1930, p. 256, and
Kraepelin, 1902, p. 78). Chamberlin (1911, p. 475), probably follow-
ing Kraepelin, reported: “Doubtfully recorded from California.
However it is widespread in the Southeastern States and through
Mexico.” Despite these reports I have yet to see a single
North American specimen, so that everything considered, I am in-
clined to doubt the presence of established populations in the South-
eastern Atlantic States. At the same time it seems not unreasonable
to anticipate finding, say, méersii in the Southwest near Mexico.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Scolopocryptops (formerly Otocryptops, see Crabill, 1953, p. 96):
Represented by at least five species, it is the most widespread scolo-
pendromorph genus of North America; east of the Mississippi its mem-
bers are among the most commonly-encountered centipedes. Indeed,
in the East from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico, one can
hardly overturn many logs and rocks without discovering specimens
of the large orange or red-orange sexspinosa. Again, we do not know
much about the genus in the Far West; viz, gracilis Wood is common
in California but has also been reported from Texas, while a presumed
subspecies, g. peregrinator (Crabill) (1952, p. 124), is common in
montane Virginia and has been taken in Maryland and Pennsylvania;
munda Chamberlin, is known only from Kendrick, Idaho (possibly
an intraspecific variant of gracilis); serspinosa (Say) is the commonest
eastern species, but west of the Rocky Mountains it is known from
Alaska, Vancouver Island, all of the Pacific Coastal States and from
Mexico. East of the Rocky Mountains recorded distributions are
more complete: S. serspinosa (Say), the dominant form, is known to
range from the North Central States south to the Gulf of Mexico
and east to the Atlantic coast, thence north to Massachusetts; rubigi-
nosa L. Koch is common in the midcontinent, from Kansas and
Missouri east to Ohio, north through Minnesota and Wisconsin, and
undoubtedly inhabits adjacent Canada as well; nigridia McNeill is
apparently entirely eastern, its known range extending from and in-
cluding Alabama north into Indiana, east of the Appalachians where
it is extremely common northward into eastern Pennsylvania.

Kethops: Recorded from Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and adjacent
Mexico. The geography of the genus is known almost entirely from
the type localities of its four species.

Thalkethops, new genus: Known only from Carlsbad Caverns in
southeastern New Mexico.

Anethops: Only the rare Californian occidentalis Chamberlin has
been described.

Cryptops: A number of foreign species have been detected within
North America; one of them, the European hortensis Leach, is defi-
nitely known to be established in the Northeast and in Utah. It is
undoubtedly more widespread than we now know. Of our half dozen
or so species, hyalina Say occurs widely, at least east of the Plains
States. It appears to be common throughout the Midwestern,
Southeastern Atlantic, and Northeastern Atlantic United States, its
known range stopping just short of New England (in whose temperate
coastal areas it and hortensis undoubtedly occur). There is some
evidence that hyalina may be either polytypic or reducible to several
species. In general one may postulate Cryptops to occur throughout
all but the extreme northern United States.

NEW AMERICAN CRYPTOPID GENUS—CRABILL 13

Supplementary Notes

1. Unfortunately, the ultimate legs of the British Guianan Krartops
have never been described. ‘‘Cryptopiform,” a new term, is used here
to describe the recurrent type of ultimate leg seen in the genus Cryp-
tops and characterized by the possession of an opposable second
tarsus capable of being flexed against the first tarsus and lower tibia
to form a clasping apparatus.

2. For a clarification of the correct allocation of Scolopocryptops
(formerly Otocryptops) and Dinocryptops (formerly Scolopocry ptops) ,
the reader is referred to Crabill, 1953, p. 96. Careful examination
discloses that members of the two genera are very similar save in one
striking particular, the presence in Dinocryptops and the absence in
Scolopocryptops of seventh pedal segment spiracles. Nonetheless,
I believe them to be more closely related to each other than either of
them is to any other scolopocryptopine genus now known. The loss
of spiracles among the scolopendromorph genera is like the loss of
primary tarsal division among certain genera and species, or like the
variation in the Lithobiomorpha in tergital production. All are
changes that may proceed independently within quite different evolving
lines. So it is that we encounter all states of tarsal change both
within the Scolopendromorpha and Lithobiomorpha. For the same
reason we find both spiracular conditions (seventh segment spiracles
present or absent) in both great divisions of the Scolopendromorpha.
As is well known, considerable variability in this character is also
seen in the lithobiomorphous Henicopidae. I believe, therefore, that
these changes are taking place repeatedly in parallel fashion in-
dependently within different phyletic lines. I am less certain of their
direction, though the evidence suggests that the trend is toward
spiracular loss, tarsal consolidation (the bipartite tarsus becoming
undivided), and in the Lithobiomorpha toward the secondary loss of
tergital corners—these changes appearing concomitantly with pro-
gressive body contraction and consolidation.

3. To insure our understanding one another, I feel that it is most
desirable to establish a uniform terminology for the setae, spines, spurs,
and other armature of the centipede leg and body sclerite. For
instance, the word spine as it is currently used in the literature often
refers to a variety of structures among which it is obviously desirable
to distinguish. Equally if not more confusing is the ruck of German
terms that one must depend upon in the great monographs—Sporne,
Hocker, Spinen, Zapfen, Borsten, Sagezihne, and Dornen—all of
which when unqualified or when used differently upon different oc-
casions lead to much misunderstanding and confusion. The termi-
nology that I have adopted and used consistently for some years
is based upon the definitions of Professor Comstock (1940, p. 32) and

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

of the eminent insect morphologist Dr. R. E. Snodgrass (1935, ch. 3),
and may be summarized as follows: A spur or calcar is a movable
multicellular outgrowth connected by a joint to the exoskeleton.
A seta is a movable unicellular outgrowth connected to the exo-
skeleton by a joint. In contrast a spine is an immovable multi-
cellular outgrowth of the exoskeleton but not connected to it by
a joint (i.e., not arising from a socket or alveolus). In figure 16a, we
see a typical spine—the coxopleural spinous process of T. grallatriz—
multicellular and immovably attached to the exoskeleton. In figure
16, d-g are all movably attached and are fundamentally setiform
structures; d-g are setae of various sorts, e and f being typical setae
and d being a modified seta here for the sake of convenience termed
a lanceolate seta; b and c though immovably attached to the exo-
skeleton and though apparently spinous are in reality spurs or setal
derivatives as is shown by their vestigial alveoli. Thus, 6 and c¢ are
secondarily ankylosed setae, to which for convenience and clarity
I have applied the new term “‘mucro” (pl. “‘mucrones”) ; g is a spur or
calcar such as is typical of distal pedal positions.

4. Carlsbad Caverns, the subject of an interesting book on its
fauna by Vernon Bailey in 1928, are situated in the desert of the Pecos
River Valley of southeastern New Mexico and is maintained by the
National Park Service. I should like to take this opportunity to
express my gratitude to Chief Ranger Tom Ela and Ranger Dixon
Freeland, the collectors, and to Dr. Thomas C. Barr of Tennessee
Polytechnic Institute, who transmitted the specimen to me for
examination.

5. The mandibular differences distinguishing the geophilomorph
families or family-groups have been well known and used for over
half a century, but the application of mandibular criteria in other
orders, particularly in Scolopendromorpha, has been generally slighted
except perhaps by the late Karl W. Verhoeff, the first person to study
the mandible with any precision and from the standpoint of com-
parative morphology (see Verhoeff, 1918, pp. 467-532). Verhoeff
extended study beyond the examination of the masticatory surface
and thereby prepared the way for future investigations, which I believe
may reveal the scolopendromorph mandible to possess adjuvant higher
categorical characters heretofore unsuspected. Verhoeff’s designa-
tion in German of previously unnamed and obscure mandibular parts
has perhaps compromised the adoption or even the study of his work.
Obscure parts without ready interlinguistic cognates should, I feel, be
expressed in an international idiom, preferably in classical terms or at
least in approximate classical derivatives. While terms like head,
Zahne, back, foot, bouche, yeux, etc., are readily understood and
translatable by anyone, the correct, consistent application of, e.g.,

NEW AMERICAN CRYPTOPID GENUS—CRABILL 15

Polster, Dreieck, and Zapfensttick, are not. The following new
terms are intended to replace their original German counterparts,
which are given in parentheses, the new terms being for the most part
closely synonymous; since teeth and sickle bristles are self-explanatory
in whatever language they are rendered, they are given below in
English and German: a=pulvillus (Polster); b=teeth (Beisszihne) ;
c=sickle bristles (Sickelborsten); d=lamina dentifera (Zahnstiick) ;
e=lamina triangularis (Dreieck) ; f=manubrium (Schaft) ; g=lamina
manubrii (Schaftplatte); h—lamina condylifera (Zapfensttick) ;
i=condylus or condyle (Drehzapfen).

6. Heretofore by “chitin-lines” authors have referred to ventral
thin pigmented sutures or ridges, one passing anteriorly toward the
condyle on each side of the prosternum, but here I refer to a new char-
acter dependent upon their dorsal homologues. The suture ectal to
each chitin-line is usually called the coxopleural suture, a confusing
designation since the coxopleuron is at the rear of the body. To avoid
ambiguity and confusion, I propose a surrogate expression—pleuro-
prosternal suture.

References

ATTEMS, CARL GRAF VON
1930. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich, Lief. 54, pp. 1-308.
BaILey, VERNON.

1928. Animal life of the Carlsbad Cavern. Monogr. Amer. Soc. Mammolo-

gists, No. 3, pp. 1-195.
CHAMBERLIN, RALPH V.

1911. The Chilopoda of California II. Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent., vol. 3,
No. 2, pp. 470-479.

1958. Some records of Chilopoda from Florida. Ent. News, vol. 69, No.
1, pp. 13-14.

Comstock, JoHN H.
1940. An introduction to entomology, ed. 9.
CRABILL, RaupH E., Jr.

1952. A new subspecies of Otocryptops gracilis (Wood) from the Eastern
United States, together with remarks on the status of Otocryptops
nigridius (McNeill) and a key to the species of the genus now known
to occur east of the Rocky Mountains. Ent. News, vol. 63,
No. 5, pp. 123-129.

1953. Concerning a new genus Dinocryptops and the nomenclatorial status
of Otocryptops and Scolopocryptops. Ent. News, vol. 64, No. 4, p. 96.

1955. On the reappearance of a possible ancestral characteristic in a modern
chilopod. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 133-136.

KRAEPELIN, KARL.
1902. Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol.
20, pp. 1-276.
Snoperass, Roserr LE.
1935. Principles of insect morphology, ed. 1.
VERHOEFF, Karu W.

1918. Section from “Chilopoda,” in Bronns, Die Klassen und Ordnungen

des Thier-Reichs, Band 5, Abt. II, Lief. 92-99, pp. 467-532.

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Proceedings’ of

the United States

National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C.

Volume 111 1960 Number 3423

A FOURTH CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF NEO-
TROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS (DIPLOPODA :
POLY DESMIDA)

By Ricnarp L. Horrman !

Introduction

Because of the striking appearance and the great size of many
species, millipeds of the family Platyrhacidae have long attracted
the attention of diplopodologists. Unfortunately, although 43
generic and about 250 specific names have been proposed in the
family, published information on the group has so far been largely
of a miscellaneous descriptive nature. Only Carl Attems has
attempted to present an account of all the known species (1938),
but despite its reference value, his treatment is at best a compilation
and in no sense qualifies as a careful systematic study.

A large quantity of materiai is now availabie in various collections,
but unfortunately these collections are scattered widely in Europe
and North America. <A thorough revision of the family remains to
be undertaken by someone having the opportunity for extensive and
leisurely travel. In the meantime, it is possible to clear up a number
of isolated matters relating to nomenclature and systematics. I feel
that the publication of three earlier papers (1953a—b, 1956)—all

1 Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va.

ay
o}

512876—59

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

admittedly preliminary studies—serves a useful purpose in con-
tributing to the taxonomic stability of the family, and now sufficient
material has accumulated to justify yet another.

Most of the material upon which the following discussion is based
is from the collection of the U.S. National Museum (USNM), made
available to me through the kindness of Ralph E. Crabill and
J.F.Gates Clarke. James A. G. Rehn kindly permitted me to study the
holotype of Platyrhacus atratus at the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia (ANSP). My friend R. W. Lichtwardt of the
Botany Department, University of Kansas, is due my heartiest
thanks for his gift of the type specimen of the new Nyssodesmus
herein described.

The existence of validated but unidentifiable names in the literature
is a matter of much concern to systematists, and it is always gratifying
to be able to dispose of such enigmas. Inasmuch as both genera and
species of diplopods are based largely on male genitalia, and since
this fact was not fully appreciated by most early workers, present-
day students of the group find themselves with more than their share
of distressing and often insoluble taxonomic problems. For example,
14 generic names have been proposed for American platyrhacids,
including the typical genus of the family. The type species of only
three of these genera were illustrated by their authors, and even
these drawings were far from satisfactory. The resulting confusion
can be imagined, particularly since most species of Diplopoda are
still known only from the type specimens. Some workers dealing
with platyrhacids made a bold effort to interpret the subtle (or
meaningless) original diagnoses; some selected names arbitrarily;
others gave up in despair and lumped all of the Neotropical species
into one big catch-all genus; and at least one disdained the ancient
tangle and merely proposed new generic names whenever the occasion
seemed to require.

The difficulties that we have here are great; however, some progress
is slowly being made. The following list includes the American
generic names that have to be considered, with an indication of their
current status:

Platyrhacus Koch (1847): Valid
Cyphorrhacus Cook (1896b): Unknown
Psammodesmus Cook (1896b): Valid
Barydesmus Cook (1896b): = Platyrhacus
Nyssodesmus Cook (1896b): Valid
Rhyphodesmus Cook (1896b): Valid
Nanorrhacus Cook (1896b): Valid
Tirodesmus Cook (1896b): ?Valid

Sptlodesmus Cook (1896b): Unknown
Arcydesmus Cook (1896b): Unknown

NEOTROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN 19

Proaspis Loomis (1941): Uncertain

Aymaresmus Chamberlin (1941): Valid

Dynesmus Chamberlin (1941): ?= Tirodesmus

Ernostyx Chamberlin (1941): = Psammodesmus

Of the foregoing names, some have been stabilized recently by the

examination of their type species or closely related ones. A few,
such as Nanorrhacus, have been based upon fairly well described
species. In the three earlier papers (1953a—b, 1956), I suggested an
identification for Platyrhacus that seems to be well founded and estab-
lished the synonymy of Ernostyx with the older Psammodesmus. It
is now possible to consider three additional genera from the list, and,
equallygimportant, to dwell briefly upon the hitherto untouched
subject/of generic classification within the family.

Gonorop MorrHoLtocy and SUPRAGENERIC GROUPINGS

Since systematic groupings in the Diplopoda are based to such a
large extent upon the structure of the gonopods, it would seem
obligatory that these appendages be studied and illustrated in detail
for each new species. Actually, however, some workers have proposed
dozens of new forms without any illustrations whatever, or have pro-
vided only the most schematic and unsatisfactory drawings. Only
within recent years have a few investigators become concerned with
careful study of gonopod structure and the establishment of serial
homologies throughout various generic groupings.

Although the American platyrhacids, so far as is known, are struc-
turally rather similar in comparison to their more diverse counterparts
in the Indo-Australian fauna, it is possible to detect morphological condi-
tions in the form of the gonopods that undoubtedly reflect evolutionary
divergencies on a suprageneric level. Of the genera treated in this
paper, Platyrhacus and Nyssodesmus appear to be closely related
and may be considered as belonging to a group in which the sem-
inal groove proceeds along the coxal side of the telopodite, whereas
the solenomerite originates from the adcoxal surface, the latter being
reflected somewhat proximad by a slight torsion of the tibiotarsal
region. The groove is thus directed transversely across the face
of the telopodite in order to gain entry to the base of the soleno-
merite.

The gonopod in Psammodesmus departs radically from this arrange-
ment in that the solenomerite is derived instead from the coxal face
of the telopodite and thus in direct line with the normal course of the
seminal groove (contrast the gonopods in figs. 1, a and e).

In the forms known to me there is nothing to suggest which of these
two conditions may be the more specialized. It is possible that two
primitive terminal processes became independently adapted to carry
the seminal groove, and that the distal torsion of the telopodite in

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Platyrhacus is a mechanical adaptation to bring the smaller and more
delicate solenomerite into a position adjacent to the sternum of
segment 6 where the solenomerite is shielded, in situ, by the larger
and broader tibiotarsal element. In Psammodesmus, where the
solenomerite is already on the inner edge of the telopodite, there is
less necessity for such modification.

Divison of the Platyrhacidae into subfamilies has been essayed
but once, in the very brief conspectus of Oriental forms by O. F. Cook
(1896a). His subfamilies were based largely upon characters of
body form and ornamentation, and were never recognized by later
workers. Although a classification of the entire family on the basis
of gonopod structure remains to be accomplished, it does not seem
premature to recognize the affinities of various genera, when rela-
tionships are evident, by the proposal of tribal names, some of which
may subsequently be elevated to the rank of subfamilies. A start
in this direction is made with the two groupings of genera proposed
in this paper.

Platyrhacini, new tribe

Composed of platyrhacid genera in which the gonopods are simple
in form, the prefemur and femur forming a straight or nearly straight
trunk at right angles to the coxite and without special processes;
tibiotarsus represented by a thin laminate process directed or bent in
the direction of the coxal axis, usually more or less twisted or bent
slightly mesiad and shielding a small short solenomerite that originates
from the edge of the telopodite away from the coxa. Seminal groove
proceeding distad from its origin along the coxal side of the telopodite,
thence crossing its mesial face to gain entry to the solenomerite.

This tribe includes four American genera, separable by the char-
acters stipulated in the following key:

1. Tibiotarsus of gonopod directed distad in line with the median axis of the
femur... .. .. . .Tiredesmus Cook

Tibiotarsus of bordead rareeieetly ae cepnelecieeerd at an angle of 30 to 90

degrees from the median axis of the femur, in the direction of the coxa . . 2
2. Lateral margins of paranota set off as distinct smooth rims, not produced into
dentations; hypoproct rounded in outline . . Aymaresmus Chamberlin

Lateral margins of paranota not set off, the upper surface continuous to the

edge, which is usually provided with marginal dentations or large tuber-
cules; hypoproct subtrapezoidal in outline... . Sens MeL
3. Distal third of telopodite bent toward the coxa at an ample of about 90
degrees. . . . . Nyssodesmus Cook

Distal third of Plepadsic ent, coxade Be a Tach amallee angle, normally less

than 45 degrees . . . . . . . . Platyrhacus Koch

In addition to the sanoped chatieter ted, Tirodesmus differs from
the other genera by a peculiar formation of the paranota that may be
only specific in value, yet has not been observed in any of the other

NEOTROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN Za

known species. The angulation of the telopodite contrasted in couplet
3 is much more pronounced than might be suggested by the illustra-
tions.
Genus Platyrhacus Koch
Platyrhacus Koch, 1847, p. 58.—Hofiman, 1953a, p. 300; 1953b, p. 252; 1956, p. 46,
Barydesmus Cook, 1896b, p. 53 (orthotype: Barydesmus kerri Cook). New
synonymy.

Barydesmus was very briefly diagnosed in the body of a synoptic
key to American platyrhacoid genera, and the type species was not
illustrated. The generic name therefore fell into disrepute and has
remained a nomen inquirendum down to the present time. Fortu-
nately, the original type specimen of Barydesmus kerri is located in
the U.S. National Museum collection, and has been available for
restudy. I am of the opinion that this type specimen belongs to the
large genus of South American species that seems to include the type
species of Platyrhacus; however, it is still not possible to state definitely
that B. kerri is absolutely congeneric with P. scaber Koch.

Platyrhacus kerri (Ceok), new combination
Figure la, b
Barydesmus kerri Cook, 1896b, p. 53.

Holotype, male, USNM 2380, Ecuador (further details of locality
and collector not indicated).

Remarks: I do not at this time venture a specific diagnosis for
P. kerri since the characters of most of the known platyrhacids are as
good as unknown. The type specimen is in good condition though
discolored and perhaps somewhat telescoped from strong alcohol.
It is about 89 mm. in length and 19 mm. in greatest width. The
antennae are 11.6 mm. long. The second segment is wider than the
collum and slightly wider than the third segment. The collum is
nearly smooth, without anterior marginal tubercules or a postmarginal
transverse groove. The tergites are smooth or at most finely coria-
ceous, with fine low tubercules evident upon drying. Lateral margins
of paranota dentate with three to five subacute projections. On the
caudalmost segments, the caudolateral apex of the paranota is drawn
out into a short, acute, incurved point.

The gonopods, in situ, cross each other at about the midlength of
the telopodite. The coxites are rather elongate, with three long
macrosetae on the dorsal side, and with other vestiture lacking. From
the mesial aspect, the telopodite is very slightly arcuate, curving
somewhat cephalomesiad over the coxa. The solenomerite is short,
slender, and a little sinuate; the tibiotarsus has a flattened lamina
and is drawn out into an acute tip, with only the narrow dimension
visible mesially.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

The discovery of the long-misplaced type specimen of P. kerrv
creates some doubt about the validity of Silvestri’s Barydesmus
tenebrosus, also described as from Ecuador. The doubt cannot be
settled, of course, until the type of the latter form is restudied, but
the similarities of the two are striking.

Attems (1938, p. 234) placed Platyrhacus fraternus Carl in the
synonymy of tenebrosus, but I believe without much justification,
Carl’s species was from Costa Rica and was well described; Attems.
subsequent account was apparently based on specimens from the
same country. But the original description of tenebrosus is not
sufficiently detailed to form the basis of such a combination, particu-
larly since species in Platyrhacus are often separable by a
combination of small characters rather than by any one conspicuous
feature. The geographical difference involved here also militates
against the likelihood of specific identity.

Platyrhacus acanthopleurus, new species
FIGuRE lc

Holotype, male, USNM 2535, Cauca Valley, Colombia, 3,000 ft.
(date and collector not indicated).

Dracnosis: A small species of Platyrhacus, dorsally bilineate, the
lower pleural areas with numerous stout, acute tubercules in a com-
pact field above the posterior leg pair; gonopods typical of the genus,
the tibiotarsus drawn out into a fine point, without a terminal second-
ary dentation.

Description: Length, 62 mm.; greatest width, 12.0 mm. at the
12th metatergite.

Color pattern largely faded, most of dorsal surface now a dirty
yellowish white; paranota brown, beset with numerous white tuber-
cules; caudal edge of most tergites with a broad, transverse, dark
brown band; middorsum with a light brown, median band extending
from collum to epiproet, somewhat wider on prozonites (1.8 mm.)
than on metazonites (1.5 mm.). Head, antennae, legs, and under-
parts yellowish gray except for brown caudal edges of the pleurites.

Head capsule strongly granulate except for the depressed and
polished clypeal area. Interantennal ridges low and inconspicuous;
subantennal ridges not developed. Subantennal swellings large,
transverse, ovoid, tuberculate. Lower halves of genae depressed or
flat, the lateral edges sinuate. Labral setae 8-8; clypeal 3-3, the
outermost on each side remote from the other two; a pair of widely
spaced frontal setae and a pair each of closer-set subantennal and
vertigial setae; no interantennal setae or their sockets detected.
Width of head across genae, 6.0 mm.

NEOTROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 2

Antennae closely spaced (isthmus 1.5 mm. wide), rather long
(9.0 mm.) and robust, reaching back to middle of third paranotum;
articles clothed with long sparse setae; articles 2-5 subequal in size
and shape; 6 longer, without evident distal sensory areas; 7 small,
subconical, its distal margin inturned and separating the four sensory
cones.

Collum rather small (7.1 mm. wide, 4.0 mm. long) and modified
as follows: Anterior third of surface and most of the short, acutely
triangular paranota nearly flat and smooth, without anterior marginal
row of tubercules and postmarginal transverse furrow; posterior

Ficure 1.—a,b, Platyrhacus kerri (Cook): a, Mesial aspect of left gonopod of male holotype;
b, outline of left paranotum of 18th tergite; c, Platyrhacus acanthopleurus, new species,
mesial aspect of left gonopod of male holotype; d, Nyssodesmus attemst, new species,
mesial aspect of left gonopod of male holotype; ¢, Psammodesmus atratus (Chamberlin),
mesial aspect of left gonopod of male holotype.

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

two-thirds (except for an oval median depression) strongly elevated
to a high caudal margin that overhangs the following prozonite, the
surface of the margin coriaceous-tuberculate, lacking transverse
series of larger tubercules.

Following segments generally similar in shape and sculpture; the
paranota of segments 2 and 3 swept forward and much wider (10.0-
10.5 mm.) than collum, laterally each produced into two sharp
spicules. Metazonites of segments 2-4 strongly produced above
level of adjacent prozonites and provided with a posterior submarginal
series of 14-16 small, flat, nearly contiguous, polished tubercules.
Middorsum of these and following tergites nearly smooth; dorsum of
paranota densely set with small ovoid tubercules. Anterior margin
of paranota smooth and polished, terminating laterally in a sharp
projecting spine; caudal margin with a row of small tubercules.
Poriferous paranota with three or four lateral spines; the others
normally with only three. Peritremata set at midlength of paranota,
about one diameter from the lateral margin.

Caudad, the elevation of metatergites is less pronounced; the
transverse row of tubercules less conspicuous; the tubercules widely
spaced and usually 12 in number. Likewise the caudalmost two,
lateral, paranotal teeth become closer together and carried increas-
ingly caudad as the corners of the paranota is produced, finally
creating the impression of a stout, slightly incurved, apically bifid
spur. Middorsum of segment 19 nearly flat, finely granular. Epi-
proct robust, depressed, its margin forming a semicircle, with six
marginal setiferous tubercules; upper surface coriaceous, with a median
subterminal depression.

Anal valves nearly flat, each with an ovoid depression in the upper
center and a distinct quadrate basal lobe overlapping on the produced
lateral tips of the hypoproct. Mesial edges of valves not set off as
raised margins, but differ in texture from the remainder of the valves
in being smooth and polished instead of finely granular. Submarginal
setiferous tubercules evenly spaced at one-third and two-thirds the
length of the margin, the upper pair on the polished rim, the lower
set shghtly back onto the granular surface.

Hypoproct large, robust, subtrapezoidal; the distal edge somewhat
trisinuate with a slightly developed median lobe between the con-
vexities of the paramedian tubercules; basal margin swollen, strongly
produced ventrad, overlapping and concealing midventral section of
anal segment and in contact with that of segment 19. Laterally the
hypoproct is produced into small triangular lappets providing fulcra
for the basal lobes of the anal valves.

Prozonites and metazonites of most segments separated by a well-
defined interzonal furrow, equally distinct around body but slightly

NEOTROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN 25

wider on the sides; prozonites uniformly finely granular; pleural areas
of metazonites more coarsely granular and beset with numerous
rounded to conical tubercules, those immediately above the legs
hypertrophied into a field of large, prominent, acute denticles, spines,
and bidentate cones, some exceeding caudal margin of segment.
Stigmata large, swollen, followed on most segments by a similar
appearing protuberance adjacent to the base of the posterior leg pair.

Sternal areas of metazonites produced into a high, abrupt platform
(podosternum) accommodating the coxal sockets, with low, obtusely
conical, caudolaterally directed knobs at the base of each leg; podo-
sterna with median cruciform depressions entirely glabrous.

Legs long (up to 8.5 mm.), distal half of femora visible beyond
paranota in dorsal aspect, the joints cylindrical, setose, in decreasing
order of length 3-6-2-4-5-1. Tarsal claws long, slightly arcuate,
slender, almost half as long as tarsi and fully as long as prefemora.

Sterna produced into small acute cones at the bases of legs 4-7,
the sternum of segment 6 depressed and widened to accommodate
tips of the gonopods.

Seminal lobes of second coxae hemispherical with a small distal
median papilla.

Sternal aperture of segment 7 ovoid, with lateral and caudal raised
rims, anteriorly transgressing only slightly into the prozonite. Gono-
pods rather small, slender, directed cephalad and parallel to each
other. Coxites and telopodites of the form typical for the genus,
apparently a little different in the form of the prefemur on the coxal
side where it is broadened and produced into a slight knob. Femur
long and slender, virtually parallel sided in mesial aspect, grading
into a thin laminate tibiotarsus that is drawn out into an acute tip,
the terminal third turned over somewhat mesiad. Solenomerite
directed distad parallel to the tibiotarsus, gradually attenuated, very
slightly sinuate.

Remarks: This species is described and named as new with some
diffidence because of nearly a dozen inadequately documented specific
names based on platyrhacids from the northern Andes in Columbia
and Ecuador. As long as these names remain inquirendae, it certainly
seems best to treat species from that region as new and give full
descriptions, rather than cause a series of misidentifications by
endeavoring to assign specimens to any of the doubtful existing names.

One known species rather closely approximates Platyrhacus acantho-
pleurus. This is one from Sao Paulo do Olivencia, on the Amazon
River in western Brazil, which was identified by Attems (1938, p. 234)
as Polydesmus bilineatus Lucas (1840). However, the creature origi-
nally described by Lucas was said to have come from ‘‘Mexico,”
and its description does not inspire much confidence in future recogni-

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

tion of the species. Although the chances that Attems’ material is
conspecific with the type specimen of Polydesmus bilineatus seem very
slight, I refrain from suggesting a new name until the Brazilian species
is restudied and compared with the considerable number of new species
recently described by Chamberlin (1941) from the adjacent Depart-
ment of Loreto, Peru.

According to Attems’ description, the pleural spines of his species
form a row along the caudal margin of the segments all the way from
sterna to level of insertion of the paranota, in contrast to the strictly
basal cluster in Platyrhacus acanthopleurus. ‘There appear also to be
differences in the shape of the gonopod prefemur, the position of the
ozopores, and the development of transverse tuberculation. Probably
a closer study of Attems’ material will provide numerous other minor
differences. I do not doubt that the two are closely related, but the
great difference in localities alone virtually precludes their identity.
I have been unable to reconcile acanthopleurus with any of the Peruvian
species described by Chamberlin in 1941.

Genus Nyssodesmus Cook

Nyssodesmus Cook, 1896b, p. 58.—Hoffman, 1953b, p. 253.

Type species: Nyssodesmus alboalatus Cook, by original designation.
Range: Central America, from western Panama to Nicaragua.
Nyssodesmus was proposed as a new genus on the basis of a speci-
men from Nicaragua in which the male gonopods are “nearly straight
for about two-thirds of their length, and are then bent toward the
animal at nearly a right angle.” In his summary of the milli-
peds of Central America Chamberlin (1922) described several addi-
tional species conforming to this general configuration, but also used
the name Nyssodesmus to include species that are now considered
to belong to Platyrhacus. Although Attems (1938) rejected Nysso-
desmus as &® nomen nudum, he substituted in its place the equally
vague name Tirodesmus, which had been proposed in Cook’s 1896b
paper. Attems’ concept of Tirodesmus embraced members of what
I consider four valid genera as well as Tirodesmus in its strict sense
(for fimbriatus Peters). The first subsequent proposal to resurrect
Nyssodesmus as a valid genus as originally conceived by Cook was
made in one of my earlier papers on Platyrhacus (1953b), in which
I allocated the following names to the genus:
. alboalatus Cook (1896b)
. tristant Pocock (1909)
. antius Chamberlin (1914)
. mimus Chamberlin (1922)

. bivirgatus Carl (1902)
. limonensis Attems (1900)

222212 2

NEOTROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 2

This list unfortunately omitted two species, N. nicaraguanus and
N. nigricaudus, both described by Chamberlin in 1922. Of the total
of eight species now accounted for, a key to seven was published by
Attems in 1938, omitting only the inadequately known alboalatus.

My friend and colleague R. W. Lichtwardt recently sent for identi-
fication a platyrhacid from Panama that he had examined for eccrinid
fungi. This specimen represents an unnamed form of Nyssodesmus,
probably a distinct species, which I dedicate to the memory of the
distinguished myriapod specialist, Carl Graf Attems.

Nyssodesmus attemsi, new species

FicureE 1d

Holotype, male, USNM 2468, Puerto Armulles, Panama, collected
on August 5, 1952, by G. W. Martin.

Diacnosts: A species of Nyssodesmus with obliterated dorsal
tuberculation, and with the apex of the gonopod tibiotarsus squarely
truncated instead of drawn out or rounded.

Description: Length, about 80 mm., greatest width, 13.5 mm.

Head capsule strongly sculptured; vertigial groove deep and
distinct, interantennal ridges high and polished, terminating abruptly
just above the first antennal article; subantennal ridges tuberculate
to subcristate, subantennal swellings distinctly granular; lower half
of genae vertically striate. Labral setae about 9-9, clypeal setae
3-3, the outermost on each side remote from the other two; a pair
each of frontal, interantennal, and vertigial setae. Antennae rather
long and slender, reaching back to third segment; articles 2-5 sub-
equal in size, clavate, cylindrical; 6 longer and less clavate; 2 not
exceeding apex of genae.

Collum broadly subhexagonal, the anterior and posterior margins
subparallel across body, abruptly converging laterad to an acute
angle; surface of collum roughly granular with an elevated ridge
across the front edge and a slightly depressed area on each side of
the middle toward the lateral ends. Caudal margin with four or
five indistinct low tubercules; anterior margin without traces of
tuberculation.

Tergites of segments 2-4 subsimilar in shape, much broader than
collum, their paranota directed cephalad, with an anterior marginal
ridge and with three or four low indistinct lateral marginal tubercules.
Surface of paranota roughly granular, surface of middorsum coriaceous.
The following segments with broader paranota that are more nearly
transverse; in going caudally the anterior margins are increasingly
swept back, the lateral teeth increase to five or six, and the caudo-
lateral angle increases to form a distinct produced and incurved spine
on segments 15-17. Simultaneously, the dorsal sculpture diminishes

os PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

until the entire dorsum is merely coriaceous to smooth. Peritremata
moderate in size, set near the center of the paranota, about five
times the diameter from the lateral margin and four times the diameter
from the caudal margin. Paranota of segment 19 large, oblong
lobes, slightly divergent, extending back to middle of epiproct.
Latter large and robust, nearly parallel sided, with the caudal margin
slightly convex, the dorsal tubercules pronounced.

Anal valves nearly flat and granular, with two setiferous tubercules
on each, the uppermost of which is in contact with the mesial marginal
ridge of the valve. Preanal scale (hypoproct) large and inflated,
strongly overhanging ventral margin of anal segment, distally pro-
duced into two high, conical paramedian tubercules.

Ventral sides of paranota and pleural areas finely granulate,
smooth. Podosternites strongly elevated and produced conically
near the base of each leg. Basal leg joints nearly glabrous, the
distal-most rather densely setose; the joints in decreasing order of
length 3-6-2-5-4-1; tarsal claw rather small, straight, polished.
Legs 4-7 with a rather high and acute conical sternal process at the
base of each; the coxae with a small field of large bristles adjacent
to each of these knobs.

Coxae of gonopods rather large, the surface smooth but for three
short macrosetae on the dorsal side and a small field of a dozen or so
short bristles on the mesial face. Telepodite basally short and
straight, slightly constricted just proximad of the midlength, there-
after broadening again; the distal third bent over the coxite forming
a right angle with the rest of the telopodite; solenomerite moderately
long and sinuate; apex of tibiotarsus drawn out somewhat but dis-
tinctly truncate and itself bent at nearly a right angle.

ReMARKS: On the basis of gonopod structure, Nyssodesmus attemst
seems most closely related to N. tristant and N. antius, and in fact
the three forms may eventually prove to be only geographic races
of a single species. It differs from these two congeners, as well as
from the others, in having the dorsal tuberculation best developed
anteriorly, the caudalmost segments becoming virtually smooth.
The type specimen, unfortunately, is completely discolored from the
preservative, so that we have no idea what the color pattern in life
might be.

This is the first species of Nyssodesmus to be recorded from Panama,
most of the other species occurring in Costa Rica. Presumably the
genus is a fairly recent segregate from the original Platyrhacus stock
that crossed the Panamanian Isthmus and that is still represented in
Costa Rica and Panama by several species.

NEOTROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN 29

Psammodesmini, new tribe

The genus upon which this group is founded differs from other
Neotropical platyrhacids in the relationship of the terminal gonopod
elements. The tibiotarsal blade is thin and laminate, but is directed
either continuously distad in line with the femur or is bent in the
direction away from the coxa. The solenomerite is derived from the
coxal side of the telopodite and in direct line with the course of the
seminal groove, but is bent adcoxally parallel to the direction taken
by the tibiotarsus.

The tribe includes only the single genus Psammodesmus Cook.

Genus Psammodesmus Cook
Psammodesmus Cook, 1896b, p. 53.—Hoffman, 1958a, p. 301.

Type: Psammodesmus cos Cook, by original designation.
Range: Cordilleran Region of northwestern South America, from
northeastern Peru to the Isthmus of Panama.

. This generic name was revived in one of my recent papers (1953a),
which endeavored to account for all of the known species apparently
referable to it. However, the valid claims were overlooked of
Platyrrhacus atratus Chamberlin, which was described in 1947 from
specimens taken in southwestern Colombia. The locality alone
should have drawn attention to the form as a possible representative
of Psammodesmus. Although the formation of the gonopod telopodite
reflects differences of at least tribal value between the genera Platyr-
hacus and Psammodesmus, the structure cannot be clearly observed
unless the gonopod is examined from the mesial aspect. Psam-
modesmus atratus, as illustrated in the original description, could not
therefore be referred to either of these genera. To correct this short-
coming, a drawing (fig. le) made from the holotype is provided
herewith for comparison with those given in one of my earlier papers
(1958a).

Psammodesmus atratus (Chamberlin), new combination
FIGURE le

Platyrrhacus atratus Chamberlin, 1947, p. 34, fig. 12 (type data given as holotype,
male, ANSP 9958, 300 miles up the Atrato River, Colombia).

This species is the largest now known in Psammodesmus; it has a
maximum width of about 13 mm., whereas the other forms range
from 7 to 11 mm. wide. In most other characters, however, it agrees
well with them. The ozopores are removed from the lateral margin
by a distance of about four times the diameter of a peritreme; none
of the paranota are indented or incised adjacent to the pore as in

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

P. moyobambus (Chamberlin). To be particularly noticed in the
figure is the pronounced indentation of the inner margin of the telo-
podite, just above the coxal articulation. A similar peculiarity is
likewise to be seen in P. schmittr and P. moyobambus, and may prove
to be a constant generic character.

Although Chamberlin described the type as being uniformly
brown dorsally, I was able to discern traces of two light paramedian
dorsal stripes. In my key to species (1953a, p. 304), P. atratus runs
out readily to P. fasciolatus (Silvestri), which, as implied by its name,
has a similar color pattern. P. atratus differs from its congener chiefly
in the shape of the tibiotarsus of the gonopod and its somewhat
larger size. Judged from the similarities of the two, and from the
geographic proximity of their type localities, the relationship will
probably be found to be a subspecific one.

It should be noted in passing that the original binomial combina-
tion Platyrrhacus atratus as used by Chamberlin is preoccupied in
the Diplopoda. Attems (1900) transferred the species named by
Pocock (1897) as Polydesmorhachis atratus into the genus Platyrrhacus,
the resulting combination existing in the literature for more than
a decade. Those who suppress junior secondary homonyms may wish
to rename Chamberlin’s Colombian species, but my personal pref-
erence is to disregard instances of transient combinations resulting
from the arbitrary and often ill-advised shifting of names from one
genus to another.

Psammodesmus schmitti Loomis and Hoffman

Psammodesmus schmitti Loomis and Hoffman, in Hoffman, 1953a, p. 301, figs.
1—4 (type data given as holotype male, USNM 2016, Port Obaldia, Panama).

This species was described from specimens taken at Port Obaldia
on the Atlantic Coast, and Cana in the interior of Darién, both
localities being very close to the Panama-Colombia boundary. An
additional specimen is at hand from a third locality, the upper Pe-
quene River just east of the Canal Zone, collected on March 25,
1907, by A. H. Jennings (USNM). This specimen extends the
range of the species over 100 miles westward along the Isthmus.

The gonopods of the specimen match those of the types very closely.
Although considerably bleached by the alcohol, the specimen retains
enough pigmentation to indicate that the color pattern consisted of
a pair of oblique light paramedian stripes on each tergite, each
stripe being directed caudolaterad and probably creating the impres-
sion in life of a strongly serrated longitudinal light stripe down each
side of the dorsum, on the base of the paranota.

NEOTROPICAL PLATYRHACID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN 81

Literature Cited

ATTEMS, CaRL GRAF
1900. System der Polydesmiden. II. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 68,
pp. 251-435, pls. 12-17.
1938. Fam. Leptodesmidae, Platyrhachidae, Oxydesmidae, Gomphodes-
midae, in Das Tierreich, Lief. 69, pp. 1-487, figs. 1-509.
CARL, JOHANN
1902. Exotische Polydesmiden. Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 10, pp. 563, pls,
X—Xxli.
CHAMBERLIN, RALPH VARY
1914. On a collection of Myriapoda from Costa Rica, Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc., pp. 185-194, 11 figs.
1922. The millipeds of Central America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 60,
art. 8, pp. 1-75, pls. 1-25.
1941. On a collection of millipeds and centipeds from northeastern Peru.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 78, pp. 473-535.
1947. Some records and descriptions of diplopods chiefly in the collection of
the Academy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 99, pp. 21-
58, figs. 1-73.
Coox, ORATOR FULLER
1896a. A synopsis of Malayan Platyrrhacidae. Brandtia, No. 1, pp. 1-4.
1896b. New America Platyrrhacidae. Brandtia, No. 12, pp. 51-54.
HorrMan, RicHARD LAWRENCE
1953a. Psammodesmus, a neglected milliped genus (Polydesmida: Platyrha-
cidae). Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 299-304,
figs. 1-5.
1953b. A new Central American milliped of the genus Platyrhacus (Poly-
desmida: Platyrhacidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 55,
pp. 251-258, figs. 1-3.
1956. Generic names in the family Platyrhacidae and their type species,
with a consideration of the status of Stenonia Gray, 1842. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 69, pp. 41-52.
Kocu, Caru L.
1847. System der Myriapoden, in Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune
Deutschlands von Dr. Panzer and Dr. Herrich-Schiaffer. III.
Bandchen, Heft 1-40, pp. 1-196, 10 pls.
Loomis, Haroxp F.
1941. New genera and species of millipeds from the southern peninsula of
Haiti, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, pp. 188-195, 17 figs.
Lucas, PiprReE H.
1840. Histoire naturelle des crustaces, des arachnides,
et des myriapodes, p. 523.
Pocock, REGINALD INNES
1897. New genera and species of Platyrrhacidae from the Indo-and Austro-
Malayan sub-regions contained in collections of the British Museum.
Ann. Nat. Mag. Hist., series VI, vol. 20, pp. 427-446.
1909. Chilopoda and Diplopoda, in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-
Americana, pp. 1-217, 14 pls.

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Proceedings of
the United States

National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C.

Volume 1il 1960 Number 3424

MILLIPEDS FROM DOMINICA, BRITISH WEST INDIES
By Ricaarp L. HorrMan!

While a member of the Smithsonian-Bredin 1956 Caribbean Expedi-
tion, Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke of the Division of Insects, U.S. National
Museum, collected arthropods on the faunistically little-known island
of Dominica, in the West Indies. Although primarily concerned with
insects, Dr. Clarke nonetheless obtained a sizeable collection of
millipeds, which he kindly transmitted to me for identification and
study.

Because of this island’s geographic location at the midlength of the
Lesser Antilles, its mountainous terrain with several rather high peaks,
and especially its unspoiled condition (it is considered to be the island
least disturbed by man of all the West Indies), one would suspect
that the diplopod fauna of Dominica might contain species of con-
siderable interest and utility in working out the problem of zoogeog-
raphy in the Antillean region. That this belief is true is more implied
than proven by collections made to date. The collections are notable
in showing the presence of several endemic species, one of which has
no relatives elsewhere in the islands, and in indicating the absence or
extreme scarcity of several genera that are common and widespread
in the Caribbean area. Obviously, more collecting is needed to con-
firm these preliminary impressions, particularly in the more remote
mountains of the island and with special attention devoted to the
search for the small humus-dwelling forms that normally escape the
general collector.

1 Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia.

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yOL. 111

A study of Dr. Clarke’s material, however, suggests that a brief
survey of the millipeds that he obtained is quite desirable, particularly
with respect to the known endemic species, most of which are very
poorly described and illustrated, and whose systematic status has
often been troublesome to workers treating particular groups of the
Diplopoda.

A summary of the pertinent literature is not difficult to devise, as
only Pocock (1888, 1894) and Loomis (1934) have contributed original
information on the Dominican milliped fauna.

Pocock’s first paper dealt with a small collection made on the island
in 1886 by G. A. Ramage, and included the descriptions of two en-
demic species, which he named Spirostreptus dominicanus and Strongy-
losoma semirugosum. In his 1894 monograph, Pocock added another
new species, Rhinocricus leucostigma, to the Dominican fauna.

H. F. Loomis, an experienced student of the group, spent some time
collecting on Dominica in early 1933, obtaining additional specimens
of R. leucostigma as well as many other forms that had not been taken
by Ramage The species that he found, chiefly in the vicinity of
Roseau, are: Siphonotus purpureus Pocock, Rhinocricus leucostigma
Pocock, Trigoniulus lumbricinus (Gerstaecker), Spirostrophus narest
(Pocock), Orthomorpha coarctata (Saussure), and Hexadesmus lateridens
Loomis.

Dr. Clarke’s material includes all three of the species named by
Pocock, two of the five added by Loomis, and two others previously
not collected on the island The number of milliped species known
from Dominica now stands at ten, of which six, however, are forms
widely distributed by commerce and agriculture It is anticipated
that collecting in the more remote interior mountains will at least
double the presently known total.

Order Glomeridesmida

Family Glomeridesmidae
Glomeridesmus species

A single female belonging to this genus was taken by Dr. Clarke at
Castle Bruce Junction, March 10, 1956, with the notation “under
leaves and dead wood.” Although this species is the first Dominican
record for the genus, with the species almost certainly an undescribed
one, a new name is not proposed at this time in the absence of males.
Females of nearly all known glomeridesmids are quite similar, and
cannot be distinguished on the basis of existing accounts in the litera-
ture. Several other forms of Glomeridesmus have been recorded from
the Lesser Antilles: marmoreus Pocock from St. Vincent, and grena-
danus Chamberlin from Grenada and Trinidad. Species are likewise

MILLIPEDS FROM DOMINICA—HOFFMAN 35

known from Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and the South Ameri-
can mainland.

Order Polyzoniida
Family Polyzoniidae
Siphonotus purpureus Pocock

Siphonotus purpureus Pocock, 1894, p. 479.—Loomis, 1934, p. 9.
Siphonotus miamiensis Causey, 1953, p. 71.

A dozen specimens were taken at Antrim at 1,000 ft. on March 10,
1956. All are females, suggesting a very unequal sex ratio for the
species.

This species has been reported from most of the islands of the Lesser
Antilles, including Dominica, and presumably is a synanthropic form
to some extent. It has also been collected in southern Florida, and
specimens from Miami were recently described as a new species on the
basis of having two transverse rows of setae on the tergites in contrast
to their complete absence as attributed to purpureus. Pocock’s
original description contains no information on this character, and if
he subsequently published on it, the reference has escaped me. H. F.
Loomis found two rows of setae in all his material, which came from
six of the Antillean islands and from French Guiana, indicating a very
wide distribution for this character. The description of S. miamiensis
contains nothing to indicate that Loomis’s paper had been consulted.

It is possible that a restudy of all available material might show
on the basis of male gonopods that several species have been confused
under the name purpureus, but for the present it seems best to as-
sume a single form, widespread by commerce.

Order Cambalida
Family Epinannolenidae
Genus Epinannolene Brolemann

Epinannolene Brolemann, 1903, p. 135.

On the basis of existing knowledge, we have every reason to think
that this genus may be of the greatest utility in studyimg faunal dis-
tribution, at least of diplopods, in the Caribbean region. Species of
Epinannolene occur very abundantly in the northern Andean region
of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama; others have been recorded
from Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Dominica, Grenada, and
Trinidad. The apparent absence of species from Jamaica is remark-
able. So far none of the species has been studied carefully enough to
give any idea about phylogeny and evolution; consequently, we are
ignorant of what might be primitive and what might be specialized

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

characters, and are thus unable to deduce anything about lines of
descent and affinity. Nonetheless, each island has its own native
species not shared with any other, and so far none of these species
can be identified with any species known from South America. If
introduction has occurred by natural or artificial means, subsequent
speciation has covered up the trail.

So far only one species of H’pinannolene has been taken on Dominica.
The species was first discovered by G. A. Ramage and described by
Pocock, in 1888, but was not seen again until Dr. Clarke obtained a
nice series of specimens from several localities.

Epinannolene dominicana (Pocock)
FicurRE 1

Spirostreptus (Nodopyge) dominicanus Pocock, 1888, p. 478.
Epinannolene dominicana Chamberlin, 1918, p. 179.

Males and females of this endemic species were obtained at Castle
Bruce Junction on March 20 and 24, 1956, and at the Fresh Water

Ficure 1.—Epinannolene dominicana (Pocock). Caudal aspect of telopodite of left gonopod.

MILLIPEDS FROM DOMINICA—HOFFMAN 37

Lake on March 26, 1956. <A field note with one lot indicates the
specimens were taken from decaying bromeliads.

The original description of this form was not explicit with respect
to the gonopod structure, so that it seems desirable to provide an
illustration for future comparison with other Antillean species.

That E. dominicana is not an introduced synanthropic form seems
indicated by the fact that Dr. Clarke’s material came from inland
high-elevation localities, whereas the species was not taken around
Roseau by such an experienced collector as H. F. Loomis.

Order Spirobolida
Family Trigoniulidae
Spirostrophus naresi Pocock

Spirobolus narest Pocock, 1893, p. 252.
Spirostrophus naresi Loomis and Hoffman, 1948, p. 51 (this paper contains a
fairly complete synonymy for the species).

Two large collections of this widespread commerce species were made
at Antrim at 1,000 ft. on March 10, 1956, and at West Cubrits at
500 ft. on March 28, 1956. Notes made at the latter locality state:
“Soil, leaf mold, and dry leaves on dry lightly wooded hillside.”

Ramage did not obtain nares on Dominica, but Loomis found it to
be abundant around Roseau in 1932. He also secured specimens of
the related Trigoniulus lumbricinus, another synanthropic species,
which, however, is not quite as widespread in the Antilles as naresz,
and seems to be more restricted to areas disturbed by the activities
oi man.

Family Spirobollelidae

Pseudospirobolellus bulbiferus (Attems)

Spirobolus bulbiferus Attems, 1903, p. 71.
Pseudospirobolellus bulbiferus Carl, 1912, p. 93.
Azygobolus tumidus Loomis, 1934, p. 27.
Pseudospirobolellus tumidus Loomis, 1950, p. 165.

Two females of this genus, tentatively referred to the type spe-
cies, were obtained at Antrim on March 11, 1956. The vial carried
the label “night beating,’”’ which suggests that the specimens may have
been swept from low vegetation while they were making a nocturnal
ascent. Numerous other species of spiroboloids are known to climb at
night.

Our previous knowledge of this animal in the Western Hemisphere
is due entirely to the work of H. F. Loomis, who took the first recorded
specimens on St. Martins and Guadeloupe in 1932, and who sub-
sequently found the species on the southern peninsula of Haiti. It is

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

widespread in the East Indies, and has certainly been introduced into
the Antilles by shipping.

Family Rhmocricidae

Rhinocricus leucostigma Pocock

Rhinocricus leucostigma Pocock, 1894, p. 500; Loomis, 1934, p. 16.

Six males and females were taken from Antrim at 1,000 ft. on
March 10, 1956. Although the material at hand is badly faded from
preservation, I suspect that actually two species are now masquer-
ading under the name leucostigma. ‘There is considerable variation in
size of adults, and the smaller specimens are not so definitely marked
as the larger. Typicaily the species is black with a middorsal white
spot on each segment and one such spot on each side surrounding the
ozopore. The small male examined has gonopods of a slightly different
form, but whether this condition reflects more than an individual vari-
ation cannot be determined at this time. The situation needs further
attention, particularly with respect to living colors and the examina-
tion of numerous male specimens of both forms.

Loomis found specimens ranging in length from less than 30 mm. to
45 mm. in the vicinity of Roseau. The species is endemic to Dominica,
but it has a very similar counterpart in R. martiniquensis Chamberlin
of the nearby island of Martinique.

Order Polydesmida
Family Strongylosomidae

Genus Mestosoma Silvestri

Mestosoma Silvestri, 1897, p. 3.—Kraus, 1956, p. 412.
Habrodesmus Attems, 1937, p. 174.

A considerable number of generic names were proposed for South
American strongylosomids by Silvestri near the end of the last century,
most of them unfortunately poorly characterized and based upon
equally unrecognizable species. Attems reduced the number to two
in his 1937 monograph, recognizing only Catharodesmus as an endemic
American genus and extending the African genus Habrodesmus to
include many of the Neotropical species.

Recently, however, Dr. Kraus reviewed the matter and revived
most of Silvestri’s names for various groups of species that now seem
to constitute well-marked genera. He likewise restricted Habrodesmus
to African species, thereby disposing of a zoogeographic anomaly.
Although Kraus defined and listed all species of some genera, he gave
no diagnosis of Mestosoma, and listed only a few of the species that
seem to be referable to it, so that a good treatment of the genus is still
high on the list of desirable projects.

MILLIPEDS FROM DOMINICA—-HOFFMAN 39

For the present, the shape of the gonopod telopodite, as shown in
the drawings in the cited work by Dr. Kraus and those included with
this paper, is more meaningful as a generic diagnosis than any tenta-
tive verbal characterization might be.

Mestosoma semirugosum (Pocock), new combination
FicurE 2

Strongylosoma semirugosum Pocock, 1888, p. 477, pl. 16, fig. d.—Chamberlin, 1918,
p. 246.
Habrodesmus semirugosus Attems, 1937, p. 194.

Males and females were taken from the Fresh Water Lake at
2,000 ft. on March 26, 1956, and from Castle Bruce Junction, March
10, 24, and 30, 1956. Field notes state: “between boards,” “under
leaves,” and “from decaying bromeliads.”

The original gonopod drawings published by Pocock are small and
very diagrammatic, showing nothing in the way of characters that

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esiGy

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Ficure 2.—Mestosoma semirugosum (Pocock). Left gonopod of male. Méesial aspect

lower right; ventral aspect of telopodite upper left, to show the finely laciniate inner
margin of the postfemur.

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

are now necessary for the recognition of species in Mestosoma and
related genera; therefore, this opportunity is taken to provide more
adequate illustrations. It will be noticed that the gonopods in
Mestosoma, as well as in some related genera of the Andean region,
are quite similar to those found in oriental genera such as Orthomor-
phella. The telopodite is bent into nearly a complete circle, with
the postfemoral region set off by a distinct cingulum, and modified
into laminae medialis and lateralis that sheath the long slender sole-
nomerite.

The South American diplopod fauna is still very poorly known,
and it is thus entirely possible that semirugosum was introduced into
Dominica froma mainland population. But this species does not seem
to be identical with any species known from the more civilized parts of
the continent, whence one would logically expect the species to have
been transported. So far no other species of this genus have been
found elsewhere in the West Indies or on the fairly well explored
island of Trinidad, and it may be that semirugosum is the result of
introduction by rafting or some other natural means from a remote
interior species.

Literature Cited

AtrEemMs, CARL G,
1903. Beitriige zur Myriopodenkunde. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., vol. 18
pp. 63-154, pls. 5, 6, figs. 1-37, pl. 7, figs. 1-20, pls. 8-11, figs.1-88.
1937. Fam. Strongylosomidae, in Das Tierreich, Lief. 68, pp. 1-300,
figs. 1-343.
BrOLEMANN, Henri W.
1903. Myriapodes recuellis 4 l’isla de Cocos par M. le Professeur P. Biolley.
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 72, pp. 128-143, figs. 1-10, pl. 1.
CaRL, JOHANN
1912. Die Diplopoden-fauna von Celebes. Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 20, No.
4, pp. 73-206, pls. 5-6.
CausEy, NELu B.
1953. On a Florida milliped, Siphonotus miamiensis, n. sp. Florida Ent.,
vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 71-72, figs. 1-2.
CHAMBERLIN, RaupH V.
1918. The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bull. Mus. Comp
Zool., vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 149-262.
Kraus, OTTo von
1956. Uber Neotropische Strongylosomatidae (Diplopoda). Senckenbergi-
ana Biologia, vol. 37, No. 5/6, pp. 403-419, figs. 1-20.
Loomis, Haroup F.
1934. Millipeds of the West Indies and Guiana collected by the Allison V.
Armour Expedition in 1932. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 89,
No. 14, pp. 1-69, pls. 1-4, text-figs. 1-33.
1950. Synonymy of some native American and introduced millipeds. Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 164-166.

MILLIPEDS FROM DOMINICA—HOFFMAN 41

Loomis, Haroup F., and Ricnwarp L. HorrMan
1948. Synonymy of various diplopods. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
61, pp. 51-54.
Pocock, REGINALD
1888. Contributions to our knowledge of the Myriopoda of Dominica. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 2, pp. 472-483, pl. 16.
1893. Upon the identity of some of the types of Diplopoda contained in the
collection of the British Museum, together with descriptions of
some new species of exotic Iulidae. Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6,
vol. 11, pp. 248-254, pl. 16.
1894. Contributions to our knowledge of the arthropod fauna of the West
Indies. Part III, Diplopoda.... Journ. Linn. Soc. London,
Zool., vol. 24, pp. 473-544, pls. 37-40.
SILVEsTRI, F1L1pPo
1897. Viaggio del Dott. Alfredo Borelli nel chaco Boliviano e nella Repub-
blica Argentina. IV. Chilopodi e Diplopodi. Bull. Mus. Zool.
Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, vol. 12, No. 283, pp. 1-11.

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Proceedings of

the United States

National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION +- WASHINGTON, D.C.

Volume 111 1960 Number 3425

NOTES ON LARVAE OF NINE GENERA OF APHODIINAE IN
THE UNITED STATES (COLEOPTERA : SCARABAEIDAE)

By Manowar Lat Jerata’

The coprophagus scarabaeid subfamily Aphodiinae contains a great
many species of small to medium-sized beetles with a great diversity
of habits. Most species are found in dung; some, however, are found
in soil or sand feeding on organic matter or roots of living plants;
others are said to be parasitic. The subfamily is worldwide in
distribution.

This study of the systematics of larval Aphodiinae, begun in
November 1954, was undertaken because practically nothing was
known of the American genera and species. It was suggested by
Dr. Paul O. Ritcher, Department of Entomology, Oregon State
College, Corvallis, Oreg., and is based on the study of larvae and
adults loaned from the U.S. National Museum (USNM), Dr. Ritcher’s
personal collection (POR) and material collected by the writer. The
assistance and encouragement of Mr. O. L. Cartwright of the U.S.
National Museum are gratefully acknowledged.

1 Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India.
43

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Keys based on morphological differences of the known larvae of
Aphodiinae of the United States are presented for separating tribes,
genera, and species. Morphological differences of the epipharynges,
maxillae, rasters, and lower anal lobes are used. Before the present
study was undertaken, unnamed larvae of the Aphodiinae could not
be assigned below the subfamily level. Now, for the first time,
adequate keys permit separation of the four tribes and of 9 of the 15
genera found in the United States.

Larvae of four genera—Aegialia, Aphotaenius, Euparia, and
Pleurophorus—are described for the first time from reared material
and are included with Aphodius, Oryomus, Saprosites, Ataenius, and
Psammodius in the present study.

It is unfortunate that reared material of the remaining genera and
of more species of the included genera was not available for study.
Relatively extremely little reared material has been accumulated by
any individual or institution. Every available known larva was
examined.

Larvae of six genera of Aphodiinae from the United States are yet
to be recognized and described. Larvae of Dialytes, Dialytellus,
Pseudataenius, Rhyssemus, Trichiorhyssemus, and Microaegialia are
unknown.

The larvae of Aegialia show close similarities with the larvae of
Aphodiinae and in this work have been treated under the subfamily
Aphodiinae in a new tribe. On the basis of larval characters the
tribes of Aphodiinae can be arranged in the following order: Aegialiini,
Aphodiini, Eupariini, and Psammodiini.

REVIEW oF LITERATURE

The earliest paper on the larvae of Aphodiinae appeared in 1835,
when De Hann (1835) described and discussed briefly the systematic
position of Aphodius luridus Fabricius and A. conjugatus Panzer
larvae. Mulsant (1842) briefly characterized the larvae of Aphodius
distinctus Miiller, A. satellitus Herbst, and A. varians Duftschmid.
In 1871 he characterized larvae of Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus).

Schiodte (1874) gave diagrams and distinguishing larval characters
for Aphodius rufipes (Linnaeus), A. granarius (Linnaeus), A. fossor
(Linnaeus), and A. brevis Erichson. Perris (1877) published brief
descriptions of Aphodius fossor (Linnaeus) and A. constans Duftschmid.
Rosenhaur (1882) described and gave a key for six species of the
genus Aphodius, but he used the characters of color and width of
head capsule, which are not reliable. Hansen (1925) gave distinguish-
ing characters for larvae of the genus Aphodius and wrote short
descriptions for eight species,

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 45

In 1928 Hayes described the epipharynx of Aphodius and in 1929
he partially described and compared larvae of Aphodinae (Aphodius)
with other scarabaeid larvae. Béving and Craighead (1931) sepa-
rated Aphodius rufipes and Aphodius fossor groups in their keys to
families and subfamilies of Scarabacoidea.

Gardner (1935) described the immature stages of Scarabaeoidea
from India and gave pupal and larvae characters for the genus Aphodi-
us and a key for five species of the genus Aphodius. According to
him the pupae of Aphodius can be separated from other scarabaeid
pupae by the presence of two filamentous caudal appendages.

Madle (1934) dealt with the morphology, ecology, and physiology
of the larvae and adults of Aphodius rufipes Linnaeus. Also, Madle
(1935, 1936) gave a key to 13 species of the genus Aphodius and a
detailed account of each species. According to his observations, the
13 species could be separated into five distinct types on the basis of
the lower anal lobe, shape of the setae on the raster, and structure
of the head capsule.

Paulian and Villiers (1939) were the first to describe the larva of
Heptaulacus peyerimhoff Paulian and Villiers found in humid turf
soil in Morocco. They considered Heptaulocus larvae to be close to
Aphodius, especially the rufipes group.

Korschefsky (1940) separated larvae of Aphodiinae (Aphodius
fimetarius (Linnaeus) and A. fossor (Linnaeus)) from other scarabaeid
larvae in his illustrated key to German scarabaeid larvae. Van
Emden (1941) separated Aphodiinae from other subfamilies of
scarabaeid larvae, presenting a key to 13 species of the genus Aphodius
and separating larvae of the genus Saprosites (S. mendazx Blackburn)
and the genus Oryomus (OQ. silvestris Scopoli) for the first time.

Schaerffenberg (1941) gave a key for separating Aphodiinae from
other scarabaeid larvae. Paulian (1942, pp. 129-131) published a
description of the larvae of Rhyssemodes orientalis Mulsant and
Godart and compared larvae of the genus Rhyssemodes with the
larvae of the genus Aphodius and the genus Ataenius.

Carne’s (1950) publication on the morphology of immature stages
of Aphodius howitti Hope from Australia was the first paper on
Aphodius spp. to use Béving’s and Ritcher’s modern terminology for
the raster and epipharynx.

Medvedev (1952) published an illustrated paper on the larvae of
scarabaeid beetles of the fauna of the U.S.S.R. and separated Aphodius,
Psammodius, and Cnemisus. He described Psammodius sulcicollis
Illiger, Onemisus ahngeri Seminov, and 14 species of the genus
Aphodius.

In addition to the above literature, a great amount of work has
been done on the other subfamilies of the Scarabaeidae which is

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

quite applicable to a study of Aphodiinae. Among these are notable
and excellent papers by Béving (1936) on the explanation for terms
applied to the epipharynx and raster, and by Ritcher (1945, 1947) on
the larvae of Coprinae and Geotrupinae. In this paper, these works
are referred to frequently and the same terminology is used.

Larval Taxonomy

The scarabaeid subfamily Aphodiinae, as shown by a detailed
morphological study of the larvae, includes four tribes—<Aegialiini,
Aphodiini, Eupariimi, and Psammodiini. Almost all scarabaeid
larvae have stridulatory teeth on the maxillae. The larvae of
Psammodwus and Pleurophorus of the tribe Psammodiini and Saprosites
of the tribe Eupariini lack stridulatory teeth.

Larvae of Aphodiinae may be characterized as follows: Antenna
4-segmented (in Aphodius first antennal segment apparently sub-
divided). Third antennal segment with an apical, conical sensory
organ. Fourth antennal segment small and conical, with a sensory
area, and bearing sensory pegs and a seta at its tip. Epipharynx
usually weakly trilobed; haptomerum with two macrosensillae.
Pedium bounded on all sides by nonarticulating processes. Tormae
fused mesally and produced into an epitorma. Crepide present
posterior to tormae. Scissorial area of right mandible with 8,4. and
Szi4. Maxilla with cardo, stipes, galea, lacinia, and 4-segmented
maxillary palp; galea and lacinia separate but close together. Galea
ventrally with a row of short setae; lacinia dorsally with a row of
setae near the mesal edge. Legs 4-segmented, consisting of a coxa,
trochanter, femur, and tibiotarsus, the latter bearing a simple claw;
claw with two short setae near the middle. Spiracular concavities
facing ventrally. Anal lobes whitish or yellowish white and without
setae.

Larval key to tribes of the subfamily Aphodiinae found in the
United States

1. Lower anal lobe either emarginate or entire .........+..+-+.-. 2
Lower anal lobe divided into two sublobes either adjacent orremote. . . . 3

2. ‘Lower anal lobe entire: Gigs S6)iiilasn, DUBS SNe Je) cok eee Aegialiini
Lower anal lobe emarginate (fig. 85)... . 2 3 <\e4s, cy hae deme Aphodiini

3. Maxillary stridulatory area with teeth (fig. 49), except in the genus Saprosites
where the lacinia lacks an apical uncus (fig. 46). ....... Eupariini
Maxillary stridulatory area without teeth (fig.50)...... Psammodiini

Tribe AEGIALIINI

This tribe is represented in the United States by only two of the
five known genera, Aegialia Latreille and Microaegialia Brown. So
far, 19 species of the genus Aegialia have been recorded from the

LARVAE OF APHODITINAE—JERATH 47

United States. Species dealt with in this study include Aegialia
blanchardi Horn and Aegialia lacustris LeConte.

This tribe has been treated by taxonomists as a separate subfamily,
but study of the larvae proves beyond doubt that the subfamily
Aegialiinae can be included under the subfamily Aphodiinae as a
separate tribe.

Larvae of the genus Aegialia bear the following similarities with
the larvae of other Aphodiinae:

1. Setae on the frons like those found in the tribe Aphodiini, genera Ataenius and
Euparia.

2. Antenna 4-segmented, which is characteristic of the subfamily Aphodiinae
(in Aphodius, the first antennal segment apparently subdivided). Third
antennal segment apically with a sensory conical structure, fourth segment
small and conical.

3. Clypeus, on either side, with three setae, as in the tribes Aphodiini and Psam-
modiini and the genera Ataenius and Euparia of the tribe Eupariini.

4. Epipharynx resembling that of the Aphodiinae in shape, position, number of

setae, and in the presence of clithra and tormae.

. Right mandible like that of other Aphodiinae.

. Maxilla similar to that of the Aphodiinae.

. Body and legs with the same segmentation and setal pattern as in the Apho-

diinae.

8. Raster with teges similar to those in the Aphodiinae. Anal lobes whitish and
without setae.

No Oo

Genus Aegialia Latreille

Larvae of the genus Aegialia may be characterized as follows:
Frons, on each side, with two short posterior frontal setae and a
microsensilla, a long seta at each anterior angle, a long exterior frontal
seta and a microsensilla, and a short anterior frontal seta and a micro-
sensilla. Clypeus with three setae on each side. First, second, and
third antennal segments subequal; third antennal segment with a
conical sensory area.

Epipharynx with protophoba tristichous on the left and monosti-
chous on the right; dexiophoba and laeophoba monostichous; meso-
phoba monostichous in the middle and bistichous on the sides. Tor-
mae asymmetrical, dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad,
laeotorma slightly produced cephalad. Cuiepide subcircular with two
microsensillae on it and two on either side of it.

Scissorial area of left mandible with S,, S: and S344 and of right
mandible with S:42 and S3,4. Each mandible dorsally with two or
three setae and ventrally with two setae. Galea ventrally with a
long seta and a row of four short setae. Palpifer distinct and with
one to three conical teeth.

Abdominal segments 1-7 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae. Segments 8-10 each with

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

three dorsal rows of setae, but dorsa not subdivided into annulets.
Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with 6-8 setae ventrally and
three or four setae dorsally.

Tegillar setae scattered irregularly on the venter of 10th abdominal
segment. Anal lobes whitish, without setae; lower anal lobe entire.

Key to known larvae of Aegialia Latreille

1. Galea dorsally with five stout setae; raster with 48-58 hamate tegillar setae.
lacustris LeConte

Galea dorsally with four stout setae; raster with 25-37 hamate setae.
blanchardi Horn

Aegialia lacustris LeConte
Fiaures 25, 86

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Seven third-stage larvae and cast skins of
10 third-stage larvae reared to the adult stage, being a part of 30
larvae collected in soil under willows along the roadside toward Adel,
Oreg., May 17, 1957, by Paul O. Ritcher.

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.29-1.42 mm. Cranium yellowish white, surface smooth except for
two small depressions on each side of the frons, five or six dorsoepi-
cranial setae and three or four microsensillae on each side.

Epipharynx with 15-17 microsensillae along the base of the proto-
phoba. Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 15-20
conical teeth. Galea dorsally with five stout setae. Lacinia dorsally
with a row of six long setae near the mesal edge and a single seta
posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
prescutum with 12 short setae, each scutum with 4-6 long setae and
12-14 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 16 short setae.
Raster with teges of 48-58 hamate setae curved at their distal ends.

Aegialia blanchardi Horn

Ficures 2, 39, 53, 70

MATERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva, associated with adults,
collected under grass roots in sand dunes at Waldport, Oreg., July 16,
1955, by Paul O. Ritcher and Manohar Jerath (adults determined by
O. L. Cartwright) ; 20 third-stage larvae and the cast skins of 10 third-
stage larvae reared to the adult stage, being part of a large number
collected under grass roots in sand dunes at Waldport, Oreg., June 12,
1956, by Paul O. Ritcher and Manohar Jerath; and 4 third-stage
larvae, associated with adults, collected under grass roots in sand
dunes at Waldport, Oreg., May 29, 1957, by Manohar Jerath.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 49

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.09X1.19 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth except for
three depressions in a line on each side on the frons, 6-8 dorsoepi-
cranial setae and 3-5 microsensillae on each side.

Protophoba of epipharynx with 13-16 microsensillae. Maxillary
stridulatory area with an irregular row of 12-16 conical teeth. Galea
dorsally with four stout setae. Lacinia dorsally with a row of five
or six long setae near the mesal edge and a seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as fol-
lows: each prescutum with 12-14 short setae, each scutum with 6-8
long setae and 20-25 short setae on each side, and each scutellum
with 16-18 short setae.

Raster with teges of 25-37 hamate setae curved at their distal ends.

Tribe APHODIINI

This tribe is represented in the United States by only three of the
many known genera in the world. The genus Oryomus Laporte occurs
only in the Eastern States; the genus Xerospsamobeus Saylor is known
only from California. In contrast, more than 100 species of the genus
Aphodius Illiger occur in the United States.

Species dealt with in this study include Oryomus silvestris (Scopoli),
the only species of this genus known in the United States, and 19
species of the genus Aphodius. Two of these species of Aphodius are
from Australia, where they are pests in pastures. Six specimens were
reared by the author. The others were borrowed from the U.S.
National Museum and the personal collection of Paul O. Ritcher.

Larvae of this tribe may be characterized as follows: Frons, on each
side, with two short posterior frontal setae and a microsensilla, a
long seta at each anterior angle, a single long exterior frontal seta
and a microsensilla, and a single short anterior frontal seta and a
microsensilla. Frontal sutures distinct. Clypeus marked into large
sclerotized postclypeus and a small weakly sclerotized preclypeus;
clypeus with three setae on each side. Maxillary stridulatory area
with conical teeth; palpifer differentiated. Anal lobes whitish, with-
out setae; lower anal lobe emarginate, partially divided into sublobes,
never completely divided.

Larval key to Oxyomus and Aphodius

Left mandible with S42, Ss and §, (fig. 26); galea dorsally with four stout setae
(fig. 40); 9th and 10th abdominal segments strongly tapering in a concave
CURVE (HEAT) be eit. cee Mele cey es era, bos cater pa PRAT efoto Oxyomus Laporte

Left mandible with S142 and Ss (fig. 23); galea dorsally with five or more stout

setae (fig. 41); 9th and 10th abdominal segment slightly tapering in a concave
CULV Ciiyerar co cetsr (sts Sats fen ep ey ep sine ap wed ay, tere) Stel 6) te Aphodius Illiger

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Oxyomus silvestris (Scopoli)
Figures 10, 13, 26, 40, 60, 71, 79

MatTERIAL EXAMINED: Five third-stage larvae and two second-stage
larvae collected in soil around roses at Luxemburg, May 24, 1949
(USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.83-0.92 mm. Cranium light yellowish brown, smooth, two or three
dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Second
and third antennal segments subequal, first longer than second or
third.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16-18 microsensillae. Laeophoba poly-
stichous; dexiophoba monostichous; mesophoba monostichous in the
middle and polystichous on the sides. Crepide subtriangular. Tormae
asymmetrical, dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad, laeotorma
small and slightly produced caudad with end blunt.

Scissorial area of left mandible with S,,., S3; and Sy, and of right
mandible with S,,. and S;,,. Each mandible dorsally with two setae
and ventrally with a single seta.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of seven conical teeth;
palpifer with three teeth. Galea dorsally with four stout setae,
ventrally with a long seta and a row of seven or eight short setae.
Lacinia with terminal uncus of three ventral toothlike lobes, dorsally
with a row of five long setae along the mesal edge and a short seta
posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segment 6. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and three short
setae on each side, and each scutellum with eight short setae. Seg-
ments 7-10 each with two transverse rows of setae but dorsa not
subdivided into annulets. Segments 9 and 10 strongly tapering in a
concave curve. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two setae
ventrally and a single seta dorsally.

Raster with two longitudinal palidia surrounded on sides by 9-14
tegillar setae. Each palidia with 7-9 caudomesally directed spine-
like setae. Tegillar setae arranged in two rows, one on each side of
palidia.

Genus Aphodius Iliger

Larvae of the genus Aphodius may be characterized as follows:
Frons, on each side, with two short posterior frontal setae with a
microsensilla (in A. erraticus two or three setae with two microsen-
sillae), a short anterior frontal seta and a microsensilla, a long exterior

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 51

fronta] seta and a microsensilla and a long seta at each anterior
angle. First antennal segment apparently subdivided. Scissorial
area of left mandible with S,4. and S; and of right mandible with
Si¢2 and S344. Each mandible dorsally with two or three setae and
ventrally with three or four short setae. Galea dorsally with more
than four setae. Abdominal segments 1-8 each with three dorsal
annulets; segments 9 and 10 each with two rows of dorsal setae,
dorsa not divided. Lower anal lobe emarginate, partially subdivided
into two lobes (or into four as in A. erraticus).

Key to known larvae of Aphodius Mliger

ee on ee ee ee ee ea
Raster without palidia. . ... 2 Co
2. Dexiotorma produced caudad; feces doreaily: ae a TOW - of Be or six setae
along the mesal edge ad a short seta Ce a second and third
antennal segments subequal, first long . . . 5S, es) IS
Dexiotorma not produced caudad; lacinia with a row af eight or nine long
setae along the mesal edge and two short setae posteriorly; first and second
antennal segments subequal, third short (Australian species).
pseudotasmaniae Given, howitti Hope
3. Laeotorma produced caudad; abdominal segments 6-8 dorsally with three
transverse rows of setae; galea ventrally with a row of six or seven short
setae; lacinia dorsally with a row of six long setae along the mesal edge
and a short seta posteriorly .... . . . .granarius (Linnaeus)
Laeotorma not produced caudad; sbdorminal pecmients 6-8 dorsally with two
transverse rows of setae; galea neutrally with a row of 11 or 12 short setae;
lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae along the mesal edge and a

short seta posteriorly. . . .... . . .pardalis LeConte

4. Maxilla with stridulatory teeth on Aepalniter god EME PN oF alate at Tee
Maxilla without stridulatory teeth on palpifer . .........=. 2.12

5. Epipharynx with laeotorma not produced caudad . .......... 6
Epipharynx with laeotorma produced caudad. . .. . sour : 8

6. Palpifer with three or fewer stridulatory teeth; galea peneealiey ae 17 or
fewer short setae in a row; lacinia dorsally with six or fewer long setae in

a row near the mesal edge aad a short seta posteriorly; raster with less than

91 tegillar setae; each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two setae
dorsally and two setae ventrally. . . . . 7
Palpifer with more than three stridulatory fen pales: venereal ml 13- 22
short setae in a row; lacinia dorsally with a row of nine long setae near the
mesal edge and a short seta posteriorly; raster with 1380-165 short tegillar
setae; each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with three or four setae ven-
trally and three setae dorsally. . ... .. . . . fossor (Linnaeus)

7. Stridulatory area on stipes with 14-18 fecth: pala dorsnlty with seven setae;
lacinia dorsally with a row of six long setae near the mesal edge and a short

seta posteriorly; first and second antennal segments subequal, third short.
fimetarius (Linnaeus)

Stridulatory area on stipes with 6-10 teeth; galea dorsally with five setae;
lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and a
short seta posteriorly; second and third antennal segments subequal, first

LOT EAA VE Sm By a a Oe a de ae as is 2h aleutasscholtz

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

8. Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and a short
seta posteriorly; galea ventrally with a row of less than 11 short setae. . 9
Lacinia dorsally with a row of eight long setae near the mesal edge and a
short seta posteriorly; galea ventrally with a row of 11—14 short setae.
hamatus Say
9. Abdominal segments 6-8 dorsally each with two transverse rows of setae. . 10
Abdominal segments 6-8 dorsally with three transverse rows of setae; galea
ventrally with a row of eight short setae; raster with 51-81 short tegillar
setae; second and third antennal segments subequal, first long.
vittatus Say
10. Galea ventrally with a row of eight or more short setae. . ...... .11
Galea ventrally with a row of six or seven short setae. Second and third
antennal segments subequal, first long; maxillary stridulatory area on stipes
with 8-10 teeth; raster with 36-50 tegillar setae. (Collected from ant’s
MeSt)) <1 le . . . . .Aphodius sp.
11. Second and chard. antennal Soe ne jaubequall frst long; width of head
capsule 1.82—2.05 mm.; frons on each side with two depressions.
sparsus LeConte
First and third antennal segments subequal, second short; width of head
capsule 0.86-0.92 mm.; frons on each side with four depressions in a line.
neotomae Fall
12. Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae along the mesal edge and a short
seta posteriorly; spiracle-bearing area with two setae ventrally; clypeus
without any protuberance; lower anal lobe emarginate, partially subdivided
into sublobes; claws slender. . .. . pee ile
Lacinia Bocas with a row of seven or eight long Eeree alone the mesal ede
and two or three short setae posteriorly; spiracle-bearing area with 4-6
setae ventrally; clypeus with a transverse broad protuberance in the middle
of anterior margin of its sclerotized part; lower anal lobe emarginate, par-
tially subdivided into four sublobes; claws rather short.
erraticus (Linnaeus)
13. Galea ventrally with a row of seven or more short setae. . ...... .14
Galea ventrally with a row of five short setae. Abdominal segments 6-8
dorsally each with three transverse rows of setae; second and third antennal
segments subequal, first long; width of head capsule 1.41—1.70 mm.; raster

with 34-47 tegillar setae. . .. . 2 4. . « . . prodromus Brahm

14. Raster with less than 43 tegillar oeinoe Seae bit insite paris hadond Sythe Mee LD
Raster with more than 43)tegillar setae. o) b&.. <. leq dy, see gee ee ee

15. Raster with more than 23 tegillar setae. . . non ears 4 2) LO

Raster with 17-22 tegillar setae; width of head canals 0. 89-0. 96 mm.
stercorosus Melsheimer
16. Abdominal segments 6-8 dorsally each with three transverse rows of setae;
width of head capsule 1.25-1.35 mm.; frons on each side with two depressions.
lividus (Oliver)
Abdominal segments 6-8 dorsally each with two transverse rows of setae;
width of head capsule 0.86—-0.89 mm.; frons on each side with three depres-
sionsinaline. ... . . . . troglodytes Hubbard
17. Abdominal segments 6-8 dowels Bach itis aha transverse rows of setae;
first and second antennal segments subequal, third short; width of head
capsule 1.22-1.45 mm..... . . . . .haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus)
Abdominal segments 6-8 dorsally each with two transverse rows of setae;
first, second and third antennal segments subequal; width of head capsule
132-1.35)mm.. 2. 3 6 a ee ee es l/s» oo» pectoralis LeConte

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 53

Aphodius granarius (Linnaeus)
Fiaures 12, 23

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Six third-stage larvae collected from hard
surface soil in horse pasture June 8, 1944, at Lexington, Ky., by Paul
O. Ritcher, No. 44-7B (POR); two third-stage larvae collected at San
Benito, Tex., by M. P. Jones (USNM); six third-stage larvae, asso-
ciated with adults, collected in soil under cow dung at airport, Cor-
vallis, Oreg., June 9, 1955, by Manohar Jerath; seven third-stage
larvae and cast skins of five third-stage larvae reared to the adult
stage, collected around mint roots near Prosser, Wash., Apr. 30, 1956,
by K. E. Frick and S. G. Cole (reared adults determined by O. L.
Cartwright).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.42-1.68 mm. Cranium light yellow to yellowish brown, surface
smooth except for three depressions in a vertical line on the frons on
each side, three or four dorsoepicranial setae and four or five micro-
sensillae on each side. Second and third antennal segments subequal,
first segment somewhat longer than second or third.

Epipharynx with protophoba tristichous or bistichous on left and
monostichous on right; protophoba with 18-21 microsensillae. Tor-
mae similar in size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and
caudad. Crepide subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical and bent
towards laeophoba.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 7-10 conical
teeth; palpifer with one or two teeth. Galea ventrally with a long
seta and a longitudinal row of six or seven short setae, dorsally with
five setae. Lacinia dorsally with a row of six long setae near the
mesal edge and one short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with eight short setae, each scutum with 3-5 short
setae and 2-4 long setae on each side, and each scutellum with 11 or
12 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
setae dorsally and two setae ventrally.

Raster on each side with three short, longitudinal palidia, sur-
rounded on the sides by 24-35 tegillar setae. Raster with 14-23
caudomesally directed, spine-like pali. Tegillar setae arranged in
more or less regular rows, with varying number of setae in each row.
Four minute setae anterior to the other setae.

Aphodius pardalis LeConte

Figure 69

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Three third-stage larvae collected from de-
caying lawn grass at San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 16, 1935, by Pe C:

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Ting (POR); 11 third-stage larvae collected from beneath injured
turf in golf course at Eugene, Oreg., Apr. 26, 1954, by “‘R. H.”’ (POR);
20 third-stage larvae collected at golf course, Eugene, Oreg., Apr. 28,
1954, by Paul O. Ritcher (reared adults identified by O. L. Cart-
wright) (POR).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.29-1.42 mm. Cranium light yellowish brown to yellowish
brown, surface smooth except two depressions on each side on the
frons, three dorsoepicranial setae and four microsensillae on each side.
First antennal segment longer than second or third, second and third
subequal.

Epipharynx with protophoba tristichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 19-21 microsensillae. 'Tormae not similar
in size and shape, dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad, laeo-
torma only produced cephalad. Crepide small and irregular in out-
line; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened apically and bent towards
laeophoba.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 7—11 conical
teeth; palpifer with one or two teeth. Galea ventrally with one long
seta and a longitudinal row of 11 or 12 short setae, dorsally with five
setae. lLacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal
edge and one short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with two or three
long setae and 3-5 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with
10 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with two short, longitudinal palidia, surrounded on the
sides by scattered 16-31 tegillar setae. Each palidium with 6-10
caudomesally directed, spine-like setae.

Aphodius howitti Hope

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Fourteen third-stage larvae from ‘Lu. Chin-
nick,” Australia (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 2.7—3.36 mm. Cranium yellowish brown to dark brown, surface
smooth except for three depressions in a line on each side on the
frons, four dorsoepicranial setae and three or four microsensillae on
each side. First and second antennal segments subequal, third
shorter than first or second. Third antennal segment with a small
conical sensory structure apically.

Epipharynx with protophoba monostichous; protophoba with
18-20 microsensillae; dexiophoba bistichous. Tormae similar in size

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 55

and shape, both tormae only produced cephalad. Crepide sub-
triangular; epitorma small, asymmetrical.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 11-15 conical
teeth; none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a
longitudinal row of 10-12 short setae, dorsally with five or six setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of eight or nine long setae near the mesal
edge and two short setae posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
prescutum with 6-12 setae, each scutum with 5-7 long setae and
9-10 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10-22 setae.
Kach abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two setae ventrally and
two setae dorsally.

Raster with two short longitudinal palidia, surrounded on the sides
by 50-60 hamate setae curved at their distal ends. Raster with 11-15
caudomesally directed, spine-like pali. Tegillar setae arranged in
more or less regular rows, with varying number of setae in each row.
Two minute setae anterior to the other setae.

Aphodius pseudotasmaniae Given

MaTERIAL EXAMINED: Twelve third-stage larvae collected from
pasture land at Kempton, Tasmania, July 30, 1951, by E. J. Martyn
(USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
2.97-3.20 mm. Cranium reddish brown, surface smooth except four
depressions in a line on each side on the frons; three or four dorso-
epicranial setae and five microsensillae on each side. First and
second antennal segments subequal, third shorter than first or second.
Third antennal segment with a conical sensory area apically.

Epipharynx with monostichous protophoba; protophoba with 18-20
microsensillae; dexiophoba bistichous. Tormae similar in size and
shape, both tormae only produced cephalad. Crepide subtriangular;
epitorma small and asymmetrical.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 13-20 conical
teeth; none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a
longitudinal row of 10 or 11 short setae, dorsally with six setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of eight long setae near the mesal edge
and two short setae posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with 6-12 setae, each scutum with 5-7 long setae and
9 or 10 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10-20 setae.
Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with one or two setae dorsally
and two setae ventrally. Abdominal segments 7 and 8 broad, 9 and
10 narrow.

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Raster with two short longitudinal palidia, surrounded on the sides
by 51-55 hamate setae. Raster with 14-18 caudomesally directed
pali. Tegillar setae arranged in more or less regular rows, with
varying number of setae in each row. Two minute setae anterior to
other setae.

Aphodius fossor (Linnaeus)

Ficurss 16, 17

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Two third-stage larvae collected at Riverton,
N.J., June 1930, labeled by Sim (POR); nine third-stage larvae and
four second-stage larvae collected in cow dung at Hyannis, Mass.,
June 27, 1939, by W. H. Anderson (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
3.26-3.68 mm. Cranium light reddish brown to dark reddish brown,
surface smooth except for two depressions on each side on the frons,
four dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. First
and second antennal segments subequal, third shorter than first or
second. Third antennal segment with a small conical sensory struc-
ture apically.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 15-18 microsensillae. Tormae not similar
in size and shape, dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad,
laeotorma only produced cephalad. Crepide subtriangular; epitorma
asymmetrical, slender and flattened apically.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 16-21 conical
teeth; palpifer with 4-7 teeth. Galea ventrally with a long seta and
a longitudinal row of 18-22 short setae, dorsally with eight setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of nine long setae near the mesal edge and
one short seta posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
prescutum with 12 short setae, each scutum with 2-5 long setae and
5-8 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 16 short setae.
Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with three setae dorsally and
three or four setae ventrally. Claws slender, pointed, and with
only blunt nodule at the insertion of the setae.

Raster with teges of 130-165 small setae arranged more or less in
rows with varying number of setae in each row.

Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus)
Ficures 5, 14, 28, 42, 43, 52, 76, 82

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Four third-stage larvae collected and reared
in cow dung at Urbana, Ill., May 28, 1931, by Carl Mohr (USNM);
22 third-stage larvae collected in cow dung at Nashville, Ark., Apr. 7,
1937, by W. H. Anderson (associated adults determined by E. A.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 57

Chapin (USNM); 12 third-stage larvae collected in cow dung at
Lexington, Ky., Apr. 24, 1944, by Paul O. Ritcher (POR); 15 third-
stage larvae, associated with adults, collected in cow dropping at
Salem, Oreg., July 11, 1955, by Manohar Jerath; 15 third-stage
larvae, obtained by confining the adults of Aphodius fimetarius with
fresh cow dung during spring of 1956 at Corvallis, Oreg., by Manohar
Jerath.

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 2.05-2.31 mm. Cranium yellowish brown to dark reddish
brown, surface smooth except for three depressions in a line on each
side on the frons, three or four dorsoepicranial setae and three micro-
sensillae on each side. First and second antennal segments sub-
equal, third shorter than first or second. Third antennal segment
with a small conical sensory structure.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous or tristichous on left
and monostichous on right; protophoba with 17-21 microsensillae.
Tormae not similar in size and shape, dexiotorma produced cephalad
and caudad, laeotorma only produced cephalad. Crepide subquad-
rangular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened apically, and bent
towards laeophoba.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 14-18 conical
teeth; palpifer with two or three teeth. Galea ventrally with a long
seta and a longitudinal row of 17 short setae, dorsally with seven
setae. lLacinia dorsally with a row of six long setae near the mesal
edge and one short seta posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
prescutum with eight short setae, each scutum with 4-6 short setae
and 3-5 long setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10-12 short
setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two setae ventrally
and one or two setae dorsally.

Raster with teges of 55-90 short setae curved at their distal ends.
Tegillar setae scattered irregularly on the venter of 10th abdominal
segment; four minute setae anterior to the tegillar setae.

Aphodius aleutus Eschscholtz

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Nine third-stage larvae obtained by con-
fining adults of A. aleutus Eschscholtz with deer droppings from
August to September 1955 at Corvallis, Oreg.; six third-stage larvae
collected at Mary’s Peak, 14 miles west of Corvallis, Oreg., Oct. 14,
1956, by Manohar Jerath (reared adults identified by O. L. Cart-
wright).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.52-1.68 mm. Cranium light yellowish brown to yellowish
brown, surface smooth except for three depressions in a row on each
side on the frons, four or five dorsoepicranial setae and three or four

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

microsensillae on each side. First antennal segment longer than
second or third, second and third subequal.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 17-19 microsensillae. Tormae not similar
in size and shape, dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad, laeo-
torma only produced cephalad. Crepide subquadrangular; epitorma
elongated and flattened apically.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 6-10 conical teeth; palpifer
with two or three teeth. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a
longitudinal row of 15-17 short setae, dorsally with five setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge
and one short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as
follows: Each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with
five or six short setae and two or three long setae on each side, and
each scutellum with 11 or 12 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-
bearing area with two setae ventrally and two setae dorsally.

Raster with teges of 50-72 setae scattered on the venter of 10th

abdominal segment.
Aphodius hamatus Say

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Four third-stage larvae collected from
pasture at Ruby Valley, Elko County, Nev., Nov. 12, 1956, by Mark
Menke.

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 2.87-3.00 mm. Cranium yellowish, surface smooth except for
three depressions in a line on each side on the frons, three or four
dorsoepicranial setae and six or seven microsensillae on each side.
First and second antennal segments subequal, third shorter than
first or second. Third antennal segment with a small conical sensory
structure apically.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 18-21 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
subtriangular; epitorma asymmetrical, slender, and flattened apically.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 9-12 conical teeth;
palpifer with one or two teeth. Galea ventrally with a long seta and
a longitudinal row of 11-14 short setae, dorsally with five or six
setae. Lacinia dorsally with a row of eight long setae near the mesal
edge and one short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
Each prescutum with 20-25 setae, each scutum with 14-18 short
setae and 7—10 long setae on each side, and each scutellum with 30-35
setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two setae ven-
trally and two setae dorsally.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 59

Raster with teges of 32-38 hamate setae arranged in five or six rows,
with varying number of setae in each row; four minute setae anterior
to the tegillar setae. Raster mostly covered by setae.

Aphodius vittatus Say
FIGURE 77

MATERIAL EXAMINED: 16 third-stage larvae, associated with adults,
collected in cow manure at airport, Corvallis, Oreg., June 9, 1955, by
Manohar Jerath (associated adults determined by O. L. Cartwright) ;
15 third-stage larvae, associated with adults, collected in cow manure
at Oakville, Oreg., July 1, 1955, by Manohar Jerath; 20 third-stage
larvae and cast skins of several third-stage larvae reared to the adult
stage, being a part of many collected at Talent, Oreg., May 31, 1956,
by Paul O. Ritcher (POR); 23 third-stage larvae and cast skins of
several third-stage larvae reared to the adult stage, being a part of
many collected three miles north of Cabin Lake, Lake County, Oreg.,
July 30, 1957, by Paul O. Ritcher and Manohar Jerath (No. 57-10a).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.12-1.25 mm. Cranium light yellowish brown, surface smooth
except for four depressions in a line on each side on the frons, three
dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Second
and third antennal segments subequal, first segment longer than
second or third.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 13-16 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
subtriangular; epitorma asymmetrical and slender.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 5-10 conical
teeth; palpifer with one or two teeth. Galea ventrally with a long
seta and a longitudinal row of eight short setae, dorsally with five
setae. Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal
edge and one short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with two or three
long setae and four or five short setae on each side, each scutellum with
eight short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
setae ventrally and one or two setae dorsally. Abdominal segments
6-9 broader than segments 1—5.

Raster with teges of 51-81 short setae arranged more or less in
irregular rows, with varying number of setae in each row.

Aphodius sp.

MaTERIAL EXAMINED: Five third-stage larvae and one second-
stage larva collected in Formica nest 8 miles east of Silver Lake,
Oreg., May 16, 1957, by Paul O. Ritcher.

505622—59-—_2

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.52-1.62 mm. Cranium light yellowish brown, surface smooth
except for three depressions in a line on each side on the frons, 3-5
dorsoepicranial setae and 8-10 microsensillae on each side. Second
and third antennal segments subequal, first longer than second or
third.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on the left and mono-
stichous on right; protophoba with 17-19 microsensillae. Tormae
similar in size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad.
Crepide subtriangular to subquadrangular; epitorma asymmetrical,
slender, flattened apically, and bent little towards laeophoba.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 8-10 conical teeth;
palpifer with one or two teeth. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a
longitudinal row of six or seven short setae, dorsally with five setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and
one short seta posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
prescutum with six short setae; each scutum with three or four long
setae and four or five short setae on each side; and each scutellum
with 10-12 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with
two setae dorsally and two setae ventrally.

Raster with teges of 36-50 hamate setae curved at their distal ends,
setae arranged in irregular rows with variable number of setae in each
row. ‘Tegillar setae covering most of the venter of 10th abdominal
segment.

Aphodius sparsus LeConte
Fiaures 30, 56

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Three third-stage larvae collected from
Neotoma nest at Colma, Calif., Feb. 24, 1934, by P. C. Ting (reared
adults determined by F. Blaisdell) (USNM); 14 third-stage larvae
reared by Paul O. Ritcher (No. 46-10C); 20 third-stage larvae and
cast skins of 10 larvae reared to the adult stage, being part of a large
number collected from a wood rat’s nest 20 feet above the ground on
a tree in McDonald forest, Corvallis, Oreg., May 21, 1957, by Paul O.
Ritcher and Manohar Jerath (reared adults determined by O. L.
Cartwright).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.82-2.05 mm. Cranium light yellow to light yellowish brown,
surface smooth except for two depressions on each side on the frons,
three or four dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each
side. First antennal segment longer than second or third, second and
third subequal. Third antennal segment with a small circular sensory
area apically.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 61

Epipharynx with protophoba tristichous on left and bistichous on
right; protophoba with 18-22 microsensillae; dexiophoba bistichous.
Tormae similar in size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and
caudad. Crepide subtriangular; epitorma asymmetrical and elon-
gated.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 5-7 conical teeth; palpifer
with one or two teeth. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a longi-
tudinal row of 8-10 short setae, dorsally with five setae. Lacinia
dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and one
short seta posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
prescutum with eight short setae, each scutum with three or four
long setae and five or six short setae on each side, and each scutellum
with 12 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with teges of 41-60 setae curved at their distal ends, setae
scattered irregularly on the venter of 10th abdominal segment.

Aphodius neotomae Fall

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Six third-stage larvae reared by Paul O.
Ritcher (No. 46-10D).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.86-0.92 mm. Cranium light yellow to light yellowish brown,
surface smooth except for four depressions in a line on each side on
the frons, three or four dorsoepicranial setae and three microsensillae
on each side. First and third antennal segments subequal, second
shorter than first or third.

Epipharynx with protophoba monostichous, three or four small
processes on inside between dexiophoba and protophoba; protophoba
with 11-14 microsensillae. 'Tormae similar in size and shape, both
tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide small and subcircu-
lar; epitorma asymmetrical and flattened apically.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 6-10 conical
teeth; palpifer with two or three teeth. Galea ventrally with a long
seta and a longitudinal row of nine short setae, dorsally with five
setae. lLacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal
edge and a short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with three or four
short setae and three long setae on each side, and each scutellum
with 10 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with teges of 35-46 short setae scattered irregularly on the
venter of 10th abdominal segment. Lower anal lobe swollen into
two lobes, but not definitely divided.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Aphodius erraticus (Linnaeus)
Ficures 3, 29, 41, 85

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Eight third-stage larvae collected in soil
beneath cow dung at College Park, Md., May 28, 1939, by W. H.
Anderson (reared adults determined by E. A. Chapin) (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
2.27-2.40 mm. Cranium yellowish brown, surface smooth except for
three depressions in a line on each side on the frons. Clypeus with
a transverse broad protuberance in middle of anterior margin of its
sclerotized part, anterior angles of the latter raised into a tubercle.
Second and third antennal segments subequal, first longer than second
or third.

Epipharynx tristichous on left and monostichous on right; proto-
phoba with 19-21 microsensillae. Tormae similar in size and shape,
both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide subquadrangu-
lar; epitorma asymmetrical.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 9-13 conical teeth; none
on palpifer. Galea, ventrally with a long seta and a longitudinal row
of eight or nine short setae, dorsally with six or seven setae. Lacinia
dorsally with a row of seven or eight long setae near the mesal edge
and two or three short setae posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with 10 short setae, each scutum with 4—6 long setae
and 11-15 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 16 short
setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two or three setae
dorsally and 4-6 setae ventrally. Claw rather short, practically
cylindrical in basal half, spinules strong.

Raster with teges of 52-75 short setae arranged in more or less
regular rows, with varying number of setae in each row. Four
minute setae anterior to the other setae. Lower anal lobe marked
into four sublobes, upper anal lobe horse-shoe-shaped.

Aphedius prodromus (Brahm)
Figure 67

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Six third-stage larvae obtained by confining
the adults with horse manure during May 1944, at Lexington, Ky.,
by Paul O. Ritcher (No. 44-7D); two third-stage larvae obtained by
confining the adults with horse manure during April 1945, at Lexington,
Ky., by Paul O. Ritcher (No. 45-34).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.41-1.70 mm. Cranium light yellowish brown to yellowish brown,
surface smooth except for three depressions in a line on each side on
the frons, four dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 63

side. Second and third antennal segments subequal, first longer than
second or third.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 17-19 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
irregular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened apically, and little bent
towards laeophoba.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 8-11 conical
teeth; none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a
longitudinal row of five short setae, dorsally with five setae. Lacinia
dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and one
short seta posteriorly.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with two or three long
setae and three or four short setae on each side, and each scutellum
with 10 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
or three setae ventrally and one or two setae dorsally.

Raster with teges of 34-47 setae arranged more or less in irregular
rows, with varying number of setae in each row; four minute setae
anterior to tegillar setae.

Aphodius stercorosus Melsheimer
Fiaure 54

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Twelve third-stage larvae reared at Lexing-
ton, Ky., by Paul O. Ritcher (No. 44 7P(B)); 5 third-stage larvae
reared at Lexington, Ky., June 20, 1945, by Paul O. Ritcher (No.
44-7P) (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.89-0.96 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth except for two
depressions on each side on the frons, two or three dorsoepicranial
setae and three or four microsensillae on each side. Third antennal
segment with a flattened sensory area apically. First antennal seg-
ment longer than second or third, second shorter than third.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16-18 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
subtriangular; epitorma asymmetrical and flattened apically.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 7-9 conical
teeth; none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a
longitudinal row of seven or eight short setae, dorsally with five setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge
and one short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with two or three

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

long setae and three or four short setae on each side, and each scutellum
with eight short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with
two setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with teges of 17-22 setae arranged more or less in four rows
on the venter of 10th abdominal segment.

Aphodius lividus (Olivier)
FicurE 63

MaTERIAL EXAMINED: Ten third-stage larvae, associated with
adults, collected in cow manure at Dallas, Tex., Sept. 9, 1907, by
F.C. Pratt (associated adults determined by E. A. Schwarz) (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.25-1.35 mm. Cranium yellowish, surface smooth except for two
depressions on each side on the frons, three dorsoepicranial setae and
two microsensillae on each side. First antennal segment longer than
second or third, second and third subequal.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 17-19 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
subtriangular; epitorma asymmetrical and flattened apically.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 8-12 conical
teeth; none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a lon-
gitudinal row of eight short setae, dorsally with five setae. Lacinia
dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and a short
seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with eight short setae, each scutum with two or three
long setae and four or five short setae on each side, and each scutellum
with 12 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with teges of 27-42 short setae curved at their distal ends,
four minute setae anterior to the other setae. Tegillar setae scat-
tered irregularly on the venter of 10th abdominal segment.

Aphodius troglodytes Hubbard

Figure 15

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Five third-stage larvae collected at Crescent
City, Fla., Jan. 29, 1893, and June 1894 by Hubbard (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 0.86-0.89 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth except
for three small depressions in a line on each side on the frons and two
dorsoepicranial setae and one microsensilla on each side. First an-
tennal segment longer than second or third, second and third sub-
equal. Third antennal segment with a flattened sensory area apically.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 65

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 13-15 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
irregular; epitorma asymmetrical and flattened apically.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 8-11 conical
teeth; none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a lon-
gitudinal row of eight short setae, dorsally with five setae. Lacinia
dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and one
short seta posteriorly.

Annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as follows: each
prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with three or four short
setae and three or four long setae on each side, and each scutellum
with 10 short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two
setae ventrally and one seta dorsally. Tenth abdominal segment
narrows considerably.

Raster with teges of 26-32 hamate setae curved at their distal ends,
setae arranged more or less in rows with varying number of setae in
each row.

Aphodius haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus)
FiguRE 55

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Twelve third-stage larvae collected in cow
dung at Hyannis, Mass., June 27, 1939, by Wm. H. Anderson
(USNM); 35 third-stage larvae obtained by confining the adults with
fresh cow manure from Apr. 27 to May 26, 1944, at Lexington, Ky.,
by Paul O. Ritcher (Nos. 44-7C(1), 44-7C(2), 44-7C(3)).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.22-1.45 mm. Cranium light yellow to light yellowish brown, sur-
face smooth except for two depressions on the frons on each side, two
or three dorsoepicranial setae and three or four microsensillae on
each side. First and second antennal segments subequal, third
shorter than first or second.

Epipharynx with protophoba polystichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 15-17 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
small and irregular; epitorma asymmetrical.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 7-10 conical
teeth, none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a lon-
gitudinal row of 8-10 short setae, dorsally with five or six setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and
one short seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with two or three
long setae and three or four short setae on each side, and each scutel-
lum with eight short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

with two setae ventrally and one seta dorsally. Abdominal segments
7-9 broader than the other segments.

Raster with teges of 51-81 short setae scattered irregularly on the
venter of 10th abdominal segment.

Aphodius pectoralis LeConte

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Three third-stage larvae and cast skins of
seven third-stage larvae reared to the adult stage, collected under deer
droppings at Kiwanda dunes, Pacific City, Oreg., Aug. 7, 1955, by
Mrs. D. McKey Fender (reared adults determined by O. L. Cart-
wright).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.32-1.35 mm. Cranium yellowish brown, surface smooth ex-
cept for one depression on each side on the frons, three dorsoepicranial
setae and three or four microsensillae on each side. First, second, and
third antennal segments subequal.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16-18 microsensillae. Tormae similar in
size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad and caudad. Crepide
subtriangular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened apically and little
bent towards laeophoba.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 9-12 conical
teeth; none on palpifer. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a longi-
tudinal row of nine or ten short setae, dorsally with five setae. Lacinia
dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and one short
seta posteriorly.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with three or four
short setae and three or four long setae on each side, and each scutellum
with eight short setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with
two setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with teges of 57-68 short setae scattered irregularly on the
venter of 10th abdominal segment.

Tribe EUPARIINI

This tribe is represented in the United States by 8 of the 14 known
genera—Euparia Serville, Ataenius Harold, Dialytes Harold, Eupa-
rizia Brown, Pseudataenius Brown, Saprosites Redtenbacher, Dia-
lytellus Brown, and Aphotaenius Cartwright. Huparia, Euparizia,
Pseudataenius, Saprosites, and Aphotaenius are represented by single
species only.

Species dealt with in this study include Aphotaenius carolinus (Van
Dyke), Saprosites pygmaeus Harold, Euparia castanea Serville, and 12
species of the genus Ataenwus.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 67

These larvae were obtained largely from the U.S. National Mu-
seum; two species of Ataenius were from Paul O. Ritcher’s personal
collection.

Four genera studied here represent two clearly separable subgroups.
Ataenius and Euparia belong in one group on the basis of the setae
on the frons and clypeus, antennal segments, shape of the tormae, and
the number of the tegillar setae on the raster. Aphotaenius and
Saprosites fall in a second group which lacks posterior frontal and
anterior frontal setae. In the same group, the clypeus has one seta
on each side, the galea has four dorsal setae, and the raster has but
few setae.

In a personal communication, O. L. Cartwright of the U.S. National
Museum expresses the same idea concerning the relationships of
genera based on the adults of this tribe.

Key to larvae of four genera of the tribe Eupariini

1. Clypeus with one seta on each side; frons without posterior frontal and anterior
frontal setae; maxillary stridulatory area either without teeth or with less
than five teeth; raster with less than 23 tegillar setae. ........ 2

Clypeus with three setae on each side; frons with two posterior frontal setae
and one anterior frontal seta; maxillary stridulatory area with more than
seven teeth; raster with more than 25 tegillar setae... . saabnc ese? 1a hes

2. First, second, and third antennal segments subequal; lacinia without terminal
uncus; maxillary stridulatory area without teeth; raster with 10-12 tegillar
setae ... . .. . . . Saprosites Redtenbacher

Second and third oiotael nents subequal: first short; lacinia with terminal
uncus; galea ventrally with six or seven short setae; masillacy stridulatory
area with four or five conical teeth; raster with 19-23 tegillar setae.

Aphotaenius Cartwright
3. Galea ventrally with a row of six or seven short setae, dorsally with four stout

setae ... . . . . . Euparia Serville
Galea ventrally wie, a row of foe: or rane anor pce dorsally with three stout
SetaG@ ek bs a eo a oe oe ee ees ae AbaeUS earold

Saprosites pygmaeus Harold
F1GuRES 7, 46, 62, 68, 83, 88

MaTERIAL EXAMINED: Two third-stage larvae, associated with
adults, collected under rotten logs at Kalawas, Oahu, Hawaii, Mar. 1,
1931, by “O. H. S.”” (USNM); four third-stage larvae and two
second-stage larvae collected at Palmyra Island, February 1948, by
N. L. H. Krauss (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.63-0.69 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Frons on
each side with one long exterior frontal seta and a seta in each anterior
angle. Five dorsoepicranial setae and three microsensillae on each
side. First, second, and third antennal segments subequal, fourth

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

short and conical. Clypeus not marked into preclypeus and post-
clypeus; clypeus with one seta on each side.

Epipharynx slightly longer than broad. Protophoba bistichous and
with 7-9 microsensillae; dexiophoba polystichous; laeophoba and
mesophoba monostichous. Crepide small with six microsensillae.
Tormae asymmetrical, dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad,
laeotorma only produced caudad and twice as long as dexiotorma.

Scissorial area of left mandible with S,, S., S3, and Sy, and of right
mandible with S,, S,; and S3,,. Each mandible dorsally with two
setae and ventrally with a single seta.

Maxillary stridulatory area without teeth; palpifer not differen-
tiated. Galea with a single apical uncus, dorsally with four stout
setae and ventrally with a single long seta and a row of three short
setae. Lacinia without terminal uncus, dorsally with four stout setae
near the mesal edge and a short seta posteriorly. Labial palps
l-segmented; four microsensillae and a pair of short setae on the
glossa between the labial palps.

Legs with tibiotarsus small, nearly twice as long as broad, bearing
a simple claw.

Abdominal segments 1-8 each with three dorsal annulets, a pre-
scutum, a scutum, and a scutellum; each annulet with a transverse
row of setae except the last annulet of segments 6-8. Segments 7-9
broad but segment 10 distinctly narrow. Segment 9 with two dorsal
annulets, each annulet with a transverse row of setae; segment 10
with one transverse row of setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing
area with two setae ventrally and one or two setae dorsally.

Raster with teges of 10-12 hamate setae placed more or less reg-
ularly in four rows; the outer row of one or two setae and inner row
of four setae each; setae curved at their distal ends. Lower anal lobe
divided into two closely placed sublobes.

Aphotaenius carolinus (Van Dyke)
Ficures 11, 18, 34, 35, 47, 57, 74

MaTERIAL EXAMINED: Four third-stage larvae reared by O. L.
Cartwright, Nov. 14, 1941 (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.68-0.73 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Frons on
each side with a long exterior frontal seta and a seta in each anterior
angle. Four or five dorsoepicranial setae on each side. Second and
third antennal segments subequal, first smaller than second or third.
Clypeus faintly marked into a small preclypeus and large postclypeus;
clypeus with a single seta on each side.

Epipharynx slightly broader than long. Protophoba bistichous on
left and monostichous on right and with 11-14 microsensillae. Meso-

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 69

phoba occupied by series of hairlike structures, arranged irregularly.
Crepide small; epitorma asymmetrical. Tormae not similar in size
and shape; only dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of four or five
blunt teeth; none on palpifer. Galea dorsally with four stout setae,
ventrally with a long seta and a longitudinal row of six or seven
short setae. Lacinia with a terminal uncus of two ventral toothlike
lobes, dorsally with a row of four or five long setae near the mesal edge
and a short seta posteriorly. Palpifer not differentiated.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae. Segment 6 with two dorsal
annulets, each with a transverse row of setae. Segments 7-9 each
with two transverse rows of setae but dorsa not divided. Dorsa
of segment 10 with a single transverse row of setae. Each abdominal
spiracle-bearing area with two setae ventrally and one or two setae
dorsally.

Raster with teges of 19-23 hamate setae arranged more or less in four
rows of 5-7 setae in the inner rows and 4-6 setae in the outer rows;
setae more or less caudally directed. Lower anal lobe divided into
two laterally placed sublobes.

Euparia castanea Serville
Ficurss 4, 20, 24, 31, 44, 45, 61

MatTERIAL EXAMINED: Four third-stage larvae and two second-
stage larvae, labeled ‘2393, box 9/129, Selma, Ala.’”” (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.35-1.42 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Frons on
each side with two short posterior frontal setae and a microsensilla, a
short anterior frontal setae and a microsensilla, a long exterior frontal
seta and a microsensilla, and along seta at each anterior angle. Frontal
sutures indistinct. Second and third antennal segments subequal,
first longer than second or third. Clypeus not marked into preclypeus
and postclypeus; clypeus with three setae on each side.

Epipharynx slightly broader than long. Protophoba bistichous on
left and monostichous on right; protophoba with 18 or 19 micro-
sensillae. Laeophoba polystichous and mesophoba monostichous.
Crepide W-shaped and with two microsensillae. Tormae asymmetri-
cal, dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad, laeotorma weakly
sclerotized and slightly produced caudad and cephalad.

Scissorial area of left mandible with S,, S., S; and S, and of right
mandible with S,,2 and 83,4. Each mandible dorsally with two setae.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of numerous small
blunt teeth. Galea with a single apical uncus, dorsally with four
stout setae and ventrally with a long seta and a row of six or seven

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

short setae. Lacinia with a terminal uncus of two ventral toothlike
lobes, dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and a
short seta posteriorly, Palpifer indistinct.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of seg-
ment 6. Segments 7 and 8 each with two dorsal annulets, each
annulet with a transverse row of setae. Dorsa of segments 9 and 10
each with a transverse row of setae. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing
area with two setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with teges of 55-71 hamate setae scattered irregularly on
the venter of 10th abdominal segment. Setae curved at their distal
ends. Lower anal lobe divided into two adjacent sublobes.

Genus Ataenius Harold

Larvae of this genus may be characterized as follows: Frons on
each side with two posterior frontal setae and a microsensilla, a long
seta at each anterior angle, a single long exterior frontal seta and a
microsensilla, and a short anterior frontal seta and a microsensilla.
Each antennal base with two long setae and one short seta extero-
laterally and a long seta dorsally. Second and third antennal seg-
ments subequal, first long. Tormae asymmetrical; dexiotorma pro-
duced cephalad and caudad into an armlike structure; laeotorma
shorter than dexiotorma and slightly produced cephalad and caudad
with ends blunt. Scissorial area of left mandible with S,4., S3 and Sy.
Galea ventrally with four or five short setae, dorsally with three stout
setae. Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal
edge and a short seta posteriorly. Labial palp 2-segmented. Spiracu-
lar concavity facing ventrally. Lower anal lobe divided into two
distinct sublobes.

Key to known larvae of Ataenius

1. Seventh and eighth abdominal segments broad, ninth and tenth abdomina’
segments narrow (fig. 81)... .. Se eee
Seventh to tenth abdominal segments simnilgen in Spreadth dic. 80) . Oh tnay renee

2. Raster with teges of 28-36 setae; blunt stridulatory teeth onstipes 8-11. . 3
Raster with teges of 41 setae; pascal stridulatory teeth on stipes 15 (2 depres-
sions on each side on the frons) . . . . . . Ataenius sp. (strigatus group)

3. Each mandible ventrally without setae; labium with one microsensilla for
each two processes in the transverse row of closely appressed processes on
plossa .... 52 . .. . .Ataenius sp. (strigatus group)
Each mandible entra ia A setae; labium with one microsensilla for
each process in the transverse row of Fess appressed processes on glossa.
saxatilis Cartwright

4, Stridulatory: teethion stipes 19 or, fewer... =, -) 22.5 asutaye* keel = ele
Stridulatory. teeth on stipes 200r more. .: i). «6 ope = 2 ss oe

LARVAE OF APHODITNAE—JERATH G1

5. Raster with teges of more than 39 setae . . . 6
Raster with teges of fewer than 39 setae (27-31, 34-37) (enol Handible dors
sally with two setae and ventrally with two setae; conical stridulatory
fection stipes 13—19) 27 a) cist a aie ce, a, os, ow? oe, s OVAtUlUS Hom
6. Frontal sutures distinct. . . ce seceees
Frontal sutures indistinct (lun: aidalntony tdeth on netisee 12-15)
Ataenius sp. (strigatus group)
7. Conical stridulatory teeth on stipes 13-16; raster with teges of 50-56 setae.
strigicauda Bates
Blunt stridulatory teeth on stipes 9-11; raster with teges of 40 setae.
brevis Fall
8. Raster with teges of 50 or fewer setae. . . 9
Raster with teges of 54 setae (blunt stuidulatory: teeth on herpes 21- 23. enon
mandible with two setae dorsally and two setae ventrally).
schwarzi (Linell)
9. Clypeus not marked into preclypeus and postclypeus; lower anal lobe divided

into two distinct sublobes placed remote from each other. . . . . . .10
Clypeus marked into preclypeus and postclypeus; lower anal lobe divided into
two adjacently placed sublobes. . . . Sao Feel

10. Raster with teges of 44-50 hamate setae; width of head Poe Ae 32-1, 35 mm.

erratus Fall]

Raster with teges of 34-43 hamate setae; width of head capsule 1.02—1.12 mm,

imbricatus Melsheimer

11. Stridulatory teeth on stipes 20-25; each mandible with two setae dorsally and
one seta ventrally; width of head capsule 1.06—-1.12 mm.

plantensis (Blanchard)

Stridulatory teeth on stipes 28-34; each mandible with two setae dorsally and

two setae ventrally; width of head capsule 1.29-1.32 mm.. . . Ataenius sp.

Ataenius sp. 1 (strigatus group)
FiIGurE 8

MATERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva, associated with adults,
collected at U.S. Golf Association, Washington, D.C., July 1, 1924,
by M. C. Biber (POR). [This larva was associated with adults of
A. spretulus (Haldeman) and A. strigatus (Say). Other species in the
group may occur in the same area.]

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.19 mm. Cranium brownish yellow, subsurface smooth except for
two depressions on each side on the frons. Three dorsoepicranial
setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal sutures distinct.
Clypeus divided into smaller preclypeus and large postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16 microsensillae; mesophoba polystichous.
Crepide small and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened
apically and bent towards laeophoba.

Mandibles brownish yellow with scissorial and molar area dark
brown. Each mandible dorsally with a single seta, ventrally with
two setae. Brustia well developed on left mandible but not so
developed on right mandible.

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 15 conical
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of four
short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segment 6. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and three short setae
on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Segments 7
and 8 each with two dorsal annulets and each annulet with a trans-
verse row of setae; segments 9 and 10 each with two transverse rows
of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 41 hamate setae scattered irregularly on the
venter of 10th abdominal segment, three or four long setae on each
side. Lower anal lobe divided into two adjacent sublobes.

Ataenius sp. 2 (strigatus group)

MATERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva collected in soil at
Lamont, Wis., Aug. 16, 1940, by Seaton (reared adults determined
by E. A. Chapin) (USNM). [The reared adults were determined as
A. falli Hinton, a synonym of A. spretulus (Haldeman). A soil-
collected larva might have been either this species or A. strigatus
(Say).]

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.22 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Three
dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal
sutures distinct. Clypeus marked into smaller preclypeus and large
postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16 microsensillae; mesophoba polystichous.
Crepide small and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened
apically and bent towards laeophoba.

Mandibles yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area reddish
brown. Each mandible dorsally with one long seta and one short
seta, ventrally without setae. Brustia well developed on left man-
dible, but not so developed on right mandible.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 10 or 11 blunt teeth,
facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum and
on cardo. Galea ventrally with one long seta and a row of four short
setae.

Abdominal segments 1-8 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segments 6-8. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and three short

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 73

setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Abdomi-
nal segments 7—10 similar in breadth; segments 9 and 10 each with
two transverse rows of closely placed setae, but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 36 hamate setae scattered irregularly on the
venter of 10th abdominal segment, three long and slender setae on
each side. Lower anal lobe divided into two adjacent sublobes.

Ataenius saxatilis Cartwright
Fieurss 1, 19, 27, 32, 48, 58, 78, 80, 84

Description based on the following material:

MATERIAL EXAMINED: 30 third-stage larvae reared in soil from
type locality July 31 to Sept. 2, 1949, by O. L. Cartwright (USNM);
10 third-stage larvae reared in sand from type locality Nov. 18, 1952,
by O. L. Cartwright (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.02-1.09 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Three
dorsoepicranial setae on each side. Frontal sutures distinct. Clypeus
not marked into preclypeus and postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 17-19 microsensillae; laeophoba poly-
stichous; dexiophoba and mesophoba monostichous. Crepide small
and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical, bilobed apically and bent
towards laeophoba.

Mandibles yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area reddish
brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae, ventrally with two
or three setae. Brustia well developed on left mandible but weak
and indistinct on right mandible.

Maxillary stridulatory area with a row of 8-10 blunt teeth; small
toothlike markings behind the plectrum and on cardo. Galea ven-
trally with a long seta and a row of four of five short setae. Palpifer
distinct.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae, except the last annulet of
segment 6. Dorsal annulets of segments 1-5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with three short
setae and three long setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10
short setae. Segments 7 and 8 each with two dorsal annulets and
each annulet with a transverse row of setae. Segments 9 and 10
each with two closely placed transverse rows of setae, but dorsa not
divided. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with two setae
ventrally and one seta dorsally.

Raster with teges of 28-35 hamate setae with curved tips, setae
scattered irregularly, five or six long setae on either side. Lower
anal lobe divided into two sublobes remote from each other.

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Ataenius ovatulus Horn

Figure 49

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Six third-stage larvae reared Nov. 15, 1941,
by O. L. Cartwright (USNM); three third-stage larvae collected at
River Falls, S.C., Aug. 27, 1942, by O. L. Cartwright (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.89-0.99 mm. Cranium yellowish brown, surface smooth except
for two depressions on each side on the frons. Three dorsoepicranial
setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal sutures distinct.
Clypeus distinctly divided into preclypeus and postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16-18 microsensillae; mesophoba mono-
stichous in the middle and polystichous on the sides. Crepide small
and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical and flattened apically.

Mandibles light yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area
dark brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae and ventrally
with two setae. Brustia equally developed on both the mandibles.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 13-19 conical
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of four
short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-8 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segments 6-8. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum
with six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and three
short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae.
Segments 7 and 8 broad; segments 9 and 10 narrow, each with two
transverse rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 26-31 and 34-37 hamate setae scattered
irregularly on the venter of 10th abdominal segment, three long and
slender setae on each side. Lower anal lobe divided into two ad-
jacent sublobes.

Ataenius sp. 3 (strigatus group)

Figures 33, 59, 75

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Four third-stage larvae collected under grass
roots July 18, 1939, at Philadelphia, Pa. (USNM). [These larvae
were collected with one newly emerged adult of Ataenius spretulus
(Haldeman) but others in the strigatus group are found in the same
area. |

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.32-1.35 mm. Cranium yellowish brown, surface smooth. Three

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 15

dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal
sutures distinct. Clypeus distinctly divided into smaller preclypeus
and large postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16-18 microsensillae; mesophoba poly-
stichous. Crepide flask-shaped; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened
apically and bent towards laeophoba.

Mandibles yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area dark
brown. Each mandible dorsally with a single seta, ventrally without
setae.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 12-15 teeth
pointing cephalad. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of
four or five short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segment 6. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and three short
setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Seg-
ments 7 and 8 broad, each segment with two dorsal annulets and each
annulet with a transverse row of setae. Segments 9 and 10 narrow,
each with two transverse rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not
divided.

Raster with teges of 40-45 hamate setae scattered irregularly on
the venter of 10th abdominal segment, four or five long slender setae
on each side. Lower anal lobe divided into two sublobes placed
laterally.

Ataenius strigicauda Bates

FIGURE 81

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Six third-stage larvae and two second-stage
larvae reared in original soil Aug. 26 to Sept. 29, 1945, by O. L. Cart-
wright (USNM).

Descrirtion: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.32-1.38 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Three
dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal
sutures distinct. Clypeus distinctly divided into smaller preclypeus
and large postclypeus.

Epipharynx with clithra enlarged mesally. Protophoba bistichous
on left and monostichous on right, with 16-18 microsensillae; meso-
phoba monostichous in the middle and polystichous on the sides.
Crepide small and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical and flattened
apically.

505622—59——3

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Mandibles yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area reddish
brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae, ventrally with two
setae, brustia well developed on left mandible but not so on right
mandible.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 13-16 conical
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of five
short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segment 6. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with four long setae and three short setae
on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Segments 7 and
8 broad, each segment with two dorsal annulets and each annulet with
a transverse row of setae. Segments 9 and 10 narrow, each with two
transverse rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 50-56 hamate setae scattered irregularly on
the venter of 10th abdominal segment, three or four long setae on
either side. Lower anal lobe divided into two sublobes placed close
to each other.

Ataenius brevis Fall

MatTERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva, associated with adults,
collected at River Falls, S.C. Aug. 27, 1942, by O. L. Cartwright
(USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.09 mm. Cranium yellowish brown, surface smooth. Five dorso-
epicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal sutures
distinct. Clypeus distinctly divided into smaller preclypeus and
large postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 15 microsensillae; mesophoba monostichous
in the middle and polystichous on the sides. Crepide small and semi-
circular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened, bilobed apically and bent
towards laeophoba.

Mandibles yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area dark
brown. Each mandible dorsally with a single seta, ventrally with
two setae. Brustia poorly developed on right mandible.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 9-11 blunt
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike marking behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of four
short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH TG

segment 6. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with four long setae and three short
setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Segments
7 and 8 broad, each segment with two dorsal annulets and each an-
nulet with a transverse row of setae. Segments 9 and 10 narrow,
each with two dorsal rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 40 hamate setae scattered irregularly on the
venter of 10th abdominal segment, four or five long setae on each side.
Lower anal lobe divided into two sublobes placed close to each other.

Ataenius schwarzi (Linell)

MATERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva reared, killed in hot
water, and preserved in alcohol Oct. 16, 1944, by O. L. Cartwright
(USNM).

Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva 1.09 mm.
Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Four or five dorsoepicranial
setae on each side. Frontal sutures distinct. Clypeus distinctly
divided into a smaller preclypeus and large postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 15 microsensillae; mesophoba polystichous.
Crepide small and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical and flattened
apically.

Mandibles brownish yellow with scissorial and molar area dark
brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae, ventrally with two
setae. Brustia well developed on both mandibles.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 21-23 blunt
teeth facing cephalad. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row
of five short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segment 6. On the annulets of segments 1-5 each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and four short setae
on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Segments 7 and
8 broad, each segment with two dorsal annulets and each annulet
with a transverse row of setae. Segments 9 and 10 narrow, each
with two transverse rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 54 hamate setae curved at their distal ends,
two or three long slender setae on each side. Lower anal fobs
divided into two adjacent sublobes.

Ataenius erratus Fall

MATERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva and 11 second-stage
larvae reared in soil, cow manure, and dry cereal Sept. 3, 1942,
at Clemson, 8.C., by 0. ibs Garewriohé (USNM); two third-stage and

505622594

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vot. 111

six second-stage larvae reared in cow dung and sand Nov. 18, 1942,
by O. L. Cartwright (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.32-1.35 mm. Cranium yellowish, surface smooth. Three
dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal
sutures distinct. Clypeus not marked into preclypeus and post-
clypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba tristichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 17-19 microsensillae; mesophoba poly-
stichous. Crepide small and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical,
flattened, bilobed apically and bent towards laeophoba.

Mandibles light yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area
dark brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae, ventrally with
one seta. Brustia poorly developed on right mandible.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 24-28 conical
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of four
or five short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-8 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segments 6-8. On the annulets of segments 1-5, each prescutum
with six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and three
short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae.
Segments 7 and 8 broad, 9 and 10 narrow, each with two transverse
rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 44-50 hamate setae curved at their distal ends;
two or three long and slender setae on each side. Lower anal lobe
divided into two sublobes placed remote from each other.

Ataenius imbricatus (Melsheimer)

MaTERIAL EXAMINED: Twelve third-stage larvae reared Apr. 28
to June 2, 1944, at Clemson, S.C., by O. L. Cartwright (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage
larva 1.02-1.12 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth except
for two depressions on each side on the frons. Three dorsoepicranial
setae and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal sutures distinct.
Clypeus not marked into preclypeus and postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 13-15 microsensillae; mesophoba mono-
stichous in the middle and polystichous on the sides. Crepide small
and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened apically and bent
towards laeophoba.

Mandibles light yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area
reddish brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae, ventrally

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 79

with one or two setae. Brustia poorly developed on right mandible.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 21-24 conical
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of four
or five short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-8 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segments 6-8. On the annulets of segments 1-5, each prescutum
with six short setae, each scutum with four long setae and three
short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae.
Segments 7 and 8 broad; 9 and 10 narrow, each with two transverse
rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 34-43 hamate setae curved at their outer
ends; three long and slender setae on either side. Lower anal lobe
divided into two sublobes remote from each other.

Ataenius platensis (Blanchard)

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Three third-stage larvae and three second-
stage larvae reared in cow manure Sept. 2, 1942, at Clemson, 8.C.,
by O. L. Cartwright (USNM); three third-stage larvae reared in
cow dung and sand Nov. 18, 1942, by O. L. Cartwright (USNM).

Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva 1.06-1.12 mm.
Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Three dorsoepicranial setae
and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal sutures distinct. Cly-
peus divided into a smaller preclypeus and large postclypeus.

Epipharynx with clithra enlarged mesally; protophoba bistichous
on left and monostichous on right, with 15-17 microsensillae; meso-
phoba polystichous. Crepide small and subsquare; epitorma asym-
metrical and flattened apically.

Mandibles light yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area
dark brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae, ventrally with
a single short seta. Brustia poorly developed on right mandible.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 20-25 conical
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea with a long seta and a row of four short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-6 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segment 6. On the annulets of segments 1-5, each prescutum with
six short setae, each scutum with three long setae and four short
setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Abdom-
inal segments 7 and 8 broad, each segment with two dorsal annulets
and each annulet with a transverse row of setae. Segments 9 and 10
narrow, each with two transverse, closely placed rows of setae but
dorsa not divided.

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

f Raster with teges of 42-44 hamate setae scattered irregularly on
the venter of 10th abdominal segment, three or four long and slender
setae on each side. Lower anal lobe distinctly divided into two sub-
lobes placed close to each other.

Ataenius sp. 4

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Ten third-stage larvae collected at Edge-
water Golf Club, Chicago, Ill., Sept. 11, 1951, by A. M. Radke
(USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
1.29-1.32 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth except for two
depressions on each side on the frons. Three dorsoepicranial setae
and two microsensillae on each side. Frontal sutures distinct. Cly-
peus divided into preclypeus and postclypeus.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 16 microsensillae; mesophoba polystichous.
Crepide small and subcircular; epitorma asymmetrical, flattened
apically and bent towards laeophoba.

Mandibles light yellowish brown with scissorial and molar area
dark brown. Each mandible dorsally with two setae, ventrally with
two setae. Brustia equally developed on both the mandibles.

Maxillary stridulatory area with an irregular row of 28-34 conical
teeth facing cephalad; small toothlike markings behind the plectrum
and on cardo. Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of four
short setae.

Abdominal segments 1-8 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae except the last annulet of
segments 6-8. On the annulets of segments 1-5, each prescutum
with six short setae, each scutum with four long setae and three short
setae on each side, and each scutellum with 10 short setae. Abdom-
inal segments 7 and 8 broad; 9 and 10 narrow, each with two trans-
verse rows of closely placed setae but dorsa not divided.

Raster with teges of 42-49 hamate setae curved at their distal
ends; two or three long and slender setae on each side. Lower anal
lobe divided into two sublobes placed adjacent to each other.

Tribe PSAMMODIINI

This tribe is represented in the United States by four of the 10
known genera—Psammodius Fallen, Pleurophorus Mulsant, Trichior-
hyssemus Clouet, and Rhyssemus Mulsant.

Species dealt with in this study include Psammodius oregonensis
Cartwright, Psammodius hydropicus Horn, Pleurophorus caesus
(Creutzer) and Pleurophorus longulus Cartwright. Larvae of Pleuro-

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH sl

phorus caesus (Creutzer), Pleurophorus longulus Cartwright, and
Psammodius hydropicus Horn were obtained from the U.S. National
Museum. Larvae of Psammodius cregonensis Cartwright were col-
lected in the sand dunes at Waldport, Oreg.

Larvae of this tribe may be characterized as follows: Frons on each
side with a single short posterior frontal seta and a microsensilla, a
short anterior frontal seta and a microsensilla, a long exterior frontal
seta and a microsensilla, and a long seta at each anterior angle.
Scissorial area of left mandible with S,4.,53, and S,, of right mandible
with S,,, and $3,; Galea dorsally with three stout setae. Palpifer
differentiated; stipes without stridulatory teeth.

Abdominal segments 1-5 each with three dorsal annulets; each
annulet with a transverse row of setae. Segments 6-8 each with three
transverse rows of setae but dorsa not divided. Segments 9 and 10
each with two transverse rows of setae, dorsa not divided. Lower
anal lobe subdivided into two distinct sublobes.

Key to larvae of two genera of the tribe Psammodiini

Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of three short setae; each abdominal
spiracle-bearing area with 6-8 setae ventrally and two setae dorsally.
Psammodius Fallen
Galea ventrally with a long seta and two short setae; each abdominal spiracle-
bearing area with two setae ventrally and one seta dorsally.
Pleurophorus Mulsant
Genus Psammodius Fallen

Larvae of this genus may be characterized as follows: Clypeus
divided into smaller preclypeus and large postclypeus. First and
third antennal segments subequal, second shorter than first and third.
Epipharynx with dexiophoba and laeophoba monostichous; mesophoba
incomplete in the middle and polystichous on the sides. Dexiotorma
produced cephalad and caudad into an armlike structure; laeotorma
small and slightly produced caudad with end blunt.

Galea ventrally with a long seta and a row of three short setae.
Lacinia dorsally with a row of five long setae near the mesal edge and
a short seta posteriorly. Each abdominal spiracle-bearing area with
6-8 setae ventrally and two setae dorsally. Lower anal lobe divided
into two sublobes remote from each other.

Key to the known larvae of Psammodius

Frons without depressions; each antennal base with two long setae and two short
setae exterolaterally; tibiotarsus nearly three times as long as wide.
oregonensis Cartwright
Frons with two depressions on each side; each antennal base with two long setae
and one short seta exterolaterally; tibiotarsus nearly twice as long as wide.
hydropicus Horn

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Psammodius oregonensis Cartwright

Ficures 9, 37, 38, 50, 66, 72, 87

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Forty-four third-stage larva collected in
sand dunes under grass roots at Waldport, Oreg. Four were collect-
ed on Jan. 29, 1955; 10 on Mar. 29, 1955; 20 on June 16, 1955; and
10 on Mar. 22, 1957.

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.79-0.86 mm. Cranium whitish yellow, surface smooth. Five or six
dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. Each
antennal base with two long setae and two short setae exterolaterally
and one long seta dorsally.

Epipharynx slightly broader than long. Protophoba bistichous on
left and monostichous on right with 12-14 microsensillae. Crepide
subcircular.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with eight short setae, each scutum with six long
setae and 12 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 12 short
setae.

Raster with teges of 36-44 hamate setae scattered irregularly on
the venter of 10th abdominal segment, five or six long slender setae
on either side.

Psammodius hydropicus Horn

MATERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva collected in field, with
adults, at Folly Beach, S.C., June 14, 1941, by O. L. Cartwright
(USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.66 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth except for two de-
pressions on each side on the frons. Five or six dorsoepicranial setae
and two microsensillae on each side. Each antennal base with two
long setae and one short seta exterolaterally and one long seta
dorsally.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 12 microsensillae.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows;
each prescutum with eight short setae, each scutum with five long
setae and 11 short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 12 short
setae. Raster with teges of 33 hamate setae curved at their distal
ends.

Genus Pleurophorus Mulsant

Larvae of genus Pleurophorus may be characterized as follows:
Each antennal base with two long setae and a short seta extero-

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 83

laterally and one long seta dorsally. Clypeus not distinctly divided
into preclypeus and postclypeus. Lacinia dorsally with a row of
four or five long setae near the mesal edge and one short seta pos-
teriorly. Galea ventrally with a long seta and two short setae.
Spiracular concavity facing ventrally. Each abdominal spiracle-
bearing area with two setae ventrally and one seta dorsally. Lower
anal lobe divided into two sublobes placed adjacent to each other.

Key to known larvae of Pleurophorus

Second and third antennal segments subequal, first long; laeotorma small as com-
pared to dexiotorma in size; each mandible dorsally with a single seta.
caesus (Creutzer)
First and third antennal segments subequal, second short; laeotorma and dexio-
torma more or less similar in size; each mandible dorsally with two setae.
longulus Cartwright

Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer)
Ficures 6, 22, 36, 64, 73, 89

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Two third-stage larvae collected at San
Francisco, Calif., June 11, 1934, by P. C. Ting and J. B. Stinweden
(POR); one third-stage larva, associated with two adults and a pupa,
collected in potato hills at Wapota, Wash., July 14, 1941, by L. J.
Lipovsky (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.79-0.81 mm. Cranium brownish yellow, surface smooth except
for two depressions on each side on the frons. Four dorsoepicranial
setae and one microsensilla on each side. Second and third antennal
segments subequal, first longer than second or third.

Epipharynx with protophoba tristichous or bistichous on the left
and monostichous on right; protophoba with 12-13 microsensillae.
Crepide small, subcircular, and with two microsensillae. Tormae
asymmetrical; dexiotorma produced cephalad and caudad; laeotorma
smaller than dexiotorma.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1—5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with 10 short setae, each scutum with three long
setae and nine short setae on each side, and each scutellum with 12
short setae.

Raster with teges of 28-31 hamate setae scattered irregularly on
the venter of 10th abdominal segment, three or four long setae on
either side.

Pleurophorus longulus Cartwright

Ficures 21, 51, 65

MATERIAL EXAMINED: One third-stage larva associated with a pupa
and adults, collected in soil samples from experimental plots at Gulf-

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

port, Miss., Jan. 14, 1943, by R. B. Swain (USNM); four third-
stage larvae collected on dog fennel at Orville, Ala., May 12, 1943,
by A. V. Smith (USNM).

Description: Maximum width of head capsule of third-stage larva
0.59-0.63 mm. Cranium light yellow, surface smooth. Three
dorsoepicranial setae and two microsensillae on each side. First and
third antennal segments subequal, second shorter than first and
third.

Epipharynx with protophoba bistichous on left and monostichous
on right; protophoba with 11-13 microsensillae. Crepide small,
subcircular, with two microsensillae on it and two on either side of it.
Epitorma asymmetrical, flattened apically and bent toward laeophoba.
Tormae similar in size and shape, both tormae produced cephalad
and caudad.

Dorsal annulets of abdominal segments 1-5 with setation as follows:
each prescutum with six short setae, each scutum with three long
setae and four short setae on each side, and each scutellum with eight
short setae.

Raster with teges of 18-22 hamate setae scattered irregularly on the
venter of 10th abdominal segment, setae curved at their distal ends.

References
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1939. Fourth supplement 1933-1938 (inclusive) to the Leng catalogue of
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1948. Fifth supplement 1939-1947 (inclusive) to the Leng catalogue of
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1936. Description of the larva of Plectris aliena Chapin and explanation
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1941 Larvae of British beetles.

A—Antenna

AA—Seta of anterior frontal angle

AC—Acia
ACP—Acanthoparia
ACR—Acroparia
AFS—Anterior frontal seta
BR—Brustia
CAR—Cardo

CL—Claw

CLP—Clypeus
COX—Coxa

CR—Crepis
DES—Dorsoepicranial setae
DPH—Dexiophoba
DX—Dexiotorma
EFS—Enxterior frontal setae
ET—Epitorma
FEM—Femur
FS—Frontal suture
G—Galea

GL—Glossa
GP—Gymnoparia
H—Hyptomerum
L—Labium

LA—Lacinia

2. A key to the British lamellicorn
larvae. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 77, pp. 117-127, 181-192.

SympBorts on Ficures 1-89

LAL—Lower anal lobe
LP—Labial palpus
LPH—Laeophoba
LT—Laeotorma
M—DMolar area
MP—Mazillary palpus
MPH—Mesophoba
MS—Macrosensilla
O—Oncylus
PC—Preclypeus
PF—Palpifer
PFS—Posterior frontal seta
PLA—Pladium
PPH—Protophoba
PSC—Postclypeus
$1-4—Scissorial teeth
SE—Sensory organ
SP—Sensory pegs
SPR—Spiracle
ST—Mazxillary stridulatory area
3SEG—Third segment
T—Teges
TRO—Trochanter
TTS—Tibiotarsus
UAL—Upper anal lobe

Fasc. 110, pp.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 87

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Ficures 1-11.—Heads: 1, Ataenius saxatilis Cartwright; 2, Aegialia blanchardi Horn; 3,
Aphodius erraticus (Linnaeus); 4, Euparia castanea Serville; 5, Aphodius fimetarius (Lin-
naeus); 6, Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer); 7, Saprosites pygmaeus Harold; 8, Ataentus sp.
(strigatus group); 9, Psammodius oregonensis Cartwright; 10, Oxyomus silvestris (Scopoli);
11, Aphotaenius carolinus (Van Dyke).

Ficures 12-31—12-15, Third and fourth antennal segments: 12, Aphodius granarius
(Linnaeus); 13, Oxyomus silvestris (Scopoli); 14, Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus); 15, 4.
troglodytes Hubbard. 16-22, 27, Antenna: 16, Aphodius fossor (Linnaeus); 17, same, distal
portion; 18, Aphotaenius carolinus (Van Dyke); 19, Ataenius saxatilis Cartwright, distal
portion; 20, Euparia castanea Serville; 21, Pleurophorus longulus Cartwright; 22, P. caesus
(Creutzer); 27, Ataenius saxatilis Cartwright. 23-26, 28-30, Dorsal view of left mandible:
23, Aphodius granarius (Linnaeus); 24, Euparia castanea Serville; 25, Aegialia lacustris
LeConte; 26, Oxyomus silvestris (Scopoli); 28, Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus); 29, A.
erraticus (Linnaeus); 30, 4. sparsus LeConte. 31, Euparia castanea Serville, dorsal view
of right mandible.

Ficures 32-46.—32-37, Left mandible (all views dorsal except 35): 32, Ataentus saxatilis
Cartwright; 33, Ataenius sp. (strigatus group); 34, Aphotaenius carolinus (Van Dyke); 35,
same, ventral view; 36, Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer); 37, Psammodius oregonensis
Cartwright. 38, Same, right mandible, dorsal view. 39, 40, Left maxilla, labium, and
hypopharynx, dorsal view: 39, Aegialia blanchardi Horn; 40, Oxyomus silvestris (Scopoli).
41, Aphodius erraticus (Linnaeus), left maxilla, dorsal view. 42,43, 4. fimetarius (Lin-
naeus), dorsal views: 42, left maxilla; 43, labium and hypopharynx. 44,45, Euparia
castanea Serville, dorsal views: 44, left maxilla; 45, labium and hypopharynx. 46, Sapro-
sites pygmaeus Harold, left maxilla, labium, and hypopharynx, dorsal view.

Ficures 47-56.—47,48, Left maxilla, labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view: 47, AphotaeniuS
carolinus (Van Dyke); 48, Ataenius saxatilis Cartwright. 49, A. ovatulus Horn, left
maxilla, dorsal view. 50, Psammodius oregonensis Cartwright, left maxilla, labium, and
hypopharynx, dorsal view. 51, Pleurophorus longulus Cartwright, left maxilla, dorsal
view. 52-56, Epipharynx: 52, Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus); 53, Aegialia blanchardi
Horn; 54, Aphodius stercorosus Melsheimer; 55, Aphodius haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus);
56, A. sparsus LeConte.

Ficures 57-66.—Epipharynx: 57, Aphotaenius carolinus (Van Dyke); 58, Ataenius saxatilis
Cartwright; 59, Ataenius sp. (strigatus group); 60, Oxyomus silvestris (Scopoli); 61, Euparia
castanea Serville; 62, Saprosites pygmaeus Harold; 63, Aphodius lividus (Olivier); 64,
Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer); 65, P. longulus Cartwright; 66, Psammodius oregonensis
Cartwright.

Ficures 67-78.—Venter of 10th abdominal segment: 67, Aphodius prodromus Brahm; 68,
Saprosites pygmaeus Harold; 69, Aphodius pardalis LeConte; 70, Aegialia blanchardi
Horn; 71, Oxyomus silvestris (Scopoli); 72, Psammodius oregonensis Cartwright; 73,
Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer); 74, Aphotaenius carolinus (Van Dyke); 75, Ataenius
sp. (strigatus group); 76, Aphodius fimetarius Linnaeus; 77, A. vittatus Say; 78, Ataenius
saxatilis Cartwright.

Ficures 79-89,.—79-81,83, Abdominal segments 7-10, lateral view: 79, Oxyomus silvestris
(Scopoli); 80, Ataenius saxatilis Cartwright; 81, 4. strigicauda Bates; 83, Saprosites
pygmaeus Harold. 82, Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus), left metathoracic leg, lateral view.
85,86, Caudal view of last abdominal segment: 85, Aphodius erraticus (Linnaeus); 86,
Aegialia lacustris LeConte. 84,87-89, Caudal view of last abdominal segment showing
only the lower anal lobe: 84, Ataenius saxatilis Cartwright; 87, Psammodius oregonensis
Cartwright; 88, Saprosites pygmaeus Harold; 89, Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 111

A.fimetarius

O. silvestris
Ps. oregonensis

Figures 1-11.—Explanation on page 87.

Ap. corolinus

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH 89

!2
14
A . granarius \ : : e
A.fimetarius A. troglodytes
| i AN
16
A. fossor
WEY
2l

22
\9 Pl. caesus
At. saxatilis PI. longulus
7 E.castanea
.cas
8 es

Ap. carolinus

ae granarius 24 Ae. lacustris O. silvestris
E.castanea >
SA<2S =
sy
: f

E.castanea

Figures 12-31.—Explanation on page 87.

VOL. 111

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

90

32:
At. saxatilis

38

at
Ps. oregonensis
O. silvestris

Nin

A.fimetarius

A. erraticus
A. fimetarius

S. pygmaeus

45
E. casfanea

E.castanea

Figures 32-46.—Explanation on page 87.

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH QO]

Ap. carolinus

PI. longulus

Ps. oregonensis

= lt ‘ay
bo et oS
ZL
MR TET SATO SF

A. stercorosus A. haemorrhoidalis

A . sparsus

Figures 47-56.—Explanation on page 87.

92

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

Pl. longulus Ps. oregonensis

Figures 57-66.—Explanation on page 87.

VOL, 111

93

LARVAE OF APHODIINAE—JERATH

S. pygmaeus

68

:
i

‘
uN

Nell =
VSN

frrrcce

Sees

‘se

y

4
Isp s

SS

3

~o-- =

7

O. silvestris

Ps. oregonensis

Ae. blanchardi

Pi. caesus

~/-- —--LAL

76

A. vittatus

A.fimstarius

At. saxatilis

Figures 67—78.—Explanation on page 87.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

O. silvestris

At. strigicauda

A. fimetarius
At. saxatilis

86
Ae. lacustris f

A. erraticus Ps. oregonensis

| eee |
88 8S
S. pygmaeus

Pl. caesus

Figures 79-89.—Explanation on page 87.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959

Proceedings of

the United States

National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C.

Volume 111 1960 Number 3426

A SYNOPSIS OF THE ATOPETHOLIDAE, A FAMILY
OF SPIROBOLOID MILLIPEDS

By Ricwarp L. HorrmMan! anp Barpara S. Orcutt?

Introduction

The Sonoran region of Mexico and southwestern United States is
inhabited by species of the milliped family Atopetholidae, a small
group of the order Spirobolida apparently endemic to North America.
Despite its relatively limited extent, the family has fallen over the
years into a state of progressively increasing confusion, which seems
to be the normal course of events in this class of arthropods. Since
the family Atopetholidae was defined in 1918, some of its genera have
frequently been listed in the Spirobolidae (a completely dissimilar
family), while perfectly typical genera of the latter group have
simultaneously been considered atopetholids. No serious attempt
has been made to study the male gonopods of any atopetholid species;
hence the systematic position of the family has never been established.
Still worse, several genera were so poorly proposed that they have
remained unidentifiable up to the present time, and have provoked
considerable confusion and synonymy. ‘The value of the various tax-
onomic characters normally used has never been critically considered.

At this time a complete and satisfactory revision of the family
Atopetholidae cannot be undertaken. Many of the species are known

1 Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va.
3 Department of Conservation, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

95

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

only from type specimens which are now lost or otherwise inaccessible.
Obviously, a large number of species and probably additional genera
remain to be discovered and integrated into the existing system,
which thus stands vulnerable to future modification and expansion.
The geographic range of no single species can presently be mapped
with any sort of precision.

These facts might suggest that the present synopsis is founded
upon an undue measure of presumption. Actually, there is every
justification for immediate attention to whatever problems can be
solved or even defined with the material at hand, for it is essential
that the confusion be resolved and the classification stabilized as
soon as possible before additional knowledge is superimposed on the
currently shaky framework.

In this paper we have endeavored to phrase some tangible defini-
tions for the family as well as for subfamily and generic categories,
to clarify gonopod structure and thus establish a basis for future
studies of comparative morphology, and to evaluate some of the
structural variables which have been used to recognize species.
Where material has permitted, we have redescribed both species and
genera in detail, and have emphasized some characters normally over-
looked. The level of thoroughness of this phase is noticeably uneven,
for, lacking specimens, almost nothing could be done with the sub-
family Atopetholinae. Nonetheless, this paper lays some claim to
distinction in being the only one of its kind yet essayed for a family
of millipeds.* We trust that our paper will be useful to those
interested in describing and collating our native milliped fauna, one
of the most diverse in the world, and will constitute a first step toward
an eventual monograph of the great order Spirobolida.

MATERIALS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Although the quantity of specimens that we have examined is not
great, it nonetheless is quite diverse and gives a fair cross section
of the family. We have studied 9 species representing 7 of the 11
known genera and all of the 4 subfamilies here recognized, and as a
result have been able to utilize accounts in the literature of other
genera with some degree of confidence. The validity of specific
concepts has been enhanced by the abundance of typical material,
one of the species being represented by a topotype, three others by
paratypes, and two more—here described as new—by the holotypes.
All of these type specimens as well as material of the other species
are in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.

3 A detailed study of the family Spirobolidae, by Dr. William T. Keeton, ls now being prepared for publl-
cation.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 97

We wish to acknowledge the cooperation in the loan of material
by Dr. H. W. Levi of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and by
H. S. Dybas and R. L. Wenzel of the Chicago Natural History
Museum. Dr. Ralph Crabill deserves our thanks for the loan of
paratypes from the U.S. National Museum and for the gift of
atopetholids that previously came into his hands. Dr. R. V.
Chamberlin very kindly examined some type specimens in his collection
in response to several appeals for information on structural details.
Our colleague H. F. Loomis, the describer of several atopetholids,
kindly gave valuable comparative material and advice concerning
some phases of the project. Finally, that the subfamily Eurelinae
is now the best known atopetholid group is attributable to the interest
and cooperation of Leslie Hubricht, whose collections provided the
initial stimulus for undertaking the project.

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Apparently the first member of the Atopetholidae to be described
was the small Mexican species named Judus nietanus by Saussure in
1860. Owing to a lack of information on its sexual characters, this
species was subsequently placed first in the genus Spzrobolus, then
into Cycloihyrophorus, and finally, after a study of the type specimens,
was made the type of the genus Saussurobolus by Carl in 1919.

The first generic name based upon an atopetholid is Onychelus
Cook, proposed in 1904 for a small spiroboloid from southern Cali-
fornia. Cook included Onychelus in the Spirobolidae, which he
considered at that time to be the only family in the order Spirobolida.
The description of the genus and its type species, O. obustus, was fairly
detailed, but most unfortunately lacked illustrations and presented a
very vague description of the gonopods, conditions that subsequently
gave rise to considerable confusion. In a later paper (1911), Cook
described several additional genera and species, including Hurelus
soleatus, Centrelus falcatus, Onychelus dentatus, O. hospes, and 0.
suturatus, the last three being species of the genus now known as
Arinolus. In this paper Cook also neglected to provide illustrations of
the genitalia, and considerable synonymy has resulted from subse-
quent inability to recognize his species with any degree of certainty.
One generic and two specific names must now be rejected as junior
synonyms because of the shortcomings of Cook’s work, although the
verbal descriptions of body form are as detailed and accurate as one
might wish.

The family Atopetholidae was erected in 1918 by R.V. Chamberlin
to include the new genera Atopetholus and Hesperolus, and also
“Onychelus, Eurelus, and related genera of the southwestern United
States and Mexico.’”’ In defining the family limits, Chamberlin relied

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 112

chiefly upon the characters of the typical genus, and some of the
original criteria must now be modified or restricted. However, at
least one statement still holds true for the family as now known:
“Posterior gonopods with telopodite simple and mostly bladelike with
no separate inner piece; basal region often more or less extended mesad
at an angle suggestive of condition in the Trigoniulidae.” It was also
remarked that the shape of the collum distinguishes atopetholids from
the true Spirobolidae of North America, but this character is not ex-
clusive to the Atopetholidae. Most regrettably, the paper contained
no figures of the gonopods, the reason being given that ‘Preliminary
accounts of these and three other new forms . . . are given below
in order that the names may be validated for early use.” But nearly
40 years passed before any of the species were ever mentioned again,
even nominally, in the literature.

In the following year (1919) appeared a paper by Johann Carl, re-
describing some of the type specimens of Saussurean species, which
were still unknown with respect to their important characters. Carl,
who found that actually two species had been originally included in
Julus nietanus, described the second species under the name neglectus,
and proposed the new genus Saussurobolus for the two. He also
presented clear and useful illustrations. He remarked on the similar-
ity of the gonopods to those of typical trigoniulids, a comment that
influenced most of his successors.

A few years later Chamberlin described two additional atcpetholids,
Atopetholus angelus in 1920 and Onychelus nigrescens in 1923. The
latter species was illustrated, and the figures give a fair impression of
the gonopod characters.

By 1926, the family was still virtually unknown, as it was then im-
possible to associate Saussurobolus with the typical genus; it is small
wonder that Attems could only note the existence of the name
Atopetholidae, with its originally included genera, in the “Handbuch
der Zoologie.” Following the statement by Carl, Attems placed
Saussurobolus in the family Trigoniulidae, where it has remained to
this day.

With the description of Piedolus utus by Chamberlin in 1930, an-
other form was added to the atopetholid roster, but unfortunately this
name fell into obscurity and was not mentioned in several subsequent
lists of genera until its inclusion in the checklist of Chamberlin and
Hoffman in 1958. Subsequent to Pzedolus, no other atopetholids
were described until 1938, when Karl W. Verhoeff, publishing on ma-
terial received from southern California, named Onychelus michel-
bacheri as a new species, erected a family Onychelidae on the basis of
the single form, and stated that the name Atopetholidae was a nomen
nudum. He obviously had not seen Chamberlin’s 1918 paper.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 99

Since 1940 a steady flow of publications has swollen the ranks of
the family. Most of these papers have been concerned solely with the
description of new species and genera, and need not be summarized
in detail. It may be added, however, that no consistency has been
obtained as regards the systematic position of many genera. In a
contribution appearing in 1941, Chamberlin (1941a) included the
genera Hiltonius and Messicobolus in the Atopetholidae although both
belong elsewhere. In the previous year, the new genus Arinolus had
been compared in the generic diagnosis only with Tylobolus, Hultonius,
and Spirobolus, of which all belong to the Spirobolidae. In 19438, he
(1943a) treated five genera as atopetholids—-Hiltonius, Tarascolus,
Toltecolus, Messicobolus, and Aztecolus—and of these only the second
and third actually belong to the family.

In 1949, a short paper by Dr. Chamberlin reviewing the genera of
both families restated the main differences between the two and
corrected the previous erroneous allocations. Yet, even in this work,
with three new atopetholid generic names proposed, the established
genera Arinolus and Piedolus were completely omitted.

The recently published “Checklist of the Millipeds of North
America” (Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958) lists all the known genera
and species occurring within the United States, but, being largely a
compilation from the literature, it perpetuates a number of errors,
which we discuss fully in the following systematic account. We
earnestly hope that with the publication of the present work, the
misunderstood and abused Atopetholidae will at last become an
intelligible group upon which future systematic work can be based
with a considerable degree of confidence. This synopsis claims only
to be the rough foundation upon which a handsome systematic edifice
may someday be erected.

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

In preparing descriptions, we have devoted attention to all of the
structural features of atopetholids hitherto utilized for diagnostic
purposes, as well as to numerous others that were entirely neglected
in the general preoccupation with those characters easiest to observe
and mention. Many characters in this last category have been found
worthless for taxonomic purposes. An attempt to study variation,
whenever adequate series permitted, has been moderately successful.
We have also determined that it is possible in many cases to identify
female specimens at least to genus, although our knowledge of the
family is still too meager to warrant the description of new species
from female specimens. When sufficient material has accumulated to
permit careful revision of genera and actual comparison of known
females is possible, it seems quite likely that determinations can be

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

made on specimens of either sex by the use of qualitative external
characters as pronounced as those utilized to distinguish species in
Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and other insect groups.

Cranium: In nearly all of the species examined, the head is com-
pletely smooth and polished except for the normally concealed surface
of the vertex, which tends to be finely rugose. The eurelines, however,
often develop faint sculpture on the lower part of the head, the sculp-
ture being well developed as genal striation in Centrelus and thus
providing a means for distinguishing this genus from the closely
related Hurelus.

CLYPEAL FOVEOLAE: In all the species of the family, the total range
of variation in this character is from 3-3 to 5-5, and this range may be
observed in a single species. There is no defensible reason for the
erection of species upon slight variation in this character. In nearly
every case, comparison was made between a single specimen of an
allegedly new species with a single specimen of another. The tacit
assumption that the clypeal foveolae do not vary within a species
indicates nothing more than unfamiliarity with the group.

Ocetti: In a general way, the number of ocelli tends to be charac-
teristic of the subfamilies although there is some overlap. Species of
the Eurelinae usually have 40 to 50 in each ocellarium (a new term
to replace the incorrect “eye” and the awkward “ocellus patch”),
and those of the Arinolinae have from 30 to 40, but the variation in
a single species is usually as great as for the entire subfamily. We
have detected no significant variation in size, shape, or arrangement
of the ocelli in species or genera. As a rule, the ocelli are difficult to
count with accuracy. We have found that the only way to be abso-
lutely sure of the number is to boil the cranium in strong KOH or
NaOH until the exoskeleton is rendered colorless and the ocelli become
very sharply defined. As a rule, the smaller species have smaller
ocellaria, which are correspondingly more widely separated, and it
may be entirely possible to take accurate measurements and work out
ratios that would be of diagnostic importance. Such refinements, it
seems, may profitably be postponed until an adequate volume of
material is available for analysis.

ANTENNAE: The antennal articles are generally similar in size, pro-
portion, and vestiture throughout the family, with the second nor-
mally the largest, followed by the sixth, third, fourth, fifth, seventh,
and first. In the Eurelinae the antennae are shortest in proportion
to the size of the animal, and usually do not reach beyond the caudal
edge of the collum when straightened and extended caudad. The
smaller species, such as those of Arinolus and Onychelus, have much
longer antennae; these extend back to the third segment, and the
individual articles are much longer in proportion to their width. The

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 101

second article in such forms usually extends distad beyond the rounded
apex of the genae. There seems to be no significant variation with
respect to the size and distribution of setae and pubescence on the
antennae, and all known species have four terminal sensory cones.
No other sensory structures or areas have been detected.

Manpisuss: The basal joint of the mandibles is somewhat enlarged
on the outer surface and appears elongated in the dorsoventral direc-
tion; the collum is correspondingly cut away on the anterior edge to
accommodate this convexity. There is therefore no provision for an
antennal groove such as occurs in the Spirobolidae, the antennae
being held instead in a shallow depression on the outer face of the
stipital joint of the mandible. This surface may be either smooth
or moderately transversely striate and may be shown by future
studies to be useful in the recognition of species, although the surface
seems to vary within the limits of a genus. The free ventral edge
may or may not be set off by a fine marginal ridge.

GNATHOCHILARIUM: The appearance of the gnathochilarium is
essentially the same in all genera of the family and seems not to differ
from that in most spiroboloid families. It may be noted in passing,
however, that the base of the mentum is produced on each side into a
distinct lobe possibly homologous to the cardine, which is said by
Attems to be missing in the Spirobolida. This development is readily
seen in Hurelus soleatus (see fig. 1,a).

Hyroruarynx: The shape of the hypopharynx was not investi-
gated by previous workers for its possible utility in classification. In
the belief that some differences may exist in the structure at least at
the family level, we introduce a drawing (fig. 1,6) of the hypopharynx
in Hurelus soleatus for comparison with species in other families.

Couuum: In general appearance the collum is similar in all members
of the family in being smooth, evenly acuminate laterad, and with the
anterior margin excavated, but there is considerable minor variation
reflecting specific differentiation. Particular reference is made to the
shape of the lateral ends of the collum, and the submarginal anterior
groove on each side. In Centrelus kerrensis (fig. 5,c), for instance, the
groove is very deep and distinct and sets off the edge as a sort of swollen
ridge, which is extended ventrad into a rounded projection more
pronounced than in any other atopetholid. In Arinolus torynophor
(fig. 10,6) the caudal edge is somewhat concave just before the end
so that the extreme tip seems to be produced caudoventrad, a peculi-
arity not observed in A. apachellus or A. citrinus. In species of
Watichelus the condition is even more accentuated and thus provides
a means of separating them from the closely related species of Atopetho-
lus. In some forms the submarginal groove is nearly parallel to
the anterior edge; in others (fig. 7,¢) the groove becomes more remote

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

in going upward. The extreme lateral ends may be turned outward,
as for instance in Scobinomus, and are readily visible from above.

Bopy seaments: A close scrutiny of the body segments in our
material has revealed some interesting information of a broad mor-
phological nature. It seems pertinent to preface a consideration of
segmental sculpture with some remarks on the composition of seg-
ments in the Spirobolida.

For many years the segments of spiroboloid millipeds were generally
considered to be composed of a sternite and a completely coalesced

Ficure 1.—Structural details of Eurelus soleatus: a, Gnathochilarium; b, hypopharynx;
c, semidiagrammatic sketch of a midbody segment showing the two fused sternites, and
the pleurite and lower tergal elements of the left side. Abbreviations; PL, pleurite:
PZ, prozonite; MSZ, mesozonite; MTZ, metazonite; ST 1, anterior sternite; ST 2, pos-
terior sternite.

“pleurotergite” often divided by a transverse suture into a prozonite
and a metazonite, the latter occasionally with a faintly defined longi-
tudinal suture behind the ozopore. In numerous publications by
two such celebrated authorities as Attems and Verhoeff, suprageneric
groupings were often based on the location of the pore in front of or
behind the transverse suture. That the traditional dichotomy of
‘prozonite” and “metazonite”’ is untenable was first established by
Cook (1896), who discovered that the spiroboloid segment is composed
of a double sternite, a distinct pleurite on each side, and a dorsal

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 1038

tergite subdivided into 12 smaller sclerites in 3 transverse series of
4 each.

Cook’s observations were made upon specimens of Pachydolus, an
African genus belonging to the same suborder as the Atopetholidae,
and a newly moulted specimen of Narceus, a genus of the suborder
Spirobolidea. We can confirm his account with the notice of identical
segmentation in a newly moulted specimen of Hurhinocricus (Rhino-
cricidae) from Jamaica, and in several adult and hardened specimens
of Arinolus and Centrelus in the Atopetholidae. In brief, there is a
small elongate pleurite on each side, slightly narrower than the
sternite, above which the tergite is divided into three transverse belts
by two sutures. ‘There is furthermore a median dorsal suture across
all three transverse belts, and one such suture on each side at the level
of the pores. If the familiar usage of prozonite and metazonite is to
be preserved, it must be corrected and amended by the addition of
the intermediate belt, which can be designated as the mesozonite
(new term). It will now be into the mesozonite that the pore opens
when it is in front of the second suture, not into the prozonite. A
diagram (fig. 1,¢c) is provided to indicate segmental composition, which
is shown as a flattened strip with the segment broken on one side at
the pleurosternal suture.

In the Trigoniulidea, apparently the more primitive of the two
suborders on the basis of this segmental composition as well as
gonopod characters, much of the subsegmentation is visible in normal
adult specimens, particularly in Centrelus and in Arinolus. In the
more specialized Spirobolidae, the sutures are obliterated in adults,
and evident only in specimens not completely calcified. The presence
in spiroboloids of a distinct middorsal suture is a corroboration of the
primitive nature of the order as already indicated by the retention
of posterior gonopods and the presence of an eversible ‘‘penis”
terminating the vasa deferentia.

Typically the surface of the pleurotergites is smooth and polished,
usually with a scattering of very fine punctations. In some forms,
such as the species of Onychelus and Arinolus, the surface of the
metazonites is somewhat inflated and raised above the preceding
subsegment, and may differ from it in microsculpture. In most
cases the prozonite is provided with a number of fine encircling
striae, as is normal for spiroboloids. The lower ends of both pro-
zonites and metazonites, and often also the pleurites, are ornamented
with a very fine reticulum of beaded striae enclosing polygonal areas
that become elongated higher up on the sides and gradually merge
into the transverse striae. In nearly all forms the lower sides of the
metazonites are provided with short longitudinal striae or the ventral
edges of impressed grooves; in several species these elevated areas

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

are strongly developed and may be carried out beyond the caudal
edge of the metazonite in the form of acute, upturned spinules.
Whether such modification is generic or only specific in value remains
to be determined; it recurs in various other spiroboloid families in
Central America and elsewhere.

With few exceptions, the czopores open just in front of the second
segmental suture, and slightly below the level of the lateral longitu-
dinal suture. Species of the subfamily Arinolinae, so far as is known,
differ in that the pore is on the caudal side of the suture and thus
opens in the metazonite. ‘This modification is almost certainly an
evolutionary specialization, as it seems to occur only in forms that
are specialized in other respects as well.

Mate Gonopops: The conformation of the male genitalia is basically
uniform in most of the genera. Most diagnostic for the family are
the combined features of a small transverse sternite and elongated
coxal apodemes of the anterior gonopods, and the somewhat diminu-
tive, two-jointed posterior gonopods. On the basis of the material
studied in this as well as other spiroboloid families, the musculature
of the gonopods appears also to be characteristic of the group.

Details of the sclerotized parts of the gonopods can be appreciated
only from material that has been cleaned of muscle tissue after
removal from the body of the specimen. Strong caustic solutions,
with heating, quickly macerate the tissue, which then can be picked
off with fine-tipped forceps. The importance of examining the
gonopods in this way cannot be overemphasized.

The sternite of the anterior gonopods is represented in all the
genera, usually as a narrow, subtransverse sclerite that is more or
less arched at the middle, presumably to facilitate passage of the
coelomic cavity. At the lateral ends the sternite is produced proxi-
mally into elongate sternal apodemes, the homologs of the functional
tracheal apodemes of the typical generalized diploped sternite. The
gonopod apodemes, however, are closed tubes, and function only for
muscle attachment; they tend to be short and slender, normally
curving slightly mesiad. Beyond the origin of the apodemes, the
sternite is curved caudolaterad around the base of the coxite and is
usually coalescent with it. In Comanchelus hubrichti (fig. 6,6) this
fusion is incomplete; the tip of the sternal extension remains free of
the coxite margin, probably reflecting a primitive condition.

In general, the coxites are firmly attached to the lateral extremity
of the sternite, leaving a more or less membranous, unconsolidated
area along the middle of the gonopod. This condition is characteristic
of the subfamily Eurelinae, where a distinct intercalary thickening
of the membrane between the coxites has taken place—a develop-
ment here referred to as the vinculum (Lat., a buckle)—and clearly

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 105

serves the function of providing rigidity to the entire structure. Species
of the Atopetholinae have increased the size and efficiency of the
vinculum, which takes up much of the intercoxal space, and is pro-
longed caudad between the coxites, terminating in a ligament that
extends laterad on each side to insert on the caudad side of the sternal
apodeme (fig. 2,c, No. 5). The greatest development of the sternite
is found in the subfamily Onychelinae, where it is prolonged distad
into a triangular process very similar to the sternite of species of the
Rhinocricidae (see fig.8,a). Here there is no spacer between the coxites,
rigidity of form apparently being accomplished by a certain amount
of fusion of coxites to the sternite.

The coxites are somewhat variable in form throughout the group,
but are similar to the typical spiroboloid form in being produced into
a slight apex on the mesial surface, this character reaching its greatest
extreme in Arinolus (fig. 11,a), which is apparently the most specialized
genus in the family. In all genera, the coxites are produced proximad
into slender, acute coxal apodemes that serve for muscle attachment.
As seen in caudal aspect (figs. 2,a; 4,6; 8,6), the mesial edge of the
coxite is drawn out gradually to form the apodeme, which may be
either flat and simple (fig. 8,6) or rolled to form a concavity (fig. 4,5)
with the free caudal edge joining the coxite near its caudomesial end.
In all cases, the coxite forms a gonocoel cavity in which the posterior
gonopod is carried.

The telopodite joint is normally rather small and unmodified.
Usually it is produced into a blunt, laterally directed tip, with a
departure from this plan occurring only in Atopetholus. Species of
that genus are characterized by an additional accessory process that
has been referred to in the literature as “posterior apophysis,”’
“digitiform process,” and “posterior finger” by Chamberlin and that
appears to be possibly homologous to similar processes described by
Verhoeff (1924) for some Australian spirobolellid genera. There is a
membranous, flexible articulation between the coxite and telopodite,
but within the gonopod no major muscles have been detected that
might activate the distal joint. Apparently there is an evolutionary
tendency for the size of the telopodite to increase, it being smallest in
Comanchelus and largest in Arinolus, genera that are phylogenetically
opposed in numerous other characters as well.

The posterior gonopods lie concealed within the anterior pair, their
coxites exposed and directed toward the median line, often with their
ends in contact. There is, however, no trace of a sternal connection,
and it will be recalled that in the Trigoniulidae, where such a sternite
persists, the coxites are directed caudad in line with the major body
axis. There is a large apodeme, inferentially homologous with the
sternal apodeme of the anterior gonopods, attached near the mesial

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

end of each gonopod by a loose, flexible pivot joint. The shape of the
apodeme varies somewhat, it being long and slender in the larger bodied,
primitive forms (Eurelinae, Atopetholinae), and becoming shorter in
the smaller forms, where it may also (as in Onychelinae) be distally
expanded. The relatively larger size of the posterior gonopod in this
subfamily presumably requires, within the confines of a smaller avail-
able space, a greater surface for attachment of the muscles. In two
of the subfamilies, Eurelinae and Atopetholinae, the distal joint of the
posterior gonopod is undifferentiated; there is no perceptable articula-
tion between, or remaining evidence of, coxal and postcoxal elements.
That the gonopod is actually 2-jointed, however, is shown in the
Onychelinae and Arinolinae, where an acute angle is formed, with a
flexible articulation at the apex (figs. 8,c-e;10,c). Inno case, however,
are there remnants of interseemental muscles in the posterior gonopods
of atopetholids or any other group known to us. It is curious that this
primitive leg condition would be preserved in members of what, in all
other respects, are specialized atopetholids, and emphasizes the point
that no existing spiroboloid species has retained ancestral characters
in all of its structural features, the parts apparently evolving at
different rates and somewhat independently of each other in this
respect.

In general appearance the posterior gonopod is short and bent
somewhat mesiad. In the Eurelinae it tends to develop a large hyaline
flange on the median side, as in Comanchelus hubrichti (fig. 6,c). In
the Atopetholinae this gonopod is longer, more slender, and somewhat
arcuate, with a thin expansion on the caudal edge in Atopetholus and
a distinct projecting branch there in Watichelus. In the Arinolinae
there is a distinct submarginal groove from the coxal attachment
distad to a short solenomerite (Arinolus, fig. 10,d) or a longer one
which actually extends distad beyond the tip of the gonopod (Piedolus).
In this subfamily, also, the gonopod terminates in an expanded,
laminate or subglobose area (figs. 10,a,c; 11,c) which is herein tenta-
tively referred to as the calyx. The occurrence of the groove, presum-
ably homologous to the seminal groove of many other diplopods, is
obviously an evolutionary specialty not found in the other three
subfamilies.

GoNOPOD MUSCULATURE: It is felt that a satisfactory concept of
phylogeny and classification of the Spirobolida can be achieved only
by a detailed consideration of comparative morphology of the various
groups. Studies of the hard parts are undoubtedly a step in the right
direction, but lack real significance until the physiological functions
of the various modifications are established. These functions are to
a certain extent reflected by the nature of the musculature, and as a
contribution toward this end we include a brief account of the gonopod
muscles in Atopetholus angelus, a species of the typical genus of the

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 107

family. Unfortunately, none of the available material of the other
species was preserved in a way to keep the internal tissues in good
condition, but in the Eurelinae, at least, the gonopod muscles appear
to be much the same as here described. The similarity in skeletal
parts of the other groups permits the inference of essential muscular
correspondence. The only previous notice of musculature in an
atopetholid is in the paper on Atopetholus michelbacheri by Verhoeft
(1938), but his drawings are so diagrammatic and vague as to be
totally useless. In the absence of detailed studies on species in other
families, and in anticipation of much variation in arrangement, we
refrain from submitting any tentative nomenclature at this time and
use a numerical symbolism in designating the different muscles and
describing their functions.

Ficure 2.—Male gonopods of Atopetholus angelus in caudal aspect: a, anterior gonopods
with all muscle tissue removed to show internal structure characteristic of the family;
b, c, two views of the gonopods with various muscles removed in ¢ to show underlying
details; d, left side of gonopods with posterior gonopod withdrawn from the gonocoel,
showing its exclusive muscles. Abbreviations: C, coxite; CXA, coxal apodeme; ST,
sternite; STA, sternal apodeme. Numerical muscle designations are discussed in the
text, p. 108.

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

The entire gonopod structure can be protruded from the body by
the contraction of a pair of muscles that originate near the ventral
ends of the pleurotergite of segment 7 and insert on the gonopod at
the ends of the sternite (fig. 2,b). Retraction of the genital apparatus
into the body cavity is accomplished by large muscles that originate
on the dorsal side of the pleurotergite and insert on the distad ends
of the sternal apodemes. These two sets of muscles appear to be
common to the gonopods of many helminthomorphous diplopods, and
seem to be homologous to similar muscles motivating the free sternites
of such orders as the Chordeumida.

The muscles that originate on the gonopod apparatus itself are
not numerous but provide for a great degree of activity. They are
most easily seen in caudal aspect, the accompanying figures (fig. 2,b-d)
showing several successive stages of dissection as well as a cleaned
gonopod for easy reference to hard parts.

The following list designates the muscles and describes their func-
tions:

1. A large, fusiform muscle originating on the caudal side of the
posterior apodeme and inserting on the base of the posterior gonopod
just mesiad to the pivot joint. Contraction causes the distal end of
the gonopod to swing proximomesiad.

2. Similar to 1 but originating on the anterior side of the apodeme.
Function is the same.

3. A long slender muscle originating at the tip of the anterior sternal
apodeme and inserting on the base of the posterior gonoped near its
mesial end. Its contraction would provide extra power in support
of muscles 1 and 2, and likewise prevent uncontrolled protrusion of
the posterior gonopod by the contraction of 4.

4. A large, flat, twisted muscle, originating along the caudal edge
of the anterior coxite, and inserting on the anterior face of the posterior
apodeme. Contraction would result in extrusion of the entire posterior
gonopod apparatus, the twisting presumably turning the gonopod into
a position to facilitate its escape from the gonocoel.

5. A long slender ligamentous-type muscle originating on the
anterior sternal apodemes and extending mesiad over 4 to join the
caudal extension of the vinculum. The function of 5 is to provide
stability for the caudal extension as well as to hold twisted muscle 4
in correct position during its contraction.

6. A small, short muscle originating on the tip of the coxal apodeme
and inserting on the outer end of the base of the posterior gonopod
(fig. 2,d). The muscle would retract the gonopod to get it back
into the gonocoel.

7. A small slender muscle running from the anterior side of the coxal
apodeme to the mesial end of the posterior gonopod and serving the
same function as 1 and 2, but, judging from its origin on the coxal

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 109

apodeme, doubtless aiding in drawing the gonopod down and mesiad,
and freeing it from the gonocoel.

8. A large thick muscle originating on the anterior sternal apodeme
and inserting on the septum on the inner side of the vinculum. The
homologs of this muscle may be found in the sternal areas of platydes-
moid and chordeumoid millipeds, where the median septum is re-
flected externally by a median sternal ridge or knob.

9. A short band of muscle from the anterior sternal apodeme to the
caudal side of the coxal apodeme. The muscle serves to swing the
coxite slightly mesiad in contraction, in opposition to the action of 8.

It should be noted that the sum effect of the motor activities of the
gonopods is that of a clasping organ. A hypothetical reconstruction of
the procedure is submitted at this time to invoke the interest of other
investigators. So far nothing has been published on the mechanics of
copulation in this order, and direct observations are needed to estab-
lish the function of the gonopods.

Initially, the entire gonopod apparatus is at least partially extruded
by the protractor muscles. The coxites are then spread slightly laterad
by contraction of 8. Muscles 6 and 7 can then pull the posterior
gonopod out of the gonocoel. This done, they relax, and the entire
posterior gonopod is exserted by the contraction of 4 until the append-
age is exposed and probably directed toward the head of the animal.
At this point muscles 1 and 2 pull the gonopod so that the distal end
swings down toward the bases of the walking legs, a position enhancing
contact with the female cyphopods. Retraction is made by muscles
3, 6, and 7, with 6 and 4 then cooperating to return the appendage into
the gonocoel.

SYMPLEURITE OF SEVENTH SEGMENT: In spiroboloid diplopods, the
two pairs of appendages of the seventh segment are modified as
gonopods and withdrawn into the body cavity, and thus remove the
two sternal elements from the normal segmental ring. The pleurites of
the segment project mesiad to fuse at the midventral line and main-
tain segmental rigidity. In some families, such as the Rhinocricidae,
there is no visible midline suture, and the combined pleurites are
modified into an elevated thin flange that projects somewhat caudad
and protects the exposed tips of the posterior gonopods. Most of the
atopetholids, however, retain the median suture and the modified
pleurites—herein designated as sympleurite—form a simple transverse
bar. An exception occurs in the subfamily Arinolinae, where the
sympleurite is medially enlarged and variously lobed cephalad, as
shown in figure 11,d. Although no good comparative study could be
made in this connection, it appears that each species may differ some-
what in the shape of the sympleurite at least in the genus Arinolus.

Las: In most instances the leg joints maintain a uniform propor-
tion and appearance, the order of decreasing length usually 3, 6, 2, 4, 5,

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

1, any variations almost always affecting the sequence of the last two or
three. Modifications of taxonomic value involving leg characters are
those of the ventral macrosetae or spurs, and the shape of the anterior
male legs and their tarsal claws.

The occurrence of large regular spurs on the ventral apices of the
leg joints is to be noted in most spiroboloids, although in the majority
of groups the number and stability is greatly reduced. Atopetholids
show perhaps the primitive condition in that a definite spur formula
holds for each species, with only occasional variations. The coxal
joint always bears a single seta, although in old specimens it may be
broken off. ‘The number increases in going distad on the leg, and the
maximum number is found on the tarsal joint. Although the formula
is constant for a species, the formula does not follow a phylogenetic
arrangement, and one set of values may recur in several different
genera. ‘Three different formulae are given here, to indicate their
occurrence: 1—1—2—2-2-6: Centrelus kerrensis (Chamberlin & Mulaik),
Comanchelus hubrichti, new species, and Arinolus torynophor Chamber-
lin; 1-1-3-3-3-6: Atopetholus angelus Chamberlain; and 1—1—2—2-2-8:
Eurelus soleatus Cook.

In nearly all the species examined for the character, the tarsal
joint bears a few short setae on the caudal side and usually one on
the cephalic face. In Onychelus obustus, however, these lateral setae
are much more numerous and very elongated, and form a sort of
fringe on each side of the leg. Conceivably this may be an aid to
locomotion in dry, loose sand, Onychelus being known to occur in
desert regions.

In many species, the coxae of the anterior male legs are produced
into variously shaped lobes, the lobes of the third leg pair usually being
most modified. ‘These elaborated coxal lobes seem to characterize
species rather than genera for the most part, and although probably
a specialization of a sort, do not occur in obviously specialized genera
such as Arinolus. The pinnacle of coxal development is reached in
Eurelus soleatus, where the lobes of the third legs are elongated and
deeply notched just before the end, the notches being engaged by the
coxal lobes of the fourth pair with a nice interlocking mechanism, the
advantage of which is difficult to imagine. In the related species
Comanchelus hubrichti, none of the anterior male legs are lobed. In
Atopetholus angelus the coxae are produced into small blunt cones,
which reverse the normal sequence by increasing slightly from the
third to the seventh leg pairs.

The large coxal lobes of Hurelus are accompanied by a marked re-
duction in the size of the tarsal claws to mere uncate remnants (figs.
4,d-f). These claws are likewise reduced in Centrelus, but are normal
in size in Comanchelus of the same subfamily, and in most other

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 111

atopetholids are actually somewhat larger and longer than the claws
of the normal postgenital limbs. It seems safe to infer that the legs
of atopetholids have been variously modified or specialized in different
genera to serve functional and less obvious needs, although the modi-
fications have not taken the same direction of evolution as seen in
other parts of the animals, particularly the gonopods. Taxonomically,
however, the legs afford useful recognition characters, particularly in
areas where two otherwise superficially similar species may occur
together.

Systematic Status

Determination of the systematic position of the Atopetholidae is a
matter fraught with great difficulty. Despite useful treatments by
Brolemann (1914) and Attems (1926), the classification of the Spiro-
bolida is still very unsatisfactory chiefly because no careful morpho-
logical studies have been made to determine the structural details of
the male gonopods, upon which family groupings must largely be
founded. Brolemann’s early study provided a fairly satisfactory ar-
rangement for its time, but since then the number of genera has
increased enormously, and in few instances have the new groups been
sufficiently diagnosed to enable their placement in his system. Even
Attems’ treatment in 1926 is objectionable because of the author’s
reluctance to recognize small genera or families. The genera that he
placed in the ‘‘Spirobolidae” could obviously be dispersed among three
or four families. These families would be small groups, of course, but
it must be remembered that so far only a start has been made in the
discovery and classification of the Diplopoda. Since 1926, as already
remarked, the situation has become even more acute, as evidenced by
the way genera have been successively interchanged from the Atope-
tholidae to the Spirobolidae, and vice versa, as well as the recent and
lamentable redescription of one of the best-known trigoniulid species
as a new genus in the Spirobolidae. The main reason for the prevail-
ing confusion lies in the fact that few workers have taken the trouble
to remove the gonopods from their specimens, and actually study them
with respect to their total structure, even though Carl inveighed
against this carelessness as far back as 1919.

As the record now stands, the Atopetholidae is the only spiroboloid
family whose characters are well enough known to provide a basis for
understanding. Comparison with other established groups is therefore
somewhat premature, yet it will be useful to point out a few obvious
lines of affinity. Attems and Brolemann established a primary sub-
ordinal dichotomy in recognizing one group in which the posterior
gonopods are connected by a sternal remnant, and another in which
they are completely independent, the groups being recognized first as

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T2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

families and then as suborders. There is now some doubt that this
arrangement can go unchallenged.

That the Atopetholidae occupies a somewhat intermediate position
is evidenced by the fact that Attems placed Saussurobolus in the Trig-
oniulidae despite its lack of a gonopod sternite; presumably he was
influenced by the overall similarity in other respects. Yet Verhoeff
considered the closely related Orthichelus to belong to the other sub-
order, and made it the type of a new family allied to the Rhinocricidae.
It seems possible that both were not far from the truth, and that a
division into suborders may have to be drawn along lines other than
those now in use.

The group that most resembles the Atopetholidae as far as gonopod
structure goes is the group typified by the East Asian Spirobolellus.
The species of this group have the peculiar coxal apodemes, and the
posterior gonopods are not strikingly different from those of the
atopetholids. Another group in which coxal apodemes occur is the
Rhinocricidae, which is pretty clearly a well specialized ensemble and
has a distinct solenomerite on the posterior gonopods as well as a
vesicle in the base of the telopodite. Stabilization of the clypeal
foveolae at a constant number of four and the development of scobinae
are likewise to be considered specializations.

The rhinocricid posterior gonopod preserves the same number of
segments as are found in the atopetholids, but differs in that the coxae
are vertical instead of transverse. It is easy to see the similarity of
this appendage in Piedolus and Eurhinocricus. At the present, it
seems reasonable to regard the Atopetholidae as a very primitive
family whose progenitors doubtless gave rise to the existing families
Rhinocricidae and Spirobolellidae as well as, perhaps, to the Trigoni-
ulidae. There are, unfortunately, no species of spiroboloids which
have retained most of the primitive characters. We can assume that
the most primitive gonopods are those that most nearly approximate
the original walking-leg structure, and on this basis the anterior
gonopods of Comanchelus are those that are least modified. Retention
of a sternite remnant between the posterior gonopods—obviously a
primitive character—is known only in the Trigoniulidae, but in this
group the gonopods are strongly specialized by the presence of coxal
vesicles and associated seminal groove and solenomerite. It there-
fore seems safe to assume Comanchelus to be, probably, the most
primitive of existing spiroboloids as its gonopod structure could not
be any more generalized without the subdivision of the telopodite into
several segments.

Within the family, then, the least specialized group is the Eurelinae,
followed closely by the Atopetholinae. Onychelus, which is in a sub-
family of its own, is somewhat aberrant and out of the main line of

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 113

evolution, it having developed a rhinocricid-type anterior gonopod
and several modifications for desert life while remaining unspecialized
in other respects. In the Arinolinae we reach the apex of atopetholid
evolution, with numerous localized species, the appearance of rudi-
mentary scobinae, and development of a distinct solenomerite on the
posterior gonopod, as well as a fundamental change in the location of
the ozopores and a loss of the original primitive segmental sutures.

GENERA INCORRECTLY REFERRED TO THE ATOPETHOLIDAE

At various times in the past certain genera have been either listed
in the family Atopetholidae or associated otherwise with genuine
atopetholid genera. Aside from inadvertant or careless listings, the
following names warrant comment:

Anelus Cook, 1911, p. 160.

Type species: Anelus reduncus Cook, by original designation;

Unfortunately, the type specimen of this genus and species has
been misplaced and is not available for study. On the basis of Cook’s
description, and that of the related A. richardsoni (Pocock), as well
as the examination of a female reduncus taken near the type locality,
it seems that the genus departs sufficiently from normal atopetholid
structure to warrant exclusion from the family. Cook’s paper, pub-
lished before the Atopetholidae was proposed, considered Anelus to
be a close relative of Hurelus and Onychelus, but Anelus probably
belongs to a presently undefined Neotropical family.

Banosolus Wang, 1951, p. 28.

Type species: Banosolus phillippinus Wang, by original designation.

This genus was originally proposed as a member of the Atopetholi-
dae, an allocation that needs verification by restudy of the type
specimen. The original illustrations leave much to be desired, and
the locality involved makes it seem possible that the genus may
actually belong to the related family Spirobolellidae, which is well
represented in the Indo-Australian region.

Cyclothyrophorus Pocock, 1910, p. 83.

Type species: Cyclothyrophorus salvini Pocock, by original desig-
nation.

The remarks made for Anelus apply equally well in this case.
Details of gonopod structure are as yet virtually unknown, but the
weight of evidence suggests exclusion of this genus from the Atopetholi-
dae. Possibly, however, some of the species which Pocock tentatively
associated with C. salvint may prove to be atopetholids, as we know
to be true of Julus nietanus Saussure, which was listed in this genus
by Pocock (1910). If salvini upon restudy proves to be an atope-

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 111

tholid, it almost certainly will be necessary to recognize an additional
subfamily for Cyclothyrophorus.

Messicobolus Brolemann, 1914, p. 32.

Type species: Spirobolus godmani Pocock, by original designation.

This genus of large robust spiroboloids has been referred to the
Atopetholidae in recent papers by R. V. Chamberlin, but the good
figures of the gonopods published by Carl indicate clearly that Messi-
cobolus and the possibly synonymous Ozobolus constitute a distinct
taxonomic group well differentiated from other presently recognized
spiroboloid families.

ATOPETHOLID GENERA OF UNCERTAIN POSITION

The following generic names appear to be based on species of the
Atopetholidae, but are so poorly described that it is impossible to
refer them to a subfamily with any degree of confidence.

Hesperolus Chamberlin, 1918, p. 170.

Type species: Hesperolus wheeleri Chamberlin, by original designa-
tion.

The original description of H. wheeleri included no illustrations, and
it is difficult to visualize the gonopodal structure from the description.
The tiny species was collected in the Santa Ynez Mountains near
Santa Barbara, California, and it is hoped that topotypes can eventu-
ally be obtained and studied for a correct placement of the genus.

Tidolus Chamberlin, 1949, p. 169.

Type species: Atopetholus parvus Chamberlin, by original designa-
tion.

The type species was described as an Atopetholus, and the diagnosis
of Tidolus is largely a comparison with that genus. Here again,
however, the type species is not illustrated, and the brief description
of its gonopods is not sufficient to provide a good idea of their form.
Since parvus was collected at Claremont, California, it should not be
difficult for some collector to eventually secure topotypical specimens.

Family Atopetholidae Chamberlin

Atopetholidae Chamberlin, 1918, p. 167; 1949, p. 168—Chamberlin and Hoffman,
1958, p. 152.
Onychelidae Verhoeff, 1938, p. 273.

Small to medium sized spiroboloids, characterized by the structure
of the male gonopods. The anterior pair consists of a transverse or
moderately arched sternite, with the usual sternal apodemes; coxae
of normal configuration, separated by a median thickening of the

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 115

intersegmental membrane or held apart by a median distal projection
of the sternite, produced proximally into conspicuous coxal apodemes;
telopodite typically small and largely concealed behind the coxites in
anterior aspect. Posterior gonopods rather small, concealed within
a gonocoel formed by the anterior pair; their apodemes long and
slender, reaching dorsal side of pleurotergite, loosely jointed with the
transverse basal coxal element; telopodite usually fused with the latter
at aright angle. Posterior gonopods set transverse to the longitudinal
body axis, but not connected by a sternal remnant.

Head small, clypeal foveolae 3-3 to 5-5, varying within a species;
ocellaria of normal size, ovoid to rounded, with 30 to 50 ocelli in each;
antennae variable in length, held in a depression in the face of the
mandibular stipe, with 4 terminal sensory cones.

Collum wider than head, laterally acuminate, the anterior lateral
edge set off by a distinct groove. Second segment usually about as
long as collum but not produced forward under its tip, the pleural
element produced mesiad, its anterior edge usually elevated as a
distinct flared margin. Surface of tergites smooth or very finely
punctate in most species; in some species the lower sides are adorned
with longitudinal striations that may be produced beyond the
caudal edge of the segments in the form of acute spinulae. Tergites
with two transverse sutures, a median dorsal suture, and a lateral
suture on each side at level of the ozopores, the ozopores opening in
the mesozonites except in the subfamily Arinolinae. Rudimentary
scobinae occur in at least one genus (Scobinomus). Anal tergite blunt,
rounded, shorter than valves; latter inflated, their inner margins
meeting at a reentrant angle and provided with a comb of fine, closely
set bristles, otherwise glabrous. Preanal scale usually broadly ellip-
soid, nearly flat, but occasionally modified slightly (Centrelus). Legs
moderate in length, the sixth joint longest, ventral macrosetae of
legs apparently constant within a genus, varying from 1—2—2-—2-2-6
to 1-1-3-3-3-8. Sternites rectangular to trapezoidal, usually widest
in front, with 6 to 12 or more transverse ridges or striae. Coxal lobes
of anterior legs variable, from small conical productions to elongate
and specialized structures, those of the third pair usually largest,
extending caudad over or between those of the following pair. Tarsal
claws of the third to sixth legs may be normal, rudimentary, or
hypertrophied, their form a specific rather than generic character.

The genera that we have been able to recognize fall into four natural
groups probably worthy of subfamily rank although some appear
to be much more differentiated than others. These groups may be
characterized by the following key:

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Key to the subfamilies of Atopetholidae

1. Ozopores opening in the metazonite. Posterior gonopods with distinct
solenomerite of varying size and shape. Coxites of anterior gonopods
with well-defined oblique grooves setting off the lateral surface

ARINOLINAE (p. 147)

Ozopores opening in the mesozonite. Posterior gonopods without soleno-
merite or seminal groove. Coxites of anterior gonopods entire, without
oblique grooves. .. . eats CES

2. Sternite of anterior ppnopode Sinely pened ready: ithe suprasternal
membrane sclerotized and fused with it to form a flat subtriangular pseudo-
sternite; sternal apodemes of anterior gonopods curved inward distally,
those of posterior gonopods greatly expanded at the end. Legs with
numerous long bristles on the sides in addition to the normal short ventral
setae... . . . . . . ONYCHELINAE (p. 147)

Sternite of faerie canonod eee or erdaderstety arched; intersegmental
membrane sclerotized an as intercoxal vinculum of various shape but
never as a flat triangular plate fused with the sternite. Legs without long
lateral setae. Apodemes of posterior Sena not strongly expanded
Gistally ea caps. woah 20 sh Bel Be’ Beare ot Walenta

3. Segments with one iatinet Cranerene catare: Vinculum broad and heavily
sclerotized with a median groove or depression extending caudad between
the coxae and more or less in contact with the sternite

ATOPETHOLINAE (p. 132)

Segments with two distinct transverse sutures. Vinculum small and separated
from the sternite by a large expanse of thin connective tissue

EURELINAE (p. 117)

Eurelinae, new subfamily

The atopetholids assigned to this distinct and homogeneous sub-
family are all fairly large in size and include the largest known repre-
sentatives of the family. In general form the species tend to be robust
and heavy-set, abruptly tapering at both ends of the body, and with
the head and column distinctly smaller than the second and suc-
ceeding segments. The ocellaria are well-developed, each with 30
to 50 or more ocelli. Normally the pleurotergites are smooth and
without distinct punctations. The color in life appears to be, usually,
some uniform shade of gray or olivaceous; in preservation the seg-
ments may develop annulations of darker color. There is consider-
able variation in secondary sexual characters of the males: Coxal
lobes and claws of the anterior legs may be absent, normal, or hyper-
trophied, the variation in general tending to reflect specific rather
than generic differentiation. The gonopods are basically similar,
and are characterized by the considerable amount of sclerotized
membrane between the true sternite and the coxae. There is a
more heavily sclerotized midpiece, the vinculum, occupying a rather
isolated position between the coxites, and presumably serves as a

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 117

spacer to maintain rigidity of form in lieu of the sternite, which
usually assumes this function in spiroboloids.

The distribution of the Eurelinae (fig. 3) is distinctly Texan—all
the three known genera and three of the six species occurring in this
State. The others are recorded from the Mexican States of Chihua-
hua, Nuevo Leén, and Guanajuato—all on the eastern side of the
Mexican Plateau. One species, Hurelus mulaiki from New Mexico,
is unknown to us. From the drawings of its gonopods, as well as the
disjunct distribution, it seems possible that mulaiki may represent
another generic type within the limits of this subfamily. Those of
which we have examined material may be distinguished by the
characters selected for the following key:

Ficure 3.—Map showing the known localities for three species of the Eurelinae in Texas
and Nuevo Leon: A Comanchelus hubrichti; CQ Centrelus kerrensis; V Eurelus soleatus.
The broken line approximates the 1,000-foot contour, which apparently separates the
ranges of soleatus and kerrensis.

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Key to the genera of the subfamily Eurelinae

1. Lower portion of the pleurotergites with a series of 6 to 10 sharp recurved
spines on the caudal margin just above the legs; collum of male with the
anterior margin set off by a distinct deep groove, and prolonged ventrad
into a rounded lobe extending below the level of the second tergite (fig. 5c) ;
apex of coxite of anterior gonopod with a fleshy membranous lobe (fig. 5a),
otherwise quite similar to that of Ewrelus; coxal lobes of anterior legs well
developed. .... . .. . . Centrelus Cook

Lower portion of plewuierercs noe erage into spinules on the caudal
margin; collum of male with anterior edge set off by a moderate groove and
not, or but slightly, produced ventrad as a rounded lobe; coxites of anterior
gonopods without trace of membranous lobes (figs. 4a, 6a). . . . .. .2

2. Sternite of anterior gonopods nearly straight across; tarsal claws of legs 4-7
of males normal in size and shape; coxal lobes of these legs very small;
ventral setae of legs 1-1-2-2-2-6 . . . . . . Comanchelus, new genus

Sternite of anterior gonopods of male distinctly arched; tarsal claws of legs
4=7 of males reduced to tiny vestiges; coxal lobes of anterior legs very
large and elaborated; ventral setae of legs 1-1-2-2-2-8. . . Eurelus Cook

Genus Eurelus Cook
Eurelus Cook, 1911, p. 161.

Typr species: Hurelus soleatus Cook, by original designation.

Diaenosis: A genus of stout-bodied eurelines in which the anterior
tarsal claws of males are reduced to mere vestiges while the coxal
lobes are greatly enlarged. The caudal edges of the pleurotergites
are not provided with upturned spinules.

Discussion: Although both the generic name and its only included
species were described at great length by Cook, he provided no
illustrations of the gonopods or other structures, and it is therefore
not surprising that Hurelus has become something of a pitfall to later
workers. The recent acquisition of material clearly referable to
E. soleatus makes it possible to clear up the mystery satisfactorily.

Subsequent to Cook’s 1911 paper, the first reference to the genus
appeared in an article on Texan millipeds by Chamberlin and Mulaik
(1941), in which two new names, prozimus and kerrensis, were pro-
posed in Eurclus. Unfortunately these authors followed Cook’s
precedent and presented no drawings of the new forms and thus
compounded the difficulties. Most of their descriptions consisted
of comparisons with that of soleatus, and dealt only with very variable
structural details. Two years later (1943b), Chamberlin described
a third new form, Eurelus mulaiki, from New Mexico. We now
believe that prozimus is a synonym of soleatus, that kerrensis belongs
to a different genus, and that mulaiki is for the present a sort of
species inquirendum.

In 1949 Hoffman described, under the name Toltecolus parvunguis,
a specimen of what is almost certainly E. soleatus. Comparison was
made solely with the published descriptions of Toltecolus garcianus

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 119

and T. chihuanus—both now placed in other genera—and the —
description of soleatus overlooked entirely.

At the beginning of the present study, therefore, four names had
been proposed in Hurelus, and still another had been set up in a related
genus although actually based upon soleatus. On the basis of all
available information, we propose to consider Hurelus as monotypic,
considering two of the later names as junior synonyms of soleatus
and transfering another to Centrelus. The remaining name, mulaiki,
is almost surely not congeneric with soleatus.

Eurelus solectus Cook

Fiaures 1, 3, 4

Eurelus soleatus Cook, 1911, p. 153.

Eurelus prozimus Chamberlin and Mulaik, 1941, p. 62 (male holotype from Edin-
burg, Texas, in the collection of R. V. Chamberlin, collected by Stanley
Mulaik, 1938).

Toltecolus parvunguis Hoffman, 1949, p. 1, figs. a, B (male holotype from Frio
County, Texas, USNM 1853, collected by G. E. Ball, April 8, 1948).

Houotypr: Male, USNM 801, from Falfurrias, Brooks County,
Texas, collected in August 1906, by O. F. Cook.*

Draenosis: A large smooth-bodied atopetholid, 60 to 70 mm. in
length and up to 8.0 mm. in diameter, with 46 to 49 segments. 40
to 50 ocelli in each rounded ocellarium. Tarsal claws of fourth-seventh
legs of male greatly reduced; coxal lobes of third legs (fig. 4d) elongated
and produced caudad, notched about their midlength and embraced
by coxal lobes of fourth leg pair. Sternite of male gonopods distinctly
arched medially, separated from the coxites by a considerable area
of thin sclerotized membrane. Apices of coxites conically acute, finely
punctate. Posterior gonopods robust, telopodite produced distally
into a short truncate lobe and an opposed laminate terminally
expanded process.

Description: The very detailed description published by Cook
cannot be improved upon except with respect to the genitalia, which
are now illustrated in detail for the first time.

From the anterior aspect, the anterior gonopods are dominated by
the laterally arched coxites, which contact the sternite only slightly
at its lateral ends. Mesially the coxites are separated by the inter-
calary vinculum, formed by thickening and sclerotization of the
connective tissue between them and the sternite. The sternite is
distinct and subtransverse, but narrower and somewhat arched near
the median line. Laterally the sternite becomes broader and gives

4 This specimen was misplaced by Cook in the main body of the Museum’s diplopod collection,
and has not yet been recovered for segregation in the type series.

120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

rise to the elongate, slender sternal apodemes. On the caudal side
the sternite becomes attenuated and merges with the base of the
coxites. The coxites are rather massive and laterally arched, divided
on the anterior face into two subsegments by a distinct suture, which,
in passing around to the caudal side, broadens into an articulation.
Both of the subdivisions of the coxae contribute to the elongate coxal
apodeme (fig. 4,b), which extends ventrad from both the cephalic and
caudal apices of the coxae, and represents a prolongation of the
gonocoel formed by each coxa for the accommodation of the posterior
gonopods. Superficially the caudal edge of the coxal apodeme appears
to be continuous with the mesial margin of the telopodite, but there is
actually no connection, and the telopodite is attached to the coxite
by a movable articulation.

The posterior gonopods are rather short and robust, and the coxal
apodeme is half again as long as the coxotelopodite. The latter has
a subtriangular base resulting from consolidation of the acutely
angular space formed by the telopodite and coxite in such genera as
Arinolus and Onychelus. Distally the telopodite ends in two lobes—
one a subterminal, truncate, marginally fimbriate lobe on the caudal
side, and the other an obtusely rounded spatulate terminal lobe. The
apodeme is attached a short distance from the mesial end of the
coxotelopodite.

The coxal lobes of the anterior male legs are illustrated in figure
4,d-f. When in place, the distal third of the processes of the third
coxae are clasped by those of the fourth, the interlocking facilitated
by a subterminal notch on each of the former. In the drawing, made
from a slide mount, the terminal portion distad of this notch is shown
as bent somewhat laterad; normally it is directed caudomesiad and
in‘ line with the rest of the process. The coxal lobes of the fourth
and fifth legs are flat and laminate, the distomesiad corner of each
bent caudad and then laterad to form a slight hook. Prefemora
of anterior legs unmodified, but femora of each with a distinct rounded
projecting lobe at the base. Tarsal joints definitely flattened or
depressed on the dorsal surface.

Discussion: Variation: On the basis of our moderate series of
mature specimens from a single locality, it is possible to determine
something of the individual variability in this species. Heretofore,
some authors have assumed that all individuals of a population must
be identical, and have made the slightest deviation from a known
standard (even from a single specimen) the basis of creation of new
species. We have investigated variability in several characters
frequently thus misused in spiroboloids.

Segment number: Cook found that 4 of his specimens had 48
segments and 1 had 47. In 12 specimens at hand, we observed the

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 121

following frequency distribution: 46 segments in 2 specimens, 47 in
2,48 in 5,and49in 3. The statistical mean for this series is 47.7, with
a standard deviation of 1.06. Although the series is not large, a spread
of 6 standard deviations should include about 99 percent of the total
variability to be expected for an unlimited series from the locality
sampled. Numerically this yields an expected: range in segment
number of 44 to 51, actually not much greater than the observed
range in the material studied.

