it as s« arta i SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 116 NUMBERS 3494-3507 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1966 Publications of the United States National Museum The scientific publications of the United States National Museum include two series, Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National Museum Bulletin. In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the various subjects. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume. In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, Separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Frank A. TayLor Director, United States National Museum IL CONTENTS Ciarke#, J. F. Gates. Neotropical Microlepidoptera, VI: Genera Orsotricha Meyrick and Palinorsa Meyrick (Gele- chiidae, Oecophoridae). Four figures and two plates. No. 3502, published November 23, 1964________________ New species: Palinorsa acritomorpha, P. zonaria. New combination: Palinorsa raptans. Conen, Danie M. A review of the Ophidioid fish genus Oligopus with the description of a new species from West Africa. Five plates. No. 3494, published October 13, New species: Oligopus longhurstz. New name: Oligopus waikikt. Duckwortu, W. Donatp. North American Stenomidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Forty-five figures, four plates, and twelve maps. No. 3495, published October a, LOGE s chigada>. squnteronetecht) _naiveabs - 34 gh pyar ey on New species: Antaeotricha fuscorectangulata, Mothonica kimballi. Duckxwortu, W. Donatp. Neotropical Microlepidoptera, IV: A new genus of Stenomidae with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Five figures. No. 3497, published September 11, 1964________________ New genus: Lethata. New species: Lethata buscki, L. fusca, L. maculata, L. ruba. New combinations: Lethata trochalosticta, L. aromatica, L. asthenopa, L. bovinella, L. glaucopa, L. invigilans, L. leucothea, L. pyrenodes, L. satyropa. Ducxwortu, W. Donaup. North American Moths of the genus Swammerdamia (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Three figures. No. 3507, published May 25, 1965_______ GEHLBACH, Freperick R. Herpetology of the Zuni Moun- tains region, northwestern New Mexico. Ten figures and four plates. No. 3505, published February 26, 1965____- Naxanara, Waro. Contributions to the knowledge of the Hemerobiidae of western North America (Neuroptera). Four figures and one plate. No. 3503, published January New species: Sympherobius brunneus, S. texanus, Kimminsia olympica, K. alexanderi, K. melaleuca. Pages 197-204 23-72 97-114 549-556 243-332 205-222 Tir IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Oxsraztsov, Nicnoutas S. Neotropical Microlepidoptera, V: Synopsis of the species of the genus Proeulia from Central Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Nine cee No. 3501 published ‘October 29,9642 55225. = a ies New species: Proeulia aethalea, P. triquetra, P. inconspicua, P. apospasta, P. cneca. New combinations: Proeulia leonina, P. auraria, P. tenontias, P. chrysopteris. Ricuarps, O. W. A contribution to the study of the genus Sphaerocera Latreille in Central and South America (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae). Twenty-eight figures. No. 3504:spublishedwApriliyclOGa as ours | Ben wens) ey eats New species: Sphaerocera ecuadoria, S. trapezina, S. tertia, S. chimborazo, 8. levicastilli, S. shannonit, S. amphora, S. xiphosternum, S. mustphila, S. transversalis, S. lepida, S. trans- versa, S. dissecta, S. guttula. Scuuxttz, LEoNARD P. Three new species of frogfishes from the Indian and Pacific Oceans with notes on other species (Family Antennariidae). Three plates. No. 3500, pub- lished: September, OG450. uterus 2 See TS New species: Phrynelox lochites, Antennartus japonicus, A. indicus. ScuLLeEN, Herman A. Review of the genus Cerceris in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). One hundred eighty-two figures and one plate. No. 3506, publishedNlay 25 +1065: Aeon NN As UL ZON 22 New species: Cerceris bridwelli, C. butlerz, C. crandalli, C. krombeini, C. neahminaz, C. poculum, C. cochisi, C. sandiegensis, C. rufa, C. banksi, C. boharti, C. macswaini, C. texana, C. wyomingensis. New subspecies: Cerceris echo atrata, C. finitima citrina, C. ken- nicottii beali, C. vanduzeet eburnea, C. dilatata chisosensis, C. grandis percna, C. robertsonii bifidus, C. r. miltosus, C. insolita albida, C. 7. atrafemori, C. aequalis bolingert, C. a. idahoensis. New status: Cerceris finitima vierecki Banks, C. rufinoda crucis Viereck and Cockerell, C. californica arno Banks, C. flavofasciata jloridensis Banks, C. femurrubrum athene Banks, C. clypeata dakotensis Banks, C. c. gnarina Banks, C. c. prominens Banks, C. nigrescens arelate Banks. SPRINGER, Victor G., and Garrick, J. A. F. A survey of vertebral numbers in sharks. One plate. No. 3496, published October, 16,.1964545). be dell os Ae eas Weitzman, Stantey H. One new species and two rede- scriptions of catfishes of the South American Callichthyid genus Corydoras. Six figures. No. 3498, published Oc- Or NES 1 OG A fe Sle a aa She New species: Cor qaeras semiaquilus. VOL. 116 Pages 183-196 223-242 V7IEVS2 333-548 73-96 115-126 CONTENTS Vv Pages WertzMAN, Stantey H. Osteology and relationships of South American Characid fishes of subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae with special reference to subtribe Nan- nostomina. Ten figures. No. 3499, published October eee eee te tw, Aiden Se Se ae ee ae as ee Real! 127-170 ae ) Wie i a smart Yyiekesy 2 taaaisimnbanty - Filey: Saints, ai sina’ pe cee MO La aN 9 lisa iy Ri peghinte teeaaer tal Soe iule Prete T. Oh Matiyebten: Litomaa isha pasate = emeatie Rivals ME OA Sot ar aie iy ee .<* + “Ovt-var By shes dee eae Hip 6.3 Saran Se homala: ‘ . = S i 1 ’ , * ’ - : a tee Ei sits LE Ga Cae) te PC MAC eat NRE ars v f thd (ae Oe ies LE sh Be i, ESD AN tenet yy sayy per gh is, Cen ee 7 rs Oe eee is Pas : : wiictinednems tad vette is aca heed tow lp tee So a9 nik j | Laie Lay. SOP Lis he A i - 4 4 7 a ial 7) i ‘fet ty { * vi : — 1 ‘ IP r n Harn é ‘ a | i yieT t 1.2 7 ‘ Ceri { : ri * t Fis! bos { : ‘ ' a; ‘ ._~ a ¥ <: 5 ~ + i r a ae i ' 7 = j . } } ) 7 a T AN ia ri f ny 7 7 en boa te) pe 7 a Seay ry ry : 7 i j 7 { Ys i a Ci . Sas - - hy : ; | i ila at) MU wired. 54a tee a ie ad } Maken ma aps. FOP EPO +) WAST YeN, a0 ; j . I A aly A ; Riri oie Gh ae) 5 om ited hati ieee ¢ edeieedtnae «9p GG Q> q-anis® pad PAs Ue sae PT a ht 9 ee a mean a garssy) Oe aaagee || tangy a q PNP = ie 's4h, caro Mak Abe auaG ONS TRY UreCATerion of Aa AVNER FROM: GST RICA meee ees eee ee aera ME, ion eesti > - Latrode, +s. Habiog | bya ae oe” cepvesinte A edit iad, snd sic snr von on Ha mae i fer Dow, bo Boe! pons ab Syms ay clita Oh wi sid aoe postin. és Riles other geticc.. Sonne the bee oP di Aa mls BtirDhy asa: ekocare, iy darts pet aki, inn noe ! plement seer’ mis (ein Depay hot apl eit Ise sali Sac wen). Ghvaxrel “anky Trin a ee ey creer re 67 ee Geinginitstd cir ict ire tine mb Hui. aun aa Gite Sas dakeohney tovaluom i lithesilt | i a on ae ae sberiitiie: opine Tet t tieth Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3494 A REVIEW OF THE OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM WEST AFRICA By DanreL M. Cowen! Introduction This paper defines the genus Oligopus, presents a discussion of generic synonymy, and gives diagnoses of six species, one of which is described herein as new to science. The species of Oligopus have numerous fin rays and small scales, as is true of many other ophidioids. Because the bases of the fin rays almost invariably are obscured by darkly pigmented skin, most counts of vertical fin elements were made from X-ray photographs. In addition, internal skeletal characters were observed only from X-ray photographs. Examination of the head pores was aided by the use of a compressed air jet. These fishes secrete a thick mucous coat that often makes it difficult to count scales and to observe pores. Also, the papillae that mark 1 Director, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Ichthyological Laboratory, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 the course of the lateral line are fragile structures which may be lost when the mucous coat is removed. Following are the definitions of some of the terms and abbreviations used in this paper: Predorsal: shortest distance between tip of snout and a vertical through origin of dorsal fin; preanal: shortest distance between tip of snout and a vertical through origin of anal fin; SL: standard length; HL: head length; upper jaw: shortest distance between tip of snout and posterior margin of maxillary; greatest depth of maxillary: depth at posterior expanded region of bone, but not including downward projecting maxillary spine; greatest head width: width of head with opercular flap compressed; D: dorsal fin rays; A: anal fin rays; caudal fin rays: only those rays articulating with hypural plate; vertebrae: count not including hypural; lateral scale rows: counted from upper angle of opercle; head canals: ter- minology follows Robins (1959). I have examined material deposited in the following institutions, and I am much indebted to their respective curators: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP); British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH); Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University (MCZ); Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa (RU); Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO); Stanford Uni- versity, Division of Systematic Biology (SU); University of Bergen Zoological Museum (UBZM); University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum (UCZM); University of Hawaii (UH); U.S. National Museum (USNM); University of Puerto Rico (UP). Mr. Luis Rivas has furnished me with information concerning the type of O. claudet. Mr. and Mrs. Craig Phillips have donated a specimen of Stygnobrotula. Dr. Frank H. Talbot and Mr. W. I. Follett X-rayed the type of Eutyx diagrammus. Mr. Jgrgen Nielsen X-rayed the type of Bythites fuscus. Mr. Alwyne Wheeler X-rayed specimens in the British Museum. I particularly thank my colleagues Dr. Bruce B. Collette and Dr. Ernest A. Lachner for their advice during the course of this study and for their critical review of the manuscript. Genus Oligopus Risso Oligopus Risso, 1810, p. 142 (type species by monotypy Oligopus ater Risso, 1810). Gadopsis (not Agassiz, 1845; not Richardson, 1848) Filippi, 1856, p. 170 (type species by monotypy Oligopus ater Risso, 1810). Grammonus Gill in Goode and Bean, 1896, p. 315 (type species by monotypy Oligopus ater Risso, 1810). Verater Jordan, 1919a, p. 343 (proposed as a replacement name for Pteridiwm Filippi and Verany, 1859; however, these authors used Pteridium Scopoli, 1777. Type species by original designation of Jordan Oligopus ater Risso). Eutyx Heller and Snodgrass, 1903, p. 224 (type species by monotypy Eutyx diagrammus Heller and Snodgrass, 1903). REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN 3 Bathystorreus Howell Rivero, 1934, p. 69 (type species by original designation Benthocometes claudei Torre, 1930). Diacnosis.