Ficure 4.—Eurelus soleatus Cook, male specimen from Webb County, Texas: a, anterior
gonopods, cephalic aspect; b, anterior and left posterior gonopods, caudal aspect; ¢, right
posterior gonopod, cephalic aspect, enlarged; d, 3rd leg; ¢, 4th leg; f, 6th leg.

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

Clypeal foveolae: Some taxonomists attach considerable importance
to the number of these supralabial pits, and even go so far as to
establish species and genera on slight variations in the total number.
In some groups, such as the Rhinocricidae, the number may be fixed
and constant, in others, including the Atopetholidae, there is con-
siderable variation within a species. Our series of FH. soleatus yielded
the following counts: 3-3 in 4 specimens, 3-4 in 1, 3-5 in 2, 4-4 in 4,
and 4-5 in 1. Cook found “five clypeal foveolae on each side, some-
times only four.”” Apparently the number ranges from 3-3 to 5-5,
with 4—4 occurring most frequently. The foveolae appear to afford a
very weak basis for the establishment of any grade of taxonomic
category, particularly when it is based on a single specimen.

Number of ocelli: Cook gave ocellus counts for one of his types,
43 on one side and 44 on the other. We have made counts from 4
specimens taken at random, and find considerable variation: 49-51;
49-45; 40-41; 44-46. So few numbers cannot be satisfactorily
analyzed statistically, yet it should be obvious that the number of
ocelli varies at least from 40 to 50 in each ocellarium, and the prob-
ability is that the expected range will be slightly greater. Here again
is another character which should be used with the greatest caution,
if at all, for the discrimination of species.

It should be stated, moreover, that we anticipate the establishment
of geographic variational clines in many structural characters of
millipeds. If this proves to be the case, the total ranges of variation
within a species—particularly a widely distributed form—will doubt-
less prove to be much greater than we have indicated for material
from a single locality.

Synonymy: Upon consideration of the known variability of Hurelus
soleatus, we can find nothing in the description of EH. proximus to
warrant its recognition as a valid species or subspecies. ‘The state-
ment was made that proximus is closely related to soleatus, but differs
in being slightly smaller, with 45 segments instead of 48 (“apparently
the normal and nearly constant number in soleatus”’), and in having
the first segment dark instead of light, as mentioned in Cook’s descrip-
tion. Another point of difference drawn from the single type specimen
was that the posterior gonopod was extruded.

The figures cited for both size and segment number in prozimus are
included in the known range of variation in soleatus. The ostensible
difference in coloration is very unreliable inasmuch as the color of
preserved material is known to vary with both the method and duration
of preservation. The exposure of the posterior gonopod in the type
of proximus is of course meaningless, since these appendages are
extrusible in all spiroboloids; whether they happen to be protruded
at the time of preservation is entirely accidental, and does not so far

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 123

as is known reflect a peculiarity of any rank of taxonomic group. In
our series of 12 male soleatus, 3 or 4 have one or the other of the
posterior gonopods protruded for various distances.

There is no reason for maintaining Toltecolus parvunguis as a separate
species. The name was proposed in ignorance of Cook’s 1911 paper,
and was set up as a new species on the basis of contrast with the
Mexican Toltecolus garcianus Chamberlin (=Centrelus kerrensis).
The description agrees in every particular with the material that
we have identified with Cook’s F. soleatus.

DistrisuTion: The Coastal Plain of southern Texas, between the
Rio Grande and Colorado Rivers. The type specimens were taken
by Cook at Falfurrias, Brooks County, and he had additional speci-
mens from San Antonio, Bexar County, and Moore, Frio County.
The type of £. prozimus is from Edinburg, Hidalgo County, and
that of 7. parvunguis from Frio State Park, Frio County. The
series of millipeds at hand was collected along the highway 35.5 miles
northwest of Laredo, Webb County, May 29, 1955, by Leslie Hubricht.
This locality in the Rio Grande Valley is the westernmost now known
for the species. The occurrence of soleatus in adjacent parts of
Mexico, however, is certainly to be expected.

Genus Centrelus Cook

Centrelus Cook, 1911, p, 154.

Toltecolus Chamberlin, 1943a, p. 27 (type species: Toltecolus garcianus Chamberlin).
TypE species: Centrelus falcatus Cook, by original designation.
Diaenosis: A eureline genus similar to Eurelus, from which it

differs conspicuously in the presence of distinct upcurved spines on
the lower caudal edge of the pleurotergites. In the male sex the
anterior tarsal claws are reduced, and the coxal lobes well developed;
coxites of the anterior gonopods sith a large fleshy membranous lobe
near the apex on the anterior side.

Discussion: The original generic diagnosis itemized external struc-
tural details at some length but touched only briefly on the genitalia,
and gave no illustrations of these appendages. Centrelus thereupon
slipped into a justifiable obscurity, and the name has not appeared
again in the literature.

Texan material received from Leslie Hubricht agrees so closely with
the description of Centrelus that we have no doubt it is at least con-
generic with the type species. On this basis we have illustrated the
pecularities of the gonopods, and herewith suggest the identity of
Toltecolus with Centrelus, as well as some specific synonymy to be
discussed in a following paragraph. The type species CO. faleatus Cook,
is from the State of Guanajuato; the other known species, C. kerrensis,
is known to occur in Nuevo Leén and in western Texas, and suggests

124. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yor. 111

a generic range along the Sierra Madre Oriental, with additional species
probably remaining to be discovered.

Centrelus falcatus Cook
Centrelus falcatus Cook, 1911, p. 156.

Hototyrre: Male, USNM 800, from Guanajuato, Mexico, probably
collected by A. Duges.®

Draqnosis: A small species of Centrelus about half the size of C.
kerrensis, and with only 3 or 4 lateral spines on each segment instead
of 6 to 10 as in that species.

DEscRIPTION (FROM cooK): Length of male about 38 mm., width
about 3.0 mm.; female about 42 mm. by 4.5 mm.

Clypeal foveolae 4—4; surface of vertex and clypeus smooth; ocellaria
oval or trapezoidal, each with about 40 ocelli in 7 or 8 rows.

Marginal ridge of the collum broad, and the lateral angle rather
rounded, not projecting below the second segment as in Hurelus.
Second segment with the anterior margin decurved.

Surface of segments nearly smooth, very finely and indistinctly
punctate and longitudinally striate above; lateral and ventral stria-
tions very short, confined to the metazonite, surface below each
striation smooth. Segments behind middle of the body with the
striations well separated, only three or four on each side, and pro-
duced into distinct sharp spines curving obliquely upward.

Last segment smooth, the apex very broadly triangular-rounded,
distinctly exceeded by the strongly convex, smooth, anal valves.
Preanal scale very broadly rounded.

Centrelus kerrensis (Chamberlin and Mulaik), new combination
Ficures 3, 5

Eurelus kerrensis Chamberlin and Mulaik, 1941, p. 61—Chamberlin and Hoffman,
1958, p. 156.

Toltecolus garcianus Chamberlin, 1943a, p. 27 (male holotype from Garcia, Nuevo
Leén, Mexico, in the collection of R. V. Chamberlin, collected by C. Bolivar
and F. Bonet, July 14, 1942.)

Houotyrs: Male, collection of R. V. Chamberlin, from Raven
Ranch, Kerr County, Texas; collected in July 1939 by Stanley and
Dorothea Mulaik.

Diagnosis: A moderate to large sized eureline characterized by the
number of segments (50-53) and ocelli (35-45), differing from C.
faleatus as well as other eurelines in having as many as 8 to 10 stout
marginal spines on the lower sides of the metazonites.

Description (male from Real County, Texas): Body 65.0 mm.
long and 6.5 mm. in diameter, with 51 segments.

5 This specimen was misplaced by Cook in the main body of the Museum’s diplopod collection, and
has not yet been recovered for segregation in the type series.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 125

Color of preserved specimen nearly uniform black, the extreme
caudal edges of the metazonites silvery white to gray, possibly due
to color change in alcohol.

Front of head smooth and polished except for several distinct
transverse grooves in the clypeal region; epipharangeal groove distinct
up to interantennal space; genae with about 12 distinct short stria-
tions extending to the margin of the head. Ocellaria small and nearly
circular, ocelli all nearly equal in size and shape, arranged in 7 rows
as follows: 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5—a total of 38; interocular space almost
4 times the diameter of an ocellarium. Antennae small and short,

Figure 5.—Centrelus kerrensis (Chamberlin and Mulaik), male specimen from Real County
Texas: a, distal half of anterior gonopods to show the membranous lobe in front of the
coxal apex; b, right posterior gonopod, cephalic aspect; c, lower end of collum of left side.

the first three articles glabrous, distal four finely setose; second
article longest, third through sixth slightly smaller and all subequal,
all articles about the same width.

Collum somewhat wider than head but narrower than following
segments, its surface smooth and polished; lateral ends as shown in
figure 5c; second segment with about five distinct ridges behind end
of collum, the lowest of which is actually knobby in contour; pleural
lobe with a moderately elevated anterior ridge. Following segments
similar to second but with ridges less prominent. Near middle of
body the ridges become gradually more produced and project beyond

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

margin of segments as a series of 6 to 10 sharp upcurved spines.
Ventral surface of mesozonites in front of the ridges with a distinct
reticulate pattern of fine striae, the striae merging dorsally into trans-
verse parallel ridges that fade out near the level of the ozopores.
Transverse sutures very distinct; metazonites slightly elevated.

Three segments in front of the telson strongly telescoped. Telson
bluntly acuminate, equalling but not surpassing the anal valves,
latter smooth and evenly convex, with their ventrolateral corners
depressed and wrinkled. Preanal scale broad, divided by a trans-
verse furrow into two heavily striated portions, the basal part strongly
depressed at the lateral ends, the distal half noticeably inflated or
convex.

Sternites trapezoidal, with 12 to 16 transverse parallel ridges;
stigmata entirely enclosed within the sternites. Legs rather long
and slender, the two distal joints visible from above body, all joints
smooth and polished, their decreasing order of length: 3, 6, 2, 1, 4, 5.
Ventral setal formula: 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 6.

First two pairs of legs crassate, with long robust claws; legs 3-7 of
normal size and shape; third legs with claws of normal size, the others
back through the seventh with claws reduced to a tiny vestige, the
tarsi of these legs strongly depressed on the dorsal surface. Coxal
lobes of third legs erect, slender, and membranous, their tips bent
slightly cephalad and then caudad as seen in lateral aspect; lobes of
legs 4—7 flat, simple, wedge-shaped, becoming smaller posteriorly.

Sympleurites of seventh segment broadly in contact at the median
line with a distinct suture evident; the anterior edge continuing the
curve of the segment, the posterior edge elevated and overhanging.

Anterior gonopods very similar to those of Hurelus soleatus but
differing in the presence of a distinct membranous lobe on the an-
terior side of the coxal apex (figure 5,2). Posterior gonopods rather
robust and straight, the telopodite ending in two distal lobes as
shown in figure 5,b. No trace of a seminal groove can be detected.

Discussion: Variation: In most structural details this species is
quite stable over its considerable range. The gonopods of our male
from Real County, Texas, match perfectly with the illustrations of
the type specimen of 7. garcianus.

Combining counts from specimens at hand and published informa-
tion, we have nine counts of segment number, ranging from 50 to 53
with a mean of 51.4. The standard deviation for this series is 1.33.
There is a slight indication that the number increases in going north,
but this gradient is probably too slight and gradual to be of much
significance. Throughout the area occupied by the two species
jointly, there is very little overlap in segment count in C. kerrensis
and LE. soleatus.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 127

Six ocellus counts are as follows: 33, 35, 37, 37, 39, and 42. Here
there seems to be neither sexual nor geographic variation, but the
series is too short to be of particular value.

The size appears to vary considerably. The largest known speci-
men is a female from Garcia, Neuvo Leén, 75 mm. long and 8.0 mm.
wide; the smallest is a female from Pandale, Texas, about 40 mm.
long and 5.0 mm. wide. The small specimens eppear to be struc-
turally identical with larger ones.

Clypeal foveolae vary from 4-4 to 5-5, and are somewhat more
constant than in F. soleatus, in which counts of 3-3 are noted as well.

Synonymy: The synonymy of Hurelus kerrensis and Toltecolus
garcianus was established in the following manner. The adult male
from Real County, Texas, was found to agree perfectly with the
drawings given for garcianus as well as with the description, as far
as it goes. This specimen also matched the original diagnosis of
Centrelus very closely, leaving little doubt that it is congeneric with
C. falcatus, and on this basis we determined two collections from
Texas as Centrelus garcianus. However, when a map of the known
records of the Eurelinae was prepared, it was observed that Real
County is geographically adjacent to Kerr County, whence came the
type series of H. kerrensis. Comparison of our material with the
description of that species, moreover, showed a remarkable con-
cordance in every particular except that metazonite spines were not
mentioned for kerrensis. On the chance that they may have been
overlooked, we requested Chamberlin to examine the types for this
character. He very kindly did and reported (in a letter dated May
30, 1957) that small but distinct and upturned spines are actually
present. This discovery removed the last obstacle for presuming
that kerrensis is the older of two names applied to a spiroboloid
population which occurs in the plateau country of Texas and adjacent
Nuevo Leén. Although we have been unable to study the type
specimens of either name, we feel that the available evidence as
outlined above makes the likelihood of error quite remote.

DistriBution: Centrelus kerrensis is now known to have a fairly
wide range over much of western Texas and adjacent Nuevo Leén.
From the existing records and the fact that it has not so far been found
in the Rio Grande Valley, we assume that it is an upland form. The
type locality was Raven Ranch, in Kerr County, Texas (Chamberlin
and Mulaik, 1941), and the species was subsequently recorded (under
the name Toltecolus garcianus) from Garcia, near Monterey, Nuevo
Leén (Chamberlin, 1943a). Material has been seen from the following
new localities:

Texas: Real County: 10 miles north of Leakey, June 10; 1955, Leslie Hubricht
(R. L. Hoffman). Presidio County: Near Porvenir, September 28, 29, 1946, Bryan

511799—60--—3

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Patterson and J. M. Schmidt (Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Val Verde County:
3.3 miles northeast of Pandale, June 11, 1955, Leslie Hubricht (USNM).

Comanchelus, new genus

Typr species: Comanchelus hubrichti, new species.

Diagnosis: A eureline genus in which the tarsal claws of the
anterior legs are not reduced, and the coxal lobes, if present, are
simple with usually only those of the third leg pair enlarged. Sternite
of the anterior gonopods nearly transverse; sternal apodemes not
completely fused to the coxites on the caudal side (fig. 6,0).

Discussion: This genus is proposed for two species which although
generally similar to Eurelus soleatus appear to diverge enough to
justify their recognition as a separate group. The number of segments
is about the same as in soleatus (45 to 52), but the species appear to
average somewhat smaller in size. Probably the most reliable means
of recognizing the genus will be found in gonopod characters.

In addition to the type species, we tentatively refer here the form
named Toltecolus chihuanus by Dr. Chamberlin (1947a). As far as
can be ascertained from the original description and illustrations, the
species appears to be closely related to C. hubrichti, but a careful
study of the gonopods of chihuanus is needed for a final confirmation
of its systematic position.

Comanchelus chihuanus (Chamberlin), new combination
Toltecolus chihuanus Chamberlin, 1947a, p. 10, figs. 5-7.

Hotoryre: Male, collection of R. V. Chamberlin, from Chihuahua
City, Chihuahua, Mexico, collected on July 23, 1944, by V. E. Shelford.

Draanosis: The coxae of the third leg pair are produced into
elongated, cylindrical lobes. Posterior gonopods with a rounded
subterminal lobe on the caudomesial margin instead of a laminate,
acutely projecting blade as in C. hubrichti.

DESCRIPTION (FROM CHAMBERLIN):

Color a dark, olive gray, with dark annuli about caudal borders of metazonites.
Legs dark chestnut.

Clypeal foveolae 5+5. Eyes very widely separated; ocelli arranged in
8 longitudinal series and the same number of transverse series.

Collum strongly narrowed down each side as usual, with the anterior margin
conspicuously incurved at lower end, the elevation decreasing dorsad, the elevated
border set off by a sulcus (fig. 5).

Segments smooth above. A true segmental sulcus absent above, though below
indicated by a faint line which bends forward angularly at level of pore which it
touches. Segments strongly striate below. Anal tergite rounded behind, the
surface over caudal portion irregularly rugose.

In the male the first two pairs of legs are thickened and have the claws strongly
enlarged. The claws of the following three pairs of legs also have enlarged claws
but these decreasing from third pair to fifth.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 129

Coxal processes of third legs of male extending back over bases of fourth legs,
subcylindrical but with ventral face flattened or concave, the distal ends abruptly
uncate.

The gonopods are as shown in the figures. Anterior sternite subquadrate;
firmly seated in the shallow excavation on anterior face of gonopods.

Number of segments in the male holotype, 51.

Diameter, 4.8 mm.

Rance: This species is known so far only from the type locality.

Comanchelus hubrichti, new species
FIGuREs 3, 6

Houotyre: Male, USNM 2507, and paratypes of both sexes, from
3.3 miles northeast of Pandale, Val Verde County, Texas, collected on
June 11, 1955, by Leslie Hubricht.

Diacnosis: A species in which the anterior coxae of males are not
produced into lobes or processes, and in which the posterior gonopod
is produced mesially into a thin, acutely angled lamina, its apex
distally exceeding the main body of the appendage.

DESCRIPTION (PARATYPE MALE): A stout bodied atopetholid, nearly
parallel-sided, with the head and collum narrower than the following
segments; last four or five segments much smaller than their pred-
ecessors and distinctly telescoped. Color uniform olive-gray.

Head ovoid, slightly flattened frontally, surface smooth and pol-
ished, sunk in collum to edge of the ocellaria. Labral sinus deep and
acute; clypeal foveolae 4-4, those nearest the midline set closer to-
gether. Geneae short and unmargined, exceeded by the second
antennal article. Ocellaria rounded-ovoid, separated by about 2.7
times the diameter of each, ocelli variable in size and number, those
nearest the mandibular suture much the largest, those near the front
of head small and unpigmented, and easily overlooked, 41 on one side,
42 on the other.

Antennae short and slender, not reaching caudal edge of collum;
second article largest and longest, the others decreasing in size distally;
articles with scattered setae except sixth and seventh, which are fairly
thickly clothed with recumbent setae. Outer face of mandibular stipe
with a somewhat elevated caudal margin, the discal depression ter-
raced around its periphery and ornamented medially with numerous
very fine irregular ridges.

Collum small and rather obtusely triangular laterad, the anterior
marginal groove distinct as far as middle of ocellaria, not completely
parallel to the edge, and not reaching caudal margin of the collum at
the ends. Surface of collum smooth and flat, without punctations or
striae. Anterior edge of pleurotergites of second segment turned up
into a large marginal flange, the area behind it coarsely striate (fig. 6,d).

130 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Body segments finely coriaceous under magnification, without
punctations. Segmental sulcus distinct entirely around body,
anterior portion of prozonite with fine transverse striae. Pores very
small but distinctly in the mesozonite, below level of the lateral longi-
tudinal suture. Lower sides with a few longitudinal ridges, not pro-
duced into marginal spines; ventrolateral areas of prozonites and
mesozonites ornamented with very fine ridges forming elongate poly-
gons that merge dorsally into the transverse striae.

Telson broad and bluntly angular, not concealing valves in dorsal
aspect; the latter typical for the subfamily in appearance; preanal
scale broadly transverse, entirely smooth and lacking modifications
such as occur in Centrelus kerrensis.

Sternites subrectangular, only slightly narrowing caudad, with
about six to eight fine transverse striae laterally turned caudad.
Stigmata contained entirely with the sternal sclerite. Legs smooth
and polished, the tarsal claw very long and slender, more than half
as long as tarsal joint; ventral setal formula 1—1—2—2—2-6; tarsi with
two or three small setae on caudal side and one on the cephalic.

First two leg pairs of the male reduced in size and strongly incrassate,
especially the basal two joints. Tarsal claws of first three leg pairs
very long, becoming shorter on the next pairs. Coxae of anterior
legs not produced or lobed although membranous areas, possibly
extrusible to some extent, can be detected when the legs are dry.

Sympleurite of seventh segment nearly parallel-sided and slender,
the median suture visible. Gonopods (figure 6,a,b) with sternite of
anterior pair slender, nearly straight across and, on the caudal side
of the gonopods, not entirely fused to the coxite, a distal portion being
free and somewhat projecting. Coxites somewhat crescentic in shape,
in contact with the sternite, and arching mesially, separated by a
small slender vinculum, apices of coxites set with areas of fine denticles.
Telopodites quite small, with caudolaterally directed apices, the latter
not or but slightly visible in anterior aspect. Posterior gonopod with
very long and slender apodeme; distal elements not distinctly divided
into coxite and telopodite, the caudal margin of the joint produced
into a large thin lamina, drawn out distally into an acute hyaline angle.

Discussion: Variation: The number of segments in four specimens
from the type locality ranges from 45 to 48; two males from Baylor
County, Texas, have 44 each. However, four specimens from the
vicinity of Abilene, Texas, have counts ranging from 48 to 52 and
suggest that there may be an east-to-west decrease in segment number.
In all of the material examined, the clypeal foveolae vary from 4-4
to 5-5. There is considerable variation in size, specimens from the
western extremity of the range being smaller but otherwise similar
to the larger eastern individuals. CLGis 4

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 131

Figure 6.—Comanchelus hubrichti, new species, male paratype from Val Verde County,
Texas: a, anterior gonopods and right posterior gonopod, cephalic aspect; b, same, caudal
aspect; c, posterior gonopod, caudal aspect; d, lower end of collum and adjacent part of
2nd segment, left side.

Distrisution: Comanchelus hubrichti is apparently rather wide-
spread over much of western Texas despite having been taken at
only a few localities. Material has been examined from the following
localities:

Texas: Baylor County: 5 miles south of Seymour, April 20. 1947, K. P.
Schmidt (Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Dimmitt County: Carrizo Springs, October
16, 1954, Leslie Hubricht (R. L. Hoffman). Hays County: Southeast of San
Marcos, May 3, 1955, Leslie Hubricht (R. L. Hoffman). Taylor County: 25
miles south of Abilene, March 18, 1948, H. S. Dybas (Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.).
Val Verde County: 3.3 miles northeast of Pandale, June 11, 1955, Leslie Hubricht
(USNM).

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Eurelinae of uncertain generic position
Eurelus mulaiki Chamberlin, 1943b, p. 147, figs. 7-11.

Hototyrr: Male, collection of R. V. Chamberlin, from north of
Glencoe, Lincoln County, New Mexico, collected on May 31, 1941,
by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik.

Discussion: The drawings of the gonopods of this form are ex-
tremely diagrammatic and show little of specific importance; nor is
it possible to determine to what genus the species should be referred.
Possibly the closest relationships are with the species of Comanchelus,
as suggested by the normal tarsal claws and small coxal lobes. Un-
fortunately, we have been unable to secure material for study.

Rance: The species, having been reported in the original description
from several localities in Lincoln and Torrance Counties, apparently
enjoys a wide distribution in central New Mexico.

Atopetholinae, new subfamily

Species of this group are small- to moderate-sized atopetholids,
averaging slightly smaller than the species of Eurelinae, which they
superficially resemble. Owing to the scarcity of material and to the
shortcomings of published descriptions, no satisfactory account of
external structure can be essayed beyond an account of details in
Atopetholus angelus, a member of the type genus. The antennae tend
to be of considerable length, extending back to the second segment,
and are therefore much longer than in the Eurelinae. In Atopetholus
the collum is evenly acuminate toward the lateral ends, which in
Watichelus, however, are bent somewhat caudoventrad. The body
segments are smooth and polished, the ozopore opening in the meso-
zonites, and in Atopetholus, at least, the suture between prozonite
and mesozonite is very poorly defined or invisible.

In the male, the claws of the anterior legs are not reduced in size,
and the coxae are provided only with modest, low subtriangular lobes,
which increase slightly in size from the third to seventh leg pair.

Male gonopods are rather similar in both of the genera, particularly
the anterior pair. The sternite is slightly arched mesially, and is
surmounted by a large subtriangular vinculum that widely separates
the coxites, but that becomes hyaline and membranous proximally
and is not continuously rigid with the sternite.

The coxites are moderate in size, their mesial corners produced
distally as usual but to a lesser extent than normal for the family.
The telopodites are large and flattened, the apex being broad and
blunt, and in Atopetholus, at least, subtended on the caudal side by
an additional acuminate process that projects caudad and slightly

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 133

laterad or else distinctly distad. The base of the telopodite is set
off by a marginal rim which projects slightly out beyond the end of
the coxite toward the opposite side.

The posterior gonopods tend to be quite simple, the coxite and
telopodite merging into a broad consolidated subtriangular region
with no remaining trace of a joint at the point of the union. No
traces of a seminal groove have been detected, and nothing that might
be considered a solenomerite. The end of the telopodite may be
simple and laminate or strongly recurved, and a large subterminal
branch is present in Watichelus.

There is some doubt attending our disposition of genera in this
subfamily. The generic name Orthichelus has been proposed for
species which differ only slightly from typical Atopetholus, and we
have therefore united the two names largely on the basis of the
“quality level” of degree of differentiation. Final resolution of the
matter awaits the attention of someone able to collect material from
numerous localities in southern California. The poorly known genera
Tidolus and Hesperolus may prove to be referable to this subfamily
when their type species are finally rediscovered and studied.

Genus Atopetholus Chamberlin

Atopetholus Chamberlin, 1918, p. 168.
Onychelus (not of Cook) Verhoeff, 1938, p. 274.—Chamberlin, 1949, p. 169 (in

part).
Orthichelus Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1950, p. 7 (type species: Onychelus phanus
Chamberlin).
Typr species: Atopetholus californicus Chamberlin, by original
designation.

Diacnosts: An atopetholid genus characterized by the occurrence
of large accessory projections on the telopodite of the anterior gono-
pods just behind and below the apex of the joint. The absence of a
subterminal projection on the caudal margin of the posterior gonopod
distinguishes the genus from the related Watichelus. ‘The lateral ends
of the collum are nearly symmetrically acuminate, in contrast to their
being bent caudally in Watichelus.

Discussion: The taxonomic history of the group of species assem-
bled under this generic name has been unnecessarily complicated
and confusing owing chiefly to the failure of both Cook and Chamber-
lin to document adequately the descriptions of some of their new
forms. The difficulty began with the proposal of Onychelus obustus
in 1904, when Cook briefly remarked that the posterior gonopods of
the species are “concealed, simple, slender, falcate.’’ No illustrations
were given for the species, and its really diagnostic characters have
remained unknown for almost half a century. In 1923 Chamberlin

134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

described under the name Onychelus nigrescens an atopetholid from
Coronado Island, Gulf of California, in which the gonopod was much
like that described by Cook. His example was followed by Verhoeff
(1938) in naming O. michelbacheri from southern California, and finally
Chamberlin added another related species, O. phanus, from the same
general area.

The history of Atopetholus developed simultaneously with but
independently of that of Onychelus. Proposed in 1918, Atopetholus
included species in which the posterior gonopod is slender and falcate,
with a recurved tip, and in which the telopodite of the anterior gono-
pod is provided with an accessory process. Apparently Verhoeff was
unaware of this paper for his knowledge of the name Atopetholidae
seemed limited to its use as a heading in Chamberlin’s 1923 contribu-
tion. He thereupon rejected it as a nomen nudum and proposed the
new name Onychelidae, a name unfortunately based upon a milliped
not even in the same subfamily with the true Onychelus of Cook. His
species Onychelus michelbacheri, indifferently described and illustrated,
appears to be a fairly typical form of Atopetholus in the sense here
adopted.

Onychelus continued to be used for quite a variety of millipeds until
1949, when Chamberlin restricted it to obustus, michelbacheri, phanus,
and nigrescens and proposed the new names Gosichelus and Watichelus
for species that had been previously described as forms of Onychelus.
At the same time, however, the long-lost type material of O. obustus
was found among Cook’s effects and returned to the U.S. National
Museum. An examination of the gonopods showed at once that
Cook’s description was quite inaccurate, as the posterior elements are
actually arcuate and distally bifid and both these and the anterior
gonopods are totally different from those of the other three species
mentioned above. Actually, two other millipeds had been described
that are very close to obustus, although Chamberlin (misled by Cook’s
description) placed them in the new genus Gosichelus. This discovery
led to the subsequent relegation of Gosichelus to the synonymy of
Onychelus and the proposal (Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1950) of the
new generic name Orthichelus to include phanus, michelbacheri, and
nigrescens.

The question that we have had to consider is whether the variation
in the posterior gonopod justifies retention of Orthichelus as a valid
genus. Upon weighing all of the available information, we cannot
find any support for this course. Whether or not the extreme tip of
the gonopod is recurved to form a terminal hook appears to be a very
weak basis for a generic name, particularly when all other characters
appear to be the same in typical species of Atopetholus and Orthichelus.
There seems to be some variation in the development of the terminal

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 135

hook, and, furthermore, the recent description of Atopetholus barbara-
nus states that the species differs from all others “in having the distal
end of the posterior gonopods with its border straight, not rolled in
or recurved.”’

For the present, at least, the most reasonable course seems to be the
combination of the two names, with the recommendation that the
question be reopened someday by an investigator having an abundance
of material of all the species concerned.

Atopetholus angelus Chamberlin

FIGURES 2, 7

Atopetholus angelus Chamberlin, 1920, p. 101; 1953, p. 138.—Chamberlin and
Hoffman, 1958, p. 155.
Hotoryre: Male, Mus. Comp. Zool., from Edendale suburb, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, collected by Gordon Grant
on December 30-31.

Figure 7.—Atopetholus angelus Chamberlin, male paratype from Los Angeles County,
California: a, anterior gonopods, cephalic aspect; b, same, caudal aspect; c, left posterior
gonopod in caudal aspect, with the terminal part shown from cephalic aspect; d, lower
end of collum, left side.

511799—60——4

136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Draenosis: A large species of Atopetholus in which the accessory
process of the anterior telopodite is rather small and directed caudo-
laterad instead of distad as in most other species, and in which the
tip of the posterior gonopod is recurved proximad, the lower edge of
the telopodite being subterminally serrate and the upper edge pro-
duced mesiad into an acute lobe at about the midlength.

DESCRIPTION (MALE PARATYPE): Front of head smooth and polished,
with several transverse (about 12) grooves between the antennae;
genae smooth; labral teeth very low and broad, almost obliterated;
labral pores 5-5; ocellaria nearly round, the intervening space almost
four times the diameter of an ocellarium; antennae moderately long,
extending back to second segment, the first 3 articles glabrous,
second article longest, third through seventh gradually decreasing in
size. Exposed surface of mandible flat and subcircular, with a distinct
marginal ridge.

Collum smooth and polished, somewhat flattened dorsally; second
tergite with about six shallow grooves on each side behind ends of
collum, the pleural lobe merely depressed without a distinct anterior
flared rim.

Body segments smooth and shining, with only one distinct trans-
verse suture passing well behind the ozopore; the lower sides of tergites
with small, poorly defined longitudinal striations. Last three seg-
ments strongly telescoped; telson very short and blunt, not concealing
the anal valves in dorsal aspect, the valves evenly convex, smooth and
polished, the preanal scale small and flat. Sternites trapezoidal, with
about six to eight fine transverse ridges; adjacent surface of pleurites
flat and smooth. Legs moderately long and slender, lengths of joints
in order of decreasing length 6, 3, 2, 1, 4, 5; tarsal claw long and
slender. Ventral setal formula: 1-1-3-3-3-6.

First two pairs of legs crassate, with a large robust claw; legs 3-7
normal in size and shape, their tarsal claws not reduced, the tarsi not
depressed or modified. Coxal lobes subtriangular, moderate in size,
increasing slightly from third to seventh; pleurites of seventh segment
forming a high transverse crest, fused mesially and slightly overhang-
ing caudally.

Male gonopods are discussed briefiy with respect to genera] form
and the musculature on page 107. In the lack of comparative material,
it is difficult to single out what might be specifically diagnostic in the
gonopod structure, although some presumably diagnostic features have
been listed in the foregoing diagnosis of the species. The anterior
sternite is rather massive and somewhat pitted over its surface, par-
ticularly the intercoxal vincular portion. The base of the posterior
telopodite is produced proximally into an elongate lobe for the attach-
ment of retractor muscle ‘‘6.”

Color (from original description) :

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 137

General color typically shining black with a narrow, typically ferruginous but
sometimes nearly white, pale line along caudal border of each segment, the collum
having an anterior ferruginous border as well. Legs from dark brown to fuscous
or black.

Discussion: This species appears to be sympatric with A. cali-
fornicus, both having been recorded by Chamberlin (1953) from Los
Angeles. The following statement from the original description of
A. angelus indicates a way of distinguishing males of the two species:

Posterior apophysis of telopodite of anterior gonopods [of angelus] in ventral
view longer and more slender [than in californicus], not expanded distally; the
distomesial angle of telopodite more prominent, often meeting its mate in the
middle line. Telopodite of posterior gonopods distally more strongly uncate.

The term “posterior apophysis” is referred to in this paper as the
accessory process of the anterior telopodite.

Distripution: Known thus far only from Los Angeles County,
California. It has been reported in the literature from Edendale
suburb and from Reservoir Hill, both at Los Angeles. An additional
collection has been studied consisting of a male with 40 segments from
the San Juan Hills, 2 miles west of Spadra, Los Angeles County,
California, collected in June—July 1943 by D. D. Davis (Chicago Nat.
Hist. Mus.).

Atopetholus barbaranus Chamberlin

Atopetholus barbaranus Chamberlin, 1949, p. 168 (male holotype in the Chamber-
lin collection, from Orcutt, Santa Barbara County, California, date and col-
lector not stipulated).

The original description states:

The species may be readily distinguished from the others thus far known in
having the distal end of the posterior gonopods with its posterior border straight,
not rolled in or recurved. The two fingers of the anterior gonopods are char-
acteristically long, slender, and divergent. The coxites of the anterior gonopods
moderately extending beyond the sternite.

The holotype is said to have 48 segments, with a length of 40 mm.
and a diameter of 5 mm. The following remark is also made:
“Sternite of the third gonopod with the usual process.”” What is
meant by this remark, we cannot imagine.

Atopethoius californicus Chamberlin

Atopetholus californicus Chamberlin, 1918, p. 168; 1940, p. 82, fig. F; 1953, p. 138
(male holotype, Mus. Comp. Zool., from Claremont, California, collected by
W. A. Hilton).

This species is still poorly known and unfortunately the type speci-
men can no longer be found at the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
The original description describes only the external features of the
species; a subsequent reference contains a small sketch of a gonopod

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

telopodite, but this sketch is not useful for comparative purposes.
As Atopetholus californicus is the type species of the genus, a good
description of it is much to be desired.

Atopetholus carmelitus Chamberlin

Atopetholus carmelitus Chamberlin, 1940, p. 81, figs. c-n; 194la, pp. 30-31,
figs. 3, 4 (male holotype in the Chamberlin collection, from the Hastings
Reservation, Monterrey County, California, collected on February 1, 1940,
by J. M. Linsdale).

The description of this species includes the remark that it is one—

much resembling A. californicus but differing in the gonopods of the male. An
easily noted difference is in the telopodite of the anterior gonopods; this at the
distal end is extended into a curved acute process which lies in front of the base
of the digitiform process whereas in californicus the corresponding process is
short and blunt with its distal margin concave.

Atopetholus fraternus Chamberlin

Atopetholus fraternus Chamberlin, 1918, p. 169 (male holotype, Mus. Comp.
Zool. from Friant, Fresno County, California, collected by R. V. Chamberlin).

This species has not, apparently, been reported since its description,
and the types cannot at present be found in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology. According to the original diagnosis, Atopetholus
fraternus is:

Easily separable from the two preceding species [A. californicus and A. parvus]
in the form of the male gonopods. The telopodite of the anterior gonopods is
bent convexly forward at the side where it bears at the anterodistal angle a
straight, simple, process additional to the caudally directed one arising from the
distomesal edge behind, this feature at once separating it from the preceding
species.

Atopetholus michelbacheri (Verhoeff), new combination

Onychelus michelbacheri Verhoeff, 1938, p. 276, figs. 1-3 (male holotype in the
Verhoeff collection now in the Zoologische Staatsammlung, Munich, from
Walker’s Pass, Kern County, California, collected by A. E. Michelbacher).

Onychelus phanus Chamberlin, 1941b, p. 6, figs. 6, 7 (male holotype in the Cham-
berlin collection, from 6 miles west of Freeman, Kern County, California,
collected on March 17, 1941, by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik) ; 1949, p. 169.

Orthichelus phanus Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1950, p. 8.

Onychelus phanus was named insofar as one can deduce from its
original description chiefly because of its being found in southern
California whereas the admittedly very similar O. michelbacheri
was stated to have come from “‘Nordcalifornien, am Walkerpass.”’ °

6 Actually, however, this information was elaborated on in a footnote stating “‘liegt der Walkerpass in
einer sehr trockenen Gegend und befindet sich 100 Eng. Meilen nordlich von Los Angeles, etwa 50 Eng.
Meilen siidwestlich vom Death Valley Nat. Monument.’ These directions clearly refer to the Walker
Pass that is located in the northeast corner of Kern County, about 4 or 5 miles west of the town of Freeman.
There can be no doubt that the types of Verhoeff and Chamberlin actually came from the same locality and
the major diagnostic character of phanus is thereby demolished.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 139

The only structural difference stipulated for phanus was that the
telopodite of the posterior gonopods appeared to be broader than
illustrated for michelbacheri, but this difference is probably due to
the fact that Chamberlin’s drawing was made from a caudal aspect
while Verhoeff’s was made from the lateral aspect, which naturally
shows the narrower dimension of the gonopod. Unless subsequent
collections show that two sympatric sibling species occur at Walker’s
Pass and can be recognized by other constant differences, it seems
that phanus must be considered a junior subjective synonym of
michelbachert.

Atopetholus nigrescens (Chamberlin), new combination

Onychelus nigrescens Chamberlin, 1923, pp. 406, 407, fig. 46 (male holotype in the
California Academy collection, from Coronado Island, Gulf of California,
collected by J. C. Chamberlin).

The original account of this species is not as detailed as it should
be, and the present generic allocation must be regarded as tentative.

Atopetholus pearcei Chamberlin

Atopetholus pearcei Chamberlin, 1950, p. 6, fig. 3 (male holotype in the Cham-
berlin collection, from Oildale, Kern County, California, collected by W. M.
Pearce on January 19, 1950).

The description of this species compares it only with A. fraternus,
from which it differs in shape of the posterior gonopod—

such as in the smaller, almost obliterated anterior marginal lobe and in the

tooth at proximal end of the posterior marginal lobe, this being acute and directed

nearly at right angles to the long axis of the telopodite instead of being blunt
and directed proximad parallel with the axis.

Genus Watichelus Chamberlin

Watichelus Chamberlin, 1949, p. 169.—Loomis, 1949, p. 241.

Type species: Onychelus smithi Chamberlin, by original desig-
nation.

Diacnosis: An atopetholid genus characterized by the presence
of a distinct mesially directed branch or process on the telopodite of
the posterior gonopod, and by the absence of a secondary process
from the telopodite of the anterior gonopods. In other respects the
genus is quite similar to Atopetholus, so far as can be determined from
published accounts. Loomis (1949) mentioned that the lateral ends
of the collum tend to be bent caudoventrad in species of Watichelus,
and this condition may also be found to be a diagnostic character
when all the species of Atopetholus are inspected for this particular
detail. In A. angelus at least (fig. 2,d), the end of the collum is
nearly symmetrical and directed ventrad.

140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Discussron: The distribution of this genus appears to be centered
around the Colorado Desert of southern California and the arid region
of adjacent Baja California. Doubtless numerous species remain
to be discovered. One interesting inference to be made from the
recent contribution by Loomis is that several species may occur at a
single locality, a form of sympatry apparently not developed in other
atopetholid genera. Not having material for personal examination,
we merely subjoin a list of the known species, most of which are well
described and nicely illustrated in Loomis’ paper.

Watichelus edentatus Loomis

Watichelus edentatus Loomis, 1949, p. 241, figs. 1, 2 (male holotype, USNM
2514, from between San Diego and El Centro, San Diego County, California,
collected on January 29, 1921, by O. F. Cook).

Watichelus emarginatus Loomis

Watichelus emarginatus Loomis, 1949, p. 243, figs. 7, 8 (male holotype, USNM
2515, from 8 miles south of Tia Juana, Baja California, Mexico, collected
on January 1, 1925, by O. F. Cook).

Watichelus cooki Loomis

Watichelus cooki Loomis, 1949, p. 248, figs. 5, 6 (male holotype, USNM 2516,
from Descanso, Baja California, Mexico, collected on January 1, 1931, by
O. F. Cook).

Watichelus parallelus Loomis

Watichelus parallelus Loomis, 1949, p. 244, figs. 9, 10 (male holotype, USNM
2513, from Chula Vista, San Diego County, California, collected in De-
cember 1921, by C. G. Marshall).

Watichelus robustus Loomis

Watichelus robustus Loomis, 1949, p. 241, figs. 3, 4 (male holotype, USNM 2512,
from Chula Vista, San Diego County, California, collected on January 23,
1921, by O. F. Cook).

Watichelus smithi (Chamberlin)

Onychelus smithi Chamberlin, 1947b, p. 49, figs. 52, 53 (male holotype, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 9971, from Murray Canyon, Colorado Desert, 3 miles
north of Palm Springs, Riverside County, California, collected in November
1946 by Lloyd M. Smith).

Watichelus smithi Chamberlin, 1949, p. 169.—Loomis, 1949, p. 244.—Chamberlin
and Hoffman, 1958, p. 159.

Atopetholinae of uncertain generic position
Atopetholus paroicus Chamberlin, 1941a, p. 7, fig. 5.

Hotorype: Female, collection of R. V. Chamberlin, from Moun-
tain Spring, San Diego County, California, collected on January 8,
1941, by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 141

Discusston: This species is known only from females and may
well be, as Loomis (1949) suggested, actually referable to the related
genus Watichelus, which occurs in the same area. The lateral end
of the collum is strongly bent caudoventrad. Final allocation must
await the study of conspecific males from Mountain Spring.

Onychelinae, new subfamily

As presently known, this group consists of two small genera that
occupy rather distant regions: Onychelus in southern California and
adjacent Arizona, and Saussurobolus in the southern end of the Mexi-
can Plateau. The diagnostic characters of the subfamily are set forth
in the preceding key, to which may be added the general remarks
that the group appears to be a rather disjunct one, particularly in
the form of the anterior gonopods. Very little is known about the
structural details of the Mexican species, but Onychelus at least appears
to be modified for an arenaceous habitat because of having more and
longer setae on the sides of the legs than the other known genera of
the family—in effect a fringe that is conceivably an aid in locomotion
under loose soil. The marginal setae of the anal valves are also
longer and more closely set than in the other species.

In Onychelus the anterior legs of the males are provided with long
slender claws, and the coxal lobes are but weakly produced. Un-
fortunately, nothing is known about the tarsal claws in the genus
Saussurobolus, but the coxal lobes of the third leg pair in that genus
are rather long and conspicuous. The similarity of the two genera
is best noted by comparing the basal structure of the gonopods, par-
ticularly the distinctly incurved sternal apodemes. The sternite itself
is much more strongly produced distad than in any other atopetholid
genus, approximating the type characteristic of most Rhinocricidae.
The apodemes of the posterior gonopods are short and strongly ex-
panded distally in both genera, the telopodites taking the form of a
falciform blade, longer and more slender in Onychelus.

The very great distance between the two regions inhabited by spe-
cies of this subfamily indicates that the intervening area has not been
explored for its milliped fauna and that a large number of onychelids
surely remains to be discovered in northern and central Mexico.
Partly on the basis of geographic probability, we refer the inadequately
described Arinolus zacatecus (Chamberlin, 1947b) to this group of
genera, although it is clear enough that the species is not a member
of the Arinolinae.

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Genus Onychelus Cook
Onychelus Cook, 1904, p. 67.
Gosichelus Chamberlin, 1949, p. 168 (type species: Onychelus medolus Chamberlin,
by original designation).

Tyre species: Onychelus obustus Cook, by original designation and
monotypy.

Diaenosis: A group of small atopetholids characterized by the
opening of the ozopores in the mesozonites; the extensive develop-
ment of lateral macrosetae on the legs; the production of the anterior
gonopod sternite into a median subtriangular projection nearly as
long as the coxal apices; and the posterior gonopod having the coxal
and telopodital elements distinct and separate but connected by a
flexible articulation, the telopodite being slender, falciform, and dis-
tally notched or bifid in all the known forms.

Discussion: The original diagnosis of this genus and its only in-
cluded species was fairly detailed with respect to body form but vir-
tually ignored the genitalia and provided no drawings of those struc-
tures. This neglect gave rise to a considerable volume of confusion,
most of which has been outlined in the discussion of Atopetholus on
page 134. When the type series of 0. obustus was finally discovered
and studied in 1949, it was found that Cook’s reference to the form
of the posterior gonopods was badly in error, and had misled Cham-
berlin into using the name Onychelus for a group of species that we
have referred to Atopetholus. For several small Sonoran species that
he had previously named in Onychelus, Chamberlin recently provided
the name Gosichelus. But since the type of that generic name, medolus
Chamberlin, has been found to be congeneric with obustus, we herewith
establish the synonymy of the two, and hope that with the publica-
tion of the accompanying drawing the case of the enigmatic Onychelus
has been brought to a close.

Onychelus obustus Cook
FIGuRE 8
Onychelus obustus Cook, 1904, p. 68.—Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958, p. 157.

Houotyre: Male (and numerous paratypes), USNM 797, from the
Colorado Desert, Riverside County, California, collected by C. R.
Orcutt.

Diaqnosis: Differing from O. jaegeri and O. medolus by slight
qualitative differences in the form of the male gonopods that may or
may not be worthy of specific recognition. No tangible separation
of these three entities can be made without reference to illustrations.

Description: From the original generic description the following
is taken:

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 143

Segments with a distinct transverse constriction, the posterior subsegment
distinctly thicker and more convex than the anterior; repugnatorial pores located
in front of the constriction; pores followed on posterior subsegments by a very
distinct longitudinal sulcus. . . .

Anterior legs of male with claws very large, as long as distal joint; first two pairs
strongly crassate; legs 3 to 7 with coxae only slightly produced; second joints
with a rounded prominence below distad; other joints normal.

From the original species description, the following is taken:

Length of male 38 mm., width 3.8 mm.; female 39 mm. by 4.2 mm.

Colors in alcohol black and dull yellow or clay-color. Segments in front of pos-
terior suture dull black to below the pores; posterior zone reddish above, the ventral
surface, legs, and antennae clay-color.

Clypeal foveolae five on each side; some distance above the foveolae two oblique
rows of small irregular depressions, the rows converging upward.

First segment with a very distinctly raised anterior margin extending from the
lateral corners to near the eyes where the limiting groove bends inward and is
suddenly obliterated. The edge is concave along the raised margin, to accommodate
the inflated angle of the head, and the lateral corner is rather pointed.

Segments nearly smooth above; in front of the constriction they are quite even,
but the black surface does not shine. Behind they are abruptly thicker and
distinctly covex; the surface shines though it is less even, being marked by indis-
tinct and irregular longitudinal shallow grooves or depressions. The suture of the
median line is marked by a fine sulcus, and that behind the pore is deep and dis-
tinct. The longitudinal grooves become more distinct below the pores, and pass
gradually into the normal striations more than halfway down to the legs. Pleural
sutures distinct but less so than the others. The surface of the anterior part of
each segment below is ornamented with a delicate network which takes the place
of the concentric striations.

Last segment very broadly and evenly rounded, the surface inflated and convex,
both above and on the sides. Anal valves evenly convex, polished, and shining.

Gonopods of male as in figure 8,a,b. Sternite of the anterior
gonopods strongly produced mesiad into a subtriangular distally
notched process extending distad almost to the ends of the coxal
apices. Proximal margin of sternite with a deep median notch;
sternal apodemes long and slender, only slightly expanded distally,
bent somewhat mesiad, imperceptibly fused with the caudal side of
the coxite. The latter elongated and rather slender, the distal end
spatulate and slightly concave on the caudal side, the coxal apodeme
short and distinctly set off from the rest of the joint. Telopodite
moderately large, flattened, its apical lobe recurved caudolaterad.
Posterior gonopod with a stout short apodeme, the distal end strongly
expanded (fig. 8c). Coxite composed of two pieces diverging from a
common base; the telopodite attached by a movable joint, slender,
arcuate, the caudal edge produced into a broad flange that distally is
enlarged into a triangular lobe just before merging with the main body
of the telopodite; extreme terminal end strongly recurved, bifid or
with a small subapical dentation.

Discussion: Comparison of the drawings of this species with those
published by Chamberlin for Onychelus jaegeri and O. medolus shows

144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 141

Ficure 8.—Onychelus obustus Cook, male paratype from Riverside County, California:
a, anterior gonopods, cephalic aspect; b, same, with left posterior gonopod in the gonocoel,
caudal aspect; c, left posterior gonopod, caudal aspect. Saussurobolus neglectus Carl,
male holotype from Cuernavaca, Mexico: d, anterior gonopods, caudal aspect; ¢, left
posterior gonopod, caudal aspect (from Carl, 1919).

great similarity, and it seems entirely possible that the last two may
not be specifically distinct from 0. obustus. The final determination
concerning this matter we leave to someone having the opportunity
to study the genus in detail with large quantities of fresh material
from numerous localities. At present, each of the nominal forms is
known only from its type locality.

Onychelus medolus Chamberlin
Onychelus medolus Chamberlin, 1941a, p. 13, figs. 17, 18 (male holotype in the
Chamberlin collection, from Olberg, Pinal County, Arizona, collected on
December 27, 1940, by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik).
Gosichelus medolus Chamberlin, 1949, p. 168

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 145

Onychelus jaegeri Chamberlin

Onychelus jaegert Chamberlin, 1947b, p. 50, figs. 54, 55 (male holotype, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 9972, from the Indio Mudhills, 10 miles northeast of
Palm Springs, Riverside County, California, collected in November 1946, by
Smith and Jaeger).

Gosichelus jaegert Chamberlin, 1949, p. 168.

Genus Saussurobolus Carl

Saussurobolus Carl, 1919, p. 389.

Type species: Julus nietanus Saussure, by original designation.

Dracnosis: A genus of small atopetholids most closely related to
Onychelus, from which it differs in the presence of elongated coxal
processes from the third legs of the males, in the much less produced
sternite of the anterior gonopods, and in the shorter and simpler
telopodite of the posterior gonopods.

Discussion: The type species of this genus was first described in
Julus, and was later tentatively placed by Pocock (1910) in his genus
Cyclothyrophorus. At that time only a single family of spiroboloids
was recognized, and the first consideration of the species subsequent to
Brolemann’s 1914 essay on the classification of the order was given by
Johann Carl, who restudied Saussure’s types and established the
genus Saussurobolus. Concerning its systematic position, he wrote
(1919, p. 390):

En dépit de l’absence, réele ou apparente, de l’ampoule et de la rainure séminales
[of the posterior gonopod], je crois devoir classer Saussurobolus dans la familie des
Trigoniulidae, ot il occupe cependant une place isolée & cause de la structure du
coxite, de la position et de la forme des poches trachéennes. Le nombre des
fossettes labiales et la forme des valves anales constituent des caractéres génériques
de second ordre.

In his classification Attems (1926) accepted Carl’s disposition of the
genus, and placed it with other trigoniulid genera. To the best of our
knowledge, Saussurobolus has not been subsequently mentioned in the
literature.

There now seems to be little or no basis for considering the genus to
be related to the highly specialized trigoniulids any more so than to
any of the other spiroboloid families.

Occurring at the southern extremity of the Mexican Plateau, the
species of Saussurobolus are the southernmost known representatives
of the family, and may prove to be very numerous when that region
has been thoroughly collected. Two species are known with as-
surance, and a third, originally described in Arinolus, appears to be
congeneric with S. nietanus in structural details. Likewise known
from southern Mexico, the species is here tentatively referred to the
present genus.

146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Saussurobolus nietanus (Saussure)

Julus nietanus Saussure, 1860, p. 565, pl. 5, fig. 33, a-d (male holotype, Mus. Hist.
Nat. Geneve, from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, collected by H. Saussure).

Spirobolus nietanus Saussure and Humbert, 1872, p. 89.

Cyclothyrophorus nietanus Pocock, 1910, p. 84.

Saussurobolus nietanus Carl, 1919, p. 390, fig. 16.

The following description is from Pocock (1910):

Small, cylindrical, with the seventh and eighth segments dilated. Head
polished, punctured below, with 5+5 or 4+ 4 labral pores. First tergal plate with
its antero-lateral border widely emarginate, its inferior angle very acute and ex-
tending slightly below the level of the second, which is not produced inferiorly
below the level of the third. The remaining segments smooth and shining; the
normal transverse sulcus complete and preceded by an additional complete
sulcus; a well-marked longitudinal sulcus in front of and behind pore. The
lateral sulci or striae strongly defined. Anal segment with tergal plate obtusely
rounded, marked with a transverse rugulose groove; valves scarcely surpassing
the tergal plate, strongly punctured, convex, and not compressed marginally ;
sternal plate rounded.

Ficure 9.—Distribution of species of the subfamily Arinolinae in the southwestern United
States and Baja California: 1, Arinolus torynophor; 2, A. apachellus; 3, A. citrinus; 4,
A. hopinus; 5, A. nogalanus; 6, A. latus; 7, A. pimus; 8, A. chiricahuanus; 9, A. hospes;
10, A, dentatus; 11, Piedolus utus; 12, Scobinomus serratus.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 147

3. Sixth andseventh segments with their lower surfaces thickened and extending
inferiorly. Coxae of second leg large; that of the third leg bearing a long, slender,
pointed process; coxae of fourth, fifth, and sixth with a wide, somewhat triangular
apophysis.

Number of segments 44. Length, 32 mm.

Saussurobolus neglectus Carl

Spirobolus nietanus Saussure and Humbert, 1872, p. 89.
Saussurobolus neglectus Carl, 1919, p. 391, figs. 17-22 (male holotype, Mus. Hist.
Nat. Genéve, from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico).

Saussure and Humbert reported specimens from Cuernavaca that
they thought to be conspecific with the species nietanus, which
Saussure had previously described from the same locality. These
specimens were, however, much larger than the original types, and
with more segments, and on this basis Pocock suggested (1910) that
perhaps two species were involved. This possibility was explored by
Carl, who restudied the gonopods of the specimens concerned, and
found differences in the posterior pair. He thereupon proposed the
appropriate name neglectus for the larger species, and illustrated the
genitalia of both in useful detail. Some of his drawings are intro-
duced here for comparison with Onychelus (fig. 8,d,e).

Saussurobolus zacatecus (Chamberlin), new combination

Arinolus zacatecus Chamberlin, 1947b, p. 51, figs. 59, 60 (male holotype, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 9974, from the Sierra Temperoso del Oro, Zacatecas,
Mexico, collected in June, 1934, by H. A. Pilsbry).

Arinolinae, new subfamily

The four genera of this group include small-bodied atopetholids
with numerous structural peculiarities. The body form is subparallel
except for the enlarged sixth and seventh segments, and the slightly
constricted segments just behind the collum. The telescoping of the
caudal-most segments is limited to the last two or three, and there
not to the extent found in the Eurelinae. The ocellaria are small
and rounded, each with 25 to 40 ocelli, and are separated by a dis-
tance about equal to 2% to 3 times the diameter of an ocellarium. In
contrast to the antennae of the Eurelinae, those of the Arinolinae
are considerably larger and longer, and reach back past the collum,
in some cases as far back as the fourth segment. Although there are
fewer body segments (from 35 to 45), the visible part of each segment
is considerably more extensive than in larger members of the family,
and preserves the normal ratio of body length to width. In the mate-
rial studied for this character, there is a distinct remnant of a mid-
dorsal longitudinal suture on the metazonites. Transverse sutures

148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

cannot be observed with accuracy, but it appears that the ozopores
open in the metazonites, in contrast to most other genera of the
family.

The anterior gonopods are curious in having the membranous tissue
between sternite and coxites thrown into folds and rather heavily
sclerotized; mesially this tissue is either produced in the form of a
subtriangular vinculum or extends up between the coxae as two closely
appressed lobes that superficially appear to be a single median process.
The coxites appear to be subdivided by lateral sutures into two or
more sclerites and have occasionally been so illustrated, but this con-
dition is an illusion caused actually by rather pronounced grooving
of the surface. The internal effect of this condition is to compart-
mentalize the inner surface of the coxites as far as the insertion and
origin of the coxal muscles are concerned. Distally the coxites are
drawn out into rather elongate and distinctly laminate processes of
which mostly the narrow dimension is visible in anterior aspect, the
elongations being much more pronounced than in other subfamilies
of the Atopetholidae. On the caudal side, the sternal apodemes do
not extend mesiad as far as usual, but the coxal apodemes are similar
to those of other members of the family in having one edge continuous
with the mesial anterior edge of the coxite and the other edge extend-
ing up to the mesially infolded caudal portion of the coxite. The
telopodite is relatively large, and its distal end is likewise drawn out
into a slender apex, which, in Arinolus at least, is rather laminate
and bent distinctly caudolaterad and lies, when in situ, in the para-
median notch of the sympleurite of the seventh segment. Details on
this point are unfortunately lacking for the other genera referred to here.

The coxites of the posterior gonopods are large and somewhat vari-
able in shape. The telopodite is attached as usual at the extreme
lateral end of a coxite, and the two conjointly form an acute angle
with a visible joint at the apex. In Arinolus this jomt seems to have
some flexibility, but in Scobinomus and, presumably, Tarascolus as
well, the two elements of the gonopod are extensively consolidated
much as in Atopetholus, and the structure is more unified. The telo-
podite in all genera of this group is thin and flattened, with a basal
peduncular portion that merges distally into an expanded laminate,
subconchoidal portion subtended on the caudal margin by a solenom-
erite of variable size and shape. ‘This latter structure is one of the
diagnostic features of the Arinolinae, and ranges in appearance from
a short, probably nonfunctional knob in some Arinolus to a long
blade in Piedolus that exceeds the tip of the main branch and that is
seen to carry a seminal groove. The posterior gonopod in Scobinomus
is unusually short and heavy, chiefly because of a shortening of the
telopodite peduncle and enlargement of the terminal calyx.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 149

The distribution of this subfamily is confined to the Sonoran region
of southwestern United States and the Mexican Plateau, centering
around Arizona and southern California. Certainly a great number
of species remain to be found not only in the areas mentioned but
also in the States of New Mexico, Sonora, and Chihuahua, the moun-
tains of which have never been explored for their milliped fauna (fig. 9).

At present we refer four genera to this subfamily, although with
considerable reservation concerning the status of one of them. This
matter is discussed at length in connection with the genus Scobinomus,
and the diagnostic contrasts made in the second couplet of the fol-
lowing key to genera must be considered entirely provisional.

Key to the genera of the subfamily Arinolinae

1. Coxites of anterior gonopods produced mesially toward the sternite and
separated by two elongate and closely appressed projections of the inter-
segmental membrane to form a ligulate process with little or no scleritiza-
tion; posterior gonopods short and robust, the coxite and telopodite more or
less consolidated and immovable... . . . 2. 2-222 e222 ee

Coxites of anterior gonopods not produced mesially toward the sternite,
separated by a broadly triangular projection of sclerotized intersegmental
membrane; posterior gonopods long and slender, the coxite and telopodite
forming a flexible joint ...... Be ie Nu gy aah Re ee Le

2. Tergites with rudimentary scobinae and with the caudal margins bisinuate;
ventrolateral striations of the metazonites produced beyond the edge of the
segment into short acute spinules; ends of collum somewhat obliquely flared
laterad and readily visible from above. . . . . . Scobinomus Loomis

Tergites without scobinae and their caudal margins straight; ventrolateral
striations of metazonites not produced into distinct spines; ends of collum
not turned outward. .......... . . . Tarascolus Chamberlin

3. Solenomerite of posterior gonopod very long, extending distad well beyond
the laminate tip of the telopodite; coxal lobes of third leg pair of males
elongated, extending back over the coxae of fourth legs; coxal apices of an-
terior gonopods only moderately produced distad . . Piedolus Chamberlin

Solenomerite of posterior gonopod small and short, less than half as long as
conchoidal portion of telopodite; coxal lobes of third legs of males small, not
produced distally; coxal apices of anterior gonopods conspicuously produced
and elongated 9S 2/e 2... ace es o ays ss arEnolus Chamberlin

Genus Arinolus Chamberlin

Arinolus Chamberlin, 1940, p. 81.—Loomis, 1950, p. 164.

Typr spuctus: Arinolus torynophor Chamberlin, by original
designation.

Diacnosts: Small- to moderate-sized atopetholids with the sixth and
seventh segments noticeably enlarged; antennae rather slender and
reaching back beyond the collum, the second article equaling or
exceeding genal apex; males with tarsal claws of anterior legs of
normal size or slightly enlarged, coxal lobes small and bluntly rounded ;
sympleurites of seventh segment strongly modified into a rather large

150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

median lobe with a deep notch on either side; anterior gonopods with
well developed triangular median projection of the sternite; posterior
gonopods distally expanded into a conchoidal or strongly clavate
region, with a short slender or spurlike solenomerite remnant.

Discussion: Although its first species was described by Cook in
1911, Arinolus was not recognized as a generic entity until 1940,
when Chamberlin named the type species and diagnosed the genus as
follows:

Differing from Tylobolus and Hiltonius in having a free inner piece to the
posterior gonopods as in Spirobolus. The posterior gonopods expanded at distal
end into a spoonlike lamella. Anterior gonopods with both coxal plate and
telopodite extended into processes at mesodistal corners. Anterior sternite
proportionately very broad. Collum acutely narrowed below at each lateral end,
margined in front. Claws of two first pairs of legs in the male conspicuously
enlarged, those immediately following more slender and somewhat intermediate
in length. Coxae of legs III to VII in the male bearing conspicuous, more or less
lamelliform, processes. Anal valves not compressed, somewhat re-entrant at
median margin.

Although this diagnosis is fairly accurate and inclusive, there is
some doubt concerning what is implied by the term ‘free inner piece”
of the posterior gonopod. The small spur that occurs on the telopo-
dite in Arinolus is clearly not homologous with the long processes
that originate from the base of the telopodite in species of the
Spirobolidae. In general, the diagnosis of Arinolus would have been
much more improved and manifestly much more meaningful had com-
parison been made with other atopetholids (particularly Piedolus)
rather than with genera belonging to a different suborder.

Subsequent papers by Chamberlin (1940, 1941a, and 1947b) included
the descriptions of several new species, so that the genus contained
six nominal species by 1950. In that year appeared the first and
only published discussion of taxonomy in the group, by H. F. Loomis,
in which he dealt with the 1911 Onychelus species of Cook, and sug-
gested the synonymy of several Chamberlin names. His proposals
may be summarized as follows: Arinolus apachellus Chamberlin
(1941a) = A. torynophor Chamberlin (1940) ; Arinolus hopinus Cham-
berlin (1941a) == Onychelus hospes Cook (1911); Onychelus suturatus
Cook (1911) = O. dentatus Cook (1911).

The last two are in all probability correctly evaluated since the
type localities of the species involved are the same, and since the
forms of Arinolus are largely allopatric. There is, however, reason
to challenge the synonymy of A. apachellus under A. torynophor, an
association made chiefly on the basis of gonopod similarity. Loomis
has kindly loaned the material upon which his opinion was based,
a male topotype of torynophor and several specimens from the San
Tan Mountains near Sacaton, Arizona, that he took to represent the

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 151

same species. On the basis of close comparison of this material, we
find sufficient differences in body form as well as in gonopod structure
to warrant recognition of apachellus as a valid form.

At the present, we consider 8 of the 11 names based on specimens
of this genus to be valid, and an additional one is herewith proposed.
The locality of the genus appears to be southern Arizona, with a
single species known to be from southern California. So far none has
been taken in New Mexico or in Arizona north of the Salt River,
although this situation may be attributed to the general lack of
collecting in the areas mentioned. There is a definite indication that
at least several of the named forms are merely allopatric populations
of a widespread species, but a satisfactory resolution of their status
remains a problem for consideration when ample material has been
accumulated for a good revision of the genus.

The species of Arinolus are among the smallest atopetholids, and
are superficially similar under low magnification. In the limited
material studied, however, we find that specific differences may be
well marked when the animals are closely examined. The characters
by which torynophor differs from the other two species treated here
are almost generic in nature in comparison with the degree of specific
differentiation manifested in other atopetholid groups.

The anterior gonopods are rather similar in all the known forms,
but the posterior gonopods differ in various small qualitative ways
and afford the most tangible recognition characters in the presently
very imperfect state of our knowledge of the group. The division
between coxite and telopodite is most conspicuous in this genus, there
being a flexible joint at the apex of the angle that they form. Distally
the telopodite is expanded into a suboval, laminate, somewhat con-
choidal development from near the base of which there is a small
styliform solenomerite remnant extending medially from one edge of
the telopodite. In some forms there is an indication of a groove or
duct passing along the base of the telopodite and up onto the base
of the solenomerite remnant. This projection is rather clearly homol-
ogous with the solenomerite, which is usually quite well developed
in the Trigoniulidae. In general, the posterior gonopods of Arinolus
are the closest approach to the typical trigoniulid form, and exemplify
a primitive condition from which other generic types have evolved
by various patterns of simplification or elaboration. The anterior
gonopods, however, depart considerably from the presumably primitive
type characteristic of the Kurelinae.

One name, Arinolus zacatecus Chamberlin (1947b), was proposed
for a specimen collected in Zacatecas, Mexico. As is clearly shown
by the drawing of the anterior gonopod, this species has the sternite
of the Onycheline type, and is obviously not congeneric with A.

511799 —60—_5

£52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

torynophor. We tentatively refer the species to Saussurobolus, a genus
of the Onychelinae, with the two other species from the highlands of
central Mexico.

The original description of Arinclus torynophor is not detailed with
respect to the external characters, and the drawings of the gonopods
are quite small. We take this opportunity to publish a thorough
description of the species, and to provide a larger and more detailed
illustration of a posterior gonopod. For the other two species
treated here, we limit the description to points of difference from the
type species.

Arinolus torynophor Chamberlin
Figure 10,a,b
Arinolus torynophor Chamberlin, 1940, p. 81, figs. a~c.—Loomis, 1950, p. 165.

Houotrrr: Male, collection of R. V. Chamberlin, from Fish
Creek, 10 miles east of Tortilla Flat, Maricopa County, Arizona
(date and collector unknown).

Dracnosts: A large arinolid, up to 40 mm. in length and 3.5 mm.
in width in which the lateral ends of the collum are produced caudo-
ventrad and extend below the level of second segment; the pleural
lobe of the second segment without distinct anterior marginal ridge;
sternites strongly trapezoidal in shape and with curved transverse
striae; mandibular stipes excavated for reception of antennae, the
ventral margin rounded but without marginal ridge; terminal division
of telopodite of posterior gonopod large and elongate-oval, with a
very small solenomerite.

DeEscRIPTION (FROM TOPOTYPE): Male, about 38 mm. long and 3.4
mm. in diameter, with 44 segments.

Color of preserved specimen light chestnut brown with the metazo-
nites dark brown across dorsum; head, antennae, collum, legs, and
anal valves yellowish brown.

Body slender and parallel sided back to last four or five segments,
which abruptly decrease in size. Collum and second segment slightly
wider than third to fifth, the sixth, and seventh segments also en-
larged slightly over normal body dimension.

Head relatively large, width across mandibles as great as width of
collum, front slightly convex, very smooth and polished without
trace of transverse striations or genal grooves. Labral notch short
and rather deep; clypeal groove sharply defined and almost con-
tinuous with the distinct occipital groove. Clypeal foveolae 4-4,
irregularly shaped and spaced. Antennae relatively long, extending
back to middle of second segment, the second article exceeding apex
of gena. Articles in decreasing order of length: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 7, all
slightly compressed and becoming increasingly setose distally, the
first three articles glabrous. Mandibular antennal depression very

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 153

shallow, striate, the ventral edge rounded and not distinctly margined.
Ocellaria small, rounded, separated by a space about 24-3 times the
diameter of an ocellarium, with 25 ocelli in each.

Collum slightly wider than width of head, smooth and polished
but with microscopic striations, its anterior lateral marginal ridge
distinct and parellel sided throughout its length; the caudal edge
emarginate near the end, which is produced distinctly caudoventrad
and extends below the level of the second segment.

Pleural lobe of second segment without trace of anterior raised
marginal ridge, the segment with four or five small ridges behind the
end of the collum.

Body segments completely smooth, dorsally without trace of striae
or punctations. Caudal third of segments slightly elevated; the
lower surfaces of the metazonites provided with numerous short well
defined ridges that do not extend caudad as spinules on the margin.
No traces of a transverse segmental constriction remain across the
dorsum, but the furrow is very pronounced near the sternite, as a
deep depression dividing the segment into two subequal parts.
Transverse sutures are not evident, but a lateral suture is distinct
behind each ozopore. The last four or five segments decrease abruptly
in diameter, but only the last two are telescoped, and these not to
the extent found in the Eurelinae.

Anal segment rather small, its apex completely smooth and the
margin broadly rounded or slightly truncate, the swollen anal valves
conspicuously exposed in dorsal aspect. Valves smooth, strongly
inflated, their mesial reentrant edges provided with a long series of
short, stiff, interdigitating bristles. Preanal scale very broad and
distally subtruncate, without tubercules or setae.

Sternites strongly trapezoidal, almost twice as wide in front as
behind, with 6 to 10 transverse striations which curve forward mesially,
and set off from the pleurites only by a fine suture. Anterior stigmal
depression shared by both sternite and pleurite, posterior depression
not set off by an oblique suture.

Legs relatively long and slender, reaching nearly to level of ozopores;
the joints in order of decreasing length 3, 6, 2,4, 5, 1. Ventral setae
normally 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 6, the tarsal joints with an accessory dorsolateral
row of four or five long setae on the caudal side. Tarsal claw well
developed, about a third to half the length of tarsus. First two pairs
of legs strongly crassate and distinctly reduced in size, legs 3-7 normal
in size and shape with long claws and low, apically rounded coxal
lobes. Claws of legs 3-5 slightly longer than those following.

Sympleurite of seventh segment produced mesially into an an-
teriorly directed crassate lobe, without trace of median suture.

Anterior gonopods similar to those of A. citrinus; the posterior
gonopods with the distal enlargement somewhat triangularly-ovoid in

154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

caudal aspect, set off by a much deeper constriction than in the other
known species of the genus (fig. 10,a).

Discussion: This species ranks among the largest forms of the genus
and is very distinct from its smaller congeners in numerous structural
characters. No contribution can be made at this time to the know]-

Ficure 10.—Arinolus torynophor, male topotype from Fish Creek, Arizona: a, right pos-
terior gonopod, caudal aspect; b, lower end of collum, left side. Arinolus apachellus,
male specimen from Sacaton, Arizona: c, right posterior gonopod, caudal aspect; d,
same, cephalomesial aspect; e, lower end of collum, left side.

edge of variability or of distribution as only two specimens are known,
the holotype and a topotype, collected at Fish Creek by Loomis in
1924. Possibly A. torynophor will be eventually found to be endemic
to the Superstition Mountains of eastern Arizona.

Arinolus apachellus Chamberlin
FiaureE 10,c-e
Arinolus apachellus Chamberlin, 1941a, p. 10, figs. 12-14.

Ho.otyre: Male, collection of R. V. Chamberlin, from Covered
Wells (now called Quijotoa), Pima County, Arizona, collected on

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 155

January 3, 1941, by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik.

Dracnosis: A medium-sized species of Arinolus, differing from the
preceeding species, with which it has been combined, in the shape of
the collum, in having longer antennae, in the presence of a flared rim
on the front edge of the pleural lobe of the second segment, and in the
shape of the telopodite of the posterior gonopod, which likewise distin-
guishes it from all of the other species in which the male is known.

Description: Based upon a male (USNM, Loomis coll.) from
Sacaton, Arizona, about 3.0 mm. in diameter, length undeterminable
due to extensive breakage.

Front of head smooth and polished, without transverse wrinkles.
Clypeal foveolae 3-3. Antennae rather long and slender, reaching
back to the fourth segment, most of the articles more than twice as
long as broad. Lower edge of mandibular stipe with a well defined
marginal groove, the antennal depression smooth. Ocelli 28 on one
side and 27 on the other.

Surface of collum smooth and polished, the anterior marginal ridge
widest dorsally and becoming narrower toward the ends, the latter
evenly subtriangular and not produced somewhat caudoventrad.

Pleural lobe of the second segment with a low but distinct raised
rim along the anterior margin. Body segments without punctation
or striation except on lower sides of the metazonites. The median
longitudinal dorsal suture is evident on most segments.

The posterior gonopods (fig. 10,¢,d) are of the typical Arinolus
form, but differ from those of A. torynophor in having a larger soleno-
merite and a more evenly oval terminal calyx.

DistriBuTION: This species was originally recorded from Quijotoa,
10 miles south of Ajo, and Congress Station, Arizona. In subse-
quently synonymizing Arinolus apachellus with the earlier name A.
torynophor, Loomis gave several additional localities that may apply
in part to this species, but we can be sure of only one. The male
upon which the preceeding account is based, from the San Tan Moun-
tains north of Sacaton, Pinal County, Arizona, provides the fourth
definitely known locality for apachellus. The range appears to coin-
cide with the plateau country of southwestern Arizona south of the
Gila River valley, and probably extends as far east as Tucson. It is
entirely probable that this species extends likewise into Mexico.

Arinolus citrinus, new species

Ficure 11

Houoryre: Male (and male and female paratypes), USNM 2508,
from Bear Canyon, 6,000 ft., Mount Lemmon, Santa Catalina Moun-
tains, Pima County, Arizona, collected March 19, 1953, by Henry
and Alice Dietrich.

156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Ficure 11.—Adrinolus citrinus, new species, male paratype from Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona: a, anterior gonopods, cephalic aspect; b, same, caudal aspect; c, left posterior
gonopod, cephalic aspect; d, sympleurite of 8th segment, showing median process, with
tips of gonopods of right side indicated.

Dracnosts: A small arinolid characterized by the somewhat rudi-
mentary calyx of the posterior gonopod, which is not set off by a
constriction as in the other species treated here.

DeESCRIPTION (FROM HOLOTYPE): Body small and parallel-sided
except for the enlarged sixth and seventh and reduced third and fourth
segments. Length undeterminable; maximum diameter about 2.8 mm.

Color uniform medium to dark brown, legs and antennae light
brown.

Front of head smooth and convex, with several fine transverse
striations; occipital groove very faint. Clypeal foveolae 4-3. Labral
teeth much larger and better defined than in A. torynophor. Mandible
without a true antennae groove, the outer surface merely depressed
and smooth, the lower edge with a well defined marginal ridge.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—-HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 157

Surface of collum smooth and polished with a few fine punctations;
the lateral ends not produced caudoventrad and not extending below
the level of second segment. Pleural lobe of second segment with a
low but distinct anterior marginal rim. Pleurotergites generally
smooth but with small scattered punctations, otherwise similar to
those of torynophor.

Anal segment smooth with tiny punctations; anal valves with
several small transverse grooves and striae.

Sternites more nearly rectangular than in torynophor, only slightly
wider in front than behind.

Sympleurite of seventh segment (figure 11,d) strongly produced, with
a distinct median notch and longitudinal depression.

Anterior gonopods (figure 11,a,b) with the sternite distinctly arched;
shape of the coxites obscured by the heavily folded intersegmental
membrane, which is produced mesially into a sort of ‘“‘pseudosternite.”
Coxites impressed near the lateral margin by a deep vertical groove,
giving the impression of distinct accessory lateral pieces. Apices of
coxites strongly produced distad, and slightly curved laterally, the
tips rounded. Telopodites visible in anterior aspect, their apices
likewise drawn out and directed laterally, only slightly exceeding the
level of the coxal projections. Posterior gonopods rather small and
short, the telopodite in particular much less enlarged distally than
normal for the genus (figure 11,¢).

Discussion: Variation: The segment number in three males is 40,
41, and 42; in the female, 44. Clypeal foveolae range from 3-3 to 4-4.
The ocelli in two males are 26-27 and 27-28; in the female, 37-39.
There is some reason to suspect, therefore, that either the female
belongs to a different species (despite having identical external char-
acters), or that sexual dimorphism is more pronounced in this group
than in the Eurelinae. This latter alternative is probably the correct
one, as sexual differences are usually more pronounced in more special-
ized or evolutionarily advanced forms.

DistripuTion: Known only from the type locality, and possibly
endemic to the Santa Catalina Mountains.

Arinolus hopinus Chamberlin

Arinolus hopinus Chamberlin, 1941a, p. 12, fig. 16 (male holotype in the Cham-
berlin collection, from 16 miles east of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona,
collected on December 28, 1941, by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik).

This name was placed by Loomis in the synonymy of A. hospes
(Cook), a disposition that may be entirely correct. Yet until the
Tucson region has been so thoroughly studied that it is certain only
one Arinolus occurs there, we think it safer to avoid premature
rejection of Chamberlin’s name.

158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Arinolus nogalanus Chamberlin

Arinolus nogalanus Chamberlin, 1941a, p. 11, fig. 15 (male holotype in the Cham-
berlin collection, from Nogales, Santa Cruz County, Arizona, collected on
December 30, 1941, by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik).

Arinolus latus Loomis

Arinolus latus Loomis, 1953, p. 418, figs. 10-12 (male holotype, USNM 2090, from
Antelope Valley, between Lancaster and Palmdale, Los Angeles County,
California, collected on January 8, 1928, by O. F. Cook).

Arinolus pimus Chamberlin

Arinolus pimus Chamberlin, 1941a, p. 12 (female holotype in the Chamberlin
collection, from Litchfield Park, Maricopa County, Arizona, collected on
December 26, 1940, by Stanley and Dorothea Mulaik).

Arinolus chiricahuanus Chamberlin

Arinolus chiricahuanus Chamberlin, 1947b, p. 50, figs. 56-58 (male holotype:
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 9973, from White Tail Canyon, Chiricahua
Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona, collected in 1906 by H. A. Pilsbry
and S. H. Ferris).

Arinolus hospes (Cock)

Onychelus hospes Cook, 1911, p. 157 (holotype, a possibly immature female,
USNM 803, from Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, collected on December
23, 1896, by H. G. Hubbard).

Arinolus hospes Loomis, 1950, p. 164.

Loomis suggested that O. hospes is a senior synonym of A. hopinus
Chamberlin, which was also based on material from Tucson. In view
of the external similarity of arinolines and the fact that two species
can occur together, it seems best to keep the two names separate for
the time being.

Arinolus dentatus (Cook)

Onychelus dentatus Cook, 1911, p. 158 (female holotype, USNM 804, from Fort
Huachuca, Cochise County, Arizona, collected by T. E. Wilcox).
Onychelus suturatus Cook, 1911, p. 159 (female holotype, USNM 805, with the
same type locality and collector as the preceding).
Arinolus dentatus Loomis, 1950, p. 164.
These two names are probably based upon the same species, the
differences stipulated by Cook apparently due to either age or recent
moulting by the type of suturatus.

Genus Piedolus Chamberlin

Piedolus Chamberlin, 1930, p. 117.

TypE species: Piedolus utus Chamberlin, by original designation.
Diaenosis: An arinoline genus characterized chiefly by the soleno-
merite of the posterior gonopods, which is very long and slender,

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 159

exceeding the tip of the laminate tibiotarsus; by the elongated coxal
lobes of the third legs of males; and by the coxal apices of the anterior
gonopods, which are not produced distad nearly to the extent seen in
Arinolus. In other characters the two genera appear to be very
similar, although we have not been able to study material of Predolus.

Discussion: Subsequent to its original description, Piedolus fell
into complete obscurity to the extent that even its author failed to
notice the name when subsequently erecting the closely related genus
Arinolus in 1940 and when listing the known atopetholid genera in
1949. The original generic diagnosis compared the genus only with
Atopetholus; aside from the differences noted, most of what is said
applies to all atopetholids, and the most useful generic characters are
to be found in the illustrations of the gonopods.

Piedolus utus Chamberlin
Piedolus utus Chamberlin, 1930, p. 118, 2 figs.

Houoryre: Male, collection of R. V. Chamberlin, from St. George,
Washington County, Utah, collected on April 3, 1929, by Lowell
Woodbury.

Diaenosis: With the characters of the genus.

DESCRIPTION (DATA TAKEN FROM THE ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION):
Male 30 mm. long and 3.0 mm. in diameter, with 44 segments.

Color in general deep brown or almost black, the segments lighter
beneath; head and anal segment uniform in color except a median
pale line above clypeal incision; legs and antennae concolorous with
body.

Clypeal foveolae 5-5.

Lateral ends of collum acute, anterior lateral edge concave adjacent
to level of eye.

Sternite of anterior gonopod broad and slightly arched mesially, an
accessory sclerite present at base of coxite on each side as in most
forms of Arinolus, the coxites narrowing mesiad, and separated by
what appears to be a vinculum formed from sclerotized membrane
from the sternite. Details of the basal structure of both gonopods
not shown but presumably as in Arinolus. Telopodite of posterior
gonopod with the distal half set off by a constriction, becoming very
broad, laminate, and subovoid in shape. Proximad of the constric-
tion, on the caudal side, originates the long, slender, slightly sinuous
solenomerite, which carries a visible groove.

Genus Tarascolus Chamberlin

Tarascolus Chamberlin, 19438a, p. 25.

Tyrer species: Tarascolus bolivari Chamberlin, by original designa-
tion.

160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Diacnosis: A genus of the Arinolinae with several very distinctive
features, most outstanding of which is the shape of the anterior
gonopods. ‘These gonopods are in general similar to those of Arinolus
except that the coxites are more approximate mesially and are sep-
arated by an elongate ligulate process formed by two appressed
flattened folds of membranous intersegmental sclerotized tissue. The
anterior face of the coxites is superficially divided by distinct lateral
grooves as in Arinolus. ‘The posterior gonopods are rather heavy and
short, the telopodite distally modified into a thin membranous calyx,
which is subtended by a long slender acuminate solenomerite. Body
form slender and parallel except for the enlarged sixth and seventh seg-
ments. Collum less narrowed at sides than normal for the family, the
anterior margin concave and with a slight marginal ridge, the caudal
margin convex and with a few subterminal striae. Metazonites dis-
tinctly punctate. Claws of first two pairs of legs of males enlarged,
those of following legs somewhat reduced in size. Coxal lobes of third
leg pair prolonged and extending back over those of fourth, which are
erect and subtriangular processes.

Discussion: This genus was originally compared only with Messi-
cobolus and Eurelus, neither of which are very closely related to it,
while the obvious affinity with Arinolus was overlooked.

As presently treated, this genus is known only from two species
collected at the southern end of the Mexican Plateau, from which
region, however, a number of additional forms are to be expected.
Tarascolus is discussed at greater length in connection with Scobinomus,
the genus that follows below.

Tarascolus bolivari Chamberlin

Tarascolus bolivari Chamberlin, 1943a, p. 26, figs. 46-50 (male holotype in the
Chamberlin collection, from Zitacuaro, 1,900 m., Michoacdn, Mexico, collected
on July 13, 1941, by C. Bolivar).

In Chamberlin’s paper, figure 46 is stated to represent the right
posterior gonopod of Messicobolus totonacus. However, this figure
bears little resemblance to figure 45, which is also said to be of the
posterior gonopod of the same species, and since the figure is almost
identical with the corresponding gonopod of the closely related
Scobinomus serratus (see fig. 12,c), it seems reasonable to assume that
some mixup in numbering occurred and that figure 46 actually repre-
sents the posterior gonopod of T. bolivari, which is not otherwise il-
lustrated although stated in the text description to be shown.

Terascolus clarus Chamberlin

Tarascolus clarus Chamberlin, 1943a, p. 26, fig. 51 (male holotype in the Chamber-
lin collection, from Santa Rosa, Distrito Federal, Mexico, collected on June
28, 1942, by M. Cardenas).

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 161

Genus Scebinomus Loomis
Scobinomus Loomis, 1953, p. 420.

Typr species: Scobinomus serratus Loomis, by original designation.

Diacnosis: A monotypic arinoline genus closely related to Taras-
colus, from which it differs chiefly in the characters mentioned in the
key to genera of the subfamily and discussed in the following para-
graph.

Discussion: This generic name was proposed for a milliped that
differed from all the atopetholids known to its author by the presence
of scobinae on the body segments, as well as the presence of acute
spinules on the lower edge of the metazonites. The validity of the
name is not beyond challenge, however, for the following reasons.
To begin with, the fact that scobinae are not mentioned in the diagnosis
of Tarascolus does not mean that they are not present; in the paratypes
of S. serratus examined, they are quite small and rudimentary and
could easily be overlooked. Also, the published information on the
species of Tarascolus is by no means as detailed as might be desired.

Second, there is some doubt that the presence or absence of rudi-
mentary scobinae is a character of generic value. In the genus
Chersastus of South Africa, they occur in some species but not in
others, a condition duplicated in Hurhinocricus of Jamaica. Finally,
in at least one known Jamaican rhinocricid, scobinae are present in
one sex but not in the other. Assuming that scobinae do not occur
in Tarascolus, the overall general similarity of its species with S.
serratus is such as to indicate a very close relationship.

Finally, it is stated that ‘The gonopods bear some resemblence to
those of Tarascolus Chamb., but the anteriorly exposed coxal joints
of the posterior lobes and differently shaped inner [i.e., posterior]
gonopods are distinctive characters in addition to the external ones.”
We believe that the difference in the posterior gonopods is more
apparent than real, and is explainable in light of the fact that the
gonopod of Tarascolus bolivari appears to have been credited to
another species in the original drawings. Furthermore, the illustra-
tion given by Loomis shows this organ in anterior aspect, in contrast
to the posterior views in Chamberlin’s paper. The drawing that is
here presented was made from a male paratype, the gonopod of
which was removed and studied as a microscopic preparation. The
drawing is so similar to figure 46 in Chamberlin’s paper that the two
objects might have come from the same species.

Scobinomus is retained here on the chance that all the characters
taken in combination are actual differences, a matter that can be
settled by future examination of typical material of Tarascolus bolivare.

162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

Scobinomus serratus Loomis
FIcurE 12
Scobinomus serratus Loomis, 1953, p. 420, figs. 13-17.

Houoryrr: Male, USNM 2091, from 14 miles north of Ensenada,
Baja California, Mexico, collected on January 7, 1925, by O. F. Cook.

Dracgnosts: A small arinolid having the characters of the genus as
discussed above, and specifically identifiable by the shape of the
male gonopods.

Description: The detailed original description given by Loomis
cannot be improved upon except as regards the formation of the
gonopods. Study of a male paratype has provided the information
following, and it should be mentioned at this point that the gonopods
were cleaned of all adherent muscle tissue and mounted in glycerine
to facilitate examination with considerable magnification. This tech-
nique, we feel, provides a more detailed picture of structure than can
be gained from the study of untreated parts.

Anterior gonopods in this form (fig. 12a) are similar to those of the
species of Arinolus in most respects. The sternite is nearly trans-
verse, and is enlarged laterally near the origin of the sternal apodemes.
On the caudal side the sternal extension reaches only about halfway
to the mesial end of the coxite, a detail that is apparently constant
in the subfamily. The coxites are large, and mesially are produced
toward the sternite, a matter of structural necessity since there is no
median vinculum to keep them separate. Each coxite is impressed
on its anterior surface with a distinct oblique vertical groove that
merges distally into several shorter perpendicular grooves.

Owing to the form of the coxites, there is little intersegmental
membrane in the make-up of the anterior gonopods; what is present is
largely in the form of a pair of ligulate processes extending distad
between the coxites. In untreated material these processes are so
closely appressed as to appear as a single structure. There is some
membrane in the form of transverse folds along the upper edge of the
sternite, the material forming an enlargement near the middle of the
basal edge of each coxite. In caudal aspect (fig. 12,b) there is little
of particular interest to be seen except for a small internally projecting
process near the base of the sternal apodeme, a development not
observed in any other species.

The posterior gonopod (fig. 12,c) as seen in caudal aspect has the
usual long apodeme connected about a third of the length from the
mesial end of the coxite. The latter takes the form of a slender rod,
near the lateral end, enlarging mesially and then reflexed laterad and
extending behind the telopodite. There is considerable consolidation
of the gonopod, with little indication of the two distinct elements

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 163

joined at a flexible joint as in Arinolus. The telopodite is short and
stout with a slender mesially projecting solenomerite, immediately
distad of which the joint is flared into a distinct hyaline cuplike struc-
ture obviously homologous to the much smaller distal expansion of
Arinolus, and for which the name calyz is suggested. No trace of a
seminal groove could be detected.

The illustration of the posterior gonopod published by Loomis is
made from the anterior aspect and presumably from a low magnifi-

Ficure 12.—Scobinomus serratus Loomis, male paratype from Ensenada, Baja California:
a, anterior gonopods, cephalic aspect; b, right side of anterior gonopods, caudal aspect;
c, left posterior gonopod, caudal aspect.

cation. Consequently, the solenomerite was not shown, and the
similarity to the gonopod of Tarascolus was scarcely apparent.

DisTRIBUTION: The two known localities for this species are on the
Pacific coast of Baja California, not far south of the international
boundary. It is a matter of some interest that this form, obviously a
close relative of Tarascolus of the southern part of the Mexican
Plateau, should occur in such a geographically isolated region. Possi-
bly future collections in the mountains of Sonora and Sinaloa will
disclose the presence of additional related forms and thus bridge the
present gap. As it stands, this discontinuity is another small but valid
reason for retaining Scobinomus as a separate genus, as such a magni-
tude of geographic isolation in Sonoran millipeds usually carries
corresponding structural diversification.

164. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Literature Cited
ATTEMS, CARL
1926. Myriopoda, in Kikenthal and Krumbach, Handbuch der Zoologie,
vol. 4, pp. 1-402, figs. 1-477.
BROLEMANN, Henri W.
1914. Etude sur les spirobolides. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 83, No. 1,
pp. 1-38, figs. 1-9.
CaRL, JOHANN
1919. Revision de quelque spirobolides de Muséum de Genéve. Rev.
Suisse Zool., vol. 27, No. 12, pp. 377-404, figs. 1-42.
CHAMBERLIN, Raupu V.
1918. New spiroboloid millipeds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31,
pp. 165-170.
1920. A new diplopod of the genus Atopetholus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, vol. 33, pp. 101-102.
1923. On chilopods and diplopods from islands in the Gulf of California.
Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 12, pp. 389-407.
1930. On some centipeds and millipeds from Utah and Arizona. Pan-
Pacific Ent., vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 111-121, 11 figs.
1940. Four new western millipeds. Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent. and Zool.,
vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 81-83, figs. A-F.
1941a. New American millipeds. Bull. Univ. Utah, biol. ser., vol. 6, No. 4,
pp. 1-39, pls. 1-5, figs. 1-49.
1941b. New western millipeds. Bull. Univ. Utah, biol. ser., vol. 6, No. 5,
pp. 1-23, pls. 1-3, figs. 1-30.
1943a. On Mexican millipeds. Bull. Univ. Utah, biol. ser., vol. 8, No. 3,
pp. 1-103, pls. 1-16, figs. 1-172.
1943b. Some records and descriptions of American diplopods. Proc. Biol.
Soe. Washington, vol. 56, pp. 145-152, pls. 7, 8, figs. 1-15.
1947a. Seven new American millipeds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
60, pp. 9-16, figs. 1-8.
1947b. Some records and descriptions of diplopods, chiefly in the collection
of the Academy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 99,
pp. 21-58, figs. 1-73.
1949. On some western millipeds of the order Spirobolida. Journ. Wash-
ington Acad. Sci., vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 163-169, figs. 1-19.
1950. Three new genera and eight new species of western millipeds. Chi-
cago Acad. Sci. Nat. Hist. Misc., No. 68, pp. 1-6, figs. 1-3.
1953. Some American millipeds of the order Spirobolida. Amer. Midl.
Nat., vol. 50, pp. 138-151, figs. 1-31.
CHAMBERLIN, Rapa V., AND Horrman, Ricwarp L.
1950. On some genera and families of North American diplopods. Chi-
cago Acad. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mise., No. 71, pp. 1-7, figs. 1-2.
1958. Checklist of the millipeds of North America. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
212, pp. 1-236.
CHAMBERLIN, RatrH V., AND Muuaik, STANLEY
1941. On a collection of millipeds from Texas and New Mexico. Journ.
New York Ent. Soc., vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 57-64.

ATOPETHOLID MILLIPEDS—HOFFMAN AND ORCUTT 165

Cook, OraTor F.

1896. The segmental sclerites of Spirobolus. Amer. Nat., vol. 30, pp.
333-335.
1904. Myriapoda of northwestern North America, in Harriman Alaska
Expedition, vol. 8 (Insects, pt. 1), pp. 47-82, pls. 3-5.
1911. Notes on the distribution of millipeds in southern Texas, with de-
scriptions of new genera and species from Texas, Arizona, Mexico,
and Costa Rica. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, pp. 147-167.
Horrman, Ricuarp L.
1949. A new milliped of the genus Toltecolus from the United States (Ano-
cheta: Atopetholidae). Chicago Acad. Sci. Nat. Hist. Misc., No.
46, pp. 1-3, figs. A, B.
Loomis, Haro.p F.
1949. New millipeds of the spiroboloid genus Watichelus from the Pacific
Coast. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 39, No. 7, pp. 241-244,
figs. 1-10.
1950. Synonymy of some native American and introduced millipeds.
Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 164-166, fig. 1.
1953. New millipeds of the western States and Lower California. Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 417-422, figs. 1-20.
Pocock, REGINALD INNES
1910. Diplopoda, in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoologia, Chilopoda and
Diplopoda, pp. 41-217, pis. 4-15.
SavussuRE, HENRI DE
1860. Essai d’une faune des myriapodes du Mexique, avec la description
de quelques especes des autres parties de Amérique. Mém. Soc.
Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, vol. 15, pt. 2, pp. 259-393, pls. 1-7,
figs. 1-52.
SaussurE, HENRI DE, AND HuMBERT, ALOIS
1872. Etudes sur les myriapodes, 7m Mission scientifique au Mexique et

dans ’Amérique Centrale, recherches zoologiques, pt. 6, sec. 2.
pp. 1-211, pls. 1-6.
VeRHOEFF, Karu W.

1924. Results of Dr. E. Mjéberg’s Swedish scientific expeditions to Aus-
tralia 1910-1913. 34. Myriapoda: Diplopoda. Ark. Zool., vol.
16, No. 5, pp. 1-142, pls. 1-4, figs. 1-100.

1938. Uber einige amerikanische Myriapoden. Zool. Anz., vol. 122, Nos.
11-12, pp. 273-284, figs. 1-5.

Wana, Yu-usi M.

1951. The Myriopoda of the Philippine Islands. Serica, vol. 1, No. 1,

pp. 1-80, 12 pls.

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C,

Volume 111 1960 Number 3427

CENTIPEDES OF THE SMITHSONIAN-BREDIN
EXPEDITIONS TO THE WEST INDIES

By Rapa 1. Crasityi, Jr.

Introduction

This report is based upon the centipedes collected in 1956 and 1958
by the Smithsonian-Bredin expeditions to the Lesser Antilles. From
the islands in the Leeward and more northern part of the Windward
groups, the members of the expeditions amassed sizeable numbers of
insects and also some centipedes and millipedes, spiders, scorpions,
pseudoscorpions, other arachnids, marine invertebrates, and fishes.

The centipedes collected by the expeditions are particularly valu-
able, first, because they contribute materially to our knowledge of
the poorly known fauna inhabiting an area of great zoogeographical
interest. Secondly, as we shall see, the presence of certain centi-
pedes on these islands provides valuable evidence pertinent to the
general problem of explaining the biotic affinities linking South
America and Africa. Finally, the centipede collection includes four
new species and a new genus—all of considerable interest for the
characters they display and for their systematic affinities.

I should like to express my gratitude to J. F. G. Clarke of the Smith-
sonian Institution for capturing and carefully preserving these fragile
specimens, and to Mr. and Mrs. J. Bruce Bredin, whose interest and
generous support made the expeditions possible.

167

168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOD. 111

As fragmentary as it is, our knowledge of neotropical centipedes
has seemed to some authorities to provide a measure of support for
various theories that postulate a southern intercontinental land
connection or continental driftings to explain a number of striking
faunal and floral similarities between Africa and South America.
Some authorities are impressed with the fact that certain genera,
a few higher categories, and some species are known to occur either
only in the New World tropics and Africa or in those regions and in
Australia-New Zealand. For example, Schendylurus, represented
in this paper by a new species, has apparently quite similar species in
South America and Africa, especially in South Africa. Scolopoeryptops
(formerly Otocryptops) ferruginea (Linné), a widespread West Indian
cryptopid, seems also common in Africa. For additional detailed
information the reader is referred to Attems (1926 and 1928) and to
a recent, informative account of Turk (1955).

Verhoeff (1941) appeared to subscribe to the idea of a direct southern
land route of dispersal, whereas his contemporary, Attems (1928,
p. 20), adopting what seems to me to be a less extreme viewpoint,
suggested that: “To explain this distribution we need not recur to
the theory of continental bridges [or] a Brazilo-African continent; the
dispersal took place on the curve [from] South Africa [to] India, with
a branching off on one side on the Sunda Archipelago to Australia, on
the other side by Eastern Asia to America. Later on the genera
died out again on the large part of this curve.”

Turk (1955), impressed with the heterogeneity as well as with the
farflung affinities of neotropical centipedes, proposed not one but
several explanations to account for the different faunal components.
Some genera, like Schendylurus and Otocrypiops (=Scolopocryptops),
he believed, are very old and represent an ancient adaptive radiation
that took place possibly in Mesozoic times. This explanation is essen-
tially Attems’ viewpoint. A second component, typified by Ribautia
and Schizoribautia, he believed may have arisen in the remote past
and then spread from a neotropical center to West Africa across
a connecting landbridge sometime during the Eocene-Miocene.
Finally he recognized a third (p. 499) component whose distributions
“follow somewhat suspiciously closely the direction of the Peru
Current and South Equatorial Current,’ and did not discount the
possibility that rafting transported if not the adults then conceivably
the hardier eggs from one land mass to another.

I shall comment briefly upon each of these possibilities. Abundant
distributional evidence supports the contention that extensive and
probably rather regular exchange of chilopods occurred between Asia
and North America. Traffic in both directions must have taken place
during Tertiary times across the Bering Straits. There is no reason for

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 169

supposing that this traffic could not have begun long before those
times. This dispersal route extended at each end perhaps best
accounts for the presence in Africa, Asia, and South America of a
number of the same or of evidently closely related scutigeromorph
and possibly scolopendromorph genera (or suprageneric groups).
Successful rafting, especially by Scutigeromorpha and probably also
by Scolopendromorpha, is probably unlikely since these active,
foraging surface-dwellers seem poorly adapted for prolonged exposure
on the confines of floating debris. It is known that Scutigera coleoptrata
succumbs rather quickly in salt water.

The idea of a direct land connection, at least since Cretaceous
times, is seriously challenged today by geological evidence, though
a, land connection between the southern continents during and before
the Triassic cannot at present be discounted entirely (Darlington,
1957, chap. 10). In any event I suspect that these southern faunal
similarities can be better explained on other grounds, namely by
artificial introduction, ancient dispersal on land, rafting, and wind
transport (see Darlington, 1957, pp. 14-20).

Rafting is of particular interest from the standpoint of the schendy-
lids described here, as we shall see. It used to be said of myriapods
and amphibians that they could not tolerate salt water, but we know
today that a number of centipedes, notably geophilid and schendylid
Geophilomorpha, are able to withstand prolonged submersion. There
are some genera whose members are reportedly quite normally en-
countered on beaches where they inhabit the sand, live in debris, or
conceal themselves in mud or under wet stones; some of them have
been found below the high tide mark. As a matter of fact, three of
the present species, Caritohallex minyrrhopus, Balloph‘lus rivero¢, and
Schendylurus virgingordae, were collected in West Indian beach drift,
and I have in my possession about a dozen specimens of Pectiniunguis
(again, Schendylidae) that were discovered in seaweed on the beach
of a Florida Key.

Cloudsley-Thompson (1948, pp. 149-152) comments on a number
of littoral centipedes, some of which are evidently true halophiles.
The cases of Hydroschendyla submarina (Grube), a schendylid, and
Strigamia (formerly Scolioplanes) maritima (Leach) are especially
instructive. S. submarina, known from the littoral of Scandanavia,
France, England, the Mediterranean, and Bermuda, has in Bermuda
been found living among mud and rocks and in honeycombed lime-
stone below the mean high tide mark. Apparently this species sub-
sists upon a variety of small marine animals including polychacte
annelids. Hf. maritima, widespread on European coasts, has been
found to be able to withstand as many as 30 hours of total submersion
in sea water and from 70 to 80 hours in fresh water. Cloudsley-

170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Thompson cites many other valuable records and includes an exten-
sive bibliography to which the reader is referred for additional infor-
mation.

Since at least some geophilomorph centipedes can tolerate and may
even accept as quite normal limited sea submersion, and since such
inactive inhabitants of what might be called the crevice-cranny habitat
would probably not be discomfited much or at all in the wood or un-
der the bark of larger floating trees and bushes, it seems quite reason-
able to imagine these centipedes capable of successful trans-Atlantic
crossings by rafting. Many, perhaps the majority, would perish, but
over the almost inconceivably long span of time and in the light of
the untold millions of such voyages that were begun, many must
have reached land and survived. This theory gains additional support
from the fact that the Main Equatorial Current flows up the south-
western African coast to the Gulf of Guinea and across to Brazil,
there dividing southward and northward, the latter division eventu-
ally passing into the Caribbean to merge with the Gulf Stream. The
shortest distance between Africa and South America by this route is
only about 2,000 miles and, tests have shown, takes about 12 weeks
by rafting.

I suggest that during the immense stretches of time of the past
some centipedes—they may very well have been Schendylidae—
made the journey successfully, and that this explanation reasonably
accounts for the presence in Africa and South America of many, but
of course not all, congeneric or conspecific centipedes. Perhaps the
remarkable distributions of Schendylurus and of some of the ballopbhi-
lines were established, at least in part, in this manner.

Order Scolopendromorpha
Family Scolopendridae

Scolopendra subspinipes Leach. One adult, outskirts of Charles-
town, Nevis, April 16, 1958. With the exception of the Mediterra-
nean region, this large species is common to the tropics of the world.
The nominate variant is apparently found widely in the New World
tropics, probably as a result of repeated introductions.

Scolopendra alternans Leach. Two juveniles, Indigo Wells, Bar-
buda, April 26, 1958; one adult, Little Bay, Peter Island, March 30,
1958; one adult, L’eau Garnier, Dominica, March 13, 1956. Appar-
ently restricted to the New World tropics, alternans is probably the
most common Scolopendra in the Caribbean area. It has often been
reported from southern peninsular Florida and the adjoining keys,
and may be presumed to be established at least on the keys.

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 171

Scolopendra morsitans Linné. Four specimens, Codrington, Bar-
buda, April 27, 1956. This species is like subspinipes in being wide-
spread in the world tropics, but unlike it in being common in the
Midterranean perimeter.

Cormocephalus impressus Porat (?=guildingii Newport). Three
specimens, Indigo Wells, Barbuda, April 26, 1958. The specimens
key out to impressus in Attems’ monograph (1930, p. 104), but are
very likely referable to the earlier Newport name that Attems consid-
ered too poorly characterized for inclusion in his revision of the species.

Family Cryptopidae

Newportia longitarsis (Newport). One adult, Little Harbor, Jost
van Dyke, April 1, 1958; one adult, Castle Bruce Junction, Dominica,
March 24, 1956, in bromeliads. The specimens do not coincide
exactly with the synthetic diagnosis presented by Attems (1930, p.
201), but seem sufficiently close to justify the present provisional allo-
cation. The species is probably widespread and common in the
Antilles, in Central America, and in northern South America where it
has already been reported.

Scolopocryptops (formerly Otocryptops) ferruginea (Linné). Two
adults, Castle Bruce, Dominica, March 24, 1956, in bromeliads.
Originally described from Africa, the species’ name has been applied
to presumed conspecific forms in the New World tropics. Whatever
its rightful name, the species is evidently quite common in Mexico,
southern Central America, throughout the Antilles (and perhaps the
West Indies in general), and in northern South America.

Order Geophilomorpha
Family Oryidae

Notiphilides maximiliani (Humbert and Saussure). Adult female,
87 pedal segments, adult male, 89 pedal segments, Soper’s Hole,
Tortola, March 31, 1958, inrefuse. This species is apparently entirely
neotropical; it is also widespread and common. It has been recorded
from Mexico and Central America, from the Antilles, and from
northern South America.

Orphnaeus brasilianus (Humbert and Saussure). One adult male
with 71 pedal segments, Soper’s Hole, Tortola, March 31, 1958, in
refuse. This striking species is undoubtedly very widespread in the
American tropics. It has been recorded from South America from
about the Tropic of Capricorn northward in scattered localities, and
from Central America. It may be widespread in the West Indies as
well, There is some question regarding its specific distinctiveness

172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

from the tropicopolitan brevilabiatus (Newport). For instance Attems
regarded them as distinct (1929, p. 112), as did Kraus recently (1957,
p. 368). On the other hand Biicherl, who has evidently seen many
specimens referable to one or the other from Brazil, considers brasil-
anus a junior synonym of the senior Newport name (1941, p. 354).

Family Schendylidae
Subfamily Ballophilinae

Ballophilus riveroi Chamberlin?. One adult male with 55 pedal
segments, Sea Cow Bay, Tortola, March 26, 1958, from Berlese siitings.
The Tortola specimen agrees closely with Professor Chamberlin’s
original description of riveroi (1950, p. 157), but this description
seems insufficiently detailed to permit a positive identification with
my single specimen. If the two are actually conspecific and in turn
congeneric with the Liberian-type species, clavicornis Cook, then the
West Indian riveroi, represented in Puerto Rico and Tortola, and the
Peruvian peruanus Verhoeff (1941, p. 70) represent the only species
of the genus known in the Western Hemisphere at the present time,
their congeners having been recorded from Africa and the Indo-
Australian region.

Caritohallex, new genus

What little we know now of the Ballophilinae does not justify our
speaking very confidently of intergeneric relationships. Indeed we
may not even be dealing here with a single evolutionary, i.e., mono-
phyletic, unit. Too little is understood of generic characterization
and content, and too little is known of inter- and intra-specific varia-
bility. Certain so-called key or diagnostic characters may reasonably
be suspected of having undergone evolutionary convergency. In this
connection one might cite the ventral pore fields and coxopleural
glands, perhaps even the prosternal sclerotic lines as well. Until a
great deal more is known and understood, however, these possibilities,
as well as the existing ballophiline system, should be regarded as
conjectural and provisional.

It is unrealistic to speak here of relationships, though we can speak
of resemblances, a concept that is quite different because 1t does not
necessarily imply anything about descent and evolutionary affinity.
The underlying key to genera is intended to accomplish no more than
single out the various ballophiline genera as we now know them. Its
groupings do not necessarily imply anything about community of
descent. I am certain that its ultility will be short-lived. For the
time being, however, it does synthesize what we believe may be
meaningful.

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES——-CRABILL 173

With these thoughts in mind one may say that Caritohallex falls
within that assemblage of genera whose members all lack typical,
conspicuously clavate and geniculate antennae. At present all of
these genera seem restricted to the New World tropics and subtropics:
The majority occur in the Caribbean Islands, Central America, and
northern South America, i.e., Diplethmus, Taeniolinum, Koenethmus,
Zygethmus, Leptynophilus, Carethmus?, and Caritohallez. Within
this group the new genus resembles most closely Koenethmus Chamber-
lin (1958, p. 59). In both, the antennae are not clavate or geniculate,
prosternal sclerotic lines are totally absent, ventral pore fields are not
circular or elliptical, and the ultimate leg tarsus consists of a single
article. They differ quite significantly in the absence in Caritohallex
of any discernible coxopleural pit, gland, or pore. Both the pit and
the pore are said to be conspicuous in the Chamberlin genus. Accord-
ing to the presently recognized generic system of the subfamily, this
distinction is clearly indicative of supraspecific rank.

Generic diagnosis: Antennae not clavate or attenuate; instead, they
are filiform proximally and moniliform distally. Cephalic plate is
subrotund, dorsally somewhat domed; prebasal plate well exposed.
Clypeus much wider than long, with distinct, complete paraclypeal
sutures (see note A, p. 189); with a band of coarser, more sclerotized
areolation arching forward anterior to the labrum. Labrum mem-
branous, centrally without teeth, laterally with weak membranous
to weakly sclerotic teeth. Mandible with indistinctly divided dentate
lamella, the row of simple hyaline teeth overlapping the dentate la-
mella. First maxillae with two pairs of lappets. Second maxillae
medially broadly joined, not suturate; with postmaxillary sclerites
(see note B, p. 189); telopodite claw pectinate, at least on ventral edge.
Prosternum broad, completely bordered by bulging pleura; without
subcondylic sclerotic (i.e., chitin) lines. Articles of prehensorial
telopodite without denticles; ungula broad, serrulate. Poison gland
extending into the prehensorial segment (see note C, p.190). Tergites
not bisulcate. Sternites with double pore fields divergent and linear,
not raised. Ultimate pedal segment without discernible coxopleural
elands, pits, or pores. Ultimate leg tarsus consisting of one article;
pretarsus represented by a minute acicular bristle. Terminal pores
absent.

Type-species: Caritohallex minyrrhopus, new species (original desig-
nation and monotypic).

The following key to the known ballophiline genera should further
clarify the identity of Caritohallex:

174

1b.

3b.
4a.

4b.

6b.
Ta.
7b.
8a.
8b.

9a.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Key to the Ballophiline Genera

Ventral pore fields, at least on anterior third of body, in one or two subcentral
areas varying approximately from circular to elliptical. Ultimate leg
tarsus consisting of two articles. Antennae clavate or not. Prosternal
sclerotic lines present or not... ° 3

Ventral pore fields, at least on Aitatior third oe foe Pott in Gene al cir-
cular to elliptical areas, rather in posterior bands or diverging lines.
Ultimate leg tarsus consisting of one article. Antennae distally not
clavate. Prosternal sclerotic lines absent... . of Cis. cs SEG. 2

Each coxopleuron with one pit and associated ore The more anterior
ventral pore fields each appearing as two narrow transverse bands, on
rear sternites becoming a single subcentral transverse band. (Venezuela.)

Koenethmus Chamberlin

Each coxopleuron without any pore or pit whatever, and each with no
discernible gland. Ventral pore fields of anterior as well as of rear part
of body each appearing as a pair of diverging strips or lines, and each
consisting of a dozen or fewer pores. (Lesser Antilles.)

Caritohallex, new genus

Prosternum without or essentially without sclerotic lines. Ventral pore
fields of the more anterior sternites each single. . ... Vi oe 4

Prosternum with complete or virtually complete sclerotic hee Ventral!
pore fields of the more anterior sternites each single or double. . . . 5

Antennae apne clavate, more or less geniculate. (Africa, South
America, Asia.) . : . . . . . Ballophilus Cook

Antennae not dicate: instead ‘Witenunts eo a greater or lesser degree.
(Antilles, Panama.) See note D, p. 191.

Taeniolinum Pocock, Leptynophilus Chamberlin

Anterior body pore fields each double. Antennae very slightly or not at

all clavate. . . sp Gh is fe geeee yutobu mento, ame 6
Anterior body pore fields Boch Mingle Antennae rae from heavily
clavate to filiform ... nba ey AP ahem 7
Each coxopleuron with one Sida aa wascrateds pores “Wentral pore fields
not raised. (Colombia.) .. . . . . . Zygethmus Chamberlin

Each coxopleuron with two lands oa nssopiated pores. Ventral pore
fields on slight prominences. (Panama, Antilles, South America.)

Diplethmus Cook

Each coxopleuron with one gland which is heterogenous or homogenous. 8

Each coxopleuron with two glands and associated pores, the uae heter-

ogenous or homogenous... . 9
Coxopleural gland composite, i.e., heteravencus, with, numerous Bicol
inclusive glands. (Puerto Rico). . . . . . . Clavophilus Chamberlin
Coxopleural gland homogenous, i.e., without aiscerninie inclusive glands.
(Honduras.) . ; . . . « . Tanophilus Chamberlin

Antennae bonspienoralaa Glavelte iad peniculate! Ventral pore fields of
anterior sternites circular or else obviously transversely elliptical. . 10
Antennae geniculate but not typically so or decidedly clavate. According
to Chamberlin (1941, p. 139): “nearly uniform in diameter from second
to eighth articles and then abruptly thickened at the ninth article and
from there gradually attenuated to the distal end, the last six articles
longer and thicker than the preceding ones.”’ Ventral pore fields circular.
(Venezuela.). . . 2... 1 ee ee ee ee) ~ Carethmus Chamberlin

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 175

10a. Ventral pore fields of anterior sternites each clearly transversely elliptical.
(Seychelles, Madagascar, Japan, Pacific area, and Brazil.)

Thalthybius Attems

106. Ventral pore fields of anterior sternites strictly circular. (South and

Central America, Mexico, and North America.) . . . . Ityphilus Cook

Caritohallex minyrrhopus, new species
Ficures 1-6

Holotype, male, USNM 2520, British West Indies, Tortola, Sea
Cow Bay, from Berlese sifting of beach debris, March 26, 1958,
J. F. G. Clarke.

Total length 10 mm. Pedal segments 39. Color pale whitish
vellow throughout; without the green or purplish subsurface pig-
mentation so characteristic of many ballophilines.

Antennae (see also note E, p. 192): Length, 0.82 mm. Proximal
articles filiform, becoming distally moniliform. Proximal six or seven
articles sparsely setose, thereafter becoming more setose. Ultimate
article with a compact group of 8-10 hyaline spatulate setae on outer
surface arising from a shallow depression; special sensory structures
(sensilla) not detected on other articles.

Cephalic plate: Length along midline 0.32 mm., greatest width
0.32mm. Subrotund, including prebasal plate somewhat longer than
wide; posterior margin embayed to disclose prebasal plate; dorsal
surface domed. Setae very sparse and short. Areolation relatively
large and pronounced; without sutures or sulci.

Clypeus (see also note A, p.189): Wider than long, bulging ventrally.
Paraclypeal sutures bowed outward, each relatively wide; each side
with a, notch at position of transbuccal suture, the latter if present
very obscure. Clypeal areas absent. Posteriorly with an arching
band of more heavily sclerotized, more deeply colored areolation,
which encloses a membranous nonareolate crescentic area continuous
(or identical) with the atrophied labrum.

Labrum: Apparently continuous with crescentic membranous area
of clypeus. Medial part without trace of teeth, entirely membranous.
Each lateral part of the labral arch with about two weakly pigmented
teeth, medial to the teeth about two flabby, membranous tooth-shaped
lobes, barely distinguishable and almost totally transparent.

Mandible: Dentate lamella evidently very indistinctly divided into
three parts, with seven or eight teeth; dentate lamella lying under
(in situ posterior to) the row of simple hyaline teeth. Condyle
promient, peglike.

First maxillae: Telopodite distinctly bipartite, with one seta; lappets
approximately attaining end of telopodite, hyaline, virtually trans-
parent, not squamulate. Coxosternum not suturate medially, anterior

512055—-60-—_—-2

176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 11

margin deeply emarginate; its lappets not squamulate, nearly trans-
parent, extremely broad basally.

Second maxillae (see also notes B and F, pp. 189, 193): Weakly areo-
late, nearly membranous, the two sides very broadly joined. Areo-
late postmaxillary sclerites present. Each pore opening surrounded
by a weak sclerotic rim. Without typical setae, but with setiform
sensory points as shown. ‘Telopodite basal article bicondylic; claw
pointed, spoon shaped, the ventral edge pectinate, the processes very
long and delicate, nearly transparent; dorsal edge not discernibly
pectinate, apparently smooth.

Prehensorial prosternum: Broad and short, margined by bulging
pleura. Anteromedially weakly emarginate. Pleuroposternal sutures
distinct, otherwise without sutures or apparent sulci.

Prehensorial telopodites (see also note C, p. 190): When closed, not
attaining anterior head margin. No article with a denticle. Femuroid
and tibioid together bulging toward body midline. Ungula broad
and robust; with two distinct edges and a deep groove separating
them, the ventral edge dissected to form coarse teeth, the teeth
approximately subquadrate, short, five or six in number, limited to
the basal two-thirds of blade. Poison calyx spherical, composed of
bunched digitiform sclerotic processes. Poison calyx long and thin,
terminating in the prehensorial segment at nearly one-half the distance
to its posterior border.

Tergites: Apparently not sulcate; sparsely setose.

Sternites: Coarsely, prominently areolate, sparsely setose. Pos-
terior margins, especially of more anterior sternites, extending back-
ward in a broad low triangle; the first 10-15, at least, with a shallow
midlongitudinal sulcus. Two pore fields on each sternite from and
including the second through the penultimate, each field linear and
diverging angularly from its bilateral counterpart, none raised, each
consisting of a few small pores (e.g., 2nd=5-+5, 4th=8-+8, 34th=
5+4).

Ultimate pedal segment: Pretergite bilaterally suturate, i.e., de-
lineated from its pleurites on each side by a distinct longitudinal
suture. Tergite much broader than long, posterior margin widely
bowed backward. Presternite extensive, indistinctly sulcate medially.
Sternite very wide and short, sides coverging posteriorly. Coxo-
pleuron not greatly swollen, not larger than certain of the leg articles,
its axis not directed posteriorly, rather posterolaterally, forming an
acute angle with the long body axis; sparsely setose; without pores
or pits, and with no discernible glands. Leg with five articles distal
to the coxopleuron, the tarsus consisting of one article, the pretarsus
represented by a minute acicular bristle (not visible at powers under

VEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—-CRABILL E77

_

Ficures 1-6.—Carttohallex minyrrhopus, new genus, new species, holotype: 1. First and
second maxillae (ventral view, left telopodite deleted, all setae shown): a, Right postmaxil-
lary sclerite. 2. Cephalic plate (dorsal view, setae deleted), left antenna, prebasal plate:
a, Prebasal plate; b, patch of appressed, spatulate, hyaline setae on terminal article,
in situ and enlarged. 3. Ultimate pedal and postpedal segments (ventral view, right leg
deleted, all setae shown): a, Extent of flat, ventral surface of ultimate pedal sternite;
b, broad presternite. 4. Sixth pedal sternite (ventral view, major setae shown, anterior
end uppermost): Insert shows weak, loosely consolidated areolations of anterocentral area.
5. Prehensorial prosternum and right telopodite (ventral view, setae deleted): a, Poison
calyx, in situ and enlarged; b, poison gland; c, slightly thickened border of lower part
of pleuroprosternal suture. 6. Clypeus, labrum, buccae (ventral view, all setae shown):
a, Coarse, deep, more strongly sclerotized areolation of arched clypeal band; 6, con-
trasting smoother, shallower, weakly sclerotized areolation just anterior to arched band.

178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

100); leg swollen but evidently not to the degree encountered in
some of the other genera; its setae are extremely long and straight.

Post pedal segments: Gonopods apparently unipartite, lobate, well
separated. Pregenital sternite not obliquely excised as is usual in
the male geophilomorph, instead rather bandlike as in the female.
Male intromittent apparatus clearly disclosed lying dorsal and internal
to and between the gonopods. ‘Terminal pores absent.

Paratype, apparently female, same collection data. The only
other specimen secured is a female (the intromittent apparatus
characteristic of the male seems to be absent), 8 mm. long, with 43
pedal segments. The female agrees closely with the foregoing descrip-
tion of the male holotype.

ityphilus idanus, new species

Figurps 7-12

The two ballophiline genera for which the largest number of species
has been recorded are Ballophilus and Ityphilus. The former is
evidently dominent in the Old World tropics, but has at least two
known neotropical species, and the latter seems to be represented
only in the tropics and possibly subtropics of the New World.

The present species falls clearly within Jtyphilus, as it is now defined.
According to the published descriptions, guianensis Chamberlin seems
most like idanus. They differ as follows: J. guianensis: Inner edge
of prehensorial blade conspicuously serrulate; ventral pore fields
extending to and present on penult pedal segment; posterior ¢oxo-
pleural pores larger than anterior pores. J. tdanus: Edge of pre-
hensorial blade smooth, not serrulate; ventral pore fields absent on
last four pedal sternites; coxopleural pores all essentially equal in
size.

Holotype, female, USNM 2523, British West Indies, Barbuda,
Danby Cave, April 28, 1958, J. F. G. Clarke, collector, in Berlese
siftings.

Length 18 mm. Pedal segments 59. Body weakly, gradually
attenuate anteriorly, the head suddenly enlarged giving the region
just behind it a necklike appearance. Antennae, head, prehensors,
and prosternum light yellowish brown; tergites, pleurites, sternites,
legs with underlying fleshy parts dilute sordid green, the ventral pore
fields dark sordid green.

Antennae (see notes E and G, pp. 192, 193): Length0.6mm. Distally
clavate and geniculate. Articles 2-6 filiform, longer than wide, 7-9
cup-shaped and expanding distally, 10-14 very broad and short, as a
group clavate, ventrally somewhat flattened and very densely, mi-
nutely setose (in contrast with sparser vestiture of rest of antenna).
Ultimate article on each side with a slight pit containing about a

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 179

dozen hyaline, spatulate setae. Articles 9 and 13 each dorsodistally
with two short thick, deeply colored sensory points (sensilla).
Cephalic plate: Length 0.34 mm., greatest width 0.38 mm. In
outline nearly circular, dorsally swollen into alow dome. Setae very
sparse and long. Deeply areolate and shining. Without sutures or
sulci. Prebasal plate not apparent, evidently vestigial or absent.

it

Ficurres 7-12.—Ityphilus idanus, new species, holotype: 7. Clypeus and labrum (ventral
view, all setae shown): a, Arching band of heavier, more deeply colored areolation
enclosing strictly membranous region just anterior to degenerate labrum. 8. Right
antenna (lateral aspect, the ventral surface is on left, all setae deleted, all but first two
articles shown): a, Elliptical patch of hyaline spatulate setae on terminal article; ),
peglike or pointlike sensilla on articles 9 and 13. 9. Ultimate pedal and postpedal segments
(ventral view, right leg deleted): All setae of presternites, sternite, and ultimate leg
shown. 10. First and second maxillae (ventral view, left telopodite deleted, all setae shown
on right side): The membrane is indicated by stippling. 11. Right prehensorial telopodite
(ventral view, all setae deleted); Poison calyx in situ and enlarged. 12. Sixth sternite
(ventral view, all setae shown): Anterior end uppermost.

180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Clypeus (see also notes A and H, pp. 189, 198): As a whole swollen
ventrally; much broader than long; paraclypeal sutures present but
extremely vague, detected with difficulty; transbuccal sutures appar-
ently absent. Without clypeal areas. Anterior to labral position a
broad arc of more strongly sclerotized and deeply colored areolation,
the remainder of the clypeus anterior to arc very weakly areolate;
the part posterior to and enclosed by the arc membranous, not areo-
late. With two postantennal setae and two more setae just posterior
to these; without posterior geminate setae.

Labrum: Centrally membranous, with a fringe of minute hairlike
structures; each side of the labrum with one or two weak, poorly
developed obscure teeth.

Mandible: Dentate lamella undivided, teeth blunt, well-separated,
eight in number. With about 13 simple, hyaline teeth, their row
overlapping two-thirds of the dentate lamella.

First maxillae: Telopodite distinctly bipartite, with one seta,
without lappets. Coxosternum without medial suture or indication
of division; coarsely areolate; without lappets.

Second maxillae (see also notes B and F, pp. 189, 193): Isthmus very
broad, without suture or indication of division; areolation weak but
uniform. Each coxosternite laterally membranous; entirely without
postmaxillary sclerites; each pore opening somewhat thickened; with
short laterally disposed setae and short sensory pegs medially.
Telopodite basally bicondylic; apical claw spoon shaped, pointed,
pectinate on each edge.

Prehensorial prosternum: Laterally broadly bordered by the
swollen pleura. With prominent subcondylic sclerotic lines. With-
out sutures or apparent sulci; very sparsely setose.

Prehensorial telopodite (see also note C, p. 190): No article with a
denticle. Ungula thin, acuminate, dilute in color, inner edge smooth.
Poison calyx with a cluster of digitiform sclerotic appendages. Poison
gland very long, extending into the prehensorial segment.

Tergites: Basal plate not covered by the cephalic, without sutures
or sulci. Tergites 2 through the penultimate each very shallowly
bisuleate. Setae relatively robust and dark. Surface coarsely areo-
late.

Sternites: Posteriorly without a broad triangular extension; on
about the anterior third of the body each is slightly indented anteri-
orly. Setae long, robust, dark. Approximately the first 15 each
with a short midlongitudinal depression. Pore fields on a circular,
raised prominence, each with 4 long setae on the more anterior ster-
nites, decreasing to 2 setae on the rear sternites; pore fields present on
sternites 2 through 55, the last 4 pedal sternites without pore fields
or discernible pores.

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 1S1

Ultimate pedal segment: Pretergite suturate on each side, delin-
eated from its pleurites by pronounced longitudinal sutures. Tergite
subtriangular, the rear margin narrowly rounded, laterally leaving
much of coxopleura exposed from above. Presternite distinctly
divided medially. Sternite sides straight, posteriorly truncate;
ereatest width somewhat greater than greatest length. Hach coxo-
pleuron with two pores and associated glands, the former exposed
ventrally (not wholly covered by the sternite), the glands are of the
homogenous type (i.e., lack inclusive smaller glands). Each leg with
six articles distal to the coxopleuron; as a whole evenly attenuate,
robust, swollen; pretarsus represented by a long, straight, setiform
structure.

Postpedal segments: Gonopods consisting each of one article,
medially imperfectly separated. Terminal pores absent.

Paratypes: One male, 13 mm., 55 pedal segments; one male, 9 mm.,
55 pedal segments. See collection data for holotype. The two para-
types agree closely with the description of the holotype above.

Subfamily Schendylinae

Schendylurus virgingordae, new species
Figure 13-17

The new species belongs to that division of Schendylurus whose
species possess: (1) Undivided pore fields, but only on the more
anterior sternites; (2) a distinctly divided mandibular dentate lamella;
(3) two pairs of well developed maxillary lappets. On the basis of pub-
lished descriptions S. virgingordae seems most like the African S. polypus
Attems and S. australis Silvestri, and the Peruvian S. montiwagus
Turk—if the latter possesses first maxillary lappets, a condition that
is not clarified in Turk’s original description. Aside from the question
of lappets, Turk’s species differs from virgingordae as follows: S.
montivagus: Mandibular dentate lamella divided into four blocks;
labrum with 37 teeth; ultimate pretarsus is evidently a distinct fleshy
eminence; first two pedal sternites without pore fields; pore fields
subelliptical. S. virgingordae: Mandibular dentate lamella divided
into three blocks; labrum with less than 20 teeth; ultimate pedal
pretarsus not tuberculate, represented only by an acicular bristle;
second pedal sternite with a large pore field, the latter and succeeding
pore fields distinctly subtriangular, each with a prominent posterior
apex. SS. virgingordae resembles australis rather closely except for the
lack of first maxillary lappets in the African form. Attems’ polypus
differs from virgingordac in the former’s abruptly narrowed ultimate
pedal second tarsus, peculiarly shaped pore fields, number of pedal
segments, mandibular divisions, and deeply embayed labrum.

182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Holotype, female, USNM 2522, British West Indies, Virgin Gorda,
Prickly Pear Island, March 29, 1958, J. F. G. Clarke, collector,
Berlese samplings of beach drift.

Body length 20 mm. Pedal segments 53. Color head prehen-
sorial segment, and antennae pale yellow; pleura, tergites, sternites,
and legs yellowish white to white or colorless.

Antennae (see also note E, p. 192): Length 216mm. Filiform, each
article much longer than wide (e.g., seventh, 1:w=40:24). First 7
articles less setose than 8-14. Ultimate article at tip on outside with
a long groove in which are 10-12 hyaline, spatulate setae; without any
other apparent special sensilla on this article or the other articles.

Cephalic plate: Length 0.75 mm., greatest width 0.57 mm. Sides
slightly bowed outward, barely converging posteriorly; posterior
margin straight. Dorsal setae few and small but lateral setae dense
and short. Without a typical frontal suture. Anterior two-fifths of
plate coarsely areolate, posterior portion except for two paramedian
obsolete lines (appearing as sulci) smooth, the areolations more or
less consolidated. Prebasal plate not apparent.

Clypeus (see also note A, p. 189): Paraclypeal sutures prominent;
transbuccal sutures apparently absent. Without clypeal areas, with-
out area of areolate consolidation except at extreme corners of labrum.
Setae relatively short, thick, straight, dark. Each bucca shortly
densely setose as shown.

Labrum: Evenly slightly embayed; medially separated from clypeus
by a narrow membranous strip. Teeth all strong, dark; medial 6
apically blunt and flanked by more pointed teeth, the first kind
merging almost imperceptibly into the other, the whole labral edge
with 17-18 teeth.

Mandible: Dentate lamella in three distinct, well separated blocks,
each with well separated, pointed teeth, right 3-3-2, left 3-3-3.
The simple row of hyaline teeth not overlapping the dentate lamella.

First maxillae: Telopodite distinctly bipartite, each with two or
three setae. Coxosternum without medial suture; with only two
setae; lappets vague, short, their surfaces subsquamulate, rather broad.

Second maxillae: Medially wide, without indication of division.
With prominent postmaxillary sclerites completely fused with coxo-
sternites. Pore opening slightly raised and sclerotized. 'Telopodite
basal article bicondylic. Claw long, pointed, spoon shaped, each edge
pectinate, the teeth of the ventral edge short, of dorsal edge long and
hyaline.

Prehensorial prosternum: Anteriorly broadly diastemate but not
denticulate. With a shallow midlongitudinal sulcus very regularly
areolate. Each pleuroprosternal suture margined for half its length
by a slight ridge (an abortive chitin or sclerotic line?).

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 183

Prehensorial telopodite (see also note C, p. 190): Failing to surpass
front margin of head. No article with distinct denticles, though
tarsungula with broad, rounded, slightly more sclerotized, light
colored, very low eminence. Ungular inner edge perfectly smooth,
not serrulate. Poison calyx elongate, its digitiform appendices
relatively short. Poison gland thin and very long, passing out of
prehensor well into prehensorial segment.

1

Figures 13-17.-—Schendylurus virgingordae, new species, holotype: 13. Sixth pedal sternite
(ventral view, anterior end uppermost, major setae shown): a, Dashed line indicating
extent of smoothly, weakly areolate area around pore field; remainder is more coarsely,
deeply areolate. 14. Clypeus, labrum, buccae (ventral view, all setae shown except on
left bucca): a, Left bucca; b, left paraclypeal suture; c, posterior geminate setae;
d, right fultura (Komandibulares Geriist). 15. First and second maxillae (ventral view,
left telopodite deleted, all setae shown): a, Left postmaxillary sclerite fused to left
coxosternite. 16. Ultimate pedal and postpedal segments, right leg deleted. All setae
of ultimate pedal presternite, sternite and of coxopleuron shown; others deleted. 17.
Prehensorial prosternum and right telopodite (ventral view, all setae deleted): a, End
of poison gland extending back into prehensorial segment; 6, poison calyx in situ and
enlarged.

184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Tergites: Basal plate slightly narrowing anteriorly, sides straight;
not suturate or sulcate. Remaining tergites (except ultimate pedal)
distinctly bisulcate. Very sparsely setose.

Sternites: Excluding ultimate pedal sternite each sternite very
sparsely setose; each coarsely areolate except for area of smoother areo-
lation surrounding each pore field. On anterior third of body each ster-
nite posteriorly extended in a broad low triangle, the extension inter-
locking with intersternite and succeeding sternite. Pore fields single,
subcentral, subtriangular, from sternite 2 through 20-22, the fol-
lowing sternites without pore fields and apparently without pores.

Ultimate pedal segment: Pretergite distinctly suturate laterally,
thereby delineated from its pleurites. Tergite very broad, the
greatest width greater than the greatest length; sides slightly incurved,
posterior edge straight and about two-thirds the width of the anterior
edge; exposing all but the anterior quarter of each coxopleuron from
above; with a few very long setae. Presternite medially vaguely
suturate, fused laterally with pleurites. Sternite broadly trapezoidal,
sides slightly curving and convergent; posteriorly broadly truncate.
Each coxopleuron moderately swollen; laterally with a few very long
setae, ventroposterior surface with a dense vestiture of short setae;
glands homogenous, two per coxopleuron, posterior pores and glands
somewhat larger than the anterior. Legs each with six articles distal
to coxopleuron, tarsus having two articles, each with a few very long
setae in circlets; prefemur, femur, and tibia ventrally with subdense
short setae concentrated about as on coxopleuron; pretarsus repre-
sented only by a minute acicular bristle about one-eighth as long as the
largest neighboring setae.

Postpedal segments: Gonopods broad, medially fused, each appar-
ently of one segment. Terminal pores absent.

Family Geophilidae
Subfamily Chilenophilinae
Lestophilus bredini, new species
Figures 18-24
All the species of Lestophilus known to date occur in Mexico and the
two Antillean Islands Hispaniola and Tortola. Further collection is
likely to disclose the presence both of described and of new congeners
throughout much of the West Indies, as well as in Central America, and
possibly in northern South America.
Unlike some of the supraspecific groupings of circum-Caribbean
chilenophilines, Lestophilus seems quite consistent internally. Its few

species share a convincing combination of apparently homologous
characters, the most useful of which appear to be the following:

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 185

(1) First maxillae with long lappets. (2) Second maxillae with pro-
nounced statuminia, (note J, p.194), a poreopening being medial to the
statuminia. (38) Second maxillary coxosternites joined by a rather
broad but flimsy, membranous, medially very weakly areolate isthmus.
There is no medial, dark, well sclerotized, knoblike anterior projection
(the medial chitinous projection of Chamberlin) as there is in Nesi-
diphilus; nor is there encountered the thin, rather blisterlike isthmus
of the more northern Arctogeophilus. (4) Postmaxillary sclerites are
very small, strictly posterior in position. In certain other genera,
such as Chamberlin’s Nesidiphilus and Suturodes, the sclerites are
broad and extend well up to or toward the poreopening. (5) Labrum
tripartite, the midpiece not at all overlapped by or dorsoposterior to
the sidepieces. (6) Ultimate tarsus of two articles. (7) Ultimate
pretarsus reportedly absent (Chamberlin, 1915, p. 523) but probably,
as in bredini, represented in some or in all by a minute, terminal,
acicular bristle or point.

The new species differs strikingly from all others in its possession
on each of the more anterior body sternites of a single, undivided,
roughly diamond-shaped, subcentral pore field. In all others this
pore field assumes the shape of a transverse band. JL. bredini seems
most like L. haitiensis Chamberlin; each has a pedal number in the high
fifties and a serrulate prehensorial blade. The difference in pore fields
shape (diamond-shaped to subtriangular in bredini but bandlike in
haitiensis) should serve to separate the two quite readily.

Holotype: Female, USNM 2521, British West Indies, Tortola, Sea
Cow Bay, March 26, 1958, J. F. G. Clarke, collector, Berlese samples
of beach drift.

Length 21 mm. Pedal segments 59. Color of head, antennae,
prehensorial segment light brownish yellow; pleurites, legs, sternites,
tergites very pale yellowish to translucent or colorless.

Antennae: Length 2.7 mm. Each article much longer than wide;
the whole essentially filiform. Basal six articles each with two distinct
circlets of long setae, otherwise very sparsely setose; remaining articles
each with progressively shorter but more numerous setae. Ultimate
article about 30 percent longer than the penultimate; the ultimate
subapically with 2 shallow elongate depressions on opposing sides, each
depression containing spatulate hyaline setae, 90° from each and at
the same level an elongate patch of 8-15 hyaline spatulate setae
(i.e., with 4 patches of setae in all, each 90° from the next).

Cephalic plate: Length 0.75 mm., greatest width 0.48 mm. Elon-
gate, sides subparallel; anteriorly and posteriorly narrowed. Sparsely
setose, with a few very long, conspicuous fringing setae. Frontal
sulcus appears (as seen by transmitted light) as a curved strip of
much coarser, more translucent areolation; with two prominent

186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

paramedian sulci extending forward to the frontal sulcus. Prebasal
plate not apparent.

Clypeus (see also notes A and H, pp. 189, 193): Paraclypeal sutures
pronounced and complete; clypeus somewhat wider than long. Each
bucca anteriorly traversed by a distinct, oblique transbuccal suture.
With two clypeal areas, each very small and subcircular, contiguous
with the alveolijof the most anterior setae, and containing minute
sclerotic fragments (and pores?). Otherwise clypeus uniformly,
coarsely areolate, without smooth areas. All setae as shown, short
and robust, deeply colored; anteriorly with four setae; posterior
geminate setae about one-third the distance from labrum to
anterior clypeal margin.

Labrum: Distinctly tripartite; separated from clypeus by a thin
membranous strip. Midpiece deeply colored; with six strong teeth.
Each sidepiece with a series of long acicular hyaline fimbriae on its
medial half. Each fultura well sclerotized and large.

Prehensorial prosternum: Somewhat longer than wide; sides paral-
lel; anteriorly medially not diastemate, with two short denticular
projections. With a very shallow midlongitudinal depression.
Surface smoothly areolate; with eight very long setae, surface uni-
formly clothed with numerous minute, short sensory points (minute,
short setae). Pleuroprosternal sutures complete anteriorly; sclerotic
(chitin) lines abortive, in essence absent.

Prosternal telopodite (see also note C, p. 190): When closed extend-
ing well beyond cephalic frontal margin. ‘Trochanteroprefemur with
a large dark, distomesal denticle, the article conspicuously excavated
just below denticle. Femuroid and tibioid without denticles. Tarsun-
gular denticle slightly smaller than those of basal article, the end
somewhat deflected, thumb shaped. Ungula falciform, robust, dark,
evenly gradually curved; proximal two-thirds of its blade coarsely
serrulate. Poison calyx short, broad, subcordiform in outline, its

Ficures 18-24.—Lestophilus bredini, new species, holotype: 18. Sixth sternite (ventral
view, anterior end uppermost, major setae shown): a, Anterior bilateral (paired) pore fields;
b, diamond-shaped subcentral pore field; ¢, broad triangular extension (metasternite)
of sixth sternite. 19. Clypeus, labrum bucca (ventral view, all setae shown): a, Left
bucca; b, transbuccal suture; c, left fultura (Komandibulares Geriist); d, tiny clypeal
area just anterior to seta. 20. Cephalic plate (dorsal view, major setae shown): a, Coarse,
deep areolation of frontal sulcus; b, coarse, deep areolation of right paramedian suture;
c, smoother, shallower areolation of frontal plate; d, smoother, shallower areolation
of area between paramedian cephalic sulci. 21. Right tarsungula and right tibioid (ventral
view, setae deleted): a, Poison calyx, in situ and enlarged. 22. First and second maxillae
(ventral view, all setae shown): a, Minute, postmaxillary sclerite; 0, left statumen. 23.
Prehensorial prosternum and telopodite (ventral view): All major prosternal setae
shown; setae of telopodite deleted. 24. Ultimate pedal and postpedal segments, left leg
(ventral view): Setae of leg deleted; all others shown.

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 187

digitiform appendices numerous and individually well delineated.
Poison gland long and thin, deflected outward; its lower end reaching
to level of trochanteroprefemoral excavation, not extending into the
prehensorial segment.

Mandible: Of the usual geophiloid form; with about 20 simple
hyaline teeth, none strongly sclerotized; condyle well developed.

(For explanation see opposite page.)

188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

First maxillae: Telopodites distinctly bipartite, each telopodite
with three setae; with an extremely long and conspicuously squamu-
late, thin, acuminate lappet. Medial projection subtriangular, with
three setae. Coxosternum without medial division, sparsely setose;
its lappets extremely long, acuminate, thin, squamulate.

Second maxillae (see also notes B, I, I’, pp. 189, 193, 194): Isthmus
very weak, markedly areolate and membranous, the two coxosternites
appearing (though not actually) separated. Each coxosternite antero-
posteriorly relatively short; each with a small postmaxillary sclerite
at the posterior angle. Each statumen strongly sclerotic, dark,
arching ectal to and partly around its associated pore, the pore
relatively large, opening widely medially. Coxosternital setae as
shown. ‘Telopodite first article bicondylic; inner surface of article
basally swollen. No article with sclerotic projections or other ap-
purtenances. Apical claw very long and thin.

Tergites, except ultimate pedal: Basal plate not bisulcate; slightly
overlapped by posterior edge of cephalic plate. Pedal tergites
markedly bisulcate, sparsely setose, the lateral margins of each with
one very long seta.

Sternites, except ultimate pedal: Very sparsely setose, the setae
short; faintly areolate; smooth, shining. Sternites of about the
anterior third of the body each with a broad, unconsolidated and
membranous (and areolate) posterior triangular extension. Each
sternite except the first with a deep midlongitudinal sulcus, the sulcus
becoming shallower on posterior sternites. Pore fields of 2 kinds:
central or subcentral, on sternites 2 through 56; the pore fields on
anterior third of body diamond shaped to subtriangular, their apices
forward, thereafter becoming progressively wider and longer, more
elliptical (the axes anteroposterior) and extending toward the rear
border of the mesosternite; anterior paired pore fields on sternites
2 through at least 30, apparently absent on rear third of body, the
pore fields extremely vague, their pores minute and pale, hence
readily overlooked.

Ultimate pedal segment: Pretergite without lateral sutures, i.e.,
not demarcated from its pleurites. Tergite with sides weakly con-
verging to the broad, truncate posterior margin, exposing dorsolateral
parts of each coxopleuron; sparsely setose. Sternite trapezoidal,
sides and rear margin straight; much longer than wide. Presternite
medially vaguely suturate; fused on each side without demarcation
from pleurites. Coxopleura each with about 20 (left 22, right 19)
small pores; moderately swollen, extending forward at least to penul-
timate pedal segment, sparsely setose; without special lobes or ridges.
Ultimate leg long and thin, with six articles distal to coxopleuron, the
tarsus consisting of two articles, the pretarsus represented by a short,

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 189

thick acicular bristle, the bristle not setiform; each article of leg
clothed with a small number of long pale setae.

Postpedal segments: Gonopods flat, broad, membranous, fused and
indented medially, without sutures, apparently unipartite. Terminal
pores present, distinct.

Notes

Notre A, ParacLyPEAL Sutures AND Buccas: Heretofore ignored
in systematic discussions are what I term here the “paraclypeal
sutures.”” When present and fully developed, they delineate the
clypeus laterally; arising in the antennal sockets, they pass laterally
and then posteriorly to end usually just ectal to the outer end of each
labral sidepiece. They have been observed in various states of
development and configuration in numerous geophilomorph genera;
in some they appear to be absent, probably following degeneration.
For example, in /typhilus idanus they are extremely vague, whereas
in Schendylurus virgingordae they are prominent. In general their
presence or absence, their degree of development, and their shape
and route promise to be useful as diagnostic characters.

The paraclypeal sutures, when present, separate the clypeus on each
side from the deflected, ventral extensions of the dorsal cephalic
plate. In other words, these ventrally deflected surfaces represent
the continuations of each side of the cephalic capsule. They have
been termed by many authors the cephalic pleura; however, their
morphological identity is by no means so clear. Consequently it
seems both premature and misleading to homologize each witha
segmental pleuron. Therefore, I propose that the term ‘“bucca’’
(cheek, pl. “‘buccae’’) be applied to them instead. Bucca is descriptive
without having basic morphological implications. Each bucca, then,
is that ventrally deflected part of the cephalic capsule that attaches
posteriorly to the maxillae and that is anteriorly continuous with the
clypeus from which it is often demarcated by a paraclypeal suture.

The bucca is sometimes traversed just posterior to the rear limit
of the clypeus by an oblique suture, here designated the transbuccal
suture. When present, this suture usually begins in the vicinity of
the rear terminus of the associated paraclypeal suture, and then
passes laterally or anterolaterally to terminate on the lateral edge of
the bucca. In some genera the transbuccal suture seems to be con-
tinuous with the dorsally lying frontal suture. A transbuccal suture
has been found to be present in many Geophilomorpha and absent
in many others. Its origin and termination, degree of development,
and configuration seem useful as classificatory devices, especially at
supraspecific levels.

Nore B, Postmaxittary Scuerites: In many schendylid and
geophilid (sensu lato) centipedes, authors have recognized and made

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

extensive systematic use of some sclerites lying just posterior or
posteromedial to the second maxillary coxosternites. By Ribaut,
Broelemann, Attems, and others they have been termed the maxillary
pleurites. Their shape, position, and degree of development and
their presence or absence have distinct systematic significance. They
seem to represent, at least in part, variously sclerotized portions of
the membrane that connects the maxillae with the prehensorial seg-
ment lying to the rear. They are probably not parts of the primitive
second maxillae at all, though there is evidence in some genera, @.¢.,
Arctogeophilus and probably some geophilines, that they have been
incorporated secondarily into the definitive second maxillary coxo-
sternites. Since their basic morphological identity is unclear, and
since in any event the evidence suggests they are not entirely or
possibly not at all pleural in origin, it seems preferable to apply to
them some other, simply descriptive term—one without morphological
implications or inferences of homology. For this reason J propose
that they be called postmaxillary sclerites.

Nore C, Prenensoriat Potson Apparatus: Apparently the first
person to recognize the sclerotized poison calyx as a valuable diag-
nostic adjunct was Verhoeff, who utilized it in several studies of the
genus Strigamia (Scolioplanes, and Linotaenia of authors). The shape
and position of the calyx is apparently quite constant for the species.
Having investigated such characters quite carefully, I find them to
be of considerable utility, for instance, in distinguishing between
closely similar but different congeneric species. The calyx is located
at the anterior end of the poison gland, presumably drains it, and
releases the venom to the poison canal.

Though he made effective use of the poison calyx, Verhoeff over-
looked the poison gland as a source of classificatory information. My
own study of the poison gland is still in the initial stages; however, it
seems clear that the gland can often provide valuable auxilliary clues
to identity at all levels from the specific to the familial.

Generally speaking, the degree of development or size of the poison
gland seems inversely proportional to the development of the pre-
hensorial telopodite as a whole. When the prehensor is large and
ponderous (in some chilenophilines and mecistocephalids), the gland
is often quite small and is restricted entirely to the body of the pre-
hensor itself. Conversely, when the prehensor is tiny and fragile
(in some ballophilines and geophilines), the gland is relatively exten-
sive and often passes from the telopodite back into the associated
prehensorial segment. I have observed exceptions to both rules, but
in the main this inverse relationship seems widespread.

Both the calyx and the attached gland are readily seen if the whole
prehensorial segment with telopodite attached are mounted in Hoyer’s

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 191

fluid or, following thorough dehydration in alcohol, in Canada balsam.
Treatment with KOH or NaOH is apt to distort the position and shape
of the calyx and of course will destroy the fleshy gland.

Nore D: Heretofore our only source of knowledge of Taeniolinum
was Pocock’s superficial and in some ways misleading original descrip-
tion (1893, pp. 471-472). The following brief diagnoses are based
upon the recent examination of one of the two original cotypes, for
whose loan I am indebted to G. Owen Evans of the British Museum
of Natural History.

Taeniolinum Pocock

Generic diagnosis: Antennae not clavate nor geniculate; neither
are they conspicuously attenuate. Labral teeth well developed and
numerous; labrum weakly arched. First maxillary telopodite lappets
long and robust; coxosternal lappets evidently absent. Second
maxillary claw bipectinate. Prosternal sclerotic lines not apparent,
i.e. not passing to or toward the prehensorial condyles. Tergites not
sulcate. Each sternite from one through the penultimate bears a
distinct pore field; no pore field raised or divided; pore fields of an-
terior third of body distinctly and transversely elliptical. Each
coxopleuron has two essentially round and concealed pores; each pore
is associated with a homogenous gland. Each ultimate leg is swollen
and strongly, evenly attenuate distally; ultimate tarsus consisting of
two articles; pretarsus is distinct and tuberculate.

Taeniolinum setosum Pocock

Species diagnosis: Male cotype, British West Indies, St. Vincent
Island, collected at 3,000 ft. in moss on a mountain by H. H. Smith.
Total length about 13 mm.; with 49 pairs of legs. Antennae neither
clavate nor geniculate; distal half very weakly attenuate (the whole
structure strongly contracted); articles 6-14 densely setose; each
article but the 14th much broader than long. Cephalic plate slightly
longer than wide; sides weakly rounded; rear margin straight and
very slightly overlapped by succeeding plate. Clypeus without a
typical clypeal area, in its position a subcircular field of minute pores;
paraclypeal sutures pronounced; transbuccal sutures very vague;
posterior margin straight, deeply pigmented and well sclerotized.
Labrum very wide and weakly arched, nearly straight; the entire
posterior margin with about 32 prominent, strong but pale teeth,
Mandible with the undivided dentate lamella evidently having 6
strong, widely separated teeth. First maxillae without medial divi-
sion; medial lobes long and triangular, lappets of coxosternum ap-
parently absent; each telopodite indistinctly separated from coxo-
sternum and indistinctly biarticulate, with a robust lappet equaling

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

the medial lobe in length. Second maxillae with postmaxillary
sclerites not detected; pore entirely enclosed; isthmus broad and not
suleate or suturate; telopodite normal, claw distally spoon shaped
with two finely pectinate edges. Prehensors having no article with
denticles; ungula strongly curved over its distal third; poison calyx
subcordiform; poison gland passing out of the prehensor posteriorly.
Prosternum without sclerotic lines; anterior diastema broadly rounded
and shallow, without denticles. ‘Tergites not suturate. Sternites
each much longer than wide, the majority weakly mediosulcate;
pore fields of anterior third of body distinct but not raised, each
subcentral and transversely subelliptical; on last third of body each
pore field appears as a transverse single line of pores; sternites one
through the penultimate with undivided pore fields. Ultimate pedal
segment having pretergite laterally separated from its pleurites by
weak sutures, the tergite posteriorly rounded and much broader than
long; presternite broad and bandlike, medially weakly suturate or
sulcate; sternite is trapezoidal, sides and rear margin straight, greatest
length slightly greater than width at midlength; coxopleuron with
two homogenous glands, each gland with one subcircular concealed
pore; each leg greatly swollen and distally strongly attenuate, clothed
with numerous stiff setae, with two tarsal articles and a tiny tuber-
culate pretarsus. Postpedal segments with short uniarticulate
gonopods widely separated; terminal pores absent.

From the foregoing summary descriptions, it is apparent that
Leptynophilus Chamberlin (1940, pp. 69-70) may be a junior synonym
of the Pocock genus, although the original description of Leptynophilus
is not sufficiently detailed or complete to permit a positive decision
in the matter. In any event, I am unable at this time to find con-
vincing grounds in Chamberlin’s description for a generic separation
of T. setosum from L. mundus, the two type species.

T. panamicum (1940, p. 69) is evidently a true Taeniolinum,
although its original description does not show how it differs from
setosum, if indeed the two species are not conspecific.

Norse E, ANTENNAL SETAE AND SprcrAL SensiLLa: In general
there are three kinds of setae that invest the antenna: (1) Typical
setae occur generally over the surface of the antenna and vary from
short and thin to quite long and thin. All are pale in color, movably
affixed to distinct sockets (alveoli), and do not occur in special, re-
stricted patches. These setae are evidently concerned with the
reception of tactile environmental stimuli. (2) Hyaline spatulate
setae occur in distinct patches and are restricted to certain areas of
certain articles. These setae are very pale to translucent in color
and arise either from vague, degenerate alveoli, or else appear not
to be alveolate at all. In Caritohallex minyrrhopus, these setae are

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—CRABILL 198

restricted to a small area of the outer surface of the 14th article,
but in Jtyphilus idanus they occur on the outer as well as on the
inner surfaces of the 14th article. Their appearance and possibly
their position suggest a chemoreceptive function. (3) Sensory points,
or sensilla, like the spatulate setae, occur in patches and quite con-
stantly (at least intraspecifically) in the same positions on the same
articles. These sensilla are distinctive in being very darkly colored,
very short and robust, and indistinctly or not at all alveolate. Ap-
parently they have lost much or all of the mobility that is typical
of ordinary setae. I have observed such sensilla in many Geophilo-
morpha. Some of these points are probably responsive to environ-
mental stimuli, but the positions of others suggest a possible proprio-
ceptive role; that is, they may be positioned such that the movement
of one antennal article against another would stimulate them, and this
condition may well be concerned with supplying information pertinent
to the position in space of the whole antenna, or of individual articles,
or of groups of articles.

Norse F, A New Maxittary Caaractser: “Bicondylic” is a new
term that I introduce in reference to the two condyles (one dorsal
and one ventral) whereby the basal telopodite article is articulated
with the second maxillary coxosternite. Evidently it has been over-
looked that though there are usually two such condyles, in some
genera there is only one. For instance, throughout the Holarctic
genus Arctogeophilus there is, to the best of my knowledge, never
more than one nodular condyle, the dorsal one, the ventral one
having degenerated and vanished completely.

Note G, Genicutatn ANTENNA: In alcohol the antenna is
distinctly geniculate, i.e., its distal group of swollen articles is bent
angularly to the axis of the series of more proximal filiform articles.
This condition is not evident in figure 8 because in Hoyer’s mountant
an antenna tends to swell very slightly and to straighten.

Note H, Posterior GeminatEe Seran: In many geophilomorph
genera—including some quite distantly related and representing
different families—I have found a distinctive pair of clypeal setae
to be of quite constant occurrence. Because these exhibit certain
special characteristics and should prove to be of systematic significance,
I term them specifically the posterior geminate setae. They always
occur as a pair on or close to the body midline and usually some-
where on the posterior part of the clypeus, often quite close to the
labrum. If they are homologous between groups, say from family
to family, then they are conceivably persistent and very primitive
structures. The alternative possibility, that they are only analogous
and have arisen independently many times, of course, is not easy to
discredit, especially since the geminate setae occur so widely and

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

apparently subserve some highly specialized sensory function. They
may well have been “invented’’ a number of times in quite different
organisms. One is reminded in this connection of the example of
the eyes of squid and of vertebrates, organs that are grossly quite
similar but not homologous. I believe that the posterior geminate
setae serve a special sensory role of some sort and that they will
prove important systematically once they have been investigated on
a sufficiently broad scale.

Nore I, rae Statumen: The signal characteristic of the Chileno-
philinae is the thickened sclerotic ridge running obliquely forward
on each second maxillary coxosternite and passing ectal to the max-
illary pore. To resolve the confusion that has arisen from the ap-
plication of numerous phrase designations in each of the major
languages, I have proposed that this ridge be given a single Latin
name, “statumen” (strut or support, pl. “‘statuminia”). Future
studies may show that the definition of the statumen given above
may require further restriction since there is some evidence to sup-
port the suspicion that not all statuminia are homologous; i.e., some
kinds may have arisen through evolutionary convergency. If this
convergency can be proved, then it could follow that the group now
recognized as the Chilenophilinae, (or Chilenophilidae) would require
a general reorganization, possibly involving at least a partial fusion
with fractions of the pachymeriine Geophilidae.

WEST INDIAN CENTIPEDES—-CRABILL 195

References

ATTEMS, CARL GRAF
1926. Chilopoda, ix Kiikenthal und Krumbach, Handbuch der Zoologie,
vol. 4, pp. 239-402. .
1928. The Myriopoda of South Africa. Ann. South African Mus., vol.
26, pp. 1-431.
1929. 1. Geophilomorpha, im Das Tierreich, Lief. 52, pp. 1-388.
1930. 2. Scolopendromorpha, ir Das Tierreich, Lief. 54, pp. 1-308.
BUcHERL, WOLFGANG
1941. Catalogo dos quilopodos da zona neotropica. Mem. Inst, Butantan,
vol. 15, pp. 1-372.
(CHAMBERLIN, RALPH V.
1915. Chilopods from Mexico and the West Indies. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. Harvard, vol. 59(8), pp. 495-541.
1949. On some chilopods from Barro Colorado Island. Psyche, vol. 47,
pp. 66-74.
1941. On a collection of myriapods from Venezuela. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 54, pp. 137-142.
1950. Some chilopods from Puerto Rico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. 68, pp. 155-162.
1958. Five new South American chilopods. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. 71, pp. 57-60.
CLoupsLeyY-THOMPSON, J. L.
1948. Hydroschendyla submarina (Grube), in Yorkshire, with an historical
review of the marine Myriapoda. The Naturalist, October—
December, pp. 149-152.
DaRLINGTON, Putte, J,
1957. Zoogeography. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 1-675,
Goop, RONALD
1953. The geography of flowering plants. London, Longmans, Green and
Co., pp. 1-452.
Kraus, Orto
1957, Myriapoden aus Peru, VI: Chilopoda. Seneckenbergiana, vol. 38,
pp. 359-404.
Mayr, ERNST, ET AL.
1952, The problem of land connections across the south Atlantie with
special references to the Mesozoic. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 99, pp. 79-258.
Pocock, REGINALD I.
1893. Contributions to our knowledge of the arthropod fauna of the West
Indies, Part II. Chilopoda. Journ. Linnean Soc. London, vol.
24, pp. 454-473.
Turg, F. A.
1955. The Chilopoda of Peru with descriptions of new species and some
zoogeographical notes on the Peruvian chilopod fauna. Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, vol. 125, pp. 469-504.
VERHOEFF, Karu W.
1941, Chilopoden und Diplopoden, in Titschack, Beitrige zur Fauna
Perus, I, Hamburg, pp. 3-72.

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National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION +« WASHINGTON, D.C.

Volume 111 1960 Number 3428

MELOID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) OF THE WEST INDIES
By RicwarD B. SELANDER AND Joun K. Bouseman!

Introduction

The West Indies have never received attention from entomologists
commensurate with their great biogeographical interest. Descriptions
of West Indian species of Meloidae have appeared at irregular inter-
vals since the first species was described by Fabricius in 1781, but no
attempt has been made to treat these beetles comprehensively or to
relate them to the beetle fauna of the American mainland. We there-
fore feel that the present report will be valuable, for by bringing
together all available information on the Meloidae of the West Indies,
the report will not only serve as a means of identifying the species of
the islands but will perhaps also stimulate more widespread interest
in the meloid fauna, so that the process of studying and interpreting
it will be accelerated.

For the purpose of this report the West Indies are defined as includ-
ing the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles
as far south as Grenada. ‘Trinidad and the other islands associated
with it along the northern coast of South America, while forming part
of the West Indies in the physiographic sense, are excluded because
they are on biogeographic grounds more logically treated as part of
South America.

1 A joint contribution of the Department of Entomology of the University of Illinois, and the Section of
Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification of the Illinois Natural History Survey.

197

198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yor. 111

ORIGIN

The meloid fauna of the West Indies is known to include 9 species in
5 genera: Meloe, Tetraonyx, Cissites, Pseudozonitis, and Nemognatha.
The species are listed in table 1, which also summarizes available
distributional data. Although additional collecting may augment
the present list of species, it is apparent that the meloid fauna of the
islands is depauperate. In comparison, the Mexican State of Vera-
cruz has nearly 50 species representing 8 genera, and Florida has 28
species in 7 genera. ‘The scarcity of Meloidae in the West Indies is
paralleled in a number of other animal groups, such as the amphibians
and terrestrial mammals among the vertebrates (Darlington, 1957)
and perhaps in a majority of the families of beetles among the insects.

The much richer representation of Meloidae in Florida than in
the West Indies indicates that the scarcity of Meloidae in the islands
is largely a reflection of physical isolation of the islands from the
mainland rather than of their ecological uniformity or unsuitability.
Veracruz has such great physiographic and climatic diversity that it
might be expected to have more species of Meloidae than the West
Indies, even if the West Indies were not isolated. But Florida,
which is ecologically much more uniform than the West Indies, has
more than three times as many species as the islands.

All known genera of Meloidae in the West Indies are represented
also on the American mainland and in most cases abundantly.
According to the classification that we have adopted, these genera
represent two subfamilies and four tribes.

As shown in table 1, four of the nine species of West Indian Meloidae
occur also on the mainland. So far, only two West Indian species
(Tetraonyx quadrimaculata and Cissites maculata) have been recorded

TABLE 1.—Geographic distribution of the West Indian Meloidae.

Ss 8 a 6 a a oO s| 38
ny S Siles o =
Species gel el aie § Bi )/2le\3/8) Ss leslekel =
a a 38| 3 3a} + Flelogiead 2/2 3 53 sq ag
SSE EIBI BIE (C/E E/E RIE] 8 Pa gssee
alolo |f@/Hlalaelalslolalalalola ja” ja
M. laevis x x
T. quadrimaculata EKSa4| ||| ee Xe EK} Ca ea
T. cruciata x
T. maestra x
C. maculata x EX OX Xe |! XE x Xu iex
P. marginata x | XS om, fl em x SK | ASE 31) oR x
P. obscuricornis x xX x
N. occupata aX
N. punctulata ERS | NE eX xX

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 199

from the island of Trinidad. Five of the species of the Greater
Antilles are not present in the Lesser Antilles, but there are no species
in the latter group of islands that do not occur in the former. Appar-
ently the only island having endemic species is Cuba, with three.
We do not propose to enter into a detailed comparison of the fauna of
the various islands because the small number of species involved
requires a more exact knowledge of the distribution of the fauna than
we now have.

With respect to the origin of the West Indian meloid fauna, it is
well first to discuss what information is available concerning the
distributional and phylogenetic relationships of the individual species
before summarizing our conclusions.

Meloe laevis and Cissites maculata not only occur in the Tropics of
the American mainland but have related species in this area. Prob-
ably, A. laevis reached the West Indies from Central America, and
C. maculata reached there from either Central or South America.
The distribution of M. laevis, if it actually corresponds to that shown
in table 1, presents an intriguing biogeographic problem. This
species ranges on the mainland from southwestern United States
south to Costa Rica, and is therefore evidently able to disperse with
facility and to adapt to a relatively wide range of ecological condi-
tions. On this account, the presence of this species in the West
Indies is not surprising, but it is quite enigmatic that within this area
the species should be apparently restricted to Hispaniola, which is
among the islands farthest removed from the mainland.

Although Nemognatha punctulata is represented in the southeastern
United States by a population only slightly differentiated from the
West Indian population, the only species with which it shows a definite
relationship are South American in disbribution. The fact that it has
not been recorded in the West Indies south of Jamaica suggests that
it may not have reached the islands directly from South America but
rather through colonization from Central America by an ancestral
species that has since either become extinct in Central America or has
escaped the notice of collectors.

The same reasoning applies to Tetraonyx quadrimaculata. This
species is replaced in continental South America (Brazil) by a very
similar species, 7. bimaculata Klug. Like N. punctulata, T. quad-
rimaculata has a population in the southeastern United States but has
no known relatives there. On this basis the simplest explanation for
the distribution of the species is that it derived directly from a South
American stock and reached the United States from the West Indies.
The Cuban species 7. cruciata and T. maestra represent local derivatives
of T. quadrimaculata.

200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

The species Pseudozonitis marginata, which is presumably restricted
to the West Indies, has its nearest known relative in the Central Amer-
ican P. megalops (Champion). Inasmuch as P. marginata occurs as
far north as Andros Island in the Bahamas and as far south as Grenada,
its failure to colonize the mainland at either end of its range is likely
the result of an inability to compete with the mainland fauna rather
than of difficulty in crossing over to the mainland. P. obscuricornis
belongs to a species group that is otherwise recorded only from the
southwestern United States; however, the genus Pseudozonitis has
not been thoroughly studied in the Neotropics, and very likely other
related species will eventually be found in Mexico and Central
America, if not in South America.

Finally, the relationships of the Cuban endemic Nemognatha oc-
cupata are so questionable that we prefer not to speculate on the
origin of this species.

We conclude on the basis of the above analysis that the West Indian
meloid fauna derived from seven immigrant species, most or perbaps
all of which arrived on the islands from the neotropical part of the
mainland. Central America seems to have been the important source
region for West Indian Meloidae, although two of the species may have
reached the islands directly from South America. We find nothing
in the relationships and distribution of the Meloidae that is incom-
patible with the theory of origin of the West Indian fauna recently out-
lined by Darlington (1957).

DISPERSAL

One important aspect of the meloid fauna of the West Indies not
mentioned in the preceding discussion concerns how Meloidae disperse
themselves. This aspect is also of more general significance because
it offers strong indirect support for the theory that the islands of the
West Indies are oceanic.

As larvae Meloidae are parasitic either on grasshopper egg pods or
the contents of nesting cells of wild bees; as adults they are phyto-
phagous (except for a few species that do not feed). Various degrees
of host specificity are exhibited by different species both in the larval
and adult stages. Because of this general complexity of their ecology,
the Meloidae face special problems of dispersal, and it is therefore to
be expected that they would be poorly represented in any area having
a history of prolonged isolation.

Significantly, 5 of the 9 New World genera of Meloidae whose first
instar larvae reach their feeding site by phoresy on adult bees are
represented in the West Indian fauna (Zonitis, Rhyphonemognatha,
Gnathium, Hornia, and Tricrania are absent); none of the nearly 20
New World genera of nonphoretic meloids (such as Lytta, Pyrota, and
the dominant genus Epicauta) occur there. Apparently, the West

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN Q()]

Indies have always been separated from the American mainland by a
barrier so formidable to Meloidae that phoresy has been a prerequisite
to successful colonization of the islands. That only a few of the
phoretic meloid species have established themselves in the West
Indies does not detract from our hypothesis.

Phoresy as a means of dispersal seems to confer two principal ad-
vantages on the meloids possessing it. First, by attaching themselves
to adult bees, meloid larvae are able to take advantage of the powers
of flight of their host, which in general are considerably greater than
those of adult meloids. This advantage increases a meloid species’
chances of crossing a physical barrier such as an extensive water gap
and of reaching a suitable habitat. Second, since many meloid larvae
frequently attach themselves to individual adult bees, a bee reaching
and establishing itself in a new area may introduce several meloid
individuals and thus considerably enhance the prospect of the
species’ success, particularly since the larvae attached to a single bee
will develop and emerge as adults in the same locality.

The hypothesis that phoresy is an important factor in the dispersal
of the Meloidae gains support from the fact that the West Indian
meloid fauna is composed of two distinct groups. These, on the
basis of phylogenetic studies pursued by the senior author (Selander),
seem to have developed phoresy independently. Tetraonyx, Cissites,
Pseudozonitis, and Nemognatha constitute one group (the subfamily
Nemognathinae) and share a number of specialized characters besides
phoresy. Meloe, on the other hand, closely resembles the nonphoretic
Meloidae (which we place with it in the subfamily Meloinae) except
in those features directly connected with phoresy. Indeed, we may
say that the only distinctive similarity between Meloe and the rest
of the genera represented in the West Indies that is conceivably
critical in dispersal is phoresy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to acknowledge with gratitude the generous assistance of
the following individuals and institutions in providing us with the
material and information upon which this report is based: Patricia
Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Christine
M. F. von Hayek, British Museum (Natural History) (BM);
R. Bénard, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre
de Recherches Agronomiques des Antilles, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe
(INRA); Edward A. Chapin, Museum of Comparative Zoology
(MCZ); T. H. Farr, The Institute of Jamaica, Kingston (IJ); M. H.
Hatch, University of Washington (UW); L. F. Martorell, Agricultural
Experiment Station, University of Puerto Rico; J. R. Metcalfe,
Department of Science and Agriculture, Barbados; J. A. Ramos,
University of Puerto Rico (UPR); T. J. Spilman, U.S. National

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Museum (USNM); F. G. Werner, University of Arizona; and Fernando
de Zayas, Havana, Cuba. (Abbreviations in parentheses are those
used in designating institutional collections in the records section of
species accounts given below; the abbreviation RBS in the records
section designates the collection of the senior author.)

For assistance in the statistical treatment of data, we are indebted
to H. W. Norton, University of Illinois, and P. W. Smith, Illinois
Natural History Survey.

Finally, we take pleasure in expressing our appreciation to M. W.
Sanderson, Illinois Natural History Survey, for encouraging our
interest in the West Indies and for his invaluable aid in all phases
of this study.

Taxonomic Treatment

In the following accounts the synonymy listed for each species
consists of a citation of the original description and of all subsequently
published works that refer to the species as a part of the West Indian
fauna. Diagnoses are given in place of full descriptions for certain
species that have been adequately described elsewhere or that have
an extensive range outside the area covered by the present study.
In all other respects, we have attempted to make the accounts as
complete as possible.

We have excluded from our treatment the species Epicauta pennsyl-
vanica (DeGeer), a rather small, entirely black meloid ranging com-
monly through the greater part of the eastern two-thirds of the
United States and recorded from Jamaica by Gowdey (1926, p. 13).
Gowdey’s record was based on two specimens collected by him in
Hope Gardens, St. Andrew Parish, and now housed in the Gowdey
collection at the Hope Garden Agricultural Experiment Station.
Through the efforts of T. H. Farr, we were able to study one of these
specimens, a typical male collected August 8, 1920. According to
Farr (in litt.), the other specimen is dated October 10, 1920. In
view of the information available, we concluded that Gowdey’s
specimens were accidentally introduced from the mainland (possibly
as larvae in soil packed around roots of plants); the absence of sub-
sequent Jamaican records indicates that the species did not succeed
in establishing itself on the island.

Key to the Species of West Indian Meloidae

1. Wingless, entirely black beetles with shortened elytra . Meloe laevis Leach
Wings and elytra fully developed; color not entirely black . .....~. 2

2. Dorsal blade of tarsal claws smooth, without teeth; elytra orange, each with
a large black basal spot and an even larger apical spot (sometimes partially
fused), the spots covering at least two-thirds of surface ....... 3
Dorsal blade of tarsal claws with a double row of small teeth ventrally; color
pattern of elytra not as above

ee al a Ve) ee ae” 8 je ee ate, (0) (6) oe \ehauon eo we, Fite

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 2()3

3. Apical spot of each elytron relatively narrowly separated from basal spot, as
in figure 2, or partially fused with it, well separated from sutural margin;
color pattern of elytra a yellow cross on a black background (Cuba).

Tetraonyx cruciata Castelnau
Apical spot of each elytron broadly separated from basal spot, attaining
sutural margin or nearly so; color pattern of elytra a wide median yellow

fascia on a black background... . ... 4
4. Apical spot of each elytron exceeding middle: venek ety ion ‘ohe-fitth as wide
as long (southeastern Cuba) . .. . . Tetraonyx maestra, new species

Apical spot of each elytron not exceeding middle; each elytron one-fourth as
wide as long (Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles).

Tetraonyx quadrimaculata (Fabricius)

5. Galeae produced as slender, contiguous sucking processes that are longer than

the head... . . ty att otan ev 0
Galeae not ere dine: Eien pezond rhandibles, not ioneer than labial palpi,
not contiguous .. . Base he,

6. Galeae and antennal Seinen I veilow: eorex fami nae ibis spurs slender,
acute; elytra finely punctate. . . . Nemeognatha punctulata LeConte

Galeae and antennal segment I dark; vertex not tumid; hind tibial spurs
greatly thickened, spoon shaped, obsusS: elytra coarsely punctate (Cuba).
Nemogiiatla occupata (Blackwelder)
7. Eyes small, lateral, not approaching each other beneath head; head strongly
triangular; pronotum transverse; orange beetles with four black fasciae on
eachelytron ... . ... . Cissites maculata (Swederus)
Kyes large, seeromimate tenes head; other characters not as above. . . 8
8. Male fore and middie tarsi swollen and expanded; male and female sixth
abdominal sterna as in figures 6 and 7, respectively.
Pseudozonitis marginata (Fabricius)
Male fore and middle tarsi not modified, similar in size to hind tarsi; male
and female sixth abdominal sterna as in figures 9 and 10, respectively.
Pseudozonitis obscuricornis (Chevrolat)

Family Meloidae
Subfamily Meloinae
Tribe Meloini

Genus Meloe Linnaeus

This interesting and distinctive genus is primarily Holarctic in distri-
bution and is more richly developed in the Old World than in the New
World. There are 19 species in the New World fauna, all limited to
the North American continent. Only four of these have been recorded
south of the United States, and only two (M. laevis Leach and M.
tropicus Motschulsky) are known to occur as far south as Central
America. West Indian fauna includes only a single species.

The principal taxonomic works on the New World species of Meloe
are those of Champion (1891-1893) and Van Dyke (1928).

204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Meloe laevis Leach

Meloe laevis Leach, 1815, p. 249, pl. 8, fig. 4—-Champion, 1891-1893, p. 366.—
Borchmann, 1917, p. 127.— Denier, 1935, p. 174.— Blackwelder, 1945, p. 488.
Meloe barranci, Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467 (name used in error).

Diaenosis: Entirely black; surface satiny, dull. Antennae rather
short, heavy, moniliform in both sexes. Head and pronotum very
finely, sparsely punctate, glabrous. Elytra much shortened, diver-
gent, impunctate, almost smooth. Hind wings absent. Abdomen
impunctate, glabrous, swollen, exposed; in the female the abdomen
has the aspect of an inflated, elongate bag trailing behind the anterior
part of the body; in the male the abdomen is smaller, but at least a
few segments are exposed behind the elytra in dorsal view; the tergites
in the female are reduced to small median plate on the posterior margin
of each abdominal segment. ‘Tarsal claws with dorsal blade smooth,
not dentate. Total length, 14-33 mm.; length to end of elytra,
9—15:mm.

Typrr Locauity: Hispaniola (“Insula America St. Domingo”’).

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: This species is common on the North
American mainland, where it ranges from Colorado and Arizona in the
United States south through Mexico (including the Tres Marias
Islands) and Central America to Costa Rica. In the West Indies, the
species has been recorded only from Hispaniola.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: August 12 to September 16 on Hispaniola.

RECORDS: HISPANIOLA: Constanza, 3,000—4,000 ft., Dominican Re-
public, August 1938, P. J. Darlington, MCZ, one; Kenskoff, 6,000 ft.,
Haiti, August 12, 1924, M. Bates, MCZ, one; September 16, 1934,
P. J. Darlington, MCZ, two; Mount Basil, 4,700 ft., Haiti, September
9, 1934, P. J. Darlington, MCZ, one.

Remarks: The Hispaniolan specimens are all females. We have
compared them with specimens from a number of localities in Mexico
and have been unable to find significant differences. The type of the
species is in the British Museum (Natural History).

Hasits: Unknown.

Subfamily Nemognathinae
Tribe Tetraonycini

Genus Tetraonyx Latreille

Restricted to the New World and primarily tropical in distribution,
Tetraonyz is represented in South America (primarily Brazil) by 77
currently recognized species, in Mexico and Central America by 14,
in the United States and Canada by 4, and in the West Indies by 3.

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 205

Haag-Rutenberg’s (1879) monograph is the standard reference for
the genus, but it should be noted that a number of species and varieties
have been described since its publication.

Tetraonyx quadrimaculata (Fabricius)

Ficure 1

Apalus 4 maculatus Fabricius, 1792, p. 50.

Mylabris ruficollis Olivier, 1795, pp. 14-19, pl. 2, fig. 17.

Tetraonyx 4-maculatus, Haag-Rutenberg, 1879, p. 308.—Leng and Mutchler, 1917,
p. 216.

Tetraonyx quadrimaculatus, Chevrolat, 1877, p. ix.—Fleutiaux and Sallé, 1889, p.
433.—Gundlach, 1894, p. 318 (in part)—Champion, 1896, p. 53.—
Borchmann, 1917, p. 113 (in part).—Wolcott, 1924, p. 85; 1936, p. 209.—
Denier, 1935, p. 168 (in part).

Nemognatha cubaecola, Gundlach, 1891, p. 258 (in part).

Tetraonyx quadrimaculata, Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467 (in part).—Black-
welder, 1945, p. 487 (in part).— Wolcott, 1950, p. 321 (in part).

Tetraonyx quadrimaculatus var. bimaculatus, Staig, 1940, p. 142, pl. 57.

Description: Head, antennae, labrum, and mandibles black; max-
illae and labium yellow except last segment of palpi infuscate.
Pronotum and scutellum orange-yellow. Elytra orange-yellow, each
with a black spot covering most of basal fourth and another covering
most of apical two-fifths; hind margin of basal spot nearly straight;
basal spot separated from sutural margin of elytron by a distance
equal to or slightly greater than half the width of the scutellum at
its apex and from lateral margin by about twice this distance; apical
spot attaining lateral margin and apex of elytron, in most cases also
attaining sutural margin but occasionally very narrowly separated,
especially anteriorly. Wings pallid brown with dark apex. Under
surface orange-yellow, except mesothorax and metathorax (or at least
the pleurites), largely black, and the last one or two abdominal sterna
of the same color. Femora orange-yellow except apices broadly
black; tibiae and tarsi black. Pubescence dense, recumbent through-
out, of the same color as surface except always yellow on under
surface of thorax. Length, 6-12 mm.

Head subtriangular or triangular; occiput nearly straight; surface
even on vertex, a little roughened on front, coarsely, densely punctate,
dull; a fine smooth median line usually indicated from occiput to
center of front. Eyes large, weakly emarginate. Antennae reaching
(over vertex) base of pronotum, compressed-moniliform; segment I
reaching about one-third distance across eye; II less than half and
III fully half as long as I; III to V progressively wider and less com-
pressed; VI to X similar to V, about one-third longer than wide.
Pronotum transverse, one-half to nearly three-fourths wider than
long, obviously wider than head; base sinuate medianly; hind angles
distinct but not sharp; front angles well rounded; disk convex,

511800—60-——2

206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

impressed along base; surface as on vertex. Elytra finely scabro-
punctate, dull. Both hind tibial spurs thickened, spatulate, the
outer one usually wider.

Male having fore tarsi with first to fourth segments greatly ex-
panded; first segment strongly asymmetrical, third only sightly so.
Fifth abdominal sternum deeply, broadly emarginate. Sixth sternum
moderately deeply, triangularly emarginate, impressed. Genitalia
with gonostyli gradually divergent, slender, compressed, notched
ventrally near apex; aedeagus slender, needlelike apically, lacking
ventral hooks; dorsal hook small.

Female having fore tarsi only moderately expanded; segments
symmetrical. Fifth abdominal sternum entire or nearly so. Sixth
sternum truncate or very shallowly emarginate medianly.

Typr tocauity: Of 7. quadrimaculata, North America. Of rufi-
collis, given as “‘Siberia,’’ obviously in error.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Trinidad, the Lesser Antilles, Puerto
Rico, Hispaniola, and the Coastal Plain and Piedmont of the south-
eastern United States from North Carolina to southwestern Alabama
(Mobile County) and northern Florida (Alachua and Putnam
Counties).

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: Adults have been collected in the West
Indies ia every month of the year except November. In the United
States they are recorded from July 21 to October.

Recorps: GRENADA: Mount Gay Estate, leeward side, H. H.
Smith, BM, one. GuapELoupE: August 1956, R. Bénard, INRA,
one; Camp-Jacob, 500-600 m., March (Fleutiaux and Sallé, 1889).
HISPANIOLA: Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, August 29 to Sep-
tember 2, 1938, P. J. Darlington, MCZ, one; Villa Altagracia,
Dominican Republic, July 1938, P. J. Darlington, MCZ, one.
MONTSERRAT: March 23, H. G. Hubbard, USNM, two; 1894, H. G.
Hubbard, USNM, one; H. A. Ballou (donor), USNM, one. PUERTO
rico: Country label only, RBS, one; Arroyo, February 1899, A.
Busck, USNM, one; Bayamén, April 9, 1934, USNM, seven;
Guajataca, December 28, 1943, Rosamo, UPR, one; Haltillo, March
21, 1937, J. Bruast, UPR, one; Indiera Alta, Maricao, June 5, 1944,
J. A. Ramos, UPR, four; Isabela, January 1940, J. Usera, UPR,
one; Jayuya, December 1932, C. Gonzales, MCZ, one; mountains
east of Maricao, July 28, 1943, J. A. Ramos UPR, one; Trujillo Alto
(Wolcott, 1950); Vega Alta, May 23, 1933, Mills and Anderson,
USNM, two; Villalba, October 15, 1930, C. G. Salazar, UPR, one;
Yauco-Lares Road, Kilometer 22, July 25, 1953, J. A. Ramos, UPR,
three. st. THOMAS (Haag-Rutenberg, 1879). svt. vincenT: South
end, H. H. Smith, BM, one; windward side, 1896-1898, H. H. Smith,
USNM, one.

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 207

Remarks: The description given above applies to the West Indian
material listed as well as to six specimens from the United States
and two from the island of Trinidad (Fry collection, British Museum).
Besides the original description, references to 7. quadrimaculata in
the United States include LeConte’s (1853) redescription and the
records of Blatchley, Brimley, and Léding cited below under “habits.”

There is noticeable variation in 7. quadrimaculata in several charac-
ters, but apparently only the shape of the male sixth abdominal
sternum varies geographically.

Variation in color is limited largely to the relatively minor point of
whether the apical black spots of elytra actually attain the sutural
margins and to the extent of black markings on the under surface of
the body. One of the males from the United States is exceptional in
that only the sixth abdominal sternum (rather than the fifth and sixth
sterna) is black. This specimen also has the black thoracic marking
reduced to a suffusion partially covering the pleurites on each side.

Variation in size (as expressed by the length of the elytra) and in
the proportions of the pronotum and elytra is indicated in tables 2

Ficures 1-3.—1, Tetraonyx quadrimaculata, right elytron (Montserrat); 2, 7. cruciata,
same; 3, T. maestra, same (holotype).

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111
TaBLE 2.—Length of elytra (in millimeters) for four species of Tetraonyx.

Males Females
Species

Mean and Range Number Mean and Range Number

T. quadrimaculata:

United States 8.10 (7.2-9.4) 4 8.75 (8.5-9.0) 2

Hispaniola-Puerto Rico 7.85 (6.9-10.0) 13 8.77 (5.6-10.7) 12

Lesser Antilles 9.40 (7.2-10.6) 4 9.55 (8.3-10.8) 2
T. cruciata: Cuba 6.40 (5.1-7.6) 8 6.74 (6.2-8.0) 6
T. maestra: Cuba 11.68 (11.1-12.2) 2
T. bimaculata: Brazil 7.8 1

and 3. It will be noted that the average size of the females is slightly
greater than that of the males.

The sixth abdominal sternum in males from the United States has
relatively deep, regularly triangular, straight-sided emargination and
rather evenly tapered lateral lobes. On Hispaniola and Montserrat
the emargination is similar in form to the above but slightly shallower,
and the lateral lobes are more noticeably rounded on the lateral margin.
Males from Puerto Rico and St. Vincent differ from the rest in that
the angle of the emargination is much more obtuse, with the sides of
emargination definitely sinuate.

The species Tetraonyx quadrimaculata is a member of a closely knit
and poorly understood complex that includes the Cuban forms
T. cruciata and T. maestra, the Brazilian 7. bimaculata Klug, and in
all probability 7. maculata Haag-Rutenberg. We have not seen speci-
mens of the last form, which is recorded from southern Mexico and
Central and South America, but from its description we concluded
that it is intimately related to T. quadrimaculata. T. cruciata and
T. bimaculata have long been regarded as varieties of 7. quadrimaculata.
However, we prefer to regard them as separate species for the present,

TABLE 3.—Proportions of pronotum and right elytron (in percent) for four species of
Tetraonyx.

Pronotum (length/width) Elytron (width/length) >
Species

Mean and Range Number Mean and Range Number

T. quadrimaculata:

United States 68.18 (66.7-70.8) 5 23.82 (22.8-25.0) 6
Hispaniola-Puerto Rico 66.61 (52.1-72.4) 25 24.72 (22.5-28.0) 25
Lesser Antilles-Trinidad 68.96 (61.7-69.0) 8 25.15 (23.2 26.9) 6
T. cruciata: Cuba 69.32 (61.0-75.3) 14 24.50 (21.0-26.0) 14
T. maestra: Cuba 74.25 (71.1-77.4) 2 20.60 (20.1-21.2) 2
T. bimaculata: Brazil 59.7 1 25.2 1

2 Width measured at narrowest point between base and middle of elytron.

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 2()9

and interpret the complex to which they belong as a superspecies
rather than a polytypic species.

On the basis of a single male that we examined from Nova Teutonia,
Brazil, and Haag-Rutenberg’s (1879) description, we concluded that
T. bimaculata differs from T. quadrimaculata as follows: Color a deeper
yellow; surface shinier, with the head and pronotum more finely and
sparsely punctate; occiput distinctly convex on each side of the mid-
line; front angles of pronotum well defined, not rounded; under sur-
face of abdomen entirely black; male fore tarsi less strongly expanded,
the first segment relatively weakly produced on anterior side. The
sixth sternum is most similar to that of 7. quadrimaculata from His-
paniola and Montserrat.

LT. cruciata differs constantly from T. quadrimaculata only in the
characters of elytral color pattern. In average size it is significantly
smaller (table 2), but there is appreciable overlap. The male sixth
sternum is most similar to that of 7. quadrimaculata from Puerto
Rico and St. Vincent. All the specimens of 7. cruciata we have re-
corded are from central Cuba.

Judged from the two specimens studied, T. maestra, which presum-
ably replaces J. cruciata in the mountains of Oriente Province of
Cuba, is distinctly the largest representative of the T. quadrimaculata
complex (table 2). Its elytral color pattern is unique. In addition,
indications are that on the average the pronotum is more quadrate
in form and the elytra more elongate than in the other species of the
complex (table 3).

According to our view, 7’. cruciata and T. maestra represent lines of
T. quadrimaculata that reached Cuba independently, probably at
different times. Possibly the two forms subsequently differentiated
in geographic isolation from each other, but it seems much more
likely, in view of the marked displacement of their characters relative
to those of 7. quadrimaculata, that there was established at some
time in their history a sympatric relationship leading to an accentua-
tion of morphological (and probably ecological) differences between
them. For a recent discussion of the evolutionary processes that
might operate in such a situation, see Brown and Wilson (1956).

Hasits: Wolcott’s latest report (1950, p. 321) on the insects of
Puerto Rico contains the following information regarding the habits
of T. quadrimaculata:

The beetles are possibly most often found on the flowers of leguminous plants in
the more humid parts of the Island, but may occur on other kinds of flowers, as
on flowers of “yerba bellaca” (Croton humilis [Euphorbiaceae]) at Isabela, of
Lantana camara [Verbenaceae] at Trujillo Alto, and sometimes in such abundance
as to cause appreciable injury, as on grapefruit [Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae) |
blossoms at Bayamén, and on flowers of tecoma vine or “ricosolana’”’ (Pandorea
ricasoliana [Bignoniaceae]) at Isabela.

210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Earlier Wolcott (1924) recorded this species from <Aeschynomene
americana (Leguminosae) at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The two speci-
mens that we have studied from Vega Alta, Puerto Rico, are from
Lantana.

In Guadeloupe Fleutiaux and Sallé (1889) recorded the species
from Duranta plumieri (Verbenaceae). In the United States it has
been recorded by Blatchley (1923) and Léding (1945) from Bradburya
(=Centrosema) virginiana (Leguminosae) and by Brimley (1938)
from butterfly pea (probably Clitoria, Leguminosae) and wild sweet-
potato (Ipomoea, Convolvulaceae).

Tetraonyx cruciata Castelnau
FIGURE 2

Tetraonyx cruciatus Castelnau, 1840, p. 277.—Haag-Rutenberg, 1879, p. 308.
Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467.

Nemognatha cubaecola Jacquelin-Duval, 1856, p. 68, pl. 8, fig. 18.—Gundlach,
1891, p. 258 (in part).

Tetraomyx (sic) cubensis Chevrolat, 1858, p. 210.

Tetraonyxz quadrimaculatus, Chevrolat, 1877, p. ix (in part).—Gundlach, 1894,
p. 318 (in part).—Borchmann, 1917, p. 113 (in part).

Nematognatha cubaecola, Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467.

Tetraonyx cubensis, Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467.

Tetraonyx quadrimaculata, Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467 (in part) Wolcott,
1950, p. 321 (in part).

Tetraonyx quadrimaculatus var. cruciatus, Denier, 1935, p. 168.

Tetraonyx quadrimaculatus var. cubaecola, Denier, 1935, p. 168.

Tetraonyx quadrimaculata var. cruciata, Blackwelder, 1945, p. 487.

Tetraonyx quadrimaculata var. cubaecola, Blackwelder, 1945, p. 487.

Dracnosts: Similar to 7. quadrimaculata except as follows: Basal
spot of each elytron longitudinally oval, attaining at least basal third
of elytron; apical spot attaining middle of elytron, relatively narrowly
separated from basal spot, with a tendency to fuse with it, separated
at its anterior end from sutural margin by about same distance as
from basal spot, this distance decreasing evenly to near apex of elytron.
The color pattern produced is that of a rather fine, regular yellow
cross on a black background. Average size of beetles smaller (table
2); total length, 7-9 mm. (see also table 3).

Typr Locatiry: Given in the original description of T. cruciata as
“Saint-Dominque,” presumably in reference to the Hispaniolan
region now known as the Dominican Republic. We believe, however,
that the locality is erroneous; the species has otherwise not been
recorded outside Cuba. Of N. cubaecola and T. cubensis, Cuba.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Cuba (Havana and Las Villas Prov-
inces).

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: July to November 8.

Recorps: cusa: Country label only, BM, one; Havana, C. E.
Baker, USNM, one; T. Barbour, USNM, one; San Blas, 2,000 ft.,

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 211

Santa Clara (=Las Villas) Province, September 21, 1932, B.B.
Leavitt, MCZ, two; Santiago de las Vegas, October 23, 1930, USNM,
three; July 1951, F. de Zayas, RBS, one; Soledad, Cienfuegos, October
22-26 and November 8, 1926, P. J. Darlington, MCZ, six.

Remarks: See remarks for 7. guadrimaculata.

Hasirs: Adults have been reported by Gundlach (1891) from
Duranta plumieri (Verbenaceae), which is one of the food plants
recorded for 7. quadrimaculata.

Tetraonyx maestra, new species

Figure 3

Diacnosis: Similar to 7. guadrimaculata except as follows: Apical
spot of each elytron exceeding middle of elytron (but still well sepa-
rated from basal spot), attaining sutural margin throughout, truncate
anteriorly. Pronotum and elytra, on the average, more elongate
(table 3). Average size of beetles larger (table 2); total length
12.5-14 mm.

GBOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Oriente Province, Cuba.

Typp MATERIAL: Holotype female from Pico Turquino, south side,
3,000-5,000 ft., June 1936, P. J. Darlington, in MCZ. Paratype
female from Loma del Gato, Oriente Province, July 1953, F. de Zayas
and Alayo.

. Remarks: See remarks for 7. quadrimaculata.

Hasits: Unknown.
Tribe Horiini

Genus Cissites Latreille

This genus, with two species, is the Neotropical representative of the
tribe Horiini, which in the Oriental and Ethiopean regions includes
the genera Horia and Synhoria. In the larval stage the species of
Horiini are nest parasites of carpenter bees (Xylocopa).

The presence of Cissites maculata (Swederus) in the West Indian
fauna is well established, and this species is treated below. On the
other hand, the reported occurrence of C. auriculata (Champion) in
the West Indies is questionable. According to Champion (1891-1893),
Guilding’s record (1827) of a variety of C. maculata from Barbados
having the ‘“porca in duos processus auriformes irregulares expanditur”’
is probably referable to C. auriculata. This opinion was subsequently
accepted by Leng and Mutchler (1917) in their list. However, the
possibility that Guilding actually was dealing with a variant of C.
maculata cannot be so easily discounted, nor can the possibility that
a third species is involved be entirely dismissed. It therefore seems
preferable to reserve assignment of Guilding’s Barbados record
pending further information (see footnote 2, p. 213).

213 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Cissites maculata (Swederus)

Cucujus maculatus Swederus, 1787, p. 199, pl. 8, fig. 8.

Horia maculata, Olivier, 1792, p. 102; 1795, No. 53 bis, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. a, 1—
Latreille, 1807, p. 211.— Castelnau, 1840, p. 279.—Fleutiaux and Sallé, 1889,
p. 433.—Champion, 1891-1893, p. 371; 1896, p. 52.—Leng and Mutchler,
1914, p. 467; 1917, p. 216.—Denier, 1935, p. 151.

Cissites maculata, Gahan, 1908, p. 203.— Borchmann, 1917, p. 175.—Cros, 1928,
pp. 108, 114.—Blackwelder, 1945, p. 482.—Wolcott, 1950, p. 321.—Enns,
1958, p. 63.

Horia auriculata Duges (sic), Wolcott, 1924, p. 85; 1936, p. 209. Misidentification.

Diacnosts: Orange. Antennae, mandibles, palpi, femoral apices,
tibiae, and tarsi black. Each elytron with a heavy basal and apical
black fascia and with two black fasciae between, the latter usually
interrupted or constricted at middle, each formed by approximation
or fusion of two spots. Upper surface shiny, subglabrous. Head and
pronotum finely, densely punctate, smooth. Head unusually large,
strongly triangular; tempora in male larger than in female but not
so greatly swollen as to form a deep median groove on vertex and
not excavate behind. Pronotum only weakly convex, strongly
transverse, wider apically than basally. Antennae short; segments
elongate-moniliform. Tarsi compressed. Tarsal claws with dorsal
blade heavy, strongly curved, with a short double row of teeth ven-
trally at middle; ventral blade slender. Length, 18-25 mm.

Type Ltocauity: Unknown. Given as “New York Americae’’ in
the original description, but this designation is probably incorrect.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico (Morelia, Micho-
acén), Central America, Tropical South America (including the
Galapagos Islands and Trinidad), and the West Indies. In the West
Indies the range extends along the arc of the Lesser Antilles to Puerto
Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: Records exist of adults collected in the
West Indies in February, March, July, September, and November
and thus seem to indicate that the species reproduces more or less
continuously throughout the year.

Recorps: cuspa: De Zayas, (in litt.). pominica (Leng and
Mutchler, 1917). G@uapELouPE: July 1957, INRA, one; Pointe-a-
Pitre (Fleutiaux and Sallé, 1889); Trois-Riviéres (Fleutiaux and
Sallé, 1889). uispaAntoua: Port-au-Prince, Haiti, March 21-29, 1922,
about 300 ft. alt. (Enns, 1958); “St. Dom.,’”’ BM, one. PUERTO RICO:
Camuy, November 1947, A. R. Rivera, UPR, one; Hormigueros
(Wolcott, 1950); Mayagiiez, February 8, 1944, J. A. Ramos, UPR,
one; March 1934, J. R. Ifigo, MCZ, one; May 20, 1949, UPR, one;
July 1-31, 1953, J. A. Ramos, UPR, three; Rfo Piedras, September
8, 1931, Alsina, MCZ, one; San German, February 12, 1935, S.

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 213

Vazquez, UPR, one. st. vincent: Southern end of island, May,
H. H. Smith, BM, one.

Remarks: We have been unable to find significant differences
between series of specimens from different islands in the West Indies
or between the West Indian material and specimens from Brazil and
Trinidad. Varieties in which the median two fasciae of each elytron
are absent or in which the elytra are entirely black have been described
from South America.

In Blackwelder’s catalogue (1945) the reference to Puerto Rico in
the list of localities for C. auriculata should be transferred to the list for
C. maculata, as this reference is based on Wolcott’s misidentification
(1924, 1936) of the latter species.

Swederus (1787) described C. maculata from an unspecified number
of specimens in the collection of “D. Davies.” The present location
of this material is not known to us.

Hasits: The literature on the parasitic association of Cissites
maculata and various species of Xylocopa bees was briefly reviewed
recently by Hurd (1958). Unfortunately, this review failed to men-
tion the only definite association in the West Indies, that recorded
by Fleutiaux and Sallé (1889), who noted that at Trois-Riviéres,
Guadeloupe, beetles had been observed coming out of the nest,
located in the rafters of a stable, of a bee identified by them as X.
aeneipennis DeGeer.? These authors also reported specimens col-
lected at light on the same island. The specimen of C. maculata
that we have studied from St. Vincent (previously reported by
Champion, 1896) bears the notation that it was found dead under a
rotten log.

The habits of the adult beetles have not been described. It is
known, however, that in a related species, Synhoria testacea (Fabri-
cius), the female oviposits in the burrow of the host bee, and it may
well be that Cissites exhibits this same behavioral degeneracy. In
this connection the absence of records of plant associations for adult
Cissites beetles seems significant, for it has been established in the
nemognathine genera TJricrania and Hornia that evolutionary elimi-
nation of the habit of ovipositing on the food plants of host bees is
accompanied by loss of feeding activity on the part of the adult beetles.

2 The biological observations on C. maculata and X. teredo Guilding reported by Guilding in 1825 may
have been made in the West Indies, as Hurd (1958) assumed, inasmuch as Guilding was living on the is-
land of St. Vincent at the time that his article appeared. However, in thisarticle Guilding did not givea local-
ity for his ohservations, while in a supplementary note published 2 years later, Guilding (1827) implied that
his observations were made in South America. Brues’ citation (1924) of Barbados as the locality in ques-
tion can be discounted; it was based on his failure to distinguish between the two articles of Guilding.
Similarly, MacSwain’s opinion, as expressed by Hurd (1958), that “the mcloid identified by Guilding as
Horia maculata is probably Cissites auriculata’”’ certainly refers to Quilding’s 1827 Barbados record and
not, as implied by Hurd, to the insect treated by Guilding in 1825.

214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111
Tribe Nemognathini

Genus Pseudozonitis Dillon

The name Pseudozonitis is applied to the New World species of a
group whose Old World representatives are currently divided among
the genera Zonitoschema, Zonitodema, and Zonitopsis. With the
assignment of the two West Indian species treated below the total
species of Pseudozonitis has been brought to 20. The North and
Central American species were revised recently by Enns (1956).
The only South American member of the genus that we know of is
an apparently undescribed species from Argentina.

Pseudozonitis marginata (Fabricius), new combination
Fiaures 4-7

Lagria marginata Fabricius, 1781, p. 159; 1787, p. 93.

Dryops marginata, Fabricius, 1792, pt. 2, p. 76; 1801, p. 68.

Oedemera marginata, Olivier, 1795, No. 50, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 7.

Epicauta annulicornis Chevrolat, 1877, p. ix—Gundlach, 1894, p. 319.—Leng
and Mutchler, 1917, p. 216—Borchmann, 1917, p. 70.— Denier, 1935, p.
152.—Blackwelder, 1945, p. 482.—Wolcott, 1924, p. 84; 1936, p. 208; 1950,
p. 821. New synonymy.

Lytta delauneyi Fleutiaux and Sallé, 1889, p. 433.—Borchmann, 1917, p. 93.

Zonitis lineata Champion, 1896, p. 58.— Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467.—
Staig, 1940, p. 147, pl. 58.

Zonitis strigata Wellman, 1910, p. 26.—Borchmann, 1917, p. 164.— Denier, 1935,
p. 149.— Blackwelder, 1945, p. 481. New name for Zonitis lineata Champion,
not Melsheimer, 1846, p. 53. New synonymy.

Cantharis annulicornis, Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467.

Cantharis delauneyi, Leng and Mutchler, 1914, p. 467.

Zonitis sp., Wolcott, 1924, p. 85 (record No. 613-13); 1936, p. 209.

Zonitis guanicana Wolcott, 1950, p. 321. New synonymy.

Zonitis annulicornis, Vaurie, 1950, p. 11.

Description: Light tawny orange-yellow. Apical half of man-
dibles black. Antennae, last two segments and apical half of first
segment of maxillary palpi, last segment of labial palpi, femoral
apices, tibiae (except immediate base), and tarsi fuscous. Antennae
conspicuously annulate with orange-yellow at articulations of seg-
ments; tarsi not or only vaguely so. Elytra each with a rather
broad, fuscous submarginal vitta and a similar subsutural one that
are united at base and apex, leaving a narrow orange-yellow discal
line, or with vittae broken medianly, or with vittae reduced to a
fuscous basal mark and a subapical spot, or with no fuscous markings
whatsoever. Wings nearly colorless. Pubescense moderately dense,
short, pale. Length, 11-15 mm.

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 215

Head shape nearly as in P. arizonica (Van Dyke), subtriangular;
width at tempora barely less than distance from top of vertex to base
of labrum; vertex weakly tumid, flattened at center; surface moder-
ately coarsely, densely punctate except for an ill-defined impunctate
area between eyes, extending laterally on each side to antennal base
and along midline to center of vertex. Eyes extremely large, separated
on front by a distance varying from %{> to % width of head at tempora,
separated beneath head by \ to nearly % distance on front. Man-
dibles relatively short, strongly bent. Galeae lobiform, shorter than
labial palpi. Antennae 4% to 4% as long as pronotum, very slender,
setaceous; segment I definitely short of middle of eye; III as long as
I; II shorter; IV about % longer than III; V to X subequal, as long
or slightly longer than IV; XI ¥% longer than IJ. Pronotum barely
wider than long, quadrate campanuliform; sides subparallel for basal
%- disk impressed on each side before middle; surface moderately
coarsely, densely punctate. Scutellum large, obtuse. Elytra densely
rugose punctate, asin P. pallida Dillon and P. megalops (Champion).
Hind tibial spurs enlarged, concave behind, subequal.

Male having fore and middle tarsi distinctly swollen and expanded;
hind tarsi just perceptibly so. Fifth abdominal sternum moderately
deeply emarginate medianly, with a triangular impressed, glabrous
area medianly. Sixth sternum cleft, strongly impressed; each half
of sternum medianly emarginate apically, strongly recurved at base,
and with a small process on median margin near middle. Male

O |

Ficure 4.—Pseudozonitis marginata, variation in elytral color pattern. Numerals designate
color classes (see text and table 4, p. 217).

4

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

genitalia as in figure 5; fused gonocoxites strongly tapered to a narrow
apex.

Female having fifth abdominal sternum with surface entire or
nearly so. Sixth sternum with a shallow V-shaped emargination
medianly; lateral lobes of sternum broadly rounded. Pygidium
weakly notched medianly.

TypeE Locauity: P. marginata, South America. Of E. annulicornis,
Puerto Rico. Of C. delauneyi, Camp-Jacob, Guadaloupe. Of Z.
strigata (=C. lineata), Balthazar, Grenada. Of Z. guanicana,
Guanica, Puerto Rico.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in and apparently con-
fined to the West Indies.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: February 29 (1940) to July 6.

RECORDS: BAHAMA ISLANDS: Fresh Creek, Andros Island, April 23,
1953, E. B. Hayden and L. Giovannoli, AMNH, two. cusa: Sierra de
Cubitas, Paredona Cang., June 1955, F. de Zayas, RBS, one. pomin-
1cA: June-July 1913, H. W. Foote, USNM, one; A. H. Verril,
USNM, one. Grenapa: Balthazar, H. H. Smith, BM, two. cGuapE-
LOUPE: June 1956, R. Bénard, INRA, one; Camp-Jacob, May (Fleuti-
aux and Sallé, 1889). uispaniota: Dominican Republic (Vaurie,
1950); Port-au-Prince, Haiti, April 1925, G. N. Wolcott, USNM,
one. JAMAICA: Mandeville, May 1958, F. S. Coon, IJ, one. PurERTo
rico: Aguas Buenas, April 8, 1944, R. Zayas, UPR, one; Guénica
(Wolcott, 1950); Gudnica Insular Forest, July 6, 1953, J. A. Ramos
and J. Maldonado, UPR, one; Mayagiiez, June 11, 1914, R. H. Van
Zwalenburg, USNM, one; May 1938, R. del Moral, UPR, one; May
12, 1939, J. A. Ramos, UPR, one; February 29, 1940, W. E. Lang,
UPR, one; May 1940, J. Vicéns, UPR, one; April 25, 1942, J. Her-
nandez, UPR, one; June 20, 1957, J. A. Ramos, UPR, one; San Sebas-
tian, July 1938, J. Araujo, UPR, one; April 7, 1939, M. Aviles, UPR,
one. ST. CROIX: 1937, 1941, and May 1, 1941, H. A Beatty, USNM,
three; Canaan, not located, 1951, G. A. Seaman, USNM, six. st.
LuctA: March 27 and April 21, 1936, R. E. Blackwelder, USNM,
three.

Remarks: The expanded male fore and middle tarsi, the somewhat
elaborate modification of the male sixth abdominal sternum, and the
form of the male genitalia readily separate P. marginata from all
other known species of the genus Pseudozonitis; on the basis of these
characters, a separate species group should be established for it.
With respect to the male genitalia, P. marginata most closely re-
sembles a male Pseudozonitis collected by one of us (Selander) in
Oaxaca in 1955 and tentatively identified by us as P. megalops (Cham-
pion), a Central American form originally described from Guatemala.
Except for the absence of the unusual sexual modifications noted

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 217

above, this specimen is quite similar to P. marginata in structural char-
acters and agrees in color with immaculate specimens of the latter.
We are therefore convinced that a closer relationship exists between
P. marginata and P. megalops than between P. marginata and any
other species of the genus.

The extensive synonymy of P. marginata is largely attributable to
the fact that the elytra vary from a distinctly striped condition to an
immaculate one. While this variation is essentially continuous, as a
matter of convenience we have recognized five color classes. These
are shown in figure 4, and their frequency distribution in the various
samples is given in table 4. The absence of class 0 at localities between
the Bahamas and Grenada is perhaps noteworthy. However, an
analysis of the data now available indicates that the level of signifi-
cance of the variation is slightly above the one percent level.

The ratio of the distance separating the eyes on the front of the
head to the distance separating them beneath is unusually variable,
without evident geographic or sexual correlation. The shape of the
pronotum varies slightly, again on an individual basis.

We were unable to locate the types of EF. annulicornis and L.
delauneyi. The type of P. marginata is in the Hunterian Collection
at Glasgow University, and the type of Z. strigata (=Z. lineata) is in
the British Museum (Natural History). The type of Z. guanicana
is neither in the collections in Puerto Rico nor in the U.S. National
Museum; presumably it was destroyed. The male paratype of
Z. strigata (=Z. lineata) that we examined was compared with the
type of P. marginata by K. G. Blair.

TaBLe 4.—Frequency distribution of color classes in samples of Pseudozonitis
marginata.

Color classes
Localities Number of
specimens

Bahamas 2

Cuba 1
Jamaica 1
Hispaniola 1
Puerto Rico a7
St. Croix 6
Guadeloupe e]

Dominica

St. Lucia 1

Grenada 2 1 1

Re DOW w >
_
aownwn © We = PO

a

a Type of Z. guanicana (not examined) included.

b Type of E. annulicornis (not examined) included.

° Type of L. delawneyi (not examined).

4 Type series of Z. strigata (specimens in classes 2, 3, and 4 not examined); specimen in class 3 question-
ably assigned from Champion’s description and not included in analysis of variance.

218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

Hasirs: Several specimens are labeled as taken at light. It is
interesting that of the total of 33 specimens examined, only 4 are males.

Pseudozonitis obscuricornis (Chevrolat), new combination
Ficures 8-11

Epicauta obscuricornis Chevrolat, 1877, p. x—Gundlach, 1894, p. 319. Borch-
mann, 1917, p. 79.—Wolcott, 1924, p. 84.—Denier, 1935, p. 158.— Wolcott,
1936, p. 208.—Blackwelder, 1945, p. 483.— Wolcott, 1950, p. 321.

Cantharis obscuricornis, Leng and Mutchler, 1917, p. 467.

Zonitis sp., Wolcott, 1924, p. 85 (record 590-13); 1936, p. 208.—Blackwelder,
1945, p. 482.

Zonitis smythi Wolcott, 1950, p. 321. New synonymy.

Draanosts: Similar to P. marginata except as follows: Pronotum
frequently with a wide median rufous vitta. Elytra each with a
rather broad, fuscous submarginal vitta and a similar subsutural one,
these united at base and apex and leaving a narrow orange-yellow
discal line, or with vittae narrowed and pale fuscous in color, or with
vittae entirely absent. Middle of femora and tibial apices some-
times weakly infuscate. Length, 9-12 mm.

Distance separating eyes beneath head varying from one-fifth
to two-fifths distance on front. Antennae even more slender than
in P. marginata; segments I to III subequal in length. Pronotum
as long as or barely longer than wide.

Male having fore and middle tarsi neither swollen nor expanded,
similar in size to hind tarsi. Sixth abdominal sternum cleft, moder-
ately impressed, each side evenly tapered, not emarginate, not
recurved at base. Genitalia as in figure 8; fused gonocoxites broad,
sinuate, abruptly curved dorsad at apex.

Female having sixth abdominal sternum with an extremely deep,
oval emargination medianly.

Type tocauity: Of P. obscuricornis, Puerto Rico. Of Z. smythi,
Gudnica, Puerto Rico.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Apparently confined to the West
Indies. Recorded from Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Guadeloupe.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: April to November 6.

Recorps: gaMaica: St. Andrew, Molynes Road, May 15, 1949,
A. W. Wiles, IJ, three. GuaprELourr: April 1957, R. Bénard, INRA,
two. PUERTO RICO: Gufdnica, July 30, 1913, E. G. Smyth, USNM,
one; Gudnica Insular (or State) Forest, November 6, 1953, J. Mal-
donado, UPR, three; June 30, 1955, J. A. Ramos and J. Maldonado,
UPR; five.

Remarks: This species falls within the Longicornis group defined
by Enns (1956). The three other species included in this group are
presently recorded only from the southwestern United States.

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 219

The elytral vittae are narrowed in one of the specimens from Puerto
Rico and in all three from Jamaica. In both specimens from Guade-
loupe, the elytral vittae are entirely absent. The Jamaican speci-
mens lack the rufous vitta of the pronotum.

We have examined five males, two each from Puerto Rico and
Jamaica, and one from Guadeloupe. In the form of the genitalia,
the male from Guadeloupe differs slightly from the males from Puerto
Rico, whose genitalia are identical. One of the males from Jamaica
has genitalia of the Puerto Rican type, while the other more nearly
approaches the Guadeloupe specimen in this respect.

Fics. 5-12.—Pseudozonitis marginata (Puerto Rico): 5, dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of
male gonoforceps, and (C) lateral view of aedeagus; 6, ventral (A) and lateral (B) views
of male sixth abdominal sternum; 7, ventral view of female sixth sternum. Pseudo-
zonitis obscuricornis: 8, dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of male gonoforceps, and (C)
lateral view of aedeagus (Jamaica); 9, ventral view of male sixth abdominal sternum
(Puerto Rico); 10, ventral view of female sixth sternum (Jamaica); 11, pronotum
(Jamaica). Nemognatha occupata: 12, dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view of male gonoforceps,
and (C) lateral view of aedeagus.

220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

We have not been able to locate the type of L. obscuricornis. The
original description of Z. smythi was based on three specimens only
one of which, it seems, is still in existence. This specimen is a female
in the U.S. National Museum which we have designated as the lecto-
type.

Hasits: Several of the Puerto Rican specimens are labeled as
collected at light.

Genus Nemognatha Iliger

There are 36 species of this genus represented on the North American
mainland and 16 in South America. The species of the United States
were revised recently by Enns (1956); the Mexican and Central
American forms were treated by Champion (1891-1893). The
South American species have received little attention and their
literature is fragmentary. .

The West Indian meloid fauna includes two species of Nemognatha
representing two subgenera.

Nemognatha occupata (Blackwelder), new combination
Ficure 12

Nemognatha atripennis Sturm, 1826, p. 72, pl. 3, fig. 26.—Borchmann, 1917, p. 166.
Zonitis occupata Blackwelder, 1945, p.481. New name for Nemognatha atripennis
Sturm, not Say, 1823-1824, p. 306.

Description: Orange-yellow. Antennae, labrum, apices of mandi-
bles, palpi, galeae, femora (except base), tibiae, and tarsi fuscous.
Elytra black with a metallic blue luster, the suture and lateral margin
of each elytron sometimes orange-yellow from base to apical fifth.
Wings pale. Pubescence pale on pale areas, dark on elytra and
fuscous area of legs. Length, 5.5-8.5 mm.

Head similar in shape to that of N. sparsa LeConte but more elon-
gate; distance from top of vertex to base of labrum one-tenth to one-
fifth greater than distance across tempora; vertex evenly rounded;
tempora rounded, not inflated; surface smooth, shiny, coarsely, mod-
erately densely or densely punctate; pubescence short, semirecumbent.
Clypeus less coarsely, sparsely punctuate. Labrum rounded at sides
and apex, not impressed at base, moderately densely punctate, hairy.
Mandibles long, straight from base until abruptly curved at apex.
Palpi long, slender, the labial palpi extending one segment beyond
mandibles. Galeae pubescent, attaining or approaching hind coxae in
repose. Antennae long, 2% to 3 times as long as pronotum; segment
I swollen, curved, definitely short of middle of eye; II to V subequal,
as long as I; VI to X slightly shorter. Pronotum as wide as to Yo
wider than long, widest at middle, gradually but decidedly narrowed
to base, more abruptly narrowed to apex, much more hexagonal in

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 221

form than in related species; basal impressed line deep; disk impressed
before middle, convex behind; surface smooth, shiny, coarsely punc-
tate, the punctures moderately dense before middle and sparse
behind, or sparse throughout; pubescense as on head. Scutellum
subtruncate at apex, weakly impressed on midline. Elytra coarsely,
very densely punctate, becoming scabropunctate at apical fifth;
pubescence rather short, subrecumbent. Under surface of abdomen
finely, moderately densely punctate, of thorax more coarsely punctate.
Hind tibial spurs greatly thickened, spoon-shaped, concave behind.

Male having fifth abdominal sternum shallowly emarginate, im-
pressed and subglabrous medialy in apical half. Sixth sternum cleft,
broadly impressed medianly. Genitalia as in figure 12.

Female having fifth abdominal sternum not modified. Sixth
sternum feebly emarginate.

Type Locauity: Cuba.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Apparently endemic to Cuba. We
have records from three definite localities on the island, all at eleva-
tions below 1,000 ft.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: July 14 to September 22.

RecorpDs: cusBa: near Guantdénamo, C. E. Baker, USNM, four;
San Germén, July 14, 1933, S. C. Bruner, USNM, one; Santiago de
las Vegas, September 22, 1931, A. O. Otero, USNM, two.

Remarks: This species is a member of the subgenus Pronemognatha
Enns. It does not seem to be particularly close in its relationships to
any one of the four species included in this subgenus by Enns (1956).
Interestingly, in the characters of the male genitalia it is more similar
to the three species that occur in the southwestern United States than
to the geographically more approximate N. zonitoides Dugés from
Mexico and Central America. In Enn’s key N. occupata runs to
N. sparsa LeConte, from which it is easily distinguished by its more
densely punctate, metallic elytra, subhexagonal pronotum, and dark
galeae and by several other characters, including the distinctive
male genitalia.

In the two specimens from Santiago de las Vegas the elytra are
rather widely margined with yellow; in the specimen from San German
they are finely margined; and in two of the Guantdinamo specimens
the very edge of the suture and lateral margin of each tend to be pale.

Although the present location of the type of NV. occupata (=atripennis)
is unknown to us, Sturm’s descriptions and figure leave no doubt as
to the identity of the species. It is worth noting that N. occupata was
not included in Gundlach’s (1891) work on Cuban insects, in Leng and
Mutchler’s lists (1914, 1917) of West Indian Coleoptera, or in Denier’s
(1935) catalogue.

Hasits: Unknown.

229 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Nemognatha punctulata LeConte

Nemognatha punctulata LeConte, 1853, p. 347.
Nemognatha testaceiceps Pic, 1916, p. 7. New synonymy.
Zonitis testaceiceps, Denier, 1935, p. 150.—Blackwelder, 1945, p. 481.

Diacnosts: Orange-yellow. Elytra each with or without a black
or fuscous vitta. Antennae (except segment I), apices of mandibles,
last segment of palpi, apices of femora and tibiae, and tarsi black.
Under surface varying from entirely pale to largely black or fuscous,
the tip of abdomen always pale. Head with vertex tumid, tempora
inflated; surface moderately coarsely, moderately densely punctate.
Mandibles heavy, moderately long, curved at sides. Galeae pale,
attaining hind coxae. Antennae heavy, about three times as long as
pronotum; segment I attaining middle of eye. Pronotum transverse,
rectangular; sides subparallel; surface sparsely or moderately densely
punctate. Elytra finely, moderately densely punctate, densely micro-
reticulate, clothed with short, semierect pubescence. Hind tibial
spurs slender, acute. Male with third to fifth abdominal sterna each
with a pale punctulate area medianly which is clothed with pale setae.
Sixth sternum cleft and impressed in male, emarginate in female.
Length 6.5-12 mm.

Typr Locauity: Of N. punctulata, Georgia. Of N. testaceiceps, Cuba.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba,
the Bahama Islands, and Southeastern United States.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: March 15 to October 2 in the West Indies.
Recorded by Enns (1956) in the United States from April 2 to Sep-
tember 27.

Recorps: BAHAMAS: Andros Island, Lisbon Creek near South
Bight, April 28, 1953, E. B. Hayden, AMNH, 1; Cat Island, Bennetts
Harbour, March 24, 1953, E. B. Hayden, AMNH, 1; Great Abaco
Island, Marsh Harbour, May 6, 1953, E. B. Hayden and L. Giovannoli,
AMNH, 1; Gun Cay, MCZ, 1; New Providence Island, 2 miles east of
Nassau, April 14, 1953, E. B. Hayden, AMNH, 1; North Bimini
Island, August 2, 1951, P. and C. Vaurie, AMNH, 1; South Bimini
Island, various dates from May to August 6, 1951, M. Cazier, W.
Gertsch, F. Rindge, and C. and P. Vaurie, AMNH, 14. cayman
ISLANDS: Grand Cayman, July 7-8, 1958, M. H. Hatch, RBS, UW, 4.
cuBA: Central Jaron, May 27, 1930, L. C. Scaramusza, USNM, 1;
September 6, 1934, USNM, 2; Havana, C. E. Baker, USNM, 2;
Holquin, 1904, BM, 2; Las Tunas, July 16, 1933, S. C. Bruner, USNM,
1; Santiago de las Vegas, July 1916 and 1917, P. Cardin, USNM, 2;
July 1951, F. de Zayas, RBS, 1; Santo Tomés, Peninsula de Zapata,
May 5-9, 1927, S. C. Bruner and J. Acuna, USNM, 1; Taco Taco,
April 1-6, 1922, S. C. Bruner, J. Acuna, and C. H. Ballou, USNM, 1.
JAMAICA: Bowden, October 2, 1951, C. B. Lewis, IJ, 1; Carrovannts,

WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 223

August 9, 1947, C. B. Lewis, IJ, 1; 14% miles east of Kingston, on
Morant Bay Road, May 25, 1956, T. H. Farr, IJ, 5; 3 miles west-
southwest of Logwood, March 25, 1955, T. H. Farr, IJ, 3; Upper
Mountain View, St. Andrew Parish, March 15, 1949, C. B. Lewis,
TS). As

Remarks: This species is closely related to the South American
N. nigrotarsata Fairmaire and Germain. Its population in the south-
eastern United States was treated by Enns (1956).

The elytra are more strongly microreticulate and therefore duller
in specimens from the West Indies than in those from Florida with
which we have compared them. All the West Indian specimens
have vittate elytra. In one from Cat Island and another from Cuba,
the vittae cover the elytra except for the suture and lateral margins.
At the other extreme a specimen from Gun Cay and one from South
Bimini Island have the vitta of each elytron reduced to a fuscous
streak.

The specimens from Andros, Cat, Great Abaco, and New Providence
Islands were collected by the Van Voast-American Museum of Natural
History Bahama Islands Expedition, whose itinerary, together with
a general account of the Bahama Islands, was given by Rabb and
Hayden (1957). The remaining Bahama material was collected
during a survey of the Bimini Island group, which was described
by Vaurie (1952).

The lectotype of N. punctulata is in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. We have been unable to locate the type of N. testaceiceps.
It is presumed to be in the collection of M. Pic, but we have been
unsuccessful in our efforts to verify this.

Hasits: Several of the specimens from Jamaica were collected
on flowers of the composite Bidens pilosa by T. H. Farr. Dr. Farr
also collected one specimen that had been captured by the reduviid
bug Zelus longipes (Linnaeus).

Literature Cited

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1923. Notes on the Coleoptera of southern Florida with descriptions of new
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1917. Meloidae, Cephaloidae. Jn Junk, W., and Schenkling, 8., Coleop-
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224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Brown, WIitu1AM L., Jr., and WiLtson, Epwarp O.
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DaRLINGTON, PHILIP JACKSON, JR.
1957. Zoogeography: The geographical distribution of animals. New York,
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1935. Coleopterorum americanorum familiae meloidarum. Enumeratio
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1958. Distribution records of two American species of Cissites (Coleoptera-
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1926. Catalogus insectorum jamaicensis. Dept. Agr. Jamaica Ent. Bull.
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WEST INDIAN MELOIDAE—SELANDER AND BOUSEMAN 225

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vol. 32, pt. 2, pp. 225-416, illus.

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Proceedings of

the United States

National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C.

Volume 111 1960 Number 3429

A REVISION OF THE GENUS OGCODES LATREILLE
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO
SPECIES OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

By Evert I. ScHLINGER'

Introduction

The cosmopolitan Ogcodes is the largest genus of the acrocerid or
spider-parasite family. As the most highly evolved member of the
subfamily Acrocerinae, I place it in the same general line of develop-
ment as Holops Philippi, Villalus Cole, Thersitomyia Hunter, and a
new South African genus.? Ogcodes is most closely associated with the
latter two genera. The Ogcodes species have never been treated from
a world point of view, and this probably accounts for the considerable
confusion that exists in the literature. However, severel large
regional works have been published that were found useful: Cole (1919,
Nearctic), Brunetti (1926, miscellaneous species of the world, mostly
from Africa and Australia), Pleske (1930, Palaearctic), Sack (1936,
Palaearctic), and Sabrosky (1944, 1948, Nearctic). Up to this time 97
specific names have been applied to species and subspecies of this
genus. Of these, 19 were considered synonyms, hence 78 species
were assumed valid. With the description of 14 new species and the
addition of one new name while finding only five new synonyms,

1 Department of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, Calif,

4 This new genus, along with other new species and genera, is being described in forthcoming papers by
the author.

227

228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

we find there are now 88 world species and subspecies. Thus, the
total number of known forms is increased by 16 percent.

The accumulation and study of some 2,500 specimens of this rela-
tively rare genus revealed that in order for the author systematically
to treat this large number of species, two new subgenera and six
species groups had to be delimited. Besides using conventional
morphological features to distinguish species, an attempt was made to
use both wing venation and male genitalia. Both were found to be
very useful.

A discussion of geographical distribution, phylogeny, and biology
was prepared to understand more fully the relationships of this
cosmopolitan but rather homogeneous group of parasitic flies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Without the help of numerous persons a study of this sort would
have been difficult, if possible at all. I especially want to extend my
sincere appreciation to Mr. Curtis W. Sabrosky of the U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., for his constant help and
advice on the many problems of this project; Dr. Richard M. Bohart
of the University of California, Davis, for his inspiration and advice
and for reviewing the manuscript; and Dr. Willis J. Gertsch of the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, for determining
the host spiders of these flies.

Appreciation is expressed to the many persons who have aided in
the collection of the acrocerids and to the following people and insti-
tutions for the loan of the important collections on which this study
was based. (The abbreviations in the following list are used through-
out the text to denote the location of specimens studied.)

ALM: A. L. Melander collection, Riverside, Calif. (A. L. Melander).

AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. (M. A.
Cazier and C. H. Curran).

BMNH: British Museum of Natural History, London, England (H. Oldroyd).

BYU: Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (V. M. Tanner).

CAES: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn.,
(C. L. Remington).

CAM: Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College, Fort Collins, Colo.
(T. O. Thatcher).
CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. (E. L. Kessel

and E. 8. Ross).
CDM: C. D. MacNeill collection, Berkeley, Calif. (C. D. MacNeill).
CHM: C. H. Martin collection, Corvallis, Oreg. (C. H. Martin).

Cl: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, England (F. I.
van Emden).
CIS: California Insect Survey Collection, University of California,

Berkeley, Calif. (P. D. Hurd, Jr.).
CM: Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. (G. Wallace).

CMNH:

CNM:
CRC:
CSDA:

CU:
DCB:
DEI:
EIS:
FRC:

GEB:

GS:

IE:
INHM:
ISC:
JKW:
JP
LAM:

LPG:
MCZ:

MPM:
MSC:

NCSC:

NYSM:

OAM:

OSC:
OSM:
PANS:

PHA:
RCF:
RHD:
REP:
RRD:
SJR:
SJS:

SNHM:

SU:
IEE:
TAM:

UA:
UBC:
WGA:

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 299

Chicago Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Tl. (R. L. Wenzel).

Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Canada (G. E. Shewell).

California Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo, Calif. (H. E. Cott).

California State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, Calif. (H. H.
Keifer).

Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. (H. Dietrich).

D. C. Bullock collection, Angol, Chile (D. C. Bullock).

Deutches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin, Germany (W. Hennig).

EE. I. Schlinger collection, Riverside, Calif.

F. R. Cole collection, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. (F. R.
Cole).

G. E. Bohart collection, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco,
Calif. (E. L. Kessel and E. S. Ross).

G. Steyskal collection, Grosse Ile, Mich. (G. Steyskal).

Istituto di Entomologia, Bologna, Italy (EK. Mellini).

Tilinois Natural History Survey collection, Urbana, Tl. (H. H. Ross).

Towa State College, Ames, Iowa (J. L. Laffoon).

J. K. Windsor collection, Los Angeles, Calif. (W. A. McDonald).

J. Parks collection, St. Paul, Minn. (J. J. Parks).

Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. (W. D. Pierce and
E. G. Smyth).

L. Pefia Guzman collection, Santiago, Chile (L. Pefia Guzman).

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass. (J. Bequaert and P. J. Darlington, Jr.).

Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. (K. W. MacArthur).

Michigan State College, East Lansing, Mich. (R. L. Fisher and H.
King).

North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N.C. (D. L. Wray).

New York State Museum, Albany, N.Y. (J. A. Wilcox).

Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, Okla.
(F. A. Fenton).

Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg. (F. F. Hasbrouck and V. Roth).

Ohio State Museum, Columbus, Ohio (J. N. Knull).

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. (J. A.
G. Rehn).

P. H. Arnaud collection, Washington, D.C. (P. H. Arnaud).

R. C. Froeschner collection, Ames, Iowa (R. C. Froeschner).

R. H. Dodge collection, Missoula, Mont. (R. H. Dodge).

R. H. Painter collection, Manhattan, Kans. (R. H. Painter).

R. R. Dreisbach collection, Midland, Mich. (R. R. Dreisbach).

S. J. Paramonov collection, Canberra, Australia (S. J. Paramonov).

San Jose State College, San Jose, Calif. (C. D. Duncan).

San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, Calif. (C. F. Harbi-
son).

Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (G. F. Ferris).

T. Farr collection, Grand Rapids, Mich. (T. Farr).

Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station, Tex.
(H. J. Reinhard).

University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. (G. Butler and F. Werner).

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (G. J. Spencer).

University of California, Albany Insectary, Albany, Calif. (K. Hagen).

230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

UCD: University of California at Davis, Calif. (A. T. McClay).

UCLA: University of California at Los Angeles, Calif. (W. A. McDonald).

UCR: University of California at Riverside, Calif. (P. H. Timberlake).

Wile University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (W. F. Barr).

WiKe: University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. (R. H. Beamer).

U. Mass: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. (C. P. Alexander).

UM: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. (E. F. Cook).

U. Miss: University of Mississippi, University, Miss. (F. M. Hull).

UN: University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. (L. W. Quate).

USAC: Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah (G. F. Knowlton).

USNM: U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. (C. W. Sabrosky).

Wit: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. (H. Howden).

UU: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (G. F. Edmunds, Jr.).

UW: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. (C. L. Fluke).

VNM: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (M. Beier).

WCB: W. C. Bentinck collection, Berkeley, Calif. (W. C. Bentinck).

WSC: Washington State College, Pullman, Wash. (M. T. James).

ZI: Zoologisches Institut, Berlin, Germany (F. Peus).

ZSI: Zoological Survey of India collection, Calcutta, India (A. P. Kapur).
METHODS

It was found desirable to prepare permanent slide mounts of the
male genitalia, since other preservative methods were nearly as much
work and were much less permanent. Such methods as placing the
genitalia on card points or attaching them to the pin in small vials
containing glycerine were discarded in favor of slide mounts when it
was discovered that the solvent “Cellosolve” would rapidly dissolve
many-year-old balsam mounts, even though they had been pre-
hardened in a hot oven.

To dissect out the male genitalia the specimen is relaxed (after
first removing all printed labels) in a petri dish containing distilled
water and carbolic acid (to prevent molds). Rapid relaxing can be
obtained by placing the petri dish under a light for 30 minutes or
more. The specimen is then removed, turned venter up, and the
head of the pin is inserted into a pinning block to a point where the
dorsum of the specimen just touches the block. Using delicate
forceps in one hand to hold the lateral tip of the abdomen, and insert-
ing a small, sharply curved, minuten pin into the intersegmental
membranes around the genitalia with the other hand, the genitalia
can be eased out without extra injury to the specimen. The genitalia
are then placed in distilled water, examined to see if all the parts
were removed, and then placed in a 10 percent solution of potassium
hydroxide (KOH). After warming for 5 to 15 minutes in this solu-
tion, the genitalia are removed and again placed in distilled water.
At this time the parts are dissected and transferred into 70 percent

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 251

alcohol and the dissection is completed. After about 10 minutes the
genitalia are placed in Cellosolve for not longer than 30 seconds, after
which the parts are mounted in balsam. Cover slips need not be
added until after the study of the parts is completed (perhaps an
hour, week, month, or even years), since whenever a reexamination
of the genitalia is desired all that is required is a drop of Cellosolve
applied to the top of the balsam, and in a short time a minuten may
be inserted and the parts rotated to the desired position for studying
or illustrating.

The first-instar larvae were prepared in about the same manner as
the genitalia, but for quicker, clearer, less distorted mounts, Berlese
fluid was used in place of balsam. Larvae can either be killed first
in alcohol or mounted alive in the Berlese fluid. In either method
good mounts can be achieved only when the cover slips are applied
immediately and pressed firmly to flatten out the larvae. A small
amount of heat applied underneath the slide quickly hardens the
Berlese fluid and flattens out the larva to a more desirable mount.

The maps were made by first plotting the distribution of the
species with black dots made with a drop-pen. After delimiting the
area believed to be occupied, or believed able to support the species,
the Zipatone overlay was applied. The paraffin base of the
Zipatone allows for fast, sure attachment to the map surface.
The Zipatone is then cut along the desired margin with a scribe.
The distribution maps of Nearctic species were prepared with the
help of certain records cited by Sabrosky (1944, 1948). All illustra-
tions of morphological structures were made with the aid of micro-
scopes and a camera lucida. All figures are greatly enlarged,
particularly those of the male genitalia.

In order to rear adult parasites from their hosts, live spiders were
collected from suitable localities thought to have parasites present.
The spiders were brought into the laboratory, placed in individual
vials, and fed with any available insect food. In time, either the
host matured or a parasite larva emerged. Mature spiders rarely
yield any parasites; therefore, when collecting spiders in an attempt
to rear parasites, one should be careful to select the immature
forms.

First-instar larvae were obtained by collecting live adult female
fhes and placing them in large jars. Although eggs are not easily
deposited by species of many genera of acrocerids, Ogcodes species
usually do so with apparent ease. The eggs are then placed in a
petri dish containing a piece of wet blotting paper, and in several
weeks the young larvae usually appear.

232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Geographical Distribution °

Ogcodes is a cosmopolitan genus comprising 88 species and sub-
species. These forms are found in the various regions as follows:
Australian, 23; Ethiopian, 12; Nearctic, 18; Neotropical, 9; Oriental,
10; Palaearctic, 19; Polynesian, 3. There are several important areas
where Ogeodes species have either not been collected or where they
have been unable to reach and adapt. As shown in text figure 1,
species are absent from such islands as Madagascar, West Indies,
Greenland, Iceland, Ireland (?), Canaries, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes,
New Guinea, Formosa, Hawaii, and apparently all the smaller mid-
oceanic islands, as well as from most land areas north of the Arctic
Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. That Ogcodes species have
not been barred from adapting themselves to island faunas is attested
by the fact that they occur in England, Ceylon, Java, New Zealand,
Tasmania, the Philippines, and Juan Fernandez Islands. Besides
Ogcodes species not populating certain islands, they are apparently
satisfactorily barred from all the major desert regions of the world.

The great majority of species are restricted to a single region.
Notable exceptions are Ogcodes guttatus Costa, which inhabits the
Ethiopian, Oriental and Palaearctic regions, and O. dispar (Macquart)
and OQ. pallidipennis Loew, which occur both in the Nearctic and
Neotropical regions. Although there are no known truly Holarctic
species, O. eugonatus Loew, O. melampus Loew [both Nearctic], O.
nigripes (Zetterstedt), and O. zonatus Erichson [both Palaearctic], are
extremely closely related (see discussion under the Nearctic species).
A further complication of this association is the fact that O. caffer
Loew from the southern Ethiopian region is also very similar.

Of the three subgenera recognized, only Ogcodes Latreille is cosmo-
politan. Neogeodes, new subgenus, is restricted to the Nearctic sub-
region and Protogcodes, new subgenus, is an Australian endemic.

Concerning the subgenus Ogcodes, which contains 86 of the 88
species, I found considerable specific morphological evidence that
aided me in determining the geographical relationships of the species.
This was most easily accomplished through studying the six species
groups (p. 249).

The pallidipennis group is widespread, occurring in all areas except
the New Zealand subregion. It appears to be most common, however,
in the Holarctic, Oriental and Australian regions, having apparently
never reached New Zealand, and is not very common in the Ethiopian
region.

The colet group is also widespread but in a much more restricted

3 The divisions of geographical regions adopted here follow that outlined by Beaufort (1951) for the most

part. Ihave, however, made subregions out of his Australian, New Zealand, and Oceanic Islands regions
and changed the last-named region to Polynesian subregion.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 255

pattern. Species of this group are known only from the Nearctic sub-
region, Chile, Iran, New Zealand and Tasmania. The relationships of
species between New Zealand and the United States is surprisingly
close, as nearly every species in the one area has a counterspecies in
the other. One species is known from the Palaearctic subregion, so it
is probable that species of this group will be found to inhabit the
Oriental region as well.

The eugonatus group, though much more restricted, has a distri-
bution similar to that of the pallidipennis group. Representatives
are known from the Holarctic, Ethiopian, and southern Neotropical
regions.

The brunneus group is endemic to New Zealand.

The borealis group is Holarctic. It seems probable that it had a
much greater distribution in the past, as based on the present day
relationships, through members of the colei group.

be

ie

a) 7.
WO CVV OP
= — Oye CS,

sims \p Vo

q -

Spear ea eg

Ficure 1.—Distribution of the genus Ogcodes in the world.

The porteri group is a Chilean endemic which likely will remain so
due to the strong geographical barriers present, just as is the case for
so many animal species occurring there.

It seems advantageous here to discuss species distribution on a re-
gional basis as well, since there appear to be definite trends of rela-
tionships appearing for the first time. The 23 Australian species are
divided into 11 from Australia, 6 from Tasmania, and 7 from New
Zealand. Only one species occurs in any two of the areas, that being
Ogcodes fortnumt Westwood, which is now known from Tasmania and
Australia. O. basalis (Walker) may be found to occur in Tasmania,
since it is a common species in Australia (see discussion under basalis).

934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

As mentioned earlier the relationship of the New Zealand species is
with the Nearctic species, there being no observable association with
Australian species. There is a somewhat more pronounced general
comparison between types of species in Tasmania and New Zealand
than between the latter and Australia. The Australian species
(through O. basalis) show a definite correlation to the Polynesian,
Oriental and Palaearctic regions. The Polynesian species, of which
there are only 3, exhibit an apparent transition between the Austra-
lian and Oriental regions. The Oriental region has 10 species, of
which 9 are endemic. QO. guttatus, the one nonendemic species,
reaches into the southern Palaearctic and southern Ethiopian regions.
For the most part, species of this region tend to merge into those of
the Polynesian and Australian regions.

The Neotropical region contains 9 species, 2 of which are northern
and occur more commonly in the southern Nearctic subregion. The
other species exhibit rather definite and interesting relationships,
some being affiliated with those of Tasmania and New Zealand, some
with the Nearctic area, others with the Palaearctic area, while still
others are strictly endemic and unrelated. The Holarctic region
contains 37 species, nearly one-half of the total world species.
These are evenly separated in 18 Nearctic and 19 Palaearctic species.
The Holarctic correlation was mentioned above. Species of the
Nearctic subregion show affiliation with all regions except the Oriental
and Polynesian and show little endemicity. Those of the Palaearctic
subregion likewise connect with many other regions, the only notice-
able exception being the New Zealand subregion. There is also little
endemicity shown for species of this region.

The other subgenera of Ogcodes are both monotypic. Neogcodes is
Nearctic and related to Nearctic species, while Protogcodes is Australian
and associated only with Australian species.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study of Ogcodes species has shown
that the species groups have wide general distributions, most of them
covering two or more geographical regions. Endemicity occurs in
each area, but it is more common in the southern temperate faunas.
Islandic populations occur throughout the world; however, many
other insect-populated islands do not harbor Ogcodes species. The
great deserts of the world appear to have formed a permanent barrier
to these species, just as the colder limits of the Arctic and Antarctic
Circles have formed impediments. And yet, apparently only one
other acrocerid genus, Acrocera, appears to inhabit the Arctic climate
with Ogcodes. There appear to be no pantropical or circumpolar
distributional patterns in Ogcodes.

My studies would seem to indicate that both Holarctic and Aus-
tralian-Nearctic-Neotropical distributions have occurred through the

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 235

Northwest Passage between Siberia and Alaska. There appears to
be no evidence for assuming the presence of a one-time Antarctic land
bridge to explain this distribution as has been the case with some
other authors confronted with similar distribution problems. Species
of the Australian-Nearctic-Neotropical distribution pattern have
maintained a temperate, discontinuous distribution, and no doubt
representatives of this group will be found to occur in China and
other temperate East Asian countries. A similar cross-continent tem-
perate distribution pattern occurs between the Nearctic, Palaearctic
and Ethiopian regions.

From the evidence at hand it seems that the genus Ogcodes is best
adapted to the temperate areas, both in numbers and species. How-
ever, further collecting in tropical areas may show them to be equally
well inhabited. For further notes on distribution see the discussions
under the various species in the text.

Phylogeny

Because many of the world species were not available for study, and
because their descriptions did not contain the essential features
necessary to account for their phylogenetic position, the phylogeny
presented herein is obviously preliminary with the possible exception
of the Nearctic fauna. Text figure 2 shows the probable relationships
based on the species studied, which represented about 60 percent of
those now known. No doubt other subgenera and species groups
may have to be set up at a later date, but at least an account of our
present knowledge of the genus can now be shown with some degree
of certainty.

A new South African genus appears to be the last traceable ancestor
of the highly evolved genus Ogcodes. Since this undescribed genus
possesses such features as a distinct proboscis, strong wing venation,
and hairy eyes, it probably gave rise indirectly to the monotypic
Chilean genus Thersitomyia Hunter, which, according to its original
author (Philippi, 1871, as Thersites), was very similar to Ogcodes
except in having hairy eyes.

Of the subgenera of Ogcodes, the new subgenus Protogcodes seems
to retain the most primitive characters, such as stronger wing vena-
tion and more styliform antenna with a basal bristle, and judging
from the relationship of 0. brunneus (Hutton) with O. (P.) paramonovi,
new species, I have assumed that the brunneus group is the most primi-
tive one of the subgenus Ogcodes. There is little doubt that the
eugonatus group originated from that of brwnneus, and simply lost
vein M, and crossvein m-cu. Just where the borealis group originated
is questionable, but the presence of vein M, and crossvein m-cu, and
male genitalia of the brunneus-eugonatus types as well as exemplifying

936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

porteri Group

pallidipennis Group

eugonatus Group/ /borealis Group

brunneus Group

OGCODES
Ficure 2.—Phylogenetic tree of Ogcodes species groups.

features of both the pallidipennis and colei groups, accounts for my
placing it as ancestral to the two last-named groups. The species of
the pallidipennis group have all retained vein M, but have lost
crossvein m-cu, and have developed stronger, well-built male genitalia.
Members of the colei group have retained (or lost) one or both of the
wing veins, and have, for the most part, much-reduced male genitalia.
From the colei group in the Nearctic region arose the monotypic
subgenus Neogcodes, judging from its more reduced wing venation,
male genitalia, loss of the antennal style, and the subsequent reduction
in size of the terminal antennal segment. The porteri group has greatly
reduced wing venation, but because the monotypic species is known
from only one specimen, which did not possess antennae and whose
male genitalia could not be examined, its placement and rank are
both questionable. However, judging from the known distribution
and wing venation, it probably represents a highly evolved group which
was derived from a Chilean species of the ewgonatus group.

In the phylogenetic tree for the Nearctic species (text fig. 3), only

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES-——-SCHLINGER 237

in
7s
_—
S
@.
aa
2 no
oS aa
cp
Lif Ss
oc
CO
: =o
Neogcodes v ”
3 dei aah
” 5 TR TS :
> a -— S oo
c rlh e os
LEO O °o wis
Dm vEBDO s o'=
@D .— res — B
ers 3 237 fh
O77 8 0 < A SE iat Ly
Ose GA Cc O° aE we
Cc — Y. : ee
2 = @ Sa
po] 8 es
Bs = 0 oO :
wep 2827
OY “gs
Ql i

q

pallidipennis Group

/colei Group/

melampus
eugonatus

borealis

borealis Group

/eugonatus Group/

Ficure 3.—Phylogenetic tree of Nearctic Ogcodes species. The species niger and hennigt
have been omitted (see discussion, pp. 287, 305).

238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

the correct placements of niger Cole and hennigi, new species, seem
somewhat dubious. The richness of the fauna of this region is shown
by the presence of two of the three subgenera, and four of the six
species groups now recognized for the world. The pallidipennis
group predominates, with sabroskyi, new species, being the most highly
developed member. The four species of the colet group are all closely
related but actually represent two different stocks. In certain features,
vittisternum Sabrosky is quite similar to floridensis Sabrosky, while
colei Sabrosky is likewise somewhat similar to shewelli Sabrosky,
hence their position on the tree. The close approximation of melampus
Loew and eugonatus Loew is due to the possibility of their being
conspecific (see discussion, p. 279).

Biology

Although acrocerid biology as a whole is scarce, more work has
been done on Ogcodes than all other genera put together. All known
species are solitary internal parasites of true spiders (Araneae) during
their larval stages. Since biological observations have been sum-
marized recently by Millot (1938), Clausen (1940), and Plomley
(1947b), a general outline sketch of my observations on several
species is all that seems to be required at this time. For further notes
on the habits of the particular species, see the discussion under the
appropriate species in the text.

There are about 30 known host-parasite relationships for the genus
Ogeodes. Although most of the common hosts belong to the spider
family Lycosidae, the following families are also recorded as hosts:
Amaurobidae, Salticidae, Psechridae, Thomosidae, Anyphaenidae,
Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Agelenidae, and Therididae. For a
complete list of host-parasite relationships see table 1.

Stein (1849) was the first person to observe the habits of these
flies. Following him, the more important contributions were made
by Gerstaecker (1856), Maskell (1888), Giard (1894), Konig (1894),
Bovey (1936), Kaston (1937), Millot (1938), Dumbleton (1940),
Clausen (1940, summary only), Plomley (1947b), and Kessel (1948).
Of these works, those of Millot, Dumbleton, and Plomley are out-
standing.

Oviposition: In all observed species, eggs are laid in great num-
bers, as many as 3,000 having been recorded for a single female during
a four-hour period. They are deposited singly, varying with the
species and time of day, from one every five seconds to about one
every minute. They are almost always laid on or near the apices of
dead twigs, and only rarely can they be found on growing plant parts.
Usually, females are found congregated on a twig, laying their eggs

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER

239

TaBLE 1.—Summary of the known host-parasite records of the genus Ogcodes

(This table includes all new records cited in this paper.
status, but the host names have not been correcte

Species

adaptatus, new sp.

borealis Cole

Host spider Locality

Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?)
Philodromus sp.
Hololena curta MeCook (?)

California, U.S.A.
California, U.S.A.
California, U.S.A.

The names of the parasites conform to the present
d or changed since the publication of the record.)

Se ee ee ee eo

Authority

New record.
New record.
New record.

Xysticus montanensis Keyser-
ling.
Anyphanella saltabunda Hentz

California, U.S.A.

New Jersey, U.S.A.

New record.

Sabrosky (1948).

brunneus (Hutton)

doddi Wandolleck

eugonatus Loew

Matachia ramulicola Dalmas New Zealand

Cosmophasis bitaeniata Key- | Australia

serling.

Dumbleton
(1940).

Dodd (1906).

Pardosa distincta (Blackwall)
Pardosa banksi Chamberlin
Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?)

Ontario, Canada

California, U.S.A.

Connecticut, U.S.A.

Sabrosky (1948).
Kaston (1937).
New record.

gibbosus (Linnaeus) Prosthesima or Zelotes sp.
Prosthesima sp.

Trochosa sp.

melampus Loew Tarentula kochi Keyserling

Xysticus cunctator Thorell

Denmark
Denmark
England

Nielsen (1932).
Nielsen (1932).
Locket (1939).

New record,
New record.

California, U.S.A.
California, U.S.A.

pallidipennis Loew Herphyllus sp.
Hololena curta McCook

Walmus sp.

lin and Ive
Pardosa saxatilis (Hentz)
Lycosa sp.

pallipes Latreille

Clubiona putris Koch
Clubiona sp.

Phlegra fasciata Hahn
Heliophanus sp.

Lycosa pullata Clerck
Aelurillus insignitus Clerck

Steatoda palomara Chamber-

Xysticus luctuosus Blackwall

Tarentula barbipes Walckenaer

New record,
New record.
New record.
New record.

California, U.S.A.
California, U.S.A.
California, U.S.A.
California, U.S.A.

Connecticut, U.S.A.
Connecticut, U.S.A.

Kaston (1937).
Kaston (1937).

Poland Trojan (1956).
Menge (1866).
Giard (1894).
England Locket (1930).
France Millot (1938).
Pyrenees Millot (1988).
England Locket (1939).
Pyrenees Millot (19388).

varius Latreille Aelurillus insignitus Clerck

France Séguy (1926).

zonatus Erichson Heliophanus sp.

while walking either up or down the substrate.

Pyrenees Millot (1938).

At times they appear

to be so preoccupied that I have seen them laying eggs on the legs of
other adults which have inadvertently gotten in the way while pausing

to rest.

The eggs are deposited without regard to the presence of

suitable hosts, but, in most cases observed, the females do not fly far
from their emergence site, and thus hosts would presumably be avail-

able to the larvae.

The incubation period has been reported as being

240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 112

from two to five weeks, depending upon external conditions of which
humidity and temperature are the most important factors.

Eae: Dull brown to black, somewhat pear-shaped, finely reticu-
lated, and quite small, rarely exceeding 0.35 mm. in length. Millot
(1938) referred to an adhesive disc on the posterior end of the egg of
pallipes Latreille which was used for its attachment. However, in
adaptatus, new species, the disc is apparently wanting, and the eggs
when laid seem to be sticky over the entire surface so as to adhere to
the substrate at nearly any angle.

Frrst-Instar LARVA: The planidial larvae upon emergence may be
seen “standing” erect beside the egg, and are ready in this position to
attach themselves to any host which may pass by. There may be
several days of this “standing” or ‘‘walking,” the latter being done
by bending the head down to the surface and moving the caudal
segment forward in a fashion similar to that of a measuring-worm.
If the larva does not come in contact with a suitable host, it may drop
from the substrate to the ground or jump from place to place by
springing itself into the air. JI have observed that, upon contact
with a host spider, the larva appears to be careful not to disturb it
and moves only when the spider itself moves. At times a spider has
been observed to remain quiet for hours, and during this period the
Ogcodes larva has done likewise.

In most cases that I have seen, the larvae seemed to prefer entering
the host along the dorsal-median-anterior region of the abdomen;
and the total length of time involved to complete the parasite entrance
was from 1 to 24 hours for adaptatus, new species. Several larvae were
observed to enter the host through the intersegmental membranes of
the legs, but about 50 percent of the larvae moved over the host’s body
and entered the abdomen as above, even when their primary attach-
ment to the host was some distance from the abdomen. In my experi-
ments active larvae of adaptatus, new species, have lived up to 10 days,
but the average longevity was only 6 days. For other information on
larval habits see Clausen (1940).

The first-instar larva (pl. 2, figs. 4, 5), which is best termed a
planidium, is composed of 12 segments (the head and 11 somites),
each well-sclerotized, and, except for the head segment, bearing various
numbers and lengths of strong or weak setae. The larva measures
about 0.30 mm. in length, and about 0.05 mm. in width. The head
is minute and consists of a pair of anterior oral hooks, a pair of small
dorsal setae, and a pair of apparently two-segmented, ventral an-
tennae, each with a short distal seta. The mouth is just anterior to
the point of antennal insertion. The buccopharyngeal armature
consists either of two dorsolateral rods and one medioventral rod or
two dorsolateral and two ventrolateral rods that extend back from the

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 241

articulation of the oral hooks. The differences in the formation of
this structure appear to be specific among the species which have been
figured, such as brunneus (Hutton) by Dumbleton (1940), pallipes
Latreille by Millot (1938), and adaptatus, new species, as figured in
this work. The chaetotaxy of the known species also appears to be spe-
cific. Each tergite usually has a row of setae along the posterior margin,
while each sternite has several rows and various types of setae. The
caudal segment bears one large, anterior, dorsal pair of setae, as well
as several short setae, hooks, and a sucking disc at the apex. The
single pair of spiracles are dorsal, posterior, and are located on a
separate sclerite between segments x1 and xu. The tracheae are
quite straight, one to each spiracle, running nearly into the head
segment. They are joined only once, just anterior to the spiracles.
For further notes on the larvae see the references cited above.

MATURE OR THIRD-INSTAR LARVA: After the first-instar larva
becomes attached inside the host, a period of time passes (varying
apparently with the growth rate of the spider which is between 6 and 9
months) during which there are two molts. The third-instar larva
develops rapidly, consumes most of the host contents, makes anexit
hole along the epigastric furrow of the spider and emerges posteriorly.
The larva is sticky on the surface and adheres, ventral side up, to the
spider webbing, which is made just prior to the emergence of the
parasite.

The third-instar larva is whitish and measures from 5.0 to 12.0
mm. in length. It has a small, yellowish white head, a distinct,
yellow, barely segmented thorax bearing a pair of prothoracic spiracles,
and a large abdomen of 9 apparent segments. The precaudal and
caudal segments are somewhat restricted, and bear a pair of dorsal
spiracles. The larva pupates in 1 to 3 days after emergence.

Pura: Pupation occurs outside, but usually quite near the host’s
body. A distinctly coiled, dark brown to black meconium is passed
as the prepupa is formed. The duration of the pupal period varies
from 2 to 10 days, during which time the pupa becomes increasingly
darker until just before adult emergence, when it is nearly black.

The pupa (pl. 1, fig. 1) is adult-like, having an obvious head,
thorax, and abdomen, the whole of which measures from 4.0 to 10.0
mm. in length. The head has a curving row of papilliform protuber-
ances on each side. There are prothoracic spiracles, and spiracles
on abdominal segments m—v (sometimes referred to as r-1v). There
are 9 visible abdominal segments, the first and last three of which are
not separated into tergites and sternites. The scutellum is an obvious
protrusion when viewed laterally.

Host: Most of the Nearctic hosts are of the family Lycosidae
or wolf-spiders. (For a complete host-parasite list, see table 1.)

242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

The spider is usually killed prior to maturity and most often while in
the penultimate instar. As has been observed by Locket (1930) and
Schlinger (1952, for Opsebius), the spider spins a thin cell-like web
just prior to its death, the web inadvertently acting to protect the
maturing parasite. This web is similar, if not identical, to that spun
by the spider prior to molting. The parasite larva is not discernible
until about three hours before its emergence from the host, when
close examination reveals the rapidly moving mouthparts which
indicate consumption of the host. The host skeleton can usually be
found just beneath the maturing parasite (pl. 1, fig. 1).

For this study, 45 specimens representing 5 species of Ogcodes
have been reared from California spiders during the past 10 years.
The hosts belonged to 9 species in 5 families, most of which were either
Lycosidae or Agelenidae. Although there appears to be no definite
host-parasite association, the fact remains that Ogcodes species, as
well as all the recorded species of the subfamily Acrocerinae, are
known only as parasites of the spider suborder Labidognatha. This
compares well with the fact that acrocerids of the subfamily Panopinae
are known to be parasitic on spiders of another suborder, the Orthog-
natha. No host data are available for the other acrocerid subfamily,
the Philopotinae.

Aputt HABIts: The adults are often encountered in great numbers by
sweeping wet grassy areas such as meadows or grass-covered orchards,
or by picking them up by hand from the dead branches where the
females are depositing their eggs. For the most part the females are
quite sluggish, primarily because of their gravid condition at emer-
gence. The males, however, are much more active, and at times are
difficult to catch even with a net. Mating usually occurs in flight,
where, upon contact, the couple drops to the ground or onto a nearby
bush to complete the process. If disturbed during mating, they may
take flight, at which time they are easy to collect. Almost immedi-
ately after mating the female may begin to deposit eggs, thus showing
that there is little if any time factor restricting the oviposition or
fertilization processes after mating takes place.

The adult longevity periods for the known species under caged
conditions vary from 3 to 12 days, with 3 to 4 weeks probably being
the maximum span in nature. Apparently the adults take no food,
and although it is possible that they obtain moisture through their
oral membrane, no evidence has been found of their feeding on water,
sugar-water, honey, flowers, or several nutrient solutions given them
under caged conditions. (For more detailed results of adult habits
and host-parasite relationships, see the discussions under adaptatus,
new species, borealis Cole, eugonatus Loew, melampus Loew, and
pallidipennis Loew.)

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 243

PREDATORS AND PARASITES: During the years of collecting acro-
cerids, I have observed several predators engaged in feeding on
Ogcodes adults or their eggs. Feeding on the adults were spiders of
the genera Dictyna, Pardosa, Tetragnatha, and Xysticus, an adult
nabid (probably of the species Nabis ferus), an adult reduviid, and
crabronids of the genus Ectemnius. Crabronids have been recorded in
Europe as storing their nests with adult Ogcodes, while new crabronid-
acrocerid associations and a summary of all available records of these
relationships have recently been given by Bechtel and Schlinger
(1957). The only egg predator seen was an adult raphidid, which
was consuming considerable amounts of O. adaptatus eggs that had
been deposited in large numbers on the dead twigs of Artemisia
species.

I am not aware of any record of parasites of the late larval or pupal
stages of Ogcodes; however, it seems quite probable that species of
some hymenopterous families (such as the Pteromalidae) may be
found to parasitize these flies.

Morphology

MALeE GENITALIA: For the sake of uniformity, the terminology used
here follows mainly that of Sabrosky (1948). Since the genitalia of
all species examined offered good to excellent specific distinctions,
it is unfortunate that earlier and some present-day workers have
neglected the use of specific characters, even though Wandolleck
(1914) and Cole (1927) both have pointed out through illustrations
that distinct differences existed among the various species. Plomley
(1947a) described and figured the genitalia of Ogcodes pygmaeus (as
O. basalis), but he did not attempt to differentiate any other species
by using these structures. Sabrosky (1948) was actually the first to
fully investigate the usefulness of male genitalia as specific characters,
and his work formed the basis for the present interpretations. The
genitalia (figured in pl. 6, fig. 31) consist of the following parts:
Aedeagus, claspers, 9th tergite and cerci, 8th sternite, 8th tergite
(not figured), and ejaculatory apodeme. All parts of the genitalia
have morphological differences that distinguish the various species,
but those exhibiting the most significant features are the aedeagus
and the ejaculatory apodeme.

The aedeagus is a long rod-shaped organ, enlarged and sheathed
basally. The sheath opens on the sides and becomes dorsal toward the
apex. The ventral side is usually notched or angled either behind
and/or beyond the seminal orifice (gonopore). These indentations
are referred to as pregonoporal and postgonoporal notches, and it is
this distal portion that has the definitive characteristics.

52379960 —_2

244. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

There are three general types of ejaculatory apodemes shown in this
genus. All these apodemes have a median plate, one or two median
cells (basal and subbasal), and a pair of laterally extended wings
(pl. 6, figs. 32, 33). As arule, those species with a large median plate
have large wings and those with smaller plates have smaller wings.

Sabrosky (1948) found four distinct types of genitalia in the Nearctic
species of Ogcodes. These types were based primarily on the structure
of the ejaculatory apodeme. These and other types are discussed
below under the designated species groups of the subgenus Ogcodes.

Wine structures: Although the wing venation of this genus is
relatively simple (pl. 3, figs. 6-13; pl. 4, figs. 14-21), and the veins at
times difficult to ascertain, Sabrosky (1944, 1948) found that the
presence or absence of vein M, was quite significant in distinguishing
several named species that had been based mostly on color features.
Because of this character he was able to establish considerable syn-
onymy. He was able to show also the existence of a relationship
between the venation and male genitalia, and he used these features
as “‘species complex” characters. From my study of the genus it is
evident that m-cu and r-m crossveins are equally important, and by
using a combination of these and other veins it was found that not
only were species groups evident but also that the species themselves
for the most part could be identified by these features alone.

In an attempt to examine the venation more closely, wings of
several species were mounted in balsam on slides, and it was found that
short, sparse, stout hairs covered most of the costa, being more dense
near the wing base, thinner near the tip, absent along the posterior
margin, but again present to some extent along the anal margin. A
few hairs were also observed on Sc, R445, and My. Whether or not this
characteristic is of any specific value will have to be determined by
further study, but the presence of setae on the wing veins (as in several
other acrocerid genera) and on the wing membrane (such as in certain
species of Ocnaca Erichson and Villalus Cole) may be useful in studying
evolutionary trends within the family.

Orner cHARACTERS: It was found that the structure of the
antennae was quite variable within the genus, and antennae from
several species were mounted on slides for study. The antennae of the
species observed were found to be quite consistent for each species,
and the number of apical setae on the terminal segment, the presence
of a basal bristle on segment 11, and the great reduction of segment 111
formed the basis for dividing Ogcodes into its three subgenera (pl. 5,
figs, 23,:25, 27).

Another important specific character often overlooked is the type
and amount of body pile. The length and placement of pile seems
to be a fairly consistent group character in the subgenus Ogcodes.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 945

Also, the color of the pile was found to be a reliable specific criterion
within reasonable limits, but in any case the type of pilation should
be noted in future descriptions. The color of the integument, as a
specific character, although variable in some species, likewise was
found to be reliable in the majority of those species examined.

Systematics

History: The genus Ogcodes was described by Latreille in 1796
but did not receive its type, Musca gibbosa Linnaeus, until 1802.
Meigen (1804) discussed the genus under the name Henops, but this
name was established by Illiger (1798) for Syrphus gibbus Fabricius,
which is now the type species of Cyrtus Latreille. Meigen (1822)
revised the genus Ogcodes, again under the name Henops, but at the
same time suggested the emendation Oncodes, for Ogcodes. This
emended spelling has been used at different times by many authors,
but I agree with Sabrosky (1948, p. 408) in retaining the original
orthography, although granting that Oncodes may be a better con-
struction of the word.

Some of the more important contributions to the systematics of
this genus were made by Meigen (1822), Erichson (1840), Gerstaecker
(1856), Cole (1919), Brunetti (1926), Pleske (1930), Sack (1936), and
Sabrosky (1944, 1945, 1948).

Genus Ogcodes Latreiile

Ogcodes Latreille, Precis. Caract. Gen. Ins., p. 154, 1796; Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins.,
vol. 3, p. 432, 1802; Tabl. Method., in Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vol. 24,
p. 200, 1804.—Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt., vol. 1, p. 368, 1834.—
Erichson, Entomographien, vol. 1, p. 169, 1840.—Gerstaecker, Stett. Ent.
Zeit., vol. 27, p. 353, 1856.—Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 89,
1856.—Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, vol. 1, p. 73, 1862.—Bigot, Ann. Soc.
Ent. France, vol. 9, p. 319, 1889.—Wandolleck. Zoll. Anz., vol. 34, p. 549,
1909.—Coquillett, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 578, 1910.— Wandolleck,
Einl. Monog. Inflatae, pp. 4-30, 1914.—Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
pp. 45-59, 1919.—Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 387, 1944; Amer.
Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 408, 1948.

Henops Meigen, Klass. Beschreib, Europ. Zweiflug. Ins., vol. 1, p. 150, 1804;
Syst. Beschreib. Bekannten Europ. Zweiflug. Ins., vol. 3, p. 98, 1822.—
Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapponica (1838), p. 573, 1840.—Walker, List Dipt. Ins.
Brit. Mus., pt. 6, supp. 2, p. 353, 1854 (not Illiger, 1798).

Oncodes Meigen, Syst. Beschreib. Bekannten Europ. Zweiflug. Ins., vol. 3, p. 99,
1822.—Verrall, Stratiomyidae etc., Dipt. Brachy. Great Britain, vol. 5,
p. 461, 1909.— White, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1914, p. 69, 1915.—
Hardy, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1921, p. 77, 1922.—Séguy, Fauna
de France, vol. 13, p. 166, 1926.—Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18,
p. 590, 1926.—Pleske, Konowia, vol. 9, p. 163, 1930.—Sack, Die Fliegen,
vol. 98, p. 15, 1986.—Millot, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 63, p. 162, 1938.—
Hardy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 45, p. 486, 1940.—Plomley,

246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., vol. 2, p. 17, 1947a; Rec. Queen Victoria Mus.,
vol. 2, p. 23, 1947b.—Hennig, Die Larvenformen Dipt., vol. 3, p. 91, 1952.—
Paramonoy, Pace. Sci., vol. 9, p. 23, 1955.—Trojan, Ann. Zool., vol. 16,
p. 75, 1956.

Ogeodes, Gimmerthal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos., p. 167, 1847.—Schlinger, Wasm
Journ. Biol., vol. 11, p. 320, 1953 (lapsus).

Ogkodes, Schiner, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wein., vol. 15, p. 89, 1865.—Hennig, Die
Larvenformen Dipt., vol. 3, p. 624, 1952 (lapsus).

Arcrodes, Froggatt, Australian Ins., p. 298, 1907 (lapsus).

TypE oF GENUS: Musca gibbosa Linnaeus as Syrphus gibbosus
Fabricius (by subsequent designation of Latreille, 1802, p. 432, one
species).

GENERIC DIAGNosIS:*° Small to medium-sized (2.5-10 mm.), gib-
bose, typically black or brown with yellow or white posterior fasciae
on tergites (pl. 5, fig. 29), somewhat more irregular on sternites, or
varicolored brown or black with white, yellow, or orange markings
(pl. 5, fig. 30); pile present over most of specimen, long or short.

Head with bare holoptic eyes in both sexes (pl. 5, fig. 28); antenna
3-segmented, inserted just above mouth, segment 1 round and short,
segment 11 of equal or slightly larger size, with or without short
bristle, segment ur styliform with single lateral sensory pit, with
one to three short apical setae and with basal bristle, or short and
blunt with five to six longer apical setae (pl. 5, figs. 23, 25, 27);
proboscis present in living or dead specimens or absent in dead ones
(pl. 1, fig. 3), if absent, the mouth area is covered by thin membrane;
lateral ocellus present on small or rarely large vertex (pl. 5, fig. 28).

Thorax arched in front, scutellum large, well-raised (pl. 5, figs. 22,
24, 26), wing venation imperfect to extremely weak, costal vein
reaching wing tip, m-cu and r-m crossveins present or absent, but
usually veins present include at least Sc, Ry, Rais, M4, and A; costal
and subcostal cells present, usually with first, sometimes with second,
basal cell present (pl. 3, figs. 6-13; pl. 4, figs. 14-21); legs usually
slender, hind femur often swollen, tarsus with paired simple claws
and three pulvilli.

Abdomen arched dorsally, flattened ventrally, tapering (male) or
blunt (female) at apex, usually as high as wide, with six visible seg-
ments (pl. 5, figs. 22, 24, 26); male genitalia partly concealed under
tergite v1, consisting of bowl-shaped 9th tergite, claspers, aedeagus,
and ejaculatory apodeme, all more or less held in place by tergite 1x
(pl. 6, fig. 31); female genitalia simple, with obvious cerci and often
with row of minute or larger setae along posterior margin of sternite rx.

5 For adult. Descriptions of immature stages will be found in the biology section.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER DAT

Key to the subgenera of Ogcodes

1. Terminal antennal segment narrowed and then bulbous basally, ending in a
rather long tapering style on whose apex are one to four small setae (pl. 5,

figs. 25, 27); proboscis usually not visible in dead specimens .... .. 2
Terminal antennal segment shorter and broader basally, with several (usually
5-6) long apical setae (pl. 5, fig. 23); proboscis visible in dead specimen
[Nearctic] . fh 5 . . Neogcodes, new subgenus

2. Frons bisected ariel Sato hile, though usually with minute tomentum;
terminal antennal segment without basal lateral bristle (pl. 5, fig. 25)
[Cosmopolitan] . . . . . . Ogeodes Latreille
Frons not bisected mediante: baeera: at eb iioue. pile (pl. 5, fig. 28); base of
terminal antennal segment with short, but strong, basolateral bristle (pl. 5,

fig. 27) [Australian]. . . ...... . . . Protogeodes, new subgenus

Ogcodes (Protogcodes), new subgenus

TYPE SPECIES: Ogcodes (Protogcodes) paramonovi, new species, by
present designation.

Diaenosis: This subgenus, as based on paramonovi, appears to be
ancestral to both of the other subgenera. The following characteristics
separate this subgenus from the other two subgenera: Antenna with
third segment styliform as in subgenus Ogcodes, but its apex beset
with several small setae as in subgenus Neogcodes, but differing from
both by having a strong basolateral bristle on terminal segment and
a shorter dorsal bristle on segment 1. The frons is convex, not grooved
medially, and is covered with obvious pile. The legs are quite long
and thin. The abdomen is wider than the thorax, and is turned under
and narrowed apically. The venter has rather large, lateral inter-
segmental areas.

Ogcodes (Protogcodes) paramonovi, new species
PLATE FIGURES 15, 27, 28, 60

Mate: Length of entire specimen 7.75 mm., wing length 8.15 mm.,
head height 1.55 mm., head width 1.85 mm., head length 1.45 mm.

Head large, eyes nearly black, antenna dark brown, occiput dull
black; frons large, about one-fourth head width, convex, covered
with golden brown pile about one-third as long as antennal segment
i (pl. 5, fig. 28); antennal segment 1 dish-shaped, short, segment 11
ball-shaped, fitting into 1 socket-like, both 1 and mu covered with
minute brown hairs; segment 1 has one dorsal bristle; segment m1
styliform, moderately swollen basally, with distinct bristle paralleling
and about one-half as long as style, apex of segment with four, whitish
brown setae (pl. 5, fig. 27); oral region oval, narrow, mouthparts
rudimentary, but strong sclerotized proboscial plate present with
long brown hairs crossing over below oral region.

248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Thorax dark brown, subshining, covered with yellowish brown pile
about as long as antennal segment 1; legs slender, not swollen,
coxae, tarsal apices, claws, and pulvilli brown, remainder light brown,
entirely covered with pile as on thorax, but gradually shortening
towards extremities, hind femur and tibia of equal length; wing
narrowed apically, nearly hyaline, faintly infuscated, veins dark
brown except My, base of My, and anal, light brown or clear; crossvein
m-cu present, crossvein r-m absent, but base of M, at this point long,
extending near M,, anal vein nearly joins Cu, at wing margin (pl. 4,
fig. 15); squama large, opaque, snowy white, with dark brown margin,
halter knob black on light brown stem.

Abdomen subshining, dark brown except light brown tergite 1,
tergites mr and iv with extremely narrow posterior white fasciae,
light brown sternites u-v1, and large white lateral intersegmental
membranes between sternites I-v; tergites 1-1v covered with pile
(as on thorax) only on broad median area and narrow lateral margins;
tergite v bare medially, but with similar pile on broad mesolateral
and marginal areas; tergite vr bare medially, but with some marginal
pile; sternite 1 shining, bare, 1-vr covered evenly with pile as on
dorsum, but shorter.

Genitalia small; aedeagus nearly acuminate at apex, and with
distinct, subapical, ventral projection (pl. 9, fig. 60).

FremaLe: Unknown.

Houoryrr: Male, Ohakune (Wellington), North Island, New Zea-
land, 1922-23 (T. R. Harris, 1923-303, BMNH).

Remarks: Superficially, paramonovi looks like (Ogcodes) brunneus,
but its closest relative is no doubt an undescribed Australian species.®
I take pleasure in naming this species after Dr. S. J. Paramonov, who
has recently contributed much to furthering acrocerid taxonomy.

Subgenus Ogcodes (Ogcodes) Latreille, new status
Ogcodes Latreille, Precis. Caract. Gen. Ins., p. 154, 1796.

Typs species: Musca gibbosa Linnaeus.

Dracnosis: Antenna 3-segmented, terminal segment styliform,
usually with one apical seta, sometimes with two or three, but never
with basolateral bristle; frons bisected medially, without pile; pro-
boscis (not visible in dead specimens) covered by thin oral mem-
brane; abdomen commonly brown or black with white posterior
fasciae on tergites, though often varicolored; legs sometimes with
tibiae (particularly T;) swollen distally.

Discusston: Phylogentically, this subgenus divides into six species
groups as based on wing venation, male genitalia, antennal structure

¢ This species has recently been described by Paramonov (1957) as hirtifrons (see appendix).

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 249

and pilation, but no doubt other groups will need to be added when
more species can be studied. These species groups, together with
typical species, distribution, and total number of presently assignable
species, are listed in table 2.

TABLE 2.—Species groups of the subgenus Ogcodes Latreille

Species group Typical species Distribution and
included species

I—brunneus group brunneus (Hutton) New Zealand (2)

n—eugonatus group eugonatus Loew Nearctic (2)
Palaearctic (2)
Ethiopian (2)
Neotropical (1 ?)

tu—borealis group borealis Cole Nearctic (1)
Palaearctic (1)

1v—colei group colei Sabrosky Nearctic (5)
Australian (6)
Palaearctic (1)
Neotropical (1)

v—pallidipennis group pallidipennis Loew Cosmopolitan except New
Zealand (21)

vi—porteri group porteri Schlinger Neotropical (1)

The apparent relationships of these species groups are shown in
text figure 1. The brunneus group, which is closely related to Pro-
togcodes paramonovi, apparently gave rise to the more widespread
eugonatus group. However, these two groups are presently widely
separated geographically, and this might give the impression that
their relationship is superficial. It seems likely that members of the
eugonatus group will be found to occur in the Oriental region. Also,
it seems likely that more species occur in the Ethiopian and Aus-
tralian regions than is known at present, but the absence of material
and the lack of adequate descriptions of genitalia and wing venation
of the known species from the intervening areas prevent me from
assigning many of the known species to this or other species groups.
The Holarctic borealis group appears to be a rare, primitive one,
which probably gave rise to both the colez and pallidipennis groups,
the latter being the most common and widespread group of the
subgenus. The colei group is not homogeneous, and might better be
divided into two or three groups based primarily on wing venation
and structure of the ejaculatory apodeme. However, enough char-
acteristics seem to hold true for all the included species to maintain
it as a single varied group at the present time.

250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

The pallidipennis group is quite homogeneous, and although in
some respects it seems to be more primitive than the colez group, it is
certainly far more catholic in its adaptability. For example, there
are as many species of the colez group in New Zealand as in all of the
Nearctic region. A possible explanation for this might be that since
the pallidipennis group is represented commonly in the latter region
by no less than eight species, but is absent in New Zealand, there
would appear to be no competition there, and thus the members of
the colei group are not uncommon; whereas, in the Nearctic region,
members of the latter group are extremely rare, while those of the
pallidipennis group are the most abundant. It might be inferred
that competition for the same hosts (as pointed out earlier in the
biology section) among the various species of Ogcodes is one of the
major factors in the “rareness’’ of some of the species.

It seems quite probable that some member of the colez group
(possibly vittisternwm Sabrosky) gave rise to albiventris (Johnson),
which is now the monotype of the Nearctic subgenus Neogcodes.
The portert group remains a spurious one at present but is apparently
most closely related to species of the eugonatus group.

Group 1—brunneus group

Diaenosis: Veins M,, Mo, My, Cuz, A, and crossveins m-cu and r-m
present (pl. 3, fig. 8); median plate of ejaculatory apodeme either
expanded basally (pl. 11, fig. 75) or not; basal cell of apodeme round,
incomplete ventrally; apodemal wings short and median plate of
medium size (pl. 12, fig. 83); aedeagus somewhat narrowed or broad-
ened at apex, with small or no postgonoporal notch; body pile rather
even and not extremely long; terminal antennal segment with one to
three small apical setae; abdomen with typical fasciae on tergites
(pl. 5, fig. 29).

INCLUDED SPECIES: O. brunneus (Hutton) and consimilis Brunetti.

Group ll—eugonatus group

Draanosis: Vein M, absent, except sometimes faintly visible at
apex; crossvein m-cu absent (pl. 4, figs. 18, 19); ejaculatory apodeme
with short wings and incomplete basal and subbasal cells (pl. 11, fig.
78) ; median plate in lateral view narrow, nearly equi-breadth, directed
anteriorly (pl. 12, figs. 91, 93, 94); aedeagus blunt apically, flat sub-
apically, without postgonoporal notch (pl. 10, fig. 69; pl. 11, figs. 71,
73); apex of antenna usually with one seta; body pile of medium length
and quite even; abdomen fasciated (pl. 5, fig. 29) or sometimes pat-
terned. This group was partly defined by Sabrosky (1948, p. 410) as
“#3, eugonatus complex.”

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER Zou

INCLUDED sPEciIES: 0. caffer Loew, chilensis Sabrosky (?), eugonatus
Loew, guttatus Costa, melampus Loew, nigripes Zetterstedt, and
zonatus Erichson.

Group 111—borealis group

Draanosis: Veins M,, M2, My, Cuz, A, and crossveins m-cu and r-m
present (pl. 3, fig. 7); ejaculatory apodeme with median plate of
medium size, short wings, and well-defined basal and subbasal cells
(pl. 11, figs. 72, 76); aedeagus either blunt apically with large pre-
gonoporal and postgonoporal notches (pl. 9, fig. 56), or narrowed,
curved and rounded without postgonoporal notch (pl. 8, fig. 51);
body pile rather short, not dense; apex of antenna with two or three
short setae; abdomen fasciated somewhat (pl. 5, fig. 29). This group
was partly defined by Sabrosky (1948, p. 410) as “#2.”

INCLUDED sPEctEs: O. borealis Cole and pallipes Latreille.

Group 1v—colet group

Diagnosis: Vein M, usually present together with crossvein m-cu;
however, M, or m-cu may be present alone in some species, but both
veins are not totally absent (pl. 3, figs. 9, 12; pl. 4, figs. 14, 21);
ejaculatory apodeme weakly developed, often inconspicuous (pl. 12,
figs. 95-98), or sometimes developed about as well as in species of the
eugonatus group (pl. 12, figs. 84, 87-90) ; basal and subbasal cells, when
present, weakly defined (pl. 11, figs. 77, 79); aedeagus usually slender
and rather acuminate apically with or without large pregonoporal and
postgonoporal notches (pl. 6, fig. 31; pl. 9, figs. 52-55, 57-59; pl. 10,
figs. 61-64; body pile unusually long in most species, others with only
patches of long pile on several tergites; apex of antenna with two or
three short setae; abdomen often very colorfully patterned (pl. 5,
fig. 30), rarely only with simple fasciae (pl. 5, fig. 29). This group was
partly defined by Sabrosky (1948, p. 410) as “#4, colet complex.”

INCLUDED sPEcIES: Q. argigaster, new species, colei Sabrosky,
floridensis Sabrosky, fortnumi Westwood, hirtus Sack, kuscheli Sa-
brosky, leptisoma, new species, nitens (Hutton), pygmaeus White,
shewelli Sabrosky, similis, new species, and vittisternum Sabrosky.

Group v—pallidipennis group

Draenosis: Veins M,, M2, My, Cuz, A, and crossvein r-m present;
crossvein m-cu absent, or at most a faint trace (pl. 3, figs. 10, 11, 13;
pl. 4, fig. 20); ejaculatory apodeme well developed; median plate and
wings large; basal cell large, complete or incomplete ventrally, sub-
basal cell high, but thin and rather inconspicuous (pl. 6, figs. 32, 33;

252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

pl. 11, fig. 80; pl. 13, figs. 99-112) ; aedeagus variable in shape, ranging
from being quite curved near apex and ending in rounded tip (pler7,
figs. 34-40; pl. 8, figs. 46, 47) to being somewhat truncate at apex
(pl. 7, figs. 41, 42; pl. 8, figs. 43-45, 48), or rarely being almost pointed
apically (pl. 8, fig. 50); commonly the apex has a small postgonoporal
notch and a large, gently curving, pregonoporal notch, but the reverse
also occurs; body pile short, even, obscure in some species; apex of
antenna usually with one seta; abdomen usually with typical fasciae
(pl. 5, fig. 29), but some species are maculated. This group was partly
defined by Sabrosky (1948, p. 409) as “#1, pallidipennis complex.”
IncutupED sprecres: OQ. basalis (Walker), clavatus Becker, dispar
(Macquart), dusmeti Arias, gibbosus (Linnaeus), pallidipennis Loew,
reginae Trojan, rufoabdominalis Cole, varius varius Latreille, varius
pallidimarginalis Brunetti, varius siberiensis Brunetti, and the follow-
ing new species: adaptatus, argentinensis, boharti, brasilensis, canadensis,
colombiensis, hennigi, orientalis, philippinensis, and sabroskyi.

Group vi—portert group

DiaGnosts: Veins My, Ms, Ms, and crossveins m-cu apd r-m
absent; anal area greatly reduced as is vein R45; vein R; and costa
also shortened (pl. 4, fig. 16); male genitalia have not been examined
in the only known specimen; body pile short and sparse; antennal
structure unknown; male abdomen patterned as in some species of
Acrocera with sinuated fasciae.

INcLUDED sPEciIus: O. porteri Schlinger.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) species of Australian subregion

As Paramonov has prepared a revision of the Australian Acro-
ceridae (in press)’, 1 shall not attempt to deal with this fauna at any
ereat length at this time. Sixteen species have been recorded from
Australia and Tasmania. From Australia: basalis (Walker), casta-
neus Brunetti, darwinii Westwood, doddi Wandolleck, fortnum: West-
wood, fratellus Brunetti, fraternus Brunetti, ignava Westwood, :nsignis
Brunetti, variegatus Brunetti, victoriensis Brunetti. From Tasmania:
ater White, flavescens White, nigrinervis White, pygmaeus White, and
tasmanica Westwood.

From this study it appears that at least three species groups are
present in this region; namely, the pallidipennis, colei, and possible
the brunneus groups. Also, I have seen one female specimen of an
undetermined species in the new subgenus Protogcodes from Australia.

7 Since completion of my work, Paramonov’s paper (1957) has been published. See appendix and bibli-
ography.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 253

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) basalis (Walker)

Puate FicguREsS 46, 101

Henops basalis Walker, Ins. Saunders. Dipt., vol. 1, p. 203, 1852.
Oncodes basalis, Hardy, in part, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1917, pp.
60-61, 1918.—Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 599, 1926.
Oncodes basilis, Hardy, in part, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1917, pp.
60-61, 1918; in part, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1921, p. 78, 1940;
in part, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 45, pp. 486-487, 1940.
Tyrer tocatity: New South Wales, Australia (1c¢’°, BMNH).
Draanosis: This species is a member of the pallidipennis group.
The males are typically brightly tricolored, black, orange, and white;
the females typically quadricolored, black and brown with some
orange and white markings. Both sexes have posterior white tergal
fasciae and a black thorax. The wings may be infuscated or nearly
clear. The female abdomen is mostly brown above, white below,
while the male is white below and the dorsum is orange with median
and lateral black spots (sometimes with a brownish tinge), the former
usually on tergites u-1v, the latter on u~-vi. The legs of the male
are bright orange except for browned coxae, basal one-half of femora,
and tarsi, while the female legs are mostly dark brown to black, but
usually with orange markings on knees and apex of tibiae. Vein M,
and crossvein r-m are strong. The male genitalia resemble those of
several species of the group, but are actually most similar to varius
Latreille and philippinensis, new species (see pl. 13, figs. 99, 101, 109).
Discussion: The identity of this species has been often confused
since its description by Walker. Hardy (1918) synonymized nine
species under basalis of which five were from Tasmania, and in 1922
he added one more to the list. Brunetti (1926) examined the holotype
of basalis, but, strangely enough, compared it only with his Ceylonese
species, rufomarginatus, and thus his discussion is of little use here.
Hardy (1940), in a brief synopsis of the Australian species, concluded
that all the species except variegatus Brunetti were merely color
variants of basalis (as basilis), a conclusion based on limited material
and superficial characters. Plomley’s (1947a, 1947b) interesting
works on the biology and taxonomy of basalis actually dealt with
pygmaeus White. He also had specimens of fortrumt Westwood from
the same locality, but did not figure the latter species. This mis-
identification became apparent by an examination of several of his
specimens which had been determined by Paramonov as either
pygmaeus or fortnumi.
It seems probable that darwinit Westwood is a syponym of basalis,
but this will have to await an examination of the types. Aside from
other possible Australian relatives, basalis is related to philippinensis,

254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

new species, varius Latreille, and orientalis, new species. I have seen a
male specimen of what is probably a new species from Olokemeji,
Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa (Bridwell, USNM), which is similar to
basalis, and both this species and varius Latreille show that relatives
of basalis occur quite a distance from the Australian region.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 34, 6 9.

AUSTRALIA: 1c’, Sydney, September 1915 (Bridwell, USNM); 29, Sydney,
Aug. 2, 1903 (USNM); 19, Aralong, Bucclengh (T. Vaughn-Sherrin, USNM);
19, Coonabarabran District, New South Wales, Sept. 23, 1936 (K. H. L. Key,
SJP) [det. as darwini by Paramonov]; 19, Donnybrook, West Australia, Sept.
13, 1938 (K. R. Norris, SJP); 1<, Canberra, Feb. 3, 1951 (K. H. L. Key, SJP);
14, Acacia Plat., New South Wales (J. Armstrong, SJP) [det. as darwini by
Paramonov]; 19, New South Wales (#514, Hy. Edwards Collection, AMNH).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) pygmaeus White

PLATE FIGURES 58, 77

Oncodes pygmaeus White, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1914, p. 72, 1915.

Oncodes basalis, Plomley, Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., vol. 2, pp. 17-22, figs. 1-5,
1947a; in part, Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., vol. 2, pp. 23-30, 1947b (not
Walker, 1852).

Type Locauity: Launceston, Tasmania (19, Littler Collection,
South Australian Museum).

Discussion: O. pygmaeus is a member of the colet group. This
small mostly brown species is closely related to fortnumi. It has
characteristics of nitens (Hutton) from New Zealand, and may also
possibly be close to the Tasmanian species flavescens White, which,
judging from its original description, appears to belong in the colei
group. The thorax in both sexes of Ogcodes pygmaeus is shining
black and covered with fairly long brown pile. The abdomen of
the male has long pile on tergites 1 and 11, and the genitalia resemble
those of fortnumi and nitens. The legs and abdomen are light and
dark brown in the male and mostly dark brown in the female. Vein
M, is present though faint throughout and ends in a long curve close
to the wing margin well beyond vein R4,;._ Crossvein m-cu is present
but faint, crossvein r-m is absent. The genitalia were figured by
Plomley (1947a, figs. 1-5) under the name of basalis Walker. The
aedeagus has been redrawn here (pl. 9, fig. 58). The ejaculatory
apodeme in lateral view appeared identical to that of fortnumi (pl.
12, fig. 84); however, it was quite different from the latter species in
anterior view (compare pl. 11, figs. 74 and 77).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14’, 19.

AUSTRALIA: 1c, 19, Upper Blessington, Tasmania, Feb. 6, 1936 (J. J. B.
Plomley, SJP) [det. by Paramonov].

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 255

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) fortnumi Westwood

PLATE FIGURES 57, 74, 84

Ogcodes fortnumi Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 516, 1876.

Oncodes basalis, Plomley, in part, not figures, Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., vol. 2,
pp. 17-22, 1947a; in part, Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., vol. 2, pp. 23-30.
1947b (not Walker, 1852).

TyprE Ltocauity: Adelaide, Australia (Hope Museum).

Discussion: This species belongs in the cole: group and is similar
to pygmaeus, described above; however, I am not certain as to the
identity of this species since the only specimens available for study
were from Tasmania, not Australia. They were determined as
fortnumi by Paramonov, and formed part of the series reported on
by Plomley (1947a, 1947b). It should be noted that his specimens of
pygmaeus White (as basalis) were collected on Feb. 6, 1936, while
those of fortnumi were collected on Mar. 6, 1936, and thus they did
not necessarily represent one population. Although Plomley (1947a,
pp. 20-21) noted considerable variation in his large series of Upper
Blessington specimens, he followed Hardy (1918, 1940) and was
misled in assuming that his specimens were all basalis. Actually it
is very doubtful that basalis was represented in his series at all.

On the basis of male genitalia there is little doubt that fortnumi is
closely related to pygmaeus White (see pl. 9, figs. 57-58). It is also
similar to nitens (Hutton), and has certain affiliations with borealis
Cole and kuscheli Sabrosky (see pl. 9, figs. 52, 56-57, 59; pl. 11, fig.
79; pl. 12, figs. 84, 88).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 247, 19

AUSTRALIA: 1c’, 19, Upper Blessington, Tasmania, Mar. 6, 1936 (N. J. B.
Plomley, SJP); 16, Perth, Feb. 25 to Mar. 12, 1936 (R. E. Turner, BMNH).

Ogcodes species of New Zealand subregion

Key to the New Zealand species of genus Ogcodes *

1. Vein M; faintly present or only a crease; dorsum of abdomen with white mark-
ings otherthanfasciae. . . . se River, Sh 1s OO
Vein M, present, usually as dark as Rie sommenines er fab alwaga vein-like;
dorsum of abdomen without white markings except when fasciae are pres-
ent. «2! oo Als SES
2. Entire ebdomien ice oot ae tron pensive: I acd Vals nen spot on Il,
and posterior margin of v; tibiae and tarsi mostly yellow or white.
argigaster, new species

8’ Females of (O.) argigaster, (O.) leptisoma, (O.) similis, and (Protogcodes) paramonovi have not been ex-
amined. Females of (0.) brunneus and (0.) consimilis will probably key out together (see discussion under
brunneus).

Paramonov’s (1955, p. 23) key to the Oncodes of New Zealand is misleading in several] points and caution
should be exercised in usingit. Only the males of consimilis will key out correctly.

256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

Tergites dark brown except for large white mesolateral spots on tergites 11
and (usually) rv; venter with some indication of brown anterior fasciae on all
sternites; tibiae and tarsi mostly brown .. . . . . nitens (Hutton)

3. Wing distinctly and evenly infuscated; anal vein jam vein Cu, far before hind
wing margin; abdomen with dense, nearly appressed, silvery, short pile on
tergites 11 eal Tindlaterallivsi ates . . . . . leptisoma, new species

Wing mostly hyaline; anal vein does Sia reach vein Cuz; abdomen without
silvery pile as indicated above. . . . sh he ve) are 4

4. Frons without pile; tergites with normal Soetorion nee faecal vues ao

Frons well developed and with long pile; tergites black to dark brown without
white posterior fasciae except narrowly on Iv and vy.

(Protogcodes) paramonovi, Dew species

5. Body covered with brown pile; abdomen with medial clumps of pile on tergites
1-Iv and lateral clumps on IV-VI ... . . . Similis, new species
Body covered with whitish yellow pile; idomen without clumps of pile. . . 6

6. Abdomen usually with tergites 1 and 1 black, the remainder brown in the males;
legs mostly light brown. . . . . . . consimilis Brunetti

Abdomen rather concolorous dark ronan or blacks egs mostly dark brown.

brunneus (Hutton)

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) brunneus (Hutton)

PLATE FIGURES 8, 68, 82

Henops brunneus Hutton, Cat. Dipt. New Zeal., p. 24, 1881.—Maskell, Trans.
New Zealand Inst., vol. 20, pp. 106-108, pl. 10, 1888.—Hutton, Trans. New
Zealand Inst., vol. 33, p. 29, 1901.

Oncodes brunneus, Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 593, 1926.— Dumble-
ton, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Tech., vol. 22 (sec. a), pp. 97a-101a, figs. 1-5,
1940.—Paramonov, Pacific Sci., vol. 9, p. 23 (=brunneus?), 1955

Typr Locanity: Lake Wanaka, Otago, South Island, New Zealand
(Canterbury Museum, New Zealand).

Draanosts: Species of group I with typical white abdominal fasciae,
otherwise whole body dark brown to black and covered with moder-
ately long, whitish yellow pile except median portion of tergites Iv—v1
of male; wing hyaline, veins mostly clear except costa and radius
brown; vein M, and crossveins m-cu and r-m present but rather pale
(pl. 3, fig. 8); squama snowy white, opaque, narrowly margined light
or dark brown, halter mostly light brown; male genitalia dark brown,
median plate long and narrow in lateral view (pl. 11, fig. 82); basal cell
large, subbasal cell small, “wings” short, aedeagus expands toward
apex, which is narrowly rounded (pl. 10, fig. 68).

Discussion: It seems clear that consimilis Brunetti is closely related
to brunneus, but the genitalia easily separates the two. However,
I have been unable to find any specific differences between the females
of the two species. I have seen several specimens of what appeared
to be brunneus, but only one of these was a male, and thus the geni-
talic character mentioned above may be more variable than noted.
Other male specimens that had tentatively been considered to be

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 204

brunneus on the basis of their coloration were found to be consimalis on
the basis of their genitalia. Thus, some confusion still exists between
these two species.

Brunetti (1926) apparently had at least three species included
under brunneus, and thus his distribution records should be queried.
Certainly his remarks about the specimen from ‘‘Gollans Valley”’
refer to nitens (Hutton), unless it was a female, in which case it
may possibly have been argigaster, new species. Brunetti compared
his consimilis to basalis, a species which has never been recorded from
New Zealand. If he had compared it to brunneus he would have no
doubt seen the great similarity between the two species. Judging
from Paramonovy’s (1955) key and from the writings of Hutton and
Maskell, brunneus of Paramonov was not the same as that of Hutton
(1881, 1901) unless Paramonov had an extremely dark example. A
solution to the identity of these two species becomes more complex
because specimens of both ‘‘species” that were collected on the same
day at Ohakune, New Zealand, have been examined. Also, if the
type specimen of brunneus should be a female, as I suspect it is, the
problem of knowing the true identity of these two species will become
even more acute.

Maskell (1888) and Dumbleton (1940) have described and figured
the first-instar larva of brunneus, and Dumbleton recorded Matachia
ramulicola Dalmas as a host.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14, 8 9.

New ZEaAuanp: Ohakune, Wellington, North Island, 1 o, Jan. 15, 1920 (T.
Harris, USNM); 6 9, January 1924 (T. R. Harris, BMNH); 2 9, March 1922
(T. Harris, USNM, EIS).

Ogcodes (Ogceodes) consimilis Brunetti

PLATE FIGURES 67, 75, 83

Oncodes consimilis Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 603, 1926.—
Paramonov, Pacific Sci., vol. 9, p. 24, 1955.

Typp tocautity: Mount Ruapehu, North Island, New Zealand
(f ?, BMNH).

Diaqnosis: A species of group 1 that differs from brunneus only in
the male as follows: Tergites 1 and 1 typically black, rather shining,
other tergites dark brown; male genitalia with aedeagus much
narrower and more pointed at apex (pl. 10, fig. 67); ejaculatory
apodeme of different shape (pl. 11, fig. 75; pl. 12, fig. 83), median
plate with rodlike swelling.

Discussion: As brought out under brunneus, there is some con-
fusion about the distinctness of consimilis and the former, but several
typical males have been examined from Kumara and Blackhall. On
the other hand, a topotypical male of consimilis had some of the

258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

characteristics of brunneus and might have been determined as the
latter species except for the genitalic features.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 8 o, 5 Q.

New ZeaAuAnp: North Island: 4 &’, 1 9, Ohakune, Wellington, Dec. 25, 1919,
Jan. 10-15, 1920, March 1922 (T. R. Harris, USNM, EIS); 1 9, Silverstream,
Wellington, Dec. 3, 19836 (USNM); 1 o&, Eglinton Volcano, Dec. 31, 1920
(Fenwick, USNM); 1 o&, (topotype), Jan. 7, 1922 (Fenwick, USNM). South
Island: 2 o&, 2 ?, Kumara, Westland, Dec. 14-15, 1929, Jan. 7, 1930 (J. W.
Campbell, USNM, EIS); 1 9, Greymouth, Westland (EIS).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) similis, new species
PLATE FIGURES 55, 87

Species of group Iv.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 4.50 mm., wing length 4.00 mm.

Head dark brown except for black occiput, frons, and oral area;
ocellar tubercle small; frons narrow, no wider than ocellar tubercle,
flat, not protruding, grooved medially; antenna with segments 1 and
Il appearing fused, mr only slightly swollen basally, long, thin, with
two short apical setae; mouth area oval, proboscial cover yellow.

Thorax shining black, covered with reddish brown pile about as
long as antennal segment 111; legs slender, coxae black, femora dark
brown, remainder light brown; wing hyaline, veins light brown and
faint; vein M! and crossvein m-cu present but faint, vein Cu? does
not meet anal vein, stops just short of wing margin, venation similar
to that shown in plate 3, figure 8; squama delicate, base and narrow
rim brown, transparent but most of central area whitish, halter
stem brown, knob broken off.

Abdomen dark brown except for narrow posterior white fasciae on
tergites 11-v1, somewhat larger fasciae on sternites 11—v, and white
pleural membrane; dorsum covered with short, sparse brown pile
with longer clumps of pile on medial area of tergites m—-1v and lateral
areas of Iv—-v1; venter covered with short, sparse brown pile except
for sternite I.

Genitalia small, aedeagus narrowed and notched apically (pl. 9,
fig. 55); ejaculatory apodeme of medium build, directed anteriorly,
median plate about as wide as long in lateral view (pl. 12, fig. 87).

FremaLe: Unknown.

Ho.torypre: Male, New Zealand, 1928 (G. V. Hudson, BMNH,
1948-73).

Remarks: This species is related to nitens, pygmaeus, and argigaster,
being perhaps most closely associated with the Tasmanian pygmaeus.
It is easily separated from these species by the structure of the male
genitalia (compare pl. 9, figs. 52, 53, 55, 58; pl. 12, figs. 87, 89, 90) and
the features given in the key above.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 259

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) leptisoma, new species

PLATE FIGURES 61, 95

Species of group Iv.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 5.50 mm., wing length 4.50 mm.

Head dark brown except black occiput; ocellar tubercle small,
hardly protruding, frons small, no wider than ocellar tubercle, flat, not
protruding, grooved medially; antenna with segments I and I appear-
ing fused, m1 only slightly swollen basally, very long and thin, with
two apical setae; mouth area oval, quite narrow.

Thorax shining black, only pleura dark brown, entirely covered with
whitish yellow pile about as long as antennal segment 1; legs slender,
especially tarsal segments, but apices of both hind femur and tibia
swollen, dark brown except femora and most of tibiae yellow; wing
evenly infuscated, veins dark brown, vein M, and crossvein m-cu
present and distinct, anal vein joins Cu, before hind wing margin,
though faint at junction; squama rugose, opaque, dark brown in-
fuscated, halter knob brown with white markings, stem light brown.

Abdomen dark brown except for narrow, pale, yellowish brown
posterior fasciae on tergites I-v1, sternites 11—v1 brownish yellow with
wide posterior fasciae on 1 and m1, and pleural membrane white;
dorsum with short, silvery, nearly appressed pile on posterior two-
thirds of tergite 1, all of 11, and small mesolateral area of 111; long, brown
pile present along lateral margin of all segments and large mesolateral
area of tergite v, short brown pile along midline of tergites m and 111,
and most of 1v; median area of v and all but margin of vi bare of pile
and shining; venter evenly covered with short yellowish brown pile
except for bare and shining sternite 1; spiracles of segments m-1v
appearing as brown spots in white membrane.

Genitalia dark brown, small, aedeagus slender, nearly acuminate
(pl. 10, fig. 65); ejaculatory apodeme without definite median plate,
the whole apodemal structure minute with small spiculae below and
on wings (pl. 12, fig. 95).

FremauLe: Unknown.

Houotyre: Male, Queenstown, Otago, South Island, New Zealand,
Dec. 12, 1922 (Leon Curtis, USNM 644388).

ParatTyPEs: 3 6’, all New Zealand; 1 o&, Glenorchy, Jan. 3, 1923
(F. S. Oliver, EIS); 2 @, Wilton’s Bush, Wellington, Dec. 6, 1920
(G. V. Hudson, BMNH, 1923-323).

The holotype’s abdomen apparently was damaged somewhat during
its capture, so the characteristic shape of the abdomen is noted from
the paratypes as follows: In dorsal view, segments 11, 111, and Iv are
of equal length and width, and together make up about three-fourths
the length of the abdomen; in lateral view, the venter is shallowly

523799603

°260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

concave, and the dorsum is highly arched with its highest point at the
junction of tergites 1m and tv. Otherwise the paratypes agree with
the holotype.

Remarks: Although leptisoma is somewhat similar to pygmaeus
White from Tasmania, the two can easily be separated by the male
genitalia. Closest relatives appear to be the Nearctic species
vittisternum Sabrosky, shewelli Sabrosky, and colet Sabrosky, as noted
by structures of the male genitalia (compare pl. 10, figs. 61-64 and
pl. 12, figs. 95-98). There is no known close relative in New Zealand.
The name leptisoma refers to the scale-like pile of the abdomen.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) argigaster, new species
PLATE FiGURES 14, 53, 89

Species of group Iv.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 6.10 mm., wing length 6.00 mm.

Head dark brown except for black occiput; ocellar tubercle small,
hardly protruding, frons large, protruding and depressed medially;
apex of terminal antennal segment with two minute setae; mouth area
oval.

Thorax shining black, covered with long whitish yellow pile about
as long as antennal segment 111; legs slender, only apex of hind femur
swollen, coxae, trochanters, knees, last tarsal segment and claw dark
brown, femora infuscated, tibiae and remainder of tarsi whitish yellow;
wing transparent, veins white; vein M, present but crease-like, not
distinct, crossvein m-cu present, r-m crossvein faint, indistinct, anal
vein separated from Cu, at wing margin (pl. 4, fig. 14); squama ver-
tically raised near base, arched throughout, white with thin yellow
margin, halter knob dark brown, stem lighter brown.

Abdomen opaque white except for dark brown on most of tergite 1,
small median spot on 1, all of tv, lateral margin of sternite 1, genitalia
and spiracles; posterior portion of segments 1I-Iv with narrow yellow
margins; tergites covered with long white pile along lateral margins
and median area of 11 to the base of Iv, with short, dense, downy pile
on mesolateral part of tergite 11, otherwise dorsum shining and bare;
venter covered with long pile on middle two-thirds of each sternite
throughout its width except sternite 11 with somewhat longer pile and
t bare.

Genitalia small, aedeagus pointed apically with large, postgonoporal
notch; aedeagal sheath long, reaching out near tip of aedeagus (pl. 9,
fig. 53); ejaculatory apodeme of medium build, median plate directed
anteriorly (pl. 12, fig. 89).

Frema.e: Unknown.

Houtoryre: Male, Cass, New Zealand (USNM 64439); 10,
paratopotype (USNM).

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 261

The paratopotype agrees essentially with the holotype, differing
only in having a little more brown on the abdomen as follows: a small
median spot on tergite 111, and most of the posterior two-thirds of v.
The paratype is 7.00 mm. long; its wing length 6.70 mm.

Remarks: This species is closely related to nitens (Hutton), but
is easily separated by the lighter coloration, larger size, and structure
of the male genitalia (see pl. 9, figs. 52-53; pl. 12, figs. 89-90). The
Nearctic species colei Sabrosky shows a very close resemblance to
this new species but differs mainly in the characters cited above for
nitens. The name argigaster refers to the white abdomen.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) nitens (Hutton)

PLATE FIGURES 52, 79, 90

Henops nitens Hutton, New Zealand Inst. Trans., vol. 33, p. 29, 1901.
Oncodes brunneus, Brunetti, in part (?), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 594, 1926.
Oncodes nitens, Paramonov, Pacific Sci., vol. 9, p. 24 (?), 1955.

Type tocauiry: Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand (Canter-
bury Museum, New Zealand).

Draanosis: Species of group iv. Male with brown and white
maculated abdomen.

Thorax shining black, covered with long dense whitish brown pile
which appears dark brown at its base; legs mostly dark brown, tibiae
and tarsi somewhat lighter brown; wing transparent, wing veins pale,
vein M, a faint crease, crossvein m-cu present, r-m crossvein absent;
squama opaque white, hyaline near margin which is narrowly brownish
yellow.

Abdomen shining dark brown except usually for posterior margins
of sternites, posterior lateral margin of tergite 1, large mesolateral
spots on m1 and rv, and narrow posterior fasciae on 1~-v which are
white to brownish white; dorsum covered with long white pile along
lateral margins and median area of tergites m-1v, with short white
pile on mesolateral area of tergite 1, remainder of abdomen mostly
bare and shining.

Genitalia small, aedeagus pointed apically (pl. 9, fig. 52); ejaculatory
apodeme with long, narrow median plate in lateral view (pl. 12,
fig. 90); wings bent downwards (pl. 11, fig. 79).

Discussion: This species has never been clearly defined and
Hutton’s description (1901) is entirely too brief to be useful.
Paramonov (1955) saw no specimens of nitens, and to my knowledge
no records since Hutton have been given. Paramonov’s key to the
New Zealand species was erroneous as he contended that both the
abdomen and its pile were black, whereas Hutton (1901, p. 29) clearly
stated “. . . a spot on each side of the second and third abdominal
segments, tawny.” The specimens examined by me, and upon which

262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yOL. 111

the above diagnosis was made, were all males, and fit Hutton’s
description except that the abdomen was brown and white instead
of black and tawny. It seems probable that Hutton had only female
specimens, which perhaps are darker than the males, as found in
many species of Ogcodes.

Brunetti (1926, p. 594) cited a specimen of brunneus (Hutton) from
“Gollans Valley, 24. xii. 1921 (G. V. Hudson),”’ and commented that
“the specimen from Gollans Valley has a pale, irregularly-shaped spot
of some size, but with indefinite outline towards each side margin on
the third segment.’’ This specimen was very likely nitens, as one of
the males I have seen had only one lateral spot instead of the usual two.

The resemblance of nitens to shewelli Sabrosky from the eastern
United States is striking, and there seems to be little doubt that the
two are related in spite of their geographical separation. In New
Zealand, the new species argigaster and similis appear to be the
only close relatives of nitens.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 70’, 2 9.

NEW ZEALAND: 307, 1? (without abdomen) and 19 o@ (in copula), Port Hills.
Dec. 2, 1923 (J. W. Campbell, USNM, EIS); 2%, Casmere, Jan. 3, 1922 (T. R.
Harris, USNM); 16, Governor’s Bay, Dec. 2, 1923 (J. W. Campbell, USNM),

Ogcodes species of Polynesian subregion

The only species known from this area are costalis (Walker), javanus
Meijere, and trifasciatus Meijere. As I have not seen any specimens
from this subregion, the assignment of the species to species groups
and their specificity will have to await further study. See the list of
species (p. 316) for further notes and references.

Ogcodes species of Ethiopian region

The following 11 species and subspecies have been recorded from
this area: alluaudi Becker, caffer Loew, clavatus Becker, coffeatus
Speiser, congoensis Brunetti, crassitibialis Brunetti, distinctus Brunetti,
neaver Brunetti, nyasae Brunetti, trilineatus Brunetti, and varius pal-
lidimarginalis Brunetti.

To my knowledge no one has attempted to revise the African
species, but two of the most comprehensive works were those of
Brunetti (1926) and Sabrosky (1950).

From Brunetti’s description of distinctus (1926) it seems very pos-
sible that he had a specimen of guttatus Costa, which at that time
was not known to occur in Africa. This latter name should now be
added to the above list of Ethiopian species (see discussion under

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 263

guttatus). Likewise it seems that crassitibialis Brunetti may be
clavatus, while sorellus Brunetti was found to be a synonym of caffer
Loew. Thus, a tentative estimate of the number of Ethiopian Ogcodes
species is 12.

Although specimens representing at least four species have been
examined, only two of these can be properly determined and dis-
cussed at this time.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) caffer Loew
PLATE FIGURES 19, 69, 93

Oncodes caffer Loew, Vet. Akad. Forhand., vol. 14, p. 368, 1857; Dipt. Sudafrika,
p. 255, 1860.

Oncodes sorellus Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 603, 1926. New
synonymy?

Tyre Locauity: Africa: Caffrerei, caffer; and Natal, sorellus.

Discussion: This species is a member of group u. The examina-
tion of seven specimens from South Africa, which fit Loew’s description
of caffer well, were compared with the original description of sorellus,
and no significant differences could be found. Brunetti was appar-
ently unaware of caffer when he described sorellus, just as he ignored
nearly all the described species of the genus at the time of his publica-
tion (1926). As pointed out by Sabrosky (1950) and by this author
under various species in the text, it seems probable that many of
Brunetti’s species may fall into synonymy as they become better
known.

The species caffer appears to be more closely related to the Palaeare-
tic zonatus Erichson and the Nearctic eugonatus Loew than to any
other known species. The abdominal pattern of the latter species was
nicely drawn by Cole (1919, pl. 15, fig. 42) as marginatus Cole, and
serves to illustrate the pattern of caffer. The slight differences noted
in the wing venation among these three related species are shown in
plate 4, figures 18, 19, and differences in male genitalia are shown in
plate 10, figure 69; plate 11, figures 71, 73; plate 12, figures 93, 94.
Otherwise the description of caffer fits that given for eugonatus (see
below).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 64’, 1 9.

Sour aFRica: 2c’, 19, Cape Province, Matjesfontein, Oct. 6-15, 1926 (R. E.
Turner, BMNH, EIS); 407, Cape Town, Milnerton, January 1926 (R. E. Turner,
BMNR).

A female from Cape Province, Swellendam, February 1932 (R. E. Turner,

BMNH), also was examined. It belongs in the eugonatus group, but apparently
is distinct from caffer, at least by its general coloration.

264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) clavatus Becker
PLATE FIGURES 10, 48, 110

Oncodes clavatus Becker, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 15, No. 3, p. 113,
1909; Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 79, p. 22, 1910.

Oncodes cepisetis Speiser, in Sjostedt, Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped., vol. 2, part 10,
No. 4, p. 74, 1910 [synonymy by Sabrosky, 1950].

(2?) Oncodes nyasae Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 598, 1926 [syn-
onymy by Sabrosky, 1950].

Oncodes crassitibialis Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 602, 1926.
New synonymy?

Ogcodes clavatus, Sabrosky, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 19, p. 51, 1950.

Type Locauity: Africa: British East Africa, clavatus; Mt. Meru,
cepisetis; Nyasaland, nyasae; and East Africa, crassitibialis.

Discussion: This species belongs in group v. Sabrosky (1950)
has given a good account of the variation occurring in clavatus. In
examining part of his observed series of clavatus, as compared to the
original description of crassitibialis Brunetti, I conclude that the latter
species is very likely a synonym of clavatus.

Although clavatus is surely a member of the pallidipennis group,
the male genitalia show it to be set apart somewhat from all other
species of the group (see pl. 8, fig. 48, pl. 13, fig. 110). The wing
also shows a definite group relationship; however, it is one of the few
species seen that has the r-m crossvein perpendicular to the costa
(see pl. 3, fig. 10).

The relationships of clavatus to other species are not fully under-
stood, but colorwise it resembles guttatus Costa. However, the latter
is a member of the ewgonatus group and is therefore not closely related
phylogenetically. Perhaps such species as congoensis, neavei, and
trilineatus (all Brunetti, 1926) will be found to be associated species.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED:

East Arrica: 50’, Naivasha, Kenya, July 1937, September 1939, and April
1940 (H. J. A. Turner, USNM, EIS).

Ogcodes species of Oriental region

The eight species hitherto recorded from this region are: angusti-
marginatus Brunetti, fuscus Brunetti, lineatus Brunetti, margini-
fasciatus Brunetti, octomaculatus Brunetti, respersus Séquy, rufo-
marginatus Brunetti and sexmaculatus Brunetti. All of these species
except the Chinese respersus were described from either India or
Ceylon. The name octomaculatus Brunetti is herein synonymized
with guttatus Costa (see discussion under guttatus). To this list of

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 265

species can now be added two new ones, orientalis from Cambodia
and philippinensis, making a total of 10 species known for this area.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) angustimarginatus Brunetti

Oncodes angustimarginatus Brunetti, Fauna British India, vol. 1, p. 171, 1920.

TypE LOCALITY: Ceylon.

Discussion: Species group unknown. According to a letter from
Dr. B. P. Pal dated May 5, 1954, the type specimen of this species
is in the National Pusa Collection at the Indian Agricultural Research
Institute in New Delhi, India, and not in the British Museum as
stated by Brunetti (1920, p. 171). A colored drawing of this type
specimen was prepared for my study, and from this figure an entirely
new species concept is deduced. This drawing shows the mesonotum
to have a light brown ground color with three distinct black vittae,
whereas Brunetti (1920, p. 171) stated: ‘Thorax moderately shining
black, covered with moderately short, rather dense, brownish yellow
pubescence; scutellum similar.”’? Then at the end of his description
he stated: ‘Described from a single specimen in the British Museum
from Pirivipancheram, Ceylon, 21. i. 1892 (Col. Yerbury).” A note
added: “Only example seen; at top of hill, found near form of a
sambur. A second specimen from Pusa, 6. xil. 1911, with the thorax
all black.” This last statement infers that the type specimen had
a differently colored thorax, and I interpret the thorax as being vittate
as shown by the drawing of the type specimen. In this connection,
T have assumed that somehow the type specimens of angustimar-
ginatus and octomaculatus were mixed up, and that the figure of the
thorax of octomaculatus by Brunetti (1920, pl. 2, fig. 28) is in reality
that of angustimarginatus (see also the discussion under guttatus).

According to the drawing of the type on hand, veins My, r-m and
m-cu are absent and the general body color is brown instead of black,
but the narrow abdominal fasciae are about as described by Brunetti.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) respersus Séguy
Oncodes respersus Seguy, Mus. Heude, vol. 2, p. 175, 1935.

Typp Locanity: Tchen-kiang, Kiangsu Province, China (9).

Discussion: This species probably belongs in group v, judging from
the description and the resemblance to both orientalis, new species,
and philippinensis, new species. Séguy did mention, however, that
the terminal antennal segment had two minute setae on the apex, and
this is a character not common to the group. He did not mention
the wing venation and the type female was not available for study.

266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Ogcodes (Ogcades) orientalis, new species
PLATE FIGURES 20, 38, 112

Species of group v.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 4.60 mm., wing length 3.88 mm.

Head with eyes, antenna, and oral region light brown, occiput and
frons dark brown; antenna with long slender style, about as long as
distitarsus, frons hardly swollen, oral area nearly V-shaped behind.

Thorax covered with golden pile and dark brown except for light
brown to white narrow lateral margin of mesonotum, upper one-
half of postalar callus, a pair of prescutellar (mesonotal) spots, upper
one-half of metanotum, and large pleural area below wing base; legs
slender, yellow except for dark brown coxae, trochanters, knees, and
tarsal apices; hind femur longer than hind tibia, swollen distally to
nearly twice the width at apex of trochanter; wing slightly browned,
vein M, present, longer than Ry,,;, crossvein r-m nearly vertical,
crossvein m-cu a very faint crease, vein M, short, curved and strong,
veins Cu, and anal well separated near hind margin (pl. 4, fig. 20),
squama semitransparent, light brown, narrow margin and_ basal
area dark brown; halter with dark brown knob, stem light brown.

Abdomen with rather narrow posterior white fasciae on tergites,
dark brown except for large whitish brown mesolateral spots on
tergites 11 and 11; tergites 11 and um raised in middle to form slight
swellings; abdominal pile short, golden brown, more dense and
browner on swellings and sparse on tergites Iv-v1; venter mostly
white, sternites 1 and narrow lateral and anterior margins of m—v1
dark brown; entire venter slightly pilose.

Genitalia dark brown, large, median plate about twice as long as
wide in lateral view, about 1.6 times ‘“‘wingspread’’; ‘‘wings’’ short,
pointed, basal cell incomplete, about twice as wide as high (pl. 13,
fig. 112); aedeagus with apex rounded and somewhat narrowed (pl. 7,
fig. 38).

FremMALe: Unknown.

Horotypre: Male, Angkor, Cambodia, Feb. 21, 1928 (W. P.
Cockerell, USNM 64440).

Remarks: This species represents the first record of the genus from
Indonesia. Its closest relatives appear to be respersus and philip-
pinensis, but it differs from both in having tergites m and 1 swollen
in the middle and is distinguished from the latter by the male genitalia
(compare pl. 7, figs. 37 and 38, pl. 13, figs. 99 and 112). It also
differs from respersus in having the hind femur swollen instead of the
hind tibia.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 267

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) philippinensis, new species
PLATE FIGURES 87, 99

Species of group v. This species is closely related to orientalis,
new species, from which it differs as follows:

Mate: Length of entire specimen 6.30 mm., wing length 5.25 mm.

Head black, only eyes dark brown; antenna somewhat shorter,
oral area more U-shaped behind.

Thorax with mesonotal margin dark brown, entire mesonotum
nearly black, postalar callus dark brown; venation as in plate 4,
figure 20, except M, more gently curved at junction of m-cu crossvein;
squama a darker brown.

Abdomen with dorsal spots yellow, larger, and with distinct dark
brown spiracular spots on tergites m-rv, tergites 1 and m1 without
medial swellings, dorsal pile all about equal length; venter yellow
instead of white.

Genitalia with wing of equal width throughout, somewhat broadened
at apex, median plate only about 1.15 times wingspread, its basal
cell more triangular (pl. 13, fig. 99); aedeagus somewhat more swollen
apically (pl. 7, fig. 37).

Fremate: Unknown.

Hoxortype: Male, Sibuyan Island, Philippine Islands (C. F. Baker,
USNM 64441).

Remarks: This is apparently the first recorded species of Ogcodes
from the Philippine Islands. Its closest relative is orientalis, as
discussed above. Both show a relationship to basalis (Walker) from
Australia, which suggests a Malaya-Australia-Philippines distribution.

Ogcodes species of Palaearctic subregion

Since Pleske (1930) and Sack (1936) have reviewed the Palaearctic
species, only pertinent notes and synonymy of those species seen will
be given here. The key presented by Sack (1936, p. 16) is quite
usable. The 13 species included in his review are as follows: etruscus
Griffini, formosus Loew, fumatus Erichson, gibbosus (Linnaeus),
guttatus Costa, hirtus Sack, jacutensis Pleske, nigripes (Zetterstedt),
mgritarsis Shiraki, pallipes Latreille, trifasciatus Shiraki, varius
Latreille, and zonatus Erichson. Species not included in this work
are limbatus Bigot and varius var. siberiensis Brunetti, as well as three
subsequently described species, nigritarsis var. obusensis Ouchi,
esakit Ouchi (1942), and reginae Trojan (1956). This makes a total
of 18 species now known for this region.

O. trifasciatus Shiraki (1932) is preoccupied by trifasciatus Meijere
(1915), and I propose shirakii, new name, for trifasciatus Shiraki at
this time. (See also data in list of species, p. 316.)

268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) zonatus Erichson

PLATE FIGURE 71

Ogcodes zonatus Erichson, Entomographien, vol. 1, p. 170, 1840.

Okcodes zonatus, Schiner, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 15, p. 989, 1865.

Oncodes zonatus, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., vol. 4, p. 20, 1909.—Wandolleck, Einleit,
Inflatae, figs. on pls. 2 and 4, 1914.—Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol.
18, p. 594, 1926.—Seguy, Fauna France, vol. 13, p. 168, 1926.—Pleske,
Konowia, vol. 9, p. 166, 1930.—Sack, Die Fliegen, vol. 98, p. 23, 1936.

Type Locatiry: Germany.

Discussion: Species of group 1. According to Pleske (1930) this
species is widespread, reaching from Mongolia to Europe and
south into North Africa, though it is as yet unknown from
Seandinavia. ‘This may be a Holarctic species as it seems very pos-
sible that eugonatus Loew is a synonym (see discussion under the
latter). The possibility that nigripes (Zetterstedt) is merely the
melanie form of zonatus is also discussed under eugonatus, and to
briefly summarize, it appears to me that melampus Loew, eugonatus
Loew, and nigripes (Zetterstedt) are all possibly color forms of
zonatus Erichson. O. zonatus is also more closely related to caffer Loew
than to any western Palaearctic species known to me.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 o',2 9.

GERMANY: 1’, Nurnberg (Lichtwardt, EIS).

SWITZERLAND: 2c7, 29, St. Mortiz, July 27, 1902 (Oldenberg, EIS) [det. by

P. Sack].
Huncary: 2 o, without other data (EIS).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) nigripes (Zetterstedt)

Henops nigripes Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapponica, p. 574, 1838.

Oncodes nigripes, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., vol. 4, p. 19, 1909.—Verrall, Brit. Flies,
vol. 5, p. 463, 1909.—Pleske, Konowia, vol. 9, p. 166, 1930.—Sack, Die
Fliegen, vol. 98, p. 20, 1936.

Type Locatity: Lapponia Umensi (Sweden).

Discussion: Species of group u. This species has been recorded
only from Scandinavia, but, on the basis of specimens before me, this
form occurs also in the Swiss Alps. These specimens are from St.
Moritz, Switzerland, July 27, 1902 (Oldenberg, EIS, DEI), and were
mixed with other specimens from the same locality determined by
Sack as zonatus Erichson. In comparing these with specimens of the
Nearctic melampus Loew, no morphological differences were found,
and melampus specimens fit the descriptions of nigripes given by Sack
(1936, pp. 16, 20) and Zetterstedt (1838). For a further discussion of
these species’ relationships, see the notes under eugonatus Loew.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 269

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) pallipes Latreille

PLATE FIGURES 51, 76, 86

Ogcodes pallipes Latreille, Encyclop. Method., vol. 7, p. 471, 1811.

Henops marginatus Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 3, p. 100, pl. 24, fig. 30, 1822 (not
Cole, 1919).

Oncodes pallipes, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., vol. 4, p. 19, 1909.—Verrall, Brit. Flies, vol.
5, p. 466, 1909.—Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 594, 1926.—
Seguy, Fauna France, vol. 13, p. 167, 1926.—Pleske, Konowia, vol. 9, p.
166, 1930.—Sack, Die Fliegen, vol. 98, p. 21, 1936.

TypPrE LocaLity: Europe.

Discussion: This species is apparently a member of group ur. It
seems to be restricted to Europe and western Asia and is not yet
recorded from North Africa. The Nearctic species borealis Cole is
apparently its nearest relative, and these two species are the only
known representatives of group ur. The females of pallipes super-
ficially resemble both zonatus Erichson and gibbosus (Linnaeus), but
pallipes is the only one of the three with crossvein m-cu present. The
male genitalia show similarity to those of borealis but at the same time
are quite distinct (see pl. 8, fig. 51; pl. 11, fig. 76; pl. 12, fig. 86).

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 540’, 10 9.

FRANCE: 16°, 59, Ruiel 8. et Oise, July 7, 1952 (H. L. Parker, USNM, EIS);
43, 39, Escragnoles Alpes, Eur. Par. Lab., #5498-3, ex. Crabro nest (USNM,
EIS).

GERMANY: 19, Dessau (Oldenberg, EIS).
HunGary: 19, without other data (FRC).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) gutiatus Costa

PLATE FIGURES 6, 22, 66, 81, 91

Ogcodes guttatus Costa, An. Sci. Napoli, vol. 1, p. 80, 1854.

Oncodes benacensis Pokorny, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 37, p. 389, p. 7,
fig. 3, 1887.

Oncodes octomaculatus Brunetti, Ree. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 476, 1912; Fauna
British India, vol. 1, p. 170, fig. 18, and pl. 2, figs. 28 (abdomen only), 29,
1920; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 591, 1926. New synonymy.

Oncodes guttatus, Pleske, Konowia, vol. 9, p. 164, 1930.—Sack, Die Fliegen,
vol. 98, p. 19, 1936.

Type Locauity: Italy: guttatus, benacensis. India: octomaculatus.
Discussion: Species of group mu. This rather uniquely patterned
species has been recorded only from southern Europe. It is now
known to occur in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions as well but is
apparently only rarely encountered. Its distribution from Italy
through Greece to Turkey and Persia to southeast India is fairly

continuous, but the South African record cited below indicates a

much wider range.

270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

O. guttatus is related to and perhaps synonymous with distinctus
Brunetti and nyasae Brunetti. Its wing venation (pl. 3, fig. 6) sug-
gests placement in the colei group, but the male genitalia gives much
evidence in support of my placing it in the eugonatus group (see pl. 10,
fig. 66; pl. 11, fig. 81; pl. 12, fig. 91). It would also be plausible to
set guttatus apart as a separate group intermediate between the
eugonatus and colei groups.

Brunetti (1912) described octomaculatus from two male specimens
from Igatpuri, Western Ghats, Bombay Presidency, India, Nov.
20, 1909 (Annandale), and stated that the types were in the Indian
Museum, but he gave no figures at that time. In 1920 he redescribed
the species and named a new species from India which he called
angustimarginatus, but in this paper he figured only octomaculatus.
Through the courtesy of Dr. B. P. Pal of the Indian Museum, beauti-
ful colored drawings of the types of these two species were made
available tome. It is now apparent that Brunetti’s (1920, vol. 1, p.
170, pl. 2, fig. 28) figure of octomaculatus is a composite, in which the
thorax represents angustimarginatus and the abdomen and wing
represent octomaculatus. How this occurred I do not know, unless the
specimen he drew (or rather had drawn for him) was actually parts
of two specimens of the two species which had been glued together.
At any rate, octomaculatus appears to be conspecific with guttatus.
The male specimen cited below from South Africa was compared with
males of guttatus from Turkey and Greece and is surely conspecific.

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS:

GREECE: 1’, Mt. Pelion, July (G. Pandazis, USNM).

Sourn Arrica: 1, Mitchell’s Pass, 100 miles from Cape Town, Dec. 1-5,
1930 (H. W. Simmonds, BMNH).

TurRKEY: 1, Constantinople, June 29 to July 4, 1925 (Miss G. Edwards,
BMNH).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) hirtus Sack

PLATE FIGURES 12, 26, 31, 54
Oncodes hirtus Sack, Die Fliegen, vol. 98, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 8, 1936.

Type Ltocatity: Kurdistan, Iran (19, Dahlemer Museum).

DiaGnosts: Species of group Iv.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 3.30 mm., wing length 3.00 mm.

Head with reddish brown eyes, black occiput, dark brown protrud-
ing frons, light brown antennal-oral region; antenna light brown except
dark brown style which is rather short, somewhat swollen along basal
one-half, with 2-3 minute setae on apex; yellow pubescence on occiput
short, long on oral region.

Thorax entirely shining black covered with long whitish brown
pile, about twice as long as tarsal claw; metanotum quite prominent;

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 271

legs yellow except for black coxae, dark brown femora, and light
brown tarsal apices; claws nearly black; wing hyaline, veins white,
indistinct, but venation strong (pl. 3, fig. 12); vein M, absent except
distal portion, r-m crossvein present, straight, nearly reaching M,,
m-cu crossvein strong, M, long, reaching wing margin; squama trans-
parent, margin concolorous, halter knob black, stem white.

Abdomen long, narrow, distinctly arched with large dorsomedian,
bituberculate swellings on tergites m-1v (pl. 5, fig. 26); tergites I-11
mostly brownish black, with faintly indicated posterior white fasciae ;
tergites m1-v with irregular brown and white pattern, rather similar
to that shown by Sack (1936, fig. 8), the tubercles mostly brown as is
anterior margin of each tergite, creamy white markings dominate
laterally and behind; dorsum along midline including tubercles
covered with long white silky pile, each hair somewhat browned at
base, large lateral area with short, whitish yellow pubescence; sternites
mostly dark brown with narrow posterior white fasciae, 1-111 with
large white lateral spots, entire sternum covered with short white
pile except for bare 1.

Genitalia (pl. 6, fig. 31) minute, light brown, cercus nearly white
in spots; aedeagus long, thin, with definite apical notch (pl. 9, fig. 54) ;
ejaculatory apodeme small, narrow, with “wings” indistinct, “wing-
spread” about equal to greatest width of aedeagus.

Discussion: Apparently this species is still known only from the
unique female type. For this reason the above description of the
male seems necessary, though it is possible that the male described
above is actually another closely related species. Such distinctive
features as the tuberculate abdomen, and possibly different wing
venation were not found in the female, but the former feature is
true in many species of the genus, while the latter character is usually
vague in descriptions.

The male genitalia and tuberculate abdomen of hartus suggests a
relationship to guttatus; however, the long body pile, two or more
antennal setae, and male genitalic structures show it belongs in the
collet group. Judging from its original description hirtus may be
related to formosus Loew.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED:

Iran: 1 o, Sharaf Khaneh, Sept. 5, 1949 (Richard P. Dow, USNM).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) varius Latreille

PLATE FIGURES 47, 109

Ogcodes varius Latreille, Eneyclop. Method., vol. 8, p. 471, 1811.
Henops limbatus Meigen, Syst. Beschreib., vol. 3, p. 100, 1822.
Henops apicalis Meigen, Syst. Beschreib., vol. 3, p. 101, 1822.
Ogcodes fuliginosus Erichson, Entomographien, vol. 1, p. 172, 1840.

Die PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Oncodes varius, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., vol. 4, p. 20, 1909.—Verrall, Brit. Flies, vol.
5, p. 462, 1909.—Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 602, 1926.—
Séguy, Fauna France, vol. 13, p. 168, 1926.—Pleske, Konowia, vol. 9, p. 165,
1930.—Sack, Die Fliegen, vol. 98, p. 22, 1936.

Type Locauity: Europe.

Discussion: Species of group v. This European species may
extend east to Siberia as variety siberiensis Brunetti (1926, p. 603),
and south to British East Africa and the Belgian Congo as variety
pallidimarginalis Brunetti (1926, p. 602). However, it is also quite
possible that both of these varieties are distinct species which are not
closely related to varvus.

The extremely restricted Nearctic species rufoabdominalis Cole is
rather closely related to varius and suggests a Holarctic connection.
However, they are easily separated by color characters and the male
genitalia (see discussion under rufoabdominalis), In male genitalia,
as well as color pattern, varius also shows definite similarities with
the Australian basalis (compare pl. 138, figs. 101, 109).

The European species cingulatus Erichson appears to be conspecific
with varius, but Sack (1936, p. 23) did not make the synonymy even
though he examined the type of the former species.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 4 Go, 3 9.

GERMANY: 207, 19, Berlin, Jungfernheide, July 4, 28, 1901 (Oldenberg, EIS);
19, Schlesien (Letzner, EIS).

Hunaary: 1o, Budapest (Oldenberg, EIS); 1%, without other data (FRC).
Corsica: 19, Vizzavona, July 13 to Sept. 5, 1931 (M. E. Mosely, BMNH).

Ogcedes (Ogcodes) gibbosus (Linnaeus)

PLATE FIGURES 13, 43, 111

Musca gibbosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 10, p. 593, 1758.

Henops leucomelas Meigen, Klassif., vol. 1, p. 151, pl. 8, fig. 30, 1804.

Oncodes gibbosus, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt., vol. 4, p. 18, 1909.—Verrall, Brit. Flies,
vol. 5, p. 463, 1909.— Brunetti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, p. 594, 1926.—
Séguy, Fauna France, vol. 13, p. 167, 1926.—Pleske, Konowia, vol. 9, p. 166,
1930.—Sack, Die Fliegen, vol. 98, p. 18, 1936.

Ogcodes gibbosus, Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 408, 1948.

TypPr Locauity: Europe.

Discussion: Species of group v. This widely distributed Palaearctic
species apparently has no close Nearctic relative with the possible
exception of hennigi, new species. Pleske (1930, p. 166) recorded it
from the Siberian Orient, and while it appears to be rather common in
northern and central Europe it has not been recorded from the Medi-
terranean region to my knowledge.

The aedeagus of gibbosus (pl. 8, fig. 43) is quite similar to that of
the Nearctic sabroskyi, new species, and of boharti, new species; however,
except in this feature gibbosus does not appear to be closely related.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 2135

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 o, 9 9.

Be.cium: 3, Sutendaal, June 17, 1919 (USNM).

Germany: 1c’, Potsdam, July 5, 1922 (Oldenberg, EIS); 1c, Frankfurt,
Gulde, June 24, 1908 (Offenbach, EIS); 19, Kolkhorst, July 25, 1888 (EIS);
19, Berlin, Grunervld., June 15, 1894 (Lichwardt, EIS); 19, Munchen, July 10,
1911 (EIS); 29, Uckeritz-Usedom, June-July, 1936 (R. Korschefsky, EIS).

Russta: 19, Araxesthal, Kaukasus, May 13, 1892 (Reitt, VNM).

Ogcodes species of Nearctic subregion

Thirteen species of the genus Ogcodes have been described from this
subregion that are now considered valid: albiventris Johnson, borealis
Cole, colei Sabrosky, dispar (Macquart), dusmeti Arias, eugonatus
Loew, floridensis Sabrosky, melampus Loew, niger Cole, pallidipennis
Loew, rufoabdominalis Cole, shewelli Sabrosky and_ vittisternum
Sabrosky. 0. albiventris is hereby removed from the subgenus Ogcodes
to form the type of the new subgenus Neogcodes, while the addition of
five new species—adaptatus, boharti, canadensis, hennigi and sabroskyi—
brings the total number of known species to 18. These species repre-
sent four of the six species groups known for the world, with only the
portert and brunneus groups being absent.

The distribution of Ogcodes in the central Nearctic area is shown in
text figure 4. The unlined parts (Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones)
show a paucity of records indicating that these species are obviously
more Transitional and Boreal in their distributions. Typical species
distributional patterns are given for several of the more common
species (text figs. 5-9).

Ficure 4.—Distribution of the genus Ogcodes in the United States.

274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Rather than attempt to make individual keys to the Ogcodes species
of North and South America, it was felt that one key would be more
practical, particularly since it now seems very possible that a few
species may be found to occur in both areas. Parts of this key were
adapted from Sabrosky (1948), and although the key was made pri-
marily for males, females of most species will key out. Females of the
following species are unknown: chilensis Sabrosky, floridensis Sa-
brosky, porter? Schlinger, shewelli Sabrosky, triangularis Sabrosky, and
the new species boharti, brasilensis, canadensis, colombiensis, hennigi,
and sabroskyi. Males are unknown for niger Cole.

Key to the American species of Ogcodes Latreille

1. Vein M, present and distinct throughout its length, usually attached basally

to the stub or r-m crossvein (pl. 3, fig. 6) ..... hE oe PER
Vein M, absent, or present only as a crease, or possibly yeinliked in the distal
portion (pl. 3, figs. 9, 12; pl. 4, figs. 16-19) .... 2 4ol te qaqa 18

2. Crossvein m-cu present and canes though sometimes fain in its approach
foyer NE, ee ee eat ast ae nee cae
Crossvein m-cu absent .... . See RO

3. Abdominal tergites dark brown to black Ww ith light pcan ‘6 Ww Hite posterior
fasciae (about as in pl. 5, fig. 29); r-m crossvein present or absent. . . 4
Abdominal tergites with white or yellow spots in addition to posterior fasciae;

r-m crossvein absent .... . at eee
4. Body ground color black; antenna HCH: r-m crossvein wAGsene: only female
holotype known (Utah) ........ oes . . . . niger Cole

Body amo color brown; antenna brown; r-m crossvein present; aedeagus
as in pl. 9, fig. 56 (Canada and northern United States) . borealis Cole

5. Abdominal vente with three rows of blackish brown spots composed of
a large subquadrate median spot and a lateral spot on each sternite except

1, Which is entirely black; abdominal pile scarce and quite browned; aedeagus

as in pl. 10, fig. 638 (Oregon and Washington). . . . vittisternum Sabrosky
Without the above combination of characters... . 6

6. Second tergite entirely yellow, the third and fourth fenpites eth ied
brown spots, the fifth and sixth almost entirely shining brown; abdominal
venter mostly bright yellow including sternite 1; aedeagus about as in pl.

10; hg. 63°(Elorida) <9. . - . . . . . floridensis Sabrosky
Second to fourth tergites each SATA ined Metin spot; venter mostly white. 7

7. Second to fourth tergites each with a median triangular black spot; femora
and tibiae bright yellow; aedeagus as in pl. 10, fig. 62 (eastern Canada and
New? York)has.. cae . . . . .Shewelli Sabrosky
Second to fourth tergites Bach Pion a Brow eubatadn ae black spot; femora
infuscated basally; aedeagus as in pl. 10, fig. 64 (Arizona and California).
colei Sabrosky

8. Mesonotal dise with stripes or patterned, or if not striped, then ground color
dark orange, light brown or yellow. . . . Sheil Raeolty eae ak een oe,
Mesonotal disc not patterned, ground color place rs 1 Sie eae

9. Spiracular area usually as dark brown spots contrasting mnie lighter colored
tergites; abdomen orange to light brown with white or brownish white

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 275

posterior fasciae on tergites; meosnotal dise with or without indications
of one to three longitudinal stripes; aedeagus as in pl. 7, fig. 35 (United

States south to Costa Rica)... .....2.2.. dispar (Macquart)
Spiracular area concolorous with tergites; abdomen dark or light brown, not
orange (South American species)... . spre JO

10. Mesonotal dise dark brown with black median stripe and a black lateral
stripe which widens and recurves forward near postalar callus; abdomen
of nearly uniform blackish brown with distinct posterior white fasciae;
tergite 1 distinctly raised so as to nearly conceal view of metanotum;
aedeagus as in pl. 7, fig. 40 (Colombia) . . . colombiensis, new species

Mesonotal dise light brown with three dark brown longitudinal stripes,
median one complete, lateral one reaching from postalar callus to little
beyond wing base, straight; abdomen mostly light brown, darker brown
near each tergal fascia and on anterior one-half of each sternite; tergite 1
not raised, metanotum clearly visible, abdomen long and slender; aedeagus
as in pl. 8, fig. 50 (Brazil)... .. . . . . brasilensis, new species

11. Dorsum of abdomen reddish orange with median row of broadly triangular
black or brown spots; aedeagus as in pl. 7, fig. 34 (Utah).

rufoabdominalis Cole [also dusmeti Arias, from Mexico]

Dorsum of abdomen about as in pl. 5, fig. 29, with even fasciae. . . . . 12

12. General habitus brown; humerus and postalar callus light to dark brown;
scutellum rarely all black; aedeagus as in pl. 7, fig. 36 (Canada south to
Ost MtICA) a ce ae Pe We a ee pallidipennis Loew

General habitus black; humerus, postalar callus and scutellum black . . . 13

13. Abdominal tergites black with very narrow posterior white fasciae covering
about one-fifth to one-sixth of each segment. ........... 14

Abdominal tergites black or dark brown with the wide posterior white fasciae
covering about one-fourth to one-third of each segment... . . . . 15

14. Thoracic pile short, golden yellow; sternites u—Iv with posterior white fasciae
expanded medially; squama evenly infuscated; ejaculatory apodeme as
in pl. 13, fig. 107; aedeagus as in pl. 8, fig. 44 (Georgia).

sabroskyi, new species

Thoracic pile short, whitish yellow; sternites 1-1v with posterior white
fasciae of even width; squama opaque white except for dark brown circular
spot covering basal one-third; ejaculatory apodeme as in pl. 18, fig. 105;
aedeagus as in pl. 8, fig. 49 (Canada). . . . . canadensis, new species

Ip. egs mostly black 9. 5. s.r. os ea wo. So. Pt kB

Legs mostly brown . RS ee Ce te ere eee Br og oe 17

16. Abdominal sternites 1 and much of 1 mostly black; abdominal tergites with
posterior white fasciae covering about one-fourth of each segment; eyes
black; r-m crossvein distinct; ejaculatory apodeme as in pl. 6, fig. 32;
aedeagus as in pl. 7, fig. 41 (western North America).

adaptatus, new species

Abdominal sternites 1 and one-half of 1 mostly white; abdominal tergites
with posterior white fasciae covering about one-third of each segment;
eyes brown; r-m crossvein indistinct; ejaculatory apodeme as in pl. 13,
fig. 100; aedeagus as in pl. 8, fig. 45 (New York). . hennigi, new species

17. Abdominal tergites with posterior white fasciae enlarged medially; legs mostly
dark brown, tibiae light brown, apices of tarsi black; r-m crossvein absent;
ejaculatory apodeme as in pl. 13, fig. 103; aedeagus as in pl. 7, fig. 39
FATECNEMNA) « Satin «,78 a-o,f o 104! Shane argentinensis, new species

523799—60——4

276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Abdominal tergites with rather even posterior white fasciae; legs dark brown,
only apical three-fourths of femora and knees light brown; r-m crossvein
present; ejaculatory apodeme as in pl. 13, fig. 104; aedeagus as in pl. 7,
fig. 42 (Arizona). . . . . . . boharti, new species

18. Species with common Ogcoiles pager (pl. 5, fp 29) pees, eee

Species with abdomen patterned in various ways, but not only with simple

fASclAacy(PlOy AIP OU) .yecg sane sus tee ree

19. Crossvein m-cu present abdomen sieer patinele blacks eae fereale holotype
known. \CUtah). 7. 95. c-hucthia po) cab ton Cuenta ee e nerE OC Ole
Crossvein m-cu absent... .. . 20
20. Thorax black to reddish black; Piece and mostalae Mite Nellows ire lorie
(Chile)y 3-2) 2 as . .. . chilensis Sabrosky

Thorax black; humerus aad BOntaian ate aeaaiy black or dark brown . 21
21. Legs pale Broach yellow except for black coxae; aedeagus as in pl. 9, fig. 56

(Canada and northern United States)... ... . . .. borealis Cole
Legs usually dark brown or black, if lighter colored, then at least basal two-
thirds of femora infuscated. ..... Srey

bn
bo

2. Legs black, except knees narrowly orange or cower anaemia tergal pos-
terior white fasciae usually narrow, covering meen one-third of each seg-
ment; aedeagus about as in pl. 11, fig. 73 (northwestern America; United
States to Alaska) .... atts ee melanie Loew

Legs brown to deep yellow, usually ieee fe eos of femora, basal one-
fourth of tibiae, and all tarsi somewhat infuscated; abdominal tergal
posterior white fasciae narrow (in most females) to wide (in most males),
sometimes as wide as two-thirds length of each segment; aedeagus as in
pl. 11, fig. 73 (Canada to southern Mexico)... . . eugonatus Loew

23. Veins Mz; and Ms absent (Chile). ...... .. . porteri Schlinger

Veins Mz and Maz present. ... . ee:

24. Crossvein m-cu absent; abdomen Hees mite Ww uth peered brown spots

(pl. 5, fig. 30) (California, British Columbia, Michigan, and Ontario).
albiventris (Johnson)
Crossvein m-cu present (Chilean species) . . . a ee P5,

25. Vein M, (although absent in the strict sense) ee ao Se pret as a strong

crease and veinlike apically; abdominal pile predominantly black; tergites

111-v black on posterior halves; aedeagus as in pl. 9, fig. 59 (Juan Fernandez

Islands, Chile). . . . . . . . . kuscheli Sabrosky

Vein M, entirely absent; sidomfinl nile waitisht yellow; tergites 111I—Iv with

large brown triangular spots, the yellow lateral areas to these triangles

intersecting them and the lateral brown spots at the posterior margins

(Chile). 5 s.4 6 6 ee se 6s ws ees os « « trianguilaris Sabrosky.

Subgenus Ogcodes Latreille

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) eugonatus Loew

PLATE FIGURES 18, 73, 78, 94

Oncodes eugonatus Loew, Berliner Ent. Zeit., vol. 16, p. 60, 1872.

Ogcodes eugonatus, Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., vol. 45, p. 62, 1919.—Sabrosky,
Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 394, 1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 426,
pl. 2, figs. 12, 15, and 21, 1948.

Ogcodes pallidipennis, Cole, in part, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 64, 1919
(not Loew, 1872).

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 277

Ogcodes marginatus Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 67, pl. 15, fig. 42,
1919 (not Meigen, 1822).

Ogcodes albicinctus Cole, Psyche, vol. 30, p. 47, 1923 (new name for marginatus
Cole, not Meigen).—James, Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc., vol. 11, p. 29, 1938.—
Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 392, 1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39,
p. 425, pl. 2, fig. 21, 1948. New synonymy.

Ogcodes albicincta, Cole, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 422, figs.
81, 90, 1927 (lapsus).

Dracnosis: Species of group 11 with typical Ogcodes pattern (pl. 5,
fig. 29); vein M,, although usually completely absent, is sometimes
faintly present basally (pl. 4, fig. 18); thorax black, sometimes females
with brown markings on humerus, scutellum, postalar callus, and
pleurites; legs vary from dark to light brown with only coxae black,
tibiae usually dark brown; male genitalia as shown in plate 11, figure
78, plate 12, figure 94 (ejaculatory apodeme), and plate 11, figure 73
(aedeagus).

TypE Locauity: Texas (o’, Belfrage, MCZ).

DistripuTion: This is a widespread species ranging from southern
Mexico to Canada. It is apparently adapted primarily to the So-
noran and Transition Zones, and is more common at the lower eleva-
tions (see text fig. 5).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION: About 200 specimens have been listed
from the following areas: Alberta, Arkansas, California, Colorado,
Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri,
Mexico (Morelos), Montana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Ontario, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington D.C., West Virginia, and
Wyoming. All records west of the Rocky Mountains were given as
albicinctus Cole.

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (157 specimens, 8607, 719.) Because
of the large number of recorded specimens, only those new ones of
special importance and new state records are cited here.

Arizona: 19, Coconino Co., Aug. 13, 1947 (R. H. Beamer, UK); 19, Phelps
Bot. Area, White Mts. (A. and H. Dietrich, CU).

British CoLuMBIA: 1’, Smithers, July 17, 1949 (P. R. 8., BC); 1, Lytton,
June 20, 1931 (G. J. Spencer, BC); 19, Cultus Lake, July 6, 1948 (H. R. Foxlee,
CNM).

CauLiForNIA: 116, Morongo Valley, San Bernardino Co., Apr. 19, 1951 (K. I.
Schlinger, EIS), 3c%, same data (E. J. Taylor, EIS), 507, same data (R. C.
Bechtel, EIS, DEI); 3, 29, same locality, June 18, 1951 (R. C. Bechtel, CIS,
EIS, INHM); 19, Putah Canyon, Yolo Co., Aug. 20, 1952 (J. K. Traub, EIS);
73, La Mesa, San Diego Co., Jan. 23, 1953 (taken from Crabro nest, F. X.
Williams, CAS, EIS).

Connecticut: 1¢, Pine Orchard in Branford, July 26, 1904 (H. L. Viereck,
CAES); 107%, New Haven, July 13, 1904 (P. L. Butrick, CAKES); 192, Indian
Neck, Branford, July 22, 1932 (reared by B. J. Kaston, CAKES) [det. by Curran
and recorded by Kaston, 1937, as O. pallidipennis Loew].

278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vOL. 111

MANITOBA: 207, 29, Aweme, July 11, 1922 and July 3, 1923 (R. M. White,
CNM);39, Aweme, June 26, 1911 and July 20, 1911 (N. Criddle, PANS).

Mexico: 19, Baja California, Johnson Ranch, May 7, 1938 (W. E. Simmonds,
EIS); 19, Chiapas, 6 miles southwest of Arriaga, sea level, Aug. 12, 1952 (C. D.
MacNeill, CIS).

Montana: 19, Kalispell, June 13, 1920 (BMNH).

NEBRASKA: 16’, 19, Cherry Co., Aug. 22, 1945, on fire tower (D. Gates,
UN); 16%, 30 miles south of Valentine, June 9, 1950 (Slater, Hicks, Laffoon, EIS).

Nevapa: 19, Charleston Mts., Willow Creek Camp, July 1, 1954 (E. I.
Schlinger, CIS).

New Mexico: 1.7, Ruidosa, June 26, 1940 (L. C. Kuitert, EIS); 19, Beien,
Aug. 19, 1927 (L. D. Anderson, UK); 16, Corona, June 8, 1950 (L. D.
Beamer, UK).

New York: 17, Orient, Long Island, July 4, 1907 (R. Latham, AMNH).

QueBEc: 107, 19, Rupert House, July 10, 1949 (D. P. Gray, CNM).

Uran: 1%, Soldier Summit, June 18, 1940 (Knowlton and Harmston, USAC).

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE: From Apr. 12 (Texas) to Sept. 6 (Kansas);
from Apr. 19 to Sept. 10 (California) and from Aug. 12 to Oct. 28
(southern Mexico).

RecorpEeD Hosts: Pardosa distincta (Blackwall) from Ontario by
Sabrosky (1948, p. 427); Pardosa banksi Chamberlin from Connecti-
cut by Kaston (1937, p. 419, given as host of pallidipennis Loew).

New Host RECORD: Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?), immature, col-
lected at Quincy, Plumas County, Calif., May 6, 1950, by the author.
The parasite (?) emerged from host May 11, pupated May 13, emerged
as an adult May 18, and died May 22, 1950.

Biotocy: Although it is a fact that the only known genus of hosts
for eugonatus is Pardosa Koch, in all probability other lycosids will
be found to serve as hosts as well.

Kaston (1937, p. 419) reared two specimens of eugonatus, gave one
day as their emergence to prepupal period, and said their pupal
period lasted 5-6 days. The only specimen reared by the author had
similar periods of development, and the adult female lived only 4
days in captivity.

Sabrosky (1944, pp. 394-395) recorded finding a large series of
adults in a neglected orchard near Beulah, Mich., in 1942-43. He
said they were usually “found clinging to the underside of dead twigs
on dead or dying young cherry trees . . . in no case were they taken
on twigs bearing leaves.’”’? J have had only one occasion to observe
this species in any numbers. This was in 1951 in tall grass bordering
rather dry pasture land in Morongo Valley, Calif. (this pasture has
since been burned over). Specimens were taken in open flight by net
and also by sweeping the tall grass. Several specimens, all males,
were collected some distance away on the trunks of large willow trees.
All the specimens observed on this day (Apr. 19, 1951) were males.
On June 18, 1951, R. C. Bechtel collected in this same pasture and
obtained only females. This would indicate that the actual time that

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 279

both sexes occurred in this area was less than two months. Some of
the females collected by Bechtel laid eggs in large gallon jars. These
eges were kept in the laboratory at 80 percent humidity and 85° F.,
but no larvae emerged. Apparently the one-day trip of some 24
hours without proper humidity-temperature control was enough to
desiccate 100 percent of the eggs. The first-instar larva of this species
is still unknown.

Specimens of this species were reported by Bechtel and Schlinger
(1957) as larval provisions in the nests of a crabronid, Hetemnius
(Hypocrabro) spiniferus Fox, near Sacramento, Calif.

Discussion: An examination of the male holotype (Wyoming) and
the two male paratypes (Kansas) of albicinctus Cole, together with a
large series of cugonatus (about 250 specimens) from throughout its
range, indicated that albicinctus is merely a low-frequency color
variant of eugonatus. Furthermore, Cole (1919) admittedly did not
know eugonatus when he described albicinctus (as marginatus Cole).
Further evidence to support this synonymy is given by the series of
specimens from Morongo Valley, Calif., in which there were examples
of both color forms. Also, when the male genitalia of typical eugonatus,
typical albicinctus, and typical melampus Loew were examined in
series, the slight differences noted by Sabrosky (1948) were found to
occur in each of the so-called species with about the same frequency.
O. melampus will probably be found to be a melanic color variant of
eugonatus when more specimens can be studied (see discussion under
melampus). The probable relationship of eugonatus to the Nearctic
species is shown in text figure 3.

Ficure 5.—Distribution of Ogcodes eugonatus Loew (solid circles) and O. melampus Loew
(open circles) in the United States,

280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

There can be little doubt that eugonatus is closely related to the
European zonatus Erichson, and I am inclined to believe they are
conspecific, though possibly representing geographical subspecies.
Since melampus is related to eugonatus in the same way zonatus is to
nigripes (Zetterstedt), and melampus is indistinguishable from nigripes,
it could well be that all these “‘species”’ are subspecies or variations of
zonatus.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) melampus Loew

Oncodes melampus Loew, Berliner Ent. Zeit., vol. 16, p. 60, 1872.

Ogcodes melampus, Cole, in part, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 61, 1919.—
Cole and Lovett, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 11, p. 239, 1921.—
Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 424, 1948.

Draanosis: Species of group u. Very similar to the preceding
species except that the general habitus of melampus is black instead of
brown and the legs are nearly all black.

Typus: 20’, 12, cotypes, California (H. Edwards, MCZ).

DistrisuTion: This species inhabits the Upper Sonoran and Tran-
sition Zones of California, and ranges north through Washington and
British Columbia to Alaska. The Minnesota record is the only one
east of the Pacific Coast, and indicates that the distribution is prob-
ably much wider than is now known (see text fig. 5).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION: Alaska, California (Alviso, Santa Cruz
Mts., Carrville), Nevada (Ormsby County), and Washington (Mt.
Rainier), all recorded by Sabrosky (1948, p. 425).

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (26 specimens, 157, 119.)

British CoLuMBiA: 20’, Midday Valley, Merritt, July 1924 (K. Ruden, BC,
EIS); 19, Duncan, June (CNM) [homotype, compared by Curran].

CaLiroRNiA: 10, Patterson, Stanislaus Co., Aug. 6, 1952 (W. W. Middlekauff,
CIS); 20’, San Jose, Santa Clara Co., May 20, 1947 (Wm. Hoyt, PHA); 127,
Head of Virginia Canyon, Yosemite N.P., Aug. 4, 1939 (R. L. Usinger, CAS);
10’, Pleasanton, Alameda Co., Aug. 31, 1932 (A. E. Michelbacher, CIS); 1 9,
Base of Mt. Dana, Tuolumne Co., July 17, 1949 (L. L. Jensen, CIS); 2¢°, Rio
Vista, Solano Co., June 2, 1949 (R. S. Beal, EIS); 16, Davis, Yolo Co., May 13,
1946 (A. T. McClay, UCD); 19, same data, May 22, 1948 (B. Stevens, EIS);
19,same data, May 9, 1949 (reared, E. I. Schlinger, EIS); 16, Vacaville, Solano
Co., Apr. 19, 1946 (A. T. McClay, UCD); 16, 59, Mountain View, Santa Clara
Co., Sept. 12, 1980 (SU, EIS); 12, Fish Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles
Co., June 1942 (reared, E. I. Schlinger, EIS); 19, Sunol, Alameda Co., May 24,
1931 (GEB); 1c, Temecula, Riverside Co., Apr. 27, 1950 (S. F. Bailey, EIS).

Minnesota: 1, Shore of Lake Superior at Split Rock, St. Louis Co., July 1,
1935 (D. G. Denning, UM).

Nevapa: 10, N.W. side of Washoe Lake, Washoe Co., June 16, 1952 (E. I.
Schlinger, EIS).

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE: From Apr. 19 to Nov. 12 (California), and
July (Alaska).

RECORDED Hosts: None.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 281

New uwost recorps: (1) Tarentula kochi Keyserling, immature,
collected at Fish Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., Calif., by the author.
The parasite (2) emerged and became an adult in June 1942. (2)
Xysticus cunctator Thorell, immature, collected at Davis, Yolo Co.,
Calif., by the author. The parasite (?) emerged from the host May 9,
1949, pupated May 11, emerged as an adult May 16, and died May
23, 1949.

Brotocy: Nothing has been recorded in the literature, and the
only known hosts are given above.

Discussion: As mentioned above melampus is quite closely related
to eugonatus and may be only its melanic form. However, since
specimens of melampus are rare, occur in only a small part of the range
of eugonatus, and apparently are not limited simply by climatic
conditions, it does not appear possible at this time to establish the
fact that synonymy may be involved. Although the two species
appear to be sympatric, at least where melampus occurs, in no case
have the two species been taken together (that is, under identical
ecological conditions). In fact, melampus has only on few occasions
been taken in association with any other Ogcodes species and that
species, adaptatus, is a member of the distinctly different pallidipennis
group.

At present melampus is differentiated from eugonatus only by its
darker coloration, and is apparently indistinguishable from the
northern European species, nigr?pes. For further notes see discussions
under eugonatus, nigripes, and zonatus.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) borealis Cole

PLATE FIGURES 7, 56, 72, 85

Ogcodes borealis Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 68, 1919; Psyche, vol. 30,
p. 48, 1923; Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 182, 1924.—Sabrosky,
Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 393, 1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 413,
pl. 2, figs. 10, 13, 16, 1948.

Western subspecies (?) of Ogcodes pallidipennis Loew, Sabrosky (in part only,
not figures), Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 418, 1948.

Ogcodes colei Sabrosky (Grass Valley, Calif., specimen only, not figures), Amer.
Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 423, 1948.

Dracnosis: Species of group m1 with typical Ogcodes pattern (pl. 5,
fig. 29), but tergal posterior white fasciae are quite narrow; character-
ized by having vein M, and crossveins r-m and m-cu distinctly
present (pl. 3, fig. 7), coxae black (males) or partially yellow (females),
otherwise legs yellow to brownish yellow; mesonotum and scutellum
black, abdomen dark brown to black, the dark sternal fasciae broad
and of even width; antennal style with one to four small apical setae;
male genitalia with median plate of ejaculatory apodeme greatly
expanded basally, forming two distinct cells (pl. 11, fig. 72, and pl. 12,

282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

fig. 85); aedeagus with a subapical, fingerlike process (pl. 9, fig. 56).
Tyres: Holotype 9, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 28, 1902,
and paratype 2, St. Johns County, Quebec (both in MCZ).
DistrisuTion: This species appears to be somewhat confined to
the Canadian and Transition Zones of northern United States and
southern Canada, and although ranging widely is not at all common
(see text fig. 6).

Ficure 6.—Distribution of Ogcodes borealis Cole in the United States.

RecorDED DISTRIBUTION: Alberta (Waterton), Manitoba (Berens
River), Maryland (Plummers Island), New York (McLean), and
Saskatchewan (Waskesia), all Sabrosky (1948).

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (27 specimens, 13 6, 149.)

ALBERTA: 12, Waterton Park, July 13, 1923 (E. H. Strickland, FRC).
British CotumBIA: 19, Lorna, July 9, 1924 (G. Hopping, CNM), 12, London
Hill Mine, Bear Lake, 7,000 ft., collected on snow (A. N. Caudell, USNM).
CaLiIrorNiA: 19, Putah Canyon, Yolo Co., April 21, 1949 (E. I. Schlinger,
EIS); 19, same data, March 1934 (G. E. Bohart, GEB) [recorded by Sabrosky,
1948, as western subspecies of O. pallidipennis Loew]; 192, 12 mi. S. Grass Valley,
Nevada Co., May 18, 1930 (E. P. VanDuzee, CAS) [recorded by Sabrosky, 1948,
as possibly colei Sabrosky]; 19 (atypical), Hat Lake, Shasta Co., July 1948
(A. S. Perry, CIS); 16, 29, Santa Cruz Mts., Santa Cruz Co. (USNM) [det.
as melampus by Coquillet, recorded as melampus by Cole, 1919, and as western
subspecies of pallidipennis by Sabrosky, 1948, in part).
Connecticut: 10, Redding, July 8, 1932 (A. L. Melander, ALM).
MANITOBA: 1c, Machimae (?), July 3, 1910 (M. C. VanDuzee, CAS).
Marne: 1o7, E. Harpswell, July 6, 1942, beaten from spruce or fir (AMNH).
Micuigan: 167, 19, Detroit, June 25 to July 1, 1944 (G. Steyskal, GS).

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 283

New York: 1<’, Cold Spring Harbor, June 25, 1930 (C. H. Curran, AMNH);
1, Bethpage, Long Island, Aug. 1938 (F. S. Blanton, CU).

New JERSEY: 19, Ramsey, July 26, 1944 (W. J. Gertsch, AMNH), reared from
A, saltabunda [recorded by Sabrosky, 1948, as O. pallidipennis].

Ontario: 167, Pancake Bay, Lake Superior, July 30, 1948 (W. J. Gertsch,
AMNB).

OreEGoN: 10, Drews Gap, Klamath Co., July 6, 1950 (H. E. Cott, EIS).

QueEBEc: 1, Montreal Island, June 12, 1904 (ALM).

WasHINGTON: 167, Asotin, April 22, 1923 (A. L. Melander, ALM); 1<%, Zillah,
June 23, 1923 (A. L. Melander, ALM); 19, Waldron Island, July 1, 1909 (W.
Mann, USNM) [recorded by Sabrosky, 1948, as western subspecies of pallidi-
pennis).

Wisconsin: 1", Dane Co., July 17, 1947 (D. C. Drake, EIS); 19, Door Co.,
July 7, 1950 (C. L. Fluke, UW); 19, Milwaukee Co., Aug. 11, 1902 (GEB).

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE: From March (California) to Aug. 23
(Maryland), but more often encountered from May to July.

Recorpep Hosts: Anyphaenella saltabunda Hentz (recorded by
Sabrosky, 1948, as host of O. pallidipennis Loew).

NEW HOST RECORD: Xysticus montanensis Keyserling, immature,
collected at Putah Canyon, Calif., Apr. 12, 1949. The parasite (9)
emerged from host Apr. 14, pupated Apr. 17, emerged as adult Apr.
21, and died Apr. 27, 1949.

BioLtocy: Unknown except for rearing records cited above.

Discussion: Sabrosky (1944, 1948) first defined the male of the
species and established its limits. On the basis of its wing venation
and male genitalia, borealis forms a distinct segment of the subgenus
shared only by the European species pallipes. But borealis is easily
separable from the latter by its darker coloration and by the distinct
fingerlike appendage of the aedeagus (compare pl. 8, fig. 51 and pl.
9, fig. 56).

Some confusion still exists as to the exact identity of this species
since the type specimen was a female. Both Sabrosky (1948) and
the author have a species concept which includes, among other fea-
tures, the following wing venational characteristics: Vein M, strong,
attached basally to stub of r-m crossvein; m-cu crossvein present and
distinct; vein M; long; anal vein and vein Cu, join before wing mar-
gin (see pl. 3, fig. 7). However, according to a letter from P. J. Dar-
lington, Jr. (1952), who compared an inked wing drawing (prepared
by the author) with the female type of borealis, the following points
were noted: Vein M, present, but faint; crossveins r-m and m-cu
absent and vein M,; short. This suggests a wing venation similar to
that shown for ewgonatus (pl. 4, fig. 18) except that vein M, is more
complete in the type specimen. ‘Two specimens (16, 12) out of
some 35 examined appeared to be borealis, but each had a very weak
vein M, and crossvein m-cu; hence, this species was keyed out twice
in the key presented above.

284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

For the present I conclude that the type female of borealis repre-
sents an atypical member of the population. However, there is the
possibility that borealis of Cole is not the same as that of Sabrosky
(1948) and this author, and a new species may be involved here.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) colei Sabrosky
PLATE FIGURES 21, 64, 98

Ogcodes colei Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 423, pl. 1, fig. 7, pl. 2, fig.
18, 1948.

Diacnosis: Species of group tv. Male abdomen patterned, without
obvious tergal white fasciae; similar to both vittisternum Sabrosky
and shewelli Sabrosky, but with abdomen mostly brown and not
yellow; both tergites 11, ut have a large brown median spot which is
flanked by yellow areas, tergites 111, Iv are nearly entirely brown;
abdominal pile about twice as long as that on mesonotum; venter
with lateral but no median row of brown spots; venation as in plate
4, figure 21; male genitalia with distal portion of aedeagus markedly
acuminate (pl. 10, fig. 64) and with weakly developed ejaculatory
apodeme (pl. 12, fig. 98).

Types: Holotype o, Huachuca Mts., Ariz. (USNM 58366).
Paratype &, Tallac Lake, Tahoe, Calif., July 5, 1915 (E.P. VanDuzee,
FRC). The locality spelling is probably ‘‘Tallac” and not ‘“Tallao”
as originally published.

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD: CALIFORNIA: 1 co’, Mill Valley, Marin Co.,
Aug. 6, 1957 (H. B. Leech, CAS).

Discussion: <A third specimen mentioned by Sabrosky as
probably this species from Clear Lake, Lake County, Calif.,
July 28, 1934 (E. C. Van Dyke, CAS), has been restudied and is
colei. A fourth specimen recorded by Sabrosky as possibly being
colei from Grass Valley, Calif., has been examined and found to be
borealis Cole. A female specimen from the new locality above,
and collected on Aug. 1, 1957, has been seen and may be this species,
but if so, shows a degree of sexual dimorphism not heretofore noted
in Ogeodes species. It is also possible that this female represents a
species of the pallidipennis group, perhaps adaptatus. In any case,
I note the following female characteristics which differ from the male
of cole’ as compared with the male specimen above, with the idea of
pointing out the possibility that sexual dimorphism exists here as
has been shown for other genera of the Acroceridae (see Schlinger,
1956).

Femate: Head one-half as large as male; abdomen dark
brown, not patterned, but with vary narrow posterior white fasciae

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 285

on tergites, much wider ones on sternites; abdomen with short
pile about as in adaptatus; legs dark brown, only knees light brown;
venation entirely unlike that of male (shown in pl. 4, fig. 21), being
more like that shown for gibbosus (in pl. 3, fig. 18) except r-m cross-
vein much shorter, thus crossvein m-cu absent, vein M, faint, not
joining R4y,; as in male, anal vein separated from vein Cu, towards
wing margin, but veins Ms, My, Cue and R4,; as in male; squama heav-
ily infuscated.

If this specimen represents the female sex of colez, which I believe
to be the case, then one might speculate on the reason for the great
venational differences occurring between the sexes. It might be that
since the ovipositional habits of the known species (see biology
section) show that females may spend the majority of their adult
lives resting or walking on dead twigs depositing eggs, and since
flight may be only instigated during mating, that a weaker or more
simplified type wing venation evolved in the female sex; while the
need for flight in the males, in order to better search out the resting
females, has perhaps mandated the need for a primitive, and hence
stronger type, wing venation. Although this does not appear to be
the case in the closely related vittisternum, this condition might occur
in borealis, in which case it might help to explain the wing venational
differences observed there (see under borealis above).

Females of the other known Nearctic species of the colez group,
1.e., foridensis and shewelli, are unknown, so that a comparison cannot
be made with these species at this time. However, a similar situation
may exist with niger (see below). Also, if dimorphism of this type
should be proved, keys to the individual sexes would be a necessity.

Text figure 3 shows the relationships of colez to the Nearctic Ogcodes
species, and there is little doubt that vitt/sternum is its closest relative.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) vittisternum Sabrosky

PLATE FIGURES 63, 96

Ogcodes vittisternum Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 420, pl. 1, figs. 2-3,
1948.

Diaenosis: Species of group tv. Male abdomen patterned, without
obvious tergal white fasciae, similar to colei but tergite mur with
distinct brown lateral spots; venter in both sexes with median and
lateral brown spots on each sternite; venation as in colez (pl. 4, fig. 21);
male genitalia similar to colei but the aedeagus is not as acuminate
(pl. 10, fig. 63) and ejaculatory apodeme stronger, more like she-
welli (pl. 12, fig. 96).

Type: Holotype &, Homestead Inn, Mount Hood, Oregon, July
6, 1927 (EK. C. Van Dyke, FRC).

286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD:
WASHINGTON: 1 o, 1 @, Spokane, Aug. 6, 1924 (A. L. Melander, ALM).

Discussion: The male specimen from Washington has been com-
pared with the holotype (co) and is certainly conspecific. Although
vittisternum is closely related to colei as stated above, it is undoubtedly
closer to the New Zealand species, leptisoma, in spite of the great
geographical separation (see discussion on the comparison of the New
Zealand and the North American faunae above).

The female specimen from Washington does not differ structurally
from the male, as was found to be the case in colei (see above). How-
ever, the female is not patterned as is the male but rather has the
entire abdominal dorsum light brown, venter mostly dirty whitish
brown, legs light brown, short abdominal pile, infuscated squama, and
the head about one-half as large as the male. Most of the female
characters agree with those found above for the female of colez, except
that vittisternum shows no venational differences between the sexes.

From the phylogenetic standpoint, vittisternum is an interesting
species since it seems likely that it gave rise to albzventris (Johnson),
which now forms the new subgenus Neogcodes (see text fig. 3).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) floridensis Sabrosky

Ogcodes floridensis Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 421, pl. 1, fig. 4, pl. 2,
fi. 19, 1948.

Draenosis: Species of group tv. Male abdomen patterned, with-
out tergal white fasciae; tergite 11 entirely yellow, 11, 1v with three
brown spots, the median one triangular; venter apparently mostly
yellow with faint lateral brown spots as in vittisternum, but no median
row of spots; halter black with yellow stalk; venation about as in
figure 21; male genitalia similar to vittisternum, but the aedeagus
more acuminate apically and somewhat broader subapically than in
plate 10, figure 63 (see Sabrosky, 1948, pl. 2, fig. 19).

Tyre: Holotype o&, Brevard County, Florida, Sept. 22, 1929
(Julian Howard, USNM 58365).

Discussion: Although this species is superficially related to vittis-
ternum, it is apparently closer to shewellz, and thus to the New Zealand
species nitens. I have not examined the holotype of floridensis, but
by studying its original description in connection with specimens of
nitens, shewelli, and vittisternum there seems to be little doubt of
this association.

Although floridensis is at present known only from the holotype
male, this is not surprising since Ogcodes specimens in general are
very uncommon throughout the Austroriparian region. In fact, I
know of only two other records from Florida.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 287

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) shewelli Sabrosky

PLATE FIGURES 62, 97

Ogcodes shewelli Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 422, pl. 1, fig. 6, pi. 2,
fig. 20, 1948.

Dracnosis: Species of group tv. Male abdomen patterned, with-
out tergal white fasciae; tergites u-1v yellow with only small brown
median triangular spots; venter entirely pale yellow except for faint
infuscation on sternite 1; venation about as in plate 4, figure 21;
male genitalia yellow; aedeagus as in plate 10, figure 62, ejaculatory
apodeme small as in plate 12, figure 97.

Type: Holotype o, Niagara Glen, Ontario, Canada, July 27, 1925
(G. S. Walley, CNM).

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD:

New York: 1 o, Cold Spring Harbor, July 27, 1927 (A. L. Melander, ALM).

Discussion: This colorful species has close affinities with both
Hfloridensis and nitens, and actually appears to be closer to the latter
species in most respects, even though floridensis and shewelli occur
in North America while nitens is restricted to New Zealand.

Because this species is so little known, it seems worth while noting
that both of the known specimens were collected on the same day,
even though two years apart and at separate localities. It may be
that the adults of this species have a very short spatial existence, a
fact which could account for its rareness in collections. The more
plausible reason, however, seems to be that shewelli (as well as all
known members of the cole? group in North America) has difficulty
in competing with such widespread and adaptive species as adaptatus,
eugonatus, and pallidipennis.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) niger Cole

Ogcodes niger Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, pp. 65-66, pl. 15, fig. 41, 1919;
Psyche, vol. 30, p. 48, 1923.—Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 389,
1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 427, 1948.

Diacnosis: Species of group iv (?). Female body shining black,
antenna whitish; femora darkened, knees, tibiae and tarsi whitish;
vein M, present but apparently faint, r-m crossvein absent, m-cu
crossvein present (extracted from Cole, 1919).

Type: Holotype 9, Stockton, Utah, July 11, 1916 (T. Spaulding,
MCZ).

Discussion: I have not seen this species, and apparently there are
no specimens known except the holotype female. Sabrosky (1948,
p. 427) examined the type and concluded that the species was un-
recognizable to him. I have tentatively placed it in the colei group on
the basis of vein M, being present, r-m crossvein being absent, and

288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

m-cu crossvein being present. As far as its distribution and color
characters are concerned, however, it could represent an atypical
specimen of several species, such as borealis, adaptatus, or eugonatus.
Nevertheless, Cole’s figure of nzger plainly shows crossvein m-cu
present, a character not found in other species of either the ewgonatus
or pallidipennis groups. The presence of crossvein m-cu together
with the fact that females are unknown for most species of the cole
group suggest that niger probably belongs in this latter group.
That females of the strikingly patterned males of the colei group
should be of the simple fasciated type has now been partially verified
by an examination of females of both colez and vittisternum, as well as
(Neogcodes) albiventris.

A possibility that the wing venation of niger females may be different
from niger males was discussed under colez (see above).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) pallidipennis Loew

PLATE FIGURES 36, 102

Oncodes pallidipennis Loew, Berliner Ent. Zeit., vol. 9, p. 149, 1865.

Oncodes costatus Loew, Berliner Ent. Zeit., vol. 13, p. 165, 1869.—Melander, Ent.
News, vol. 13, p. 178, 1902.— Malloch, Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 11, p. 341, pl. 81, fig. 28, 1915; Bull. Illinois State Nat. Hist., vol. 12, p.
368, pl. 53, fig. 1, 1917—Gillette, State Ent. Colorado Cir., vol. 43, p. 49,
figs. 8-9, 1924.

Oncodes incultus Osten Sacken, Bull. U.S. Geog. and Geol. Surv., p. 279, 1877.

Oncodes humeralis Osten Sacken, (type o, MCZ, northern Sonora, Mexico),
Biol. Ent. Amer. Dipt., vol. 1, p. 164, 1887. New synonymy.

Oncodes aedon Townsend, (type o (?) destroyed; Baja Purisima, Baja California,
Mexico), Proce. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 607, 1895. New synon-
ymy.

Ogcodes melampus, Cole, in part, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 62, 1919 (not
Loew, 1872).

Ogcodes incultus, Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 62, 1919.—Cole, et al.,
Pree. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 182, 1924.

Ogcodes pallidipennis, Cole, in part, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 68, 1919;
Psyche, vol. 30, p. 48, 1923.—Cole, et al., Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol.
26, p. 182, 1924.—Sabrosky, in part, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 392, 1944;
Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 415, 1948 (not figures).

Ogcodes costatus, Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 64, pl. 14, fig. 40,
1919.—Cole, et al., Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 182, 1924.—Cole,
Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 16, p. 422, figs. 80 and 82, 1927.—Kaston,
Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 416, figs. 1-5, 1937.

Ogcodes humeralis, Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 64, 1919.—Sabrosky,
Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 389, 1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 427, 1948.

Ogcodes aedon, Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 65, 1919.—Sabrosky,
Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 389, 1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 427, 1948.

Diaenosis: Species of group v, with white tergal fasciae as in
plate 5, figure 29, characterized by its reddish brown appearance
(rarely al] blackish brown), black mesonotum, brown scutellum,

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 289

light brown, yellow, or white postalar callus and humerus; venation
as in plate 3, figure 11; male genitalia large; aedeagus as in plate 7,
figure 36; ejaculatory apodeme as in plate 13, figure 102.

Type: Holotype 9°, Pennsylvania (Osten Sacken, MCZ).

Distripution: This is one of the most commonly encountered and
widely distributed species of Nearctic Ogcodes. It spreads throughout
the middle and northeastern United States and southern Canada,
becomes less frequent in the west where it is known only in southern
California, and ranges south through Mexico to Costa Rica (see text
Hee):

Ficure 7.—Distribution of Ogcodes pallidipennis Loew in the United States.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION: The following state records represent only
those specimens which have been reexamined or those which were
cited by Sabrosky (1944, 1948) and about which there seems little
doubt: Arkansas, Baja California (aedon Townsend), Connecticut,
District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Manitoba,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New
Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Ontario,
Pennsylvania, Sonora (humeralis Osten Sacken), Texas, Vermont,
Virginia, and Wisconsin.

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (170 specimens, 9567, 759).

ALBERTA: 19, Sundre, July 12, 1946, on poplar tree (CNM).

Arizona: 19, Globe, July 18, 1935 (F. Parker, EIS); 19, Carr Canyon,

Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Aug. 1905 (H. Skinner, PANS).
ARKANSAS: 29, Fayetteville, May 30 to June 10, 1933 (H. H. Schwardt, CU).

290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

CaLIFoRNIA: 20’, 19, Fish Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles Co., reared,
various dates (E. I. Schlinger, EIS); 3o7, Glendale, Los Angeles Co., Aug. 4, 1950,
in window sill, July 27, 1952, and June 30, 1950, dead in spider web (W. M. and
EK. I. Schlinger, EIS); 19, Redlands, April 30, 1924 (FRC); 19, Idyllwild, San
Jacinto Mts., June 17, 1940 (KE. G. Linsley, CIS); 1, 19, Riverside, Sept. 4, 1926,

(o"), June 8, 1950 (9) (P. H. Timberlake, UCR); 19, Whittier, Los Angeles
Co., Sept. 30, 1930, ‘‘on avocado” (Bartholomew, LAM); 1%, Tanbark Flat,
Los Angeles Co. (D. D. Sprague, UCD); 19, Pasadena, Los Angeles Co. (J. M.
Aldrich, USNM).

Cotorapo: 19, Cascade, Aug. 20, 1903 (AMNH).

Connecticut: 19, Litchfield, June 12, 1936 (R. B. Friend, CAES): 16, Culi-
brook (Colebrook?), June 24, 1914 (C. G. Hewitt, CNM).

Costa Rica: 39, La Suiza, Jan. 7 to Feb. 20, 1924 (P. Schild, ALM, EIS).

District oF CotumBiaA: 1, Aug. 18, 1886 (USNM).

Fioripa: 19, W. of Gainesville, April 18, 1988 (W. J. Gertsch, AMNH).

Inumnots: 19, Algonquin (C. W. Johnson Collection, ALM); 1.7, Oxville,
Scott Co., Aug. 22, 1948 (W. Nutting, WSC).

Iowa: 19, Des Moines, June 14, 1953 (J. Parks, JP).

Kansas: 1c, Douglas Co., elev. 900 ft. (UK); 1¢@, Lawrence, June 9, 1922
(C. H. Curran, CNM).

Maine: 39, Murphy Lake, Bar Harbor, July 5, 1928 (MSC); 192, Monmouth,
July 14, 1916 (M. C. VanDuzee, CAS); 19, Mt. Desert Island, July 10, 1929
(AMNH); 4o°, 49, Augusta, June 12 to July 27, 1939 to 1944 (A. E. Brower,
AMNH); 1o, Bar Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, No. 6241, July 8, 1938 (A. E.
Brower, AMNH); 707, 59, S. Bristol, July 27, 1985 (AMNH); 10, Kokadjo,
July 15, 1941, beaten from spruce (AMNH).

ManiTosa: 29, Aweme, July 25, 1916, and July 3, 1923 (N. Criddle and H. A.
Robertson, CNM).

MassACHUSETTS: 307, 19, Petersham, June 1932 (C. T. Brues, ALM, EIS);
2, Eastham, July 11, 1944 (C. P. Alexander, MSC); 19, Berlin, July 2, 1917
(MSC); 1, Phillipston, June 12, 1922 (H. H. Shepard, MSC); 19, Hemps Co.,
June 1922 (P. A. Readio, CNM); 1c ‘“‘Mass.”” (W. M. Wheeler, AMNH).

Mexico: 1, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1909 (McConnell, CM); 19, Sierra Madre,
head of Rio Piedras Verdes, Chihuahua, alt. 7,300 ft., July 15 (Townsend,
USNM) [recorded by Sabrosky, 1948, as west. subsp. of pallidipennis].

MicuiGAn: 1’, Iosco Co., June 20, 1940 (R. R. Dreisbach, RRD).

MINnNEsSoTA: 19, Itasca Park, July 2, 1941 (C. E. Mickel, UM); 1o, Sucker
River, Lake Superior, St. Louis Co., July 4, 1988 (D. G. Denning, UM).

Missouri: 1o, Arcadia, May 31, 1943 (R. C. Froeschner, RCF); 1¢, Des
Are, May 31, 1943 (R. C. Froeschner, RCF).

New Brunswick: 14’, Fredericton, July 2, 1930 (R. P. Gorham, CNM); 12,
Shediac, July 2, 19389 (W. J. Brown, EIS); 1¢, St. Andrews, June 28, 1938 (T.
N. Freeman, EIS); 19, Harcourt, July 10, 1918 (M.B.D., CNM).

New HampsHIReE: 3<7, 39, Franconia (Mrs. A. T. Slosson, AMNH)

New Mexico: 19, Mesilla Dam, April 24, 1984 (GEB) and 19, Rociada,
Aug. 8 (Cockerell, USNM) [both recorded by Sabrosky, 1948, as western sub-
species of pallidipennis}.

New York: 1a’, Ithaca, July 26, 1916 (H. K. Knight, UM); 10, Ithaca,
July 11, 1941 (J. N. Belkin, UCLA); 167, 19, in copula, Ithaca, June 25
(CU), 1c, Niagara Falls, Aug. 17, 1907 (M. C. VanDuzee, CAS); 19, Wells,
July 27, 1914 (D. B. Young, NYSM); 16, Morristown, July 8 to July 14 (CM);
19, Grand Island, June 26, 1910 (M. C. VanDuzee, CAS); 19, Keene, June
24, 1920 (W. Wild, CAS).

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 291

Nortuwest TERRITORY: 19, Reliance, June 1937 (W. J. G. Stewart, EIS).

Nova Scotta: 16, Smith’s Cove, June 23, 1916 (CNM); 107, Truro, June 26,
1915 (CNM);10, 19, Baddeck, July 10, 1936 and July 31, 1941 (T. N. Freeman,
CNM); 147, Kings Co., June 25, 1931 (C. E. Atwood, CNM); 19, Mt. Denson,
June 16, 1936 (CNM).

Onto: 19, Allen Co., Aug. 7, 1949 (C. A. and W. E. Triplehorn, EIS).

OKLAHOMA: 147, Cleo Springs, June 5, 1937 (Standish-Kaiser, OAM).

OnvraRIo: 7c’, Toronto, 1896 (Hough, CNM, ALM); 3.7, Thunder Bay Beach,
June 26 to July 22, 1941 and July 1, 1942 (H.S. Parish, CNM); 1 9 (teneral),
Rocklitte, July 24, 1928 (J. A. Adams, CNM); 29, Camlachie (W. Mickels,
CNM); 19, Queenstown, July 15, 1934 (D. F. Patterson, CNM); 1¢@, Grand
Bend, July 8, 1939 (G. E. Shewell, CNM); 1, Ottawa, June 24, 1915 (C. B.
Hutchings, CNM) [det. by Curran as a metatype of O. melampus Loew].

PENNSYLVANIA: 167, 49, Morton, June 5, 1913 (PANS); 1¢7, 19, Pittsburgh,
June 19, 1911 and June 25, 1908 (H. Kahl, CM); 147, Erie, July 9, 1926 (H. Kahl,
CM).

Quesec: 29 (teneral), Knowlton, July 22 and Aug. 7, 1929 (L. J. Milne,
CNM); 14, 19, Clarenceville, July 15, 1933 (G. H. Hammond, CNM); 19,
Rigaud, June 1906 (CNM); 50°, 42, Abbotsford, June 1935, June 25, 1936, and
June 22, 1937 (G. E. Shewell, CNM, EIS); 19, Georgeville, June 23, 1936 (G. S.
Walley, EIS); 19, Aylmer, July 2, 1935 (G. S. Walley, CNM); 1¢, Nominique,
June 13, 1941 (O. Peck, CNM).

Vermont: 19, Laurel Lake, Jacksonville, July 3, 1935 (H. Pratt, UM).

Vircrnia: 19, Warrenton, May 30, 1928 (L. C. Woodruff, UK); 70, Falls
Church, Aug. 26 to 31, and Sept. 5 to 20, 1912 to 1916 (C. T. Green, USNM).

West VirGInia: 16’, Fairmont, July 1942 (R. B. Bennett, ALM).

Wisconsin: 9c’, Milwaukee (MPM); 207, ‘‘Wis.” (W. M. Wheeler, AMNH);
14, Fond du Lac Co. (UW); 19, Madison, July 14, 1935 (H. R. Dodge, EIS).

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE: Males appear from May 31 (Des Arc, Mo.)
to Sept. 4 (Riverside, Calif.), females from Apr. 18 (Gainesville, Fla.)
to Sept. 30 (Whittier, Calif.). Specimens collected in Riverside,
Calif., as early as June 8 (9) and as late as September 4 (<7) indicate
that pallidipennis may have, at least in that area, a rather continuous
generation, or at least a longer flight period than is known for most
species of Ogcodes.

Recorpep nosts: Pardosa sazatilis (Hentz) and a Lycosa species
were recorded by Kaston (1937) from Connecticut (see also table 1).

New Host RECORDS: Ten specimens were reared by the author from
the following spiders collected in Los Angeles County, Calif., during
the years 1943-1950:

Steatoda palomara Chamberlin and Ivie, immature, collected at Glendale.
Parasite (?) emerged as an adult Sept. 7, 1943.

Walmus species, immature, collected at Fish Canyon, San Gabriel Mts.
Parasite (¢") emerged from host June 11, 1944, pupated June 13, emerged as
adult June 21, and died July 3, 1944.

Xysticus montanensis Keyserling, immature, collected at Glendale. Parasite
(9) emerged from host Aug. 11, 1946, pupated Aug. 13, emerged as adult Aug. 24,
and died Sept. 1, 1946.

523799—60——_5

292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Hololena curta McCook, mature 9, collected at Glendale. Parasite (9)
emerged from host May 17, 1949, pupated May 19, emerged as adult May 24,
and died June 2, 1949.

Hololena curta McCook (?), immature, collected at Glendale. Parasite (9)
emerged from host May 25, 1949, pupated May 26, emerged as adult June 2,
and died June 6, 1949.

Hololena curta McCook (?), immature, collected at Glendale, Parasite (?)
emerged from host July 31, 1949, pupated Aug. 1, emerged as adult Aug. 6, and
died Aug. 11, 1949.

Hololena curta McCook (?), immature, collected at Glendale. Parasite (? ?),
pupated Jan. 21, 1950, started to emerge on January 27 but did not completely
emerge from the pupal skin. Even though it was not fully emerged, the fly
lived until Feb. 1, 1950, or five days.

Hololena curta McCook (?), immature, collected at Fish Canyon, San Gabriel
Mts. Parasite (9) pupated Mar. 31, 1950, emerged as adult Apr. 6, and died
Apr. 12, 1950.

Hololena curta McCook (?), immature, collected at Glendale. Parasite ()
emerged from host Apr. 4, 1950, pupated Apr. 7, emerged as adult Apr. 12, and
died Apr. 17, 1950.

Herphyllus species, immature, collected at Glendale. Parasite (o”) first seen
as prepupa Apr. 8, 1950, pupated Apr. 10, emerged as adult Apr. 14, and died
Apr. 18, 1940

Biotocy: Schlinger (1952) reported Hololena curta McCook as a
rather common host of the acrocerid Opsebius diligens Osten Sacken.
The records cited above for pallidipennis and unpublished records of
Acrocera melanderi Cole attacking the same host indicate con-
siderable competition for this host. All specimens of the host
Hololena curta collected at Glendale, Calif., were taken from the same
hillside within a 100 ft. sq. area, which would indicate that considerable
competition existed for this specific host between the parasites of at
least three genera of acrocerids.

From the available biological information, it appears that pallidi-
pennis agrees in most respects with other Ogcodes species. Malloch
(1915, 1917) recorded and figured the pupal skin from Illinois. Gil-
lette (1924) reported a peculiar case of egg-laying in which the para-
site flew into a house in Colorado and deposited nearly 3,000 eggs in
about one hour on a small piece of cloth. Kaston (1937) has discussed
and figured the posthost developmental stages in Connecticut.

As indicated from the new rearing data cited above, the average
periods of time involved in the various developmental stages were
as follows: Emergence from host to pupation was 1.8 (1-3) days;
pupal period was 6.5 (4-11) days; adult longevity under poor labora-
tory conditions was 6.5 (4-12) days. Innature, adults of pallidipennas
would no doubt live much longer, perhaps 20-30 days.

Discussion: The accumulation of specimens from southwestern
United States, Mexico, and Costa Rica has increased the known dis-

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 293

tribution of pallidipennis greatly, and has allowed me to question
the validity of aedon Townsend and humeralis Osten Sacken.

Specimens from Mexico, southern California, New Mexico, and
Texas were compared with the original descriptions of aedon and
humeralis. No specific differences could be detected, and an exam-
ination of the male genitalia of the Guadalajara specimen revealed
it was typical pallidipennis. The female from Chihuahua was a
little darker than that described for humeralis, but the type of the
latter was stated to be a male, and the males of pallidipennis are
usually lighter than the females.

The type of aedon was destroyed in the California Academy of
Seiences Museum in the San Francisco fire of 1906. Townsend
(1895) said in his original description: ‘Very similar to Oncodes
humeralis O.S., but differs in the tegulae being fuscous whitish with
well defined narrow dark brown margins.” This latter character
appears to be the only one which might differentiate aedon from
humeralis and pallidipennis. However, it has been found that the
degree of infuscation of the squama in species of the pallidipennis
group is somewhat variable, and is therefore a doubtful specific
character (see discussion under adaptatus). Since the other specific
characters mentioned in the descriptions of aedon and humeralis
agree well with pallidipennis, and since the range of the latter is
now known to extend well beyond the limits of the type localities
of the two species involved, it seems reasonable to suspect this
synonymy.

Many earlier authors have confused pallidipennis with such species
as eugonatus and melampus and with specimens now known to be
adaptatus, new species. Sabrosky (1944, p. 392) was the first to
recognize that synonymy was involved and noted that costatus was
the light-colored male and incultus the dark-colored female of palli-
dipennis. The specimens cited above from Costa Rica are of this
dark ““incultus” form.

Light-colored specimens of borealis and dark-colored specimens of
dispar also might be confused with pallidipennis females. However,
the characters given in the key to the species should be sufficient to
separate them.

I believe that pallidipennis is the most primitive member of group
v in North America and presume that it gave rise to the closely
related dispar (see text fig. 3). The European species varius is quite
closely related to both of the former species as well as to the Nearctic
rufoabdominalis. The male genitalia will separate all the above species
as well as adaptatus. The last, although not closely related, has been
associated with pallidipennis by Sabrosky (1948) and Kessel (1948).

294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

The largest specimen I have seen was a female from Costa Rica
whose length was 9 mm. and whose wing length was 10 mm. The
smallest specimen seen was a female from Petersham, Mass., which
measured only 2.5 mm. in length.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) dispar (Macquart)
PLATE FIGURES 33, 35

Henops dispar Macquart, Dipt. Exot., Supp., vol. 5, p. 67, pl. 2, fig. 12, 1855.

Ogcodes dispar, Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 66, pl. 14, fig. 39, 1919.—
Cole, et al., Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 26, p. 182, 1924.—Sabrosky,
Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 390, 1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 412,
1948.—Farr, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soce., vol. 48, p. 39, 1953.

Oncodes dispar, Champlain and Knull, Ent. News, vol. 34, p. 211, 1923.

Oncodes vittatus Johnson, Psyche, vol. 30, p. 50, 1923.

Ogcodes vittatus, Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 391, 1944.

Draanosts: Species of group v with typical posterior tergal fasciae
(fig. 29), but usually more yellow or brownish yellow than in most
species; spiracular area much darker than surrounding ground color;
thorax yellow or dark orange in ground color, with or without one
to three dark vittae; venation as in plate 3, figure 11; aedeagus as
in plate 7, figure 35; ejaculatory apodeme (pl. 6, fig. 33) about as in
plate 13, figure 102 for pallidipennis.

TypPE: o and 9, on the same pin, Baltimore, Md. (Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

Disrrisution: This is a widespread but rather uncommon species
which ranges throughout eastern North America, north to Quebec

Ficure 8.—Distribution of Ogcodes dispar (Macquart) in the United States.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 295

and south through Texas to Costa Rica. There are, however, no
Mexican records, and the available ones from the Austroriparian Zone
of southeastern United States are few (see text fig. 8).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION: Arizona (doubtful record), District of
Columbia, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Quebec, Texas, and Virginia.

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (25 specimens, 14 <7, 119.)

Costa Rica: 16, La Suiza, June 16, 1924 (P. Schild, EIS).

Iowa: 16, McGregor, July 1, 1950 (Hicks, Slater, ISC).

MicuicaNn: 1o, Cheboygan Co., July 18, 1949 (A. C. Reneau, ISC).

MinneEsota: 19, Lake Minnetonka, Enchanted Isle, June 26, 1932 (EK. R.
Tinkham, UM); 19, Big Stone Co. (O. W. Oestlund, UM).

New JeRsErY: 1c’, Cape May, Aug. 13, 1896 (W. Stone, PANS); 19, Boon-
ton, June 16, 1901 (G. M. Green, USNM); 17, 19, Ramsey, June 29, 1941 (7),
July 13, 1941 (9), (W. J. Gertsch, AMNH, EIS).

New York: 19, New Rochelle, June 1, 1932 (L. Lacey, AMNH).

PENNSYLVANIA: 16’, Pittsburgh (ALM); 19, Swarthmore, Aug. 19, 1906
(E. T. Cresson, Jr.. PANS); 1c, Westmoreland Co. (CM); 107, Jeannette,
June 21 (CM).

QuesBeEc: 19, Montreal, July 7, 1912 (E. P. VanDuzee, CAS).

TENNESSEE: 19, Knoxville, Sept. 10, 1948 (D. W. Pfitzer, UT).

VirGiInia: 1, Falls Church, Aug. 27, 1916 (C. T. Greene, USNM).

Wisconsin: 19, Madison, June 22, 1929 (M. H. Doner, UW); 407, 29,
Milwaukee (MPM).

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE: Males have been taken from March 28
(College Station, Tex.) to August 27 (Falls Church, Va.), and females
from May 8 (Great Falls, Va.) to November 10 (Knoxville, Tenn.).

RecorpeEp Hosts: None.

Biotocy: Little has been known until recently. Champlain and
Knull (1923) reported locating in Pennsylvania a wasp nest in a log
which, when opened, contained several nicely preserved specimens of
dispar. Along with these were remains of spiders which presumably
were their hosts that had been stored by a spider wasp. Farr (1953)
observed this species in Massachusetts in what was apparently a
mating swarm. The flies were observed about 12 feet above the
ground, and were flying in zig-zag fashion. Occasionally one would
depart from the swarm and land on a twig or leaf of a certain white
ash (Fraxinus americana L.), which stood about 5 feet high. I have
examined several examples of the series collected by Farr and they
were typical dispar.

Discussion: In its lighter coloration and darkened spiracular area,
this species resembles rufoabdominalis. However, it is phylogeneti-
cally much closer to pallidipennis, the females being quite difficult at
times to distinguish. 0. dispar appears to be sympatric with palli-
dipennis throughout most of the latter’s range, with many specimens
having the same locality and date. When the mesonotal vittae are

296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

present the species is easily distinguished from all of its relatives;
otherwise, the combination of characters given in the key will be
necessary to accurately define it. It also seems possible that the
Mexican dusmeti Arias may turn out to be dispar (see discussion
under rufoabdominalis).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) rufoabdominalis Cole

PLATE FIGURE 34

Ogcodes rufoabdominalis Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 68, pl. 15, fig.
43, 1919; Psyche, vol. 30, p. 48, 1923.—Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31,
p. 389, 1944; Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 419, 1948.

Diaenosis: Species of group v. Both sexes have a yellowish
orange to brownish orange abdomen with a narrow or broad median
row of black, subtriangular spots and a row of small, dark brown,
spiracular spots; the thorax is entirely black, the legs are brown with
black infuscations; venation as in plate 3, figure 11; aedeagus as in
plate 7, figure 34; ejaculatory apodeme as in plate 13, figure 102.

Typrs: Holotype &, Great Salt Lake, Utah, June 8, 1915 (M. C.
VanDuzee, CAS). ‘‘Neotype 2,’”’ mouth of Bear River, Utah July 11,
1915 (A. W. Wetmore, in the U.S. Biological Survey Collection)
[designated by Cole, 1923, p. 48].

Disrrisution: This is a fairly common species which is apparently
restricted to the Great Salt Lake Basin or Lake Bonneville area of
Utah. The published records from Utah besides the type localities
are Goshen, Spanish Fork, Saltair, and Locomotive Springs. The
California specimen cited by Sabrosky (1948, p. 420) as rufoabdomi-
nalis has been examined and found to be a teneral female of adaptatus,
new species.

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (87 specimens, 1867, 699.)

Uran: 4o7° 68 9, Gun Club Lakes, Salt Lake City, Aug. 22, 1955 (L. T. Nielsen,
G. C. Collett, UU, EIS), some collected on Scirpus species; 1c, Salt Flats (N.
Fisher, UU); 3°, West Salt Lake (Telford, UU); 107, Salt Lake City, July 31,
1948 (Knowlton and Houck, USAC); 12, Hot Springs, June 4, 1934 (Knowlton
and Rowe, AMNH); 147, Ogden, June 15, 1942 (S. L. Wood); 14, June 20, 1937
(D. E. Hardy); 16, Provo, June 15, 1948 (G. F. Knowlton); 27, Payson, Aug. 13,
1943 (Knowlton and Maddoch); 1, Aug. 1 (Knowlton and Stains); 2, Brigham,
June 10, 1938 (Knowlton et al.); 1, Far West, Aug. 10, 1938 (Knowlton and
C. F. Smith) [all in USNM or USAC].

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE: Males and females have been collected
from May 21 (Saltair) to August 22 (Salt Lake City). Since both
sexes have been taken together from May 21 to August 22, it would
seem that a much longer flight period might be expected, possibly
April to September.

REcoRDED Hosts: None.

Brotoay: Unknown.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 297

Discussion: The question of the relationship of rufoabdominalis to
dusmeti Arias from Mexico was discussed by Sabrosky (1948, p. 419)
and resulted in the questionable synonymy of the latter species. A
thorough study of the original description of dusmeti does not reveal
any significant differences between the two. However, since there are
no available intervening records (Mexico to Utah), I feel it best to
retain dusmeti as a distinct species with the hope that the type or
topotypical material can be studied in the future to clarify its status.

Both Cole (1919) and Sabrosky (1948) noted the similarity of
rufoabdominalis to varius Latreille from Europe. An examination of
a small series of the latter species from Germany and Hungary (407,
29) showed the following distinctive features:

O. rufoabdominalis: Male genitalia with aedeagus more rounded apically (com-
pare pl. 7, fig. 34 and pl. 8, fig. 47); humerus, postalar callus, and scutellum black;
femora not usually heavily infuscated; spiracular area very dark in comparison to
surrounding tergal area.

O. varius: Male genitalia with aedeagus rather pointed apically (pl. 8, fig. 47);
humerus, postalar callus, and scutellum usually brown, not all black, if any;
femora heavily infuscated; spiracular area hardly differentiated in color from
tergum.

The females of varius are more similar to pallidipennis than to
rufoabdominalis. Unquestionably, all three are rather closely related,
a fact which points to a possible Holarctic connection in the recent
past.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) dusmeti Arias

Ogcodes dusmeti Arias, Bol. Soc. Espafia Hist. Nat., vol. 20, p. 191, figs. 1, 2, 1920.

Types: o and 9, Mexico (Conradt, 1903). Although the types are
said to be in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, I
had direct correspondence with the Museum authorities and was
unable to verify their presence.

Discussion: Species of group v, judging from the description and
figure of wing venation. The status of this species was given by
Sabrosky (1948) under rufoabdominalis, and is further discussed above
under the latter. The type locality “Mexico” gives little help in
understanding dusmeti, for we actually do not know whether it is a
Nearctic or Neotropical representative. A study of the type material
will be necessary to ascertain the correct placement of this species.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) adaptatus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 1-5, 11, 24, 25, 29, 32, 41

Ogcodes melampus, Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, pp. 391-392, 1944 (not
Loew, 1872).

Ogcodes pallidipennis (western subspecies ?), Sabrosky, in part, Amer. Mid. Nat.,
vol. 39, pp. 416-418, pl. 2, figs. 11, 14, 17, 1948 (not Loew, 1865).

298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Ogcodes pallidipennis, Kessel, Wasmann Collector, vol. 7, pp. 115-116, 1948 (not
Loew, 1865).

Species of group v.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 4.75 mm., wing length 4.75 mm.

Head entirely black except grayish black frons and dark brown
antenna; antenna with one small apical seta on segment ur (pl. 5,
fig. 25).

Thorax black, covered with short, appressed, grayish white pile
(pl. 1, fig. 3), somewhat longer and less appressed on upper pleura;
legs with coxae, femora, tarsi black, tibiae black except for dark brown
on basal three-fourths of inner surface and basal one-fifth of outer
surface; wing hyaline, vein M, present throughout its length, but not
extremely strong, longer than R,+;, cross-vein m-cu completely absent,
r-m crossvein present and distinct, vein M, short and pale (pl. 3, fig. 11);
squama opaque white with light brown margin, halter dark brown.

Abdomen black with typical white posterior tergal fasciae occupy-
ing about one-fourth of each segment (pl. 1, fig. 3 and pl. 5, fig. 29),
entire dorsum covered with sparse, short, appressed, white pile (pl. 1,
fig. 3); sternites 1 and most of m black, median area brownish black,
u1-v brownish black with posterior margins a dirty white, wider
medially, abruptly narrowed laterally; posterior white margins of
Iv-v occupy four-fifths of each segment medially.

Genitalia dark brown and black; aedeagus as shown in plate 7,
figure 41; ejaculatory apodeme as in plate 6, figure 32.

Fremaue: Length of entire specimen 5.50 mm., wing length 6.70
mm. The same as described for the male except: Thoracic and ab-
dominal pile with a slight golden tinge; pleural area immediately
below wing base of several shades of brown; upper corner of meta-
notum brownish black; legs entirely black except knees narrowly
brownish black; r-m crossvein and vein M, more pronounced; costal
cell somewhat infuscated; posterior white tergal fasciae about one-half
as wide; sternites mostly brownish black with dirty white posterior
margins.

FIRsT-INSTAR LARVA: Planidium consisting of 12 segments, each
with various types of setae; a pair of granular eyes are located an-
teriorly on head; mouthparts consist of a pair of oral hooks and a
strong buccopharyngeal armature; the penultimate segment has a
pair of dorsal spiracles whose trachae branch once and run up into
head segment; caudal segment consists of several pairs of distinct
setae and hooks and a sucking plate (see pl. 2, figs. 4, 5).

Pupa: Apparently not differentiated from other known species (see
pl. 1, fig. 1).

Houoryre: Male, Sardine Creek, Mono County, Calif., elevation
8,500 feet, July 12, 1951 (KE. I. Schlinger, CAS).

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 299

ALLOTYPE: Female, same data except June 28, 1951 (J. W. Mac-
Swain, CIS).

PARATOPOTYPES: 914 specimens, 171<07, 7439: 1507, 139, June 28,
1951 (A. T. McClay); 6007, 1659, June 28, 1951 (J. W. MacSwain);
30’, 29, June 28, 1951 (R. W. Morgan); 207, 19, June 28, 1951 (KE. L.
Silver); 40, June 28, 1951 (C. A. Downing); 2007, 339, July 6, 1951
(A. T. McClay) 377, 94 9, July 11, 1951 (A. T. McClay); 8 9, July 11,
1951 (EK. L. Silver); 87,19, July 11, 1951 (R. W. Morgan); 37, July
11, 1951 (C. A. Downing); 210, 2579, and 9? in copula, July 12,
1951 (R. C. Bechtel); 17, 219, July 12, 1951 (W. H. Lange); 107, 12¢,
July 12, 1951 (E. J. Taylor) ; 227, 1329, and 309 in copula, July 12,
1951 (KE. I. Schlinger).

Paratopotypic specimens will be deposited in lots of 10 or 20 in the
following collections: AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CHM, CNM, CM,
CMNH, CSDA, CU, CWS, DEI, FRC, INHS, ISC, MCZ, OSC,
PANS, TAM, UBC, UCLA, UI, UK, UN, USNM, UM, UW, VNM,
and WSC. Other paratopotypes have been deposited as follows:
205 specimens in the CIS collection, 192 specimens in the UCD
collection, and 140 specimens in the author’s collection.

PARATYPE VARIATION: The leg coloring varies somewhat, remaining
black in the female, while a few males have the distal one-half of the
femora dark brown. The squama, particularly in the female, is
whitish opaque, light brown, or rarely heavily, evenly infuscated, the
margins being white to black. The wing is hyaline in the male, while
in the female it ranges from hyaline to quite heavily infuscated, the
latter trait being rare and characteristic of large individuals. The
wing veins are pale, light or dark brown, and commonly darker in the
female. Vein M, and r-m crossvein, although always present, are
faint ina few specimens. The male genitalia do not vary significantly.

This species is closely related to boharti, and somewhat less so to
pallidipennis, & species with which it has been confused. The melanic
coloration of adaptatus will usually distinguish it from other Nearctic
members of the pallidipennis group, and the male genitalia occupy a
rather intermediate position between boharti and pallidipennis (com-
pare pl. 7, figs. 36, 41, 42). None of the topotypical specimens of
adaptatus suggest pallidipennis in coloration, but rather resemble
malampus, which is a member of the eugonatus group.

Distrisution: Western North America from southern California
to Alaska (as shown in text fig. 9). Most of the specimens reported by
Sabrosky (1948) as western pallidipennis have been examined, and
those with the rather brownish black habitus were actually females
of adaptatus in a teneral or postovipositional stage. Those specimens
which he recorded from Arizona, British Columbia, Mexico, New
Mexico, and Washington have been carefully studied and were found

300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Gy Vdd

Ficure 9.—Distribution of Ogcodes adaptatus, new species, in the United States.

to be one of three species, boharti, borealis, or pallidipennis. Since

Sabrosky (1948) gave precise records of adaptatus for some 80 speci-

mens, only those specimens representing new records are given below.
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (363 specimens, 20167, 1629.)

ALaAsKA: 16’, Alaska Highway, M.P. 1351, July 9, 1952 (C. P. Alexander,
MSC); lo’, Eagle, July 18, 1936 (F. Grinnell, EIS); 19, Livengood, July 30,
1954, “dead on window sill’ (R. Coleman, USNM).

CaLirorNiaA: 1196, 769, and 4 pairs in copula, Bolinas, Marin Co., from April
6 to Oct. 15, 1947, to 1953 (R. M. Bohart, R. C. Bechtel, A. A. Grigarick, and
E. I. Schlinger, USNM, EIS, UCD); 1067, 19, Vallejo, Solano Co., Aug. 31, 1953
(E. I. Schlinger, EIS); 37, 139, Hallelujah Jct., Lassen Co., July 17, 1953 (E. I.
Schlinger, EIS); 19, same place, July 12, 1954 (R. M. Bohart, UCD); 1¢, same
place, July 4, 1949 (A. S. Deal); 19, same place, June 27, 1949 (R. L. Sisson);
16, same place, reared, May 30, 1950 (E. I. Schlinger, all EIS); 167, 19, Pine-
crest, Tuolumne Co., July 25 and Aug. 2, 1947 (P. H. Arnaud, PHA); 19, same
place, July 4, 1951 (S. M. Kappos, EIS); 19, same data (?), July 3, 1951 (C. A.
Downing, EIS); 1¢, 19, Dinky Creek, Fresno Co., July 16, 1955 (R. X. Schick,
UCLA); 10¢@ and 89, reared, also 4 pupae and 3 larvae, Luther Pass, Grass
Lake, El Dorado Co., July 24, 1955 (J. C. Downey, E. I. Schlinger, EIS); 1¢,
Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., Aug. 20, 1949 (P. H. Arnaud, PHA); 2°,
Sagehen, near Hobart Mills, Nevada Co., June 25, 1954 (R. M. Bohart, R. C.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 301

Blaylock, EIS, UCD); 19, Tapia Park, Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co.,
June 12, 1954, reared (R. X. Schick, EIS); 29 (topotypes) July 17, 1953 (EH. I.
Schlinger, EIS); 19, Ash Mountain Reservation, Sequoia National Park, July 14,
1952 (R. C. Bechtel, EIS); 19, Biledo Meadow, Madera Co., July 11, 1946 (C. O.
Eads, UCLA); 1¢, South Forks Meadow, June 25, 1948 (J. L. Sperry, ALM);
19, Del Rey (Banks Collection, Clarke, ALM);4<7,19, Niles, Aug. 22 to Sept. 5,
1932 (A. E. Michelbacher, CIS, USNM); 167, Pleasonton, Aug. 17, 1932 (A. E.
Michelbacher, CIS); 1, Mill Creek, San Bernardino Co., 7,400 ft., June 29, 1942
(R. M. Bohart, EIS); 27, Tide Flat, Oakland, May 30, 1937 (E. S. Ross, CAS,
GEB); 16’, 29, Sebastopol, May 11 to 25, 1986 (A. T. McClay, UCD); 1¢,
Buck’s Lake, Plumas Co., July 14, 1949 (J. W. MacSwain, CIS); 19, Fish Canyon,
San Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles Co., Apr. 27, 1949, reared (E. I. Schlinger, EIS);
19, Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., July 5, 1950 (D. Cox, CIS); 19, Sunol, Alameda
Co., May 24, 1933 (G. E. Bohart, GEB); 19, Round Valley, Inyo Co., July 27,
1947 (A. C. Michener, UK); 19, Mammoth Lakes, Mono Co., July 29, 1940
(L. J. Lipovsky, UK) [recorded as rufoabdominalis by Sabrosky, 1948, p. 420];
19, Shingletown, Shasta Co., June 27, 1947 (T. F. Leigh, CIS); 19, Quincy,
Plumas Co., June 21, 1949 (W. R. Schreader, EIS); 1, Yosemite, Tuolumne Co.,
June 10, 1928 (E. O. Essig, CIS); 17, Isberg Pass, Yosemite, July 30, 1940 (E. G.
Linsley, CIS); 1, Hope Valley, Alpine Co., July 9, 1948 (S. A. Sher, CIS); 1007,
29, Paradise Cove, Marin Co., May 3 to 18, 1947 (E. L. Kessel, CAS) [recorded
as pallidipennis by Kessel, 1948]; 1¢, 89, Thompson Ranch, Grizzly Island,
Solano Co., Aug. 21, 1952 (A. D. Telford, EIS); 1c, Oakland, Alameda Co.,
August 1905 (E. C. Van Dyke, CAS) [det. as melampus by C. W. Johnson].