—Gill membranes separate. Chin barbel absent. Live-bearing. Pelvic fins each with one ray, originating close to level of posterior margin of preopercle and about an eye diameter behind symphysis of cleithra; vertical fins continuous, covered proxi- mally with thick, scaleless skin; pectoral fin entire, without separate, elongated rays. Head partly naked, bearing dermal papillae; anterior nostril tubular, located directly above upper lip; gill rakers 2 or 3; tongue a massive structure with anterior, prowlike projection fitting between 2 heads of geniohyoideus muscle. Branchiostegal rays 8. Body relatively short, stubby; head not depressed, height greater than width. Lateral line with 2 or more series, dorsal and ventral some- times overlapping or parallel for entire lengths; palatine lacking teeth; ventrally directed projection usually present at posteroventral section of maxillary; posterior portion of maxillary expanded. Eyes well developed. Body completely covered with small cycloid scales. Lining of peritoneum pale in color. First neural spine low; neural spines 2, 3, 4 raised, followed by series of low neural spines with more or less truncate tops (fig. 1). Vertebrae 1 and 2 without ribs; vertebra 3 with pair of anteroventrally directed ribs; vertebrae 4-6 with posteroventrally directed ribs articulating with centra; vertebra 7 with ribs attached, free or at end of parapophyses; vertebrae 8-10, 11 or 12 with ribs at ends of parapophyses; all other vertebrae lacking pleural ribs. RELATIONSHIPS.—Oligopus is a distinctive group of well-differentiated species. The genus apparently represents a rather generalized type of ophidioid, at least among the live-bearers, and this fact, along with its relatively shallow-water habitat, suggests that, together with Bythites, Oligopus may be close to the stem from which various forms descended toward an abyssal habitat while others colonized the coral reefs: Oligopus has affinities with fishes that dwell in both areas. Among the reef inhabitants, Microbrotula, Grammonoides, and Stygnobrotula are related to Oligopus; the former two even possess the peculiar projection on the maxillary. None of the three genera, however, displays the peculiar shortened and truncate neural spines (fig. 1) that are characteristic of Oligopus; moreover, Microbrotula has palatine teeth, and Bohlke (1957) has given a number of reasons for separating Stygnobrotula from Hutyx (here considered a junior synonym of Oligopus), most of which serve to separate Stygnobrotula from the more inclusive genus Oligopus. Particularly important are Boéhlke’s items 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 13 of his table 1, p. 3, to 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 116 which the reader is referred. Grammonoides is also different in dentition, lacking the bands of granular teeth on the premaxillary and the dentary. Among the genera confined to deeper water, the closest relatives of Oligopus are those forms with a tubular anterior nostril placed directly over the upper lip, reduced squamation on the head, and a single ray in each ventral fin. This group includes Diplacanthopoma, Myzxocephalus, the species presently assigned to Cataetyx (at least two genera are included in this group), and Bythites. All of these differ from Oligopus in possessing palatine teeth, and in lacking shortened, truncate neural spines. In addition, Diplacanthopoma and Myzxocephalus lack scales on the head. Most of the species of Cataetyx (though not the type, C. messiert) have strongly depressed heads. Oligopus ater, the type species of Oligopus, long has been considered congeneric with a superficially similar species that was described originally by Doderlein (1886) as Pteridium armatum. Bougis and Ruivo (1954) reported on specimens that they identified as Ben- thocometes robustus, a name that they treated as a senior synonym of P. armatum. They illustrated (their fig. 19) specializations of the anterior vertebrae that bear some resemblance to those long known to exist in the Ophidiidae (in the restricted sense), but there is some conflict in this identification, for Doderlein (1886) did not show modified anterior vertebrae in his figure of a dissection of Pteridiwm armatum. These structures, however, have been shown to be sexually dimorphic in the ophidiid genus Ophidion (Rose, 1961). Whatever the identity of P. armatum, Oligopus differs widely both from Doderlein’s descrip- tion and from Benthocometes. It is of interest to note that another species of Oligopus (O. claudei) was also confused with Benthocometes. The foregoing discussion is based on the material listed below. MATERIAL BEXAMINED.—Benthocometes robustus (USNM_ 29057, paratype); Bythites fuscus (UCZM, holotype); Bythites lepidogenys (USNM 74152, holotype); Cataetyx hawaiiensis (USNM 162715, holotype); Cataetyx laticeps (UBZM, holotype); Cataetyxr messveri (BMNH, holotype) ; Diplacanthopoma brachysoma (BMNH, holotype) ; Diplacanthopoma brunnea (USNM 74148, holotype); Grammonoides opisthodon (RU, holotype); Merobrotula rubra (USNM_ 162710, holotype); Myzxocephalus japonicus (USNM 160604); Stygnobrotula latebricola (USNM_ 187777); Xenobythites armiger (USNM 74153, holotype). Synonymy.—In his original description of Oligopus ater, Risso (1810) credited the genus Oligopus to Lacépéde; however, Risso’s 2 Boeseman (1960) overlooked the description of Stygnobrotula latebricola and described the same species as Hutyx tumidirostris. REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN 5 spelling is an unjustified emendation of Oligopodus Lacépéde, 1800, proposed for Coryphaena velifera Pallas, and therefore, Oligopus is available from 1810 with Risso as the author. Swainson (1839) placed O. ater in Pteridium Scopoli, and Filippi (1856) proposed the generic name Gadopsis (already twice preoccupied) for the species. Filippi and Verany (1859) then accepted Pteridium Scopoli (proposed for Coryphaena velifera Pallas) for O. ater and have been followed by numerous authors. Gill (¢n Goode and Bean, 1896) proposed Grammonus for Oligopus ater Risso, with no comment. Verater was first proposed by Jordan (1919a) as a substitute for Pteridium Filippi and Verany although these authors plainly indicated they were following Swainson, who used Pteridium Scopoli; however, in a later publication during the same year, Jordan (1919b) presented Verater as a replacement name for Gadopsis Filippi, with O. ater Risso as the type species. Heller and Snodgrass compared Hutyx with Grammonus Gill and separated the two on the grounds that the former genus lacked an opercular spine, had a double lateral line, and had large muciferous canal openings on the head. Actually, Hutyr may have its small opercular spine hidden or exposed (Béhlke, 1957, and the present author) ; its lateral line (described below under Oligopus diagrammus) is similar to that in other species of the genus, and all of the species here referred to Oligopus have canal openings on the head. Bathystorreus was proposed for a species originally described in Benthocometes, where it obviously did not belong. The single known specimen is in bad condition; however, an X-ray photograph showing the abdominal vertebrae gives reason enough to place this species in Oligopus. Sprcies.—Six species are referred herein to Oligopus. Although the available material of most is limited, a few suggestions concerning relationships and distributions can be presented. O. claudei from the tropical western Atlantic is distinct from all other Oligopus. Distinct preopercular spines and numerous head pores are its distin- guishing characters. 0. diagrammus is known from Galapagos, Guadalupe, and lower Baja California. The material suggests the presence of a species complex or a group of subspecies. 0. diagrammus has a reduced number of head pores but high fin ray and vertebral counts. Apparently it is most distantly related phylogenetically to the western Atlantic species. The other species are 0. longhursti (herein described as new), known from tropical West Africa; O. ater from the Mediterranean; 0. robustus from Japan, the Philippines, and the Indian Ocean; and O. watkiki from Hawaii. The latter, wide- ranging group of four species is intermediate phylogenetically as 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 well as geographically between the western Atlantic and the eastern Pacific species. I do not consider Grammonus leucos Osorio, 1917, to be referable to Oligopus, as the original description mentions the presence of teeth on the palatines. Professor Fernando Frade has informed me that the type cannot be found in the Museu Bocage. Key to Species of Oligopus la. One or no pores in lateral head canal system; 1 or 2 pores in supraorbital canal. Spines along preopercle margin absent or small and weak. 2a. Dorsal fin rays 68-87; anal fin rays 51-62; vertebrae 40—46. 3a. Dorsal fin rays 68-74; anal fin rays 51-52; vertebrae 40-42 . . . O. ater 3b. Dorsal fin rays 83-87; anal fin rays 57-62; vertebrae 44-46. 4a. Lateral scale rows about 120. Upper row of lateral line organs about 35-45; lower about 35-40; dip in ventral lateral line in vent ATCA (1d Roce Aihara he Aes eA Oe eee O. longhursti 4b. Lateral scale rows about 75-85. Upper row of lateral line organs about 21; lower row about 25-30; no dip in ventral lateral line. O. robustus 2b. Dorsal fin rays 93-115; anal fin rays 71-91; vertebrae 48-53. 