Couorapo: 5", Ute Creek, 9,000 ft., July 2, 5, 19 and Aug. 7 (H. 8. Smith,
L. Bruner, R. W. Dawson, UN, EIS).

IpanHo: 19, Prince Hardesty Res., Owyhee Co., July 3, 1954 (A. J. Walz, UI);
50’, Marsing, Owyhee Co., Sept. 9, 1948 (A. Walz, UI, WSC, EIS); 1’, Lava
Hot Springs (D. E. Johnson, BYU).

NEVADA: 267’, 179, northwest side of Washoe Lake, Washoe Co., June 16,
1952 (E. I. Schlinger, EIS); 11o, Minden, Douglas Co., June 11, 1957 (R. W.
Lauderdale, EIS); 19, 9 mi. W. Fallon, Churchill Co., Sept. 18, 1957 (R. C.
Bechtel, EIS).

Nortuwest Terriroriss: 1? , Yellowknife, July 20, 1949 (R. R. Hall, CNM).

OREGON: 307, 8392, Corvallis, May 18, 1951 (V. Roth, J. Capizzi, OSC, EIS);
59, Rest Lake, near Summer Lake, Lake Co., July 23, 1944 (D. C. Mote, OSC);
14, 19, Fish Lake, Steen’s Mts., Harney Co., July 14, 1953 (Roth and Beer,
OSC).

W yomine: 1, Wilson, July 22, 1926 (R. W. Haegele, UI); 19, Fhayne, July 26,
1952 (W. Furniss, USNM).

YuKoN Territory: 1o',19, Dawson, July 8, 1949 (W. W. Judd, CNM).

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE: Both males and females have been taken
from Apr. 6 to Oct. 15 at Bolinas, Calif.; all the specimens from
northern Canada and Alaska are dated July.

NEw HOST RECORDS: 27 specimens were reared from the following
spiders, all collected in California. Nos. 7, 8, and 9 were observed
by Mr. R. X. Schick of the University of California at Los Angeles,
while the other specimens were reared by the author.

(1) Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?), immature, collected at Hallelujah Jct.,

Lassen Co. Parasite (o) first noticed as teneral adult on May 30, 1950, died
June 6, 1950.

302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

(2) Hololena species, immature, collected at Fish Canyon, Los Angeles Co.
Parasite (?) emerged from host May 16, 1949, pupated May 18, emerged as
adult May 24, and died May 29, 1949.

(3) Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?), immature, collected at Bolinas, Marin Co.
Parasite (9), emerged from host Jan. 13, 1950, pupated Jan. 14, emerged as
adult Jan. 17, and died Jan. 20, 1950.

(4) Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?), immature, collected at Bolinas. Parasite ( ? )
emerged from host Oct. 10, 1949, pupated Oct. 12, emerged as adult Oct. 16, and
died Oct. 20, 1949.

(5) Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?), immature, collected at Bolinas. Parasite ( ? )
emerged from host Jan. 17, 1950, pupated Jan. 19, emerged as adult Jan. 23, and
died Feb. 4, 1950.

(6) Pardosa sternalis Thorell (?), immature, collected at Bolinas. Parasite ( 9 )
emerged from host Oct. 10, 1949, pupated Oct. 12, emerged as adult Oct. 16, and
died Oct. 19, 1949.

(7) Xysticus cunctator Thorell, immature, collected at Tapia Park, Los Angeles
Co. Parasite (9?) emerged as adult June 12, 1954.

(8) Xysticus cunctator Thorell, immature, collected at Tapia Park, Los Angeles
Co. Parasite (?) emerged from host May 1, 1954, pupated May 3, emerged as
adult May 5, 1954.

(9) Philodromus species, immature, collected at Sunland, Los Angeles Co.
Parasite (9) emerged as adult May 5, 1955.

(10-27) 9 and 99 parasites were reared from spiders collected at Luther
Pass, El Dorado Co., July 24, 1955. The hosts for those that could be associated
were Pardosa species, all immature. The parasites were collected under pieces of
cow dung in a meadow either in the form of larvae, prepupae, or pupae. No
accurate dates of developmental stages were kept, but the dates of adult emer-
gence were from July 29 to Aug. 3, 1955.

Biotocy: From the above rearing data it can be said that the
average posthost developmental periods were as follows: Emergence
from host to pupation, 1.8 (1-2) days; pupal period, 3.8 (3-7) days;
longevity of the adults under laboratory conditions, 6.6 (8-12) days.
These few records compare well with those cited earlier for pallidi-
pennis; only the pupal period of the latter differed to any extent—6.6
days as compared to 3.8 days for adaptatus.

The only published biological data which definitely can be associated
with adaptatus were those of Kessel (1948). He observed the mating
habits and was impressed by finding the flies rather gregarious, or at
least common around only certain of the many Juncus plants in the
area. Sabrosky (1948, p. 417) reported that some specimens had
been stored by a crabronid wasp in Arizona, but these specimens
actually represent the species described below as boharti, new species.

It seems worth-while at this point to make a few notes on the
ecology of the type locality, and to describe the manner in which the
unusually large type series was collected. Sardine Creek, Calif., the
type locality, is a typical Sierran meadow at an elevation between
8,400 and 8,600 feet, just on the east side of Sonora Pass, and thus
east of the Sierra Divide. The meadow contains a fairly swift and

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 303

narrow creek, which is unevenly bordered by several types of meadow
grass, wild flowers, and a species of Jris. The grassy area is rather
narrow, usually not more than 25 feet from the water to the higher
ground. At the junction of the grass area and the higher ground,
large patches of sagebrush, Artemisia species, is located. It was in
this grassy area that the preponderance of spiders was observed, and
it was on the dead twigs of the Artemisia that J. W. MacSwain and
A. T. McClay first collected their specimens on June 28, 1951. On
July 12, 1951, I made a special trip to this location to check the
remarkable account given by the primary collectors. The trip
resulted in the following observations.

The black parasite eggs were so thick on the dead outer twigs that
they were easily noticed at a distance of 20 or more feet. Upon closer
examination, large numbers of adult female flies, sometimes as many as
20 to 30 per twig, could be seen slowly walking up or down the twig
laying about one egg every 3 to 4 seconds in a very rhythmic fashion.
Some of the twigs were test-counted, and it was estimated that they
contained from 15,000 to 20,000 eggs per linear foot. Occasionally a
male landed on a twig, but most of the males observed and collected
were found flying among, or resting upon, the inner branches of the
sagebrush. Since most of the specimens of adaptatus were collected
by actually picking them from the dead twigs by hand, the absence of
males and the preponderance of females is self-explanatory. It was
noted, also, that about one-tenth of the available dead twigs contained
large masses of eggs and/or adult flies. The dead twigs themselves
were uncommon, and in no case were these twigs observed with only
a few eggs.

Considering this last statement, it would seem that some sort of
association mechanism was acting on the adult females; otherwise,
some twigs would have been found with either a few eggs, a few adults
or a few of both. Whether this is a sight or smell relationship [ am
not sure, but the rapid rate of egg laying, together with the large
number of adults found per twig, indicated a ‘“‘follow-the-leader”’
condition in which somehow the females were attracted to the site
where the first female began her egg deposition. I observed this
condition also at Bolinas, Calif., on Juncus patiens E. Meyer, and at
Washoe Lake, Nev., on Chrysothamnus species. Kessel’s observations
(1948) would also suggest this condition.

A few topotype females were also observed laying eggs on the dead
flower stalks of an Jris species which was adjacent to the sagebrush.
These stalks also bore large masses of eggs.

The first-instar larvae were seen “crawling” or “standing” on the
egg masses in typical Ogcodes fashion (see main biology section), so

304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

that they could either contact the spider host on the twigs at night
or drop to the ground to encounter their host.

The spiders which prevailed in this area were mostly Pardosa
species, including the common host species sternalis Thorell. These
hosts were common only in the grassy and wetter part of the meadow,
and were not seen venturing far onto the higher and dryer ground.
This is significant, since the adult parasites were likewise neither
encountered flying nor laying eggs much beyond the margin of the
wetter area. Thus, the parasite-host relationship seemed well estab-
lished along this line. Although no parasites from the type locality
were reared, several pupae were found under rocks and dead twigs
lying on the ground in the wet area.

The entire type series (914 specimens) was collected between June
28 and July 12, 1951, and although the author made another trip to
the locality on Aug. 1, 1951, no specimens could be found in the area
where only three weeks earlier the flies were present literally by the
thousands. This suggests that the active adult period at this altitude
is quite limited as compared with the sea level locality of Bolinas,
Calif., where adult males and females have been collected from Apr. 6
to Oct. 15. On July 17, 1953, the author again visited the type
locality. No specimens of either sex were located, nor could any
trace of eggs be seen. This certainly indicates that the presence of
these parasites is definitely cyclic and periodic.

Another series of specimens was collected under interesting condi-
tions at Luther Pass, Calif., on July 24, 1955, by J. C. Downey and
the author. Both pupae and larvae were collected underneath cow
dung along the marshy margins of Grass Lake. The Pardosa species
apparently seeks a protected and somewhat dry place just prior to
molting, and in this meadow marsh cow dung (especially older pieces)
was used for this purpose. Most often the molting spot can be de-
tected by the presence of the thin protective spider web, and almost
all of these were found in or near the old scarab or histerid beetle
holes in the cow dung. ‘These afforded considerable protection to the
spiders. On several occasions two or three larvae or pupae of 0.
adaptatus were found under a single piece of dung, and perhaps 20
percent of the pieces examined contained some example of the parasite.
Although several adult males were collected, no egg sites were located,
probably because it was just the beginning of the emergence period
in this area.

This species was reported by Bechtel and Schlinger (1957) (Ogcodes
“species #2”) as having been stored as prey by a crabronid wasp in
San Bernardino Co., Calif.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 305

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) hennigi, new species
PLATE FIGURES 45, 80, 100

Species of group v.

Matusz: Length of entire specimen 4.50 mm., wing length 3.75 mm.,
as described for adaptatus, new species, except as follows:

Head with brown eyes.

Thorax with upper margin of postalar callus light brown; r-m
crossvein present but not distinct; venation about as in plate 3,
figure 11; squama with whitish margin.

Abdomen with posterior white tergal fasciae covering about one-
third of segments 111—v, narrower on 1 and 11; dorsal pile about as long
as tarsal claw, sparse, not appressed; venter mostly white, including
one-half of sternite 1 and most of 1.

Genitalia brown; aedeagus as in plate 8, figure 45; ejaculatory
apodeme as in plate 11, figure 80, and plate 13, figure 100.

FrmMaAuLe: Unknown.

Hototyrr: Male, Orient, Long Island, New York, June 14, 1954
(Roy Latham, USNM 64442).

Remarks: This rather unique species is apparently connected with
the European species gibbosus and varius, and although it is not phylo-
genetically related to any Nearctic species, it superficially resembles
adaptatus; hence, the reference to the latter species in the above
description. The aedeagus (pl. 8, fig. 45) of hennigi is distinct from
all known species, but the ejaculatory apodeme, particularly the
ventrally incomplete basal cell, points to a Holarctic connection
(compare pl. 13, figs. 100 and 109 of varius), as well as other possibly
related species with a similar development (see pl. 13, figs. 99, 101,
108, 112).

This species is named for Dr. Willi Hennig, who has been of great
assistance to me in this and other acrocerid projects.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) boharti, new species
PLATE FIGURES 42, 104

Ogcodes pallidipennis (western subspecies ?), Sabrosky, in part, Amer. Mid.
Nat., vol. 39, pp. 417-418, 1948 (not Loew, 1865).

Species of group v.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 5.5 mm., wing length 4.75 mm.

Head reddish brown except black ocellar tubercle and grayish
black occiput and frons.

Thorax black except for light brown anterior angles of metanotum,
and dark brown posterior tip of humerus, pleura below (light brown
above), and large white interpleural area; most of thorax covered
with short, nearly erect, yellowish white pile, a little longer on pro-

306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 111

pleura; legs dark brown, only apical three-fourths of femora and
knees lighter brown; wing brownish hyaline, vein M, and crossvein
r-m present, m-cu crossvein absent, vein M, a little longer than
Rais, veins M, and M, dark brown but other M veins light brown
(about as in pl. 3, fig. 11); squama quite infuscated, semitransparent,
margin darker brown, halter knob dark brown, stem light brown.

Abdomen with typical Ogcodes pattern as in plate 5, figure 29,
tergites dark brown, nearly black, the brownish white posterior fasciae
occupying about one-fifth of each segment, dorsum covered with
sparse, short white pile; sternites 1-11 dark brown, 11—v1 mostly
brownish white, the anterior one-fourth of m1—v1 darker brown.

Genitalia dark brown; aedeagus as in plate 7, figure 42; ejaculatory
apodeme as in plate 13, figure 104.

Frmaue: Unknown.

Hoxotypr: Male, Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, elevation 4,000—-5,000
feet, June 11, 1940 (G. E. Bohart, CAS).

ParatopotyPEs: 1o (G. E. Bohart, UCLA); 9c, June 8, 1940,
“collected from Crabro nest’ (G. BE. Bohart, GEB, USNM, EIS).

PaRATYPE: 107, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, Aug. 24, 1984 (USNM).

PARATYPE VARIATION: Head reddish brown to dark brown; upper
margin of postalar callus ranging to light brown, narrowly white in
one male; posterior margin of humerus sometimes light brown; parts
of femora and tibiae occasionally light to medium brown, when
light brown the color contrasts sharply with the dark brown coxae;
squama hyaline to nearly opaque, light to dark brown throughout,
halter light to dark brown, the stem usually darker than in holotype;
genitalia with no appreciable differences.

Remarks: Though not strikingly different in color from adaptatus,
pallidipennis, or sabroskyi, boharti differs mainly in having the wing
membrane evenly brownish hyaline and by the male genitalic struc-
tures. In some respects the ejaculatory apodeme resembles that of
gibbosus, but other features do not indicate a very close relationship.
The closest relative of boharti is probably adaptatus, the two differ -
ing primarily in the general coloration, wing infuscation, and the
structure of the male genitalia.

The 9 male paratopotypes were recorded by Sabrosky (1948) as
“west subsp. of pallidipennis.” Bechtel and Schlinger (1957), in their
summary of acrocerid-crabronid relationships, referred to this species
as Ogcodes “species #1,” and it seems quite probable, on the basis of
available evidence, that the crabronid wasp involved was a species
of the genus Hetemnius rather than Crabro.

This species is named for George E. Bohart, the collector, who
offered me not only his large personal collection for study but also
some valuable information concerning the family Acroceridae.

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 307

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) canadensis, new species

PLATE FIGURES 49, 105

Species of group v.

Mats: Length of entire specimen (head missing) 3.40 mm., wing
length 3.88 mm.

Thorax entirely shining black, covered with short yellowish white
pile; legs black, except for brown fore and mid tibiae, even light
brown along inner margin, fore and mid tarsi somewhat browned,
pulvilli grayish black; wing hyaline, only costal veins dark brown,
vein M, present but faint, r-m crossvein present but short and faint,
m-cu crossvein absent, vein M, short and pale, vein M, truly veinlike
only after bend near r-m crossvein (venation about as in fig. 11);
squama opaque white except for large dark brown basal spot which is
more transparent than rest of squama, squamal margin dark brown,
halter black, stem white.

Abdomen black, covered with short, sparse, white pile, tergites
i-vi with narrow yellowish white posterior fasciae, each occupying
about one-sixth of each tergite, tergite 1 black; sternites 1~v1 brownish
black with fasciae as on tergites but slightly wider, sternite 1 entirely
brownish black.

Genitalia dark brown; aedeagus as in plate 8, figure 49; ejaculatory
apodeme as in plate 13, figure 105.

FrmaLe: Unknown.

Houotyre: Male, Houghron, Ontario, Canada, July 26, 1951,
Forest Insect Survey, No. 051-1406 (CNM).

PARATYPE: 17, Ottawa, Canada, July 26, 1942 (A. Brooks, CNM).

Remarks: Although canadensis possesses characters that are inter-
mediate between boharti and sabroskyi, it appears to be closely related
only to the latter (see text fig. 2). The features of the aedeagus and
the dark basal squamal spot easily separate canadensis from all other
Nearctic Ogcodes species. The paratype male of this melanic species
agrees essentially with the holotype, but the abdominal fasciae are
nearly white, and the squamal spot is slightly less infuscated.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) sabroskyi, new species

PLATE FIGURES 44, 107

Species of group v.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 3.30 mm., wing length 2.90 mm.

Head reddish brown, occiput black, narrow, flattened behind.

Thorax covered with very short golden appressed pile, that on
scutellum somewhat longer and less appressed, black except for dark
brown anterior angle of metanotum, and blackish brown over most of
plura with several large white interpleural areas above; pile of pro-

523799606

308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

pleuron longer and more erect than on mesonotum; legs black except
that basal three-fourths of tibiae are light brown; wing hyaline,
vein M, present but weak, longer than Ry,;, crossvein r-m pale,
nearly reaching bend in vein My, vein M, present but quite pale,
m-cu crossvein absent (venation about as in pl. 3, fig. 11); squama
semitransparent, slightly browned throughout, margin dark brown,
halter knob brown.

Abdomen dark brown, rather narrow, with typical Ogcodes pattern
(pl. 5, fig. 29) except that posterior tergal fasciae are of nearly even
length throughout and occupy only one-sixth of each tergite, entire
dorsum covered with sparse, short, golden, slightly appressed pile;
sternites dark brown except for whitish brown in median area of
11, sternites 111-v1 mostly whitish brown but of same pattern as 11.

Genitalia dark brown, quite small; aedeagus as in plate 8, figure 44;
ejaculatory apodeme as in plate 13, figure 107.

Frema.te: Unknown.

Houtotyrre: Male, Currahee Mt., Stephens Co., Georgia, July 23,
1952 (H. R. Dodge, USNM 61729).

PARATOPOTYPE: 16 (CAS).

PARATYPE: 16’, Kennesaw Mt., Cobb Co., Georgia, June 15, 1952
(Dodge, Sudia, Seago, EIS).

According to information received from H. Dodge in a letter
(1953), ‘‘the flies were taken from the hand rail of the observation
tower on the top of Currahee Mountain, and though quite sluggish,
were not easily taken by net.’’ He also said several more specimens
were seen but could not be caught. To my knowledge, specimens of
Ogcodes have been collected nearly everywhere except on mountain
tops. The only other record of this sort was cited by Brunetti
(1920, p. 171) for Ogcodes angustimarginatus Brunetti in Ceylon.
His specimen was likewise a male, and it may be that further collecting
on mountain tops would yield some good records of this and other
genera of Acroceridae.

Remarks: O. sabroskyi has affinities with adaptatus, boharti,
canadensis and pallidipennis, though in its distribution it approaches
only the last-named species. It is believed to be the most highly
evolved species of the pallidipennis group in the Nearctic subregion,
and most closely related to canadensis (see text fig. 2). The following
combination of characters will separate sabroskyi from other Ogcodes
species: the narrow posterior tergal fasciae, golden pile, narrow
abdomen, and structure of male genitalia. The aedeagus of sabroskyi
resembles that of the Palaearctic gibbosus, but this apparently is a
case of convergence, as other morphological features are quite distinct.

It is a pleasure to name this species after Mr. Curtis W. Sabrosky,
whose recent studies on the family Acroceridae have contributed much

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 309

to the understanding and clarification of this group, and who has so
generously given me help on this and other projects now in progress.

Ogcodes species

Several specimens examined could not be placed with any degree
of certainty. It is possible that they represent new species or
subspecies, or that they are merely variations of known species whose
limits have not yet been determined.

(1) Ogeodes species similar to adaptatus but differing mainly in the
very small size and in having the aedeagus somewhat depressed
apically.

CaALiIFoRNIA: 3c7, 29, Mill Valley, Marin Co., July 6, 1924 (E. P. Van Duzee),
Sept. 11, 1949 and June 27, 1950 (E. S. Ross), June 12, 1950, in cheesecloth trap,
and June 30, 1950 (H. B. Leech, all in CAS); 1, Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe,
El Dorado Co., Aug. 1981 (O. H. Swezey), and 19, same data, July 14, 1915
(E. C. Van Dyke, both in CAS); 10, “Idlewild” (probably Idyllwild), July 5,
1928 (BH. C. Van Dyke, CAS). Some of the above specimens were recorded by
Sabrosky (1948) as ‘“‘west. subsp. of pallidipennis.”

(2) Ogcodes species near boharti, pallidipennis, and adaptatus.
There are four specimens which seem to differ sufficiently from the
above-named species (mostly by coloration, and when males, by the
genitalia) that their identity is questioned.

Arizona: 19, White Mts., June 19, 1950 (P. P. Cook, UK); 16, Oak Creek
Canyon, July 9, 1941 (R. H. Beamer, UK) [this is definitely not boharti]; 10,
Sunnyside Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 9, 1940 (E. E. Kenaga, UK).

New Mexico: 1<, Ruidosa, June 26, 1940 (R. H. Beamer, UK). The last
three specimens listed were recorded by Sabrosky (1948) as ‘‘west. subsp. of
pallidipennis.”

(3) Ogcodes species, probably borealis or eugonatus (wings broken
off).

Wisconsin: 19, University Arboretum, July 1, 1946 (J. R. D., UW).

Ogcodes (Neogcodes), new subgenus

TYPE SPECIES: Oncodes albiventris Johnson, by present designation.

Diacnosis: Differs from subgenus Ogcodes as follows: Antennal
segment 11 short, not more than three times longer than broad, its
apex beset with five or six long setae, each about one-half as long
(male) or as long as segment 1 (female) as shown in plate 5, figure
23; antennal sensory pit large. Proboscis minute but visible, not
covered by membrane in dead specimen, rather shining. Wing
venation as in plate 4, figure 17.

Discussion: At the present time only the Nearctic albiventris can
be placed in this subgenus; however, it seems likely that more may be
included when other little-known species can be carefully studied.

310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

This subgenus apparently represents the most highly evolved form
of the subfamily Acrocerinae, and was evolved from species of the
colei group of the subgenus Ogcodes, appearing to be most closely
related to the uncommon vittisternum (see text fig. 2).

The antennae of subgenus Neogcodes show a definite resemblance
to certain species of Pterodontia Gray, but this similarity is no doubt
due to convergence rather than to any direct inherited development.

Ogcodes (Neogcodes) albiventris (Johnson)
PLATE FIGURES 17, 23, 30, 65, 92

Oncodes albiventris Johnson, Psyche, vol. 11, p. 18, 1904.

Ogcodes albiventris, Cole, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 45, p. 67, 1919; Psyche,
vol. 30, p. 47, 1923.—Sabrosky, Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 31, p. 390, 1944;
Amer. Mid. Nat., vol. 39, p. 423, pl. 1, figs. 8-9, 1948.

Diacnosis: Mate: Antenna light brown, segment 11 not much
longer than 1 and 1 (pl. 5, fig. 23); head, thorax, coxae, trochanters,
basal one-third to one-fourth of femora, apex of last tarsal segment,
claws, halter knob and small spots on abdomen, black; abdomen white,
marked more or less as in plate 5, figure 30; dorsum covered with
long, dense, whitish yellow pile, about as long as hind metatarsus;
wing venation weak, vein M,, r-m and m-cu crossveins absent (pl. 4,
fig. 17); aedeagus as in plate 10, figure 65; ejaculatory apodeme as
in plate 12, figure 92.

FEMALE: Same as described for male except as follows: antennal
segment 111 about one-third shorter than in male; abdomen almost
entirely black, patterned about as in plate 5, figure 29, but white
fasciae extremely narrow, those on sternites slightly wider; abdominal
pile not quite as long as in male, and much less dense; cerci light
brown; legs mostly light brown, only coxae, trochanters and apices
of tarsi with some black, knees white.

Hoxoryrs: 1 o, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July 18, 1896 (MCZ).

Disrrisution: Until the present, this species has been known
from only the holotype male from Canada and another male from
Livermore, Calif. (recorded by Cole, 1923, later studied by Sabrosky,
1948). The examination of five more specimens, including the
first female, has shown that albiventris ranges widely throughout
northern United States and southern Canada, yet individuals of the
species remain quite rare.

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS: (5 specimens.)

British Cotumsia: 1 co, Robson, Waldies Rd., June 29, 1947 (H. R. Foxlee,
CNM).

Catirornia: 1 9, Topaz Lake, Mono Co., June 26, 1957 (A. E. Pritchard,
CIS); 1 @, Palo Alto, July 22, 1892 (CM).

Micuican: 2 o, Muskegon, July 4, 1906 (C. A. Hill, CAS, EIS).

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 311

Discussion: The male of albiventris is distinguished from all other
New World species of Ogcodes by the strikingly patterned abdomen;
however, the female (aside from subgeneric features) is hardly differ-
entiated from a number of species, particularly those of the colei
group. The closest relative of albiventris is no doubt vittisternum,
but cole, shewelli, and floridensis are also related.

Ogcodes species of Neotropical region

There are now nine species known to occur in this region. Two of
these, dispar (Macquart) and pallidipennis Loew, are primarily
Nearctic in distribution and reach into this region only as far south as
Costa Rica. Four of the species are found in Chile and its islands, i.e.,
chilensis Sabrosky, kuscheli Sabrosky, porteri Schlinger, and triangu-
laris Sabrosky. The three remaining species are herein described as
new and are known only from their respective type localities. These
are argentinensis, new species; brasilensis, new species; and colombien-
sis, new species.

At least four species groups are found in this region, and it seems
very probable that more will be uncovered when future collecting
permits, since the first species of Ogcodes was only recently described
from this region by Sabrosky (1945).

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) colombiensis, new species

PLATE FIGURES 40, 108

Species of group vV.

Maus: Length of entire specimen 5.30 mm., wing length 4.55 mm.

Head reddish brown, occiput black and narrow; antenna with one
seta on apex of style.

Thorax with only central part of mesonotum black, remainder
brown, that of humerus and parts of pleura light brown, whole thorax
covered with short light brown pile; legs mostly light brown, hind
femur and tibia infuscated, the apices of tarsi nearly black as are
pulvilli; wing evenly infuscated light brown, costal area somewhat
darker, vein M, distinct, longer than R,4,5, reaching to margin of wing,
r-m crossvein present but short, vein M, present and distinct, all
veins dark brown; squama opaque, yellowish brown, margin darker,
entirely covered with white pile; halter brown, its stem somewhat
paler.

Abdomen with tergites i-vi mostly brownish black with yellowish
white posterior fasciae as in plate 5, figure 29, tergites 1—1v each with
submedian light brown oval spot, somewhat as in guttatus, though
not as prominent; sternites white except that each one has a narrow
anterior blackish brown fascia; dorsum entirely covered with very
short, light brown pile.

312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Genitalia dark brown; aedeagus as in plate 7, figure 40; ejaculatory
apodeme as in plate 13, figure 108.

Femaue: Unknown.

Hotoryre: Male, 1 mile west of Villeta, Cundinamarca, Colombia,
Mar. 8, 1955, elevation 860 meters, on top of rock pile (E. I. Schlinger,
CAS).

Remarks: Although the author spent seven months in Peru, Co-
lombia, and Ecuador during 1954-1955, this male was the only Ogcodes
specimen taken. This is one of the three species now known from
this region outside of Chile and is therefore of especial interest from
the standpoint of distribution.

The Nearctic species dispar, which ranges as far south as Costa
Rica, is probably the nearest relative of colombiensis. On the basis
of color, the latter species is similar to chilensis, which, however, is a
member of the eugonatus group and therefore not closely related. OQ.
brasilensis, which superficially resembles colombiensis, is actually quite
different in the structure of the male genitalia and is apparently only
related geographically. In the same way, argentinensis is more closely
connected with Nearctic species than with colombiensis.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) brasilensis, new species
PLATE FIGURES 50, 106

Species of group v.

Mate: Length of entire specimen 6.60 mm., wing length 5.30 mm.

Head dark brown except for black occiput and light brown antenna;
antenna with rather long, thin style which has one apical seta.

Thorax light brown except for reddish brown on three longitudinal
vittae (median vitta present only for anterior three-fourths, lateral vitta
present from wing base to postalar callus), lateral margins of scutellum,
basal one-half of metanotum, spot on propleura, spot in front of
prothoracic pleura and spot on tegula; metanotum plainly visible as
abdomen is not highly arched anteriorly; notum entirely covered with
short golden brown pile; legs mostly light brown except for dark
brown anterior spot on mid and hind coxae, tarsal apices, claws and
pulvilli; hind femur and tibia swollen apically and of nearly equal
length; wing heavily infuscated throughout, veins strong and dark
brown; vein M, present and reaching wing margin, r-m crossvein
present only as an infuscated line, not a true vein, vein M, strong
only distally where it reaches wing margin, m-cu crossvein absent,
anal vein weak but nearly approaching Cu, at wing margin, anal
axillary vein strong, arclike; squama nearly opaque, evenly dark
brown, halter knob dark brown, its stem yellow.

Abdomen quite long and narrow, about two times longer than wide,
rather evenly light brown with narrow whitish brown posterior tergal

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 313

fasciae with very narrow dark brown fasciae immediately preceding
each fascia on tergites 1I—v; sternites light brown except for white
posterior fasciae on m—v and dark brown anterior fasciae on 11-1v;
sternite vi is long and rather broadly overlapping tergite v1 at lateral
margin; both dorsum and venter covered with short brown pile.

Genitalia light and dark brown; aedeagus as in plate 8, figure 50,
ejaculatory apodeme as in plate 5, figure 106.

Fremate: Unknown.

Hotoryre: Male, Nova Teutonia, ‘27° 11’ B. 52° 23’ L.,” Brazil,
Apr. 22 (?), 1938 (Fritz Plaumann, BMNH 1939-66).

Remarks: This is the first record of the genus for Brazil, and one
of the seven species now known to occur in South America. It has
no known close relative.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) argentinensis, new species

PLATE FIGURES 39, 103

Species of group v.

Maus: Length of entire specimen 3.50 mm., wing length 3.00 mm.,
as described for adaptatus, new species, except as follows:

Head with brown eyes, antenna light brown.

Thorax black except for brown mesopleural area, covered with
short brown pile; legs dark brown except tibiae light brown and
tips of tarsi black; wing venation about as in plate 3, figure 11, but
M, and M; faint, r-m crossvein absent; squama opaque brown, halter
stem light brown, knob dark brown.

Abdomen with posterior white tergal fasciae somewhat enlarged
medially, dorsum covered with sparse, short, nonappressed brown
pile, somewhat longer medially; sternites as in adaptatus except brown
and white instead of black and white.

Genitalia brown; aedeagus as in plate 7, figure 39; ejaculatory
apodeme as in plate 13, figure 103.

Frma.e: As described for adaptatus except as follows: legs mostly
dark brown; parts of pleurae light brown; postalar callus, metanotum
and apical margin of scutellum dark brown; abdomen dark brown
with narrower posterior white tergal fasciae.

Ho.ortyre: Male, Chascomus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Feb. 6,
1954 (Ibarra Grossa, USNM 64443).

PARATOPOTYPES: 207, 1 @ (EIS).

Remarks: This is the first record of an Ogcodes species from Argen-
tina. Although there are now nine species of this genus known from
the Neotropical region, none of those described is apparently closely
related to argentinensis, with the possible exception of colombiensis.
It appears that the Nearctic adaptatus and boharti are most closely

314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

related to argentinensis, but are easily distinguished by color patterns,
the absence of r-m crossvein, and structure of the male genitalia.

One of the male paratypes measured only 2.5 mm. in length, being
one of the smallest Ogcodes specimens J have examined. ‘There was no
significant difference noted in the paratype males examined.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) chilensis Sabrosky
Ogcodes chilensis Sabrosky, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. (1944), vol. 48, p. 318, 1945.

Species of group 1.

Types: Holotype o, Chile (ex collection of Vicufia), also a para-
type o, Panguipulli, Chile (A. Hollermayer) both in the collection
of Carlos Stuardo in Santiago, Chile.

Discussion: I have not seen this species, but from the description
and from notes on the holotype furnished by Prof. Carlos Stuardo,
I feel quite sure it is a member of the eugonatus group. Its black to
reddish black thorax and the yellow or orange spots on the foremargin
of the mesonotum distinguish it from others of the region.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) triangularis Sabrosky

Ogcodes triangularis Sabrosky, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. (1944), vol. 48, p. 317,
fig. 1, 1945.

TypsE: Holotype &, Malloco, Chile, Apr. 1, 1935 (C. Stuardo, CS).

Discussion: Species of group Iv (?). Even though this species
is known only from the holotype, it is quite distinct from the other
Neotropical forms as noted in the key to species above. It is appar-
ently closely related to kuscheli. Sabrosky noted that in color pattern
it resembled certain Acrocera species, and in this feature it also ap-
proaches O. porteri.

Not having seen the holotype, I am unable at present to place this
species in a group. However, judging from its apparent relationship
to kuscheli, I have placed it tentatively in the colet group. The
absence of vein M,, however, suggests the ewgonatus group, while the
rather distinct color markings might relate it to the porter group or
to another closely related but unrecognized group. An examination of
the male genitalia will no doubt quickly place this species in its
proper group.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) kuscheli Sabrosky
PLATE FIGURES 9, 59, 86
Ogcodes kuscheli Sabrosky, Rev. Chil. Ent., vol. 1, p. 189, 1951.

Types: Holotype 0, allotype 9, and 4 0, 1 2 paratypes, from
Masatierra Island, Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile (P. G. Kuschel).
(Holotype, allotype and 2 @ paratypes, Universidad de Chile collec-
tion in Santiago; 27, 1 2 paratypes, USNM.)

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 315

Discussion: Species of group Iv. According to Sabrosky it is
closely related to triangularis, and although vein M, is absent (except
distally), the general wing venation is quite strong; r-m crossvein is
complete, R,,; is nearly complete and sinuous, vein Mz is virtually
complete, and the basal portion of the media and a two-branched
cubitus are present.

The female of kuscheli is quite distinct from the male in coloration,
the female having the thorax predominantly golden yellow with three
black stripes, while the male thorax is all black.

Ogcodes (Ogcodes) porteri Schlinger
PLATE FIGURE 16

Ogcodes portert Schlinger, Wasmann Journ. Biol., vol. 11, p. 319, figs. 1, 2, 1953.

Typs: Holotype &, Vifia del Mar, Chile, 1910 (Porter, INHM).

Discussion: Species of group vi. This species, which is known
only from the holotype, is apparently one of the most highly evolved
Ogcodes, judging from its simplified wing venation with veins M,, M,
and M, absent, and its extremely narrow anal area (pl. 4, fig. 16).
It also has a very large head which is nearly as broad as the thorax,
and a rather large ocellar triangle. The general color pattern is
similar to that of certain species of the genus Acrocera.

Ogcodes species

A single female specimen of an apparently undescribed species
was examined from 50 km. east of San Carlos, Nuble, Chile, Dec. 26,
1950 (Ross and Michelbacher, CAS). It is definitely a member of
the pallidipennis group. This is the first representative of the group
from Chile and shows that the group apparently is spread throughout
the Neotropical region. The thorax is entirely dark brown and the
tergal and sternal fasciae are white on a dark brown ground color,
features typical of females of the pallidipennis group. This may be
a female of argentinensis, but males will have to be examined from
Chile to be sure.

316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

AcRocERID TAXA AND List OF OGCODES SPECIES

Each entry is followed by the author of the taxon, the date of original publication, the next higher taxon
(in parentheses), the referable taxon in case of a synonym, and page reference to the text with the most im-
portant page in italics. Synonyms are in italics.

Acrocera Meigen, 1804 (Acrocerinae), pp. 234, 252, 292, 314, 315

Acrocerinae Schiner, 1868 (Acroceridae), p. 242 ;

Acrodes Froggatt, 1907 (Acrocerinae) = Ogeodes Latreille, p. 246

adaptatus, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 239-243, 252, 273, 275, 284-288, 293-297,
299, 300, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 309, 313

aedon Townsend, 1895 (Ogeodes) = pallidipennis Loew, pp. 288, 289, 293

albicincta (Cole, 1927 (Ogeodes) =eugonatus Loew, p. 277

albicinctus Cole, 1919 (Ogeodes) =eugonatus Loew, pp. 277, 279

albiventris Johnson, 1904 (Neogcodes), pp. 237, 250, 273, 276, 286, 288, 309, 310,
311

alluaudi Becker, 1914 (Ogcodes), p. 262

angulatus Pleske, 1930 (Ogeodes) = cingulatus Erichson

angustimarginatus Brunetti, 1920 (Ogcodes), pp. 264, 265, 270, 308

angustimarginalis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes) =angustimarginatus Brunetti

apicalis Meigen, 1822 (Ogcodes) =varius Latreille, p. 271

argigaster, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 251, 255, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262

argentinensis, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 275, 311, 313, 314, 315

armstrongi Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), pp. 321, 322

ater White, 1915 (Ogcodes), pp. 252

basalis (Walker), 1852 (Ogcodes), pp. 233, 234, 243, 252, 263, 254, 255, 257, 267,
272, 322

benacensis Pokorny, 1887 (Ogceodes) =guttatus Costa, p. 269

boharti, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 252, 272-274, 276, 299, 300, 302, 305, 306-309,
313

borealis Cole, 1919 (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 239, 242, 249, 251, 255, 269, 273, 274, 276,
281, 282-285, 288, 293, 300, 309

brasilensis, n. sp. (Ogecodes), pp. 252, 274, 275, 311, 312

brunneus (Hutton), 1881 (Ogcodes), pp. 235, 239, 241, 248-250, 255, 266, 257,
261, 262

caffer Loew, 1857 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 251, 262, 263, 267

canadensis, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 252, 273-275, 307, 308

canberranus Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), p. 321

castaneus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), p. 262, 321

cepisetis Speiser, 1910 (Ogcodes) =clavatus Becker, p. 264

chilensis Sabrosky, 1945 (Ogcodes), pp. 251, 274, 276, 311, 312, 314

cingulatus Erichson, 1840 (Ogeodes), p. 272

clavatus Becker, 1909 (Ogeodes), pp. 252, 262-264

coffeatus Speiser, 1920 (Ogcodes), p. 262

colei Sabrosky, 1948 (Ogeodes), pp. 237, 238, 244, 251, 260, 261, 273, 274, 281,
284-288, 311

colombiensis, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 274, 275, 311-313

congoensis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogeodes), pp. 262, 264

consimilis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 250, 255-257

costalis (Walker), 1852 (Ogeodes), p. 262

costatus Loew, 1869 (Ogcodes) = pallidipennis Loew, p. 288

crassitibialis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 262-264

Cyrtus Latreille, 1796 (Acrocerinae), p. 246

darwinii Westwood, 1876 (Ogeodes), pp. 252, 253

deserticolo Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), pp. 321, 322

diligens Osten Sacken, 1877 (Opsebius), p. 292

ee ee 1855 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 237, 252, 273, 275, 293, 294-296

eal

distinctus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogecodes), pp. 262, 270

doddi Wandolleck, 1906 (Ogcodes), pp. 239, 252, 321

dusmeti Arias, 1920 (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 252, 273, 275, 296, 297

esakii Ouchi, 1942 (Ogeodes), p. 267

etruscus Griffini, 1896 (Ogcodes), p. 267

eugonatus Loew, 1872 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 237, 239, 242, 249, 251, 263, 268, 273,
276, 279-283, 287, 288, 293, 299, 309

flavescens White, 1915 (Ogcodes), pp. 262, 254, 321

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 317

floridensis Sabrosky, 1948 (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 238, 251, 273, 274, 285, 286, 287, 311

formosus Loew, 1873 (Ogcodes), pp. 267, 271

fortnumi Westwood, 1876 (Ogcodes), pp. 233, 251-255, 321

fratellus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 321

fraternus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), p. 252

fuliginosus Erichson, 1840 (Ogeodes) = varius Latreille, p. 271

fumatus Erichson, 1846 (Ogcodes), p. 267

fumatus Froggatt, 1907 (Ogcodes) =basalis Walker (?), p. 321

fuscus Brunetti, 1912 (Ogecodes), p. 264

gibbosus (Linnaeus), 1758 (Ogcodes), pp. 239, 245, 248, 252, 267, 269, 272, 285,
305, 308

glomerosus Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), p. 321

guttatus Costa, 1854 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 234, 251, 262, 264, 265, 267, 269-271, 311

hennigi, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 238, 252, 272-275, 305

Henops Meigen, 1804 (Acrocerinae) = Ogcodes Latreille, p. 245

hirtifrons Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), pp. 321, 322

hirtus Sack, 1936 (Ogcodes), pp. 251, 267, 270, 271

humeralis Osten Sacken, 1877 (Ogcodes) = pallidipennis Loew, pp. 288, 289, 293

ignava Westwood, 1876 (Ogcodes), p. 252

incultus Osten Sacken, 1877 (Ogeodes) = pallidipennis Loew, pp. 288, 293

insignis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogeodes), pp. 252, 321

jacutensis Pleske, 1930 (Ogcodes), p. 267

javanus Meijere, 1924 (Ogcodes), p. 262

kuscheli Sabrosky, 1951 (Ogeodes), pp. 251, 255, 276, 311, 374, 315

leptisoma, n. sp. (Ogeodes), pp. 251, 255, 256, 259, 260, 286

leucomelas (Meigen), 1804 (Ogcodes) =gibbosus Linnaeus, p. 272

limbatus (Meigen), 1804 (Ogceodes) =gibbosus Linnaeus, p. 271

limbatus Bigot, 1888 (Ogcodes), p. 267

lineatus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), p. 264

lucidus Paramonoy, 1957 (Ogeodes), p. 321

marginatus Meigen, 1822 (Ogcodes) = pallipes Latreille, p. 269

marginatus Cole, 1919 (Ogcodes) =eugonatus Loew, pp. 263, 277, 279

marginatus var. etruscus Griffini, 1896 (Ogcodes) =etruscus Griffini

marginifasciatus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogeodes), p. 264

melampus Loew, 1872 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 237, 239, 242, 251, 268, 273, 276, 279,
280-282, 288, 291, 293, 297, 299, 301

melanderi Cole, 1919 (Acrocera), p. 292

microcephalus Meg., apud Meigen 1804 (Ogcodes) = varius Latreille

Musca Linnaeus, 1758 (Muscinae), pp. 245, 248

neavei Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 262, 264

Neogcodes, n. subg. (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 234, 236, 247, 250, 309, 310

niger Cole, 1919 (Ogcodes), pp. 238, 273, 274, 276, 287, 288

nigrinervis White, 1915 (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 321

nigripes (Zetterstedt), 1838 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 251, 267, 268, 280, 281

nigritarsis Shiraki, 1932 (Ogeodes), p. 267

nigrotarsis Ouchi, 1942 (Ogcodes) =nigritarsis Shiraki

nigrotarsis var. obusensis Ouchi, 1942 (Ogcodes), p. 267

nitens (Hutton), 1901 (Ogeodes), pp. 251, 254-258, 261, 262, 286, 287

nyasae Brunetti, 1926 (Ogecodes), pp. 262, 264, 270

Ocnaea Erichson, 1840 (Panopinae), p. 244

octomaculatus Brunetti, 1912 (Ogeodes) =guttatus Costa, pp. 264, 265, 269, 270

Ogcodes Latreille, 1796 (Acrocerinae), pp. 245, 247, 248, 252, 255, 262, 264, 267,
273, 311, 321

Ogeodes Gimmerthal, 1847 (Acrocerinae) = Ogcodes Latreille, p. 246

Ogkodes Schiner, 1864 (Acrocerinae) = Ogcodes Latreille, p. 246

Oncodes Meigen, 1822 (Acrocerinae) = Ogcodes Latreille, p. 245

Opsebius Costa, 1856 (Acrocerinae), pp. 242, 292

orientalis, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 254, 265, 266, 267

pallidipennis Loew, 1865 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 237, 239, 242, 249, 252, 273, 275-
278, 281-284, 287, 288, 289-295, 297-302, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311, 315

pallipes Latreille, 1811 (Ogcodes), pp. 239-241, 251, 267, 269, 283

Panopinae Schiner, 1868 (Acroceridae), p. 242

paramonovi, n. sp. (Protogcodes), pp. 235, 247, 249, 255, 256, 322

philippinensis, n. sp. (Ogeodes), pp. 252, 253, 265-267

318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

Philopotinae Schiner, 1868 (Acroceridae), p. 242

porteri Schlinger, 1953 (Ogcodes), pp. 249, 252, 274, 276, 311, 314, 315

Protogcodes, n. subg. (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 234, 235, 247, 252, 322

pubescens Latreille, 1804 (Ogcodes) =zonatus Erichson (?)

pusillus Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), p. 321

pygmaeus White, 1915 (Ogcodes), pp. 243, 251-254, 255, 258, 260

reginae Trojan, 1956 (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 267

respersus Séguy, 1935 (Ogeodes), pp. 264, 265, 266

rotundatus Wandolleck, 1914 (Ogcodes) =nomen nudem

rufoabdominalis Cole, 1919 (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 252, 272, 273, 275, 293, 295, 296,
297

rufomarginatus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 253, 264, 301

sabroskyi, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 238, 252, 272-275, 306, 307, 308

sexmaculatus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogeodes), p. 264

shewelli Sabrosky, 1948 (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 238, 251, 260, 262, 273, 274, 285-287,
311

shirakii, new name (Ogcodes) =trifasciatus Shiraki, p. 267

sibiricus aoe lapsus by Sack (1936, p. 20) for varius siberiensis Brunetti,
1926 (?)

similis, n. sp. (Ogcodes), pp. 251, 255, 256, 258, 262

sorellus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes) =caffer Loew, p. 263

Syrphus Fabricius, 1775 (Syrphinae), p. 245

tasmanica Westwood, 1876 (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 321

tenuipes Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), p. 321

Thersites Philippi, 1871 (Acrocerinae) = Thersitomyia Hunter, p. 235

Thersitomyia Hunter, 1901 (Acrocerinae), pp. 227, 235

triangularis Sabrosky, 1945 (Ogcodes), pp. 274, 276, 311, 314, 315

trifasciatus Meijere, 1915 (Ogcodes), pp. 262, 267

trifasciatus Shiraki, 1932 (Ogcodes) =shirakii, new name, p. 267

trilineatus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 262, 264

variegatus Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 253, 321

varius Latreille, 1811 (Ogcodes), pp. 239, 252-254, 267, 271, 272, 293, 297, 305

varius var. pallidimarginalis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 252, 262, 272

varius var. siberiensis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogeodes), pp. 252, 267, 272

victoriensis Brunetti, 1926 (Ogcodes), pp. 242, 321

Villalus Cole, 1918 (Acrocerinae), pp. 227, 244

vittatus Johnson, 1923 (Ogcodes) =dispar Macquart, p. 294

vittisternum Sabrosky, 1948 (Ogcodes), pp. 237, 238, 250, 251, 260, 273, 274, 284,
286, 288, 310, 311

waterhousei Paramonov, 1957 (Ogcodes), pp. 321, 322

wilsoni Paramonov, 1957 (Ogeodes), p. 321

zonatus Erichson, 1840 (Ogcodes), pp. 232, 239, 251, 263, 267, 268, 269, 280, 281

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER

Hosts AND PREDATORS OF OGCODES

(The species name is followed by the generic name, in parentheses)

Aelurillus, p. 239

Agelenidae, pp. 238, 242

Amaurobidae, p. 238

Anyphaenella, pp. 239, 283
Anyphaenidae, p. 238

Aranaea, p. 238

banksi (Pardosa), pp. 2389, 278
barbipes (Tarentula), p. 239
bitaeniata (Cosmophasis), p. 239
Clubiona, p. 239

Clubionidae, p. 238

Cosmophasis, p. 239

Crabro, pp. 269, 277, 306

cunctator (Xysticus), pp. 239, 281, 302
curta (Hololena), pp. 239, 292
Dictyna, p. 243

distincta (Pardosa), pp. 239, 278
Ectemnius, pp. 248, 279, 306

fasciata (Phlegra), p. 239

ferus (Nabis), p. 2438

Gnaphosidae, p. 238

Heliophanus, p. 239

Herphyllus, pp. 239, 292

Hololena, pp. 239, 292, 302

insignitus (Aelurillus), p. 239

kochi (Tarentula), p. 239, 281
Labidognatha, p. 242

luctuosus (Xysticus), p. 239

Lycosa, pp. 239, 291

Lycosidae, pp. 238, 241, 242

Matachia, pp. 239, 257

montanensis (Xysticus), pp. 239, 283, 291
Nabis, p. 243

Orthognatha, p. 242

palomara (Steatoda), pp. 239, 291
Pardosa, pp. 239, 243, 278, 291, 301, 302, 304
Philodromus, pp. 239, 302

Phlegra, p. 239

Prothesima, p. 239

Psechridae, p. 238

Pteromalidae, p. 243

pullata (Lycosa), p. 239

putris (Clubiona), p. 239

ramulicola (Matachia), pp. 239, 257
raphidid, p. 243

reduviid, p. 243

saltabunda (Anyphaenella), pp. 239, 283
Salticidae, p. 238

saxatilis (Pardosa), pp. 239, 291
spiniferus (Ectemnius), p. 279
Steatoda, pp. 239, 291

sternalis (Pardosa), pp. 239, 278, 301, 302, 304
Tarentula, pp. 239, 281

Tetragnatha, p. 243

Theridiidae, p. 238

Thomosidae, p. 238

Trochosa, p. 239

Walmus, pp. 239, 291

Xysticus, pp. 239, 243, 281, 283, 291, 302
Zelotes, p. 239

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Appendix

It is unfortunate that I was unable to include in this revision the
recent work on the Australian Acroceridae by Paramonov (1957). I
was, however, able to include his new species in the list of world species
on page 316, although I did not include his synonymical findings.
A brief review of his work follows.

Paramonov recognized 4 genera, 29 species, and 1 variety of Austral-
ian acrocerids. Of these, 11 species and 1 variety were described as
new. The genus Ogcodes (as Oncodes) comprised more than one-half
of the article and included a key which distinguished 18 of the 22
recognized species. Altogether, 10 new species of Ogcodes were de-
scribed: armstrong (9) waterhousei (9), wilsont (o%), deserticola (aH),
pusillus (co), tenuipes (o"), hartifrons (9), canberranus (o%), glom-
erosus (co) and lucidus (@). Judging from Paramonov’s descriptions
it seems probable that these new species belong to the following species
groups as set forth earlier in my revision. In the pallidipennis group
are armstrongi, waterhouset, pusillus, deserticola, and wilsont. In the
colet group are tenuipes, canberranus, glomerosus, and lucidus. ‘The
other new species, hirtifrons, very probably belongs to the new sub-
genus Protogcodes, which was described above from New Zealand.
Also on the basis of Paramonov’s paper it seems probable that victo-
riensis Brunetti, insignis Brunetti, and variegatus Brunetti belong in
the pallidipennis group, and that tasmanica Westwood, ignava West-
wood, flavescens White, and fratellus Brunetti (all of which Paramonov
believed were synonyms of fortnumi Westwood) belong in the colea
group. The positions of nigrinervis White, doddi Wandolleck, casta-
neus Brunetti, and fumatus Froggatt remain unknown.

For the most part Paramonov’s descriptions are quite adequate;
however, in several instances mention was made of the difficulty in
finding structural differences between the species. For example, he
described wilsoni and deserticola (both oo) as new species closely
related to insignis Brunetti, and stated under the latter (p. 538) that
both of them were “extremely closely related to insignis and probably
belong to it.’ Although certain color differences were noted, here is a
case where an examination of the genitalia would very probably have
solved the problem of specificity. Other than color, no mention was
made for any species in regard to the male genitalia.

I have been able to examine three of Paramonov’s species, all repre-
sented by type material: armstrong: (2 only), deserticola (@ only),

321

322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

and hirtifrons (2 only). O. armstrongy was described from three
females and is closely related to basalis (Walker). However, when
color differences show up in the female sex as strikingly as they do in
armstrongi, chances are that the male sex, when known, will be easily
distinguished from basalis (Walker). I examined the male genitalia
of deserticola and although the species shows a relationship to basalis
(Walker) it is quite distinct. The female specimen of hirtifrons that
I examined did not have the basal antennal seta characteristic of
O. (Protogcodes) paramonovi, new species, but other characteristics seem
to agree with the latter; hence, I tentatively place hirtzfrons in the
new subgenus Protogcodes.

It is difficult to say whether any species of Ogcodes should be de-
scribed from the female sex alone, particularly since most females of
Ogcodes species throughout the world are difficult to distinguish, and
as of now few structural characters are known that enable one to
differentiate females of one species from another. Paramonov’s new
species waterhousei, described from a unique female, may be only a
variant of basalis (Walker) or armstrong. The main specific character
noted for waterhousei was its darkened wings, a feature which has been
shown to be rather unreliable after large series were examined (see
discussion under adaptatus, new species (p. 299), and under pallidipennis
Loew by Sabrosky, 1944).

Bibliography

(In this list, an asterisk preceding a date indicates that the article was not seen by the author. An attempt
has been made to cite all works containing reference to the genus Ogcodes with the exception of text books.
This author would appreciate knowing about any omissions that may be noted.)

Aupricu, J. M.

1905. A catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.,

No. 1444, 680 pp. (Ogcodes, p. 219.]
ANDREWS, H. W.

1939. The family Cyrtidae. Proc. Trans. South London Ent. Nat. Hist.
Soc. (1939), pp. 76-79, pls. 3-4. [Discussion of family based on
British species.]

Arras, J. E.

1920. Notas Dipterologicas VI. (Una nueva especie Americana del gen.
Ogeodes Latr.). Bol. Real Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., vol. 20, pp.
191-193, figs. 1-2. [O. dusmeti, new species.]

Beavrort, L. F. pr

1951. Zoogeography of the land and inland waters. Pp. v—viii + 1-208.

[Contains no specific information on the Acroceridae.]
BecutTe., R. C., anp ScuuinceEr, E. I.

1957. Biological observations on HEctemnius with particular reference to
their Ogcodes prey. Ent. News, vol. 68, pp. 225-232. [Summary
of acrocerid-crabronid relationships and notes on new California
records.]

Brecker, E.
*1882. Zur Kenntniss der Mundtheile der Dipteren. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-Nat. Kl. Denkschr., vol. 45, p. 144, pl. 3, fig. 1. [Note
on mouthparts of Ogcodes zonatus, apud Griffini, 1896.]
Becxnmr, T.

1887. Beitraige zur Kenntniss der Dipteren-Fauna von St. Moritz. Berliner
Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 31, pp. 93-141. [Ogcodes, p. 107.]

1909. Collections recueillies par M. Maurice de Rothschild dan l’Afrique
oriental anglaise. Insectes diptéres nouveaux. Bull. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 113-121. [Ogcodes clavatus, new
species, p. 113.]

1910. Voyage de M. Maurice de Rothschild en Ethiopie et dans |’ Afrique
central. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 79, pp. 22-30. [Redescribed
Ogcodes clavatus as new species, p. 22.]

1914. Diptéres nouveaux. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 83, p. 120. [Ogcodes
alluaudi, new species.]

1915. Insectes diptéres. Diptera Brachycera. Jn Alluaud and Jeannel,
Voyage ...en Afrique Orientale (1911-1912). Pp. 147-190.
[Note on Ogcodes alluaudi.]

Brzzi, M.

1903. Katalog der Paldarktischen Dipteren. Vol. 2, Orthorrapha Brachy-
cera. 396 pp. [Ogcodes, p. 94.]

1923. Un oncodide italiano appartenente ad un genere nuovo per la fauna
Paleartica. Bol. Soc. Ent. Italiana, vol. 55, pp. 99-105. [Key
to genera of region.]

323
523799—60—_7

324. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

Bicot, M. J.

1856. Essai d’une classification générale et synoptique de l’ordre des
insectes diptéres. Ann. Ent. Soc. France, vol. 4, pp. 51-91. [Key
to genera of world.]

1888. Enumération des diptéres recueillisen Tunisie . . . 1884. . et
description des espéces nouvelles. Jn Exploration scientifique
de la Tunisie, pp. 1-11. [Ogcodes limbatus, new species, p. 7.]

1889. Diptéres nouveaux ou peu connus. Pt. 35, No, 48, Cyrtidi. Ann.
Ent. Soc. France, vol. 9, pp. 313-320. [Enlarged key to genera
of world.]

BLANCHARD, C. E.

*1840. Orthoptéres, neuroptéres, hémiptéres, hyménoptéres, lépidopteres
et diptéres. Jn Castelnau, Histoire naturelle des insectes, vol.
3, pp. 1-672, 155 pls. [Ogcodes, p. 584.]

Born, F.

1838. Zur verwandlungs-geschichte inlindischer Zweifliigler. Naturhist.

Tidsskr., vol. 2, pp. 234-248. [Ogcodes, p. 235.]
Bonsporrr, E. J.

1861. Finlands Travingade Insekter, fortecknade, och i korthet beskrifne.
Bidr. Finlands Naturkannedom, Etnogr. Statist., Finska Vetensk-
Soc., vol. 6, pp. v-xii+37-301, 1 pl. [Ogcodes, p. 46.]

Bovey, F.

1936. Sur la ponte et la larve primaire d’Oncodes pallipes Latreille. Bull.

Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., vol. 59, pp. 171-176, figs. 1-6.
BRIMLEY, C. S.

1938. The insects of North Carolina, being a list of the insects of North
Carolina and their close relatives. Pp. 5-560. Suppl. 1 (1942),
pp. 4-39; suppl. 2 (1950, by D. L. Wray), pp. 3-59. [Ogcodes
reference is in the original volume, p. 235.]

Bristowe, W. 8.

1948. Notes on the habits and prey of twenty species of British hunting
wasps. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 160, pp. 12-37, figs. 1-6.
[Ogcodes, p. 30.]

Britton, W. E.

1920. Check-list of the insects of Connecticut. State Geol. Nat. Hist.
Sur. Bull. No. 31., Publ. Doc. No. 47, State of Connecticut, pp.
7-397. [Ogcodes, p. 175.]

Brunetti, E.

1912. New Oriental Diptera. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 445-513.
[Ogcodes octomaculatus, new species, p. 476; O. fuscus, new species,
p. 477.]

1920. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera
Brachycera, vol. 1, pp. 1-401. [Note on biology of Ogcodes,
p. 157; key to species, p. 169; O. angustimarginatus, new species,
p. 171; O. rufomarginatus, new species, p. 171.]

1926. New and little-known Cyrtidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9,
vol. 18, pp. 561-606. [Key to species, p. 590. New species de-
scribed: Ogcodes variegatus (p. 594); O. neavet (p. 595); O. con-
goensis (p. 596); O. distinctus (p. 597); O. trilineatus (p. 597);
O. nyasae (p. 598) ; O. lineatus (p. 600) ; O. marginifasciatus (p. 600) ;
O. insignis (p. 601); O. sex-maculatus (p. 601); O. crassitibialis
(p. 602); O. varius pallidimarginalis (p. 602); O. varius siberiensis
(p. 603); O. sorellus (p. 603); O. consimilis (p. 603); O. fratellus
(p. 604); O. castaneus (p. 605); O. victoriensis (p. 605).]

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 325

CHAMPLAIN, A. G., AnD Knut, J. N.

1923. Notes on Pennsylvania Diptera. Ent. News, vol. 34, pp. 211-215.

[Note on Ogcodes dispar from wasp nest.]
CuavusEn, C. P.

1940. Entomophagous insects. Pp. 1-688, figs. 1-257. [Ogcodes, pp.
360-366.]

1950. Respiratory adaptations in the immature stages of parasitic insects.
Arthropoda, vol. 1, pt. 2, No. 4, pp. 197-224, figs. 1-23. [Notes on
Ogcodes, pp. 214, 217.]

Cots, F. R.

1918. A new genus of Cyrtidae from South America. Ent. News, vol. 29,
pp. 61-64, figs. 1-5. [Villalus chilensis, new genus, new species. ]

1919. The dipterous family Cyrtidae in North America. Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., vol. 45, pp. 1-79, pls. 1-15. [Revision of Ogcodes, pp.
59-69. New species described: O. niger (p. 65); O. marginatus
(=albicinctus) (p. 67); O. borealis (p. 68); O. rufoabdominalis
(p. 68).]

1923. Notes on the dipterous family Cyrtidae. Psyche, vol. 30, pp. 46-48,
fig. 1. [Ogcodes albicinctus, new name for O. marginatus Cole.]

1927. A study of the terminal abdominal structures of male Diptera.
Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, pp. 397-499, figs. 1-287.
[Ogcodes, pp. 422-425, figs.]

Coes, F. R., anp Lovert, A. L.

1921. An annotated list of the Diptera (flies) of Oregon. Proc. California
Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 11, pp. 197-344, figs. 1-54. [Ogcodes, p.
239.]

Cote, F. R.; Mauuocu, J. R.; anp McAtez, W. L.

1924. District of Columbia Diptera: Tromoptera (Cyrtidae, Bombyliidae,
Therevidae, Scenopinidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 26,
pp. 181-195. [Ogcodes, pp. 181-182.]

CoquiLueTt, D. W.

1904. Jn Baker, Reports on California and Nevada Diptera, I. Inverte-
brata Pacifica, vol. 1, pp. 17-40. [Note on Ogcodes melampus,
p. 23.]

1910. The type species of the North American Diptera. Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vol. 37, pp. 499-647. [Ogcodes zonatus cited incorrectly
as the type species, p. 578.]

Couckg, E. anp L.

1895. Materiaux pour une étude des diptéres de Belgique. Ann. Ent. Soc.

Belgique, vol. 39, pp. 228-239. [Ogcodes, p. 230.]
Crampton, G. C.

1942. Jn Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Pt. 6. The Diptera or
true flies of Connecticut. Fase. 1. The external morphology cf
the Diptera, pp. 10-165, figs. 1-14. [General reference.]

Curran, C. H.
1934. The families and genera cf North American Diptera. Pp. 7-512,
figs. [Key to genera, p. 203.]
Curtis, J.
*1824-1840. British entomology. Ed. 1, 16 vols., 770 pls. [Acrocerid
references have been noted in vols. 3 and 8.]
Dopp, F. P.

1906. Notes upon some remarkable parasitic insects from North Queens-
land. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (1906), pt. 1, p. 124. [Note on
the rearing of Ogcodes doddi.]

326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

DumBLETON, L. J.

1940. Oncodes brunneus Hutton: A dipterous spider parasite. New
Zealand Journ. Sci. Tech., vol. 22, No. 2a, pp. 97a-102a, figs. 1-5.
[Description of larval stages of Ogcodes brunneus.]

Dumérit, A. M. C.

1823. Considérations générales sur la classe des Insectes. Pp. iii-xii-++ 1-272,

69 col. pls. [Ogcodes, p. 229.]
Dunnine, J. W.

1877. A review of Westwood’s 1876 paper. Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 13,

pp. 259-264. [Various Ogcodes species listed, p. 262.]
Epwarps, F. W.

1930. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Pt. 5, fase. 2. Bom-
byliidae, Nemestrinidae, Cyrtidae. Pp. 166-197, figs. 11-13.
[Noted that Ogcodes may occur in Chile, p. 188. There are now
several species known from Chile.]

ENsuINn, E.

1922. Zur biologie de Solenius rubicola Duf. et Perr. (larvatus Wesm.) und
siener parasiten. Konowia, vel. 1, pp. 1-15, figs. 1-7. [Note on
Ogcodes gibbosus as prey.]

Ericuson, W. F.

1840. Entomographien, Untersuchungen in dem Gebiete der Entomologie,
mit besonderer Benutzung der Konig]. Sammlung zu Berlin. Pts.
1-4, pp. vi-x+1-180, pls. 1 (col.), 2. [Ogcodes cingulatus, new
species, p. 171; O. fuliginosus, new species, p. 172; and redescription
of known species. ]

1846. Zur Gattung Ogcodes. Arch. Naturg., vol. 12, p. 288. [Ogcodes
fumatus, new species, p. 288, with notes on other species. ]

Esakl, T., ET AL.

1932. Nippon Konchu Zukan. Iconographia insectorum japanicorum.

2,241+123 pp., 4,478 figs., 24 col. pls. [Ogcodes sp., col. fig.]
Esak1, T., AND TaxeEucul, K,
1955. Colored illustrations of the insects of Japan. Vol. 3, pp. 1-190, 68
col. plates including 1,139 figs. [In Japanese. Ogcodes, p. 145.]
Fasrictus, J. C.
*1775. Systema entomologiae. 30+832 pp.
Farr, T. H.

1953. <A note on the swarming habits of Ogcodes dispar (Macq.). Bull.

Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 48, pp. 39-40.
FEYTAUD, J.

1921. In Procés-verbaux des séances, réunion du 7 Juillet 1921. Revue
de zoologie agricole et appliquée, vol. 20, p. 124. [Mention of
Ogcodes varius.]

1947. Note sur les Oncodes, mouches parasites des Araignées. Rev.
Frangaise d’Ent., vol. 18, pp. 139-143, figs. 1-3. [Short history
of biology of family.]

Froaeart, W. W.
*1907. Australian insects. Pp. iii-xiv-+-1-449, pls. 1-37, figs. 1-180.
[Ogcodes fumatus, new species, p. 298.]
*1910. [Note.] Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 35, p. 688. [Note
on Ogcodes fumatus.]

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 327

GERSTAECKER, C. EH. A.

1856. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Henopier. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., vol. 17,
pp. 339-361. [An excellent review of the genera Ogcodes and
Acrocera, but no new species of Ogcodes.]

Garp, A.

1894. [Note.] Bull. Soc. Ent. France (Ann.), vol. 14, pp. cliii-clv. [Note

on life history of Ogcodes pallipes.]
GILLETTE, C. P.

1924. A peculiar egg-laying experience with the spider parasite, Oncodes
costatus Loew. 15th Ann. Rep. State Ent. Colorado, Cire. 43,
pp. 49-51, figs. 8-9. [Noted eggs being deposited on piece of
cloth.]

GIMMERTHAL, B. A.

1847. Beitrage zu einer kiinftig zu bearbeitenden Dipterologie Russlands,
Bull. Soe. Nat. Moscou, vol. 20, pp. 166-167. [Ogcodes gibbosus
and O. pallipes, p. 167.]

Gornam, H. S.

1902. Ogcodes gibbosus, a rare dipteron stored by Crabro interruptus. Ent.

Monthly Mag., vol. 38, pp. 205-206.
Gray, G. R.

1832. In Cuvier, The Animal Kingdom ... , vol. 15; Insecta, vol. 2,

pp. 1-796, pls. 1-140. [Noted Ogcodes as Henops, p. 693.]
GRIFFINI, A.

1896. Di aleune Acroceridi Italiane. Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. R.
Univ. Torino, vol. 11, pp. 1-7, fig. 1. [Ogcodes marginatus var.
etruscus, new variety, p. 4.]

Hansen, H. J.

*1884. Fabrica oris dipterorum. Nat. Tidsskr., ser. 3, vol. 14, pp. 1-220,

5 pls. [Pl. 2, fig. 20, on Ogcodes, apud Wandolleck, 1914.]
Harpy, G. H.

1917. Notes on Tasmanian Diptera and descriptions of new species, etc.
Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania (1916), pp. 267-272. [Consider-
able synonymy of Australian species of Ogcodes, pp. 267—268.]

1918. Notes on Tasmanian Diptera and descriptions of new species. Pap.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania (1917), pp. 60-66. [All Australian
Ogcodes species placed under O. basalis, pp. 60-61.]

1922. Australian Bombyliidae and Cyrtidae. Pap. Proc. Roy. Soe.
Tasmania (1921), pp. 41-83. [Key to genera of region, p. 76;
synonymy of Ogcodes, p. 78.]

1940. Miscellaneous notes on Australian Diptera. VII. On body color;
and on species of Tabanidae, Cyrtidae and Asiloidea. Proc.
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 65, pp. 484-493. [Additional
synonymy of Ogcodes basalis and key to genus, pp. 486—487.]

Hennic, W.

1948-1952. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Vol. 1, pp. 1-184, figs. 1-63,
pls. 1-3, vol. 2, pp. 1-458, figs. 1-236, pls. 1-10; vol. 3, pp. 1-628,
figs. 1-338, pls. 1-21. [Acroceridae in vol. 3, pp. 89-92.]

1954. Fligelgeiider und System der Dipteren unter Beriicksichtigung der
aus dem Mesozoikum beschriebenen Fossilien. Beitrige Ent.,
vol. 4, Nos. 3, 4, pp. 245-388, figs. 1-272. [Discussion of wing
venation of family, pp. 347—-350.]

328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Hurron, F. W.

1881. Catalogues of the New Zealand Diptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera;
with descriptions of the species. Pp. 1-132. [Ogcodes brunneus,
new species, p. 25.]

1901. Synopsis of the Diptera Brachycera of New Zealand. Trans. New
Zealand Inst., vol. 33, pp. 1-95. [Ogcodes nitens, new species, p.
29.]

InLiewR, J. K. W.

1798. Verzeichniss der kafer Preussens. Pp. 1-510. (Verfuch einer
natiirlichen Folge der Ordnungen und Gattungen der Insecten,
pp. 389-510; II Folge der Gattungen, pp. 497-510.) Johann
Jacob Gebauer. [On p. 500 under Anthliata, as genus No. 231
the name Henops is given for Syrphus gibbus Fabricius.]

JAENNICKE, F.

1867. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der europaischen Bomblyiden, Acroceriden,
Scenopiniden, Thereviden, und Asiliden. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr.,
vol. 11, pp. 63-94. [Ogcodes, p. 77.]

JaMEs, M. T.

1938. The dipterous families Nemestrinidae, Cyrtidae, and Scenopinidae
in Colorado. Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc., vol. 11, pp. 21-23.
[Ogcodes, p. 21.]

JOHNSON, C. W.

1904. Some notes, and descriptions of four new Diptera. Psyche, vol. 11,
pp. 15-20. [Ogcodes albiventris, new species, p. 18.]

1923. New species of North American Cyrtidae. Psyche, vol. 30, pp.
49-51. [Ogcodes vittatus, new species, p. 50.]}

Karu, O.
*1934. Die Fliegenfauna Pommers. Diptera Brachycera. Stettiner Ent.
Zeit., vol. 96, pp. 106-130. [Apud Trojan, 1956.]
Kaston, B. J.

1937. Notes on dipterous parasites of spiders. Journ. New York Ent.
Soc., vol. 45, pp. 415-420, figs. 1-5. [Biological notes on Og-
codes eugonatus and O. pallidipennis.]

1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Bull. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., No.
70, pp. 9-874, figs. 1-2144. [General discussion of parasites of
spiders, pp. 37—40; list of Araneae taxa, pp. 48-51.]

Kerrész, K.

1909. Catalogus Dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Mus. Nat. Hunga-

ricum, vol. 4. [Ogcodes, pp. 17—21.]
KEsskEL, E. L.

1948. Field observations on Ogcodes pallidipennis Loew. Wasmann
Collector, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 115-116. [This species refers to Og-
codes adaptatus, new species.]

Kine, J. L.

1916. Observations on the life history of Pterodontia flavipes Gray. Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, pp. 309-321, pls. 15-16, figs. 1-16. [Good
review of biology of family.]

Konia, A.

1894. Ueber die Larve von Ogcodes. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol.
44, pp. 163-166, pl. 7, figs. 1-6. [Notes on Ogcodes gibbosus
and/or O. zonatus.]

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 329

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de

1835. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres .. . Ed. 2, vol. 4,

pp. 74-75. [Ogcodes as Acrocera gibbosa, pp. 74—75.]
LATREILLE, P. A.

1796. Précis des caractéres générique des insectes, disposés dans un ordre
naturel. Pp. iii-xiiit+ 1-201. [Ogcodes, new genus, p. 154.]

1802-1805. Histoire naturelle générale et particuliere des crustacés et
des insectes. Vols. 1-14. [Syrphus gibbosus F. named as type
species of Ogcodes, vol. 3, p. 432, 1802.]

*1804. Dictionaire classique d’histoire naturelle, vol. 3, p. 33. [Classifica-
tion of the group, apud Cole, 1919.]

*1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum, secundum ordinem naturalem
in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata.
Vol. 4, pp. 1-399. [Acrocerids listed on pp. 314-318, apud Cole,
1919.}

1810. Considérations générales sur ordre naturel des animaux composant
les classes des crustacés, des arachnides et des insectes. vili+
444 pp. [Ogcodes, pp. 393, 443.]

*1811. In Olivier, Histoire naturelle des insectes. Encyclopédie métho-
dique, vol. 8. [New species: Ogcodes pallipes and O. varius, p.
471, apud Kertesz, 1909.]
LEcLERCQ, J.

1954. Monographie systématique, phylogénétique et zoogéographique des
hyménoptéres crabroniens. Pp. 5-371, 40 figs., 20 tables, 84
maps. ([Ogcodes spp. as hosts cited on pp. 318-319.]

Leonparp, M. D.

1928. A list of the insects of New York with a list of the spiders and
certain other allied groups. Mem., Cornell Univ. Agri. Exp.
Sta., No. 101, pp. 5-1121, 1 map. [Ogcodes, p. 761.]

LINNAEUS, C.

1758. Systema naturae. Ed. 10, vol. 1, pp. 3-824. [Musca gibbosa cited

as species No. 37, p. 593.]
Locket, G. H.

1930. Note on the life-history of Oncodes pallipes Latr. Entomologist,

vol. 63, p. 241.
Lorw, H.

1857. Bidrag till kinnedomen om Africa’s Diptera. Ofv. Svenska Vet.-
Akad. Forh., vol. 14, p. 368. [Present author has seen only a
photostatic copy of p. 368, where O. caffer, new species, was
described].

1861. [1860]. Die Dipteren-Fauna Sudafrika’s. . . Erste Abtheilung.
Naturw. Ver. Sachsen und Thiiringen, Halle, vol. 2, No. 2, pp.
1-330, 2 pls. [Ogcodes caffer redescribed as a new species.]

1861. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Vol. 1, pp. 1-266.

1865-1872. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Vol. 2, pp.
1-300. [This work, often cited as “Centuria,’”’ was published
during the same years in Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., but the pagination
was different. [New species described: Ogcodes pallidipennis (pt.
6, p. 23; 1865); O. costatus (pt. 9, p. 203; 1869); O. melampus (pt.
10, p. 236; 1872); O. eugonatus (pt. 10, p. 236; 1872).]

330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

LuUNDBECK, W.

1907-1927. Diptera Danica, genera and species of flies hitherto found in

Denmark. 7 vols. [Ogcodes spp. in vol. 1 (1907), pp. 157-163.]
Macquart, M. J.

1826-1833. Insectes diptéres du nord de la France. 5 vols. [Ogcodes in
vol. 2 (1827), pp. 92-95.]

1834-1835. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Diptéres. 2 vols., 24 col. pls.
[Ogcodes, vol. 1, pp. 368-369.]

1838-1855. Diptéres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 2 vols., 5 supple-
ments, 186 pls. [Also published in Mém. Soe. Sci. Arts de Lille,
with different pagination, see Aldrich (1905, p. 48). Ogcodes
dispar, new species, p. 87 in suppl. 5 (1855).]

1849. In Lucas, Exploration scientifique de l Algérie. Histoire naturelle
des animaux articulés. Sciences Physiques, Zoologie, pt. 3,
Insectes, pp. 83-527, 122 pls. [Note on Ogcodes gibbosus, p. 446.]

Mauuocu, J. R.

1915. Some additional records of Chironomidae for Illinois and notes on
other Illinois Diptera. Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol.
11, pp. 306-363, pls. 80-84. [Note on Ogcodes costatus, pp. 341-
342.]

Marcuau, M. P.

1899. Observations biologiques. Bull. Soc. Ent. France (1899), p. 286.

[Note on Ogcodes pallipes.]
MARECHAL, P.

1934. Liste de diptéres interessants captures en 1932 et 1933. I. Lambil-

lionea, vol. 34, pp. 49-50. [Ogcodes gibbosus as host of crabronid.]
MaAskKELL, W. M.

1888. On Henops brunneus, Hutton. Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst.

(1887), vol. 20, pp. 106-108, pl. 10.
MATSUMURA, 5S.

1916. Thousand insects of Japan. Additamenta 2, pp. 185-473, pls. 16-25
(Diptera). [Ogcodes shibakawae, new species, p. 375 (=Cyrtus
sp.).]

MEIGcEN, J. W.

1803. Versuch einer neuen Gattungseintheilung der europiiischen Zwefliig-
ligen Insekten. Illiger, Mag. Insekt., vol. 2, p. 266. [Henops,
new genus.]

1804. Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europiischen Zweifliigligen
Insekten. Pp. i-xxvi1-+1-314, 15 pls. [Ogcodes leucomelas, new
species, p. 151.]

1818-1838. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europdischen
Zweifliigligen Insekten. 7vols. [New species: Ogcodes marginatus,
O. limbatus, and O. apicalis, in vol. 2, pp. 100-101.]

MeeERE, J. C. H. pe

1915. Diptera aus Nord-Neu-Guinea. Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 58, pp. 98-139,
pl. 1. [Ogcodes trifasciatus, new species, p. 109.]

1924. Studien itiber siidostasiatische Dipteren XVI. Tijdschr. Ent., vol.
67, pp. 197-224. (Ogcodes javanus, new species, p. 210.]

Meruanper, A. L.

1902. Notes on the Acroceridae. Ent. News, vol. 13, pp. 178-182.

[Ogcodes, p. 178.]

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 331

Menags, A.

1866. Preussiche Spinnen. I. Schrift. Naturf. Ges. Danzig, new ser., vol.

1, No. 4, pp. 37-38. [Note on rearing Ogcodes pallipes].
Meunier, F.

1908a. Un curieux cas de mimétisme chez un diptére Acroceridae des genre
Oncodes Meigen. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, vol. 32, pp. 93-94.

1908b. Contribution a la faune dipterologique des environs d’Anvers. Mém.
Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, pt. 2, pp .267—-271. [Note on Ogcodes zonatus,
p. 269.]

MILER, J.

1950. Catalogue of the Diptera of the New Zealand subregion. Bull. Dep.
Sci. Ind. Res. New Zealand, No. 11 (Int. Res. Sta. Pub. No. 5),
pp. 7-194. [Ogcodes, p. 75. An error was made by citing Helle
longirostris (Hudson) as the genotype of Ogcodes.]

Miuuot, J.

1938. Le devéloppement et la biologie larvaire des oncodidés (=cyrtides),
diptéres parasites d’araignées. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 63,
pp. 162-181, 183-197, figs. 1-14.

Nevunavs, G. H.

1886. Diptera Marchica. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Zweifliigler
(Miicken und Fliegen) der Mark Brandenburg, mit kurzer Be-
schreibung und analytischen Bestimmungs-Tabellen, pp. i-xvi+ 1-
371, pls. 1-5. [List of Acroceridae, pp. 75-76.]

NIELSEN, E.

1932. The biology of spiders with special reference to the Danish fauna.
Vol. 1, pp. 7-248, figs. 1-10, pls. 1-32; vol. 2, pp. 5-723, figs.
1-462, 5 col. pls. [Note on rearing Ogcodes gibbosus, vol. 1, pp.
220-221.]

Nowicxl, M.
*1873. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Dipterenfauna Galiziens. 35 pp. [Note
on Ogcodes gibbosus, apud Trojan, 1956.]
Osten SackEn, C. R.

1858. Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. Smithsonian
Mise. Coll., vol. 3, pp. vi-xx+1-92, with appendix (1859), pp.
93-95. [Ogcodes, p. 26.]

1877. Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera
from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from Cali-
fornia. Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., vol. 3, i-vi+ 189-354.
[Ogcodes incultus, new species, p. 279.]

1878. Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. Ed. 2.
Smithsonian Mise. Coll., pp. iii-xlvi+3-276. [Ogcodes, pp. 99,
239-240.]

1886-1887. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Diptera, vol. 1, Cecidomyidae-
Empidae, 216 pp., 3 col. pls. (Pp. 1-128 published in 1886,
remainder in 1887.) [Ogcodes humeralis, new species, p. 164.]

Oucur, Y.

1942. Notes on some eyrtid flies from China and Japan (Diptera Sinica,
Cyrtidae II). Journ. Shanghai Sci. Inst., new ser., vol. 2, No. 2,
pp. 29-38, figs. 1-10. [Ogcodes nigrotarsis var. obusensis, new var.,
p. 36, and O. esakii, new species, p. 37.]

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Paramonov, S. J.
1955. New Zealand Cyrtidae (Diptera) and the problem of the Pacific
island fauna. Pacific Sci., vol. 9, pp. 16-25. [Ogcodes, pp. 23-25.]
1957. A review of Australian Acroceridae. Australian Journ. Zool., vol. 5,
No. 4, pp. 521-546. [A key to the Ogcodes species, with the fol-
lowing new species: O. armstrongi and O. waterhousei (p. 537);
O. wilsoni and O. deserticola (p. 538); O. pusillus (p. 539); O.
tenuipes (p. 542); O. hirtifrons (p. 543); O. canberranus and O.
glomerosus (p. 544); and O. lucidus (p. 545). For a review of this
work see appendix (p. 321) in the present paper.]
Pearce, E. K.
*1921-1928. Typical flies. A photographic atlas of Diptera, including
Aphaniptera. 3 vols., 143 pls. [Plate of Ogcodes gihbosus.]
PETERSON, A.
1916. The head-capsule and mouthparts of Diptera. Illinois Biol. Monogr.
vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 7-112, 25 pls. (figs. 1-606). [Figs. of Ogcodes:
53, 105, 109, 220, 486-487.]

1951. Larvae of insects. Pt. 2, figs. 1-416. [Larvae of Acroceridae

in key only.]
Puiuippr, R. A.

1871. Beschreibung einiger neuer chilenischen Insecten. Stettiner Ent.
Zeit., vol. 32, pp. 285-295, pl. 3. [Thersites jacobaeus, new genus,
new species (= Thersitomyia Hunter), p. 292.]

PGASKE, AL.

1930. Revue des espéces paléarctiques de la famille des Cyrtidae. Ko-
nowia, vol. 9, pp. 156-173. [Ogcodes jacutensis, new species, p. 165.
A good review of genus, pp. 163-167.]

Promiey, N. J. B.

1947a. Description of the external genitalia in Oncodes basalis Walker
(Diptera, Cyrtidae) and some remarks upon the systematics of the
genus Oncodes. Rec. Queen Victoria Mus. Art Gall., vol. 2,
pp. 17-22, figs. 1-5. [This species was not Ogcodes basalis and
was probably O. fortnumi Westwood.]

1947b. Some notes on the biology of the Cyrtidae (Diptera) with special
reference to the genus Oncodes. Rec. Queen Victoria Mus. Art
Gall., vol. 2, pp. 23-30, figs. 1-3. [This species was probably
O. fortnumi Westwood.]

Pokorny, E.

1887. Beitrag zur Dipteren-Fauna tirols. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien,
vol. 37, pp. 381-420, pl. 7. [Ogcodes benacensis, new species,
p. 388.]

Proctor, W.

1938. Biological survey of the Mount Desert region. Part 6. The insect
fauna with references to methods of capture, food plants, the ‘flora
and other biological features, pp. 11-496. [Ogcodes, p. 319.]

Riuey, C. V., anp Howarp, L. O. (Eps.)

1890. Flies on apple twigs in New Zealand. Insect Life, vol. 2, No. 9,

p. 288. [Note on Ogcodes brunneus.]
Rossi, P.

*1790. Fauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta, quae in provinciis Florentina et
Pisana praesertim collegit P. Rossi. Vol. 1, pp. 1-272; vol. 2,
pp. 1-348, 10 col. pls. [Note on Ogcodes gibbosus, p. 293, apud
Kertesz, 1909.]

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 333

RussaaMEN, E. H.
*1901. Bericht uber meine Reise durch die Tucheler Heide in den Jahren
1896 und 1897. Schrift. Natur. Ges., Danzig, vol. 10, pp. 1-70.
[Notes on Ogcodes gibbosus and O. varius, apud Trojan, 1956.]
Saprosky, C. W.

1944, A revision of the American spider parasites of the genera Ogcodes
and Acrocera. Amer. Midl. Nat., vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 385-413,
pl. 1, figs. 1-8. [Ogcodes, pp. 387-396.]

1945. Two new species of Ogcodes from Chile. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat.,
vol. 48, pp. 317-319, fig. 1. [O. triangularis, new species, p. Site
and O. chilensis, new species, p. 318.]

1948. A further contribution to the classification of the North American
spider parasites of the family Acroceratidae. Amer. Midl. Nat.,
vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 382-430, pls. 1-2 (figs. 1-22). [Review of
Ogcodes, pp. 408-428. New species described: O. vittisternum
(p. 420), O. floridensis (p.421), O. shewelli (p. 422), O. colei (p. 423).

1950. A new genus and two new species of, and miscellaneous notes on,
African Acroceridae. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, ser. B,
Taxonomy, vol. 19, Nos. 3, 4, pp. 47-52, figs. 1-2. [Ogcodes,
pp. 50-52.]

1951. A new species of Ogcodes from the Juan Fernandez Islands. Rev.
Chilena Ent., vol. 1, pp. 189-190. [O. kuscheli, new species.]

Sack, P.
#1925. Die Zweifliigler des Urwaldes von Bialowies. Abh., Marh.-Naturw.,
Bayerische Akad. Wiss. Munich, suppl. vol, 5, pp. 259-277.
[Apud Trojan, 1956.]

1936. In Lindner, Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, pt. 98, Family
21, Cyrtidae, pp. 1-86, figs. 1-20, 3 pls. [Review of Ogcodes,
pp. 15-33; O. hirtus, new species, p. 20.]

SAHLBERG, J. R.

1883. Meddelonden fran sallskapets foch andlinger. Medd. Soc. Fauna
Flora Fennica, vol. 9, pp. 122-174. [Ogcodes marginatus note,
p. 164.]

ScHINER, J. R.

1862-1864. Fauna Austriaca. Die Fliegen. Nach der analytischen
Methode bearbeitet, mit der Characteristik simmtlicher europii-
scher Gattungen, der Beschreibung aller in Deutschland vorkom-
menden Arten und der Aufzihlung aller bisher beschriebenen
europdischen Arten. Pt. 1 (1862), pp. v-Ixxx+3-674, 2 pls.;
pt. 2 (1864), pp. v—-xxxii+ 1-658. [Ogcodes, pt. 1, pp. 73-75.]

1864. Catalogus systematicus dipterorum Europae. Pp. vi-xii+ 1-115.
[Ogcodes, p. 30.]

1865. (Diptera notes.) Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 15, pp. 989-990.
[Note on Ogcodes zonatus. Genus spelled Ogkodes.]

1868. Diptera. In Reise der 6sterreichischen fregatte Novara. . . 1857,
1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil, Band 2, No. 6, Diptera, pp.
iii-vi+ 3-388, 4 pls. [Classification of family Acroceridae, p.
142.]

ScHuinGeER, FE. I.

1952. The emergence, feeding habits, and host of Opsebius diligens Osten
Sacken. Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 28, pp. 7-12, fig. 1.

1953. A new Chilean species of Ogcodes Latreille. Wasmann Journ.
Biol., vol. 11, pp. 319-321, figs. 1-2. [O. porteri, new species. ]

334

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

ScHLINGER, E. I.

1956.
SCHROEDER,
*1911,

Sicuy, E.
1926,

1950.

1951.

SHIRAKI, T.
1932.

Sreskre, H.
1ST,
Snow, F. H.

1903.

1904.

SPEISER, P.
1910.

STEIN, F.
1849.

Srrosu, G.
1892,

A revision of the acrocerid flies of the genus Pialea with a discussion
of their sexual dimorphism. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 106,
pp. 359-375, figs. 1-4.

(oe

Beitrige zur Dipterenfauna Pommerns. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., vol.
72, pp. 343-368. [Note on Ogcodes gibbosus, apud Trojan, 1956.]

Faune de France, 13. Diptéres (Brachycéres), pp. 1-808, figs.
1-685. [Ogcodes, pp. 166—-168.]

Etude sur quelques diptéres nouveaux de la Chine orientale. Mus.
Heude, Notes Ent. Chinoise, vol. 2, pp. 175-184. [Ogcodes
respersus, new species, p. 175.]

La biologie des diptéres. Jn Encyclopédie Entomologique, ser. a,
No. 26, pp. 9-609, figs. 1-225, with 10 pls. (7 col.). [General
reference.]

Les diptéres de France, Belgique, Suisse, No. 8 of nouvel atlas
d’entomologie. Vol. 1, pp. 5-173, figs. 1-79, 12 pls., 146 col.
figs.; vol. 2, pp. 5-185, figs. 1-83, 12 pls., 144 col. figs. [Ogcodes,
vol. 1, p. 138.]

Some Diptera in the Japanese Empire, with descriptions of the new
species. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, vol. 22, pp. 331-336.
[New species: Ogcodes nigritarsis, p. 333; O. trifasciatus, p. 335.]

Enumeratio insectorum Norvegicorum. Catalogum dipterorum
continentem, fasc. 4, pp. iii-xiv-+-1—255, 1 map. [Ogcodes, p. 16.]

A preliminary list of the Diptera of Kansas. Bull. Kansas Univ.
Sci. vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 211-221. [Note on Ogcodes melampus
and O. pallidipennis, p. 215.]

Lists of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera, col-
lected in Arizona by the entomological expeditions of the Uni-
versity of Kansas in 1902-1903. Bull. Kansas Univ. Sci., vol. 2,
No. 12, pp. 323-350. [Note on Ogcodes melampus, p. 342.]

In Sjéstedt, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoo-
logischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und
den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas, 1905-1906,
unter leitung von. . . Y. Sjéstedt, Band 2, pt. 10, No. 4, pp.
74-75. [Ogcodes cepisetis, new species.]

Zur Kenntnis der Dipteren Orthorrphapha Brachycera. Zool.
Jahrb., vol. 43, pp. 195-220. [Ogcodes coffeatus, new species, p.
211.]

Dipterologisches. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., vol. 10, pp. 117-120.
[Notes on adult habits of Ogcodes.]

Die Dipteren von Steiermark. Mitt. Naturw. ver. fiir Steiermark,
vol. 12, p. 26. [Note on Ogcodes zonatus.]}

Sruarpo (OriTz), C.

1946.

Catalogo de los dipteros de Chile. Pp. 7-250. [Ogcodes, p. 103.]

FLIES OF THE GENUS OGCODES—SCHLINGER 335

SZNABL, J.

*1881. Spis owadéw dwuskrzydlych zebranych w. Krélestwie Polskim i
Gubernii Miskiej. Pam. Fiz., vol. 1, pp. 357-3890. [Note on
Ogcodes gibbosus, apud Trojan, 1956.]

TirnFr, —

*1887. Bidrag zur Kenntniss der Dipterenfauna Karntens. Programm aus
dem Jahresberichte des k. k. Gymnasiums zu Villach in Karnten,
No. 17, p. 2. [Apud Cole, 1919.]

Tourntiser, H.

1878. Notes pour servir a l’histoire du Crabro (Ectemnius) rugifer Dahlb.
Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belgique (1878), p. 15 (2). [Note on
Ogcodes sp. as prey.]

TownseEnpD, C. H. T.

1895. On the Diptera of Baja California, including some species from
adjacent regions. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 4, No.
2, pp. 593-620. [Ogcodes aedon, new species, p. 608.]

TROJAN, P.

1956. Oncodes reginae sp. nu. and notes on the European species of the
family Cyrtidae. Ann. Zoologici, vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 73-79,
figs. 1-8. [Also a key to Ogcodes spp. of Central Europe.]

Turton, W.

1802. A general system of nature through the three grand kingdoms of
animals, vegetables, and minerals .... (An emended trans-
lation of Gmelin’s last edition of ‘Systema Naturae.’’?) Three
vols. [“Gibba,” “Gibbosa,’ and “Orbicula’”’ listed under the
genus Musca, vol. 3, p. 652.]

VERRALL, G. H.

1909a. Stratiomyidae and succeeding families of the Diptera Brachycera
of Great Britian. Vol. 5, pp. 1-780, figs. 1-406. [Good review
of genus Ogcodes, pp. 447-469, mostly 461—469.]

1909b. Systematic list of Palearctic Diptera, Brachycera. Pp. 3-384.
[Ogcodes, p. 13.]

WALKER, F.

1848-1855. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of
the British Museum. 4 pts., 3 supplements. [Ogcodes, in pt. 3,
p. 512, 1849, and pt. 6, suppl. 2, p. 353, 1854.]

1851. Insecta Britannica, Diptera. 3 vols. [Ogcodes, vol. 1, pp. 44-46.]

1852. Insecta Saundersiana, on characters of undescribed insects in the
collection of W. W. Saunders. Vol. 1, pt. 3. [New species:
Ogcodes costalis and O. basalis, p. 203.]

WANDOLLECK, B.

1894. Uber das Kopfskelett der Dipterenfamilie Henopii. Sitz.-Ber. Ges.
Naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 92-97.

1906. A new species of Cyrtidae (Diptera) from N. Queensland, bred by
F. P. Dodd. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (1906), pt. 1, pp. 181-132.
[Ogcodes doddi, new species.]

1909. Die Mundéffnung von Ogcodes. Zool. Anz., vol. 34, pp. 549-553,
figs. 1-4.

1914. KEinleitung zu einer Monographie der Dipterenfamilie Inflatae.
[Thesis.] K6nigl. Sachs. Tierarztl. Hochschule, Dresden. Pp.
3-30, 4 pls., 115 figs. [An excellent and often overlooked work.]

336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Westwoop, J. O.
1838-1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects founded
on the natural habits and corresponding organization of the dif-
ferent families. Vol. 1, pp. 1-462, figs. 1-56; vol. 2, pp. 1-587
+ 1-158, figs. 1-133. [Note on Ogcodes gibbosus, vol. 2, p. 128.]
1876. Notae Dipterologicae. No. 3. Descriptions of new genera and
species of the family Acroceridae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London
(1876), pp. 507-518, pls. 5-6. [New species: Ogcodes darwinit,
O. fortnumi, O. tasmanica, and O. ignava, pp. 516-517.]
Waite, A.
1915. The Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmania... Pt. 1, Families Leptidae,
Stratiomyidae, Nemestrinidae and Cyrtidae. Pap. Proc. Roy.
Soc. Tasmania (1914), pp. 35-74, figs. [New species: Ogcodes
flavescens, p. 70; O. nigrinervis, p. 71; and O. ater and O. pygmaeus,
p. 72.]
Wutp, F. M. vAN DER
1896. Catalogue of the described Diptera from South Asia. 219 pp.
[Ogcodes, p. 75.]
Wutp, F. M. vAN DER, AND DE ME sERrgs, J. C.
*1898. Nieuwe naamlijst van Nederlandsche Diptera. Tijdsch. Ent., vol.
41, suppl., 149 pp. [Note on Ogcodes zonatus, p. 40, apud Meunier,
1908a.]
Youne,: B: P.
1921. Attachment of the abdomen to the thorax in Diptera. Mem.
Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., No. 44, pp. 255-282, pls. 9-32. [Ogcodes
pallidipennis, pl. 16, fig. 23.]
ZETTERSTEDT, J. W.
[1838]-1840. Insecta Lapponica. [The present author has seen only a
photostatic copy of pp. 573-574. Ogcodes nigripes, new species,
is on p. 574.]
1842-1860. Diptera Scandinaviae disposita et descripta. Vols. 1-14.
[Note on Ogcodes nigripes, vol. 1 (1842), p. 242.]

Plates 1-13
with

Plate-Figures 1-112

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 1

Figures 1-3.—Ogcodes adaptatus, new species (Luther Pass, Calif.): 1, Pupa attached by
head to spider host’s premoulting web (below pupa is host skeleton, and at far right is
parasite’s meconium); 2, teneral adult (2 minutes old) with pupal skin below; 3, adult
resting on its pupal skin (note obvious protruding mouthparts). [Photographs by Francis
M. Summers.|

PROG: Uis: NAT. MUS: VOL. 111

SCHLINGER, PLATE 2

an ee

4
ro

a

ee
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se oa

SEN

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ALLELE

= _t-

Sat

eee

AE eee
| aie oe

—— Sl ai al call a

eeeet RUA RES

——

S

wy
bd

’

C¢

Ficures 4-5.—First-instar larvae of Ogcodes adaptatus, new species (Sardine Creek, Calif.,

5, ventral view. (Both larvae with heads at top.)

paratypes): 4, dorsal view;

SCHLINGER, PLATE 3

111

PROC, U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL.

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SCHLINGER, PLATE 4

111

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PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 5

——
AEE oN | Ws Se
wm \ tee SF)

Ne Se ee } | we
eee 10)

23. albiventris

26. hirtus

27 paramonovi

28. paramonovi 29. adaptatus 30. albiventris

Figures 22-30.—Ogcodes species: 22, 24, 26, with bodies in lateral view (22, Mt. Pelion,
Greece; 24, Sardine Creek, Calif., paratype; 26, Sharaf Khanef, Iran); 23, Neogcodes,
new subgenus (Livermore, Calif.); 25, subgenus Ogcodes (Sardine Creek, Calif., paratype);
27, Protogcodes, new subgenus, with antennae in lateral view (Ohakune, New Zealand,
holotype); 28, head in lateral view (same); 29, 30, abdomens in dorsal view (29, Sardine

Creek, Calif.; 30, Palo Alto, Calif.).

PROC, US. NATS MUS. VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 6

eee ee

gonopore

sperm duct
clasper (IX sternite)
aedeagal sheath

cercus

IX tergite

Vill sternite

basal cell

wing

subbasal cell
ejaculatory apodeme

median plate

31. hirtus

bE \ wing

—median plate

32. adaptatus 33. dispar

Ficures 31-33.—Genitalia of Ogcodes species: 31, entire genital segments in lateral view,
dorsum to the left (Sharaf Khanef, Iran); 32, ejaculatory apodeme in anterior view (Sardine
Creek, Calif., paratype); 33, ejaculatory apodeme in lateral view (Du Bois, Il.).

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 7

34. rufoabdominalis 35. dispar 36. pallidipennis

37. philippinensis 38. orientalis 39. argentinensis

40. colombiensis 41. adaptatus 42. boharti

Ficures 34-42.—Ogcodes species, with distal portion of aedeagi in lateral view (34, West
Salt Lake, Utah; 35, Du Bois, IIl.; 36, Fond du Lac, Wis.; 37, Sibuyan Island, Philippine
Islands, holotype; 38, Angkor, Cambodia, holotype; 39, Chascomus, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, holotype; 40, Villeta, Cundinamarca, Colombia, holotype; 41, Sardine Creek,
Calif., paratype; 42, Oak Creek Canyon, Ariz., holotype).

PROC. U.S, NAT. MUS, VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 8

44. sabroskyi 45. hennigi

46. basalis i
47. varius 48. clavatus

WW
\ \ ‘\

49. canadensis 50. brasilensis

51. pallipes

Ficures 43-51.—Ogcodes species, with distal portion of aedeagi in lateral view (43, Pots-
dam, Germany; 44, Currahee Mountain, Ga., holotype; 45, Orient, N.Y., holotype; 46,
Acacia Plateau, New South Wales, Australia; 47, Berlin, Germany; 48, Naivisha, Kenya;
49, Houghron, Ontario, Canada, holotype; 50, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, holotype; 5

Eyr’s, Germany).

PROC, U.S. NAT. MUS, VOL, 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 9

52. nitens 53. argigaster 54. hirtus

55. similis 56. borealis 57 fortnumi

58. pygmaeus 59. kuscheli 60. paramonovi

Figures 52-60.—Ogcodes species, with distal portion of aedeagi in lateral view (52, Port-
hills, New Zealand; 53, Cass, New Zealand, holotype; 54, Sharaf Khanef, Iran; 55, New
Zealand, holotype; 56, Drews Gap, Oreg.; 57, 58, Upper Blessington, Tasmania; 59,
Masatierra, Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile, paratype; 60, Ohakune, New Zealand,
holotype).

PROG. U:'S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 10

61. leptisoma 63. vittisternum

65. albiventris 66. guttatus

69. caffer

67 consimilis 68, brunneus

Ficures 61-69.—Ogcodes species, with distal portion of aedeagi in lateral view (61, Queens-
town, New Zealand, holotype; 62, Cold Springs Harbor, N.Y.; 63, Spokane, Wash.; 64
Clear Lake, Calif.; 65, Muskegon, Mich.; 66, Mount Pelion, Greece; 67, Blackhall, New
Zealand; 68, Ohakune, New Zealand; 69, Matjesfontein, Cape Province, South Africa).

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 11

72. borealis 73. eugonatus

74. fortnumi 75. consimilis 76. pallipes

|

7\i. zonatus

a

. J , \j

79. nitens

(Shoo

d
eo

78. eugonatus

82. brunneus

80. hennigi 8l. guttatus

Ficures 71-82.—Genitalia of Ogcodes species: 71, 73, with aedeagi in lateral view (71,
St. Moritz, Switzerland; 73, Morongo Valley, Calif.); 72, 74-79, 81, with ejaculatory
apodemes in anterior view (72, Dane Co., Wis.; 74, 77, Upper Blessington, Tasmania;
75, Ohakune, New Zealand; 76, Maran’s, France; 78, Mill Creek, San Bernardino Co.,

Calif.; 79, Porthills, New Zealand; 81, Mount Pelion, Greece); 80, 82, ejaculatory apodemes

in lateral view (80, Orient, N.Y., holotype; 82, Ohakune, New Zealand).

PROC, U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 SCHLINGER, PLATE 12

83. consimilis

84. fortnumi

85. borealis

m=

87. similis

86. pallipes

AL

88. kuscheli

89. argigaster 90. nitens

91. guttatus

Ce =

92. albiventris 93. caffer

94. eugonatus

95. leptisoma 96. vittisternum 97 shewelli 98. colei

Ficures 83-98.—Ogcodes species, with ejaculatory apodemes in lateral view (83, Ohakune,
New Zealand; 84, Upper Blessington, Tasmania; 85, Drews Gap, Oreg.; 86, Eyr’s, Ger-
many; 87, New Zealand, holotype; 88, Masatierra, Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile, para-
type; 89, Cass, New Zealand, holotype; 90, Porthills, New Zealand; 91, Mount Pelion,
Greece; 92, Muskegon, Mich.; 93, Matjesfontein, Cape Province, South Africa; 94,
Morongo Valley, Calif.; 95, Queenstown, New Zealand, holotype; 96, Spokane, Wash.;
97, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; 98, Mill Valley, Calif.).

Ficures 99-112.—Ogcodes species, with ejaculatory apodemes in anterior view (99, Sibuyan
Island, Philippine Islands, holotype; 100, Orient, N.Y., holotype; 101, Acacia Plateau,
New South Wales, Australia; 102, Eastham, Mass.; 103, Chascomus, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, holotype; 104, Oak Creek Canyon, Ariz., paratype; 105, Houghron, Ontario,
Canada, holotype; 106, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, holotype; 107, Currahee Mountain,
Stephens Co., Ga., paratype; 108, Villeta, Cundinamarca, Colombia, holotype; 109,
Budapest, Hungary; 110, Naivisha, Kenya; 111, Potsdam, Germany; 112, Angkor,
Camdodia, holotype).

PROC, U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111

‘ir ZOE
| 100. hennigi

99. philippinensis Lp SS \/
Y

Yo \

SCHLINGER, PLATE 13

lOl. basalis

103. argentinensis

ZB

aie

102. pallidipennis 104. boharti
a ee a hee
es 105. canadensis
| er as
CoS
oI

106. brasilensis 107 sabroskyi 108. columbiensis

BN | - :

109. varius 0. clavatus Il, gibbosus 112. orientalis

Ficures 99-112.—Explanation on facing page.

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Proceedings of

the United States

National Museum

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C.

Number 3430 1960 Volume 111, Pages 337-680

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

By Ricaarp C. FROESCHNER '

Introduction

The group of hemipterous insects treated here as a full family, the
Cydnidae, exhibits definite pentatomoid affinities, even though a few
of the genera possess only four segments in their antennae. ‘This
relationship has long been recognized and acknowledged, but the
features separating the cydnids from the other pentatomoids have been
accorded varying importance by different authors. Some workers
contend that the pentatomoids comprise a single family with many
subfamilies, thus according the cydnids subfamily rank under the
Pentatomidae; others express the belief that the present group and
the corimelaenid bugs deserve to be united into a single family, the
Cydnidae or Corimelaenidae according to the authority accepted,
while still others contend that even this arrangement is unsatisfactory
and that each of these two groups are properly given full family
status.

A clear-cut definition of the Cydnidae in the restricted sense, as now
generally accepted and used here, is not easy to formulate. McAtee
and Malloch (1931, p. 194) listed several features which they con-

1 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Montana State College, Bozeman, Mont.

337

338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

sidered to set the cydnid and corimelaenid bugs apart from the other
Pentatomoidea, as follows :?

the presence of fringes of closely set, stiff, bristles at the apices of the mid
and hind coxae and the spiracles of the second abdominal segment being in a
membranous strip of the sternite, not in the heavily sclerotized portion. Mem-
bers of these two subfamilies have tri-segmented tarsi, and distinct tibial bristles,
and, with the exception of the Sehirini, have the trichobothria longitudinally
arranged often nearly in line with the spiracles. The trichobothria, or delicate,
pale, sensory hairs (which must not be confused with the strong, dark, lateral
bristles which are frequently present) are two in number on each side of all
sternites and in the other subfamilies of the Pentatomidae are arranged trans-
versely, or nearly so, behind the spiracles.

Disregarding the corimelaenids which McAtee and Malloch (loc.
cit.) adequately separated from the cydnids on the basis of the greater
claval exposure and the absence of ‘‘an area of smooth chitin behind
the eyes on the ventral surface of the head,” the results of the present
study agree with most of those statements. They confirm McAtee
and Malloch’s observations in the presence of the apical fringe of
bristles on the middle and hind coxae, the presence of the distinct
tibial bristles, the 3-segmented tarsi (except in Scaptocoris where the
hind legs lack tarsi) and the location of the spiracle of the second
abdominal segment. In contrast, the present results show that the
description of the trichobothrial arrangement is not true for all
genera in the Cydnidae. McAtee and Malloch apparently followed
Tullgren (1918) concerning the location of these structures in Cydni-
dae. Tullgren’s choice of two genera for study was unfortunate
because both of them (Sehirus and Gnathoconus) were members of the
subfamily Sehirinae, which agrees with the other pentatomoids in
arrangement of these structures. Had he examined genera other than
those in the Sehirinae he would have found that other trichobothrial
patterns exist in the family. I have noticed that four additional
arrangements occur in the family, so that it is possible to divide the
Cynidae into five subfamilies on the basis of the trichobothria.
Further discussion of these subfamilies based on the trichobothria and
supporting characters will be found in the discussion under the family
heading on a later page.

Thus, for differentiation of the Cydnidae from all other pentato-
moids (except the corimelaenids which were separated above) there
are four distinguishing features. Of these, the 3-segmented tarsus is
least diagnostic because it is shared with nearly all other pentatomoids.
The possession of distinct tibial bristles is shared with a few true
Pentatomidae (i.e., Strachia in the subfamily Asopinae), but if this
condition is restricted to a consideration of the lateral marginal row
of stout spines on the more or less flattened anterior tibia it may be

2 The parenthetical references to illustrations in the original have been omitted from this quotation.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 339

considered diagnostic of all genera except Scaptocoris and the extra-
limital genus Stibaropus. The presence of a fringe of close-set
bristles on the apices of the middle and posterior coxae and the location
of the spiracle in the membranous anterior part of the second sternite
are nearly unique within this superfamily, being shared only with the
corimelaenids. As brought out later in this paper, the leg armature
may be simply an adaptive feature for the fossorial habits of these
insects and not at all an indicator of phylogenetic relationships.
This character shows considerable variation from genus to genus.
The same criticism may be valid for the coxal bristles, which are
present only on the ventral or exposed side of the structure where they
may be functional in preventing sand and grit from entering the
articulation during burrowing. Therefore, even though these features
furnish good recognition characters their actual value as indicators of
phylogeny within the Pentatomoidea is open to question. This
uncertainty in accepting proposed characters for separation of the
eroups included in the Pentatomoidea once again emphasizes the need
for a very thorough study of the higher classification of the group.
Until such a study is carried on by someone with access to collections
containing goodly representation of all parts of the Pentatomoidea,
I feel free to follow my usual tendency to be a “splitter” at the family
level when the breaks in the morphology and biology of the groups
permit a distinct and independent biologic-taxonomic concept to be
formed.

The problems in the classification of this group have not been
confined to the family level. Instead, they are evident at all levels.
Previously only two subfamilies have been recognized, whereas at
least five are strongly evident in the material at hand.

Most authors have considered the genera from one of two extremes—
either with the idea that any prominent or unusual feature (regardless
of its value as a phylogenetic indicator) automatically serves for the
establishment of a genus, or, from the other extreme, that the limits
of previously erected genera must constantly be expanded to take
in new forms that appear regardless of the relationships of the species
involved. The former approach has resulted in too many mono-
typic genera (i.e., Colobophrys Horvath, Cryptoporus Uhbler, Pachy-
meroides Signoret, Psectrocephalus Van Duzee and Syllobus Signoret
to mention some from the Western Hemisphere) as characters of no
more than specific value often have been used, while the second
method has resulted in a few “catch-all” genera (i.e., Aethus and
Geotomus as accepted by most recent authors) that have worldwide
distribution and consequently little or no zoogeographic significance.
I believe that if a genus is to consist of a group of ‘‘closely related”’
species, consideration must be given not only to the characters which

340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vOL. 111

separate the species but also to those which two or more species may
have in common. This approach appears to be establishing a series
of genera that are not only composed of “closely related” species
but that also have restricted ranges of some zoogeographical signi-
ficance.

At the species level there has been much confusion and great
uncertainty concerning the application of trivial names. In great
part this uncertainty has been due to the fragmentary and at times
inaccurate original descriptions, and in part to the assignment of
forms to the wrong genus. Many of the keys that have appeared
have been drawn from misdetermined material and so could only
lead to further error. Even some of America’s outstanding hemip-
terists have been inconsistent in their assignments of names so that
in the material available for study some species were determined
first as one thing and later as another by the same worker. This
point is brought up not to condemn the work of these men, but
simply to show that even careful students were confused by the
literature. Probably the most misused name in the cydnid literature
of the Western Hemisphere was Uhler’s Pangaeus discrepans. It
was found attached to no less than six distinct species in three
different genera, while specimens of true discrepans were found under
three other names as well as the proper one. The most accurate
determinations appear to have been made on those species which
could be placed chiefly on distribution and with a minimum of
morphological characters. With the literature and the work of
specialists leading to such muddled results, the group has been in
dire need of a thorough revision.

The present study is a revision of the known species of all included
genera except Sehirus, of which only 1 of the 24 or more nominal
species occurs in the Western Hemisphere.

The specific descriptions include the mean and extremes of measure-
ments, in millimeters, from five individuals of each sex unless otherwise
indicated. ‘The color, unless otherwise stated, may be assumed to
be the usual brownish black to black (yellow or light brown in teneral
specimens) without conspicuous or important markings. The follow-
ing abbreviations are used to indicate the collections in which speci-
mens are housed.

AmN: American Museum of Natural
History
Bon: F. Bonet
BrM: British

History)
CalAc: California Academy of Sciences
Cap: J. M. Capriles
Car: Carnegie Museum

Museum (Natural

Carv: J. C. M. Carvalho

CIS: California Insect Survey

Copen: Universitetets Zoologiske
Museum, Copenhagen

HMH: H. M. Harris

Hung: Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de
la Hongrie

Ind: University of Indiana

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 34]

JAS: J. A. Slater

JCL: J. C. Lutz

KU: University of Kansas

LAMus: Los Angeles County Museum

MassU: University of Massachusetts

McC: A. T. McClay

MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology

Mex: Direccién
cultura

MMZ: University of Michigan Mu-
seum of Zoology

OxUniv: Oxford University

Pel: D. Pelaez

General de Agri-

Pur: Purdue University

RCF: R. C. Froeschner

RFH: R. F. Hussey

Rijks: Rijks Museum van Natuur-
lijke Historie

RLU: R. L. Usinger

Stock: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum

UnivNac: Universidad Nacional de
La Plata

UnivTue: Universidad Nacional de
Tucuman

USNM: U.S. National Museum

Wien: Naturhistorisches Museum

Acknowledgments

For the generous loan of type specimens, the author is deeply
obligated to the following individuals and the institutions they
represent: Dr. M. Beier, of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna,
for the loan of many of Signoret’s types; to Dr. R. Malaise, Ento-
mologiska Avedelingen, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm,
for loan of Stal’s types and one of Signoret’s types; to Drs. A. Soos
and E. Halaszfy, Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de la Hongrie, Budapest,
for the loan of certain Horvath types; to Dr. S. L. Tuxen, Univer-
sitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, for Jensen-Haarup types;
and Dr. B. A. Torres, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Buenos
Aires, for a variety of Berg material including one type and several
Stal-determined specimens. Paratypic material of some of Van
Duzee’s species was made available from the collections of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif., by Dr. E. S. Ross
and from the U.S. National Museum by Dr. R. I. Sailer. For data
from the types in institutions whose policy prevents the lending of
types, I am grateful to Dr. H. C. Bléte of the Rijks Museum van
Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands, for comparison of speci-
mens with Signoret types; to Dr. W. China of the British Museum
(Natural History) for notes on Dallas, Walker, Signoret, and Distant
species; to Dr. W. Davidson of the Art Gallery and Museum, Perth,
Scotland for help in locating certain Signoret types; to Dr. M. W. R.
de V. Graham of Oxford University for notes on Westwood types;
to Dr. N. Kormilev, Buenos Aires, who made every effort to help
with information on the few remaining Berg types in the several
Argentine museums; to Dr. H. Ruckes, New York, N. Y., for notes
and sketches of his types in the American Museum of Natural History ;
and to Dr. R. I. Sailer who furnished information on the Uhler types
in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.

342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yor. 111

More than 12,000 specimens have been made available for study
from numerous institutional and private collections, as follows:
American Museum of Natural History by Dr. M. Cazier, Dr. H.
Ruckes, and Mrs. P. Vaurie; British Museum (Natural History)
by Dr. W. E. China; California Academy of Sciences by Drs. E. S.
Ross, H. B. Leech and J. W. Green; Carnegie Museum by Dr. G.
Wallace; Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile, by
Dr. D. S. Bullock; Direccién General de Agricultura, Mexico City,
by Dr. F. Bonet; Eastern Illinois State College, Charleston, Il., by
Dr. G. Riegel; Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Il., by Dr.
H. H. Ross; Instituto de Ecologia e Experimentagéo Agricolas, Rio
de Janeiro, by Dr. D. Mendes; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa,
by Drs. H. M. Harris and J. L. Laffoon; Los Angeles County Museum,
Los Angeles, Calif., by Dr. F. Truxal; University of Michigan Museum
of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich., by Drs. T. Hubbell and R. F. Hussey;
Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, by Dr. B. A. Torres;
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., by Dr. J.
Bequaert; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, by Dr. M. Beier;
Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg., by Dr. V. D. Roth; San
Diego Museum, San Diego, Calif., by Mr. J. D. Lattin; Universidad
Nacional de Tucumén, Tucuman, Argentina, by Dr. K. J. Hayward;
University of California, Berkeley, Calif., by Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr.,
and Mr. J. D. Lattin, and from the Division of Entomology and
Parasitology of the same institution, Davis, Calif., by Dr. A. T.
McClay; University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans., by Dr. R. H.
Beamer; University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., by Dr. M. E.
Smith; U.S. National Museum, by Drs. R. I. Sailer and H. G. Barber;
and Washington State College, Pullman, Wash., by Dr. M. T. James.
The following individuals lent their private collections for study:
Dr. F. Bonet, Mexico City; Dr. D. S. Bullock, Angola, Chile; Dr.
J. M. Capriles, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico; Dr. J. C. M. Carvalho, Rio
de Janeiro; Dr. H. M. Harris, Ames, Iowa; Dr. R. F. Hussey, Gaines-
ville, Fla.; Mr. J. D. Lattin, Berkeley, Calif., Mr. J. C. Lutz, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; Dr. D. Pelaez, Mexico City; Dr. J. A. Slater, Storrs,
Conn.; and Dr. R. L. Usinger, Berkeley, Calif. To all these individuals
and the institutions mentioned, the author expresses sincere appre-
ciation.

Real help in the pursuit of this project also came in other forms
from certain colleagues on the staff at Iowa State College, the scene
of this research. Dr. H. H. Knight has been especially generous of
his time in discussing many of the problems that have arisen and in
giving valued opinions on them; in addition, he has opened his
unusually complete and valuable library of older volumes for unre-
stricted use. I also appreciate the help received from Drs. H. M.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 343

Harris, J. L. Laffoon, J. A. Slater, P. F. Bonhag, and J.C. M. Carvalho
for various aids, including discussions, opinions, testing of keys, and
the loan of literature.

The illustrations are the artistic contributions of my wife, Elsie
Herbold Froeschner. The first four plates, those of the full figures,
were done in a carbon-dust technique in which carbon dust was
applied with a dry brush to a paper with a special chalked surface.
I am sincerely grateful for these beautiful illustrations, and also for
her aid in many ways.

I gratefully acknowledge important financial help toward completion
of this manuscript for publication that was furnished by the Research
Foundation at Montana State College through Dr. Leon Johnson.

Review of the Literature

The written history of this group began in 1803 with Fabricius’
description of the genus Cydnus, despite the fact that some of the
species had been described previously by Fabricius and Linnaeus in
the latter’s inclusive genus Cimer. Cydnus originally contained
15 species, of which several (including the American species lugens
and umbraculatus) have subsequently been shown to be noncydnids.
In 1820 Billberg gave the first suprageneric recognition of the group
when he referred to it as the “Cydnides.” This event has generally
been conceded to mark the historical beginning of the family name.

The subsequent literature was mostly of a descriptive or listing
nature with few efforts at revisionary or synoptic work. Of the
latter, the important ones for cydnid studies in the Western Hemis-
phere began with Amyot and Serville’s (1843) foundation for the
modern systematics of hemipterology in their “Histoire Naturelle
des Insectes, Hémiptéres.”” The work appears quite sound in assem-
bling and presenting a table to the known genera (eight of them new)
of the world. The genera, which in definition and extent seem quite
modern, were further arranged into two “Groupes” or subfamilies,
the “Cydnides” and the ‘“Sehirides.’’ The soundness of these two
categories is confirmed by their almost universal use by subsequent
authors. The next important works with a world scope were the
catalogs of Dallas (1851) and Walker (1867, 1868%). Except for
Dallas’ table to the known genera, both of these works were enumera-
tions with descriptions of new forms.

During this latter period, 1851-1867, exclusively American studies
began to appear. These started with Stal’s studies, one on the
Brazilian forms (1860) and one on the Mexican forms (1862). These

2In this paper Walker described asa Cydnidae the new genus and species Mentisa smaragdina from
Brazil. Dr. China, after examination of the type in the British Museum, reported that it did not belong
to the Cydnidae but was a Pentatomidae in the restricted sense.

344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

studies contained several new genera and species but nothing of a
synoptic nature. In 1875 Uhler began a series of contributions that
proposed new genera and species in that year and the next, and
eventually, in 1877, led to a monograph on the Cydnidae known to
occur in North America. Uhler’s works, which first introduced the
use of the important osteolar structures, appear to have been inclusive
and careful studies and they do not exhibit excessive generic splitting
as certain later authors seem to have believed. Shortly after Uhler’s
monograph, Carlos Berg (1879, 1884, 1891) published some im-
portant studies on Argentine and Brazilian forms. Unfortunately,
even though Berg was corresponding with Stal, his identifications
were not reliably accurate and his descriptions were not diagnostic.
In 1880 the first volume on the Rhynchota in the now-famous Biologia
Centrali-Americana appeared. The list of cydnids known from the
included territory, including descriptions of new forms, was by
Distant. No keys were given in the cydnid section and the colored
illustrations offer little help in identifying the species.

Returning again to publications with a world-wide scope, one
finds a list of known species in StAl’s (1876) ‘“Enumeratio.” In 1879
Signoret began a series of cydnid studies that eventually culminated
in a “Revision” that appeared in a series of papers from 1881 to 1884.
This revision, the only attempt to include all the forms of the world
in a single such study, contained a key to genera, descriptions of genera
and species, and 228 attractively executed illustrations. Unfortun-
ately, the fine appearance of the paper is misleading when an attempt
is made to use it. There are several serious errors in the key, the
descriptions and illustrations are often inaccurate, and certain earlier
species are omitted. In addition, the generic conclusions presented
there are not supported by the present study, particularly those which
led Signoret to synonymize many of Uhler’s genera and to create a
number of monobasic genera. The “Catalogue Général des Hémip-
téres” by Lethierry and Severin (1893) was the last major catalog ‘ of
the species for the world.

Since the turn of the century several papers have presented keys
to permit identification of cydnids from one or more countries within
the scope of the present paper. They were Barber and Bruner’s
(1932) Cuban study, Barber’s (1939) report on most of the Hemiptera
of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and Torre Bueno’s (1939)

4 Kirkaldy’s second part of his general catalog of the Hemiptera had been completed in manuscript and
was partially in galley proof at the time of his death. Unfortunately, this second part of the catalog was
never brought to publication. Instead, the manuscript and partial galley proof were eventually deposited
in the U.S. National Museum. Through the very generous cooperation of Dr. Reece Sailer of that institu-
tion, the manuscript and galley proof were entrusted to me during these studies. They have been of inesti-
mable value. Some consideration was given to the possibility of bringing Kirkaldy’s catalog to publication,
but the great number of changes in generic assignment of species necessitated by redefinitions of genera
prevents any such move until I complete studies on the genera of the world.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 345

“Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mex-
ico.” The first two of these appear to be too fragmentary to be of
much use, even in the territory for which they were designed; and the
latter obviously was taken directly from the literature, thus offering no
real innovations except to introduce anewerror. The first checklist of
North American Cydnidae was contributed by Uhler (1886). Van
Duzee (1904), Banks (1910), and Van Duzee (1916, 1917) followed
with their catalogs for the same general territory. For the tropical
part of the hemisphere there have appeared only two checklists that
have attempted to review much material in this group and, conse-
quently, were able to list more than a few species. One of these lists
was by Pennington (1920) for Argentina and the other by Wolcott
(1948) for Puerto Rico.

In the above-mentioned studies and in certain other less extensive
but surely no less important papers, there have been proposed 164
species of the Western Hemisphere; these have involved 36 generic
names in the systematics of the Cydnidae of the New World. As
might be expected, many of the specific names are Just synonyms
of the commoner species of the area. This compares with the present
study in which 141 species are treated in 15 genera.

Taxonomic Morphology

The family Cydnidae comprises a superficially monotonous group
of spinose, usually unicolorous, similar forms. This is even more
descriptive of the species of the Western Hemisphere than of those
of the Eastern Hemisphere where several show interesting color
patterns. But this similarity is more apparent than real. There are
numerous, easily used characters that permit the arrangement of
most of the species into clear-cut, often readily recognized groups.

A brief summary of the morphology of the Cydnidae with emphasis
on those features used more commonly in this study will aid in inter-
preting the following classification and descriptions (see figs. 17, 18
for general illustrations of the gross anatomy). The characters most
employed in the taxonomy of the Cydnidae are derived from the vesti-
ture (including the punctures from which the hairs arise), the osteolar
structures, the venation of the posterior wings, the modifications of
structural shapes and relative lengths of body parts, the surface
sculpture, and the genitalia.

The head presents several features for use in generic definition.
The number of antennal segments may be four or five, with the second
sometimes very short (fig. 65) and usually with small, very narrow,
weakly sclerotized “ring segments” (not to be counted) between seg-
ments III and IV and between IV and V. The labium is always of
four segments, of variable length, simple or with a semicircular

346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vom. 111

foliaceous lobe on segment II. The head bears two types of vestitures.
The first type is the primary setae, which arise from a series of punc-
tures and appear to be a constant and basic feature of nearly all species
except those in Sehirus. There are usually three primary setae present,
one on the apical half of each jugum, one anterior to the inner half
of each eye, and one in the lateral angle of the preocular part of the
head (fig. 43), or there may be more present as in Amnestus, which
has four (fig. 59), or fewer as in Hetinopus, which has two (fig. 66),
or there may be none, as in Sehirus. The secondary type of vestiture
shows considerable generic and specific variation and consists of a
variable row of setigerous punctures that may extend from the eye
to the apex of the head where the tip of the clypeus is involved, or
the row may be partial or reduced to a single setigerous puncture
anterior to the eye. This single puncture is, in reality, the lateral
primary puncture, but because it is usually incorporated in the row
of secondary submarginal setigerous punctures, it may be discussed
more clearly asa member of that series. The setae that arise from these
submarginal punctures may be long, slender, and hairlike, referred to
here as “‘hairs,”’ or they may be short, stout, and blunt, referred to as
‘“‘pegs’’; interpretation of these types of submarginal setae is difficult
because the burrowing habits of the insects may cause the hairs to be
broken off near the base and the remaining part will be short and blunt,
suggesting the pegs. The absence or presence of ocelli in American
Cydnidae appears to be a specific feature, as does the location of the
ocelli in relation to the eyes, the surface sculpture, the length of the
antennal and labial segments, the relative lengths of the juga and
clypeus, and the development of the bucculae.

The features offered by the prothorax, except for the presence or
absence of a sharply impressed, subapical line paralleling the anterior
margin from side to side, appear to be chiefly of specific value. In
several genera certain species show a sexual dimorphism in that the
lateral margins of the male pronotum are noticeably constricted,
while those of the female are entire. Although such a feature might
be conspicuous, it is extremely variable within the group, and often
within one species; because this feature appears of questionable
survival value and surely of no phylogenetic significance, it should
not be accorded more than specific importance. Most species other
than those of the genus Sehirus present a lateral, submarginal row of
setigerous punctures. The arrangement and number of these setiger-
ous punctures furnish good specific features. The pronotal surface
is divided into an anterior and posterior lobe by a more or less distinct
transverse impression near or behind the middle. The anterior lobe
is often modified in the males; it may be tumid and/or variously
impressed medially near the apex. The posterior lobe shows a

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 347

somewhat nodular prominence, or umbone, near each lateral margin
and a differing surface sculpture. Anteriorly, on either side of the
midline of the prosternum, there may be present a longitudinal
ridge—the prosternal carinae.

The dorsal surfaces of the mesothorax and metathorax, except for
the scutellum of the latter, are usually hidden from view and so have
been little used for taxonomic characters. In all species except
those of Amnestus the scutellum is typically pentatomoid in that it
is very large and surpasses the apices of the clavi, preventing the
latter from coming together to form a claval commissure. Therefore,
it is quite surprising to find that in Amnestus the scutellum is very
short, permitting the clavi to reach beyond its apex and form a claval
commissure. The scutellum itself varies in ratio of length to basal
width and in having the apex narrowed (fig. 79) or not (fig. 80).
The subapical width of the scutellum at the level of the claval apices
is often a useful measurement when compared with the width of the
membranal suture, the line of union between the apex of the corium,
and the base of the membrane. The ventral aspects of the mesothorax
and metathorax furnish a number of characters of generic, subgeneric,
and specific importance. In the present paper the area laterad
of the coxal insertions is referred to as the pleuron, that between
the coxal insertions as the sternum. A dull, finely roughened evap-
oratorium may be present or absent on the pleurae of one or both
segments; its occurrence plus its extent may be of varying value
depending on the species under consideration. The punctation in
the polished area laterad of the evaporatorium, referred to as “lateral
area,” may be of specific value. The metapleuron bears the external
opening of the scent gland, usually referred to as the osteole. The
osteole occurs in a cuticular modification referred to here as the peri-
treme. The peritreme consists of a pair of close-set transverse ridges
which may or may not be in contact along their summits; the anterior
ridge is usually more strongly developed and frequently modified
beyond the osteolar opening. When present, this apical modification
furnishes good characters for definition of genera. The osteolar
opening may be situated ventrally on the peritreme, or posteriorly
where it is concealed by a projecting ledge. In Amnestus the middle
carina of the mesosternum and metasternum is strongly elevated,
separating the coxal cavities.

The basal thickened part of the anterior wing is divided into three
main areas—the clavus next to the scutellum, the triangular discal
area or mesocorium between the clavus and the radial vein, and the
narrow exocorium between the radial vein and the costa. The dis-
tinctness, relative sizes, and punctation of these areas plus the pres-
ence or absence of a variable number of setigerous punctures on the

348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yOu. 111

costa furnish very useful specific characters. The venation of the
posterior wing, especially in the anterior part, has yielded some
valuable features for defining subfamilies. The veins of the meta-
thoracic wings are somewhat confusing due to fusions and the presence
of only incomplete segments of others. This has led to a difference
in terminology concerning them. The conclusions presented by
Malouf (1932) for the pentatomid Nezara viridula appear applicable
and are used here (fig. 167). The anteriormost vein, Sc+R, is
distinctly sclerotized from base to a subapical fracture, beyond which
it is much weaker. Apically Se+-R and M are connected either by
a crossvein, r-m, or by running together. In some cases, M sends
an oblique spur or hamus into the radial cell near its midlength.

The legs furnish many characters in the shape of parts and the
number and arrangement of the spines. Special modifications are
very usable features—the anterior tarsal insertions at or proximad
of the tibial apex, the diameter of tarsal II in relation to I and ITI,
the shape of the tibiae (expecially the posterior ones), the presence
or absence of ventral armature on the femora, and others.

The dorsum of the abdomen has not yet been extensively explored
for characters but does appear to present some. The sternites,
however, furnish a number of very important characters for use
at all levels within the family. There are always seven pregenital
sternites, but the entire first sternite and the anterior part of the
second, including the spiracle of the latter, are membranous, insep-
arable, and usually concealed from view. The complete sternites
on which spiracles are visible are III to VII. In the male, sternite
VIII also bears a spiracle but is telescoped into the apex of the abdo-
men. The male genital capsule in Hemiptera has been shown by
Bonhag and Wick (1953) to be composed ventrally and laterally
of the fused gonocoxopodites and dorsally of the last three abdominal
segments, IX, X, and XI. These authors further point out that
the structures commonly referred to as the parameres are actually
the gonostyli or claspers. By definition the paramere is a lateral
appendage of the phallobase, not of the gonocoxopodite. As yet,
I have not explored the phallic structures for taxonomic worth in
the Cydnidae, but there is no reason to believe that they will prove
to have any less value here than has been demonstrated for other
pentatomoids by Leston (1952) and other workers. As shown by
Bonhag and Wick (loc. cit.) for the banded milkweed bug, Oncopeltus
fasciatus, abdominal segment VIII of the female is visible dorsally
as a dorsal plate flanked by a pair of laterotergites that bear one
spiracle apiece. Since the pentatomoids apparently do not possess
an ovipositor, the homologizing of the female terminalia with those
of the lygaeid Oncopeltus is not reliable without a more intensive

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 349

study than could be undertaken at the present time. Laterally in
the spiracular area of sternites III to VII there occurs a pair of
sensory hairs or trichobothria. Just what it is that the hairs “‘sense”’
appears controversial. When Hansen (1917, p. 258) reviewed and
discussed the subject of external sensory hairs he concluded, ‘‘But
I think I have shown with tolerable certainty that the trichobothria
in terrestrial Arthropods are scarcely auditory organs but tactile
hairs of special structure.” Tullgren’s (1918) study of the tricho-
bothria on Hemiptera contained illustrations of them and resulted
in some interesting speculations on their role in the higher classi-
fication within the order. His conclusions on the Cydnidae were
based on an unfortunate choice of two genera of the subfamily
Sehirinae; all members of that subfamily agree with the Pentatomidae
proper in having two trichobothria arranged in a transverse row
behind each spiracle. If he had chosen genera of any other subfamily
he would have realized that other patterns also existed in the family.
In fact, the present study recognizes four additional arrangements,
making it possible to establish five subfamilies on the basis of the
trichobothrial arrangements in both the nymphs and the adults.
These categories can be supported by additional features derived
from other parts of the body. for further information on such use
of the trichobothria the reader is referred to the discussion under
the family heading.

Measurements were taken in a standard manner. Width and
length of head, transverse ocellar width, and size of space separating
eye and ocellus were taken from a dorsal view of the head which
placed the greatest expanse of outline at right angles to the line of
vision; the greatest length of antennal and labial segments was
taken from side view; the pronotum was held so that a plane through
the margins was at right angles to the viewer and the length was
measured along the midline and the width across the humeri; the
scutellum likewise was held at right angles to the line of visionand
the length was taken along the midline from the bottom of the basal
transverse impression to the apex, and the width was measured
basally with the lateral ends of the curved basal impression forming
the points of limit. The total length of the insect is that of the
body alone, the position of the membrane being too variable to give
a fixed point for measuring; but even the “length of body”’ is not as
accurate as might be desired because the position of the head often
varied from specimen to specimen, All measurements are given in
millimeters.

The term alutaceous does not appear to have common usage in
hemipterology but is very helpful in describing the surface micro-
sculpture of some of these insects. When a surface is alutaceous

350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yo. 111

it appears dulled due to the presence of numerous minute, inter-
secting cracks and wrinkles like those on the surface of human skin.

Family CYDNIDAE
Cydnides Billberg, 1820, p. 70.

Size small to large, 1.6-16.1, oblong to oval, dorsum subdepressed
to strongly convex, venter strongly convex.

Head: Quadrate to semicircular, more or less widened or explanate
laterally; antennae 4- or 5-segmented, inserted ventrally on head
near ventral angle of eye; ventral surface of eye attaining posterior
margin of head; labium 4-segmented, inserted near or beneath apex
of clypeus, surpassing base of head, sometimes reaching well onto
abdomen.

Thorax: Pronotum large, concealing mesonotum and metanotum
except for the usually very large, triangular or subtriangular scutellum ;
clavus and corium opaque, latter subtriangular, broadened at apex,
frenum reaching beyond middle of scutellum; membrane with veins
usually weak, simple or anastomosing; legs more or less strongly
spined on tibiae, especially anterior pair which are more or less
flattened and have single row of very stout, blunt spines on lateral
margin (except in Scaptocorinae); middle and posterior coxae with
apical fringe of close-set bristles (fig. 114); tarsus 3-segmented (absent
from posterior legs of Scaptocoris). For additional discussion of
family definition within the Pentatomoidea see the introduction.

Biological information concerning the Cydnidae is scattered and
mostly fragmentary. But from what has been published there may
be deduced a rather incomplete outline of the life cycle. Biologically
the Cydnidae may be considered in two groups. One group consists
of species like those of Sehirus (not necessarily all Sehirinae) in which
both the nymphal and adult stages feed on parts of plants that grow
above ground; in so doing they closely resemble the activities of the
great percentage of the Pentatomoidea. The second type, which is
apparently characteristic of species of all cydnid genera except
Sehirus, involves nymphal and adult feeding on roots and possibly
other underground parts of plants. This habit of underground
feeding has suggested for the family the popular name of ‘‘burrower
bugs.”

Although no life history of an American cydnid has appeared in
literature, the activities of Sehirus cinctus (Beauvois) probably can
be predicted somewhat from results published on certain European
members of the genus. Southwood (1949) and Southwood and Hine
(1950) have given a rather full account of Sehirus bicolor (Linnaeus)

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 351

in England and an abstract of their ‘‘Notes” may indicate what can
be expected of Sehirus cinctus in North America.

Adults hibernate under soil. In spring they become active, mate, and lay some
40 eggs in a cluster in the soil or under protective leaves or stones. The female
remains close above the ball of eggs, apparently ready to defend it. The incuba-
tion period varies from 18 to 24 days. The nymphs and adults usually remain
together for about 48 hours after hatching. They feed on the above-ground
parts of plants, chiefly those of the family Labiatae, with most nymphal feeding
apparently concentrated on the floral or fruiting parts of the plants. Adults of
bicolor also have been collected from plants other than Labiatae. Aboutseven weeks
are required to reach maturity. Since there is only one generation each year
the adults must live about nine months.

The life history of another European Sehirus, S. sexmaculatus
Rambur, was reported by Boselli (1932); except for minor details the
two life histories are very similar.

Scattered notes on life histories of cydnid genera other than Sehirus
indicate that they are chiefly root-feeders in nymphal and adult
stages. They apparently hibernate as adults and begin reproduction
in spring. Some forms have been reported (see Carvalho, 1952, p.
1) as feeding on roots “two meters below the surface of the soil”
where they were associated with root galls some 4 inches in diameter.
Such subterranean activities are an effective shield against observa-
tion, and unless some of these insects become of major economic
importance there is little likelihood that anyone will attempt to make
a detailed study of the life history of even one of them.

In the classification of the Cydnidae, the first subdivislon into supra-
generic segments appeared in Amyot and Serville (1843) where the
two “groupes” ‘“Cydnides” and “Sehirides” were established chiefly
on the shape of the anterior tibiae. ‘Cydnides” were described as
having the anterior tibia broader and flatter with strong spines on
the outer margin in all included genera except Scaptocoris; ‘“Sehirides,”’
in contrast, were said to have the anterior tibiae only slightly flattened
and to be without strong spines on the outer margin.

This division on the same characters was accepted by Stal (1864),
who latinized the names and added the narrow filiform shape of the
tarsus of the Cydnida and the more slender second tarsal segment of
Sehirida. This separation was used by Stal and subsequent authors
until Signoret (1881b) proposed that these two groups be separated
on the basis of the presence or absence of certain setigerous punctures
on the head and thorax. Signoret’s characterization kept most of
the genera in the same groups in which earlier workers had placed
them, but did require the shifting of Lobonotus Uhler to the Sehirides.
This shift is not supported by findings in the present study. These
two taxa have long been considered the primary categories in the

352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Cydnidae. No other suprageneric separation occurred until Hart
(1919) recognized the aberrant conditions exhibited by Ammnestus
and erected the tribe Amnestini for it.

In evaluating the characters mentioned above, one must conclude
that the expanded anterior tibia is undoubtedly an adaptive feature—
an adaptation to a burrowing habit—and, as such, probably does
not deserve consideration as a prime phylogenetic indicator, though
it may have value as a convenient key character. The presence of
setigerous punctures on the submargin of the head and thorax is
also probably adaptive in supplying tactile hairs for the burrowing
habit. The narrower second tarsal segment pointed out by Stal
(loc. cit.) probably could be construed as giving greater flexibility
of the tarsus for the plant-climbing habit of the members of the
genus Sehirus in which it occurs, while the other forms, which are
chiefly burrowers, would require the stout, more rigid tarsus for
efficient handling of the soil.

The present investigation to find more reliable phylogenetic indi-
cators resulted in the selection of certain features that have already
shown such value in other pentatomoids; namely, the arrangement
of the trichobothria on the heavily sclerotized sternites III to VII
(figs. 170-174) and the pattern of the venation of the posterior wing.
The arrangement of the trichobothria in both the nymphs and the
adults indicates five major groups of Cydnidae, as tabulated below:
la. Sternites III and IV without trichobothria, V to VII each with a single

trichobothrium posterior to the spiracle (fig. 173) . . . . Ammestinae
1b. Sternites III to VII each with two trichobothria.

2a. Trichobothria of sternites III to VII posterior to spiracles.

3a. Trichobothria arranged in transverse pairs (fig. 171) . . . Sehirinae

3b. Trichobothria arranged in longitudinal pairs (fig. 174) . Garsauriinae

2b. Ventralmost trichobothrium of anterior sternites (or all sternites) mesad
or anterior to spiracle.

4a. Sternites III to VII with one trichobothrium more anterior in position

than spiracle and one (not always strongly developed) posterior to

1b, (ig E70). vey vs . . . . . Seaptocorinae
4b. Trichobothria of seotnites nn atid i Sully also of VI both posterior
to'spiracle’ (fig! 172)" BR O20 A co ata) dt as aa vel me

The arrangement of the trichobothria on the several posterior seg-
ments in the Cydninae is contrary to the statement of McAtee and
Malloch (1931, p. 194) that Thyreocoridae and Cydnidae ‘‘with the
exception of the Sehirinae, have the trichobothria longitudinally
arranged often nearly in line with the spiracles.”” The present group-
ing of the Cydnidae into five subfamiles can be given additional
support from characters drawn from the venation of the posterior
wing, as explained below.

The earliest taxonomic use of the venation of the hindwing was
by Fieber (1861), who employed it in the first couplet in his key to

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 353

the European genera but did not establish any named categories

upon the results. Unfortunately, his choice involved the close ap-

proximation of the basal halves of the Sc+R and M, a feature

which apparently occurs with some irregularity in the Cydnidae so

that even otherwise closely allied genera may not agree in this char-

acter, though they may agree in it with more distantly related forms.

The results of the present study of venational features (figs. 165-169)

permit forming the following tabulation, which agrees with the results
obtained above from the trichobothria.

la. Sc+R recurved at apex to meet M (fig. 168) ... . . . . Amnestinae

16. Se+R straight, connected to M by a more or less strongly oblique cross vein.

2a. Cross vein r-m very strongly oblique so that M1+2 leaves radial cell

basad of fracture in Se+R (fig. 165) . . . . . . . . Seaptocorinae

2b. Cross vein r—m not so strongly oblique, M1-+2 leaving radial cell beyond

fracture in Sc+R.

3a. Vein M with a spur or lobe projecting into radial cell at its midlength.

4a. Three veins arising independently from apex of radial cell (fig. 169).

Garsauriinae

4b. Two of the three veins arising at antero-apical angle of radial cell,

third one from posteroapical angle (fig. 166) . . . Sehirinae

3b. Vein M without trace of spur or lobe projecting into radial cell (fig.
Ga) ate tt a ee ee. ee tle. ath «lx pec eydnimae

Thus, with evidence drawn from two nonadaptive characters of the
Cydnidae it is possible to establish five subfamilies. Unfortunately,
both of these features are somewhat difficult to use, either because
of their small size or the fact that they are normally hidden from
view. But asurvey of the other characters of these insects shows that
a much more usable key to the subfamilies can be based on certain
more conspicuous characters. Such a key to the subfamilies follows.

General key to the subfamilies of Cydnidae

1. Clavi meeting beyond short scutellum and forming a commissure almost as

long as scutellum (fig. 2) . ..... ... . . Amnestinae (p. 628)

Clavi not meeting beyond scutellum, not peace a claval commissure. . 2

2. Anterior tibia strongly cultrate, much produced beyond tarsal insertion so
that tarsus appears to arise at middle of tibial length (fig. 3).

Scaptocorinae (p. 365)

Anterior tibia not cultrate, tarsus arising at or very near apex of tibia. . 3

3. Pronotum with a lateral, submarginal row of setigerous punctures; tarsal I]
subequal in diameter toIT and III. ...... .. Cydninae (p. 377)
Pronotum without a lateral, submarginal row of setigerous punctures; tarsal

II distinctly narrower thanITandIII..... pe Tes

4, Antennal II as long as or longer than I; prondtam Snes fre. distinctly
impressed subapical groove. ... . .. . . Sehirinae (p. 354)

Antennal IT less than half as long as i: pronetie with fine, distinctly im-
pressed subapical groove paralleling ene margin (fig. 65).
Garsauriinae (p. 364)

501991—

354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Subfamily Sehirinae
Sehirides Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 96.

Diacnosis.—Either the arrangement of the two trichobothria of
sternites III-VII in a transverse row posterior to the spiracle (fig. 171)
or the venation of the metathoracic wing (fig. 166, shape of radial
cell and presence of a hamus) will define this group in the technical
sense. For greater ease of identification of the sole species of the
only genus that occurs in the Western Hemisphere, one may rely
on the narrow, creamy white lateral margins of the pronotum, corium,
and abdomen.°®

Description.—Head: Margins entire; antennae 5-segmented; labial
II simple.

Wings: Posterior wing (fig. 166) with r-m joining M distad of
fracture in Se+R; Se and R leaving radial cell at antero-apical
angle; radial cell receiving hamus from M.

Scutellum: Long, surpassing apices of clavi, latter not forming
commissure posterior to scutellar apex.

Thoracic pleurae: Posterior margins well developed; propleuron
with anterior and posterior convexities; mesopleuron with posterior
margin touching or overlapping anterior edge of metapleuron for
most or all of width; metapleuron with posterior margin reaching
base of abdomen across full width, completely covering internal
part of hind coxa.

Legs: Anterior tibia weakly compressed, with row of small blunt
spines on dorsal margin; tarsi inserted at apices of tibiae, with IT
more slender than I or III.

Sternites (fig. 171): Sutures nearly straight, not sinuate laterally;
Ill to VIL each with two trichobothria in transverse row behind
spiracle.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule opening dorsally.

Typr OF SUBFAMILY.—Genus Sehirus Amyot and Serville (1843,
p. 96).

Distripution.—Members of the Sehirinae have been reported
from all major faunal regions of the world except the Australian and
Neotropical. The range of the single New World species extends
southward from southern Canada into Mexico.

Discusston.—This subfamily, as defined here and in the key to
subfamilies, is now known to contain the two genera Legnotus Schidédte
(=Gnathoconus Fieber, vide China, 1943) and Sehirus Amyot and
Serville. Only Sehirws has been found in the Western Hemisphere.
A more detailed discussion of this genus is given below.

5 One other species in the New World has a creamy white costa, but it lacks the pale edges on the pronotum
and abdomen.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 355

Genus Sehirus Amyot and Serville

Sehirus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 96.
Tritomegas Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 98.
Canthophorus Mulsant and Rey, 1866, p. 344.
Adomerus Mulsant and Rey, 1866, p. 356.
Lalervis Signoret, 1881a, p. 656.

Pending the completion of the author’s studies of the Cydnidae
of the Eastern Hemisphere, the conclusions of China (1943) concerning
this genus are here accepted without question. The decision to do
this was a practical solution to a very complex problem which would
have involved review of a very extensive literature on a genus whose
main area of distribution is removed from the geographic region under
consideration.

Driaanosis.—Among the genera of the Western Hemisphere this
genus may be recognized by any of many features: i.e., weakly com-
pressed anterior tibia which is almost square in cross section; lack
of distinct prosternal carinae; creamy white lateral margins to prono-
tum, corium, and abdomen; the scimitar-shaped terminal process
of the osteolar peritreme; and others.

Description.—This description is based primarily on the New
World forms, but it is modified to encompass all Old World forms
available. The Eastern Hemisphere species at hand during this
study included bicolor Linnaeus, biguttatus Linnaeus, dubius Scopoli,
luctuosus Mulsant and Rey, sexmaculatus Rambur, and one unidenti-
fied Oriental species.

Size small to moderate; oval, widest behind middle; dorsum moder-
ately convex, venter more strongly so.

Head: Length usually more than three-fourths of width, eyes
projecting by half or more of their width; juga equal to or longer than
clypeus, sometimes convergent or contiguous beyond clypeus; surface
convex or concave, margins narrowly to broadly reflexed, closely
and coarsely punctured over most of surface; ocelli present, small,
situated on or behind a line connecting hind margin of eyes; antennae
5-segmented, I shortest, IV subequal to or shorter than V, each
longer than II and III, latter subequal to or longer than IL; bucculae
moderately to very high, nearly or quite reaching base of head,
evanescent or abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching
between middle of hind coxae, I shortest, II longest, III longer than
IV, II slightly compressed but without a foliaceous semicircular lobe.

Pronctum: Length not more than half of width, margin carinate,
sides convexly narrowed from base, without lateral submarginal
row of setigerous punctures; anterior margin slightly to moderately
deeply concave; transverse impression moderate to obsolete, marked

356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

by a wide band of distinct punctures; posterior margin broadly but
very weakly convex; all angles rounded.

Scutellum: Longer than broad, triangular, apex narrowed and
less than half of membranal suture; disk with numerous distinct
punctures over most of surface.

Hemelytra: Areas well defined, membranal suture straight, convex
or moderately bisinuate; cortum and clavus distinctly, closely, and
more or less uniformly punctured; costa thickened, impunctate,
inflexed part distinctly punctate; membrane less than half of hemely-
tral length, reaching or surpassing apex of abdomen, transparent and
weakly to strongly clouded with brown.

Propleuron: Usually punctured, sometimes tuberculate; prosternal
carinae very low or absent, anterior margin usually without expansions.

Mesopleuron (figs. 86, 87): Nearly flat, evaporative area restricted
to posterior two-thirds or less, often reaching side margin where it is
sometimes extended anteriorly; shining part punctured; mesosternum
distinctly carinate on midline.

Metapleuron (figs. 86, 87): Slightly convex; terminal lobe of peri-
treme elevated, strap-shaped or reniform, more or less shining, longer
than basal part; evaporative area either just surrounding osteolar
canal or more extensive, sometimes occupying mesal three-fourths
of segment; shining part variously punctured.

Legs: Moderately long, slender; anterior tibia (fig. 130) not sur-
passing tarsal insertion, weakly compressed, dorsal margin with
eight to eleven stout spines; middle and posterior legs (fig. 138)
terete; tarsal IIT shortest, I longest.

Sternites: Moderately convex, punctured, more coarsely and
closely so laterally; posterior margin of sternites finely denticulate
or crenulate.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule opening dorsally, apical rim
entire or broadly and shallowly emarginate.

TYPE OF GENUS.—Cimex morio Linnaeus (1761), subsequently
designated by Reuter (1888) ; the several names listed in the synonymy
above are accepted on the authority of China (1943).

DistrisuTion.—The widest range occupied by any genus of
Cydnidae belongs to Sehirus. It has been reported, apparently
correctly so, from nearly all major faunal regions. The distribution
of the genus within the New World was indicated by specimens as
extending from coast to coast across southern Canada and thence
south to Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California, and into southern
Mexico.

Discussion.—In spite of extensive literature to the contrary, the
present study found this genus to be the only truly Old World genus

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 357

to have extended its range into this hemisphere, where it is represented
by the single species treated below.

In habits the members of this genus are quite different from other
cydnids. The species of Sehirus are not burrowers and root-feeders,
the common trait that suggested the popular name of ‘‘burrower
bugs” for these insects. Instead, nymphs as well as adults of Sehirus
feed on plant parts above the ground. This has exposed their
activities to observation and enabled students to report more ecological
data for them. Although the life history of the single New World
species has not been worked out, the reported fragments of it agree
well with the biological studies on European species by Boselli (1932),
Southwood (1949) and Southwood and Hine (1950). A generalized
life cycle has been extracted from the latter paper and incorporated
in the family discussion (p. 351) of the present study.

Sehirus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois)
PLATE FIGURES 19, 86, 130, 1388, 188
Pentatoma cincta Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, p. 114, pl. 8, fig. 7.

Driacnosis.—This is the only species of the genus known to occur
in the Western Hemisphere. The narrow, creamy white margins
of pronotum, corium, and abdomen suggested as a ready means of
identification of the genus in the New World will serve also to deter-
mine this species.

Description.—Color: Brownish black, black, or bluish black, coria
usually slightly lighter, narrow side margins of pronotum, costae,
edges of sternite II to V, edge of subgenital plate of male, last tergite
of female, and elongate dash on dorsal face of each tibia creamy
white; antennal IJ, rostrum, and tarsi yellowish brown.

Mate: Oval, broader to posterior of midlength.

Head: Longer than wide; juga reaching or surpassing apex of
clypeus, latter slightly narrowed toward apex; margins of juga
variously reflexed; surface, except vertex, with numerous close-set,
coarse punctures, these more or less confluent into radiating lines
toward margins of head; juga ventrally polished, impunctate;
maxillary plate distinctly punctured; antennal and labial lengths as
given in subspecies descriptions; bucculae reaching nearly to base
of head, evanescent posteriorly.

Pronotum: Length less than half of width; transverse impression
weak to moderately impressed, marked by a broad band of numerous,
distinct punctures continuing finer and sparser over posterior lobe;
anterior lobe distinctly and abundantly punctured except on calli;
both lobes with minute punctures interspersed between coarser ones.

Scutellum: Longer than wide; surface mostly punctured, more
finely so at apex.

358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium with numerous, intermixed moder-
ate and minute punctures, the coarser ones arranged in two rows
on each side of claval suture; membranal suture straight, slightly
recurved laterally; membrane slightly surpassing apex of abdomen,
length little greater than basal width.

Propleuron: Punctured; prosternal carinae obsolete.

Mesopleuron (fig. 86): Evaporatorium confined to narrow posterior
margin, narrowing laterally, evanescent just before reaching lateral
margin of segment; remainder polished, distinctly punctured.

Metapleuron (fig. 86): Osteolar opening ventrally at base of canal
between middle and posterior acetabula; evaporatorium just out-
lining canal; remainder polished, with impressed punctures.

Sternites: Shining, becoming closer and more coarsely punctured
laterally; without setigerous tubercles laterad of spiracles.

Terminalia: Subgenital segment distinctly flared marginally, apex
entire; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 188).

Frmaue: Very similar to male, measurements averaging larger
(see subspecies descriptions below).

Type pata.—Location of type unknown to author. The type
locality given by Palisot de Beauvois, “A Agathon, royaume de
Benin” in Africa, was apparently in error because Stal (1864) wrote,
after examining the type specimen, that the specimen was the com-
mon American species described by Say as Cydnus ligatus.

Discussion.—The species is known to occur across the southern
provinces of Canada from Newfoundland to Alberta, throughout the
United States from Maine to Florida and west to California, and in
Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The extensive range brings
the insect into many types of territories, so it is not surprising to find
that some apparent subspeciation is evident. The material studied
could be easily divided into three groups on the basis of color and cer-
tain intergrading morphological features. One form is northern,
occurring across southern Canada and the northern United States; the
second occupies most of the United States and Mexico; while the third
apparently is restricted to a limited area in the central and eastern
part of Texas. With a few specimens at the beginning of this study
the conclusions reached were decided and clear cut; the three forms
appeared sufficiently distinct to warrant being considered full species.
But as additional specimens filled in the geographic gaps they also
began bridging the morphological gaps so that conclusions concerning
the three required revision downward. The subsequent specimens
fitted well into the pattern established by the earlier findings but did
indicate overlapping of certain structural features that had been
considered of specific value.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 359

The features which show geographic significance are the head, the
corial pattern, and the punctures of the sternites. The head shows
a progressive shortening in the three forms from the longest condition
in the northern one to the shortest in the southwestern form. The
northern form has the anteocular length distinctly more than half
the anteocular width, 55 (52-57) percent as compared to a comparable
ratio of 45 (41-47) percent in the southwestern form. The gap be-
tween these figures is bridged by the common southern form, 49
(40-55) percent. In the northern form the obliquely and very strongly
elevated jugal margins are higher than the level of the head (fig. 19),
which is in contrast to the condition in the other two forms where
the juga are much less elevated and are Jower than the dorsum of the
head. In addition, the dorsum of the head of the southern and south-
western forms are closely punctured to the margins, while in the north-
ern form a broad, marginal band is virtually impunctate.

The corium of the northern and southwestern forms have, in addi-
tion to the narrow pale costal margin, a prominent, angulated, creamy
white mark at the tip of the radial vein. The southwestern form
usually also shows a small, rather inconspicuous, premedian whitish
spot on the corium. The southern form lacks these additional pale
maculations.

In a series of specimens the southern form appears to have the
lateral punctures of the sternites weaker and sparser than the same
punctures of the other forms. This character, however, is difficult
to evaluate and put into words, so no further use will be made of it
in this study.

Key to the subspecies of Sehirus cinctus

1. Jugal margins (in profile) elevated above dorsum of head (fig. 19); corium
with angled whitish mark at apex of radial vein . albonotatus Dallas (p. 359)
Jugal margins (in profile) lower than dorsum of head; corium with or without
whitish mark at apex of radial vein. . . . . 2... ee ee ee ee 2
2. Corium with a prominent, angled, whitish mark at apex of radial vein and

usually also an inconspicuous premedian pale dot.
texensis, new subspecies (p. 363)

Corium with no pale markings as described above.

cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois) (p. 361)

Sehirus cinctus albonotatus Dallas, new status
PLATE FIGURES 1, 19

Sehirus albonotatus Dallas, 1851, p. 127.

Canthophorus cinctus Stal, 1876, p. 22 (part).—Signoret, 1884, p. 60 (part).

Sehirus cinctus Uhler, 1877, p. 297 (part).—Distant, 1880, p. 9 (part).—Lethierry
and Severin, 1893, p. 79 (part).—Van Duzee, 1904, p. 26 (part); 1917, p. 24
(part).—Banks, 1910, p. 101 (part).—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 184 (part).

D1acnosts.—The presence of the angled whitish mark at the apex

360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yor. 111

of the radial vein plus the elongate head will separate this subspecies
from the other two.

DeEscripTION.—MaALE:

Head: Wider than long, 1.35(1.23-1.40) :1.04(0.96-1.10) ; anteocular
length slightly more than half of anteocular width, 0.52(0.46—0.54) :
0.87 (0.83-0.96) ; juga very widely reflexed (fig. 19), margins thickened,
virtually impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.29(0.29-0.30); II,
0.48(0.38-0.53); ILI, 0.69(0.60-0.80); IV, 0.85(0.70-0.96); V, 0.98
(0.90-1.06). Labial segments: I, 0.39(0.36-0.42) ; II, 0.67(0.63-0.70) ;
III, 0.62(0.56—-0.66); 1V, 0.43(0.40—-0.46).

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 2.85(2.55—3.00) :1.28
(1.17-1.36).

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.14(1.95-2.21) :1.81(1.56-1.89).

Length of body: 5.42(4.72-5.70).

Frema.e: Similar to male but somewhat larger and stouter.

Head: Wider than long, 1.42(1.33-1.51) : 1.14(1.10-1.23); anteoc-
ular length more than half of anteocular width, 0.55(0.50-0.60) :
1.00(0.96-1.06). Antennal segments: I, 0.29(0.26—-0.33) ; IT, 0.50(0.48-
0.53); III, 0.63(0.60—0.70); IV, 0.82(0.76-0.88); V, 0.96(0.88-
1.03). Labial segments: I, 0.39(0.36—-0.43) ; II, 0.72(0.70-0.76) ; III,
0.65(0.53-0.70); IV, 0.50(0.47-0.53).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 3.23(2.93-3.52) : 1.50(1.43-1.56).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.50(2.21—-2.66) : 2.05(1.82—2.28).

Length of body: 6.13(5.70-6.45).

Type pATa.—Two records were given in Dallas’ original descrip-
tion, “St. John’s Bluff, E. Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday,
Esq.” and “N. America. From Lieut. Redman’s collection.” Per-
sonal study of the Dallas material (BrM) found only the Florida
specimen to be present. As one would expect from the locality, this
specimen lacks the apical pale spot on the corium and is S. cinctus
cinctus. So, in order not to violate Dallas’ obvious intent to have this
taxon represent a spotted form (both in the description and the name
albonotatus), it becomes necessary to assume that the missing specimen
had the spot and to designate it as the lectotype.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—82 males, 81 females.

CaNnabDA: Alberta: Peace River. Manitoba: Cedar Lake, Deepdale; July—
August. Newfoundland: Nicholsville; July. Ontario: Port Sidney; July. Quebec:
Granby, Mattapedia; July-August.

Unirep States: California: Meadow Valley (Plumas Co.); June. Colorado:
Boulder. Jllinois: Algonquin, Waukon; June-August. Jowa: Ames, Boone,
Eldora, Little Rock; June-August. Maine: Bar Harbor, Eastport, Kingfield,
Lovell, Monmouth, Orono, Weld, Westport; April-September. Massachusetts:
Boston, Humarock, Salem; July. Michigan: Cheboygan Co., Chippewa Co.,
Douglas Lake, Emmet Co.; May-August. Minnesota: Pequot Lakes, Traverse
Co.; September. Montana: Gallatin Co.; May. New Hampshire: Bretton Woods,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 361

Franconia, Glen, Mount Washington, Randolph; June-August. New York:
Buffalo, Catskills, Colden, Cranberry Lake, Greene Co., Hamburg, Keene Valley,
Murray Bay, New York, North Elba, Paradox, Westport; June-September.
North Dakota: Fargo, Mankinsen; July-September. Pennsylvania: Germania;
July. Vermont: Grand Isle, Jay; July. Wisconsin: Belle Plain, Winnebago Co.;
July. Wyoming: Gurney; July.

Discusston.—This subspieces ranges across the provinces of south-
ern Canada from Newfoundland to Alberta and in the northern United
States as far south as New York, Michigan, northern I[linois, central
Iowa, Wyoming, and northern California. Thissouthern limit of range
roughly approximates north latitude 41°.

The reported habits of this subspecies differ in no important respects
from the life histories that have been worked out for European species.
The present form hibernates as an adult (Parshley, 1923), feeds on
labiate plants in the young stages (Van Duzee, 1905), and, as imago,
has a variety of feeding tastes, adults having been reported from vari-
ous plants, especially Scrophulariaceae (Provancher, 1886), from wild
raspberries (Parshley, 1923) and from Compositae, Cyperaceae, and
Graminae (Hendrickson, 1930). It appears to be adaptive to a
variety of habitats, as indicated above, and by reports that it has also
been taken under boreal conditions on the summit of Mount Greylock
at some 3,500 feet elevation (Parshley, 1920). One report (Torre
Bueno, 1915) said that even this species has the ability to burrow
‘Gnto the sand for shelter.”

Sehirus cinctus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois)
PLATE FIGURES 86, 130, 138, 188

Pentatoma cincta Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, p. 114, pl. 8, fig. 7.

Cydnus ligatus Say, 1831, p. 10.

Sehirus cinctus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 97.—Sta&l, 1864, p. 29 (corrects type
locality to America).—Walker, 1867, p. 169 (uses erroneous African type
locality).—Uhler, 1876, p. 281 (part).—Distant, 1880, p. 9 (part).—Lethierry
and Severin, 1893, p. 79 (part).—Van Duzee, 1904, p. 26 (part); 1917, vol.
2, p. 24 (part).—Banks, 1910, p. 101 (part).—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 184 (part).

Canthophorus cinctus Stal, 1876, p. 22 (part).— Signoret, 1884, p. 60 (part).

Diacnosis.—The lack of pale spots on the corium appears suffi-
ciently diagnostic for the recognition of this subspecies.

Derscription.—MaAtp:

Head: Wider than long, 1.12(1.03-1.20) :0.88(0.80—0.93) ; anteocular
length averaging just about half (49 percent) of anteocular width,
0.36 (0.33—-0.40) :0.73(0.68-0.76); juga narrowly reflexed, margins
acute, punctured nearly or quite to edge. Antennal segments:
I, 0.22(0.20-0.23); II, 0.38(0.36-0.40); III, 0.47(0.43-0.53); IV,
0.65(0.63-0.71); V, 0.84(0.80-0.93). Labial segments: I, 0.33(0.30—
0.36); II, 0.57(0.54-0.60); III, 0.57(0.53-0.60); IV, 0.40(0.40-0.40).

362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 2.45(2.21—2.60):1.13
(0.97-1.17).

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.82(1.52-1.95) :1.48(1.30-1.60).

Length of body: 4.55(4.05-4.80).

FremMALn.—Similar to male, averaging somewhat larger and stouter.

Head: Wider than long, 1.19(1.13-1.30):0.86(0.80—-0.96); ante-
ocular length averaging about half (49 percent) anteocular width,
0.41(0.40—0.43) :0.83(0.76-1.00). Antennal segments: I, 0.23(0.23—
0.26); IT, 0.40(0.36-0.44); III, 0.50(0.46-0.60); IV, 0.67(0.60-0.80) ;
V, 0.87(0.83-0.98). Labial segments: I, 0.34(0.33-0.36); II, 0.59
(0.54-0.66); LII, 0.61(0.60-0.66); IV, 0.43 (0.40.0.50).

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 2.71(2.34-3.13):1.23
(1.04-1.36).

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.14(1.89-2.47) :1.72(1.49-2.02).

Length of body: 5.23(4.65-5.92).

Type pATA.—Location unknown to the author. Palisot de Beau-
vois originally gave the type locality as “A Agathon, royaume de
Benin” in Africa. Stal (1864), after examining the type, wrote that
the African locality was in error because this was the common Ameri-
can species described by Say as Cydnus ligatus. All authors except
Walker (1867) have recognized and accepted Stal’s correction. The
type locality given in Say’s original description was ‘United States.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED—35 males, 58 females.

Unirep Starrs: Alabama: Coatopa, Gadsden; May-July. District of Colum-
bia: April-June. Florida: Key Largo, Monticello, Tallulah; January, March,
July. Georgia: Peach Co.; May. Jowa: Ames, Clarinda, Farragut, Gilbert,
Iowa City, Muscatine, Shenandoah; March-August. Illinois: Algonquin,
Belvidere, Cairo, Chicago, East Cape Girardeau, Glen Carbon, Havana, Peoria,
Urbana; April-September. Kansas: Cowley Co., Douglas Co., Lawrence,
Marion Co., Miami Co.; June-October. Kentucky: Henderson Co., Mason Co.;
June-September. Louisiana: Baton Rouge; April-June. Maryland: Baltimore.
Massachusetts: Boston. Michigan: Ann Arbor, Detroit, Livingston Co., Monroe
Co., Oakland Co., Washtenaw Co.; May—August. Mississippi: State College;
June-August. Missouri: Aldrich, Barry Co., Glencoe, Hayti, Kansas City,
Kinsey, Platte City, St. Louis, Sarcoxie, Wyatt; May—August. Nebraska: Grand
Island; July. New Mexico: Ruidoso; June. New York: Geneva, Ithaca,
Onandago Co., White Plains; April-June. North Carolina: Black Mts., Raleigh;
March-July. Oklahoma: Quinton; June. Ohio: Columbus; April, August.
Pennsylvania: Jeanette, Philadelphia. South Carolina: Clemson; August. Ten-
nessee: Clarksville, Knoxville, Lawrenceburg; April-August. Tezas: Alpine,
Austin, Brownsville, Cisco, College Station, Cowley, Crosby, Dallas, Kerrville,
Lonview, Palm Grove, San Antonio, Sanderson, San Jacinto; February—July.
Virginia: Arlington, Charlottesville, Fairfax, Falls Church, Nelson Co., Shenan-
doah; April-August. Wisconsin: Broadhead; June.

Mexico: Distrito Federal: Chapultepec, Ciudad de México; July. Guerrero:
Rio Balsas. Jalisco: Puente Grande; July. Michoacdn: Zitacuaro; July.
San Luis Potost: Tamazunchale; June. Other Mexican localities: Tomas, San
José; April. Real de Arriba Temescaltepec; July.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 363

Discussion.—The original description and its accompanying
illustration both call attention to the whitish lateral margins of the
pronotum and corium. In addition, the illustration shows the
elongate pale marks on the dorsal faces of the tibiae and shows the
corium to be without the angled pale spot at the apex of the radial
vein of the corium. Thus the name cinctus of Palisot de Beauvois
can apply only to the present form. Say’s description of Cydnus
ligatus is equally detailed in describing the pale markings that are
present and in pointing out that the pale corial maculations, other
than the costal margin, are lacking. Thus his species also can apply
only to this form and so must be considered a synonym of cznctus,
which was described 26 years earlier.

As is the case with subspecies albonotatus, the above-ground habits
of this form have permitted observational access to parts of the life
history of cinctus cinctus. The same general type of life history is
evident with overwintering adults (Hart, 1919) possibly breeding on
labiates and adults frequenting a variety of plants—sweet clover,
Stachys sp., Monarda punctata (Hart, 1919); raspberry (Froeschner,
1941); raspberry, wild cherry, and grasses (Blatchley, 1926).

Sehirus cinctus texensis, new subspecies

Diaanosts.—The creamy white dot at the apex of the radial vein
of the corium plus the shorter head (anteocular length less than half
of anteocular width) will quickly separate this subspecies from the
other two.

DerscripTION.—MaAL.e:

Head: Wider than long, 1.14(1.10-1.16):0.87(0.86—-0.90); ante-
ocular length little less than half of anteocular width, 0.34 (0.33—-0.36):
0.75(0.73-0.76); juga narrowly and lowly reflexed, punctured nearly
or quite to edge. Antennal segments: I, 0.23(0.23-0.24); I, 0.38
(0.36-0.40); III, 0.47(0.46-0.50); IV, 0.63(0.63-0.66); V, 0.74(0.73-
0.76). Labial segments: I, 0.31(0.30-0.33); IL, 0.56(0.53-0.60); IT,
0.50(0.50—0.53) ; IV, 0.33(0.33-0.36).

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 2.47(2.35-2.53):1.10
(1.04-1.17).

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.83(1.75-1.89) :1.58(1.49-1.62).

Length of body: 4.72(4.35-4.95).

FrMaue: Similar to male, averaging somewhat larger.

Head: Wider than long, 1.26(1.20-1.36):0.93(0.80-1.06); ante-
ocular length averaging less than half (45 percent) of anteocular
width, 0.40(0.40—0.43) :0.88(0.83-0.96). Antennal segments: I, 0.25
(0.23-0.28); II, 0.40(0.36-0.46); HI, 0.45(0.43-0.47); IV, 0.61(0.56-
0.66); V, 0.71(0.70-0.76). Labial segments: I, 0.38(0.33-0.46); II,
0.61(0.53-0.76) ; III, 0.61(0.53-0.76); IV, 0.43(0.36-0.50).

364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 2.90(2.79-3.06) 21.26
(1.20-1.30).

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.23(2.08-2.40) :1.85(1.75-1.95).

Length of body: 5.20(4.95-5.70).

Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64426). Victoria, Tex., Dec.
16, 1915, J. D. Mitchell, hibernating in sedge grass. Allotype
female (USNM), same locality and collector, May 19, 1907. Para-
types as follows:

Unirep States: Texas: Austin, June 19, 1930, 1 male (RLU); April 9-24,
J. O. Martin, 1 female (CalAc). Brazos Co., 2 males, 5 females (MCZ, RCF);
May 2, 1950, R. F. Smith, 2 females (CIS). College Station, June 7, 1931,
Mills, 1 female (HMH). Conean, July 6, 1936, D. R. Lindsay, nymph (CalAc) ;
Cypress Mills, Chittenden, 2 females (USNM, RCF). Kerryville, May 27, 1907,
J. D. Mitchell, 1 female (USNM). San Antonio, June 1942, E. 8. Ross, 1 female
(CalAc); Tiger Mills, May 10, Schaupp, 13 females (MCZ, RCF). Uvalde, June
12, 1930, G. Linsley, 1 female (CalAc).

Discussion.—Although this form is treated here as a subspecies
because of the limited range (southeastern Texas) and great similarity
to the more common form within whose range it occurs, there is some
possibility that it may more properly be considered a full species.
It is an established form which, in spite of the very limited extent
of its range, is sympatric with another form, S. cinctus cinctus. How-
ever, except for the color pattern of the corium, the two forms blend
in a clinal series that at present defies morphological separation.
Perhaps additional studies coupled with application of statistics will
show them as sibling species. Before this can be done reliably,
however, large series from several populations must be made available;
too many of the specimens at hand for both this and related forms
were single representations of collections.

Garsauriinae, new subfamily
PLATE FIGURES 65, 88, 169, 174

Diacnosis.—The fact that tarsal II is distinctly thinner than either
I or III, coupled with antennal II being much less than half as long
as antennal I, will set this subfamily apart from all others within the
family. The trichobothrial arrangement (fig. 174) and venational
pattern in the hind wing (fig. 169) are likewise each unique within
the family.

Description.—Head: Length little more than half of width; an-
tennae 5-segmented; labium short, reaching base of mesosternum,
II without semicircular foliaceous lobe.

Wings: Three widely spaced veins leaving apex of radial cell,
median vein with thick, wide, blunt process projecting into radial
cell at midlength (fig. 169).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 365

Scutellum.—Surpassing apices of clavi, latter not forming a com-
missure beyond apex of scutellum.

Thoracic pleurae (fig. 88): Posterior margins fully developed; pro-
pleuron with anterior and posterior convexities.

Legs: Not especially modified; tarsi with segment II thinner than
I or ILI; anterior tarsus inserted at apex of tibia.

Sternites: Sutures faintly crenulate, curved anteriorly in middle
third; sternites III to VII with two trichobothria arranged in hori-
zontal rows posterior to the spiracles (fig. 174).

TYPE OF SUBFAMILY.—Genus Garsauria Walker (1868, p. 536), of
which Microhynchus Signoret (1882, p. xiii), Microrrhamphus Ber-
groth (1891, p. 214), and Brachyrrhamphus Haglund (1894, p. 400)
are all established synonyms.

Distrisution.—Literature records show the range of this group
to extend from the Malay Archipelago eastward across southern
Asia into Africa.

Discussion.—At present, this subfamily consists of the single
genus Garsauria Walker with the genotype @. aradoides fixed by the
monobasic original proposal. In addition, there are four other species
that have been proposed under this generic name. All of these are
extralimital to the present study and so will not be considered further
here.

Scaptocorinae, new subfamily

Draenosis.—The peculiar cultrate anterior tibia with the tarsus
inserted at its midlength (fig. 115) will separate this subfamily from
all others in the Cydnidae.

Description.—Head: Subquadrate; lateral margins with oblique
crenulations (fig. 20); antennae 4-segmented.

Scutellum: Long, surpassing apices of clavi, latter not forming a
commissure posterior to scutellar apex.

Wings: Venation of posterior wings (fig. 165) with Se and R leaving
radial cell at antero-apical angle, juncture of r-m and M basad of
fracture in Sc+R, radial cell receiving short hamus from M.

Thoracic pleurae (fig. 85): Posterior margins not fully developed;
propleuron with no posterior convexity; mesopleuron shrunken pos-
teriorly, hind margin concave, exposing mesometapleural membrane
for most of its width; metapleuron shrunken posteriorly, reaching
base of abdomen laterally, thence inwardly curving anteriorly and
partly exposing internal portion of posterior coxa.

Legs: Strongly modified; anterior tibia (fig. 115) depressed, strongly
cultrate, greatly projecting beyond tarsal insertion so that tarsus
arises at its midlength, without a dorsal row of spines; middle legs
(fig. 133) obliquely impressed, dorsally distinctly curved, with rows of
stout bristles, these absent on ventral face, tarsal insertion subapical;

366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

hind femora (figs. 136, 137) greatly swollen, hind tibia heavily club-
shaped, apex obliquely truncated and surrounded by a row of stout
denticles; tarsi present on front, middle, and sometimes (Stibaropus)
hind legs, segment II subequal in diameter to I and III.

Sternites: Sutures strongly sinuate or emarginate at level of ventral
trichobothrium; sternites III-VII each with two trichobothria (fig.
170), a small one posterior to spiracle and a much larger one antero-
ventral to spiracle.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule (fig. 178) opening posteriorly;
female terminalia (fig. 187) deflexed so that ventral plates are con-
cealed by sternite VII.

Type OF SUBFAMILY.—Genus Scaptocoris Perty (1830, p. 165).

Disrrinution.— The distribution of this subfamily is that of its
two included genera, Scaptocoris and Stibaropus. Scaptocoris is
restricted to the Neotropical Region, where it is represented by not
more more than a half dozen known species; the similar number of
species of Stibaropus appear confined chiefly to the Oriental Region
with one species ranging westward through Asia Minor into south-
eastern Europe, and so are extralimital to this study.

Discussion.—In addition to the definitive characters given above,
the members of the Scaptocorinae have a unique facies due to the
very strongly convex form. Of the above-enumerated features the
arrangement of the trichobothria, the shape of the sternal sutures,
the venation of the hind wing, and the elongated scutellum may be
considered fundamental or of phylogenetic significance. These, plus
the numerous other characters which are of a highly adaptive nature,
point to the group as a very specialized one. Together they emphasize
that the evolutionary path followed by its members is separate and
well removed from that traveled by other Cydnidae.

The biology of the Scaptocorinae is very poorly known, but what few
facts are available will be treated under the species headings below.

Scaptocoris and Stibaropus, although so widely separated geograph-
ically, are very closely allied, causing one to be more impressed by
their similarities than their differences. But to separate the two is
a relatively easy matter if one has recourse to the second labial; in
Stibaropus it is simple, while in Scaptocoris it bears a strongly folia-
ceous, semicircular lobe which is often hidden between the anterior
coxae.

Genus Scaptocoris Perty
Scaptocoris Perty, 1830, p. 165.

Dracnosis.—This genus, the only member of its subfamily in the
Western Hemisphere, may be recognized by any of the features
mentioned in the subfamily treatment above. The peculiar club-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 367

shaped posterior tibiae offer the most readily available means of
identification.

DescrirtTion.—Short, compact, strongly convex dorsally and
ventrally; widest posterior to midlength of body.

Head (figs. 20, 51): Little wider than long, anterior two-thirds
strongly declivent; margin of jugum crenulate with a series of oblique,
overlapping crenulations with a single cilium between, without a
submarginal row of spines or cilia; eyes prominent, strongly projecting;
ocelli well developed, situated behind a line connecting posterior
margins of eyes; clypeus as long as or longer than jugum; antennae
4-segmented, IV thickest; bucculae vestigial or absent, maxillary
plate with a tuft of long cilia near their site; labium short, arising
posterior to apex of head, not or only slightly surpassing anterior
coxae, II thickest, with a large, foliaceous, semicircular lobe which is
often hidden between anterior coxae.

Pronotum: Distinctly broader than long, narrowed anteriorly, all
angles and lateral margins broadly rounded; lateral margins carinate,
strongly deflexed with a submarginal row of 12 to 20 setigerous punc-
tures; transverse impression weak or absent; posterior lobe longer
than anterior lobe and with wide, transverse rugae which are some-
times punctured.

Scutellum: Longer than broad; sculptured similarly to posterior
lobe of pronotum; apex expanded, broadly rounded, wider than half
of membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas usually well defined; membranal suture
distinctly sinuate on medial half; membrane hyaline to slightly milky,
not more than two-fifths of hemelytral length, usually distinctly sur-
passing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Strongly convex anterior to depression, impunctate;
evaporatorium restricted to posterior part of segment; mesosternum
carinate medially, with numerous long hairs.

Metapleuron: Slightly convex, impunctate; osteole opening pos-
teriorly under reduced peritreme surrounded by extensive evapora-
torium.

Legs: Short and stout; anterior femora stout, thick, height about
one-half length, anterior tibiae strongly depressed, cultrate, prolonged
beyond tarsal insertion by more than one-third its length; tarsi very
slender, length more than half of tibia; Il shortest, subequal in
diameter to I and III; middle femora not much swollen; middle tibiae
somewhat clavate, curved, ciliate, slightly projecting beyond tarsal
insertion; length of middle tarsus about one-third of tibia; posterior
femora very strongly swollen, convex dorsally; posterior tibiae stoutly

368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

club-shaped, apex obliquely truncated, with U-shaped corbicle;
tarsi absent.®

Sternites: Strongly convex, densely long-haired subapically.

Terminalia: See subfamily treatment.

Color: All species are some shade of tan or brown; no piceous or
black forms are known.

Nymphs: The half dozen nymphs available during this study were
third, fourth, and fifth instars of divergens, new species, and talpa.
They showed the head and leg structure of the adults and indicated
that the nymphs of this genus may be readily recognized by these
same peculiar modifications.

Typrz oF GENUS.—Scaptocoris castanea Perty (1830, p. 166),
monobasic.

Distripution.—Restricted to the Neotropical Region where it
has been reported as far north as Mexico and Cuba and south on
the South American continent to northern Argentina.

Discusston.—The few notes that have been published on the
biology of the species of this genus indicate they are root feeders
as adults and nymphs (Champion, 1900; Carvalho, 1952) and of some
agricultural importance (Champion, 1900; Costa Lima, 1940).

Some specimens exhibited severe wear in the form of nearly or
quite complete obliteration of the lateral crenulations and dorsal
rugae of the head and a marked shortening of the front tibia, which
apparently are stabbed into the earth in digging.

In 1847 Schiddte also described as new in this genus the following
four species: molginus (p. 458), tabulatus (p. 459), callidus (p. 460) and
terginus (p. 460). The first three of these were described from India
and correctly assigned to Stibaropus by Stal (1876, p. 17). S. terginus
was described from the Colsman collection as being unlabelled but in
a box containing specimens supposed to have come from Brazil; how-
ever, Schiddte himself wrote that the accuracy of this label was not
beyond question. Personal examination of the type (Copen) of terginus
showed it to be a true Stibaropus (with a simple second labial segment
and the posterior tarsi present) and of the same species as the type of
callidus. Therefore, the label for Brazil must be in error and the name
is no longer available for any species of the Western Hemisphere.

The nomenclature within the genus has been further confused by
an uncertainty of application of Perty’s name castaneus. His descrip-
tion and illustration (if the delineation of the hind tarsi is ignored)

6 In the original description Perty wrote of the hind tarsi, ‘‘tarsis nullis,”’ but in error showed them as
present in the illustration. Blanchard (1840) pointed out the error in the figure. Signoret (1881b) objected
to considering the posterior tarsi absent and wrote of them as being present and “‘tres petits, insertes a l’ex-
tremite superieure de la troncature.’’? Champion (1900) reported that he was unable to find tarsi on any of
the specimens before him. The present study found all pits and punctures of the hind tibiae occupied by

short, decumbent spines, and that no point for tarsal attachment exists. Thus, there appears to be no reason
to disagree with the original statement, ‘‘tarsis nullis’’ as Signoret has done.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 369

are excellent for assignment to the genus but insufficient for deter-
mining which of the six currently recognized species is to bear the
name. I have examined the type of castaneus Perty, which is still
in good condition in the Zoologisches Museum in Munich. The type
is the species that Signoret considered to be terginus. His “‘castaneus”’
is thus without a name, and it is described below as a new species.

Key to the known species of Scaptocoris

1. Corbicle of posterior tibia crowded with numerous coarse, transverse tubercles
arranged in rows which extend almost to base of tibia (fig. 186).

giselleae Carvalho (p. 371)

Corbicle of posterior tibia mostly smooth, with few tubercles (fig. 134) . 2

2. Clypeus distinctly surpassing apices of juga and broadly expanded anterior

Ho) (HeYsvaey (Oilers IL) Ae Ace . . . . . divergens, new species (p. 369)
Clypeus not or only slightly nena juga, not oe expanded anterior
toMthem "3 4. . 2 ds Eten TO

3 Eyes broadly Faney eee, mdi ot one ot ahem Saat ie or PERTER than a third
of interocular width; aria with distinct punctures on and in transverse
sculpturing. . . . . . minor Berg (p. 372)

Eyes not so broad, width of one of nein a (isuaily distinctly less) than
a third of interocular width; pronotum with or without punctures. . . 4

. Corbicle with discal tubercles in an irregular, single row very close to and
paralleling outer edge of corbicle (fig. 1384); pronotal rugae distinctly
punctured, at least in region of transverse impression.

talpa Champion (p. 374)
Corbicle with discal tubercles not in an irregular row close to outer edge or
corbicle (fig. 135); pronotal rugae impunctate or feebly punctate. . . . 5
5. Size larger, length of body 10.1 mm; color dark reddish brown.
grossa, new species (p. 373)
Size smaller, length of body 5.1-7.2 mm; color yellowish tan.
castanea Perty (p. 375)

aN

Scaptocoris divergens, new species

Piare Figures 3, 20, 51, 85, 115, 133, 137, 165, 170, 178, 187, 189

Scaptocoris castaneus (not of Perty) Signoret, 1881b, p. 41, ple 11) fs. 50.—
Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 60 (part).

Scaptocoris terginus (not of Schiodte) Berg, 1884, p. 11 (part) .—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—
Torre Bueno, 1914, p. 162 (part).—Barber and Bruner, 1932, p. 235.—
Martorell, 1939, p. 186.

Dracnosis.—The prolonged and strongly expanded clypeus (fig. 51)
will separate adults and nymphs of this species from others in the
genus.

Description.—Color: Yellow-brown, apices of anterior tibiae and
sometimes marginal spines of corbicles of posterior tibiae fuscous or
black.

Mats: Based on two specimens.

Head (fig. 3): Wider than long, 1.61(1.60-1.63) :1.50(1.49-1.51) ;
interocular width, 1.04(1.03-1.06); ocellus large, separated from eye

501991—60- 3

370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

by less than transverse ocellar width; juga weakly convex, shorter
than clypeus, latter diverging from base, very wide at apex. Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.59(0.58-0.61); II, 0.48(0.46-0.50); III, 0.43
(0.43-0.43); IV, 0.54(0.53-0.56). Labial segments: I, 0.53(0.53-
0.54); II, 0.52(0.50-0.55); III, 0.43(0.42-0.44); IV, 0.37(0.36—0.38).

Pronotum: Length about three-fifths width, 2.64(2.63-2.66) :4.33
(4.30-4.36); posterior lobe impunctate.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.43 (3.42-3.45):2.67(2.65-2.69) ;
impunctuate.

Hemelytron: Polished, obsoletely or not punctate.

Legs: Corbicle of posterior tibia with single, submedian row of
tubercles on dorsal half.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 189).

Length of body: 7.47(7.44-7.50).

FrmaLe.—Very similar to male.

Head: Width-length ratio, 1.65(1.58-1.72) :1.49(1.40-1.60); inter-
ocular width, 1.11(1.00-1.16). Antennal segments: I, 0.66(0.60—
0.73); II, 0.50(0.46-0.55); III, 0.49(0.43-0.56); IV, 0.59(0.56—-0.60).
Labial segments: I, 0.53(0.46-0.60); II, 0.57(0.50-0.63); ILI, 0.40
(0.34-0.43); IV, 0.36(0.33-0.43).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.72(2.55—-2.92) :4.54(4.25-4.80).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.54(3.15-3.90) :2.92(2.85-3.07).

Length of body: 7.68(7.05-8.25).

Typr pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64869), ‘Rio Frio, Colombia,
5-24-25.” Allotype female (USNM)samedata. Paratypesas follows:

GuaTEMALA: ‘‘Guat.,” 1 male, 3 females (USNM).

Honpuras: La Lima, August 26, 1959, 2 males (USNM). Guarama, Depart-
ment of Cortes, Dec. 19, 1956, in soil around roots of banana, 10-24 inches down,
1 female (USNM).

PanaMa CANAL ZONE: Fort Clayton, June 25, 1945, K. E. Frick, 1 female
(CalAc). Madden Dam, May 18, 1936, M. M. Saylor, 2 females (RLU).

CotomsBia: Same data as types, 16 females (USNM, RCF). Same locality as
type, May 26, 1925, 2 males, 34 females (USNM, RCF). Some of these were
determined as Scaptocoris castaneus by McAtee and Malloch. Same locality as
types, May 20, 1930, Darlington, 1 female (MCZ).

VENEZUELA: Boquerin, Yaracuy, Mar. 20, 1920, J. and E. B. Williamson, 2
females (MCZ). Caracas Valley, Los Ruisses, May 1926, H. E. Box, 11 females

(BrM). La Fria, Tachira, Apr. 19, 1920, J. and E. B. Williamson, 2 males (MCZ,
RCF).

Trinipap: “Trinidad, W. I., Jun.,’’ 1 female (USNM).

DisrripuTION.—Specimens studied indicate that the range of this
species extends from Panama to northern South America and some of
the adjacent islands—Colombia and Venezuela on the continent and
Trinidad just off the shore.

Discussion.—This is the species treated as castaneus Perty by Sig-
noret. However, examination of Perty’s type shows that the name

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 371

belongs to a more southern species and leaves the present one without
a name. The name proposed above is in reference to the strongly
divergent clypeal margins. The numerous illustrations used as char-
acteristic of the genus in this paper are the result of following Signoret’s
definition of the species and considering, admittedly in error, that
this was the type of the genus. However, no serious problems should
arise if this is duly noted.

Since divergens is the only species of the genus known to occur far
enough north to reach Cuba, Martorell’s (1939, p. 186) notes on
terginus on that island probably pertain to it. These notes include
several interesting biological facts on the species and are quoted as
follows:

This insect becomes a real menace during the rainy nights at La Providence.
It is the favorite food of the toad, Bufo marinus L., during this season. About
90% of the stomach contents of toads, during the time that these insects were
abundant, consists of S. terginus, according to dissections made by the writer.
The toads do not seem to mind the repugnant odor of these bugs. During the

first hours of the evening, when the bright lights inside of the School of Agriculture
were turned on, these insects would come in great numbers, attracted to the lights.

Scaptocoris giselleae Carvalho

PLATE FIGURE 136
Scaptocoris giselleae Carvalho, 1952, p. 1.

DiaGnosis.—The presence of numerous rows of close-set tubercles
that fill the corbicle and extend irregularly to the base of the posterior
tibia will easily separate this species from all others in the genus.

Description.—Based on one female.

Fremaue: Head: Wider than long, 1.75 : 1.63; interocular width,
1.33; width of eye, 0.21; ocellus small, separated from eye by a space
1% times ocellar width; juga weakly convex, almost as long as tylus,
latter diverging slightly from base to apex. Antennal segments:
I, 0.60; II, 0.63; III, 0.43; IV, 0.60. Labial segments: I, 0.60; IT, 0.66;
IIT, 0.46; IV, 0.38.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.70 : 4.65; posterior lobe with
numerous, scattered, fine, fuscous punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.81 : 3.15; with a few fine punc-
tures toward sides similar to pronotum.

Hemelytron: Polished, with scattered fine punctures, those of exo-
corium colored like those on pronotum; membrane yellowed, very
short, reaching almost to apex of penultimate tergite.

Legs: Posterior tibia with corbicle and dorsal surface crowded with
rows of close-set tubercles (fig. 136).

Color: Light brown, apices of anterior tibiae slightly darker.

Length of body: 8.40.

372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

TyprE pata.—Holotype is in the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro.
Carvalho listed the type locality as Sernambetiba, Distrito Federal,
Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 1 female.

Braziu: Sio Paulo, A. A. Barbiellini, 1 female (USNM).

Discussion.—S. giselleae is quite distinct within the genus on several
characters: The numerous tubercles on the hind tibia, the very short
wing membrane which falls short of the apex of the abdomen, and
the small ocelli which are separated from the nearest eye by a space
distinctly more than the transverse diameter of an ocellus.

With his original description of this species Carvalho reported
that the type material was collected on July 7, 1951,
by Miss Giselle Machilne who collected them when digging between a type of
vegetation dominated by Diplothemium maritimum Martuis, a dwarf palm and
a prairie type of vegetation. There were collected altogether 15 specimens in
different phases of development, about one hundred meters from the tide line and
two meters below the surface of the soil. The bugs were probably feeding on the

roots of Telanthera maritima Mog. since they were found around a gall of about
tbe size of a human wrist. A strong odor was noted when handling them.

Scaptocoris minor Berg

PLATE FIGURE 190

Scaptocoris minor Berg, 1894, vol. 1, p. 14.

Dracnosits.—The very broad eyes (one of which equals or exceeds
one-third of the interocular width) separate this species from others
within the genus.

Description.—Color: Light brown to brown, apices of anterior
tibiae and marginal tubercles of corbicle of posterior tibiae fuscous to
black.

Mate: Head: Wider than long, 1.67(1.63-1.72): 1:37(1.33-1.43);
interocular width, 0.96 (0.86—1.00); width of eye, 0.36(0.34—0.38) ; ocel-
lus large, separated from eye by less than ocellar width; clypeus
narrow, parallel-sided, reaching or slightly surpassing apices of juga.
Antennal segments: I, 0.40(0.40-0.43); II, 0.42(0.40-0.46); III, 0.43
(0.40-0.50); IV, 0.62(0.60-0.66). Labial segments: I, 0.49 (0.46-0.56);
II, 0.56 (0.53-0.63) ; III, 0.36(0.33-0.40); IV, 0.35(0.33-0.36).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.39(2.10-2.63) : 3.97(3.63—4.20) ;
transverse rugae distinctly punctured.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.28(3.11-3.43) :2.50(2.25-2.75) ;
surface more or less distinctly punctured.

Hemelytron: Corium polished, with numerous, fine to moderate
punctures; membrane surpassing apex of abdomen by more than half
its length.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 373

Legs: Corbicle of hind tibia with a double, irregular row of tubercles
on outer half.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 190).

Length of body: 6.79(6.00-7.42).

FrMa.e: Very similar to male, measurements more variable.

Head: Width-length ratio, 1.65(1.54—1.86) :1.39(1.30-1.50); inter-
ocular width, 0.94(0.86-1.03); width of eye, 0.36(0.382-0.41). An-
tennal segments: I, 0.36(0.33-0.43); II, 0.42(0.34-0.53); III,
0.38(0.36-0.40); IV, 0.30(0.28-0.33). Labial segments: I, 0.48(0.40-
0.56); II, 0.55(0.45-0.63) ; III, 0.36(0.33-0.40); IV, 0.30(0.28-0.33).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.30(1.84-2.66) :3.84(3.18-4.45).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.26(2.84—3.70) :2.35(2.05-2.73).

Length of body: 6.50(5.40—-7.56).

Typr pATA.—In Museo Argentina de Ciencias Naturales (formerly
Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina, fide
correspondence from Kormilev. The publication containing the
original description was not available during this study. The data
from the type specimen, as furnished by Kormiley, gives the locality
as Matto Grosso, Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 10 males, 19 females.

Braziu: Amazon River, Arary to Manoas, Sept. 20-21, 1930, Holt, Blake,
and Agostini, 1 male (USNM); Parintine, August 1935, G. V. Vredenburg,
2 males, 4 females (BrM); Bahia, Dec. 6, 1907, 1 male, 4 females (Car) ; Taperapes,
Aracuayes, Matto Grosso, J. Carvalho, 2 females (CMC).

Peru: Puerto Maldanado, Madre de Dios, Apr. 17, 1947, alt. 600 ft., J. C.
Pallister, 6 males, 8 females (AmM).

VENEZUELA: Samariapo, Amazonas, June 12, 1950, J. M. Capriles, 1 female
(Cap).

Scaptocoris grossa, new species

Diacnosis.—The large size and impunctate posterior lobe of the
pronotum distinguish this new species from its congenitors.

Description.—Based on four females, one too badly eaten by
dermestids to yield measurements.

Heap: Wider than long, 2.39(2.30-2.47) :2.06(2.02-2.08); inter-
ocular width, 1.52(1.46-1.56); width of eye, 0.43(0.42-0.45); ocellus
large, separated from eye by less than an ocellar width; clypeus
parallel-sided, subequal to length of juga. Antennal segments: I,
0.73(0.70-0.73); II, 0.82(0.80-0.83); III, IV, and V missing in all
specimens seen. Labial segments: I, 0.71(0.70-0.73); II, 0.85(0.83—
0.88); III, 0.57(0.56-0.60) ; IV, 0.54(0.53-0.56).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.67(3.57-3.75) :6.22(6.15-6.31) ;
posterior lobe impunctate.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 4.72(4.65-4.80) :3.99(3.90-4.05) ;
impunctate.

374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

Hemelytron: Polished, virtually impunctate or with obsolete
punctures; membrane hyaline, surpassing apex of abdomen by about
one-third its length.

Legs: Corbicle of posterior tibia with discal tubercles few in
number, well removed from outer margin.

Color: Dark brown, apical half or more of anterior tibiae and
marginal tubercles of corbicle of posterior tibiae black.

Length of body: 10.65 in all specimens.

Tyre pata.—Holotype female (KU), “Peru, S.A., 4-21, 1939,
F. Woytkowski, No. 398, Dept. Huanuco, Loc. Shapajilla, 630 m.a.s.,
1.11 km. N. E. Tingo Maria.” Paratypes as follows:

Preru: Same data as type, 2 females (RCF, USNM).
Bouivia: Yungas de Coroico, Fassel, 1 female (Wien).

Distripution.—This species is known only from Bolivia and Peru,
as indicated above.

Discusston.—Although known only from a few female specimens,
the present species must be erected because the specimens agree
with none of the previously described forms. The four specimens
are very uniform in appearance and stand out more boldly in general
habitus than is borne out by structural features. In its large size
and dark color, this species appears superficially most like talpa, but
the impunctate posterior lobe of the pronotum and the irregularly
placed discal tubercles of the corbicle that are distinctly removed from
the side of the corbicle will separate it effectively from talpa.

Scaptocoris talpa Champion
PLATE FIGURES 134, 191

Scaptocoris talpa Champion, 1900, p. 256.

Diacnosis.—The location of the single row of transverse tubercles
very close to the outer edge of the corbicular area of hind tibia (fig.
134) and large size (over 8.5) separates this species readily from all
others in the genus.

Description.—Cotor: Light brown, apices of anterior tibiae and
marginal and discal tubercles of corbicle of posterior tibia fuscous to
black.

Mate: Two specimens.

Head: Wider than long, 1.94(1.938-1.95) :1.65(1.62-1.69); inter-
ocular width, 1.31(1.30-1.33); width of eye, 0.32 in both specimens;
ocellus large, separated from eye by less than ocellar width; clypeus
subparallel-sided, subequal to length of juga. Antennal segments:
I, 0.70(0.70-0.70); II, 0.65(0.65-0.66); III, 0.44(0.43-0.46): IV,
0.40(0.38-0.42). Labial segments: I, 0.65(0.65-0.66); II, 0.68(0.66-
0.70); III, 0.44(0.43-0.46); IV, 0.40(0.38-0.42).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 375

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.18(8.15-3.22) :5.17(5.10—5.25) ;
posterior lobe with distinct, fine punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio: 4.12(4.05-4.20) :3.18(3.15-3.22) ;
with few, scattered, fine punctures.

Hemelytron: Shining, with small, distinct punctures; membrane
surpassing apex of abdomen by about one-third its length.

Legs: Discal tubercles of hind tibial corbicle arranged in a single,
irregular row very close to outer margin of corbicle (fig. 134).

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 191).

Length of body: 8.57(8.55-8.60).

Frmaue: Three specimens. Very similar to male, measurements
somewhat larger.

Head: Width-length ratio, 2.05(2.02—2.06) :1.79(1.72-1.85); inter-
ocular width, 1.37(1.36-1.40); width of eye, 0.32(0.32-0.33). Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.75(0.73-0.76); II, 0.69(0.66-0.73); III, 0.51(0.50-
0.53); IV, 0.71(0.70-0.73). Labial segments: I, 0.66(0.60-0.70); II,
0.74(0.70-0.76); III, 0.46(0.43-0.50); IV, 0.41(0.40-0.43).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.43(3.22-3.75) :5.47(5.25-5.83).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 4.07(4.00—4.14) :3.23(3.07-3.48).

Length of body: 9.33(9.00-9.60).

Tyre pata.—The type series of ‘‘many specimens,” including
nymphs as well as adults, was originally recorded by Champion
(1900, p. 256) as coming from ‘Guatemala, Capetillo.” Some of these
specimens are probably still in the British Museum (Natural History).

Champion (1900, p. 256) reported that the types had ‘‘been found
underground, at the roots of sugar cane and other plants.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—2 males, 9 females, 1 nymph.

Mexico: Chiapas: Huixtla, 1939, B. D. Pelaez, 5 females (Pel, RCF).

GuATEMALA: West coast, Nov. 20, 1928, V. C. Dunlap, 1 male, 4 females,
1 nymph (USNM). Guatemala, J. G. Salas, on sugar cane, 1 male (USNM).

Scaptocoris castanea Perty
PLATE FIGURES 135, 192

Scaptocoris castanea Perty, 1833, p. 166, pl. 33, fig. 5.

Scaptocoris terginus (not of Schisdte) St&l, 1876, p. 17.—Signoret, 1881b, p. 42,
pl. 1, fig. 3—Berg, 1884, p. 11 (part)—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 61
(part).—Torre Bueno, 1914, p. 162 (part).

Diacnosts.—The small size and lack of distinct punctures on the
posterior lobe of the pronotum will separate this species from the
others in the genus.

DescripTion.—Mate (from two specimens) :

Head: Wider than long, 1.5(1.40—-1.63) :1.36(1.33-1.40) ; interocular
width, 1.05(0.96—-1.14); ocellus large, separated from eye by less than
an ocellar width; clypeus narrow, parallel-sided, reaching or slightly

376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

surpassing apices of juga. Antennal segments: I, 0.48(0.43-0.53) ; IT,
0.51(0.50-0.53); III, 0.43(0.43-??); IV, 0.60(0.60-??). Labial seg-
ments: I, 0.50(0.50-0.50); II, 0.56(0.53-0.60); III, 0.39(0.36-0.43;
IV, 0.86(0.386—-0.36).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.65(2.46-2.85) :4.39(4.11-4.57);
transverse rugae impunctate or very feebly punctured.

Hemelytron: Corium polished, with scattered, fine, weak punctures;
membrane surpassing apex of abdomen by about one-half its length.

Legs: Corbicle of hind tibia with a double, irregular row of trans-
verse tubercles on the outer half but well separated from edge of
corbicle.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 192).

Color: Yellowish brown, apices of anterior tarsi and marginal teeth
of corbicle darker brown to blackish.

Length of body: 7.12(6.75-7.50).

Frmate: Very similar to male, but measurements more variable,
averaging larger.

Head: Width-length ratio, 1.64(1.44-1.73):1.36(1.16—-1.46); inter-
ocular width, 1.09(0.93-1.20); width of eye, 0.27(0.25-0.29). Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.46(0.43-0.50): II, 0.54(0.50-0.58); III, 0.43(0.43-
0.43); IV, 0.58(0.56-0.63). Labial segments: I, 0.56(0.53-0.60); IT,
0.59(0.50-0.66); III, 0.39(0.36-0.43); IV, 0.58(0.56-0.63).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.75(2.31-3.00) :4.60(3.78-4.78).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.43(3.22-3.79) :2.85(2.43-3.15).

Length of body: 7.37(6.45-7.80).

Type para.—Perty originally reported the type (now in the Zoo-
logisches Museum, Munich) as “Habitat in Provincia Piauhiensis,’’
Brazil.

Discusston.—Costa Lima (1940) reported that this species damaged
tomatoes and pimentos in Argentina and was of economic importance
in Brazil.

Personal examination of Perty’s type has left no doubt in the
author’s mind that this is the correct application of the name castaneus.
The literature records for specimens from Cuba, Trinidad, and
Venezuela are certainly questionable, and in the present paper such
specimens have been transferred to divergens, new species.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—10 males, 13 females.

ARGENTINA: Patquia, K. J. Hayward, 1 male, 1 female (BrM). Mendoza,
1 female (MCZ). Perico to Embarcacién, May 19, 1920, G. I. Harrington, 1
female (USNM). Tucumdn, 450 meters, Rosenberg, 1 male, 2 females (USNM).
Cafayate, Mar. 12, 1951, F. Monros, 1 male, 1 female (UnivTuc). Santa Rosa
de Leales, January 1948, B. Garefa, 4 males, 2 females (UnivTuc). Fronterita,
Mar. 12, 1948, Ares, 3 males, 3 females (UnivTuc). Mar del Plata, 1 female
(UnivTuc).