5a. Lateral scale rows about 80; anal fin rays 71; 6 pores in infraorbital Canal’ systems a moses eure ote akehiocd) «scat oso ceekeee oe O. waikiki 5b. Lateral scale rows 97-115; anal fin rays 76-91; 5 or fewer pores in infra- orbitalicanalisystem™ sii e's. lonerte eens cits us kelnerens O. diagrammus 1b. Three or 4 pores in lateral head canal system; 2, 3, or 4 pores in supraorbital canal. Several small but distinct spines along preopercle margin. O. claudei Oligopus ater Risso PLATE 2 Oligopus ater Risso, 1810, p. 142, pl. 11, fig. 41 (original description, Gulf of Saint Hospice, France).—Fowler, 1936, p. 1329 (description, synonymy). Oligopus niger Risso, 1826, p. 338 (new name for O. ater Risso, 1810; description). Pteridium ater Swainson, 1839, p. 302 (O. ater Risso listed under Pteridium Scopoli). Gadopsis ater Filippi, 1856, p. 170 (description of swim bladder, new genus pro- posed). Pteridium atrum Filippi and Verany, 1859, p. 195, fig. 6 (synonymy, description, swim bladder, relationships) —Doderlein, 1886, p. 73 (comparison with Pteridium armatum).—Ginther, 1887, p. 105 (description, 1 specimen from Mediterranean).—Bellotti, 1888, p. 222 (sexual dimorphism in dentition of specimens from Nice and nearby, comparison with Pteridium armatum.)— Lo Bianco, 1909, p. 741 (pelagic postlarvae circa 30 mm., January, February, March, in Gulf of Naples).—D’ Ancona, 1938, p. 159, figs. 2, 4, 8 (comparison with P. armatum, description, based on material from Nice, Naples, and Zirona, nomenclature, relationships, distribution, additional references not here cited). Grammonus ater Goode and Bean, 1896, p. 317 (new genus proposed, synonymy, compiled description).—Tortonese, 1958, p. 333 (listed, doubts that G. ater (Risso) and G. armatus (Doderlein) belong in different genera). Verater ater Jordan, 1919a, p. 343 (new genus proposed). REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN a Misidentifications: Pteridiwm atrum Emery, 1885, p. 158, fig. 21 (30 mm. specimen, description, probably Benthocometes robustus).—Roule and Angel, 1930, p. 110, pl. 6, fig. 146 (Azores, description of postlarvae). STUDY MATERIALS.—1 specimen, Nice, MCZ 26457. CounTS AND MEASUREMENTS.—(Measurements given in mm., followed by percent of standard length in parentheses) D 74; A 52; pectoral 19; vertebrae 40; caudal 10; vertical scale rows about 83; SL 89; body depth at dorsal origin 17.5 (19.7); predorsal 31.2 (35.0); preanal 50.0 (56.1); HL 25.0 (28.0); snout 5.8 (6.5); orbit 3.0 (3.4); upper jaw 14.2 (15.9); greatest maxillary width 4.5 (5.1); greatest head width 11.0 (12.3). (See D’Ancona, 1938, p. 162, for additional data.) DEscRIPTION.—Squamation: Scales present on large area on top of head behind eye level; present on side of head on opercle and in area ahead of opercle extending forward nearly to eye and ventrally to region behind maxillary. Dorsal and lateral scale patches separated by scaleless lateral canal. Lateralis system: Lateral canal with single pore near upper angle of opercle. Supraorbital canal with 2 pores: 1 in front of, and below, anterior nostril; the other, difficult to find, above anterior nostril. Infraorbital canal with 6 pores: 3 beneath nostrils in skinfold over upper jaw; 1 very small pore close to level of posterior part of eye; 2 larger pores above posterior expanded part of maxillary. Preoper- culomandibular canal with 8 pores: 2 at tip of dentary, 1 opening anteriorly, the other posteriorly ; 1 beneath lower lip at about midlength of snout; 1 at about midlength of jaw; 1 slightly ahead of posterior margin of maxillary; 1 slightly behind same; 2 on posterior margin of preopercle. Circumorbital and interorbital areas and side of snout cavernous, covered with thick skin bearing scattered papillae. Interorbital area particularly rugose. Lateral line marked by small, dark, dermal filaments. Series of 23 originates above opercle. Between opercle and level of dorsal fin origin filaments in elongate, irregular cluster from which lateral line extending posteriorly in straight line, between midline and dorsal profile. Dorsal line terminating 63 mm. from tip of snout. Second line of about 40 filaments originating in midline close to level of pos- terior tip of pectoral fin, descending, then rising to midline of body to form shallow irregular semicircle with lowest point opposite vent, then extending straight back in midline of body to tail. Filaments similar to those along lateral lines scattered about on head. Dentition: Premaxillary with band of uniform granular teeth. Dentaries with similar teeth and irregular row of larger, conical teeth along inner edge of granular band. Head of vomer a broad 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 V with arms expanded. Both short granular and larger conical teeth present on vomer. According to Bellotti (1888), females of this species have the type of dentition noted above, although without larger teeth on the vomer, while males have both larger teeth and granular teeth on the premaxillary, vomer, and dentary. Head spines: Short, sharp-pointed spine piercing skin at upper corner of opercle. Posteroventral margin of preopercle with 2 blunt projections at angles. Ventrally directed spine at end of maxillary prominent, piercing skin. Vertebrae and ribs: Neural spines 5-13 short and broad but be- coming progressively more elongate and narrower, their tips truncate; neural spines on subsequent centra needle-like. Centra 7-11 with ribs at ends of parapophyses, subsequent centra lacking pleural ribs. Centra 4-8 with epipleurals attached to pleural ribs; on centra 9-12 epipleurals appear associated with parapophyses. Color: Body light brown, vertical fins and head darker. Long in preservative, this specimen evidently was much darker in life. Risso used the common name “fanfre negre’’ and stated that the species was black. DistriBnuTIoN.—Known from the area around Nice, from Naples, and from several localities in the Adriatic. Little is known of its depth distribution. Hasitat.—Dwells in rocky areas in caves, according to Risso (1810), and apparently is secretive. Comments.—Professor D’ Ancona (1938) has presented an excellent review of this species, and his paper should be consulted for informa- tion and references not given here. Oligopus longhursti, new species PLATE 3 Stupy matHrRiAL.—All females. Holotype: USNM 187778, off Lagos, Nigeria in 5-10 fathoms, otter trawl, collected by A.R. Long- hurst, August 1961. Paratypes: USNM 187779, 1 specimen, data as for holotype; USNM 191732, 2 specimens, Monrovia, Liberia, Bush Rod Island, beach seine, collected by George C. Miller, October 7, 1952; USNM 193678, 1 specimen, Liberia, 3-7 fathoms off mouth of St. Paul River, trawl, collected by George C. Miller, October 14, 1953. CouNTs AND MEASUREMENTS.—See table 1. DeEscrRIPTION.—Squamation: Scales present on large area on top of head behind eye level; present on side of head over opercle and area in front of dorsal half of opercle, which extends to within eye diameter of eye. Lateral scale patch bounded dorsally by scaleless REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN 9 lateral canal and ventrally by scaleless area that demarcates separate patch of scales posterior to rear margin of maxillary. Lateralis system: Lateral canal with 1 pore near upper angle of opercle. Supraorbital canal with 2 pores: 1 in front of anterior nostril; the other, very small, above anterior nostril. Infraorbital canal with 5 or 6 pores: 3 in row behind anterior nostril; 1, very small, near level of posterior margin of eye (absent in USNM 193678) ; and 2 above posterior expanded portion of maxillary. Preoperculo- mandibular canal with 8 pores: 2 at tip of dentary, 1 opening anteriorly, the other posteriorly; 1 beneath lower lip close to level of posterior nostril; 1 slightly ahead of level of posterior margin of maxillary; 1 near lower angle of same; 2 shaped like elongate slits, on posterior margin of preopercle. Circumorbital and interorbital areas and side of snout cavernous and covered with thick skin bearing many small, dark, dermal papillae similar to those marking course of lateral lines along side of body. These filaments particularly abundant in interorbital region. One series of lateral line filaments numbering about 35-45 and originating on head above opercle and, after slight irregular dip near origin, extending posteriorly in straight line between midline of dorsal profile, this dorsal line terminating more than half way back along body. Second line of about 35-40 filaments originating at about midline close to level of posterior tip of pectoral fin, descending, then rising to midline of body to form irregular semicircle having lowest point opposite origin of anal fin, then extending in straight line in midline of body to tail. Dentition: Premaxillary bearing uniform band of granular teeth. Dentaries bearing similar teeth plus irregular row of larger, conical teeth along inner edge of granular band. Head of vomer with widely spread wings bearing short granular teeth. All four specimens females. Head spines: Short, weak spine present at upper corner of opercle. May be buried beneath skin and invisible without dissection, or barely visible at its tip. Posteroventral margin of preopercle may be com- pletely rounded or show 2 slight angles. Maxillary spine varying from prominent projection pictured in holotype to virtually absent condi- tion in 1 Liberian paratype. Vertebrae and ribs: Neural spines 5-13 short and broad but becoming progressively more elongate and narrower, their tips more or less (5 and 13) truncate; neural spines on subsequent centra needle-like. Centra 7-12 with ribs at ends of parapophyses, subsequent centra lacking pleural ribs. Centra 4—9 with epipleurals attached to pleural ribs; on centra 10-13 epipleurals appearing to be associated with parapophyses. 724-329-642 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Color: Head and body brown, vertical fins black. Beneath super- ficial brown pigmentation of scales and scale pockets large, dark chromatophores distributed regularly on body. DisrripuTIon.—Known only from the type localities. Taken in a beach seine and at 3-10 fathoms. Comments.—The holotype extruded fertilized eggs that must have been close to hatching and that are about 0.9 mm. in diameter. The Nigerian paratype has paired ovaries about 25 mm. long. Each contains an estimated 3,000 unfertilized eggs (based on counts and volumetric displacement on % of 1 ovary), which are about 0.5 mm. in diameter. Eggs are of about the same size in all parts of the ovary; however, the eggs closest to the posterior end are more densely granu- lar. One Liberian paratype (USNM 191732) extruded granular (unfertilized) eggs of about 0.5 mm. in diameter. The other Liberian specimen has its ovaries packed with an estimated several thousand young fish. The embryos are between 4 and 5 mm. long and have small yolk sacs and open choroid fissures. Elongate processes are attached to the embryo a short distance behind the yolk sac. Oligopus robustus (Smith and Radcliffe) Grammonus robustus Smith and Radcliffe 7n Radcliffe, 1913, p. 168, pl. 13, fig. 4 (original description, “Albatross’’ St. 5409, 10°38’ N., 124°13’ E.—Norman, 1939, p. 79 (Gulf of Aden, 457-549 m.).—Kamohara, 1954, p. 5, fig. 3 (5 specimens from Kochi market, description). Bythites lepidogenys (not Smith and Radcliffe, 1913) Kamohara, 1952, p. 93 (3 specimens from Mimase, description). Stupy MATERIAL.—Holotype, USNM 74149, male. Counts AMD MEASUREMENTS.—(Measurements given in mm., followed by percent of standard length in parentheses) D 87; A 62; pectoral 25; vertebrae 46; caudal 8; vertical scale rows about 75; SL 129; body depth at D origin 32.5 (25.2); predorsal 42.2 (32.7); preanal 71.1 (55.1); HL 40.4 (81.3); snout 6.5 (5.0); orbit 6.5 (5.0); upper jaw 22.0 (17.1); greatest maxillary width 8.2 (6.4); greatest head width 21.2 (16.4). Additional meristic and morphometric data are presented by Kamohara (1954). DeEscrRIPTION.—Squamation: Patch of scales present on nape. On sides of head, scales present on opercle and on area in front of opercle extending forward nearly to eye, dorsally to level of top of opercle, where scaleless lateral canal separates dorsal and lateral scale patches, and ventrally to area behind maxillary. Lateralis system: Lateral canal with 1 pore near upper angle of opercle. Supraorbital canal with 2 pores: 1 below, and in front of, anterior nostril tube; the other immediately above tube. Infra- orbital canal with 6 pores: 3 beneath nostrils over upper lip; 1 at REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN | level of posterior part of eye; 2 above posterior expanded portion of maxillary. Preoperculomandibular canal with 8 pores: 2 at tip of dentary, 1 opening anteriorly, the other posteriorly; 1 beneath lower lip near level of posterior nostril; 1 close to midlength of jaw; 1 ahead of posterior margin of maxillary; 1 behind same; 2 at pos- teroventral angle of preopercle. Small, dark papillae scattered on head, concentrated in inter- orbital area. Lateral line marked by papillae similar to those on head. One series of 21 originating above opercle and, after slight irregular dip near origin, extending posteriorly in straight line be- tween midline and dorsal profile, terminating at level of vent. Second line of about 25 filaments originating in midline at level of origin of anal fin and extending posteriorly in midline of body to point about 10 mm. from tail (the tail has become somewhat abraded and in all likelihood the lateral line actually continues to the base of the tail as shown by Radcliffe, 1913, and Kamohara, 1954.) Dentition: Premaxillaries, dentaries, and broadly V-shaped vomer bearing bands of uniformly small, granular teeth. Sex: Specimen male with prominent, paired testes about 20 mm. long. Head spines: Small, sharp-pointed spine piercing skin at upper angle of opercle. Posteroventral angles of preopercle with 2 very blunt points. Maxillary spine prominent on right side of specimen, weakly developed on left side. Vertebrae and ribs: Neural spines 5-15 short and broad, but be- coming progressively more elongate and narrower; their tips truncate; neural spines on subsequent centra more needle-like. Centra 7-11 with ribs at ends of parapophyses, subsequent centra lacking pleural ribs. Centra 4-7 with epipleurals attached to pleural ribs; on centra 8-15 epipleurals appearing to be associated with parapophyses. Color (in alcohol, quoted from original description): ‘‘Wood-brown ; dorsal and anal dusky anteriorly, becoming dark clove brown pos- teriorly; the basal portion of caudal clove brown, distal portion some- what lighter; pectorals dusky; peritoneum silvery gray.”’ DistrRrsuTION.—Known from Mimase, Japan; the Philippines between Cebu and Leyte, at a depth of 189 fathoms on a green mud bottom; and the Gulf of Aden between 25 and 30 fathoms. Oligopus waikiki, new name PLATE 4 Microbrotula nigra Gosline, 1953, p. 220, fig. 1d (original description, off Waikiki Reef, Oahu, Hawaii) .3 3 If Microbrotula nigra Gosline is referred to Oligopus, the specific name must be rejected as a junior secondary homonym of Oligopus niger Risso, which is a junior synonym of Oligopus ater Risso. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 StuDyY MATERIAL.—Holotype of Microbrotula nigra, USNM 179898, formerly UH 1684, female. CouNTS AND MEASUREMENTS.—(Measurements given in mm., followed by percent of standard length in parentheses) D 98; A 71; pectoral 26; vertebrae 48; caudal 8; vertical scale rows about 72; SL 61.4; body depth at D origin 17 (27.7); predorsal 16.8 (27.4); preanal 30.0 (48.9); HL 15.9 (25.9); snout 3.2 (5.2); orbit 3.0 (4.8); upper jaw 9.0 (14.7); greatest maxillary width 3.6 (5.9); greatest head width 9.5 (15.5). DerscriIpTION.—Squamation: Patch of scales present on nape. Second patch covers opercle and dorsal half of area in front of it, extending forward to within eye diameter of eye. Small, separate patch consisting of few scales present behind rear margin of maxillary. Lateralis system: Lateral canal lacking pores. Supraorbital canal with 2 pores: 1 below, and in front of, anterior nostril tube; the other, very small, above tube. Infraorbital canal with 6 pores: 3 beneath nostrils over upper lip; 1 at level of posterior part of eye; 2 above posterior expanded portion of maxillary. Preoperculomandibular canal with 8 pores: 2 at tip of dentary, 1 opening anteriorly, the other posteriorly; 1 beneath lower lip near level of posterior nostril; 1 close to midlength of jaw; 1 slightly ahead of level of posterior margin of maxillary; and 3 shaped like elongate slits along posteroventral and posterior margin of preopercle. Small, dark papillae scattered on muzzle and interorbital region. Lateral line marked by papillae. One series of about 20 originating above opercle and, after dip near origin, extending posteriorly to level of vent. Second line of about 35 papillae originating in midline at level of origin of anal fin and extending posteriorly in midline of body to tail, although posterior papillae very small. Dentition: Premaxillaries and dentaries bearing bands of uniformly small, granular teeth. Vomer with 2 patches of similar teeth. Al- though Gosline (1953) noted the presence of palatine teeth, I find no trace of them. Sex: Specimen female with small embryos in ovaries. Head spines: Small, sharp-pointed spine piercing skin at upper angle of opercle. Posteroventral angles of preopercle bearing several weakly spinous points. Maxillary spine prominently developed. Vertebrae and ribs: Neural spines 5-14 short and broad, but be- coming progressively more elongate and narrower, their tips truncate; neural spines on subsequent centra more needle-like. Centra 7-11 with ribs at ends of parapophyses, subsequent centra lacking pleural ribs. Centra 4-8 with epipleurals attached to pleural ribs; on centra 9-12 epipleurals appearing to be associated with parapophyses. Color: Body brown, fins darker. DistTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type locality at about 30 feet. COHEN-PLATE 1 116 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL TMA sa] UB ITT AA Aq ydeisoioyg (( IIXITY “Purys] adnjepeny "TS “Wu Cs “69I-€SH OJS) snmuvssvrp sndoxyg jo ydesZ010yd Avl-¥ Madd eee COHEN-PLATE 2 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 UOIsULLIeD “EH PPL Aq Umer, “(Edursy IN “TS “WUE GY “ZSF9Z ZOIN) 41 sndosyQ COHEN-PLATE 3 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 U0 WSULLIeD “H P2IPITA Aq UuMePICT “(PUaBIN ‘sose'T ls SG ‘ad Aopoy *B/Z/8T INNSM) usenysuoy sndosyo COHEN-PLATE 4 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 ‘UOTSULLIeD "HOPPIN Aq uMeiq] “(uemepE “Ig “wUz T9 ‘wim vyngosgounpy jo ad.MO[0Y ‘g6RG6/T WNSD) 2424100 sngosuo ee COHEN-PLATE 5 PROG. U-S: NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 ‘UOIBULLIVD “PT Pepylpy Aq umvicy ‘(sosedyey yg ‘wur FE rad Qesed “6¢QgZ QS) snumupvssoip sndosygQ REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN 13 Oligopus diagrammus (Heller and Snodgrass) PLATES 1, 5 Eutyx diagrammus Heller and Snodgrass, 1903, p. 224, pl. 19 (original description, Galapagos, Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, and Seymour Islands).—Béhlke, 1957, p. 3 (paratype of EH. diagrammus compared with Stygnobrotula late- bricola). Stupy MATERIAL.—Holotype, SU 6346 and paratype SU 7059 from the Galapagos. The following from Guadalupe Island, Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico: SIO 58-497 (1); SIO 58-493 (1); SIO 54-213A (1); SIO 54-219 (1); SIO H58-169 (1); SIO 54-219A (6); SIO 60-14-61E (2). Following from peninsular Baja California or closely adjacent islands: SIO 61-272-61B, Espiritu Santo Island (3); SIO 61-227-61A, Cape San Lucas (2); SIO 61-242-61A (4); and SIO 61-249 (1), Los Frailes. CounTs AND MEASUREMENTS.—Caudal 10; vertical scale rows be- tween 100 and 115, very difficult to count. Vertebrae 49-53. (See table 2 for a summary of measurements, and table 3 for counts.) DEscRIPTION.