BraziuL: Provincia Piauhiensis, 1 female (Zoologisches Museum, Munich).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 377

Subfamily Cydninae
Cydnides Billberg, 1820, p. 70.

Diacnosis.—Technically, members of this subfamily may be rec-
ognized by the arrangement of the trichobothria (see discussion of
subfamilies on page 352) or the venation of the metathoracic wing shape
of radial cell plus absence of hamus (see page 353). More readily
available means of determination, however, have been pointed out
in the key to subfamilies. The following features must be used
together: lack of claval commissure, front tarsus arising at or near
apex of tibia, and the presence of a lateral, submarginal row of seti-
gerous punctures on the pronotum.

DerscripTion.—Head: Margin entire, not crenulate; antennae 4-
or 5-segmented.

Scutellum: Long, surpassing apices of clavi, latter not forming
commissure posterior to scutellar apex.

Thoracic pleurae: Posterior margins all well developed, propleuron
with strong convexity posterior to depression; mesopleuron with pos-
terior margin touching or overlapping metapleuron for most or all
of its width; metapleuron with posterior margin reaching to base of
abdomen for its full width and completely covering internal part of
hind coxa.

Legs: Weakly or strongly modified. Anterior tibia of all strongly
compressed, a row of stout spines dorsally; middle legs feebly or not
modified; posterior legs variously terete or compressed, straight,
curved, or sinuate, rows of spines regularly spaced or crowded on dorsal
and ventral margins; tarsi present on all legs, segment II shortest,
subequal in diameter to I and III.

Sternites: Sutures nearly straight, not strongly sinuate laterally;
trichobothria arranged differently on each segment—on VII arranged
in transverse row behind spiracle, on VI to III successively the ventral
trichobothrium shifts farther forward until on IIT it lies mesad or meso-
anteriorly to the spiracle (fig. 172).

Terminalia: Male genital capsule opening dorsally; female plates
well developed, mostly exposed (fig. 186).

TypPr OF SUBFAMILY.—Genus Cydnus Fabricius (1803, p. 184).

Distripution.—Available information showed that the full geo-
graphic range of the family—worldwide, in all zoogeographic regions—
is occupied by members of this subfamily.

Discussion.—This subfamily not only contains more genera and
species than all the other subfamilies combined but appears also to
show greater contrasting extremes of morphological modifications.
On the basis of the wing venation, trichobothrial arrangement, and
the head structure, the Cydninae appear to be more closely related

378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

to the Sehirinae and the Garsauriinae than to the Scaptocorinae and
Amnestinae.

A complete life cycle study of one or more species of the Cydninae is
a great desideratum. Although only scattered, fragmentary biological
notes are available, the probable life history as outlined in the dis-
cussion of the family is true, even if very incomplete.

The separation and definition of the included genera have been
difficult, and even yet may be considered far from complete. The
search for characters that would permit concise, clear-cut definitions
of genera has been only partially successful. The relative value given
to any set of characters may vary with workers, so that the included,
conservative number of genera may be greatly increased by those who
see fit to assign higher taxonomic worth to some of the features here
relegated to a position below a genus. In a family as poorly known
and as uniform as this one appears to be, any marked structural
feature presents a great temptation to the worker to establish a genus—
regardless of whether the modification has any fundamental value.
This type of splitting results in numerous monotypic genera that may
be based on secondary sexual characters, adaptive modifications, or
even “ornamental” features of a single species. I consider that several
monotypic genera of the Western Hemisphere fall in this category and
must be suppressed; they are Colobophrys Horvath, Pachymeroides
Signoret, Psectrocephalus Van Duzee, and Syllobus Signoret. These
are reduced to subgenera or full synonyms in the text, where full
explanations are also given. All of these were based on a single super-
ficial but prominent character. They all remained monotypic.

One of the most important and useful characters, used first by
Uhler (1877) and later to a lesser extent by Signoret (1881 to 1884),
is the modification of the osteole and its peritreme. These features
will permit the arrangement of the genera of the world into two groups
which, for convenience and to avoid any suggestion of a nomencla-
torial position, will be referred to as Groups A and B.

Group A can be defined as including those genera that show a defi-
nitely differentiated terminal structure on the anterior part of the
osteolar peritreme (figs. 89-100), the differentiation being due either
to definite widening of the terminal part or to a marked difference in
texture (i.e., being very shining, polished), or a combination of both.
The position of the actual osteolar opening, whether visible ventrally
at the base of the terminal lobe or opening posteriorly (not visible
ventrally) on the peritreme, also shows some significance.

Group B would include those genera that do not show any such
terminal modification on the anterior part of the peritreme (figs.
102-112). In addition, all members of this group have the osteole
opening posteriorly on the peritreme so that it is not visible ventrally.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 379

The separation of the genera in each of these two groups must be
based on an entirely different set of characters. In Group A the
modifications of the terminal lobe of the peritreme furnish abundant
generic separations. One section of the group exhibits a short,
expanded lobe of various shapes and textures (figs. 90, 95-100); a
second section has the terminal modification markedly transversely
elongate and with or without a recurved apical part (figs. 89, 91-94).
In each section there appear some additional modifications that aid
in further separation of the genera, so that only very few of the
features shown by other body parts are required for delimiting the
genera within Group A.

Group B is characterized by the lack of terminal modifications of
the peritreme (figs. 102-112); therefore, characters derived from other
parts of the body must be used for separating the included genera.
Several usable and apparently significant features may be used to
separate most of these genera, but at the end of the series there
accumulates a very heterogeneous mass of species for which no satis-
factory separation was found. An admittedly very weak feature is
presented to separate this unwieldy mass into two groups for which
generic names are already available. These two genera, Dallaszellus
Berg and Tominotus Mulsant and Rey, each include species that
appear to be closer to certain of those in the other genus than to some
of the more remote members of the same genus, and this condition
led the author to hunt for additional breaks, but a more satisfactory
one was not found.

The author has been deliberately conservative in accepting genera
in both groups and believes that numerous genera of but one or a
few species emphasize the difference between species rather than their
relationships. Consequently, in this paper, genera are defined by
groups of characters possessed in common rather than by single
differences. The results of such an approach may be very unsatis-
factory to those who hold the opposite view, so an effort was made to
compromise the two viewpoints by retaining some of the lesser differ-
ences to establish subgenera. Thus the relationships as well as the
more conspicuous structural modifications may be recognized.

The following tabulation of the Cydninae occurring in the Western
Hemisphere indicates the author’s current conclusions.
la. Anterior part of peritreme terminated by a differentiated lobe, loop, or

band (figs. 89-101); osteolar opening usually visible ventrally at base of
terminal process.

2a. Terminal process of peritreme elongate, transverse length more than

three times width (figs. 91-94).
3a. Terminal process fused with cuticula, forming a flat, polished band
extending almost or quite to lateral margin of evaporatorium and

separated therefrom by a distinct, impressed line (figs. 92-94).
Rhytidoporus

380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

3b. Terminal process a narrow, shallow eter with extreme apex convex
and recurved (fig. 91)..... . . . . .Macroporus
2b. Terminal process short, transverse lsnoen renee more than twice width.
4a. Metapleural evaporatorium limited, simply outlining peritreme (fig. 90).
Microporus
4b. Metapleural evaporatorium extensive, occupying most of segment
(figs. 95-97).
5a. Terminal process large, elongate-oval, with one to three longitudinal
rugae discally (fig. 89). .... ..2 0,0 ¢Cydnus
5b. Terminal process not elongate-oval, or hoct rugae (figs. 95-97, 101).
Eectinopus; Melanaethus; Onalips
1b. Anterior part of osteolar peritreme not differentiated terminally (figs.
102-112), posterior part sometimes with spinelike or tonguelike process;
osteole opening posteriorly on peritreme, not visible ventrally.
6a. Pronotum with a sharply defined, deeply impressed transverse line
paralleling anterior margin from side to side (figs. 14, 73) . . Pangaeus
6b. Pronotum without such a line.
7a. Posterior tibia strongly compressed, spines confined to dorsal and
ventral margins, ventral spines longer, thinner and more tapering
than those of dorsal margin (figs. 141, 142).
8a. Labial II with a semicircular foliaceous lobe (fig. 36) . . Prolobodes

8b. Labial II without such a lobe (fig. 34)... . . . .Cyrtomenus
7b. Posterior tibia not compressed, spines rather uniformly developed on
all margins (figs. 140, 148-150) . . . . . Dallasiellus; Tominotus

In the above arrangement, two points are worthy of mention.
First, the two genera listed under 7) represent those which were stated
above to be very difficult to separate fully and satisfactorily. As
previously mentioned, this is a “residual area” of negative characters
that includes a number of species groups. But whether these groups
are worthy of generic, subgeneric, or even lower standing is not yet
evident. For convenience they are held thus. Supporting evidence
will be found in the generic discussions of them.

The second noteworthy point is the absence of certain familiar
generic names like Aethus, Geocnethus, and Geotomus. These three
genera have Old World genotypes and none of our forms is con-
generic with them. In general, our species formerly assigned to
Aethus belong to Tominotus; those listed as Geocnethus go to Dalla-
siellus; and the name Melanaethus replaces Geotomus in the Western
Hemisphere. These name changes are discussed under the appro-
priate generic discussions. With these and certain other generic
redefinitions resulting from a companion study on the Old World
forms, each genus now assumes a zoogeographic significance that it
formerly lacked.

Key to genera of Cydninae known in the Western Hemisphere

1. Anterior part of osteolar peritreme modified apically into a distinctly differ-
entiated loop, lobe, or band which is wider than basal part of peritreme
and more or less polished (figs: 89-101)! Y's. sate. 6

10.

1s

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 381

Anterior part of osteolar peritreme without enlarged, differentiated apical
structure, sometimes with a small, subapical, posterior hooklike or flaplike
projection (figs. 102-112) .... EE ee i 8S

Osteolar peritreme with apical races eloneite: (peeves fever three or
more times width (figs. 91-94)... . . ha ES

Osteolar peritreme with apical process short, fener ere ieneih not more than
two times width. .... oe ah eed

Osteolar peritreme an elevated, iroupaliee ai aonure! extending almost to
lateral margin of eae where it forms a recurved, polished lobe (fig.

ON: ees os . . . . ».Macroporus Uhler (p. 394)
Osteolar Drone a fransverse poten band, neither elevated, troughlike
nor recurved apically (figs. 92-94) . . . . . Rhytidoporus Uhler (p. 382)
Membrane occupying half of hemelytral length (figs. 4,15)... ... 5
Membrane not more than two-fifths of hemelytral length. . ..... 6
Terminal osteolar process large, elongate-oval, with one to three longitudinal
rugae discally (fig. 89)... ...... . Cydnus Fabricius (p. 406)

Terminal process of peritreme small, not elongate (figs. 100, 101).
Ectinopus Dallas (p. 410)
Metapleural evaporatorium very limited, just outlining peritreme, not
approaching metapleural lamella posteriorly (fig. 90).
Microporus Uhler (p. 397)
Metapleural evaporatorium more extensive, occupying more than half of
sclerite and nearly or quite reaching base of pon lamella posteriorly
(figs. 91-103) 1°94)... ea
Terminal process of peritreme Stoo a enaeae or reuricndan ath osteole con-
spicuously visible ventrally at its base (fig. 95). Onalips Signoret (p. 415)
Terminal process of peritreme flat, simply expanded posteriorly as a more or
less polished lobe, osteole opening posteriorly, not conspicuous ventrally
(igs 9G; 07) 2 oon) a. . . . . . Melanaethus Ubler (p. 421)
Pronotum anteriorly with aeons sharply impressed line paralleling anterior
margin from side to side (this line usually impunctate).
Pangaeus Stal (p. 455)
Pronotum anteriorly without this impressed line, although often with a row
of punctures in the same area (rarely with partial, vague line laterally) . 9
Posterior tibia conspicuously compressed, anterior and posterior faces
glabrous, not spined; spines of posteroventral margin conspicuously
longer, thinner and more tapering than those of dorsal margin (figs. 141,
1 74 eae a ss, eet en AO
Posterior tibia nat or only ealdy eee Ges antl ventral spines
about equally developed... . . Set asl wea ll
Labial II with large, semicircular, Ponaceats oo: she Gren mide between
anterior coxae (fig. 36) . . . . Prolobodes Amyot and Serville (p. 508)
Labial II somewhat compressed, but without large, foliaceous lobe (fig. 34).
Cyrtomenus Amyot and Serville (p. 514)
Head with a complete row (extending from eye to apex of jugum) of coarse,
more or less contiguous punctures giving rise to numerous long hairs and
usually also to a row of pegs (figs. 54, 55).
Tominotus Mulsant and Rey (p. 539)
Head without a complete row (absent or extending not more than three-
fourths of way to apical angle of jugum) of coarse setigerous puncture;
pegs never present (figs. 41-45) . . . . . . Dallasiellus Berg (p. 570)

382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Genus Rhytidoporus Uhler, new status

Aethus of authors, nee Dallas, 1851, p. 110.

Rhytidoporus Uhler, 1877, p. 380.

Cryptoporus Uhler, 1877, p. 381, nee Motschulsky (1858) in Coleoptera. New
synonymy.

Bergthora Kirkaldy, 1904, p. 280. New synonymy.

Findalia Jensen-Haarup, 1926, p. 51. New synonymy.

DraGnosis.—The narrow, shining bandlike extension of the peri-
treme which interrupts the metapleural evaporatorium anteriorly (figs.
92-94) will separate the members of this genus from all others in the
Western Hemisphere.

Description.—Small; length of body, 3.5-6.0; oval, widest approxi-
mately at or slightly posterior to middle; dorsum much less convex
than venter.

Head: Length nearly two-thirds width, flattened or slightly convex
above; juga as long as clypeus; juga with fine marginal carina dorsally,
either with complete (including apex of clypeus) row of submarginal
punctures with their setae becoming finer towards eye, or with one
preocular seta and one half way to apex; eyes large, but slightly pro-
jecting; ocelli absent or well developed, when present located on or
slightly behind a line connecting hind margins of eyes and separated
from eyes by not more than twice transverse ocellar width; antennae
5-segmented, I shortest, II slightly shorter or equal to III, latter
subequal to or shorter than IV which may be almost as long as V;
bueculae moderately high, reaching nearly to base of head; labium
reaching between middle coxae (lucida?), IV shortest, II longest,
II! shorter than I, II slightly compressed but without foliaceous lobe.

Pronotum: Length about half width, distinctly narrowed from base;
side margins carinate, straight or convex on basal two-thirds or more,
with 4 to 8 or about 20 setigerous punctures submarginally; anterior
margin shallowly to deeply emarginate; transverse impression weak
to absent, usually marked by a row of distinct punctures; posterior
margin broadly but slightly convex, all angles rounded.

Scutellum: Shorter than, equal to, or longer than width, triangular,
apex narrowed and less than or slightly wider than half of membranal
suture; disc with distinct punctures.

Hemelytron: Areas weakly or well defined, membranal suture
straight or slightly projecting laterally; costa with 1 or 2, or about
15 to 20 setigerous punctures; membrane not over two-fifths of
hemelytral length, usually reaching or slightly surpassing apex of
abdomen, hyaline and faintly clouded with brown.

Propleuron: Moderately convex anterior to depression, latter with
or without coarse punctures; prosternal carinae low, rather sharp;
anterior margin slightly lobulate either side of middle.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 383

Mesopleuron (figs. 92-94): Flat, evaporative area occupying all
but extreme lateral area and posterolateral angle; posterior margin
entire; mesosternum prominent to subcarinate along median line,
with numerous long hairs.

Metapleuron (figs. 92-94): Flat, osteolar canal extended laterally
to limit of evaporative area as a flat, posteriorly sharply delimited
band that is in large part polished; osteole usually opening at base of a
lobulate auricle, latter absent (fig. 93a) in subgenus Bergthora.

Legs: Moderately long, slender; anterior tibia (fig. 124) moderately
widened, with seven or eight stout spines on outer margin, not pro-
longed beyond tarsal insertion; middle and posterior tibiae slender;
latter terete, slightly more than one-third body length; tarsal II
shortest, I subequal to or shorter than Ii.

Sternites: Strongly convex, shining, with or without setigerous
punctures; posterior margin of each sternite with numerous fine,
sharp crenulations on lateral third or more.

Nymph: A third (?) instar nymph collected with adults on
“strawberry” showed the head with the fine marginal carina dorsally
and the submarginal series of stout spines and longer cilia.

Tyre oF Genus.—Rhytidoporus indentatus Uhler (1877, p. 380),
monobasic; of Cryptoporus Uhler (1877) nec Motschulsky (1858)
in Coleoptera, Cryptoporus compactus Uhler (1877, p. 382), monobasic;
Bergthora Kirkaldy (1904) was proposed as a new name for Cryptoporus
Uhler and so takes Cryptoporus compactus Uhler as genotype by
objective synonymy; of Findalia Jensen-Haarup, Findalia lucida
Jensen-Haarup (1926, p. 52), by original designation and monobasic.

DistripuTion.—The specimens studied indicated the range of
this genus to be from Florida, New Mexico, and Texas in the southern
United States and south into Mexico, Brazil, and the West Indies
(Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix).

Discussion.—The devaluation of the above three ‘genera’ to
subgeneric status is based chiefly on the fact that all three possess
the important and unique apical modification of the peritreme.
Admittedly, the three subgenera are not equally closely related. The
subgenera Rhytidoporus and Bergthora, as indicated by the following
key, are more closely related to each other than to the South American
Findalia. The fact that no male specimen of Findalia was available
for study was unfortunate, because it prevented determination of
the position of that subgenus in relation to the other two as regards
the shape of the male gonostylus. In respect to this structure,
Rhytidoporus shows an interesting divergence from Bergthora in
bearing at the dorsal angle an unusual mesal, spine-like projection
(figs. 193, 194) which is absent in the single species of the latter
subgenus (fig. 195).

384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

The relationships of the subgenera of Rhytidoporus reflects the
same situation that Osborn (1933) pointed out for many of the
Auchenorrhynchus Homoptera. The forms that occur on the eastern
end of the Antilles chain are more closely related to those of the
western part of the chain and in Central America than to those
occurring on the South American continent. The West Indian
Rhytidoporus (sen. str.) are certainly more closely related to Bergthora
than to the South American Findalia.

Key to the subgenera of Rhytidoporus

1. Submargin of head with two submarginal setigerous punctures, one in front
of eye and one half way to apex; metapleural evaporatorium reaching
lateral margin of segment. . . . . . . Findalia Jensen-Haarup (p. 392)

Submargin of head (including apex of clypeus) with row of coarse, close-
set setigerous punctures; metapleural evaporatorium not reaching lateral

marginofsegment. .... gg Ag ed tae ED

2. Costa with one to three entiperoua Sate teres psreolar auricle distinctly
developed (fig.92). ..... . . . . . Rhytidoporus Uhler (p. 384)
Costa with about 15 sotivetoule punctures; osteolar auricle absent
(fig, 93) cca Ses ees Se ers che oe ws. «. Dergthora Kirkaldy(ps90)

Subgenus Rhytidoporus (Rhytidoporus) Uhler

Rhytidoporus Uhler, 1877, p. 380.

Driaenosis.—The submarginal row of setigerous punctures on the
jugum coupled with the few setigerous punctures on the costa will
define this subgenus.

Types or suBGENUS.—Rhytidoporus indentatus Uhler (1877, p. 380),
monobasic.

DistriputTion.—The members of this subgenus apparently are
native to the West Indies, although one species has invaded the south-
ern part of peninsular Florida on the mainland. This is in contrast
to the lone species of each of the other two subgenera which have
continental ranges.

Discussion.—The included species appear rather closely allied to
each other, obsoletus, new species, being the most distinct.

Key to species of the subgenus Rhytidoporus (Rhytidoporus)

1. Ocelli present, prominent; membrane longer than basal width. . .... 2
Ocelli absent; membrane short, length not greater than basal width.

obsoletus, new species (p. 389)

2. Pronotum laterally with submarginal row of ten setigerous punctures; terminal

process of peritreme limited apically by narrow strip of evaporatorium

(fig s9SD) ene 151 45 Zane . . . . . diminutus (Ruckes) (p. 386)

Pronotum laterally with submiareinel row of five or six setigerous punctures;

terminal process of peritreme extended all the way to edge of evaporatorium

CBSO ARs, aoe. e Mao A) ce, tere teemenas st. Wel Novis oc speed eke ORES eer eee

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 385

3. Head broadly rounded, semicircular or slightly truncated apically (fig. 52);
pronotal disc immediately behind anterior emargination with a single row
of a few (usually two to seven) coarse punctures between setigerous punc-
tures posterior to inner angle ofeyes. .... - indentatus Uhler (p. 387)

Head less broadly rounded (fig. 53); pronotum immediately behind anterior
emargination with many (about 15) coarse punctures between setigerous
TOUMICUUITES oy “a. SP ve oat, ee) Cs ee, a ow ge barberi, new species (p. 395)

Rhytidoporus (Rhytidoporus) barberi, new species
PLATE FIGURES 53, 194

Dracnosis.—This new species, here described from a single male,
may be characterized by the presence of ocelli and the numerous
(about 15) punctures immediately behind the anterior emargination
of the pronotum. The short, mesally projecting dorsal spine of the
gonostylus also separates this from the males of other known species.

Description.—Mates: Only specimen known. Oval.

Head: Wider than long, 1.13 : 0.70; interocular width, 0.66; margins
of paraclypei less broadly rounded (fig. 53). Antennal segments: i;
0.16; II, 0.23; III, 0.26; IV, 0.36; V, 0.43. Surface shining, with few
weak, radiating rugae, three or four moderate punctures anterior to
and between ocelli. Labial segments: I, 0.46; II, 0.56; III, 0.46;
IV, 0.40.

Pronotum: Nearly twice as wide as long, 2.34 : 1.23; anterior lobe
with moderate, subapical impression bearing about 15 distinct punc-
tures, and with several punctures laterally; transverse impression
obsolete, marked by an irregular row of close-set, moderate punctures ;
posterior lobe with a few scattered punctures discally; side margins
with six setigerous punctures.

Scutellum: Length and width equal, 1.43; irregularly and dis-
tinctly punctured over surface except at base and apex.

Hemelytron: Shining, discal area with numerous fine punctures and
several coarser ones scattered over full length; clavocorial suture dis-
tinctly impressed, bordered by two complete rows of distinct, coarse
punctures; limiting impressions of radial veins punctured; clavus with
a more or less regular row of distinct punctures on basal half; costa
with one setigerous puncture, membrane hyaline, faintly yellowed,
with a median brownish cloud; longer than basal width, surpassing
apex of abdomen by about one-third its length.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 194), mesal dorsal tooth
short, edge posterior to it deeply concave.

Length of body: 4.10.

Type pata—Holotype male (USNM 64425), “St. Croix, V. L,
H. A. Beatty, No. 741/1937.”

Discusston.—This specimen bore a label of H. G. Barber as
“Aethus sp. ?, near indentatus.”’ Because of this finely studied con-

501991604

386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

clusion the species is being named in honor of that outstanding Ameri-
can hemipterist.

Rhytidoporus (Rhytidoporus) diminutus (Ruckes), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 93b
Aethus diminutus Ruckes, 1952, p. 2.

Diaanosis.—The presence of a narrow band of the evaporatorium
beyond the apex of the peritreme will separate this species from all
others in the genus.

Description.—In the absence of specimens for study, the original
description will be quoted and followed by a few comments based on
mesopleural and metapleural structures taken from two sketches of
those areas on the types as kindly furnished by Dr. Ruckes.

Castaneus brown to dark fuscous, slightly obovate in outline. Head as wide
between the eyes as long through its midline; apex evenly rounded as in allied
species; spines along the anterior margin short, blunt, and all of the same size;
two spines on apex of tylus and five on anterolateral margin of each jugum;
only three long setae on each jugal margin just in front of eyes; two setae on each
side of disc of head, one in front of each eye and one just behind the anterior
margin; a pair of setae, one long and one short, on the under side of the apical
margin just lateral of the base of the buccula. Pronotal dise slightly convex,
without any indentations, a vague double row of obsolescent, wide-spaced
punctures across the posterior half; a pair of large setigercus pits near apical
margin diagonally behind the ocelli; a pair of less pronounced setigerous punctures
inside each lateral margin, one near anterior angle and one larger, about midway
along the length; marginal setae of pronotum at least ten in number on each side.
Scutellum with a few small, scattered punctures on the disc; marginal punctures
indistinct and tending to become confluent posteriorly; apex of scutellum almost
angulate rather than rounded Hemelytra with some scattered punctures on
disc; a row of distinct punctures following the cubital vein, with a second row
laterally, converging towards the former posteriorly; a row of subcostal and radial
punctures present but not distinct; costal margin with three long setae on the
basal third; membrane clear hyaline, with a small fuscous spot near the middle
of its base. Abdominal venter impunctate, apical edges of segments obscurely
roughened; only two setae laterally on each segment adjacent to spiracle.
Mesosternal evaporating area very large, reaching the lateral margins of the
supporting sclerites. Rostrum nearly reaching posterior margins of mesocoxae,
second joint almost as long as third and fourth combined. Antennal segments
I, II, and III subequal, each slightly shorter than segments IV and V, which in
themselves are subequal. Antennae, rostrum, and tarsi testaceous, each becoming
paler apically. Hypopygium of the male broadly scoop-shaped, its apical margin
entire.

Holotype: Male, 3.75 mm. long, 2.25 wide across humeri, South Bimini Island,
Bahama Islands, British West Indies, May, 1951 (collected by Cazier and
Gertsch).

Allotype: Female, 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide across humeri, same data as for
the holotype.

Dr. Ruckes’ sketches of the pleurae of both types show both the
mesopleural and metapleural evaporatoria as being characteristic for

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 387

the genus; the most outstanding feature being that the terminal
process stops just short of the lateral margin of the metapleural
evaporatorium (fig. 98b, based on Ruckes’ sketch of male holotype).

Type pata.—The type series consisted of only the holotype male
and allotype female (both in AmM). The type locality is listed in
the original description quoted above.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—None.

Discussion.—The sketches of the evaporatoria do not bear out
the statement, in the original description, ‘‘Mesosternal evaporating
area very large, reaching the lateral margin of the supporting sclerites.”’
The sketches show both the mesopleural and metapleural evaporatoria
to be similar to those of indentatus in approaching but not actually
attaining lateral margin of segment.

Rhytidoporus (Rhytidoporus) indentatus Uhler
PLATE FIGURES 5, 32, 52, 92, 124, 146, 193

Rhytidoporus indentatus Uhler, 1877, p. 380.—Distant, 1880, p. 4.

Aethus (Rhytidoporus) indentatus Signoret, 1882, p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 80.—Torre
Bueno; 1939, p. 179.

Aethus indentatus Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 20.—Barber and
Bruner, 1932, p. 235.—Barber, 1939, p. 271.

Cydnus indentatus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 66.—Banks, 1910, p. 99.

DiacGnosis.—The presence of ocelli and the absence of, or the
presence of but a few, coarse punctures immediately posterior to the
anterior pronotal emargination sets this species apart from others in
the group (fig. 5).

DeEscriIPTION.—MALE: Oval.

Head: Wider than long, 1.12(1.04-1.30) :0.78 (0.73-0.86) ; interocular
width 0.66(0.61—0.76) ; surface smooth, with wide, very feeble radiating
lines, impunctate or with a few fine punctures anterior to ocelli;
ocellar width 0.06(0.06—-0.08); subequal to half of space separating
it from an eye, 0.11(0.10-0.13). Antennal segments: I, 0.24(0.23-
0.30); II, 0.22(0.20-0.26); III, 0.29(0.24-0.36); IV, 0.37(0.33-0.46) ;
V, 0.51(0.46-0.56). Labial segments: I, 0.40(0.36-0.46) ; I, 0.59(0.53—
0.70); IIT, 0.45(0.40-0.53) ; LV, 0.33(0.30-0.40).

Pronotum: Wider than long, 2.28(2.08—2.73) :1.26(1.07-1.43) ;
transverse impression near midlength, weakly indicated and usually
obsolete at middle; anterior lobe transversely convex, usually with
a noticeable triangular impression anteriorly, surface polished,
impunctate except for a few punctures behind anterior emargination
and usually a variable number near sides; site of transverse impression
with an irregular row of fine punctures that are sparse medially and
denser laterally; posterior lobe impunctate or with a few widely

388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

scattered very fine punctures; lateral submargins with five or six
setigerous punctures.

Scutellum: As long as or slightly longer than basal width, 1.46
(1.36-1.69) :1.41(1.30-1.62) ; apex narrowed; impunctate basally and
at apex, discally with several scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Areas well defined, surface polished, discally with few
or no coarse punctures; two inner rows of punctures bordering clavus
distinct, second row nearly complete; clavus with a partial row of
punctures on basal half or less.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with rim faintly recurved, entire or
vaguely emarginate at middle apex; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
193), the dorsomedial projection very long.

Length of body: 4.29(3.85-5.00).

Frmaute: Very similar to male, but with impression of anterior
pronotal lobe weak or absent and measurements slightly larger.

Head: Width-length ratio, 1.19(1.06-1.33):0.77(0.73-0.86); in-
terocular width 0.71(0.63—0.80) ; ocellar width, 0.06(0.06-—0.08) ; space
separating ocellus from eye 0.12(0.10-0.16). Antennal segments:
I, 0.24(0.20-0.26); II, 0.24(0.18-0.30); III, 0.30(0.26-0.36); IV,
0.42 (0.36-0.53); V, 0.54(0.50-0.60). Labial segments: I, 0.43(0.36-
0.51); II, 0.61(0.53-0.73) ; III, 0.48(0.41-0.60); IV, 0.33(0.33-0.36).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 2.43(2.15—2.79) :1.27(1.10-1.43).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.61(1.36-1.89) :1.50(1.30-1.75).

Length of body: 4.42(3.85-5.28).

Type pata.—In the U.S. National Museum, Uhler (1877, p. 381)
wrote of the material on which his descriptions were based as follows:
“Tnhabits Cuba, and has been collected in various parts of the island
by Prof. Poey and Mr. Charles Wright. Southern Florida, Dr. E.
Palmer.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—24 males, 36 females.

Unitep Srares: Florida: Dade Co., Deerfield, Fort Pierce, Homestead, Lake-
land, Lake Placid, Miami, Royal Palm; for all months of the year.

Cusa: Buenos Aires (Trinidad Mts.), Cabanas, Guanajay, Mina Carlota
(Trinidad Mts.), Santiago de las Vegas, Soledad, Upper Yara Valley; August-
April.

eae Desbarriere, Ennery, Etang Lachaux, Grand Rivitre, Jacmel, Kenscoff,
mountains near Port-au-Prince; January, September, October.

Dominican Repusuic: Constanza, Mt. Diego de Ocampo, Sanchez; July,
August.

Puerto Rico: Aquirre, El Yongue; January, May, October.

Sr. Croix Isuanp: Southern end; July.

Discussion.—The present species is quite variable in length and
width of body, in median impression and lateral punctation of anterior
lobe of pronotum, and in proportionate length of antennal segments

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 389

II and III (II varying from two-thirds as long to subequal in length
to III). Without intermediates one might be tempted to separate
some of these, but as lots bearing the same data often showed these
as well as intermediates in varying combinations, the temptation was
greatly lessened. The most persistent doubt as to the validity of
this lumping was raised by a small series of large specimens from the
Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico which shows a more marked
impression of the anterior pronotal lobe in both sexes. However, the
males of that series show the long mediodorsal projection on the
gonostylus that is present in the others assigned here. Some of this
material was reported by Barber and Bruner (1932) as indentatus,
but their comment that ‘The males have the anterior disc on the pro-
notum quite plainly depressed’? was not true of all males studied, as
some of the smaller ones lacked the depression.

In spite of these tentative conclusions, goodly series of specimens
from more localities might validate some sort of separation of some
of these variations.

Wolcott (1936, p. 181) reported this species ‘“‘at light,” ‘fon dung”
and ‘eaten by Ameiva ersul,’”’ an iguana in Puerto Rico. Later (1948,
p. 189) he wrote that it had been collected “-rom numerous humid
localities of coast and mountains” on the same island, and repeated
that it was found to be ‘‘an item of food of the iguana, Ameiva exsul.”’

Rhytidoporus (Rhytidoporus) obsoletus, new species

Diacnosis.—Any of several features will separate this species from
the others within the genus. The absence of ocelli, the weakly
defined corial areas, the very elongate and slender scutellar apex, or
the short membrane may be relied upon. Unfortunately, this form
is known only from females so the validity of these characters in
relation to the males is purely conjectural.

DEscRIPTION.—IEMALE (only sex known): Oval.

Head: Wider than long, 1.32(1.30—1.33) :0.87(0.86-0.90), inter-
ocular width 0.91(0.90-0.93) ; surface smooth, with several very weak,
radiating rugae; ocelli absent. Antennal segments: I, 0.28(0.26-
0.30); II, 0.32(0.30-0.33); III, 0.36(0.36-0.40); IV, 0.51(0.50-0.53) ;
V, 0.67(0.63-0.70). Labial segments: I, 0.62(0.60—-0.66); II, 0.77
(0.76-0.80) ; III, 0.63(0.60-0.66) ; IV, 0.49(0.46-0.50).

Pronotum: More than twice as wide as long, 1.48(1.43-1.53):
0.71(0.70-0.73) ; transversely convex, smooth, with scattered moderate
punctures submarginally to apex and sides of anterior lobe, along
obsolete transverse impression and on dise of posterior lobe; side
margins with five to seven setigerous punctures, none at basal angles.

Scutellum: Distinctly longer than broad, 1.17(1.13-1.23):0.97
(0.93-1.03); irregularly punctured over surface except at base and

290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

apex; latter very narrowed and elongate, the narrowed tip about
twice as long as broad.

Hemelytron: Corium shining, very faintly alutaceous, obsoletely
wrinkled; corioclaval suture obsolete, the two rows of bordering
punctures very weak; usually not or only very weakly punctate
discally, along radial vein and in exocorial area; membrane brownish
hyaline, not surpassing apex of abdomen, length subequal to basal
width.

Length of body: 5.48(5.28-5.71).

Tyre pata.—Holotype female (MCZ), ‘“‘La Visite & vic., La Selle
Range, 5-7000 ft., Sept. 16-23, Haiti, 1934, Darlington.” Paratypes:
5 females (MCZ, USNM, RCF), same data as holotype.

Discusston.—This very distinct species is known only from six
female specimens. However, sexual dimorphism is not strongly
marked within this family so one may expect the males also to show
the unusual features mentioned above.

Subgenus Rhy tidoporus (Bergthora) Kirkaldy

Cryptoporus Uhler, 1877, p. 381, nee Motschulsky (1858) in Coleoptera.
Bergthora Wirkaldy, 1904, p. 280.

Diacnosis.—The single member of this subgenus separates most
easily from the species in the other subgenera by the more numerous
(15 to 20) setigerous punctures on the costa.

TyPr OF SUBGENUS.—Cryptoporus compactus Uhler (1877, p. 382),
monobasic; of Bergthora, the same species by objective synonymy, the
new generic name having been proposed to replace preoccupied
Cryptoporus Uhler for which the type had already been fixed.

Distripution.—The members of this subgenus occur in a limited
area in the southwestern United States (in Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona) and all of Mexico. As yet, it is not known to occur on any
of the islands to the east or west of Mexico.

Rhytidoporus (Bergthora) compactus (Uhler), new combination

PLATE FIGURES 93a, 193

Cryptoporus compactus Ubler, 1877, p. 382.

Aethus (Cryptoporus) compactus Signoret, 1882, p. 41, pl. 2, fig. 63.—Torre Bueno,
1939, p. 179.

Aethus compactus Uhler, 1886, p. 3—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 20.

Cydnus compactus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 65.—Banks, 1910, p. 99.

Dracnosis.—R. compactus is the only species in the subgenus.

Description.—Mate: Oval, widest posterior to middle.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 0.82(1.78-0.93) :1.21(1.16-1.33);
interocular width, 0.82(0.78-0.93); anterior outline semicircular;
clypeus as long as juga, slightly narrowed apically; surface convex,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 391

shining, with numerous minute punctures and several obsolete, ra-
diating rugae; ocelli small, separated from eye by space almost three
times transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished, impunctate ;
maxillary plate impunctate on apical half, obsoletely punctured on
basal half. Antennal segments: I, 0.25(0.23-0.26); II, 0.21(0 16-
0.23); III, 0.23(0.20-0.26); IV, 0.26(0.23-0.30) ; V, 0.28(0.26-0.30).
Bucculae almost as high as labial IT; labium reaching between middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.44(0.43-0.46); I, 0.53(0.50-0.56) ; III,
0.45(0.40-0.50); IV, 0.32(0.28-0.36).

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half width, 1.31(1.23-
1.49) : 2.56(2.40-2.89); anterior margin deeply bimarginate; lateral
margins entire, middle third straight or very weakly concave, sub-
marginal row with about 30 to 35 setigerous punctures; transverse
impression obsolete, usually marked by medially interrupted row of
moderate punctures; anterior lobe with numerous small punctures
subapically and laterally; posterior lobe with several irregular, small
punctures and many minute punctures.

Scutellum: Length equal to, longer than, or shorter than width,
1.59(1.49-1.89) :1.66(1.56-1.82); weakly alutaceous, disc with nu-
merous well-separated large punctures and many minute punctures
interspersed, occasionally with small, transverse rugae.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium distinctly alutaceous; clavus with
numerous distinct punctures, somewhat arranged in rows; mesocorium
with numerous distinct punctures, with one and usually a second
complete row of punctures paralleling claval suture; exocorium with
numerous distinct punctures over entire length; costa with 15 to 20
setigerous punctures; membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle
not produced; membrane longer than basal width, reaching or sur-
passing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Feebly to distinctly alutaceous, impunctate.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Each with submedian transverse row of setigerous punc-
tures; alutaceous, roughened on lateral third by short, longitudinal
rugae.

Terminalia: Genital capsule punctate in lateral angle, apical margin
entire or weakly sinuate medially; gonostylus (fig. 195) without mesal
projection at dorsal angle.

Length of body: 4.22(4.00—-4.57).

Frma.e: Similar to male, measurements mostly averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.79(0.76—0.90) :1.27(1.20-1.86); inter-
ocular width, 0.85(0.80—-0.90). Antennal segments: I, 0.28(0.26—-0.30) ; IT,
0.20(0.16-0.23) ; ILI, 0.24(0.23-0.28) ; IV, 0.28(0.26-0.30) ; V, 0.30(0.30-

392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 111

0.30). Labial segments: I, 0.45(0.43-0.50); II, 0.55(0.50-0.63) ; III,
0.43(0.40-0.46) ; IV, 0.31(0.30-0.33).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.38(1.30—-1.49) :2.74(2.60-2.93).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.75(1.62—1.89) :1.78(1.62-1.89).

Length of body: 4.42(4.07-4.85).

Typr pata.—Uhler gave the locality of the type (USNM) as
“Galveston Island, Texas.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—88 males, 38 females.

Unitep States: Arizona: Globe, Huachuca Mts., Patagonia, Pinery Canyon
(Chiricahua Mts.); March, July. California: Coral Beach (Los Angeles Co.),
Hynes, San Diego Co., Saticoy; April, May, October. New Mezico: Mesilla
Park, Deming; August, December. Texas: Austin, Galveston, Padre Island,
Tyler, Victoria; February to May.

Mexico: Distrito Federal: Pefién Viejo; April, June. Mezico: Tejupilco; June.
Sinaloa: Mazatlan, Rosario; March. Sonora: Guaymas, Yavaros; July. Yucatdn:
Yucatan.

Discussion.—This appears to be a common species on the main-
land within its range. It is not yet known to occur on any of the
islands of the Caribbean Sea, thereby differing from the members of
the subgenus Rhytidoporus.

Pearse’s (1938, p. 239) note on this species, ‘‘in rubbish,’”’ in the
Mexican State of Yucatsdn, was accidentally entered under the family
name Fulgoridae. One of Pearse’s specimens was seen during this
study. In the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University, there is a specimen collected by W. M. Wheeler
and mounted with two ants, suggesting the possibility that they were
found in close association. The hemipteron is erroneously labeled as
Homoloporus congruus.

Subgenus Rhytidoporus (Findalia) Jensen-Haarup, new status
Findalia Jensen-Haarup, 1926, p. 52.

Diaanosis.—The presence of but two submarginal setigerous
punctures on each jugum readily separates this subgenus from the
other two, each of which bears a row of submarginal setigerous
punctures on jugum.

Description.—Head: Jugum with two submarginal setigerous
punctures, one immediately in front of eye, one near middle; vertex
with curved, obtuse carina between ocelli.

Pronotum: Transverse impression absent; surface nearly impunc-
tate; side margins with but four submarginal setigerous punctures.

Hemelytron: Membrane small, about one-fourth hemelytral length.

Metapleuron: With distinct auricular process at osteole; evapor-
atorium reaching side margin of segment.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 393

Typr oF suBGENUS.—Findalia lucida Jensen-Haarup (1926, p. 52),
monobasic. The locality given with the original description was
“Brazil,” but the type specimen bears no locality label.

Discussion.—Except for the development of the peritreme (a
structure which I believe to be a prime phylogenetic indicator), the
single species of the subgenus is well removed from the other species
of the genus.

Rhytidoporus (Findalia) lucida (Jensen-Haarup), new combination

PLATE FIGURE 94

Findalia lucida Jensen-Haarup, 1926, p. 52.

DiaGnosis.—Since this is the only species known for this subgenus
the subgeneric characters will place it within the genus.

Description.—Known only from the type female. FEMALE:
Elongate-oval, nearly parallel-sided but slightly wider behind mid-
length.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.56:0.88; interocular
width, 0.53; anterior outline semicircular, clypeus as long as juga,
but slightly narrowed at apex; surface alutaceous, with scattered
minute punctures; jugum with two submarginal setigerous punctures,
one preocular and one near middle; ocelli moderately large, separated
from eye by space subequal to transverse diameter of ocellus; jugum
ventrally and maxillary plate polished, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.20; II-V missing; bucculae nearly as high as labial
II. Labial segments (III, IV, missing): I, 0.30:II, 0.53.

Pronotum: Length less than half width, 0.94:2.00; anterior margin
deeply, doubly emarginate; lateral margin entire, more strongly
curved on apical half, with submarginal row of four setigerous
punctures; transverse impression absent, marked by one or two distinct
punctures at extreme ends; surface, except for a few fine punctures
near anterior margin and some scattered laterally, virtually impunctate.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium finely alutaceous; clavus with one
longitudinal row of punctures; mesocoriun with two complete rows
of punctures paralleling claval suture, discally with a few distinct
punctures that become more numerous apically; exocorium weakly
convex, with numerous obsolete punctures for full length; costa very
fine, with one small setegerous puncture subbasally; membranal
suture slightly concave; membrane surpassing apex of abdomen,
slightly longer than basal width.

Propleuron: Shining, obsoletely alutaceous, impunctate; prosternal
carinae sharp, less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium filling all but narrow anterior,
posterior, and extreme lateral margins of segments.

394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Metapleuron (fig. 94): With well-developed auricle, near osteole;
evaporatorium extending to lateral margin of segment; lateral area
with few distinct punctures near evaporatorium.

Sternites: Polished, with numerous widely separated punctures on
lateral third.

Length of body: 3.70.

Typr pAata.—The type female (Copen) bears no locality label
although Jensen-Haarup stated “Brazil” as the type locality (see
discussion below).

Discusston.—In the absence of a locality label on the type, a
question arises as to the source of the locality cited by Jensen-Haarup.
One possible explanation is that he derived it from a manuscript
‘n, sp.”’ label on the pin, the generic name of which was apparently
based on the name of that country. Although some doubt may thus
arise as to this truly being a species of the Western Hemisphere, the
ligulate extension of the peritreme allies it to the present genus—and
since this development is not known from any other locality in the
world, the logical conclusion is that lucida is a species of the New
World.

Genus Macroporus Uhler

Macroporus Uhler, 1876, p. 278.

Dracnosts.—The shape of the osteolar peritreme here extends
more than three-fourths of the way to the lateral margin of the
metapleuron where it ends in a conspicuous, recurved, polished lobe
(fig. 91).

DescripTion.—Small (3.2-4.4), broadly oval, greatest width
behind middle; dorsum slightly, venter moderately, convex.

Head: Length almost three-fifths width, slightly convex above;
outline semicircular, clypeus as long as juga; with fine, dorsal carina
marginally; submargin, including clypeus, with complete row of
coarse, close-set setigerous punctures giving rise to a complete row of
pegs and a few hairs; eyes small, entire, moderately projecting;
ocelli well developed, moderate in size, situated slightly posterior to
line connecting hind margins of eyes, separated from eye by space
less than transverse ocellar width; antennae 5-segmented, II shortest
and most slender, III, IV, and V increasing slightly in length, all
longer than I; bucculae low, reaching almost to base of head (fig. 30);
labium reaching between middle coxae, II longest, compressed,
without semicircular foliaceous lobe, III longer than I and IV which
are subequal.

Pronotum: Length about half width; lateral margin entire, slightly
convex, narrowing from base; anterior margin deeply and simply

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 395

emarginate; posterior margin subtruncate; anterior submarginal
impressed line distinct from side to side; transverse impression post-
median, obsolete; dorsal surface abundantly punctate; lateral sub-
margin with about 15 setigerous punctures.

Scutellum: Slightly wider than long, triangular, slightly narrowed
at apical third where it is less than one-third of membranal suture;
apex narrowly rounded; disc punctured.

Hemelytron: Corial areas poorly defined; membranal suture
straight, strongly oblique; costa arcuate, explanate, with no setigerous
punctures; membrane distinctly less than half of hemelytral length.

Propleuron: Alutaceous, impunctate; prosternal carinae very low;
anterior margin not lobulate either side of middle.

Mesopleuron: Faintly concave, evaporatorium extensive, covering
most of segment, reaching lateral and posterior margins; posterior
margin entire; mesosternum prominent and subcarinate along mid-
line, with numerous hairs.

Metapleuron (fig. 91): Nearly flat, evaporatorium reaching almost
to lateral margin; peritreme very long, reaching nearly to lateral
margin of evaporative area, formed as an open trough for basal two-
thirds, apical third a large, recurving, polished lobe; osteole opening at
base of trough.

Legs: Moderately long; anterior tibia (fig. 121) moderately widened,
with seven stout, blunt spines dorsally, not prolonged beyond tarsal
insertion; tarsal IT shortest; middle and posterior tibiae terete; latter
(fig. 143) straight, little more than half as long as body, without spines
on posterior face.

Sternites: Convex, impunctate, alutaceous, dul! laterally, shining
along broad median area.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule opening dorsally; gonostylus as
figured for species (fig. 196).

Typr or Genus.—Macroporus repetitus Uhler (1877, p. 375),
monobasic.

Disrrinution.—The range of this genus is that of its only included
species and appears confined to the western United States, in California
(and New Mexico, Torre Bueno, 1939). The specimen (USNM)
which Uhler (1876, p. 278) reported from “the vicinity of Baltimore”
bears the label ““Md.”’ The specimen is of the present species but is
undoubtedly mislabeled as no other specimens have been reported from
the eastern United States. Therefore, unless supported by additional
captures, that record should not be included in the range of the genus.

Discussion.—This genus contains a single species, which is treated
below.

396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

Macroporus repetitus Uhler
PLATE FIGURES 9, 30, 91, 121, 143, 196

Macroporus repetitus Uhler, 1876, p. 278; 1877, p. 375; 1886, p. 3.—Signoret, 1881b,
p. 329, pl. 10, fig. 46.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 64.—Banks, 1910,
p. 100.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 19.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 178.

Diacnosis.—This is the only species known in this well-marked
genus.

DescripTion.—Ma.eE:

Head: Length nearly three-fourths width, 0.64(0.58-0.70):0.89
(0.83-0.98); interocular width, 0.63(0.60—-0.68); juga as long as
clypeus, narrowing it apically; juga and vertex with numerous, irregu-
larly placed punctures; ocelli small, separated from eye by a space
almost three times transverse ocellar diameter; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.20(0.17-0.23);
IL, 0.13(0.12-0.14); III, 0.27(0.24-0.29); IV, 0.27(0.23-0.31); V, 0.33
(0.32-0.34). Bucculae low, height about half of labial II. Labial
segments: I, 0.31(0.30-—0.33); I, 0.48(0.46—0.50) ; III, 0.39 (0.36-0.43) ;
IV, 0.26(0.26-0.29).

Pronotum: Length a little more or less than half of width, 1.0
(0.90-1.17) :2.02(1.82—2.28); anterior lobe polished, moderately punc-
tured except for U-shaped discal area, punctures slightly coarser
towards margins; posterior lobe with numerous close-set punctures
similar to those of transverse impression.

Scutellum: Distinctly wider than long, 1.34(1.17-1.49):1.02(0.90-
1.10); surface, except basal angles, moderately closely punctured al-
most to apex, latter with a low, median carina.

Propleurae, mesopleurae, and metapleurae: As described for genus.

Legs, sternites, and terminalia: As described for genus, gonostylus
as illustrated (fig. 196).

Length of body: 3.74(3.35-4.12).

FEMALE.—Very similar to male, but punctures of posterior pronotal
lobe a little coarser and more distinct; and measurements more
variable.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.64(0.55—0.68) :0.92(0.80-1.00); inter-
ocular width, 0.65(0.56-0.72). Antennal segments: I, 0.21(0.17-
0.26); II, 0.13(0.13-0.16); III, 0.28(0.25-0.33); IV, 0.29(0.26-0.33);
V, 0.33(0.27-0.37). Labial segments: I, 0.34(0.32-0.38); II, 0.52
(0.44-0.60); III, 0.40(0.34-0.51); IV, 0.28(0.27-0.31).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.08(0.84-1.19) :2.11(1.75-2.28).

Scutellum: Width-length ratio, 1.36(1.07-1.56) :1.10(0.91-1.19).

Length of body: 4.02(3.42-4.35).

Type pata.—Uhler (1876, p. 278) reported the type ‘From the
vicinity of San Francisco.’ The other locality given in the original

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 397
description, ‘‘in the vicinity of Baltimore,” is undoubtedly in error,
probably resulting from mislabeling, as the specimen is still in the
Uhler collection (USNM). No subsequent specimen has_ been
labeled for the eastern United States.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—28 males, 49 females.

Unitep Srates: California: Camp Baldy, Carmel, Greenhorn Mts. in Tulare
Co., Independence, Monterey, Mt. Diablo, Mt. Wilson, Paraiso Springs, Pin-
nacles National Monument, Riverside Co., San Diego Co., San Francisco, San
Jacinto Mts., Sequoia National Park, Suisun, Tan Bark Flat, Yuba City; October
to June.

Discusston.—Ecological data on specimens consisted of the phrase
‘in soil” on a series consisting of one adult and three young instars,
and one note of “Ceanothus.” Torre Bueno (1939) listed the species
from New Mexico.

Genus Microporus Uhler
Microporus Uhler, 1872, p. 394 (name only); 1876, p. 275.

Diacnosis.—The very strongly restricted metapleural evapora-
torium that just outlines the peritreme marks this genus as distinct
from the others in the Western Hemisphere.

Description:—Small, 3.5-5.2, broadly roundly oval, greatest width
slightly posterior to midlength; dorsum moderately, venter strongly
convex.

Head: Length about three-fourths width; oblique, slightly to
decidedly convex above; clypeus almost or quite as long as juga, both
with fine marginal carina dorsally and a sunken submarginal line
with coarse contiguous setigerous punctures bearing short blunt pegs
and several long hairs; eyes well developed but small, projecting;
ocelli well developed, moderate in size, separated from eyes by space
distinctly more than the transverse ocellar width; antennae 5-seg-
mented, IV and V subequal in length, stoutest; bucculae low, reaching
almost to base of head; labium almost or quite reaching middle coxae,
II longest, weakly compressed, without semicircular foliaceous lobe,
I and III subequal, longer than IV.

Pronotum: Almost half as long as wide; side margins carinate,
narrowing from base, basal half or more straight, with a submarginal
row of six or seven or a submarginal band of numerous setigerous
punctures; anterior margin moderately, simply emarginate; posterior
margin broadly, weakly convex; angles rounded.

Scutellum: As wide as or slightly wider than long, triangular, apex
broadly rounded, not or very feebly narrowed; apex about two-thirds
of membranal suture; disc abundantly punctured.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, moderately punctured over
entire surface; costa with 20 or more setigerous punctures; membranal

398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

suture straight or bisinuate; membrane about two-fifths of hemelytral
length, yellow or milky hyaline.

Propleuron: Polished, impunctate; prosternal carinae low; anterior
margin broadly and weakly lobed on either side of middle.

Mesopleuron (fig. 90): Slightly concave, shining, evaporatorium
very limited or absent and replaced by rough, close, oblique rugae
on inner basal half; posterior margin entire; mesosternum carinate
medially, with numerous long hairs.

Metapleuron (fig. 90, a-d): Rather convex, shining, evaporatorium
restricted to simple outline of peritreme and may become evanescent
apically, remainder of surface shining, weakly rugose or with few
punctures; peritreme reaching almost to or slightly past middle of
segment; terminal modification strongly to weakly auriculate (figs.
90,a-d) always with anterior part extended posteriorly around
osteolar opening which is visible ventrally.

Legs: Short; anterior tibia (fig. 118) moderately dilated, with seven
or eight stout, blunt spines on dorsal margin, not prolonged beyond
tarsal insertion; tarsal II shortest; middle and posterior tibiae sub-
terete, latter (fig. 151) straight, dorsal and ventral spines equal in size.

Sternites: Convex, polished, wrinkled and more or less punctured,
each segment with transverse row of setigerous punctures approaching
posterior margin toward middle; each segment laterally with sub-
marginal elevated band which gives rise to two or more than twelve
long hairs per segment.

Type or Genus.—Microporus obliquus Uhler (1872, p. 394), mono-
typy-

DistriputTion.—Two species of this genus are known to occur
throughout the entire United States (but only from scattered local-
ities in the eastern half) and south to central Mexico; the third only
from Argentina in South America.

Discussion.—The division of the genera of the Cydninae into two
groups based upon the absence or presence of a differentiated terminal
part of the peritreme has proved to be very workable in nearly all
cases. The “exception” proves to be in the present genus—Micro-
porus. In the original description of the Microporus, Uhler (loc. cit.)
said, ‘‘Osteolar canal short, at tip enlarged into a circular auricle.”
He described two species in this genus, obliquus, the genotype, and
testudinatus. Several years later, Distant (1880, p. 8), after quoting
Uhler’s statement concerning the ‘“‘circular auricle,” described a third
species, mexicanus. From all this one would assume that the circular
auricle was a characteristic of all three forms. The first clue that
such was not always the case appeared in Signoret’s (1881b) intro-
ductory remarks concerning Uhler’s genera. At that time Signoret
(1881b) transferred testudinatus to Aethus (defined on p. 423 as having

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 399

‘le canal ostiolaire terminé par un lobe de formes diverses, libre a
Vextrémité ou plus ou moins confondu avec la suture mésosternale”’)
and in 1882 he transferred obliquus to Cydnus (defined on p. 145 as
having “a l’extrémité du canal ostiolaire un lobe libre, plus ou moins
surelévé, en forme de cornet et plus ou moins aplati sur les cétés’’).
From specimens which Uhler apparently furnished him, Signoret
illustrated the greatly reduced terminal modification of the osteolar
pattern in testudinatus and the auricular development of the same
structure in obliquus. Since that time, authors have treated these
species as members of the genus Aethus or Cydnus depending on how
the latter taxon was defined.

With the intense examinations of the present study the specimens
assigned here appeared to stand apart from all others in the Western
Hemisphere. And again they appeared to be best defined as Uhler
had done, but with a limiting statement concerning the shape of the
terminal process of the peritreme. In the more than 200 specimens
examined, the shape of the terminal process of the peritreme proved
to be somewhat variable but exhibited two general types. ‘The first
type was large and loop-shaped with the osteole opening ventrally
at its base (fig. 90,a). The second type showed more variability but
was essentially the loop-shape greatly reduced and somewhat com-
pressed, but still with the osteole opening ventrally at its base (figs.
90,b-d). The latter, or reduced type, was found almost exclusively
on a series of specimens from the coastal regions of central California
(see distribution notes under testudinatus); while the loop-shaped
type was found on specimens from all parts of the range of the genus,
even in the central coastal area of California.

Additional support for keeping Microporus as a distinct genus is
offered by features other than the peritreme. The very limited
metapleural evaporatorium appears unique and by itself could be
relied upon to separate this genus from all other Cydninae in the
Western Hemisphere. The combination of a complete, submarginal
row of pegs on the juga and the unnarrowed apex of the scutellum,
which is broader than half the length of the membranal suture, appears
in no other species of the New World except in the brevis section of
the genus Tominotus.

With the genus thus tentatively established, attention must be
directed to the three nominal species described within Aicroporus.
At the specific level the student of this group is again beset by the
same problem—exceeding variability of characters, even those that
might be considered critical for separating species. Considering
first Uhler’s two species, obliquus and testudinatus, one gathers from
the literature that both an eastern and a western species, respectively,
are represented. Attempts to separate the two on the basis of

400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

published treatments lead to confusion and uncertainty because
obliquus shows such extreme variation that one is easily led to believe
that but a single variable species is involved. I am not yet fully
convinced otherwise, but simply retain the two forms because suffi-
cient evidence is not at hand to synonymize a long-established name.
Additional specimens, especially from California, should decide the
matter. The separating character accepted in the present study is
that furnished by the development of the terminal lobe of the
peritreme. The large loop- or ear-shaped lobe is accepted as the
diagnosis for obliquus, while the reduced lobe marks the distinctness
of testudinatus. If the gap would remain evident between these two
extremes the two forms could be accepted as distinct. But as indicated
by figures 90,b,c, it appears that with a larger series of specimens
this gap will eventually be bridged.

If testudinatus is accepted as being delimited by the reduced
peritreme lobe, it appears to be rather uniform in shape, punctation,
and coloration of the membrane. But all features for which
testudinatus was examined fell within the great range of variability
exhibited by obliquus (see specific discussion of variability for this
form). The confusion caused by this variability also misled Uhler,
who labeled a specimen of obliquus as testudinatus. This specimen
does show the proper habitus for testudinatus, but has the loop-shaped
lobe on the peritreme and a ventral truncation of the prosternal
carinae and lacks the membranal markings. Recourse to the male
gonostylus resulted in no help. In the more than 20 specimens
examined, the gonostyli of no two were alike. The series of accom-
panying outline drawings (figs. 197,a,6; 198,a—f) demonstrates some
of the variability in the shape of this structure.

Distant’s (1880, p. 8) species, Microporus mexicanus, appears to
be obliquus for three reasons: (1) The generic characterization quoted
Uhler’s description of the ‘‘circular auricle,” while the specific descrip-
tion said nothing about mezicanus disagreeing on this point (assuming
Distant verified the generic features occurring on the ventral surface
of his specimens). (2) Distant made a comparison with obliquus,
but the differentiating features pointed out that the punctation and
wrinkling of the scutellum do not appear to have specific value in
the group. In fact, transverse wrinkling appears to be a deformity
that occurs often in specimens of this family; perhaps the burrowing
of teneral specimens causes the still-plastic cuticula to be jammed
into folds. (3) The type locality falls within the range of obliquus as
accepted here.

Therefore, at present I recognize as valid within this genus only
Uhler’s two species and, on the basis of its auriculate peritreme, Berg’s
Cyrtomenus nigropunctatus.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 4(1

Key to the species of Microporus

1. Pronotum laterally with six to seven and costa with four setigerous punctures;
color yellow with dorsal punctures and maculae fuscous to black.

nigropunctatus (Berg) (p. 401)

Pronotum laterally and costa with numerous (20 or more on each) setigerous

punctures; color piceous to black. ..... ites ake eee eet
2. Osteolar peritreme terminating in a large loop- or ear ataned process (fig.
SOO) aoa = . . . . Obliquus Uhler (p. 402)

Terminal loop of oereolae peninente arnaice (figs. 90,b-d).
testudinatus Uhler (p. 405)

Microporus nigropunctatus (Berg), new combination

Cyrtomenus nigropunctatus Berg, 1879, p. 12.
Cydnus nigropunctatus Signoret, 1882, p. 145, pl. 6, fig. 64.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 67.

Draqnosis.—The wholly yellow color with fuscous punctures and
maculae is unique within the family.

Description.—Based on a single specimen. FEMALE: Oval, widest
behind middle.

Head: Wider than long, 1.28:1.02; interocular width 0.40; free
margin semicircular. Antennal segments: I, 0.26; II, 0.30; III, 0.28;
IV, 0.32; V, 0.34. Surface shining, with numerous close-set coarse
rugae radiating from base of clypeus, numerous finer, irregular, trans-
verse rugae between ocelli. Labial segments: I, 0.48; I, 0.62; III,
0.48; IV, 0.40.

Pronotum: Length almost half of width, 1.24: 2.64; surface, except
on and between calli, with numerous distinct punctures crowded into
short, irregular, transverse rows on dise and becoming finer laterally ;
transverse impression obsolete; side margins with six or seven seti-
gerous punctures, only two of these posterior to transverse impression.

Scutellum: As long as broad, 1.60:1.60; surface, except basal angles,
with minute, longitudinal rugae between the irregularly scattered dis-
tinct punctures, latter absent basally.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well-defined; irregularly alutaceous; exo-
corium less distinctly punctured than mesocorium, latter with single
row of punctures paralleling claval suture; clavus alutaceous with two
longitudinal rows of punctures; costa with four setigerous punctures;
membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle rectangular; membrane
longer than basal width.

Propleuron: Weakly alutaceous, virtually impunctate; prosternal
carinae moderately thick, low.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium forming narrow band around peri-
treme and becoming evanescent apically; lateral area polished to
weakly alutaceous.

501991—60—_5,

402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Venter: Lateral third finely and rather irregularly rugulose; each
segment with one or two submarginal setigerous punctures.

Length of body: 4.08.

Color: Dorsally and ventrally light yellow; spines fuscous to
black; dorsal punctures fuscous, becoming paler laterally on head,
thorax, and coria; following areas distinctly clouded with fuscous:
Occiput, calli, basal angles and apical margin of scutellum, inner
base of clavus, lateroapical angle of mesocorium, and broad, lateral
areas on mesopleuron and metapleuron.

Type pata.—Berg’s (1879, p. 12) pair of specimens (Univ. Nac.,
fide Kormilev, in lit.) was from ‘“Mendoza,”’ Argentina.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—1 female.

ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero to Rio Hondo, Feb. 14, 1948, R. Golbach,
1 female (UnivTuc).

Discussion.—This species stands alone among all others of the
Western Hemisphere in its color.

The inclusion of nigropunctatus in Microporus might come as a sur-
prise, especially in view of its range being so distant from those of its
congenitors. However, if the sculpture of the peritreme can be used
as a phylogenetic indicator the auriculate development here definitely
allies this form with the northern ones. The greatly reduced lateral
pubescence separates it rather markedly and suggests the possible
need for subgeneric recognition. But I am hesitant about erecting
supraspecific taxa in the Cydnidae on the basis of vestiture alone,
especially for just one or two species, and so refrain from it here.

Microporus obliquus Uhler
PLATE FIGURES 8, 28, 29, 90a, 118, 151, 198

Microporus obliquus Uhler, 1872, p. 394; 1877, p. 373.—Stal, 1876, p. 27.—
Signoret, 1882, p. 161, pl. 7, fig. 97.

Microporus mexicanus Distant, 1880, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 8. New synonymy.

Cydnus obliquus Signoret, 1882, p. 161.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 67.—Banks, 1910, p. 99.

Cydnus mexicanus Signoret, 1882, p. 241.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and
Severin, 1893, p. 67.

Aethus obliquus Van Duzee, 1917, p. 20.

Aethus (Microporus) obliquus Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 179.

Diacnosis.—M. obliquus is characterized within the genus by posses-
sion of a large, loop- or ear-shaped process on the peritreme (fig. 90,a)
and the piceous color.

Derscription.—Mats: Broadly oval.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.84(0.72-0.96):
1.13(1.00-1.26) ; interocular width, 0.80(0.71—0.91) ; anterior outline a
flattened semicircle, juga slightly longer than clypeus; dorsum shining,
with radiating rugae and few to many punctures; juga ventrally and

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 403

maxillary plate polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.21
(0.20-0.23); II, 0.14(0.11-0.18); III, 0.20(0.19-0.23); IV, 0.20(0.16-
0.23); V, 0.22(0.20-0.25). Labium reaching bases of middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.39(0.36-0.46); II, 0.50(0.43-0.53); III, 0.38
(0.33-0.44) ; IV, 0.30(0.26-0.36).

Pronotum: Length less than half width, 1.18(0.99-1.32) :2.38
(2.11-2.69); anterior margin moderately, singly emarginate; lateral
margin straight on basal two-thirds or more; lateral margin entire,
not emarginate, with submarginal stripe of numerous setigerous
punctures; transverse impression weak to absent, postmedian, without
a row of coarser punctures; anterior lobe distinctly but variably
punctate only subapically and laterally; posterior lobe sparsely and
finely punctured to coarsely and closely punctured.

Scutellum: Little wider than long, 1.58(1.86—-1.75) :1.45(1.25-1.65) ;
surface shining, feebly or not wrinkled, punctures sparse across
narrow base, extending to apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium obsoletely alutaceous; corium
uniformly punctured over most of surface; costa with more than 25
setigerous punctures; membrane slightly longer than basal width,
immaculate or patterned, pattern consisting either of a median
fuscous dot or median fuscous dot with apical half infuscated.

Propleurae, mesopleurae, and metapleurae: As in generic descrip-
tion, latter with lobe of peritreme loop- or ear-shaped, with osteole
opening ventrally at its base (fig. 90,a); lateral area polished, usually
with few scattered punctures mesally.

Legs: As in generic description.

Terminalia: Genital capsule distinctly punctate laterally, apical
margin feebly sinuate either side of middle; gonostylus variable in
shape (figs. 198,a-f).

Length of body: 3.98(3.66—-4.47).

FEMALE: Similar to male, measurements averaging larger.

Head: Width-length ratio, 1.23(1.13-1.34) :0.92(0.84-0.97) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.88(0.80—-0.95). Antennal segments: I, 0.23(0.21—0.26) ;
II, 0.15(0.13-0.17); III, 0.21(0.20-0.24); IV, 0.21(0.20-0.26); V,
0.22(0.20-0.29). Labial segments I, 0.40(0.37-0.43); II, 0.51(0.50—
0.53); III, 0.40(0.37-0.44) ; IV, 0.33 (0.30—-0.37).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.30(1.21—-1.49) :2.64(2.43-2.93).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.66(1.49-1.82) :1.73(1.61-1.89).

Length of body: 4.45(4.04-5.01).

TypEe DATA.—The type (USNM) is from “Ogden, Utah.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—70 males, 118 females.

Unitep States: Arizona: Chiso Valley, Phoenix, Tuba City, Winslow, St.

Johns; July, August. California: Altamont, Amadee, Anaheim, Antioch,
Burlingame, Davis Co., Fairfax, Lagunitas, mountains west of La Panza, Los

404. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Angeles, Manhattan Beach, Modesto, Pasadena, Point Arena, Plumas Co., 3 miles
south of Olancho, Rio Vista, Riverside, Seal Beach, Sequoia National Park,
Truckee; March to September. Colorado: Colorado Springs, Denver, Fort
Collins, Fountain Valley, Manitou, Power Co.; June, August. Jdaho: Hansen,
Murtaugh, Twin Falls; May and June. Illinois: Havana, Oregon; May, June.
Indiana: Pine; May. Jowa: Iowa City, Lake Okoboji; May to September.
Kansas: Clark Co., Dodge City. Louisiana: Bassier; February. Missourt:
St. Louis; June. Nevada: Humboldt Lake; August. New Mexico: Albuquerque,
Scholle, Estancia, Torrance Co., Tucumari, Vaughn, Willard; June to September.
Oklahoma: Alva, Stillwater; April, May. Oregon: The Dalles, Umatilla; May,
June. South Carolina: Charleston; March. South Dakota: Chester, Hecla; June.
Texas: Amarillo, Austin, Katherine, Somerset, Tyler, Uvalde, Valentine; February
to June, September to December. Utah: Ogden, Provo; June. Virginia: Cape
Henry; June. Washington: Vantage; April.

Mexico: Coahuila: Torreébn. Durango: Durango. Guanajuata: ‘“Gazales
Jct.,” San Miguel Avende; August. Hidalgo: Zimipa4n; November. Sonora:
Los Alamos, Guaymas; August.

Discussion.—The extreme variability exhibited by this species has
been most confusing. This variability is evident on most parts of
the body. The head may be weakly (fig. 29) to strongly convex
(fig. 28) with the part within the submarginal row of setigerous punc-
tures being abruptly or gradually tumid; the surface may have weak
to strong radiating rugae and may be virtually impunctate, with few
scattered punctures or with crowded close punctures. The pronotum
varies in degree of narrowing of the sides, in the number and size of
punctures and in shape of prosternal carina which may (fig. 29) or
may not be truncated ventrally. The scutellum and hemelytra like-
wise vary in surface sculpture. The membrane may be immaculate
or patterned as described above. The general shape may be from
broadly oval to very broadly oval or almost rounded in outline. With
such variability to evaluate, one wonders whether one or several
species are involved here, and whether or not this species may actually
encompass the form maintained in the present paper as testudinatus!
With more time and material available for study the answer may
become evident, but at present decisions are only tentative.

Reports by Hart (1919) and Stoner (1920) indicate that this species
is normally an inhabitant of the roots of various plants growing in
sandy areas. Notes on some of the specimens examined during this
study confirm the sandy habitat with such remarks as “sand,” “sand
area,’ or “sand dune.”’ Occasional specimens likewise bore a record
of the plants with which they were associated, as follows: Cantaloupe
in Arizona, Amsinkia roots and Ceoncthera cheiranthefolia in Cali-
fornia, and Hudsonia in Virginia. Stoner (loc. cit.) gave additional
notes on the habits of this species in Iowa, reporting that adults
were present in spring and that nymphs outnumbered adults during
the summer months. He reported an interesting observation in

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 405

which specimens were seen to be clutching a seed against the body
with the middle legs.

Microporus testudinatus Uhler

PLATE FIGURES 90b-d, 197

Microporus testudinatus Uhler, 1876, p. 276; 1877, p. 374; 1886, p. 3.—Distant,
1880, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 24.

Aethus (Microporus) testudinatus Signoret, 1881b, p. 424, pl. 11, fig. 53—Torre
Bueno, 1939, p. 179.

Aethus testudinatus Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 20.

Cydnus testudinatus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 68.

Draqnosis.—The small size of the apical lobe of the peritreme sepa-
rates this species from the other member of the genus.

Descrietion.—Mate: Broadly to very broadly oval.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.82(0.80—0.83) :1.14(1.13—
1.16); interocular width, 0.85(0.83-0.90); anterior outline a strongly
flattened semicircle, juga slightly longer than clypeus; surface shining,
feebly rugae, with small punctures, somewhat tumid just mesad or
submarginal row of punctures; juga ventrally and maxillary plate
impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.26(0.24-0.28); II, 0.14(0.13-
0.16); III, 0.19(0.19-0.20); IV, 0.20(0.20-0.20); V, 0.20(0.20-0.20).
Bucculae slightly lower than labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium
reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.41(0.40-0.43) ;
II, 0.52(0.48-0.56); ILI, 0.41(0.40-0.44) ; IV, 0.28(0.26-0.30).

Pronotum: Length less than half of width, 1.15(1.14-1.17):2.47
(2.40-2.55); anterior margin deeply and singly emarginate; lateral
margins entire, not emarginate, submarginal setigerous punctures
very numerous, arranged in a narrow stripe (not in a single row);
transverse groove behind middle, absent medially and faintly indi-
cated laterally; anterior lobe distinctly punctured only subapically
and laterally; posterior lobe punctured, finely so on disc and more
coarsely so laterally.

Scutellum: Wrinkled, punctures absent at base and becoming pro-
gressively coarser and much more numerous to apex.

Hemelytron: Corium distinctly convex, areas well defined; disc
with a single, sunken row of close-set punctures paralleling claval
suture, elsewhere sparsely punctured; exocorium more densely punc-
tured; costa with 25 or more setigerous punctures; clavus with two
longitudinal rows of punctures; membranal suture almost straight,
rectangular at outer angle; membrane usually short, about as long as
basal width.

Propleuron: Impunctate; prosternal carinae very low, thick,
evanescent ventrally.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area sparsely rugopunctate.

406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

Metapleuron: Osteolar peritreme reaching half way across segment,
terminal process variable (fig. 90,b-d), curved into small auricle with
osteole opening ventrally at base; anteroapical angle prolonged along
mesosternal suture as evanescent projection; lateral area polished,
with a number of obsolete to strong punctures.

Legs: As in generic description.

Terminalia: Genital capsule distinctly punctate laterally, margin
slightly flaring, apical margin weakly sinuate either side of middle;
gonostylus variable in shape (figs. 197a,b).

Length of body: 3.94(3.85-4.04).

Frmate.—Very similar to male, but measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.87(0.83-0.90) :1.21(1.16—-1.28); inter-
ocular width, 0.91(0.86-0.96). Antennals: I, 0.24(0.23-0.26); II,
0.15(0.14-0.16); IIL, 0.20(0.20-0.21); IV, 0.20(0.20-0.21); labials: I,
0.42(0.41-0.43); II, 0.56(0.53-0.63); ILI, 0.43(0.43-0.46); IV, 0.34
(0.33-0.36).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.24(1.17—1.36) :2.67 (2.53-2.86).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.65(1.56—-1.82) :1.80(1.75-1.89).

Length of body: 4.25(4.14-4.40).

Type pata.—The locality of the type specimen (USNM) was given
by Ubler as “‘California.”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—13 males, 20 females.

Unitep States: California: Asilomar, Carmel, Dillon Beach (Marin Co.),
Monterey Co., Pacific Grove, Plumas Co., Point Arena, San Francisco, Santa Cruz,
Sea Side, Sonoma Co.; February, April to September.

Mexico: “S. W. Mex.”

Discusston.—All named California specimens of Microporus that
were studied bore the determination of testudinatus, suggesting that
locality rather than morphology was used as the delimiting factor,
especially as none of the specimens from outside of California bore
that determination. The Mexican specimen cited above was from
the Uhler collection (USNM) and may have been the one on which
he based the Mexican locality in his monograph. All other Mexican
specimens examined during this study belonged to obliquus.

Genus Cydnus Fabricius
Cydnus Fabricius, 1803, p. 184.
Brachypelta Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 89.

Pending completion of studies of the Cydnidae of the EasterU
Hemisphere, the conclusions of China (1943) concerning this genus
are here accepted without question. The decision to do this was a
practical solution to a complex problem requiring review of a very
extensive literature of a genus which apparently is not yet established
in this hemisphere.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 4()7

Diacnosis.—Among the cydnid genera occurring in the Western
Hemisphere, this one may be recognized by being large (more than
nine millimeters in length of body), black, and having the membranal
suture very strongly bisinuate (fig. 4).

Description.—Size large, shape elongate-oval, sides subparallel;
dorsum weakly convex, venter strongly so.

Head: Length more than three-fourths width; margins broadly
expanded, eyes faintly or not at all projecting; juga greatly surpassing
clypeus, broadly contiguous beyond it and very strongly elevated
anteriorly; submarginal row of setigerous punctures on each jugum far
removed from margin; clypeus with two subapical setigerous punc-
tures; ocelli small, behind a line connecting posterior margins of eyes
and separated from eyes by a space about two or more times a
transverse ocellar width; juga ventrally roughened by weak rugae
and weaker punctures; maxillary plate with irregularly spaced, fine
tubercles; antennae 5-segmented, I shortest, If and IV subequal,
longer than III or V; bucculae (fig. 21) very high, posterior end
highest and abruptly, perpendicularly truncated; labium reaching
onto mesosternum, I shortest, If and HI usually subequal, longer
than IV.

Pronotum: Length a little more than half of width; anterior margin
weakly emarginate; lateral margins carinate, weakly converging
from base to apical third, thence broadly rounded to anterior angles;
posterior margin nearly straight across width of scutellum, then
depressed and slightly lobulate before curving obliquely forward
laterally; all angles rounded; transverse impression submedian, broad
and shallow; anterior lobe of male strongly inflated across middle
three-fifths of posterior third, thence abruptly declivitous to anterior
margin; anterior lobe of female without such elevation; posterior
lobe in both sexes only slightly convex.

Scutellum: A broad, short, triangle, base and side margins subequal
in length; sides strongly and abruptly declivitous, virtually per-
pendicular on basal half or more; apex narrowed, acute.

Hemelytron: Corial area, except costa, well defined; membranal
suture distinctly bisinuate, sinuation accentuated by black basal
margin of milky membrane; membrane longer than basal width,
surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Convexities and depression with numerous close-set
small tubercles and some closely associated punctures; prosternal
carinae low, thick, obscured by heavy punctation; anterior margin
very weakly expanded either side of middle.

Mesopleuron: Surface irregular, strongly impressed laterally ;
evaporatorium limited; lateral area coarsely rugopunctate; meso-

408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

sternum somewhat swollen, carinate along midline, with numerous
long hairs.

Metapleuron: Weakly convex; terminal process of peritreme large,
elongate-oval, surface alutaceous but shining, with one to three
longitudinal or oblique sharp rugae (fig. 89); evaporatorium extensive,
distinctly surpassing apex of peritreme and reaching almost to
posterior coxae; lateral area with numerous coarse, rugose punctures.

Legs: Moderately long; anterior tibia (fig. 116) not surpassing
tarsal insertion, strongly compressed, dorsal margin with eleven
spines; middle and posterior (fig. 139) legs with tibia terete; tarsal
II little shorter than I, IIT longest.

Sternites: Strongly convex, punctured, laterally more coarsely
punctured and with numerous small tubercles; posterior margin of
each segment finely denticulate or crenulate.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule opening dorsally, apical rim
feebly flared.

Typr oF GENUS.—Cydnus tristis Fabricius (1803, p. 195), by sub-
sequent designation by Blanchard ‘‘(1844, p. 505)’ (vide China,
1943, p. 220); Fabricius’ name is a synonym of Cimex aterrimus
Forster (1771, p. 71). The type of Brachypelta is Cydnus tristis
Fabricius (loc. cit.), monobasic. Thus, because Brachypelta has the
same type as does Cydnus, it is a synonym by isogenotypy.

Distripution.—The single species of the genus Cydnus is a
Palearctic form which, according to Oshanin (1912), occurs in all the
major zoogeographical regions of the Old World. The present records
of it in the Western Hemisphere probably represent introductions
rather than a part of the permanent range.

Discusston.—The occurrence of the single species of this genus in
the Western Hemisphere came as a surprise. Although the author
prefers to consider these records as accidental introductions and not
indications of established population, he believes that if the latter
does prove to be true this information will be useful.

Cydnus aterrimus (Forster)
PLATE FIGURES 4, 21, 89, 114, 116, 139, 167, 172, 186, 200

Cimex aterrimus Forster, 1771, p. 71.
Cimez tristis Fabricius, 1775, p. 716.

Dracnosis.—This is the only species known to belong to the genus
Cydnus.

DescripTion.—Based on two males. Mate: Elongate-oval, sides
parallel.

Head: Length four-fifths width, 1.71(1.63-1.79) :2.02(1.96-2.08) ;
interocular width, 1.43(1.36-1.50); anterior outline more than a semi-
circle, broadly V-marginate at apex; juga much surpassing and

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 409

broadly contiguous beyond apex of clypeus; surface concave, mostly
shallowly rugopunctate; jugum with six submarginal setigerous
punctures; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate weakly to strongly
rugopunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.48(0.47—0.50); II, 0.80(0.78-
0.83); III, 0.68(0.66-0.70); IV, 0.83(0.83-22); V, 0.90(0.90-??).
Labium reaching base of mesosternum. Labial segments: I, 0.53
(0.53-0.53); II, 0.91(0.90-0.93); III, 0.91(0.90-0.93); IV, 0.56(0.53-
0.60).

Pronotum: Length more than half of width, 3.11(3.03-3.20) :5.51
(5.44-5.59); laterally with submarginal row of 10 to 12 setigerous
punctures; transverse impression median, shallow, broad and distinct,
without a row of coarser punctures; anterior lobe elevated anterior
to transverse impression, thence abruptly declivitous to apex in
middle third, broad anterior and lateral margins closely and moderately
punctate; posterior lobe laterally with continuation of punctation of
anterior lobe, discally (especially in transverse impression) with
numerous intermixed moderate and minute punctures and _ fine
longitudinal rugulae.

Scutellum: Length about two-thirds width, 2.64(2.60-2.69) :3.60
(3.56-3.65) ; surface, except oblique area in basal angles, with crowded
intermixed moderate and minute punctures and fine longitudinal
rugulae.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with two very
irregular rows of punctures; mesocorium with crowded small punc-
tures, some arranged in two more or less distinct rows paralleling
claval suture; exocorium more densely punctate than mesocorium;
costa without setigerous punctures. Remainder as in generic
description.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 200).

Length of body: 11.25(10.90-11.63).

Type pata.—The type was described from ‘‘Hispania ad fretum
Gaditanum.”’ It has not been located.

Discussion.—The occurrence of this species in the New World was
not suspected by the author. However, since it is such a common
species around many ports of Europe and other parts of the Old World,
there appears no reason to doubt that adults could easily fly to lights
on the boats and unwittingly accompany the vessels anywhere in the
world. At present the author prefers to consider these records as
accidental introductions and not representatives of established popu-
lations. But perhaps additional collecting in these areas will prove
otherwise, in which case the included data will be helpful.

Comparison of these two specimens with material from the Mediter-
ranean area leaves no doubt about the identity of them. The females,

410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

however, differ from the males in that the anterior lobe of their pro-
notum is low and gently convex, not elevated and declivitous.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—2 males.
Unitep States: ‘“Ala.?” (HMA).
West Invies: ‘Tobago, 1-4, ii, 1931. Capt. A. K. Totton. B.M. 1931-183”
(BrM).
Genus Ectinepus Dallas

Ectinopus Dallas, 1851, p. 121.

Diagnosis.—The large, blackish membrane which occupies about
one-half of the hemelytral length permits ready recognition of this
genus.

Drscription.—Large (11.38-14.2), elongate-oval, greatest width
approximately at midlength; dorsum slightly convex, venter much
more strongly so; body surface dorsally and ventrally and corium
distinctly alutaceous.

Head: Length more than half of width, flattened above; clypeus as
long as juga; latter with anterior margin nearly or quite semicircular,
not or vaguely reflected at edge, without submarginal row of seti-
gerous punctures; eyes large, entire, slightly projecting; ocelli well
developed, moderate in size, situated on a line connecting hind margins
of eyes, separated from eyes by about twice an ocellar width; with
two primary setigerous punctures, one near inner angle of eye, one
subapically on jugum (fig. 66); antennae 5-segmented, I shortest, V
usually longest; bucculae moderately high, reaching almost to base of
head; labium reaching between or slightly beyond middle coxae, IV
shortest, II longest, slightly compressed and without a foliaceous lobe,
III longer than I (fig. 22).

Pronotum: Nearly twice as broad as long, narrowed anteriorly, side
margins carinate, slightly coarctate, with submarginal row of 5 to 7
setigerous punctures; transverse impression slightly postmedian,
weak or obsolete, variously punctured; front margin shallowly and
evenly concave; posterior margin slightly and broadly convex; all
angles rounded.

Scutellum: As wide as or slightly wider than long, strongly tri-
angular; apex narrowed, acute, sides flattened; disc more or less punc-
tured; width of apex about one-third of membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined; membranal suture straight,
lateral angle acutely prolonged; corium with rather uniform, scattered
punctures, these a little denser on exocorium; costal margin usually
with a single subbasal setigerous puncture; membrane about half the
hemelytral length, translucent brownish black.

Propleuron: Depression moderately punctate; prosternal carinae

low, rounded; anterior margin of prosternum with a broad, short lobe
either side,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 411

Mesopleuron (figs. 100, 101): Flat, with a strong, oblique, rugo-
punctate groove anterior to evaporatorium; latter extensive, reaching
to posterolateral angle; posterior margin crenulate; mesosternum
prominent and subcarinate along midline, with numerous hairs on
apical half.

Metapleuron (figs. 100, 101): Nearly flat, evaporatorium occupying
mesal two-thirds of segment; lateral polished area punctate near
evaporatorium; osteolar peritreme extending less than half way across
segment; anterior part of peritreme curved posteriorly around osteolar
opening which is visible ventrally (figs. 100, 101), posterior apex
narrowly polished.

Legs: Long, slender; anterior tibia (fig. 126) only moderately
widened, 8 to 9 stout, sharp spines dorsally, apex not prolonged beyond
tarsal insertion; middle and hind tibiae slender, latter (fig. 145) about
half as long as body, slightly curved in apical half, margins uniformly
spined.

Sternites: Strongly convex; each segment with a broad, lateral area
of shallow punctures; segment VI sometimes modified medially on
posterior margin in females (see ‘‘discussion”’ below).

Terminalia: Male genital capsule very broadly, shallowly emargi-
nate; ventral plates of female convex, flat or convex, sternite VI
variously or not modified (figs. 182, 183).

Three fifth-instar nymphs were available for study. These showed
the sparse lateral setigerous punctures of the head and body and the
long, terete, posterior tibia of the adult. They differed from adults
in possessing a weak, submarginal primary setigerous puncture anterior
to the eye. In color they were quite striking. The head, thorax and
appendages were the usual brownish black color, but the abdomen
was very bright red with the dorsal and lateral plates black. The
eyes, also, were brilliant red.

Typ or Genus.—Cydnus holomelas Burmeister (1835), monobasic.

Disrripution.—The general range of Ectinopus extends from
Mexico south to Bolivia and Brazil.

Discusston.—The three species of this genus are structurally very
similar, allowing most of the physical features to be incorporated into
the generic description. One structural feature, however, merits
additional comment—the modification of the sixth sternite which
occurs in the females. This modification of the middle of the pos-
terior margin of the segment forms a progressive series from no modifi-
cation in the new species muticus, through a polished, flattened,
transverse area in rugoscutum (fig. 183) to a deep excavation between
a pair of prominent, blunt tubercles in holomelas (fig. 182).

At? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Key to the known species of Ectinopus

1. Antennal III less than three-fourth (70%) as long as II.
muticus, new species (p. 413)
Antennal III at least four-fifths aslongasII.........:. Tete,
29. Head with numerous (15 or more) moderate punctures on either side anterior
to ocellus; scutellum strongly punctured into basal fourth, sunken punctures
of dise confluent transversely, forming transverse rugae (fig. 66).
rugoscutum Signoret (p. 414)
Head impunctate or with very few scattered, very fine punctures; scutellum
virtually devoid of punctures in tumid basal fourth.
holomelas (Burmeister) (p. 412)

Ectinopus holomelas (Burmeister)
PLATE FIGURES 15, 22, 100, 126, 145, 182, 201

Cydnus holomelas Burmeister, 1835, p. 375.

Ectinopus holomelas Dallas, 1851, p. 122.—St&l, 1862, p. 96; 1876, p. 20.—
Walker, 1867, p. 164.—Distant, 1880, p. 8.—Signoret, 1881b, p. 320, pl. 10,
fig. 42.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 64.

Aethus fusiformis Walker, 1867, p. 150.

Pangaeus ? fusiformis Uhler, 1877, p. 389.

Ectinopus opacus Distant, 1900, p. 688. New synonymy.

Dracnosts.—This species may be differentiated from its congenitors
by the lack of punctures on the basal fourth of the scutellum plus the
lack of an impressed line extending laterally from apex of peritreme.

DescripTION.—MALE:

Head: Length more than half of width, 1.81(1.69-1.98) :2.62(2.57—
2.93); interocular width, 1.63(1.49-1.69); anterior outline a shallow
semicircle; surface impunctate, with a few radiating rugae submar-
ginally. Antennal segments: I, 0.49(0.46—0.56) ; II, 0.88(0.80-0.97) ;
III, 0.71(0.66-0.90); IV, 1.27(1.13-1.33); V, 1.41(1.20-1.60). Labial
segments: I, 1.01(0.86-1.23); II, 1.39(1.23-1.60); III, 1.19(1.10-
1.30); IV, 0.89(0.83-0.96).

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half of width, 3.23(2.87-
3.44) :6.14(5.72-6.49); transverse impression with an irregular band
of a few, mostly widely separated punctures; anterior lobe with or
without a series of punctures paralleling anterior emargination and
with numerous crowded punctures laterally.

Scutellum: Usually wider than long, 3.99(3.76-4.20) :3.81(3.45—
4.05); discally with a scattering of a few punctures often present
almost to apex.

Propleuron and mesopleuron: As in generic description.

Metapleuron: As in generic description (fig. 100), without an
impressed line extending laterally from apex of peritreme.

Terminalia: Genital capsule alutaceous, with few scattered, weak
punctures, apical margin not or only weakly sinuate; gonostylus as
illustrated (fig. 201).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 413

Length of body: 12.38(11.38-13.35).

FEMALE.—Similar to male but with posterior margin of sternite
VI with a marked impression between two bluntly conical pro-
tuberances; measurements rather similar to those of male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.81(1.75-1.84) :2.72(2.60-2.86) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.57(1.49-1.62). Antennal segments: I, 0.49(0.43-
0.53); II, 0.88(0.83-0.96); III, 0.81(0.73-0.85); IV, 1.28(1.16-1.33);
V, 1.33(1.16-1.46). Labial segments: I, 1.09(0.96-1.20); II, 1.42
(1.26-1.50) ; III, 1.21(1.03-1.30) ; IV, 0.89(0.80-0.96).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.15(2.99-3.45) :6.11(5.86-6.65).

Scutellum: Usually longer than wide, 3.87(3.60—4.34) :3.80(3.73—
4.05).

Terminalia: Ventral genital plates mostly convex.

Length of body: 12.71(11.78-13.36).

Type pata.—Location of Burmeister’s type is unknown. It was
described as from Paré, Brazil. Walker’s type (BrM) was described
from Orizaba, Mexico. Distant’s (1900) type (BrM) was described
from ‘‘Costa Rica, Helechales.”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—21 males, 18 females, 3 nymphs.

Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (labeled Pangaeus margo). Nayarit: Tepic;
March. Sinaloa: Mazatlan; January.

Panama: Alhajuelo; May. Barro Colorado Island; January. Boquete;
March, June. Bugaba.

Cotomsia: Muzo, Department of Boyacé; July.

Bourvia: 50 miles northeast of Cochabamba; August.

Discussion.—Aethus fusiformis Walker has previously been
assigned to synonymy here by Distant (1880, 1899) and Signoret
(1881b), both of whom had examined the type in the British Museum.

The assignment of opacus to synonymy under holomelas is based on
notes from Dr. China who reported that the type, a female, has the
excavation between a pair of blunt tubercles on sternite VI.

Ectinopus muticus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 101

DraGnosis.—Either the short, third antennal segment or the
oblique, crenulate impressed line extending laterally from apex of the
osteolar peritreme (fig. 101) sets this species apart from the other two
in the genus.

Description.—Based on a single specimen. FEMALE:

Head: Length more than half width, 1.82:2.73; interocular width,
1.56; anterior outline subquadrate; surface impunctate, with a few
moderate oblique rugae. Antennal segments: I, 0.50; II, 1.13; II,
0.80; IV, 1.30; V, 1.46. Labial segments: I, 1.06; IT, 1.66; III, 1.33;
IV, 0.76.

414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.28:6.14; transverse im-
pression with several widely separated punctures; in a broad irregular
band; rest of surface virtually impunctate except for about a dozen
punctures laterally on anterior lobe.

Scutellum: Length and width equal, 3.85:3.85; surface with several
distinct, well-separated moderate punctures; apex impunctate.

Propleuron and mesopleuron: As in generic description.

Metapleuron: As in generic description, except that a deeply im-
pressed, oblique, crenulated line extends laterally from apex of peri-
treme (fig. 101).

Sternites: VI unmodified along posterior margin.

Terminalia: Ventral genital plates distinctly concave.

Length of body: 12.75.

Tyrer pata.—Holotype female (USN M 64579), “Bobas, Guatemala,
May, 1924, W. M. Mann.”

Discusston.—In punctation the type appears somewhat inter-
mediate between holomelas and rugoscutum. This condition led the
author to consider the form as opacus Distant until China’s notes on
the types showed the latter to have the typically bituberculate sixth
sternite of holomelas. ‘The taxonomic worth of the impressed crenu-
late line extending laterally from the apex of the peritreme (fig. 101)
is open to serious question in view of the fact that there was no series
to indicate the extent of variability in what might prove to be an acci-
dental cuticular fold.

The specific name alludes to the unmodified sixth sternite of the
female.

Ectinopus rugoscutum Signoret

PLATE FIGURES 66, 183, 202

Ectinopus rugoscutum Signoret, 1881b, p. 319, pl. 10, fig. 41.—Lethierry and
Severin, 1893, p. 64.

DraGnosis.—The numerous punctures on either side of the disc of
the head and the coarsely punctured, transversely rugose scutellum
will separate this species from the other two in the genus.

DescripTion.—MAate:

Head: Length more than half width, 1.93(1.75-2.08) :2.83(2.73-
2.99) ; interocular width, 1.56(1.49-1.66) ; anterior outline semicircular;
surface of juga with moderate radiating rugae, with numerous (15 or
more) fine punctures anterior to ocelli. Antennal segments: I, 0.57
(0.53-0.63); II, 0.90(0.83-0.96); TIT, 0.88(0.80-0.94); IV, 1.32(1.26-
1.40); V, 1.48(1.43-1.54). Labial segments: I, 1.24(1.16-1.36); II,
2.04(1.66-2.26) ; III, 1.77 (1.46-1.89); IV, 1.16(1.03-1.20).

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half of width, 3.20(3.15-
3.33) +6.39(6.23-6.75); transverse impression with numerous crowded,
coarse, sunken punctures; anterior lobe with a curved band of nu-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 415

merous punctures paralleling anterior emargination; both lobes
laterally with abundant, crowded punctures.

Secutellum: Wider than long, 4.10(4.00—-4.33) :3.87(8.83-3.91); with
numerous punctures from base to near apex, these irregularly crowded,
forming transverse ruga between them.

Propleuron and mesopleuron: As in generic description.

Metapleuron: As in generic description, without impressed line
extending laterally from apex of peritreme.

Terminalia: Genital capsule feebly alutaceous, with few distinct
punctures laterally, apical margin broadly and shallowly U- or V-
emarginate; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 202).

Length of body: 13.08(12.57-14.03).

Frema.e: Similar to male but posterior margin of sternite VI with
a shining, subapical, transverse flattened area (fig. 202), and measure-
ments usually averaging distinctly larger than those of male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 2.02(1.95-2.05) :2.99(2.95-3.08) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.64(1.62-1.69). Antennal segments: I, 0.55(0.42—
0.63); II, 0.97(0.93-1.01); III, 0.93(0.87-1.00); IV, 1.41(1.33-1.56) ;
V, 1.53(1.50-1.58). Labial segments: I, 1.23(1.16-1.32); II, 2.16
(2.00-2.23); III, 1.85(1.60-2.16); IV, 1.23(1.16-1.36).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.49(3.33-3.61) :6.80(6.30—7.09).

Scutellum Length and width subequal, 4.27(4.08—4.35) :4.28(4.06-
4.35).

Terminalia: Ventral genital plates flat to gently concave.

Length of body: 13.83(13.41-14.23).

Type pata.—Dr. Sailer reported that a Uhler specimen (USNM)
labeled ‘‘Teffe”’ bears a determination of Hetinopus rugoscutum in what
appears to be in Signoret’s handwriting. It agrees with the original
data and may be designated lectotype.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—22 males, 25 females.

Braziu: Teffe, P. R. Uhler collection, 2 males (USN M); same locality, Raulin,
Thayer Exped., 14 males, 21 females (MCZ). Santarém, May 1919, 5. M. Klages,
Acc. 6324, 3 males, 1 female (Car). S4o Paulo de Olivenca, 8. Klages, January
and March 1923, 1 male, 1 female (Car). Villa Brage, December 1919, 1 male

Car).
oS Rio Marafién, Sept. 13, 1924, F 6029, H. Bassler collection, Acc. 33591,
1 female (AmM). Iquitos, March 1920, H. 8. Parsh, 1 female (USNM).

BouiviA: Ivén (Department of Beni), W. M. Mann, February, Mulford Biol.
Expl. 1921-22, 1 male (USNM).

Genus Onalips Signoret
Onalips (in part) Signoret, 1881b, p. 323.

Signoret originally described Onalips for two species, Aethus
nigerrimus Dallas (1851) and Onalips cribratus. xamination proves
that these two are not congeneric. Therefore Onalips is here restricted

416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

by designating the older of the two originally included species, Aethus
nigerrimus Dallas (1851), as genotype.’

Draagnosis.—The free, foliaceous, truncated auricle with the osteole
opening ventrally at its base (fig. 95) marks the species of this genus
from all others in the Western Hemisphere.

DescripTion.—Large, elongate-oval, widest posterior to mid-
length; dorsum weakly convex in male, more strongly so in female,
venter strongly convex.

Head: Width less than twice length; surface flattened or noticeably
convex; juga as long as or longer than clypeus and contiguous beyond
it; anterior outline forming a flattened semicircle, with marginal
dorsal carina and complete (including clypeus) submarginal row of
coarse, setigerous punctures giving rise to long and short tapering
cilia (no blunt, peglike cilia except by breakage of the others); eyes
large, entire, little projecting; ocelli well-developed, small, situated
posterior to a line connecting hind margins of eyes, separated from
eyes by more than twice an ocellar width; antennae 5-segmented,
II shortest, V longest; bucculae very high, reaching almost to base of
head, terminated abruptly posteriorly; labium reaching between
middle coxae, II or III longest, I usually shortest, II compressed but
without a foliaceous, semicircular lobe (fig. 31).

Pronotum: Length half or more of width; widest at or distinctly
in front of base; sides more abruptly incurved near apical third,
carinate, with submarginal row of 8 to 12 setigerous punctures;
anterior margin moderately to deeply emarginate; posterior margin
slightly convex; transverse impression weak to absent, median or
postmedian in position; surface with few fine or several coarse punc-
tures.

Scutellum: Triangular, width versus length variable; apex nar-
rowed, width about half length of membranal suture; disc impunctate
or with coarse, sunken punctures.

Hemelytron: Corial area well defined; exocorium and _ usually
mesocorium with numerous distinct punctures; costa with 1 to 3
setigerous punctures; membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle
rectangular; membrane dark brown to blackish, much less than half
of hemelytral length.

Propleuron: Polished, weakly to coarsely punctured; prosternal

carinae low but distinct; anterior margin expanded either side of
middle.

7 Signoret’s species is African. Since it apparently fits in no described genus, it requires the erection ofa
new genus: Pseudonalips, new genus (genotype, Onalips cribratus Signoret, 1881b, p. 324). This new genus
is easily recognized as a member of the Cydninae by the trichobothrial arrangement, and it separates from
all other genera of the subfamily by the nature of the apex of the peritreme, which is undifferentiated but
outlined posteriorly and laterally by the expanded and curved posterosubapical process (fig. 112).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 417

Mesopleuron: Flattened; evaporatorium extended uninterrupted
into posterolateral angle; posterior margin somewhat crenulate;
mesosternum low, transversely convex, haired, partially carinate on
midline.

Metapleuron: Nearly flat; osteolar peritreme (fig. 95) extending
nearly half way across segment, terminating apically in a free-edged,
truncated auricle with osteole opening at its base; evaporatorium
occupying mesal two-thirds of segment, lateral margin oblique.

Legs: Moderately long, stout; anterior tibia (fig. 119) strongly
compressed, 8 to 10 stout spines dorsally, not prolonged beyond
tarsal insertion; middle and posterior tibiae subterete, latter (fig. 147)
straight or slightly curved, spines equally de-eioned dorsally and
ventrally; posterior femur with row of small tubercles on postero-
ventral margin.

Sternites: Punctured laterally, polished medially; with or without
lateral, submarginal setigerous tubercles.

TYPE OF GENUS.—Aethus nigerrimus Dallas (1851), here designated.

Distrrisution.—The three species of this genus occur from Panama
south to Paraguay and northern Argentina.

Key to the known species of Onalips

1. Scutellum and pronotal transverse eer with widely separated, coarse
sunken punctures (fig. 7)... . . . . .migerrimus (Dallas) (p. 420)
Scutellar and pronotal dises without coarse punctures. . . sane,
2. Sixth sternite with lateral coarse punctures restricted to interal sibmineein al
impressed part of abdomen (fig. 181); male with apical rim of genital
capsule entire (fig. 181)... . . . . . completus, new species (p. 418)
Sixth sternite with lateral coarse punctures extending mesad and present on
lateral third or more of segment (fig. 180); male with apical rim of genital
capsule convex either side of median emargination (fig. 180).
bisinuatus, new species (p. 417)

Onalips bisinuatus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 180, 203

Draanosis.—The lack of discal punctures on both the pronotum
and the scutellum plus the more extensive punctation of the sternites
laterally will permit recognition of this species.

DescripTiIon.—Mate: From one specimen.

Head: Length more than half of width, 1.72: 2.73; interocular
width, 1.65; anterior outline a strongly flattened semicircle, fine dorsal
carina distinctly submarginal apically; juga surpassing and almost
contiguous beyond apex of clypeus; surface with numerous, well-
separated minute punctures and a few coarser ones on each jugum.

501991—60——_6

A18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Antennal segments: I, 0.66; II, 0.56; III, 0.68; IV, 0.93; V, 1.18.
Labial segments: I, 0.96; II, 1.33; III, 1.20; IV, 1.00.

Pronotum: Length shghtly more than half of width, 3.33:6.44;
lateral setigerous punctures 8 to 11 in number; both lobes virtually
impunctate except for a lateral, submarginal band of moderately
coarse punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.66:3.76; impunctate discally
and apically.

Eemelytron: Shining, with abundant distinct punctures on exo-
corium and mesocorium; costa with one setigerous puncture.

Propleuron: With several moderately large, very shallow punc-
tures on both convexities.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron: As described for genus.

Sternites: Shining, coarsely punctured on lateral third of V and
VI; most segments without lateral submarginal setigerous tubercles.

Terminalia: Genital capsule coarsely and irregularly punctured
except on mediobasal convexity; apical rim distinctly convex either
side of small median emargination (fig. 180); gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 203).

Length of body: 11.46.

FremaLe.—Three specimens. Similar to male, measurements
averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 2.02(1.94-2.04) :3.08(3.03-3.14); inter-
ocular width, 1.91(1.82-1.93). Antennal segments: I, 0.69(0.67-0.70) ;
II, 0.63(0.63-0.64); III, 0.68(0.65-0.71); IV and V missing from all
specimens. Labial segments: I, 1.04(0.97—1.10); II, 1.43(1.41-1.46);
III, 1.46(1.46-1.46); IV, 1.04(1.04-1.04).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.96(3.82—4.1

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 4.32(4.20-4.4

Length of body: 12.53(12.18-12.75).

Type pata.—Holotype male (Car), labeled ‘Santarem, Brazil,
Acc. No. 2966.” Allotype female (Car), same data. Paratypes:
One female (Car) labeled “Santarem, Brazil, April, 1919, S. M.
Klages, Acc. 6324,” and another female (Car) with the same data
except month of capture reads “July.”

SPECIMENS sTupIED: The types listed above.

Discusston.—This species and completus are closer to each other
than they are to nigerrimus.

>7.16(6.92-7.39).

6)
2) :4.42(4.12-4.57).

Onalips completus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 181, 204
Dt1aanosts.—The lack of discal punctations on both the pronotum

and the scutellum plus the restricted punctation on the sternites
mark this species from its congenitors.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 419

Derscription.—Matz: Two specimens.

Head: Length more than half of width, 1.59(1.49-1.69) :2.35(2.31-
2.40); interocular width, 1.56(1.56-1.56) ; anterior outline a moderately
flattened semicircle, fine dorsal carina somewhat submarginal apically;
juga as long as clypeus; surface with numerous, well-separated minute
punctures and no coarser ones. Antennal segments: I, 0.53(0.53 -
0.53); II, 0.46(0.46-0.46); III, 0.55(0.50-0.60); IV, 0.68(0.63-0.73);
V, 0.88(0.86-0.90). Labial segments: I, 0.81(0.80-—0.83) ; II, 1.07(1.05—
1.10); II, 1.11(1.00-1.23); IV, 0.88(0.84-0.93).

Pronotum: Width twice or slightly more than twice length,
5.30(5.26-5.34): 2.62(2.62—-2.62); lateral setigerous punctures 8 to 12
in number; both lobes virtually impunctate except for lateral sub-
marginal band of fine punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.22(3.22—3.22):3.26(3.22-3.30) ;
impunctate discally and apically.

Hemelytron: Shining, exocorium with crowded distinct punctures;
mesocorium with punctures becoming obsolete medially; costa with
one setigerous puncture.

Propleuron: With no punctures or only obsolete ones out of
depression.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron: As described for genus.

Sternites: Shining, with no punctures but a few moderate, longi-
tudinal rugae mesad of sunken spiracular area; most segments usually
without lateral, submarginal setigerous tubercles.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule impunctate except at extreme
lateral edge, apical margin entire; gonostylus as illustrated, (fig. 204).

Length of body: 9.43(9.30—-10.57).

FrmMaL4E.—Two specimens. Similar to male, measurements larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.62(1.56-1.69) :2.67(2.53-2.82); inter-
ocular width, 1.72(1.62-1.82). Antennal segments: I, 0.58(0.56-
0.60); II, 0.46(0.43-0.50); III, 0.56(0.50-0.63); IV, 0.76(0.70-0.83) ;
V, 0.91(0.90-0.93). Labial segments: I, 1.00(1.00-1.00); II, 1.28
(1.20-1.36); IIT, 1.28(1.28-1.28); IV, 0.95(0.90-1.00).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.33(3.07—3.60) :6.21(5.73-6.70).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.82(3.60—4.05) :3.98(3.77—4.20).

Length of body: 11.11(10.05-12.17).

Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64419), “‘Rurrenabaque, Rio
Beni, Bolivia, Oct., W. M. Mann, Mulford Bio. Expl., 1921-1922.”
Allotype female (MCZ), ‘‘Mirim, Ceara, Brazil, Mann.” Paratypes
as follows:

ParaGcuay: Horqueta, Nov. 8, 1932, A. Schulze, 1 male (JCL).

Braziu: Chapada, September, 1 female (Car).

ARGENTINA: Salta: Aguaray, October 1946, Buohn, 1 female (UnivTuc).

Formosa: ‘‘Misién Loishi,’? Nov. 17, 1950, Willink-Monros, 1 female (UnivTuc).
Misiones: San Ignacio, November 1950, F. Monros, 1 female (RCF).

420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Discussion.—This species and bisinuatus, also described as new in
the present paper, are much closer to each other than to nigerrimus.

Onalips nigerrimus (Dallas)

PLATE FIGURES 7, 31, 95, 119, 147, 205
Aethus nigerrimus Dallas, 1851, p. 112.—Walker, 1867, p. 152.—St4l, 1876, p. 25.
Onalips nigerrimus Signoret, 1881b, p. 323, pl. 10, fig. 43 —Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 64.

Dracnosis.—The numerous, widely separated coarse punctures on
the pronotum and scutellum readily separate this species from the
other two in the genus.

Derscriprion.—Matp:

Head: Length more than half of width, 1.60(1.43-1.69) : 2.65(2.34—
2.60); interocular width, 1.57(1.49-1.62); anterior outline a flattened
semicircle; juga surpassing clypeus and contiguous beyond it, with
numerous, irregularly spaced, coarse punctures, markedly tumid within
submarginal row of setigerous punctures; interocellar space smooth.
Antennal segments: I, 0.59(0.53-0.63); II, 0.50(0.50-0.50); III, 0.63
(0.60-0.63); IV, 0.83(0.80-0.86); V, 1.16(1.10-1.20). Labial seg-
ments: I, 0.94(0.93-1.00); II, 1.20(1.16-1.26); III, 1.20(1.13-1.33);
IV, 0.83(0.83-0.86).

Pronotum: Length more than half of width, 3.05(2.85-3.30) : 5.59
(5.25-5.92) ; lateral setigerous punctures 7 to 11; transverse impression
postmedian, with broad, irregular band of coarse, sunken punctures;
anterior lobe punctured behind anterior emargination and laterally.

Scutellum: Length and width subequal or one longer than the other,
length-width ratio, 3.30(3.00-3.75) :3.26(3.00-3.45); surface polished
with numerous coarse, sunken punctures discally, these becoming finer
apically.

Hemelytron: Usually distinctly duller than scutellum; abundantly
punctured on exocorium and mesocorium; costa with 2 to 4 setigerous
punctures.

Propleuron: With numerous coarse punctures on both convexities.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron: As described for genus.

Sternites: Polished, with numerous coarse punctures on lateral
third; some or all with one to three setigerous tubercles on lateral sub-
margin.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, punctured laterally and at
base, apical margin sinuate medially; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
205).

Length of body: 10.16(9.21-10.95).

Frmaty.—Very similar to male, measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.77(1.69-1.90) :2.61(2.50-2.73); inter-
ocular width, 1.71(1.69-1.75). Antennal segments: I, 0.64(0.63-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE——-FROESCHNER 42]

0.66); II, 0.51(0.50—0.56); III, 0.59(0.53-0.63); IV, 0.81(0.76-0.90) ;
V, 1.10(1.00-1.20). Labial segments: I, 0.95(0.86-1.00); II, 1.23
(1.16—1.30); III, 1.32(1.26—1.40); IV, 0.84(0.83-0.90).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 6.00(5.77—6.45) :3.25(2.85-3.60).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.59(3.45-3.75) :3.51(3.30-3.75).

Length of body: 10.95(10.20-11.70).

Typr pata.—The type specimen (BrM) was listed by Dallas as from
Colombia.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—10 males, 6 females.

Panama: Campana, Apr. 27, 1937, R. Bliss, 1 female (JCL). Canal Zone:
Ancén, Aug. 6, 1924, W. M. Wheeler, Cordia alliadora, 1 male (MCZ). Barro
Colorado Island, May 1, 1926, Van Tyne, 1 male (MCZ). No specific locality,
January-March 1944, Zetek, May 22, 1 male (USNM); January, Griswold, 1
male (MCZ); July-August 1942, J. Zetek, 1 female (USNM); June 24, 1924,
N. Banks, 1 female (MCZ).

Cotomsia: Monteria, 6 males, 3 females.

Discussion.—A male specimen (MCZ) bears the notation that it
had been collected on ‘‘Cordia alliadora.”’

Genus Melanaethus Uhler, new status

Geotomus of authors, not Mulsant and Rey, 1862, p. 324.

Melanaethus Uhler, 1876, p. 280.

Lobonotus Uhler, 1877, p. 395, (nec Milne-Edwards, 1863, p. 280, in Crustacea).
New synonymy.

Lobolophus Bergroth, 1891, p. 235. New synonymy.

Diacnosis.—Among those genera in which the terminal lobe of the
peritreme is developed into a short process, the members of this genus
may be recognized by the small size (3-6 mm.) and the more exten-
sively developed metapleural evaporatorium (figs. 96, 97).

Derscription.—Small to moderately large, oval to elongate, great-
est width across humeri or across hemelytra posterior to midlength;
dorsum much less convex than venter.

Head: As wide as or wider than long, flattened or slightly convex
above; juga as long as clypeus, variously curved, usually with fine
marginal carina dorsally; submargin with one setigerous puncture,
except in planifrons, which has three or four; eyes projecting by one-
fourth to three-fourths their width; ocelli present, on or behind line
connecting posterior margins of eyes; antennae 5-segmented, I short-
est, V usually longest, II, III, and IV varying in proportions; buc-
culae moderately to strongly elevated, highest posteriorly, posterior
end usually abruptly terminated (fig. 23); labium variable in length
according to species, reaching from middle of mesosternum to basal
segments of abdomen, II longest, slightly compressed, without folia-
ceous lobe.

422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

Pronotum: Length usually not more than half of width; lateral
margins converging on anterior half or more, with not more than six
setigerous punctures submarginally; transverse impression absent to
well-developed and complete; posterior margin broadly and slightly
curved or subtruncated; angles more or less rounded.

Scutellum: Distinctly longer than broad, triangular, apex narrowed
and less than half of membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well-defined; membranal suture straight,
convex or sinuate, not prolonged laterally; costa usually sharp, ex-
planate and with no or very few setigerous punctures; membrane not
over two-fifths of hemelytral length, sometimes brachypterous.

Propleuron: Moderately convex; convexities and depression rugose
and/or punctate or smooth and impunctate; prosternal carinae promi-
nent,

Mesopleuron (fig. 96): Flattened, evaporatorium occupying half
or more of segment, lateral margin strongly oblique, reaching near
or into posterolateral angle; posterior margin entire; mesosternum
with prominent, distinct, median carina on basal half or more of
nearly all species.

Metapleuron (figs. 96, 97): Flattened to uneven; evaporatorium oc-
cupying mesal two-thirds or three-fourths, lateral margin convex or
straight and oblique; peritreme reaching or surpassing middle of seg-
ment, apical modification expanded posteriorly as semicircular, quad-
rate or triangular, more or less shining lobe, osteole usually opening
posteriorly on peritreme.

Legs: Moderately long, slender; anterior tibia (fig. 120) moderately
compressed, with four to seven long, slender to stout spines on dorsal
margin; middle and posterior tibiae terete, spines of latter (fig. 144)
subequally developed on all margins; tarsal II shortest, I shorter
than III.

Sternites: Strongly convex, shining or alutaceous, with or without
setigerous punctures or rugae; posterior margin of each segment more
or less finely and acutely crenulate.

Type or cenus.—Melanaethus elongatus Uhler (1876), monobasic.
When Signoret (1883) transferred elongatus Uhler and Cydnus elongatus
Herrick-Schaeffer to Geotomus, Ubler’s name became a homonym for
which Signoret proposed the new name parvulus. Lobonotus Uhler
was described for the lone species anthracinus Ubler (1877); because
Uhler’s use of this name was preoccupied by Milne-Edwards (1863,
p. 280) in Crustacea, Bergroth (1891) proposed Lobolophus to re-
place it. Lobolophus must take anthracinus Ubler for type by ob-
jective synonymy.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 423

DistrisutTion.—Melanaethus is restricted to the Western Hemi-
sphere where its members occur in the area from Maryland to Cali-
fornia in the north and to southern Brazil in the south.

Discussion.—Most members of this genus have long gone under
the name Geotomus, but the few recently described species have been
assigned to Geocnethus of Horvath. Most authors have considered
Melanaethus to be a synonym of Mulsant and Rey’s Geotomus, for
which Cydnus punctulatus Costa (1847, p. 30) was designated as type
by Distant (1902, p. 98). From the present study and a partially
completed attempt to redefine the cydnid genera of the world, this
position appears untenable. The New World species assigned here
are not congeneric with Geotomus punctulatus and can readily be sep-
arated from it by several features, as follows: (1) Terminal process of
osteolar peritreme of @. punctulatus is auriculate In shape with the
osteole opening near the center of its base (fig. 98), while this structure
on American species of Afelanacthus is variously convex posteriorly
with osteole opening posteriorly on the peritreme at the base of the
expansion (figs. 96, 97). (2) G. punctulatus has nine or ten submar-
ginal setigerous punctures laterally on the pronotum, three or more of
them posterior to the transverse impression, while no species of A/fela-
naethus possesses more than six such punctures, only one of which is
posterior to the transverse impression. (3) The head of G. punctula-
tus has a submarginal row of five to seven setigerous punctures bearing
long, coarse hairs, while in the forms here assigned to Melanaethus all
but the new species planifrons has but one such puncture. Of these
characters, the shape of the terminal process of the osteolar peritreme
appears to be most important.

Horviath’s genus Geocnethus, to which several American species
have been accredited, also has an Old World genotype, obesus Horvath
(1919, p. 248), by original designation. Examination of the type of
Geocnethus obesus shows that it lacks a terminal modification of the
peritreme and so surely cannot include among its closest relatives
species which have a terminal modification.

The 16 species here treated as members of Melanaethus can be ar-
ranged into rather distinct groups based on the extent of the osteolar
peritreme, as indicated by the first couplet of the key to species.
One group, centering around M. cavicollis (Blatchley), agrees with
the subgenus Rhytidoporus (Rhytidoporus) in appearing to be restricted
to the region of the Caribbean islands with an invasion of the surround-
ing mainland at two points. The remainder of the species of MJela-
naethus are continental forms, with only two species occurring south
of middle Central America.

424

10.

OW

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Key to the known species of Melanaethus

Terminal lobe of peritreme triangular posteriorly, separated from lateral
margin of evaporatorium by much more than transverse diameter of the
lolben(ige 07) -r sy %.' 38) ees voy ae el he oy eauess Peels Sh sprouted ts gee
Terminal lobe of peritreme sericirediar or eabanaeoae posteriorly,
separated from lateral margin of evaporatorim by less than transverse
diameter of the lobe (fig. 96) . mans , : ORE he ERO
Anterior convexity of propleuron ne numerous coarse pene Cuece!
eavicollis (Blatchley) (p. 428)
Anterior convexity of propleuron impunctate. . ... crete Dato
Dorsum of head and sides of anterior pronotal lobe cmp cie
cubensis (Barber and Bruner) (p. 432)
Dorsum of head and sides of anterior Dae lobe with several to many
coarse punctures. ... ah todd Leet:
Posterior pronotal lobe and seutellar de real many Sonic coarse, foveate
PUNChUTES Jes ik. . . . aereus, new species (p. 425)
Posterior pronotal jobs Aaa seuteliag ae with many small, widely separated
punctures. . ... . . . externus, new species (p. 433)
Dorsum of head with a ane inarginal’ carina extending from eye toapex . . 7
Dorsum of head without a fine marginal carina or with a pea one immedi-
ately anteriortoeye. ... 5 SUSE SI FeG
Pronotum with transverse impression ‘aud aneer allay area Faievinctty but
obtusely impressed; labium surpassing base of sternite III.
anthracinus (Uhler) (p. 426)
Pronotum convex, transverse impression and intercallar area not depressed;
labium not surpassing middle coxae. . . . spinolae (Signoret) (p. 449)
Costal edge thick, calloused, strongly but narrowly convex dorsally; jugum
with three coarse (rarely more), widely separated setigerous punctures
submarginally. . ... . . . . planifrons, new species (p. 443)
Costa flat, thin, neither calloweed nor convex dorsally; jugum with not more
than one setigerous puncture submarginally .... espa hee
Head dorsally impunctate or with few patches of minute Bune ares!
pensylvanicus (Signoret) (p. 441)
Head dorsally distinctly punctate or rugopunctate over most of surface. . 9
Pronotal disc, especially transverse impression, with numerous punctures
of which many are as coarse as those on sides; scutellum usually distinctly
punctured to base. .. . . ¢ Se eee
Pronotal dise, especially raraecss iipektion Ana poateriog jet! polished,
with few minute punctures much finer than those on sides; scutellar puncta-
tion becoming obsolete basally. . . . . TE yee LO
Costa straight and subparallel on basal half, meibher explanene nor recurved
near base. ... . . . . uhleri (Signoret) (p. 453)
Costa gently convex, Given on basal half, explanate and gently recurved
near base. .. . . . . . subpunctatus (Blatchley) (p. 451)
Pronotum with punebarss c transverse impression and posterior lobe (and
usually also one-half of scutellum) of two sizes, coarse and fine ones
intermixed ..... smile he . 3 depp atone le
Pronotum with punctures ie creeerees eanreamen ane aeeienae lobe of one
size or those of latter becoming finer posteriorly, often with fine longi-
tudinal rugae between the punctures. .-: 5°.5-.'. 292 2 PU dS

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 425

12. Pronotum with broad, shallow, punctate impression extending anteriorly
between calli from middle of weak transverse impression (fig. 67).
noctivagus (Van Duzee) (p. 436)
Pronotum not impressed between calli. . .......-+-.-+---. 18
13. Length of body about twice pronotal width.
punctatissimus (Signoret) (p. 445)
Length of body distinctly less than twice (77:42) pronotal width. . . . .14
14, Apical two-thirds of mesocorial disc with numerous coarse punctures sub-
equal to those of two rows paralleling claval suture; larger, length of body,
3.6-4.2..... : eee wae ohistes Uhler (p. 447)
Apical two-thirds of fiecocdriat dice Ww ith scattered punctures finer than those
of two rows paralleling claval suture; smaller, length of body, 3.0-3.3.
mixtus, new species (p. 434)
15. Pronotum with transverse impression distinctly impressed across full width;

corium polished. . ... . . . . . subglaber (Walker) (p. 437)
Pronotum with transverse a racsion obsolete, absent medially; corium
distinctly alutaceous. . .... .. . . erenatus (Signoret) (p. 430)

Melanaethus aereus, new species

PLATE FIGURE 206

Draanosis.—The small, terminal lobe of the peritreme coupled with
the very coarse, sunken, close-set punctures on the posterior lobe of
the pronotum and scutellum will permit recognition of a@ereus within
the genus.

DescrreTion.—From asingle male. Oval, widest behind mid-length.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.92:1.33; interocular
width, 0.73; antericr outline a very shallow semicircle, clypeus as
long as juga, narrowed apically; surface shining, with radiating rows
of few, coarse punctures; margin thick, submarginal dorsal carina
distinct only on anterior third or half of jugum; ocelli moderately
large, separated from eye by space greater than transverse ocellar
width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (except posteriorly)
impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.29; II, 0.44; III, 0.39; IV,
0.46; V, 0.60. Bucculae about as high as labial IT, posterior end
curved; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.49: II, 0.81; III, 0.94; IV, 0.43.

Pronotum: Length about half of width, 1.56:3.10; anterior margin
deeply, simply emarginate; lateral margin broadly, shallowly sinuate
medially, submarginal row of five setigerous punctures; transverse
impression absent, marking row of punctures very coarse, sunken,
confused with numerous close-set punctures of posterior lobe; anterior
lobe with numerous coarse, close-set punctures laterally, middle half
strongly depressed for full length.

Scutellum: Length ney than width, 2.29:1.77; dise shining, with
numerous coarse, close, sunken punctures becoming finer at apex.

Hemelytron: @levas and corium strongly alutaceous; clavus with
one long and one short row of punctures; mesocorium with numerous

426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

coarse punctures in basal third, these continued as two complete rows
paralleling claval suture and with a few finer ones scattered over
mesal half; exocorium with numerous finer punctures scattered ir-
regularly for full length; costa convex, with one setigerous puncture;
membranal suture feebly sinuate, lateral angle slightly produced;
membrane longer than basal width, reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, punctate only in depression and near acetabu-
lum; prosternal carinae about half as high as labial II, abruptly
terminated ventrally.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Peritreme terminated by small, triangular lobe which
is separated from gently concave lateral margin of evaporatorium by
space greater than width of terminal lobe (similar to fig. 97); lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Shining, with few coarse punctures on lateral third near
posterior margin of each segment.

Terminalia: Apical margin entire, straight; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 206).

Length of body: 6.05.

Type pata.—Holotype male (MCZ), ‘Whitfield Hall, Blue Mts.,
Hayti, near 4500 ft., Aug. 13-20, 1934, Darlington.”’

Discussron.—The trivial name is in allusion to the bronzed cast
that is visible on this species.

Melanaethus anthracinus (Uhler), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 207

Lobonotus anthracinus Uhler, 1877, p. 395; 1886, p. 3.— Distant, 1880, p. 9, pl. 4,
fig. 7.—Signoret, 1883, p. 529, pl. 16, fig. 208.—-Bergroth, 1891, p. 235.—
Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 77.—Banks, 1910, p. 100.

Lobolophus anthracinus Van Duzee, 1917, p. 24.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 184.

Description.—Based on one male and one female.

Matz: Elongate, sides parallel.

Head: Length about four-fifths width, 0.82:0.96; interocular width,
0.66; anterior outline elongate, acute, clypeus slightly longer than
juga, slightly narrowed apically; surface strongly convex transversely;
juga, interocellar area and clypeus with numerous fine, close-set
punctures, without or with obsolete, submarginal dorsal carinae,
ocelli moderate, separated from eye by space less than twice transverse
ocellar width; jugum ventrally shining, impunctate; maxillary plate
with few large punctures. Antennal segments: I, 0.23; II, 0.30; III,
0.32; IV, 0.45; V, missing; bucculae higher than labial II, roundingly
terminated posteriorly. Labium attaining sternite IV. Labial
segments: I, 0.23; IJ, 0.91; III, 0.86; IV, 0.66.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 427

Pronotum: Length half of width, 1.04:2.08; anterior margin deeply,
almost quadrately emarginate; lateral margin subparallel on basal
third, with one submarginal setigerous puncture at apical angle; trans-
verse impression postmedian, moderately impressed across full length,
medially extended anteriorly as distinct impression between convex
calli; anterior lobe with dense, moderate punctures laterally, anteriorly
and medially, calli polished, with minute punctures centrally; posterior
lobe densely punctate almost to hind margin.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.57:1.30; surface shining,
all except basal angles with crowded, small to moderate punctures,
apical half with faint suggestion of median carina.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with two rows of
punctures; mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures parallel-
ing claval suture, elsewhere with abundant, distinct punctures;
exocorium with more abundant punctation; costa very narrowly
convex dorsally, without setigerous punctures; membranal suture
almost straight, lateral angle not prolonged; membrane. slightly
longer than basal width, just surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Alutaceous, strongly punctate in depression and
anteriorly to acetabulum, with few fine punctures on anterior
convexity.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium extended into posterolateral angle,
not reaching lateral margin of sclerite; lateral area in part rugo-
punctate.

Metapleuron: Peritreme reaching almost to straight lateral margin
of pronotum, terminal modification large, semicircular, distinctly
alutaceous, more shining than evaporatorium; lateral area shining,
with few striae. Legs: Anterior tibia with five stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Polished, finely punctate medially, very coarsely so
laterally.

Terminalia: Genital capsule punctate, more densely so laterally,
apical margin virtually straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 207).

Length of body: 4.50.

FremaLe.—Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.86:1.07; interocular width, 0.73.
Antennal segments: I, 0.23; II, 0.33; III, 0.34; IV, 0.48; V, 0.36.
Labial segments: I, 0.46; IT, 1.06; IiI and IV missing.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.10:2.28.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.76:1.34.

Length of body: 4.97.

Typr pata.—The two females in the Uhler collection (USNM)
from which this species was originally described were collected in
McLennan Co., Tex.

498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—2 males, 1 female.

Unirep Srates: New Mexico: No exact locality, Uhler collection, 1 female
(USNM). Texas: Colorado City, July 17, 1927, L. A. Stephenson, 1 male (KU).

Mexico: Distrito Federal: No exact locality, July 10, 1 male (Bon).

Discussion.—The greatly elongate labium reaching onto basal
sternites occurs in two other areas in the family as found in the
Western Hemisphere. In the Cydninae it appears on Dallasiellus
longulus (Dallas), while in the Amnestinae it may be found on one
species of Amnestus.

Melanaethus cavicollis (Blatchley), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 97, 208

Geotomus cavicollis Blatchley, 1924, p. 85.
Geocnethus cavicollis Hussey, 1925, p. 63.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 182.

Diacnosis.—Within the genus, cavicollis may be recognized by the
reduced size of the apical modification of the peritreme and the
number of coarse punctures present on most of anterior convexity of
propleuron.

Descrietion.—Matu: Elongate-oval, widest posterior to mid-
length.

Head: Length more than half width, 0.77 (0.72—0.83) : 1.28 (1.23-1.37);
interocular width, 0.80(0.74—0.84); anterior outline a flattened semi-
circle, clypeus as long as juga, narrowed apically; surface weakly
convex, numerous distinct punctures arranged in radiating rows,
submarginal dorsal carina distinct only on apical half or less; ocelli
moderate, separated from eyes by space more than twice transverse
ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished, impunctate; maxillary plate
coarsely punctate except at base of antenna. Antennal segments:
I, 0.27(0.26-0.30); II, 0.36(0.32-0.40); III, 0.38(0.36-0.42); IV,
0.43 (0.40-0.47); V, 0.58(0.56-0.60). Bucculae higher than labial IT,
abruptly sloping posteriorly; labium extending between middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.44 (0.43-0.46) ; IT, 0.75(0.73—0.82); III, 0.55(0.53-
0.60); IV, 0.40(0.40-0.42).

Pronotum: Length more than half of width, 1.45(1.36-1.55):2.75
(2.52-3.04); anterior margin moderately, simply concave; lateral
margin straight to very weakly concave on middle third, with sub-
marginal row of four or five setigerous punctures; transverse impres-
sion almost absent, site marked by irregular row of coarse, widely
separated punctures; anterior lobe with coarse punctures clustered
behind each eye and in broad lateral band, middle half strongly
impressed for full length; posterior lobe coarsely, closely punctate
laterally and sparsely so medially.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 429

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.97(1.86—2.15):1.68(1.62—
1.81); dise shining, with scattered, coarse punctures on apical three-
fourths.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium weakly alutaceous; claval punc-
tures arranged in one complete row and sometimes partial second
row basally; mesocorium distinctly punctate except at middle, mesal
punctures arranged in two complete rows; exocorium distinctly
punctate for full length; costa convex, with two setigerous punctures;
membranal suture straight, lateral angle not prolonged: membrane
longer than basal width, reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Strongly punctate on anterior convexity and in depres-
sion; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT, abruptly
terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area with not more than one or two distinct
punctures.

Metapleuron (fig. 97): terminal process of peritreme triangular
posteriorly, separated from straight edge of evaporatorium by space
much greater than transverse width of terminal modification.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Shining, obsoletely alutaceous, with numerous distinct
punctures on lateral fourth of each, elsewhere minutely punctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, impunctate, apical margin
slightly convex either side of middle; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
208).

Length of body: 5.42(5.05-5.97).

FrMALE.—Similar to male but lacking prominent impression in
middle of anterior pronotal lobe.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.87(0.85—-0.91) :1.27(1.20-1.36; inter-
ocular width, 0.73(0.70-0.76). Antennal segments: I, 0.27(0.26-
0.30); II, 0.35(0.32-0.42); ITI, 0.36(0.33-0.40); IV, 0.42(0.40-0.45);
V, 0.56(0.52-0.60). Labial segments: I, 0.42(0.41-0.46); II, 0.75
(0.73-0.82); ITI, 0.53(0.48-0.56); IV, 0.41(0.40-0.43).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.44(1.31—1.62) :2.68(2.45-2.95).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.93(1.75-2.12):1.62(1.49-1.75).

Length of body: 5.34(4.95-5,83).

Type pAtA.—The types, taken from Arch Creek and Dunedin, Fla.,
are in the Blatchley collection (Pur).

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—8 males, 7 females.

Unitep States: Florida: Gainesville, Oct. 18, 1923, T. H. Hubbell, 1 male,
2 females (RFH); W. E. Penner, 1 male (USNM); February 1930, W.S. Blatchley
(BrM). Edgewater, Mar. 6, 1939, C. A. Frost, 2 males, 1 female (USNM).
‘““Miaku,”’ Feb. 3, 1911, W. S. Blatchley, 1 female (CalAc). Mewman’s Lake,
Mar. 15, 1926, T. H. Hubbell, 1 male, (KU). Winter Park, Mar. 1, 1939, F. E.
Lutz, 1 female (AmM). South Carolina: Florence, Feb. 1, 1939, C. F. Rainwater,
3 males, 2 females (USNM, RCF).

430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Discusston.—Both Blatchley and Hussey, in the citations listed
above, reported taking this species from the ground under leaves or
other debris. Specimens examined bore the notations “in woods trash”
and ‘‘Berlese funnel material, in dry magnolia-hickory hummock.”

The four species that run through the first half of the first couplet
of the key to species form a closely knit unit that probably deserves
taxonomic recognition of some sort, perhaps as a subgenus. This
group would be characterized by the small, triangular terminal process
of the osteolar peritreme which is separated from the lateral edge of
the evaporatorium by a space greater than the transverse width of
the process, and by the thick, calloused margins of the head, with the
incomplete, submarginal, dorsal carina. Since three of the four
species which would be included in such a group are represented
by only one specimen in the material studied, the author hesitates
to make such a division at this time.

Melanaethus crenatus (Signoret), revived combination
PLATE FIGURE 209

Geotomus (Melanaethus) crenatus Signoret, 1883, p. 208, pl. 4, fig. 171.
Melanaethus crenatus Uhler, 1886, p. 3.
Geotomus crenatus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 72.

Diacnosts.—Among those species of the genus with the large
terminal lobe on the peritreme this one may be recognized by the
distinctly alutaceous coria.

Descriprion.—Mate: Elongate-oval, sides subparallel.

Head: Length about two-thirds of width, 0.56(0.54-0.60):0.81
(0.80-0.82); interocular width, 0.56(0.55-0.60); anterior outline a
more or less truncated semicircle, clypeus as long as juga, narrowed
apically; dorsum densely and in part confluently punctate; with
distinct marginal carina dorsally; ocelli very small, separated from
eye by space more than three times transverse ocellar width; jugum
ventrally shining; maxillary plate punctate. Antennal segments:
I, 0.16(0.15-0.19); II, 0.16(0.16-0.18); III, 0.19(0.17-0.20); IV,
0.25(0.23-0.26); V, 0.33(0.33-0.35). Bucculae higher than labial IT,
abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium attaining bases of middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.22(0.20-0.23); II, 0.44(0.37-0.50); III,
0.30(0.27-0.33); IV, 0.25(0.22-0.26).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 0.67(0.64-0.70) : 0.91
(0.86—-0.93); anterior margin moderately, singly emarginate; lateral
margin nearly straight and subparallel on basal half, without setigerous
punctures submarginally; transverse impression weak to obsolete,
postmedian, without a special line of coarser punctures marking it;
anterior lobe with numerous prominent punctures laterally, sub-
apically and medially, calli polished, with several scattered, finer

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 431

punctures; posterior lobe with numerous prominent, elongate punc-
tures over entire surface, sometimes with short, longitudinal rugulae
between.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.19(1.13-1.23):0.96(0.93-1.01) ;
surface sculpture similar to but less dense than that of posterior
pronotal lobe.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with one or
two partial rows in addition to one complete row of punctures; meso-
corium with two complete rows of punctures paralleling claval suture,
elsewhere with well-separated punctures becoming much finer apically;
punctation of exocorium similar to but more dense than that of
mesocorium; costa without setigerous punctures; membranal suture
straight, lateral angle not produced; membrane longer than basal
width, usually just reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with numerous irregular, anastomosing,
longitudinal rugae; prosternal carinae almost as high as labial II,
abruptly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium extended into posterolateral angle,
not reaching lateral margin of segment; lateral area in part rugo-
punctate.

Metapleuron: Terminal lobe of peritreme semicircular, reaching
almost to convex lateral margin of evaporatorium; lateral area in
part rugopunctate.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five or six stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Shining and minutely punctate on middle half, coarsely
rugopunctate on lateral fourth.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, distinctly punctate in lateral
angles, apical margin straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 209).

Length of body: 3.32(38.18-3.42).

FemaLe: Similar to males, measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.60(0.56—0.64) :0.83(0.80-0.91) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.59(0.56-0.63). Antennal segments: I, 0.17(0.16-
0.20); II, 0.18(0.15-0.20); IIT, 0.19(0.14-0.24); IV, 0.25(0.25-0.26) ;
V, 0.34(0.33-0.37). Labial segments: I, 0.22(0.19-0.26) ; H, 0.42(0.36—
0.51); ILI, 0.31(0.26-0.36); IV, 0.26(0.24-0.33).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.94(0.90-1.03) :1.73(1.62-1.87).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.26(1.13-1.34) :1.04(0.90-1.16).

Length of body: 3.43(3.25-3.60).

Type pATA.—Signoret described this species from ‘Mexique.”
The type is probably in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—33 males, 32 females.

Unirep States: Arizona: Castle Hot Springs, Gila Co., Miller Canyon (Hua-
chuca Mts.), Nogales, Sabino Canyon (Santa Catalina Mts.) ; April, August,

432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

November. Tezras: Laredo (on orchid from Mexico), San Antonio, Sheffield;
March, April, June.
Mexico: Distrito Federal: Pedregal de San Angel, August. Mézico: Tejupilco.
Discusstion.—The Laredo, Tex., specimen listed above was taken
from an orchid which had been imported from Guerrero, Mexico.
One other specimen was labeled ‘‘Taken at light.”

Melanaethus cubensis (Barber and Bruner), new combination
Geocnethus cubensis Barber and Bruner, 1932, p. 236.

DiaGnosis.—The combination of the small terminal lobe of the
peritreme and the lack of punctures on the head and anterior pronotal
lobe will permit ready recognition of this species among the other
members of the genus.

DeEscripTION.—Y¥EMALE: Based on paratype (USNM). Elongate-
oval, sides nearly parallel.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.83:1.21; interocular width,
0.70; anterior outline almost semicircular, clypeus as long as juga,
narrowing towards apex; margin of head thick, calloused, dorsal
“carina” distinctly submarginal; surface somewhat flattened, little
depressed submarginally, mostly obsoletely alutaceous, virtually im-
punctate; ocelli large, separated from eye by space greater than trans-
verse ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished, impunctate; maxillary
plate punctate ventrally and posteriorly. Antennal segments: I,
0.26; II, 0.38; III, 0.38; IV, 0.43; V, 0.62. Bucculae not as high as
labial II; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.40; II, 0.80; III, 0.56; IV, 0.43.

Pronotum: Length more than half of width, 1.43:2.69; anterior
margin shallowly emarginate; lateral margin weakly sinuate at an-
terior third, with submarginal row of four or five setigerous punctures;
transverse impression virtually absent, indicated laterally by few
small punctures; both lobes obsoletely alutaceous, minutely punctate;
anterior lobe without large punctures, with obsolete, subapical im-
pression; posterior lobe with not more than five small punctures.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.02:1.62; surface obsoletely aluta-
ceous, minutely punctured, with few coarse punctures scattered over
disc.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium distinctly alutaceous; clavus with
one row of punctures; corium with one complete row of punctures
and basal part of second row paralleling claval suture; costa convex,
with two setigerous punctures; membranal suture weakly sinuate,
lateral angle not prolonged; membrane lenger than basal width,
surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Both convexities impunctate; prosternal carinae less
than half as high as labial IT.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 433

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Terminal lobe of peritreme triangular posteriorly,
removed from straight lateral margin of evaporatorium by space
greater than width of terminal lobe (somewhat similar to fig. 97);
lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five dorsal spines; posterior tibia weakly
sinuate subapically.

Sternites: Alutaceous, with several coarse, shallow punctures in
spiracular area.

Length of body: 5.36.

Typr DATA.—Type male (USNM) is from Cayamas, Cuba.

SPECIMENS STUDIED:

Cusa: Cayamas, April 3, E. A. Schwarz, 1 male (holotype, USNM); Sierra
Rangel, Aug. 28, 1929, J. Acuna and S. C. Bruner, 1 female (USNM).

Melanaethus externus, new species

Diaanosis.—Within the genus Melanaethus this species may be
recognized by the reduced, triangular terminal process of the peri-
treme, the presence of numerous, coarse punctures on head and side
of anterior pronotal lobe, and the lack of punctures on the anterior
convexity of the propleuron.

Description.—Based on one female. Elongate-oval, widest pos-
terior to midlength.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.80:1.12; interocular width,
0.66; anterior outline a full semicircle, clypeus as long as juga, nar-
rowed apically; surface slightly convex, juga with numerous crowded
punctures, margin thick, with partial, submarginal dorsal carina;
ocelli small, separated from eye by space more than three times
transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (except
posteriorly) shining, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.26; II,
0.33; III, 0.34; IV, 0.41; V, missing. Bucculae about as high as
labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching bases of
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.40; I, 0.77; IiI, 0.49; IV, 0.40.

Pronotum: Length about half of width, 1.26:2.40; anterior margin
deeply, doubly emarginate; lateral margin straight to faintly concave
on middle third, with submarginal row of five setigerous punctures;
transverse impression weak, postmedian, marked by irregular double
row of distinct punctures; anterior lobe with single row of distinct
punctures paralleling anterior emargination between eyes, and with
broad patch of them laterally; posterior lobe with few punctures scat-
tered medially and laterally.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.82:1.43; surface shining, with
irregularly scattered, strong punctures over surface except at base
and apex.

501991—60—_7

434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus punctate near
base and with single longitudinal row; mesocorium with one complete
row of punctures paralleling claval suture and with punctures crowded
on basal third; exocorium with few punctures scattered along length;
costa convex, with one setigerous puncture; membranal suture nearly
straight; membrane longer than basal width, reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, distinctly punctate only in depression and at
base of acetabulum; prosternal carinae about half as high as labial II,
abruptly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area rugose, impunctate.

Metapleuron: Terminal lobe of peritreme triangular posteriorly,
separated from straight lateral margin of evaporatorium by space
greater than transverse width of lobe; lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Anterior tibia with six stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Finely alutaceous, with very few punctures behind spirac-
ular area.

Length of body: 4.71.

Type pata.—Holotype female (USNM 64416), from Veracruz,
Mexico, “F. H. B., 586.”

Discusston.—See discussion under M. cavicollis (Blatchley).

Melanaethus mixtus, new species

PLATE FIGURE 211

DiaGnosis.—The small size, presence of two types of punctures
on posterior lobe of the pronotum, lack of an impression between
the calli, and the large terminal lobe on the peritreme will permit
separation of this species from others in the genus.

Description.—Mate: Two specimens, one lacking antennae and
labium. Oval, robust, sides subparallel or weakly diverging posteri-
orly.

Head: Length almost two-thirds width, 0.47 (0.47—-0.47) : 0.76 (0.76-
0.76); interocular width, 0.52(0.51-0.53); anterior outline broad, less
than a semicircle, clypeus as long as or very slightly longer than juga;
surface, including clypeus, shining, with crowded, distinct punctures;
jugum with distinct, marginal carina dorsally, one submarginal seti-
gerous puncture; ocelli small, separated from eye by space more than
twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally shining, impunctate;
maxillary plate distinctly punctate on basal two-thirds. Antennal
segments (missing from larger specimen): I, 0.16; I, 0.16; III, 0.16;
IV, 0.23; V, 0.27. Bucculae higher than labial II, abruptly termi-
nated posteriorly; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial
segments (missing from larger specimen): I, 0.21; II, 0.40; III, 0.27;
IV, 0.23.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 435

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half of width, 0.87(0.84-
0.90) :1.60(1.56—164) ; anterior margin moderately, simply emarginate;
lateral margin straight on basal half, without submarginal row of
setigerous punctures; transverse impression obsolete, postmedian,
without defining row of special punctures; anterior lobe with numer-
ous crowded punctures laterally, subapically and between calli, latter
with minute punctures discally; posterior lobe with fine punctures
over entire width, these mixed with coarser ones anteriorly.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.16(1.15-1.17) : 0.94(0.93-0.95) ; shin-
ing; surface, except basal angles, with scattered fine and coarse
punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished or weakly alutaceous;
clavus with 1% rows of punctures; mesocorium with two rows of punc-
tures paralleling claval suture, elsewhere punctures becoming much
finer and more widely scattered towards apex; exocorium punctate
similar to mesocorium; costa flattened, slightly reflexed, without
setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle not
prolonged; membrane longer than basal width, reaching apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Anterior convexity with numerous crowded, longitu-
dinal rugulae, depression with coarser punctures; prosternal carinae
less than half as high as labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle
but not to side of margin of segment; lateral area in part coarsely
rugopunctate.

Metapleuron: Peritreme terminated by large, semicircular lobe
reaching almost to lateral margin of evaporatorium; lateral area with
few distinct striae.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Weakly alutaceous and minutely punctate, with few
distinct punctures and weak rugae laterally near spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with few more punctures laterally,
apical margin entire, weakly convex; gonostylus as_ illustrated
(fig. 211).

Length of body: 3.17(3.09-3.29).

FreMALE: Similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.52(0.50—0.56) :0.79(0.78-0.83) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.54 (0.53-0.56). Antennal segments: I, 0.16(0.16—0.19) ;
II, 0.17(0.16—0.20) ; III, 0.18(0.16-0.23); IV, 0.24(0.21-0.27); V, 0.30
(0.27-0.33). Labial segments: I, 0.20(0.20—0.22) ; II, 0.38(0.33-0.41) ;
III, 0.31(0.30-0.33); IV, 0.24(0.22-0.30).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.92(0.88—0.95) :1.67(1.58—1.76).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.23(1.17-1.31) :0.98(0.93-1.06).

Length of body: 3.17(3.09-3.29).

436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Tyrer pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64417), ‘‘Guatemala [inter-
cepted] Brownsville, Tex., 66430, 6-14-48-10336, Sobralia sp.”’ Allo-
type female (USNM), “Guatemala, x-12-43, Sobralia macrantha,
43-19570 [intercepted] San Francisco, Cal. #18417.” Paratypes as
follows:

Mexico: No exact locality: Intercepted at New Orleans, La., on pineapple,
May 12, 1937, 1 female (USNM). San Luis Potosi: Tamazunchale, intercepted at
Loredo, Tex., on orchid plant, Oct. 10, 1947, 1 female (USNM). Maiz, inter-
cepted at Loredo, Tex., on Laelis anceps, May 19, 1947, 1 female (RCF). Dzs-
trito Federal: México, intercepted at Laredo, Tex., on Liliwm longiflorum, Aug.
23, 1945, 2 females (USNM).

Costa Rica: San José, June or July 1931, H. Schmidt, 1 female (KU).

Discusston.—Although nearly all specimens studied had been
collected in the United States, they had originated in Mexico and
Guatemala and had been intercepted at quarantine stations upon their
entry into this country. Judging from the number of interceptions, it
appears that this species must occur in some abundance in Mexico and
Guatemala. Jf such is the case, it is surprising that none of the
collections examined in those countries had specimens collected there.
This situation points up how poorly known is the fauna of certain
countries, especially for groups that require specialized collecting
techniques.

Melanaethus noctivagus (Van Duzee), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 67, 210

Geotomus noctivagus Van Duzee, 1923, p. 125.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 181.

Diagnosis.—The short labium (reaching only to middle coxae)
and the punctate depressed area between the calli (fig. 67) will permit
recognition of this form among all those with a large terminal lobe on
the peritreme.

Description.—Mate: Elongate-oval, widest at or immediately
anterior to humeri.

Head: Length almost three-fourths of width, 0.59(0.56—0.61) :0.79
(0.76-0.82); interocular width, 0.51(0.50-0.53); anterior outline a
prolonged semicircle, clypeus as long as juga, weakly narrowed
apically; surface with numerous moderate, well-separated punctures;
with distinct, marginal carina dorsally; with no submarginal punc-
tures; ocelli large, separated from eye by space less than twice
transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate im-
punctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.16(0.14—0.18) ; II, 0.21 (0.20—0.23) ;
III, 0.21(0.20-0.23); IV, 0.29(0.27-0.31); V, 0.37(0.36-0.41). Buc-
culae higher than labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium
extended to middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.21(0.20-0.24); I,
0.39(0.36-0.43) ; III, 0.26(0.25-0.28); IV, 0.24(0.22-0.26).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 437

Pronotum: Length about half of width, 0.88 (0.86—0.92) :1.65(1.57—
1.67); anterior margin deeply, simply emarginate; lateral margins
straight and subparallel on basal third, posterior angle hidden by
swollen lateral portion of posterior lobe, submarginally with six
setigerous punctures bearing short, fine setae; transverse impression
weak but distinct across full width, medially expanded posteriorly
and anteriorly between calli as punctate basin (fig. 67); anterior lobe
with strong punctures laterally and subapically, with scattered minute
punctures on calli; posterior lobe distinctly punctate across full
width, usually with much finer punctures between.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.25(1.20-1.33) :1.00(0.93-1.03) ; sur-
face shining, and, except basal angles, with numerous large and small
punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with row of punc-
tures double at base; mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures
paralleling claval suture, elsewhere with numerous distinct punctures;
exocorium more densely punctate than mesocorium; costa flattened
and punctate, without setigerous punctures; membranal suture
weakly sinuate, lateral angle feebly produced; membrane variable;
longer than basal width in macropterous forms and shorter than basal
width in brachypterous forms.

Propleuron: Anterior convexity alutaceous, with crowded small
punctures on anterior half; depression with several coarse punctures.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium usually extended into posterolateral
angle but not reaching lateral margin of segment; lateral area with
numerous coarse punctures.

Metapleuron: Terminal lobe of peritreme large, reaching almost to
convex lateral margin of somewhat limited evaporatorium; lateral
area with numerous coarse punctures.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five or six stout spines on dorsal margin.

Sternites: Medially alutaceous and minutely punctate, laterally
with numerous close, coarse punctures and longitudinal rugae.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, or weakly alutaceous, punc-
tate, more densely so laterally, apical margin straight; gonostylus as
illustrated (fig. 210).

Length of body: 3.60(3.46-3.74).

Frema.e: Similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.59(0.54—0.70) :0.81(0.73-0.91); inter-
ocular width, 0.52(0.46-0.63). Antennals: I, 0.15(0.14-0.17); I,
0.21 (0.20-0.23) ; III, 0.21 (0.20-0.26) ; IV, 0.29(0.26-0.33) ; V, 0.37 (0.33-
0.40). Labials: I, 0.19(0.17-0.21); IT, 0.38(0.36-0.41); III, 0.29(0.24-
0.33); IV, 0.26 (0.24-0.30).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.87(0.83-0.97) :1.64(1.53-1.89).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.27(1.18-1.46) :0.97(0.91-1.10).

438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

Length of body: 3.49(8.17-4.01).

Type pata.—The type male and paratype female (both in CalAc),
were taken at San Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—14 males, 29 females.

Unirep States: Arizona: Atascosa Mt., Cochise Co., Douglas, Higley, Mesa,
Oracle, Phoenix, Pima Co., Pleasant Lake, Thatcher, Yuma Co.; January, June,
July, August. California: Coachella, Davis, San Diego; January, May, July.
Idaho: Rupert; August. New Merico: Las Cruces; June. Texas: Presidio Co.,
Valentine; July. Washington: Wilbur; March.

Mexico: Sonora: Hermosillo, Pitiquito, San Carlos Bay; May, July.

Discusston.—The placement of this species close to pensylvanicus
on the basis of the punctation of the head was not justified by the
material at hand. All material seen, including the female paratype
from San Carlos Bay, Sonora, showed distinct and often crowded
punctures on the head, not the minute punctation of pensylvanicus.
This is in contradiction to Van Duzee’s original description which
reads, ‘superior surface minutely, obscurely, punctured.’”? Compari-
son of specimens with the type will settle the question.

Melanaethus subglaber (Walker), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 213

Aethus subglaber Walker, 1867, p. 150.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 181.

Melanaethus elongatus Uhler, 1876, p. 280; 1877, p. 393; 1886, p. 3. New
synonymy.

Geotomus parvulus Signoret, 1883, p. 208, pl. 4, fig. 170.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 72.—Banks, 1910, p. 100.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 22.—Torre Bueno,
1939, p. 181. New synonymy

Diaenosis.—Among the species of Melanaethus with the large
terminal modification of the peritreme extending almost to the lateral
margin of the evaporatorium, this one may be recognized by its very
elongate form and the fact that the transverse impression is distinct
across its entire width but not expanded medially.

Description.—Matz: Elongate-oval, slender for the genus, sides
parallel.

Head: Length about three-fourths width, 0.63 (0.62—0.64) :0.82(0.80—
0.86); interocular width, 0.53(0.50-0.56); anterior outline elongate,
distinctly roundingly truncated, clypeus as long as juga, scarcely
narrowed at apex; surface, including clypeus, with numerous crowded
punctures; jugum with distinct marginal carina dorsally, with one
submarginal puncture anterior to eye; jugum ventrally shining, im-
punctate; maxillary plate alutaceous, feebly punctate. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.17(0.16-0.20); II, 0.18(0.16-0.20); III, 0.22(0.22-0.23);
IV, 0.27(0.26-0.30); V, 0.37(0.36-0.40). Bucculae higher than labial
II, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching between middle

CYDNIDAE OF THE, WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 439

coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.23(0.21-0.24); II, 0.42(0.40-0.45); III,
0.30(0.28-0.32); IV, 0.22(0.21-0.24).

Pronotum: Length more than half of width, 0.85(0.81-0.92):
1.58(1.51—-1.67); anterior margin shallowly, simply emarginate; lat-
eral margin straight on basal half or more, submarginal row of five
setigerous punctures; transverse impression postmedian, distinctly
and almost equally depressed across full width, not marked by special
row of punctures; anterior lobe with coarse, crowded punctures lat-
erally and subapically, medially with fine punctures, calli with few
minute punctures; posterior lobe shining, with numerous moderate
punctures scattered nearly or quite to hind margin.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.13(1.06—1.20) :0.92(0.86—
0.97); shining, with numerous well-separated punctures over surface
except in basal angles.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining, clavus with 1% rows of
punctures; mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures paral-
leling claval suture, elsewhere punctation sparse, fine, becoming little
coarser towards base; exocorium punctate similar to mesocorium;
costa thin, weakly reflexed on basal half, with one setigerous puncture
dorsally near base; membranal suture straight, lateral angle not pro-
duced; membrane little longer than basal width, just attaining apex
of abdomen.

Propleuron: Anterior convexity longitudinally rugopunctate; de-
pression with few coarse punctures; prosternal carinae about as high
as labial II, anterior margin long, vertical, produced ventrally as
small, semicircular lobe.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle,
not attaining lateral margin of segment; lateral area shining, in part
rugopunctate.

Metapleuron: Terminal modification of peritreme large, semicir-
cular, reaehing almost to lateral margin of evaporatorium; lateral
area with several coarse punctures.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five or six stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Polished, minutely punctate, with several weak rugae
laterally near spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, punctures becoming dense
laterally, apical margin weakly decurved; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 213).

Length of body: 3.33(3.16-3.55).

Fremaue: Similar to male, most measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.65(0.63—0.67) : 0.85(0.83—-0.87); inter-
ocular width, 0.53(0.51-0.56). Antennal segments: I, 0.18(0.16-—
0.22): II, 0.20(0.18-0.23); III, 0.24(0.23-0.25); IV, 0.30(0.30-0.33) ;

440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

V, 0.38(0.34-0.40). Labial segments: I, 0.24(0.23—-0.26); I, 0.44
(0.42-0.46); III, 0.33(0.31-0.35); IV, 0.23(0.21-0.26).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.88(0.85—-0.91) :1.64(1.63-1.67).

Seutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.19(1.15-1.23) : 0.95(0.97-1.00).

Length of body: 3.46(3.43-8.50).

Typr pata.—Walker’s type (BrM) was listed for the general terri-
tory of “North America”; Uhler’s type (USNM) of elongatus came
from ‘California.’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—112 males, 146 females.

Unitrep States: Arizona: Aquila, Baboquivari Canyon (Pima Co.), Castle
Hot Springs, Chiricahua Mts., Douglas, Florence, Gila Bend, Globe, Grand
Canyon (Desert View), Indian Hot Spring, Nogales, Patagonia, Phoenix, Roose-
velt Dam, Sabino Canyon (Santa Catalina Mts.), Thatcher, Tucson, Yuma,
Warren; April to August. California: Borego Valley, Campo, Clayton, Coachella,
Colton, Death Valley, Edison, Imperial Co., Lindsay, Los Angeles, Mt. Diablo,
Needles, Niles Canyon (Alameda Co.), Oakland, Ojai, Orange, Palm Springs,
Paso Robles, Ripley, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Felipe Valley (San Diego
Co.), San Francisco, San Quentin, Santa Anna River, Santa Cruz, Sobabo Springs,
Tanbark Flats (Los Angeles Co.); March to November. Nevada: Hoover Dam,
Carson City, Las Vegas; June to August. New Mexico: Clovis; August. Texas:
Concho, Dell City; July, August. Utah: Delta, Oasis; July, August.

Mexico: Sonora: Hermosillo, Imuris, Pitiquito, San Bernardino; June, July.
Baja California: Mesquital, San Fernando, San Ignacio; July.

Ecuavor: Galapagos Islands: Bindloe Island.

Discussion.—The ecological notes on the specimens tell little about
the habits of the species because they represent the usual collecting
places for members of the family: i.e., at lights and under objects on
the ground. There is one specimen, however, which does bear an
interesting label which the author prefers to disbelieve. The specimen
is labeled “Sao Paulo, Brazil(!), San. F. 23832, VII-8—47-10080.”’
The Brazilian locality would suggest that the specimen was from that
country, while the abbreviation “San F.”’ indicates that it was inter-
cepted in commerce at that quarantine station. Since San Francisco
is within the known range of parvulus and Brazil is very far removed
from it, the author prefers to interpret this as a case of contamination
after the products to be examined arrived in California.

The “Aethus subglaber” of Walker has long been an enigma to heter-
opterists, but personal examination of the type leaves no doubt that
the name is correct for this species.

In 1883 Signoret transferred Uhler’s species and Herrick-Schaeffer’s
(1839, p. 97) Cydnus elongatus into Geotomus, making Uhler’s species
a junior homonym of Herrick-Schaeffer’s species and proposing for it
the new name parvulus.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 44]

Melanaethus pensylvanicus (Signoret), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 212

Cydnus (Melanaethus) picinus Uhler, 1876, pl. 19, fig. 17 (figured, but not men-
tioned in text).

Melanaethus picinus Uhler, 1877, p. 391 (designated as ‘‘new sp.’’); 1886, p. 3.

Geotomus pensylvanicus Signoret, 1883, p. 207, pl. 4, fig. 169.—Lethierry and
Severin, 1893, p. 72.—Banks, 1910, p. 100.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 22.—Torre
Bueno, 1939, p. 181.

Driacenosis.—Among the species of Melanaethus with the large
terminal lobe on the peritreme, this one may be recognized by having
the head impunctate or with scattered minute punctures.

Description.—Mate: Oval, widest behind midlength.

Head: Length almost two-thirds width, 0.54(0.50-0.56) :0.84(0.83-
0.86); interocular width, 0.52(0.52-0.53); anterior outline a strongly
flattened semicircle, clypeus as long as juga, narrowed apically;
dorsum distinctly convex, with several minute punctures scattered
over surface; with distinct marginal carina dorsally; submarginally
with three widely separated setigerous punctures; ocelli moderate,
separated from eye by space more than twice transverse ocellar
width; jugum ventrally shining, impunctate; maxillary plate with
crowded punctures. Antennal segments: I, 0.15(0.13-0.16); I,
0.16(0.16-0.17); III, 0.19(0.17-0.23); IV, 0.24(0.23-0.26); V, 0.31
(0.30-0.33). Bucculae about as high as labial I, abruptly terminated
posteriorly; labium attaining bases of middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.24(0.23-0.27); Il, 0.39(0.36-0.43); III, 0.28(0.26-0.32); IV,
0.23(0.23-0.26).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 0.93(0.93—-0.94) 21.74
(1.72-1.79); anterior margin shallowly, simply emarginate; lateral
margin straight on basal third or half, with submarginal row of five
or six setigerous punctures; transverse impression postmedian, obso-
lete, not marked by special row of punctures; anterior lobe with
lateral patch of distinct punctures, with several minute punctures
medially and scattered over calli; posterior lobe with numerous fine
punctures across full width.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.25(1.25-1.28) :1.09(1.08-
1.11); surface, except basal angles, with scattered intermixed minute
and moderate punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one or two
partial rows of punctures in addition to the complete one; mesocorium
with two complete rows of punctures paralleling claval suture, else-
where with scattered punctures becoming coarser and closer basally;
exocorium with irregular punctation, punctures most numerous sub-
costally; costa straight on basal third, diverging, with one setigerous
puncture located dorsally near base; membranal suture straight,

442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

lateral angle not produced; membrane longer than basal width, reach-
ing or slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Alutaceous, with minute punctures on anterior con-
vexity and several coarser ones in depression; prosternal carinae less
than half as high as labial II, more or less abruptly terminated
posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium attaining posterolateral angle but
not lateral margin of segment; lateral area with numerous oblique
rugulae.

Metapleuron: Terminal lobe of peritreme a large, irregular semi-
circle reaching almost to straight lateral margin of evaporatorium ;
lateral area shining, with few rugae paralleling evaporatorium.

Legs: Anterior tibia with five or six stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Shining and minutely punctate medially, laterally with
distinct punctures and longitudinal rugae.

Terminalia: Genital capsule finely alutaceous, more closely punc-
tate laterally; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 212).

Length of body: 3.42(3.30-3.56).

Frema.e: Similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.56(0.51—0.60) :0.84(0.83—-0.86) ; inter-
ocular width 0.52(0.52-0.53). Antennal segments: I, 0.15(0.14—-0.16) ;
II, 0.17(0.16-0.20); III, 0.18(0.16-0.20); IV, 0.24(0.23-0.26); V, 0.31
(0.30-0.33). Labial segments: I, 0.24(0.23-0.27) ; II, 0.39(0.36-0.43) ;
III, 0.28(0.26-0.32); IV, 0.23(0.23-0.26).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.95(0.90—1.00) : 1.82(1.74-1.92).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.34(1.26-1.41):1.14(1.12-1.16).

Length of body: 8.45(3.31-3.59).

Type patTa.—The type specimen (USNM) was reported by Uhler
as having come from Pennsylvania.

SPECIMENS STUDIED:

Unitep Stares: Alabama: Anniston; July. Arkansas: Pike Co., Washington
Co.; May, September. Florida: Pensacola; October. Georgia: Atlanta, Savan-
nah; March, May, July. Illinois: Charleston; September. Kansas: Douglas
Co., Lyons Co., Manhattan; May, June. Louisiana: Bossier Parish, Baton
Rouge, Logansport; April, May. Maryland: ‘“Md.,’’ Hagerstown; March, June,
November. Mississippi: Gulfport, Hamilton; April, July, December. Mzis-
souri: Carthage, Lincoln, Phelps; May, June. Nebraska: Lincoln; May. North
Carolina: Moore Co., Southern Pines; July. Oklahoma: Calera Grove; December.
Tennessee: Knoxville; May. Virginia: Falls Church, Leesburg; April.

Discusston.—When Signoret (1883) transferred Uhler’s Cydnus
picinus and Stal’s (1853, p. 215) Aethus picinus to Geotomus, Stal’s
use of the name had priority and Signoret was obliged to rename
Uhler’s species. He called it “pensylvanicus,” using but one ‘‘n”
originally, according to usage in French at that time.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 443

Uhler’s name picinus must date from 1876 even though it was not
described in words until 1877. In 1876 Uhler presented a habitus
sketch and on the caption for the plate used the name Melanaethus
picinus. In view of the lack of ecological comments in literature con-
cerning this species, the following notes copied from labels of specimens
examined should be especially interesting: “on okra,” “‘swept grasses,”
“tanglefoot trap posts,” “from soil, peach orchard” and ‘under litter,
peach orchard.”

Melanaethus planifrons, new species

PLATE FIGURE 214

Diaenosis.—The enlarged terminal lobe of the peritreme reaching
close to the lateral edge of the evaporatorium plus the presence of
three or four setigerous punctures submarginally on the head will
easily separate this species from all others in the genus.

Description.— Mats: Elongate-oval, sides parallel.

Head: Length about three-fourths width, 0.99 (0.96—1.02) :1.22(1.16-
1.27); interocular width, 0.86(0.82—0.90) ; anterior outline semicircular,
juga longer than clypeus, contiguous beyond it; surface shining,
nearly smooth, or with weak to prominent radiating rugae, with
patches of numerous small punctures scattered on higher parts; jugum
with distinct marginal carina dorsally, submarginally with row of
three or four setigerous punctures; ocelli moderate, situated distinctly
posterior to line connecting hind margin of strongly oblique eyes,
removed from eye by space about four times transverse ocellar width;
jugum ventrally and maxillary plate, except base, shining, impunctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.30(0.30-0.33); II, 0.39(0.35-0.43); ILI,
0.37(0.34-0.40); IV, 0.46(0.41-0.50); V, 0.52(0.49-0.60). Bucculae
as high as labial I], evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching between
middie coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.41(0.40-0.43); Il, 0.65(0.65-
0.66); III, 0.49(0.43-0.56); IV, 0.40(0.37-0.43).

Pronotum: Length not over half width, 1.35(1.17-1.44): 2.71(2.47-
2.82); anterior margin deeply, doubly emarginate; lateral margin
weakly incurved basally, then straight for more than half length, with
submarginal row of six or seven setigerous punctures; transverse
impression postmedian, obsolete to distinct, marked by irregular,
medially interrupted row of coarser punctures; anterior lobe with
mixture of coarse and fine punctures in broad lateral band and in
narrow line in moderate, subapical impression; posterior lobe with
scattered minute punctures and a few distinct punctures medially.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.88(1.69-1.97) :1.59(1.36—
1.69); shining, with several widely scattered minute and coarse
punctures discally.

444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished, clavus usually with one
row of punctures, sometimes with partial second row; mesocorium
with one complete and one medially interrupted row of punctures
paralleling claval suture, elsewhere obsoletely or minutely punctate ;
exocorium with punctures of various sizes scattered along length;
costa convex dorsally, with one, or rarely two, setigerous punctures;
membranal suture straight, lateral angle not produced; membrane
longer than basal width, surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Weakly alutaceous to shining, with few distinct
punctures in depression; prosternal carinae about as high as labial I,
abruptly rounded off posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching lateral margin of segment;
lateral area shining, with few oblique rugae.

Metapleuron: Terminal modification of peritreme somewhat
transverse, polished only along posterior margin, distinctly separated
from lateral margin of evaporatorium by space less than diameter of
the lobe; lateral area polished, impunctate.

Legs: Anterior tibia with six to eight stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Shining, minutely punctate, with few coarse punctures
and weak, longitudinal rugae laterally.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with small, shallow emargina-
tion apically; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 214).

Length of body: 5.38(4.79-5.77).

Ferma: Similar to male, lacking punctate subapical impression on
pronotum.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.98(0.94-1.03) :1.24(1.16-1.30); inter-
ocular width, 0.86(0.80-0.90). Antennal segments: I, 0.30(0.30—-0.32) ;
IL, 0.37(0.35-0.40); III, 0.36(0.34-0.40); IV, 0.47(0.43-0.53); V,
0.54(0.49-0.63). Labial segments: I, 0.40(0.36-0.43); II, 0.70(0.68-
0.73); IIT, 0.51(0.48-0.56); IV, 0.38(0.36-0.41).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.35(1.19-1.49) :2.70(2.47-2.93).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.99(1.85-2.18) :1.61(1.43-1.69).

Length of body: 5.26(4.81-5.82).

Tyre pata: Holotype male (USNM 64418), “Lower California,
Pacific Slope, Calexico, Cal., vi-30-40.” Allotype female (USNM),
same data. Paratypes as follows:

Unrrep Srarss: Arizona: Elroy Aug. 4, 1932, E. D. Bell, 4 females (USNM).
Patagonia, July 1936, E. S. Ross, 1 male (CalAc). Oak Creek Canyon, July 9,
1941, L. H. Beamer, 1 male, 1 female (KU). Salt River Valley, October 1933,
A. F. Swain, 4 males, 3 females, 2 nymphs (RLU) and (in lettuce) 1 male, 1 female,
2 nymphs (CalAc). San Luis, Yuma Co., Aug. 11, 1940, E. C. Van Dyke, 2
females (CalAc). Tucson, July 7, 1949, R. H. and L. D. Beamer, 5 females (KU);
July 29, 1924, E. P. Van Duzee, 1 male (CalAc). Yuma, Aug. 6, 1948, C. and P.

Vaurie, 1 female (AmM). California: Brawley, Oct. 14, 1936, A. T. McClay, 1
female (McC). Dos Palos (Merced Co.), Aug. 14, 1947, V. M. Stern, 1 male

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 445

(CIS). El Centro, July 24, 1938, R. H. Beamer, 1 female (KU). Fort Yuma,
Aug. 21, 1924, E. P. Van Duzee, 2 females (CalAc). MHoltville, April, February
1945, sugar beet, 1 female (USNM). Imperial Co., July 14, W. Benedict, 3
females (IKU). Imperial Valley, March, W. M. Davidson, 1 female (USNM).
Los Angeles, Oct. 15, 1917, E. P. Van Duzee, 1 female (CalAc). Palo Verde
(Imperial Co.), Aug. 27, 1946, P. D. Hurd, 1 female (CIS). Ripley, Riverside
Co., July 26-27, 1946, P. D. Hurd, 1 male, 2 females (CIS). Santa Ana Canyon,
Nov. 2, 1934, 1 male (LAMus). Selma, July 17, 1947, R. C. Bechtel, 1 female
(McC).

Mexico: Baja California: Mexicali, Aug. 20, 1942, purslane leaves, 1 female
(USNM). 20 miles south of Palacio, April 1939, Michener, 1 male (CalAc).
Sinaloa: Los Mochis, June 27, 1922, C. T. Dodds, 1 male, 1 female (CalAc); same
locality and collector, July 4, 1922, 1 male (CalAc). Sonora: Hermasillo, Apr. 19,
1897, Koebele Collection, 1 male (CalAc). Navajo, Aug. 3, 1953, C. and P.
Vaurie, 1 male, 2 females (AmM). Ciudad, Obregon, July 29, 1952, C. and P.
Vaurie, 19 males, 27 females (AmM)._ Pitiquito, July 4, 1952, C. and P. Vaurie,
11 males, 36 females (AmM). Tiburén Island (north end), July 9, 1952, C. and P.
Vaurie, 1 male, 1 female (AmM). Yavaros, July 31, 1952, C. and P. Vaurie, 7
males, 16 females (AmM).

Discussion.—The several specimens that bore determination labels
were identified as Geotomus semilevis Signoret. Because Signoret’s
illustration of that species shows the peritreme without a specially
modified terminal lobe such application of the name cannot be sup-
ported. In the present paper semilevis is considered to be a synonym
of Dallasicllus lugubris.

On two occasions this insect had been collected in association with
cultivated plants. Some of the Arizona specimens were labeled “in
lettuce,’ while one California specimen was noted as _ having

come from “sugar beet.”
Melanaethus punctatissimus (Signoret), new combination
Geotomus punctatissimus Signoret, 1883, p. 216, pl. 5, fig. 180.

Dracnosis.—The long narrow body (length about twice as great as
width of pronotum) plus the mixture of two sizes of punctures on the
posterior pronotal lobe mark this species as distinct from the others
in the genus.

DescripTion.—Based on the type female.

Frma.e: Elongate, sides parallel.

Head: Length about three-fourths width, 0.63:0.82; interocular
width, 0.56; anterior outline semicircular; surface decidedly convex,
with crowded, distinct punctures; ocelli tiny, separated from eye by a
space subequal to an ocellar width; juga with fine marginal carina
dorsally, shining and impunctate ventrally; maxillary plate impunctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.16; II, 0.15; ITI, 0.21; IV, 0.23; V, missing.
Bucculae almost as high as labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly;
labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.30;
II, 0.35; III, 0.31; IV, 0.23.

446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

Pronotum: Length about half width, 0.78:1.62; anterior margin
moderately singly emarginate; lateral margin slightly converging from
base, more strongly rounded anteriorly, with submarginal row of five
setigerous punctures; transverse impression obsolete, absent medially,
not marked by a row of special punctures; anterior lobe, except for
most of calli and oblique strip in anterior angles, with a broad band of
punctures anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly; calli with a few minute
punctures; transverse impression, posterior lobe and extreme hind
margin with a mixture of coarse and fine punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.20:0.88; shining, surface, except
basal angles, with irregularly scattered moderate and fine punctures
intermixed and becoming finer and more uniform toward apex.

Hemelytron: Polished, clavus with one complete and one partial
row of punctures; mesocorium with numerous well-separated punc-
tures, the discal ones, like those in the two rows paralleling the claval
suture, becoming coarser toward base; exocorium with fewer and finer
punctures than mesocorium; costa thin, slightly reflexed, with a
single subbasal setigerous puncture dorsally; membranal suture feebly
sinuate, lateral angles not projecting; membrane about as long as
basal width, just reaching tip of abdomen.

Propleuron: Anterior convexity, except dorsally and posteriorly,
with numerous net-like rugae; fewer punctures in the depression;
prosternal carinae about as high as labial IJ, gradually terminated
posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching almost to posterolateral
angle; with few punctures anteriorly.

Metapleuron: Terminal modification of peritreme moderate, ex-
tending about two-thirds of way across supporting plate; lateral area
with a few moderate to fine punctures near lateral margin of evapora-
torium.

Sternites: Polished, punctuate and/or horizontally rugose laterally.

Length of body: 3.19.

Type pATA.—Signoret gave the locality of the type as ‘Sitka.’
This agrees with the specimen in the Signoret Collection which also
bears the name “‘Kolenati.’”’ This must be the type female (Wien).

Discussion.—Examination of type specimen made possible the
recognition of this species, which the author at first considered to be
a synonym of subglaber. The elongate form does suggest that it is
close to subglaber but the lack of a strong transverse impression and the
two sizes of punctures on the posterior pronotal lobe and site of the
transverse impression will separate the two. Signoret’s illustration in
his monograph is misleading in not showing the calli as being polished
with only a patch of minute punctures medially and in indicating the

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 447

scutellum to have uniform, close-set punctures. Actually the punc-

tures of the scutellum are of two sizes and are irregularly scattered.
Perhaps collectors in British Columbia and coastal Alaska will

rediscover this species in nature and tell us something of its habits.

Melanaethus robustus Uhler, revived combination
PLATE FIGURES 13, 23, 50, 96, 120, 144, 215

Melanaethus robustus Uhler, 1877, p. 390; 1886, p. 3.

Geotomus (Melanaethus) robustus Signoret, 1883, p. 59, pl. 4, fig. 168.

Geotomus robustus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 73.—Banks, 1910, p. 100.—
Van Duzee, 1917, p. 22.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 181.

DraGnosis.—The coarse, close punctation of the head, the inter-
mixed coarse and fine punctation of the posterior pronotal lobe and
the large size (3.6-4.2) will readily separate this species from all others
of the genus that exhibit the large terminal modification of the
peritreme.

Derscription.—Maue: Broadly oval, widest behind midlength.

Head: Length three-fourths width, 0.62(0.60—0.65) :0.88(0.86—-0.93) ;
interocular width, 0.63(0.61-0.66); anterior outline semicircular,
clypeus as long as or very slightly longer than juga, scarcely nar-
rowed apically; surface shining (fig. 50), with numerous coarse punc-
tures, many of them contiguous with distinct marginal carina dorsally,
with one setigerous puncture submarginally; ocelli very small, far
behind line connecting posterior margins of eyes, removed from eyes
by space greater than four times transverse ocellar width; jugum
ventrally shining, impunctate; maxillary plate rugopunctate. An-
tennal segments: I, 0.16(0.15—0.20) ; IT, 0.15(0.15—0.16) ; III, 0.19(0.17-
0.23); IV, 0.25(0.23-0.27); V, 0.38(0.36-0.40). Bucculae (fig. 23)
higher than labial IJ, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium attain-
ing middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.24(0.24—0.26); II, 0.50(0.47—
0.53); IIT, 0.37(0.35-0.40); IV, 0.25(0.23-0.30).

Pronotum: Length less than half width, 0.97(0.93-1.03) :2.01(1.96—
2.08); anterior margin moderately, singly emarginate; lateral margin
straight on basal half, without submarginal setigerous punctures;
transverse impression obsolete, sometimes absent medially, not
marked by special row of punctures; anterior lobe, except calli and
their anterior projection into the lateroapical angles, with numerous
moderate to coarse, closely crowded punctures, calli with few minute
punctures; transverse impression and posterior lobe very closely
punctate laterally, discally with numerous fine punctures and few to
many coarse ones intermixed.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.31(1.29-1.33) :1.19(1.17-
1.23); shining, surface, except basal angles, with numerous coarse

448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

punctures (usually with fine ones intermingled) becoming finer
apically.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one com-
plete row of punctures and basal part of another; mesocorium with
two complete rows of punctures paralleling claval suture, disc with
numerous distinct punctures becoming coarser basally; exocorium
irregularly but mostly more densely punctate than mesocorium;
costa wide, thin, gently reflexed to form a shallow, open trough on
basal third, without setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight,
lateral angle not produced; membrane longer than basal width,
reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Anterior convexity with numerous, close, anastomos-
ing rugulae; with few coarse punctures in depression; prosternal
carinae not as high as labial IJ, convexly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron (fig. 96): Evaporatorium reaching almost to lateral
margin of segment; lateral area with several coarse punctures.

Metapleuron (fig. 96): Terminal modification of peritreme large,
reaching almost to lateral margin of evaporatorium; lateral area with
band of numerous punctures near evaporatorium.

Legs: Anterior tibia with six or seven stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Medially shining and minutely punctate, lateral fourth
with small punctures and numerous short, longitudinal rugulae.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, almost uniformly punctate,
apical margin straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 215).

Length of body: 3.71(8.62-3.76).

Frmae: Similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.63(0.59-0.67) :0.93(0.90-0.98); inter-
ocular width, 0.64(0.62—0.69). Antennal segments: I, 0.19(0.17—-0.21);
II, 0.17(0.15-0.20); III, 0.22(0.21-0.24); IV, 0.28(0.26-0.30); V,
0.40(0.38-0.43). Labial segments: I, 0.27(0.26—0.29); II, 0.55(0.50—
0.60); III, 0.38(0.36-0.40); IV, 0.26(0.25-0.31).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.06(1.04—1.12) :2.03(1.90-2.13).

Seutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.43(1.34-1.52):1.15(1.10-1.23).

Length of body: 3.82(3.59-4.07).

Type pata.—Uhler’s type specimens (USNM) were reported as
having come from ‘‘Maryland, near Baltimore,” and ‘‘Andover, Mass.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—29 males, 46 females.

Unirep Srartes: District of Columbia: Washington; June. Florida: Dunedin;
December. Illinois: Catlin, Jacksonville, Muncie, Urbana, White Heath; March,
May, June, September, October, December. Jndiana: Marion Co.; August.
Iowa: Ames, Indianola; March, April, June. Kansas: Douglas Co., Lawrence;
June. Maryland: Plummer’s Island; April, August. Mississippi: Natchez; May.
Missouri: Columbia, Kimmswick, New Hartford, Ranken, Springfield; June,

July. New Jersey: Gloucester; June. Ohio: Delaware Co., Whitman Beach (Ash-
tabula Co.); June, July. Pennsylvania: Harrisburg, Jeannette, Philadelphia,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 449

Pittsburgh, Washington Co.; March, September. Texas: Concho Co., Victoria;
February, August. Virginia: Deer Run, Great Falls; June.

Discusston.—The only ecological note on any specimen was “‘woods
ground cover’ on a small series from Illinois.

Melanaethus spinolae (Signoret), revived combination

PLATE FIGURE 216

Aethus spinolae Signoret, 1863, p. 545, pl. 12, fig. 12.—Walker, 1867, p. 152.—
Stal, 1876, p. 27 (“‘loc. incert.’’).

Melanaethus spinolae Uhler, 1877, p. 392.

Geotomus (Cydnus) spinolai Signoret, 1883, p. 209, pl. 4, fig. 172.

Geotomus spinolai Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 74.—Bar-
ber and Bruner, 1932, p. 238.

Geolomus minusculus Jensen-Haarup, 1926, p. 50. New synonymy.

Draqnosis.—The small size (2.7-3.2) and the thick, almost cal-
loused margin of the head, which has no dorsal carina and is unarmed
except for a single, submarginal setigerous puncture in front of
eye, mark this species as very distinct.

Description.— Matt: Elongate-oval, sides subparallel.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.52(0.50—-0.54) :0.74(0.73-
0.76); interocular width, 0.44(0.43-0.46) ; anterior outline angled, side
margins convex, clypeus longer than juga; margin thick, almost cal-
loused, without dorsal carina, with one submarginal setigerous punc-
ture next to eye; surface, including clypeus, shining, with scattered
fine but distinct punctures; ocelli moderate, separated from eye by
space less than twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate (except basally) shining, impunctate. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.16(0.15-0.18); II, 0.19(0.16-0.20); III, 0.21(0.20-0.23) ;
IV, 0.25(0.23-0.26); V, 0.82-0.31-0.33). Bucculae about as high as
labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching between
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.21 (0.20—0.23) ; II, 0.42 (0.41-0.46) ;
III, 0.30(0.29-0.32); IV, 0.19-0.23).

Pronotum: Length half width, 0.70(0.67—0.74) :1.46(1.43-1.50) ;
anterior margin moderately, simply emarginate; lateral margin
straight on basal third, basally concealed from above by slightly
swollen sides of posterior lobe, with submarginal row of four or five
setigerous punctures; transverse impression submedian, obsolete to
absent, not marked by special row of punctures except laterally;
anterior lobe laterally with patch of fine and moderate punctures,
anteriorly and medially with fine punctures, calli with few minute
punctures; posterior lobe finely punctate medially, punctures coarser
towards sides.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.15(1.15-1.16) :0.91(0.90-
0.93); surface shining, with numerous minute to fine punctures, these
becoming coarser apically.

501991—60-—_8

450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining, very feebly alutaceous;
clavus with one complete row of punctures and few punctures at base;
mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures paralleling claval
suture, disc with numerous distinct punctures; exocorium with median
row of distinct, close-set punctures; costa thin, sharp, depressed, with
one setigerous puncture dorsally near base; membranal suture feebly
convex, lateral angle slightly produced; membrane longer than basal
width, slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Anterior convexity alutaceous, with numerous obsolete
to feeble punctures and rugulae, depression with several coarse punc-
tures; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium restricted, extended two-thirds across
posterior margin of segment; lateral area finely rugulose.

Metapleuron: Terminal lobe of peritreme large, almost reaching to
side margin of evaporatorium; lateral area with number of close-set,
elongate, coarse punctures.

Legs: Anterior tibia with four stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Shining, very faintly alutaceous, minutely punctate, lat-
eral fourth roughened by numerous small, close rugae.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, scattered punctures becoming
numerous in depressed lateral angles, apical margin straight, with
small, prominent tooth medially (sometimes broken off); gonostylus
2s illustrated (fig. 216).

Length of body: 3.01 (2.94-3.07).

MALE: Similar to male.

Heap: Length-width ratio, 0.52(0.50—0.56) :0.75(0.72-0.81) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.43 (0.40-0.47). Antennal segments: I, 0.15(0.15—0.16) ;
II, 0.17(0.16-0.20); III, 0.21(0.17-9.25); IV, 0.25(0.23-0.30); V,
0.34(0.32-0.37). Labial segments: I, 0.21(0.20-0.23); II, 0.37(0.36-
0.40); IIT, 0.26(0.23-0.30) ; IV, 0.23(0.21-0.26).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.72(0.70-0.76) :1.50(1.46—-1.57).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.22(1.14-1.31) :0.93(0.90-1.00)

Length of body : 2.92(2.74-3.18).

Type pata.—Location of the types unknown to the author. Sig-
noret originally described spinolae as coming from Chile. Jensen-—
Haarup described the type (Copen) of minusculus from Lagéa Santa,
Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—4 males, 82 females.

Panama: Canal Zone: Anc6n, Barro Colorado Island, Corozal; April.

Dominican Repus.ic: Barahona, south side of Lake Enriquillo; September.

British GuIANA: Bartica.

Braziu: Corumba (Matto Grosso), Espfrito-Santo, Distrito Federal, Rio de
Janeiro, S40 Paulo; February, June, November, December.

Paracuay: Chaco, Grand Chaco; June.
ARGENTINA: Misiones: Bemberg, Iquazu; February, March.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 451

Discussion.—The few ecological comments on specimens examined
were the usual ‘at lights,” implying that these insects are active
after dusk.

None of the specimens studied showed the tubercles described and
figured with the original description. In fact, in his later “Revision,”
Signoret himself did not again mention such a modiiication.

The synonymizing of minusculus Jensen-Haarup with this species
is based on comparison of undoubted specimens of the latter with the
type of minusculus. This comparison was made by Dr. S. L. ‘Tuxen.

Melanaethus subpunctatus (Blatchley), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 217
Geotomus subpunctatus Blatchley, 1926, p. 78.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 181.

Discnosis.—The virtual absence of large punctures from the
transverse impression and posterior lobe of the pronotum coupled
with the broadly reflexed costa will separate this species from all
others in the genus.

Description.—Matsz: Broadly oval, widest at midlength.

Head: Length more than half width, 0.66(0.62—0.67) :1.00(0.99—
1.03); interocular width, 0.65(0.63-0.69) ; anterior outline semicircu-
lar, often flattened, clypeus as long as juga, not much narrowed
apically; surface shining, with numerous crowded punctures; with
marginal carina dorsally; ocelli small, separated from eye by space
nearly twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary
plate (except basally) shining, impunctate. Antennal segments:
I, 0.18(0.16-0.20); II, 0.20(0.17-0.23); II, 0.20(0.20-0.21); IV,
0.23 (0.23-0.26); V, 0.30(0.30-0.34). Bueculae higher than labial IT,
abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching between middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.26(0.25—-0.30); II, 0.53(0.50-0.58) ; IIT,
0.40(0.37-0.44); IV, 0.28(0.25-0.33).

Pronotum: Length about half width, 1.09(1.04—-1.17) :2.12(2.02-
2.22); Anterior margin deeply, doubly emarginate; lateral margin
straight on basal half or two-thirds, with one submarginal setigerous
puncture at apical angle or none; transverse impression obsolete to
absent, not marked by special row of punctures; anterior lobe with
numerous crowded, coarse punctures laterally, and in a band parallel-
ing anterior margin, calli with scattered minute punctures; posterior
lobe with widely scattered minute punctures medially, closer coarser
ones laterally.

Scutellum: Length equal to or longer than width, 1.35(1.24—
1.43) :1.27(1.24-1.32); shining, with numerous minute punctures and
very few coarse ones, both becoming more numerous towards apex.

Hemelytron: Basal width across both hemelytra usually slightly
wider than pronotum; clavus with one row of punctures; mesocorium

452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

with one complete row of punctures, apically with minute, widely
scattered punctures becoming coarser and closer towards base;
exocorium explanate, at base wider than radial vein, faintly reflexed,
more densely punctate than mesocorium; costa thin, sharp, without
setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle not
produced; membrane longer than basal width, almost or quite reaching
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Anterior convexity with several irregular, longi-
tudinal carinae and few punctures; depression with few coarse
punctures; prosternal carina about half as high as Jabial II,
roundingly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle, not
attaining lateral margin of segment; lateral area with several longi-
tudinal rugae.

Metapleuron: Terminal modification of peritreme large, reaching
almost to lateral margin of evaporatorium; lateral area with few
rugae.

Legs: Anterior tibia with six or seven stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Shining, minutely punctate, with few weak rugae and
punctures laterally near spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with numerous punctures,
apical margin straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 217).

Length of body: 3.97(3.88—4.12).

FEMALE: Similar to male, measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.64(0.60—0.70) :1.02(1.00-1.09); inter-
ocular width, 0.66(0.63-0.71). Antennal segments: I, 0.20(0.20-
0.21); II, 0.22(0.20-0.24); III, 0.21(0.20-0.23); IV, 0.25(0.23-0.30) ;
V, 0.31(0.30-0.34). Labial segments: I, 0.30(0.30—-0.32) ; IT, 0.56(0.50-
0.60); III, 0.42(0.41-0.44); IV, 0.30(0.27-0.35).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.09(1.04-1.17) :2.20(2.14-2.34).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.40(1.36-1.50) :1.29(1.23-1.37).

Length of body: 4.08(3.91-4.35).

Type pata.—Blatchley described this species from Dunedin, Fla.,
Wilmington, N.C., and Plum Point, Md. Some of these types are in
the collection of Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—14 males, 20 females.

Unirep States: Alabama: Mobile; November. Arkansas: Hope; May.
Florida: Alachua Co., Gainesville, Lake County, Lake Placid, Newberry, Sanford,
Tampa; February to May and August to November. Georgia: Savannah; Sep-
tember. Lowzsiana: Bossier Parish, Hart; April. Maryland: Cove Point, Plum
Point; March, August. North Carolina: Southern Pines, Wilmington; April.
Texas: Tyler; February. Virginia: Trammel’s Landing (Potomac River); April.

Discussion.—Two of the types were reported by Blatchley (loc.
cit.) to have been “sifted from vegetable debris’? in Florida. The

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 453

Louisiana specimens seen bore the notation “under litter, peach
?
orchard.” Several specimens were identified as ‘‘Geotomus robustus.”

Melanaethus uhleri (Signoret), revived combination
PLATE FIGURE 218

Geotomus (Melanaethus) uhleri Signoret, 1883, p. 211, pl. 5, fig. 174.—Lethierry
and Severin, 1893, p. 74.—Banks, 1910, p. 100.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 22.—
Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 181.

Melanaethus uhleri Uhler, 1886, p. 3.

Diaanosis.—Among the species of Melanaethus with the large
terminal modification of the peritreme this one may be recognized
by the fact that the punctation on the middle of the posterior pronotal
lobe is much finer than that found laterally and that the costae, which
are straight and subparallel on the basal half, are neither explanate
nor recurved.

Description.— Mate: Elongate, widest behind midlength.

Heap: Length two-thirds width, 0.62(0.60—0.66) :0.96(0.94-1.01);
interocular width, 0.63(0.63—0.66); anterior outline a flattened semi-
circle, clypeus very slightly longer than juga, weakly narrowed apically;
juga, clypeus and interocular space variously punctate; with fine,
distinct, marginal carina dorsally; ocelli small, separated from eye
by space about three times transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally
dull or shining, maxillary plate strongly alutaceous. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.18(0.17-0.21); II, 0.19(0.16-0.22); IIT, 0.23(0.22-0.24);
IV, 0.32(0.30-0.34); V, 0.36(0.36-0.40). Bucculae almost twice as
high as labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching
middle of mesosternum. Labial segments: I, 0.26(0.25-0.27); I,
0.44(0.43-0.46); III, 0.30(0.30-0.32); IV, 0.27(0.23-0.30).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.11(1.04—1.17) :2.08(2.02—
2.15); anterior margin moderately, simply emarginate; lateral margin
straight on basal third or half, with submarginal row of seven or
eight setigerous punctures; transverse impression virtually absent,
its postmedian site not marked by special row of punctures; anterior
lobe with numerous strong punctures subapically and laterally,
elsewhere with scattered minute punctures; posterior lobe minutely
punctured medially, more strongly so laterally.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.42(1.36-1.46) :1.25(1.17-1.30); dise
polished, with scattered small punctures absent in basal angles, be-
coming more numerous apically.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with two or three
rows of punctures; mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures
paralleling claval suture, large punctures of main area becoming very
coarse basally; exocorium more abundantly punctate, declivent basally
to flattened costa; costa without setigerous punctures; membranal

454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

suture nearly straight, lateral angle weakly produced; membrane little
longer than basal width, slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Front half of anterior convexity with crowded, promi-
nent, longitudinal rugae and few punctures; depression with few coarse
punctures; prosternal carinae more than half as high as labial II,
abruptly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle,
not to lateral margin of segment; lateral area strongly rugopunctate
anterior to evaporatorium.

Metapleuron: Terminal modification of peritreme very large, semi-
circular, reaching lateral margin of evaporatorium; lateral area with
several strong punctures.

Legs: Anterior tibia with six stout spines dorsally.

Sternites: Polished, minutely punctate on middle half, coarsely
rugopunctate on lateral fourth.

Terminalia: Genital capsule punctate, more closely so laterally,
apical margin very weakly sinuate medially; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 218).

Length of body: 3.99(3.91-4.09).

FrMA.e#: Similar to male, measurements usually averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.65(0.65—0.66) :1.01(1.00—1.04); inter-
ocular width, 0.68(0.66-0.70). Antennal segments: I, 0.21(0.20-0.23) ;
II, 0.20(0.20-0.23); III, 0.25(0.23-0.26); IV, 0.32(0.30-0.33); V,
0.37 (0.36—0.40). Labial segments: I, 0.28(0.27-0.30); II, 0.44(0.43-
0.46); III, 0.35(0.33-0.37); IV, 0.30(0.30-0.30).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio: 1.18(1.10—1.23) :2.21(2.15-2.28).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.52(1.49-1.56) :1.34(1.30-1.36).

Length of body: 4.11(8.91-4.25).

Typr pata.—M. uhleri was described by Signoret from ‘‘Amerique
du Nord.” The type from the Signoret collection (Wien), was exam-
ined. It is labeled ‘Morrison, Geog. Am., 1877. I” and agrees with
the above treatment except that the contrast between the punctures
of the transverse impression and those laterally is slightly less than in
most specimens.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—6 males, 34 females.

Unirep Starrs: Alabama: Gadsden; May. Arkansas: Howard Co., Pike Co.,
Washington Co.; February, May, September. Georgia: Morrison (type). Kan-
sas: Lawrence; July. Oklahoma: Grove; May. Tennessee: Hamilton Co.,

Roane Co.; April, May. Texas: Benchley, Brownsville, Calvert, Columbus,
Denton, Devil’s River, Gainesville, Kerrville; January, April, May, August.

Discusston.—Signoret’s statement that the terminal lobe of the
peritreme in this species is like that of the European Geotomus punc-
tulatus is erroneous. The lobe here is quite typical for the present
genus, being flat, with outline convex posteriorly, and with osteole

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 455

opening posteriorly on the peritreme, although the trough from the
opening does extend onto the mesal part of the lobe.

One of the specimens from Texas was labeled as having been col-
lected on parsnip, Pastinaca sativa. Blatchley (1926, p. 78) reported
specimens as having been “swept from herbage in low, moist
meadows.”

Genus Pangaeus Stal

Pangaeus Stal, 1862, p. 95.
Homaloporus Uhler, 1877, p. 376. New synonymy.

Diacnosis.—The unmodified terminal part of the peritreme coupled
with the presence of an impressed, subapical line which extends from
side to side on the pronotum will separate Pangaeus from all other
genera of Cydnidae.

DescripTion.—Size small to medium, oval, widest approximately
at or slightly behind middle; dorsum much less convex than venter.

Head (figs. 24, 46-49): Distinctly broader than long, dorsum
distinctly depressed to moderately convex; juga as long as or longer
than and more or less convergent in front of clypeus, with a fine
marginal carina above; submargin with one to six setigerous punc-
tures, or a complete row from eye to apex of jugum; eyes large,
moderately projecting; ocelli well developed, located on or behind a
line connecting hind margins of eyes; antennae 5-segmented, II
usually shortest, V longest; bucculae low, usually not as high as labial
II; labium reaching between middle coxae, II longest, slightly com-
pressed but not foliaceously lobed, IV shortest.

Pronotum: Wider than long, distinctly narrowed from near base;
side margins carinate, submarginal row of 5 to 9 or 18 to 20 setigerous
punctures; anterior margin moderately to slightly concave, with a
collum distinctly limited posteriorly by a sharply impressed line
extending from one anterior angle to the other (even when punctured
this line is distinct across its full width); transverse impression sub-
median, usually rather distinct and with a row of punctures; posterior
margin broadly, shallowly convex; all angles rounded.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, triangular; apex narrowed, width less
than half length of membranal suture; disc sparsely to abundantly
punctured.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well-defined; membranal suture straight,
lateral angle somewhat acute; costa with one to twelve setigerous
punctures; membrane not over two-fifths of hemelytral length, sur-
passing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Impunctate or with few punctures in depression; pro-
sternal carinae low, distinct.

Mesopleuron: Flattened; evaporatorium either entire (fig. 103) and
reaching uninterrupted in posterolateral angle of segment (subgenus

456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

Pangaeus) or limited (figs. 102, 104) laterally and posteriorly and not
reaching into posterolateral angle (subgenus Homaloporus).

Metapleuron (figs. 103, 104): Flattened; osteole opening posteriorly
on peritreme; latter not surpassing middle of segment, apex not
differentiated; evaporatorium occupying mesal two-thirds of segment,
outer margin variously concave; polished lateral space impunctate.

Legs: Moderately long; anterior tibia (fig. 127) compressed, with
nine to ten stout spines dorsally, not or only slightly surpassing tarsal
insertion; middle and posterior tibiae usually slender, latter modified
in shape and spine arrangement in males of several species (figs.
152-159).

Sternites: Alutaceous to polished; with one or two lateral submar-
ginal setigerous tubercles; sutures entire or finely denticulate.

TypE oF GENUS.—Aethus margo Dallas (1851), subsequently desig-
nated by Van Duzee (1914, p. 378). The name margo as well as
several others have been found to be synonyms of Cimex aethiops
Fabricius. Further data on this synonymy can be found in the dis-
cussion of Pangaeus aethiops. The type of subgenus Homaloporus is
congruus Uhler by nature of Uhler’s monobasic proposal for his
generic name.

Distripution.—A New World genus, Pangaeus ranges throughout
North America from southern Canada (Provancher, 1886) south
through Central America and the West Indies into South America as
far south as Argentina and Uruguay. The two “species,” douglasi
and scotti, that Signoret (1882) described from Australia and New
Zealand respectively may or may not have been correctly labeled.
Study of the types of both of these species shows that they were based
on undoubted specimens of the common North American species
bilineatus (Say). For further information on this see the remarks
under Pangaeus bilineatus.

Discusston.—The name “Homaloporus” has long been maintained
in full generic status for one North American and one South American
species which resembled members of the genus Pangaeus in having an
impressed, subapical line on the pronotum, but differing in possessing
a submarginal row of pegs on the head. As the present study progres-
sed and the value of the head vestiture for generic separation lessened,
a reevaluation of the relationships of these two “genera” became
necessary.

The presence of an undifferentiated apex of the peritreme coupled
with the impressed subapical line on the pronotum definitely allied
these two taxa and separated them from all other Cydnidae. Experi-
mental joining of the two revealed such a startling similarity of
development between the northern members of each and between the
southern members of each that one could not believe this to be a case

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 457

of convergence but rather a reflection of fundamental relationships.
And even the separation offered by the presence or absence of the
submarginal row of pegs on the head was in part bridged by the
discovery of a new species from North America which possessed a
partial row of submarginal pegs. Therefore, the two forms formerly
assigned to “Homaloporus’’? must now be considered as members of
Pangaeus and the former name synonymized under the latter where
it is available for subgeneric naming as is proposed below.

The combination of the two features given in the diagnosis above
sets this genus apart so sharply from other cydnid genera that it is
somewhat surprising to find that there has been some confusion
concerning its limits. The emphasis formerly placed on the vestiture
of the head could justify the old separation of “Homaloporus” and
Pangaeus, but even so, the latter taxon was not clearly delimited in
other directions. The confusion actually started with Uhler’s (1877)
assignment of his new species discrepans to Pangaeus with the remark,
“the transverse line interrupted in the middle, remotely, coarsely
punctate.” The type of discrepans has no collum or limiting impressed
line, thus, Uhler’s statement that the line was “interrupted” has been
misleading. Not only was discrepans carried thus as a Pangaeus,
but another species, californicus, without a collum was described and
erroneously assigned to the genus by Blatchley (1929). Blatchley
did, however, recognize that both of these species were in the wrong
genus and suggested that a change would have to be made. In the
present study, both of these species have been transferred to the
genus Dallasiellus.

From the studies on which this revision was based, from a close
examination of Signoret’s revision, from Distant’s (1899) attempt to
clarify the status of Walker’s several species, and from notes on the
types in several museums it is clearly evident that there has been
excessive splitting of species in this genus. Many of the earlier
workers apparently assumed that every specimen from a new locality
represented a new species—giving little or no thought to the possibility
of widespread species. Others based their descriptions on teneral or
badly mutilated specimens or overemphasized minor differences, real
or imaginary. ‘The resulting confusion can be cleared away only by
a drastic synonymizing of names.

The genus Pangaeus is readily divisible into two groups which the
author chooses to designate as subgenera. One occurs from Guatemala
northward and the other from Mexico southward. They are most
reliably separated by the shape of the mesopleural evaporatorium.
The southern subgenus, which contains the type of the genus and
must be called Pangaeus, has the mesopleural evaporatorium extended
uninterruptedly into the posterolateral angle (fig. 103); while the

458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

northern subgenus, which contains the type of “Homaloporus’’ and
so must take that name, has the evaporatorium very restricted, it
being separated from the posterolateral angle of the sclerite by the
polished lateral area (fig. 103). Subgenus Homaloporus, in most of
its species, has more setigerous punctures laterally than does nominal
Pangaeus. In the former subgenus all species except rugiceps bear
two or more submarginal setigerous punctures distad of the preocular
one; and normally have two or more costal setigerous punctures. In
nominal Pangaeus all but four closely allied species of the dozen
included forms have no setigerous punctures distad of the preocular
one, and, with four exceptions, the number of costal setigerous punc-
tures is usually one or two with only an occasional specimen showing
three—the exceptions being subtilius, ranthopus, pluripunctatus, new
species, and semibrunneus, new species, each of which has five to ten
such costal punctures.

The shape of the mesopleural evaporatorium alone furnishes the
most reliable feature for separating these subgenera and permits the
forming of the following couplet:

Key to subgenera of Pangaeus

1. Mesopleural evaporatorium extending uninterrupted along posterior margin
of sclerite into posterolateral angle (fig. 103) Pangaeus (Pangaeus) (p.477)
Mesopleural evaporatorium limited, separated from posterolateral angle and

posterior margin of sclerite by polished area (figs. 102, 104).
Pangaeus (Homaloporus) (p.458)

Subgenus Pangaeus (Homaloporus) Uhler, new status

Diacnosis.—The limited mesopleural evaporatorium (figs. 102,
104), which does not reach into the posterolateral angle of the segment,
sets this subgenus apart from the nominal subgenus.

Description.—The generic description as modified by the notes
in the generic discussion will furnish sufficient characterization for
this subgenus.

Type oF SURGENUS.—Homaloporus congruus Uhler, monobasic.

Distrrirution.—This subgenus occupies the northern part of the
range of the genus from Guatemala north into the United States, where
it is known to occur as far north as New York, Iowa, and Nebraska
east of the Great Plains and west from Texas across New Mexico
and Arizona into southern California.