—Squamation: Patch of scales on top of head pos- terior to interorbital. Patch of scales present on opercle and in front of opercle extending anteriorly to a point less than eye diameter behind eye. Dorsal and lateral scale patches appearing continuous in some specimens and separated by scaleless area over lateral canal in others (small size of scales and adherent mucous coating on head make this a difficult character of which to be certain). Scale patch posterior to hind margin of maxillary appearing to be continuously connected with main opercular scale patch. Lateralis system: Lateral canal with 1 pore near upper angle of opercle. Supraorbital canal with 1 pore in front of, and below, anterior nostril. Infraorbital canal with 5 pores: 1 behind anterior nostril; 2 along lip below posterior nostril; and 2 above posterior expanded portion of maxillary. Preoperculomandibular canal with 8 pores: 2 at tip of dentary, 1 opening anteriorly, the other posteriorly ; 1 beneath lower lip close to level of posterior nostril (not shown in fig. 4); 1 at about midlength of jaw (could not be found in holotype) ; 1 slightly ahead of posterior margin of maxillary; 1 slightly behind same. ‘T'wo elongate slits along posterior margin of preopercle. Circumorbital, interorbital, and opercular areas and snout bearing scattered papillae. Small dark papillae distributed on head but thickly dispersed in particular on top of head and over adjoining predorsal area of top of body. Lateral line marked by small papillae. One series of about 30 originating on head above opercle and, after slight irregular dip behind opercle, extending posteriorly in straight line between midline 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 and dorsal profile. Dorsal line terminating slightly more than half way back along body. Second line of about 37-45 small papillae originating in midline close to level of posterior tip of pectoral fin, not making pronounced dip at level of vent but extending straight back to tail with, at most, a slight irregularity near its origin. Dentition: Dentaries with irregular row of sharply pointed teeth along inner margin of bone. 'Tooth-bearing area of bone broadens on anterior % to % of lower jaw. In specimens of less than about 100 mm., area exterior to large teeth occupied by granular teeth. In larger specimens these show gradual transition to second row of larger conical teeth that parallels inner row. Also 2 types of dentition on premaxillary. Specimens from 34 mm. to 81 mm. with uniform band of granular teeth, while those measuring 81 mm. and larger bearing row of large conical teeth along outer edge of band of granular teeth. Smaller specimens with only small granular teeth in broadly V-shaped patch on head of vomer. Larger specimens with larger conical teeth as well. Dentition in this species does not appear to be influenced by sex. Sex: Two types of external sex organs, one consisting of stiff hood projecting posteriorly from vent and folding over genital area, the other consisting of only a low, fleshy ridge in place of prominent hood. In either type a delicate white papilla of varying length may be evident. Neither the two types of external genitalia nor the occurrence of the papilla appears to be correlated with sex as determined by gross observation of the gonads. In addition, at least one specimen (SIO 61-272-61B, Espiritu Santo) and possibly others appear hermaphro- ditic. What I have interpreted as testicular tissue produces sper- matophore-like objects rather than free-running sperm suspensions. If my observations are correct, then sex in this species is a complex problem that requires detailed study. Head spines: Blunt, flat spine deeply buried in flesh of opercle in most specimens, but exposed in paratype. Ventrally directed maxil- lary spine prominent in most specimens. Vertebrae and ribs: Neural spines 5-14 short and broad but be- coming progressively more elongate and narrower, their tips truncate; neural spines on subsequent centra needle-like. Centra 7-11 with ribs at ends of parapophyses (although in some, ribs appear to ar- ticulate with centrum no. 7); subsequent centra lacking pleural ribs. Centra 4-9 with epipleurals attached to pleural ribs; 10, 13, 14, or 15 with epipleurals associated with parapophyses or haemal spines. Color: Brown in preservative. In life: ‘Dark brown, head pur- plish-brown; fins blackish’? (Heller and Snodgrass,1903). DistTriBUTION.—Previously known only from the Galapagos at REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN 15 about 3 fathoms. Here recorded from Guadalupe Island and Baja California. CommMeEnts.—The data on dorsal and anal fin ray counts presented in table 3 indicate that the Galapagos-Guadalupe populations and the Baja California populations of O. diagrammus have differentiated. Under ordinary circumstances I would recognize them as named taxa; however, it seems likely that additional populations will be discovered in the tropical eastern Pacific, and this, combined with the puzzling nature of sexuality in this species, makes me hesitant to do more than point out the differences and the problems involved in interpreting them. Oligopus claudei (Torre) Benthocometes claudei Torre y Huerta, 1930, opposite p. 171, unnumbered plate (original description, Cuba, Matanzas Bay); 1931?, p. 231, fig. (brief dis- cussion). Bathystorreus claudei Howell Rivero, 1934, pp. 69-72, pl. 7 (new genus proposed, description). Grammonus mowbrayi Grey, 1951, p. 154, fig. 1 (original description, type locality, Bermuda).—Collette, 1962, p. 443 (Bahamas). SrupY MATERIAL.—The holotype of B. claudei, MCZ 33943 (in very poor condition). Three specimens ANSP Chaplin Bahama collections, St. 513; about 4 mile N. of the center of Green Key, Bahamas; taken from inside a small, isolated coral head at a depth of 50 feet. One specimen, UP 1150; Puerto Rico, La Parquera, 6 miles offshore at vertical ledge, 65 feet. One specimen, UP 1151, Curagao, cave at shore, about 100 meters SE. of entrance to bay. CouNTS AND MEASUREMENTS.—See table 4. Description.—Squamation: Scales present in patch over nape, on side of head over opercle and cheek, extending forward to a point less than eye diameter behind eye and ventrally to patch behind posterior margin of maxillary. Lateralis system: Lateral canal with 4 pores in row: the most posterior above upper angle of opercle; the most anterior at junction of lateral canal and infraorbital canal. Supraorbital canal in Bahaman specimens with 4 pores extending in straight line from most anterior in front of anterior nostril to most posterior over rear half of eye; Puerto Rican specimen with only the 2 most anterior pores; and Curagao specimen with the 3 most anterior pores on one side and the 2 most anterior pores on other side. Infraorbital canal with 8, 9, or 10 pores: 3 beneath nos- trils; 1 smaller pore beneath eye about midway between orbit and lip; 2 or 3 pores in skin along maxillary sheath; and 2 or 3 pores in row extending up to lateral canal. Preoperculomandibular canal with 9-11 pores: 2 at tip of dentary, 1 opening anteriorly, the other posteri- orly; 1 beneath lower lip at level of anterior margin of eye; row of 3 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 pores along medial edge of dentary, anteriormost about % of distance along pore, posterior beneath end of maxillary: 1 small pore sometimes present lateral to middle pore of this series; 1 pore above angular; 2 on posterior margin of preopercle, and sometimes another above, and in front of, dorsalmost preopercular pore. The pore system is well illustrated in the figure given with the original description of this species (Torre y Huerta, 1930). One difference is that the Bahaman material lacks the pore on the posterior surface of the angular, as shown on the holotype. Lateral line system along body variable and complex, consisting basically of 2 rows of papillae: one with about 35 papillae originating over opercle and extending posteriorly almost to tail in line between midline of fish and dorsal profile; the other, with about 25 papillae, beginning slightly ahead of level of vent and, after an irregular be- ginning, proceeding posteriorly almost to tail in straight line between midline of fish and ventral profile of fish. In addition to these 2 basic lines (illustrated on the figure of the holotype), there are a profusion of other papillae whose distribution will not be described in detail. Suffice it to say that some are distributed virtually at random, some are in short series above or below the main lines, some are in short rows in the midline of the fish. Papillae also scattered about on head, as are very small dermal filaments; however, no rugose areas on head. Dentition and sex: In two specimens a band of granular teeth on premaxillary, another on dentary. Head of vomer carrying 2 large bony knobs, each with patch of granular teeth, each patch connected by narrow line of short teeth. Three other specimens with bands of granular teeth noted above and, in addition, with irregular single row of larger conical teeth located lateral to granular row on premaxillaries and medial to granular row on dentaries. A few of vomerine teeth also slightly enlarged. Specimens with granular teeth with only a small, fleshy flap over genital area. Other 3 with promi- nent, stiffened hoods; at least 1, UP 1151, with well-developed testes. Head spines: Short, sharp spine piercing skin at upper angle of opercle. One specimen with several short spines at lower angle of opercle. Two short, sharp spines at lower angle of preopercle. Ventrally projecting premaxillary spine prominent, angular project- ing downward as prominent blunt spine. Vertebrae and ribs: Neural spines 5-13 or 14 short and broad but becoming progressively more elongate and narrower; their tips trun- cate. Neural spines on subsequent centra needle-like. Centrum 7 with free ribs, although rudiments of parapophysis visible on X-ray photograph of 1 specimen. Centra 8, 9, and 10-12 with ribs at ends of parapophyses, subsequent centra lacking pleural ribs. Centra REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN 17 4-8 with epipleurals attached to pleural ribs; on centra 9-13 or 14, epipleurals associated with parapophyses or haemal spines. Color: Body light brown; vertical fins dark, particularly on their vertical margins. DisTRIBUTION.—Bermuda, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Curacao. Comments.