Discussion.—Pangaeus rugiceps Horvath might be considered
somewhat intermediate between this subgenus and the nominal one
on the basis of the reduction of the number of setigerous punctures on
the submargin of the head and costa. However, the shape of the
mesopleural evaporatorium, which the author considers a better
phylogenetic indicator, clearly places it in the subgenus Homaloporus.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—-FROESCHNER 459

Key to species of subgenus Pangaeus (Homaloporus)

1. Ventral surface of posterior femur with numerous scattered, small tubercles
(fig. 154); posterior tibia of male distinctly angulate ventrally near base

(eb Sy secs ceo : So 8 ae 2
Posterior femur not fuberculate venteally: Pasrengt tibia of taale simple, not
angled ventrally near base. . . . fo ee eo

2. Submargin of head with a double set of soueenans qpintotines, Woe on anterior
third or half giving rise to short pegs, on posterior part giving rise to long
hairs (fig. 49). .... . . . setosus, new species (p. 473)

Submargin of head with rus io five: pe eemoae punctures giving rise to long
slender hairs (similar to fig. 47) but no pegs.
tuberculipes, new species (p. 475)
3. Juga and elypeus with a complete submarginal row of pegs (fig. 33).
congruus (Uhler) (p. 467)

Juga and elypeus without a row of pegs. . . : . 4
4. Juga with three or more setigerous punctures sGbitareaially- engineer ie head
neither strongly convex nor strongly rugose .. . uct CeO

Jugum with one submarginal setigerous puncture ten mecuately anterior to eye;
dorsum of head strongly convex, usually with strong transverse rugae

(fig, 48) (F272 3. . . . rugiceps Horvath (p. 471)
5. Subapical impressed jin of pronotin Ww ae a row of distinct punctures; corium
not alutaceous .. . . . punctilinea, new species (p. 470)

Subapical impressed line of anni tmpancie te. corium distinctly alutaceous.
bilineatus (Say) (p. 459)

Pangaeus (Homaloporus) bilineatus (Say)
PLATE FIGURES 104, 220

Cydnus bilineatus Say, 1825, p. 315.

Cydnus rugifrons Herrick-Schaeffer, 1839, p. 97, pl. 177, p. 547.

Cydnus rugifrons “loe. ine.’’ Stal, 1876, p. 26.

Cydnus femoralis Herrick-Schaeffer, 1839, p. 98, pl. 177, p. 548.

Aethus bilineatus Dallas, 1851, p. 117.—Walker, 1867, p. 150.

Aethus femoralis Walker, 1867, p. 150.

Aethus ? femoralis Walker, 1868, p. 534.

Aethus fortis Walker, 1867, p. 151.

Pangaeus bilineatus Stal, 1876, p. 19.—Uhler, 1877, p. 383; 1886, p. 3.—Distant,
1880, p. 6.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 69.—Banks, 1910, p. 100.—
Van Duzee, 1917, p. 21.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 180.—Sailer, 1954, p. 41,
figs. 1-8.

Pangaeus femoralis Stal, 1876, p. 19.

Pangaeus rugifrons Uhler, 1877, p. 384; 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893,
D. 00:

Pangaeus rufifrons (lapsus) Distant, 1880, p. 7.

Pangaeus fortis Distant, 1880, p. 6—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 69.

Pangaeus ? fortis Uhler, 1877, p. 389.

Pangoeus [!] fortis Signoret, 1882, p. 246, pl. 8, fig. 105.

Pangoeus [!] whleri Signoret, 1882, p. 253, pl. 9, fig. 112.

Pangoeus [!] bilineatus Signoret, 1882, p. 254, pl. 9, fig. 113.

Pangoeus [!] vicinus Signoret, 1882, p. 255. New synonymy.

Pangoeus [!] douglasi Signoret, 1882, p. 258, pl. 9, fig. 115. New synonymy.

Pangoeus [!] scotti Signoret, 1882, p. 259, pl. 9, fig. 117. New synonymy.

460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Pangoeus [!] spangbergi Signoret, 1882, p. 259, pl. 9, fig. 116. New synonymy.

Pangaeus spangbergi Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.—
Banks, 1910, p. 101.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 2I1.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 180.

Pangaeus uhleri Uhler, 1886, p. 3—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.—Banks,
1910, p. 101.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 21.

Pangaeus douglasi Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 69.

Pangaeus scotii Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.

Pangaeus vicinus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.

Draanosis.—As can be deduced from the key to species, bilineatus
is probably best characterized within the subgenus mostly by negative
characters: (1) no tubercles on ventral surface of posterior femora; (2)
no punctures in subapical impression of the pronotum; and (3) the
presence of three or more submarginal setigerous punctures on each
jugum.

Derscription.—Mate: Oval, widest behind the middle.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.20(1.03-1.26) :1.76(1.58-
1.87); interocular width, 1.09(0.96-1.16); anterior outline a full semi-
circle or less, usually evenly curved; clypeus usually as long as juga,
little narrowed apically; jugum submarginally with three to five
setigerous punctures, usually with feeble to obsolete radiating rugae;
surface somewhat convex, punctures obsolete or absent; ocelli moder-
ately large, separated from eye by a space less than twice transverse
ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (except basally)
polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.34(0.28-0.40); II,
0.32(0.27-0.43); III, 0.40(0.30-0.46); IV, 0.47(0.34-0.56); V,
0.50(0.36-0.60). Bucculae almost as high as labial IT; labium reaching
between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.60(0.50-0.66); II,
0.90(0.73-1.00); III, 0.73(0.70-0.78); IV, 0.46(0.36-0.50).

Pronotum: Length more than half of width, 2.04(1.69-2.28) :3.73
(3.24-3.97); anterior margin moderately, simply emarginate; side
margins entire, nearly straight on middle third, lateral submarginal
row of nine to twelve setigerous punctures; transverse impression sub-
median, obsolete to absent, impunctate or marked by irregular row of
distinct punctures; anterior lobe impunctate or sometimes with few
(one to five) weak punctures laterally; posterior lobe impunctate or
with few to a dozen punctures medially.

Scutellum: Length equal to or slightly longer or shorter than width,
2.31(1.95-2.53) :2.32(2.02-2.47) surface obsoletely alutaceous (not
polished), with numerous punctures discally except across base and at
extreme apex.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus distinctly alutaceous; clavus
usually with one or two partial rows of distinct punctures; mesocorium
with one complete and a second partial or complete row of punctures
paralleling claval suture, disc obsoletely, rarely distinctly punctured;
exocorium with numerous punctures usually more distinct than those

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 46]

of mesocorial disc; costa with two to six setigerous punctures; mem-
branal suture weakly bisinuate, lateral angle slightly produced; mem-
brane longer than basal width, distinctly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Distinctly alutaceous, punctured only in depression;
prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT, acute.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron: As in figure 103.

Legs: Moderately long; posterior femora not tuberculate ventrally ;
posterior tibiae not angulate ventrally near base.

Sternites: Distinctly alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule alutaceous, punctured laterally, apical
margin weakly emarginate medially; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
220).

Length of body: 6.87 (5.85-7.46).

Fremaue: Very similar to male. Head: Length-width ratio, 1.14
(0.88—1.30):1.72(1.33-1.94). Antennal segments I, 0.34(0.28-0.40);
II, 0.82(0.27-0.43); III, 0.40(0.30-0.46); IV, 0.47(0.34-0.56); V,
0.50(0.36-0.60). Labial segments: I, 0.53(0.41-0.63); II, 0.87(0.63-
1.03); III, 0.69(0.43-0.81); IV, 0.49(0.41-0.54).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.97(1.61—2.30) :3.55(2.22—4.23).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.22(1.69-2.47) :2.26(1.69-2.61).

Length of body: 6.64(5.25-7.78).

Typr pata.—Cydnus bilineatus was described by Say with the com-
ments ‘Inhabits the United States . . . . Not uncommon in Penn-
sylvania as well as in Missouri.”” Say’s collection has been destroyed,
but in the T. W. Harris collection (MCZ) there are a number of
specimens that Say determined for Harris. Since very few Say-
determined specimens are still in existence, these generally have been
accepted as substitutes for the types of Say’s species. Of this col-
lection Uhler (1878, p. 365) stated: “this collection is of especial
interest at the present time, because it is the only one preserved in
this country which contains original and authentic types of the Hemip-
tera described by Mr. Say.” Specimen No. 135 in the Harris col-
lection bears the data, ‘Florence, Ala., January and February, 1836,
Prof. Hentz.” Of it Uhler (1878, p. 371) wrote: “Having examined
the type of Dr. Fitch, I am enabled to refer it to this species.”? As
indicated by the year of the collection quoted above, this specimen
cannot be the original type because it was not captured until some 10
years after the desciption appeared.

The location of the types of Herrick-Schaeffer’s two species, Cydnus
femoralis and C. rugifrons, is not known to the author. C. femoralis
was described from ‘‘aus Lankaster [Pennsylvania?] in Nordamerika,”’
rugifrons ‘‘aus Georgian in Amerika.”

The type (BrM) of Aethus fortis was described by Walker (1867,
p. 151) from ‘‘Oajaca,’’ Mexico.

462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

As indicated in the synonymy of the species, Signoret (1882)
described five forms which he erroneously thought to be distinct from
bilineatus. They were douglasi from ‘‘Australia,” scott from “Nou-
velle-Zelande,” spangbergi from ‘Texas,’ uhlert from ‘Caroline et
Georgie,” and vicinus from “Guayaquil.” The types of douglasi and
scotti are in the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna, while the type of
spangbergi is in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum in Stockholm. The
location of the type of vicinus, which was described from ‘‘Guayaquil,”
apparently is not in the major Signoret collection in Vienna. Since
uhleri was proposed for those specimens from South Carolina and
Georgia which Uhler (1877, p. 385) had determined as rugifrons of
Herrick-Schaeffer, those Uhler specimens must comprise the type
lot; they are in the Uhler collection (USNM).

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—352 males, 408 females.

UnitEpD States: Alabama: Auburn, Burnsville, De Soto State Park, Florala,
Mobile, Tuscaloosa Co.; April to July. Arkansas: Hope, Hot Springs, Wash-
ington Co.; July, October. Arizona: Alamo Canyon (Pima Co.), Baboquivari
Mts., Buckeye, East Fort Lowell, Globe, Oracle, Patagonia, Phoenix, Sabino
Canyon, Thatcher, Tucson, Yuma; June to September. California: Holtville,
Indio, Palm Springs, Riverside; May, June. Florida: Alachua Co., Coconut
Grove, Crescent City, Deerfield, De Land, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Fruit-
ville, Gainesville, Hollywood, Homestead, Juniper Springs, LaSalle, Lacooches,
Lakeland, Lake Placid, Liberty Co., Miami, Moore Haven, Okeechobee, Palm
Beach, Plant City, Quincy, Royal Palm Park, Sanford, Zolfo Springs; all months.
Georgia: Atlanta, Bainbridge, Billy’s Island (Okefenokee Swamp), Bueno Vista,
DeWitt, Eaton, Pamona, St. Simon’s Island, Thomasville, Vidalia; April to
November. TJilinois: Ashmore, Catlin, Charleston, Collinsville, Olive Branch,
Urbana; March, April, July to October. Indiana: Hanover, Harrison Co., Terre
Haute; May to August. Jowa: Ames, Kelso, Muscatine, Pleasant Valley; April
to September. Kansas: Baldwin, Douglas Co., Lawrence, Leavenworth, Onaga;
May to July. Louisiana: Baker, Buras, Creole, Harahan, New Orleans; June to
August. Maryland: Plummer’s Island; September. Massachusetts: No exact
locality. Mississippi: Handsboro, Jackson, August. Missouri: Aldrich, Car-
thage, Columbia, Gray Summit, Kansas City, Kirkwood, Perry Co., St. Louis,
Van Buren; April to August. Nebraska: Crete Inn. New Jersey: Palisades,
Snake Hill; October. New York: Ithaca, Long Island, New York, Pelham, Sea
Cliff; May, July, November. North Carolina: Ashville, Black Mountain City,
Edenton, McDowell Co.; May to August. Oklahoma: Alva, Hobart, Osage Co.,
Payne Co., Smithville; May to September. Pennsylvania: Chestnut Hill, Jean-
nette, Philadelphia; July, September. South Carolina: Aiken Co., Blaney,
Charleston, Clemson, Florence, Fort Jackson, Spartanburg; May to September.
South Dakota: Elk Point; August. Tennessee: Knoxville, Reelfoot Lake; April,
May. Texas: Abilene, Aransas Co., Brazoria Co., Brownsville, Canadian, Cedar
Lane, Colorado City, Colorado Co., Corpus Christi, Dallas, Del Rio, Devil’s
River, Harlingen, Hidalgo Co., Lake Kemp, Navasota, Palacios, Peeler, Port
Arthur, San Angelo, San Antonio, Sherman, Terrell, Three Rivers, Uvale, Waco;
April to August. Virginia: Falls Church, Great Falls; May to July, October.
West Virginia: Cheat Mts., Jackson’s Mill, Lewis Co.

Mexico: Coahuila: Monclova, San Pedro de Colonias (3,700 feet); August.
Durango: Nombre de Dios (5,900 feet); August. Distrito Federal: ‘El Guard,”’

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 463

Penén de Marquis; March, November. (Guerrero: Balsas, Iguala; September.
Hidalgo: ‘Guerrero Mills,” Tizayuca; November. Jalisco: Guadalajara; Febru-
ary. Baja California: Comondt, Miraflores, San Domingo, Triunfo; July.
México: Tejupileo; June. Michoacdn: FE] Sabine, 12 miles south of Tzitzio on
Huetano road; July. Morelos: Cuernavaca; May, November. Puebla: Northern
slope (11,000 feet) of Mt. Popocatepetl; November. San Luis Potosi: El Salto;
June. Veracruz: ‘“‘Lococos,’” Minatitlan; February, July.

GUATEMALA: Zacapa: Zacapa; February, July.

Brermupa: No exact locality; May.

Discussion.—The range indicated by specimens studied ex-
tended across the eastern half of the United States from Massa-
chusetts south to Florida and Bermuda, west to South Dakota,
Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, thence through Arizona
into southern California, and south into Mexico and Guatemala.
The type localities of Signoret’s two synonyms, douglasi and scotti,
were given as “Australia” and ‘‘Nouvelle-Zelande.’”’? These countries
are not here considered to be part of the established distribution of
the species. More detailed discussion of this matter is given below.

The extensive range occupied by bzlineatus brings it under many
and varying environmental conditions. In adapting to these con-
ditions the insect may be expected to show several modifications.
Such variation was recognized and noted by Uhler as early as 1877.
In material seen during the present study these variations were
present in bewildering array. The anterior outline of the head
varied from a full semicircle to a flattened one; the surface of the
head ranged from smooth and impunctate to distinctly but weakly
rugose (rugifrons Herrick-Schaeffer) with scattered fine punc-
tures; and the number of the submarginal setigerous punctures on
each jugum ranged from three to five. The number of these setigerous
punctures may have some significance, but variability included unlike
numbers on the two sides of one individual as well as unlike numbers
on specimens from the same locality, especially as the material from
farther north was studied. In contrast to this, the southern material
appeared to have a tendency toward few and more regularly arranged
submarginal punctures, until in Mexican specimens each jugum usually
has one or two close-set punctures immediatedly anterior to the eye
and two more widely separated ones beyond. Antennal II, while
usually shorter than IIT, sometimes was subequal to it.

Pronotal punctation showed variation in the number and size of
punctures laterally on the anterior lobe, medially on the posterior
lobe and in the transverse impression. The number of costal setigerous
punctures ranged from two to five, not uncommonly differing in num-
ber on the two sides of one specimen. The shape of the lateral margin
of the metapleural evaporatorium was almost straight in some indi-
viduals and weakly to strongly concave in others. The length of the

464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

body shows great difference between the smallest and largest speci-
mens seen, 5.25 to 7.78 mm; the smaller specimens were all from the
southern part of the range, with the smallest being from Bermuda.
But not all southern specimens are small; many of them are as large
as any of the northern ones, and intermediate sizes exist; consequently,
the name uhleri is not necessary for the smaller specimens.

Depending on the maturity of the individual at the time of its death,
the color varied from yellowish brown through reddish brown and
piceus (‘‘var. a. picea”’ of bilineatus Say, 1825) to black with the legs,
particularly the femora, often being reddish brown (femoralis Herrick-
Schaeffer). These above-mentioned variations have been confusing,
but since nearly any one of them may be found in any part of the
range, there can be no other conclusion but that only one quite variable
species is involved.

The application of Say’s name bilineatus employed here is that com-
monly followed by all other workers. Pangeus bilineatus is considered
the common species of the eastern United States. Since most of
Say’s collection has been destroyed, it is quite probable that the type
of bilineatus was destroyed with it. This leaves the species without a
type, but since the presently used assignment is so universally adopted
there can be little objection to continuing the practice. Although
Signoret apparently intended to follow this plan, his figure 113 on
plate 9 of his 1882 ‘‘Revision” shows one important difference from
all specimens of the species seen during this study. No specimen
showed the quadrate terminal appendage to the osteolar peritreme.
Without doubt, this misrepresentation aided Signoret in separating
several “new species” from bilineatus. Considering in order the older
names and those doubtful Signoret species of which Signoret material
was available for study, the reasons for synonymizing the names
are given below.

Herrick-Schaeffer’s two species, Cydnus rugifrons from ‘‘Georgien
in Amerika” and Cydnus femoralis from ‘‘Lankaster aus Nordamerika,”’
were described from individual variants as indicated in the present
discussion of the variation that occurs in this species (supra).

Walker’s Acthus fortis from Mexico. Notes on the type furnished
by Dr. China confirm the general acceptance of this name as a syn-
onym of bilineatus.

Pangoeus vicinus Signoret, “Guayaquil.” A female specimen in
the Signoret collection (Wien) is labeled ‘vicinus det Signoret,’’ but
does not bear a type label. In addition, the specimen is labeled as
being from ‘‘Mexico,”’ not from the type locality given in the original
description. In view of the description of the limited mesopleural
evaporatorium of vicinus and the present study revealing no members
of the subgenus Homaloporus from the South American continent,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 465

the “Guayaquil” locality appears to be in error. The Mexican
locality is included within the presently determined range of the sub-
genus. Assuming, at least temporarily, that Signoret’s determination
represents his concept of vicinus, one is confronted with certain dis-
crepancies between the specimen and the original description. In the
latter he points out the similarity to bilineatus and reports a difference
in the apex of the peritreme—a character already shown (supra) to be
nonexistent in bilineatus. He recorded a single costal seta, where the
Mexican specimen shows three setigerous punctures. His description
of the cephalic bristles is of the primary setae, not of the submarginal
setigerous punctures which consist of four close-set punctures imme-
diately anterior to the eye and one more widely removed beyond. This
Mexican specimen also lacks antennals II to V, so the characters per-
taining thereto cannot be verified, but the described condition fits the
variations accepted in the present study for bilineatus. The descrip-
tion of the punctation of the pronotum, scutellum, corium, and venter
agrees both with the Mexican specimen and bilineatus as here under-
stood. Since discrepancies of this sort are numerous in Signoret’s
cydnid work—even where the type itself was available for study—one
should not attach too much importance to them. So, with apparently
no characters for separating vicinus from bilineatus, the former must
be considered a synonym of the latter.

Pangoeus douglasi Signoret, ‘Australia,’ and Pangoeus scotti
Signoret, ‘“‘Nouvelle-Zelande.”” Although these two species were
described from areas well-removed from the native range of the genus,
examination of the types (Wien) leaves no doubt of their synonymy
with bilineatus. Signoret was undoubtedly misled by the distant
localities and his own error in figuring the apex of the peritreme of
bilineatus. 'Two possible explanations may be offered for the remote
type localities. The simplest is that the specimens were mislabeled.
The second is that the specimens may have been carried to these
localities by commerce. Being burrowers, they could easily be scooped
into the holds of ships with soil that was added for ballast and then
be unloaded to make room for a cargo; or they could have travelled
in soil about the roots of plants. In either event, neither douglasi
nor scotti appears to have been reported from its original type locality
by subsequent authors, except on the authority of Signoret’s original
descriptions. ‘There is, however, a specimen (MCZ) labeled as coming
from the Society Islands. Although no further data are given on the
label, this record plus those of Signoret’s specimens lend plausibility
to the theory that biineatus can be readily transported by commerce.

Pangoeus spangbergi Signoret, ‘“Texas.”” The type specimen (Stock)
was loaned for study and proved to be a Belfrage specimen. Signoret’s
comparison of this with P. moestus, a member of the nominal subgenus,

501991—60-_9

466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

apparently misled him into describing his specimen as new. Signoret’s
(1882, pl. 9, fig. 116) illustration does not agree with the type in the
following respects: (1) head has submarginal setigerous punctures
arranged four close-set in front of eye and one more widely spaced
beyond, not as pictured; (2) on the pronotum the lateral punctures
are much fewer in number and the posterolateral angles are neither
so prominent nor sharp as shown; (3) apex of scutellum is shown
too long and narrow; (4) hemelytron of type has only one row of
punctures on clavus, fewer and more irregularly spaced punctures on
mesocorium and more punctures on exocorium; (5) both evapor-
atoria are misrepresented—mesopleural evaporatorium shown as
acute, while it is rounded in the type, and that of metapleuron does
not extend to anterolateral margin of segment as shown in the figure;
and (6) the posterior emargination of the peritreme does not show the
large hooklike blade visible in the illustration. The author was
unable to find any feature to separate the type from bilineatus.

The name whleri was proposed by Signoret for the Carolina and
Georgia specimens which Uhler (1877, p. 385) had identified as Pan-
gaeus rugifrons (Herrick-Schaeffer). Ubler’s use of rugifrons was in
the same sense that it had been proposed, for a species of the south-
eastern United States. Thus uhleri must be considered a synonym
of rugifrons, which, in turn, is considered to be the same as bilineatus.
Signoret’s (1822, p. 252) transfer of the name rugifrons to Mexican
species was erroneous, so Horvath (1919, p. 236) proposed the name
rugiceps for the Mexican form.

As with most other species in the family, the biology and ecology
of this insect is poorly known. The author’s experience with it is
that it may be quite common in an area and still be rarely collected.
Intensive field work in St. Louis, Mo., and adjacent territory had
yielded less than a half dozen specimens in more than 20 years, and
these always under debris on the ground. Yet, when it became pos-
sible to examine the miscellaneous insect material collected in the
Japanese beetle traps in the St. Louis area, several times that many
specimens would be seen in one week. Apparently, these insects had
been attracted to the eugenol or geranol that had been used as an
attractant for the Japanese beetles. Judging from certain published
notes, this species may be quite injurious to cultivated plants. Cas-
sidy (1939, p. 322) reported it as doing “serious damage to cotton’
in Arizona. In the same year, Tissot (1939, p. 455) wrote: “pepper
seed beds at Fort Myers [Florida] being severely damaged. Beds
mulched with grass and weeds, which probably was the cause of the
bugs congregating in such large numbers.”

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 467

Pangaeus (Homaloporus) congruus (Uhler), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 12, 33, 102, 125, 152, 219

Homaloporus congruus Uhler, 1877, p. 377; 1886, p. 3.—Signoret, 1881b, p. 330,
pl. 10, fig. 47.Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 65.— Banks, 1910, p. 100.—
Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 178.

Homaloporus pangaeiformis Signoret, 1881b, p. 331, pl. 11, fig. 48.—Uhler, 1886,
p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 66.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 19.—Torre
Bueno, 1939, p. 178. New synonymy.

Aethus ferrugineus Signoret, 1882, p. 40, pl. 2, fig. 82—Uhler, 1886, p. 3. New
synonymy.

Cydnus ferrugineus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 66.

Description.—Matsz: Oval, widest behind middle.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.84(0.82-0.90) :1.25(1.20-
1.36); interocular width, 0.85(0.80—0.93); anterior margin a slightly
flattened semicircle, clypeus as long as juga; eyes projecting by one-
half their length; surface shining, nearly smooth, impunctate. Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.24(0.23-0.26); II,0.22(0.20-0.23) ; III, 0.27(0.26-
0.30); IV, 0.30(0.30-0.33); V, 0.34(0.33-0.36). Bucculae (fig. 33)
about half as high as labial II, evanescent posteriorly. Labial
segments: I, 0.43(0.40—0.50) ; II, 0.53(0.50-0.60) ; IIT, 0.51(0.46-0.60)
IV, 0.33(0.30-0.36).

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half width, 1.45(1.30-
1.69) :2.76(2.47—-3.06) ; anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate;
lateral margin straight in basal two-thirds, submarginally with 18 to
20 setigerous punctures; transverse impression somewhat postmedian,
weak to obsolete, marked by incomplete row of moderate punctures;
anterior lobe polished, impunctate except for few moderate and many
minute punctures laterally, subapically with distinctly impressed line
terminated laterally at setigerous puncture posterior to inner margin
of eye; posterior lobe with few, scattered, moderate to fine punctures
discally and laterally.

Scutellum: Length subequal width, 1.70(1.56—1.82) :1.70(1.56-1.82) ;
discally with numerous scattered punctures similar to those of posterior
pronotal lobe; apically with punctures finer, more numerous.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining, very finely alutaceous;
clavus with median row of punctures and usually a partial row either
side; mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures paralleling
claval suture, discally with numerous moderate punctures becoming
coarser towards base; exocorium similarly punctate on apical half;
costa with five to ten setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight,
lateral angle little produced; membrane longer than basal width,
surpassing apex of abdomen by about half its length.

Pleurae (fig. 102): As described for genus.

Sternites: Alutaceous, impunctate, slightly rugose laterally.

468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Terminalia: Genital capsule weakly alutaceous, closely punctate in
lateral angle, apical margin straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
219).

Length of body: 4.80(4.42-5.20).

Fremaze: Similar to male, measurements averaging slightly larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.88(0.86—0.93) :1.37(1.33-1.40); inter-
ocular width, 0.93(0.90-0.96). Antennal segments: I, 0.26(0.26-
0.26); II, 0.21(0.20-0.23); III, 0.30(0.28-0.31); IV, 0.29(0.26-0.33) ;
V, 0.35(0.33-0.36). Labial segments: I, 0.41(0.40-0.44) ; IT, 0.55(0.53-
0.56); III, 0.44(0.41-0.50); IV, 0.32(0.30-0.33).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.50 (1.43-1.56) : 2.95(2.86-3.00).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.82(1.75-1.89) : 1.82(1.75-1.89).

Length of body: 4.96(4.85-5.14).

Typr patTa.—The types (USNM) were described by Uhler (1877,
p. 378) from the vicinity of Denver City, Colo., and Dallas Co., Tex.
The location of the type of Signoret’s Homaloporus pangaeiformis is
unknown to the author, but the species was described from ‘‘Mexique.”
The locality of the type specimen (Wien) of Aethus ferrugineus
Signoret (1882, p. 40) was also given as ‘‘Mexique.”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—18 males, 21 females, 1 third-instar nymph.

Unitep States: Arizona: Oak Creek, December. California: Laguna Beach,
Lone Pine, Los Angeles, Riverdale, San Diego, Santa Cruz, Wilmington; April
to August. Colorado: Cortez, Cottonwood, Denver, Fort Collins, Palisades,
Salida; April to July, October, third instar nymphs in July. Kansas: Greeley
Co., Thomas Co. New Mezico: Estancia, Mesilla Park, Santa Fe Co.; July,
August. Utah: Brigham, St. George; February, August.

Mexico: Distrito Federal: Guadalupe Hidalgo; July. México: Amecameca.

Discussion: The type of Homaloporus pangaeiformis Signoret has
not yet been located, but the author feels no misgivings about assign-
ing the name to synonymy. Considering first Signoret’s comparison
of this with congruus, the more oval and broader form that he ascribes
to pangaeiformis may be a sexual difference, but in the series of
congruus at hand there was noticeable variation in robustness of both
sexes sufficient to include Signoret’s figures (47 and 48) of both species.
The descriptive statement that the mesopleuron has no shining space
between the evaporatorium and the posterior margin of the segment
is not borne out by the figure, which shows that area to have a dif-
ferent surface texture. Another feature that he listed, the evanescent,
acute apex of the peritreme, appears to have no specific value in this
genus as it occurs on North American material almost as freely as
does the abrupt termination. The other differences mentioned are
definitely not of specific value here. But returning to Signoret’s
illustration (fig. 48) of the mesopleuron and metapleuron of H.
pangaeiformis, one notices that something is amiss as the osteolar

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 469

petritreme appears to be located on the mesopleuron—a condition
unknown to this or any other family of the Hemiptera.

Discovery of this erroneous detail crystallized the author’s suspi-
cions that Signoret worked by comparison with his own illustrations,
which appear to have been done without reference to the specimens
once the preliminary sketches had been made. This permitted
Signoret to misinterpret his own sketch when finishing the drawing.
Then, in comparing additional material with his figures he could not
help but find differences. Examination of the types of several other
cydnids described by Signoret and comparison of them with the
illustrations supported this contention.

Aethus ferrugineus Signoret is here placed as a synonym of congruus
(Uhler) as a result of study of the female type (Wien). The type
labeled ‘‘Bilimek, Mexico, 1871, Chapultepec,” is in good condition,
lacking only antennals IV and V on each side, the right middle leg and
all or part of the tarsi from the left front, left middle, and right hind
legs. Most of the pubescence is present.

That Signoret’s species belongs to Homaloporus as described by
Uhler, Signoret himself, and subsequent authors is beyond doubt.
The type does not agree with the original description in having the
anterior pronotal margin ‘“‘faiblement margine,” but instead shows a
sharply defined, well impressed, subapical groove. The head also
possesses a submarginal row of coarse, setigerous punctures giving
rise to short, stout pegs and several long cilia; and the osteolar canal
lacks a differentiated terminal lobe.

Other discrepancies between the type and the original description
are: (1) “lobe median . . . sans points piligeres’”’ is not wholly true;
although the cilia are missing, the punctures are quite evident; (2) the
lateral pronotal row of setigerous punctures does not number 13 or 14,
but actually 18 with a complete set of like number of cilia on the
right side and a full set of punctures and nearly a full set of cilia on
the left side; (3) costal setigerous punctures are nine on the right side
and eight on the left.

With his original description of H. congruus, Uhler gave the following
interesting notes concerning capture of specimens:

. and a few specimens occurred to me while collecting insects near the foot-
hills of the Rocky Mountains, west of Denver, in August 1875. The summer was
a particularly rainy one, and the sudden chilling of the atmosphere by a hailstorm
would cause this insect, together with beetles, flies, Hymenoptera, and other
Hemiptera, to take refuge under the tufts of grass and roots of Yucca and other
flowers and herbs, where they remained secure from the driving elements.

It is interesting to speculate about the development of a complete
row of pegs on the submargin of the head on two species (P. congrwus
and P. subtilius) at widely separated parts of the geographic range of

470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

the genus. Whether this is just coincidence or reflects the adaptation
to conditions found at either end of its geographic range remains to
be demonstrated by more detailed biological information about the
species concerned.

Pangaeus (Homaloporus) punctilinea, new species

Dracnosis.—The row of distinct punctures in the subapical im-
pressed line of the pronotum will permit easy recognition of this
species within the subgenus.

Descrirtion.—Described from three females. Fremate: Oval,
sides subparallel, faintly widened behind midlength.

Head: Length almost two-thirds width, 0.97(0.96-1.00) :1.54
(1.51-1.61); interocular width, 1.05(1.03-1.08); anterior outline a
somewhat flattened semicircle, clypeus as long as juga and slightly
narrowed at apex; surface weakly convex, polished, with numerous
minute punctures and several radiating weak rugae on each jugum;
submarginal setigerous punctures somewhat variable in arrangement,
two or three close-set punctures with two more widely separated ones
beyond, or four close-set punctures with one widely separated puncture
distally; ocelli very small, separated from eye by a space equalling
four to five transverse ocellar diameters; jugum ventrally and maxil-
lary plate (except base) shining, impunctate. Antennal segments: I,
0.30(0.30-0.31); II, 0.33(0.32-0.34); III, 0.35(0.34-0.36); IV, 0.44
(0.43-0.46); V, 0.51(0.49-0.54). Bucculae about half as high as
labial II; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.54(0.51-0.56); II, 0.85(0.83-0.90); III, 0.67(0.64-0.70); IV,
0.50(0.50—0.50).

Pronotum: Anterior margin moderately, doubly emarginate; side
margins faintly convex on basal half, more strongly so on apical half,
with submarginal row of seven to nine setigerous punctures; trans-
verse impression postmedian, obsolete, absent medially, marked by
narrow, irregular band of distinct punctures; anterior lobe distinctly
punctured in complete, subapical impressed line, with few to many
distinct punctures laterally, discally with numerous obsolete, minute
punctures; posterior lobe medially with few coarse and numerous
minute punctures, laterally with a few coarse punctures.

Scutellum: Length subequal, longer or shorter than width, 1.77
(1.75-1.82):1.80(1.74-1.82); dise polished, discally with numerous
large punctures except at base and apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished, clavus with one, nearly
complete row of distinct punctures; mesocorium with two complete
rows of punctures paralleling claval suture, discally with numerous
small punctures scattered full length; exocorium with numerous
distinct punctures scattered for full length; costa with two setigerous

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 47]

punctures; membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle weakly
produced; membrane longer than basal width, distinctly surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with few punctures in depression and antero-
ventral angle; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching posterior margin for more
than half its length; lateral area rugopunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium with lateral margin straight; lateral
area with row of obsolete, broad punctures adjacent to edge of evap-
oratorium.

Legs: Posterior femora not tuberculate ventrally.

Sternites: Shining, with few punctures and longitudinal rugae
laterally.

Length of body: 5.57(5.45-5.78).

Tyre pata.—Holotype female (USNM 64422), ‘Brownsville,
Texas, Wickham, col. C. F. Baker.’ Paratypes as follows:

Texas: Brownsville, 1929, 1 female (USN M);25 miles southeast of Harlingen,
Sept. 21, 1945, E. Hardy, nest of Neotoma micropus BD., 1 female (JAS).

Discussion: The subapical transverse impression of the pro-
notum, while distinctly punctured, is, nevertheless, complete from
one side of the pronotum to the other.

Pangaeus (Homaloporus) rugiceps Horvath
PLATE FIGURES 48, 221

Pangaeus rugifrons Signoret (nee Herrick-Schaeffer, 1839, p. 97, a synonym of
Pangaeus bilineatus), p. 252, pl. 8, fig. 111, 1882.
Pangaeus rugiceps Horvath, p. 236, 1919.

Draanosis.—At present, this is the only species in the subgenus
with a single submarginal setigerous puncture in front of an eye.

Derscription.— Male: Oval, widest at or slightly behind midlength.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 1.17(1.10-1.26) :1.59
(1.52-1.70); interocular width, 0.99(0.95-1.06); anterior outline an
elongated semicircle, juga longer than apically narrowed clypeus and
nearly or quite contiguous beyond it; juga impunctate, with strong,
mostly transverse rugae, submarginally with one setigerous puncture
anterior to eye; ocelli moderately large, separated from eye by space
somewhat greater than transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally in
large part rugopunctate; maxillary plate polished, impunctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.28(0.26-0.30); II, 0.29(0.26-0.32); III, 0.39
(0.36-0.43); IV, 0.42(0.42-0.44); V, 0.46(0.44-0.49). Bucculae about
half as high as labial II, labium reaching between middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.52(0.48-0.56); II 0.84(0.80-0.93); IIT, 0.64
(0.60-0.68); IV, 0.46(0.40-0.50).

472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.90(1.75-2.02):3.35
(3.06-3.55); anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate; lateral
margins straight to very slightly sinuate opposite ends of transverse
impression, with six setigerous submarginal punctures; transverse
impression weak, obsolete at middle, marked by medially interrupted,
irregular row of coarse punctures; surface elsewhere impunctate
except for prominent punctures laterally on anterior lobe and a few
medially on posterior lobe.

Scutellum: Length equal to, longer, or shorter than width, 2.10
(1.92—2.22) :2.09(1.89-2.28); surface polished, basal third to fourth
impunctate, disc with several widely scattered, coarse punctures and
numerous interspersed minute punctures, latter extending to apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining, very weakly alutaceous;
clavus with a partial row of punctures; mesocorium with two complete
rows paralleling claval suture, discally with numerous scattered small
punctures becoming more abundant and stronger apically; exocorium
with few weak punctures scattered over most of its length; costa with
two or three setigerous punctures; membranal suture slightly bisinuate,
lateral angle vaguely produced; membrane longer than basal width,
distinctly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Vaguely alutaceous, with no distinct punctures; pro-
sternal carinae less than half as high as labial IJ, sharp.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area finely alutaceous, impunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium moderately concave laterally; lateral
area weakly alutaceous, impunctate.

Legs: Posterior femora not tuberculate ventrally; posterior tibiae
not angulate ventrally near base.

Sternites: Shining, vaguely alutaceous, impunctate but with fine
longitudinal rugae in spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule rugopunctate laterally, finely punc-
tured elsewhere, apical margin weakly sinuate medially; gonostylus
as illustrated (fig. 221).

Length of body: 6.11(5.60-6.71).

Fema.e: Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.23(1.10—-1.36) :1.69(1.56-1.84); inter-
ocular width, 1.05(0.96-1.16). Antennals: I, 0.30(0.27-0.33); II,
0.30(0.28-0.33); III, 0.41(0.36-0.46); IV, 0.44(0.40-0.50); V, 0.46
(0.43-0.50). Labials: I, 0.53(0.50-0.60); II, 0.95(0.86-1.03); III, 0.79
(0.63-1.16); IV, 0.56(0.49-0.73).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.07(1.89-2.34) :3.61(3.16—4.11).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.19(1.82-2.60) :2.25(1.95-2.53).

Length of body: 6.53(5.93-7.22).

Typr DATA.—Signoret misapplied the name rugifrons of Herrick-
Schaeffer (now shown to be a synonym of Pangaeus bilineatus (Say))

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 473

to a specimen from “Mexique.” Horvath (1919, p. 236) called atten-
tion to this error and proposed the new name Pangaeus rugiceps for
this Mexican specimen, which thus becomes the type of TUGgICEDS.
The specimen was originally in Signoret’s own collection.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—82 males, 95 females.

Mexico: Chiapas: Escuintla; February. Colima: Armeria, Colima, Manzanito;
July. Guerrero: Balsas, Iguala; September. Jalisco: Voledn de Colima, Villa
Corona. Morelos: Alpuyeca; June. Nuevo Leén: Monterrey (1,700 feet); June.
Oazaca: Tuxtepec. San Luis Potosi: El Salto; June. Sinaloa: Mazatlan; August.
Sonora: Minas Nuevas; August.

GuaTEMALA: Chiquimula: Chiquimula (1,000 feet), Sacapulas (4,500 feet) ; July,
August. Zacapa: Zacapa (600 feet); July.

EXTRALIMITAL SPECIMENS: Unirep Srarss: Louisiana: “ex airplane’ from
Mexico.

Discussion.—Signoret’s erroneous application of Herrick-Schaef-
fer’s name is quite understandable, especially if he had only very
limited material of biliéneatus and thus was not aware that individuals
of bilineatus did show rugae on the head. The figure of rugifrons,
especially in rugae and outline of the head, is very suggestive of the
present species. The type locality, however, precludes the employ-
ment of that name for this species.

Pangaeus (Homaloporus) setosus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 49, 222

Driacnosis.—This species may be recognized within the subgenus
by the presence of numerous tubercles on the ventral surface of the
posterior femur (as in fig. 154) in combination with a partial, sub-
marginal row of setigerous punctures on the anterior half or more of
the head (fig. 49).

Description.-—-MAte: Oval, somewhat parallel-sided.

Head: Length almost two-thirds width, 1.18(1.06-1.26) :1.84(1.71-
1.95); interocular width, 1.17(1.06-1.26); anterior outline elongate,
weakly truncate semicircle, juga longer than and nearly or quite
contiguous beyond apex of clypeus; surface shining, with numerous
minute punctures and partial, radiating rugae; jugum depressed dis-
cally, with four or five setigerous punctures submarginally in front.
of eye and on apical half a partial row of close-set setigerous punctures
giving rise to a row of short, stout pegs (fig. 49); ocelli small, situated
behind line connecting hind margins of eyes, removed from eye by
more than two times a transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate shining, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.40
(0.38-0.46); II, 0.52(0.50-0.60); IIL, 0.55(0.46-0.66); IV, 0.69(0.60-
0.76); V, 0.75(0.70-0.83). Bucculae about as high as labial II,
obliquely terminated posteriorly; labium reaching between middle

474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.60(0.57—0.60); II, 1.04(1.01-1.10); III,
0.94(0.90-1.01); IV, 0.54(0.50-0.56).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.14(2.02—2.26):4.03
(3.82—4.26); anterior margin moderately, simply emarginate; lateral
margin entire, broadly and shallowly curved, with nine or ten seti-
gerous punctures submarginally; transverse impression obsolete to
absent, marked by very irregular row of scattered punctures; anterior
lobe impunctate except for lateral patch of about one dozen coarse
punctures with minute punctures interspersed; posterior lobe with
few moderate punctures medially and laterally.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.66(2.53-2.79) :2.53(2.34-2.73) ; disc
polished, with numerous coarse, usually foveate punctures becoming
finer toward apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining; clavus with one row of
punctures; mesocorial surface slightly uneven, punctures in one row
paralleling claval suture and closely set on basal half, apically the
punctures are much finer and sparser; exocorium obsoletely to dis-
tinctly punctate for full length; costa with two to four setigerous
punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle distinctly pro-
duced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, punctate ventrally in depression and anterior
to acetabulum; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron: Similar to figure 106, but peritreme
abruptly terminated apically.

Legs: Posterior femur with numerous small tubercles on ventral
face; posteroventral margin of hind tibia with a finely crenulate basal
emargination and a strong angulation distad of it (as in fig. 153).

Sternites: Shining, impunctate except in trichobothrial area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with broad, shallow emargination
medially; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 222).

Length of body: 7.89(7.38-8.38).

FEMALE: Similar to male, but without modification of posterior
tibia.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.18(1.13-1.23) :1.87(1.75-2.00); inter-
ocular width, 1.16(1.11-1.23). Antennal segments: I, 0.41(0.40-
0.43); II, 0.54(0.50-0.60); III, 0.55(0.50-0.60); IV, 0.70(0.70-0.72);
V, 0.76(0.70-0.79). Labial segments: I, 0.57(0.53-0.64); II, 1.10
(1.03-1.16); III, 0.94(0.90-1.00); IV, 0.53(0.49-0.56).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.31(2.12-2.60) :3.97(3.71-4.29).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.72(2.53-2.93) :2.40(2.28-2.53).

Length of body: 7.79(7.18-8.31).

TypE pata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both MCZ),
“Oracle, Ariz., 11-111-1919, 4500 ft.”’ Paratypes as follows:

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 475

UnitEp States: Arizona: Same data as types, 3 males, 8 females (MCZ, RCF);
same locality as types, Mar. 7, ‘2 males labeled Pangaeus bilineatus Uhl. det.
O. H.[eidemann]’ (USNM). Dry Canyon Sands Ranch, southeast end of
Whetstone Mts., Cochise Co., Aug. 10, 1952, H. B. Leech and J. W. Green, 1
male (CalAc). Mt. Lemon Road, 6,000 feet, Santa Catalina Mts., Dec. 27, 1937,
EK. C. Van Dyke, 2 males, 1 female (CalAc). Benson, June 7, 1930, G. Linsley,
1 male (CalAc). Santa Rita Mts., 5,000 to 8,000 feet, July, F. H. Snow, 1 male
(KU). Catalina Springs, Apr. 27, 1 female (USNM). Baboquivari Mts.,
July 24, 1941, R. H. Beamer, 1 female (KU); Nov. 8, 1936, E. D. Ball, 1 female
(USNM). Paradise, July 22, 1914, 1 male (USNM). Douglas, W. W. Jones,
1 female (USNM). Texas: Presidio Co., July 16, 1927, R. H. Beamer, 2 males,
2 females (KU). El Paso, July 18, 1932, 1 male (RLU). Chisos Mts., Brewster
Co., July 16, 1921, C. D. Duncan, 1 female (CalAc). Big Bend Park, Chisos
Mts., July 5, 1942, H. A. Scullen, 1 male (USNM). Marathon, C. M. Hamilton,
1 male (USNM). Davis Mts., June 26, 1946, E. C. VanDyke, 1 female (CalAc).
Valentine, July 13, 1927, P. A. Readio, 2 females (KU). Guadalupe Pass,
Hudspeth Co., July 28, 1950, R. F. Smith, 1 female (AmM). Basin, Big Bend
National Park, Brewster Co., July 14, 1950, R. F. Smith, 1 female (AmM).

Mexico: Chihuahua: Cafion de Prieto, near Primavera, July 2, 1947, 6,500
to 6,800 feet, D. Rockefeller Exp., Michener. San Luis Potosi: El Salto, June 19,
1953, Univ. Kansas Mexican Expedition, 1 male (KU).

Discussion.—This species and the next comprise a pair of forms
well-separated from the other species of the subgenus by several
characters: (1) the coarse crenulations on the posterior margin of the
mesopleuron; (2) the very deeply concave side margin of the meta-
pleural evaporatorium which permits the lateral area to reach almost
or quite to the apex of the peritreme; (3) the convex ventral surface
of the posterior femur with the numerous small tubercles on the distal
half; and (4) the peculiar shape of the hind tibia of the male (fig. 153),
the posteroventral margin of which shows a finely crenulate emargina-
tion basally and a strong angulation just beyond. The two forms are
very close and when more material from northern Mexico is studied
it may be found that they represent two forms of a single species. At
present, however, they appear separable on the basis of the key
character pertaining to the vestiture of the head and the generally
separate ranges.

How these two, strongly marked species could remain so long
without being described is difficult to explain. This condition reflects
the uncertainty that has existed pertaining to the limits of species
within the group and leading to many misidentifications.

Pangaeus (Homaloporus) tuberculipes, new species
PLATE FIGURES 153, 154, 223

Diaenosis.—The presence of numerous small tubercles on the
ventral face of the posterior femur (fig. 154) coupled with the lack of
a submarginal row of short stout submarginal pegs on the anterior

476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

half of the head will separate this species from all others within the
subgenus.

Description.—Matez: Oval, somewhat parallel-sided.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 1.22(1.13-1.31):1.80(1.71-1.96) ;
interocular width, 1.20(1.10-1.26); anterior outline a full semicircle,
juga longer than and nearly or quite contiguous anterior to clypeus;
surface shining, with numerous distinct, radiating rugae; jugum de-
pressed medially with four to six coarse, setigerous punctures sub-
marginally, without short, stout pegs; ocelli small, situated well be-
hind line connecting posterior margins of eyes, removed from eyes by
about three times a transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally shining,
impunctate; maxillary plate impunctate, alutaceous on basal half.
Antennal segments: I, 0.39(0.33-0.43); II, 0.46(0.43-0.53); III,
0.52 (0.46-0.56) ; IV, 0.65(0.60-0.70) ; V, 0.70(0.69-0.73). Bucculae as
high as labial II, obliquely terminated posteriorly; labium reaching
between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.55(0.53-0.57); II,
1.00(0.88-1.07); III, 0.83(0.71-0.93); IV, 0.52(0.46-0.58).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.22 (2.08-2.37) :3.98(3.78-
4.16); anterior margin moderately, doubly emarginate; lateral margin
entire, broadly and shallowly curved, with ten submarginal setigerous
punctures; transverse impression obsolete to absent, marked by very
irregular row of scattered punctures; anterior lobe impunctate except
for lateral patch of about one dozen coarse punctures with minute
punctures interspersed; posterior lobe with few moderate punctures
medially and laterally.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 2.67 (2.47—2.86) :2.40(2.27-
2.58); disc polished, with a number of irregularly scattered large
punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining; clavus with one row of
punctures; mesocorial surface slightly uneven, punctures in one row
paralleling claval suture and closely set on basal half, apically the
punctures are much finer and sparser; exocorium obsoletely to dis-
tinctly punctate for full length; costa with two to five setigerous
punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle distinctly pro-
duced; membrane longer than basal width, distinctly surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, punctate ventrally in depression and anterior
to acetabulum; prosternal carinae much less than half the height of
labial IT.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron: Similar to figure 106, but peritreme
abruptly terminated apically.

Legs: Posterior femur with numerous small tubercles on ventral
face; posteroventral margin of hind tibia with a finely crenulate basal
emargination and a strong angulation distad of it (fig. 153).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 477

Sternites: Shining, impunctate except in spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule distinctly punctate except for broad
middle line, apical margin broadly, shallowly emarginate medially;
gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 223).

Length of body: 7.83 (7.50-8.25).

FEMALE: Similar to male, but without modification of posterior
tibia.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.24(1.20-1.30) :1.87(1.78-1.98) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.25(1.20-1.30). Antennal segments: I, 0.37(0.32-0.40) ;
II, 0.49(0.43-0.60); ILI, 0.53(0.46-0.60); IV, 0.69(0.60-0.80); V,
0.74(0.70-0.80). Labial segments: I, 0.53(0.50-0.56); II, 1.03 (0.96-
1.18); III, 0.82(0.76-0.93) ; IV, 0.53.(0.50-0.57).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.23(2.08-2.42) :4.07 (3.76-4.43).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.77 (2.61-2.97) :2.44(2.34-2.66).

Length of body: 7.74 (7.20-8.52).

Type pata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both CalAc), 5
miles north of Tizayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, Nov. 13, 1946, E. S. Ross.
Paratypes as follows:

Mexico: Hidalgo: Same data as types, 5 males, 8 females (CalAc, USNM,
RCF). ‘Guerrero Mills,’ W. M. Mann, 1 male, 1 female (MCZ). Distrito
Federal: “15 mi. §. of El Guarda,” Nov. 14, 1946, E. 8. Ross, 1 male, 2 females
(CalAc); July 10, 1 female (Mex). Pendén del Marquis, March 27, Wheeler, 1
male, 4 females (MCZ). Pedregal, June 29, 1932, 1 female (RLU). Lomas de
Chapultepec, July 14, 1932, 1 female (RLU). Pefién, Viejo, June 21, 1932, 1
female (RLU). Pedregal San Angel, Aug. 27, 1939, C. Bolivar, 1 female (Pel).
State unknown: Minatitlin, Feb. 1, 1892, H. Osborn, 1 male labeled Pangaeus
rugifrons H-S., Pangaeus confusus Sign., and Pangaeus discrepans Uhl. (USNM).

Unitep States: Texas: Devil’s River, June 6, 1907, Bishop and Pratt, at light,
1 female (USNM). Colorado City, July 17, 1927, L. A. Stephenson, 1 female
(KU).

Discussion.—This form is discussed with the preceding species.

Subgenus Pangaeus (Pangaeus) Stal
Pangaeus Stal, 1862, p. 95.

Draanosis.—The key character concerning the extensiveness of
the mesopleural evaporatorium is the most reliable feature for
separating this subgenus from subgenus Homaloporus.

Description.—The generic description as modified by the notes in
the generic discussion will furnish sufficient description for this
subgenus.

TYPE OF SUBGENUS.—Aethus margo Dallas, subsequent designation
by Van Duzee (1914, p. 378); this name is a synonym of Cydnus
aethiops Fabricius, which is treated in the present paper as a member
of the genus Pangaeus. For explanation of this synonymy see the
discussion under Pangaeus aethiops.

478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

DistrinuTiIon.—The range of the nominal subgenus occupies the
southern part of the range of the genus, overlapping the range of
subgenus Homaloporus to the north for a short distance in Guatemala
and southern Mexico.

Discussion.—The problems encountered in this subgenus were
somewhat different from those found in most other parts of the
family. The males of all forms were rather easily separated with the
aid of secondary sexual characters, but not all the females have, as
yet, proven decipherable. Therefore, as indicated in the key to
species, females of certain species cannot yet be properly separated
from their congeners. This situation results from the great varia-
bility of external features in the females which either prevent estab-
lishment of reasonable limits to the species as indicated by the males,
or results in the separation of a disproportionate and unbelievable
number of forms. Therefore, until later studies of the internal
genitalia are made, the author deems it best to treat only such females
as lend themselves to ready association with males through possession
of some outstanding common character.

Key to the species of Pangaeus (Pangaeus)

1. Posterior tibia with spines of posteroventral margin conspicuously longer,
thinner, and sharper than those on dorsal margin (fig. 159); head trans-
versely convex, basal half or more of jugum with several distinct, coarse,
transverse rugae. . .°.-. a. see TUSG fat2

Posterior tibiae with spines babally dévsloped on alle quatetns: head flattened,
jugum with broad, shallow, longitudinal impression medially... . . 5

2. Jugum with a complete, subriatctial row of setigerous punctures which give

rise to a series of pegs and hairs. ..... Soe tS
Jugum without a complete row of sab ideinal eeaporoue! Saas those
which are present give rise to hairs but not pegs. . ..... = auth 4

3. Mesocorium with numerous moderate but distinct punctures over entire

SUITACE cs 3 24s . . . .semibrunneus, new species (p. 502)
Mesocorium vir ally impuagtte -.. . . . subtilius (Signoret) (p. 507)

4. Costa with ten or more setigerous punctures; tibiae and femora concolorous.
pluripunctatus, new species (p. 479)

Costa with five or less setigerous punctures; basal third or more of hind
tibia and apex of femur yellow, distinctly lighter than greater part of

femur... 3 . . . xanthopus Signoret (p. 481)

5. Jugum with four sotivaraus \ anlotiines Fupweialls (figt 477)i Bie eas 6
Jugum with one or two submarginal setigerous punctures. ..... . 9

6. Anterior pronotal lobe laterally with broad patch of numerous distinct,
moderately coarse punctures... . See ee eg
Anterior pronotal lobe impunctate or nai fess than half. dozen distinct
punctures. .. ae Os alate CAS

7. Pronotum with sabsnteal mapressed fine ae andi BE aaterion lobe dis-
tinctly punctate (fig.74). . . . . . punctinotum, new species (p. 495)

Pronotum with subapical impressed line and midline of anterior lobe im-
punctate; calli posteriorly with numerous small rugae (fig. 73).
rugonotum, new species (p. 501)

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15,

16.

Life

18.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 479

Costa with one setigerous puncture; transverse impression of pronotum
sharply impressed across full width. . . . rubrifemur (Walker) (p. 499)
Costa with three or four setigerous punctures; transverse impression of

pronotum weakly impressed or interrupted at middle.
rufobrunneus Jensen-Haarup (p. 498)

Males (abdomen ending in single, cuplike genital capsule). . . . . . . 10
Females (abdomen ending in several pairs of triangular plates) . . . . 18
Posterior tibia ventrally with distinct, subbasal angulation, with one to
three spines on posteroventral margin before apex (figs. 155, 156) . . 11
Posterior tibia ventrally without subbasal angulation, posteroventral margin
with four or more spines before apex (figs. 157,158)... ...... 18

Apex of genital capsule with a broad, deep, U-shaped emargination (fig. 177).
aethiops (Fabricius) (p. 504)
Apex of genital capsule not emarginate, sometimes gently sinuate. . . . 12
Costa with two setigerous punctures; larger, length of body 5.84—6.60.
impressus, new species (p. 486)
Costa with one setigerous puncture; smaller, length of body 4.21-5.56.
docilis (Walker) (p. 484)
Costa with two (rarely three) setigerous punctures ......... 14
Costa with one setigerous puncture .. . dud fst ae eek
Corium distinctly alutaceous (at 15 te hd cuntioney inte: length of body
D:Grlel @ ca ste . . . Meogeus, new species (p. 491)
Corium polished, not Lalitadedus ‘Gt 30 oe aiane one smaller, length of
bodily 5:025.35 226%.) = ; : he Ral t ELD
Jugum with two cibreatetah eoacecaus SP anetiines: one pamamediatcy an-
terior to eye and one near apical third. . bisetosus, new species (p. 483)
Jugum with one submarginal setigerous puncture just anterior to eye.
moestus (StAl) (p. 489)
Posterior tibia with four strong spines on posteroventral margin before apex.
piceatus Stal (p. 492)
Posterior femur with more than four spines on Bene ee margin before
Apex. « . uowte Ll
Corium ponehed, with fro sotepiate (or pearl sompletan rows of mesocorial
punctures paralleling claval suture; smaller, length of body 4.8-5.7.
quinquespinosus, new species (p. 497)
Corium distinctly alutaceous, with one complete row of mesocorial punctures
paralleling claval suture; larger, length of body more than 7.
laevigatus Signoret (p. 487)
Ocelli large, separated from eye ne a space not greater than transverse ocellar
width. .... . . . aethiops iepacls) (p. 504)
Ocelli smaller, eNaraved feo eyes ‘by ehacé not less than 114 times transverse
ocellar diameter (to date the author has been unable to prepare a key that
will satisfactorily separate females which run here).

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) pluripunctatus, new species

PLATE FIGURE 224

Pangoeus [!] aethiops Signoret (nec Fabricius), 1882, p. 245, pl. 8, fig. 104.

Diacnosis.—The abundant setigerous punctures on the costa (10

or more) set this species apart from all others in the subgenus.

DescripTion.—From one male and one female.
Mats: Broadly oval, basal halves of costa straight, subparallel.

ASO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.10:1.51; interocular width,
1.00; anterior outline a slightly prolonged semicircle, clypeus as long
as juga and narrowed at apex; surface convex, shining, with scattered
minute punctures and numerous distinct, coarse, radiating rugae;
jugum with four setigerous punctures submarginally; ocelli moder-
ately large, separated from eye by about twice transverse ocellar width;
jugum ventrally and maxillary plate shining, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.32; II, 0.20; III, 0.35; IV, 0.30; V, 0.36. Bucculae
lower than labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching between
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.50; IJ, 0.88; III, 0.69; IV, 0.35.

Pronotum: Length little more than half width, 1.82:3.51; anterior
margin shallowly, singly emarginate; lateral margin entire, posterior
part hidden from dorsal view by somewhat swollen umbones, with
16 setigerous punctures submarginally; transverse impression subme-
dian, weak, marked by medially interrupted, regular row of large
punctures; anterior lobe without large punctures, midline narrowly
depressed between calli; posterior lobe with three discal patches of
a few punctures each.

Scutellum: Length about four-fifths width, 1.82:2.21; disc polished,
with irregularly scattered, large punctures except at base and apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium finely alutaceous; clavus with one
row of punctures; mesocorial punctures obsolete except those in im-
pressed row and basal half of second row paralleling claval suture;
exocorium without distinct punctures; costa with 10 or 11 setigerous
punctures; membranal suture virtually straight, lateral angle faintly
prolonged; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Faintly alutaceous, impunctate; prosternal carinae
less than half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium weakly concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Tibiae and femora unicolorous; hind tibia curved, spines of
posteroventral margin longer, thinner and more tapering than those
of dorsal margins (as in fig. 159).

Sternites: Shining, impunctate except for a single row of setigerous
punctures across II and a double row across III.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with very sparse, fine punctures becom-
ing slightly more numerous laterally, apical margin with broad, very
shallow punctures mesally; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 224).

Length of body: 5.50.

FrMaze: Similar to male except that the head is without the minute
punctures dorsally.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.04:1.50; interocular width, 1.00. An-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 48]

tennal segments: I, 0.30; II, 0.23; III, 0.36; [V and V missing. Labial
segments: I, 0.60; II, 0.80; III, 0.66; IV, 0.43.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.80:3.70.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.10:2.23.

Length of body: 6.00.

Typr pata.—The holotype male (USNM 64420), originally in the
Uhler collection, is labeled simply ‘‘Montevideo,” undoubtedly refer-
ring to the capital of Uruguay. The allotype female is from the Berg
collection and bears the label ‘‘Uruguay”’; this specimen is being re-
turned to the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, where the Berg
collection is housed.

Discussion.—This is the species treated as aethiops by Signoret.
His description and illustration of the ten setigerous punctures on
the costa prevent such assignment.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) xanthopus Signoret
PLATE FIGURES 159, 236b

Pangoeus [!] canthopus Signoret, 1882, p. 254.
Pangaeus aethiops Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 69.
Pangaeus uhleri xanthopus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.
Diacnosis.—LKither the bicolored legs (especially posterior pair) in
which the apex of the femur and the basal third or more of the tibia
are contrastingly yellow, or the longer, more slender spines of the
posterior margin of the hind tibia (as in fig. 159) coupled with the
few (not over five) setigerous punctures on the costa will separate
this species from all others in the genus.
Description.—Matz: Broadly oval, costae mostly arcuate.
Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.05(0.93-1.12):1.53 (1.386-
1.70); interocular width, 0.91(0.83-1.00); anterior outline a slightly
prolonged semicircle, juga as long as or slightly longer than clypeus
and greatly narrowing or contiguous beyond it; surface convex, im-
punctate, with number of weak to distinct radiating rugae; jugum
with one submarginal setigerous puncture anterior to eye; ocelli large,
situated on line connecting hind margins of eyes, separated from eye
by space less than transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and max-
illary plate, except basal margin, polished, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.28(0.26-0.33); II, 0.22(0.19-0.26) ; II, 0.38 (0.33-0.43) ;
IV, 0.37(0.33-0.43); V, 0.40 (0.36-0.46). Bucculae not as high as
labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching nearly or quite to
bases of middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.41(0.36-0.43); II,
0.59(0.53—-0.64); III, 0.52(0.50-0.55); IV, 0.41(0.38-0.46).
Pronotum: Length about half width, 1.62(1.36-1.90):3.24(2.79—
3.64); anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate; lateral margin
entire, very weakly arcuate on basal half, with submarginal row of
501991—60-—10

482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

seven to ten setigerous punctures; transverse impression weak to
obsolete, marked by medially interrupted, somewhat irregular row of
large punctures; anterior lobe with few scattered punctures behind
subapical line, along midline and laterally; posterior lobe with punc-
tation dense medially and becoming sparser laterally.

Scutellum: Length less than width, 1.97 (1.69-2.21) :2.04(1.75-2.28);
disc weakly alutaceous, with numerous punctures except at base.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium finely alutaceous; clavus with
double row of small punctures; mesocorium with two more or less
equally developed rows of distinct punctures paralleling claval suture,
rest of area obsoletely punctured except in basal third and in outer
apical angle; exocorium with punctures scattered for full length;
costa with two to five setigerous punctures; membranal suture nearly
straight, lateral angle slightly prolonged; membrane longer than basal
width, distinctly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Alutaceous, punctate in depression and anterior to
acetabulum; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium weakly concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia with spines of posteroventral margin longer,
more slender and tapering than those of dorsal margins (fig. 159);
tibiae bicolored, basal half or more (especially of posterior pair) pale
yellow, contrasting distinctly with the mostly reddish brown femora.

Sternites: Alutaceous; impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule alutaceous, very sparsely, finely punc-
tured medially, apical margin entire, straight in posterior view;
gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 236b).

Length of body: 5.54(4.74-6.18).

TyPE DATA.—Signoret’s zanthopus was based on a specimen from
“Bresil” in the “Berlin Museum.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED:

Boutvra: Province of Sara, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (450 meters), Tiguipa;
April, November, December.

Brazit: Bahia, Ceara, Joazeiro, Matto Grosso, Parnagu4, Serrinha (Parand);
October to December.

ParaGuay: Horqueta, Villarrica; November to February.
ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Marull, Patquia, Tucum4n; January.

Discussion.—This is the only member of the genus that fits
Signoret’s description “les pattes d’un jaune pale, avec les poils et
epines noirs.” The type repository as given by Signoret was “Berlin
Museum” and undoubtedly referred to what is now the Zoologisches
Museum der Humboldt-Universitit, in East Berlin. However,
personal examination of that collection and the one at the Deutsches

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 483

Entomologisches Institut, also in East Berlin, did not locate the
specimen.

Within the subgenus, zanthopus, pluripunctatus, semibrunneus, and
subtilius stand out on the basis of the modification of the spines of
the posterior tibiae and the convex, more or less rugose head surface.
Both of these characters appear in the genus Cyrtomenus, which these
four species superficially resemble quite closely due to their more
convex dorsum. Other students may prefer to transfer these four
species to Cyrtomenus, a step which could be easily accomplished by
rearranging the key to genera so that the character of the spines of
the hind tibiae comes before that of the subapical impression of the
pronotum. ‘The present author, however, prefers to consider the
subapical impression of the pronotum a better phylogenetic indicator
and to leave these forms as they have been treated for many years.
The conclusion to keep these forms in Pangaeus is admittedly con-
servative and currently tentative until investigations of the internal
genitalia of the females are made.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) bisetosus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 225

Diaanosts.—The presence of two submarginal setigerous punctures
on a jugum (one next to eye, one at apical third) will separate this
species from all others in the subgenus.

Description.—Based on one male. Matusz: Oval, widest near
midlength.

Head: Length more than four-fifths width, 1.19:1.30; interocular
width, 0.75; anterior outline a full semicircle, clypeus as long as juga,
strongly narrowed apically; surface shining, impunctate; jugum with
two submarginal setigerous punctures, one immediately anterior to
eye and one at apical third; ocelli moderate, separated from eye by
space equal to twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate, except basal margin, polished, impunctate. Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.23; II, 0.26; III, 0.33; IV, 0.38; V, 0.50. Bucculae
about half as high as labial II; labium reaching between middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.46; I, 0.72; III, 0.63; IV, 0.34.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.42:2.60; anterior margin
shallowly emarginate; lateral margin curved from near base, with
five setigerous punctures submarginally; transverse impression post-
median, impressed for full width, marked by row of punctures;
anterior lobe impunctate except for not more than five punctures
laterally; posterior lobe with 12 to 15 punctures medially.

Scutellum: Length less than width, 1.49:1.62; disc shining, with
not more than five large punctures.

484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining; clavus with several
punctures in one longitudinal row; mesocorium finely or obsoletely
punctate except for one complete and basal third of second row
paralleling claval suture; exocorium obsoletely punctured; costa with
two setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle
not produced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing apex
of abdomen.

Propleuron: Faintly alutaceous, punctate only in depression; pro-
sternal carinae less than half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium straight; lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified, hind tibia with four spines on postero-
ventral margin.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with few scattered, fine punctures;
apical margin very broadly and very shallowly U-shaped; gonostylus
as illustrated (fig. 225).

Length of body: 5.00.

Type pata.—Holotype male (Cap), ‘Venezuela Exp., Culebra N.
Duida Terr., Amazonas, April 7-16, J. Maldonado Capriles Coll.’’

Discussion.—The name bisetosus is given in obvious reference to
the two setigerous punctures on each jugum.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) docilis (Walker)
PLATE FIGURES 156, 226

Aethus docilis Walker, 1867, p. 154.

Pangoeus [!] dallasi Signoret, 1882, p. 263, pl. 9, fig. 121.
Pangaeus dallasi Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 69.
Pangaeus docilis Distant, 1899, p. 221.

Diacnosis.—The male of docilis may be separated from all other
species in the genus by the subbasal angulation on the posteroventral
margin of the hind tibia and the single setigerous puncture on the costa.

Description.—M ate: Oval, widest near midlength.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 0.86(0.81—0.90) :1.28(1.13-1.36) ;
interocular width, 0.78(0.72-0.83); anterior outline semicircular,
clypeus as long as juga and strongly narrowed apically; surface shining,
impunctate, with weak rugae; jugum with one submarginal setigerous
puncture anterior to eye; ocelli moderate, separated from eye by space
more than twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate, except basal margin, polished, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.24(0.21-0.26); II, 0.24(0.20-0.26); III, 0.36(0.30-0.43) ;
IV, 0.46(0.37-0.53); V, 0.55(0.48-0.60). Bucculae nearly as high as
labial II; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 485

I, 0.44(0.40-0.46); II, 0.74(0.66-0.80); IIT, 0.58(0.53-0.65); IV,
0.35(0.30-0.40).

Pronotum: Length little more than half width, 1.47(1.19-
1.69) :2.71(2.26-2.93); anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate;
lateral margin straight on basal half, with five setigerous punctures
submarginally; transverse impression slightly postmedian, sharply
impressed across full width, marked by medially interrupted regular
row of close-set punctures; anterior lobe impunctate except for few
punctures medially.

Scutellum: Length equal to width, 1.60(1.36-1.75) :1.60(1.36-1.75) ;
disc shining, with few to numerous scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with one row of
punctures; corium not distinctly punctate except along one complete
and usually basal part of second row paralleling claval suture; costa
with one setigerous puncture; membranal suture straight, lateral
angle not produced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, punctate in depression and anterior to acetab-
ulum; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area with few small punctures.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium concave; lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia with subbasal angulation and two subapical
spines on posteroventral margin (fig. 156).

Sternites: Alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule finely alutaceous, with few scattered
punctures, apical margin faintly sinuate either side of apex; gonostylus
as illustrated (fig. 226).

Length of body: 5.13(4.21-5.56).

Frmaueu: Not yet properly associated with male.

Typr pATA.—The type female (BrM) was stated by Walker to have
come from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Signoret described dallasi from
“Bresil, Guyane.” His Brazilian specimen (Wien) has a red label
bearing the word “Type.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—31 males.

Guatemata: Alta Verapaz: Trece Aguas.

Panama: Bugaba, Chilibrillo Caves; May to October.

Cana Zone: Barro Colorado Island, Cano Saddle (Gattin Lake), Mt. Hope,
Paraiso, Summit; February, July to September.

Cotomsia: Rfo Daguta.

VENEZUELA: Cabima, Mt. Marachuaca; May.

Braziu: Amazonas, Chapada, Corumba, Macura, west border of Matto Grosso,
Nova Teutonia, Taperina; May, September, October.

Ecuapor: Balzapamba.
Perv: Callanga, Department of Junin, Marcapata; November.

486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Discusston.—The type specimen of dallast was available for study.
It is a male that shows well the subbasal angulation on the posterior
tibia. In describing the species, Signoret indicated that he thought
it might be identical with docilis. Other authors, including Distant
(loc. cit.), who attempted to place Walker’s species, agree that the
two are one and the same. In fact, the type bears the label ‘‘docilis
Walk.,” in an unknown script. Since the type of docilis is a female,
as was reported to the author by Dr. China, no better placement can
be made at this time.

The Panamanian specimens from the Chilibrillo Caves bore the
notation “In cave earth.”

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) impressus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 227

Diacnosis.—The male of this new species may be recognized within
the subgenus by the combination of a distinct subbasal angulation
posteroventrally on the hind tibia, two setigerous punctures on the
costa and the lack of an emargination on the apex of the genital
capsule.

DerscriptTion.—Based on two males, one broken. Mate: Oval;
widest behind midlength.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 1.00(0.93-1.07) :1.56(1.53-1.60,)
interocular width, 0.94(0.92—0.96); anterior outline nearly or quite a
full semicircle, clypeus as long as juga, distinctly narrowed apically;
surface shining, impunctate; jugum depressed medially, with one
submarginal puncture adjacent to eye; ocelli moderate, separated
from eye by space almost twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ven-
trally and maxillary plate, except basally, polished, impunctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.26(0.26-0.26); II, 0.33(0.33-0.33); III,
0.45(0.44-0.46); IV, 0.56(??-0.56); V, 0.62(??-0.62). Bucculae little
more than half as high as labial II; labium reaching between middle
coxae. Labial segments (missing from smaller specimen): I, 0.46:
II, 0.74: III, 0.73: IV, 0.46.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.84(1.71-1.97):3.43
(323-3.64) ; anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate;lateral margin
straight on basal half, with five setigerous punctures submarginally;
transverse impression median, impressed across full width, marked by
medially interrupted, regular row of very close-set punctures; lobes
impunctate except for few weak punctures laterally on anterior lobe
and several distinct ones on middle of posterior lobe.

Scutellum: Length little less than width, 2.08(1.95-2.21):2.15
(2.02-2.28) ; disc shining, with few to several scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with one row of
punctures; mesocorium with one complete and basal part of second

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 487

row of punctures paralleling claval suture, elsewhere impunctate or
obsoletely punctate; exocorium without distinct punctures; costa with
one setigerous puncture; membranal suture virtually straight; mem-
brane longer than basal width, surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Faintly alutaceous, with distinct punctures only in
depression; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium straight; lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia with distinct, subbasal angulation on postero-
ventral margin which also bears only two subapical spines.

Sternites: Finely alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule finely alutaceous, punctate laterally;
apical margin slightly convex at middle, gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
227).

Length of body: 6.22(5.84-6.60).

Typr pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64421), from “Above Tepic,
Mexico, Mar. 23, W. M. Mann collector.” Paratype, 1 male (RLU)
from Tejupilco, Mexico, June 18, 1933, H. E. Hinton and R. L.
Usinger.

Discusston.—The presence of a deep transverse impression on the
pronotum is reflected in the name wmpressus.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) laevigatus Signoret
PLATE FIGURE 228

Pangoeus [!] laevigatus Signoret, 1882, p. 250, pl. 8, fig. 110.

Pangoeus [!] stali Signoret, 1882, p. 256. New synonymy.

Pagoeus {!] buchanani Signoret, 1882, p. 260, pl. 9, fig. 118. New synonymy.
Pangaeus laevigatus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 69.

Pangaeus buchanani Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 69.

Pangaeus stali Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.

Dracnosis.—As here determined, laevigatus may be recognized in
the subgenus by its large size, single setigerous puncture on submargin
of head and one on costa and lack of a ventral, subbasal angulation on
the posterior tibia.

Description.—Based on one male specimen, the type. Mate:
Oval, widest behind midlength.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.13:1.68; interocular width,
1.06; anterior outline semicircular, juga slightly longer than clypeus,
narrowly contiguous above its apex; surface shining, with few moder-
ate, radiating rugae and scattered minute punctures; jugum longi-
tudinally impressed medially, with one submarginal setigerous punc-
ture; ocelli small, separated from eye by space distinctly more than
transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (except

488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

near base) shining, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.36; II,
0.35; III, 0.54; TV and V missing. Bucculae almost as high as labial
II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching between middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.60; II, 1.16; III, 0.80; IV, 0.53.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.15:3.78; anterior margin
deeply, singly emarginate; lateral margin straight on basal half or
more, with submarginal row of four setigerous punctures; transverse
impression postmedian, weak, obsolete medially, marked by medially
interrupted row of punctures; anterior lobe laterally with area of
minute punctures enclosing few large punctures, elsewhere impunctate;
posterior lobe mostly impunctate, with few obsolete punctures
medially.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 2.37:2.21; disc shining, with
large scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with one row of
punctures; corium virtually impunctate except forsinglerow paralleling
claval suture; costa with one setigerous puncture; membranal suture
straight, lateral angle not produced; membrane longer than basal
width, just reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, weakly alutaceous, with few large punctures in
depression; prosternal carinae much less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium attaining side margin of segment;
lateral area irregular.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium almost straight;
lateral area polished, impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia without subbasal angulation ventrally, with
four preapical spines on posteroventral margin.

Sternites: Obsoletely alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule virtually impunctate except in lateral
angles; apical margin slightly convex medially; gonostylus as illus-
trated (fig. 228).

Length of body: 7.66.

Frmave: As yet not properly associated with male; for further
comments, see discussion below.

TYPE paTa.—Signoret’s type (Wien) of laevigatus was from ‘“‘Ocana,”’
his type (Wien) of stali was from “Bresil,” and his type (BrM) of
buchanani was from “Amazon super.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—1 male, 1 female. These respectively were
the types of laevigatus and stali and were labeled ‘“‘Ocana” and “‘Bresil.”’

Discusston.—The types of both laevigatus and stali were studied,
and full notes on the type of buchanani were furnished. P. laevigatus
was based on a male specimen, while both stali and buchanani were based
on females. P. laevigatus is distinct from the others as keyed and
described above. The placement of the two females here must be

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 489

considered a tentative but practical step. Rather than have these
unidentified names carried indefinitely on lists of unidentified species,
the author believes it desirable to associate them as closely as possible
with some known form. They are thus still available if further study
shows their distinctness, but are not dangling uncertainties. The
female type of stali is almost identical with the male of laevigatus
except that the ocelli are slightly larger and separated from the eye
by a space not quite three times a transverse ocellar width, and has
one posterior tibia with four and one with five spines on posteroventral
margins.

The large size and uninterrupted mesopleural evaporatorium of
buchanani permits its comparison with only two species—aethiops and
laevigatus. The original description and notes on the type of buchanani
show that it cannot be aethiops because the ocelli are too small and too
widely separated from the eyes. Comparison with laevigatus yields
nothing in the available information to contradict the placement of
buchanani under that species as defined by the author after a study of
the type. Therefore, buchanani is so synonymized here.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) moestus (Stal)
PLATE FIGURE 229

Aethus moestus Stal, 1860, p. 13.—Walker, 1867, p. 153.
Pangaeus moestus St&l, 1876, p. 19.— Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.
Pangoeus [!] maestus [!] Signoret, 1882, p. 257, pl. 9, fig. 114.

Dracgnosis.—Among those species of the subgenus with one sub-
marginal setigerous puncture anterior to each eye and the posterior
tibia of the male unmodified, this species can be delimited by the
presence of two setigerous punctures on the costa and the corium
being polished.

DescrirTion.—Based on one male. Maun: Oval, widest behind
midlength.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 0.88:1.31; interocular width, 0.80;
anterior outline a full semicircle, clypeus as long as juga, strongly
narrowed apically; surface shining, impunctate, with obsolete, radiat-
ing rugae; jugum with single submarginal puncture near eye; ocelli
moderate, separated from eye by more than twice transverse ocellar
width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate, except basal margin,
polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.26; H, 0.26; HJ,
0.36; IV, 0.41; V, 0.52. Bucculae about half as high as labial IT;
labium attaining base of middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.44;
II, 0.70; III, 0.56; TV, 0.34.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.56:2.85; anterior margin
shallowly emarginate; lateral margin almost straight on basal half,
with five setigerous punctures submarginally; transverse impression

490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

submedian, lightly impressed across full width, marked by regular
row of punctures; anterior lobe impunctate except for four or five
punctures laterally; posterior lobe with less than ten punctures
medially.

Scutellum: Length less than width, 1.62:1.72; dise polished, with
sparse, scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one row of
strong punctures; corium virtually impunctate except for one com-
plete and interrupted second row of mesocorial punctures; costa with
two setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle
not prolonged; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing apex
of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, distinctly punctate only in depression; pro-
sternal carinae less than half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium straight; lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Hind tibia without subbasal spine ventrally, posteroventral
margin with four spines.

Sternites: Faintly alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with few punctures laterally, apical
margin straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 229).

Length of body: 5.38.

TyPE pATA.—St4l’s type female (Stock) is from Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—1 male, 1 female:

GuatreMALa: Acatenango, May 1948, H. T. Dalmat, 1 male (USNM).

Braziu: Rio de Janeiro, 1 female, the type specimen (Stock).

Discussion.—The single specimen assigned here is a male that
agrees quite well with the female type except that its transverse
pronotal impression is not quite as deeply impressed medially as is
that of the type. At present, the author is not fully confident that
he can accurately associate males and females of the same species
within this section of the subgenus; but in order to tie down the name
moestus, which was described from a female, he has chosen to apply
it to a male which is structurally very similar to the type, even though
from a widely removed locality. Assumption that the males and
females are usually morphologically similar is based on the results of
studying many females that bear data labels identical to those found
on some males. The females usually are very similar but never show
the ventral subbasal angulation on the hind tibia. Thus, a strong
landmark of the males is missing from the females and adds to the
difficulty of separating the nearly twice as many female specimens.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 491

As soon as a means of delimiting the females of each species becomes
evident, judgment on the wisdom of the present action may be passed.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) neogeus, new species

PLATE FIGURE 230

Diacenosis.—Among the species of this subgenus with the single
setigerous puncture on the submargin of the head and two on the
costa, the males of this species may be recognized by the combination
of the lack of a ventral, subbasal angulation on the posterior tibia
and the distinctly alutaceous corium.

DescripTION.—MaAatez: Oval, widest posterior to midlength.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.96(0.86-1.03) :1.40(1.36-—
1.56); interocular width, 0.88(0.83-0.91); anterior outline a slightly
flattened semicircle, juga slightly surpassing apex of clypeus and
nearly or quite contiguous anterior to it; surface very feebly alutace-
ous, with obsolete minute punctures; jugum with one submarginal
setigerous puncture next to eye; ocelli well developed, separated from
eye by space less than twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ven-
trally and maxillary plate (except basally) shining, impunctate. An-
tennal segments: I, 0.26(0.26—0.27) ; II, 0.26 (0.26—0.26) ; III, 0.42(0.40-
0.46); IV, 0.48(0.46-0.50); V, 0.54(0.54-0.55). Bucculae almost as
high as labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching between
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.47(0.43-0.50); II, 0.74(0.70-
0.76); ITI, 0.48(0.42-0.53); IV, 0.36 (0.33-0.43).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.82(1.62—2.01) :3.34(3.00—
3.64); anterior margin moderately, singly emarginate; lateral margin
straight on basal two-thirds, with submarginal row of seven setigerous
punctures; transverse impression slightly postmedian, weak, obsolete
at middle, marked by medially interrupted row of punctures; an-
terior lobe with few moderate punctures laterally; posterior lobe with
few scattered punctures medially.

Scutellum: The length usually less than the width, 1.97(1.78-
2.12) :2.06(1.82—2.21); shining, with several to many large, scattered
punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium distinctly alutaceous; clavus with
one row of punctures; corium impunctate except for one complete and
basal half of second row paralleling claval suture; costa with two
setigerous punctures; membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle
not produced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, few large punctures in depression ; prosternal
carinae almost half as high as labial II, rounded off posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area polished, impunctate.

492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium weakly concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia without subbasal angulation ventrally,with
five spines on posteroventral margin.

Sternites: Finely, minutely alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule alutaceous, with few weak punctures
laterally, apical margin straight or feebly concave; gonostylus as
illustrated (fig. 230).

Length of body: 6.21.

Type pata.—Holotype male (JCL), ‘“Nova Teutonia, Santa Cat-
arina, Brazil, X-20, 1948, F. Plauman.’”’ Paratypes as follows:

Braziu: Same locality and collector as holotype, Jan. 6, 1949, 1 male (JCL);
Sept. 16, 1940, 2 males (JCL); Apr. 8, 1948, 1 male (JCL); Dec. 5, 1948, 1 male
(JCL); June 19, 1935, 1 male (RLU); July 30, 1935 (RLU); Sept. 4, 1950 (JCL).
Rio Grande do Sul, Stieglmayr, 7 males (Wien, RCF).

Paracuay: Horqueta, 45 miles east of Paraguay River, Nov. 27, 1933, A.
Schulze, 1 male (JCL).

Discussion.—Except for some variation in the number of punctures
on the pronotum and scutellum, this species appears to be quite
constant in its features.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) piceatus Stal
PLATE FIGURES 157, 231

Pangaeus piceatus Stal, 1862, p. 96; 1876, p. 19.—Uhler, 1877, p. 388; 1886,
p. 3.— Distant, 1880, p. 6; 1899, p. 221.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.—
Banks, 1910, p. 101.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 21.—Barber and Bruner, 1932,
p. 237.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 180.

Aethus piceatus Walker, 1867, p. 150.

Aethus tenuis Walker, 1867, p. 151.

Aethus parilis Walker, 1867, p. 153.

Aethus nitidulus Walker, 1867, p. 154. New synonymy.

Pangaeus ? tenuis Uhler, 1877, p. 390.

Pangoeus {!] sallei Signoret, 1882, p. 262, pl. 9, fig. 119. New synonymy.

Pangoeus [!] piceatus Signoret, 1882, p. 262, pl. 9, fig. 120.

Pangoeus [!] petersi Signoret, 1882, p. 264, pl. 9, fig. 122. New synonymy.

Pangoeus [!] minimus Signoret, 1882, p. 265, pl. 9, fig. 123. New synonymy.

Pangaeus minimus Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.

Pangaeus sallet Uhler, 1886, p. 3.

Cydnus nitidulus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 67.

Pangaeus petersi Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.

Pangaeus tenuis Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.

Pangaeus parilis “‘incerti loci’? Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 81.

Dracnosis.—Among the species with one setigerous puncture on
the submargin of the head and one on the costa, the males of this one
may be recognized by the lack of ventral, subbasal angulation on the
hind tibia coupled with the presence of but four spines on the postero-
ventral margin of the posterior tibia.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 493

DescripTion.—Mate: Oval, broadest slightly posterior to mid-
length.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.86(0.74—1.00):1.22
(1.06-1.36); interocular width, 0.75(0.66—0.84); anterior outline an
elongate semicircle, juga little longer than clypeus and almost con-
tiguous anterior to it; surface shining, usually with weak, radiating
rugae; jugum with one setigerous puncture submarginally anterior
to eye; ocelli moderate, removed from eye by space almost twice
transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (except
basally) shining, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.25(0.23-0.29);
Il, 0.21(0.21-0.23); III, 0.32(0.30-0.37); IV, 0.37(0.36-0.40); V,
0.47(0.46-0.52). Bucculae about half as high as labial II, evanescent
posteriorly; labium extended between middle coxae. Labial seg-
ments: I, 0.36(0.35-0.43); II, 0.61(0.51-0.66); IIT, 0.50(0.44—0.56) ;
IV, 0.37 (0.32—-0.40).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.40(1.19-1.56):2.57
(2.13-2.92); anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate; lateral
margin straight to weakly convex on basal two-thirds, with sub-
marginal row of four or five setigerous punctures; transverse impres-
sion distinct across full width, weaker at middle, marked by medially
interrupted row of punctures; anterior lobe impunctate except for
occasional small punctures laterally, median line impressed from sub-
apical line to between calli; posterior lobe with few scattered punc-
tures on anterior half of middle area.

Scutellum: Length equal to or less than width, 1.46(1.24-1.64):1.48
(1.25-1.71); disc shining, with several widely scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one row of
punctures; corium obsoletely or not punctate except for punctures in
one complete row and usually one partial row paralleling claval
suture; costa with one setigerous puncture; membranal suture straight,
lateral angle not produced; membrane longer than basal width,
surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, impunctate or with few coarse punctures in
depression; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching lateral margin; lateral area
shining, obtusely rugose.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium feebly concave;
lateral area shining, impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia without subbasal angulation ventrally, with
four spines on posteroventral margin.

Sternites: very finely alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with scattered fine punctures more
abundant in lateral impressed areas, apical margin straight or slightly

494. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

convex medially, edge thickened laterally; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 231).

Length of body: 4.79(4.22-5.21).

TYPE DATA.—StAl’s type (Stock) is from Mexico. Walker described
nitidulus, parilis, and tenuis from ‘‘Belize, [British] Honduras,” ‘“Ama-
zon Region,” and ‘“Orizaba,’’ Mexico, respectively (types in BrM).
Signoret described and named salle: from ‘‘Laguayra [Venezuela] et
Mexique”’; peterst from “Perou”’; and minimus from ‘Mexique.”
Two specimens (Wien) are labeled as types of sallei and minimus
respectively. The type of petersi has not been located.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—20 males:

Mexico: Oaxaca: Tuxtepec; July.

GUATEMALA: Antigua; August.

Costa Rica: Rfo Virillo, San José, San Pedro, Turrialba; January, June to
August.

Puerto Rico: Ponce.

Cotomsia: Cali.

Braziu: Para.

PrERv: Pachitea.

Discusston.—A number of names based on small specimens must
be considered here. Walker’s three forms (nitidulus, parilis, and
tenuis) present a special problem. In kind reply to a request for infor-
mation on the types of them, Dr. China reported that all had a single
submarginal setigerous puncture on the jugum and one on each costa,
and that all were described from a female or male now lacking hind legs.
This combination prevents placement of these forms at this time.
They appear to fit equally well under piceatus, docilis, or the new
species quinquespinosus. However, until further work furnishes char-
acters which will permit interpretation of these forms, the author
prefers to have the names fixed to a definite concept rather than leave
them unattached, and for convenience attaches them here.

The three Signoret species here assigned to synonymy for the first
time were so treated for the following reasons: P. minimus, as deter-
mined by a personal study of the type was based on a pale, teneral
specimen of piceatus, the light color having prompted Signoret to
remark that the pale color contrasted this species with all others in
the genus. The situation involving sallei is more complex. Signoret
gave Venezuela and Mexico as the type localities for this species.
The specimen bearing the Mexican locality label now bears the type
label and was kindly lent for study by Dr. Max Beier of the Natur-
historisches Museum in Vienna. It disagrees with the original de-
scriptions in several important respects: (1) it was said to be similar
to piceatus but described and figured as having four submarginal
setigerous punctures on each jugum and two to five on the costa—the
type has but one on each part; (2) only five, instead of the described

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 495

nine or ten submarginal setigerous punctures laterally on the prono-
tum; and (3) the original description stated that the mesopleural
evaporatorium was ‘‘séparée de la suture par un espace lisse atteignant
les deux tiers prés des hanches,’’ while in the type this structure ex-
tends along the suture and reaches the lateral margin of the segment.
These three features as described suggest that sallei is a member of
the northern subgenus, Homaloporus. Perhaps the description was
drawn from the Venezuelan specimen and not the Mexican one which
now bears the type label. If this is true, the problem is still not solved.
The author is not aware that any member of that subgenus occurs on
continental South America and so cannot guess which, if any, of the
known species of subgenus Homaloporus it might be. So, until the
Venezuelan specimen is examined, the author accepts the Mexican
individual as the type and places the name where the specimen ob-
viously belongs, as asynonym of piceatus. Lastly, petersi also presents
certain problems. As yet, the type has not been located so work must
be done in reference to the original description and illustration. Of all
the specimens which were small enough to be considered as meeting the
“4 mill.” size stated for this species, some were docilis, as delimited by
the ventral subbasal angulation on the posterior tibia, and the remain-
der were piceatus. These included several specimens from the type lo-
cality of Peru. None of them showed the two submarginal setigerous
punctures on the submargin of the jugum as described and illustrated
by Signoret. But the present author has developed such a distrust for
Signoret’s “Revision” that he does not have much faith in either its
text or its illustrations. If the text and figures are accurate concerning
this species, then it is the only one in the genus lacking the lateral
primary setigerous puncture immediately anterior to the eye. Since
the presence of the three primary setigerous punctures is characteristic
for all the known species of the genus and because Signoret’s work has
been found to be far from accurate in a number of other instances, the
present author prefers to believe that Signoret failed to correctly
interpret this part of the animal. Until a specimen is found which
agrees with Signoret’s works and disproves this belief, the author will
cling to it and assign petersi to synonymy under piceatus.

Two of the Costa Rican specimens bear labels indicating they had
been collected from cultivated plants, one from strawberry and the
other from beans.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) punctinotum, new species
PLATE FIGURES 47, 74, 232

Dracnosis.—The numerous distinct punctures behind the subapical
impression and on the midline of the anterior pronotal lobe (fig. 74)
mark this species as distinct from all others in the genus.

496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Description.—Based on a single specimen. Maus: Oval, widest
slightly behind midlength.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.93:1.31; interocular
width, 0.82; anterior outline almost semicircular, juga longer than and
contiguous beyond clypeus; surface impunctate, flattened, juga de-
pressed medially and submarginally with two close-set setigerous
punctures in front of eye and two more widely separated ones beyond;
ocelli moderate, separated from eye by space almost three times trans-
verse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate, except
posteriorly, polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.23; IJ,
0.23; III, 0.33; IV, 0.43; V, 0.60. Bucculae almost as high as labial IT,
evanescent posteriorly ; labium reaching bases of middle coxae. Labial
sepments:'F, 0.58; TT, 0/735 TIT:*0.50; FV) 0.33:

Pronotum: Length more than half of width, 1.42:2.65; anterior
margin moderately, singly emarginate; lateral margin feebly sinuate
opposite ends of transverse impression, with six submarginal setigerous
punctures; anterior lobe with numerous distinct punctures bordering
the subapical impression, along midline and in depressed lateral area,
collum and calli with minute punctures; transverse impression strongly
impressed across full width, marked by row of very close-set punc-
tures; posterior lobe with numerous strong punctures scattered across
anterior half.

Scutellum: Length slightly less than width, 1.55:1.62; dise polished,
with scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining; clavus with incomplete
row of punctures; mesocorium with one complete and one incomplete
row of punctures paralleling claval suture, distinctly punctured
basally and apically and obsoletely so discally; exocorium obsoletely
punctured except at extreme base and apex; costa slightly reflexed,
with two setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral
angle somewhat prolonged; membrane little longer than basal width,
reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Faintly alutaceous, distinctly punctate only in de-
pression; prosternal carinae about half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle of
segment, but not quite attaining lateral margin; lateral area with few
punctures.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium straight; lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule distinctly punctate only in lateral

angles, apical margin straight, entire; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
232):

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 497

Length of body: 5.28.

Type pata.—Known only from the holotype male (BrM), ‘““Maza-
runi: High Forest, 20, viii, 1937, British Guiana: coll. Richardson &
Smart. B.M. 1937-776.”

Discussion.—The unusual punctation of the pronotum is unique
within the genus and suggested the trivial name. Additional com-
ments on this species may be found in the discussion of rugonotum
which is also described as new in this paper.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) quinquespinosus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 83, 158, 234

Diaanosis.—The male of this species can be recognized from the
others with a single submarginal setigerous puncture anterior to each
eye and polished coria by the simple posterior tibiae which have five
preapical spines on the posteroventral margin.

DescripTION.—Ma.e: Oval, sides subparallel.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.89(0.87—0.91) :1.36
(1.30-1.41) ; interocular width, 0.78(0.73-0.83) ; anterior outline semi-
circular, weakly angulated medially, juga longer than and narrowly
continguous beyond clypeus; surface polished, impunctate, with
mostly obsolete, radiating rugae; ocelli moderate, separated from eye
by space almost twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate, except basally, shining, impunctate. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.25(0.24-0.26); II, 0.24(0.23-0.26) ; III, 0.33(0.32-0.36) ;
IV, 0.43(0.40-0.50); V, 0.55(0.51—-0.58). Bucculae almost as high as
labial II; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.42(0.40-0.46); II, 0.68(0.66-0.73); III, 0.52(0.47-0.56); IV,
0.35 (0.34—-0.40).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.47(1.34-1.56):2.73
(2.47-2.86); anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate; lateral
margin straight on basal half, with five setigerous punctures sub-
marginally; transverse impression weak to obsolete medially, dis-
tinctly impressed laterally, marked by medially interrupted, regular
row of close-set punctures merging laterally with few scattered punc-
tures on both lobes; posterior lobe with less than a dozen punctures
medially.

Scutellum: Length subequal to or shorter than width, 1.60
(1.42-1.69) :1.61(1.43-1.75); disc shining, with numerous punctures
except at base and apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with single row
of punctures; mesocorium with two complete rows of coarse punctures
paralleling claval suture, discally with fine punctures becoming denser
towards base and apex; exocorium finely and more densely punctate
than mesocorium; costa with one setigerous puncture; membranal

501991—60 11

498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

suture weakly bisinuate; membrane longer than basal width, sur-
passing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Feebly alutaceous, punctate in depression and anterior
to acetabulum; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate, weakly rugose.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium distinctly con-
cave; lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified, posteroventral margin with five
preapical spines.

Sternites: Shining, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with few punctures laterally;
gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 234).

Length of body: 5.23(4.80-5.70).

Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64423), “Barro Colo. Id.,
C.Z., VII-VIII-42, Jas. Zetek, No. 4985.”’ Paratypes, four males:
Same data as holotype (RCF); same locality and collector, Jan.-Feb.
1945 (USNM), Jan.-Feb. 1944 (USNM), April 1945 (USNM).

Discussion.—The only habit note attached to any specimen was
the conventional “at light.”

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) rufobrunneus Jensen-Haarup

Pangaeus rufobrunneus Jensen-Haarup, 1926, p. 49.

Diaqnosis.—The combination of the four or five submarginal
setigerous punctures on the jugum, the virtual absence of distinct
punctures laterally on the anterior lobe of the pronotum and the
presence of three or four setigerous punctures on costa sets this species
apart from all others in the subgenus.

DescripTION.—From one specimen, the type. Frmaue: Oval,
broadest behind midlength.

Head: Length slightly more than two-thirds width; 1.10:1.60;
interocular width, 0.99; anterior outline semicircular, clypeus as long
as juga, very slightly narrowed at apex; line on either side of clypeus
extending posteriorly to between ocelli where they diverge around a
median fovea; surface with numerous minute punctures on coarse,
radiating rugae; jugum with submarginal row of four close-set punc-
tures in front of eye and one separated distally; ocelli small, separated
from eye by space about three times transverse ocellar width; jugum
ventrally and maxillary plate (except at posterior margin) polished,
impunctate. Antennal segments:I, 0.31; II, 0.37; III, 0.39, IV, 0.46;
V, 0.54. Bucculae about as high as labial II; labium attaining base
of middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.53; IJ, 0.80; III, 0.72; IV,
0.48.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.82:3.31; anterior mar-
gin deeply, simply emarginate; lateral margins not sinuate, with

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 499

submarginal row of eight or nine setigerious punctures; transverse
impression postmedian, weakly impressed and obsolete at middle,
marked by medially interrupted row of numerous close-set, moderate
punctures; surface with numerous scattered minute punctures;
anterior lobe with few, obsolete, small punctures laterally; posterior
lobe without coarser punctures.

Scutellum: Little longer than wide, 2.08:2.02; disc shining, with
very many well-separated minute punctures and numerous widely
separated coarser punctures becoming finer toward apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium weakly alutaceous; clavus with
single longitudinal row of punctures; mesocorium obsoletely punctured
except for one complete and the suggestion of a second row of distinct
punctures paralleling claval suture; exocorium with few obsolete
punctures scattered along full length; costa with three or four setigerous
punctures; membranal suture almost straight, lateral angle somewhat
produced; membrane little longer than basal width, slightly surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Alutaceous, without distinct punctures except ventrally
in depression; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate, with few oblique rugae.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium distinctly concave;
lateral area alutaceous, neither rugose nor punctate.

Sternites: Alutaceous, impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia without subbasal angulation ventrally, with
four spines on posteroventral margin.

Length of body: 6.24.

Type pata.—Jensen-Haarup listed type material from “Lima”
and “Mendoza.” The “Lima” specimen (Copen) was loaned for
study by Dr. S. L. Tuxen. This specimen bears the label ‘“Type.,
Coll. J-Hrp.,”’ and is here designated lectotype.

SPECIMEN stupIED: The female type (Copen) from Lima, Peru.

Discussion.—The median, interocular fovea around which the
proximal ends of the clypeal sutures diverge appears to be unique
not only within this genus but also within all other genera in the
Western Hemisphere.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) rubrifemur (Walker), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 233

Aethus rubrifemur Walker, 1867, p. 153.
Aethus rubrifemur “incerti loci” Lethierry and Severin, 1898, p. 81.

Dragnosts.—The presence of four setigerous punctures on the sub-
margin of the head coupled with the very few scattered punctures
laterally on the anterior lobe of the pronotum and the single setigerous

500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

puncture on the costa mark this species as distinct from all others
in the subgenus.

Description.—Based on one male. Matusz: Oval, slightly elongate.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.90:1.34; interocular
width, 0.83; anterior outline a full semicircle, clypeus as long as juga
and strongly narrowed apically; surface polished, impunctate, with
weak radiating rugae; jugum with three or four setigerous submarginal
punctures; ocelli small, separated from eye by space more than twice
transverse ocellar width; Jugum ventrally and maxillary plate, except
posterior margin, polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.26;
II, 0.26; III, 0.36; IV, 0.43; V, 0.51. Bucculae about as high as
labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching between middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.46; II, 0.70; III, 0.60; IV, 0.36.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.49:2.69; anterior margin
moderately, doubly emarginate; lateral margin narrowing from near
base, not sinuate, with six setigerous punctures submarginally;
transverse impression postmedian, moderately impressed for full width,
marked by medially interrupted, regular row of coarse punctures;
anterior lobe without strong punctures except for less than six laterally;
posterior lobe with very few punctures clustered at middle.

Scutellum: Length and width subequal, 1.66:1.69; disc polished,
with several scattered punctures except at base and apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium finely alutaceous; clavus with
single row of punctures; corium impunctate except for one complete
and one interrupted row of distinct punctures paralleling claval suture;
costa with one setigerous puncture; membranal suture straight, lateral
area not produced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Weakly alutaceous, punctured in depression and ante-
rior to acetabulum; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium slightly concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia with distinct subbasal angulation and one
subapical spine on posteroventral margin.

Sternites: Faintly alutaceous, impunctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule weakly alutaceous, with few scattered
punctures, apical margin nearly straight; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 233).

Length of body: 5.25.

TypE paTa.—The type male (BrM) was described by Walker from
Rio de Janeiro.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—1 male:

ParaGcuay: Horqueta, May 27, 1935, A. Schultze (JCL).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 501

Discussion.—Dr. China’s (MS) notes on the type enabled the
author to associate the name rubrifemur with the present species.

This species and the other three that run into couplets 7 and 8 of the
key to species appear to be closely related but are represented by
very few specimens. Since two of these are known only from females
and two from males, perhaps more information will show them to be
the opposite sexes of only two species. This should not be especially
surprising in view of the amount of sexual dimorphism that occurs
within the subgenus.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) rugonotum, new species

PLATE FIGURE 73

Diacnosis.—The numerous longitudinal rugae on the posterior
third of the calli (fig. 73) identify this form within the genus.

DescripTIon.—Based on two females. FEMALE: Oval, widest
behind midlength.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 1.05:1.45; interocular
width, 0.95; anterior outline semicircular, clypeus as long as juga,
strongly narrowed apically; surface shining, impunctate; juga de-
pressed medially, with four submarginal punctures, two close-set in
front of eye and two more widely set distally; ocelli moderate, sepa-
rated from eye by space about three times transverse ocellar width;
jugum ventrally and maxillary plate, except posterior margin, polished,
impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.31(0.30—-0.32); II, 0.24(0.23-
0.26); III, 0.41(0.40-0.42); IV, 0.47(0.46-0.49); V, 0.54(0.52-0.56).
Bucculae about half as high as labial II; labium reaching between or
just beyond middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.53(0.50-0.56); I,
0.76(0.76-0.77); III, 0.47(0.46-0.48) ; IV, 0.43(0.43-0.44).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.46(1.43-1.49) 3.07 (2.95-
3.20); anterior margin deeply, doubly emarginate; lateral margin
entire, curved from near base; transverse impression submedian,
depressed across full width, marked by row of small, close-set punc-
tures; anterior lobe distinctly punctate laterally, discally obsoletely
rugulose, posterior third of calli with numerous close-set, longitudinal
rugae extending into transverse impression; posterior lobe with few
widely separated small punctures, especially medially.

Scutellum: Length little less than width, 1.75(1.69-1.82) :1.96(1.89-
2.03); disc polished, with few, widely scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining; clavus impunctate or with
incomplete row of obsolete punctures; mesocorium with few punctures
in impressed line paralleling claval suture and sometimes basal half
of second such lines, elsewhere feebly or not punctured; exocorium
impunctate; costa slightly reflexed, with one setigerous puncture;
membranal suture straight, lateral margin very feebly or not pro-

502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

duced; membrane longer than basal width, slightly surpassing apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Faintly alutaceous, with few punctures in depression;
prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle but
not quite reaching lateral margin of segment; lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium straight; lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Not especially modified, with five spines on posteroventral
margin.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate.

Length of body: 5.82(5.67-5.97).

Type pata.—Holotype female (USNM 64424), “Corumba, Matto
Grosso Brazil.” Paratype: Vilcanota, Peru, H. G. Barber Collection,
1 female (USNM).

Discusston.—The impunctate head with four submarginal setiger-
ous punctures on each side, the reduced punctation of the scutellum
and coria and the failure of the mesopleural evaporatorium to reach
all the way to the lateral margin of the segment suggests that this
species is very close to the lone male on which the new species punc-
tinotum is based, and perhaps may even be the female of that species.
However, the pronotal punctation and sculpturing of the two forms
plus the presence of but a single costal setigerous puncture in rugono-
tum is of sufficient worth to separate the two forms until biological
evidence is available to indicate their sameness.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) semibrunneus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 236a

Draanosis.—The presence of a complete, submarginal row of setig-
erous punctures on each jugum plus the abundant moderate-sized but
distinct punctures on the mesocorium will permit placement of this
form within the subgenus.

Description.—Co.or: Head, thorax, and appendages light brown;
hemelytra, scutellum, and abdomen dark brown to piceous.

Mats (from two specimens): Oval to subparallel.

Head: Length greater than width, 1.04(1.04—1.04) :1.38(1.36-1.40) ;
interocular width, 0.85(0.84—0.86); anterior outline broadly rounded,
slightly truncated apically, clypeus almost as long as juga, distinctly
narrowed apically; surface distinctly convex, shining, impunctate;
juga with coarse, transverse rugae; ocelli distinct, separated from eye
by less than twice ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate
polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.30(0.30-0.30); II,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 5(0)3

0.19(0.18—0.20) ; III, 0.40(0.39-0.41) ; IV, 0.36(0.35-0.38) ; V, 0.39(0.39
0.40). Bucculae about two-thirds as high as labial II; labium reach-
ing between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.52(0.52-0.52); IT,
0.85(0.82—0.89) ; III, 0.75(0.73-0.77); IV, 0.44(0.42-0.47).

Pronotum: Length about one-half width, 1.55(1.55-1.56) :3.17(38.15-
3.20); anterior margin simply, shallowly emarginate; lateral margin
straight on basal two-thirds, incurved apically, with 11 to 12 setiger-
ous punctures submarginally; transverse impression obsolete to mod-
erately distinct, marked on lateral third by row of distinct, close-set
punctures; anterior lobe impunctate except for a few obsolete, minute
punctures laterally; posterior lobe with very few, widely scattered
punctures on anterior half.

Scutellum: Length less than width, 1.82(1.80—1.84) :2.01(1.99-2.04) ;
disc shining, with fine punctures scattered between sparse, moderately
coarse punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining, both with numerous fine
but distinct punctures, those near claval suture on corium forming a
single line of coarser punctures; costa with about ten setigerous punc-
tures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle not prolonged; mem-
brane longer than basal width, surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Polished, impunctate; prosternal carinae sharp, less
than one-fourth as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium concave; lateral
area convex, impunctate.

Legs: Hind tibia minutely denticulate proximad of obtuse, sub-
basal emargination on posteroventral margin; spines of that margin
longer and much finer than those of dorsal margin.

Sternites: Polished, with few scattered punctures on lateral third.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with patch of numerous minute punc-
tures either side of midline, lateral angles impressed and rugulose;
apical margin entire; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 236a).

Length of body: 5.69(5.58-5.80).

Fremaue: Similar to male, but without subbasal angulation on
posteroventral margin of hind tibia.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.02(0.98-1.04) :1.36(1.32—1.44); inter-
ocular width, 0.91(0.91-0.92). Antennal segments: I, 0.29(0.28-0.31) ;
II, 0.33(0.33-0.33); IIL, 0.40(0.38-0.42); IV, 0.38(0.38-0.38); V,
0.40(0.37-0.42). Labial segments: I, 0.62(0.60-0.66); II, 0.89(0.88-
0.90); III, 0.76(0.73-0.79); IV, 0.31(0.30-0.32).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.66 (1.60-1.74) 73.64(3.44-3.76).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.15(2.00-2.40) 72.16(2.04-2.36).

Length of body: 5.64(5.52-5.80).

504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Typr pata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both UnivTuc),
“Tucuman Argentina Amaicha del Valle, Nov. 1945, A. Willink.”
Paratypes: One male, nine females, as follows:

ARGENTINA: Tucumdén: Amaicha del Valle, November 1945, A. Willink, 1 male,
5 females (UnivTuc, USNM, RCF). Concepciédn, December 4, R. Golbach, 1
female (UnivTuc). Salta: Cafayate, Feb. 20, 1949, H. J. Hayward, 1 female
(UnivTuc); Mar. 7, 1939, Biraben-Scott, 2 females (UnivNac, RCF).

Discussion.—The presence of a submarginal row of peg-bearing
setigerous punctures on the jugum sets apart this species and subtilius
from all other members of the subgenus. But since this feature
appears elsewhere within this and other genera it must be an adaptive
character and therefore should not be used to erect categories in
contradiction to the less variable, phylogenetically significant,
nonadaptive structure of the evaporatorium and subapical impressed
line of the pronotum. The stout form, transverse rugae on the head,
the numerous lateral hairs and the differentiated spines of the posterior
tibia are suggestive of semabrunneus and zanthopus, while the subbasal
angulation on the posteroventral margin of the hind tibia reminds one
of aethiops and certain other species within the subgenus.

On the basis of the locality, the submarginal row of pegs on the
jugum, and a reluctance to accept Signoret’s work as accurate, the
author considered this form to be subtilius. However, Dr. Blote’s
comparison of specimens with the type of that species showed their
distinctness.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) aethiops (Fabricius)
PLATE FIGURES 14, 24, 46, 108, 127, 155, 177, 235

Cimex aethiops Fabricius, 1787, p. 296.

Cydnus aethiops Fabricius, 1803, p. 186.

Cydnus serripes Westwood, 1837, p. 19. New synonymy.

Aethus ? aethiops Walker, 1868, p. 534.

Pangaeus aethiops Stal, 1868, p. 7.

Cydnus serripes “‘loc. incert.’’ Stal, 1876, p. 26.

Aethus margo Dallas, 1851, p. 116.—Walker, 1867, p. 151. New synonymy.

Pangaeus margo Stal, 1862, p. 95; 1876, p. 19.—Uhler, 1877, p. 387.—
Distant, 1880, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 15.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.—Banks,
1910, p. 100.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 20.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 180.

Pangoeus [!] confusus Signoret, 1881a, p. 642; 1882, p. 249, pl. 8, fig. 107 (not 108
as stated in text). New synonymy.

Pangoeus {!] serripes Signoret, 1882, p. 247, pl. 8, fig. 106.

Pangoeus [!] margo Signoret, 1882, p. 248, pl. 8, fig. 108 (not 107 as stated in text).

Pangaeus serripes Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 70.

Pangaeus confusus Uhler, 1886, p. 3.

DiaGcnosis.—The male is easily recognized within the genus by the
deep medioapical emargination of the genital capsule (fig. 177); the
female is not so positively identified, even within the subgenus, except

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 505

that the large ocelli, which are separated from an eye by less than the
transverse diameter of an ocellus (fig. 46), appear to be serviceable
for that purpose within the subgenus.

Description.—Matz: Oval, widest near midlength.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.39(1.15-1.56) :2.14(1.84—
2.36); interocular width, 1.15(0.98-1.30); anterior outline a slightly
elongate semicircle, juga as long as or longer than clypeus and nearly
or quite contiguous beyond its apex; surface polished, with few scat-
tered minute punctures, apex distinctly recurved; juga longitudinally
impressed medially, with one submarginal setigerous puncture im-
mediately anterior to eye; ocelli large, separated from eye by space
less than transverse ocellar width (fig. 46); jugum ventrally and maxil-
lary plate, except posterior fourth, polished, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.39(0.33-0.43) ; II, 0.41(0.33-0.46); IIT, 0.57(0.47-0.63);
IV, 0.69(0.56-0.76); V, 0.78(0.66-0.83). Bucculae (fig. 24) almost as
high as labial II; labium reaching between or slightly beyond middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.70(0.58-0.83); II, 1.19(0.93-1.30); III,
0.97(0.80—1.06); IV, 0.56(0.50—0.62).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.47 (2.15—2.86) :4.55(3.84—
5.04); anterior margin shallowly, doubly emarginate; lateral margin
nearly straight on basal two-thirds, with four or five setigerous punc-
tures submarginally; transverse impression weak but evident, marked
by medially interrupted row of punctures; anterior lobe with median
line finely impressed on apical half, impunctate except for variable
lateral patch; posterior lobe with several to many punctures scattered
across full width, most abundant medially.

Scutellum: Length equal to or slightly longer than width, 2.97(2.34—
3.16) :2.79(2.34-3.16); dise polished, with numerous punctures scat-
tered nearly to apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with one com-
plete and sometimes a second incomplete row of punctures; meso-
corium with one complete and sometimes another incomplete or com-
plete row of punctures, elsewhere impunctate or with obsolete to dis-
tinct punctures, especially basally and at outer apical angle; exocorial
punctures likewise varying from absent to distinct; costa with two
setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle feebly
or not produced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing apex
of abdomen.

Propleuron: Weakly alutaceous, punctured in depression and some-
times anterior to acetabulum; prosternal carinae less than half as
high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area with few or no punctures.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium weakly or not con-
cave; lateral area impunctate.

506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Legs: Posteroventral margin of hind tibia with fine tubercles basal
of distinct angulation at basal sixth (fig. 155) and three or four sub-
apical spines.

Sternites: Without distinct punctures except in spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule laterally impressed and more distinctly
punctate, apical margin slightly elevated either side of broad, deep,
U-shaped median emargination (fig. 177); gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 235).

Length of body: 8.53 (7.34-9.73).

FeMALeE: Similar to male but posterior tibia without subbasal
angulation and with five or six subapical spines on posteroventral
margin.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.28(1.13-1.56) :1.93(1.67-2.27); inter-
ocular width, 1.10(1.03-1.24). Antennal segments: I, 0.36(0.28-0.43);
II, 0.36(0.28-0.43); III, 0.52(0.50-0.58); IV, 0.62(0.53-0.76); V,
0.68(0.63-0.80). Labial segments: I, 0.64(0.60—0.80); II, 1.09(1.00-
1.23); ILI, 0.83(0.71-0.93); IV, 0.51(0.46-0.58).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.31(2.02-2.86) :4.29(3.91-5.06).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.64(2.40-3.20) :2.60(2.28-3.20).

Length of body: 7.91(7.01-9.45).

Typr pata.—Fabricius’ type (Copen) was from ‘Cajenne’’ in
French Guiana. The type (OxUniv) of Cydnus serripes was described
by Westwood from “Insula Sti. Vincentii’’; Dallas’ type of Aethus
margo, » male (BrM) without posterior tibiae, was reported from
“Columbia [!].”’ Since Signoret proposed the name confusus for those
Mexican specimens reported by Stal (1862, p. 95) as margo, those
specimens must constitute the type series and probably are now in
the Stal collection in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—43 males, 67 females.

Mexico: Chiapas: Finca Esperanza, La Esperanza; May. Guerrero: Iquala;
September. México: Tejupilco: September. San Luis Potosi: El Salto, Tamazun-
chale, Valles; May, June. Yucutdn: Colonia Yucutdn; August.

GUATEMALA: Finca El Cipres, south of Flores, Sacapulas; June.

PANAMA: Progreso. Canal Zone: Madden Dam.

Honpuras. ‘“‘Ratuch River’; June.

NicaraGua: Managua.

GRENADA: Balthazar (windward side), Grand Etang (leeward side).

TrinipabD: Near Port of Spain, St. Augustine; August.

FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne; February.

BritTisH GUIANA: Source of Rio Essequibo.

VENEZUELA: Mérida, Caracas.

Coxtompia: ‘‘W. Colomb.,’? Bonda, Cali, Muzo, Santa Marta; May, November.

Ecuapor: Balzapamba; March.

Brazit: Grajai, Mandos, Matto Grosso, Mirim, Pard, Pernambuco, Rio de
Janeiro, Santa Cruz, Santarém, Sio Paulo, Taperina; July to October.

Peru: Yurimaguas; April, June.

Paraauay: Horqueta, Sapucay; February, July.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 507

Bourvia: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Provincia de Sara; November.

ARGENTINA: E] Quemado.

Urucuay: Corralitos: January.

Discussion.—Personal examination of Fabricius’ type, a male, and
Westwood’s type of serripes, a headless male, leaves no doubt about
their identity; also, they are identical.

The wide geographic range and structural variability of aethiops
has permitted the forming of many synonyms. Even so, this is quite
surprising in view of the strong features which clearly define it: (1)
strongly emarginate apical margin of the male genital capsule; (2)
the subbasal angulation on the posteroventral margin of the hind
tibia; (3) the large ocelli set close to the eyes; and (4) the mesopleural
evaporatorium which extends all the way to the lateral margin of the
segment. Not one of the descriptions of aethiops or its synonyms
pointed out one of these characters, although Signoret’s illustration of
the pleurae did show the extent of the evaporatorium.

The type of Aethus margo Dallas is a male (BrM). According to
notes furnished by Dr. China it lacks the hind tibiae but does have
large ocelli and an apical emargination on the genital capsule, and so
must fall as a synonym of aethiops. While the types of Signoret’s
confusus have not been located, the various features which he used to
separate it from margo fall within the range of variation exhibited by
aethiops as here defined and so confusus cannot be maintained as a
distinct species.

Pangaeus (Pangaeus) subtilius (Signoret), new combination

Homaloporus subtilius Signoret, 1881b, p. 331, pl. 11, fig. 49.—Lethierry and
Severin, 1893, p. 65.
Homaloporus subtilisus [!] Uhler, 1886, p. 3.

Dracnosis.—Within the subgenus, P. subtilius may be recognized by
having on the submargin of the jugum a complete row of setigerous
punctures (at least five or six of these having pegs) and virtually no
punctures on the mesocorium.

Description.—In the absence of specimens for study, the original
description is quoted:

Cordoba (Cong. Arg.).—Long. 5 mill., larg. 234 mill (Musée royal de Leyda).

Ovale; d’un brun marron foncé, brilliant, finement et discrétement striolé et
ponctué.

Téte arrondie, bordée de spinules et de cils, six ou sept spinules, cinq ou six
cila, non compris les ordinaries du vertex et de la naissance du rostre. Antennes
jaunes 4 la base, avec le deuxiéme article plus court que le troisitme. Rostre
jaune, atteignant les pattes intermédiares, le premier article entierment cdche
(vu de cé6té) par les caréne rostrales. Prothorax avec les cétés subparalleles et
ciliés, glabre sur le disque, ne présentant qu’une ligne de points sur l’impression
transverse et deux trés fines stries faiblement ponctuées sur le disque postérieur,
le hord antérieur lisse, avec un sillon bien marqué. Ecusson étroitement arrondi

508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

& son extrémité, qui est légerement impressionnée: disque discrétement ponctué.
Elytres avec la corie et l’espace marginal presque lisses, la ponctuation étant trés
fine, les séries prés des nervures trés senties: plaque mate supérieure atteignant
& la base le bord latéral, presque lisse, l’inférieure avec la ligne latéral presque
droite, 4 peine striée; les espaces lisses, glabres. Canal ostiolaire plus large vers le
sommet qu’A la naissance et terminé par un lobe arrondi, échancré en arriére avec

une petit valve arrondie.
Cette espéce est trés voisine de |’ Hom. congruus, dont elle différe par l’ostiole et

surtout par le lobe médian qui ne présente pas les deux spinules.

Type pata.—The type (Rijks) was reported from Cérdoba, Argen-
tina.

Discusston.—Dr. Bléte compared certain specimens with the type
and made possible the present definition of this form and pointed
out the differences between it and P. semibrunneus, new species. He
confirmed most of Signoret’s description of the species, but reported
that there are only two setigerous punctures on the left costa and three
on the right—information that made it possible to establish that
Signoret’s sketch does not differentiate the hairs of the costa from
those of the abdomen so that there appears to be nine present on each
costa. Dr. Bléte further pointed out that the head does not have
distinct, transverse rugae such as are present on the head of the new
species semibrunneus.

Genus Prolobodes Amyot and Serville

Lobostoma Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 87 (nec Berthold, 1827, p. 528, in Trema-
toda; nec Rafinesque, 1831, p. 5, in Coelanterata; nec Gundlach, 1840, p.
356, in Mammalia).

Prolobodes Amyot and Serville, 1848, p. 676.

Discostoma Scudder, 1890, p. 452.

Driacnosis.—This genus is remarkable among all genera of
Cydnidae, except Scaptocoris, by reason of the large, semicircular,
foliaceous lobe on the second segment of labial II (fig. 36). It is
easily separated from Scaptocoris by many characters, not the least
of which is the fact that the members of Prolobodes have the anterior
tarsi inserted at the tip of the tibia (fig. 122) instead of near middle
of tibia as in Scaptocoris (fig. 115).

Description.—Size very large (11.5-17.0), dorsum nearly as
strongly convex as venter, shape oval, greatest width posterior to
midlength.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, oblique, flattened except
for tumid interocular area and strongly reflexed juga (fig. 36); jugal
margins entire, with submarginal row of thirteen to sixteen coarse,
close-set setigerous punctures bearing long hairlike setae but no
blunt, peglike setae; eyes prominent; ocelli large, situated on or
behind line connecting posterior margins of eyes, separated from

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 509

latter by space not as great as transverse ocellar width; antennae 5-
segmented, short, not reaching posterior margin of pronotum, II
shortest, III, IV, and V subequal, longer than 1; bucculae almost as
high as labial II (without lobe), evanescent posteriorly; labium reach-
ing between middle coxae (fig. 36), II longest, strongly curved apically
and with large, semicircular, foliaceous lobe, this often hidden between
anterior coxae, IV shortest.

Pronotum: Length more than half width; anterior margin moder-
ately, doubly emarginate; lateral margin straight on basal half, with
submarginal row of 14 to 19 setigerous punctures; transverse impres-
sion submedian, impressed or not, marked by row of distinct punc-
tures; anterior lobe subapically with punctate impressed area which is
larger in males than females.

Seutellum: Wider than long; width of broadly rounded apex less
than half the length of membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well-defined and, except for limited area
on exocorium, more or less uniformly punctate throughout; membranal
suture weakly concave, lateral angle noticeably produced; membrane
almost two-fifths hemelytral length, its length greater than basal
width, surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Finely punctate in depression; prosternal carinae very
low, a thick, blunt ridge.

Mesopleuron (fig. 110): Flat, impunctate, evaporatorium reaching
into posterolateral angle, attaining lateral margin of segment.

Metapleuron (fig. 110): Flattened to slightly convex, osteolar
peritreme reaching half-way across segment, without terminal modi-
fication, osteole opening posteriorly; evaporatorium occupying mesal
two-thirds of segment.

Legs: Moderately large; anterior tibia (fig. 122) not surpassing
tarsal insertion, dorsally with nine to ten stout, blunt spines; posterior
tibia strongly compressed, curved, with rows of spines restricted to
dorsal and ventral margin, spines of posteroventral margin much
longer and more slender than those of dorsal margin; tarsal I longest,
II shortest.

Sternites: Polished, with few punctures, especially laterally; each
segment laterally with one or two setigerous tubercles submarginally.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule slightly emarginate at middle
apex.

One nymph, a third-instar, was available for study. It showed the
semicircular foliaceous lobe on the labium, the submarginal row of
hairlike setae on the head, and the differences in the vestiture of the
posterior tibia.

Tyre or GENus.—Of Lobostoma Amyot and Serville (1843), Cydnus
giganteus Burmeister (1835, p. 375), designated by Kirkaldy (1903,

510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

p. 232). Since Prolobodes and Discostoma were proposed to replace
the preoccupied Lobostoma, they must both take Cydnus giganteus
as type, by objective synonymy.

Distripution.—Available specimen records indicate this genus
occurs in tropical America from Nicaragua in the north to southern
Brazil and Paraguay in the south.

Discusston.—There can be little doubt about the species of this
genus being closely allied to those of Cyrtomenus, but the foliaceous,
semicircular lobe on labial II sets them apart morphologically and
probably also represents a biological difference. Just what might
be the significance of such a structure is conjectural. Within it may
be seen the coiled, elongate stylets. This would suggest a peculiarity
in feeding habits. China (1931) reported that such coiling of the
stylets appeared in three other families of the Hemiptera, the Aradidae,
Termitaphididae and some Plataspidae. He further pointed out that
although these groups are not otherwise closely related they all feed
on fungi. Could it be that the members of Prolobodes are also fungus-
feeders? Or do they employ these long slender structures in probing
for roots and thus avoid the necessity of burrowing to each root
from which they feed? Only observations on living animals will
conclusively determine the exact use of such a structure.

Key to the known species of Prolobodes

1. Anterior pronotal lobe with not more than five or six coarse punctures later-
ally, usually with none. .. . . .. . .gigas (Signoret) (p. 512)
Anterior pronotal lobe with 15 or more coarse, deep punctures laterally. . 2

2. Pronotum with a weak, transverse impression near midlength, this with
numerous crowded, coarse, deep, impressed punctures which often show
longitudinal rugae between them (fig.11). . . gigamteus (Burmeister) (p. 510)
Pronotum without a transverse impression near midlength, punctures in
that area coarse, deep, but neither crowded nor impressed nor with rugae
between them. . . . .. . . reductum (Amyot and Serville) (p. 513)

Prolobodes giganteus (Burmeister)
PLATE FIGURES 11, 17, 18, 36, 110, 122, 141, 237

Cydnus giganteus Burmeister, 1835, p. 375.

Lobostoma giganteus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 88.

Prolobodes giganteus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 676, pl. 2, fig. 6.—Lethierry
and Severin, 1893, p. 62.

Lobostoma gigantea Walker, 1867, p. 147.—Stal, 1876, p. 18.—Distant, 1880, p. 1.

Lobostoma giganteum Dallas, 1851, p. 111.—Signoret, 1881b, p. 194, pl. 6, fig. 14.

Diacnosts.—The heavy pronotal punctation, especially on the
sides of the anterior lobe, plus the presence of a weakly impressed
transverse impression on the pronotum limit this species within the
genus.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 511

Description.—Mate:

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 2.45(2.38-2.58) :3.66(3.56—
3.78); interocular width, 2.30(2.22—2.41); jugum dorsally polished,
with distinct, radiating rugae and numerous minute punctures; juga
ventrally irregularly and usually weakly rugulose. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.79(0.70-1.02); II, 0.54(0.46-0.63); III, 0.95(0.83-1.02);
IV, 0.97(0.95-1.01); V, 0.99(0.90-1.10). Labial segments: I, 1.26(1.22—
1.30); II, 1.85(1.78-1.91); ILI, 1.53(1.45-1.59); IV, 1.07(1.00-1.13).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 5.23(4.78—-5.57) :9.48(8.83—
10.10); transverse impression weak but evident across entire width
and with numerous crowded, sunken punctures; anterior lobe with
numerous (20 or more) moderate punctures laterally; posterior lobe
on anterior half with numerous punctures sparser and slightly finer
than those of transverse impression.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 6.21(5.76-6.73) :5.52(5.12-5.97) ; disc
with numerous, in part contiguous, punctures.

Propleuron, mesopleuron, and metapleuron: As described for genus.

Legs and sternites: As described for genus.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 237).

Length of body: 15.52(14.40-15.72).

Fremae: Rather similar to male, but anterior pronotal impression
weaker and less extensive and measurements more variable.

Head: Length-width ratio, 2.46(2.21-2.60) :3.63(3.21-3.94); inter-
ocular width, 2.29(2.06-2.40). Antennal segments: I, 0.66(0.62—
0.70); II, 0.50(0.40-0.60); IIT, 0.94(0.90-0.96); IV, 0.89(0.83-0.96) ;
V, 0.94(0.88-1.01). Labial segments: I, 1.23(101-1.33); II, 1.80
(1.63-1.96); ITT, 1.57(1.46-1.66); IV, 1.09(1.01-1.18).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 4.99(4.35-5.46) :9.35(7.64-10.05).

Scutellum: Widtb-length ratio, 5.88(4.95-6.45) :5.53(4.52-6.00).

Length of body: 14.64(12.89-16.18).

Typr pata.—The author has not yet located the types which
Burmeister described ‘“‘von Para und Siaras,’”’ Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 8 males, 12 females.

Braziu: Caviana, Chapada, Corumb4, Rio San Francisco, Saltada Cruzed,
Salta Grande, Sio Paulo; May, October to December.

Boutvia: Provincia de Sara; November.

Paracuay: Horqueta, Villarrica, Trinidad; October to December.

Discussion.—Burmeister’s choice of a name for this species was
accurate because some of its individuals are the largest cydnids in
the world, both in length and bulk. In size it is rivalled only by
the other species of the genus and a few of the larger species of
Cyrtomenus.

512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Prolobodes gigas (Signoret)
PLATE FIGURE 238

Lobostoma gigas Signoret, 1881b, p. 195, pl. 6, fig. 15.
Prolobodes gigas Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 62.

Diacnosis.—The absence of prominent, coarse punctures laterally
on the anterior lobe of the pronotum (one specimen showed a few,
less than six) marks this species from the other two within the genus.

DescripTion.—M ate:

Head: Length nearly two-thirds width, 2.49(2.23-2.63) :3.71(3.56-
3.88); interocular width, 2.17(2.08—2.22); juga dorsally with radiating
rugae weak to obsolete, impunctate or with obsolete minute punc-
tures. Antennal segments: I, 0.75(0.73-0.80); II, 0.61(0.54-0.70);
III, 0.96(0.93-1.01); IV, 1.03(0.98-1.07); V, 1.10(1.06-1.15). Labial
segments: I, 1.31(1.16—-1.38); I, 1.75(1.72-1.82); III, 1.59(1.39-1.76);
IV, 1.09(1.06-1.15).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 5.07 (4.64-5.47) :8.94(8.37-
9.31); transverse impression absent or weakly indicated laterally,
marked by a band of several, usually well separated punctures; an-
terior lobe not or only very feebly and minutely punctured (one
specimen with a few moderate punctures laterally); posterior lobe
with a few widely separated punctures on anterior half.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 5.72(5.40-6.27):5.21(4.80-5.39); disc
with several irregularly but distinctly separate d, moderate punctures.

Propleuron, mesopleuron, and metapleuron: As described for genus.

Legs and sternites: As described for genus.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 238).

Length of body: 15.15(13.94-15.90).

FEMALE: Similar to male but jugal rugae and anteapical pronotal
impression weaker, measurements mostly smaller.

Head: Length-width ratio, 2.25(2.18-2.31):3.49(3.37-3.68); inter-
ocular width, 2.09(2.02-2.18). Antennal segments: I, 0.70(0.66—
0.73); II, 0.55(0.53-0.58); IIJ, 0.85(0.84-0.87); IV, 0.93(0.92-0.96);
V, 1.04(1.01-1.08). Labial segments: I, 1.23(1.22—1.26); II, 1.72(1.70—
1.74); ITI, 1.52(1.40-1.64); IV, 1.06(1.02-1.10).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 4.20(3.91-4.48) : 7.72 (7.23-8.17).

Scutellum: Width-length ratio, 5.07 (4.65-5.31):4.79 (4.61-5.10).

Length of body: 13.26(12.60-13.68).

TYPE DATA.—Signoret gave the type locality as ‘Santa-Fe-de-
Bogata.”’ A female (Wien) labeled ‘‘Bogata” and “gigas” is marked
with a red type label. The three legs from the right side of the type
are glued to a small card on another pin; antennals IJ-V are missing
from both sides, as are all middle and hind tarsi; all bristles have been
abraded from head, pronotum and costa.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 513

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—6 males, 5 females:

PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado, June 22, 1924, N. Banks, 1 female
(MCZ); November, M. Bates, 1 male (MCZ); date unknown, Dodge (labeled
Cyrtomenus grossus), 1 male (MCZ); Nov. 25, 1893, E. I. Huntington, F.301125,
1 male (AmM). Cocoli, Aug. 21, 1946, N. L. H. Krauss, 1 male, 1 female (USNM).
Gatun, August 1922, 1 female (USNM). Panama: La Chorrera, Busck, 1 female
(USNM).

Nicaraava: Near Bluefields, Aug. 31, 1892, W. Richmond, 1 female (USNM).

Cotomsia: Bogota, 1 female (Wien). Don Amo, July, Acc. No. 19992, 2 males
(Car).

Prolobodes reductum (Amyot and Serville)
PLATE FIGURE 239

Lobostoma reductum Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 88.—Signoret, 1881b, p. 195, pl.
6, fig. 16.

Prolobodes reductus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 676.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 62.

Lobostoma reducta Stal, 1876, p. 18.

Dracnosis.—The presence of numerous punctures laterally on the
anterior lobe of the pronotum plus the lack of an impressed transverse
impression set this species apart from the other two in the genus.

DescripTion.—Matr:

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 2.29(2.21-2.40):3.42(3.36-
3.58); interocular width, 2.16(2.15-2.20); juga dorsally with very
weak, radiating rugae and usually obsolete minute punctures. An-
tennal segments: I, 0.72(0.63—0.80) ; IT, 0.63 (0.60—0.70) ; III, 0.86 (0.79-—
0.90); IV, 1.01(0.93-1.10); V, 1.05(1.01-1.09). Labial segments: I,
1.20(1.13-1.26) ; II, 1.73 (1.66-1.77); III, 1.50(1.43-1.59) ; IV, 1.04(0.96—
1.14).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 4.79 (4.49-5.18) :8.15(7.50-
8.70); transverse impression absent or very weak laterally; anterior
lobe with 15 or more punctae laterally; posterior lobe with few widely
scattered punctae on anterior half.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 5.35(4.95—-5.67) :4.98(4.65-5.25); disc
with numerous, irregularly spaced punctures, some tending to coalesce
and form transverse rugae between them.

Propleurae, mesopleurae and metapleurae: As described for genus.

Legs and sternites: As described for genus.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 239).

Length of body: 14.01(13.27-14.58).

FrmMaue: Similar to male but anterior pronotal impression weaker
and measurements more variable.

Head: Length-width ratio, 2.25(2.08-2.47):3.34(3.09-3.74); inter-
ocular width, 2.08(1.95-2.21). Antennal segments: I, 0.71(0.66—0.78) ;
II, 0.53(0.51-0.56); III, 0.76(0.73-0.81); IV, 0.90(0.80-0.98); V,

501991—_60——_12

514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vow. 111

0.99(0.90-1.13). Labial segments: I, 1.15(1.08-1.30); II, 1.66(1.62—
1.74); IIT, 1.48 (1.83-1.74); IV, 1.01(0.98-1.05).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 4.38 (3.60—5.08) :7.60(6.63-8.67).

Scutellum: Width-length ratio, 5.18(4.50—5.81) :4.88(4.27—5.42).

Length of body: 13.30(11.62-14.61).

Typr pata.—The type of this species was said by Amyot and Ser-
ville to have come from “Cayenne,” French Guiana. Its present
location is unknown to the author.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—10 males, 9 females:

TRINIDAD: St. Benedict Mt., Tunapuna; September.

British Gui1ANa: Bartica District; June, July.

FRENCH GuIANA: Maroni River, St. Jean.

Braziu: Alagoinhas, Hyutanah&, Santarém, Taperhina.

Peru: “Achinamiza’’; December.

Bourvia: Buena Vista, Ichilo, Santa Cruz, Provincia de Sara; November, De-
cember.

Paracuay: Villarrica.

Discussion.—As originally proposed, this name appeared in paren-
theses in a paragraph following the treatment of giganteus. This ap-
parently explains why several of the early workers overlooked it
during their studies.

Genus Cyrtomenus Amyot and Serville

Cyrtomenus Amyot and Serville, 18438, p. 90.
Syllobus Signoret, 1879, p. elxxii. New synonymy.

Diacnosis.—The lack of a distinct subapical stria from side to
side on the pronotum, the compressed posterior tibia on which the
spines of the posteroventral margin are longer and distinctly more
slender than those on the dorsal margin, and the simple second labial
combine to separate this genus from all others in the Western Hemi-
sphere.

Description.—Ssize large, length of body 6.4-13.3 mm; shape oval,
widest distinctly posterior to midlength; dorsum strongly and venter
still more strongly convex.

Head: Nearly or about two-thirds as long as wide, oblique, flat-
tened or convex above, with a distinct, marginal carina; juga equal to
or longer than clypeus, converging and sometimes contiguous in front
of the latter; margins rounded or sometimes triangularly produced
either side of apex (fig. 58); a submarginal row of seven to twelve
coarse punctures, each bearing a single long, tapering hairlike seta;
ocelli moderate to large, situated on or slightly behind a line connecting
hind margins of eyes, separated from eyes by less than twice the width
of ocellus; antennae 5-segmented, II usually shortest (equal to IIT in
marginalis), [11 and IV often subequal, V longer or shorter than IV;

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 515

bucculae low to moderately high, reaching nearly to base of head;
labium variable in length, reaching to middle coxae or as far as base
of abdomen, II compressed but without a semicircular foliaceous lobe
above, II and III usually subequal and longer than I or IV.

Pronotum: Length about three-fourths width, narrowed from base;
anterior margin moderately and broadly emarginate; lateral margins
carinate, arcuate for full length or straight to weakly concave on basal
balf or more, submarginal row of 6 to 25 coarse, setigerous punctures;
posterior margin broadly rounded; transverse impression near mid-
length, varying from distinct to obsolete, usually marked with a row
or band of coarse punctures; male of some species with a broad, shallow,
median, subapical impression.

Scutellum: Width equal to or shorter than length, triangular, apex
narrowed, narrower than half the length of the coriomembranal
commissure; disc with widely, irregularly scattered fine or coarse
punctures.

Hemelytron: Polished, more or less punctured throughout; corio-
claval suture distinct; clavus usually with single row of coarse, close-set
punctures for most of its length; costal margin with 0-22 setigerous
punctures; membranal suture nearly straight; membrane almost two-
fifths hemelytral length.

Propleuron: Surface polished or closely and finely punctured and/or
striated, depression usually punctate; prosternal carinae low, obtuse,
area between them sunken.

Mesopleuron: Flattened; evaporatorium extensive, reaching poste-
rior and lateral margins of segment, sometimes entire (fig. 109) and
sometimes interrupted by posterior, submarginal polished spur ex-
tending mesally from lateral area; posterior margin finely crenulate;
mesosternum swollen and partly carinate along midline, with a number
of long, fine hairs on apical half.

Metapleuron (fig. 109): Flat; evaporatorium reaching about two-
thirds across segment; osteolar peritreme extended about half way
across evaporatorium, without a differentiated apical structure, osteole
opening posteriorly at base of subapical ‘‘hook.”’

Legs: Moderately long; anterior tibia (fig. 123) compressed, not
surpassing tarsal insertion, dorsal margin with eight to ten stout,
blunt spines; middle tibia stout, somewhat compressed, spines of
posteroventral margin longer and more slender than those of dorsal
margins; posterior tibia (fig. 142) distinctly compressed, spines re-
stricted to dorsal and ventral margins, those of posteroventral margin
longer and more slender than those of dorsal margin; tarsi 3-segmented,
II shortest.

Sternites: Polished, with or without rows of setigerous punctures
across segments; segmental sutures entire or finely crenulate.

516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

The only nymphal material available was of the common North
American species ciliatus (mirabilis auct., nec Perty). The several
specimens involved possessed the submarginal setae on the head,
the longer, finer spines on the posteroventral margin of the posterior
tibia and the simple second labial segment.

TYPE OF GENUS.—Cyrtomenus castaneus Amyot and Serville (1843,
p. 91), subsequently designated by Kirkaldy (1903, p. 230); of Syllobus,
Cyrtomenus emarginatus Stal (1862, p. 95), monobasic. C. castaneus
belongs to the common Cyrtomenus of the southern United States and
therefore must fall as a synonym of Palisot de Beauvois’ name ciliatus,
which antedates it by 38 years.

Distrinution.—This genus is known to occur only in the Western
Hemisphere where its included species range from lat. 40° N. in the
eastern United States south and west through Central America to
about lat. 35° S. in Argentina in South America.

Discussion.—StAl’s species Cyrtomenus emarginatus, for which
Signoret (1879, p. clxxili) erected the new genus Syllobus, is here being
returned to its original assignment to Cyrtomenus. This is being done
because emarginatus shows the same thick-set, convex form, the
flattened and somewhat curved posterior tibia with the longer, more
slender posteroventral spines, the short osteolar peritreme with a
posterior, subapical hook but no differentiated terminal process, and
the indicated closer relationship with teter whose placement in Cyrto-
menus has been generally accepted. Signoret apparently based his
separation of the two genera chiefly on the triangularly produced
apices of the juga. While this is admittedly a conspicuous character
in a family of superficially morphologically similar forms, it is hardly
of sufficient fundamental value to outweigh the several features which
ally emarginatus to Cyrtomenus.

The species included in this genus as thus understood may easily be
arranged in two major groups on the basis of the shape of the meso-
pleural evaporatorium. In one group, which contains emarginatus
and the other larger South American species, this evaporatorium i
interrupted posteriorly by a submarginal, mesally directed spur from
the lateral area which reaches more than half way to medial angle os
segment; in the other group the mesopleural evaporatorium is noft
interrupted (fig. 109) by such a shining area. If these two groups are
recognized as subgenera, as is proposed to be done here, the one with
the uninterrupted mesopleural evaporatorium contains the genotype,
castaneus, and will take the subgeneric name Cyrtomenus, while the
other will take the name Syllobus which had previously been proposed
for one of its included species, emarginatus.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 517

Key to the subgenera of Cyrtomenus

1. Mesopleural evaporatorium posteriorly rca by shining, submarginal
band. %. s- «) . .. . . . Syllobus (p. 517)
2. Mesopleural ey aporatoe ars eutine Gig. 109) . . . . .Cyrtomenus (p. 525)

Subgenus Cyrtomenus (Syllobus) Signoret, new status
Syllobus Signoret, 1879, p. elxxiii.

Diagnosis.—This subgenus is best identified by the posterior,
submarginal interruption of the mesopleural evaporatorium as
described in key to subgenera.

DescripTion.—Size usually larger, 8.99-13.95, but marginalis
measures only 7.07 (known only from type female). Juga rounded
and equalling or surpassing clypeus or triangularly produced apically
and contiguous in front of it.

Pronotum: Laterally with 10 to 25 setigerous punctures submargin-
ally; of males with a large, shallow, subapical, somewhat cruciform
impression.

Sternites: Polished; submarginal or median rows of setigerous
punctures on segments I to III, usually with small or moderate setae
arising from them.

Legs: Posterior tibia not or but gradually and little expanded
toward apex.

TYPE OF SUBGENUS.—Cyrtomenus emarginatus Stal (1862, p. 95),
monobasic.

DistRIBUTION.—The known range extends from Mexico south
through the northeastern part of South America to southern Brazil;
this being a more or less central part of the range of the entire genus.
The Florida record for emarginatus by Torre Bueno (1939) requires
confirmation, and at best probably represents only an adventive
specimen.

Discussion.—Of the four species belonging to this subgenus,
two—emarginatus and marginalis—are well marked. The former is
strongly characterized by the remarkable, triangular projections at the
apices of the juga, and marginalis by the much more numerous setae
on the sides of the pronotum and costa. The other two species, teter
and grossus, are very closely allied to each other, but appear distinct
on the basis of external features as well as on the shape of the
gonostyli.

Key to species of subgenus Cyrtomenus (Syllobus)

1. Costa with 20 or more setigerous punctures . . marginalis Plena’ (p. 521)
Costa with not more than 10 setigerous punctures. . . Wy cal cieeurcamre

2. Apices of juga projecting as blunt to acute triangles (fig. 58).
emarginatus Stal (p. 518)
Apices of juga rounded, not projecting triangularly ........ ss 3

518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

3. Interocular width distinctly greater than length of head; costa not continuing
or paralleling cutline of lateral margins of pronotum, distinctly more

MATING DOSUCEIOLLY 5. ten «1b es eT chad ens ee grossus Dallas (p. 520)
Interocular width less than length of head; costa continuing or paralleling
outline of lateral margins of pronotum ..... teter (Spinola) (p. 523)

Cyrtomenus (Syllobus) emarginatus Stal, revived combination
PLATE FIGURES 58, 240

Cyrtomenus emarginatus Stal, 1862, p. 95; 1876, p. 27.—Walker, 1867, p. 147.

Syllobus emarginatus Signoret, 1879, p. clxxiii; 1881b, p. 322, pl. 10, fig. 40.—
Distant, 1880, p. 4, pl. 3, fig. 6—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 64.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 177.

Diacnosis.—This species can be recognized not only within this
subgenus but among all the Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere by
the triangularly projecting jugal apices (fig. 58).

DerscripTION.—M ALE:

Head: Lengthmore than half width, 1.79 (1.62—2.47) :2.84(2.60-3.13);
interocular width, 1.57(1.49-1.62); anterior outline forming one
blunt to acute angulation either side of median emargination (fig. 58);
surface polished, jugum with numerous round and elongate punctures;
ocelli large, separated from eye by space slightly more than half of
transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished, impunctate;
maxillary plate with fine punctures and wrinkles. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.58(0.50-0.70); II, 0.39(0.30-0.50); III, 0.79(0.73—0.86) ;
IV, 0.81(0.63-1.00); V, 0.95(0.83-1.00). Bucculae not more than
half as high as labial II; labium reaching between middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.92(0.83-1.00); IT, 1.49(1.80-1.66) ; III, 1.39(1.26-
1.66); IV, 1.06(0.93-1.20).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.80(3.60—4.20) :6.66(6.15—
7.35); lateral margin straight on basal third or half, with submarginal
row of six to nine setigerous punctures; transverse impression obsolete,
marked by irregular, interrupted row of punctures; anterior lobe with
very broad, shallow, median, subapical depression; this depression
and sides of both lobes with coarse and fine punctures intermixed;
posterior lobe with few large punctures medially.

Secutellum: Length little less than width, 4.14(3.76-4.49) :4.31(3.90-—
4.81); impunctate across base and apex, disc with widely scattered,
coarse, sunken punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with single row of
large punctures; mesocorial punctures forming two more or less
distinct rows paralleling claval suture, elsewhere with scattered
punctures; exocorial punctation more abundant and variable than
that of mesocorium; costa with 0-3 setigerous punctures.

Propleuron: Polished, with numerous fine punctures in depression.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 519

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium interrupted posteriorly by shining
submarginal band, lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium distinctly concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia not expanded near apex.

Terminalia: Genital capsule strongly punctate laterally, apical
margin with broad, shallow emargination medially; gonostylus as
illustrated (fig. 240).

Length of body: 11.91(10.80-13.39).

FEMALE: Similar to male, but lacking median, subapical depression
on anterior lobe of pronotum and often with pronotal punctation
less dense; measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.84(1.69-1.95) 3.13 (2.93-3.26) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.71(1.62-1.82). Antennal segments: I, 0.67(0.60—
0.73); II, 0.49(0.40—-0.53) ; ITI, 0.89(0.76—-0.96) ; IV, 0.93(0.80-1.00) ;
V, 1.04(0.96-1.10). Labial segments: I, 1.01(0.93-1.13); Hl, 1.60
(1.33-1.72) ; III, 1.62(1.43-1.69); IV, 1.11(1.00-1.23).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 4.02 (3.57—4.29) :6.91(6.28-7.28).

Secutellum: Length-width ratio, 4.28(8.71—4.71) :4.55(4.14-4.85).

Length of body: 12.96(11.25-13.95).

Type pata.—Although no locality was specifically cited in the
original description, the title of St&l’s paper indicated the material
had come from Mexico. The type has not been located. It is not
with the Stal collection (Stock).

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—14 males, 30 females.

Mexico: Veracruz: Atoyac, Cérdoba, Jestis Carranza; May.

GUATEMALA: Morales; August.

British Honpuras: Punta Gorda; July.

Costa Rica: Cairo; April.

Frencu Guiana: Mara River (Oyapock River); May.

Braziu: Chapada, Monlevade, Rio Madeira, Vigasa (Minas Gerais); May,
September.

Peru: Tingo Maria; May.

ARGENTINA: Coronda (Santa Fé), Urundel (Salta); adults and nymphs,
January.

Discussion.—In citing this species as the sole inclusion in his new
genus Syllobus, Signoret (1879) gave the original combination of this
name as “Oydnus emarginatus Stal.’ This was undoubtedly an
error as the insect was originally described as a member of the genus
Oyrtomenus.

Except for an occasional notation of ‘collected at light,” no eco-
logical data were found on any of the specimens. Tifth-instar
nymphs show the apical, bluntly triangular projections of the juga
characteristic of the adults.

520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Torre Bueno’s (1939) record for Florida needs verification, and
may prove to have been based on an adventive.

Cyrtomenus (Syllobus) grossus Dallas
PLATE FIGURE 242

Cyrtomenus grossus Dallas, 1851, p. 111.—Walker, 1867, p. 148.—St&l, 1876,
p. 18.—Distant, 1880, p. 2, pl. 2, fig. 14.—Signoret, 1881b, p. 198, pl. 16,
fig. 18.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 62.

Diaanosis.—The very great width of the interocular part of the
head, which here is greater than the length of the head, will permit
ready recognition of this species within the subgenus.

Derscription.—Based on one male and two females. Mate: Oval,
outline of costa not continuing nor paralleling lateral margins of
pronotum but more abruptly flaring posteriorly.

Head: Length more than half width, 1.69:2.79; interocular width,
1.89; surface shining, with faint, radiating rugae and minute, widely
scattered punctures; ocelli small to moderate, separated from eye
by space nearly or quite equalling twice transverse ocellar width;
jugum ventrally and maxillary plate shining, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.61; II, 0.46; III, 0.80; IV, 0.73; V, 0.74. Bucculae
about half as high as labial IT; labium surpassing posterior coxae,
sometimes reaching to sternite IV. Labial segments: I, 1.26; II,
2.0631, 21971 V 1.63;

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.75:6.30; lateral margin
straight on basal two-thirds, with submarginal row of twelve setigerous
punctures; transverse impression virtually not impressed, marked by
very irregular interrupted row of punctures; anterior lobe with inter-
mixed coarse and fine punctures laterally and in subapical band paral-
leling anterior margin, with broad, shallow basin-like depression over
most of middle third; posterior lobe with few minute and fewer coarse
punctures scattered irregularly across width.

Scutellum: Length more than width, 4.20:3.91; dise polished,
with about half dozen coarse punctures and several fine ones widely
scattered.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining; clavus with single row of
coarse punctures and several finer scattered ones; mesocorium with
one complete and one partial row of punctures paralleling claval
suture; punctation elsewhere not dense, absent medially; exocorium
less densely punctured than mesocorium; costa with five or six setiger-
ous punctures; membrane distinctly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Polished, with few small punctures in depression.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area with few oblique rugulae.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium oblique, concave;
lateral area impunctate.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 521

Legs: Posterior tibia distinctly compressed, gently widened to
apical third.

Sternites: Polished, minutely punctate, with several short rugae
in spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, irregularly punctate, more
densely so laterally, apical margin slightly concave either side of small,
median angulation; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 242).

Length of body: 10.71.

FEMALE: Similar to male but differing in less distinct subapical
Impression on pronotum, more distinct rugae on head, and more
uniform punctation on apical two-thirds of corium.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.93(1.91-1.95) :2.91 (2.86-2.96) ; inter-
ocular width, 2.02(2.02-2.02). Antennal segments: I, 0.61 (0.60—0.62) ;
II, 0.52(0.50-0.55); III, 0.73(0.67-0.80); IV, 0.71(0.70-0.73); V,
0.81(0.80-0.83). Labial segments: I, 1.19(1.16-1.23); II, 1.87(1.86-
1.89); III, 2.27(2.12-2.42); IV, 1.64(1.56-1.72).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.75(3.75-3.75) :6.30(6.28-6.32).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 4.86(4.80-4.92) :3.90(3.90-3.91).

Length of body: 11.03(10.90-11.08).

Tyre pata.—Dallas described the type (BrM) as being from
“Columbia [!].”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—1 male, 2 females.

Mexico: Chiapas: Voledn de Tacan4, 9,100 feet, Mar. 30, 1939, P. Brodkorb,
1 female (MMZ).

GUATEMALA: Purulhé, May 16, 1 female (USNM).

Ecuavor: El Topo, Oct. 5, 1944, E. J. Hambleton, 1 male (USNM).

Discusston.—Notes based on the type and furnished by Dr. W. E.
China in correspondence has enabled the author to associate Dallas’
name with this form. C. grossus and C. teter are rather closely allied
to each other but separate easily from the other two forms in the
subgenus as indicated in the key. From each other, these forms may
be best separated by the head and costal characters listed in the key,
but in addition one may often use the greatly elongated labium,
which in grossus always reaches sternite IV and in teter seldom sur-
passes the posterior coxae.

Cyrtomenus (Syllobus) marginalis Signoret

Crytomenus marginalis Signoret, 1881b, p. 201, pl. 6, fig. 21.—Lethierry and
Severin, 1893, p. 62.

Diaenosis.—The elongate second antennal segment, which is here
equal in length to the third, or the large number of setigerous punc-
tures in lateral submarginal row on the pronotum, or the numerous
setigerous punctures on the costa will separate marginalis from all
other members of the genus.

522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 111

DescripTion.-—Based on one specimen seen, the type female.

Head: Length more than half width, 1.23:1.82; interocular width,
1.04; anterior outline broadly semicircular, juga longer than clypeus,
converging and contiguous above its apex; eyes projecting beyond out-
line of head by about half transverse diameter; surface shining, jugum
with prominent radiating rugae and numerous close-set, intermixed
moderate and fine punctures; ocelli large, separated from eye by space
about half transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally smooth, impunc-
tate; maxillary plate alutaceous, with irregular, coarse punctures
posteriorly. Antennal segments: I, 0.36; II, 0.43; IIT, 0.43; IV and
V missing. Bucculae not as high as labial IT; labium broken, only
first segment present (0.56).

Pronotum: With posterior margin partly broken, length more than
half width, 2.42:4.19; lateral margin weakly arcuate from base to
apical fourth, thence more abruptly incurved, with submarginal row of 25
setigerous punctures; transverse impression weak, with moderate punc-
tures similar to and merging with punctation across entire anterior
half of posterior lobe; latter with minute, widely scattered punctures
on posterior half; anterior lobe with broad submarginal band apically
and broader submarginal band laterally and narrower midline with
punctures similar to those of transverse impression, subapical band
with minute punctures interspersed.

Scutellum: Length less than width, 2.56:2.71; discal punctures
irregular, much denser than those of mesocorium, slightly more
abundant laterally but not arranged in single, regular series; apex
shining, impunctate.

Hemelytron: Shining, clavus with several incomplete rows of
punctures; mesocorium and exocorium with several widely spaced,
moderate punctures; costa with 21 to 23 setigerous punctures.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area with few longitudinal rugae.

Sternites: All, except ultimate, roughened laterally, with irregular
postmedian row of prominent setigerous punctures.

Length of body: 7.07.

Typr DATA.—Signoret’s type specimen (Wien) is a female. Al-
though the original description gave no locality, personal examination
of the type showed it to bear two labels, ‘Brazil, Coll. Signoret,”? and
Signoret’s determination “marginal.”

SPECIMEN stupIED: The type from Brazil. Distant (1899) ac-
credited Dallas’ (1851) record of Aethus ciliatus from Colombia to
this strongly marked species. However, Dr. China informed the
author that Dallas’ specimen has only seven costal setigerous punc-
tures, thus preventing acceptance of Distant’s conclusions.

Discuss1on.—Signoret’s type specimen is in fair condition but lacks
antennals IV and V, labials III and IV, the apex of II (dermestid

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 523

damage?) and all tarsi, and the pronotum is fractured. In the original
description the equality of antennals II and III was noted. This is an
unusual feature within the genus and would suggest that the species
had not been properly placed. However, the type not only shows the
antennal condition as described by Signoret, but also has the general
shape and osteolar and leg modifications of Cyrtomenus, thereby con-
firming the generic assignment.

Cyrtomenus (Syllobus) teter (Spinola)
PLATE FIGURE 241

Cydnus teter Spinola, 1837, p. 332.

Cyrtomenus teter Dallas, 1851, p. 111.—Walker, 1867, p. 147.—StAl, 1876, p. 18.—
Distant, 1880, p. 2, pl. 2, fig. 12—Signoret, 1881lb, p. 197, pl. 6, fig. 17.—
Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 18—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 177.

Cyrtomenus excavatus Distant, 1880, p. 2, pl. 2, fig. 13.

Draanosis.—This species may be recognized by a combination of
three features: regularly rounded outline of head, less than 10 setiger-
ous punctures on costa, and the short labium which does not surpass
or only very slightly surpasses the posterior coxae.

DescripTion.—Ma te:

Head: Length more than half width, 1.79(1.69-1.91) :2.63(2.60-
2.70); interocular width, 1.68(1.56—1.75); anterior outline a flattened
semicircle, clypeus nearly or quite as long as juga, moderately to
strongly narrowed apically; surface shining, with faint to moderate,
radiating rugae, punctation fine or absent; ocelli large, separated from
eye by space shghtly greater than transverse ocellar width; jugum
ventrally and maxillary plate shining, impunctate. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.56(0.51-0.60); II, 0.41(0.36-0.45); III, 0.67(0.66-0.70);
IV, 0.72(0.70-0.73); V, 0.71(0.70-0.73). Bucculae low, about half as
high as labial II; labium reaching between or slightly beyond pos-
terior coxae. Labial segments: I, 1.10(1.01-1.16); II, 1.59(1.50-1.66);
III, 1.66(1.60-1.69); IV, 1.34(1.23-1.40).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.66(3.31-3.83) :6.15(5.70—
6.27); lateral margin with 16 to 18 setigerous punctures submargin-
ally; transverse impression more strongly impressed laterally than
medially, marked with irregular, medially interrupted row of coarse
punctures; anterior lobe impunctate except for few punctures laterally
and irregular, transverse row of coarse punctures subapically; pos-
terior lobe polished, with few widely scattered punctures.

Scutellum: Length subequal to width, 4.13(4.05—4.20) :4.12(4.05—
4.19); disc impunctate or with few widely scattered punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one complete
row of punctures, sometimes also with several scattered punctures;
mesocorium with two rows of punctures paralleling claval suture,

524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

outer row usually interrupted medially, elsewhere closely punctate;
exocorium with punctation much sparser than on mesocorium; costa
with five to seven setigerous punctures; membrane distinctly sur-
passing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with few small punctures in depression.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate, obliquely rugulose.

Metapleuron: Lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia distinctly compressed, not expanding toward
apex.

Sternites: Polished, minutely punctate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule polished, irregularly punctate, more
densely so laterally; apical margin slightly concave either side of
small, median angulation; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 241).

Length of body: 11.19(10.36-11.55).

Fremate: Similar to male except that subapical pronotal impression
is greatly reduced and scutellum is usually longer than wide.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.76(1.49-1.95) :2.61 (2.34-2.76); inter-
ocular width, 1.63(1.56-1.75). Antennal segments: I, 0.57(0.53-0.63) ;
II, 0.40(0.36-0.43); III, 0.68(0.63-0.73); IV, 0°68(0.63-0.73); V,
0.71(0.70-0.73). Labial segments: I, 1.16(1.06-1.26); II, 1.65(1.56-
1.69); III, 1.75(1.60-2.06); IV, 1.35(1.23-1.56).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.46(2.73-3.75) :5.91(5.17-6.29).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 4.05(3.58-4.34) :3.78(3.78-4.05).

Length of body: 10.15(8.99-10.85).

Typr pata.—The type specimen of teter Spinola, whose present
location has not yet been ascertained, had been reported as coming
from “Brezil.’”’ The type (BrM) of Distant’s Cyrtomenus excavatus
was described from ‘Costa Rica, Irazu.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—11 males, 35 females.

GuATEMALA: Cobdn; July.

Costa Rica: Pacayas, San Lucas.

PANAMA: El Voledn (Chiriqui), Potrerillos; February, May.

Braziu: Espfrito-Santo, Nova Teutonia, Rio Natal (Santa Catarina), Rio
Negro (Parand), Rio Verelho (Santa Catarina), Santa Cruz, Sao Paulo, Serra
das Orgéos, Therezépolis, Vigosa; September to February.

Discusston.—Although the type was not studied in connection
with the present work, there appears to be no reason to disagree with
the unanimous association of Spinola’s name with the present form.
In the original description of excavatus, Distant enumerated certain
differences between his supposed new species and teter, but these dif-
ferences were simply sexual, Distant having redescribed the male
under a new name. None of the specimens examined bore any com-
ments as to the conditions under which it had been captured.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 525

Subgenus Cyrtomenus (Cyrtomenus) Amyot and Serville
Cyrtomenus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 90.

Dracnosis.—The uninterrupted mesopleural evaporatorium will
satisfactorily distinguish this subgenus from Syllobus.

DESCRIPTION.—Size moderate; length of body, 6.4-8.6.

Head: Juga rounded, equalling, longer than, or surpassing clypeus
and contiguous at apex of clypeus.

Pronotum: Laterally with 4 to 12 setigerous punctures; males and
females usually with similar, vague, subapical, median impression.

Sternites: Polished; I and II and sometimes others with submar-
ginal row of setigerous punctures giving rise to long, golden setae.

Legs: Posterior tibia moderately to strongly compressed and often
strongly expanded in apical third.

TYPE OF SUBGENUS.—Cyrtomenus castaneus Amyot and Serville
(1843, p. 91), subsequently designated by Kirkaldy (1903, p. 230).
This name is here considered as a synonym of Pentatoma ciliata
Palisot de Beauvois which becomes Cyrtomenus ciliatus (Palisot de
Beauvois) as the proper name for the common North American species
which has long but erroneously gone under the name “Cyrtomenus
mirabilis (Perty).”’ A lengthier discussion of this problem is presented
under C. ciliatus (p. 532).

Distripution.—The species of this subgenus occupy the area from
eastern and central United States south through Central America and
the West Indies into South America to central Argentina; i.e., the
full range of the genus.

Discussron.—The four species of this subgenus can be grouped in
several ways by different sets of characters. If just the degree of
dilation of the posterior tibia is considered (which may have signif-
icance in burrowing forms), the two very closely allied North American
species separate from the other two, as follows:

Posterior tibia as broad as anterior tibia: ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois)
crassus Walker

Posterior tibia narrower than anterior tibia: mirabilis (Perty)
bergi, new name

But if the greater convexity of the body, the more strongly rugose
head and the larger ocelli are contrasted with the less convex body,
the flatter, smoother head, and the smaller ocelli, the arrangement
would be like this:

Greater convexity; rugose head; large ocelli: ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois)

crassus Walker
mirabilis (Perty)

Less convex; smoother head; small ocelli: bergi, new name

526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

A grouping similar to the one based on the degree of dilation of the
posterior tibia is possible if reference is made to the presence or absence
of a postmedian, partial row of prominent setigerous punctures on
the lateral third of sternites IV to VI, as indicated in the following
couplet:

With setigerous punctures on lateral third of

sternites IV to VI: ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois)
crassus Walker
Without such setigerous punctures: mirabilis (Perty)

bergi, new name

One notices immediately that mirabilis is the form that shifts position
in these various associations. Obviously, it is not an extreme form,
but probably occupies a somewhat intermediate position. In habitus
it appears closest to the two North American forms, but is separated
from them on the absence of setigerous punctures on the lateral third
sternites ITV to VI and the less expanded hind tibia. The latter
feature should not be passed over too lightly, because if one of the
directions of evolution within the Cydnidae is towards greater efficiency
of digging (which seems logical in view of what is known of the ecology
of the group) the more strongly dilated posterior tibiae should have
some significance within this subgenus.

Key to species of the subgenus Cyrtomenus (Cyrtomenus)

1. Sternites IV to VI with postmedian, partial, transverse row of prominent
setigerous punctures on lateral third; posterior tibia strongly compressed,
its greatest diameter nearly or quite equal to that of anterior tibia. . . 2
Sternites IV to VI without a transverse row of prominent setigerous punctures
on lateral third; posterior tibia weakly to moderately compressed, greatest
diameter not more than two-thirds that of anterior tibia. . .. . 3
2. Outline § of juga rounded, tending to be somewhat triangular (fig. 56); out
one-half width of eye projecting laterally beyond posterolateral angle
of jugum. . . . . .ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois) (p. 530)
Outline of juga verse onaly mended and reflexed (fig. 57); about one-third
of eye projecting laterally beyond posterolateral angle of jugum.
crassus Walker (p. 533)
3. Space separating ocellus from eye less than transverse ocellar width (12:20);
surface of head distinctly convex, with coarse, radiating rugae
mirabilis (Perty) (p. 536)
Space separating ocellus from eye slightly more than transverse ocellar width
(18:15); surface of head nearly smooth, almost without rugae
bergi, new name (p. 527)

* Nore: When using this feature, one is cautioned to determine the amount of wear on the margin of the
head by noticing the position of the margin of the head in relation to the submarginal row of setigerous
punctures. This character may be negated by such wear. During the present study, it has been noticed
that there appears to be a direct correlation between the amount of wear on the margin‘of the head and that
shown by the dorsal margin of the anterior:tibia. In extreme cases, even the tubercles that give rise to the
dorsal spines of the anterior tibia may be completely abraded away. Such a situation may be used as a
check for the amount of wear on the margin of the head.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 527

Cyrtomenus (Cyrtomenus) bergi, new name
PLATE FIGURE 243
Cyrtomenus ciliatus Berg, 1879, p. 10 (nec Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, p. 186).

Diacnosis.—The smaller ocelli which are separted from the eyes
by a space slightly greater than a transverse ocellar width or the
absence of strong rugae on the head will mark this species as distinct
from the other three in the subgenus.

Description.—Mate: Head: Length more than half width, 1.45
(1.11-1.62) :2.08(1.71—2.47) ; interocular width, 1.34(1.10—1.56) ; anteri-
or outline nearly or quite a full semicircle, juga surpassing and converg-
ing or contiguous in front of clypeus; surface polished, with weak to
obsolete, radiating rugae, impunctate, with minute punctures or with
few distinct punctures anterior to ocelli; ocelli small to moderate,
separated from eye by space little greater than transverse ocellar
width; jugum ventrally weakly alutaceous, sometimes with few small
punctures; maxillary plate strongly alutaceous and with crowded
punctures. Antennal segments: I, 0.47(0.34—-0.63); II, 0.27(0.20-
0.43); ILI, 0.47(0.35-0.63); IV, 0.47(0.40-0.53); V, 0.49(0.46-0.90).
Bucculae about half as high as labial I[; labium slightly surpassing
apices of intermediate coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.78(0.53-1.06);
II, 1.02(0.70-1.40); III, 1.02(0.70-1.46); IV, 0.77(0.57—1.03).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.58(1.82-3.00):4.63
(3.57—-5.46); lateral margins straight on basal half, with submarginal
row of 15 to 20 setigerous punctures; transverse impression weakly to
moderately impressed, obsolete or absent at middle, marked by
irregular, interrupted row of coarse punctures; anterior lobe with
weak subapical impression, with several coarse punctures laterally
and in subapical band; posterior lobe with few to many coarse scat-
tered punctures medially.

Scutellum: Length less than width, 3.01(2.26-3.60):3.07(2.25—
3.73); dise with widely scattered, sunken, coarse punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one row of
punctures medially; mesocorial punctures arranged in two rows
paralleling claval suture, outer row often incomplete, discal punctures
numerous, well-separated, often absent along radial vein; exocorium
usually more sparsely punctate than mesocorium; costa with six to
eight setigerous punctures; membrane distinctly surpassing apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Variable, from polished and impunctate to roughened
by crowded, fine, longitudinal rugulae and small punctures.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area shining, impunctate, with few oblique
rugae.

Metapleuron: Lateral area polished, impunctate.

528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Legs: Posterior tibia compressed, very weakly expanded toward
apex, greatest diameter much less than that of anterior tibia.

Sternites: Polished, virtually impunctate except among _ longi-
tudinal rugae in spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule polished, with several distinct punc-
tures laterally, apical margin virtually straight; gonostylus as illus-
trated (fig. 243).

Length of body: 7.32(6.17-9.40).

FrEMALE: Similar to male, anterior pronotal lobe without median,
subapical impression.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.42(1.30-1.62):2.07(1.82—2.47); inter-
ocular width, 1.34(1.23-1.52). Antennalsegments: I, 0.45(0.40-0.53):
II, 0.28(0.23-0.34); III, 0.47(0.40-0.56); IV, 0.46(0.40-0.56); V,
0.51(0.46-0.60). Labial segments: I, 0.75(0.66-1.00); II, 1.05(0.86-
1.50); III, 1.00(0.83-1.66); IV, 0.78(0.68-1.13).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.37 (2.11—-2.84) :4.34(3.90-5.02).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.71(2.54-3.45) :2.81(2.54-3.13).

Length of body: 7.41(6.72-9.00).

Type paTa.—The type specimen of Cyrtomenus bergi, since it is
proposed as a new name for the preoccupied Cyrtomenus ciliatus of
Berg, not of Palisot de Beauvois (1805, p. 186), must be the same as
that which served as the type for Berg’s name. That specimen was
cited in the original description as having come from ‘Provincia
Bonaerensis,”’ Argentina. Unfortunately, this type, as well as many
of Berg’s other types, appears to be lost, but in its absence this author
is accepting a female specimen in the Signoret collection (Wien) as
indicative of Berg’s concept of this form; it is labeled “Cordoba” and
“Cyrtomenus ciliatus det. Berg.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—83 males, 171 females.

Mexico: San Luis Potosi: Tamazunchale; May. Tabasco: Fontera; June.
Veracruz: Orizaba. Yucutdn: Colonia Yucutdin; August.

GUATEMALA: Champerico, Morales; January, May.

Nicaracua: Managua.

Costa Rica: San José, Turrialba; March, July.

PaNnaAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island; May.

GRENADA: Leeward side.

Trinipab: Port of Spain, St. Augustine; January.

CoutomsiaA: Rfo Guayuriba (Meta); December.

VENEZUELA: Boquerén, Caracas, Tachira; June, October.

BritisH GuIaANA: Kartabo; June.

Surinam: “Surinam.”

Brazit: Bahia, Chapada, Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Independencia,
Nova Teutonia, Pard, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande du Sol, Sabard,
Belo Horizonte, San Mauro, Santarém, Séo Paulo, Taperina, Vigosa; June,
October to March.

Peru: Achinamiza, Chanchosmayo, Iquitos, Rio Pampas, Tingo Maria;
January to May.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 529

Bouivia: Coroico, Nuflo de Chavez, Puerto Sudrez, Provincia de Sard, Rio
Cristalmayo (50 miles northeast of Cochabamba), Rurrenabaque (Beni), Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, Tiguipa; April, October to December.

Paracuay: Asuncién, Horqueta, Villarrica; May, September to December.

ARGENTINA: Alta Garcia, Cérdoba, La Plata, Rosario, Tucumdn; January,
May, October.

Discussion.—Ever since Signoret (188la) suggested that Oyrto-
menus ciliatus Berg was the same species as another Cyrtomenus
described by Palisot de Beauvois (1805) as Pentatoma ciliata, authors
have accepted this placement. Examinations of the original descrip-
tions indicate that such a position is untenable. First of all, the two
forms were described from widely separated localities. Palisot de
Beauvois gave his type locality as ‘Etats-Unis d’Amerique,” while
Berg described his specimen as being from ‘‘Provincia Bonaecrensis,”
Argentina. Since no species of the genus Cyrtomenus is known to
occur in both of these places one doubts Signoret’s conclusions.
Secondly, Berg described his species as having the head “subrugose,”’
a statement that can scarcely fit the species known from the United
States. As the two forms thus appear to be distinct, Palisot de Beau-
vois’ name cannot be used for a South American form as was done by
Signoret, but must be reserved for a northern species, i.e., one from the
United States. In the present paper Palisot de Beauvois’ name is
assigned to the common Cyrtomenus of the southern United States,
the one that has long gone under the name mirabilis of authors but
not of Perty. Further discussion of this point will be found under
the name Cyrtomenus ciliatus.

Even though ciliatus Berg isnot asynonym of ciliatus Palisot de Beau-
vois, it is a junior homonym and so must receive a new name. The
new name bergi is here proposed.

C. bergi, whether a single species or a species complex, presents a
real problem because of its very extensive distribution and great
amount of variability in several features which appear to grade from
one extreme to another. This variability was most conspicuous in
four characters, as follows:

(1) The length of the body varied from 6.17 to 9.40, with the larger specimens
mostly from the more northern localities and appearing (maybe deceptively so)
slightly more robust. As yet, this cannot be indicated in a definitive way and
so is not followed further.

(2) Measurements indicated that the segments of the labium were the most
variable structures, not only in the actual measurements but also in proportions.
Unfortunately, these measurements and proportions showed no discontinuity
that could be relied upon for separations.

(3) Dorsal punctation was moderately uniform throughout the series except
that toward the sides of the pronotum, especially of the anterior lobe. Ventrally,

surface sculpture offered little help for separating characters except on the pro-
pleuras. For some time one group of specimens was separated from all the others

501991—_60——13

530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

on the basis of the propleural sculpture. These specimens had the anterior pro-
pleural convexity distinctly dulled by prominent alutaceousness and often longi-
tudinal striae and fine punctures, and the depression and posterior convexity
coarsely, transversely striated and often with coarse punctures. This worked
very satisfactorily in contrast to the other extreme of highly polished surfaces.
But study of additional specimens found so many intermediates that repeated
separations of the same material on these characters rarely resulted in the same
placement of any but the extremes.

(4) The male gonostyli also offered some variability which, on the basis of the
several specimens studied for this structure, was gradual rather than discontinuous
and so could not be used for a separating feature.

Besides the usual occasional specimen with the comment ‘collected
at light,” there was in the material studied a sizable series of unusually
small specimens from Surinam labeled “in coffee field,” and one
specimen from Venezuela with the note “on potato.”

Cyrtomenus (Cyrtomenus) ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois), new status
PLATE FIGURES 10, 34, 56, 109, 123, 142, 244

Pentatoma ciliata Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, p. 186, pl. 11, fig. 6.

Cyrtomenus castaneus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 91.—Walker, 1867, p. 147.—
Stal, 1876, p. 18.

Cydnus ciliatus Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 62.

Cyrtomenus mutabilis Walker, 1867, p. 147 (part).—Uhler, 1877, p. 367 (part).

Pentatoma ciliata “‘loc. incert.’’ St&l, 1876, p. 26.

Cyrtomenus ciliatus Berg, 1879, p. 9 (part).

Cyrtomenus mirabilis Berg, 1879, p. 9 (part).—Distant, 1880, p. 3 (part).—Sig-
noret, 1881b, p. 199 (part, not figure)—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and
Severin, 1893, p. 62 (part).—Banks, 1910, p. 99.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 18
(part).—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 177.

Diacnosis.—The strongly compressed posterior tibia whose width
equals that of the anterior tibia marks this species from all its con-
geners except crassus Walker. From crassus it is distinguished by the
less broadly rounded anterior outline of the head and the more
strongly projecting eyes (figs. 56, 57).

DerscriPpTion.—Mate:

Head: Length more than half width, 1.44(1.30—-1.56) :2.12(1.95-
2.28); interocular width, 1.28(1.23-1.36); anterior outline (fig. 56)
somewhat triangular, juga slightly longer than clypeus and conver-
gent beyond it; eyes projecting by about one-half their width; sur-
face decidedly convex, shining, with prominent coarse rugae radiating
from base of clypeus, minutely punctate; ocelli very large, separated
from eye by space about half transverse ocellar width; jugum ven-
trally shining, partly rugulose; maxillary plate alutaceous, with
numerous distinct punctures. Antennal segments: I, 0.40(0.36-
0.43); II, 0.29(0.26-0.31); III, 0.44(0.40-0.48); IV, 0.46(0.43-0.50) ;
V, 0.48(0.46-0.50). Bucculae less than half as high as labial II,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 53]

labium reaching between posterior coxae. Labial segments: I,
0.83(0.73-0.96); II, 1.11(0.93-1.23); III, 1.06(0.93-1.16); IV,
0.91(0.83-1.00).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.65(2.58-2.85) :4.56(4.41-
5.10); lateral margins straight on basal two-thirds, with submarginal
row of 12 to 14 setigerous punctures; transverse impression moder-
ately impressed, marked by rather regular, medially interrupted row
of coarse punctures; anterior lobe with broad, shallow, subapical im-
pression, with punctures confined to subapical band and lateral patch;
posterior lobe with several coarse punctures medially and few others
scattered elsewhere.

Scutellum: Length subequal to, slightly less than, or slightly more
than width, 3.23(3.15-3.45) :3.13(2.86-3.31); disc with few to several
widely scattered, coarse, sunken punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one sub-
median row of punctures; mesocorial punctation moderate, abundant
except along radial vein, forming two rows paralleling claval suture,
outer one usually incomplete; costa with six to eight setigerous
punctures; membrane distinctly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with few fine punctures laterad of acetabulum
and few coarse punctures in depression.

Mesopleuron (fig. 109): Lateral margin of evaporatorium bisinuate;
lateral area shining, impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia (fig. 142) with greatest diameter equalling
that of anterior tibia (fig. 123), latter with seven or eight stout,
flattened, blunt spines arising from blackened elevations on dorsal
margin,

Sternites: Shining, polished or faintly alutaceous, rugulose in
spiracular area; setigerous punctures on III to VIII prominent, with
long setae.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with scattered fine punctures;
gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 244).

Length of body: 7.63(6.73-7.94).

Frema.e: Very similar to male in shape, punctation, and subapical
pronotal impression; measurements somewhat larger, especially of
labial segment II.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.49(1.43-1.56) :2.16(2.08—2.24); inter-
ocular width, 1.33(1.23-1.43). Antennal segments: I, 0.41(0.36-
0.46); II, 0.28(0.23-0.33); III, 0.45(0.43-0.50); IV, 0.40(0.38-0.43);
V, 0.47(0.40-0.53). Labial segments: I, 0.90(0.83-1.00); II, 1.21
(1.13-1.33); III, 1.07(1.03-1.13); IV, 0.97(0.93-1.04).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.75(2.71-2.97) :4.76(4.46-5.09).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.29(3.14—-3.45) :3.30(3.30-3.30).

Length of body: 7.75(7.33-7.97).

532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

Tyre pata.—The author has been unable to locate Palisot de
Beauvois’ type which was from “Etats-Unis d’Amerique.”” Amyot
and Serville’s type of castaneus, also unlocated, was from ‘‘Amerique
Septentrionale.”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 96 males, 119 females.

Unitep States: Alabama: Mobile; June. Delaware: Newark; July. Florida:
Branford, Clearwater, Dunnellon, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Fruitville,
Gainesville, Indian River, Jackson, La Belle, Lacoochee, Lake City, Lakeland,
Lake Placid, Lutz, Macclenny, Miami, Putnam Co., St. Petersburg, Sanford,
Suwannee Springs, Tallahassee; April to November. Georgia: Bainbridge,
Hunter Field, Okefenokee Swamp, Thomasville, Waycross; June to September.
Illinois: Cairo, Harrisburg; June to September. Kansas: Ellsworth; September.
Louisiana: Harahan; July. Mississippi: Gulfport, Lucedale; June, November.
Missouri: Charleston, Kansas City, St. Louis; June to August. New Jersey: Mana-
hawkin; August. North Carolina: Southern Pines; July. Oklahoma: Elmer,
Payne Co.; July, August. South Carolina: Allendale, Charleston, Florence, Fort
Royal; July. Texas: Brazos Co., Burkburnett, Colorado City, Columbus, El
Paso, Hidalgo Co., Sherman, Sequin; May to August. Virginia: Virginia Beach;
August.

Discusston.—This species has long gone under the name mirabilis
Perty (the earlier usage of the spelling mutabilis appears to be due to
an error on the caption of the plate accompanying the original descrip-
tion). However, the larger size (8.9 mm.) and the type locality
“Provincia Piauhiensis,” Brazil, indicate that this name has been
improperly applied by most authors and actually belongs to a larger
South American species of the genus. The earliest published name
assignable to this genus, ciliata Palisot Beauvois, appears to be the
correct one for the present species. The type locality, ‘Etats-Unis
d’Amerique,” and the illustration of a stout, compact body 7 mm.
long agree well with the species at hand and could belong to no other
form except possibly crassus Walker. C. crassus, however, occurs
only in the southwestern part of the continent, an area that did not
belong to the United States in the early 1800’s. The synonymy also
includes the Cyrtomenus castaneus of Amyot and Serville, a name which
also probably belongs to this species as has been indicated by Uhler
(1877) and others.

The relationship between Cyrtomenus ciliatus, crassus and mirabilis
(in the sense of the present paper) is not yet fully evident. That
there is close morphological relationship between them is observable.
Also, their respective ranges are separate, yet adjacent and form a
north-south sequence from central North America to southern South
America. Such evidence suggests that perhaps these forms do not
represent three distinct species, but subspecies of one widely ranging
form. If the discontinuities disappear with the examination of addi-
tional material from the critical regions, a clinal development of but
one form would result, and that form would have to take the name

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 533

ciliatus as that is the oldest one applied to any member of the group.
At present, however, the author believes that our knowledge of these
forms, as well as most of the rest of the family, is so fragmentary that
application of the “‘new systematics” should definitely await the
accumulation of more material and more intensive revisions.

An additional feature that may be used to separate ciliatus from
crassus is the presence of more stout, blunt spines on the dorsal margin
of the anterior tibia of the latter form. In the specimens of ciliatus
examined, none showed more than seven or eight of these blunt
spines, but they often showed tapering spines based of the series.
These latter may make interpretation of this feature difficult until
a little experience is gained, as crassus shows nine or ten blunt spines.
With some experience, however, one can learn to recognize the greater
space between the spines, especially on the apical third, as it occurs
on the tibia of ciliatus (fig. 123). In crassus the spines of the same
region are more numerous and closely spaced.

Collecting notes and field experience indicate that ciliatus is a species
of sandy areas and that it frequently comes to light after dark. One
specimen from Louisiana bore the label, ‘with sweet potato.’’ Another
small collection of adults and nymphs was noted on ‘‘chufa’’? in
Mississippi; and Hart (1919, p. 205) reported nymphs and adults
“from Georgia as injurious to the chufa, or edible sedge-root (Cyperus
esculentus L.).”’

The several nymphs seen belonged to later instars and all showed
the typical hind tibia, the convex, coarsely rugose head, and the
submarginal row of spines on the head which are characteristic of
the adults.

Cyrtomenus (Cyrtomenus) crassus Walker, new status
PLATE FIGURES 57, 245

Cyrtomenus crassus Walker, 1867, p. 147.

Cyrtomenus obtusus Uhler, 1877, p. 369. New synonymy.

Cyrtomenus mirabilis Distant, 1880, p. 3 (part).—Signoret, 1881b, p. 199 (part,
not figure).—Uhler, 1886, p. 3 (part).—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 18 (part).

Cyrtomenus castaneus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 62.

Cyrtomenus vestigiatus Distant, 1903, p. 525. New synonymy.

DiaGnosis.—The very broadly rounded anteocular part of the head
beyond which the eyes project only slightly (fig. 57) added to the
presence of a postmedian row of setigerous punctures on lateral third of
sternites IV to VI will separate this species from all others in the
subgenus.

Description.—Mat.e:

Head: Length more than half width, 1.50(1.43-1.62) :2.20(2.08-
2.36) ; interocular width, 1.37(1.30-1.49) ; anterior outline very broadly

534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

rounded (fig. 57), eyes projecting beyond sides of head by not more
than one-third their width, juga longer than clypeus and nearly or
quite contiguous in front of it; apices of juga and clypeus broadly
recurved; surface noticeably convex, shining, with prominent, coarse,
irregular rugae radiating from base of clypeus, minutely punctate;
ocelli large, separated from eye by space slightly more than half trans-
verse ocellar width; jugum ventrally shining, in part obsoletely rugu-
lose; maxillary plate alutaceous, with numerous shallow punctures.
Antennal segments: I, 0.44(0.43-0.46); II, 0.30(0.30-0.33); III,
0.47(0.43-0.50); IV, 0.45(0.40-0.50); V, 0.47(0.46-0.50). Bucculae
less than half as high as labial II; labium reaching between posterior
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.89(0.86-0.99); II, 1.21(1.13-1.33); ILI,
1.06(0.96-1.16); IV, 0.87(0.83-0.94).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.83(2.69-3.00):5.01
(4.81-5.40); lateral margin straight to slightly concave on basal two-
thirds, with submarginal row of 15 to 18 setigerous punctures; trans-
verse impression distinct laterally, obsolete medially, with medially
interrupted, irregular row of coarse, close-set punctures; anterior lobe
impunctate except for moderate punctures laterally and in subapical
band, median subapical impression broad, very shallow; posterior lobe
with several coarse punctures anteriorly, these more numerous
medially.

Seutellum: Length subequal to, slightly longer or shorter than
width, 3.30(3.15-3.60) :3.33(3.14-3.71); disc with few to several
widely scattered, coarse, sunken punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium shining; clavus with one submedian
row of punctures; mesocorial punctation forming two rows (outer one
incomplete) paralleling claval suture, elsewhere, except along radial
vein, uniformly punctate; exocorium more irregularly and less densely
punctate than mesocorium; costa with six to ten setigerous punctures;
membrane distinctly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with few distinct punctures in depression.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area polished, impunctate, with few oblique
rugulae.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium more or less con-
cave; lateral area polished, impunctate.

Legs: Posterior tibia (as in fig. 142) strongly dilated toward apex,
greatest diameter there equal to that of anterior tibia; latter with nine
or ten stout, flattened, blunt spines arising from blackened elevations
on dorsal margin.

Sternites: Shining, polished or faintly alutaceous, rugulose in
spiracular area; setigerous punctures on segments III to VII promi-
nent, with long setae.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 535

Terminalia: Genital segment shining, with scattered fine punctures,
apical margin straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 245).

Length of body: 8.17(7.93-8.66).

FEMALE: Similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.51(1.43-1.62) :2.31(2.21-2.37); inter-
ocular width, 1.41(1.36-1.49). Antennal segments: I, 0.44(0.43-
0.46); II, 0.30(0.26-0.33); III, 0.51(0.50-0.53); IV, 0.49(0.43-0.53) ;
V, 0.49(0.43-0.53). Labial segments: I, 0.91(0.86-0.96); II, 1.23
(1.20-1.30); III, 1.07(1.00-1.16); IV, 0.91(0.83-1.00).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.97(2.84-3.02) :5.21(5.10—-5.38).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.53(3.44-3.60) :3.58(3.42-3.61).

Length of body: 8.67(8.40-8.98).

Type pata.—Walker’s type (BrM) is from Veracruz, Mexico. C.
obtusus (types in USNM) was described by Uhler from ‘Texas,
Arizona, and perhaps the same as that from Cape Saint Lucas, Lower
California.’’ Distant’s vestigiatus (type in BrM) was described from
San Jose, Costa Rica.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—53 males, 71 females.

Unrtep Srates: Arizona: Baboquivari Mts., Carr Canyon (Huachuca Mts.),
Chiricahua National Monument (Cochise Co.), Douglas, Dragoon, Fort Grant,
Globe, Patagonia, Ruby, Sabino Basin (Santa Catalina Mts.), Tombstone, Tucson,
Wickenburg, Wilcox; June to August. New Mexico: Tucumcari; July. Texas:
Ysleta; September.

Mexico: Chihuahua: Camargo, Catarinas, Las Delicias, Matachic, Meoqui,
Parral, Primavera; July to September. Coahuila: Torre6én. Distrito Federal:
“Guadalu” [Guadalupe Hidalgo?]. Guwanajuata: Gonzales ‘“Jct.,’? Irapuato.
Guerrero: Balsas. Jalisco: Guadalajara, Las Fuentes, La Venta; July. Baja
California: Miraflores, Triunfo; July. Morales: Alpuyeca, Cuernavaca; June,
September. Nayarit: Tepic; July. Oazaca: Salina Cruz; July. Sinaloa: Mazat-
lan; August. Veracruz: ‘‘Pureza’”’; June.

CusBa: San Blas; May.

GuaTEMALA: Antigua; June.

Honpuras: Zamorano (2,600 feet); July.

Costa Rica: San José; May.

Discussion.—In previous literature this species generally has been
considered synonymous with ciliatus Palisot de Beauvois (mirabilis
auct., nec Perty). Although the two are admittedly very closely
allied, they may be separated by the features given in the key to
species. In addition, the range of crassus is distinct from that of
ciliatus, being definitely more southern. C. obtusus Uhler has likewise
been considered a synonym of ciliatus, but both the description and the
type locality leave little doubt that it is the same form as crassus. It
is surprising that no one has previously recognized the identity of
Uhler’s obtusus and Distant’s vestigiatus. Both authors compared their
specimens to ‘mirabilis’? and pointed out several of the same sepa-

536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

rating features, as in the following statements of comparison with
“mirabilis”:

obtusus Uhler vestigiatus Distant
Head: More deeply emarginate cleft at apices
in front
Pronotum: Punctures less numerous sparingly, strongly punctate
Scutellum: Very coarsely and spar- very sparingly but very coarsely
ingly punctured punctate.

Additional comments on the close relationship of the present form
with the other species of the subgenus will be found in the introductory
discussion of the subgenus and under the species ciliatus. The present
understanding of this species would not have been possible without
the full answers that Dr. W. E. China kindly supplied to questions
about the types of Dallas, Walker, and Distant, and the replies from
Dr. R. I. Sailer concerning Uhler’s type of obtusus.

Ecological data are sparse for this species. One specimen from
Texas was labelled simply “corn.” Uhler, in the notes accompanying
his original description of obtusus, reported that considerable wear
and breakage were evident on the head and front legs of some of his
specimens. Many of the specimens examined during the present
study, especially those from Texas and Arizona, also showed consid-
erable wear. In fact, one series of these specimens had most of the
margin of the head worn off past the row of submarginal setigerous
punctures and showed marked abrasion as far back as the interocular
area. The anterior tibiae of these specimens were literally reduced to
virtually unarmed stumps, the tarsi and all spines except those on the
ventral margin were broken away and even the prominent tubercles
that gave rise to the dorsal row of spines were nearly all completely
worn down so that the width was reduced and the dorsal margin was
only slightly crenulate. Since the members of this species show so
much drastic wear, one wonders what significance this might have.
As conjecture, one might suggest that the insects live in a more abra-
sive soil or are more aggressive in their burrowing. There was nothing
but further conjecture to suggest that the cuticula might be softer
here than elsewhere in the family.

Cyrtomenus (Cyrtomenus) mirabilis (Perty)
PLATE FIGURE 246

Cydnus mirabilis Perty, 1830, p. 166, pl. 33, fig. 6 (erroneously labeled as “muta-
bilis’’ on caption of plate).

Cyrtomenus mutabilis Dallas, 1851, p. 112.—Walker, 1867, p. 147 (part).

Cyrtomenus mérabilis Stal, 1876, p. 18.—Distant, 1880, p. 3 (part).—Signoret,
1881b, p. 199, pl. 6, fig. 19 (part).—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 62 (part).

Macroscytus umbonatus Berg, 1879, p. 14.

Dracnosts.—The absence of a partial, postmedian row of setigerous
punctures on lateral third of sternites IV to VI and the large ocelli,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 537

which are removed from the eyes by a space distinctly less than a
transverse ocellar width, will separate mirabilis from the other mem-
bers of the subgenus.

DerscripTion.—Matps:

Head: Length more than half width, 1.55(1.40-1.69):2.28(2. 12—
2.40); interocular width, 1.36(1.30-1.43); anterior margin fully semi-
circular, broadly reflexed juga surpassing clypeus and convergent or
contiguous in front of it; surface polished, with numerous strong,
radiating rugae and scattered minute punctures; ocelli very large,
separated from eye by space distinctly less than transverse ocellar
width; jugum ventrally shining, in large part finely punctulate;
maxillary plate alutaceous, with scattered, vague punctures. Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.43(0.30—0.49); IT, 0.30(0.26-0.34); III, 0.54(0.52—
0.56); IV, 0.52(0.50—0.56); V, 0.52(0.50-0.56). Bucculae less than
half as high as labial II; labium reaching bases of posterior coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.94(0.91—1.00) ; II, 1.29(1.26-1.33); III, 1.16(1.10-
1.24); IV, 1.05(0.97-1.11).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.09 (2.96—3.40) :5.13(4.67—
5.42); lateral margin straight or slightly concave on basal two-thirds;
with 8 to 18 submarginal setigerous punctures; transverse impression
moderate, usually obsolete medially, marked by irregular, medially
interrupted row of coarse punctures; anterior lobe with broad, shal-
low, subapical impression, punctation restricted to broad, subapical
band and irregular lateral patch of few to many punctures; posterior
lobe with few widely scattered punctures, especially in middle third.

Scutellum: Length subequal to width, 3.30(2.93-8.61) :3.30(2.91-
3.60); dise polished, with widely scattered, coarse, sunken punctures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one sub-
median row of punctures; mesocorium rather uniformly and closely
punctate except in smooth space along radial vein and in two rows of
close-set punctures paralleling claval suture; exocorium irregularly
and less densely punctate than mesocorium; costa with four to eight
setigerous punctures; membrane distinctly surpassing apex of ab-
domen.

Propleuron: Alutaceous, with few punctures in depression.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area shining, impunctate with few obsolete
rugulae.

Metapleuron; Lateral margin of evaporatorium straight or slightly
concave; lateral area polished, impunctate.

Legs: Anterior tibia dorsally with seven or eight stout, flattened,
blunt spines arising from blackened elevations; posterior tibia moder-
ately widened apically, greatest diameter less than that of anterior
tibia.

538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

Sternites: Polished, without postmedian rows of setigerous punc-
tures at lateral third of segments III to VI.

Terminalia: Genital capsule polished, with scattered minute
punctures more abundant laterally, apical margin nearly straight or
faintly sinuate laterally, gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 246).

Length of body: 8.85(8.38-9.37).

Ferema.e: Similar to male, subapical impression of pronotum less
extensive.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.47(1.43-1.56) :2.31(2.25-2.41); inter-
ocular width, 1.41(1.36-1.44). Antennal segments: I, 0.43(0.40-
0.46); Il, 0.27(0.25-0.31); III, 0.53(0.44—0.60); IV, 0.50(0.47-0.56) ;
V, 0.53(0.50-0.60). Labial segments: I, 0.92(0.86—1.06) ; II, 1.27(1.23—
1.36); ITI, 1.16(1.10-1.23); IV, 1.03(0.94-1.11).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.04(2.85-3.42) :4.99(4.85-5.36).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.07(2.40-3.60) :3.25(3.00-3.61).

Length of body: 8.76(8.12-9.41).

TyprE DATA.—The unlocated type of mirabilis was said to have come
from Brazil. Berg’s types of wmbonatus were reported as having
come from the Argentine localities of Catamarca and Tucuman.
One specimen (UnivNac) in a collection of miscellaneous material is
labeled ‘““Catamarca, wmbonatus Berg, type.’”’ This obviously is one
of the original types and is here designated the lectotype. Dr.
Kormilev informed the author that no recognized types of this species
are in any other Argentine museums that he visited.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—12 males, 13 females.

Braziu: Campinas, Nova Teutonia, Porto Alegre, Taperina; October,
November.

Peru: ‘Chauchamayo.’’

Paracuay: Asuncién, Colonia Nuevo Italia, Horqueta; September to Decem-
ber.

ARGENTINA: Catamarca, Tucumdn; December.

Discusston.—Although the close resemblance between this form
and the common form of the southern United States led most authors
to consider them as one, there is sufficient difference to warrant
separating them. In fact, the present study also separates a geo-
graphically intermediate form, crassus Walker. The form of the
southern United States properly takes the name ciliatus Palisot de
Beauvois, as explained under the treatment of that species in the
present paper. Signoret’s (1881a) synonymizing of Berg’s Macroscytus
umbonatus is supported by the finding of the ‘‘Catamarca” type
mentioned above.

For a discussion of this species in relation to others of the subgenus,
see comments in the introduction to this subgenus and those under
C. ciliatus.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 539

Genus Tominotus Mulsant and Rey

Tominotus Mulsant and Rey, 1866, p. 319.

Trichocoris Uhler, 1876, p. 277. New synonymy.
Psectrocephalus Van Duzee, 1922, p. 270. New synonymy.
Aethus of authors, nec Dallas (1851, p. 110).

Diaenosis.—This genus is best diagnosed by the lack of differ-
entiated terminal part of the osteolar canal, the terete hind tibiae
which have all spines similarly developed and by the complete, sub-
marginal row of coarse, close-set setigerous punctures on the head.

DescripTION.—Size small to large (4-12), oval, ovate or sub-
parallel; dorsum much less convex than venter.

Head: Length usually more than half width, flattened to somewhat
convex above; juga carinate dorsally on margin, as long as or longer
than and convergent in front of clypeus; juga with a submarginal row
of coarse, close-set punctures giving rise to long cilia and usually also
to short, erect, stout pegs; eyes well developed, slightly to strongly
projecting; ocelli absent or well developed, when present located on or
behind a line connecting hind margins of eyes and separated from eyes
by a space equal to or greater than an ocellar width; antennae 5-
segmented, I shortest, others variable in proportion; bucculae low to
very high, reaching nearly or quite to base of head; labium reaching
from middle of mesosternum to middle of metasternum, labial II
longest, compressed but without a foliaceous lobe, IV shortest.

Pronotum: Width about twice length; anterior margin moderately
to strongly emarginate, without a paralleling submarginal groove;
lateral margins carinate, narrowed on apical third or more, basal part
straight or incurved, some males with slight to strong constriction
submedially; lateral submarginal setigerous punctures variable in
number and arrangement; posterior margin broadly but shallowly
convex; transverse impression distinct to absent, usually marked by
a row or band of distinct punctures.

Scutellum: Wider or narrower than long, triangular, apex broad and
rounded (fig. 80) or distinctly narrowed (fig. 79); disc impunctate,
weakly punctate or with numerous distinct punctures.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined; costa with one to many
setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight or weakly bisinuate,
curved anteriorly or posteriorly laterally; membrane distinctly less
than one-third of hemelytral length, approaching, reaching or sur-
passing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Weakly to distinctly convex anterior to depression,
usually with some punctures; prosternal carinae prominent, usually
rather sharp; anterior margin slightly lobulate either side of middle.

Mesopleuron: Weakly concave; evaporatorium extensive to very
restricted and interrupted by mesally projecting spur of Jateral pol-

540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

ished area (fig. 111); latter usually impunctate; mesosternum swollen,
carinate on basal half or more and with numerous long hairs.

Metapleuron (fig. 111): Flattened; evaporatorium occupying mesal
half or more of segment, vaguely or sharply defined from lateral area;
latter with or without punctures; osteolar peritreme without a differ-
entiated terminal lobe, sharply delimited apically or continued obliquely
to anterior margin of segment: osteole opening posteriorly at emargi-
nation of peritreme, a subapical spur usually also present.

Legs: Short to moderately long; anterior tibia (fig. 117) distinctly
compressed, dorsal margin with six to ten stout spines, not surpassing
tarsal insertion; middle and posterior tibiae (fig. 140) slender, terete,
equally spined on all margins; posterior tibia as long as or longer than
abdomen; tarsal II shortest, I equal to or shorter than III.

Venter: Strongly convex, shining, with or without setigerous punc-
tures; posterior margin of each segment finely to distinctly crenulate.

Type or Genus.—Cydnus (Tominotus) signoreti Mulsant and Rey
(1866, p. 319), monobasic; of Trichocoris, Trichocoris conformis Ubler
(1876, p. 277), monobasic; of Psectrocephalus, Psectrocephalus caecus
Van Duzee (1922, p. 271), original designation and monobasic.

DisTRIBUTION.—This genus occupies a wide range from North
Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, Arizona, and California south through
Central America and the Antilles to Argentina and Chile.

Discussion.—The separation of this genus from Dallasiellus marks
a rather weak area in the present attempt to redefine the cydnid
genera that occur in the Western Hemisphere. These two groups are
both relatively unspecialized when compared to allied forms and so
present no really strong features for separation. The complete sub-
marginal row of coarse punctures does set off a group of closely allied
species, but leaves the residuum containing species in which the sub-
marginal row of punctures varies from absent to well developed and
reaching almost to apex of jugum, this character being simply one
extreme of an almost continuous variation.

Tominotus Mulsant and Rey, based on a species originally described
from France, appears to be the correct name for this genus as it is
the oldest included generic name. <A rather unusual set of circum-
stances beclouds the soundness of this application, but a statement
of events leading to this decision should indicate the reasons for mak-
ing it. ZTominotus was described in 1866 by Mulsant and Rey as a
subgenus of Cydnus and contained the single, newly described species
signoreti, that species being the genotype by the monobasic condition
of the original proposal. The specimen on which it was based was
reported as having come from the collection of Signoret and its lo-
cality of capture was given as ‘‘Montpellier,” in France. The species
was thus carried as a European form. However, Signoret (1881b)

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 541

reported that he was unable to separate signoreti from Berg’s (1879)
Argentine species constrictus; he further stated that Mulsant and
Rey’s French locality for their species had been due to a misinterpre-
tation of the abbreviated locality “Mont.” on his specimen label.
He stated that this abbreviation stood for “Montevideo” and not
“Montpellier.” In view of Signoret’s explanation (and in spite of the
fact that he had given both names valid standing in his ‘‘Revision’’)
and the fact that Mulsant and Rey’s description leaves no doubt
about the identity of their species with that of Berg’s, one is forced
to consider Berg’s name as a synonym, as has already been done by
Berg (1891, p. 171). Yoméinotus thus is available and must be con-
sidered in the study of nomenclature for forms of the Western Hemi-
sphere.

But why replace the older, better known name Aethus of Dallas
with Tominotus? In redefining the genera, the start must be made
from the genotype. The genotype of Aethus Dallas (1851) is Cydnus
indicus Fabricius, subsequently designated by Van Duzee (1914, p.
378). It possesses a differentiated terminal osteolar process (fig. 99),
the shape of which is unlike that found in any species of cydnids found
in the Western Hemisphere. The terminal process in Aethus indicus
is almost semicircular with the convexity cephalad, a strong emargina-
tion in the transverse posterior margin and the surface in part pol-
ished. As thus restricted, Aethus appears to have a limited distribu-
tion chiefly in Asia; but as only limited extralimital material was avail-
able for study its range may be more extensive.

Thus, our American forms, none of which is congeneric with
Aethus indicus, must take new generic names. After transferring
certain other species, those which belonged to the Aethus of American
authors (not Dallas) on the basis of a complete submarginal row of
setigerous punctures must take the name Tominotus Mulsant and
Rey (1866) because that name antedated all other included generic
proposals, Trichocoris Uhler (1877) and Psectrocephalus Van Duzee
(1922), by several years.

In Tominotus the vestiture arising from the submarginal row of
setigerous punctures on the head may be uniformly hairlike, or may
consist of a row of peglike setae with a few hairlike ones interspersed
A caution for interpreting this character already given in the intro-
duction to this study may be profitably repeated here: the burrowing
habit often results in the breaking of the hairlike setae near their
bases, resulting in what appears to be a row of the peglike setae.
Although this vestiture character has not been used as a primary key
character in the present study, it is mentioned in the description of
each species and offers a usable recognition feature for certain groups

542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

of the included species. But the caution must be heeded in interpret-
ing the descriptions and especially in describing new forms.