—The holotype of O. claudei is in such poor condition that accurate measurements are impossible, and observations on the lateralis system are subject to question. It does seem certain, how- ever, that, with the material at hand, there is no way of maintaining Grammonus mowbrayi Grey as a valid species. Literature Cited BELLOTTI, CRISTOFORO 1888. Notte ittiologiche, X: Pteridium atrum Risso. Atti. Soc. Italiana Sci. Nat., vol. 31, pp. 222-223. BoEsSEMAN, M. 1960. Notes on marine fishes from the Netherlands Antilles, with the description of a new species, Hutyx tumidifrons (Brotulidae). Zool. Med. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, deel 37, no. 2, pp. 11-16, pls 2: Bou.xke, James E. 1957. A new shallow-water brotulid fish from the Great Bahama Bank. Notulae Naturae, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, no. 295, 8 pp. Bouais, Paut, and Rurvo, Mario 1954. Recherches sur le poisson de profondeur Benthocometes robustus (Goode et Bean) (=Pteridium armatum, Doederlein) (Brotulidae). Vie et Milieu, suppl. no. 3, pp. 155-209, 33 figs. Cot.erte, Bruce B. 1962. Hemiramphus bermudensis, a new halfbeak from Bermuda, with a survey of endemism in Bermudian shore fishes. 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Oceanic ichthyology: A treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, etc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Spec. Bull., no. 2, xxxv+529 pp., 123 pls. GOSsLINE, WILLIAM A. 1953. Hawaiian shallow-water fishes of the family Brotulidae, with the description of a new genus and notes on brotulid anatomy. Copeia, no. 4, pp. 215-225. GREY, MARION 1951. Additions to the fish fauna of Bermuda, with the description of Grammonus mowbrayi, a new brotulid. Copeia, no. 2, pp. 153-161. GUNTHER, ALBERT 1887. Report on the deep-sea fishes collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. H.M.S. Challenger, Zool., vol. 22, Ixv-+335 pp., 73 pls. HELLER, EpMuND, and Snoperass, RoBERT Evans 1903. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899, XV: New Fishes. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 189-229, pls. 2-20. Howe ut Rivero, Luis 1934. Nuevo genero de peces para Cuba. Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 69-72, pl. 7. JORDAN, Davip STARR 1919a (April). New genera of fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (December 1918), pp. 341-344. 1919b (July). The genera of fishes, Part II. Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., ix-++ 163-284- xiii pp. KAMOHARA, TOSHITJI 1952. Revised description of the offshore bottom-fishes of Prov. Tosa, Shikoku, Japan. Rep. Kochi Univ., Nat. Sci., no. 3, 122 pp. 1954. A review of the family Brotulidae found in the waters of Prov. Tosa, Japan. Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Sta., vol. 1, no. 2, 14 pp. Lo BIANco, SALVATORE 1909. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degle animali del golfo di Napoli. Mitt. Zool. St. Neapel, bd. 19, heft 4, pp. 513-761, 19 pls. Norman, J. R. 1939. Fishes, in The John Murray Expedition, 1933-34, Scientific Reports, vol. 7; no. 1;.116 pp. Osorio, BALTHAZAR 1917. Nota sdbre algunas especes de peixes que vivem no Atlantico ocidental. Arq. Univ. Lisboa, vol. 4, pp. 103-131, pls. 24-36. RADCLIFFE, LEWIS 1913. Descriptions of seven new genera and thirty-one new species of fishes of the families Brotulidae and Carapidae from the Philippine Islands and the Dutch East Indies. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, pp. 1385-176, pls. 7-117. Risso, A. 1810. Ichthyologie de Nice, ete. Paris, xxii+338 pp., 11 pls. 1826. Histoire des principales productions de l’Europe Méridionale et particuliérement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Mari- times, vol. 3, xvi+ 480 pp., 16 pls. REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN 19 Rosins, C. RicHaRD 1959. Studies on fishes of the family Ophidiidae, III: A new species of Lepophidium from Barbadoes. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 104, 7 pp. Rovts£, Louis, and ANGEL, FERNAND 1930. Larves et alevins de poissons provenant des croisiéres du Prince Albert I°' de Monaco. Rés. Camp. Sci. Albert I*', fase. 79, 139 pp., 6 pls. Ross, Jo ANN 1961. Anatomy and sexual dimorphism of the swim bladder and vertebral column in Ophidion holbrooki (Pisces: Ophidiidae). Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 280-308. SwaInson, WILLIAM 1839. The natural history of fishes, amphibians and reptiles or monocar- dian animals, vol. 2, vi+452 pp. Torre y Huerta, CARLOS DE LA 1930. Un pez de nueva especie, el ‘‘Benthocometes claudei Torre’”’ cogido en el tubo de la planta de M. Claude. Rev. Soc. Geogrdf. Cuba, ano 3, num. 4 [unnumbered page inserted between pp. 170-171]. 1931? Un pez de nueva especie, el ‘‘Benthocometes Claudei Torre’ cogido en el tubo de la planta de M. Claude en Matanzas. Rev. Colegio de La Salle, Havana, p. 231-232. ToRTONESE, ENRICO 1958. Elenco dei Leptocardi, Ciclostomi, Pesci cartilaginei ed ossei del mare mediterraneo. Atti Soc. Italiani Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano, vol. 97, fase. 4, pp. 309-345. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 1.—Counts and measurements of Oligopus longhursti ee ee SS ee eit DATO Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Counts USNM USNM USNM USNM USNM 187778 187779 191732 191732 193678 Dorsal 88 89 83 85 86 Anal 58 61 58 61 59 Pectoral 25 24 25 25 25 Vertebrae 45 44 45 45 44 Caudal 8 8 8 8 8 Vertical scale rows (approximately) 120 - 120 120 120 Measurements mm. %SL}mm. %SL |}mm. %SL|mm. %SL | mm. %SL Standard length 98.0 ~ 92.6 - | 105 - 105 ~ 106 - Body depth at dorsal origin 27.0 27.5 | 23.5 25.4] 25.0 23.8 - - - - Predorsal 30.0 30.6 29.5 31.9 31.4 29.9 3235 31807 33.5 31.6 Preanal 50.5 51.5 48.5 52.4 bos 65255 58.0 54.7 60.4 56.9 Head length 25.6 26.1 24.3 26.2 26.2 24.9 26.9 25.4 28.5 26.7 Snout 5.9 6.0 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.2 4.5 6.2 5.8 Orbit 4.5 4.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.3 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.8 Upper jaw 15.0 15.3] 14.0 15.1] 14.8 14.1] 14.5 13.7] 155 14.6 Greatest width of maxillary 5.4 5.5 5.0 5.4 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0 Greatest width of head 15.0 15.3] 13.0 14.0] 16.0 15.2] 16.1 15.2 - - TABLE 2.—Summary of measurements on O. diagrammus from three geographical localities (given as percent of standard length; average in parenthesis followed by range) eee Measurement Galapagos-N =21 Guadalupe-N=13 | Peninsular Baja Calif.-N =8 Range in standard length (mm.) 91, 54 74. 7-184 34, 5-81.0 Depth at dorsal origin 23.6 (21.4, 25.9) | 24.5 2 (21.3-32.1) | 23.1 (20. 9-25. 2) Predorsal 29.5 (28.6, 30.4) 29.1 (26. 3-80.9) | 29.4 (26.3-31. 9) Preanal 44.1 (43.9, 44.4) 47.3 (46.3-51.3) | 46.3 (43. 8-48. 1) Head length 26.6 (25.5, 27.8) 26.0 (25. 1-27.2) | 26.9 (25. 3-27.8) Snout 5.9 (5.4, 6.5) 5.2 (4. 6-6. 2) 5.7 (4. 9-6. 6) Orbit 5.0 (4.4, 5.6) 4.3 (3. 8-4. 7) 4.8 (4. 7-6. 1) Upper jaw 13.8 (14.7, 13.0) 13.2 (12. 5-13.8) | 13.7 (12. 8-14. 4) Maxillary width 4.35 (4.3, 4.4) 4.4 (3. 94. 7) 4.5 3(4.0-5.0) Head width 14.9 (13.4, 16.5) | 14.2 (12.0-17.7) | 13.3 (11. 1-17.3) Se Se eee 1 First number in parenthesis is holotype, second is paratype. 3N=5. 21 a IT T T BIUIOIVO vlog IT 9 = = ednispeny T I = = = = soZedr[ey S £ = = = = = = = = - - Zz - P I BIMIOITVO vled hee ae NS GN A 0 ee at rene sau oor dn mane Pau) = = I = = = - - - - sosvduley REVIEW OF OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS OLIGOPUS—COHEN = = = = - = - - - - I I - I - g - - - z EyUIO} VO vile I = = s ee = = - - - ednyiepeny = I = iS T = = = = = - - - - - - sosedeley) GIL FIL Il ZI TIL OTT 6OT 80L 20E 90T SOL FOL COT 2O0T TOL OOL 66 86 46 96 96 Ay[eooT sAvi Uy [BSI0d a — —————— $a1j1000] yoorydvsboab aaiy? wouf SnUWeISVIp °C 4of DIOP 91j814ayy —'E AAV J, 116 VOL, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 22 “QIOUL [V1IOAVS A[QISSO 1 6 FI L°8 6 9T 9°2 T 61 ¥ oT L‘81 TST 0 ‘61 0°ST = = peoy JO YAP 4Se}Bo1IH 69 0+ L‘9 0€ L’9 PG 9 ag €°9 og = = AIvI[[[XVUL 7B YYPIM 4So}voIH, 691 66 0°9T aL FLT 0'F1 9°9T PASt FOL 0'8T = = wef roddy tPF 9% 0°9 L% LY 8'e o's 0'F 9°F 9°€ = = 31410 L‘9 6°E 6°9 Ls 8°L €°9 LoL Z°9 9°9 aS = = ynous £ 6% ELE 6 8% 0'&T T1é TS $ TE € Gt € 62 G&S = = qysuel peo 8°LF 671% 0 ‘OF L°02 60g OTF 61g 8 IF Tag a TF = = [euvolg Fé Cc '6T GCE GFT 0 ‘FE 12 9°Cf L ‘82 8 “9E 1 62 = = [es10 pol L°9G 9ST L°9% 0-@T G83 0 “€ 91S 6G = = = = UISTIO [esIOp ye Yydep Apog 7 ¥ 8g = 0 oF = 9°08 = 9°08 - 162 | (‘xoidde) 06 q4sue] prepuryg 19% ‘urur 13% “Uru 13% “wut 19% “Uru ™3% “uur 19% “Uru syUIMIOIMsBva fy CL - - 6L 08 +o. (‘xO1ddB) SMOI 9[BOS [BOTJIIA Or Or OL Or OL a sdvl uy [epneg IF oP €F ef &F &P BvIGI}IIA &% &% co ¥Z FZ cs sei Uy [B10}09g $9 89 69 L9 99 291 sAvl ug [PUY c8 g8 g8 98 48 88 s&el ug [esiod stl do OST dn €F6EE ZOW ovdemg OOTY 0IEN €1g ‘84S [Too eurvyeg UldeyDg wo susuitoads ¢ edA4oloH sjun0g Topnepo sndosl[Q fo sywawainspau pun sjunoj—'fF AIAV J, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964—724-329 a 7 1 ae Wr ¢ s enh Ty : ; . rs ‘A es wi A gl or) VTE epeeien. Shy int pilav tr & tert inal t Be FT AU rary an 4 MET sy io > eee a in hit ‘ Mie : iy a Veyy 7 oo Ue pei e ice ret : A ike wi Todt, Rid fot ; a4 mt. a 2 saw @ + . , Pini a a i eens 7 yi mitens 5 pay ve! ' a en oe agus e ia) a) a oa pee ee 1 a sw ia 7 UL ay mo > at We Ws is TY a+ Pil i | . 3 feet y| a rh. ven /- OP hay) a sere att. Aor b fie pee Vues tae A Sy iA pai rr os it any iv a 1) , Caries 1%. iy), ae oa i ' 7 iy et a sai "Mis arte “j =) >» ; fem a ah ne: a ed iad ie ; 4 6 : : 2 is Cia ie WG Pind) oid bP bla: ae as ear Ot. Ge) POM ae. fas oP nf a a ie ulate Landi pisttele by railos orn ™ iia i. ; Pa im ear iki ; eS i? ft q) 454) ane 1 i in uae < nen ol iil {Sc fol it tee =, = 7 a Me ; 3 a iad Ade Pty ae oat? Se a —_ ht Wes a ae ke ig a 7s a ee en she aN. ae ee ee po arg ay LL a Pewee ed int sof the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3495 NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIOIDEA) By W. Donatp Duckworts Introduction This is a review of the North American moths of the family Sten- omidae, a large family of Microlepidoptera that is especially abundant in Central and South America, where it is represented by hundreds of species of remarkable diversity in size, shape, and color. In North America the family is represented by 24 species in 6 genera, widely distributed throughout the United States and parts of Canada. Formerly, identification of species in the Stenomidae rested almost solely on coloration and, to a lesser extent, on wing venation. Higher categories, for the most part, were based on wing venation. In recent years, it has been discovered that genitalic characters in the Sten- omidae, as in other groups of Lepidoptera, are of value in the separa- tion and definition of closely related species. It seems obvious that the genitalia, in addition to their usefulness in identifying species, have a place of primary importance in characterizing genera. The present study also indicates that the genitalia provide valuable characters for classification at family level. Busck (1921a) recognized the value of genital characters to higher category concepts and transferred the genus Setiostoma Zeller from 23 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Glyphipterygidae to Stenomidae after a careful study of their struc- tures. He also indicated that on the basis of the genitalia, the Sten- omidae and Xylorcytidae should be recognized as separate families. The failure of other workers to accept the evidence available from studies of the genitalia led to controversy and confusion. Meyrick admitted the value of the genitalia as an aid to classification but based his higher categories primarily on wing venation and other characters. Although the author is convinced that the genitalia are of primary importance in the problems of delimiting higher categories in the Stenomidae, an attempt to solve these problems without first making a detailed study of the Central and South American species would be unrealistic. A generic classification of stenomids is being undertaken presently as a separate study. The following classification uses structures of both male and female genitalia, as well as color and other adult characteristics. Illustra- tions of the genitalia of both sexes are given for each species. The terminology used for structures of the male and female genitalia of Lepidoptera is very extensive and complex. Despite this, there is a constant application of new names, as well as misapplication of old ones, by taxonomists who need names for many structures with doubt- ful homologies. Some workers apply the same name to structures similar in appearance, even in widely separated families, while others hesitate to apply the same name to two structures unless these have been shown to be strictly homologous. The majority of workers do not wish to contribute to further instability of nomenclature but are unable to await the results of morphological studies dealing with the homologies. The nomenclature of the genitalia in this paper follows the recommendations made by Klots in Tuxen’s publication (1956) on insect genitalia. Biological studies and larval host plant records for North American stenomids are few; known records for each species are listed in the text. The larvae of the North American species feed chiefly on trees and shrubs such as oak, maple, and laurel, although one species, Stenoma mistrella Busck, has been found on timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Exotic species are known to feed on avocado, custard apple (Annona sp.), coffee, and cacao. The literature on the North American species of Stenomidae is somewhat confused because of the uncertainty of many authors as to the relationship of Stenomidae to other closely related families. Much of this uncertainty has come from Edward Meyrick’s work (1880, 1889, 1890, 1913, 1915, 1922, 1925, 1928, 1929) in the Ste- nomidae and related groups. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 25 As mentioned earlier, Meyrick’s system of classification was based primarily on wing venation. He also tried to employ a hypothesis, based on a mathematical formula, to provide a convenient artificial system to which he could fit his classification. The desired standard in Meyrick’s classification was an average of about 10 species to the genus and 50 genera to the family in the world fauna. His failure to accept classification based on other valuable structures, such as the genitalia, left many unanswered questions concerning relation- ships of categories within the Stenomidae and relationships of this family to other families. The relationship between Stenomidae and Xyloryctidae has pre- sented a difficult problem; Busck (1921a) transferred the genus Setiostoma Zeller from Glyphipterygidae to Stenomidae. Forbes (1923) evidently felt the two families were not distinct because he listed them as subfamilies under the family Xyloryctidae. Clarke (1955a) recognized them as separate families: the Xyloryctidae being confined principally to the Old World and the Stenomidae to the New World. The genus Stenoma Zeller, upon which the family is based, is still a doubtful entity. The type species, Stenoma litura Zeller, is based on a single female now in the British Museum that, according to Clarke (1955a), is unlike any of the approximately 600 species that have been placed as congeners. Clarke (1955a) also states that this ereat mass of species is still a heterogeneity that will require close study, with the possible delimitation of many new genera based on diagnostic refinements. Some genera that have been considered to be doubtful with respect to family affinity are herein treated as Stenomidae on the basis of the genitalia, pending a more comprehensive study of generic rela- tionships throughout the family. In this paper, the family Sten- omidae in North America includes the genera Stenoma, Antacotricha, Setiostoma, Mothonica, Menestomorpha, and Menesta. The genus Menesta was moved by Forbes (1923) from the family Gelechiidae to the Stenomidae on the basis of the genitalia, as well as other adult and pupal characters. The author gratefully acknowledges the aid of Dr. David A. Young of North Carolina State College, who encouraged the undertaking of a taxonomic problem in the Microlepidoptera and made suggestions on the preparation of this paper. Sincere thanks are also due Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke, Head Curator of Entomology, U.S. National Museum, for suggesting this problem, for technical advice, and for his kind encouragement. The loan of material from their respective private collections by Mr. C. P. Kimball and by Dr. Ronald Hodges also is gratefully acknowledged. The author also wishes to thank 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Mr. André Pizzini for the distribution maps and Mr. Jack Scott for the photographic work. Family Stenomidae Meyrick Stenomidae Meyrick (in part), 1906, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 30, p. 50; 1909, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 28; 1912, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 706; 1931, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, vol. 36, p. 378.— Walsingham, 1912, Lepidoptera-Heterocera, vol. 4 (vol. 42 in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana), pp. 153-187; 1913, Lepidoptera- Heterocera, vol. 4 (vol. 42 in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Ameri- cana), pp. 188-190.—Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepidop. North America, vol. 4, p. 236. Stenomatidae Walsingham, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 214. Cryptolechiidae Meyrick (in part), 1883, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, p. 124. Xyloryctidae Meyrick (in part), 1925-1934, Exotic Microlepidoptera, vols. 1-4. —Forbes, 1923, Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., vol. 68, p. 250. Cryptophasidae Fletcher (in part), 1929, Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 11, pp. 1-244. Stenomides Meyrick, 1930, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, vol. 44, p. 233. Stenominae Janse, 1932, The moths of South Africa, vol. 1, p. 61. Type genus.—Stenoma Zeller. Male antenna heavily ciliated ventrally, female with slight or no ciliation, basal segment without pecten; labial palpus compressed, curved gradually dorsad and extending above crown of head. Fore- wing with 12 veins (or 11 by fusion of veins 2 and 3); vein 1b furcate at base; vein 7 separate to termen, apex or costa; veins 2-3 and 4 separate, connate, or stalked; veins 2 and 3 fused, stalked, or separate. Forewing typically much more than twice as long as wide; shorter in Menesta and Setiostoma. Hindwing with veins 6 and 7 stalked; 3 and 4 connate, stalked, or fused; vein 5 close to, connate, or fused with 4; typically very broad with rounded termen. Male genitalia: Symmetrical; harpes simple or divided into lobes, bearing bifurcate setae that may be long and straight, long and re- curved, or short; socii and transtilla absent; anellus a simple plate or with moderately or well-developed lateral processes. Vinculum band- like, complete or incomplete. Gnathos present; uncus present, well developed or reduced. Female genitalia: Genital plate variously sclerotized or membra- nous; corpus bursae with or without signum. Key to Species of North American Stenomidae Based on Genitalia iS Malex 2o2 3. eae NS ar lg REE Re, en ee et See me 2 Bemaleatss) ii). hessteesass (iPS ese RE Sere ee ee ae 24 2. Harpes with (humblike| Tojection on costa bearing long, recurved, bifurcate SCLACI cy ote pees seat ke, ss; Shae dca eee. te . (Genus Antaeotricha Zeller) 3 Harpes without such’a projection... © 5 = «= <<. «. js) \<) seeds pence cone 17 10. He 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 13 18. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 27 ReATiClus witht lateral Lobes). Peewee ca Sete isa ey Joe ce ec CTD ee 4 FAIGLIISe WATHOUG MN ALCESIMODESI:, wu aici wiccale ac: wiey cn are is scale wo Kemet See US PPATICUUSEWIEH BWO lateral Obes.“ .)wae ieee ee Sueeeomer Go 2. etliee 2 3 AMICUS: WibhetOUnMALErAIMObeS seo ce melae o altic ems fishes LL . Tip of gnathos broad, notched Se aed SOR pe: cereal. Ge 6 Tip of gnathos narrow, fiapnteteda SORT A ses Bian, em ye, Mee NS) ReneS @ . Left lobe of anellus forked . . . . . . 