Key to the known species of Tominotus

1. Mesopleural evaporatorium interrupted posteriorly by a transverse, marginal
or submarginal polished band (fig. 111). .... ry at eb tac tae
Mesopleural evaporatorium not interrupted poReran, fe nowened band. 11

2. Scutellar apex broad (fig. 80), half or more than half as wide as membranal

SUCUTC.. 2 onc BAA eaaso, 133
Scutellar apex proc? (fig. 79), vaistanetly tees than hele as ites as mem-
branalsuture. ... Sect oietue 19

3. Pronotum with lateral Submmarcinnl eatigctons mamceanes devensed in single,
impressed row (fig. 68); costa with not more than ten setigerous punc-
GUNES! setcmycromns a ee. ee ee:

Pronotum with interval A ENIAT ETA PUECrOus encures not confined to a
single, submarginal row, but forming a wider, submarginal stripe, espe-
cially anteriorly (fig. 69); costa usually with fifteen or more setigerous
puncturesi.ot. 2 thoi ish be that) Seikeeden ee ee Pons

4. Pronotum laterally mail ae caatinet, moderately coarse punctures on
both lobes«..... >. ; Su eee

Pronotum laterally wie, on or no Alcunict panerines laterally RE
with minute punctures). . . eet

5. Costa creamy white, contrasting prone with aaa browns corium.

albicostus, new species (p. 543)

Costa concolorous with remainder of corium. ... . he ie he yO

6. Tibiae yellowed, in contrast to reddish-brown femora; size nlarcer: length of
body, 6.9-8; lateral pronotal margins of males not constricted.

brevis (Signoret) (p. 547)

Tibiae concolorous with femora; size smaller, length of body, 5—5.2; lateral

pronotal margins of males strongly constricted near middle (fig. 6).
signoreti (Mulsant and Rey) (p. 566)

7. Membranal suture virtually straight (fig. 82); scutellum with few widely

scattered punctures; larger, length of body, 8.6.
impuncticollis (Distant) (p. 560)

Membranal suture distinctly bisinuate (fig. 81); scutellum with many
crowded punctures; smaller, length of body, 5.5.

blanchardi (Signoret) (p. 544)
8. Abdomen polished, eae except in spiracular area; larger, length of
body; 8:5=10:0. 7.8. . . . . .hogenhoferi (Signoret) (p. 559)
Abdomen and dorsal saceneee except membrane, with coarse punctures
giving rise to long, golden setae similar to those along lateral margins;
smaller, length of body, 5.0-6.8. . . . . . conformis (Uhler) (p. 554)

9. Corium alutaceous; costa with two or three setigerous punctures.

brevirostris, new species (p. 545)
Corium polished; costa with five to ten setigerous punctures. . . .. .10
10. Size smaller, length of body 5.1—7.3; labium surpassing middle coxae.
commubpis (Uhler) (p.551)
Size larger, length of body 9.1-10.8; labium not surpassing middle coxae.
curvipes (Dallas) (p. 556)
11. Ocelli present, distinct; costa with not more than five setigerous punctures. 12
Ocelli absent; costa with ten or more setigerous punctures.
caecus (Van Duzee) (p. 549)

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 543

12. Costa with one setigerous puncture; male with apex of genital capsule dis-

tinctly V-emarginate. ...... . . Umisetosus, new species (p. 567)

Costa with two to four setigerous punctures; male with apex of genital
capsule not V-emarginate. ..... A eer

13. Clypeus with two subapical setigerous punctures size parvalter jenath of
body 3.7-4.5..... . . . . . laeviculus (Berg) (p. 564)
Clypeus without subapical pabieenods punctures; size larger, length of body
4.8-5.5........... .. . imconspicuus, new species (p. 562)

Tominotus albicostus, new species

Dracnosis.—The creamy white costa plus the unicolorous pronotum
will separate this species from all other Cydnidae known to occur in
the Western Hemisphere.

Description.—From a single specimen. Frmauen: Broadly oval.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.26 :1.80; interocular width,
1.28; juga rounded, forming a semicircle, as long as clypeus, latter
with two subapical setigerous punctures; jugum with a complete,
submarginal, depressed row of coarse setigerous punctures giving rise
to long hairlike setae and stout pegs; surface slightly convex, weakly
rugose radially, punctate only toward margins; ocelli small, separated
from eyes by space about four times an ocellar width; jugum ventrally
and maxillary plate (except posteriorly) impunctate. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.36; I], 0.33; IIT, 0.35; IV, 0.40; V, 0.46. Bucculae lower
than labial IJ; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial seg-
ments: I, 0.60; II, 0.76; ITI, 0.70; IV, 0.46.

Pronotum: Length less than half width, 1.99 :4.26; anterior margin
broadly and deeply emarginate; lateral margins entire, not emarginate,
with about thirty setigerous punctures in a single, submarginal row;
transverse impression slightly behind midlength, obsolete, marked by
an irregular band of slightly coarser punctures; anterior lobe impunc-
tate discally, a few distinct punctures anteriorly and a wide band of
them laterally, surface finely alutaceous except on impunctate calli;
posterior lobe weakly and finely alutaceous, with fine, irregular punc-
tures over most of width.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 2.87:2.36; finely alutaceous; with
numerous irregular, crowded punctures, except basally.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with irregular,
partly confluent punctures; corium with numerous punctures, these
more abundant in two rows paralleling claval suture and on exocorium;
costa with twelve setigerous punctures; membranal suture bisinuate,
lateral angle slightly acute; membrane longer than basal width.

Propleuron: More or less alutaceous, punctured anteriorly, in de-
pression and in lateroposterior angle.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium separated from posterior margin of
segment for nearly full width; lateral area with few distinct punctures ;
posterior margin entire.

544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying mesal half, prolonged
laterally along anterior margin; peritreme extended about one-third
across segment, evanescent apically; lateral area alutaceous and
punctate on mesal two-thirds.

Legs: Moderately long; posterior tibia straight.

Sternites: Alutaceous, finely punctate, with few irregular rugae
laterally.

Length of body: 6.29.

TypE pata.—Holotype female (Wien) labeled ‘“Fiebrig, Paraguay,
S. Bernardino.”

Discussion.—As indicated in the key, this species is most closely
allied to brevis Signoret and signoreti Mulsant and Rey. In addition
to the key characters it agrees with these in general habitus, being
broadly oval, with a semicircular head, and having the dorsum and
venter alutaceous. Its large size (6.29) and creamy white costa
separate it from signoreti, while the pale costa and the greater number
(about 30:15) of submarginal setigerous punctures laterally on the
pronotum distinguishes it from brevis.

Tominotus blanchardi (Signoret), new combination

PLATE FIGURE 81

Aethus blanchardi Signoret, 1863, p. 545.—Walker, 1867, p. 152.—St&l, 1876,
a dile

Sa ? blanchardi Signoret, 1882, p. 154, pl. 6, fig. 91.

Cydnus blanchardi Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 65,

DraGnosis.—Among those members of the genus whose body
length is less than 6 mm., the broad scutellar apex and lack of distinct
punctures towards sides of pronotal lobes will identify this species.

Description.—Based on the single available specimen which
lacked antennae, legs and abdomen, consequently sex is unknown.
Oval.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 0.90:1.36; interocular width, 0.94;
surface shining, juga with few obsolete, radiating rugae and numerous
very fine punctures; ocelli small, separated from eye by twice an
ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate impunctate,
latter finely alutaceous; antennae missing; bucculae lower than height
of labial II. Labial segments: I, 0.40; 1I, 0.61; III, 0.47; IV, 0.34.

Pronotum: Length half width, 1.40:2.81; anterior margin broadly
and moderately emarginate; side margins strongly converging from
base; with a single submarginal row of about 25 setigerous punctures;
transverse groove slightly behind midlength, very feeble; anterior
lobe shining, with fine but distinct punctures behind anterior emargina-
tion and a few obsolete punctures laterally; posterior lobe with
irregularly scattered moderate to minute punctures.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 545

Scutellum: Little longer than wide, 1.85:1.75; surface shining,
dise with numerous close-set punctures coarser than those of pronotum,
apex with fine punctures; apex broadly angled, more than half as
wide as membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, alutaceous; exocorium more
closely punctured than disc, latter with a single row of close-set
punctures; paralleling claval suture; clavus alutaceous, with two
longitudinal rows of punctures; costa with ten or twelve setigerous
punctures; membranal suture strongly bisinuate (fig. 81), lateral angle
acute; membrane longer than basal width.

Propleuron: Finely alutaceous, impunctate; prosternal carinae
thick, prominent, abruptly and acutely terminated ventrally, area
between depressed.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium triangular, extending about three-
fourths across segment, and separated from posterior margin of seg-
ment nearly to base by polished area.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium reaching three-fourths across seg-
ment, lateral two-fifths more shining; peritreme abruptly terminated
before middle of segment.

Legs, abdomen and terminalia: All missing.

Length of body: About 5.5.

Typz paTA.—The author has been unable to locate Signoret’s
type, reported as having come from Chile.

SPECIMEN sTUDIED.—A broken specimen (USNM) of unknown
sex, reported from Chile.

Discusston.—The specimen (USNM) studied was old and incom-
plete, lacking antennae, legs, and abdomen. It bore an unusual,
double-spaced, blue-bordered label with a determination of ‘“‘Aethus
blanchardi” in what appeared to be Signoret’s handwriting, and a
penciled note, “Chile.” This specimen may have been a part of the
Uhler collection, although it was not so labeled.

In illustrating this species in his “Revision,” Signoret (1882)
depicted the peritreme as terminating in an auricular lobe. The
specimen at hand showed the peritreme ending abruptly, but not in
the loop or ear-shape structure implied by Signoret.

Tominotus brevirostris, new species
PLATE FIGURE 247

Dracnosis.—The large size (9.5-10.2) plus the strongly alutaceous
coria will differentiate this species from all others in the genus.

Description.—Matz: One specimen. Elongate-oval.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 1.75:2.34; interocular
width, 1.52; outline semicircular, juga narrowing clypeus or contiguous
beyond it; clypeus without subapical punctures; juga roughened by

5019916014

546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

many crowded, distinct, radiating rugae and a few moderate punc-
tures, submarginal row of punctures giving rise to long cilia and no
pegs (all specimens badly abraided); vertex impunctate; ocelli sepa-
rated from eyes by almost twice an ocellar width; juga ventrally and
maxillary plate impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.53; II, 0.70;
III, 0.70; IV, 0.93; V, 1.00. Bucculae as high as labial IT, almost to
abrupt posterior end; labium reaching to middle of mesosternum.
Labial segments: I, 0.76; II, 1.10; III, 0.83; IV, 0.56.

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half width, 2.85:5.42;
anterior margin deeply, almost semicircularly emarginate; side margins
entire, not constricted opposite ends of transverse groove, with a
single, submarginal row of six setigerous punctures; transverse groove
absent, marked by irregular band of small, distinct punctures that
laterally extends anteriorly and posteriorly on otherwise impunctate
pronotal lobes.

Scutellum: Length and width subequal, 3.42:3.49; triangular, apex
narrowed; very faintly alutaceous, with numerous irregularly scat-
tered moderate punctures which get closer and finer toward apex.

Hemelytion: Corial areas well defined, strongly alutaceous; meso-
corial area with distinct punctures only in basal part and in one
complete row and one incomplete row paralleling claval suture,
apically with widely separated, very fine punctures; exocorial area
with distinct punctures only at base; radial vein and costa with
numerous fine punctures, costa also with two or three setigerous
punctures; clavus alutaceous like corium, with two partial rows of
punctures; membranal suture weakly bisinuate, lateral angle slightly
projecting; membrane distinctly longer than basal width, distinctly
surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: With few distinct punctures ventrally in depression.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium extending into posterolateral angle,
interrupted near posterior margin by weak polished band; posterior
margin of segment moderately coarsely crenulate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying about mesal two-thirds
of segment, lateral margin well defined, strongly concave; peritreme
reaching about halfway across segment, posterior subapical emargi-
nation with a distinct, flattened process.

Venter: Alutaceous, almost smooth and with numerous minute
punctures along midline, vaguely roughened laterally.

Terminalia: Apical margin of genital segment not entire and not
flared marginally; gonostyli as illustrated (fig. 247).

Length of body: 10.00.

Frema.e: Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.71(1.56-1.95) :2.34(2.25—-2.42); inter-
ocular width, 1.56(1.49-1.66). Antennals segments: I, 0.54 (0.50-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 547

0.60); II, 0.78(0.76-0.83); III, 0.64(0.56-0.70); IV, 0.94(0.90-1.00) ;
V, 1.04(1.00-1.16). Labial segments: I, 0.81(0.76-0.90); II, 1.06
(1.00-1.12); III, 0.89(0.86-0.93) ; IV, 0.57(0.55-0.61).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.88(2.78-3.00) :5.45(5.25-5.67).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.51(3.36-3.71) :3.42(3.28-3.57).

Length of body: 9.91(9.56—10.14).

Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64427) and allotype female
(USNM), 10 kilometers northeast of Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, Apr.
4,1943, W. F. Foshag. Paratypes as follows:

Mexico: Guerrero: Taxco, same data as types, 11 females (USNM, RCF).
México: Tejupilco, June 30, 1933, H. R. Hinton and R. L. Usinger, 2 females
(RLU). Michoacdn: 12 miles south of Tzitzio on Huetamo road, July 9, 1947,
3 females (RFH).

Discussion.—The trivial name, brevirostris, is in allusion to the
labium reaching only to the middle of the mesosternum and not to
the middle coxae or farther as occurs in most species of the family.

The large size and generally alutaceous dorsal and ventral surfaces
suggest that this species might be closely related to the members of
the genus Hetinopus, but the lack of a differentiated terminal process
on the osteolar peritreme, the presence of three primary setigerous
punctures on a jugum, and the complete row of submarginal setigerous
punctures on the jugum each would prevent assignment of it to that
genus.

Tominotus brevis (Signoret), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 68, 248

Aethus (Tominotus) brevis Signoret, 1881, p. 426, pl. 11, fig. 55.
Aethus neotropicus Jensen-Haarup, 1926, p. 49. New synonymy.

Draanosis.—The decidedly yellowed tibiae (especially the hind
pair), which contrast with the reddish brown femora, will readily
separate this species from others in the genus.

Description.—Matz: Based on two specimens. Broadly oval.

Head: Length nearly two-thirds width, 1.29(1.23-1.36) :1.90(1.86—
2.02); interocular width, 1.25(1.20-1.30); juga rounded, forming a
semicircle, as long as clypeus, latter with two subapical setigerous
punctures; juga with a complete, submarginal, depressed row of
coarse setigerous punctures giving rise to stout pegs with a few
interspersed cilia; surface slightly convex, with weak radiating rugae
and scattered minute punctures; ocelli small, separated from eyes
by more than three times an ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate (except posteriorly) impunctate. Antennal segments:
I, 0.38(0.36-0.43); II, 0.45(0.40-0.50); HI, 0.47(0.43-0.51); IV,
0.62(0.58-0.66); V, 0.64(0.60-0.66). Bucculae lower than height of
labial II; labium slightly surpassing middle coxae. Labial segments:

548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

I, 0.88(0.83-0.95); II, 1.24(1.13-1.33); III, 0.97(0.96-1.03); IV,
0.61(0.53-0.68).

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 4.52(3.97-4.66):2.10
(1.92-2.28); anterior margin broadly and deeply emarginate; lateral
margins entire, not emarginate, with about 15-20 setigerous punc-
tures in a single, submarginal row (fig. 68); transverse impression
slightly behind midlength, marked by a more or less regular row of
moderately coarse punctures; anterior lobe with numerous similar
punctures laterally and a number of finer ones subapically, surface
very finely alutaceous, except on impunctate calli; posterior lobe
very weakly alutaceous, with punctures more numerous laterally
than discally.

Scutellum: Length and width subequal, 2.61(2.50-2.73) :2.66(2.47—
2.88); surface with weak, transverse wrinkles and numerous fine,
close-set, longitudinal striae between distinct punctures which
become finer and closer toward apex; latter more than half as wide as
membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, strongly but finely alutaceous
and distinctly and rather uniformly punctured with two regular rows
of punctures paralleling claval suture; clavus alutaceous, with two
regular rows of distinct punctures; membranal suture obtusely angu-
larly convex, rectangular at outer angle; membrane slightly surpassing
apex of abdomen, a little longer than basal width.

Propleuron: Very weakly alutaceous, punctured at anteroventral
angle and in depression; prosternal carinae prominent, thick, calloused,
abruptly and rectangularly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium separated from posterior margin for
nearly full length by polished band; lateral area with few distinct
punctures; posterior margin weakly crenulate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying about half of segment;
lateral area immediately adjacent to it with distinct rugae and
punctures; peritreme extending about one-third across segment,
becoming evanescent apically.

Sternites: Smooth, sometimes visibly alutaceous laterally.

Legs: Moderately long, posterior tibia virtually straight.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, obsoletely rugulose, im-
punctate, apical margin virtually straight; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 248).

Length of body: 6.97(6.90-7.05).

Fremave: Very similar to male except that antennal segment II is
equal in length to III instead of being shorter as in the male, and the
scutellum is distinctly wider than long instead of having the length
and width subequal.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.34(1.30-1.38) :2.05(1.98-2.08); inter-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 549

ocular width, 1.33(1.27-1.37). Antennal segments: I, 0.40(0.40-0.42);
II, 0.49(0.46-0.53); III, 0.47(0.46-0.48); IV, 0.61(0.60-0.66); V,
0.63(0.60-0.66). Labial segments: I, 1.02(1.00-1.06); II, 1.26(1.13-
1.33); ITI, 0.98(0.90-1.06); IV, 0.64(0.60—0.70).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 4.54 (4.46—4.69) :2.18(2.02—2.37).

Seutellum: Width-length ratio, 3.05(2.93-3.13) :2.86 (2.75-3.06).

Length of body: 7.60(7.20-7.95).

Color: Above piceous with metallic reflections, broad margin of
head, side margins of pronotum and all of corium usually paler;
membrane milky white, marks along veins and between them fuscous;
ventrally slightly paler, acetabulae and femora reddish brown;
antennae, labium, prosternal carinae, basal third or more (all of
posterior) of tibiae, and tarsi distinctly yellow.

Typrp pata.—A female specimen (Wien) bears a red type label and
a locality label “Brasil.” This specimen was made available for
study. Since there is no reason to doubt that this was one of the
original specimens, it is here designated as lectotype. In the original
description two localities were cited, “Bresil’ and “Nouvelle
Grenada.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—6 males, 6 females.

VENEZUELA: Yaracuy, G. Pittier, 1 male (USNM).

Cotomstia: Bogotd, July 20, 1927, M. H. Nicefero, 1 female (JCL). Bonda,
June, 3 males, (Car, RCF). Rio Frio, Magdalena, May 18, 1927, G. Salt, 1
female (USNM). Santa Marta, Dec. 26, 1910, F. M. Gaige, 1 male, 1 female
(RFH). Santa Maria Mts., Valle del Tamacal, Sept. 22, 1920, F. M. Gaige,
1 male, 1 female (RFH). Villa Vieja, April 11, 1945, 1 female (CalAc).

Braziu: No exact locality, type female (Wien).

Discussion.—Little information is available on this well-marked
form, but for some comments on its close relationship to other species
see the discussion under Tominotus albicostus, new species.

Tominotus caecus (Van Duzee), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 249
Psectrocephalus caecus Van Duzee, 1922, p. 271.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 182.

Dracnosis.—This is the only species in the genus that is without
ocelli. All the others have the ocelli moderately to strongly developed
and conspicuous.

Description.—Based on two males and one female.

Matusz: Elongate-oval.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.98(0.93-1.03) :
1.38(1.30-1.46); interocular width, 0.99(0.93-1.06); anterior outline
broadly semicircular, eyes projecting by less than one-third width;
juga surpassing and nearly contiguous beyond apex of clypeus, latter
without subapical setigerous punctures; juga with sharp margins

550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

distinctly reflexed, submargin with distinct pegs and a few long cilia,
surface shining and with short radiating rugae and punctures; vertex
with few or no punctures; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (ex-
cept posteriorly) impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.28(0.26-0.30);
II, 0.28(0.26-0.30); II, 0.31(0.30-0.33); IV, 0.30(0.30-?2); V,
0.33(0.33-??). Bucculae slightly lower than height of labial II, eva-
nescent posteriorly; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial
segments: I, 0.58(0.56—0.60) ; II, 0.69(0.63-0.76) ; IIT, 0.51(0.43-0.60) ;
IV, 0.36(0.34-0.38).

Pronotum: Width slightly more than twice length, 2.92(2.79-
3.06) :1.39(1.36-1.43); anterior margin moderately deeply and almost
simply emarginate; side margins subparallel on basal fourth, thence
gently narrowed to broadly rounded anterior angles, not emarginate
opposite ends of transverse groove; lateral submarginal row of some
30 setigerous punctures giving rise to long, reddish cilia; transverse
groove broad, very shallow, situated near basal fourth; anterior lobe
with broad lateral area and narrower anterior area with distinct
punctures, calli and median line impunctate; posterior lobe and trans-
verse groove with numerous scattered, distinct punctures across width.

Scutellum: Distinctly longer than wide, 2.15(2.02—2.28) :1.85(1.75—
1.95); triangular, apex narrowed, disc with numerous distinct punc-
tures which are missing from narrow basal area and are more numer-
ous at apex.

Hemelytron: Corial areas weakly defined; corium and clavus with
numerous distinct punctures, these more dense on exocorium and in
single impressed row paralleling claval suture; membranal suture
bisinuate and slightly acute laterally; membrane somewhat longer
than wide, just attaining apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Polished, impunctate, prosternal carinae low, rather
sharp. Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium extending uninterrupted into
posterolateral angle of segment. Metapleuron: Evaporatorium oc-
cupying mesal two-thirds of segment, lateral margin concave; lateral
area impunctate; peritreme reaching almost to middle of segment,
apex fused with cuticle.

Venter: Shining, impunctate, with a few weak, usually short rugae
laterally.

Terminalia: Subgenital plate not reflexed marginally, apex feebly
convex with the faintest trace of a median emargination; gonostyli
as illustrated (fig. 249).

Length of body: 5.55(5.24-5.87).

FrEmA.eE: Generally similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.98:1.40; interocular width, 0.96. An-
tennal segments: I, 0.30; II, 0.33; III, 0.30; IV, 0.36; V, ??. Labial
segments: I, 0.55; IT, 0.70; III, 0.50; IV, 0.36.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 551

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 3.00:1.43.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.28:2.06.

Length of body: 5.68.

Tyre pata.—Holotype male (CalAc,926), and allotype female
(CalAc, 927), Pasadena, Calif., Oct. 12, 1916, “one pair taken among
ants under a stone” (Van Duzee, 1922, p. 271).

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 2 males, 1 female.

Unitep States: California: Greenhorn Mt., Kern Co., June 17, 1930, 1 male
(KU). Los Angeles, Coquillett, 1 male (USNM).

Mexico: ‘‘S.W. Mex.,” 1 female (USNM).

Discussion.—Further comments given by Van Duzee with the
original description carry the information that the three paratypes
had also been taken “under stones,” and that he believed that ‘This
species undoubtedly is an inhabitant of ants’ nests and may be com-
mon in such situations.”

Tominotus communis (Uhler), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 54, 55, 72, 79, 250

Aethus communis Uhler, 1877, p. 379; 1886, p. 3.—Signoret, 1882, p. 35, pl. 2,
fig. 76.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 20.—Barber and Bruner, 19382, p. 235.—Torre
Bueno, 1939, p. 179.

Aethus politus Signoret, 1882, p. 36, pl. 2, fig. 77.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Van
Duzee, 1917, p. 20.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 179. New synonymy.

Cydnus communis Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 65.—Banks, 1910, p. 99.

Cydnus politus Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 67.—Banks, 1910, p. 99.

DraGcnosis.—The moderate size (5.14-7.22), narrowed scutellar
apex, and polished dorsum will separate this species from its congeners.

Description.—Ma tz: Oval.

Head: Length more than half width, 1.02(0.93-1.10) :1.62(1.43-
1.75); interocular width, 1.04(0.91-1.13); jugum rounded, forming a
semicircle or flattened semicircle (figs. 54, 55) (see Discussion), as
long as clypeus, latter with two subapical setigerous punctures; jugum
with a complete, submarginal, depressed row of setigerous punctures
giving rise to a row of stout pegs and several long cilia; surface slightly
convex, sometimes longitudinally depressed just mesad of eyes,
neither punctate nor rugose; ocelli well-developed, separated from
eyes by a space slightly more than an ocellar width; jugum ventrally
impunctate; maxillary plate impunctate except for several coarse,
very close-set punctures posteriorly. Antennal segments: I, 0.33
(0.30-0.36); II, 0.38(0.30-0.46) ; II, 0.33(0.30-0.38) ; IV, 0.41(0.36-
0.51); V, 0.50(0.46-0.56). Bucculae much lower than labial IT, evanes-
cent posteriorly; labium very slightly surpassing middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.68(0.60—-0.72); II, 0.84(0.73-0.99); HI, 0.74
(0.66-0.80) ; IV, 0.57(0.46-0.63).

Hae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Pronotum: Width slightly more or less than twice length, 3.34
(2.86-3.84) :1.67 (1.36—-2.02) ; anterior margin broadly and moderately
deeply emarginate; lateral margins faintly to very strongly constricted
at midlength (fig. 72) (see Discussion), with submarginal row of some
twenty setigerous punctures; transverse impression slightly post-
median, absent except laterally, usually marked by a medially inter-
rupted row of distinct punctures; anterior lobe impunctate discally,
laterally with numerous close-set, very fine punctures and occasionally
several scattered coarser ones; posterior lobe impunctate or with fine
punctures laterally.

Scutellum: Usually little longer than wide, 2.21(1.91-2.60) :2.16
(1.82-2.47); surface polished, with few to several distinct punctures
discally and numerous fine ones apically; apex narrowed, width less
than half of membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined; surface polished to vaguely
alutaceous, variously punctured (see Discussion) but more coarsely
so basally and in two rows paralleling claval suture; clavus with
coarser punctures arranged in longitudinal rows; costa with five to
eight setigerous punctures; membranal suture nearly straight, slightly
acute at lateral angle.

Propleuron: Smooth or faintly alutaceous, punctate only in de-
pression.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching two-thirds across segment,
separated from posterior margin by a polished band; lateral area some-
what rugose, impunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying mesal two-thirds or three-
fourths of segment, polished area smooth, impunctate: peritreme
extending about half-way across segment, apex fusing with surrounding
cuticle or more or less free due to forward curving of posterior margin,
lateral polished area impunctate; sternites polished, impunctate.

Legs: Moderately long, posterior femur with a subapical, midventral
tubercle (see Discussion); posterior tibiae distinctly curved in apical
half.

Terminalia: Genital capsule polished, with few punctures laterally,
apical margin weakly sinuate; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 250).

Length of body: 6.34(5.38-7.19).

Frmaue: Very similar to male, subapical tubercle on midventer of
posterior femur sometimes absent; measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.08(1.03-1.16) :1.74(1.60-1.89) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.12(1.01-1.24). Antennal segments: I, 0.33(0.30—
0.38); II, 0.37(0.33-0.43); III, 0.31(0.30-0.36); IV, 0.43(0.38-0.50) ;
V, 0.49(0.43-0.53). Labial segments: I, 0.71(0.63-0.80); II, 0.89
(0.80-1.00) ; III, 0.78(0.70—0.84) ; IV, 0.58(0.53-0.68).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 3.57(3.16-3.90) :1.73 (1.49-2.02).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 553

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.39(2.08-2.66) : 2.32(2.08-2.66).

Length of body: 6.65(5.70-7.56).

Type pata.—Uhler’s types (USNM) were reported from ‘Cuba,
sent from Havana by Prof. Felipe Poey, and from the interior of the
island by Mr. Charles Wright; also, from near St. John’s River,
Florida.” Signoret’s type specimen (Wien) from ‘‘California” bears
a red type label and is hereby designated the lectotype. His other
type specimen (USNM) is labeled “‘Nicaragua.”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—37 males, 50 females.

Unitep States: Alabama: Mobile; November. California: No exact locality.
Florida: Crescent City, Dunedin, Gainesville, Indian River, Key West, Lacoochee,
Lakeland, Lutz, Melrose, Miami, St. Augustine; January to December. Georgia:
Thomasville, Tifton; July. Illinois: Grant City State Park; June. Mississippi:
Biloxi; April. North Carolina: Southern Pines; January. South Carolina:
Berkeley Co., Florence; February, April. Tennessee: Allardt, Roane Co.; April,
June. Texas: Alligator Head, Bastrop, Navasota, Uvalde, Waco; May, June.

Nicaracua: No exact locality.

British West Inpies: Anguilla; October. Santo Domingo Cay; April.

Cusa: Baraqua, ‘Central Saronu,’”’ Habana, Mafsi, Pico Turquino, Santiago
de las Vegas, Soledad, Taco Taco; April to August.

Harti: “Diquini,” “Etang Lachaux,’’ Grande Rivitre, Pétionville, August,
October.

Dominican REPuBuIic: Santo Domingo; May.

PuERTO Rico: Bayamén; January.

Bauamas: South Bimini Island; July.

Discusston.—After a study of more than 80 specimens from across
the United States and the islands of the Caribbean (including both
of Signoret’s types), the identity of Aethus communis Uhler and Aethus
politus Signoret is apparent. Dr. Sailer compared the types of Sig-
noret’s politus with the Uhler types of communis and expressed agree-
ment as to the specific identity of the two. Uhler’s species was well
defined and so is easily identified; Signoret’s species was compared to
it and three special differences were pointed out: more constricted
form of the prothorax, freer end of the osteolar canal, and the polished
area laterad of the vaporative areas smooth but “strioles punctués”’
incommunis. The first two of these differences appear quite variable,
even in specimens from the same locality, and combine with other
variable characters in several ways. The third character concerning
the sculptured lateral polished area does not appear in any specimens
at hand, suggesting that perhaps the specimens of communis to which
Signoret referred were unusual in that respect. The most unusual
thing about Signoret’s types is that they came from widely separated
localities outside of the range of the species as determined here; but
since both types were seen, there can be no doubt about their being
identical with communis.

554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

The goodly series seen showed this to be a rather variable species
with certain variations having geographical significance but that the
variations are clinal, merging by easy stages from one condition in
the north to the other condition in the southern part of the range.
Other variations are without geographic occurrence. The two most
conspicuous of the geographic variations involve corial punctation and
the shape of the head. The corial punctures in specimens from Mis-
souri, Tennessee, and North Carolina are distinct, numerous and con-
sistent, while the specimens from Cuba and the Bahamas show distinct
punctures only toward base of hemelytra and in rows paralleling claval
suture. Specimens from intermediate geographic localities exhibit
intermediate conditions so that there is no discontinuous break lend-
ing itself to the establishment of a named subspecies. This condition
is also true for the shape of the head. Specimens from the northern
part of the range have the head in the shape of a strongly flattened,
almost truncated semicircle (fig. 54), and as specimens from gradually
more southern localities are studied they are seen to have less trun-
cated outlines to the head until in Cuba, Haiti and the Bahamas they
present nearly semicircular forms (fig. 55).

Among the apparently nonregional variations are: (1) shape of the
pronotal side margins of males which vary from decidedly constricted
through weakly to virtually not sinuate, with the most extreme con-
striction appearing in a series of five specimens from South Bimini
Island, Bahamas; (2) the apical end of the osteolar canal varies from
decidedly limited by an abrupt anterior curving of the posterior free
margin through a weaker and shorter curve to having the end fuse
imperceptibly with the cuticle beyond (widely varying examples of
this often show in material from the same locality); and (3) the de-
velopment of the subapical tubercle on the midventer of the hind
femur varies from completely absent in some females to strong and
elevated on a swelling in some males; all males seen showed the tubercle
in sufficient development to permit its use to separate males of this
species from males of all its congeners except curvipes (Dallas).

Tominotus conformis (Uhler), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 251

Trichocoris conformis Uhler, 1876, p. 277; 1877, p. 372.

Aethus conformis Signoret, 1881b, p. 425, pl. 11, fig. 54.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Van
Duzee, 1917, p. 20.

Cydnus conformis Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 65.—Banks, 1910, p. 99.

Aethus (Trichocoris) conformis Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 178.

Diacnosts.—Within the genus this species may be recognized by
the great abundance of golden hair which not only forms a dense
fringe around the outer margin of the insect but also arises individually
from many of the coarse punctures of the dorsum and venter.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 555

Description.—Ma ts: Oval.

Head: Wider than long, 1.47(1.36—-1.56):1.02(0.93-1.10); inter-
ocular width, 0.97(0.90-1.04); juga semicircular, slightly but dis-
tinctly surpassing clypeus, not or only slightly converging in front of
latter and leaving a rectangular emargination at apex of head; eyes
projecting by more than half their width; clypeus with a few coarse,
transverse rugae and two subapical setigerous punctures; jugum with
a submarginal row of coarse, close-set punctures giving rise to long
cilia and stout pegs, surface with numerous coarse punctures, some of
them contiguous in radiating rugae; vertex polished, a few coarse
punctures medially; ocelli present, separated from eye by more than
ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished, impunctate; maxillary plate
with few coarse punctures, especially posteriorly. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.36(0.31-0.40); II, 0.28(0.25-0.33); III, 0.34(0.31-0.38);
IV, 0.43(0.40—0.48); V, 0.41(0.38-0.46). Bucculae lower than labial
II; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.60
(0.56-0.63); II, 0.86(0.81-0.90); III, 0.63(0.60-0.66); IV, 0.48(0.46-
0.51).

Pronotum: Width almost twice length, 3.15(2.90-3.41):1.67(1.47-
1.82); anterior margin moderately biemarginate; lateral margins
entire, not emarginate opposite ends of transverse impression; latter
postmedian, weakly indicated and usually obsolete medially; anterior
lobe impunctate except for broad lateral band of coarse, setigerous
punctures; posterior lobe with numerous similar setigerous punctures
scattered over surface, those along transverse impression coarser,
elongate.

Scutellum: As long as or slightly longer than width, 2.07(1.82—2.28) :
2.05(1.82—2.25); surface polished, with coarse, sunken punctures scat-
tered over disc, basal angles impunctate.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, disc with scattered moderate
punctures intermixed with finer ones; coarse ones along claval suture
forming two rows; exocorium more closely and coarsely punctured;
costa with many close-set, irregularly arranged setigerous punctures;
clavus with two irregular rows of coarser punctures; membranal
suture straight, lateral angle rounded; membrane reaching apex of
abdomen, basal width slightly more than half of length.

Propleuron: Smooth, with a few coarse punctures at anteroventral
angle, in depression and near posterolateral angle; prosternal carinae
ventrally abruptly terminated at almost a right angle, with a broad,
deep trough between them.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium restricted, interrupted on outer half
along posterior margin; lateral area in part rugose, with few coarse
punctures.

556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 111

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium slightly surpassing middle of segment,
lateral margins concave; lateral area with few coarse punctures; peri-
treme elongate, becoming evanescent along anterior margin of seg-
ment; osteole opening posteriorly in a distinct notch occupied by a
small tongue.

Legs: Moderately long, posterior tibiae slightly curved.

Sternites: With numerous coarse setigerous punctures irregularly
spaced over all but midline.

Terminalia: Genital capsule polished, coarsely, closely punctate on
lateral third or more; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 251).

Length of body: 5.74(5.06—-6.24).

Fremate: Very similar to male, posterior tibiae straight; measure-
ments averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.58(1.50—1.74) :1.06(1.06-1.10); inter-
ocular width, 0.99(0.96-1.04). Antennal segments: I, 0.40(0.38-
0.43); II, 0.31(0.30-0.33); III, 0.39(0.36-0.46); IV, 0.47(0.46-0,50);
V, 0.47(0.46-0.50). Labial segments: I, 0.59(0.58-0.60); II, 0.84
(0.76—0.93) ; III, 0.65(0.62—0.73); IV, 0.49(0.48-0.51).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 3.32(2.90-3.41) :1.77(1.62-1.89).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.26(2.08—2.60) :2.25(2.08-2.72).

Length of body: 6.33(5.68-6.75).

Typge pata.—The types (USNM) were originally reported by
Uhler from ‘‘California, and near San Francisco.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—13 males, 20 females.

Unitep States: Arizona: Baboquivari Mts., Boyce Thompson Arboretum
(Pinal Co.), Catalina Springs, Tempe, Tucson; March to June. California: No
exact locality. Utah: St. George, Sevier Bridge Reservoir; March, August.

Mexico: Baja California: El Rufugio, La Paz, Mesquital, San Ignacio, San
José del Cabo, San Pedro; July. Quintana Roo: Espirito Santo Island; June.
Sonora: Guaymas; April.

Discusston.—This very strongly marked species is easily identified,
as is attested to by the fact that whenever this name was found
attached to a specimen, that specimen was one of this species.

Tominotus curvipes (Dallas), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 70, 71, 252

Aethus curvipes Dallas, 1851, p. 114.—Walker, 1867, p. 152.—St4l, 1876, p. 25.—
Signoret, 1882, p. 39, pl. 2, fig. 81.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.
Cydnus curvipes Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 66.

Diacnosis.—The large size, polished dorsum, and modified hind
tibiae (which in both sexes show a distinct curve in apical third and a
flattened space ventrally near base) readily distinguish this species.

Description.—Matusz: Oval.

Head: Length more than half width; 1.59(1.38-1.75) :2.55(2.28-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 557

2.73); interocular width, 1.59(1.33-1.70) ; juga rounded, forming a flat-
tened semicircle, almost as long as clypeus, latter with two subapical
setigerous punctures; jugum with a complete, submarginal row of
coarse, close-set, setigerous punctures giving rise to long cilia and stout
pegs, surface longitudinally depressed either side of clypeus and with
scattered minute punctures; ocelli well developed, separated from eye
by more than ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished, impunctate;
maxillary plate moderately and very closely punctured. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.55(0.49-0.58); II, 0.68(0.66-0.71); III, 0.59(0.50-0.65);
IV, 0.79(0.70-0.86) ; V, 0.77(0.75-0.81). Bucculae not as high as labial
IT; labium surpassing middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 1.09(0.91-
1.17); II, 1.39(1.20-1.50); II, 1.25(1.03-1.33); IV, 0.89(0.72-1.00).

Pronotum: Width almost twice length, 5.73(5.03-6.07) :2.95(2.69—
3.26); anterior margin strongly and broadly emarginate; lateral mar-
gins entire, with a submarginal row of about 20 setigerous punctures;
transverse impression slightly behind midlength, obsolete to absent
medially, marked by a single crescentric row of coarse punctures be-
hind anterior emargination and a few (one to five) or no punctures
laterally; posterior lobe with a few punctures medially and laterally.

Scutellum: Length equal to or greater than width, 3.78(3.32—-4.08):
3.69(3.30-3.90); numerous coarse punctures scattered irregularly over
surface except across base and apex, latter sometimes with several
minute punctures.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined; disc punctured throughout,
more obsoletely so medially, two distinct rows of coarse punctures
paralleling claval suture; exocorium closely and distinctly punctured
for most of its length; costa with six to ten setigerous punctures;
clavus with one or two irregular, longitudinal rows of punctures; mem-
branal suture broadly, shallowly concave, lateral angle acute; mem-
brane usually with distinct fuscous clouds between veins.

Propleuron: Shining, with a few coarse punctures above acetabulum,
in depression and near posterolateral angle; prosternal carinae about
half as high as labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium interrupted on outer half by polished
strip along posterior margin of segment; lateral polished area impunc-
tate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying more than two-thirds of
segment, lateral margin weakly concave; peritreme abruptly termi-
nated; lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate, posterior margins sharply and finely
crenulate on lateral third or more.

Legs: Posterior legs distinctly modified, femora convex ventrally
with a prominent, subapical, conical tubercle, tibiae abruptly and

058 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

strongly flattened below near base and conspicuously curved in apical
third.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with scattered obsolete and
minute punctures; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 252).

Length of body: 10.01(9.16—10.81).

FEMALE: rather similar to male, but posterior femora with only a
weak indication of the subapical tubercle ventrally, tibiae more weakly
but still distinctly flattened and curved as described for male. Meas-
urements averaging somewhat smaller.

Head: Length-width ratio: 1.55(1.52-1.59) :2.47(2.40-2.53); inter-
ocular width, 1.48(1.36-1.59). Antennal segments: I, 0.53(0.50—0.56) ;
II, 0.64(0.63-0.66); III, 0.51(0.50-0.53); IV, 0.73(0.70-0.76); V,
0.78(0.76—0.80). Labial segments: I, 1.05(0.98-1.10); II, 1.39(1.26-
1.50); III, 1.25(1.10-1.33); IV, 0.87(0.76-0.93).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 5.42(5.24—5.58) :2.88(2.70-2.97).

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.64(3.45—-3.78) :3.37(3.30-3.45).

Length of body: 9.88(9.61—10.05).

Type pata.—Dallas’ types (BrM) were listed as coming from
“Jamaica” and ‘S. America.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—4 males, 13 females.

Bauamas: Andros Island, May—June, 1904, W. M. Wheeler, 1 female (AmM);
W. M. Mann, 1 female (USNM). Cat Island, Arthur’s Town, July—Aug., 1935,
W. J. Clench, 2 females (MCZ). South Bimini Island, June 20, 1950, Cazier and
Rindge, 2 females (AmM, RCF); July, August 10, 15, and 21, 1951, C. and P.
Vaurie, 5 females (AmM).

Jamaica: South of Bug River, Mar. 30, 1906, A. E. Wright, 1 male (MCZ).
Port Antonio, 1 male (MCZ); January, A. E. Wright, 1 male, 1 female (AmM).
Richmond, Nov. 2, 1 male (USNM). Stoney Hill, M. Bovell-37, 1 female
(USNM).

Discuss1on.—Several interesting types of variation were noted in
the small series studied. ‘These included a difference in pronotal
punctation, in degree of concavity of anterior pronotal margin, and
the size of the ocelli. The pronotal punctation on the specimens from
the Bahamas was coarser, impressed, and more abundant in the
transverse impression (fig. 70) than on those from Jamaica (fig. 71).
The Island of Cuba, lying between the Bahamas and Jamaica, was
not represented in the material studied. A series from Cuba compared
with specimens from the other two localities should prove interesting.
The degree of concavity of the anterior margin of the pronotum (figs.
70, 71) and the variation in ocellar size showed no such geographic
arrangement.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 559

Tominotus hogenhoferi (Signoret), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 69, 253

Aethus hogenhoferi Signoret, 1881b, p. 429, pl. 12, fig. 58 —Uhler, 1886, p. 3.
Aethus rogenhofert Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 68.

Diacnosis.—The broad band of setigerous punctures along the
sides of the pronotum plus the impunctate abdomen will identify this
species within the genus.

Description.— Mates: One specimen. Oval.

Head: Length more than half width, 1.43:2.05; interocular width,
1.43; juga rounded, forming a flattened semicircle, as long as clypeus,
latter with two subapical setigerous punctures giving rise to a row of
stout pegs with numerous long cilia scattered between and mesally;
surface flattened, vertex and clypeus smooth, juga with numerous
prominent punctures which converge toward margins; ocelli small,
removed from eyes by about twice an ocellar width; jugum ventrally
impunctate; maxillary plate with several coarse punctures. Antennal
segments: I, 0.53; IT, 0.50; III, 0.53; IV and V missing. Bucculae as
high as antennal II, almost semicircular; labium reaching between
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.95; II, 1.23; III, 0.93; IV, 0.76.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.01:5.08; anterior margin
broadly and deeply emarginate; lateral margins entire, not emarginate,
with a broad, submarginal line of many setigerous punctures (fig. 69);
transverse impression at midlength, vague, marked by an irregular
row of moderate punctures; anterior lobe polished, impunctate except
for a few punctures laterally; posterior lobe polished, with a few
scattered punctures finer than those of transverse impression.

Scutellum: Little longer than wide, 3.45:3.31; surface smooth, with
numerous well-separated punctures becoming fine apically; apex
broadly rounded, wider than half of membranal suture.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined; surface polished and punc-
tures scattered, fine on apical half, becoming coarser toward base and
in two rows paralleling claval suture; radial vein with an irregular row
of fine punctures; clavus with three partial rows of punctures; costa
with 14 or 15 setigerous punctures; membranal suture weakly bisinu-
ate, rounded at lateral angle; membrane surpassing apex of abdomen,
with prominent, rounded, premedian fuscous spot.

Propleuron: Punctured only at anteroventral angle, ventrally in
depression and in posterolateral angle; prosternal carinae prominent,
sharp, abruptly terminated ventrally.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium with marginal polished band sepa-
rating it from posterior margin of segment; latter entire.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying more than half of segment;

560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

peritreme extending more than half way across segment, becoming
evanescent apically.

Legs: Moderately long, not unusually modified.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate or with a few fine punctures later-
ally.

Terminalia: As illustrated (fig. 253).

Length of body: 8.54.

FrmaLe: Two specimens. Similar to male, except sometimes the
outer row of punctures paralleling claval suture is incomplete; meas-
urements larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.43(1.43-1.43) :2.25(2.22—2.28); inter-
ocular width, 1.50(1.50-1.51). Antennal segments: I, 0.58(0.56-
0.60); I, 0.54(0.53-0.56); III, 0.57(0.53-0.61); IV, 0.75(0.72-0.78);
V, 0.78(??-0.78). Labial segments: I, 0.98(0.93-1.04); II, 1.28(1.23-
1.33); ILI, 1.01(0.93-1.10); IV, 0.81(0.80-—0.83).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.97(2.95-2.99) :5.46(5.38—5.55).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.45(3.29-3.61) :3.53(3.44-3.61).

Length of body: 9.64(9.38—9.90).

Type pata.—The two specimens (Wien) on which Signoret based
his original description were loaned for study. They are inasomewhat
poor condition but clearly recognizable. The specimen from Mexico
bearing the type label is here designated lectotype. The other speci-
men is labeled ‘‘Guatemala, Escuintla.’”? On both specimens the trivial
name begins with the letter ‘“‘R”’ instead of the ‘“H”’ which appeared in
the original citation. The type localities as given with the original
description were simply ‘‘Guatemala, Mexico’’.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—2 males, 3 females.

Mexico: No exact localities: 1 male (USNM), 1 male (Wien). Colima: 2
females (USNM).

GuaTEMALA: Escuintla, 1 female (Wien).

Discussion.—Each of the three nontype specimens examined had
been determined by a different worker, but all were labeled ‘‘Aethus
hogenhoferr.”

The present author considers the use of the initial ““R” in the trivial
name by Lethierry and Severin an unnecessary emendation from the
letter ““H1”’ which appeared in the original description.

Tominotus impuncticollis (Distant), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 82, 254

Pangaeus impuncticollis Distant, 1880, p. 7, pl. 3, fig. 7.
Aethus impuncticollis Signoret, 1881b, p. 428, pl. 12, fig. 57.
Cydnus impuncticollis Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 66.
Diacnosis.—This species may be recognized by the broad scutellar
apex and the absence of distinct punctures laterally on pronotal disc.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 561

Description.—Matp: Oval.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.29(1.24-1.36):1.92(1.89-
2.01); interocular width, 1.41(1.36—1.43); anterior outline a slightly
truncated semicircle, clypeus almost as long as juga, narrowed apically,
with two subapical setigerous punctures; submarginal setigerous punc-
tures bearing full row of stout pegs and few long hairs; surface flat-
tened, obsoletely punctate, moderate rugae radiating from eyes by
space greater than three times transverse ocellar width; jugum ven-
trally and maxillary plate impunctate. Antennal segments: I,
0.44(0.41-0.50); I, 0.39(0.36-0.41); III, 0.48(0.45-0.50); IV,
0.57 (0.55—-0.60); V, 0.62(0.61-0.64). Bucculae higher than labial II,
almost semicircular; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial
segments: I, 0.67 (0.63—0.83); LI, 0.98(0.96-1.00); III, 0.84 (0.80-—-0.96) ;
IV, .0.65(0.63-—0.66).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.56 (2.50-2.70) :4.67 (4.56—
4.76); anterior margin deeply, roundly emarginate; lateral margin
entire, not emarginate, with submarginal row of 20 to 23 setigerous
punctures; transverse impression absent or weakly indicated laterally;
disc with few widely scattered, very fine punctures.

Scutellum: Length usually slightly greater than width, 3.07(3.00-
3.15) :2.96(2.85-3.01); discally with few scattered, moderate punc-
tures.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with irregular row
of punctures; mesocorium with obsolete, fine punctures becoming
slightly more distinct basally, row paralleling claval suture represented
by few, usually separated punctures; exocorial punctation stronger,
more abundant than that on mesocorium; costa with four setigerous
punctures; membranal suture nearly straight (fig. 82); membrane
reaching base of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with distinct punctures in depression and
above acetabulum; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial
II, truncated posteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium interrupted posteriorly by polished
band; lateral area roughly rugopunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin evaporatorium concave; lateral area
coarsely punctate near evaporatorium.

Legs: Not unusually modified.

Sternites: Smooth, punctate only laterally.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with few scattered, distinct
punctures, apical margin almost straight; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 254).

Length of body: 8.55(8.40-8.70).

Type pavra.—Distant’s (1880) types (BrM) are from ‘Mexico;
Panama.”

501991—_60——15.

562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 111

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 5 males.

Mexico: Na exact localities: 1 male (USNM) labeled Ectinopus holomelas and
Aethus impuncticollis and 1 male (USNM) labeled Aethus impuncticollis by Linell.
Distrito Federal: Lomas de Chapultepec, June 28, 1932, 1 male (RLU). Hidalgo:
5 miles north of Tizayuca, Nov. 13, 1946, E. 8. Ross, 2 males (CalAc).

Discusston.—Distant’s statement in the original description that
the margins of the pronotum “are sparingly fringed with long hairs”’
may have been true of his specimens, but the great number of seti-
gerous punctures indicate that 20 or more hairs should be present in
unrubbed specimen.

Tominotus inconspicuus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 258

Diacnosts.—Among those species of the genus which measure less
than 6 mm. in length, this one may be recognized by the lack of sub-
apical setigerous punctures on the clypeus and the few (two to six)
setigerous punctures on the costa.

Description.—Mats: Oval.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.81(0.80—0.86) : 1.29 (1.26—
1.37); interocular width, 0.79 (0.76—0.83) ; anterior outline semicircular,
clypeus equalling juga, narrowed apically, without subapical setigerous
punctures; juga with complete row of submarginal, setigerous punc-
tures bearing full row of pegs and few hairs between; surface shining,
impunctate or with very few widely scattered, fine punctures; ocelli
moderate, separated from eye by space almost twice ocellar width;
jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (except basally) shining, im-
punctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.24(0.23—0.26); II, 0.24(0.23-0.26);
III, 0.29(0.27-0.32); IV, 0.36(0.34-0.39); V, 0.41(0.40-0.43). Buc-
culae almost as high as labial IT, evanescent posteriorly; labium reach-
ing between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.41(0.40-0.43); II,
0.64(0.60-0.71); IIT, 0.50(0.47-0.55); IV, 0.37(0.37-0.38).

Pronotum: Length about half width, 1.33(1.30-1.40):2.60(2.40-
2.73); anterior margin moderately emarginate; lateral margins entire,
straight on middle third or more, with submarginal row of seven or
eight setigerous punctures; transverse impression slightly impressed,
obsolete at middle, marked by medially interrupted row of close-set
punctures; anterior lobe with large and fine punctures intermixed
laterally and in subapical, depressed row; posterior lobe with very
widely scattered punctures somewhat more numerous medially.

Scutellum: Length greater than width, 1.75(1.69-1.88) :1.65(1.60—
1.71); impunctate basally, discal punctation becoming finer and closer
toward narrowed apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one complete
and one partial row of punctures; mesocorium with two rows of punc-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 563

tures paralleling claval suture, discally with fine scattered punctures
becoming denser and coarser basally and sometimes apically; exo-
corium more uniformly and closely punctate; costa with two (one
specimen with three on one side) setigerous punctures; membranal
suture straight, lateral angle not produced; membrane surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with few punctures in depression and above
acetabulum.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching lateral margin; lateral area
impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium straight; lateral
area impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Sternites: Shining, impunctate, more or less rugopunctate in spirac-
ular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with few fine punctures later-
ally, apical margin sinuate medially; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
258).

Length of bedy: 5.10(4.87-5.44).

Frema.e: Similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.85(0.79-0.92) :1.31(1.23-1.37) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.81(0.78-0.87). Antennal segments: I, 0.27(0.25-0.33);
II, 0.24(0.22-0.30); III, 0.28(0.26-0.31); IV, 0.33(0.31-0.36); V,
0.40(0.36-0.43). Labial segments: I, 0.44(0.40-0.51) II, 0.64(0.62—
0.66); III, 0.45(0.43-0.49) ; IV, 0.36(0.34-0.41).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.40(1.31-1.52) :2.66(2.53-2.86).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.76(1.62-1.88) :1.67(1.56-1.82).

Length of body: 4.97(4.89-5.39).

Type pata.—Holotype male (Car) and allotype female (Car),
“Taperina, Brazil, Acc. No. 2966.”’ Paratypes as follows:

Braziu: Taperina, 4 males, 4 females (Car, USNM). Santarém, 2 males, 2
females (Car). Natal, Mann, 1 femal (MCZ). No exact locality (‘‘Brasil, 8.
Am.’’), 1 male, 1 female (AmM).

ARGENTINA: La Plata, Spegessini, 1 female (MCZ); 2 males, 1 female
(UnivNac); C. Bruck, 2 females (UnivNac); A. R. Bezzi, 1 male (UnivNac).
‘‘Pucapampa,’”? December 1919, Weiser, 1 female (BrM). Rfo Negro (Menafra),
Tremolera and Jorgensen, 3 males, 4 females (UnivNac, RCF). Buenos Aires,
C. Bruck, 1 female (UnivNac). Rfo Lujdn, Buenos Aires Province, Nov. 19,
1939; Biraben-Bezzi, 1 female (UnivNac). Palado, Buenos Aires Province, Sept.
20, 1942. Torres, 1 male (UnivNac). Rosario, Santa Fé Province, 1 female
(UnivNac).

Discussion: The specific name refers to the lack of outstanding
features to make this form conspicuous among other species of the
genus.

564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

Tominotus laeviculus (Berg), new combination

PLATE FIGURE 255

Cydnus laeviculus Berg, 1879, p. 11.

Aethus insularis Signoret, 1882, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 78.

Aethus distinctus Signoret, 1882, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 79. New synonymy.
Cydnus insularis Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 66.

Dracnosis.—The small size (body length 3.7—4.5) and the presence
of two setigerous punctures subapically on the clypeus will mark this
species from its congeners.

Description.—Mate: Elongate-oval, costa subparallel on basal
half.

Head: Length almost two-thirds width, 0.74(0.71—0.81) :1.10(1.02—
1.16) ; interocular width, 0.69(0.63-0.73) ; anterior outline semicircular,
clypeus as long as juga, narrowed apically and with two subapical
setigerous punctures; jugum with a complete, submarginal row of
setigerous punctures bearing a row of stout, blunt pegs and few hair-
like setae between; surface shining, with few distinct, oblique rugae,
punctation becoming coarser and more abundant towards margins;
ocelli well developed, separated from eyes by space nearly twice
transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate, except
basally, polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.21(0.16-0.24) ;
II, 0.18(0.16-0.20); III, 0.24(0.23-0.26); IV, 0.27(0.26-0.30); V,
0.34(0.33-0.36. Bucculae almost as high as labial II; labium
reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.37(0.35-0.40) ;
I, 0.52(0.50-0.61); III, 0.42(0.41-0.43) ; IV, 0.34(0.33-0.36).

Pronotum: Length about half width, 1.17(1.10—-1.21) :2.27(2.11-
2.40); anterior margin deeply, doubly emarginate; lateral margins
entire, straight on basal half, with submarginal row of seven to ten
setigerous punctures; transverse impression moderately impressed,
obsolete medially, marked by regular, medially interrupted row of
punctures; punctation of anterior lobe restricted to broad lateral
area and subapical line; posterior lobe with scattered fine and coarse
punctures.

Scutellum: Length little greater than width, 1.46(1.36-1.56):1.40
(1.29-1.49); polished; almost impunctate across base, discally with
numerous scattered punctures becoming slightly finer toward apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with one complete
and basal half of second row of punctures; corium with numerous
punctures becoming larger and more crowded basally; costa with two
to four setigerous punctures; membranal suture virtually straight,
lateral angle not produced; membrane surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with few punctures in depression; prosternal
carinae about half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium following posterior margin to lateral

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 565

margin, thence continued forward along lateral margin; lateral area
impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Sternites: Shining, impunctate except in spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, with few punctures in lateral
angles, apical margin slightly sinuate medially; gonostylus as illus-
trated (fig. 255).

Length of body: 4.27(4.08-4.50).

FEMALE: Similar to males.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.74(0.70-0.78) :1.10(1.03-1.15) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.70(0.66—-0.73). Antennal segments: I, 0.21(0.20-—
0.23); II, 0.18(0.16-0.20); ITI, 0.24(0.23-0.26); IV, 0.29(0.26-0.30) ;
V, 0.35(0.35-0.36). Labial segments: I, 0.37(0.34—0.40); II, 0.57
(0.53-0.61); IIT, 0.41(0.38-0.43); IV, 0.33(0.32-0.36).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.14(0.97-1.21) :2.20(2.00—2.31).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.42(1.31-1.56) :1.37(1.23-1.49).

Length of body: 4.16(8.74-4.35).

Typr pATA.—Berg’s type, which is apparently lost, was reported
to be from Buenos Aires. Signoret indicates that his type had come
from Montevideo, Uruguay.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—8 males, 10 females.

Braziu: Baixa Verde, Rio Grande do Norte, Mann, 1 male (MCZ). Chapada,
July and August, 6 males, 6 females (Car). Estancia Sergipes, December 1929,
R. C. Shannon, 1 female (USNM). Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Aug. 26,
1950, Nov. 28, 1950, F. Plaumann, 2 females (JCL). Pard, July, 1 male, 1
female (Car).

Discussion.—This is the form which Signoret (1882, p. 37) synony-
mized under C. insularis Westwood after a study of the type of Berg’s
laeviculus. Such assignment is not tenable, as Dr. Graham's helpful
notes reveal that the type of znsularis Westwood has an incomplete
row of setigerous punctures on the submargin of the jugum, thus not
agreeing with Signoret’s definition and causing it to be placed in the
genus Dallasiellus in the present study (footnote 9, p. 573). However,
in the absence of Berg’s type, the author is accepting Signoret’s
association of Berg’s species with this form.

Although the author has not seen the type of Aethus distinctus
Signoret, that species is synonymized here because of a reluctance to
accept Signoret’s species when they are separated from closely allied
forms on the basis of the osteolar peritreme. Sufficient evidence is
available in other parts of the family (i.e., his separation of Aethus
politus from A. communis, of Pangaeus vicinus from P. bilineatus,
and other examples) to cause one to question the accuracy of his
observations on this structure. Study of the type may refute this
conclusion.

566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Tominotus signoreti (Mulsant and Rey), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 6, 35, 80, 111, 117, 140, 256

Cydnus (Tominotus) signoreti Mulsant and Rey, 1866, p. 319.
Cyrtomenus constrictus Berg, 1879, p. 277.

Aethus (Tominotus) constrictus Signoret, 1881b, p. 427, pl. 12, fig. 56.
Cydnus signoreti Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 68.

Draanosis.—The broad scutellar apex, the single, lateral sub-
marginal row of setigerous punctures and the unicolorous corium and
legs combine to separate this species from others within the genus.
The pronotal constriction shown by the males is the deepest and most
abrupt found in any cydnid of the Western Hemisphere.

Description: Based on a single male and a single female. Matusz:
Rounded oval.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.00:1.46; interocular width,
1.06; outline semicircular, eyes projecting by about one-third their
width; juga shining, with faint radiating rugae; surface, including
base of clypeus, faintly alutaceous, with scattered minute punctures;
clypeus with two subapical setigerous punctures; juga with sub-
marginal row of setigerous punctures bearing only long cilia, no pegs;
juga ventrally and maxillary plate polished, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.23; II, 0.25; III, 0.30; IV, 0.33: V, 0.33. Bueculae
low, evanescent posteriorly (fig. 35); labium reaching between middle
coxae (as in female?). Labial segments: I, 0.56; II-IV missing.

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 3.32:1.56; anterior
margin deeply bimarginate; side margins very deeply and abruptly
constricted opposite ends of transverse groove (fig. 6), with single,
submarginal row of 25 to 27 setigerous punctures, one setigerous
puncture near base set mesad of this row; transverse groove absent;
anterior lobe laterally with broad area of prominent punctures;
posterior lobe, except hind margin, punctured across width.

Scutellum: Distinctly wider than long, 2.28:1.75; triangular, apex
not narrowed (fig. 80); impunctate basally, discally with numerous,
close-set, moderate punctures becoming finer posteriorly.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, alutaceous and rather
uniformly punctured on discal and exocorial areas with two rows of
closer set punctures paralleling claval suture; clavus finely alutaceous,
with irregular rows of fine punctures; costa with 13 to 15 punctures;
membranal suture bisinuate; membrane longer than basal width,
somewhat surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Impunctate; prosternal carinae prominent, thick,
calloused, abruptly and rectangularly terminated ventrally.

Mesopleuron (fig. 111): Evaporatorium interrupted by a broad
polished band along posterior margin.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 567

Metapleuron (fig. 111): Evaporatorium occupying almost mesal
half of segment, lateral margin well defined, deeply concave.

Sternites: Shining, very weakly alutaceous, weakly and_ finely
rugose and punctured laterally.

Terminalia: Genital segment marginally carinate and_ slightly
expanded; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 256).

Length of body: 5.14.

Fremaue: Generally similar to male but lacking constriction of
pronotal side margins and the extra pronotal setigerous puncture in
the posterior angle mesad of the submarginal row; measurements (in
the single female studied) slightly smaller than those of male.

Head: Width-length ratio, 1.43:0.96; interocular width, 1.00.
Antennal segments: I, 0.33; IT, 0.26; ITI, 0.28; IV and V missing.
Labial segments: I, 0.56; II, 0.64; ITI, 0.53; IV, 0.43.

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 3.26:1.43.

Scutellum: Width-length ratio, 2.08: 1.69.

Length of body: 5.00.

Tyrer pata: Mulsant and Rey originally gave their type locality
as “Montpellier,” France, but Signoret (1881b, p. 428) later pointed
out their misinterpretation of his label ‘‘Mont.,”’ which he said stood
for Montevideoin Uruguay. Berg gave the type locality for constrictus
as Provincia Bonaerensis, Argentina. The author has been unsuc-
cessful in locating the type of signoreti but has learned that Berg’s
type is in the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires.

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 1 male, 1 female.

Paraauay: San Bernardino, Fiebrig, 1 male, 1 female (Wien).

Discussion.—See discussion under the genus.

Tominotus unisetosus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 257

Diaenosis.—Among its congeners with the uninterrupted
mesopleural evaporatorium, this species may be recognized by the
single setigerous puncture on the costa.

Description.—Mate: Elongate, subparallel.

Head: Width one-half greater than length, 1.26(1.16—-1.36) :0.87
(0.86-0.90); interocular width, 0.80(0.80-0.83); juga semicircular,
converging but not contiguous beyond apex of clypeus; latter with
two setigerous punctures subapically ; juga with submarginal punctures
giving rise to peglike setae anteriorly and Jong slender setae basally;
surface faintly to distinctly rugose radially, with numerous rounded,
wide, shallow punctures; vertex with punctures minute or absent;
ocelli well developed, removed from eye by more than ocellar width;
jugum ventrally polished, impunctate; maxillary plate with few punc-

568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

tures posteriorly. Antennal segments: I, 0.26(0.26-0.27); II, 0.33
(0.30—-0.36); III, 0.34(0.33-0.36); IV, 0.41(0.40-0.46); V, 0.48(0.46—
0.50). Bucculae as high as labial IT; labium reaching between middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.48(0.46—0.50); II, 0.67(0.66—0.70);
III, 0.59(0.53-0.68) ; IV, 0.43(0.40-0.46).

Pronotum: Width about twice length, 2.60(2.40-3.06) :1.32(1.23-
1.39); anterior margin strongly emarginate; side margins convex,
not sinuate nor constricted at ends of transverse groove, more abruptly
narrowed anteriorly; lateral submarginal row with six or seven
setigerous punctures; transverse groove weak, marked by a row of
close-set, prominent punctures; anterior lobe impunctate discally,
with an irregular double row of prominent punctures and numerous
minute ones; submarginally at apex between eyes and laterally with
numerous punctures similar to those of transverse groove; posterior
lobe polished, with few scattered, moderate punctures and more
numerous minute ones on median disc and laterally.

Scutellum: Distinctly longer than broad, 1.83(1.69—-2.06) :1.64(1.56-
1.82); triangular, apex narrowed; disc with numerous distinct,
irregularly placed punctures except on basal fifth and on apex.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, polished; mesocorium with
numerous punctures, these obsolete on middle third, coarser and
closer set in two rows paralleling claval suture; exocorial area distinctly,
closely and rather irregularly punctured throughout; costa with a
single, subbasal, setigerous puncture; clavus with a disrupted, sub-
median row of distinct, close-set punctures; membranal suture
straight; membrane slightly surpassing apex of abdomen, length and
basal width subequal.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium extensive, reaching posterolateral
angle of segment and prolonged forward along side margin; posterior
margin finely crenulate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying more than mesal three-
fourths of segment, obliquely and abruptly separated from impunctate
lateral polished area.

Sternites: Shining, impunctate, irregularly sculptured with obsolete
to distinct longitudinal rugae.

Terminalia: Subgenital plate with apical margin slightly flaring
and broadly, deeply, sinmuate at middle apex; gonostyli as illustrated
(fig. 257).

Length of body: 4.88(4.57-5.28).

Fremate: Very similar to male, measurements averaging larger.

Head: Width-length ratio, 1.33(1.30-1.40) :0.89(0.86-0.93); inter-
ocular width 0.82(0.81-0.86). Antennal segments: I, 0.27(0.26—
0.30); II, 0.33(0.30-0.36); III, 0.33(0.30-0.36); IV, 0.44(0.40-0.46):

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 569

V, 0.54(0.46-0.60). Labial segments: I, 0.47 (0.46-0.50) ; IT, 0.73 (0.66—
0.76); III, 0.59(0.56-0.65) ; IV, 0.44(0.43-0.47).
Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 2.64(2.47—2.79) :1.40(1.30-1.49).
Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.99(1.89-2.15) :1.64(1.56—-1.82).
Length of body: 4.95(4.57-5.28).
Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64428) and allotype female
(USNM), both labeled ‘Brownsville, Tex., Mar. 14, 1936, P. A.
Glick, col., cotton on roots in soil.” Paratypes as follows:

Unirep Srates: Texas: Austin, Mar. 1, 1901, 1 male (USNM), Aug. 24, 1927,
D. Rockefeller Exp., Gertsch, 1 female (AmMus). Bexar Co., from spoil, peach
orchard, W. F. Turner, 1 male (labeled ‘‘Aethus sp. det. H. G. Barber’’), 2 females;
Nov. 9, 1938, 9019, 1 female, Mar. 1937, 3385, 1 female; Mar. 27, 1932, under
litter, T 3282, 1 female; May 5, 1938, 11D-14, 1 female; July 16, 1937, 5446,
1 male; Nov. 6, 1936, 1 female (all USNM, same collector). Brazos Co., 1 female
(MCZ). Brownsville, June, 3 females (one labeled ‘‘“Homaloporus sp. perhaps
pangaeformis Sign., det. E. P. Van Duzee’’) (KU); same data, double mount of
2 females (one labeled “‘Pangaeus bilineatus Say,’”’ and the other ‘“‘Aethus n. sp.,
det. H. G. Barber’”’) (USNM); same data, double mount of 2 females (labeled
“Rhytidoporus sp.,’’ in Van Duzee’s handwriting) (CalAc); Oct. 1942, E. S. Ross,
at light, 3 females (CalAc); June 1903, 1 female with determination of ‘‘Cydnus
communis” crossed out (USNM); June 11-16, 1938, Darlington, 2 females (MCZ);
March 3, 4, 10, 11, 14, 1936, cotton on roots in soil, 6 females, 2 nymphs (USNM);
1929, 1 female (USNM); 1929, 1 female (with determination ‘““Cydnus communis’’
crossed out) (USNM). Del Rio, July 8, 1938, R. I. Sailer, 1 female (USNM).
Harlingen, Sept. 1, 1945, D. E. Hardy, 1 female (S1). Hidalgo Co., June 6, 1930,
J. C. Gaines, Tex. Exp. Sta. light trap, 4 females (one labeled ‘‘Aethus sp.’’)
(HMH, RCF). Runge, Sept. 24, 1906, 1 female, nighthawk stomach (USNM).
San Angelo, Tom Green Co., June 28, 1948, C. and P. Vaurie, 1 female (AmMus).
San Antonio, July 7, 1942, E. S. Ross, 1 female (CalAc). San Juan, June 28,
1939, L. W. Hapner, 1 female (KU). Uvalde, Aug. 4, 1937, D. J. and J. N.
Knull, 1 female (JCL). No exact locality, Mar. 27, 1900, 1 male (labeled “‘Geoto-
mus parvulus,”’ second label with note by Van Duzee, ‘‘does not agree’) (USNM);
February, A. L. Melander, 1 female (labeled ‘‘Pangaeus sp.’’) (HMB).

México: Guerrero: 3 miles north of Chilpancingo, Nov. 18, 1946, 1 female
(CalAc). Jalisco: Volein de Colima, L. Conrad, 1 female (USNM). Meézico:
Tejupilco, June 16, 1933, H. E. Hinton, R. L. Usinger, 3 males, 5 females (RLU,
RCF). Morelos: Cuernavaca, June, 1 male (RCF). ‘‘Temixco,” June 13, 1941,
1350, Bolivar, Osorio, 1 female (Pel). Oaxaca: Tuxtepec, J. Canelo, May 21,
1934, #894, 1 female (USNM). San Luis Potosi: 18 miles south of Tamazunchale,
Nov. 22, 1946, E. S. Ross, 1 female (CalAc). Yucatén: Merida, July 29, 1952,
J. and D. Pallister, 2 females (AmM).

GUATEMALA: 70 miles east of Guatemala City, May 8, 1947, R. R. Miller,
1 female (USNM). Panzés, July 17, 1947, C. and P. Vaurie, 1 female (AmM).

Costa Rica: Bebedero, June 12—July 4, 19380, E. Reimoser, 17 females (Wien,
RCF), E. Reimoser, 1 male, 5 females (Wien). San Isidro, E. Reimoser, 1 female
(USNM). No exact locality, intercepted at Philadelphia on banana, Oct. 1, 1905,
F. K. Knab, 1 female (USNM).

Discussion.—That such a common species should not have been
described previously is quite surprising. However, the confusion that
seems to permeate the studies of this family is very evident from the

570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

variety of determinations listed above, even to the extent of one
hemipterist placing specimens of one series under two generic names.

The present species shows very little variation except in the abun-
dance of punctures laterally on the anterior pronotal lobe. An un-
usual number of specimens, all from Texas, bore ecological data with
such notes as ‘cotton, in roots in soil,” “at light,” “from soil,” “peach
orchard,” and ‘‘nighthawk stomach.”

Genus Dallasiellus Berg

Stenocoris Signoret, 1880, p. xliv (nec Burmeister, 1839, p. 1010, in hemipterous
family Coreidae; nec Rambur, 1839, p. 139, in hemipterous family Lygaeidae).

Dallasia Bergroth, 1891, p. 235 (nec Stokes, 1886, p. 534, in Protozoa).

Dallasiellus Berg, 1901, p. 281.

Colobophrys Horvath, 1919, p. 244. New synonymy.

Geocnethus Horvath, 1919, p. 245 (in part). New synonymy.

Diacnosis.—This genus is best recognized among those cydnid
genera of the Western Hemisphere that lack a differentiated terminal
lobe of the osteolar peritreme by the incomplete, submarginal row of
setigerous punctures on the juga and the absence of a subapical,
impressed line on the pronotum.

DrscriPpTiIon.—Size small to large, 3.7 to 11.5; form oval to parallel-
sided; dorsum less strongly convex than venter.

Head: Length more than half width; eyes weakly to strongly pro-
jecting; juga as long as or longer than clypeus and convergent in
front of it; surface more or less flattened, with no punctures, scat-
tered punctures or coarse confluent punctures; margin with or with-
out fine dorsal carina; ocelli small to moderate, situated on or poste-
rior to line connecting hind margins of eyes; antennae 5-segmented,
relative lengths of segments variable, I usually shortest and V usually
longest; bucculae moderately to very high, reaching nearly or quite
to base of head; labium reaching from between middle coxae to third
sternite, II longest, I or IV shortest.

Pronotum: Width less than to more than twice the length; side
margins usually narrowed from base, with submarginal row of setiger-
ous punctures; anterior margin moderately to deeply concave; trans-
verse impression median or postmedian, weakly to strongly impressed ;
posterior margin broadly but shallowly convex.

Scutellum: Longer than broad, apex narrowed, less than half of
membranal suture; disc with or without punctures.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, membranal suture straight
or sinuate, lateral angle prolonged or not; corial punctation variable;
membrane less than half of hemelytral length, reaching or surpassing
apex of abdomen.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 571

Propleuron: Punctate or not; prosternal carinae moderately to
very strongly elevated and lobulate.

Mesopleuron: Nearly flat; evaporatorium restricted (fig. 106) or
extending into posterolateral angle of segment (figs. 105, 107); meso-
sternum convex, more or less carinate and haired medially.

Metapleuron: Convex; osteolar peritreme without modified termi-
nal lobe (figs. 106, 107); evaporatorium occupying mesal two-thirds
or three-fourths of segment; lateral area with few or no punctures.

Legs: Moderately long; anterior tibia (fig. 129) not surpassing
tarsal insertion; posterior tibia (fig. 150) terete, usually simple,
in some males (chiefly in the new subgenus Pseudopangaeus) ventrally
with subbasal emargination distad of which is a decided angle (fig.
149).

Sternites: Polished or alutaceous, impunctate or with few punctures
laterally ; posterior margins of segments finely denticulate or crenulate.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule with apical rim entire or variously
emarginate.

TYPE OF GENUS.—Signoret proposed Stenocoris monobasically for
Aethus longulus Dallas (1851, p. 119). Since that generic name had
been used previously by Burmeister in the hemipterous family
Coreidae and by Rambur in the hemipterous family Lygaeidae,
Signoret’s application of it was invalid. Bergroth recognized this
and proposed for it the new name Dallasia. Unfortunately, this
name was also preoccupied, this time by Stokes in Protozoa so it
became necessary for Berg to propose yet another name, Dallasiellus,
for Signoret’s genus. Because both of these new names were pro-
posed to replace Stenocoris of Signoret, they must both take Aethus
longulus Dallas as genotype by objective synonymy. The genotype
of Colobophrys Horvath is Colobophrys solitaria Horvath (1919, p. 244)
by original designation. The genotype of Geocnethus Horvath is the
African species Geocnethus obesus Horvath (1919, p. 248) by original
designation. Although none of the species of the Western Hemisphere
is congeneric with Geocnethus, this name enters the American list
because Horvath, in proposing it as new, assigned a number of Ameri-
can species toit. In this he has been followed by subsequent authors.

Distrisution.—From Washington and Idaho south through Cen-
tral America into South America as far as Argentina, and eastward
in the Gulf States of the United States and into the West Indies.

Discussion.—Of all the genera of Cydnidae occurring in the
Western Hemisphere, this genus is the least satisfactorily defined.
It is a “residual area” of relatively little specialization, a ‘dumping
ground” to receive those species which do not fit into any of the more
strongly marked genera previously separated in the key.

572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

The reasons for synonymizing the generic names of Stenocoris
Signoret and Dallasia Bergroth were given above, both having been
preoccupied.

Colobophrys Horvath is here relegated to synonymy because the
genotype presents no features which the author considers to be of
generic importance for separating it from Dallasiellus. In fact,
Colobophrys is here considered to be the same as the nominal subgenus.
Horvath had pointed out that he considered his genus to be close
to Macroscytus to which it was related by the ‘‘marginatis pronoti
postice abbreviatus.” Actually this statement was misleading not
only to the reader but also to Horvath himself. In none of the
specimens of Cydnidae examined by the author, not even Macroscytus,
has there been any shortening of the lateral pronotal margins. In
Macroscytus the posterior part of the lateral pronotal margin is
evanescent and hidden from dorsal view by the laterally swollen
umbones; but nevertheless, it does extend to the posterior margin of
the segment. Horvath based Colobophrys on a new species, C.
solitaria, which he described from a single female. Through the
kind cooperation of Drs. Soos and Halaszfy, of the Musée d’Histoire
Naturelle de la Hongrie, this type was made available for study.
In this type, as well as in other specimens of the species, the lateral
pronotal margin is evanescent posteriorly but is visible for its full
length because the umbones are not swollen laterally. The evanes-
cence of the posterior part of the lateral margin results in the greatest
pronotal width being distinctly antebasal. This latter situation also
is evident in D. californicus and to a much lesser degree in the new
species Dallasiellus puncticeps. D. puncticeps and D. solitaria agree
in one feature, the coarsely rugopunctate cephalic punctation, which
sets them apart from all other members of the genus. But surely
this cannot be interpreted as being of generic value in any part of the
Cydnidae because this extreme as well as the opposite and all inter-
mediates occurs in many parts of the family. Horvadth did not know
the male of his lone species of Colobophrys so he was unable to point
out the sexual dimorphism that occurs in Dallasiellus solitaria. The
males differ markedly from the females in possessing a peculiar,
submedian emargination in the lateral pronotal margin. This emargi-
nation is marked by a peculiar ‘‘fold’’ which appears to send an oblique
furrow mesally, as shown in the illustration of the male pronotum
of D. americanus (fig. 78). If this pronotal ‘‘fold’”’ is believed to have
value as a generic indicator, these two species must be grouped together
in one genus. But the present author cannot bring himself to agree
with establishing genera in the Cydnidae on secondary sexual charac-
ters, preferring to believe that the presently offered generic arrange-
ment, based primarily on modifications of the osteolar peritreme and

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 573

secondarily on other features possessed by groups of species, gives a
truer picture of relationships than any other system offered. This
arrangement has the additional merit of keeping to a minimum the
number of monobasic genera in this morphologically homogeneous
family.

All American species of Dallasiellus differ from the type species of
Geocnethus Horvath (G. obesus Horvaéth) in that the metapleural
evaporatorium is complete, while in Geocnethus obesus it has an ante-
rior, submarginal, polished band (suggestive of Rhytidoporus) extend-
ing laterally from the tip of a fold just anterior to the apex of the
osteolar peritreme. All Western Hemisphere species that have been
described in Geocnethus fit readily into Dallasiellus as here defined.

Dallasiellus contains three major groups of species that grade into
each other by transitional combinations of structural details, thus
preventing the establishment of full genera. To point out this group-
ing, the author has felt obligated to divide the genus into three sub-
genera which may be separated by the following key:

Key to the subgenera of Dallasiellus °

1. With the combination of very coarse, widely separated crenulations sub-
laterally on posterior margin of mesopleuron, and a transverse, submarginal,
polished band interrupting mesopleural evaporatorium posteriorly (fig. 106)
(male hind tibia with strong, subbasal angulation on posteroventral margin
as in fig. 148)... . ... .. . Pseudopangaeus, new subgenus (p. 573)

Without the combination of coarse crenulations and posterior interruption
mentioned above, usually with neither ae hind tibia never with subbasal
ventral angulation) .. . SOs 2

2. Margin of jugum with fine, opaak: carina dori fn eye ie apex.

Dallasiellus Berg (p. 595)

Margin of jugum thick, calloused, ecarinate or with partial carina (not reach-

ing eyes) located submarginally . . . Ecarinoceps, new subgenus (p. 583)

Dallasiellus (Pseudopangaeus), new subgenus

Diacgnosis.—The members of this subgenus differs from all other
species in Dallasiellus by the combination of strong crenulations and
evaporatorial interruption mentioned in the key and illustrated by
figure 106. The males can be more readily separated by the presence
of a strong angulation ventrally on the posterior tibia (fig. 148).

9 The Cydnus insularis which Westwood (1837, p. 19) described from “TInsula Sti. Vincentii’”’ apparently
also belongs to this genus. Dr. Graham’s notes oa the type in the collection at Oxford University show it
to lack a terminal modification of the peritreme and to have an incomplete row of setigerous punctures on
the submargin of the jugum. These features coupled with the small size will permit no other assignment.
But as yet, not enough information is at hand to place it exactly. It most probably belongs in either the
subgenus Ecarinoceps or the subgenus Dallasiellus. If the former, it will run to couplet 5 in the key to
species but will differ from both forms found there in possessing a partial row of setigerous punctures on the
submargin of the jugum. If it belongs to Dallasiellus it will probably run to lugubris in couplet 14 of the key
to species.

574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Description.—Agreeing with the generic description except in the
following important modifications:

Head: Juga dorsally always with entire, fine, marginal carina, with
partial row of setigerous punctures reaching about two-thirds from
eye to apex; labium reaching between middle coxae.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium restricted (fig. 106), reaching not
more than three-fourths across segment, separated from posterior
margin on outer half or more by a polished band; posterior margin
with large, quadrate, widely separated crenulations (fig. 106).

Legs: Posterior tibia of male moderately curved, with distinct, sub-
basal angulation on posteroventral margin, basad of which is a row
of fine, rounded, crenulations (fig. 148); posterior and sometimes
middle femora with numerous small tubercles on ventral face.

TyPE oF suBGENUS.—Pangaeus discrepans Uhler (1877, p. 386),
here designated.

Distrinution.—This subgenus occupies the northernmost segment
of the range of Dallasiellus, being known generally from the territory
west of the Rocky Mountains from Washington south into northern
Mexico and eastward through New Mexico into western Texas and
Oklahoma.

Discussion.—The transfer of Uhler’s species discrepans from
Pangaeus to its present position removes one of the enigmas in North
American hemipterology. At the same time, the nearness of this
subgenus to Pangaeus through discrepans is recognized. As was
noted in the discussion of Dallasiellus, this genus serves as a
vehicle for the least strongly modified species of Western Hemisphere
Cydnidae. Since such is the case, one should not be surprised to find
that some of the included species do resemble certain of the more
strongly marked genera, even though they lack the unique separating
modifications of those genera. The present subgenus, Pseudopan-
gaeus, resembles Homaloporus, the northern subgenus of Pangaeus, in
several interesting respects. First, it is somewhat northern in distribu-
tion, occurring mostly within the United States. Secondly, there are
the following structural parallels: (1) Several setigerous punctures on
jugal submargins; (2) usually (except in D. californicus) with four or
more costal setigerous punctures; (3) the mesopleural evaporatorium
is restricted; (4) osteolar peritreme lacks a terminal differentiation,
and its evaporatorium has lateral margin strongly concave. The
modification of the hind legs (ventral tubercles on femora of both
sexes, and the subbasal angulation on the tibia of the male), which
forms such a prominent character here, is duplicated in the subgenus
Homaloporus in Pangaeus setosus, new species, and Pangaeus
tuberculipes, new species. These several similarities suggest the possi-
bility that the species of subgenus Pseudopangaeus actually belong

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 575

with those of Pangaeus. Perhaps they do; perhaps they represent
the still unmodified ‘ancestral stock” from which more specialized
Pangaeus arose; or perhaps they are an offshoot from Pangaeus.
Regardless of the reason for the admitted closeness of Pangaeus, the
addition of these species to that genus would create a major problem
of defining and separating the genera in Group B of the subfamily
Cydnidae. As here treated, the species groups, whether at a generic
level or a higher or lower level, can be recognized in a usable way—
surely one of the principal aims of systematics is to produce an arrange-
ment that is workable as well as “natural.’’ The present author,
therefore, chooses to recognize the sharply impressed, subapical line
on the pronotum as being sufficiently diagnostic to separate Pangaeus
from Dallasiellus in a practical way (but even this character is sug-
gested by partial and vague lines or a sunken row of punctures in some
individual specimens of subgenus Pseudopangaeus).

Key to species of Dallasiellus (Pseudopangaeus), new subgenus

1. Corium distinctly alutaceous; peritreme abruptly terminated apically (as

Mitel Of) yoaee ens . .. . ealifornicus (Blatchley) (p. 575)

Corium polished; apex of Teer iii gradually into surrounding cuticula

(ag. TUG): 22 se. Ss : oe

2. Scutellum distinctly longer ‘ie Ww jee size emnaliey, fength of body ir 7- 8. 2, a3

Scutellum as wide as or wider than fare size larger, length of body 8.6-10.0.

vanduzeei, new species (p. 582)

3. Pronotum laterally with abundant, close-set, intermixed coarse and fine

punctures; mesocorium with many distinct punctures throughout and
forming two complete rows paralleling claval suture.

puncticoria, new species (p. 580)

Pronotum laterally with no fine punctures between the few, well-separated,

coarse punctures; mesocorium with one complete and the basal part of

a second row of punctures paralleling claval suture, discally impunctate or

with few punctures near apex. . . . . .. . diserepans (Uhler) (p. 577)

Dallasiellus (Pseudopangaeus) californicus (Blatchley), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 260
Pangaeus californicus Blatchley, 1929, p. 74.—-Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 180,

Diacnosis.—The finely but distinctly alutaceous surface of the
corium sets this species apart from the others in the subgenus.

Description.—Maue: Elongate-oval, widest immediately anterior
to base of pronotum.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 1.46(1.38-1.56) :2.13 (1.97—2.34) ; in-
terocular width, 1.30(1.17-1.44) ; anterior margin approximately semi-
circular; juga a little longer than clypeus and contiguous beyond it;
jugal surface moderately rugose on apical half, minutely punctured
anterior to ocelli, with three or four widely separated, submarginal
setigerous punctures; juga ventrally polished; maxillary plate aluta-

576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

ceous, with few weak punctures toward base. Antennal segments:
I, 0.46(0.43-0.50); II, 0.68(0.66-0.71); III, 0.62(0.59-0.68); IV,
0.94(0.90-1.00) ; V, 1.00(0.94-1.05). Bucculae about as high as labial
II. Labial segments: I, 0.71(0.70-0.73); II, 1.25(1.16-1.35); III,
1.11(1.03-1.20) ; IV, 0.61 (0.60-0.63).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.75(2.40-3.00):5.08
(4.61—5.53) ; anterior margin broadly and rather shallowly emarginate;
side margins entire, narrowing from base or from immediately anterior
to base, with submarginal row of seven or eight setigerous punctures;
transverse impression obsolete to absent, submedian, marked by
a broad band of moderate punctures; remainder of surface virtually
impunctate except for several punctures on middle of posterior lobe.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.39(3.02-3.70) :3.13(2.83-3.60) ;
surface shining, or faintly alutaceous, with several irregularly scattered
punctures discally.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus alutaceous; former with distinct
punctures restricted to a single complete row paralleling claval suture
and basal third of a second row; clavus with a single longitudinal row
of punctures becoming evanescent posteriorly; costa with none to
three setigerous punctures; membranal suture faintly sinuate near
lateral angle, latter shghtly acute.

Propleuron: Depression with numerous coarse, close-set punctures
ventrally; prosternal carinae low, blunt.

Mesopleuron: As described for genus.

Metapleuron: Peritreme abruptly terminated apically (as in figure
107) ; evaporatorium with lateral edge slightly concave; lateral shining
area tumid, impunctate or with a few moderate punctures.

Sternites: Impunctate, alutaceous; sutures finely crenulate.

Legs: Long; posterior tibia gently curved, with prominent angula-
tion at basal fourth of posteroventral margin, emargination basad of
this finely crenulate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with apical margin slightly emarginate
medially, surface punctured along base and apex; gonostylus as il-
lustrated (fig. 260).

Length of body: 9.62(8.58—10.46).

FEMALE: Similar to males except for generally fewer pronotal
punctures and the absence of the tibial modification described above.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.45(1.43-1.49) :2.08(2.02-2.17); inter-
ocular width, 1.25(1.22-1.31). Antennal segments: I, 0.50(0.47—
0.56); II, 0.68(0.64-0.76); III, 0.63(0.60-0.68); IV, 0.91(0.86—1.00) ;
V, 0.97(0.93-1.03). Labial segments: I, 0.78(0.71-0.90); II, 1.30
(1.30-1.33); III, 1.06(0.98-1.13) ; IV, 0.64(0.61-0.70).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.78(2.68—3.00) :5.03 (4.79-5.42).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.41(3.17-3.88) :3.00(2.74-8.45).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 577

Length of body: 9.40(8.78-10.21).

Type DATA.—The type female, now in the W. S. Blatchley collection
(Ind), was listed as coming from ‘‘near Sunland, Los Angeles County,
California.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—20 males, 38 females.

Unirep States: Arizona: Antelope Park (Yavapai Co.), Chiricahua Mts.,
Continental, Devoe, Globe, Hackberry, Hualpai Mt., Kit’s Peak (4,050 feet,
Baboquivari Mts.), Sabino Basin (Santa Catalina Mts.), Rita Mts., Thatcher,
Tucson; May to September. California: Cold Water Canyon (Los Angeles Co.),
Pamona, Pifion Flat (San Jacinto Mts.), Sequoia National Park (Ash Mountain
Road, Potwisha, Wolverton), Van Nuys, ‘So. California’; March to October.
New Mexico: Las Cruces, Mesilla Park, Rodeo; March, June, July. Tezas:
Boquillas, Terlingua; May, July.

Mexico: Baja California: Ensenada.

Discussion.—In describing this species as new, Blatchley pointed
out its nearness to Uhler’s ““Pangaeus discrepans” and suggested that
these two forms differed from other true Pangaeus in lacking the
subapical impressed line on the pronotum.

Ecological data consisted of the lone collection note given with the
original description, “from beneath a stone in a small semi-desert
area.”

Dallasiellus (Pseudopangaeus) discrepans (Uhler), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 106, 148, 261

Pangaeus discrepans Uhler, 1877, p. 386; 1886, p. 3.—Distant, 1880, pl. 2, fig.
19.—Signoret, 1882, p. 249, pl. 8, fig. 109.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893,
p. 69.—Banks, 1910, p. 100.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 21.—Torre Bueno, 1939,
p. 180.

Dracnosts.—This species may be separated from its related species
by the elongate scutellum and the polished mesocorium, which is vir-
tually impunctate on the apical half or more, coupled with the smaller
size, 6.8-8.2.

Description.—Mate: Oval, widest behind the middle.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.23(1.24-1.26) :1.83(1.71-
1.91); interocular width, 1.22(1.16—-1.26); anterior margin a broad
semicircle, sometimes slightly truncated apically; juga as long as
clypeus or slightly longer and nearly or quite meeting anterior to it;
surface with several radiating, moderate rugae and numerous minute
punctures; ocelli very small, separated from eye by a space equalling
about four times transverse ocellar diameter; jugum ventrally polished,
impunctate; maxillary plate faintly alutaceous, with few or no punc-
tures. Antennal segments: I, 0.41(0.40-0.43); II, 0.49(0.46-0.53) ;
III, 0.47(0.43-0.50) ; IV, 0.64(0.60—0.70); V, 0.65 (0.60—-0.70). Buc-
culae about as high as labial II. Labial segments: I, 0.64(0.60—
0.70); II, 1.00(0.96-1.06); IIT, 0.84(0.76-0.90); IV, 0.51(0.57-0.54).

5019916016

578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.13(1.89—-2.28) : 3.92
(3.57-4.16); anterior margin deeply and simply emarginate; side
margins entire, narrowing from just in front of base, with submarginal
row of 14 to 17 setigerous punctures; transverse impression obsolete
to absent, marked by a very irregular band of moderate punctures;
anterior lobe with anterior submargin sometimes vaguely impressed,
with a row of irregularly spaced punctures, laterally with numerous
close-set punctures; posterior lobe impunctate except for a few punc-
tures in middle and several in antero-lateral angles.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.65(2.37—2.79) :2.28(2.08-2.47) ;
disc polished, with few, mostly wide scattered, sunken punctures
becoming finer toward apex.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus polished; corium usually with one
complete and the basal part of a second row of punctures paralleling
claval suture, exocorium punctate for most of its length; mesocorium
variously punctured at base and apex and with one complete
row and the basal half of a second row of punctures present and
paralleling claval suture; clavus with a single, longitudinal row of
punctures extending more than half way to apex; costa with five to
eight setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral angle
almost rectangular; membrane reaching or very slightly surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Impunctate; prosternal carinae low, acute.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron: As described for subgenus; apex
of peritreme fusing with surrounding cuticula; lateral edge of evapora-
torium deeply concave (fig. 106); lateral polished area slightly convex,
with several weak, longitudinal rugae.

Sternites: Polished, roughened laterally by numerous fine, longi-
tudinal rugae; sutures finely crenulate.

Legs: Moderately long, posterior pair modified as in subgeneric
description (fig. 148).

Terminalia: Genital capsule with distinct, shallow emargination
at middle of apical margin; surface with numerous punctures either
side of polished midline; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 261).

Length of body: 7.57(6.83-7.94).

FrmaLe: Similar to male, usually with fewer pronotal and scutellar
punctures and never with modification of posterior legs that occurs
in males.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.30(1.26—1.39) :1.84(1.76-1.99); in-
terocular width, 1.19(1.15-1.26). Antennal segments: I, 0.39(0.37—
0.43); II, 0.49(0.46—-0.56); III, 0.48(0.43-0.56); IV, 0.60(0.46-0.68) ;
V, 0.65(0.54-0.71). Labial segments: I, 0.66(0.62-0.70); II, 1.05
(0.96-1.16) ; IIT, 0.89(0.76-1.03) ; IV, 0.54(0.50-0.60).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.11(1.95-2.28) :3.97(3.78—4.36).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 579

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.70(2.53-2.86) :2.44(2.34-2.60),

Length of body: 7.70(7.387-8.25).

Type pata.—The types (USNM) were collected “near Fort Cobb,
Indian Territory, by Dr. George H. Horn, and near San Diego, Cal.,
by William Holden.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—37 males, 41 females.

Unitep Srares: Arizona: Buckeye, Douglas, Flagstaff, Grand Canyon (south
rim, Roaring Springs), Huachuca Mts., Oracle, Palmerlee, Pepper Sauce Can-
yon (Santa Catalina Mts.), Pinal Mts. (base), Ramah, Roosevelt Lake, San
Carlos Lake; March to August. California: Claremont, Laguna Beach, Los
Angeles Co., Mohave, San Diego, Santa Paula; May to July. Colorado: Boulder,
Fort Collins; April. Jdaho: Coeur d’Alene Lake, Lewiston; May, July. New
Mexico: Jemez; April, June, August. Oklahoma: Kenton; July. Oregon: The
Dalles, Malheur Co., Monroe, Ochocho Dam; June, September. Pennsylvania:
Philadelphia; May (see discussion concerning this specimen). Texas: No exact
locality. Utah: Salt Lake City; July. Washington: Asotin, Pullman, Walla
Walla, Wawawai; May to October.

Discussion.—The original combination of names of this species
has been the most abused of all the names in the family in the Western
Hemisphere. It has been found affixed to no less than five species in
three genera. What has been the real cause of this confusion is not
apparent. True, Uhler’s assigning it to Pangaeus was misleading,
but the original description is complete enough to preclude many of
the assignments that have been made. It is hoped that the present
treatment will correct and simplify the determination of specimens
of this species.

The relation of this species to Dallasiellus puncticoria, new species,
is not yet clear to the author. D. puncticoria, new species, appears to
share the southern half of California with discrepans and then range
southward into Baja California. Unfortunately, the latter territory
is represented by a single pair of rather atypical specimens which are
somewhat suggestive of discrepans in having fewer mesocorial punc-
tures than do most specimens of puncticoria from California proper.
A goodly series of puncticoria, some 54 specimens, was at hand from
Sequoia National Park, Calif.; this series, with one or two exceptions,
was easily separated from discrepans by abundant mesocorial punc-
tures. The few exceptions were quite similar to the two from Baja
California and suggested that these forms belonged together. Per-
haps when more intensive collecting is done with this problem in
mind, puncticoria will be found to be but a localized variant of dis-
crepans and so deserve no more than subspecific status. Unfortu-
nately, the internal male genitalia of these two species and vanduzeer
are all very similar and offer no help in the problem—unless one wishes
to accept them as evidence that the present treatment is simply an
unnecessary splitting of what is but one species.

580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

A single female labeled ‘‘Phila., Pa., 30 May, 20, J. C. Lutz”’ is in
the Lutz collection. This locality of capture is far removed from the
continuous range of discrepans as indicated in the distributional data
given above. In reply to a query concerning this specimen, Mr.
Lutz wrote that, according to his field notes, ‘This specimen was
found in its normal habitat, under a log in Morris Park, Phila.”
With doubt about the authenticity of this capture removed, one is
at a loss to explain its appearance at such a distance from its native
haunts. The most likely explanation that occurred to the author was
that it had been carried into that area in soil around plant roots,
possibly nursery stock. Additional collecting in that area might
determine whether or not the species has become established.

Dallasiellus (Pseudopangaeus) puncticoria, new species
PLATE FIGURE 262

Dracnosis.—The presence of numerous distinct punctures occur-
ring uniformly over the mesocorium will separate this species from
all others in the subgenus.

Description.—Mate: Oval, widest behind the middle.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.17(1.16-1.20) :1.71(1.63—
1.86); interocular width, 1.18(1.13-1.26); anterior margin broadly
semicircular, slightly flattened apically; juga slightly longer than
clypeus, convergent and contiguous beyond latter; surface with sev-
eral radiating, moderate rugae and numerous minute punctures;
ocelli minute, separated from eye by a space equalling about five
times a transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished, impunc-
tate; maxillary plate impunctate except along basal margin. Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.35(0.34-0.37); II, 0.45(0.45-0.47); III, 0.42(0.40-
0.44); IV, 0.59(0.56-0.62); V, 0.62(0.61-0.63). Bucculae about as
high as labial IT. Labial segments: I, 0.58(0.57—-0.60); II, 0.87(0.83-
0.90); III, 0.74(0.70-0.79); IV, 0.46(0.44—-0.47).

Pronotum: Length little more than half width, 1.92(1.86—
2.02) :3.76(3.64—3.84) ; anterior margin deeply, simply concave; side
margins entire, narrowing from just in front of base, submarginal row
of thirteen to seventeen setigerous punctures; transverse impression
obsolete to absent, marked by irregular band of punctures; latter
very sparse at middle and close-set laterally; anterior lobe and an-
terior part of posterior lobe densely punctate Jaterally, denser punc-
tures usually with numerous minute punctures between.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.60(2.49-2.66) :2.28(2.21—2.34) ; disc
polished, usually with numerous crowded moderate punctures and
minute ones in between.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus polished; exocorium and meso-
corium with numerous punctures distributed for full length, meso-

CYDNIDAE CF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 58]

corium with two complete rows of punctures paralleling claval suture;
clavus with several smaller punctures in addition to usual longitudinal
row; costa with four to seven setigerous punctures; membranal suture
virtually straight; membrane reaching or slightly surpassing apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Alutaceous; punctate ventrally; prosternal carinae low,
acute.

Mesopleuron: As described for subgenus.

Metapleuron: As in D. discrepans (fig.106), apex of peritreme fusing
with surrounding cuticula; lateral edge of evaporatorium deeply
concave; lateral polished area weakly convex, with few punctures.

Sternites: Shining, very weakly alutaceous, with numerous scat-
tered, very fine punctures; sutures finely crenulate.

Legs: Moderately long, posterior pair modified as in subgeneric
description (as in fig. 148).

Terminalia: Apical margin of genital capsule faintly emarginate
medially, midline with few fine punctures, laterally with crowded
prominent punctures; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 262).

Length of body: 7.12(6.78-7.34).

Femate: Similar to male, lacking modification of posterior legs.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.16(1.06—1.23) :1.65(1.60-1.74); inter-
ocular width, 1.16(1.12-1.23). Antennal segments: I, 0.36(0.33-
0.40) ; IT, 0.44(0.38-0.51) ; IIT, 0.42(0.40-0.46) ; IV, 0.56(0.53-0.60) ; V,
0.45(0.43-0.48). Labial segments: I, 0.55(0.53-0.60); II, 0.88(0.86—
0.94); III, 0.70(0.68-0.72); IV, 0.45(0.43-0.48).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.92(1.73-2.08) :3.60(3.45-3.80).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.52(2.35-2.69) :2.16(2.08—2.28).

Length of body: 6.83(6.57—7.19).

Typr pata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both CalAc)
labeled ‘“Potwisha, Sequoia Natl. Park, Calif., 3,000-5,000 ft., V-8-31,
E. C. Van Dyke collector.” Paratypes, 19 males, 43 females:

Cauirornia: Sequoia National Park: Potwisha, same data as types, 3 males, 5
females (CalAc, RCF); same collector, 2,000—5,000 feet, May 20, 1930, 3 males,
4 females, May 24, 1929, 1 female, June 2, 1929, 2 males, June 18, 1929, 3 females,
June 20, 1929, 2 males (all in CalAc) ; July 16, 1931, 11 females. Paradise Valley,
3,000—4,000 feet, Van Dyke, 4 females (CalAc). Wolverton, 7,000-9,000 feet, Van
Dyke, 2 females. No exact locality, 2,000-3,000 feet, Apr. 24, 1946, R. C.
Bechter, 1 male, 1 female (McC); May 24-26, 1929, 1 male, 4 females (RLU);
May 19, 1930, 1 male (RLU); 3,000-7,000 feet, May 27, 1929, 2 females (CIS) ;
2,000-3,000 feet, June 13, 1929, 1 female (CIS). Los Angeles County: Altadena,
Mar. 11, 1912, J. C. Bridwell, 2 males (USNM). Playa del Roy, May 20, 1938,
A. T. McClay, 1 female (McC). Claremont, August 28, 1 male (RLU). No
exact locality: “So. Calif.,”’ 3 males, 2 females (RLU).

Mexico: Baja California: Hamilton Ranch, Aug. 2, 1938, Michelbacher and
Ross, 2 females (CalAc).

582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Discussion.—Although treated as a valid new species here, this
form may prove, with more specimens from the southern half of
California, to merge into diserepans. If this happens it will have to
fall into synonymy, but for the present it is probably better to have
the differences between the two brought forcibly to the attention of
collectors who can solve the problem in the field or possibly by breed-
ing the two forms.

Dallasiellus (Pseudopangaeus) vanduzeei, new species
PLaTE FIGURE 263

Diacnosis.—The large size and polished corium permits ready
recognition of this species within the subgenus, as does the broad
scutellum which is as wide as or wider than long.

Description.—Mate: Oval, widest behind the middle.

Head: Length about three-fourths width, 1.55(1.53-1.56):
2.15(2.10-2.20); interocular width, 1.44(1.43-1.47); anterior margin
a broad, slightly flattened semicircle; juga as long as clypeus, strongly
narrowing latter at apex; jugal surface with strong, radiating rugae
and numerous minute punctures; jugum ventrally and maxillary
plate impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.49(0.46-0.53); II,
0.63 (0.62—0.64) ; III, 0.62(0.61—-0.63) ; IV, 0.81(0.80-0.84); V, 0.78(0.76—
0.80). Bucculae about as high as labial II. Labial segments: I,
0.75(0.73-0.78) ; II, 1.32(1.30-1.37) ; III, 1.16(1.13—-1.23) ; IV, 0.68(0.67—
0.70).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.89(2.84-3.02) :5.22(4.97—
5.40); anterior margin rather deeply and simply emarginate; side
margins entire, narrowing from just anterior to base, with submarginal
row of fourteen setigerous punctures; transverse impression obsolete
to absent, marked by an irregular band of widely separated punctures;
remainder of surface virtually impunctate except for numerous close-
set punctures laterally on anterior lobe.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 3.42(3.27-3.60) :3.31(3.15-3.45); sur-
face polished, discally with several coarse, often sunken punctures,
irregularly spaced.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus polished; former usually with dis-
tinct punctures restricted to one complete and the basal part of a
second row paralleling claval suture, some specimens with several
distinct punctures at apex of exocorium; clavus impunctate or with
few punctures near base; costa with five to seven setigerous punctures;
membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle slightly acute; mem-
brane slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Depression punctate ventrally; prosternal carinae
very low, acute.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 583

Mesopleuron: As described for genus.

Metapleuron: As in discrepans (fig. 106), peritreme apically fusing
with surrounding cuticula; lateral edge of evaporatorium deeply
concave; lateral polished area faintly convex, with several obsolete,
longitudinal rugae.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate; suture finely crenulate.

Legs: Moderately long; posterior tibia gently curved, with prom-
inent angulation at basal fourth of posteroventral margin, emargina-
tion basad of this finely crenulate.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with apical margin slightly emarginate
medially; surface with numerous punctures laterally, gonostylus as
Ulustrated (fig. 263).

Length of body: 9.30(8.69)—9.95).

FEMALE: Similar to male, usually with fewer pronotal punctures
and never with the modification of the posterior tibia that occurs in
the males of all species in this subgenus.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.53(1.49-1.57) :2.13(2.08-2.18); inter-
ocular width, 1.40(1.36-1.47). Antennal segments: I, 0.51(0.50—
0.53); II, 0.62(0.60-0.66); III, 0.57(0.53-0.60); IV, 0.78(0.76-0.80) ;
V, 0.78(0.75-0.83). Labial segments: I, 0.77(0.76—0.80) ; II, 1.30(1.26—
1.35); III, 1.13(1.10-1.23); IV, 0.69(0.68-0.70).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.84(2.80—2.89) :5.12(5.10—5.20).

Scutellum: Width-length ratio, 3.33(3.28-3.45) :3.30(3.18-3.43).

Length of body: 9.25(8.89-9.45).

Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64415) from Austin, Tex.,
with the label ‘““Pangaeus discrepans” and Van Duzee’s label reading
“does not agree.”’ Allotype female (USNM), ‘‘Austin, Tex., C. T.
Brues.”” Paratypes, 5 males, 6 females:

Texas: Austin, same data as allotype, 1 male, 1 female (RCF); Mar. 2, 1900,
A. L. Melander, labeled Pangaeus ? margo, 1 male (HMH); Nov. 23, 1900, 1 male
(USNM); labeled Pangaeus discrepans Uhl. ?, 1 male (USNM); Mar. 25, 1900,
P. R. Uhler collection, 1 female (USNM); with label “Det. by D. Stone[r?],”’
1 female (USNM); Mar. 11, 1945, M. Polhemus, 2 females (HMH). Buenc,
Van Duzee collection, 1 male (CalAc).

California: El Centro, July 8, 1927, G. Linsley, 1 female (RLU).

Discussion.—In general appearance, members of this species appear
to be simply large-sized individuals of discrepans, but can be separated
readily therefrom by the broader scutellum.

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps), new subgenus

Diacnosis.—The lack of a fine, marginal carina dorsally on the
juga enables one to recognize species of this subgenus from those in
the other two subgenera.

584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

Description.—Agreeing with the generic description except for the
following modifications:

Head: Juga dorsally without fine carina marginally, margin thick-
ened, usually calloused, sometimes with a submarginal line; in all
species (except foratus and megalocephalus) with one submarginal
setigerous puncture; labial length variable from between middle of
mesosternum to sternite IV.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium extensive, extending along posterior
margin of segment into posterolateral angle; posterior margin with
crenulations finer and closer set than in subgenus Pseudopangaeus
(fig. 106).

Legs: Posterior tibia of both sexes simple; femora not tuberculate
ventrally.

TYPE OF GENUS.—Aethus americanus Stal (1860, p. 12), here desig-
nated.

DisTRIBUTION.—Specimens at hand indicate the range of this sub-
genus as extending from Mexico south through Central America into
northern Brazil and eastward into the West Indies, with a single
specimen labeled from Florida.

Discussion.—The form of the jugal margin seen in the members
of this subgenus appears to be almost unique within the American
forms of the subfamily Cydninae appearing only in certain Melanae-
thus. In most species the juga have a fine but distinct dorsal carina
at the very margin of the head. In the subgenus Ecarinoceps, how-
ever, such a carina is either lacking or distinctly submarginal and
incomplete when the head is viewed at right angles to its dorsal
surface. ‘This feature is easily interpreted in all included species.

Key to species of subgenus Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps)

1. Mesopleural evaporatorium reaching to lateral margin of segment. . . . 2
Mesopleural evaporatorium approaching but not attaining lateral margin of
segment (fig. 105)... .. FINES Gtten 6

2. Labium very long, reaching to sternite’ IV; Anterion caveat of propleuron
with numerous, close-set, moderate punctures.

longirostris, new species (p. 591)

Labium shorter, not surpassing middle coxae; anterior convexity of propleuron

most impunctate .... Se ora) ate eins wi Daeg.) Geli MERC TN fo ace Wn eae ee

3. Costa with one setigerous puneture eee felt tan hielo Soy. ya Rd eee gteh ates eto rE
Costa with two setigerous punctures. . . . oo ATG

4. Head across eyes more than half pronotal wiih anbaOr ucine broadly
rounded or semicircular (fig. 62) . . megalocephalus, new species (p. 592)

Head across eyes less than half pronotal width. . laevis, new species (p. 589)

5. Bucculae higher than labial II, terminated abruptly posteriorly (as in fig. 23);
size larger, length of body, 8.2-8.8. . . . . reflexus, new species (p. 594)
Bucculae lower than labial II, evanescent posteriorly; smaller, length of body,
GLORGNls oe se eS Gen see ee ektos (Walken mupaose

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 585

6. Jugum with one submarginal setigerous puncture immediately anterior to eye;

mesocorium in great part impunctate. . . . . americanus (Stal) (p. 585)
Jugum with three submarginal setigerous punctures; mesocorium with
abundant punctation over all of surface. . . foratus (Signoret) (p. 587)

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps) americanus (Stal), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 78, 105, 264

Aethus americanus St&l, 1860, p. 12—Walker, 1867, p. 152.

Macroscytus americanus Stal, 1876, p. 19.

Geotomus americanus Signoret, 1883, p. 34, pl. 2, fig. 143.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 72.

Dracnosis.—The peculiar shape of the mesopleural evaporatorium
which extends into the posterolateral angle of the segment but does
not reach all the way to the side margin (fig. 105) coupled with
presence of a single submarginal setigerous puncture on the jugum
will identify this species within the subgenus.

DescripTIon.—From two incomplete males and two females.

Mate: Elongate-oval.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 1.01(1.00—1.03) :1.56(1.56-1.56) ;
interocular width, 0.86(0.86-0.87); anterior outline semicircular,
clypeus as long as juga, slightly narrowed apically; surface slightly
convex, impunctate, with one submarginal setigerous puncture in
front of eye; ocelli small, on line connecting hind margins of eyes,
removed from eyes by about one transverse ocellar width; jugum
ventrally and maxillary plate (except at base) polished, impunctate.
Antennal segments missing except I-III on one specimen: I, 0.33;
II, 0.43; III, 0.46. Bucculae about as high as labial II, decurved
posteriorly; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.51(0.50-0.53); II, 0.88(0.83-0.93); III, 0.68(0.66-0.71); IV,
0.51(0.51-0.51).

Pronotum: Length about half width, 1.71(1.70-1.71) :3.52(3.52-
3.53); anterior margin concave; side margins concave opposite ends
of obsolete, median, transverse impression due to a peculiar “fold”’ in
margin (fig. 78); virtually impunctate except for rows paralleling
anterior margin and marking site of transverse impression and a
patch laterally on the anterior lobe.

Scutellum: Longer than broad, 2.50(2.47—-2.53) :2.07(2.02—2.12) ;
disc shining, with a few small punctures scattered on basal half.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus finely and almost imperceptibly
(X-30) alutaceous, impunctate except for one complete and one
partial row paralleling claval suture and one longitudinal row on
clavus; costa with one or two setigerous punctures; membranal
suture weakly bisinuate, lateral angle prolonged, acute; membrane
subquadrate, reaching to apex of abdomen.

586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Propleuron: Polished, with distinct punctures only in depression;
prosternal carinae low, narrow.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium large, lateral margin gently convex;
polished area impunctate.

Sternites: Shining, impunctate.

Legs: Moderately long.

Terminalia: Apical margin of genital capsule slightly sinuate, not
flared, surface impunctate; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 264).

Length of body: 7.20(6.90-7.20).

Frma.e: Similar to male but without “fold” in side margin of
pronotum and scutellum with more numerous punctures extending
onto apical half.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.13(1.10-1.16) :1.69(1.69-1.70); inter-
ocular width, 0.95(0.93-0.98). Antennal segments: I, 0.38(0.36-
0.40); II, 0.44(0.43-0.46); III, 0.49(0.46-0.53); IV, 0.64(0.63-0.65) :
V, 0.80(0.80-0.80). Labial segments: I, 0.60(0.60—-0.60); II, 1.03
(1.03-1.03) ; ITI, 0.74(0.73-0.76) ; IV, 0.58(0.56—-0.60).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.88(1.82—1.95) :3.64(3.63-3.66).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.76(2.66—2.86) :2.23(2.13-2.28).

Length of body: 7.11(7.02-7.20).

Tyrer pata.—The type male (Stock) is labeled ‘Rio,’ and was
reported by Stal to have come from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—2 males, 2 females.

Braziu: Santa Catarina: Corupa, October 1945, A. Maller, 1 female (AmM).
Nova Teutonia, Oct. 6, 1944, Maller, 1 female (JCL); Feb. 22, 1949, Maller,
1 male (JCL). Rio de Janeiro: “Rio,” type specimen, 1 male (Stock).

Discussion.—The type specimen was available for study through
the kindness of Dr. Rene Malaise. It proved to be in an excellent
state of preservation, lacking only antennals II-V on one side and
IV and V on the other.

The peculiar ‘fold’? which occurs in the side margin of male pro-
notum appears in only one other known species of cydnid, Dallasiellus
solitaria (Horvaéth). The biological significance of this structure is
not apparent and as a taxonomic character it appears to be of no
more than specific worth, as americanus and solitaria are not espe-
cially closely related, other than generically, on other features.

Signoret’s illustration of the pleurae of this species is so inaccurate
as to suggest the possibility of an error in association of sketches.
His illustration of those structures for foratus is reasonably similar to
that of americanus as determined in the present paper from a study
of Stal’s type.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 587

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps) foratus (Signoret), new combination

Geotomus foratus Signoret, 1888, p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 146.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 72.

Diacnosis.—Within the subgenus, foratus may be recognized by
the presence of three submarginal setigerous punctures on each jugum
coupled with the fact that the mesopleural evaporatorium extends
into the posterolateral angle of the segment but does not attain the
lateral margin.

Description.—In the absence of specimens for study, the original
description 1s quoted:

D’un noir brun foncé, le rostre, les tarses, les antennes d’un brun jaune, le
premier article de ces derniéres jaune.

Téte arrondie, les lobes latéraux plus longs que les médians, se touchant presque
au dela et offrant trois cils sur les bords, dont un trés prés des yeux et les deux
autres espacés au milieu de la distance de ce dernier au lobe médian. Vertex peu
ponctué. Rostre atteignant le sommet des hanches intermédiaires; le premier
article entiérement enchdssé entre les carénes rostrales. Antennes avec le
deuxiéme article plus long que le troisiéme. Prothorax offrant une trés forte
ponctuation, trés brillant, avec quatre ou cinq cils sur les bords lateraux; derriére
le bord antérieur une ligne transverse de forts points entre les deux points piligéres
sous-ocellaires, sur les cétés latéraux et sur impression transverse de forts points
bien détachés. Ecusson avex l’extrémité subarrondie; une forte ligne de points
de chaque cété et le disque fortement ponctué. Elytres fortement ponctuées,
excepté sur la corie, ot la ponctuation est obsoléte; la céte marginale est trés
forte jusqu’au milieu, 4 peine visible ensuite et offrant deux points piligéres vers
la base. Membrane d’un jaune hyalin, dépassant d’un quart l’abdomen: celui-ci
lisse, trés brillant. Plaque mésosternale arrondie en avant, faiblement striée, avec
une forte ligne audessus de la suture; quelques points sur la partie lisse en dessus.
Plaque métasternale presque droite sur les cétés, avec quelques stries. Canal
ostiolaire finissant par un lobe arrondi subélevé, avec une dent dans |’echancrure.
Dans l’espace post-métasternal une forte ligne de points limitant les hanches
postérieures. A la base de chaque segment, une ligne ponctuée-crénelée.

Type pata.—The type specimen (Br M) was described from
‘“‘“Amazones.”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—None.

Discussion.—In the absence of specimens for study the author
tentatively diagnosed this form from the original description and
illustration. Dr. China’s notes on the type specimen confirmed the
results.

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps) scitus (Waiker), new combination

PLATE FIGURES 45, 265

Aethus scitus Walker, 1868, p. 535.

Aethus ? scitus Uhler, 1886, p. 3.

Aethus scitus ‘‘incerti loci’? Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 81.
Driaqnosis.—Three characters are needed to set this species apart

from the others in the subgenus: Mesopleural evaporatorium reach-

588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

ing to side margin of segment, costa with two setigerous punctures,
and bucculae low and evanescent posteriorly.

DescripTion.—Mate: Oval, width greatest just anterior to mid-
length.

Head (fig. 45): Length less than two-thirds width, 0.96(0.90-1.05) :
1.52(1.38-1.63); interocular width, 0.83(0.78—0.87); anterior outline
a broad, sometimes slightly flattened semicircle; juga as long as
clypeus, latter very slightly narrowed toward apex; a single, sub-
marginal setigerous puncture next to eye; surface impunctate, with
broad, shallow, longitudinal depression on juga; ocelli large, separated
from eye by space less than transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally
and maxillary plate (except along bucculae) shining, impunctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.28(0.25-0.30); II, 0.43(0.40-0.49); III,
0.39(0.33-0.43); IV, 0.52(0.50-0.56); V, 0.63(0.60-0.70). Bucculae
lower than labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium attaining middle
coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.44(0.38-0.50); II, 0.81(0.76-0.86); IIT,
0.61(0.56—0.66); IV, 0.46(0.43-0.50).

Pronotum: Length about twice width, 1.54(1.36-1.62) :3.14(2.78-
3.41); anterior margin shallowly concave; side margins entire, without
“fold,” submarginal row of six setigerous punctures; transverse im-
pression postmedian, weak to obsolete, marked by single, medially
interrupted row of punctures; remainder of surface impunctate except
for row of punctures paralleling anterior emargination, a few toward
sides and usually several in middle of posterior lobe.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.32(2.18-2.43):1.90(1.69-2.02) ; sur-
face shining, with numerous punctures on disc, impunctate at base
and apex.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus finely but distinctly alutaceous;
exocorium and all of mesocorium, except two rows paralleling claval
suture, impunctate; clavus with a longitudinal row of punctures and
a few laterad of this basally; costa with two setigerous punctures;
membranal suture faintly bisinuate, lateral angle somewhat acute;
membrane distinctly longer than basal width, slightly surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, punctate in depression and anterior to base
of acetabulum; prosternal carinae low, acute, truncated ventrally.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching side margin of segment;
lateral area impunctate, with few coarse rugae.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium oblique, slightly
concave; lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate.

Legs: Moderately long.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 589

Terminalia: Apical margin of genital capsule with a very shallow,
broad V-shaped emargination, surface impunctate except at lateral
angles; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 265).

Length of body: 6.34(5.86-6.66).

Femaue: Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.98(0.94—1.02) :1.55(1.46-1.60); inter-
ocular width, 0.87(0.85-0.90). Antennal segments: I, 0.29(0.28-
0.30); II, 0.44(0.40-0.48); III, 0.39(0.33-0.44); IV, 0.52(0.46-0.56);
V, 0.63(0.60-0.70) Labial segments: I, 0.46(0.41-0.50); II, 0.81
(0.74-0.86); III, 0.64(0.60-0.69); IV, 0.47(0.44—-0.50).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.56(1.49-1.62) :3.19(3.07—3.30).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.36(2.24—2.42) :1.96(1.89-2.02).

Length of body: 6.33(6.04-6.73).

Type pata.—Walker’s type of Aethus scitus (BrM) was listed as
coming from ‘St. Domingo,” an early name for the Dominican
Republic.

SPECIMENS STUDIED:

Banamas: South Bimini Island, June to August 17, 1951, C. and P. Vaurie,
6 males, 7 females (AmM; RCF). New Providence, Nassau, August 5, Clench,
1 male, 1 female (MCZ).

Cusa: Guanténamo, May 7, 1924, B. Hioram, 1 male (JCL).

Haiti: Port au Prince, May 1925, 1 male (USNM). Fond-Parisien, Feb.
11-18, 1922, altitude about 60 feet, 1 female (AmM). Gros-Morne, Feb. 17,
1926, E. C. Leonard, 1 female (USNM).

Hispanioua: ‘St. Domingo,’”’ 1 male (BrM), type.

Discusston.—Personal study of Walker’s type clearly showed that
Distant (1899, p. 222) was in error when he placed scitus as a synonym
of Pangaeus margo, which is made a synonym of Pangaeus aethiops
in the present paper. One of the specimens had been labeled as
“Geocnethus cubensis Barber and Bruner.”

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps) laevis, new species
PLATE FIGURES 176, 266

Dracnosis.—The single setigerous puncture on the costa coupled
with the narrow, impunctate head and the mesopleural evaporatorium
extended to the side of the segment permits recognition of this species
within the subgenus. The narrow, very deep emargination at the
apex of the male genital plate (fig. 176) marks that sex from the
males of all other species within the genus.

Description.—Mate: Elongate-oval, widest across pronotum.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.84(0.80-0.86) :1.29(1.26—
1.30); interocular width, 0.77(0.74-0.80); anterior outline almost
semicircular, clypeus very slightly surpassing juga; surface gently
convex, impunctate, with weak radiating rugae and one submarginal
puncture in front of eye; ocelli moderate, separated from eye by space

590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

subequal to transverse diameter of an ocellus; juga ventrally polished,
impunctate; maxillary plate punctate for most of its length. Anten-
nal segments: I, 0.29(0.28-0.30); II, 0.39(0.37-0.43); III, 0.38
(0.37-0.40); IV, 0.47(0.46-0.50); V, 0.62(0.60-0.63). Bucculae lower
than labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching between
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.45(0.43-0.47); II, 0.86(0.83-
0.91); ITI, 0.57(0.53-0.61); IV, 0.39(0.36-0.43).

Pronotum: Length less than half width, 1.39(1.30-1.49):2.95
(2.89-3.00); anterior margin moderately concave; lateral margins
entire, distinctly narrowing from base; transverse impression post-
median, obsolete, absent medially; with several close-set, distinct
punctures at ends of transverse impression and several widely sepa-
rated ones scattered medially and on posterior lobe.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.32(2.28-2.35):1.82(1.82-1.82);
surface shining, numerous punctures scattered over disc, base and
elongate apex impunctate.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus finely but distinctly alutaceous,
with usual rows of punctures, one on clayus and two on mesocorium
paralleling claval suture; remainder of mesocorium impunctate;
exocorium with numerous obsolete or distinct punctures scattered
along most of length except apex; costa with one setigerous puncture;
membranal suture almost straight, lateral angle weakly prolonged;
membrane about as long as basal width, not surpassing apex of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Punctate ventrally, in depression and on posterior
convexity; prosternal carinae very low, fine.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium extended to side margins of segment;
lateral area rugose, impunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium with side margin gently concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Shining, obsoletely alutaceous; with a few punctae
laterally.

Legs: Moderately long.

Terminalia: Apical margin of genital capsule roundly convex
either side of narrow, very deep emargination (fig. 176), punctate
laterally; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 266).

Length of body: 5.97(5.84-6.13).

Fremaue: Similar to male except pronotal and scutellar punctae
more numerous and radial vein ending in area of punctae; membrane
surpassing apex of abdomen.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.87(0.83-0.94) :1.30(1.27-1.36); inter-
ocular width, 0.77(0.73-0.81). Antennal segments: I, 0.30(0.28-
0.33); IL, 0.40(0.38-0.43); III, 0.39(0.38-0.41); IV, 0.49(0.46-0.52);

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 591

V, 0.61(0.60—-0.63). Labial segments: I, 0.44(0.43-0.46); II, 0.87
(0.80-0.93) ; III, 0.55(0.53-0.60); IV, 0.43(0.40-0.46).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.48(1.43-1.52) :2.96(2.84-3.13).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.39(2.21-2.60) :1.85(1.74-2.02).

Length of body: 5.88(5.55-6.30).

Type pvata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both MCZ)
labeled ‘Constanza, Aug. ’38, Dom. Rep., 3-4,000 ft., Darlington.”
Paratypes, 5 males, 7 females, as follows:

DominicaN Repustic: Constanza, same data as type, 1 male (RCF), 2 females
(RCF; MCZ). Vicinity of Valle Nuevo, cloud forest, 6,000 feet, August 1928,
Darlington, 2 males (USNM; MCZ), 2 females (USNM; MCZ). Foothills of
Cordillera Central, south of Santiago, June 1928, 1 male, 1 female (MCZ).

Haiti: Mt. Basil, to 4,700 feet, Sept. 9, 1934, Darlington, 1 male, 2 females
(MCZ).

Discussion.—The distribution of this form undoubtedly will be
found to be more widespread than is indicated by the data on the type
series.

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps) longirostris, new species
PLATE FIGURES 77, 267

Driacnosis.—The very elongate labium of which the first segment
surpasses the bucculae by about one-third its own length sets this
species apart from all others in the genus.

DescrirtTion.—From a single male. Elongate, parallel-sided, mod-
erately convex above, more strongly so below.

Head: Width one-fifth greater than length, 1.28:1.00; interocular
width, 0.86; anterior outline semicircular, eyes strongly projecting
(about two-thirds width); surface convex transversely and longi-
tudinally, with numerous punctures except on clypeus; ocelli posterior
to line connecting hind margins of eyes, separated from eye by more
than transverse ocellar diameter; juga with no submarginal setigerous
punctures except the one in front of the eye; clypeus very slightly
longer than juga, very slightly narrowed at apex; jugum ventrally
polished, impunctate; maxillary plate with several scattered, distinct
punctures. Antennal segments: I, 0.36; II, 0.43; II, 0.50; LV, 0.70;
V, 0.94. Bucculae about as high as labial II. Labial segments:
I, very long, 0.81, surpassing base of bucculae and reaching base of
prosternal carinae; IJ, 1.30; IIT, 1.00; IV, 1.10.

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half width, 1.36:2.53; an-
terior margin very deeply concave; side margins subparallel on basal
two-thirds then more abruptly narrowed; side margin slightly sinuate
at ends of submedian transverse impression; latter marked by irregular
wide band of large punctures; anterior lobe with wide band of close-set
punctures immediately behind anterior emargination, and a deep,

592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

longitudinal depression laterally (fig. 77); posterior lobe irregularly
punctured on anterior half.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.21:1.56; surface shining, rather
convex, with numerous, irregularly spaced punctures becoming finer
apically.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus polished; exocorium punctate for
full length; mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures on
apical third; clavus with one complete row and one incomplete row
of punctures; costa without setigerous punctures; membranal suture
virtually straight; membrane very slightly longer than basal width,
slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Polished, punctured on both convexities and in depres-
sion; prosternal carinae convex, as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching side margin of segment;
lateral polished area punctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral edge of evaporatorium straight; lateral area
impunctate.

Sternites: Polished, punctate laterally; sutures finely crenulate.

Legs: Moderately long.

Terminalia: Margin of genital capsule flared, surface with numerous
punctures, gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 267).

Length of body: 5.92.

Type pata.—Holotype male (Carv) from Manaus, Amazonas,
Brazil, ‘‘Parko, 7, 1941.”

Discussion.—The elongate form, long labium, and lack of sub-
marginal setigerous punctures on the head is suggestive of Uhler’s
species “‘Lobonotus anthracinus,” but members of this new species are
easily separated therefrom by the generic character of the peritreme,
and also by the very long first labial segment which here exceeds the
bucculae by about one-third of its length. The broad, longitudinal
impression laterally on the anterior pronotal lobe appears to be
unique in the Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere. This character,
however, is probably restricted to the male.

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps) megalocephalus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 62, 175, 268

Diacnosis.—The very large head (fig. 62), which is broader than
half the width of the pronotum, should separate this cydnid from all
others in the Western Hemisphere.

Description.—Mate: Oval.

Head: Length about three-fifths width, 1.54(1.49-1.56) :2.52(2.37-
2.60); interocular width, 1.51(1.49-1.56); anterior outline semicircular,
sometimes flattened; clypeus as long as juga, strongly narrowed at
apex; surface concave, vertex with a broad, shallow, U-shaped carina

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 593

between ocelli; juga with few to several prominent punctures; ocelli
moderate, removed from eyes by a space twice an ocellar width; juga
ventrally polished, impunctate; maxillary plate with punctate impres-
sion mesad of antennal insertion and punctate along basal margin.
Antennal segments: I, 0.36(0.36-0.36); II, 0.60(0.53-0.66); III, 0.56
(0.50-0.60) ; IV, 0.81(0.73-0.86); V, 0.94(0.90-1.00). Bucculae lower
than labial II; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial seg-
ments: I, 0.73(0.70-0.76); II, 1.04(0.96-1.10); III, 1.21(1.16-1.23);
IV, 0.76(0.73-0.80).

Pronotum: Length about half width, 2.45(2.38-2.55) :4.75(4.47-
4.92); anterior margin shallowly concave, about two-thirds of basal
width; side margins entire, gradually narrowed from base and more
abruptly at apical third, with five or six submarginal setigerous punc-
tures; transverse impression obsolete to absent, marked by irregular,
postmedian band of punctures; anterior lobe with a row of punctures
paralleling anterior emargination and several punctures laterally; pos-
terior lobe with several punctures medially.

Scutellum: Length and width equal, 3.01(2.85-3.12):3.01(2.84—
3.12); surface shining, with numerous punctures except across base
and apex.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus very weakly alutaceous; exocorium
abundantly punctate for full length; mesocorium with two complete
rows of punctures paralleling claval suture, and numerous punctures
at base and apex; clavus with several punctures in addition to longi-
tudinal row; costa with one setigerous puncture; membranal suture
weakly concave, lateral angle acute; membrane reaching apex of
abdomen, slightly longer than basal width.

Propleuron: Impunctate except along anterior margin and in
depression; prosternal carinae very low, thick, blunt.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching side margin of segment;
lateral shining area rugopunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium slightly concave laterally; lateral
area impunctate.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate.

Terminalia: Apical margin of genital plate with deep U-shaped
notch (fig. 175), surface impunctate; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
268).

Length of body: 8.93(8.50—9.26).

FEMALE: Based on two specimens. Similar to males, but surface
of head flattened or concave only on juga.

Head: Length-width ratio, 2.32(2.10—-2.55) :4.63(4.23-5.00) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.49(1.43-1.56). Antennal segments: I, 0.35(0.35-0.36) ;
II, 0.58 (0.53-0.63); III, 0.56(0.50-0.63); IV, 0.82(0.73-0.92); V, 0.93

501991—60——_17

594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 111

(0.86-1.00). Labial segments: I, 0.68(0.63—0.73) ; IT, 0.99(0.96—1.03) ;
III, 1.21 (1.16-1.26); IV, 0.76(0.70—0.83).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.32(2.10—2.55) :4.63 (4.26—-5.00).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.92(2.70—3.15) :2.92(2.70-3.15).

Length of body: 8.53(7.92-9.14).

Tyre pata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both Car),
“Chapada, Brazil, Acc. No. 2966, Aug.” Paratypes, 3 males, 3
females, as follows:

Braziu: Chapada, same data as types, 1 female (Car). Manaus, Amazonas,
November 1941, 1 male (Carv).

Panama: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, October-November 1941,
J. Zetek, No. 4915, 1 male (USNM); April 1941, J. Zetek, No. 4985, 1 male
RCF).
ee ee Gu1aNna: Kartabo, June 18, 1925, C. C. Searl, 1 female (CalAc). Upper
Kutari River, January-March 1936, G. A. Hudson, 1 female (BrM).

Discussion.—The extremely large head (fig. 62) marks this as
being quite distinct from all other Cydnidae of the Western Hemi-
sphere. In all the males and some of the females studied the surface
of the head was distinctly concave, in the other females flattened with
the juga longitudinally depressed along the middle. The punctation
of the head appears to become a little more numerous and dense in
the specimens from the southern part of the range, but the very broad
head and the unusual, deep, U-shaped notch at the apex of the genital
capsule of the male confirm that they all belong to one species.
One of the Chapada females listed among the paratypes appears to
be a malformed individual and so was not included in the measure-
ments given above; the pronotum was shrunken and reduced in size,
as was the apical part of the scutellum, with a consequent change in
size and shape of these two parts.

Dallasiellus (Ecarinoceps) reflexus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 26

DiaGenosis.—The high bucculae whose posterior termination is
abrupt, not evanescent, mark this species within the subgenus.

Description.—Known from three females. Oval, widest at mid-
length.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 1.22(1.17—1.30):1.84(1.75-1.92) ;
interocular width, 1.12(1.04-1.17); anterior outline a faintly flattened
semicircle; clypeus as long as juga, distinctly narrowed apically; juga
impunctate, with few weak, radiating rugae and but one submarginal
setigerous puncture in front of eye; ocelli small, separated from eye
by almost twice transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate, except at base, shining, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.35(0.33-0.40); II, 0.63(0.60—0.66) ; IIT, 0.53 (0.53-0.53) ;

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 595

IV, 0.71(0.70-0.73); V, 0.82(0.80-0.83). Bucculae higher than
labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching posterior
half of mesosternum. Labial segments: I, 0.63(0.56-0.70); II,
1.05(0.96—1.10); III, 0.72(0.66-0.76); IV, 0.53(0.50-0.56).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.36(2.21—-2.44):4.29
(4.10-4.52); anterior margin moderately concave; side margins entire,
gently narrowed from base, more abruptly so on apical third; trans-
verse impression obsolete to absent; with few punctures along trans-
verse impression, on middle of posterior lobe and sometimes behind
anterior emargination, remainder of surface impunctate.

Scutellum: Longer than broad, 3.16(3.00-3.35) :2.61(2.53-2.69) ;
surface shining, punctured except at base and apex.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus finely but distinctly alutaceous;
exocorium and mesocorium mostly with very weak to obsolete fine
punctures, mesocorium also with two rows of coarser punctures
paralleling claval suture; clavus with one row and basal part of
another row of punctures; costa broadly reflexed, with two setigerous
punctures; membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle weakly
produced; membrane surpassing tip of abdomen, length longer than
basal width.

Propleuron: Shining, impunctate except near acetabulum and in
depression; prosternal carinae low, acute.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching lateral margin of segment;
lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Lateral edge of evaporatorium weakly concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Finely alutaceous, impunctate except in spiracular area.

Legs: Moderately long.

Length of body: 8.47(8.24-8.85).

Type pata.—Holotype female (USNM 64414) labeled ‘Colima,
Volc&én, Mex., L. Conrad.” Paratypes, 3 females, as follows:

Mexico: Voledn de Colima, L. Conrad, 1 female (USNM).

Costa Rica: No exact locality (‘la Vruca’’?), No. 79, 1 female (Wien).

Unitep States: Florida: Redlands, J. C. Lutz collection No. 86, 1 female
(JCL).

Discussion.—The Florida paratype differs slightly from the other
two specimens in having the hemelytra slightly shorter (membrane
barely surpassing apex of abdomen) with the membranal suture
straighter and not prolonged at lateral angle.

Subgenus Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) Berg
Dallasiellus Berg, 1901, p. 281.

DiaGnosis.—Species of this subgenus may be recognized by the
presence of a complete dorsal carina on the margin of the head plus

596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

the lack of coarse crenulations on the posterior margin of the meso-
pleuron and the mesopleural evaporatorium which is usually entire
and reaches uninterrupted to the posterior margin of the segment.

Description.—Agreeing with the generic description with the fol-
lowing important modifications:

Head: Jugum with complete, fine, marginal carina dorsally, usually
with two or more submarginal setigerous punctures; labial length
variable from between middle coxae to base of sternite II.

Mesopleuron: Posterior margin usually with fine crenulations or
none; evaporatorium extending into posterolateral angle of segment,
usually attaining lateral margin.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium usually straight
or nearly so (deeply concave only in fusus); apex of peritreme not
(except in fusus) fusing with surrounding cuticula.

Legs: Posterior tibia of both sexes without angulation near base
of posteroventral margin, femora not tuberculate ventrally on apical
fourth.

TYPE OF SUBGENUS.—Same as for type of genus.

DisrrisutTion.—From southwestern United States south through
Central America and the West Indies to southern South America.

Discussion.—Comments on the definition and relationships of this
taxon will be found in the generic discussion.

Several of the new species described in the present study appear to
be somewhat intermediate between this subgenus and the subgenus
Dallasiellus (Pseudopangaeus). Notes on these will be given at
appropriate places in the text.

Key to species of subgenus Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus)

1. Dorsum of head coarsely and in large part rugosely punctate. . .... 2
Dorsum of head not coarsely ee ee either Se or with
widely separated punctures .. . w . rehulo eo

2. Bucculae abruptly terminated orerona aa in Ae 23); corium and sternites
not distinctly alutaceous. . . . . . . pumcticeps, new species (p. 622)

Bucculae evanescent posteriorly; corium and sternites distinctly alutaceous.
solitaria (Horvath) (p. 624)

3. Peritreme abruptly terminated apically (fig. 107); lateral margin of meta-
pleural evaporatorium straight or gently concave. . .. meri. 4

Apex of peritreme not abruptly terminated, fusing with ene cuticula

(as in fig. 106); lateral margin of metapleural evaporatorium very deeply

concave (as in fig. 106) ....... .. .. . fusus, new species (p. 604)
4. Mesopleural evaporatorium interrupted near or at pies margin by trans-
verse, polished band (fig. 108) . .... bo ate el Ps ee

Mesopleurdl evaporatorium not thus iuaranied (fig. 107). Pst eles. 10

10.

hd.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

7.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 597

Corium highly polished; basal half of costa strongly depressed; male with
ventral margin of anterior tibia abruptly, subquadrately expanded (fig.
128) at apex ... . .. . . dilatipes, new species (p. 602)

Corium distinctly Alutsceone: ost strongly convex for full length; anterior
tibia of male not expanded ventrally near apex.

interruptus, new species (p. 608)

Size larger, length of body:8:mm: or more...) of) 8 Pv ee 7

Size smaller, length of body less than 7.5mm... . Stel 0,

Prosternal carinae as high as or higher than Tnbial ai (fig. Zils

levipennis (Signoret) (p. 609)

Prosternal carinae not more than half as high as labial IIT... .... 8

Scutellum discally with numerous (35+) coarse, sunken, foveate punctures,
crowded and forming coarse, transverse rugae between them.

planicollis (Horvath) (p. 621)

Scutellum with few widely scattered, fine punctures. ... Says suakano

Pronotum with a single, irregular, medially interrupted line of close- cet small
punctures along the site of the transverse impression; posterior pronotal
lobe impunctate .... . . . . . horvathi, new species (p. 606)

Pronotum with punctures coarse, 6 aleug site of transverse impression forming

a band that extends back onto posterior lobe. . bergi (Signoret) (p. 601)

Labium long, distinctly surpassing posterior coxae; prosternal carinae

abruptly lobed (fig. 25)... .. . =... . longulus (Dallas) (p. 611)
Labium short, not reaching apices of yer coxae; prosternal carinae
not lobed... . Se eae ee ee eg Le

Antennal II shorter ‘hen t, about half as alone as III.
orchidiphilus, new species (p. 618)
Antennal II longer than I, nearly or quite equalto III... .... .12
Scutellum diseally without large punctures; apex of mesocorium impunctate
or with few punctures near radial vein .. . «en ili
Scutellum discally and usually mesocorium apiealy te numerous aistinct!
large punctures ... 2 UE SMG
Jugum with one Sat iaremals eefeaaits pone ranes in eon one eye.
viduus (Stal) (p. 627)
Jugum with four submarginal setigerous punctures in front of eye.
triangularis, new species (p. 625)
Jugum with three, eae: Sag Scie punctures anterior to eye
(Gi AA TE ‘ AS SAEED
Jugum with two, hres, or more Glose: a etiveraus pincuares anterior to
eye, sometimes with several more widely spaced ones distally (figs. 42, 43).
lugubris (Stal) (p. 613)
Corium distinctly alutaceous (at 15X) . . alutaceus, new species (p. 598)
Corium shining, not distinctly alutaceous (at 30X)......... .16
Costa without setigerous punctures; pronotal transverse impression weak,
marked by irregular band of small punctures.
ovalis, new species (p. 620)
Costa with one setigerous puncture; pronotal transverse impression distinct,
obsolete medially, marked by regular row of large punctures. . . . .17
Larger, length of body 6.4-7.0; head with subapical, distinct, poorly defined
depression (in areas indicated by dotted circle on fig. 44) ; clypeus elevated
apically: sie.2 it: . . . baecchinus, new species (p. 599)
Smaller, length of body Ze 9- a 5; howd without subapical depression; clypeus
not elevated apically. . ... . . . . murinus (Van Duzee) (p. 616)

598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) alutaceus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 270

Diacnosis.—Among the moderately large species (5.5-6.5) with the
three widely separated setigerous punctures on the submargin of the
head, this one may be recognized by the short labium, which does not
surpass the middle coxae, and by the distinct alutaceous sculpturing of
the corium.

DescripTion.—MateE: Oval, slightly elongate.

Head: Length about three-fifths width 0.99(0.95-1.06) :1.59(1.44—
1.69); interocular width, 0.87(0.83-0.93); anterior outline less than
a full semicircle, clypeus as long as juga and strongly narrowed apically;
surface weakly alutaceous, with scattered fine punctures; jugum with
obsolete radiating rugae, with three widely separated setigerous
punctures submarginally; ocelli large, separated from eye by slightly
more than transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary
plate, except on basal fourth, polished and impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.32(0.30—0.33) ; II, 0.37 (0.34—0.43) ; III, 0.39(0.39-0.40) ;
IV, 0.55(0.52—0.60); V, 0.62(0.55—-0.66). Bucculae about as high as
labial II, evanescent posteriorly ; labium reaching base of middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.51(0.45-0.60); II, 0.85(0.75-0.94); III, 0.60
(0.58-0.63) ; IV, 0.50(0.46-0.54).

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half width, 1.63(1.57-1.82) :
3.16(2.93-3.43) ; anterior margin moderately emarginate; side margins
entire, straight on basal two-thirds, with five or six setigerous punctures
submarginally; transverse impression submedian, marked by regular
row of close-set punctures; anterior lobe with curved row of punctures
in subapical impression and numerous punctures laterally; posterior
lobe with distinct punctures most numerous medially.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.24(2.08-2.40):1.96(1.82-2.15);
shining, with numerous crowded punctures from near base almost to
apex, latter minutely punctate.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium strongly alutaceous; clavus with
one complete and one partial row of punctures; mesocorium with two
complete rows of punctures paralleling claval suture, discally with
distinct close punctures only at base and apex; exocorium with numer-
ous distinct punctures for full length; costa without or with one setiger-
ous puncture; membranal suture straight, lateral angle not prolonged;
membrane longer than basal width, surpassing apex of abdomen by
about one-fourth its length.

Propleuron: Feebly alutaceous, distinctly punctate in depression
and anterior to acetabulum, minutely punctate on convexities; pro-
sternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium entire; lateral area impunctate.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 599

Metapleuron: Peritreme abruptly terminated apically; lateral
margin of evaporatorium feebly concave; lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Sternites: Distinctly alutaceous, with few punctures and small
rugae near spiracular area.

Terminalia: Genital capsule finely alutaceous, obsoletely punctate
except for crowded punctures in lateral angles, apical margin broadly
and very shallowly emarginate; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 270).

Length of body: 5.91(5.61-6.42).

Frmaue: Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.98(0.96-1.00) :1.58(1.56—-1.60) ; inter-
ocular width. 0.92(0.90-0.93). Antennal segments: I, 0.31(0.30-
0.33); II, 0.36(0.36-0.40); III, 0.39(0.36-0.43); IV, 0.51(0.50-0.53) ;
V, 0.61(0.60-0.63). Labial segments: I, 0.54(0.53-0.56); II, 0.80
(0.76-0.83) ; III, 0.62(0.62-0.63); IV, 0.46(0.46-0.50).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.64(1.56-1.75) :3.17(3.06-3.26).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.30(2.22—2.40) :1.98(1.89-2.02).
Length of body: 5.76(5.57-5.92).

Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64411) and allotype female
(USNM) both labeled ‘Rosario Lake, Rogagua, Boliv., W. M. Mann,
Oct. 28—Nov. 9, 1921. Mulford Biol. Expl., 1921-22.” Paratypes,
4 males, 20 females, as follows:

Boutvia: Same data as types, 7 females (USNM, RCF). Chapare, July 26,
1945, 400 meters, R. Zischka, No. 163, 1 male (USNM). Rurrenabaque, Beni,
W. M. Mann, October 1921, Mulford Biol. Expl., 1921-1922, 8 females, (USNM,
RCF). Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 450 meters, J. Steinbach, November 1910,
C. M. 4550, 2 females (Car).

Braziu: Vigosa, Minas Gerais, April 1945, Carvalho, 1 male (Carv). Nova
Teutonia, January 1939, F. Plaumann, 1 female (JCL). Rio de Janeiro,
P. Wygodzinsky, 2 males (USNM, RCF); Ace. No. 2966, 1 female (Car).

Cotomsia: No exact locality, intercepted at Hoboken, N.J., on wild orchid,
May 22, 1941, 1 female (USNM).

Discussion.—The specific name refers to the distinctly alutaceous
sculpturing of the corium.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) bacchinus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 44, 284

Dracnosts.—The weakly defined but definite subapical impression
near the apex of the head (indicated by dotted outline on fig. 44) can
be used to separate this species from all others in the subgenus.

Description.—Mate: Elongate-oval.

Head: Length about three-fourths width, 1.21(1.17-1.30) :1.69(1.62—
1.80); interocular width, 0.99(0.95-1.04); anterior outline rounded,
juga as long or slightly longer than clypeus and almost contiguous

600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

beyond it; jugum with three submarginal setigerous punctures; surface
flattened, with weakly defined but definite subapical impression
(dotted circle, fig. 44), smooth, distinctly punctured anterior to ocelli;
latter well developed, separated from eye by space less than twice
transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate (except
posteriorly) impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.38(0.36—0.40); II,
0.52(0.48-0.56); III, 0.45(0.43-0.48); IV, 0.67(0.63-0.73); V, 0.79
(0.73-0.85). Bucculae about as high as labial II, labium reaching
apices of middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.67(0.66-0.68); II,
1.04(1.00-1.10); III, 0.82(0.80—0.83); IV, 0.61(0.60-0.63).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.89(1.82-1.95):3.46
(3.28-3.71); anterior margin broadly and deeply emarginate; lateral
margins entire, with five or six submarginal setigerous punctures;
transverse impression slightly behind middle, weakly impressed lat-
erally, marked by irregular row of distinct punctures; anterior lobe
with curved row of punctures paralleling anterior emargination and
more than fifteen punctures laterally, these equal to those of trans-
verse impression; posterior lobe with a number of punctures at middle
and few laterally.

Scutellum: Little longer than broad, 2.52(2.42-2.73):2.17(2.08—
2.31); surface polished, impunctate basally and apically, elsewhere
with numerous, irregularly spaced coarse punctures.

Hemelytron: Corium polished, with two impressed rows of coarser
punctures paralleling claval suture, mesocorium obsoletely or im-
punctate medially, with few moderate punctures near base and nu-
merous finer ones near apex; exocorium distinctly punctured full
length on outer half or more; costa with one setigerous puncture;
clavus polished with one row of punctures extending almost to apex
and a shorter row laterad; membranal suture straight, outer angle
slightly acute; membrane surpassing apex of abdomen, about one-
fourth longer than basal width.

Propleuron: Punctured only at anteroventral angle and in depres-
sion; prosternal carinae low, distinct, most prominent anteriorly.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching broadly to lateral margin;
lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium separated from side margin by nar-
row, polished, impunctate area; peritreme attaining middle of segment,
abruptly terminated.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Sternites: Shining, weakly alutaceous, rugose, with few punctures
laterally.

Terminalia: Genital capsule polished, punctate laterally, apical
margin very broadly, shallowly V-emarginate; gonostylus as illus-
trated (fig. 284).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 601

Length of body: 6.63(6.42-7.00).

FEMALE: Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.21(1.18-1.26):1.74(1.71-1.80); inter-
ocular width, 1.04(1.01-1.13). Antennal segments: I, 0.38(0.35-0.41);
II, 0.52(0.50-0.55); III, 0.46(0.43-0.48); IV, 0.67(0.65-0.70); V, 0.79
(0.78-0.83). Labial segments: I, 0.65(0.63-0.70); II, 1.03(1.00-1.06);
IIL, 0.91(0.82-0.93); IV, 0.62(0.60-0.66).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.82(1.77-1.89) :3.48 (3.454

Scutellum: Longer than broad, 2.55(2.47-2.60) :2.25(2.15-2

Length of body: 6.56(6.42-6.71).

Tyre pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64412) and allotype female
(USNM), La Chorrera, Panama, May 10, 1912, A. Busck. Para-
types, 3 males, 3 females, as follows:

Mexico: No exact locality, No. 1785, C. F. Baker collection, 1 male (USNM).

Panama: La Chorrera, same data as type, 1 female (USNM). Aquadulce.
Apr. 12, 1941, 1 male, 1 female (MCZ). Ancén, Canal Zone, April 1911, Kraft,
arc-light globe, 1 male, 1 female (RCF).

3.58).
43),

Discussion.—The specific name alludes to the vague, cuplike im-
pression near the apex of the head. As is often the case with Cyd-
nidae, the only habit notes refer to specimens having been collected
at a light.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) bergi (Signoret), new combination

Geotomus bergi Signoret, 1883, p. 36, pl. 2, fig. 145.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 72.
Geocnethus bergi Horvath, 1919, p. 246.

Dracnosis.—Among the large species of the subgenus this one may
be recognized by the low prosternal carinae and the numerous coarse
punctures on the pronotum.

DescrirTion.—Based on broken female type without antennae or
legs. Oval, broadest at midlength of the hemelytra.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.43:2.25; interocular width, 1.36;
anterior outline a flattened semicircle, clypeus as long as juga; latter
impunctate, with a few radiating vague rugae, submargin with three
coarse, preocular setigerous punctures followed apically by a row of
finer setigerous punctures; ocelli moderate, removed from eyes by a
spage equal to twice an ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary
plate impunctate; antennae missing; bucculae about as high as labial
II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching base of abdomen. Labial
segments: I, 0.86; II, 1.36; III, 1.23; IV, 0.84.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.52:4.77; anterior margin
moderately deeply emarginate; lateral margin straight on basal two-
thirds, distinctly curved anteriorly, submargin with six setigerous
punctures; transverse impression postmedian, obsolete, with numerous,

602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

irregularly spaced, coarse punctures; posterior lobe with some scattered
coarse and fine punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.45:2.66; polished, with about 15
small punctures scattered over disc; apex impunctate.

Hemelytron: Polished; clavus with three incomplete rows of
punctures; mesocorium with two rows of coarse punctures paralleling
claval suture and a few coarse and numerous fine punctures scattered
over surface; exocorium with a few coarse punctures; costa with
three setigerous punctures on the left side and two on the right;
membranal suture straight, lateral angle slightly produced posteriorly ;
membrane little longer than basal width, slightly surpassing tip of
abdomen.

Propleuron: Polished, impunctate except immediately above coxa
and in depression; prosternal carinae little more than half as high
as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium entire, reaching posterolateral angle
of segment; lateral area with three punctures.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate, laterally with few horizontal,
obsolete rugae.

Length of body: 9.35.

Type pata. The label on the specimen in the Signoret collection
(Wien) agrees with Signoret’s listing from ‘‘Missiones”’ and so must
be the type.

SPECIMEN STUDIED.—1 female (type), from Misiones, Argentina.

Discuss1on.—This species appears to be somewhat of an inter-
mediate between Dallasiellus and Tominotus because the preocular
row of submarginal setigerous punctures is almost complete, the
only gap appearing between the three punctures immediately anterior
to eyes and the remaining ones of the row, which are finer and set
closer together.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) dilatipes, new species
PLATE FIGURES 128, 149, 272

DiaGnosis.—Since this species is known only from the male,
separation must be made on the basis of that sex. The strong and
unusual modifications of the male form the most convenient features
for characterization: The peculiar quadrate lobe at the apex of the
ventral margin of the anterior tibia (fig. 128); the costa strongly
flattened and depressed; and the posterior femur with prominent
strong knob near middle of ventral margin and spines of posteroventral
row on hind tibia directed downward from prominent tubercles
(fig. 149) instead of the usual oblique position from a serrated margin.
Any one of these is sufficient to separate the males of this species
from those of any other species within the genus.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 603

DescriptTion.—Based on a single male. Oval, widest near midlength.

Head: Length more than half width, 1.90:2.77; interocular width,
1.67; anterior outline semicircular, clypeus as long as juga and only
slightly narrowed apically; surface convex with scattered minute
punctures and weak, incomplete radiating rugae; jugum submarginally
with three widely separated setigerous punctures; ocelli large, separated
from eye by a space subequal to transverse ocellar width; juga
ventrally polished, impunctate; maxillary plate on apical half polished
with a few scattered punctures; posterior half alutaceous and punctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.66; II, 0.70; III, 0.70; IV, 1.00; V, 1.00.
Bucculae higher than labial II; labium reaching between posterior
coxae. Labial segments: I, 1.30; IT, 1.99; III, 1.82; IV, 1.31.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.31:6.30; anterior margin
shallowly, doubly emarginate; side margins entire, very weakly
sinuate at midlength, with six or seven submarginal setigerous
punctures; transverse impression obsolete, absent medially, marked
by medially interrupted row of very close-set punctures; anterior
lobe with curved, subapical band of intermixed minute and close-set
coarse punctures; laterally similarly but with mixed sparser punctures;
posterior lobe with scattered moderate and more numerous minute
punctures.

Scutellum: Longer than broad, 1.79:1.67; polished, with numerous
minute punctures and scattered coarser punctures discally becoming
finer toward apex.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus polished; clavus with two lateral
exterior rows and one mesal row of punctures; mesocorium with two
complete rows of punctures paralleling claval suture, discally with
scattered fine punctures becoming crowded toward apex; exocorium
for full length with numerous crowded punctures over most of surface;
costa depressed, flattened, with two setigerous punctures on basal
half; membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle little produced ;
membrane surpassing apex of abdomen, longer than basal width.

Propleuron: Weakly punctate, rugose on anterior convexity,
distinctly punctate in depression and laterally on posterior convexity,
prosternal carinae very low, less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium interrupted near posterior margin by
polished band (as in fig. 108); lateral area roughened.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying more than three-fourths
of segment, side margin straight; lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Polished, with weak to obsolete minute punctures over
most of surface and longitudinal rugae laterally.

Legs: Anterior tibia with subquadrate lobe at apex of lower margin
(fig. 128); posterior leg (fig. 149) with a prominent knob near middle

604. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

of ventral margin of femur, and spines on posteroventral margin of
tibia arising ventrally from prominent tubercles.

Terminalia: Apex of genital capsule prolonged, weakly emarginate,
surface with scattered fine punctures; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
272).

Length of body: 11.97.

Type pata.—Described from holotype male in the collection of
J.C. Lutz labeled “Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, x11-24,
1950, F. Plaumann.”’

Discussion.—The numerous, strong, unique modifications on the
single specimen leaves no room for doubt concerning its validity as a
new species. The trivial name alludes to the peculiar dilation of the
anterior tibiae.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) fusus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 273

Draenosis.—The fusing of the apex of the peritreme to the sur-
rounding cuticula permits ready recognition of this species within the
subgenus.

DerscripTion.—Matz: Four specimens. Oval, widest near mid-
length.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.99(0.90-1.03) :1.47(1.36—
1.53); interocular width, 0.91(0.90-0.93) ; anterior outline a somewhat
truncated semicircle, juga longer than and contiguous in front of
clypeus; surface finely alutaceous, impunctate only in and imme-
diately anterior to interocellar area, remainder of surface with numer-
ous fine punctures and distinct, radiating rugae; jugum with sub-
marginal row of close-set setigerous punctures extending little more
than three-fourths of way to apex; ocelli small, separated from eye
by space about three times ocellar width; jugum ventrally and
maxillary plate, except basally, shining, impunctate. Antennal seg-
ments: I, 0.31(0.30-0.33); II, 0.33(0.33-0.33); III, 0.38(0.36-0.43);
IV, 0.46(0.43-0.49); V, 0.51(0.50-0.53). Bucculae higher than labial
II, evanescent posteriorly; labium attaining mesosternum or bases of
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.44(0.43-0.44); II, 0.77(0.69-
0.83); III, 0.54 (0.52-0.58); IV, 0.41(0.38-0.46).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.76(1.62-1.95):3.22
(3.06-3.39); anterior margin moderately, singly emarginate; lateral
margin entire, straight on basal third, with seven to eleven setigerous
punctures submarginally ; transverse impression almost wholly absent,
marked by irregular band of widely separated punctures; anterior lobe
with numerous punctures laterally and few subapically, elsewhere with
scattered minute punctures; posterior lobe with several punctures
medially and laterally.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 605

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.11(2.02—2.30) :2.02(1.89-2.15); disc
shining, with few widely scattered punctures, impunctate on basal
fourth and apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium alutaceous; clavus with two
irregular, confused rows of punctures; mesocorium with one complete
row and one incomplete row of punctures paralleling claval suture,
discally with punctures sparse and scattered or numerous; exocorium
punctured similarly to disc of mesocorium; costa with three or four
setigerous punctures; membranal suture nearly straight, lateral angle
sometimes weakly produced; membrane longer than basal width, just
reaching apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Finely alutaceous, punctured sparsely in depression
and more abundantly anterior to acetabulum; prosternal carinae less
than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle
but not to lateral margin of segment; lateral area with a few coarse
punctures.

Metapleuron: Apex of peritreme fused with surrounding cuticula
(as in fig. 106), not abruptly terminated; evaporatorium with lateral
margin deeply concave, C-shaped, lateral area impunctate, extended
almost to apex of peritreme.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Sternites: Shining, becoming more distinctly alutaceous laterally;
laterally also with several longitudinal rugae.

Terminalia: Genital capsule shining, distinctly punctured in lateral
angle, with broad submarginal depression laterally, apical margin
entire, almost straight; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 273).

Length of body: 6.22(5.97-6.66).

FeMA.e: Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.98(0.90—1.06) :1.50(0.36-1.58); inter-
ocular width, 0.98(0.89-1.03). Antennal segments: I, 0.32(0.30—-
0.36); II, 0.31(0.30-0.36); III, 0.39(0.36-0.43); IV, 0.48(0.43-0.53); V,
0.55(0.53-0.62). Labial segments: I, 0.45(0.42-0.46); II, 0.76(0.68—
0.86); III, 0.55(0.53-0.60); IV, 0.41(0.40-0.43).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.80(1.56—2.02) :3.21(2.93-3.52).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.19(2.02—2.60) :2.10(1.75-2.60).

Length of body: 5.96(5.34-6.74).

Type pata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both CalAc)
labeled ‘112 miles S. E. Nochixtlan, Oax., Mex., xm—13-48, H. B.
Leech collector.”’ Paratypes, 2 males, 7 females, as follows:

Mexico: Oaxaca: Same data as types, 1 female (RCF). Durango: Coyotes,
8,300 feet, Aug. 8, 1947, D. Rockefeller Exp., Gertsch, 1 male (AmM). Mézico:

Tejupileo, June 16, 21, 27, 1933, H. E. Hinton and R. L. Usinger, 1 male, 2
females (RLU, RCF). Distrito Federal: 15 miles southeast of “El Guarda,” Nov.

606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

14, 1946, E. C. Van Dyke, 1 female (CalAc). Jalisco: Guadalajara, March
1923, 1 female (USNM). Michoacdn: Ajuno, May 1923, W. M. Mann, 1
female (USNM). State unknown: Jalapa (USNM), “‘Tozi,’’ November, 1 female
(USNM).

Discussion.—The specific name alludes to the fusion of the apex
of the peritreme with the surrounding cuticula. This character, as
well as the numerous coarse crenulations on the posterior margin of
the mesopleuron and the very deeply C-shaped metapleural evapora-
torium (all similar to fig. 106) point out the close relationship of fusus
to the slightly more northern species of the subgenus Pseudopangaeus.
Although these three characteristics outweigh in number the single
features of the interrupted mesopleural evaporatorium, the more
logical placement of fusus is in subgenus Dallasiellus. To separate the
two subgenera on the basis of the fused peritremal apex would permit
placing the present species with its apparently close relatives of
subgenus Pseudopangaeus, but would do violence to the distributional
pattern by necessitating the transfer of californicus to Dallasiellus
(Dallasiellus) as a geographically detached species. The presently
accepted placement appears best in that it permits the more northern
species to form a closely knit offshoot of the more southern subgenus
by way of fusus. Further, fusus differs from all members of subgenus
Pseudopangaeus in lacking an angulation near the base of the postero-
ventral margin of the posterior tibia of the male.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) horvathi, new species

Diacnosis.—Among the large species (over 9 mm.) of the subgenus,
horvathi may be recognized by the low prosternal carinae and the
virtual lack of punctures on the posterior lobe of the pronotum.

Descrirvtion.—From one male and one female. Matz: Oval,
widest near midlength.

Hxav: Length almost two-thirds width, 1.51:2.34; interocular
width, 1.43; anterior outline a full semicircle, clypeus as long as juga;
latter impunctate; almost smooth; submargin with four close-set
setigerous punctures in front of eyes and one more widely spaced
beyond; ocelli moderately large, situated about half way between
eye and midline of head, separated from eye by a space nearly three
times a transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and most of maxil-
lary plate polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.41; II,
0.56; III, 0.70; IV, 0.80; V, 0.90. Bucculae as high as labial IT;
labium reaching between hind coxae. Labial segments: I, 1.03; II,
1.66; III, 1.63; IV, 1.10.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 3.13:5.43; anterior
margin moderately, simply emarginate; side margins strongly sinuate
opposite ends of transverse impression, submargin with row of six

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 6(0)7

setigerous punctures; transverse impression submedian, very weak,
absent medially, marked by medially interrupted row of close-set
punctures; anterior lobe with punctured lunate impression subapi-
cally, with about five punctures laterally; posterior lobe impunctate
except for few punctures at middle near transverse impression.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.34:3.24; disc polished, with ir-
regularly spaced, moderately coarse, sunken punctures, apex impunc-
tate.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus polished, clavus with double row
of punctures for more than half its length; mesocorium impunctate
except for two complete rows paralleling claval suture and few punc-
tures at lateroapical angle; exocorium with numerous distinct punc-
tures for full length; membranal suture weakly concave, lateral angle
slightly prolonged; costa with two setigerous punctures; membrane
slightly surpassing apex of abdomen, length little more than basal
width.

Propleuron: Polished, impunctate, even in depression; prosternal
carinae low, about half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium entire, reaching lateral margin of
segment; lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying about three-fourths of
segment; lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate.

Terminalia: Apical margin of genital capsule entire, faintly sinuate
either side of middle, surface punctate in lateral depressions; gono-
stylus as illustrated for bergi (fig. 271).

Length of body: 10.22.

FreMALs: Similar to male with the following exceptions: (1) Sub-
marginal setigerous punctures on jugum normal on left side but with
only three widely separated ones on the right; (2) ocelli larger, sepa-
rated from eye by a space about twice the ocellar width; (3) lateral
pronotal margin weakly sinuate opposite the ends of the transverse
impression; (4) exocorial punctures less distinct; and (5) propleuron
with some distinct punctures in the depression.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.61:2.55; imterocular width, 1.43.
Antennal segments: I, 0.56; II, 0.60; III, 0.74; IV, 1.00; V, 1.05.
Labial segments: I, 0.94; II, 1.50; ITI, 1.43; IV, 1.03.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 3.40:6.02.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 4.04:3.92.

Length of body: 11.17.

Typr pata.—The holotype male (AmM) is labeled “Moyobamba
Region, Peru, Jan. 8, 1926, F 6149, H. Bassler Collection, Acc. 33591”;
the allotype female (USNM) bears the following data: “Costa Rica,

608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Turrialba, collection Shild-Burgdorf’ and a label ‘“Eetinopus
holomelas.”’

Discussion.—Although the type localities of the two specimens are
somewhat removed from each other, the detected differences evident
between the holotype and allotype are not sufficient to indicate specific
distinctness.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) interruptus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 108, 275

Dracnosis.—The shape of the mesopleural evaporatorium, which
is interrupted near posterior margin (fig. 108), not only suggested the
name for the species but is also reliable for separating it from all other
species within the subgenus except dilatipes, which has highly polished
coria.

Description.—From one male and one female. Mauz: Oval,
widest at about mid-length.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 1.56:2.29; interocular width,
1.36; anterior outline evenly curved, shallowly semicircular, clypeus
as long as juga; latter with weak, radiating rugae with moderate
punctures in between; submarginal setigerous punctures a row of
four close-set punctures in front of eye and one more widely removed
distally; ocelli moderately large, separated from eye by a space that
is about 1% times transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally polished,
impunctate; maxillary plate basally alutaceous, weakly punctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.46; II, 0.70; III, 0.56; IV, 0.84; V, 0.95.
Bucculae as high as labial II; labium reaching between middle coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.96; II, 1.40; III, 1.40; IV, 0.96.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 2.79:5.21; anterior
margin deeply and doubly emarginate; side margins entire, not sinuate,
with submarginal row of six setigerous punctures; transverse impres-
sion weak across full width, marked by punctured band which extends
onto posterior lobe at middle; anterior lobe with numerous distinct
punctures laterally and few in curved row behind anterior emargina-
tion.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.71:3.13; polished, impunctate
apically and at basal angles, discally with numerous, crowded, coarse
punctures becoming finer toward apex.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus distinctly alutaceous; latter with
one complete and basal half of another longitudinal row of punctures;
mesocorium and exocorium with numerous punctures over most of
surface, former with two complete rows of slightly coarser punctures
paralleling claval suture; costa with two setigerous punctures; mem-
branal suture straight; membrane little longer than basal width, very
slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 609

Propleuron: Weakly alutaceous, punctured only in depression;
prosternal carinae very low, sharp.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching lateral margin along pos-
terior edge of segment, interrupted near posterior margin of segment
by polished band (fig. 108); lateral area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium with outer edge weakly concave;
lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Weakly alutaceous, with scattered punctures and short,
longitudinal rugae on lateral third.

Legs: Moderately long.

Terminalia: Genital capsule entire apically, surface finely punctate
in lateral impressed areas; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 275).

Length of body: 10.27.

Frmate: Very similar to male but with exocorium and mesocorium
more sparsely punctate medially.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.51:2.29; interocular width, 1.30.
Antennal segments: I, 0.43; II, 0.66; II, 0.63; IV, 0.86; V, 0.94.
Labial segments: I, 0.95; II, 1.46; III, 1.46; IV, 0.96.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.70:5.21.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.61:3.24.

Length of body: 10.30.

Type pata.—Holotype male (Wien), ‘Unt. Amaz. Taperinha b.
Santarem, 1-10, VI, ’27, Zerny.”’ Allotype female (Carv), ‘‘Paranha,
Est. do Pard, 6-1-1920, coll. Doris Mender.” Paratypes, 2 females,
as follows:

Brazit: Santarém, 1 female (Carn).

ARGENTINA: Guadalupe, Santa Fé, Nov. 27, 1939, Biraben-Bezzi, 1 female
(UnivNac).

Discusston.—The shape of the mesopleural evaporatorium is very
suggestive of the condition found in the subgenus Pseudopangaeus,
but differs in that the extreme posterior part extends thinly to lateral
margin of the segment (fig. 108), thus allying this species to subgenus
Dallasiellus. It also differs from Pseudopangaeus in having only
fine crenulations on the posterior margin of the mesopleuron, in not
having the lateral margin of the matapleural evaporatorium deeply
concave, and in having the posterior tibia of the male simple.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) levipennis (Signoret), now combination
PLATE FIGURE 27

Geotomus levipennis Signoret, 1883, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 144.
Geocnethus prosternalis Horvath, 1919, p. 246. New synonymy.
Dracnosis.—This species is characterized by its complete, uninter-
rupted mesopleural evaporatorium and lobulate prosternal carinae
(fig. 27), which are as high or higher than labial LT.
501991—60-—_18

610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Description.~—-No detailed description of this species is warranted
until such time as material is available in sufficient quantity to permit
proper evaluation of the variation characterizing the few specimens
examined in the course of this study. If, when such material becomes
available, it can be demonstrated that the variations are such as dis-
tinguish population segregates that conform to our accepted species
concept, meaningful descriptions of prosternalis, levipennis, and any
other species of the complex can be prepared.

Typr pata.—Horvith’s types of prosternalis were from ‘‘Brasilia:
Minas Geraes . . . , Cuyaba in prov. Matto Grosso.”’? The Cuyaba
specimen (Hung), bearing the ‘““Typus”’ label, was studied by the pres-
ent author. The type specimens of levipennis were from “Cajenne,”
French Guiana, and ‘‘Amazones,” Brazil; their locations are unknown.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIMENS STUDIED.—The seven males and three
females studied came from northern South America, ranging from
Panama to Ecuador on the west and through Venezuela to central
Brazil on the east.

Discussion.—Because of the limited number of specimens avail-
able for this study and the number and nature of the variations in
structure among them, they are here placed under prosternalis for
reasons of nomenclatorial convenience. Indications are that two or
more species are represented in a complex of closely related species.
The following comments indicate the nature and direction of the
variations shown by different structures and, in a general way, pro-
vide information descriptive of the complex.

The head shows several types of variations: (1) anterior outline
varies from a flattened semicircle through a full semicircle to a semi-
circle slightly prolonged anteriorly; (2) surface with no punctures or
numerous scattered minute punctures; (3) jugum with submarginal
punctures variously arranged with two close-set punctures in front
of eye and one puncture strongly separated apically (fig. 43), these
sometimes appearing in various combinations on the two sides of one
individual; (4) labium varying in length from between middle coxae
to between posterior coxae. In all specimens the pronotum has
the transverse impression weak but marked with a row of distinct
punctures, but the two lobes vary from impunctate laterally to
strongly abundantly punctate; all males showed a decided sinuation
of the side margin opposite the ends of the transverse impression.
The hemelytron varies in surface texture from highly polished to
distinctly alutaceous, and in punctation from impunctate (except
for usual row in clavus, one or two rows on mesocorium paralleling
claval suture, and punctures in impressions delimiting veins) to punc-
tate apically or for full length of exocorium. The scutellum varies
from weakly to very coarsely punctured and in one specimen shows a

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 611

strong, submarginal carina. The prosternal carinae are strongly
lobulate in all, but the shape of this lobe varies from a nearly full
semicircle to a shape much longer than broad. The sternites may be
polished or weakly to strongly alutaceous. The male genital capsule
is relatively unmodified in all except that in each it shows a weak,
triangular impression subapically and punctate laterally. The
length of the body varies from 9.6 to 11.9 mm.

The taxonomic significance of these variations can only be deter-
mined through study of additional material. In the present author’s
opinion, the variations probably indicate the existence of additional
species, but the evidence is not conclusive and it seems best to attempt
no further divisions at this time.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) longulus (Dallas)
PLATE FIGURES 16, 25, 41, 107, 129, 150, 276

Aethus longulus Dallas, 1851, p. 119.—Walker, 1867, p. 152.—StAl, 1876, p. 26.

Stenocoris longulus Signoret, 1880, p. xliv; 1882, p. 242, pl. 8, fig. 102.—Distant,
1880, p. 5.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 69.

Dallasia longulus Bergroth, 1891, p. 235.

Dallasiellus longulus Berg, 1901, p. 281.

DiaGnosis.—The very elongate, parallel-sided form or, more
usable, the long labium which surpasses apices of posterior coxae will
separate this species from all other members of the subgenus.

Description.—Matsz: Elongate, parallel-sided.

Head (fig. 41): Length about three-fourths width, 1.25(1.20-1.30):
1.71 (1.66-1.74); interocular width, 1.04(1.00-1.08); juga rounded,
forming a slightly flattened semicircle, as long as clypeus and dis-
tinctly narrowing it apically; the marginally carinate jugum has three
submarginal setigerous punctures—one immediately anterior to eye
and two near midlength; surface weakly convex, faintly rugose
radially and with several scattered distinct punctures; ocelli_ well
developed, separated from eye by about twice an ocellar width:
jugum ventrally smooth, impunctate; maxillary plate with several
distinct punctures, these more abundant posteriorly. Antennals: I,
0.38(0.36-0.39); II, 0.46(0.44-0.50); III, 0.43(0.42-0.45); IV, 0.56
(0.53-0.60); V, 0.65(0.63-0.68). Bucculae about as high at labial IJ;
labium reaching to first or base of second sternite. Labial segments:
I, 0.70(0.68-0.73); II, 1.25(1.16-1.33); III, 1.29(1.20-1.40); IV, 1.03
(1.00-1.06).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.92(1.82—1.95) :3.47
(3.31-3.62); anterior margin doubly but moderately deeply emargi-
nate; side margins entire, with submarginal row of five setigerous
punctures, one of which is posterior to transverse impression; latter
slightly behind middle, shallow, interrupted medially, marked by

612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

irregular row of distinct punctures; anterior lobe impunctate except
in subapical crescentic impression and in wide lateral band; posterior
lobe with most punctures grouped at middle.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 2.78(2.73—2.86) :2.18(2.08—2.24) ; sur-
face with numerous scattered, irregular punctures (except across base)
becoming finer toward impunctate apex.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined, surface shining to vaguely
alutaceous; exocorium and mesocorium punctured full length, punc-
tures becoming coarser basally, mesocorium with one complete,
sunken row and one incomplete row of close-set punctures paralleling
claval suture; clavus with a single row of punctures; costa with one
setigerous puncture; membranal suture nearly straight, outer angle
slightly acute.

Propleuron: Punctate in depression; prosternal carinae strongly
raised in anterior half of prosternum, in profile forming a somewhat
semicircular lobe (flg. 25).

Mesopleuron (fig. 107): Evaporative area reaching to posterolateral
angle of segment, thence extended anteriorly along lateral margin;
Jateral area feebly rugose, impunctate; posterior margin entire.

Metapleuron (fig. 107): Evaporative area occupying more than
mesal three-fourths, lateral margin straight, oblique; lateral area
impunctate, with impressed line close to and paralleling outer edge
of evaporative area; osteolar canal reaching half way across segment.

Legs (figs. 129, 150): Not specially modified.

Sternites: Shining, laterally roughened by weak rugae and patches
of very small tubercules.

Terminalia: Subgenital plate flared laterally near base, apex with a
slight emargination; gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 276).

Length of body: 6.91(6.73 -7.14).

FrMALeE: Very similar to male; measurements averaging slightly
smaller.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.18(1.16—1.20) :1.71(1.63-1.75) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.05(1.03-1.10.) Antennal segments: I, 0.384(0.30—0.38) ;
II, 0.47(0.43-0.50); l11, 0.41(0.39-0.46); IV, 0.56(0.52-0.60); V,
0.62(0.60—0.64). Labial segments: I, 0.68(0.63-0.73); II, 1.28(1.20-
1.33); III, 1.32(1.26-1.38); IV, 1.02(1.00-1.03).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.87(1.79-1.95) :3.36(3.13-3.52).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 2.76(2.60—2.86) :2.08(1.95—2.16).

Length of body: 6.87(6.50-7.16).

Typre pATA.—Dallas’ type (BrM) came from Paré4, Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—5 males, 8 females, as follows:

Braziu: Pard: Para, Uhler collection, 1 male, 2 females (USNM). ‘Taperina,

near Santarém, August 1927, Zerny, 1 male (USNM). Santarém, 1 female
(Car).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 613

Bottvra: Sara: No exact locality, Steinbach, 2 males, 2 females (Carn; MCZ).
Santa Cruz: Puerto Sudrez, 150 meters, Steinbach, Acc. 3845, 1 female (Carn).

Paracuay: Gran Chaco, 260 kilometers west of Paraguay River, Nov. 10,
1936, A. Schulze, 2 females (JCL). Villarrica, September 1935, F. Schade, 1 male
(USNM).

Discussion.—This species furnishes an excellent example of the
superficiality of the approach to genera that has been commonly
employed in many of the studies of the Cydnidae. On the basis of a
slightly more elongate shape and a lengthened Jabium, this species
served as the type of a monobasic genus. The genus has stood with
this single species for more than seventy years, even though several
really closely allied species have been described during that period.
Many workers have been misled by such specific differences which
are more conspicuous in a superficial scanning of a few species at a
time than are the more important features of the trichobothria and
osteolar peritreme. But such results must be expected when workers
are interested in cataloging and describing all the forms possible—the
differences being accorded more importance than the similarities.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) lugubris (Stal), new combination
PLATE FIGURES 42, 43, 274

Aethus lugubris Stal, 1860, p. 13.

Geotomus obscurus Signoret, 1883, p. 39, pl. 2, fig. 147. New synonymy.
Geotomus nigrocinctus Signoret, 1883, p. 40, pl. 2, fig. 148. New synonymy.
Geotomus semilevis Signoret, 1883, p. 44, pl. 3, fig. 153. New synonymy.
Geotomus pangaeoides Signoret, 1883, p. 45. New synonymy.

Geocnethus reversus Barber and Bruner, 1932, p. 237, pl. 25, fig. 1. Newsynonymy.

Dragnosis.—Within its subgenus this species may be recognized
by the small size (3.9-5.5) coupled with the presence of two or more
close-set setigerous punctures in front of eye on submargin of head
and two almost equally developed rows of mesocorial punctures
paralleling the claval suture.

Description.—Ma tz: Oval, broadest near midlength.

Head: Length less than three-fourths width, 0.84 (0.82—0.86) : 1.29
(1.26-1.32) ; interocular width, 0.77(0.76—0.80) ; anterior outline semi-
circular, juga very slightly longer than clypeus and strongly narrowing
it apically; surface polished, impunctate, and with faint, radiating
rugae; two to four close-set submarginal setigerous punctures im-
mediately in front of eye and usually two widely separated ones
beyond them; ocelli distinct, separated from eye by a space equal to or
slightly greater than their own diameter; juga ventrally and maxillary
plate polished, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.23 (0.23-0.24) ;
II, 0.24(0.23-0.26); III, 0.30(0.29-0.31); IV, 0.35(0.35-0.36); V,
0.42(0.41-0.42). Bucculae about as high as labial II, evanescent
posteriorly ; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:

614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

I, 0.39(0.37-0.43); II, 0.63(0.60-0.66); III, 0.45(0.43-0.46); IV,
0.37 (0.35-0.40).

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half width, 1.36(1.32-1.44) :
2.56(2.47—2.63); anterior margin weakly, doubly emarginate; side
margins entire, gently curving on anterior third, with six submarginal
setigerous punctures; transverse impression more or less impressed
laterally, obsolete medially; anterior lobe with a curved, irregular
band of distinct punctures subapically and a patch of numerous
coarse punctures laterally; posterior lobe with several distinct punc-
tures medially and laterally.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.75(1.62-1.85) : 1.59(1.56—-1.64);
disc polished and with numerous scattered punctures becoming finer
apically.

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus polished; clavus with one complete
row and one incomplete row of punctures; mesocorium with two
complete rows of punctures paralleling clavocorial suture, elsewhere
distinctly punctured basally and apically and much more finely so
medially; exocorium for its full length more densely punctate than
mesocorium; costa with one to three setigerous punctures; corio-
membranal suture nearly straight; membrane slightly longer than
basal width, distinctly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Distinctly punctured only in the depression; prosternal
carinae less than half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching lateral margin and extended
anteriorly; polished area impunctate.

Metapleuron: Peritreme free apically; evaporatorium virtually
straight laterally; polished area impunctate.

Sternites: Shining, impunctate except for a few punctures behind
spiracles.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with a shallow but distinct medio-
apical emargination; surface with a few small punctures laterally.

Length of body: 5.02(4.64-5.11).

Frema.e: Very similar to male.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.84(0.80-0.90) : 1.27(1.20-1.36) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.76(0.73-0.80). Antennal segments: I, 0.22(0.20—0.24) ;
II, 0.25(0.23-0.27); III, 0.28(0.26-0.30); IV, 0.34(0.30-0.36); V,
0.41(0.40-0.43). Labial segments: I, 0.38(0.36-0.41); II, 0.62(0.56-
0.69) ; III, 0.49(0.46-0.53); IV, 0.41(0.40-0.43).

Pronotum: Width-length ratio, 2.50(2.31-2.74) : 1.33(1.30-1.37).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.70(1.56-1.89) : 1.53(1.43-1.75).

Length of body: 4.79(3.98-5.50).

Type pata.—sStal’s type (Stock) of Aethus lugubris was from Rio
de Janeiro. Signoret’s type (Wien) of nigrocinctus was from ‘‘Bresil”’;
his type (Wien) of obscurus was from ‘‘Ocana,’’ Colombia, his type

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 615

(not now in Distant or Signoret collections) of semilevis was from
“Mexique”; and his type (not yet located) of pangaeoides was from
“Guayra et du Mexique.”’ The Barber and Bruner type (USNM)
was from ‘Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 39 males, 84 females:

Univrep States: Alabama: Mobile; November. Louisiana: Gueydan, Morgan
City; June, July. Mississippi: Harrison Co.; August. Teras: Brazos Co.,
Brownsville, Harlingen, Mission, Victoria, Weslaco; March, May, June, Septem-
ber, October, November.

Mexico: Veracruz: Cérdoba, Pureza, Tres Zapotes; April, September. Yucatan:
Mérida; June.

GUATEMALA: Coban; July.

Nicaracua: La Calera; September.

Costa Rica: San José; June.

Panama: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island; April to December.

Braziu: Chapada, Rio de Janeiro, Santarém, Taperina; February, November,
December.

Bouivia: Santa Cruz de la Sierra; January, November.

ARGENTINA: San Pedro de JuJuy; July.

Purerto Rico: Gurabo, Rio Piedras, Vieques; April, November.

Discuss1ion.—The author proposes the above synonomy because
it has not been possible in this study to differentiate population
segregates based on discontinuities in variation of anatomical struc-
tures. A frustrating array of variations are shown by the specimens
which in the key run to lugubris. The gonostyli likewise offer no
help in separating these specimens, as they appear similar (fig. 275)
in all parts of the geographic range. The above variations all extend
uninterruptedly from one extreme of geographic range to another, and
occur in unpredictable combinations from one locality to another.

The geographic range, although greater than that known for any
other species in the Western Hemisphere, has satisfactory specimen
representation from all its main areas. Some localities are repre-
sented by goodly series of specimens. It is in these larger series that
the combinations of variations, although appearing to tend in certain
directions, are most confusing. This geographic picture is even
more complicated by the spotty occurrences of these “tendencies”
within groups; i.e., the specimens from the southern United States
appear more similar in combinations to some of the Brazilian groups
than to the Mexican or West Indies specimens.

When an intense study of this kind reveals no way to separate
such an array into definable taxonomic categories, there is reason
to surmise that perhaps the specimens all belong to one species.
Supporting this possibility is the fact that this part of the family
represents the least specialized portion. To begin with, Dallasiellus
is a “residual” genus that appears at the end of the key after all the
more strongly marked genera have been removed. Then, within the

616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

genus the specimens under consideration also appear at the end of the
key after all the more readily recognized species have been separated.
Thus, a point of relatively little differentiation is reached and further
separation becomes very difficult.

Perhaps this melange could be treated as a ‘‘Rassenkreis” ; however,
the nature and geographic distribution of the variation exhibited
by the specimens studied does not conform to that required by the
accepted definition of a polytypic species. In view of these considera-
tions the most practical arrangement is to treat these specimens as
one species, unless and until investigation of additional characters
in the phallosome and the internal female genitalia reveal means for
their separation into additional species. Until this is accomplished,
Stal’s name lugubris has priority over the other names that have
been applied to specimens belonging to this complex.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) murinus (Van Duzee), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 277
Geotomus murinus Van Duzee, 1933, p. 26.

Draenosis.—Among those species that are less than 6 mm. in length
and have three widely separated setigerous punctures on the
submargin of the head, this species may be detected by the single
setigerous puncture on the costa, the polished mesocorium and the
longitudinal impression on each jugum.

Description.—From four males and four females. Maus: Elon-
gate-oval, sides subparallel.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.86(0.80—0.91) :1.26(1.22-
1.32); interocular width, 0.77(0.76-0.80); anterior outline semi-
circular, clypeus as long as jugum, strongly narrowed apically; surface
shining, with numerous, well scattered, minute punctures; jugum with
longitudinal, obtuse impression medially, this marked laterally by
longitudinal tumid elevation anterior to eye, with three widely
separated setigerous punctures submarginally; ocelli small, separated
from eye by space equal to or 1% times transverse ocellar width; jugum
ventrally and maxillary plate (except basally) shining, impunctate.
Antennal segments: I, 0.28(0.26-0.30); IJ, 0.32(0.30-0.36); III,
0.35(0.33-0.36); IV, 0.45(0.42-0.49); V, 0.50(0.47-0.54). Bucculae
about as high as labial II, evanescent posteriorly; labium reaching
between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.44(0.43-0.46); II,
0.81(0.69-0.73); IIT, 0.54(0.50—0.60); IV, 0.31(0.29-0.36).

Pronotum: Length slightly more than half width, 1.31(1.23-
1.38) :2.55(2.47-2.60) ; anterior margin moderately doubly emarginate;
lateral margin entire, straight on basal half, with six setigerous
punctures submarginally; transverse impression postmedian, dis-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 617

tinctly impressed across full width, except sometimes more weakly
so medially, marked by regular row of distinct, close-set punctures;
subapical impression moderate, with numerous coarse and minute
punctures; anterior lobe laterally with mixture of numerous coarse
and minute punctures; posterior lobe with numerous widely separated
minute punctures over full width and few coarse ones medially and
laterally.

Scutellum: Longer than broad, 1.82(1.75-1.89):1.58(1.49-1.62);
shining, with numerous scattered minute punctures, with several
coarse ones discally but not across base or apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus polished, with
one complete and sometimes a second partial row of coarse punctures;
mesocorium with two complete rows of punctures paralleling claval
suture and finer ones scattered widely over disc; exocorium punctured
full length, punctures coarser and sparser on mesal half; membranal
suture straight, lateral angle not or faintly produced; membrane
longer than basal width, reaching or just surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Polished, punctate in depression and anterior to
acetabulum; prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium not interrupted; lateral area im-
punctate, with obsolete oblique rugae.

Metapleuron: Peritreme abruptly terminated apically; lateral
margin of evaporatorium weakly concave; lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Shining, with very minute punctures scattered over
full width; moderately rugopunctate in spiracular area.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Terminalia: Genital capsule more densely punctate laterally,
apical margin broadly and very shallowly emarginate medially;
gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 277).

Length of body: 5.23(5.09-5.41).

Fremaue: Very similar to male, measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.90(0.86—0.93) :1.35(1.31-1.38); inter-
ocular width, 0.81(0.76-0.85). Antennal segments: I, 0.27(0.26—0.30) ;
II, 0.30(0.30-0.32); III, 0.34(0.33-0.38); IV, 0.45(0.43-0.46); V,
0.53(0.53-0.54). Labial segments: I, 0.42(0.40-0.44); II, 0.79(0.70—
1.00); III, 0.53(0.52-0.56); IV, 0.35(0.35-0.36).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.35(1.30-1.43) :2.66(2.51-2.76).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.95(1.83-2.05):1.64(1.50-1.75).

Length of body: 5.33(4.97-5.55).

Type paTa.—The type female (CalAc) is from ‘‘Tagus Cove,
Albemarle Island,” in the Galépagos Islands.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—4 males, 4 females, as follows:

Ecuapor: Bucay (?), Mar. 19, 1922, G. Tate, 900 feet, 2 females (USNM).
Guayaquil, 1940, C. L. Fagan, 1 male (USNM).

618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 111

GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Galdpagos Island, Pinchot Exp., June 1929, A. K. Fisher,
2 males, 2 females (RCF, USNM). Chatham Island, June 30, 1933, 1 male
(JCL).

Discussion: The distribution of murinus presents an interesting
problem. Here is a species occurring in two areas separated by some
600 miles of ocean barrier. Is its appearance on the Galfpagos Islands
due to the ocean currents that flow from the mainland to the islands,
or was man and his machines the agent of dissemination? Either way,
it is interesting to note that Van Duzee’s species is not one of the
animals of the Galfipagos Islands whose range is restricted to them.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) orchidiphilus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 278

Diaanosis.—This new species is most easily recognized from all
other species within the genus by the very short second antennal
segment, which is distinctly shorter than the first and just about half
as long as the third.

DescripTtion.—Mate: Oval, widest slightly posterior to mid-
length.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.74(0.70—0.86) :1.12(1.10-
1.16); interocular width, 0.69(0.67—0.70); anterior outline less than a
semicircle, clypeus as long as juga and slightly narrowed apically;
surface weakly convex, shining, with few minute punctures anterior
to each ocellus and obsolete rugae subapically; jugum with one
submarginal setigerous puncture next to eye and one or two short,
stout pegs at apex; ocelli small, separated from eye by space almost
three times transverse ocellar diameter; jugum ventrally and maxillary
plate shining, impunctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.25(0.23-0.26);
II, 0.15(0.14-0.17); III, 0.31(0.30-0.33); 1V, 0.32(0.31-0.33); V,
0.41(0.40-0.43). Buecculae almost as high as labial IT; labium reach-
ing between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.39(0.36-0.41); II,
0.57(0.53-0.61); IIT, 0.45(0.43-0.48); IV, 0.32(0.30-0.36).

Pronotum: Length about half width, 1.18(1.10—1.23) :2.39(2.21-
2.53); anterior margin shallowly emarginate; side margin entire, not
sinuate, with four or five submarginal setigerous punctures; trans-
verse impression marked by irregular, medially interrupted band of
strong punctures; anterior lobe with large punctures paralleling
anterior margin and in large patch laterally, and with numerous
minute punctures intermixed with large ones to form a line either
side of midline and scattered over calli; posterior lobe with scattered
large punctures discally and in patch laterally, with few minute
punctures scattered over surface.

Scutellum: Length equal to or little longer than width, 1.48 (1.36-
1.62) :1.45(1.36-1.55); disc shining, with few coarse punctures or
none, and numerous weak, minute punctures.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 619

Hemelytron: Corium and clavus feebly alutaceous; clavus with one
row of punctures; mesocorium with distinct punctures scattered over
disc and two complete rows paralleling claval suture; exocorium
punctured similarly or a little more closely than mesocorium; costa
with one setigerous puncture; membranal suture straight, lateral
angle not prolonged; membrane about as long as basal width, reaching
or slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, with few punctures ventrally in depression;
prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle but
not to lateral margin; lateral area with several distinct punctures.

Metapleuron: Peritreme abruptly terminated apically; lateral
margin of evaporatorium straight; lateral area impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Sternites: Shining, impunctate except near apex of VI.

Terminalia: Genital capsule distinctly punctate except medio-
apically, apical margin virtually straight; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 278).

Length of body: 4.18(3.93-4.47).

FEMALE: Very similar to male,

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.69(0.66—0.73) :1.10(1.03-1.16); inter-
ocular width, 0.68(0.65-0.71). Antennal segments: I, 0.24(0.23-0.26) ;
II, 0.14(0.14-0.16); III, 0.30(0.28-0.33); IV, 0.35(0.33-0.37); V,
0.43(0.40-0.48). Labial segments: I, 0.38(0.36—-0.40); II, 0.56(0.53-
0.60); ITI, 0.45(0.44-0.46) ; IV, 0.34(0.33-0.35).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.17(1.10—1.33) :2.42(2.15-2.53).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.49(1.36—1.63) :1.39(1.30-1.49).

Length of body: 4.08(3.78-4.63).

Type pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64413) labeled ‘Colombia,
on Cattleya, intercepted Honolulu, VII-9-37,” and allotype female
(USNM) labeled “Colombia, on orchid, intercepted San Francisco,
Cal., II-1-39.” Paratypes: 4 males, 3 females, as follows:

Panama: Summit, Canal Zone, January 1947, N. L. H. Krauss, 1 female
(USNM).

Cotomsia: Bogotd, Nov. 30, 1921, F. H. B. #32857, 1 male (USNM). Jnter-
cepted on orchids: Hoboken, N.J., Sept. 25, 1940, 1 male (USNM). Washington,
D.C., Jan. 13, 1940, 1 male (USNM); Nov. 14, 1936, 1 female (USNM); June 7,
1938, 1 male (RCF). San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 22, 1945, 1 female (USNM).

Discussion.—The trivial name was given on the basis of the
numerous interceptions of this form on orchids. The several
specimens for which the host orchid was determined all came from
Cattleya, a tree-inhabiting orchid genus. This habit of frequenting
an orchid that grows on trees probably accounts in great part for the
fact that only two of the nine specimens seen had been collected in

620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

their native haunts; the other seven were found in a specialized form
of collecting in which the orchids were examined after having been
shipped from their country of origin. Collecting on Cattleya in Central
and South America should yield many more specimens.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) ovalis, new species

Diacnosis.—Among the smaller species (not over 5.5) with the
three widely separated setigerous punctures in front of the eye, this
species may be recognized by the lack of costal setigerous punctures
and the obsolete transverse pronotal impression.

Derscription.—Based on three females. Oval.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 0.80(0.76-0.83) : 1.24(1.23-1.26);
interocular width, 0.78(0.76—-0.81); anterior outline a flattened semi-
circle, clypeus as long as juga, narrowed apically; surface shining,
impunctate, with three widely-separated submarginal setigerous
punctures; ocelli small, separated from eye by space more than three
times transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and maxillary plate,
except basal third, polished, impunctate. Antennal segments:
I, 0.20(0.20-0.20); ITI, 0.20(0.20-0.20); III, 0.29(0.26-0.33); IV,
0.36 (0.36-0.36); V, 0.47(0.47—-0.48). Bucculae almost as high as
labial IT; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.43(0.40-0.45); II, 0.70(0.70-0.72); III, 0.54(0.50-0.60); IV,
0.32(0.30—0.33).

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.36(1.36-1.38) : 2.47
(2.44-2.53); anterior margin shallowly, singly emarginate; side
margins entire, straight on basal two-thirds, with four or five sub-
marginal setigerous punctures; transverse impression postmedian,
obsolete, marked by very irregular row of numerous punctures; both
lobes laterally with numerous punctures; anterior lobe with curved
row of punctures paralleling anterior emargination; posterior lobe
with distinct punctures scattered across most of disc.

Scutellum: Longer than wide,1.73(1.12-1.90) :1.51(1.49-1.56); dise
polished, with a number of well-separated moderate punctures
becoming finer apically.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with two longi-
tudinal rows of punctures; mesocorium coarsely punctured toward
base, more finely and sparsely so toward apex, with two complete
rows of punctures paralleling claval suture; exocorium with punctures
crowded for full length; costa with no setigerous punctures; mem-
branal suture straight, lateral angle faintly prolonged; membrane
longer than basal width, slightly surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Shining, punctate only in depression; prosternal
carinae less than half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate, lightly obliquely rugose.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 621

Metapleuron: Peritreme abruptly terminated apically; lateral
margin of evaporatorium straight to faintly convex; lateral area
impunctate.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate, with few short, longitudinal rugae
in spiracular area.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Length of body: 4.79(4.65—4.92).

Tyre pata.—Holotype female (JCL), “Nova Teutonia, Santa
Catarina, Brazil, X-16, 1950, F. Plaumann.”’ Paratypes: Same data
as type, 1 female (JCL); same locality and collector as type, Aug. 15,
1935, 1 female (RLU).

Discussion.—None of the specimens examined bore any biological
data.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) planicollis (Horvath), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 280
Geocnethus planicollis Horvath, 1919, p. 247.

Dracnosis.—Among the large species which make up the group
centering about bergi (key couplets 7 to 9), this species may be recog-
nized by a combination of several characters: low prosternal carinae,
corium alutaceous and with but a few exocorial punctures which are
confined to apex, and the numerous coarse, scutellar punctures.

DerscriptTion.—Based on one specimen, the type male. Oval.

Head: Broader than long, 2.25:1.43; interocular width, 1.30;
clypeus as long as juga, slightly narrowed at apex; juga longitudinally
impressed medially with four submarginal setigerous punctures—
two close-set ones in front of eye and two widely-spaced ones beyond;
ocelli large, width subequal to space separating them from eye.
Antennal segments: I, 0.45; II, 0.60; III, 0.63; IV, 0.91; V, missing.
Maxillary plate punctate on basal half; bucculae moderately high;
labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 1.05;
II, 1.33; III, 1.20; IV, 0.88.

Pronotum: Wider than long, 5.21:2.83; sides tapering from base,
markedly sinuate medially; anterior margin deeply emarginate, with
a bordering broad, punctate impression; transverse impression
slightly behind middle, vaguely impressed, with an irregular row of
coarse punctures that curve forward medially; anterior lobe with a
few punctures laterally; posterior lobe impunctate except for few
moderate punctures medially; prosternal carinae low, in profile
angulately rounded.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.42:3.28; discally with more than
35 coarse, sunken punctures crowded to form coarse, transverse
rugae between them.

622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

Hemelytron: Corium finely but distinctly alutaceous; exocorium
with few moderate punctures near base and apex; mesocorium im-
punctate except for rows bordering claval suture; clavus with one
complete row and one incomplete row of punctures; costa with two
setigerous punctures; membrane reaching apex of abdomen, longer
than basal width.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching uninterrupted to postero-
lateral angle of segment; posterior margin entire.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium gently concave.

Legs: Posterior femur not tuberculate medioventrally; posterior
tibia simple.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate except along basal margin and
near spiracles.

Terminalia: Genital capsule with posterior margin faintly emar-
ginate either side of broad, blunt apex; gonostylus as illustrated
(fig. 280).

Length of body: 10.35.

Tyre pata.—Holotype male (Hung), “Brasilia: Rio de Janeiro.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 2 males, as follows:

Braziu: Rio de Janeiro, type male (Hung) and another male (Hung) with
same data.

Discusston.—This species, like most of the other large species of
the subgenus (in couplets 7-9 of the key to species), is represented
by very limited material—one specimen in this case. With such
limited material the worker has little chance to evaluate the differences
that do appear. Until more specimens become available these species
must be accepted.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) puncticeps, new species

PLATE FIGURE 281

Diacnosis.—The coarse, close-set punctures on the surface of the
head plus the abrupt posterior termination of the bucculae mark
puncticeps from all others in the subgenus.

Description.—Based on one male. Elongate-oval, almost parallel-
sided, widest behind midlength.

Head: Length almost two-thirds width, 1.16:1.81; interocular
width, 1.03; anterior outline semicircular, juga longer than and con-
tiguous beyond clypeus; surface depressed either side of midline,
coarsely and subrugosely punctate over most of surface posteriorly to
ocellar area; jugum with one setigerous puncture immediately anterior
to eye; ocelli large, separated from eye by space subequal to trans-
verse diameter of ocellus; jugum ventrally polished, impunctate;
maxillary plate coarsely punctured, more densely so on basal third.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 623

Antennal segments: I, 0.38; II, 0.50; III, 0.53; IV, 0.64; V, 0.79.
Bucculae much higher than labial I, abruptly and roundly terminated
posteriorly; labium reaching past middle of mesosternum. Labial
segments: I, 0.61; II, 1.02; III, 0.88; IV, 0.79.

Pronotum: Length less than half width, 2.06:4.36; anterior margin
shallowly, singly emarginate; side margin entire, somewhat flattened
on middle third, with submarginal row of four or five setigerous punc-
tures; transverse impression median, obsolete, emphasized anteriorly
by slightly tumid calli; with irregular row of large punctures; anterior
lobe with crowded large punctures in band paralleling anterior emargi-
nation, in broad lateral area and in small patch on midline; posterior
lobe with numerous punctures becoming finer posteriorly, absent on
hind and margin and umbone.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.26:2.47; disc polished, punctured
over full length, more finely so toward apex.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium obsoletely alutaceous; clavus with
double row of punctures on basal half and a single row on apical half;
mesocorium distinctly punctured over full length, more densely so
apically, with two rows of punctures paralleling claval suture, outer
row of more widely separated punctures; exocorium for full length
more densely and coarsely punctate than mesocorium; costa without
setigerous punctures; membranal suture weakly bisinuate, lateral angle
slightly produced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing
abdomen by about one-fourth its length.

Propleuron: Polished, with few coarse punctures in depression and
smaller punctures on posterior convexity and anterior convexity
laterally; prosternal carinae about half as high as labial II.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching lateral margin in postero-
lateral angle; lateral area longitudinally rugopunctate.

Metapleuron: Peritreme abruptly terminated apically; evapora-
torium delimited laterally by impressed line; lateral area impunctate.

Sternites: Weakly alutaceous, with minute punctures scattered
over most of surface and coarser ones laterally.

Legs: Posterior femora ventrally with numerous transverse tu-
bercles basad of large, blunt, subapical angulation; posterior tibiae
elongate, about 1% times as long as femora, slender and gently curved
in apical half.

Terminalia: Genital capsule alutaceous, with numerous fine punc-
tures over most of surface, apical margin with broad, weak emargina-
tion medially and gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 281).

Length of body: 8.85.

Tyre pata.—Holotype male (Wien), “Espfrito-Santo, Brasil, ex
coll. Fruhstorfer.”

624. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Discussion.—The trivial name of this new species obviously refers
to the very strongly punctured head, a character shared with only one
other species, solitaria, within the subgenus.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) solitaria (Horvath), new combination

PLATE FIGURE 282
Colobophrys solitaria Horvath, 1919, p. 244.

Diacnosis.—Within the genus this species may be most readily
recognized by the coarsely rugopunctate head and the posteriorly
evanescent bucculae.

Description.—Matz: Based on three specimens. Oblong-oval.

Head: Length two-thirds width, 1.41(1.36-1.49) :1.98(1.95-2.02) ;
interocular width, 1.10; juga shallowly curved, forming an elongate
semicircle, as long as clypeus; jugum with a single, submedian hair on
submargin anterior to anteocular seta; surface longitudinally convex,
jugum and vertex very closely, rugosely punctured; ocelli large, wider
than space separating them from eye; jugum ventrally polished, im-
punctate; maxillary plate anteriorly to antennal insertion polished,
with one or two distinct punctures, posteriorly cribrately punctured.
Antennal segments: I, 0.55(0.53-0.60); II, 0.68(0.66-0.70); III, 0.64
(0.60-0.66) ; LV, 0.94(0.93-0.96); V, 1.14(1.13-1.16). Bucculae higher
than labial II, mostly cribrately punctured, abruptly evanescent pos-
teriorly; labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.77(0.70-0.80); II, 1.25(1.25-1.26); III, 0.92(0.90-0.96); IV, 0.68
(0.66-0.70).

Pronotum: Width more than twice length, 4.50(4.35-4.70) :2.21
(2.13-2.28); anterior margin broadly but shallowly emarginate;
lateral margins strongly and broadly emarginate at ends of trans-
verse groove, the carinate margin immediately posterior to emargina-
tion appearing reflexed and thickened, posterior fifth of lateral margin
obliquely truncated and causing margin to appear angled prebasally;
lateral submargin of anterior lobe with four setigerous punctures and
prebasal angle laterally on posterior lobe with one setigerous puncture;
transverse impression submedian, shallow, irregular, interrupted
laterally by oblique fold extending mesally from lateral constriction;
entire surface, except curved calli areas, with numerous, close-set
punctures.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 3.55(3.45-3.60) :2.74(2.71-2.79);
surface shining, with abundant, crowded punctures over all but apex,
with a feeble, interrupted suggestion of a median carina; apex slightly
inflated, impunctate and usually acute.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium strongly alutaceous, distinctly
duller than pronotum and scutellum; corial areas well defined, disc

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 625

and exocorium with scattered weak punctures, former with two com-
plete rows of close-set punctures paralleling claval suture; costa
flattened, acute, reflexed on basal two-thirds, with numerous fine
punctures and with two coarser setigerous punctures on basal half;
costa weakly sinuate posterior to subbasal setigerous puncture; mem-
branal suture bisinuate, lateral angle acute; membrane slightly longer
than basal width, surpassing apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: Coarsely and closely punctured at anteroventral angle
and in depression, more sparsely and weakly so posterior to depression;
prosternal carinae thick, blunt, low.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching uninterrupted into postero-
lateral angle; polished area variously rugose and punctured.

Metapleuron: Evaporatorium occupying mesal four-fifths of seg-
ment, lateral margin paralleling side of segment, osteolar canal
extending about half way across segment.

Legs: Long, slender.

Sternites: Dull, distinctly alutaceous.

Terminalia: Subgenital plate slightly compressed laterally; with a
broad, low, blunt tubercle, medially immediately below apical margin ;
gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 282).

Length of body: 9.40(9.15-9.57).

Frmae: Similar to male, except pronotum laterally with only a
weak sinuation at ends of transverse impression and no reflexed
carinate margin and no oblique furrow projecting mesally on disc.

Head: Length-width ratio, 1.42(1.36-1.49) :2.01(1.92-2.11); inter-
ocular width, 1.17(1.12-1.23). Antennal segments: I, 0.54(0.50-
0.60); II, 0.65(0.63-0.70); III, 0.65(0.64-0.66); IV, 0.92(0.88-0.96) ;
V, 1.14(1.13-1.16). Labial segments: I, 0.79(0.73-0.83); II, 1.24
(1.21-1.26); IL, 0.95(0.93-0.96); IV, 0.67(0.63-0.70).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 2.25(2.15—2.28) :4.67(4.35-4.91).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 3.58(3.30-4.01) :2.71 (2.50-3.00).

Length of body: 9.39(9.00—-9.42).

Type pata.—Horvath (loc. cit.) gave the type locality as “Peru:
Marcapata.” The type female (Hung) has the same data.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—4 males, 9 females.

Perv: Marcapata, 1 female, labeled as “Typus” of Colobophrys solitaria
Horvath (Hung). Santa Isabel, Department of Cuzco, Valley of Ccosinpata
River, Jan. 1, 1952, Nov. 30, 1951, Dec. 3, 25, 1951, F. Woytkowski, 4 males,
8 females (JCL).

Discussion.—The original description of this species served as the
genotype of Horvath’s new genus Colobophrys (see discussion under
Dallasiellus for reasons for synonymizing the two). The description
of the sternites as being smooth is inaccurate, they are really strongly
alutaceous.

501991—60-—_19

626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) triangularis, new species

Dracnosis.—Among the smaller species of the subgenus this
species may be marked by the impunctate scutellar disc and the
presence of two complete rows of mesocorial punctures paralleling the
claval suture.

Description.—Described from one female. Oval, slightly elon-
gate.

Head: Length more than half width, 0.76:1.33; interocular width,
0.76; anterior outline semicircular, clypeus as long as juga and only
slightly narrowed apically; surface polished, impunctate; jugum with
two adjacent setigerous punctures next to eye and two more widely
spaced ones beyond; ocelli moderately large, separated from eye by
about twice a transverse ocellar width; jugum ventrally and apical
two-thirds of maxillary plate polished, impunctate. Antennal set-
ments: I, 0.23; II, 0.26; III, 0.36; IV, 0.48; V, 0.60. Bucculae as
high as labial IJ; labium reaching onto mesosternum. Labial seg-
ments: I, 0.50; II, 0.83; II, 0.63; 0.40.

Pronotum: Length little more than half width, 1.49:2.73; anterior
margin moderately and singly emarginate; lateral margin mostly
straight, with six submarginal setigerous punctures; transverse
impression postmedian, very weak, marked by medially interrupted,
irregular or double row of mostly well-separated punctures; anterior
lobe impunctate except for almost straight row immediately behind
anterior emargination; posterior lobe impunctate except for very few
punctures on disc.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.89:1.56; disc polished, virtually
impunctate.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium polished; clavus with partial longi-
tudinal rows of punctures; mesocorium and exocorium impunctate
except at apex and two complete rows paralleling claval suture; costa
with two setigerous punctures; membranal suture straight, lateral
angle not produced; membrane longer than basal width, reaching tip
of abdomen.

Propleuron: Punctate only in depression; prosternal carinae as high
as labial II, in profile acutely triangular with apex ventrally.

Mesopleuron: Lateral area impunctate, weakly rugose.

Metapleuron: Peritreme abruptly terminated apically; lateral area
polished, with a row of punctures delimiting lateral margin of evapora-
torium.

Sternites: Polished, impunctate except laterally near posterior
margin of sternite VI.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Length of body: 5.25.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 627

Typr pata.—Holotype female (BrM), ‘British Guiana: Essequibo
R., Moraballi Creek, 14—viii, 1929, Oxf. Univ. Expedn., B. M. 1929-
485.”

Discussion.—The peculiar, acutely triangular prosternal carinae
appear to be unique within the genus and suggested the trivial name.

Dallasiellus (Dallasiellus) viduus (Stal), new combination
PLATE FIGURE 283

Aethus viduus Stal, 1860, p. 13.—Walker, 1867, p. 153.

Macroscytus viduus Stal, 1876, p. 19.

Geotomus viduus Signoret, 1883, p. 45, pl. 3, fig. 154—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 74.

DiaGnosis.—The absence of large punctures on the disc of the
scutellum plus the presence of but one submarginal setigerous punc-
ture on each jugum will separate vidwus from all others in the sub-
genus.

Description.—From two males and three females.

Mate: Elongate-oval.

Head: Length more than half width, 0.64(0.64-0.65) :1.04(1.03—
1.06); interocular width, 0.64(0.63-0.65); anterior outline subsemi-
circular, clypeus as long as juga, somewhat narrowed apically; surface
slightly convex, impunctate; jugum with one submarginal setigerous
puncture immediately anterior to eye; ocelli moderate, separated from
eye by space about two times transverse ocellar width; jugum ven-
trally polished, impunctate; maxillary plate alutaceous and with few
punctures on basal third. Antennal segments: I, 0.21(0.20-0.23) ; IT,
0.23(0.20-0.26); III, 0.33(0.32-0.34); IV, 0.55(0.50-0.60) ; V, 0.55
(0.50-0.60). Bucculae about as high as labial IT; labium reaching
between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.35(0.34-0.36); II,
0.66(0.66-0.66); III, 0.47(0.44-0.50); IV, 0.33(0.30-0.36).

Pronotum: Length about half width, 1.17(1.17-1.17):2.23(2.18-
2.29); anterior margin shallowly, singly emarginate; lateral margin
weakly sinuate opposite ends of transverse impression; latter sub-
median, sharply impressed across full width, marked by entire row of
very closely set large punctures; surface with several scattered, minute
punctures and a row of coarser ones on anterior lobe paralleling anterior
emargination, and several coarse ones discally on posterior lobe.

Scutellum: Longer than wide, 1.52(1.49-1.56) :1.26(1.25-1.28) ; dis-
cally polished, with scattered minute punctures but no large ones.

Hemelytron: Clavus and corium feebly alutaceous; clavus with one
longitudinal row of coarse punctures; mesocorium obsoletely punc-
tured except for one row of close-set distinct punctures paralleling
claval suture; exocorium without distinct punctures; costa without
setigerous punctures; membranal suture weakly sinuate, lateral

§28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

angle not produced; membrane longer than basal width, surpassing
apex of abdomen.

Propleuron: With few distinct punctures in depression; prosternal
carinae less than half as high as labial IT.

Mesopleuron: Evaporatorium reaching into posterolateral angle,
not attaining lateral margin; lateral area impunctate, somewhat
depressed apically.

Metapleuron: Lateral margin of evaporatorium virtually straight;
lateral area polished, impunctate.

Sternites: Shining, very weakly alutaceous, impunctate.

Legs: Not specially modified.

Terminalia: Genital capsule distinctly punctured laterally, apical
margin broadly but shallowly concave; gonostylus as illustrated (fig.
283).

Length of body: 4.33(4.20-4.47).

Frma.e: Similar to male, but side margins of pronotum not
sinuate, measurements averaging larger.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.74(0.71-0.80) :1.17(1.13-1.23); inter-
ocular width, 0.70(0.70-0.71). Antennal segments: I, 0.26(0.25-
0.28); II, 0.27(0.26-0.28); III, 0.37(0.36-0.40); IV, 0.46(0.46-0.46):
V, 0.60 (only one specimen with terminal segment). Labial segments:
I, 0.37(0.36-0.39); II, 0.69(0.67-0.70); IIL, 0.56(0.53-0.60); IV,
0.34(0.33-0.36).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.36(1.31-1.43) :2.50(2.43-2.60).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 1.69(1.48-1.82) :1.56(1.56-1.57).

Length of body: 4.84(4.63-5.09).

Type pata.—The locality of Stal’s type (Stock) was given as Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—3 males, 3 females.

Braziu: “Brasilia,” Coll. Branesik, 1 female (Hung). Blumenau, Hetschko,
89, 1 male (Wien). Distrito Federal, Carvalho, 1 male (Carv). Rio de Janeiro,
1 male (type, Stock); 1 female (Car). Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Mrs. Y. Mexia,
1 female (CalAc).

Discusston.—Study of the type left no doubt about the identity
of this form.

Subfamily Amnestinae Hart, new status
Amnestini Hart, 1919, p. 204.

Diacnosis.—This subfamily is the only one within the family
Cydnidae showing a claval commissure.

Derscription.—Head: Antennae 4-segmented or 5-segmented.

Scutellum: Short not reaching apices of clavi, latter forming a
distinct claval commissure posterior to scutellar apex.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 629

Thoracic pleurae (fig. 113): Posterior margins of all segments
well-developed; propleuron with posterior convexity low; meso-
pleuron with posterior margin touching or overlapping metapleuron
for most of width; metapleuron covering posterior coxa, posterior
margin expanded as a free, triangular lamella which laterally covers
sides of sternites I-III.

Legs: Male with secondary sexual characters in form of strongly
modified spines and angulations on femora and/or tibiae; female
without secondary sexual modifications of legs; tarsus present on all
legs, II subequal in thickness to I and III.

Sternites (fig. 173): Sutures entire, not emarginate laterally; III
and IV without trichobothria, V to VII each with a single tricho-
bothrium located posterior to the spiracle.

Terminalia: Male genital capsule opening posteriorly (fig. 179);
female plates small, anus completely surrounded by an undivided
triangular plate (fig. 185).

TYPE OF SUBFAMILY.—Genus Amnestus Dallas (1851, p. 126).

Distrisution.—From the northern United States south to central
Argentina.

Discussion.—The presence of a distinct claval commissure is a very
unusual feature in the Pentatomoidea. Usually the scutellum is
enlarged so as to surpass the apices of the clavi and prevent their
coming together. This condition plus the trichobothrial arrangement,
strongly lamellated posterior margin of the metapleuron, and the
unusual secondary sexual modifications of the legs of the males set this
genus apart from all the other Cydnidae studied and support the
elevation of Hart’s tribe Amnestini to full subfamily position.

Biologically the Amnestinae are known only from fragmentary
notes that have appeared in scattered publications. A generalized
life cycle deduced from these notes, data on specimens and personal
observations may be outlined here: adults hibernate and so probably
lay eggs on again becoming active in spring; both nymphs and adults
are root-feeders, with the preferred habitat apparently under moist
conditions. This latter is surmised from the fact that the adults,
which come freely to lights, are collected most abundantly at lights
along bodies of water (i.e., bridge and dock lights, streamside cottages,
etc.). This preference for a moist habitat is confirmed by such pub-
lished statements as ‘“‘on weeds in slough”? (Crevecoeur, 1905) and
“on low vegetation along streams” (Blatchley, 1926). The number
of generations per year is not indicated by data at hand.

The subfamily contains the single genus, which is treated here.

630 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 111

Genus Amnestus Dallas

Amnestus Dallas, 1851, p. 126.
Magoa Stal, 1860, p. 13.
Pachymeroides Signoret, 1880, p. vii. New synonymy.

Diacnosis.—Because this is the only genus in the subfamily, it
can be recognized readily by any of the features pointed out above
for subfamily recognition.

Description.—Small, 1.6—4.5; subparallel to oval; dorsum much
less convex than venter.

Head: Strongly deflexed, wider than long; clypeus as long as or
longer than juga, with four apical, marginal pegs, except in A.
serdentatus, new species, in which two additional pegs are present;
juga with four or five (rarely more) pegs marginally; ocelli well
developed, posterior to line connecting hind margins of eyes; primary
setigerous punctures usually eight in number (fig. 59)—two near
anterior margin of each eye and two on midline of jugum; jugum
ventrally and maxillary plate impunctate; antennae usually 5-
segmented (described as 4-segmented for Pachymeroides bolivari
Signoret, and available material of several species show occasional
individuals with four segments), IJ minute, IIT, IV, and V subequal;
bucculae well developed, about one-third length of labial I; labium
variable in length, reaching to middle of mesosternum or all the way
to sternite III, Il compressed, without foliaceous lobe.

Pronotum: Subquadrate to transverse; anterior margin feebly to
strongly concave; lateral margins subparallel on basal half converging
from base, broadly rounded on apical half, with submarginal row of
not more than twelve setigerous punctures; transverse impression
postmedian, weak to strong; posterior margin weakly convex, sinuate
laterally near umbones; anterior lobe usually distinctly tumid in
male, not so in female, variously punctate; posterior lobe punctate,
punctures becoming finer posteriorly.

Scutellum: Triangular, wider than long, apex acute, not narrowed;
disc shining, coarsely punctate.

Hemelytron: Corial areas well defined; membranal suture deeply
emarginate on inner half, lateral angle acute; clavus with three rows
of distinct punctures; mesocorium with two rows of punctures paral-
leling claval suture, variably punctured elsewhere; membrane hyaline
to faintly yellowed, comprising a third or more of hemelytral length,
surpassing apex of abdomen by one-half its length.

Propleuron: Row of coarse punctures in depression; prosternal
carinae well-developed.

Mesopleuron (fig. 113): Evaporatorium occupying entire area;
posterior margin entire, straight to moderately prolonged at postero-
lateral angle.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 631

Metapleuron (fig. 113): Evaporatorium occupying entire area;
peritreme transverse, elongate, trough-shaped, slightly curved,
reaching two-thirds to three-fourths of way to lateral margin of
segment; metasternum carinate, projecting between posterior coxae.

Legs: Moderately long; in male with various secondary sexual
characteristics in the form of spines and angles on femora and tibiae
(figs. 160-164); in female without such modifications; anterior tibia
distinctly compressed, expanded, dorsally with row of seven stout
spines set on tubercles.

Sternites: Strongly convex, shining, with abundant long, golden
hairs arising from fine punctures.

Nymphs of this genus in the second to fifth instars (first not avail-
able for study) can be recognized by the row of stout pegs on the
margin of the head, four on the apex of the clypeus—in this respect
being like the adults.

Typr or Genus.—Cydnus spinifrons Say (1825, p. 316), monobasic;
of Magoa Stal, Magoa cribrata Stal (1860, p. 14), designated by Van
Duzee (1917, p. 23); of Pachymeroides Signoret, Pachymeroides
bolivari Signoret (1880, p. vii), monobasic.

DistRiBUTION.—Amanestus is a New World” genus known to range
from Maine and Ontario west to Colorado, thence south through
Central America and the West Indies into South America as far as
Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Discusston.—The synonymy of Magoa with Amnestus has long
been accepted and is supported by present findings, which included
study of the types of all the species that Stal originally included in
Magoa.

The synonymy of Pachymeroides with Amnestus is here proposed
because of the strong features which ally the two and the very weak
separating characters. For separation Signoret relied most heavily
on the condition of the 4-segmented antennae as contrasted to the
5-segmented condition in typical Amnestus. While such a reduction
of number of antennal segments is not common in Amnestus, at least
some species do show it in an occasional specimen. Therefore, it
certainly cannot be considered a reliable generic separation. A second
structural difference between these two nominal genera was the
“absence” of evaporatoria in Pachymeroides. But even this may be
looked upon as a matter of interpretation as greasy specimens fre-
quently have shiny mesothoracic and metathoracic pleurae and
superficially appear to be without the “plaques mates.’’ The generic
separation of bolivari from all the other species of Amnestus does not
appear sound when these weak separations used by Signoret are com-

10 One specimen (in MCZ) of pusio (Stal) labeled ‘“‘ Madagascar’’ must be a case of mislabeling, or at most
a stray specimen carried into that part of the world by the agency of man.

632 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

pared with such allying features as presence of hemelytral suture,
marginal pegs on the head, secondary sexual differences, general
punctation, small size, and general shape.

Although this genus appears to be readily separable into species
units, the problems of correctly associating older names with them
has been vexing. The chief reason for this appears to lie in the fact
that the small size of the specimens has deterred some authors from
making critical enough studies of specimens to locate the real diag-
nostic features. Consequently, without a personal study of the types,
the author feels that this must be considered the most tentative part
of the present work. Perhaps with the points established here the
author or other workers may have opportunity to examine the types
and be able to straighten out the nomenclature.

Until corrected by Hart (1919), workers generally had the sexes of
this genus confused. They described the females as having prominent
spines on the ventral surface of the femur, whereas these secondary
sexual modifications in reality belong to the males. The male also
generally has the anterior lobe of the pronotum more tumid than do
the females.

From specimens available, males of some species of Amnestus were
arranged according to the secondary sexual characteristics of the
legs, as follows:
la. Anterior tibia distinctly angled (sometimes obtusely so) or spined midven-

trally (figs. 131, 132).

2a. Anterior tibia ventrally with spine at basal fourth (fig. 132).
3a. Subapical ventral spine of posterior femur a third or more of tibial length

(fig IGA) © tees ae. . . . pusillus
3b. Subapical ventral spine of posterion feniie sioner (han vertical height
ofiemure Ye ... . . basidentatus

2b. Anterior tibia without subbesalle spine v enbeaileh
4a. Posterior femur dorsally angulated subapically (fig. 162).
lateralis, pusio, radialis
4b. Posterior femur dorsally without subapical angulation.
5a. Medioventral spine of anterior femur conical, with a prominent
lateral spine near its midlength (i.e., very unequally bifurcate)

(figadsDiuge. Lennie: . . . spinifrons
5b. Medioventral spine of aniorion faa aearplet or feebly, equally
Difurcateys..ir- . . . . subferrugineus

1b. Anterior tibia neither Ppineen nor eaanetty nae midventrally.
6a. Anterior femur with midventral spine simple. diminuatus, explanatus
6b. Anterior femur with midventral spine furcate.

7a. Subapical spine of posterior femur flattened, bifid.
championi, cribratus, forreri
7b. Posterior femur with ventral spine not bifid, either spine-, needle- or

blade-like.

brunneus, foveatus, lautipennis, pallidus, trimaculatus, uhleri

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 633

While the above arrangement may be of interest and aid in placing

male specimens, a key which will enable one to determine both sexes
to species is more valuable. Such a key is given here:

10.

11.

Key to species of Amnestus

Jugum with five (occasionally more) marginal pegs (fig. 61)". 2... . 2
Jugum with four marginal pegs (fig. 64)... . . Sussteei ste, LD
Clypeus surpassing juga by a length equal to or arene flew its own width;
prosternal carinae longer than high, ventral margin feebly convex.
uhleri Distant (p. 663)
Clypeus not or only ee eee ee (much less than its own width)
JUGae wo: : SAty of <eaekys ly ced
Labium long, reaching or surpassing tase of audonies:
aes (Say) (p. 658)
Labium short, not surpassing middle coxae. . . . ome . 4
Exocorium with costal half hyaline, impunctate or very ele numer:
prosternal carinae (in profile) concave ventrally (fig. 40).
trimaculatus, new species (p. 661)

Exocorium uniformly punctate acrossfull width. . .... Saf taghle cs HO
Pronotal umbones distinctly, closely punctate over full piace. hi: €, lO
Pronotal umbones polished, mostly impunctate. . . . . jy weve. oS
Prosternal carinae (in profile) distinctly concave ventrally (as in ae 40);
pronotum unicolorous blackish brown. . . . iG

Prosternal carinae much longer than high, not or very yfecbloxe concave ven-
trally; posterior pronotal lobe yellow like coria, distinctly paler than
brown anterior lobe. .... . . . . .forreri Distant (p. 645)

Anteocular part of juga coarsely ecalounee to apex.

cribratus (Stal) (p. 642)

Anteocular part of juga polished, virtually without sculpturing.

championi Distant (p. 640)

Clypeus with six apical pegs, the usual marginal four plus two on midline,
one above and one below margin; posterior pronotal lobe distinctly lighter
than anterior lobe. . ... . . . .sexdentatus, new species (p. 657)

Clypeus with not more than four apical pegs. . . se OMEN “et a)

Prosternal carinae (in profile) lobulate, vertical anteriorly Ge: 38).

subferrugineus (Westwood) (p. 660)

Prosternal carinae rounded or longer than high, not vertical anteriorly. . 10

Prosternal carinae about twice as high as labial IJ, semicircular, with promi-
nent, deep fovea laterally near base (fig. 39).

foveatus, new species (p. 647)

Prosternal carinae distinctly lower than labial II, without fovea. . . . 11
Clavus and usually coria distinctly paler than scutellum and most or all of
pronotum. ... ae ah ee eee

Clavus and corium aanvelniets itl syonolurs aad scurelund
pallidus Zimmer (p. 650)

11 This choice will also lead to Distant’s four species—bergrothi, dallasi, signoreti, and stali (see p. 664 for
further comments on these forms).

634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

12. Anterior pronotal lobe laterally with two to four irregular rows of close

coarse punctures similar in size or larger than those of transverse impres-

sion; mesocorium with large impunctate area on disc. . ..... . 18

Anterior pronotal lobe with lateral punctures finer than those of transverse
impression; mesocorium sparsely but uniformly punctate on disc.

lateralis Signoret (p. 648)

13. Corium with longitudinal brownish line along radial vein extending to costa

along apical margin; umbone distinctly paler than remainder of pronotal

Gise- “25 WHF". . . . .¥radialis, new species (p. 656)
Corium without brow Aish ‘lite pee radial vein; umbone concolorous with
remainder of pronotal disc. . . . eke

14. Lateral pronotal margins slightly but distinctly concave ae basal fourth;
corium becoming fuscous on apical third or more.
brunneus Signoret (p. 639)
Lateral pronotal margin straight on basal half; corium uniformly yellowish.
lautipennis (Stal) (p. 649)
15. Pronotal umbones prominently, closely punctate over surface.
bolivari (Signoret) (p. 637)
Pronotal umbones in great part not punctate. .... cy et oe ieee lO
16. Male: Subapical ventral spine of posterior femur more than oneuhicd length
of tibia (fig. 164). Female: Last sternite with medially flattened, glabrous
area delimited laterally 2 partial or complete, obtuse, longitudinal
Carinae. (fig. *184)). 129382". . . . pusillus Ubler (p. 652)
Male: Subapical ventral spine of Spostarion femur shorter than vertical
height of femur. Female: Last sternite without flattened glabrous area,

or if present, not so delimited laterally. ... . 5 a vee ANG,
17. Middle third of costa narrowly expanded, reflexed, forming shallow trough
nearly as wide as middle tibia. . . . explanatus, new species (p. 649)

Corium convex to margin, neither explanate nor reflexed in middle third . 18
18. Clypeus convex, with prominent, transverse rugae; coria with obscure
fuscous cloud across middle and at apex . . diminuatus Barber (p. 643)
Clypeus not transversely rugose; coria unicolorous hyaline-yellow . . . 19

19. Male: Anterior tibia with distinct, subbasal spine ventrally (fig. 132).
basidentatus, new species (p. 634)
Male: Anterior tibia without subbasal spine ventrally . . pusio (Stal) (p. 654)

Amnestus basidentatus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 132, 285

Dracgnosts.—The males of this species can be separated from males
of all others in the genus by the distinct subbasal spine on the ventral
margin coupled with short, ventral, subapical spine on posterior tibia.
The females of basidentatus and pusio will run easily to the last
couplet of the key, but the author is unable to separate that sex of
these two species by a practical key character.

Descrretion.—Color: Light brownish yellow, coria, legs, and
labium slightly but distinctly paler.

Matr.—Elongate, parallel-sided.

Head: Length almost three-fourths width, 0.37(0.37-0.39) :0.50
(0.49-0.52); interocular width, 0.29(0.29-0.30); clypeus slightly
longer than juga; latter with four marginal pegs; surface, except

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 635

clypeus, with coarse, crowded punctures. Antennal segments: I,
0.11(0.10-0.12); II, 0.02(0.02-0.03); III, 0.19(0.17-0.20); IV,
0.18(0.16—0.20) ; V, 0.20(0.19-0.22). Labium reaching between mid-
dle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.16(0.14—0.18); II, 0.21(0.20-0.23) ;
III, 0.27 (0.26-0.27) ; IV, 0.21 (0.20-0.23).

Pronotum: Length less than two-thirds width, 0.68 (0.64—0.71) :1.08
(1.05-1.13); anterior margin virtually truncate, not concave; lateral
margin weakly sinuate on basal third; transverse impression moderate,
punctate; anterior lobe weakly tumid, with prominent punctures
laterally, subapically, along midline and scattered over disc of calli;
posterior lobe, except umbones, with close-set, moderate punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.44(0.43-0.46) :0.51(0.49-0.54).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with few discal punctures; exocorium
abundantly punctate across full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae lower than labial II, subrectangular.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally near basal third with strongly
oblique, stout spine slightly emarginate at apex; anterior tibia ventrally
with strong, subbasal spine in addition to median angulation (fig. 132) ;
posterior femur with subapical oblique spine simple, about half as high
as femur.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 285).

Length of body: 1.94(1.93-1.96).

Femace: Similar to male, without secondary sexual modifications.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.38(0.35—0.40) :0.51(0.49-0.54); inter-
ocular width, 0.30(0.28-0.31). Antennal segments: I, 0.11(0.10-
0.13); II, 0.02(0.02-0.03); III, 0.17(0.16-0.18); IV, 0.17(0.16-0.20);
V, 0.19(0.16—0.22). Labial segments: I, 0.16(0.16—0.17) ; IT, 0.23 (0.21-
0.25); III, 0.29(0.27-0.30); IV, 0.20(0.20-0.22).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.61(0.56—0.64) :1.05(0.98-1.10).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.44(0.42—0.46) :0.49(0.46-0.53).

Length of body: 1.87(1.75-1.95).

Typr pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64408) and allotype female
(USNM) both labeled ‘Hamilton County, Tenn., 8-13-40, W. F.
Turner, at light.’”’ Paratypes as follows:

UnitTEp States: Alabama: No exact locality, 1 female (labeled ‘‘Ala. 2286,
Amnestus pusillus’”’) (USNM). Auburn, Lee Co., June 30, 1939, F. 8. Barkalow, 7
males, 6 females (one labeled Amnestus pusio) (MMZ). Clay Co., H. H. Smith,
1 female (USNM). Burnsville, July 20, 1930, P. W. Oman, L. D. Tuthill, 7
males, 7 females (KU, RCF). Decatur, July 6, 1939, D. E. Hardy, P. B. Lawson,
2 males, 1 female (KU). Marion Junction, July 16, 1930, P. W. Oman, L. D.
Tuthill, 2 males, 1 female (KU). Tuskegee, July 22, 1930, R. H. Beamer, L. D.
Tuthill, 1 male, 1 female (KU). Arkansas: Berryville, July 4, 1934, R. H.
Beamer, 1 male (KU). Hope, Oct. 3, 1925, L. Knobel, 3 females (USNM).
Howard Co., Feb. 2, 1938, 2 males, 1 female; May 13, 1938, 1 female; Sept. 24,
1937, 5 males, 3 females, all W. F. Turner (USNM). Pike Co., June 10, 1936, in
soil, 1 male, 1 female (USNM). Polk Co., Aug. 21, 1928, R. H. Beamer, 1 male,

636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

1 female (KU). District of Columbia: Washington, 1 female (USNM). Florida:
Branford, Aug. 4, 1939, R. H. Beamer, 1 male, 2 females (KU). One-half mile
west of Child’s Crossing, Highlands Co., Aug. 11, 1928, Hubbell and Friauf, 3
males, 5 females (one labeled Amnestus pusio) (MMZ). Coconut Grove, March,
G. Fairchild, 7 males, 5 females (MCZ, RCF). Crescent City, June, 1938, C. T.
Brues, 1 female (MCZ). Deerfield, July 26, 1948, E. L. Todd, 15 males, 29
females (KU, RCF). Dunnellon, July 12, 1939, P. B. Lawson, 1 male, 1 female
(KU). Everglades, Apr. 11, 1912, W. T. Davis, 1 female (USNM). Fort
Myers, Aug. 11, 1930, J. Nottingham, 1 female (KU). Fort Pierce, Aug. 7, 1930,
P. W. Oman, 2 males (KU). Fort Lauderdale, May 25, 1928, D. M. Bates, 6
males, 9 females (labeled Amnestus pusio) (MMZ, RCF). Gainesville, May 25,
1934, T. H. Hubbell, 1 female (labeled Amnestus pusio) (MMZ); May 28, 1922,
1 female (RFH); Oct. 21, 1923, T. H. Hubbell, at light, 1 female (RFH). Hilliard,
Aug. 6, 1939, R. H. Beamer, 1 male (KU), Aug. 31, 1930, J. O. Nottingham, 1
male (KU). Hillsborough River State Park, Hillsborough Co., Aug. 18, 1928,
Hubbell-Friauf, 2 males, 1 female (MMZ). Homestead, Sept. 25, 1948, R. H.
Beamer, 1 female (KU). Indian River, Apr. 7, 1930, J. R. Barass, Florida Fruit
Fly Trap Survey, La Belle, July 16, 1939, D. E. Hardy, 1 male, 5 females (KU).
Lacoochee, July 7, 1948, E. L. Todd, 4 males, 3 females (KU); Aug. 9, 1939, R. H.
Beamer, 1 male (KU). Lakeland, Apr. 3, May 28, June 5, 10, 20, July 11, 20, 25,
Aug. 7, Oct. 2, 7, Nov. 14, various years and collectors, 12 males, 16 females
(RFH, MMZ). Lake Placid, July 10, 13, 16, 1948, N. W. Crosder, 31 males, 35
females (KU, RCF). 7 miles northeast of Leesburg, Lake Co., Aug. 27, 1938,
Hubbell-Friauf, 3 females (labeled Amnestus pusio) (MMZ). Morrison Field,
Jan. 28, 1943, D. E. Hardy, 2 males (KU). Okeechobee, Mar. 3, 1939, F. E.
Lutz, 1 male (AmM). Old Town, July 11, 1939, R. H. Beamer, 1 male (KU).
Orlando, July 1927, O. C. McBride, 3 males, 1 female (USNM). Paradise Key,
Feb. 29, 1919, H. G. Barber, 1 female (USNM). Plant City, Aug. 15, 1930,
J. O. Nottingham, L. D. Tuthill, 2 males, 18 females (KU). Port Mayaca,
Mar. 13, 1939, F. E. Lutz, 1 female (labeled Amnestus pusio) (AMM). Royal
Palm State Park, July 22, 1948, E. L. Todd, 8 males, 11 females (KU, RCF).
Sanford, July 31, 1933, C. O. Bare, 7 males, 5 females (KU). 1.7 miles northeast
of Satsuma, Putnam Co., July 30, 1938, Hubbell-Friauf, 4 females (some labeled
Amnestus pusio) (MMZ). Sebring, Mar. 7, 1939, F. E. Lutz, 2 females (AmM);
Aug. 5, 1930, R. H. Beamer, 1 female (KU); December, Aug. 30, C. T. Parsons,
3 males, 2 females (MCZ). Vero Beach, Feb. 14, swept from St. Augustine grass,
Webster No. 9458, 1 male (USNM); Feb. 18, 1914, swept from Bermuda grass,
G. G. Ainslie, 1 male (UNSM). Georgia: Crawford Co., Oct. 10, 1938, W. F.
Turner, 1 male, 2 females (USNM). Demorest, Aug. 19, 1939, Valentine, 1 male,
4 females (USNM); Sept. 9, 1939, J. M. Valentine, 5 males, 9 females (1 labeled
Amnestus n. sp. by H. G. Barber) (USNM). Okefenokee Swamp, July 27, 1939,
E. G. Wegenek, 1 female (KU); July 30, 1934, M. E. Griffin, 1 male, 29 females
(KU); Aug. 3, 1934, M. E. Griffin, R. H. Beamer, P. A, McKinstry, 8 males, 4
females (KU). Peach Co., Jan. 29, Feb. 13, Apr. 3, 22, June 17, Sept. 17, Oct. 11,
12, 13, Dec. 5, various years, W. F. Turner, 21 males, 32 females (USNM).
Perry, Aug. 12, 1939, W. F. Turner, 1 female (USNM). Prattsburg, July 25,
1930, L. D. Tuthill, 1 male, 3 females (KU). Tifton, Aug. 11, 1939, D. E. Hardy,
1 male, 4 females (KU). Upson Co., Nov. 25, 1937, W. F. Turner, 2 females
(USNM). Louisiana: Bossier Parish, Feb. 2, May 10, 1939, W. F. Turner, 2
males (USNM). Covington, June 23, 1948, E. L. Todd, 7 males, 10 females
(KU). Denham Springs, June 20, 1948, E. L. Todd, 3 females (KU). Hammond,
June 22, 1948, E. L. Todd, 2 males, 1 females (KU). Madison Parish, July 7,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 637

1930, R. W. Bunn, 1 male, 1 female (KU). Natchitoches Parish, Aug. 16, 1938,
L. D. Beamer, (KU). Shreveport, July 3, 1895, F. W. Mally, 1 female (USNM).
Maryland: Berlin, F. C. Bishop, mosquito trap, 1 male (USNM). College Park,
Aug. 10, 1932, F. C. Bishop, mosquito trap, 1 male (USNM). Gibson Island,
July 28, 31, 1933, F. C. Bishop, mosquito trap, 2 females (USNM). Plummers
Island, Oct. 5, 1913, W. L. McAtee, 1 female (USNM). Sparrow Point, July 5,
Aug. 6, 8, 1933, F. C. Bishop, 2 males, 4 females (one male labeled Amnestus
pusio) (USNM). Mississippi: Fulton, July 14, 1930, R. H. Beamer, 2 males
(KU). Hamilton, July 15, 1930, L. D. Tuthill, 2 females (KU). Horn Island,
July 12, 1944, 1 male (MassU). Ireland, July 3, 1934, M. E. Griffin, 3 females
(KU). Madison Co., Sept. 8, 1937, W. F. Turner, 1 female (USNM). Meridian,
July 17, 1930, R. H. Beamer, 1 male, 1 female (KU). Shuquaalak, July 16, 1930,
P. W. Oman, 1 female (KU). Missouri: Scott Co., Nov. 9, 1937, W. F. Turner,
soil, 2 males (USNM). New York: Indian Lake, Sabael, Aug. 22, 1921, 1 male,
1 female (USNM). North Carolina: No exact locality, July 10, 1929, W. F.
Turner, 1 female (USNM). Pennsylvania: No exact locality (‘‘Penn. Eastern’’),
June 30, 1933, 1 male (MCZ). South Carolina: Saluda Co., Mar. 2, 1938, Dec. 3,
1937, W. F. Turner, 3 males, 6 females (KU, USNM). Tennessee: Chattanooga,
Aug. 11, 1941, Turner, at light, 1 female (USN M); Hamilton Co., Mar. 26, Apr.
16, 18, June 22, 24, July 1, Aug. 2, 4, 13, 16, 20, 21, 23, 28, Oct. 3, 22, Nov. 3,
various years, all W. F. Turner, 62 males, 90 females (RCF, USNM). Tezas:
Bay City, May 4, 1953, R. H. Beamer, 1 male (KU). Bexar [County?] July 16,
1937, W. F. Turner, 1 female (USNM). Brazoria Co., Aug. 10, 12, 1928, R. H.
Beamer, 2 females (KU). ‘Tyler, Feb. 15, 1939, 1 male (USNM); Sept. 1, 1937,
L. D. Christenson, soil in peach orchard, 1 male (USNM); Oct. 24, 1939, 1 male
(USNM); Nov. 23, 1939, 1 male, 1 female (USNM). Virginia: Bedford, June 4,
1904, 1 male, 2 females (KU, USNM). Nelson, July 20, 1926, W. Robinson, 3
females (USN M); July 23, 26, 1924, W. Robinson, 3 females (USNM). Norfolk,
Mar. 21, 1938, L. D. Anderson, 1 male (KU); Aug. 11, 1934, P. McKinstry, 1
male (KU). Warrenton, June 5, 1928, L. C. Woodruff, 1 female (KU).
Cusa: Cayamas, Mar. 16, E. A. Schwarz, 1 male (USNM).

Discussion.—This species ranges from New York south to Florida
and Cuba, and west to Missouri and Texas. Since the females of
basidentatus and pusio are not yet readily separated they are not used
to delimit the range of the two forms. Records of them from within
the established ranges, however, are listed among the specimens
studied.

This species has been masquerading under the names pusio and
pusillus, thus making published records even less reliable than they
would have been in the former confused state of the Cydnidae.

Amnestus bolivari (Signoret), new combination

Pachymeroides bolivari Signoret, 1880, p. vii; 1883, p. 366, pl. 10, fig. 191.—
Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.

DraGnosis.—The combination of the four marginal pegs on each
jugum coupled with the closely and abundantly punctate umbones
will permit ready recognition of this species.

Description.—In the absence of specimens for study and the

638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 111

current unavailability of the original description, Signoret’s (1883)
characterization of bolivari is quoted here:

Coca (Equateur).—Long. 3! mill., larg. 13% mill. (Mus. roy. de Madrid.)

D’un brun ferrugineux, en ovale allongé, aplati, dentelé au bord de la téte, trés
largement ponctué en dessus, presque rugneux.

Téte trés petite, foliacée sur le bord, le lobe médian dépassant un peu les
latéraux, sur celui-la quatre dents en forme d’épines et sur ceux-ci quatre sur
chaque. Vertex fortement ponctué, lisse vers le sommet, surtout sur le médian.
Yeux forts, presque pédonculés. Ocelles trés forts. Antennes de quatre articles,
dont le second deux fois plus long que le troisiéme, le quatriéme un peu plus long
que le précédent et plus gréle. Prothorax avec un large rebord foliacé, ponctué,
crénelé et cilié; disque trés ponctué, excepté quatre espaces lisses sur le disque
antérieur. Ecusson court, les bords latéraux presque égaux 4 la base, l’extrémité
trés acuminée, trés ponctué sur tout le disque. Elytres longues, la membrane
blanche sans nervures visibles, dépassant de moitié l’abdomen, la portion du
cubitus offrant trois lignes complétes de points, la corie irréguliérement ponctuée
le long des bords, mais présentant trois séries longitudinales, dont une trés rap-
prochée de la suture cubitale, les deux autres séparées sur le disque avec des
espaces lisses entre elles, le sommet de la corie fortement sineux, la céte marginale
crénelée, ciliée 4 la base, puis lisse 4 partir du millieu. Abdomen lisse, crénelé au
sommet des segments, faiblement marqué de points ciliés sur le disque, les points
plus nombreux sur les cétés. Mésosternum lisse, fortement impressionné de
larges points vers la hanche; métasternum avec un canal ostiolaire large, épais,
sillonné, et présentant en arriére une longue ouverture dans la forme de celle des
Séhirides; le reste lisse, ainsi que le post-métasternum. Pattes ciliées et
spinuleuses, les cuisses antérieures 92 offrant vers le tiers supérieur une forte
épine bifide, et, aprés, deux ou trois plus externe cing ou six épines, vers le sommet
quatre. ‘Tarses courts, le troisitme article le double plus long que les précédents
et égalant les deux articles basilaires réunis. Cuisses intermédiaires ne présentant
que des cils.

Type pata.—The type, from ‘‘Coca (Equateur),’”’ has not yet been
located.

Discusston.—Although the type of bolivart has not yet been posi-
tively located, there is in the Signoret collection (Wien), a card
point with two legs of a male glued to it. The labels on it show that the
specimen was from Ecuador and had been determined by Signoret as
Pachymeroides bolivari. Although no type label is present, this speci-
men may well be the type. But Signoret’s work specimens do not
always agree with the illustrations in his ‘‘Revision.”’ In this case,
the remaining front leg does not show the two ventral tubercles
between the middle and subapical spines. However, two features
illustrated by Signoret (1883, fig. 191)—the four marginal pegs on
each jugum and the closely punctate pronotal umbones—allow no
choice except to consider this a valid species as characterized here.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—One broken male consisting of one anterior
leg and one middle leg (Wien), from Ecuador.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 639

Amnestus brunneus Signoret
PLATE FIGURE 287

Amnestus brunneus Signoret, 1883, p. 370, pl. 10, fig. 194.—Uhler, 1886, p. 3.—
Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.

Draanosis.—Among the species with five marginal pegs on each
jugum and the low, rounded prosternal carinae which are not higher
than labial II, brunneus may be characterized by the short clypeus
which only very slightly surpasses apices of juga and by the strongly
contrasting yellowish (in large part) coria with the dark brown or
brownish black pronotum and scutellum.

DescripTion.—Based on one male and one female compared with
the type.

Color: Head, pronotum and scutellum dark brown, contrasting
strongly with yellowish hyaline clavus and corium, latter with broad
apical margin weakly to distinctly fuscous; underside brownish,
legs tannish brown with apices of femora and tarsi yellow.

Mats: Elongate-oval, slightly widest behind middle.

Head: Length more than three-fourths width, 0.40:0.52; inter-
ocular width, 0.32; anterior outline elongate, clypeus very slightly
surpassing apices of juga; surface shining, strongly punctate on bases
of juga and on interocular area; jugum with five marginal pegs.
Antennal segments: I, 0.11; II, 0.03; III, 0.23; IV and V missing.
Labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.16;
II, 0.22; IIT, 0.29; IV, 0.20.

Pronotum: Length two-thirds width, 0.81:1.21; anterior margin
shallowly emarginate; lateral margin very shallowly emarginate sub-
basally; transverse impression moderately indicated, marked by row
of coarser punctures; anterior lobe weakly tumid, with two more or
less complete rows of coarse punctures subapically and laterally,
calli shining with few scattered, minute punctures, midline with
double row of fine punctures; posterior lobe, except umbones which
project to anterior Jobe as a ridge, with numerous separated punctures
becoming finer posteriorly.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 0.60:0.50.

Hemelytron: With few punctures near apex; exocorium closely
and uniformly punctured over entire area.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae not higher than labial II, broadly
rounded in profile.

Legs: Anterior femur with premedian, oblique, stout spine un-
equally furcate; anterior tibia vaguely, obtusely angled ventrally
near midlength; posterior femur ventrally with slender, oblique,
subapical spine about half as long as femoral height, dorsally with
distinct, subapical angulation.

640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 287).

Length of body: 2.08.

FEMALE: Similar to male, but without secondary sexual modifica-
tions.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.40:0.50; interocular width, 0.32.
Antennal segments: I, 0.13; II, 0.04; III, 0.22; IV, and V missing.
Labial segments: I, 0.16; II, 0.23; III, 0.29; IV, 0.20.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.84:1.22.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.44:0.56.

Length of body: 2.10.

Type pata.—None of the three specimens from the Signoret
collection (Wien) bears a type designation, but all are from Mexico
and bear labels indicating that Signoret had determined them as
this species. Thus, these may be accepted as the type series because
Signoret listed the original locality simply as ‘Mexique.’”’ The
specimen labeled ‘‘Bilimek”’ is here designated lectotype.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—3 males, 2 females:

Mexico: No exact locality, 1 male, 1 female (Wien). Coricavaca, 1871,
Bilimek, 1 male (Wien). San Luis Potosi, July 17, 1947, intercepted on orchids
at Laredo, Tex., 47-9428, 1 female (USNM). Oaxaca, May 13, 1938, R. Green-
field, 1 male (USNM).

Discusston.—Several discrepancies between Signoret’s specimens
of brunneus and his published work may be pointed out here: clypeus
actually slightly surpasses juga; anterior pronotal lobe has median
punctures concentrated in a broad, median line, not in two rows;
there are no setigerous punctures across calli; pronotal transverse
impression more nearly median than shown; metapleuron not showing
the complicated ‘fold’? pattern depicted anterior and lateral to the
peritreme; and mesocorium has several obsolete but noticeable
punctures apically.

Amnestus championi Distant
PLATE FIGURE 286

Amnestus championi Distant, 1893, p. 453.

DraGcnosis.—Among those species of the genus with five pegs on the
margin of each jugum, this one may be recognized by the closely
punctate umbones and the subbasal fuscous spot on the corium.

Description.—Color: Head, pronotum, and scutellum dark brown
to black, shining, somewhat paler along free edges of head and
pronotum; clavus and coria translucent yellow, latter with distinct
fuscous spot near base and usually faint clouding along apical margin;

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 641

underside reddish brown to brown, antennae, labium, and legs dis-
tinctly paler.

Mate: Oval, widest across anterior pronotal lobe.

Head: Length more than four-fifths width, 0.50(0.39-0.53) 20.59
(0.56-0.62); interocular width, 0.32(0.30-0.34); clypeus distinctly
surpassing juga, outline of head notched at their juncture; juga with
five marginal pegs; surface coarsely punctate between and posterior
to eyes. Antennal segments: I, 0.12(0.11-0.13); I, 0.03(0.03-0.05) ;
III, 0.25(0.24—0.26); IV and V missing on all specimens. Labium
attaining middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.21(0.20-0.23); I,
0.28(0.26-0.31); III, 0.28(0.26-0.31); IV, 0.23(0.20-0.26).

Pronotum: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.98(0.63-1.06):
1.41(1.35-1.50); anterior margin moderately concave, deeply cupped
behind eyes; lateral margin slightly concave and weakly converging
on basal half; transverse impression moderately impressed, punctate;
anterior lobe, including most of disc of calli, with crowded, prominent
punctures; posterior lobe, including umbones, densely punctate.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.52(0.50—0.54) :0.66(0.63—0.72).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with few scattered punctures discally;
exocorium abundantly punctate across full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae about twice as high as labial II,
anterior margin vertical, ventral margin concave.

Legs: Anterior femur with medioventral spine strongly oblique,
unequally furcate, with small, subapical tubercle on posteroventral
margin; anterior tibia without median angulation ventrally; posterior
femur with ventral, subapical spine very short, oblique, not or weakly
bifid.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 286).

Length of body: 2.27(2.15-2.38).

Fremaue: Similar to male, lacking secondary sexual modifications
and widest across humeri.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.48(0.46—0.52) :0.58 (0.53-0.61) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.30(0.30-0.32). Antennal segments: I, 0.11(0.10-
0.12); II, 0.03(0.02-0.03); III, 0.24(0.20-0.29); IV, 0.22(0.18-0.27);
V, 0.23(0.21-0.26). Labial segments: I, 0.22(0.21-0.24); II, 0.26
(0.22-0.30); III, 0.27(0.26-0.29) ; IV, 0.22(0.20-0.24).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.81 (0.70—0.91) :1.36(1.20-1.52).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.51(0.46—0.56) :0.62(0.53-0.71).

Length of body: 2.12(1.89-2.30).

Type paTa.—Distant’s single specimen, a female (BrM), is from
“Guatemala, Zapote.”’

501991—60—_20

642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—7 males, 6 females.

Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Jan.-Mar., 1944, Zetek-5122,
2 males, 1 female (USNM); July-Aug. 1942, Jas. Zetek, No. 4985, 4 males, 3
females (RCF, USNM); Oct.-Nov. 1941, Jas. Zetek, No. 4915, 1 male, 2 females
(USNM).

Discussion.—The present interpretation of championi is based on
the following evidence: (1) It is the only Central American species
described with a subbasal fuscous spot on the corium; (2) the prono-
tum and scutellum were described as thickly and coarsely punctate;
(3) the “frontal [clypeal] spines’? were described as ‘‘much more
developed than lateral ones”; and (4) Dr. China has supplied the
information that the exocoria are fully punctate across their width.

Amnestus cribratus (Stal)
PLATE FIGURE 289

Magoa cribrata Stal, 1860, p. 14.
Amnestus cribratus Walker, 1867, p. 170.—St&l, 1876, p. 21.—Signoret, 1883,
p. 370, pl. 10, fig. 195.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.

Diacnosis.—The punctate umbones coupled with the color pattern
(coria mostly yellowish hyaline, contrasting strongly with dark brown
head, pronotum and scutellum) will mark this species from its
congenors.

Description.—From two males and two females. Color: Head,
pronotum, scutellum, and vague band across basal fourth of corium
blackish brown, corium mostly translucent yellow; venter reddish
brown, legs paler.

Mate: Oval, sides parallel.

Head: Length about four-fifths width, 0.49(0.48-0.50) :0.61(0.58—
0.64) ; interocular width, 0.34 (0.33—0.36) ; clypeus surpassing truncated
juga by less than own width, with four apical pegs; juga with five
marginal pegs; surface cribrately punctate except on clypeus and base.
Antennal segments: I, 0.13(0.13-0.13); II, 0.03(0.03-0.04); III,
0.26 (0.26-0.26); IV, 0.23(0.23-0.23); V, 0.26(0.26-0.26). Labium
reaching between middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.26(0.26-0.26) ;
II, 0.30(0.30-0.30) ; III, 0.31(0.31-0.32); IV, 0.23(0.22-0.24).

Pronotum: Length almost two-thirds width, 0.96(0.92-1.00):
1.54(1.45-1.63) ; anterior margin moderately concave, cupped behind
eyes; transverse impression distinct, marked by row of coarse punc-
tures; anterior lobe moderately tumid, strongly and closely punctate
laterally, apically, medially, posteriorly and on most of calli; posterior
lobe, including umbones, with crowded, strong punctures.

Scutellum: Length more than three-fourths width, 0.58(0.56-
0.61) :0.75(0.70-0.80).

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 643

Hemelytron: Mesocorium hyaline with few punctures near apex;
exocorium uniformly and closely punctate across entire width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae anteriorly higher than labial II,
bluntly triangular with apex ventrally.

Legs: Anterior tibia with oblique, premedian, stout spine un-
equally furcate, with small, subapical spine on posterior margin;
anterior tibia without median angulation ventrally; posterior femur
with strong, subapical angulation dorsally, and ventrally with strong,
bifid, subapical tooth.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 289).

Length of body: 2.52(2.42—2.63).

FeMALe: Similar to male, but without the secondary sexual
modifications.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.49(0.47—0.51) :0.63 (0.63—0.63) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.34 (0.34-0.35). Antennal segments: I, 0.13 (0.13-0.13) ;
II, 0.03(0.03-0.03); III, 0.25(0.24-0.26); IV, 0.23(0.23-0.23); V,
0.25(0.25-0.26). Labial segments: I, 0.24(0.23-0.25); II, 0.28(0.28—
0.28); III, 0.32(0.31-0.33) ; IV, 0.23(0.23-0.23).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.94(0.88-1.00) :1.58(1.53-1.64).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.63(0.60—0.66) :0.78(0.70—0.86).

Length of body: 2.52(2.44-2.60):

Typr DATA: Stal described his species from a female (Stock) from
“Rio Janeiro.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 3 males, 3 females.

Braziu: [Rio de Janeiro], F. Sahlb., ‘“Typus,” 1 female (Stock). Nova Teu-
tonia, Santa Catarina, Jan. 4, 1953, May 8, 1952, Sept. 22, 1929, 1952, F’. Plau-
mann, 3 males, 2 females (JCL).

Discussion: Van Duzee (1917, p. 23) designated this species as the
genotype of Stal’s Magoa.

Amunestus diminuatus Barber
Amnestus diminuatus Barber, 1939, p. 274, fig. 1.

Diacnosis.—Among the species with four marginal pegs on the
jugum this one may be recognized by its extremely small size (length
of body, 1.60) and the very short labium which does not attain middle
coxae.

Description.—Based on the male paratype, the only specimen
available for study. Elongate-oval, sides subparallel.

Head: Length about three-fourths width, 0.34:0.43; interocular
width, 0.24; clypeus very slightly surpassing apices of juga but con-
tinuing outline; surface with coarse, close punctures, except on trans-
versely rugulose clypeus; jugum with four marginal pegs. Antennal
segments: I, 0.08; II, 0.02; III, 0.15; IV, 0.13; V, 0.16. Bucculae

644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

almost half as long as labial I, not as high as labial II; labium reaching
middle of mesosternum. Labial segments: I, 0.12; I, 0.14; III, 0.20;
IV, 0.13.

Pronotum: Length two-thirds width, 0.63:0.90; anterior margin
very feebly doubly emarginate, cupped behind eyes; lateral margin
feebly sinuate at basal third; transverse impression obtuse, feebly
impressed, its included row of punctures not enlarged; anterior lobe
subapically and laterally with two irregular rows of coarser punctures,
midline and large patch on calli with numerous smaller punctures;
posterior lobe, except umbones, with numerous distinct punctures
becoming finer posteriorly.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 0.53:0.36.

Hemelytron: Mesocorium impunctate discally except at extreme
outer, apical angle; exocorium uniformly and closely punctured over
entire area.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae lobulate, about as high as labial IT,
slightly more steeply terminated posteriorly.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with oblique, stout, blunt, pre-
median spine; anterior tibia neither angled nor spined ventrally near
middle; posterior femur ventrally with oblique, simple, subapical
spine, dorsally with subapical angulation; posterior tibia more or less
compressed, straight.

Length of body: 1.60.

Type pata.— Barber gave the type locality of his male type (USNM)
as ‘‘Adjuntas, Porto Rico.”

SPECIMEN STUDIED.—1 male (USNM 51580), Adjuntas, Puerto
Rico, Apr. 21, 1933, Faxon, Anderson, Mills, Oakley, in net above
woods.

Discussion.—The present concept of this species is based on the
male paratype (USNM). The specimen agrees well with the original
description and figure, differing only in the spelling of the trivial name
on the determination label, where it is spelled without the “a,”
obviously a lapsus.

Amunestus explanatus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 64, 290

Diacnosis.—Among the species with four marginal pegs on each
jugum, this one may be recognized by the narrowly but distinctly
explanate costal margins plus the anterior margin of the pronotum
being distinctly wider than the head (fig. 64).

DerscripTion.—Based on the holotype male. Elongate, subparallel.

Color: Yellowish brown, coria, legs, and labium somewhat paler.

Head: Length more than three-fourths width, 0.44:0.56; interocular
width, 0.27; clypeus distinctly surpassing apices of juga; latter with

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 645

four, small marginal pegs; surface, except clypeus, with coarse, close
punctures. Antennal segments: I, 0.10; II, 0.02; III, 0.26; [V and V
missing. Labium reaching mesosternum. Labial segments: I, 0.19;
IT, 0.23; III, 0.25; IV, 0.22.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 0.73:1.24; anterior margin
wider than head, broadly, moderately concave, lateral angle cupped
behind eye; lateral margin straight and subparallel on basal half;
transverse impression obtuse, punctate; anterior lobe moderately
tumid, coarsely punctate laterally, subapically, along midline and
over most of disc of calli; posterior lobe with crowded, coarse punctures,
except on dorsolateral face of umbones.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.50:0.60.

Hemelytron: Mesocorium discally virtually impunctate; exocorium
closely and coarsely punctate for full width; costal margin narrowly
but distinctly explanate and recurved, width of explanate area nearly
equal to diameter of hind tibia.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae higher than labial I, ventral margin
distinctly concave.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with straight, simple, oblique spine
near basal third; anterior tibia ventrally with very weak, obtuse
angulation medially; posterior femur ventrally with subapical spine
very short, oblique, simple, acute.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 290).

Length of body: 2.21.

Type pata.—Holotype male (JCL) labeled “Horqueta, Paraguay,
45 miles E, Paraguay Riv.,I-27, 1934, Alberto Schulze.”’

Discussion.—The unusual condition of the explanate costal margin
suggested the specific name proposed here.

Amnestus forreri Distant

PLATE FIGURE 291
Amunestus forreri Distant, 1893, p. 452

DraGnosts.—The present species and cribratus differ from all other
species of Amnestus with five marginal pegs on jugum in having nu-
merous distinct punctures on the pronotal umbones and having most
of the disc of the calli coarsely and closely punctate similar to the
lateral parts of the anterior pronotal lobe; they may be separated
from each other by the shape of the prosternal carinae—cribratus has
these structures concave ventrally with a strongly triangular lobe
anteriorly, while forreri has the ventral margin of these carinae vir-
tually straight.

Description.—Based on two males. Elongate-oval, sides almost
parallel.

Color: Most of head, anterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum, and

646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

most of ventral surface yellowish brown; posterior lobe of pronotum,
clavi, coria and appendages yellowish.

Head: Length slightly shorter than width, 0.60(0.60—0.60) :0.66
(0.66—0.67); interocular width, 0.38(0.37—-0.40); clypeus surpassing
juga by distance equalling one-half its own width; surface coarsely
and closely punctate except on clypeus and apical halves of juga;
jugum with five marginal pegs, anterior one or two abruptly longer
than others. Antennal segments: I, 0.13(0.13-0.14); II, 0.03(0.03-
0.04); III, 0.30(0.30-0.30); IV, 0.26(0.26-??); V, 0.30(0.30-?2).
Labium reaching almost to bases of middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.24(0.23-0.26); II, 0.38(0.36-0.41); III, 0.25(0.24-0.26); IV,
0.23 (0.23-0.24).

Pronotum: Length three-fourths width, 1.23(1.23-1.23) :1.61(1.61—
1.62); anterior margin very feebly concave, cupped behind eyes;
lateral margin sinuate near base; transverse impression weak except
laterally, marked by row of coarse punctures; anterior lobe with
broad band of coarse punctures laterally and subapically; and with
numerous close-set moderate punctures along midline and over most
of calli; posterior lobe, including umbones, with very numerous,
close-set punctures becoming finer posteriorly.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 0.85(0.84—0.85) : 0.67 (0.66—0.68).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium impunctate except for two rows paral-
leling claval suture; exocorium distinctly and strongly punctate
virtually to costa.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae higher than labial II, anterior mar-
gin roundingly perpendicular, ventral margin straight and almost
horizontal, posterior end lower but abruptly terminated.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with premedian oblique spine very
unevenly furcate and with subapical small tubercle on posteroventral
margin; anterior tibia ventrally neither angled nor spined at middle;
posterior femur ventrally with subapical spine stout, oblique, shorter
than height of femur, subequally furcate at apex, dorsally with sub-
apical angulation.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 291).

Length of body: 2.89(2.82—2.96).

Type pata.—The types (BrM) are listed as coming from ‘Mexico,
Ventanas in Durango (Forrer): Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 4000 to
6000 feet (Champion).”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—2 males.

PaNnaMa: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, Oct.-Nov., 1941, Jas. Zetek:
No. 4915, 1 male (USNM). Cano Saddle, Gatun Lake, May 3, 1923, R. C-
Shannon, 1 male (USNM).

Discussion.—The two individuals reported on here were the only
Central American specimens seen with the anterior pronotal lobe

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 647

being darker than the posterior one. This unusual feature coupled
with the fact that both specimens came from one of the original
countries of capture combine to establish the present interpretation
of Distant’s species. This result conforms with H. G. Barber’s
conclusions as one of the specimens bears his determination as forrert.

Amunestus foveatus, new species
PLATE FIGURE 39, 293

Diacnosis.—The greatly enlarged prosternal carinae with the large
blackened fovea will separate foveatus from the other species of the
genus.

DescripTion.—MateE: Elongate-oval, widest behind middle.

Head: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.47(0.42—0.53) :0.61
0.56-0.67); interocular width, 0.35(0.33-0.38); clypeus slightly sur-
passing apices of juga; surface shining, anteocular part impunctate,
remainder with numerous crowded punctures; jugum with five small
marginal pegs becoming shorter and finer toward eyes. Antennal
segments: I, 0.13(0.13—-0.15) ; IT, 0.04(0.03-0.05) ; III, 0.23 (0.23-0.26) ;
IV, 0.22(0.20-0.26); V, 0.23(0.23-0.25). Bucculae reduced, about
one-third as long as labial I and subequal to it in height; labium reach-
ing apices of hind coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.21(0.19-0.26); IT,
0.25(0.23-0.26) ; III, 0.25(0.23-0.27) ; IV, 0.23(0.23-0.25).

Pronotum: Length two-thirds width, 0.90(0.78-1.02):1.45(1.36-
1.61); anterior margin doubly emarginate, cupped behind eyes;
lateral margin with broad, shallow, rounded emargination near base;
transverse impression distinct, marked by row of coarse punctures;
anterior lobe feebly or not tumid, with broad band of coarse punctures
subapically and laterally, calli and intercallar area with numerous,
moderate, distinct punctures; posterior lobe, except umbones, with
numerous separated punctures becoming obsolete posteriorly.

Scutellum: Wider than long, 0.62(0.58-0.70) :0.57 (0.54—0.64) ; disc
polished, with numerous coarse punctures.

Hemelytron: Mesocorium discally with scattered small punctures;
exocorium uniformly punctured throughout.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae subquadrate, more than twice as
high as labial II, with large fuscous to black fovea basally on pos:
terior half (fig. 39).

Legs: Anterior femur with stout, submedian ventral spine with
shallow emargination in apical truncation; anterior tibia with ventral
margin neither angled nor spined; posterior tibia ventrally with sub-
apical angulation on spine, and dorsally with subapical angulation.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 293).

Length of body: 2.41(2.21-2.66).

648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Female: Similar to male, but anterior and posterior femora without
armature described for that sex.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.48(0.44—0.51) :0.60(0.57—0.63) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.35(0.34-0.40). Antennal segments: I, 0.13(0.13-0.15) ;
II, 0.03(0.03-0.04); III, 0.22(0.22-0.23); IV, 0.20(0.19-0.22); V,
0.23 (0.23-0.24). Labial segments: I, 0.22(0.21-0.23); II, 0.25(0.23-
0. 27); III, 0.25(0.23-0.27); IV, 0.21(0.20-0.23).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.79(0.72—0.86) :1.40(1.35-1.31).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.56(0.53-0.61) :0.62(0.60—0.66).

Length of body: 2.28(2.15-2.47).

Typr pata.—Holotype male (JCL) and allotype female (JCL),
“Nova Teutonia. Sta. Catarina, Brazil, X-II, 1952, F. Plaumann.”
Paratypes: Same data as types but various dates: 5 males, Aug. 8,
Sept. 24, and Oct. 11; 8 females, Aug. 8, 18, Oct. 5, 9, 11, 14, 23 (all
JCL).

Discussion.—The prominent, blackened fovea near the base of the
prosternal carinae suggested the specific name.

Amnestus lateralis Signoret
PLATE FIGURE 286a

Ammnestus lateralis Signoret, 1883, p. 369, pl. 10, fig. 193.—Lethierry and Severin,
1893, p. 75.

Draanosis.—Among the species with five jugal pegs, this species
may be recognized by its hemelytral color—the clavus and basal
area of the mesocorium are much lighter than the exocorium and apical
part of the mesocorium; or structurally it is separable from all the
above-mentioned species by having the mesocorial disc sparsely but
evenly punctate for its full length, i.e., without a submedian, impunc-
tate area.

DerscripTion.—Based on one male and one female. Mate:
Elongate, sides subparallel.

Head: Length more than three-fourths width, 0.54:0.65; inter-
ocular width, 0.39; clypeus slightly surpassing juga; latter with five
marginal pegs, anteocular part polished, impunctate. Antennal
segments: I, 0.18; II. 0.07; III, 0.35; IV, 0.27; V, 0.30. Labium reach-
ing bases of middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.20; II, 0.26; III,
0.35; IV, 0.23.

Pronotum: Length more than half width, 1.09:1.66; anterior margin
deeply concave, anterolateral angles truncated behind eyes; lateral
margins straight and slightly converging on basal half, thence broadly
rounded to apex; transverse impression deep, sinuate, punctate;
anterior lobe with subapical band of coarse punctures, with few
scattered minute punctures on midline and calli and laterally with one
or two rows of punctures finer than those of transverse impression;

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 649

posterior lobe with numerous well-separated punctures becoming
finer posteriorly ; umbones impunctate.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.68:0.86.

Hemelytron: Exocorium with numerous, close, moderately coarse
punctures across full width; mesocorial disc with sparser, finer punc-
tures scattered along full length.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae about as high as labial IT, margins
strongly convex.

Legs: Anterior femur with submedian spine strongly oblique, apex
weakly and unevenly furcate, posteroventral margin with distinct,
subapical spine; anterior tibia with median ventral angulation but
no subbasal spine; posterior femur with a prominent, tubercle-like
angulation dorsally near apex, and ventrally with a strong, simple
subapical spine which is curved posteriorly.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 286a).

Length of body: 2.64.

FremA.e: Similar to male but lacking leg modifications mentioned
for that sex and having transverse pronotal impression obtuse.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.53:0.61; interocular width, 0.38.
Antennal segments: I, 0.12; II, 0.07; III, 0.26; IV and V missing.
Labial segments: I, 0.18; I, 0.21; II, 0.40; IV, 0.14.

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.81:1.46.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.60:0.71.

Length of body: 2.24.

Typr pata.—Signoret described this species from specimens from
“Brésil” and ‘“Buenos-Ayres.” The types have not been located.

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—1 male and 1 female:

ARGENTINA: La Plata, 1 male, 1 female (Hung).

Discussion.—Signoret’s description and illustration of the meso-
corial punctation and the unique corial coloring leave no doubt about
the identity of this form. The only real discrepancy between the
specimens available and his illustration lies in the few lateral punctures
on the anterior pronotal lobe in contrast to the crowded punctures
of the sketch.

Amnestus lautipennis (Stal)

PLATE FIGURES 75, 292

Magoa lautipennis Stal, 1860, p. 14.—Walker, 1867, p. 170.
Amnestus lautipennis Stal, 1876, p. 21.—Signoret, 1883, p. 371, pl. 10, fig. 196.—
Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.

Diagnosis.—The low, rounded prosternal carinae coupled with
the unmarked, yellow coria which are distinctly paler than the dark
brown pronotum and scutellum will mark this from the other small
(less than 2.5) species with five marginal, jugal pegs.

650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Description.—Based on two males. Oval, widest behind middle.

Color: Head, pronotum and scutellum reddish brown, coria yellow,
unmarked; venter paler reddish brown, legs and labium yellow.

Head: Length about four-fifths width, 0.42(0.41—0.44):0.52(0.52-
0.53); interocular width, 0.31(0.30-—0.31); clypeus slightly longer than
juga; latter with five marginal pegs; surface distinctly punctate on juga
and between eyes. Antennal segments: I, 0.12(0.12—0.13); II, 0.03
(0.03-0.03); III, 0.17(0.16-0.18); IV, 0.20(0.20-0.20); V, 0.22(0.21—
0.23). Labium reaching bases of middle coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.17(0.16-0.18); II, 0.23(0.23-0.23); III, 0.26(0.26-0.27); IV,
0.22(0.21-0.23).

Pronotum: Length about two-thirds width, 0.79(0.74—-0.84):1.20
(1.16-1.25); anterior margin shallowly concave; lateral margins
straight on basal half; transverse impression distinct, with row of
coarse punctures; anterior lobe moderately tumid, with several rows
of coarse punctures laterally and subapically, with few small punctures
on midline and on disc of calli; posterior lobe with scattered punctures;
umbones impunctate, not continued to anterior lobe as impunctate
ridge.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.44(0.43-0.45) : 0.53 (0.50—0.56).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with few scattered punctures apically;
exocorium punctate for full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae lower than labial II, rounded.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with oblique, stout, unequally
furcate spine near basal third; anterior tibia not angled near middle
of ventral margin; posterior femur ventrally with subapical spine
compressed, obliquely truncated at apex, as long as two-thirds femoral
height.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 292).

Length of body: 2.08(1.89-2.28).

Typr DATA.—Since no type locality was recorded by Stal, one may
assume from the title of his paper that it was Rio de Janeiro. The
type specimen (Stock), a male, bears the simple label “Brasil.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—2 males.

Braziu: No exact locality, ‘‘Typus,’”’ 1 male (Stock) ; on cabbage, intercepted at
New Orleans, La., Mar. 9, 1938, 1 male (USNM).

Amunestus pallidus Zimmer
PLATE FIGURE 294

Annectus [{!] pallidus Zimmer, 1910, p. 166, fig. 10.
Amnestus pallidus Van Duzee, 1917, p. 23.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 183.

Diacnosts.—The almost concolorous reddish brown head, pro-
notum, scutellum, and corium, plus the shorter labium which does

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 65]

not reach posterior coxae, will separate this species from all of those
with five marginal pegs on the jugum.

Descrierion.—Color: Dorsally and ventrally, except for legs and
labium, almost unicolorous reddish brown to piceous.

Maus: Oval, widest behind middle.

Head: Length more than three-fourths width, 0.44(0.40—0.53):
0.57(0.50-0.70); interocular width, 0.36(0.31—0.44); clypeus as long
as juga, latter with five subequal, marginal pegs; surface, except
clypeus and apex of jugum, coarsely punctate. Antennal segments:
I, 0.12(0.10-0.17); II, 0.03(0.02-0.04); I1I, 0.28(0.23-0.36); IV,
0.28(0.23-0.33); V, 0.28(0.23-0.36). Labium attaining middle of
metasternum. Labial segments: I, 0.22(0.20-0.26); II, 0.30(0.27-
0:39); IIT, 0.39(0.31-0.53); IV, 0:26(0.23-0.31).

Pronotum: Length about two-thirds width, 0.90(0.76—1.30):1.44
(1.21-1.44); anterior margin shallowly concave, almost straight
across; lateral margin straight on basal half; transverse impression
obsolete, marked by vague row of punctures; anterior lobe with three to
four irregular rows of moderate to coarse punctures laterally, sub-
apically and along median band, calli mostly polished, with few fine
punctures discally; posterior lobe, except umbones, with widely scat-
tered punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.61(0.50—0.81) : 0.74 (0.63-0.90).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with few scattered, obsolete punctures
discally; exocorium abundantly punctate across full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae lower than labial IT, rounded.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with premedian spine strong,
oblique, unevenly bifid, and with blackish, subapical tubercle on
posteroventral margin; anterior tibia neither angled nor spined mid-
ventrally; posterior femur not angled dorsally near apex, ventrally
with subapical spine short, less than half height of femur.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 294).

Length of body: 2.56(2.08-3.26).

Frma.e: Similar to male, but without secondary sexual modifica-
tions.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.48(0.43—-0.60) :0.60(0.53—-0.73) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.36(0.31-0.46). Antennal segments: I, 0.12(0.10-—
0.16); IT, 0.03(0.02-0.04); III, 0.25(0.20-0.33); IV, 0.24(0.19-0.32) ;
V, 0.25(0.20-0.33). Labial segments: I, 0.21(0.20-0.23); II, 0.24
(0.23-0.26) ; IIT, 0.36(0.31-0.46) ; IV, 0.24 (0.20-0.33).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.92(0.80—1.16) :1.53(1.31-1.92).

Seutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.63(0.51—0.90) :0.77 (0.63—0.99).

Length of body: 2.60(2.28--3.20).

Typr para.—Zimmer listed his lone type as a female, but illustrated
the typical leg armature of a male, from ‘South-east Nebraska.”

652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

According to a letter from the late Dr. Myron Swenk to Dr. Sailer,
the type specimen of this species was accidently knocked from its
pin and lost while it was being incorporated in the collection of the
University of Nebraska.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—59 males, 107 females.

UnitTep States: Arizona: Oak Creek Canyon, Williams; July. California:
El Dorado Co., Los Angeles Co., Madera Co.; September. Colorado: No exact
locality. Georgia: Spalding Co.; March. Jllinois: Algonquin, Aurora, Oakwood,
Urbana, White Heath; April to October. Indiana: Knox, Marion Co.; July.
Iowa: Ames, Boone Co., Iowa City, Lake Okoboji, Louisa Co., Moran, Wash-
ington; April to October. Kansas: Ashland, Lawrence; June, July. Kentucky:
McCraken Co.; September. Maryland: Cabin John; April. Massachusetts:
Cambridge, Natick; June. Michigan: Washtenaw Co.; May. Nebraska: West
Point; June. New Jersey: Bear Swamps, Hackettstown, Madison; May, July.
New Mexico: Las Vegas, Mesilla Park, West Point; May, July. New York:
Maspeth, Mosholu, West Hebron; May. North Carolina: Black Mts., Gray
Beard Mt.; May, September. Oregon: Corvallis, McMinnville; October. Penn-
sylvania: Ingram, Philadelphia; May, June, September. Tennessee: Hamilton
Co.; October. Texas: Denison; November. Virginia: Augusta Co., Chain
Bridge, Fairfax Co.; May, July, September. Washington: Puyallup; March.

CaNaDA: Ontario: Ridgeway; October.

Discussion.—In most collections examined, this species has been
confused with spinifrons. The shorter labium, which here does not
exceed the posterior coxae, will separate the two; or in the case of the
males, the absence of a midventral angulation on the anterior tibia
will mark it from spinifrons.

Zimmer’s description of his specimen as a female was the result of
confusion of the two sexes that was prevalent at that time.

Although several authors have reported this form from light,
real ecological notes concerning it are quite few. Blatchley (1926)
and Torre Bueno (1939) repeated Stoner’s (1920) record of sweeping it
from Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) in Iowa. Parshley (1923, p. 780)
reported that it may be “occasionally found under stones and by
sifting.”

Amunestus pusillus Uhler
PLATE FIGURES 638, 168, 164, 184, 295

Amnestus pusillus Uhler, 1876, p. 278; 1877, p. 371; 1886, p. 3.—Signoret, 1883,
p. 372, pl. 10, fig. 197.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.—Banks, 1910,
p. 98.—Van Duzee, 1917, p. 23.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 183.

Dragnosis.—The male of pusillus may be easily recognized by the
presence on the hind femur of a ventral, subapical spine which is more
than one-third as long as the tibia (fig. 164). The female is also
strongly marked by the presence of a flattened, polished, glabrous
area on the middle of the last sternite (fig. 184) and the presence of a
short, oblique, subapical spine on the ventral margin of the posterior

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 653

femur (fig. 163), two features which appear to be unique with this
species.

Description.—Color: Yellowish tan, coria, legs, and Jabium
usually paler.

Mate: Oval, widest behind midlength.

Head: Length three-fourths width, 0.42 (0.41-0.48) :0.56(0.53-0.60) ;
interocular width, 0.32(0.31-0.34); clypeus slightly surpassing juga;
latter with four marginal pegs becoming finer toward eye; surface,
except clypeus, roughly punctate. Antennal segments: I, 0.10(0.07-
0.13); II, 0.02(0.02-0.03); III, 0.23(0.21-0.25); IV, 0.23(0.23-0.25) :
V, 0.23(0.21-0.25). Labium reaching bases of posterior coxae.
Labial segments: I, 0.18(0.17-0.20); II, 0.26(0.26-0.27); III, 0.28
(0.26-0.30) ; IV, 0.23(0.20-0.26).

Pronotum: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.91(0.84-1.03):
1.32(1.24-1.50); anterior margin moderately concave; lateral margin
faintly concave on basal third; transverse impression distinct, marked
by regular row of coarser, closer punctures; anterior lobe with coarse
punctures in three or four rows laterally and subapically, and along
midline and scattered over calli; posterior lobe, except umbones,
abundantly punctate.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.59(0.53—-0.66) :0.65(0.61-0.72).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium discally with single, irregular row of
fine punctures; exocorium punctate for full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae almost as high as labial II, abruptly
terminated posteriorly.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with submedian spine very short,
simple; anterior tibia with two prominent angulations or spines on
lower edge (as in fig. 132); posterior femur ventrally with subapical
spine very long, more than third length of posterior tibia (fig. 164).

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 295).

Length of body: 2.30(2.08-2.66).

FrmMa.e: Similar to male, but lacking secondary sexual modifica-
tions; posterior femur with small, oblique spine ventrally near apex
(fig. 163).

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.43(0.43-0.44) :0.54(0.53-0.55); inter-
ocular width, 0.33(0.33-0.33). Antennal segments: I, 0.10(0.09-
0.12); II, 0.02(0.02-0.02); III, 0.21(0.20-0.23); IV, 0.21(0.20-0.23);
V, 0.22(0.21-0.24). Labial segments: I, 0.16(0.16-0.17); II, 0.25
(0.23-0.28) ; IIT, 0.33(0.33-0.33); IV, 0.25(0.25-0.27).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.73(0.70-0.74) :1.24(1.23-1.26).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.51(0.50—0.53) :0.56 (0.56-0.57).

Length of body: 2.19(2.15-2.28).

Type pata.—The types are in the U.S. National Museum. In
the original description, Uhler reported that this species ‘Inhabits

654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 111

Indian Territory, Texas, Cuba, and generally the Eastern United
States south of Cape Cod.”

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—103 males, 154 females.

Canapa: Ontario: Ridgeway; October.

Unitep Sratres: Arizona: Globe, San Carlos, Thatcher; July, August.
Arkansas: Hope; October. California: Folsom. Colorado: No exact locality.
Illinois: Grand Tower, Pittsfield, Urbana; July, August. Jowa: Ames, 4 miles
east of Gilbert; May to July. Kansas: Caldwell, Riley Co., Wellington; June,
July. Kentucky: Henderson Co.; September. Louisiana: Harahan, Shreveport,
Tallulah; July to September. Maine: Paris; October. Maryland: Plummers
Island, Sparrow Point; June to August. Massachusetts: Chicopee; August.
Missouri: Charleston, Columbia, Kansas City, Kinsey, Langdon, Rockport, St.
Joseph, St. Louis, Webster Groves; April to September. Nebraska: Falls City,
Minden; August. New York: Queens Co.; June. Oregon: Forest Grove; June.
Pennsylvania: Crisp, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh; August. Tennessee: Chattanooga,
Clarksville, Hamilton Co., Nashville; July, August, November. Texas: Dallas,
Devil’s River, Kerrville, Victoria; June, July. Virginia: Falls Church, Nelson
Co.; July, September. West Virginia: Cheat Mts.; June.

Mexico: Nuevo Leén: Monterrey; August.

GUATEMALA: Two specimens labeled “Guatemala” were intercepted during
plant inspections in California and Texas; perhaps these represent specimens
that had entered shipments after their arrival.

Discussion.—The examination of a great number of specimens
of this common species gave a rather comprehensive picture of the
range—North America from Maine and Ontario west to Oregon and
south to Virginia, Louisiana, and Mexico. An interesting point that
results is that pusillus is not a member of the West Indian fauna as
reported by several early workers and refuted by later authors, includ-
ing Barber (1939).

Uhler’s (1894, p. 227) habit note that ‘This small insect lurks
beneath rubbish in sandy places, where it matches the color of the
ground and is thus easily overlooked,’’ summarizes all of theavailable
ecological information on this form except the frequency and abun-
dance with which it comes to light.

Amnestus pusio (Stal)
PLATE FIGURES 162, 296

Magoa pusio Stal, 1860, p. 14.

Magao {!] pusio Walker, 1867, p. 171.

Amnestus pusto Stal, 1876, p. 21.—Signoret, 1883, p. 373, pl. 15, fig. 199.—-Uhler,
1886, p. 3.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.—Barber and Bruner, 1932,
p. 239.

Diacnosis.—The four marginal pegs on the jugum, the small size
(1.2-2.1) and the presence of coarse punctures on the disc of the calli
will separate this species and basidentatus from all others in the genus.
The females of these two forms are as yet not separable with certainty,
but the males of pusio lack spines or angulation on the ventral margin

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 655

of the anterior tibia and thereby differ markedly from the males of
basidentatus, which have two prominent teeth on the ventral margin
of the anterior tibia (as in fig. 132).

Descriprion.—Color: Yellowish brown, posterior pronotal lobe
and coria usually very slightly lighter, labium and legs pale yellow.

Mauer: Oval, widest posterior to midlength.

Head: Length about two-thirds width, 0.37 (0.36—0.40) :0.49(0.47—
0.52); interocular width, 0.26(0.26—0.26); clypeus slightly surpassing
juga, latter with four, subequal, marginal pegs; surface coarsely
punctate between eyes. Antennal segments: I, 0.09(0.08—0.10) ;
II, 0.01(0.01-0.02); II, 0.16(0.16-0.18); IV, 0.18(0.17-0.20); V,
0.20(0.19-0.22). Labium attaining posterior coxae. Labial segments:
I, 0.14(0.14-0.16); II, 0.24(0.23-0.26); III, 0.26(0.23-0.30); IV, 0.22
(0.21-0.23).

Pronotum: Length about two-thirds width, 0.67(0.65—0.70) :1.03
(1.00-1.06); anterior margin feebly concave; side margins straight
or slightly sinuate on basal half; transverse impression prominent,
with row of punctures; anterior lobe with large punctures laterally,
subapically, medially and scattered over calli; posterior lobe, except
umbones, with numerous close-set, coarse punctures.

Secutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.43(0.41—0.46) :0.49(0.46—0.53).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with several small scattered punctures
discally; exocorium abundantly punctate across full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae about as high as labial Il, more or
less abruptly terminated posteriorly.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with premedian spine simple or
weakly bifid at apex, posteroventral margin with minute, subapical
tubercle; anterior tibia neither spined nor distinctly angled on ventral
margin; posterior femur ventrally with prominent, triangular tooth
near apex of anteroventral margin (fig. 162).

TERMINALIA: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 296).

Length of body: 1.82(1.82-1.84).

Frma.e: Similar to male, lacking secondary sexual modifications.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.41(0.38-0.46) :0.54(0.53-0.57) ; inter-
ocular width, 0.31(0.30-0.32). Antennal segments: I, 0.09(0.09—0.16) ;
II, 0.01(0.01-0.02); III, 0.23(0.17-0.30); IV, 0.21(0.20-0.23); V,
0.22(0.20-0.23). Labial segments: I, 0.15(0.14-0.16); II, 0.24(0.23-
0.26); III, 0.25(0.23-0.26); IV, 0.22(0.20-0.25).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.66(0.63-0.73) :1.09(1.06-1.16).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.45(0.44-0.47) :0.54(0.51-0.56).

Length of body: 1.91(1.82—2.02).

Typp paTaA.—Stal’s type specimen (Stock), a male, bears the word
“Brasil” as the locality of capture. No locality was given in the

656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 111

original description, but the title of Stal’s paper suggested that all
included forms had come from Rio de Janeiro.

SPECIMENS STUDIED: 138 males.

UNITED States: Texas: Brownsville; June.

Mexico: Chiapas: Tapachula. Sinaloa: Presidio River; September. Vera-
cruz: Tres Zapotes, Pureza; April, June.

Honpovras: Lacertilla, Lombardia, Tela.

Costa Rica: Hamburg Farm; March, April.

Panama: Canal Zone: Ancén, Barro Colorado Island; January, April, July.

Coxtomsia: No exact locality.

Braziu: No exact locality, type.

Ecuapor: Cachabi.

BauHaMas: South Bimini Island; June.

Cusa: Baragua, Guantdnamo, Santo Tomas; May, June.

Harti: ‘Diquini,’”’ Port au Prince; July, August, November.

DomiInicaN REPUBLIC: San Francisco Mts.; January, September.

Puerto Rico: Isabella, Ponce, San Juan; March, August.

VirGiIn Isuanps: St. Croix; May, November.

GRENADA: Balthazar.

Discussron.—Although a number of authors reported this species
for the southeastern United States, the large series of Amnestus from
that region did not yield any specimens. Instead, most of those
records appear to belong to the common southeastern species bas7-
dentatus, which is described as new in the present paper. Another
point of interest in relation to the distribution of this species lies in
the fact that all specimens, except the type, were found to have come
from an area far to the north of the type locality in southern Brazil.

The present state of knowledge does not permit certain recognition
of the females of this species. The only female specimens reported
upon for the distribution data in this paper were those from within the
range indicated by males.

Amnestus radialis, new species

PLATE FIGURES 61, 76, 297

Diacnosis.—Among those species with five pegs on jugal margins,
this species may be recognized by the fuscous line along the radial vein
and the four long pegs on the apex of the clypeus.

Description.—Based on one male. Elongate, sides subparallel.

Head: Length about three-fourths width, 0.46:0.61; interocular
width, 0.33; clypeus slightly surpassing apices of juga, latter with five
marginal pegs becoming finer toward eye; surface punctate between
eyes. Antennal segments: I, 0.12; II-V, missing. Labium attaining
middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.16; I, 0.23; III, 0.23; IV, 0.23.

Pronotum: Length more than two-thirds width, 0.96:1.38; anterior
margin shallowly concave; lateral margins strongly narrowing from
base, slightly concave on basal half; transverse impression moderate,

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 657

marked by regular row of crowded, very coarse, elongate punctures;
anterior lobe moderately tumid, with two irregular rows of coarse
punctures laterally and subapically, disc of calli and midline with
scattered, fine punctures; posterior lobe with numerous punctures,
these coarser on apical half; umbones impunctate.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.56 :0.67.

Hemelytron: Apical half of mesocorium mostly impunctate; exo-
corium abundantly punctate for full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae about as high as labial II, obtusely
triangular.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with large, unevenly furcate spine
near basal third; anterior tibia with low, blunt angulation near middle
of ventral margin; posterior femur dorsally with subapical angulation,
ventrally with weakly curved, subapical spine about as long as two-
thirds femoral height.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 297).

Length of body: 2.47.

Typr pata.—Holotype male (USNM 64409), ‘Martinique, W. I.,
8-21-29, Bartsch-Hoffmann.”

Discussion.—The following species, described as new on the basis
of six distinct pegs on the apex of the clypeus, may be simply the female
of radialis. Female specimens that run to the present species should
be checked against the next one to determine if they are not the same
and to help evaluate the feature of the additional pegs on the clypeus.

Amnestus sexdentatus, new species

PLATE FIGURE 60

D1aqGnosis.—The present form, if not based on an aberrant indi-
vidual, is unique within the genus in possessing six pegs at the apex of
the clypeus, the usual four along the margin and one above and one
below the margin on the midline (fig. 60).

Description.—Based on one female. Oval, widest behind mid-
length.

Head: Length about four-fifths width, 0.47:0.58; interocular width,
0.32; clypeus slightly surpassing apices of juga, with six pegs apically,
usual four along margin and one above and one below margin on mid-
line (fig. 60); surface with coarse punctures between eyes. Antennal
segments: I, 0.12; II, 0.05; III, 0.23; IV, 0.31; V, missing. Labium
attaining middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.16; II, 0.26; III, 0.23;
TY, 0.16.

Pronotum: Length about three-fourths width, 0.83:1.36; anterior
margin shallowly concave; lateral margins strongly narrowing from
base, straight on basal half; transverse impression strong only at ends,
marked by irregular row of coarse punctures; anterior lobe with two

501991—60-——21

658 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

rows of coarse punctures laterally and subapically, calli and space
between with few minute punctures; posterior lobe with widely scat-
tered, fine punctures, umbones impunctate.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.56:0.68.

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with scattered, distinct punctures for full
length; exocorium abundantly punctate to costal margin.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae less than half as high as labial II,
rounded.

Length of body: 2.24.

Color: Head, anterior pronotal lobe and scutellum dark reddish
brown; posterior pronotal lobe, except immediately mesad of umbones
and along narrow posterior margin, yellowed; clavus and corium yel-
low, former with apical cloud fuscous, corium with subbasal spot,
irregular band along radial vein, and apical margin fuscous; venter
mostly reddish brown; labium and legs yellow.

Type patTa.—Holotype female (USNM 64410), ‘Ponce, P. R.,
TV-4-1946, L. T., J. Maldonado Capriles.”

Discussion.—Whether or not the unusual development of two
additional pegs on the apex of the clypeus is abnormal must be proven
by examination of additional specimens. If the extra pegs prove to
be a freak condition, then this may simply be the female of A. radials,
new species, to which this specimen will then run in the key.

Amunestus spinifrons (Say)
PLATE FIGURES 2, 37, 113, 131, 160, 168, 173, 185, 298

Cydnus spinifrons Say, 1825, p. 316.

Amnestus spinifrons Dallas, 1851, p. 126.—Walker, 1867, p. 167—St&l, 1876, p.
21.—Uhler, 1877, p. 370; 1886, p. 3.—Signoret, 1883, p. 367, pl. 10, fig.192.
—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.—Banks, 1910, p. 99.—Van Duzee,
1917, p. 23.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 182.

Diacnosis.—Among those species with the five pegs on each jugum,
this species may be recognized by the very long labium which surpasses
the hind coxae.

Description.—Color: Dark reddish brown, appendages paler.

Matz: Elongate, sides subparallel.

Head: Length more than three-fourths width, 0.58(0.53-0.66):
0.73(0.65-0.78) ; interocular width, 0.45 (0.42-0.50) ; clypeus as long as
juga, apices continuous; jugum with five marginal spines; surface
coarsely punctate on jugum and between eyes. Antennal segments:
I, 0.17(0.14-0.20); II, 0.05(0.05-0.06); III, 0.33(0.30-0.36); IV,
0.31(0.27-0.34); V, 0.30(0.26-0.33). Labium reaching apex of
sternite III. Labical segments: I, 0.33(0.30-0.40); II, 0.51(0.43-
9.56); ITI, 0.75(0.66-0.83); IV, 0.42(0.40-0.44).

Pronotum: Length about two-thirds width, 1.23(0.95-1.42):1.84-

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER §59

(1.55-2.02); anterior margin shallowly emarginate; lateral margins
constricted subbasally; transverse impression weaker medially, marked
by band of coarse punctures; anterior lobe moderately tumid, coarsely
punctate laterally and subapically, finely punctate medially and on
calli; posterior lobe with scattered, small punctures becoming finer
posteriorly, unbones not punctate.

Seutellum: Length little less than width, 0.81(0.65-0.91) :0.94-
(0.78-1.04).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium abundantly punctate except in post-
median area; exocorium closely punctate for full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae rounded, almost as high as labial II.

Legs (figs. 131, 160): Anterior femur with strong, bifid spine ven-
trally on basal third and small simple one near apex on posterior
margin; anterior tibia with decided median angulation ventrally;
posterior femur with very short, oblique spur subapically on antero-
ventral margin.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 298).

Length of body: 3.43 (2.66-3.68).

Frmaue: Similar to male, anterior pronotal lobe not tumid, legs
without modifications described.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.62(0.56—0.66) :0.73(0.66-0.80); inter-
ocular width, 0.45(0.44-0.48). Antennal segments: I, 0.16(0.15-
0.17); II, 0.05(0.05-0.06); III, 0.31(0.26-0.36); IV, 0.42(0.33-0.46).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.17(0.97-1.36):1.84(1.62-2.08).

Seutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.80(0.71-0.91):0.93(0.87-0.97).

Length of body: 3.15(2.79-3.51).

Type pata.—The types, which Say described from “Pennsylvania”
and ‘‘Missouri,’”’ are probably lost. Uhler (1878, p. 372), however,
stated that there were specimens in the T. W. Harris collection
(MCZ) which were named “Cydnus spinifrons by Mr. Say.”’ These
specimens, as well as specimens of certain other species in the Harris
collection, have been considered in a special sense. Since Say’s
collections have been destroyed, and because these specimens repre-
sent some of the little-remaining material studied by Say, workers
have generally accepted them as sort of substitute types for Say’s
species. The specimens of spinifrons listed by Uhler were reported
as “No. 68, Harris Collection, Cambridge, Mass., March 18, 1828,
May 15, 1831, Sept. 1831.”’ Obviously, these cannot be the original
types because the dates of capture are later than the publication date
of the original description.

SPECIMENS STUDI£D.—51 males, 42 females.

Canapa: Ontario: Ridgeway; May.

Unitep Sratres: Arkansas: Washington Co.; May. District of Columbia:
Washington, D.C. Florida: Homestead, Pompano; February. Georgia: Jasper

660 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Co., Peach Co., Upson Co.; February, October. Illinois: Chicago, Homer,
“N. Il.,” Urbana; March to May. Jowa: Ames, Boone, Lake Okoboji; April to
June. Kansas: Riley Co.; April. Maryland: Annapolis, Beltsville; May.
Massachusetts: Essex, Sherborn; May to July. Missouri: Piedmont; March North
Carolina: Black Mt.; May. New Jersey: Great Notch, Mt. Pleasant, Roselle
Park; May. New York: Aqueduct, Bayville, Hamburg, Ithaca, Long Island,
New York City, Rockaway, Sabael, West Point, Yapahank; April to June,
August, October. Ohio: St. Mary’s; May. Pennsylvania: Castle Rock; May.
Tennessee: Hamilton Co., Roane Co.; February. Teras: Tyler; February.

Discusston.—Several authors have listed conditions of capture for
their specimens, as follows: Van Duzee (1894, p. 169), “Swept from
weeds in low, swampy meadow”; Torre Bueno (1915, p. 277) “in
beach drift’’; Parshley (1923, p. 780), ‘‘sometimes found under stones
in spring, after hibernation in the adult condition’; Hendrickson
(1930, p. 66), “At Andropogon furcatus consocies’’; Blatchley (1926,
p. 87), “by sweeping herbage or sifting debris in low, moist grounds.”
Two of the specimens examined bore the field notes, ‘‘under drift”
and “from soil.”

Amnestus subferrugineus (Westwood)
PLATE FIGURES 38, 299

Cydnus subferrugineus Westwood, 1837, p. 19.

Amnestus subferrugineus Walker, 1868, p. 536.—St&l, 1876, p. 21.—Signoret,
1883, p. 373, pl. 10, fig. 198.—Lethierry and Severin, 1893, p. 75.—Barber
and Bruner, 1932, p. 239.—Torre Bueno, 1939, p. 183.

Diacnosis.—Among those species with five jugal pegs and length
less than 2.5, the present species may be recognized by the vertical
anterior edges of the prosternal carinae (fig. 38) and the immaculate
coria.

Descriprion.—Color: Head, pronotum, scutellum and venter red-
dish brown; coria yellowish, immaculate; labium and legs yellow.

Mate: Oval, widest behind middle.

Head: Length four-fifths width, 0.45(0.41-0.51) :0.53(0.48-0.60);
interocular width, 0.32(0.30—-0.34); clypeus slightly surpassing apices
of juga; latter with five marginal pegs becoming smaller toward eye;
surface with coarse punctures between eyes. Antennal segments:
I, 0.11(0.10-0.13); II, 0.03(0.03-0.04); III, 0.27(0.23-0.30); IV,
0.25(0.23-0.27); V, 0.30(0.29-0.31). Labium attaining middle of
mesosternum. Labial segments: I, 0.16(0.16-0.18); II, 0.24(0.21-
0.29); III, 0.29(0.24-0.32); IV, 0.21(0.20-0.23).

Pronotum: Length two-thirds width, 0.85(0.66—1.01) :1.23(1.06-
1.37); anterior margin shallowly concave; lateral margins weakly
concave at basal fourth; transverse impression strongly impressed,
marked by row of slightly coarser punctures; anterior lobe strongly
tumid, higher than posterior lobe, virtually impunctate except for

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 661

two rows laterally and one subapically; posterior lobe, except calli
with numerous, close-set punctures.

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.51(0.43-0.56) :0.59(0.50—-0.68).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with few scattered punctures apically;
exocorium closely punctate across full width.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae higher than labial II, bluntly
triangular, anterior margin vertical (fig. 38).

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with abruptly curved, stout spine
near middle, this spine faintly emarginate apically; anterior femur
ventrally with decided angulation near middle; posterior femur
ventrally with subapical, oblique, straight spine about two-thirds as
long as femoral height.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 299).

Length of body: 2.13(1.82-2.35).

Frmaue: Similar to male but without secondary sexual modifica-
tions.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.42(0.40-0.46) :0.53(0.50-0.56); inter-
ocular width, 0.30(0.28-0.32). Antennal segments: I, 0.11(0.10-
0.13); IE, 0.03(0.02-0.04); III, 0.26(0.23-0.30); IV, 0.24(0.23-0.26) ;
V, 0.27(0.24-0.30). Labial segments: I, 0.16(0.15-0.17); IJ, 0.22
(0.21-0.24; III, 0.26(0.26-0.28); IV, 0.21(0.20-0.23).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.74(0.63—0.83) :1.18(1.03-1.30).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.50(0.40—0.58) :0.55(0.48-0.62).

Length of body: 1.98(1.69-2.15).

Typr pata.—The type (OxUniv) was reported by Westwood as
having come from ‘“Insula Sti. Vincentil.”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—14 males, 21 females, 6 nymphs.

GuateMata: Cacao, Trece Aguas, and Alta Vera Paz, Schwarz and Barber,
in cave earth, 2 males, 6 females, 6 nymphs (USNM).

Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Dec. 1946-Feb. 1947, J. Zetek, Z-5272,
1 male (USNM); July 20, N. Banks, 1 female (MCZ). Cabima, May 28, 1911,
A. Buseck, 1 female (USNM). Rio Chilibrillo bat caves, Aug. 29, 1929, Zetek,
Molino, and Shannon, 6 males, 2 females (RCF, USNM).

Summit, Nov. 1946, N. L. H. Krauss, 1 female (USNM).
Grenapa: Grand Etang Road, H. H. Smith, 5 males, 10 females (USNM).

Discussion.—In the mind of the author there is still some doubt
as to the present use of the name subferrugineus. However, the
assignment is made tentatively on the strength of Dr. Graham’s
replies to certain questions pertaining to the type.

Many of the Central American specimens came from “bat caves.”
Caudell (1924, p. 136) reported more fully on the Panama specimens
under the name A. whleri, as follows: ‘“Numerous in the guano. All
but egg stage obtained. This species was collected by Schwarz and
Barber ‘in cave earth’ at Cacao, Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 3,
1906.” These latter specimens were in the series studied.

662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 111

Amnestus trimaculatus, new species
PLATE FIGURES 40, 84, 288

Driacnosis.—Among the species with five marginal jugal pegs, this
one is most easily identified by the impunctate outer half of the
exocorium.

Description.—Color: Head, pronotum and scutellum dark red-
dish brown; coria and clavus yellowed, former with apical margin of
exocorium and subbasal spot and apex of clavus light to dark fuscous;
venter, in fully colored specimens, as dark as pronotum; legs and
labium yellowed.

Maus: Oval; widest behind middle.

Head: Length more than three-fourths width, 0.43(0.39-0.46):
0.55(0.51—-0.58); interocular width, 0.33(0.30-0.37); jugum with five
marginal pegs increasing in length apically; surface with broad shallow
punctures between eyes. Antennal segments: I, 0.12(0.11-0.16);
II, 0.03(0.03-0.04); III, 0.25(0.23-0.30); IV, 0.24(0.22-0.26); V, 0.26
(0.23-0.29). Labium reaching between middle coxae. Labial seg-
ments: I, 0.20(0.16-0.23); II, 0.29(0.26-0.31); III, 0.25(0.23-0.27);
IV, 0.20(0.20-0.22).

Pronotum: Length almost three-fourths width, 0.96(0.75-1.13):
1.35(1.20-1.52); anterior margin shallowly concave; lateral margin
weakly concave on basal half; transverse impression obtusely im-
pressed, marked by row of close-set, elongate, coarse punctures;
anterior lobe moderately tumid, with two or three irregular rows of
coarse punctures laterally and subapically, minutely punctate along
midline and on center of calli; posterior lobe with scattered punctures
becoming finer posteriorly, umbones impunctate.

Scutellum: Length three-fourths width, 0.49(0.45-0.56) :0.65(0.60—
0273).

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with few punctures apically; exocorium
impunctate on outer half.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae higher than labial II, ventral
margin concave (fig. 40).

Legs: Anterior femur with unequally bifid spine ventrally on basal
third, with short, subapical tubercle on posteroventral margin;
anterior tibia obtusely angled ventrally near middle; posterior femur
angled dorsally near apex, ventrally with weakly curved, stout spine
(about two-thirds of femoral height) at apical fourth.

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 288).

Length of body: 2.26(1.87—-2.60).

FEMALE: Similar to male but lacking secondary sexual modifications.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.42(0.38-0.46) :0.55(0.52-0.62); inter-
ocular width, 0.31(0.30-0.34). Antennal segments: I, 0.13(0.12—-0.15);

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 663

II, 0.03(0.03-0.04); III, 0.27(0.23-0.38); IV, 0.22(0.20-0.28); V,
0.26(0.23-0.32). Labial segments: I, 0.18(0.16-0.23); IT, 0.28(0.26—
0.30); III, 0.25(0.23-0.28); IV, 0.20(0.20-0.21).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 0.82(0.73-0.90) :1.31(1.17-1.46).

Scutellum: Length-width ratio, 0.49(0.46—0.53) :0.65(0.58-0.76).

Length of body: 2.18(1.98-2.42).

Typs pata.—Holotype male and allotype female (both MCZ),
“Soledad, Sta. Clara, Aug. 1932, B. B. Leavitt.” Paratypes as
follows:

Cusa: Same data as types, 5 males, 8 females (MCZ, RCF). San Vicente,
Pifiar del Rio, July 26—-Aug. 5, 1939, C. T. Parsons, 1 female (MCZ). Jarahueca,
Oriente Province, July 14-18, 1927, S. C. Bruner, taken in woods, 2 males (KU).

Discusston.—The three black marks on each hemelytron suggested
the specific name. At first the author considered this to be the same
as Distant’s championi because of the color pattern but Dr. China’s
notes on the type reports that that form has the exocorium equally
punctate across the full width and so cannot be identified with this one.

Amnestus uhleri Distant
PLATE FIGURES 59, 161, 300
Amnestus uhlert Distant, 1880. p. 453.

Dracgnosis.—The large size of the body and the greatly elongated
clypeus (surpassing apices of juga by more than its own width)
strongly mark this species as different from all others in the genus.

Dzscriprion.—Based on one male and two females. Mauz:
Elongate-oval, widest behind midlength.

Head: Length slightly less than width, 0.86:0.93; interocular
width, 0.52; clypeus surpassing truncated apices of juga by more than
its own width; surface irregular, impunctate, shining; jugum with
five marginal pegs becoming thicker and longer distally. Antennal
segments: I, 0.23; II, 0.06; III, 0.45; IV, 0.40; V, 0.37. Bucculae
higher than labial II, abruptly terminated posteriorly; labium reaching
bases of middle coxae. Labial segments: I, 0.31; II, 0.36; II, 0.40;
IV, 0.36.

Pronotum: Length about two-thirds width, 1.71:2.28; anterior
margin shallowly and simply emarginate, anterior angles not cupped;
lateral margins entire, straight and subparallel on basal three-fourths;
transverse impression moderate, punctate; anterior lobe tumid,
impunctate except for single lateral subapical row of very closely set,
coarse punctures; posterior lobe, except umbones, with numerous
small punctures.

Scutellum: Width greater than length, 1.10:0.94.

664 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

Hemelytron: Mesocorium with numerous punctures becoming finer
and closer apically; exocorium with numerous punctures becoming
obsolete toward costa; costa subparallel on basal half.

Propleuron: Prosternal carinae about as high as labial II, evanescent
anteriorly, obtusely angled posteriorly.

Legs: Anterior femur ventrally with premedian stout, unequally
furcate spine; anterior tibia with ventral margin straight, neither
angled nor toothed medially; posterior femur with subapical spine
spinose almost rectangularly bent at middle (fig. 161).

Terminalia: Gonostylus as illustrated (fig. 300).

Length of body: 4.17.

Frmaue: Similar to male, except anterior pronotal lobe with
minute but distinct punctures discally in addition to subapical and
lateral rows of coarser punctures; anterior femur not armed ventrally;
posterior femur ventrally with simple, moderate, oblique spine
subapically.

Head: Length-width ratio, 0.91 (0.90—0.92) :0.98(0.95—1.02); inter-
ocular width, 0.56(0.52-0.60). Antennal segments: I, 0.22(0.22-
0.23); II, 0.07(0.07-0.08) ; III, 0.44(0.43-0.45); IV, 0.35(0.35-0.36); V,
0.38(0.36-0.40). Labial segments: I, 0.33(0.32-0.35); II, 0.36(0.36—
0.36); III, 0.44(0.43-0.45); IV, 0.36(0.34—0.38).

Pronotum: Length-width ratio, 1.75(1.62—1.89) :2.41 (2.28-2.55).

Scutellum: Width-length ratio, 1.29(1.20-1.39) :1.06(0.98-1.14).

Length of body: 4.25(4.04—4.46).

Typr pata.—The types (BrM) were listed by Distant as coming
from “Guatemala, Zapote (Champion); Panama, Volc4n de Chiriqui,
4000 to 6000 feet (Champion).”’

SPECIMENS STUDIED.—1 male, 2 females.

Mexico: Mexico: Tejupileo, June 20, 1933, H. E. Hinton, R. L. Usinger,
1female(RLU). Veracruz: Orizaba, Bilimek, 18838, Feb., 1 male, 1 female (Wien).

Discussion.—This “giant” species of Amnestus is strongly marked
by the greatly prolonged clypeus as well as the type of armature on
the posterior femur of both sexes, so it should not be confused with
any other known species of the genus.

Unplaced species of Amnestus

The following four species were described by Distant (1893).
None of these species appeared to be among the material examined
and there are not enough data available to permit accurate placement
of them in the key or in synonymy. Dr. China informed the author
that the types (BrM) are females with five marginal pegs on each
jugum. Further study of the types is necessary. To complete the
list of species for the region indicated in the title of this paper, the
original descriptions are quoted.

CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 665

Amunestus signoreti Distant

Amnestus signoreti Distant, 1893, p. 452.
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION:

Black; lateral and frontal margins of head, lateral margins of pronotum and
corium, legs, and antennae pale castaneous. Head with the usual frontal and
lateral spines; head, pronotum, scutellum, and corium thickly and coarsely punc-
tate; pronotum with a somewhat obscure transverse incision; membrane pale
hyaline, ochraceous at base.

Long. 2% millim.

Hab. GuatTEMALA, Quiché Mts. 7000 to 9000 feet (Champion).

The thickly and coarsely punctured upper surface and the pale castaneous
lateral margins are the salient features of this species, of which we possess only a
single example.

Remarxks.—The Zoological Record (vol. 90, p. 477) review of
Carvalho’s (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, No. 118, 1952) treatment
of the Miridae in the Biologia Centrali-Americana reported that
Amnestus signoreti Distant had been transferred to the mirid genus
Mimoncopeltus. This is in error. In the above paper Carvalho did
not indicate Distant’s generic placement of the species; and the
reviewer, who apparently overlooked the mirid species Lygdus signoreti
described in a footnote on page 419, used the combination Amnestus

signoreti instead.
Amunestus dallasi Distant

Amnestus dallasit Distant, 18938, p. 453.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION:

Black; antennae, eyes, lateral margins of the pronotum, a broad sublateral
fascia to the corium, and the legs pale castaneous; membrane pale ochraceous and
subhyaline, the base and apex very pale castaneous. Head coarsely punctate,
with the frontal and marginal spines well developed; pronotum with an obscure
transverse incision, the anterior lobe with a few scattered discal punctures, and
thickly and coarsely punctate at the lateral margins, posterior lobe and scutellum
thickly and coarsely punctate; corium more finely punctate, the posterior discal
and marginal area impunctate.

Long. 5 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

A single example.

Amnestus bergrothi Distant
Amnestus bergrothi Distant, 1893, p. 453.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION:

Allied to . . . A. whleri, but smaller, the anterior lobe of the pronotum more
punctate; apical margin of the corium concolorous, the lateral spines of the head
much longer and equal in length to those of the frontal lobe.

Long. 3 millim.

Hab. Mexico, near the city of Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); GUATEMALA,
Pantaleon, Duefias, San Gerdédnimo (Champion).

Nine examples.

666 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

Amnestus stali Distant
Amnestus stali Distant, 1893, p. 454.
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION:

Head and pronotum castaneous, scutellum black, corium, legs, and antennae
ochraceous, apical area of the corium black. Head coarsely punctate, the frontal
and lateral spines equally long; pronotum with a distinct transverse impression
considerably before the middle, anterior lobe with the anterior and lateral margins
thickly and coarsely punctate, and with discal punctures at centre and lateral
areas, posterior lobe and scutellum thickly and coarsely punctate; corium more
finely punctate, the posterior dise impunctate.

Long. 3 millim.

Hab. GUATEMALA; Quiché Mts. 7000 to 9000 feet (Champion).

Allied to the preceding species [bergrothi] but structurally distinct by having
the pronotum transversely constricted nearer the posterior margin. We have
received two examples.

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CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 669

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670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

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CYDNIDAE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE—FROESCHNER 671

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672 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 111

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> Journ.

Plates

(With plate figures 1-300)

PROG. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 FROESCHNER, PLATE 1

3 4

General habitus, dorsal view: 1, Sehirus cinctus albonotatus Dallas; 2, Amnestus spinifrons

(Say); 3, Scaptocoris divergens, new species; 4, Cydnus aterrimus (Forster).

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 PROESGHNER, PEATE, 2

General habitus, dorsal view: 5, Rhytidoporus indentatus (Uhler); 6, Tominotus signoreti

(Mulsant and Rey); 7, Onalips nigerrimus (Dallas); 8, Microporus obliquus Uhler.

PROG... U.S. NAT. MUS..VOL. 111 FROESCHNER, PLATE 3

/ \

General habitus, dorsal view: 9, Macroporus repetitus Uhler; 10, Cyrtomenus ciliatus
(Palisot de Beauvois); 11, Prolobodes giganteus (Burmeister); 12, Pangaeus congruus (Uhler).

PROG. US: NATAMUS, VOLni1 FROESCHNER, PLATE 4

15

General habitus, dorsal view: 13, Melanaethus robustus Uhler; 14, Pangaeus aethiops
(Fabricius); 15, Ecttnopus holomelas (Burmeister); 16, Dallasiellus longulus (Dallas).

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 FROESCHNER, PLATE 5

* ee 50S UN ctures
XN = ‘

{ OSs = —clypeus

U4 ON uum

Sy : ~—

~ primary
setigerous punctures

——transverse Impression
umbone

—clavus
claval suture

—.+—mesocorium eatin
I) —exocorlum
i —4—radial vein

tase!

___/ —membranal suture

jugum
~buccula
ros genal suture

maxillary plate
~—\——prosternal carinae

—evaporatoria
peritreme

~spiracle

submarginal
~—“setigerous” tubercles

—trichobothria

< vi ety
ae ae enital capsule (mal
eee | 0 apsule (male)
EHF \ isa enta plates (female)

17, Prolobodes giganteus, dorsal view;

External features used in keys and descriptions:
18, Prolobodes giganteus, ventral view of male, with projection showing external genitalia

of female.

we
© oO

NH KY W KW KW KH W/W CL
ON Wm fe

oO

wh —

CoO ™I a

PEATE.6:

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

Heads—lateral views

Sehirus cinctus, <8 30.
Scaptocoris divergens, X8 Sie
Cydnus aterrimus, <8 32;
Ectinopus holomelas, * 12 33:
Melanaethus robustus, * 16 34.
Pangaeus aethiops, <6 3:
Dallasiellus longulus, «9 36.
Dallastellus reflexus, <8 Sif
Dallasiellus levipennis, * 6 38.
Microporus obliquus, * 13 39;
Microporus obliquus, 13 40.

Macroporus repeittus, < 16
Onalips nigerrimus, 13
Rhytidoporus indentatus, ~ 16
Pangaeus congruus, * 13
Cyrtomenus ciliatus, X13
Tominotus signorett, * 13
Prolobodes giganteus, * 5
Amnestus spinifrons, < 16
Amnestus subferrugineus, <2]
Amnestus foveaius, <2]
Amnestus trimaculatus, 21

Heads—dorsal view

Dallasiellus longulus, X 8 46.
Dallasiellus lugubris, <8 47.
Dallasiellus lugubris, <8 48.
Dallasiellus bacchinus, *8 49.

Dallasiellus scilus, ~8 50.

Pangaeus aethiops, 6
Pangaeus punctinotum, < 10
Pangaeus rugicets, < 10
Pangaeus setosus, <8
Melanaethus robustus, 13

PROG. U.S: NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 FROESCHNER, PLATE 6

an

wn

nr ¢

67.
68.
69.
70.
Hele
V2:

wane

nr
Fe

RaVAcrEe/

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

Heads—dorsal views

Scaptocoris divergens,

wa
Rhytidoporus indentatus,

Rhytidoporus barberi, < 10
Tominotus communts, <8
Tominotus communts, <8

ol.

Amnestus radialis,

10

56.
57.
58.
59.

60.

Cyrtomenus ciliatus, X 6
Cyrtomenus crassus, <6

Cyriomenus emarginatus, <5

Amnestus uhleri, <16

Amnestus sexdentatus, X21
25

Heads and pronota—dorsal view

Dallasiellus megalocephalus,

Amnestus pusillus, X16

oD

64.

65.

Amnesius explanatus, X 16
Garsaurta aradoides, <5

Head, pronotum and scutellum—dorsal view

66. Ectinopus rugoscutum, X 5

Pronota—dorsal view

Melanaethus noctivagus, < 10

Tominotus brevis, <6

Tominotus hogenhoferi, * 5

Tominotus curvipes, <3

>
Tominotus curvipes, * 3
Tominotus communts,

x4

TS.
74.

Pangaeus rugonotum, <6

Pangaeus punctinotum, <6
Amnestus lautipennis, < 16

Amnestus radialis, 13
Dallasiellus longirostris

97

Dallasiellus americanus, X

x6

5

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 FROESCHNER, PLATE 7

75 76 77 EHF 73

Piate 8. StrucTuRAL DETAILS

Scutelli—dorsal views

79. Tominotus communis, 5 80. Tominotus signoreti, <6

Hemelytra—dorsal views

81. Tomtnotus blanchardi, * 6 83. Pangaeus quinquespinosus, >
82. Tominotus inpuncticollis, <5 84. Amnestus trimaculaius, < 10

Mesoleusae metapleurae—ventral view

85. Scaptocoris castaneus, <8 93a. Rhytidoporus compactus, < 13
S6. Sehirus cinctus, < 13 93b. Rhytidoporus diminutus, X13
87. Sehirus morio, * 8 94. Rhytidoporus lucida, * 21
SS. Garsauria aradoides, * 10 95. Onalips nigerrimus, <8

89. Cydnus aterrimus, *8 96. Melanaethus robustus, 25
90a. Microporus obliquus, X16 97. Melanaethus cavicollis, X 16
90b—d. Microporus testudinatus, < 16 98. Geotomus punctulatus, * 16
Oi Macroporus repetitus, * 21 99. Aethus indicus, X 13

92. Rhytidoporus indentatus, * 16

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS.

VOL. 111

8I

FROESCHNER, PLATE 8

82 83 84

Puate 9. StRucTURAL DETAILS

Mesopleurae and metapleurae—ventral view

100. Ectinopus holomelas, <8 107. Dallastellus longulus, 10
101. Ectinopus muticus, <8 108. Dallastellus interruptus, <9
102. Pangaeus congruus, < 16 109. Cyrtomenus ciliatus, < 10
103. Pangaeus aethiops, <8 110. Prolobodes giganteus, <5
104. Pangaeus bilineatus, X8 111. Tominotus signorett, < 16
105. Dallasiellus americanus, X13 112. Pseudonalips cribratus, 8
106. Dallasiellus discrepans, X6 113. Amnestus spinifrons, < 26

Middle coxa—ventral view
114. Cydnus aterrimus, < 10

Anterior tibiae—posterior view
115. Scaptocoris divergens, <4
Anterior tibiae—anterior views

116. Cydnus aterrimus, <4 118. Microporus obliquus, K9
117. Tominotus signoreti, < 16 119. Onalips nigerrimus, X8

PROG. U.S: NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 FPROESGHNER, PEATE 9

ae oe ice M6 7 + IB Mg

ft pe te
MW KR KR KD tw

136.
137.
138.
139)
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.

=>
O-

Gt ee Woe

Priate 10. Strucruraut DeEtTaixts

Anterior tibiae—anterior views

Melanaethus robustus, 21
Macroporus repetitus, * 21
Prolobodes giganteus, * 5
Cyrtomenus ciliatus, <6
Rhytidoporus indentatus,
Pangaeus congruus, 8

132.

bo
—

126.
127.
128.
129%
130.
igi

Amnestus basidentatus, >

Ectinopus holomelas, X 6
Pangaeus aethiops, <9
Dallasiellus dilatipes, <8
Dallasiellus longulus, * 13

Sehitrus cinctus, X10

tro
wn

Amnestus spinifrons, *

25

Middle tibia—posterior view

133. Scaptocoris divergens, <8

Posterior tibiae—apical views

Scaptocorts talpa, * 5

135.

a

Scaptocoris castaneus, >

Posterior tibiae—posterior views

Scaptocoris giselleae, <5
Scaptocoris divergens, 5
Sehirus cinctus, < 10
Cydnus aterrimus, 3

< 10

Prolobodes giganteus, <4

Tominotus signorett,

Cyrtomenus ciliatus, <6
Macroporus repetitus, 13
Melanaethus robustus, * 16
Ectinopus holomelas, * 3

146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Sil

ft pe eee
Gr wm UN
Un FR GW bo

mn

Rhytidoporus indentatus, >
Onalips nigerrimus, <6
Dallastellus discrepans, 5
Dallasiellus dilatipes, 5
Dallasiellus longulus, <8
Microporus obliquus, * 13
Pangaeus congruus, * 10
Pangaeus tuberculites, <6
Pangaeus tuberculipes, <6
Pangaeus aethiops, <5

13

FROESCHNER, PLATE 10

PROG. W'S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111

———-< ; va
iy - =<
Lt

156:
WS7:
158.
159:

165.
166.

170.
171.

Wa.
176.
Mies

182.
183.
184.

Piate 11. Strucrurat Detaits

Posterior legs—posterior views

Pangaeus docilis, * 13 160. Amnestus spinifrons, X21
Pangaeus piceatus, * 10 161. Amnestus uhleri, * 13
Pangaeus quinquespinosus, *9 162. Amnestus pusio, X21
Pangaeus xanthopus, *6 163. Amnestus pusillus, X21

164. Amnestus pusillus, X21

Metathoracic wings—anterlor parts
Scaptocoris diwergens 167. Cydnus aterrimus
Sehirus morio 168. Amnestus spinifrons
169. Garsauria aradoides

Sternites—ventral views
Scaptocoris divergens 172. Cydnus aterrimus
Sehirus morio 173. Amnestus spinifrons
174. Garsauria aradoides

Male terminalia—posterior views

Dallasiellus megalocephalus, 12 178. Scaptocoris divergens, X16

Dallasiellus laevis, * 16 179. Amnestus spinifrons, X16
Pangaeus aethiops, X9 180. Onalips bisinuatus, <2

181. Onalips completus, <2

Female terminalia—posterior views
Ectinopus holomelas, <5 185. Amnestus spinifrons, X16
Ectinopus rugoscutum, <6 186. Cydnus aterrimus, < 16
Amnestus pusillus, X21 187. Scaptocoris divergens, <8

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111

\
Pl ee : .
165
qc ———S—=—.
~ \67

FROESCHINER. PEATE. Ti

ve a SS , ‘\
N62 .|
ih
if
oe s
{> 4
I 163 Ie
166
168

188.
189.
190.
191.
192:
193%
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
Pyle
212:
213%
214.

Prats L2:

Dextral gonostyli «
Sehirus cinctus
Scaptocoris divergens
Scaptocoris minor
Scaptocorts talpa
Scaptocoris castaneus
Rhytidoporus indentatus
Rhytidoporus barbert
Rhytidoporus compactus
Macroporus repetitus
Microporus testudinatus
Microporus obliquus
Number omitted
Cydnus aterrimus
Ectinopu s holomelas
Ectinopus rugoscutum
Onalips bistnuatus
Onalips completus
Onalips nigerrimus
Melanaethus aereus
Melanaethus
Melanaethus
Melanaethus
Melanaethus
Melanaethus
Melanaethus

anthracinus
cavicollis
Crenaus
noctivagus
mIxtus
pensylvanicus
Melanaethus subglaber
Melanaethus planifrons
241.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

of males
Dass
216.
DAT.
218.
219.

S

were

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Cyrtomenus teter

-mesal views, 26

Melanaethus robusius
Melanaethus spinolae
Melanaethus subpunctatus
Melanaethus uhlert
Pangaeus congruus
Pangaeus bilineaius
Pangaeus rugiceps
Pangaeus setosus
Pangaeus tuberculipes
Pangaeus pluripunctatus
Pangaeus bisetosus
Pangaeus docilts
Pangaeus impressus
Pangaeus laevigatus
Pangaeus moestus
Pangaeus neogeus
Pangaeus piceatus
Pangaeus punctinotum
Pangaeus rubrifemur
Pangaeus quinquespinosus
Pangaeus aethiops
Pangaeus semtbrunneus
Pangaeus xanthopus
Prolobodes giganteus
Prolobodes gigas
Prolobodes reductum
Cyrto menus emarginatus

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 FROESCHNER, PLATE 12

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Dextral gonostylus of males—mesal view

Figs. 242-284, 26; Figs. 285-300, * 110

Cyrtomenus grossus
Cyrtomenus bergi
Cyrtomenus ciltatus
Cyrtomenus crassus
Cyrtomenus mirabilis
Tominotus brevirostris
Tominotus brevis
Tominotus caecus
Tominotus communis
Tominotus conforms
Tominotus curvipes
Tominotus hogenhoferi
Tominotus impuncticollis
Tominotus laeviculus
Tominotus signorett
Tominotus unisetosus
Tominotus inconspicuus
Number omitted
Dallastellus californicus
Dallasiellus discrepans
Dallasiellus puncticoria
Dallasiellus vanduzeet
Dallasiellus americanus
Dallasiellus scitus
Dallasiellus laevis
Dallasiellus longirostris
Dallastellus megalocephalus
Number omitted
Dallasiellus alutaceus
Dallasiellus bergi

242s
DIB:
274,
DSe
276.
ale
278.
DID:
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
286a.
287.
288.
289.
290.
pO
292;
293°.
294.
295.
296.
297}.
298.
299.
300.

Dallasiellus dilatipes
Dallastellus fusus
Dallastellus lugubris
Dallasiellus interruptus
Dallasiellus longulus
Dallasiellus murinus
Dallasiellus orchidiphilus
Number omitted
Dallasiellus planicollis
Dallastellus puncticeps
Dallasiellus solitaria
Dallastellus viduus
Dallasiellus bacchinus
Amnestus basidentatus
Amnestus championi
Amnestus lateralis
Amnestus brunneus
Amnestus trimaculatus
Amnesius cribratus
Amnestus explanatus
Amnestus forrert
Amnestus lautipennts
Amnestus foveatus
Amnestus pallidus
Amnestus pusillus
Amnestus pusio
Amnestus radialis
Amnestus spinifrons
Amnestus subferrugineus
Amnestus uhleri

PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 111 FROESCHNER, PLATE 13

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Index

Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere

Richard C. Froeschner

Adomerus, 355
aereus, Melanaethus, 424, 425
aethiops, Aethus, 504
Cimex, 456, 504
Cydnus, 477, 504
Pangaeus, 456, 477, 479, 481, 489,
504
Pangoeus, 479, 481
Aethus, 339, 380, 382, 399, 539, 541
aethiops, 504
americanus, 584, 585
bilineatus, 459
blanchardi, 544, 545
brevis, 547
ciliatus, 522
communis, 551, 553, 565
compactus, 390
conformis, 554
constrictus, 566
curvipes, 556
diminutus, 386
distinetus, 564, 565
docilis, 484
femoralis, 459
ferrugineus, 467, 468, 469
fortis, 459, 461, 464
fusiformis, 412, 413
hogenhoferi, 559, 560
impuncticollis, 560, 562
indentatus, 385, 387
indicus, 541
insularis, 564
longulus, 571, 611
lugubris, 613, 614
margo, 456, 477, 504, 506, 507
moestus, 489
neotropicus, 547
nigerrimus, 415, 416, 417
nitidulus, 492, 494
obliquus, 402
parilis, 492, 494
piceatus, 492
picinus, 442
politus, 551, 553, 565

501991—60——_22

Aethus—Continued
rogenhoferi, 559
rubrifemur, 499
scitus, 587, 589
spinolae, 449
subglaber, 438, 440
tenuis, 492, 494
testudinatus, 399, 405
viduus, 627
sp., 569
albicostus, Tominotus, 542, 543, 549
albonotatus, Sehirus, 359
Sehirus cinctus, 359, 363
alutaceus, Dallasiellus, 597, 598
americanus, Aethus, 584, 585
Dallasiellus, 572, 585
Geotomus, 585
Macroscytus, 585
Amnestinae, 352, 353, 378, 628
Amnestini, 352, 628
Amnestus, 346, 347, 352, 629, 630, 664
basidentatus, 632, 634, 637, 654,
655, 656
bergrothi, 633, 665, 666
bolivari, 634, 637
brunneus, 632, 634, 6389
championi, 632, 633, 640, 663
cribratus, 632, 633, 642, 645
dallasi, 633, 665
diminuatus, 632, 634, 643
explanatus, 632, 634, 644
forreri, 632, 633, 645
foveatus, 632, 633, 647
lateralis, 632, 634, 648
lautipennis, 632, 634, 649
pallidus, 632, 633, 650
pusillus, 632, 634, 635, 637, 652
pusio, 632, 634, 635, 636, 637, 654
radialis, 632, 634, 656, 658
sexdentatus, 630, 633, 657
signoreti, 633, 665
spinifrons, 632, 633, 652, 658
stali, 638, 666
subferrugineus, 632, 633, 660
trimaculatus, 632, 633, 662

673

674. PROCEEDINGS OF

Amnestus—Continued
uhleri, 632, 633, 661, 663
sp., 636

Annectus pallidus, 650

anthracinus, Lobolophus, 422, 426
Lobonotus, 422, 426, 592
Melanaethus, 424, 426

Aradidae, 510

aradoides, Garsauria, 365

Asopinae, 338

aterrimus, Cimex, 408
Cydnus, 408

baechinus, Dallasiellus, 597, 599
barberi, Rhytidoporus, 385
basidentatus, Amnestus, 632, 634, 637,
654, 655, 656
bergi, Cyrtomenus, 525, 526, 527
Dallasiellus, £ 597, 601, 607, 621
Geocnethus, 601
Geotomus, 601
bergrothi, Amnestus, 633, 665, 666
Bergthora, 382, 383, "390
Bergthora (subg.), 383, 384, 390
bicolor, Sehirus, 350, 351, 355
biguttate us, Sehirus, 355
bilineatus, Aethus, "459
Cydnus, 459, 461, 464
Pangaeus, 456, 459, 471, 472, 473,
475, 565, 569
Pangoeus, 459
bisetosus, Pangaeus, 479, 483
bisinuatus, Onalips, 417
blanchardi, Aethus, 544, 545
Cydnus, 544
Tominotus, 542, 544
bolivari, Amnestus, 634, 637
Pachymeroides, 630, 631, 637, 638
Brachypelta, 406, 408
Brachyrrhamphus, 365
brevirostris, Tominotus, 542, 545
brevis, Aethus, 547
Tominotus, 399, 542, 544, 547
brunneus, Amnestus, 632, 634, 639
buchanani, Pagoeus, 487, 488, 489
Pangaeus, ~ 487

caecus, Psectrocephalus, 540, 549
Tominotus, 542, 549
californicus, Dallasiellus, 457, 572, 574,
575, 606
Pangaeus, 457
Canthophorus, 355
cinctus, 359, 361
castanea, Scaptocoris, 368, 369, 375
castaneus, Cyrtomenus, 516, 525, 530,
532, 533
Scaptocoris, 369, 370
cavicollis, Geoenethus, 428
Geotomus, 428
Melanaethus, 423, 424, 428, 4384
Ceanothus, 397
championi, Amnestus, 632, 633, 640, 663
ciliata, Pentatoma, 525, 529, 530, 532
ciliatus, Aethus, 522
Cydnus, 530

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

ciliatus—Continued
Cyrtomenus, 516, 525, 526, 527
528, 529, 530, 535, 536, 538
Cimex, 343
aethiops, 456, 504
aterrimus, 408
morio, 356
tristis, 408
cincta, Pentatoma, 357, 361
cinctus, Canthophorus, "359, 361
Sehirus, 350, 351, 357, 359, 361
Sehirus cinctus, 359, 360, 361, 364
Colobophrys, 339, 378, 570, 571, 572, 625
solitaria, 571, 572, 624, 625
communis, Aethus, 551, 553, 565
Cydnus, 551, 569
Tominotus, 542, 551
compactus, Aethus, 390
Cryoptoporus, 383, 390
Cydnus, 390
Rhytidoporus, 390
completus, Onalips, 417, 418
conformis, Aethus, 554
Cydnus, 554
Tominotus, 542, 554
Trichocoris, 540, 554
confusus, Pangaeus, 504
Pangoeus, 504, 506, 507
congruus, Homaloporus 456, 458, 467,
469, 508
Homoloporus, 392
Pangaeus, 459, 467
constrictus, Aethus, 566
Cyrtomenus, 541, 566
Corimelaenidae, 337
crassus, Cyrtomenus, 525, 526, 530, 532,
33, 538
crenatus, Geotomus, 430
Melanaethus, 425, 430
cribrata, Magoa, 631, 642
cribratus, Amnestus, 632,
Onalips, 415, 416
Cryptoporus, 339, 382, 383, 390
compactus, 383, 390
cubensis, Geoenethus, 432, 589
Melanaethus, 424, 432
curvipes, Aethus, 556
Cydnus, 556
Tominotus, 542, 554, 556
Cydnida, 351
Cydnidae, 337, 338, 348, 344, 345, 346,
348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355,
356, 366, 456, 508, 518, Ole 572,
574, 594
Cydnides, 343, 350, 351, 377
Cydninae, 352, 353, a7: 378, 379, 380,
398, 399, 416, 584
Cydnus, 343, 377, 380, 381, 399, 406
aethiops, 477, 504
aterrimus, 408
bilineatus, 459, 461, 464
blanchardi, 544
ciliatus, 530
communis, 551, 569
compactus, 390
conformis, 554

633, 642, 645

INDEX

Cydnus—Continued
eurvipes, 556
elongatus, 422, 440
emarginatus, 519
femoralis, 459, 461, 464
ferrugineus, 467
giganteus, 509, 510
holomelas, 411, 412
impuncticollis, 560
indentatus, 387
indicus, 541
insularis, 564, 565, 573
laeviculus, 564, 565
ligatus, 358, 361, 362, 365
lugens, 343
mexicanus, 402
mirabilis, 536
nigropunctatus, 401
nitidulus, 492
obliquus, 398, 399, 402
picinus, 441, 442
politus, 551
punctulatus, 423
rugifrons, 459, 461, 463, 464, 472
serripes, 504, 506, 507
signoreti, 540, 541, 566
spinifrons, 631, 658, 659
subferrugineus, 660
testudinatus, 405
teter, 523
tristis, 408
umbraculatus, 343
Cyrtomenus, 380, 381, 485, 510, 511,
514, 519, 525, 529
aethiops, 483
bergi, 525, 526, 527
castaneus, 516, 525, 530, 532, 533
ciliatus, 516, 525-530, 535, 536, 538
constrictus, 541, 566
crassus, 525, 526, 530, 532, 533, 538
emarginatus, 516, 517, 518
excavatus, 523, 524
grossus, 513, 520
marginalis, 517, 521
mirabilis, 516, 525, 526, 529, 530,
5o2, 0590; 090; 000
mutabilis, 5380, 532, 536
nigropunctatus, 400, 401
obtusus, 533, 535, 536
semibrunneus, 483
subtilius, 483
teter, 516, 517, 518, 521, 523, 524
vestigiatus, 533, 535, 536
Cyrtomenus (subg.), 517, 525

dallasi, Amnestus, 633, 665
Pangaeus, 484
Pangoeus, 484, 485, 486

Dallasia, 570, 571, 572
longulus, 611

Dallasiellus, 379, 380, 381, 540, 565, 570,

602, 615, 625
alutaceus, 597, 598
americanus, 572, 585
baechinus, 597, 599
bergi, 597, 601, 607, 621

675

Dallasiellus—Continued

ealifornicus, 457, 572, 574, 575, 606

dilatipes, 597, 602, 608

discrepans, 457, 575, 577, 581, 582,

583

foratus, 584, 585, 586, 587

fusus, 596, 604

horvathi, 597, 606

interruptus, 597, 608

laevis, 584, 589

levipennis, 597, 609

longirostris, 584, 591

longulus, 597, 611

lugubris, 445, 573, 597, 613

megalocephalus, 584, 592

murinus, 597, 616, 618

orchidiphilus, 597, 618

ovalis, 597, 620

planicollis, 597, 621

puncticeps, 572, 596, 622

puncticoria, 575, 579, 580

reflexus, 584, 594

scitus, 584, 587

solitaria, 572, 586, 596, 624

triangularis, 597, 626

vanduzeei, 575, 579, 582

viduus, 597, 627
Dallasiellus (subg.), 573, 575, 595, 596
Dicostoma, 508, 510
dilatipes, Dallasiellus, 597, 602, 608
diminuatus, Amnestus, 632, 634, 645
diminutus, Aethus, 386

Rhytidoporus, 384, 386
discrepans, Dallasiellus, 457, 575, 577,

581, 582, 583

Pangaeous, 340, 457, 574, 577, 583
distinctus, Aethus, 564, 565
divergens, Scaptocoris, 368, 369, 376
docilis, Aethus, 484

Pangaeus, 479, 484, 494, 495
douglasi, Pangaeus, 460

Pangoeus, 456, 459, 462, 463, 465
dubius, Sehirus, 355

Eearinoceps (subg.), 573, 583
Ectinopus, 246, 380, 381, 410, 412, 547
holomelas, 411, 412, 414, 562, 608
muticus, 411, 412, 413
opacus, 412, 413, 414
rugoscutum, 411, 412, 414
elongatus, Cydnus, 422, 440
Geotomus, 422, 440
Melanaethus, 422, 438, 440
emarginatus, Cydnus, 519
Cyrtomenus, 516, 517, 518
Syllobus, 518
excavatus, Cyrtomenus, 523, 524
explanatus, Amnestus, 632, 634, 644
externus, Melanaethus, 424, 433

fasciatus, Oncopeltus, 348

femoralis, Aethus, 459
Cydnus, 459, 461, 464
Pangaeus, 459

ferrugineus, Aethus, 467, 468, 469
Cydnus, 467

676 PROCEEDINGS

Findalia, 382, 383, 384, 392
lucida, 383, 393
Findalia (subg. ‘i 383, 384, 392

foratus, Dallasiellus, 584, 585, 586, 587

Geotomus, 587
forreri, Amnestus, 632, 633, 645
fortis, "Aethus, 459, 461, 464
Pangaeus, 459
Pangoeus, 459
foveatus, Amnestus, 632, 633, 647
fusiformis, Aethus, 412, 413
Pangaeus, 412
fusus, Dallasiellus, 596, 604

Garsauria, 365
aradoides, 365
Garsauriinae, 352, 353, 364, 378
Geocnethus, 380, 423, 570, 571, 573
bergi, 601
cavicollis, 428
cubensis, 432, 589
obesus, 423, 571, 573
planicollis, 621
Dea. 609, 610
reversus, 613
Geotomus, 339, 380, 421, 422, 423
americanus, 585
bergi, 601
cavicollis, 428
crenatus, 430
elongatts, 422, 440
foratus, 587
levipennis, 609, 610
minusculus, 449, 450, 451
murinus, 616
nigrocinctus, 613, 614
noctivagus, 436
obscurus, 613, 614
pangaeoides, 613, 615
parvulus, 422, 438, 440, 569
pensylvanicus, 441, 442
picinus, 442
punctatissimus, 445
punctulatus, 423, 454
robustus, 447, 453
semilevis, 445, 613, 615
spinolai, 449
subpunctatus, 451
vhleri, 453
viduus, 627
gigantea, Lobostoma, 510
giganteum, Lobostoma, 510
giganteus, Cydnus, 509, 510
Lobostoma, 510
Prolobodes, 510, 514
gigas, Lobostoma, 512
Prolobodes, 510, 512
giselleae, Seaptocoris, 369, 371
Gnathoconus, 338, 354
grossa, Scaptocoris, 369, 373
grossus, Cyrtomenus, 513, 518, 520
Hemiptera, 344, 348, 349, 469, 510
hogenhoferi, Aethus, 559, 560
Tominotus, 542, 559
holomelas, Cydnus, 411, 412

OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 111

Homaloporus, 455, 456, 457, 458, 469
congruus, 456, 458, 467, 469, 508
pangaeformis, 569
pangaeiformis, 467, 468
subtilisus, 507
subtilius, 507

Homaloporus (subg.), 456, 458, 459, 464,

477, 478, 495, 574

Homoloporus congruus, 392

horvathi, Dallasiellus, 597, 606

impressus, Pangaeus, 479, 486
impuncticollis, Aethus, 560, 562

Cydnus, 560

Pangaeus, 560

Tominotus, 542, 560
inconspicuus, Tominotus, 543, 562
indentatus, Aethus, 385, 387

Cydnus, 387

Rhitidoporus, 383, 384, 387

Rhytidoporus, 385, 387
indicus, Aethus, 541

Cydnus, 541
insularis, Aethus, 564

Cydnus, 564, 565, 573
interruptus, Dallasiellus, 597, 608

laeviculus, Cydnus, 564, 565
Tominotus, 548, 564
laevigatus, Pangaeus, 479, 487
Pangoeus, 487, 488
laevis, Dallasiellus, 584, 589
Lalervis, 355
lateralis, Amnestus, 632, 634, 648
lautipennis, Amnestus, 632, 634, 649
Magoa, 649
Legnotus, 354
levipennis, Dallasiellus, 597, 609
Geotomus, 609, 610
ligatus, Cydnus, 358, 361, 382, 363
Lobolophus, 421, 422
anthracinus, 422, 426
Lobonotus, 351, 421, 422
anthracinus, 422, 426, 592
Lobostoma, 508, 509, 510
gigantea, 510
giganteum, 510
giganteus, 510
gigas, 512
reducta, 513
reductum, 513
longirostris, Dallasiellus, 584, 591
longulus, Aethus, 571, 611
Dallasia, 611
Dallasiellus, 597, 611
Stenocoris, 611
lucida, Findalia, 383, 393
Rhytidoporus, 382, 393
luctuosus, Sehirus, 355
lugens, Cydnus, 343
lugubris, Aethus, 613, 614
Dallasiellus, 445, 573, 597, 613

Ectinopus, 411, 412, 414, 562, 608} Lygdus signoreti, 665

INDEX

macrantha, Sobralia, 436
Macroporus, 380, 381, 394
repetitus, 395, 396
Macroscytus, 572
americanus, 585
umbonatus, 536, 538
viduus, 627
maestus, Pangoeus, 489
Magao, pusio, 654
Magoa, 630, 631
cribrata, 681, 642
lautipennis, 649
pusio, 654
marginalis, Cyrtomenus, 517, 521
margo, Aethus, 456, 477, 504, 506, 507
Pangaeus, 504, 506, 583, 589
Pangoeus, 504, 507
megalocephalus, Dallasiellus, 584, 592
Melanaethus, 380, 381, 421, 424, 433,
438, 441, 584
aereus, 424, 425
anthracinus, 424, 426
cavicollis, 423, 424, 428, 434
crenatus, 425, 430
cubensis, 424, 432
elongatus, 422, 488, 440
externus, 424, 433
mixtus, 425, 434
noctivagus, 425, 436
pensylvanicus, 424, 441
picinus, 441, 443
planifrons, 421, 423, 424, 443
punctatissimus, 425, 445
robustus, 425, 447
spinolae, 424, 449
subglaber, 425, 438, 446
subpunctatus, 424, 451
uhleri, 424, 453
Mentisa smaragdina, 343
mexicanus, Cydnus, 4062
Microporus, 398, 400, 402
Microporus, 380, 381, 397, 401
mexicanus, 398, 400, 402
nigropunctatus, 401
obliquus, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,
406
testudinatus, 398, 399, 400, 401,
404, 405
Microrhynchus, 365
Microrrhamphus, 365
Mimoncopeltus signoreti, 665
minimus, Pangaeus, 492
Pangoeus, 492, 494
minor, Scaptocoris, 369, 372
minusculus, Geotomus, 449, 450, 451
mirabilis, Cydnus, 536
Cyrtomenus, 516, 525, 526, 529,
530, 532, 533, 535, 536
mixtus, Melanaethus, 425, 434
moestus, Aethus, 489
Pangaeus, 465, 479, 489
molginus, Seaptocoris, 368
morio, Cimex, 356
murinus, Dallasiellus, 597, 616, 618
Geotomus, 616

677

mutabilis, Cyrtomenus, 530, 532, 53
muticus, Eetinopus, 411, 412, 413

neogeus, Pangaeus, 479, 491

neotropicus, Aethus, 547

Nezara viridula, 348

nigerrimus, Aethus, 415, 416, 417
Onalips, 417, 418, 420

nigrocinctus, Geotomus, 613, 614

nigropunctatus, Cydnus, 401
Cyrtomenus, 400, 401
Microporus, 401

nitidulus, Aethus, 492, 494
Cydnus, 492

noctivagus, Geotomus, 436
Melanaethus, 425, 436

obesus, Geoenethus, 423, 571, 573
obliquus, Aethus, 402

Cydnus, 398, 399, 402

Microporus, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,

406

obscurus, Geotomus, 613, 614
obsoletus, Rhytidoporus, 384, 389
obtusus, Cyrtomenus, 533, 535, 536
Onalips, 380, 381, 415, 417

bisinuatus, 417

completus, 417, 418

cribratus, 415, 416

nigerrimus, 417, 418, 420
Oncopeltus, 348

fasciatus, 348
opacus, Hetinopus, 412, 413, 414
orchidiphilus, Dallasiellus, 597, 618
ovalis, Dallasiellus, 597, 620

Pachymeroides, 339, 378, 630, 631
bolivari, 630, 631, 637, 638
Pagoeus buchanani, 487, 488, 489
pallidus, Amnestus, 632, 633, 650
Annectus, 650
pangaeformis, Homaloporus, 569
pangaeiformis, Homaloporus, 467, 468
pangaeoides, Geotomus, 613, 615
Pangaeus, 380, 381, 455, 477, 483, 574,
577
aethiops, 456, 477, 479, 481, 489,
504, 589
bilineatus, 456, 459, 471, 472, 473,
A75, 565, 569
bisetosus, 479, 483
buchanani, 487
californicus, 457
confusus, 504
congruus, 459, 467
dallasi, 484
discrepans, 340, 457, 574, 577, 583
docilis, 479, 484, 494, 495
douglasi, 460
femoralis, 459
fortis, 459
fusiformis, 412
impressus, 479, 486
impuncticollis, 560
laevigatus, 479, 487

678

Pangaeus—Continued
margo, 504, 506, 583, 589
minimus, 492
moestus, 479, 489
neogeus, 479, 491
parilis, 492
petersi, 492
piceatus, 479, 492, 494
pluripunctatus, 458, 478, 479, 483
punctilinea, 459, 470
punctinotum, 478, 495, 502
quinquespinosus, 479, 494, 497
rubrifemur, 479, 499
rufifrons, 459
rufobrunneus, 479, 498
rugiceps, 458, 459, 466, 471, 473
rugifrons, 459, 462, 466, 471, 473
rugonotum, 478, 497, 501
sallei, 492
scotti, 460
semibrunneus, 458, 478, 483, 502,
508
serripes, 504
setosus, 459, 473, 574
spangbergi, 460
stali, 487
subtilius, 458, 469, 478, 483, 504,
507
tenuis, 492
tuberculipes, 459, 475, 574
uhleri, 460, 464
uhleri xanthopus, 481
vicinus, 460, 565
xanthopus, 458, 478, 481, 483, 504
sp., 569
Pangaeus (subg.), 456, 457, 458, 477,
478, 575
Pangoeus aethiops, 479, 481
bilineatus, 459
confusus, 504, 506, 507
dallasi, 484, 485, 486
douglasi, 456, 459, 462, 463, 465
fortis, 459
laevigatus, 487, 488
maestus, 465, 489
margo, 504, 507
minimus, 492, 494
petersi, 492, 494, 495
piceatus, 492
sallei, 492, 494, 495
scotti, 456, 459, 462, 463, 465
Serripes, 504
spangbergi, 460, 462, 465
stali, 487, 488, 489
uhleri, 459, 462, 466
vicinus, 459, 462, 464, 465
xanthopus, 481, 482
parilis, Aethus, 492, 494
Pangaeus, 492
parvulus, Geotomus, 422, 438, 440, 569
pensylvanicus, Geotomus, 441, 442
Melanaethus, 424, 441
Pentatoma ciliata, 525, 529, 530, 532
cincta, 357, 361
Pentatomidae, 337, 338, 343, 349
Pentatomoidea, 338, 339, 350

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

petersi, Pangaeus, 492
Pangoeus, 492, 494, 495
piceatus, Aethus, 492
Pangaeus, 479, 492, 494.
Pangoeus, 492
picinus, Aethus, 442
Cydnus, 441, 442
Geotomus, 442
Melanaethus, 441, 443
planicollis, Dallasiellus, 597, 621
Geoenethus, 621
planifrons, Melanaethus, 421, 423,
424, 443
Plataspidae, 510
pn es, Pangaeus, 458, 478, 479,
3

politus, Aethus, 551, 553, 565
Cydnus, 551
Prolobodes, 380, 381, 508, 510
giganteus, 510, 514
gigas, 510, 512
reductum, 510, 513
reductus, 513
prosternalis, Geocnethus, 609, 610
Psectrocephalus, 339, 378, 539, 540, 541
caecus, 540, 549
Pseudonalips, 416
Pseudopangaeus (subg.), 573, 575, 584,
596, 606, 609
punctatissimus, Geotomus, 445
Melanaethus, 425, 445
puncticeps, Dallasiellus, 572, 596, 622
puncticoria, Dallasiellus, 575, 579, 580
punctilinea, Pangaeus, 459, 470
punctinotum, Pangaeus, 478, 495, 502
punctulatus, Cydnus, 423
Geotomus, 423, 454
pusillus, Amnestus, 632, 634, 635, 637,
652
pusio, Amnestus, 632, 634, 635, 636, 637,
654

Magao, 654
Magoa, 654

quinquespinosus, Pangaeus, 479, 494,
497

radialis, Amnestus, 632, 634, 656, 658
reducta, Lobostoma, 513
reductum, Lobostoma, 513
Prolobodes, 510, 5138
reductus, Prolobodes, 513
reflexus, Dallasiellus, 584, 594
repetitus, Macroporus, 395, 396
reversus, Geoenethus, 613
Rhynchota, 344
Rhytidoporus, 379, 381, 382
barberi, 385
compactus, 390
diminutus, 384, 386
indentatus, 383, 384, 385, 387
lucida, 382, 393
obsoletus, 384, 389
sp., 569
Rhytidoporus (subg.), 383, 384, 392, 423

INDEX

robustus, Geotomus, 447, 453
Melanaethus, 425, 447

rogenhoferi, Aethus, 559

rubrifemur, Aethus, 499
Pangaeus, 479, 499

rufifrons, Pangaeus, 459

rufobrunneus, Pangaeus, 479, 498

mUeleey Ee eels: 458, 459, 466, 471,

rugifrons, Cydnus, 459, 461, 463, 464,
472

Pangaeus, 459, 462, 466, 471, 473
rugonotum, Pangaeus, 478, 497, 501
rugoscutum, Ectinopus, 411, 412, 414

sallei, Pangaeus, 492
Pangoeus, 492, 494, 495
Scaptocorinae, 350, 352, 353, 365, 378
Scaptocoris, 338, 339, 350, 351, 366,
369, 508
castanea, 368, 369, 375
castaneus, 369, 370
divergens, 368, 369, 376
giselleae, 369, 371
grossa, 369, 373
minor, 369, 372
molginus, 368
tabulatus, 368
talpa, 368, 369, 374
terginus, 368, 369, 371, 375
scitus, Aethus, 587, 589
Dallasiellus, 584, 587
scotti, Pangaeus, 460
Pangoeus, 456, 459, 462, 463, 465
Sehirida, 351
Sehirides, 343, 351, 354
pees 338, 349, 350, 352, 3538, 354,
37
Sehirus, 338, 340, 346, 350, 351, 352, 354,
355
albonotatus, 359
bicolor, 350, 351, 355
biguttatus, 355
cinctus, 350, 351, 357, 359, 361
cinctus albonotatus, 359, 363
cinctus cinctus, 359, 360, 361, 364
cinctus texensis, 359, 363
dubius, 355
luctuosus, 355
sexmaculatus, 351, 355
semibrunneus, Cyrtomenus, 483
Pangaeus, 458, 478, 483, 502, 508
semilevis, Geotomus, 445, 613, 615
serripes, Cydnus, 504, 506, 507
Pangaeus, 504
Pangoeus, 504
setosus, Pangaeus, 459, 473, 574
sexdentatus, Amnestus, 630, 633, 657
sexmaculatus, Sehirus, 351, 355

signoreti, Amnestus, 633, 665
Cydnus, 540, 541, 566
Lygdus, 665
Mimoncopeltus, 665
Tominotus, 542, 544, 566

smaragdina, Mentisa, 343

679

Sobralia macrantha, 436
sp., 436
solitaria, Colobophrys, 571, 572, 624,

6
Dallasiellus, 572, 586, 596, 624
spangbergi, Pangaeus, 460
Pangoeus, 460, 462, 465
spinifrons, Amnestus, 632, 633, 652, 658
Cydnus, 631, 658, 659
spinolae, Aethus, 449
Melaneathus, 424, 449
spinolai, Geotomus, 449
Geotomus, 449
stali, Amnestus, 633, 666
Pangaeus, 487
Pangoeus, 487, 488, 489
Stenocoris, 570, 571, 572
longulus, 611
Stibaropus, 339, 366, 368
terginus, 368
Strachia, 338
subferrugineus, Amnestus, 632, 633, 669
Cydnus, 660
subglaber, Aethus, 488, 440
Melanaethus, 425, 438, 446
subpunctatus, Geotomus, 451
Melanaethus, 424, 451
subtilisus, Homaloporus, 507
subtilius, Cyrtomenus, 483
Homaloporus, 507
eee 458, 469, 478, 483, 504,
50
Syllobus, 329, 378, 514, 516, 519
emarginatus, 518
Syllobus (subg.), 517, 525

tabulatus, Seaptocoris, 368
talpa, Scaptocoris, 368, 369, 374
tenuis, Aethus, 492, 494
Pangaeus, 492
terginus, Scaptocoris, 368, 369, 371, 375
Stibaropus, 365
Termitaphididae, 510
testudinatus, Aethus, 399, 405
Cydnus, 405
Microporus, 398, 399, 400, 401, 404,
405
teter, Cydnus, 523
Cyrtomenus, 516, 517, 518, 521,
523, 524
texensis, Sehirus cinctus, 359, 363
Thyreocoridae, 352
Tominotus, 379, 380, 381, 5389, 542, 602
albicostus, 542, 548, 549
blanchardi, 542, 544
brevirostris, 542, 545
brevis, 399, 542, 544, 547
caecus, 542, 549
communis, 542, 551
conformis, 542, 554
curvipes, 542, 554, 556
hogenhoferi, 542, 559
impuncticollis, 542, 560
inconspicuus, 543, 562
laeviculus, 543, 564

680

Tominotus—Continued
signoreti, 542, 544, 566
unisetosus, 543, 567
subg., 540
triangularis, Dallasiellus, 597, 626
Trichocoris, 539, 540, 541
conformis, 540, 554
trimaculatus, Amnestus, 632, 633, 662
tristis, Cimex, 408
Cydnus, 408
Tritomegas, 355
tuberculipes, Pangaeus, 459, 475, 574

uhleri, Amnestus, 632, 633, 661, 663
Geotomus, 453
Melanaethus, 424, 453
Pangaeus, 460, 464
Pangoeus, 459, 462, 466

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 111

umbonatus, Macroscytus, 536, 538
umbraculatus, Cydnus, 343
unisetosus, Tominotus, 548, 567

vanduzeei, Dallasiellus, 575, 579, 582
vestigiatus, Cyrtomenus, 533, 535, 536
vicinus, Pangaeus, 460, 565

Pangoeus, 459, 462, 464, 465
viduus, Aethus, 627

Dallasiellus, 597, 627

Geotomus, 627

Macroscytus, 627
viridula, Nezara, 348

xanthopus, Pangaeus, 458, 478, 481, 483,
504

Pangaeus uhleri, 481
Pangoeus, 481, 482

O

INDEX

(New genera, species, ete., are printed in italics.

Page numbers of principal

entries also in italics.)

No, 3430, Richard C. Froeschner, Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere, pp 33-
7680, is indexed separately on pp. 673-680.

acanthopleurus, Platyrhacus, 22, 23 (fig.) | Anyphaenidae, 238

Acrocera, 234, 252, 292, 314, 315, 316
melanderi, 292

Acroceridae, 321

Acrocerinae, 227, 242, 310, 316

Acrodes, 246, 316

adaptatus, Ogeodes, 237, 239, 240, 241,
242, 243, 252, 275, 281, 284, 285,
287, 288, 298, 296, 297, 300
oaeP 305, 306, 308, 309, 313,

aedon, Ogeodes, 288, 293
Oncodes, 288, 289
Aegialia, 44, 46, 47, 48 (key)
blanchardi, 47, 48, 88 (fig.), 90
(fig.), 91 _(fig.), 93 (fig.)
lacustris, 47, 48, 89 (fig.), 94 (fig.)
Aegialiinae, 47
Aegialiini, 44, 46
Aelurillus insingitus, 239
aeneipennis, Xylocopa, 213
Aeschynomene americana, 210
Agelenidae, 238, 242
ahngeri, Cnemisus, 45
albicincta, Ogeodes, 277
albicinctus, Ogcodes, 277, 279
albiventris, Ogcodes, 237, 250, 273, 276,
286, 288, 310
Oncodes, 309, 310
alboalatus, Nyssodesmus, 26, 27
aleutus, Aphodius, 51, 47
alluaudi, Ogeodes, 262
alternans, Scolopendra, 10, 170
Amaurobidae, 238
americana, Aeschyuomere, 210
Fraxinus, 295
Anelus, 113
reduncus, 113
richardsoni, 113
Anethops, 10, 12
occidentalis, 12
angelus, Atopetholus, 98, 106, 107 (fig.),
110, 132, 135 (fig.), 139
angustimarginatus, Ogcodes, 254, 264,
270, 308
annulicornis, Cantharis, 214
Epicauta, 214, 216, 217
Zonitis, 214
antius, Nyssodesmus, 26, 28

574603—61——2

Anyphanella saltabunda, 239, 283
apachellus, Arinolus, 101, 146 (map),
150, 151, 154 (fig.)
Apalus 4 maculatus, 205
Aphodiinae, 43, 44, 45, 46
Aphodiini, 44, 46, (key), 49
subfam., 46
Aphodius, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49 (key), 450
51 (key)
aleutus, 51, 57
conjugatus, 44
constans, 44
distinctus, 44
erraticus, 50, 51, 52, 62, 88 (fig.),
89 (fig.), 90 (fig.)
fimetarius, 44, 45, 51, 56, 88 (4g.),
89 (fig.), 90 (fig.), 91 (fig,), 93
(fig.), 94 (fig.)
fossor, 44, 45, 51, 56, 89 (fig.)
granarius, 44, 51, 53, 89 (fig.)
haemorrhoidalis, 52, 65, 91 (fig.)
hamatus, 52, 58
howitti, 46, 51, 54
lividus, 52, 64, 92 (fig.)
luridus, 44
neotomae, 52, 61
pardalis, 51, 53, 93 (fig.)
pectoralis, 52, 66
prodromus, 52, 62, 93 (fig.)
pseudotasmaniae, 51, 55
rufipes, 44, 45
satellitus, 44
sparsus, 52, 60, 89 (fig.), 91 (fig.)
stercorosus, 52, 63, 91 (fig.)
troglodytes, 52, 64, 89 (fig.)
rerians, 44
vittatus, 02, ca, Q2 (fig.)
sp., 52, 59
Aphotaenius, 44, 66, 67
earolinus, 66, 68, 88 (fig.), 89
90 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92 (fig.

b (fig.)

Aphrodiinae, 44

apicalis, Henops, 271
Aranaea, 238

Arcrodes, 246
Arctogeophilus, 185, 190, 193
Arcydesmus, 18

(fig.),
), 93

651

682

argentinensis, Ogcodes, 252, 275, 311,

I

argigaster, Ogeodes, 251, 255, 257, 258,
260, 262

Arinolinae, 106, 109, 112, 115, 116, 141,
146 (map), 747, 149 (key)
Arinolus, 97, 99, 103, 105, 106, 109, 110,

120, 145, 148, 149, 159, 160, 162,
163
apachellus, 101, 146 (map), 150,
151, 154, (fig.)
chiricahuanus, 146 (map), 158
citrinus, 101, 146 (map), 155, 156
(fig.)
dentatus, 146 (map), 158
hopinus, 146 (map), 150, 157, 158
hospes, 146 (map), 157, 158
latus, 146 (map), 158
nogalanus, 146 (map), 158
pimus, 146 (map), 158
torynophor, 101, 110, 146 (map),
149, 150, 152, 154 (fig.), 155, 156,
157
zacatecus, 141, 147, 151
armstrongt, Oncodes, 321, 322
armstrongi, Ogcodes, 322
Artemisia sp., 243, 303
Arthrorhabdus, 9, 10
pygmaeus, 10
Ataenius, 44, 45, 47, 66, 67, 70 (key)
brevis, 71 76
erratus, 71, 77
falli, 72
imbricatus, 71, 78
ovatulus, 71, 74, 91 (fig.)
platensis, 71, 79
saxatilis, 70, 73, 88 (fig.), 89 (fig.),
90 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92 (fig.), 93
(fig.), 94 (fig.)
schwarzi, 71, 77
spretulus, 72
strigatus, 72, 94 (fig.)
strigicauda, 71, 75, 94 (fig.)
sp., 70, 71, 88 (fig.), 90 (fig.), 92
(fig.), 93 (fig.)
Spe Liv
sp. 2, 72
sp. 3, 74
sp. 4, 80
ater, Ogcodes, 252
Atopetholidae, a family of spiroboloid
millipeds, A synopsis of, 95
Atopetholidae, 95, 97, 98, 99, 103, 111.
112. 3; Ltd ash ie
nae, 244, 110, wy
ilopehouee O7, 101, 406,* 106;
132, 133, 139, 142, 148, 159
angelus, 98, 106, 107, (fig.), 110,
132, 135 (fig.), 139
barbaranus, 135, 137
californicus, 133, 137, 138
carmelitus, 138
fraternus, 138, 139
michelbacheri, 138
nigrescens, 139

114,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 111

Atopetholus, paroicus, 140
parvus, 114, 138
pearcei, 139

atratus, Platyrhacus, 18, 29
Polydesmorhachis, 30
Psammodesmus, 23 (fig.), 29, 30

atripennis, Nemognatha, 220

attemsi, Nyssodesmus, 23 (fig.), 27

auriculata, Cissites, 211, 213
Horia, 212

australis, Schendylurus, 181

Aymaresmus, 19, 20

Aztecolus, 99

Azygobolus tumidus, 37

Ballophilinae, 172
Ballophiline, 174 (key)
Ballophilus, 174
clavicornis, 172
peruanus, 172
riveroi, 169, 172
banksi, Pardosa, 239, 278
Banosolus, 113
phillippinus, 113
barbaranus, Atopetholus, 135, 137
barbipes, Tarentula, 239
barranci, Meloe, 204
Barydesmus, 18, 21
kerri, 21
tenebrosus, 22
basalis, Henops, 253
Ogcodes, 2383, 234, 237, 243, 252,
O53, 204 201s Zola lonooe
Oncodes, 258, 254, 255, 322
basilis, Oneodes, 253
benacensis, Oncodes, 269
Bidens pilosa, 223
bilineatus, Polydesmus, 25, 26
bimaculata, Tetraonyx, 199, 208, 209
bimaculatus, Tetraonyx quadrimacula-
tus, 205
bitaeniata, Cosmophasis, 239
bivirgatus, Nissodesmus, 26
blanchardi, Aegialia, 47, 48, 88 (fig.),
90 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 93 (fig.)
boharti, Ogcodes, 237, 252, 272, 273, 274,
276, 299, 300, 302, 305, 307, 308,
309, 313
bolivari, Tarascolus, 159, 160, 161
borealis, Ogeodes, 289, 242, 249, 251,
255, 269, 273, 274, 276, 281, 282
(map), 284, 285, 288, 293, 300,
200
Bradburya virginiana, 210
eect Ogcodes, 252, 274, 275, 311,
12
brasilianus, Orphnaeus, 171
bredini, Lestophilus, 184, 187 (fig.)
brevilabiatus, Orphnaeus, 172
brevis, Ataenius, 71, 76
brunneus, Henops, 256
Ogcodes, 235, 239, 241, 248, 249,
250, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262
Oncodes, 256, 261
bulbiferus, Pseudospirobolellus, 37
Spirobolus, 37

INDEX 683

Cnemisus, 45
ahngeri, 45

coarctata, Orthomorpha, 34

coffeatus, Ogeodes, 262

colei, Ogcodes, 237, 249, 251, 260, 273,
274, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288,
oat

coleoptrata, Seutigera, 169

colombiensis, Ogcodes, 252, 274, 275,

caesus, Pleurophorus, 83, 88 (fig.), 89
(fig.), 90 (fig.), 92 (fig.), 93 (fig.),
94 (fig.)

caffer, Ogcodes, 232, 251, 262, 263

Oncodes, 263

californicus, Atopetholus, 133, 137, 138

californiensis, Theatops, 11

camara, Lantana, 209

Cambalida, 35

canadensis, Ogcodes, 237, 252, 273, 274, Soils
275, 307, 308 Comanchelus, 104, 105, 110, 112, 118,
canberranus, Oncodes, 321 128, 132

chihuanus, 128
hubrichti, 104, 106, 110, 117 (map),
128, 129, 131 (fig.)
congoensis, Ogcodes, 262, 264
conjugatus, Aphodius, 44
consimilis, Ogcodes, 250, 255, 256, 257
Oncodes, 257
constans, Aphodius, 44
Convolvulaceae, 210
cooki, Watichelus, 140
Coprinae, 46
Cormocephalus guildingii, 171
impressus, 171
punctiventris, 10
cos, Psammodesmus, 29
Cosmophasis bitaeniata, 239
costalis, Ogcodes, 262
costatus, Ogcodes, 288, 293
Oncodes, 288
Crabill, Ralph E., Jr.; A new American
genus of cryptopid centipedes,
with an annotated key to the
Scolopendromorph genera from
America north of Mexico, 1
Crabill, Ralph E., Jr; Centipedes of the
Smithsonian-Bredin expeditions
to the West Indies, 167
Crabro, 269, 277
sp., 306
crassitibialis, Ogcodes, 262, 263
Oncodes, 264
Croton humilis, 209
cruciata, Tetraonyx, 198, 199, 203, 207
(fig.), 208, 209, 210
Tetraonyx quadrimaculata, 210
cruciatus, Tetraonyx, 210
Tetraonyx quadrimaculatus, 210
Cryptopid centipedes, with an anno-
tated key to the Scolopend-
romorph genera from America
north of Mexico, a new Amer-
ican genus of, 1
Cryptopidae, 1, 9, 11, 171
Cryptopinae, 9
Cryptops, 10, 12, 13
hortensis, 12
hyalina, 12
cubaecola, Nemognatha, 205, 210
Tetraonyx quadrimaculata, 210
Tetraonyx quadrimaculatus, 210
cubensis, Tetraonyx, 210
Cucujus maculatus, 212
cunctator, Xysticus, 239, 281, 302
curta, Hololena, 239, 292

Canthara lineata, 216
Cantharis annulicornis, 214
delauneyi, 214, 216
obscuricornis, 218
Carethmus, 173, 174
Caritohallex, 172, 173
minyrrhopus, 169, 173, 175, 177
(fig.), 192
carmelitus, Atopetholus, 138
carolinus, Aphotaenius, 66, 68, 88 (fig.),
89 (fig.), 90 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92
(fig.), 93 (fig.)
castanea, Euparia, 66, 69, 88 (fig.), 89
(fig.), 90 (fig.), 92 (fig.)
castaneus, Ogeodes, 252, 321
Catharodesmus, 38
celeris, Rhysida, 11
Centipedes of the Smithsonian-Bredin
ee to the West Indies,
1

Centrelus, 100, 103, 110, 115, 118, 119,
128, 127
falcatus, 97, 123, 124, 127
garcianus, 127
kerrensis, 101, 110, 1173(map),
123, 124, 125 (fig.)
Centrosema, 210
cepisetis, Oncodes, 264
Chersastus, 161
chihuanus, Comanchelus, 128
Toltecolus, 119, 128
Chilenophilinae, 184
chilensis, Ogeodes, 251, 274,7276, 311,
312, 314
chiricahuanus, Arinolus, 1463(map), 158
Chordeumida, 108
Chrysothamnus sp., 303
cingulatus, Ogcodes, 272
Cissites, 198, 210, 2/1
auriculata, 211, 213
maculata, 198, 199, 203, 211, 212
citrinus, Arinolus, 101, 146 (map) ,4155,
156 (fig.)
Citrus paradisi, 209
clarus, Tarascolus, 160
clavatus, Ogcodes 252, 262, 263, 264
Oncodes, 264
clavicornis, Ballophilus, 172
Clavophilus, 174
Clitoria sp., 210
Clubiona putris, 239

sp., 239
Clubionidae, 238

684

Cyclothyrophorus, 97, 173, 114, 145
nietanus, 146
salvini, 113
Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere,
337
Cyphorrhacus, 18
Cyrtus, 245

darwinii, Ogeodes, 252, 253
delauneyi, Cantharis, 214, 216
Lytta, 214, 217
dentatus, Arinolus, 146 (map), 158
Onychelus, 97, 150, 158
deserticola, Oneodes, 321, 322
Dialytellus, 44, 66
Dialytes, 44, 46
Dictyna, 243
diligens, Opsebius, 292
Dinocryptops, 2, 9, 11, 13
miersi, 11
Diplethmus, 173, 174
Diplopoda, 18, 34, 111
dispar, Henops, 294
dispar, Ogcodes, 232, 237, 252, 273, 275,
293, 294 (map), 311, 312
Oncodes, 294
distincta, Pardosa, 239, 278
distinctus, Aphodius, 44
Ogcodes, 262, 270
doddi, Ogcodes, 239, 252, 321
dominicana, Epinannolene, 36, (fig.)
dominicanus, Spirostreptus, 34, 36
Dryops marginata, 214
Duranta plumieri, 210 211
dusmeti, Ogcodes, 237, 252, 273, 275,
296, 297
Dynesmus, 19

Ectemnius, 243
spiniferus, 279
sp., 306
edentatus, Watichelus, 140
emarginatus, Watichelus, 140
Epicauta annulicornis, 214, 216, 217
obscuricornis, 218
Epinannolene, 35
dominicana, 36 (fig.)
Epinannolenidae, 35
Ernostyx, 19
erraticus, Aphodius, 50, 51, 52, 62, 88
(fig.), 89 (fig.), 90 (fig.)
erratus, Ataenius, 71, 77
erythrocephala, Theatops, 11
esakii, Ogeodes, 267
Ethomostigmus, 9
etruscus, Ogcodes, 267
eugonatus, Ogcodes, 232, 235, 237, 238,
239, 242, 249, 263, 268, 273, 276,
279 (map), 281, 283, 287, 288,
293, 309
Onecodes, 276
Euparia, 44, 47, 66, 67
castanea, 66, 69, 88 (fig.), 89 (fig.),
90 (fig.), 92 (fig.)
Eupariini, 44, 46, 47, 66, 67 (key)
Kuparixia, 66

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 111

Eurelinae, 112, 116, 117 (map), 118
(key), 127, 132
Eurelus, 97, 100, 110, 113, 178, 123, 160
kerrensis, 118, 124
mulaiki, 117, 118, 119, 132
proximus, 118, 119, 122, 123
soleatus, 97, 101, 102 (fig.), 110, 117
(map), 118, 119, 121 (fig.), 126,
127, 128
Eurhinocricus, 103, 112, 161
euterpe, Kethops, 5 (fig.), 7 (fig.)
Thalkethops, 2

falcatus, Centrelus, 97, 123, 124, 127

falli, Ataenius, 72

fasciata, Phlegra, 239

fasciolatus, Psammodesmus, 30

ferruginea, Scolopocryptops, 168, 171

ferus, Nabis, 243

fimbriatus, Tirodesmus, 26

fimetarius, Aphodius, 44, 45, 51, 56, 88
(fig.), 89 (fig.), 90 (fig.), 91 (fig.),
93 (fig.), 94 (fig.)

flavescens, Ogcodes, 252, 254, 321

floridensis, Ogcodes, 237, 238, 251, 273,
274, 285, 286, 287, 311

Formica sp., 59

formosus, Ogcodes, 267, 271

fortnumi, Ogcodes, 233, 251, 252, 253,
254, 265, 321

fossor, Aphodius, 44, 45, 51, 56, 89 (fig.)

fratellus, Ogeodes, 252, 321

fraternus, Atopetholus, 138, 139

Ogecodes, 252
Platyrhacus, 22

Fraxinus americana, 295

Froeschner, Richard C.; Cydnidae of
the Western Hemisphere, 337

fuliginosus, Ogcodes, 271

fumatus, Ogcodes, 321

fuscus, Ogcodes, 264

garcianus, Centralus, 127

Toltecolus, 118, 123, 124, 126, 127
Geophilidae, 184
Geophilomorpha, 171
Geotrupinae, 46
gibbosa, Musca, 245, 246, 248, 272
gibbosus, Ogcodes, 239, 252, 267, 269,

272, 285, 305, 308

Oncodes, 272

Syrphus, 246
gibbus, Syrphus, 245
Glomeridesmida, 34
Glomeridesmidae, 34
Glomeridesmus, 34

grenadanus, 34

marmoreus, 34

sp., 34
glomerosus, Oncodes, 321
Gnaphosidae, 238
godmani, Spirobolus, 114
Gosichelus, 134, 142

jaegeri, 144

medolus, 144
gracilis, Scolopocryptops, 12

INDEX

685

grallatriz, Thalkethops, 2, 3, 5 (fig.), 7| hospes, Arinolus, 146 (map), 157, 158

(fig.), 8 (fig.), 14
granarius, Aphodius, 44, 51, 53, 89 (fig.)
grenadanus, Glomeridesmus, 34
guanicana, Zonitis, 214, 216, 217
guildingii, Cormocephalus, 171
guttatus, Ogeodes, 232, 234, 251, 262,
263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 271, 311
Oncodes, 269

Habrodesmus, 38
semirugosus, 39
haemorrhoidalis, Aphodius, 52, 65, 91
fi

g.
haitiensis, Lestophilus, 185
hamatus, Aphodius, 52, 58
Heliophanus sp., 239
Hemiscolopendra, 9, 10
punctiventris, 10
Henicopidae, 13
hennigi, Ogeodes, 237, 238, 272, 278,
274, 275, 305
Henops, 245
apicalis, 271°
basalis, 253
brunneus, 256
dispar, 294
leucomelas, 272
limbatus, 271
marginatus, 269
nigripes, 268
nitens, 261
Heptaulacus, 45
peyerimhoff, 45
heros, Scolopendra, 10
Herphyllus sp., 239, 292
Hesperolus, 97, 114, 183
wheeleri, 114
Hexadesmus lateridens, 34
Hiltonius, 99, 150
hirtifrons, Oncodes, 321, 322
hirtifrons, Ogeodes, 248, 322
hirtus, Ogeodes, 251, 267, 270
Oncodes, 270
Hoffman, Richard L.; A fourth contri-
bution to the knowledge of neo-
tropical Platyrhacid millipeds
(Diplopoda: Polydesmida), 17
Hoffman, Richard L.; Millipeds from
Dominica, British West Indies,

33

Hoffman, Richard L.; and Orcutt, Bar-
bara 8.; A synopsis of the Atope-
tholidae, a family of spiroboloid
millipeds, 95

Hololena curta, 2389, 292

sp, 302
Holops, 227
pope ee 146 (map), 150, 157,

Horia, 21
auriculata, 212
maculata, 212, 213
Horiini, 211
Hornia, 213
hortensis, Cryptops, 12

Onychelus, 97, 150, 158
howitti, Aphodius, 45, 51, 54
hubrichti, Comanchelus, 104, 106, 110,
117 (map), 128, 129, 131 (fig.)
humeralis, Ogeodes, 288, 293
Oneodes, 288, 289
humilis, Croton, 209
hyalina, Cryptops, 12
hydropicus, Psammodius, 81, 82
Hydroschendyla maritima, 169
submarina, 169

idanus, Ityphilus, 178, 179 (fig.), 189,
193

ignava, Ogeodes, 252, 321
imbricatus, Ataenius, 71, 78
impressus, Cormocephalus, 171
incultus, Ogeodes, 288, 293
Oncodes, 288
insignis, Ogeodes, 252, 321
insignitus, Aelurillus, 239
Ipomoea, 210
Tris sp., 303
Ityphilus, 175
idanus, 178, 179 (fig.), 189, 193
Tulus nietanus, 97

jacutensis, Ogceodes, 267
jaegeri, Gosichelus, 144
Onychelus, 142, 143, 144
javanus, Ogcodes, 262
Jerath, Manohar Lal; Notes on larvae
of nine genera of Aphodiinae
in the United States (Coleoptera;
Searabaeidae), 43
Julus, 145
nietanus, 98, 113, 145, 146
Juncus patiens, 303
sp., 302

Kartops, 2, 13
kerrensis, Centralus, 101, 110,
(map), 123, 124, 125 (fig.)
Eurelus, 118, 124
kerri, Barydesmus, 21
Platyrhacus, 21, 23 (fig.)
Kethops, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12
euterpe, 5 (fig.), 7 (fig.)
kochi, Tarentula, 239, 281
Koenethmus, 173, 174
kuscheli, Ogeodes, 251, 255, 276, 311,
314, 315

Labidognatha, 242
lacustris, Aegialia, 47, 48, 89 (fig.), 94
fi

(fig.)
laevis, Meloe, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204
Lagria marginata, 214
Lantana camara, 209
sp., 210
lateridens, Hexadesmus, 34
latus, Arinolus, 146 (map), 148
Leguminosae, 210
leptisoma, Ogcodes, 251, 255, 256, 259,
286

Lie

686

Leptynophilus, 173, 174, 192
mundus, 192
Lestophilus, 184
drendini, 184, 187 (fig.)
haitiensis, 185
leucomelas, Henops, 272
leucostigma, Rhinocrinus, 34, 38
limbatus, Henops, 271
Ogcodes, 267
limonensis, Nyssodesmus, 26
lineata, Canthara, 216
Zonitis, 214, 217
lineatus, Ogeodes, 264
Linotaenia, 190
Lithobiomorpha, 13
lividus, Aphodius, 52, 64, 92 (fig.)
longipes, Rhysida, 11
Zelus, 223
longitarsis, Newportia, 171
longulus, Pleurophorus, 83, 89 (fig.), 91
(fig.), 92 (fig.)
lucidus, Oneodes, 321
luctuosus, Xysticus, 239
lumbricinus, Trigoniulus, 34, 37
luridus, Aphodius, 44
Lycosa pullata, 239
sp., 239, 291
Lycosidae, 238, 241, 242
Lytta delauneyi, 214, 217

maculata, Cissites, 198, 199, 203, 211,
212
Horia, 212, 213
maculatus, Cucujus, 212
maestra, 'Tetraonyx, 198, 199, 203, 207
(fig.), 208, 209, 211
marginata, Dryops, 214
Lagria, 214
Oedemera, 214
Pseudozonitis, 198, 200, 203, 274,
215 (fig.), 217, 218, 219 (fig.)
marginatus, Henops, 269
Ogcodes, 263, 277, 279
marginifasciatus, Ogcodes, 264
maritima, Hydroschendyla, 169
Strigamia, 169
marmoreus, Glomeridesmus, 34
martiniquensis, Rhinocricus, 38
Matachia ramulicola, 239, 257
maximiliani, Notiphilides, 171
medolus, Gosichelus, 144
Onychelus, 142, 143, 144
megalops, Pseudozonitis, 200, 215, 216,
217

melampus, Ogcodes, 232, 237, 238, 239,
242, 251, 268, 273, 276, 279
(map), 280, 288, 293, 297, 299,
301

Oncodes, 280
melanderi, Acrocera, 292
Meloe, 198, 201, 203
barranci, 204
laevis, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204
tropicus, 203

Meliod beetles (Coleoptera) of the West

Indies, 197

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 111

Meloidae, 197, 198, 201, 202:(key), 203

Meloinae, 201, 203

Meloini, 203

mendax, Saprosites, 45

Messicobolus, 99, 114,'160
totonacus, 160

Mestosoma, 38
semirugosum, 39 (fig.)

miamiensis, Siphonotus, 35

michelbacheri, Atopetholus, 138
Onychelus, 98, 134, 138
Orthichelus, 134

Microaegialia, 44, 46

miersi, Dinocryptops, 11

Millipeds, A synopsis of the Atope-

tholidae, a family of spiro-
boloid, 95
Millipeds, A fourth contribution to

the knowledge of neotropical
Platyrhacid, 17
Millipeds from Dominica, British West
Indies, 33
mimus, Nyssodesmus, 26
minyrrhopus, Caritohaller, 169, 173, 175,
177 (ig.)s 192
montanensis Xysticus, 239, 283, 291
montivagus, Schendylurus, 181
morsitans, Scolopendra, 10, 171
moyabambus, Psammodesmus, 30
mulaiki, Kurelus, 117, 118, 119, 132
mundus, Leptynophilus, 192
Musca gibbosa, 245, 246, 248, 272
Mylabris ruficollis, 205, 206

Nabis ferus, 243
Nanorrhacus, 18, 19
Narceus, 103
naresi, Spirobolus, 37
Spirostrophus, 34, 37
neavei, Ogcodes, 262, 264
neglectus, Saussurobolus, 98, 144 (fig.),
147
Nemognatha, 198, 201
atripennis, 220
cubaecola, 205, 210
occupata, 198, 199, 203, 219 (fig.),
220
punctulata, 198, 199, 203, 222
sparsa, 220, 221
testaceiceps, 222, 223
zonitoides, 221
Nemognathinae, 201, 204
Nemognathini, 214
Neogcodes, subg., 232, 234, 236, 247, 250,
273, 286, 309
neotomae, Aphodius, 52, 61
Nesidiphilus, 185
Newportia, 2, 9, 11
longitarsis, 171
nicaraguanus, Nyssodesmus, 27
nietanus, Cyclothyrophorus, 146
Tulus, 97
Julus, 98, 118, 145, 146
Saussurobolus, 98, 145, 146, 147
Spirobolus, 146, 147

INDEX

niger, Ogcodes, 237, 238, 273, 274, 276,
285, 287

nigrescens, Atopetholus, 139
Onychelus, 98, 134, 139
Orthichelus, 134

nigricaudus, Nyssodesmus, 27

nigridia, Scolopocryptops, 12

nigrinervis, Ogcodes, 252, 321

nigripes, Henops, 268
Ogcodes, 232, 251, 267, 268, 281
Oncodes, 268

nigritarsis, Ogcodes, 267

nitens, Henops, 261
Ogcodes, 251, 254,

258, 261, 286, 287

Oncodes, 261

Nodopyge, subg., 36

nogalanus, Arinolus, 146 (map), 168

Notiphilides maximiliani, 171

nyasae, Ogcodes, 262, 270
Oncodes, 264

Nyssodesmus, 18, 19, 20, 26
alboalatus, 26, 27
antius, 26, 28
attemst, 23 (fig.),
bivirgatus, 26
limonensis, 26
mimus, 26
nicaraguanus, 27
nigricaudus, 27
tristani, 26, 28

255, 256, 257,

a7

obscuricornis, Cantharis, 218
Epicauta, 218
Pseudozonitis, 198, 200, 203,
219 (fig.)
Obsebius, 242
obusensis, Ogcodes nigritarsis, 267
obustus, Onychelus, 97, 110, 133, 134,
142, 144 (fig.)
occidentalis, Anethops, 12
occupata, Nemognatha, 198, 199,
219 (fig.), 220
Zonitis, 220
Ocnaea, 244
octomaculatus, Ogcodes, 264, 265, 270
Oncodes, 269
Oedemera marginata, 214
Ogcodes Latreille, a revision of the ge-
nus, with particular reference to
species of the Western Hemisphere.
Ogcodes, 227, 231, 234, 235, 238, 239,
240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247 (key),
255 (key), 267, 321
adaptatus, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242,
2438, 252, 275, 281, 284, 285, 287,
288, 293, 296, 297, 300 (map) 305,
306, 308, 309, 313, 322
aedon, 288, 293
albicincta, 277
albicinetus, 277, 279
albiventris, 237, 250, 273, 276, 286,
288, 310
alluaudi, 262
pe tate Se 264, 265, 270,
0

218,

203,

687
Ogcodes, argentinensis, 252, 275, 311,
313, 315,

argigaster, 251, 255, 257, 258, 260,

armstrongi, 322

ater, 252

basalis, 233, 234, 237, 243, 252, 253,
254, 255, "257, 267, 272, 322°

boharti, 237, 252, 272, 273, 274, 276,
aie 300, 302, 305, 307, 308, 309,

borealis, 239, 242, 249, 251,
255, 269, 273, 274, 276, 281,
282) (map), 284, 285, 288, 293,
300, 309

brasilensis, 252, 274, 275, 311, 312

brunneus, 235, 239, 241, 248, 249,
250, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262

caffer, 232, 251, 262, 268

canadensis, 237, 252, 273, 274, 275,
807, 308

castaneus, 252, 321

chilensis, 251, 274, 276, 311, 312,
314

cingulatus, 272

clavatus, 252, 262, 263, 264

coffeatus, 262

colei, 237, 249, 251, 260, 273, 274,
281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 311

colombiensis, 252, 274, 275, 311, 313

congoensis, 262, 264

consimilis, 250, 255, 256, 257

costalis, 262

costatus, 288, 293

crassitibialis, 262, 263

darwinii, 252, 253

dispar, 232, 237, 252, 273, 275, 293,
294 (map), 311; 312

distinctus, 262, 270

doddi, 239 252, 321
dusmeti, 237, 252, 273, 275, 296,
297

esakii, 267

etruscus, 267

eugonatus, 232, 235, 237, 238, 239,
242, 249, 263, 268, 273, 276, 279
(map), 281, 283, 287, 288, 293,
309

flavescens, 252, 254, 321

floridensis, 237, 238, 251, 273, 274,
285, 286, 287, 311

formosus, 267, 271

fortnumi, 233, 251, 252, 253, 254,
255, 321

fratellus, 252, 321

fraternus, 252

fuliginosus, 271

fumatus, 321

fuscus, 264

gibbosus, 239, 252, 267, 269, 272,
285, 305, 308

guttatus, 232, 234, 251, 262, 263,
264, 265, 267, 269, 271, 311

hennigt, 237, 238, 272, 273, 274,
275, 805

hirtifrons, 248, 322

688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 111

Ogcodes, hirtus, 251, 267, 27 Ogeodes, varius siberiensis, 252, 267, 272

humeralis, 288, 293

ignava, 252, 321

incultus, 288, 293

insignis, 252, 321

jacutensis, 267

javanus, 262

kuscheli, 251, 255, 276, 311, 314,
315

leptisoma, 251, 255, 256, 259, 286

limbatus, 267

lineatus, 264

marginatus, 263, 277, 279

marginifasciatus, 264

melampus, 232, 237, 238, 239, 242,
251, 268, 273, 276, 279 (map),
280, 288, 293, 297, 299, 301

neavei, 262, 264

niger, 237, 238, 273, 274, 276, 285,
287

nigrinervis, Ogcodes, 252, 321

nigripes, 232, 251, 267, 268, 281

nigritarsis, 267

nigritarsis obusensis, 267

nitens, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,
261, 286, 287

nyasae, 262, 270

octomaculatus, 264, 265, 270

orientalis, 252, 254, 265, 266, 267

pallidipennis, 232, 237, 238, 239,
242, 249, 252, 273, 275, 276, 277,
278, 281, 282, 283, 287, 288, 289,
(map), 294, 295, 297, 298, 299,
300, 302, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311,
322

pallipes, 239, 241, 251, 267, 269,
283

paramonovi, 235, 247, 249, 255, 256,
322

philippinensis, 252, 253, 265, 266,
267

porteri, 249, 252, 274, 276, 311, 314

pygmaeus, 243, 251, 252, 253, 254,
255, 258, 260

reginae, 252, 267

respersus, 264, 265, 266

rufoabdominalis, 237, 252, 272, 273,
275, 293, 296, 297, 301

rufomarginatus, 253, 264

sabroskyi, 237, 238, 252, 272, 273,
274, 275, 306, 307

sexmaculatus, 264

shewelli, 237, 238, 251, 260, 262,
273, 274, 284, 285, 286, 287, 311

shirakii, 267

similis, 251, 255, 256, 258, 262

sorellus, 263

tasmanica, 252, 321

triangularis, 274, 276, 311, 314, 315

trifasciatus, 262, 267

trilineatus, 262, 264

variegatus, 252, 253, 321

varius, 239, 253, 254, 267, 271, 298,
297, 305

varius pallidimarginalis, 252, 262,

2

varius varius, 252
victoriensis, 252, 321
vittatus, 294
vittisternum, 237, 238, 250, 251,
260, 273, 274, 284, 285, 286, 288,
310, 311
zonatus, 232, 239, 251, 263, 267,
268, 269, 280, 281
sp., 309, 315
subg., 232, 235, 247, 248, 249,
252, 276
Ogeodes, 246
Ogkodes, 246
Okcodes zonatus, 268
Oncodes, 245, 321
aedon, 288, 289
albiventris, 309, 310
armstrongi, 321, 322
basalis, 253, 254, 255, 322
basilis, 253
benacensis, 269
brunneus, 256, 261
caffer, 263
canberranus, 320
cepisetis, 264
clavatus, 264
consimilis, 257
costatus, 288
crassitibialis, 264
deserticola, 321, 322
dispar, 294
eugonatus, 276
gibbosus, 272
glomerosus, 321
guttatus, 269
hirtifrons, 321, 322
hirtus, 270
humeralis, 288, 289
incultus, 288
lucidus, 321
melampus, 280
nigripes, 268
nitens, 261
nyasae, 264
octomaculatus, 269
pallidipennis, 288
pallipes, 269
pusillus, 321
pygmaeus, 254
sorellus, 263
tenutpes, 321
varius, 272
vittatus, 294
waterhouset, 321, 322
wilsont, 321
zonatus, 268
Onychelidae, 98, 114
Onychelinae, 116, 141
Onychelus, 97, 103, 110, 112, 113, 120,
133, 134, 141, 142, 147, 150
dentatus, 97, 150, 158
hospes, 97, 150, 158
jaegeri, 142, 143, 144
medolus, 142, 143, 144
michelbacheri, 98, 134, 138

INDEX

Onychelus nigrescens, 98, 134, 139
obustus, 97, 110, 1383, 134, 142, 144
(fig.)
planus, 1383, 134, 138, 139
smithi, 139, 140
suturatus, 97, 150, 158
Opsebius diligens, 292
oregonensis, Psammodius, 81, 82, 88
(fig.), 90 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92 (fig.),
93 (fig.), 95 (fig.)
orientalis, Ogeodes, 252, 254, 265, 266,
267

orientalis, Rhyssemodes, 45
Orphnaeus brasilianus, 171
brevilabiatus, 172
Orthichelus, 112, 133, 134
michelbacheri, 134
nigrescens, 134
planus, 134, 138, 139
Orthognatha, 242
Orthomorpha coarctata, 34
Orthomorphella, 40
Oryidae, 171
Otocryptops, 9, 12, 13, 168, 171
Otostigminae, 9
Otostigmus, 9, 10
ovatulus, Ataenius, 71, 74, 91 (fig.)
Oxobolus, 114
Oxyomus, 44, 45, 49 (key)
Oxyomus sylvestris, 45, 49, 50, 88 (fig.),
89 (fig.), 90 (fig.), 92 (fig.), 93
(fig.), 94 (fig.)

Pachybolus, 103
pallida, Pseudozonitis, 215
pallidimarginalis, Ogeodes varius, 252,
262, 272
pallidipennis, Ogcodes, 232, 237, 238,
239, 242, 249, 252, 273, 275, 276,
277, 278, 281, 282, 283, 287, 288,
289 (map), 294, 295, 297, 298,
299, 300, 302, 305, 306, 308, 309,
311, 322
Oncodes, 288
pallipes, Ogcodes 239, 241, 251, 267,
269, 283
Oncodes, 269
palomara, Steatoda, 239, 291
panamicum, Taeniolinum, 192
Pandorea ricasoliana, 209
Panopinae, 242
paradisi, Citrus, 209
parallelus, Watichelus, 140
paramonovi, Ogcodes, 235, 247, 249, 255,
256, 322
pardalis, Aphodius, 51, 53, 93 (fig.)
Pardosa, 243, 278
banksi, 239, 278
distincta, 239, 278
saxatilis, 239, 291
sternalis, 239, 301, 302, 304
_ sp., 302, 504
parvunguis, Toltecolus, 118, 119, 123
parvus, Atopetholus, 114, 138
patiens, Juncus, 303
patoicus, Atopetholus, 140

689

pearcei, Atopetholus, 139
Pectiniunguis, 169

pectoralis, Aphodius, 52, 66
PeregHnator, Scolopocryptops gracilis,

peruanus, Ballophilus, 172

peyerimhoff, Heptaulacus, 45

phana, Theatops, 11

philippinensis, Ogeodes, 252, 253, 265,
266, 267

phillippinus, Banosolus, 113

Philodromus sp., 239, 302

Philopotinae, 242

Phlegra fasciata, 239

Piedolus, 98, 99, 106, 112, 148, 149, 150,
158

utus, 98, 146 (map), 158, 149

pilosa, Bidens, 223

pimus, Arinolus, 146 (map), 158

planus, Onychelus, 133, 134, 138, 139
Orthichelus, 134, 138, 139

platensis, Ataenius, 71, 79

Platyrhacidae, 17, 20

Platyrhacini, 20 (key)

Piatyrhacus, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 29
acanthopleurus, 22, 23 (fig.)
atratus, 18, 29
fraternus, 22
kerri, 21, 23 (fig.)

Pleurophorus, 44, 46, 80, 81, 82, 83 (key)
caesus, 83, 88 (fig.), 89 (fig.), 90

(fig.), 92 (fig.), 93 (fig.), 94 (fig.)
a 83, 89 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92
g.)

plumieri, Duranta, 210, 211

Polydesmida, 38

Polydesmorhachis atratus, 30

Polydesmus bilineatus, 25, 26

polymorpha, Scolopendra, 10

polypus, Schendylurus, 181

Polyzoniida, 35

Polyzoniidae, 35

poner code, 249, 252, 274, 276, 311,

postica, Theatops, 11

Proaspis, 19

prodromus, Aphodius, 52, 62, 93 (fig.)

Pronemognatha, subg., 221

Prosthesima sp., 239

Protogcodes, subg., 2382, 235, 247, 249,

252, 255, 321, 322

proximus, Eurelus, 118, 119, 122, 123

Psammodesmini, 29

Psammodesmus, 18, 19, 20, 29
atratus, 23 (fig.), 29, 30
cos, 29
fasciolatus, 30
moyobambus, 380
schmitti, 30

Psammodiini, 44, 46, 47, 80, 81 (key)

Psammodius, 44, 45, 46, 80, 81 (key)
hydropicus, 81, 82
oregonensis, 81, 82, 88 (fig.), 90

(fig.), 91 (fig.), 92 (fig.), 93 (fig.)
sulcicollis, 45
Psechridae, 238

690

Pseudataenius, 44, 66
Pseudospirobolellus bulbiferus, 37
tumidus, 37
pseudotasmaniae, Apgodius, 51, 55
Pseudozonitis, 198, 200, 201, 214, 216
marginata, 198, 200, 203, 214, 215
(fig.), 217, 218, 219 (fig.)
megalops, 200, 215, 216, 217
obscuricornis, 198, 200, 203, 21/8,
219 (fig.)
pallida, 215
Pterodontia, 310
Pteromalidae, 243
pullata, Lycosa, 239
punctiventris, Cormocephalus, 10
Hemiscolopendra, 10
punctulata, Nemognatha, 198, 199, 203,
222

purpureus, Siphonotus, 34, 35
pusillus, Oncodes, 321
putris, Clubiona, 239
pygmaeus, Arthrorhabdus, 10
Ogcodes, 243, 251, 252, 253, 254,
255, 258, 260
Oncodes, 254
Saprosites, 66, 67, 88 (fig.), 90 (fig.),
92 (fig.), 93 (fig.), 94 (fig.)

quadrimaculata, Tetraonyx, 198, 199,
203, 205, 207 (fig.), 208, 209, 210,
Di

quadrimaculatus, Tetraonyx, 205, 210

ramulicola, Matachia, 239, 257
reduncus, Anelus, 113
reginae, Ogcodes, 252, 267
respersus, Ogcodes, 264, 265, 266
Rhinocricidae, 38, 103, 112
Rhinocricus leucostigma, 34, 38

martiniquensis, 38
Rhyphodesmus, 18
Rhysida, 9, 11

celeris, 11

longipes, 11
Rhyssemodes, 45

orientalis, 45
Rhyssemus, 44
ricasoliana, Pandorea, 209
richardsoni, Anelus, 113
riveroi, Ballophilus, 169, 172
robustus, Watichelus, 140
rubiginosa, Scolopocryptops, 12
ruficollis, Mylabris, 205, 206
rufipes, Aphodius, 44, 45
rufoabdominalis, Ogcodes, 237, 252,

272, 273, 275, 293, 298, 297, 301

rufomarginatus, Ogcodes, 253, 264

sabroskyi, Ogcodes, 237, 238, 252, 272,
273, 274, 275, 306, 307
saltabunda, Anyphanella, 239, 283
Salticidae, 238
salvini, Cyelothyrophorus, 113
Saprosites, 44, 45, 46, 66, 67
mendax, 45

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL

MUSEUM VOL. 111

satellitus, Aphodius, 44
Saussurobolus, 97, 98, 111, 141, 145
neglectus, 98, 144 (fig.), 147
nietanus, 98, 145, 146, 147
zacatecus, 147
saxatilis, Ataenius, 70, 73, 88 (fig.), 89
(fig.), 90 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92 (fig.),
93 (fig.), 94 (fig.)
Pardosa, 239, 291
Scarabaeoidea, 45
Schendylidae, 169, 170, 172
Schendylinae, 181
Schendylurus, 168, 170, 181
australis, 181
montivagus, 181
polypus, 181
vin gungordas, 169; 181; 183;%Gig:),
1

Schizoribautia, 168
Schlinger, Evert I., A revision of the
genus Ogcodes Latreille with
particular reference to species
of the Western Hemisphere, 227
schmitti, Psammodesmus, 30
schwarzi, Ataenius, 71, 77
Scobinomus, 115, 148, 149, 161
serratus, 146 (map), 160, 161, 162,
163 (fig.)
Scolioplenes, 169, 190
Scolopendra, 9, 10, 170
alternans, 10, 170
heros, 10
morsitans, 10, 171
polymorpha, 10
subspinipes, 10, 170, 171
viridis, 10
Scolopendridae, 1, 9, 10, 170
Scolopendromorpha, 1, 8 (key), 13, 170
Scolopocryptopinae, 1, 9
Scolopocryptops, 2, 9, 72, 13, 168
ferruginea, 168, 171
gracilis, 12
gracilis peregrinator, 12
nigridia, 12
rubiginosa, 12
sexspinosa, 12
Scutigera coleoptrata, 169
Selander, Richard B., and Bouseman,
John K.; Meloid beetles (Coleop-
tera) of the West Indies, 197
semirugosum, Mestosoma, 39 (fig.)
Strongylosoma, 34, 39
semirugosus, Habrodesmus, 39
serratus, Scobinomus, 146 (map), 160,
161, 162, 163 (fig.)
setosum, Taeniolinum, 191
sexmaculatus, Ogcodes, 264
sexspinosa, Scolopocryptops, 12
shewelli, Ogeodes, 237, 238, 251, 260,
aoe 273, 274, 284, 285, 286, 287,
ll
shirakii, Ogcodes, 267
sibiriensis, Ogeodes varius, 252, 267, 272
similis, Ogeodes, 251, 255, 256, 258, 262

pygmaeus, 66, 67, 88 (fig.), 90 (fig.), | Siphonotus miamiensis, 35

92 (fig.), 93 (fig.), 94 (fiz.)

purpureus, 34, 35

INDEX

smithi, Onychelus, 139, 140
Watichelus, 140
Zonitis, 218
soleatus, Eurelus, 97, 101, 102 (fig.),
MO; ihe Gap), 118, 779, 121
(fig.), 126, 127, 128
sorellus, Ogcodes, 263
Oncodes, 263
sparsa, Nemognatha, 220, 221
sparsus, Aphodius, 52, 60, 89 (fig.), 91

(fig.)
Spilodesmus, 18
spinicauda, Theatops, 11
spiniferus, Ectemnius, 279
Spirobolellidae, 112, 113
Spirobolellus, 112
Spirobolida, 37, 95, 97
Spirobolidae, 95, 96, 97, 99, 103, 111
Spirobollelidae, 37
Spirobolus, 97, 99
bulbiferus, 37
godmani, 114
naresi, 37
nietanus, 146, 147
Spirostreptus dominicanus, 34, 36
Spirostrophus naresi, 34, 37
spretulus, Ataenius, 72
Steatoda palomara, 239, 291
stercorosus, Aphodius, 52, 63, 91 (fig.)
sternalis, Pardosa, 239, 301, 302, 304
Strigamia, 190
maritima, 169
submarina, 169
strigata, Zonitis, 214, 216, 217
strigatus, Ataenius, 72, 94 (fig.)
strigicauda, Ataenius, 71, 75, 94 (fig.)
Strongylosoma semirugosum, 34, 39
Strongylosomidae, 38
submarina, Hydroschendyla, 169
Strigamia, 169
subspinipes, Scolopendra, 10, 170, 171
sulcicollis, Psammodius, 45
suturatus, Onychelus, 97, 150, 158
Suturodes, 185
sylvestris, Oxyomus, 45, 49, 50, 88 (fig.),
89 (fig.), 90 (fig.), 92 (fig.), 93
(fig.), 94 (fig.)
Synhoria, 211
testacea, 213
Syrphus, gibbosus, 246
gibbus, 245

Taeniolinum, 173, 174, 191, 192
panamicum, 192
setosum, 191

Tanophilus, 174

Tarascolus, 99, 148, 149, 159, 161, 163
bolivari, 159, 760, 161
clarus, 160

Tarentula barbipes, 239
kochi, 239, 281

tasmanica, Ogeodes, 252, 321

tenebrosus, Barydesmus, 22

tenutpes, Oncodes, 321

teredo, Xylocopa, 213

testacea, Synhoria, 213

691

testaceiceps, Nemognatha, 222, 223
Zonitis, 222
Tetragnatha, 243
Tetraomyx cubensis, 210
Tetraonycini, 204
Tetraonyx, 198, 201, 204, 208
bimaculata, 199, 208, 209
cruciata, 198, 199, 203, 207 (fig.),
208, 209, 210
cruciatus, 210
cubensis, 210
4-maculatus, 205
maestra, 198, 199, 203, 207 (fig.),
208, 209, 211
quadrimaculata, 198, 199, 203, 205,
207 (fig.), 208, 209, 210, 211
quadrimaculata eruciata, 210
quadrimaculata cubaecola, 210
quadrimaculatus, 205, 210
quadrimaculatus bimaculatus, 205
quadrimaculatus cruciatus, 210
quadrimaculatus cubaecola, 210
Thalkethops, 2, 10, 12
euterpe, 2
grallatrix, 2, 3, 5 (fig.), 7 (fig.), 8
(fig.), 14
Thalkethops utahensis, 2
Thalthybius, 175
Theatopinae, 9
SLL.
ealiforniensis, 11
erythrocephala, 11
phana, 11
postica, 11
spinicauda, 11
Theridiidae, 238
Thersites, 235
Thersitomyia, 227, 235
Thomosidae, 238
Tidolus, 114, 133
Tidops, 2
Tirodesmus, 18, 19, 20, 26
fimbriatus, 26
Toltecolus, 99, 123
chihuanus, 119, 128
garcianus, 118, 123, 124, 126, 127
parvunguis, 118, 119, 123
torynophor, Arinolus, 101, 110, 146
(map), 149, 150, 152, 154 (fig.),
155, 156, 157
totonacus, Messicobolus, 160
triangularis, Ogcodes, 274, 276, 311, 314,
315

Trichiorhyssemus, 44, 80

Tricrania, 213

trifasciatus, Ogcodes, 262, 267
Trigoniulidae, 37, 98, 111 112, 145
Trigoniulus lumbricinus, 34, 37
trilineatus, Ogeodes, 262, 264

tristani, Nyssodesmus, 26, 28
Trochosa sp., 239

troglodytes, Aphodius, 52, 64, 89 (fig.)
tropicus, Meloe, 203

692

tumidus, Azygobolus, 37
Pseudospirobellus, 37
Tylobolus, 99, 150

utahensis, Thalkethops, 2
utus, Piedolus, 98, 146 (map), 158, 159

varians, Aphodius, 44
variegatus, Ogeodes, 252, 253, 321
varius, Ogcodes, 239, 253, 254, 267, 271,
293, 297, 305
Ogcodes varius, 252
Oncodes, 272
Verbenaceae, 210, 211
victoriensis, Ogcodes, 252, 321
Villalus, 227, 244
virgingordae, Schendylurus, 169,
183, (fig.), 189
virginiana, Bradburya, 210
viridis, Scolopendra, 10
vittatus, Aphodius, 52, 59, 93 (fig.)
Ogcodes, 294
Oncodes, 294
vittisternum, Ogeodes, 237, 238, 250,
251, 260, 273, 274, 284, 285, 286,
288, 310, 311

Walmus sp., 239, 291
waterhousez, Oncodes, 321, 322
Watichelus 101, 106, 132, 133, 134, 139
cooki, 140
edentatus, 140
emarginatus, 140
parallelus, 140
robustus, 140
smithi, 140

181,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

VOL. 111

wheeleri, Hesperolus, 114
wilsont, Oncodes, 321

Xerospsamobeus, 49
Xylocopa, 211, 213
aeneipennis, 213
teredo, 213
Xysticus, 243
cunctator, 239, 281, 302
luctuosus, 239
montanensis, 239, 283, 291

zacatecus, Arinolus, 141, 147, 151
Saussurobolus, 147
Zelotes sp., 239
Zelus longipes, 223
zonatus, Ogcodes, 232, 239, 251, 268,
267, 268, 269, 280, 281
Okcodes, 268
Oncodes, 268
Zonitis annulicornis, 214
guanicana, 214, 216, 217
lineata, 214, 217
occupata, 220
smythi, 218
strigata, 214, 216, 217
testaceiceps, 222
sp., 214, 218
Zonitodema, 214
zonitoides, Nemognatha, 221
Zonitopsis, 214
Zonitoschema, 214
Z7vgethmus, 173, 174

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