1. Antaeotricha schlaegeri (Zeller) Left lobe of anellus simple . . 2. Antaeotricha lindseyi (Barnes and Busck) . Uncus simple; lobes of anellus small, bearing setae at tips; cornuti a long mass of small spines . . .. . . .8. Antaeotricha irene (Barnes and Busck ) Uncus not simple; combination of characters not asabove ...... 8 . Aedeagus with cornuti; combination of characters not as below... . 9 Aedeagus without cornuti; uncus with dilated tip; lateral lobes of anellus upright, sharply pointed . . .11. Antaeotricha haesitans (Walsingham) . Vineulum produced into dorsally projecting process in front. 13. Antaeotricha fuscorectangulata, new species Vinculum not produced into dorsally projecting process ....... 10 Uncus with broadened tip; aedeagus flaring apically. 4. Antaeotricha leucillana (Zeller) Uncus with tip terminating in two short spines; aedeagus short, broad, truncate at tip ...... . . .15. Antaeotricha manzanitae Keifer Uncus distinctly notched at tip, aedeagus with cornuti a large irregular group of very small spines; with lateral recurved process. 7. Antaectricha furcata (Walsingham) Uncus without notched tip, aedeagus without cornuti and without lateral recurved process . . EL TERRE ver Dale, FL Gnathos divided into a ieee at tip eee oe, See rey aw een) ac sow ea Lies Gnathos not divided into two lobes at tip .... Sac cmey OTA Lobes on tip of gnathos blunt . .3. Antaeotricha anipuierelin (Clemens) Lobes on tip of gnathos acuminate. 14. Antaeotricha vestalis (Barnes and Busck) Lobes of anellus unequal, dorsal lobe large, laterally curved, with dense, brushlike group of spines on inner margin of apical third; ventral lobes reduced, setiferous; aedeagus without spine. 6. Antaeotricha decorosella (Busck) Lobes of anellus approximately equal in size, dorsal ones with heavy spines at tip, ventral ones setiferous; aedeagus with apical spine. 5. Antaeotricha osseella (Walsingham) Anellus V-shaped, uncus dilated at tip, not cleft. 9. Antaeotricha humilis (Zeller) Anellus not V-shaped, uncus not dilated at tip ........... 16 Uncus attenuate, cleft at tip. 11. Antaeotricha thomasi (Barnes and Busck) Uncus truncate, not cleft at tip. .10. Antaeotricha agrioschista (Meyrick) Harpes simple with palmate, multilobed setae on outer part of costa. (Genus Setiostoma Zeller) 18 Harpes simple or ea without palmate, multilobed setae on outer part OL COSA). Aire ee eee at ete iD a LO Cornuti consisting ae more ‘hour one oildeaes eri epine! 2. Setiostoma fernaldella Riley Cornuti consisting of one large single spine. 1, Setiostoma xanthobasis Zeller 28 19. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26. 27. to Se 29. 30. 3l. 32. 30. 04, 35. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Harpes compound « .. -sj.< os | si he (ene Ve pe nee REO IR, VE ee eee Harpes simple .... oi/ via’ UNAENE SAL EONT ON sh Llc lee Seem Sacculus with prominent bifaneste iobel (Genus Mothonica Walsingham) 1. Mothonica kimballi, new species Sacculus a large fleshy lobe .. (Genus Menestomorpha Walsingham) 1. Menestomeorpha oblongata (Walsingham) Uncusieduced sear tia: hse . (Genus Stenoma Zeller) 22 Uncus large, tapering, éurved ential lying parallel to gnathos. (Genus Menesta Clemens) 23 Aedeagus large, flared apically; cornuti two clusters of very heavy spines. 1. Stenoma mistrella Busck Aedeagus small, broad; cornuti one small cluster of heavy spines. 2. Stenoma crambitella Walsingham . Cornuti consisting of two heavy spines. 1. Menesta tortriciformella Clemens Cornuti consisting of one heavy spine. . . 2. Menesta melanella Murtfeldt Anterior apophyses fused to genital plate or very reduced. (Genus Antacotricha Zeller) 25 Anterior apophyses free, well developed .......+..+66++4+ 0 of Corpusibursserwith signum® ti. "s< dort. ge siblastlare! whe ole pees 2s Corpus bursae without signum .. . tensa: 3 Rte he aay eet neo Corpus bursae corrugated, genital Pinte bandlike. 15. Antaeotricha manzanitae Keifer Corpus bursae not corrugated, genital plate not bandlike. . ..... 27 Genital plate reduced, lamella antevaginalis and postvaginalis not differenti- ated, ductus bursae short, sclerotized, corpus bursae small. 4. Antaeotricha leucillana (Zeller) Genital plate well developed, lamella antevaginalis small, forming triangular flap over ostium. . .. .. . 12. Antaeotricha haesitans (Walsingham) Genital plate reduced to simple band, signum with single large spine. . 29 Genital plate more complex, signum a small- to large-toothed plate . . 32 Anterior apophyses fused to genital plate. 11. Antaeotricha thomasi (Barnes and Busck) Anterior apophyses small, not fused to genital plate. ........ 30 Ostium bursae with a pouchlike evagination between ostium and inception of ductus seminalis . .13. Antaeotricha fuscorectangulata, new species Ostium bursae without such an opening .. . 6 Shes od Genital plate excavated along posterior margin, awn iporeae short. 10. Antaeotricha agrioschista (Meyrick) Genital plate not excavated, ductus bursae long. 9. Antaeotricha humilis (Zeller) Ostium opening near center of genital plate. . . ......+.+.+. +. «338 Ostium opening near anterior margin of genital plate. ....... 36 Ductus bursae sclerotized from midpoint to corpus bursae 8. Antaeotricha irene (Barnes and Busck) Ductus bursae not sclerotized .... a) nah dal «ae aye ak Iyer, ath ie tee Ne Posterior margin of genital plate cleft medially. 5. Antaeotricha osseella (Walsingham) Posterior margin of genital plate not cleft... . . es OO Genital plate with median T-shaped process priendinea over sce 3. Antaeotricha unipunctella (Clemens) Genital plate without process . .. . . 14. Antaeotricha vestalis (Zeller) NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 29 36. Genital plate with large, median, elevated area directly posterior to os- LUE ete te tea ce EBook Bs ai SE classes cet afl om Po a ciel ns hese bed Genital plate without such an area . .6. Antaeotricha decorosella (Busck) 37. Ductus bursae thick, short, approximately same length as corpus bursae. 7. Antaeotricha furcata (Walsingham) Ductus bursae slender, long, approximately twice length of corpus bursae. 1. Antaeotricha schlaegeri (Zeller) or 2. Antaeotricha lindseyi (Barnesand Busck) 38. Genital plate membraneous ..... . . . (Genus Setiostoma Zeller) 39 Genital plate not membraneous. .... Sl ae 39. Corpus bursae with signum ...... L. Bcesatenda sent lin beaie Zeller Corpus bursae without signum. .. . . .2. Setiostoma fernaldella Riley 40. Genital plate fused to eighth sternum . . . . . (Genus Stenoma Zeller) 41 Genital plate not fused to eighth sternum. ............. «42 41. Corpus bursae with one lightly sclerotized signum. 1. Stenoma mistrella Busck Corpus bursae with two lightly sclerotized, dentate signa. 2. Stenoma crambitella Walsingham 42. Signum large, dumbbell-shaped, dentate. 1. Mothonica kimballi, new species Signum not asabove .... a eyivsicarte oa 43. Genital plate reduced to small, median tenceniae Belorite, (Genus Menesta Clemens) 44 Genital plate reduced to simple liplike band surrounding ostium. 1. Menestomorpha oblongata Walsingham 44. Corpus bursae with heavily sclerotized, cross-shaped signum with median projecting lobe ...... . . .1. Menesta tortriciformella Clemens Corpus bursae with heavily sclerotized, rectangular signum with median projecting lobe ......... .. 2. Menesta melanella Murtfeldt Genus Antaeotricha Zeller Antaeotricha Zeller, 1854, Linn. Entom., vol. 9, p. 390. 1. Antaeotricha schlaegeri (Zeller) Fiaures 1, 24; Prats la; Map 1 Cryptolechia schlaegeri Zeller, 1854, Linn. Entom., vol. 9, p. 372; 1855, Linn. Entom., vol. 10, p. 158; 1873, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 23, p. 246. Stenoma schlaegeri Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 152.—Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238.— Forbes, 1923, Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., vol. 68, p. 252. Antaeotricha schlaegeri Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 28. Alar expanse 21-27 mm. Color: Face white; palpus white, sprinkled with dusky scales. Legs white; foreleg smoky; midleg with dark tarsi ringed with light scales. Thorax white dorsally with brownish-black tuft posteriorly. Abdomen white. Forewings white, basal half with conspicuous, mixed light and dark brown, somewhat raised patch of scales on hindmargin from basal angle almost to middle of wing, apical half with irregular discal area of dusky scales; postmedial and 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 subterminal bands broad, even; dusky terminal band very narrow, cut into spots; black line, usually broken, in base of cilia. Hindwing very pale tan with white cilia. Male genitalia: Uncus simple, curved ventrad; gnathos very broad, broadly notched at tip; harpes each with costa bearing a thumblike projection with long, recurved, bifurcate setae; vinculum complete; anellus with two large, upright lateral lobes, one forked, the other simple; aedeagus with apex acute, cornuti absent. Female genitalia: Genital plate large, lamella antevaginalis a small, semicircular plate; lamella postvaginalis larger, with median elevated area; ostium bursae and ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae with signum large, dentate; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Anterior apophyses fused to genital plate. Type: In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality: New York. Food plant: Quercus alba L. Distribution: quEBEc: Meach Lake (May, June). NEW yYoRK: Allegany State Park (June, July, Aug.) ; Flatbush (June); Ilion (June). MASSACHUSETTS: Martha’s Vineyard (June); Vineyard Haven (June). PENNSYLVANIA: Beaver Co. (May); New Brighton (May, June); Pittsburgh (May). NEW sERSEY: Essex Co. Park (May, June). DELAWARE: New Castle (June). MARYLAND: Plummers Island (May); Riverdale (June). bisrricr oF coLuMBIA: Washington (June). VIRGINIA: Falls Church (May, Aug.); Grange Camp (May). NorRTH CAROLINA: Raleigh (April, June, Aug.). Arkansas: Oracle (July). MISSOURI: St. Louis (June). ILLINOIS: Quincy (May); Decatur (May). iowa: Iowa City (June); Sioux City (May); Homestead (May). TEXAS: Waco (May); Dallas. arizona: Huachuca Mts. (Oct.); Palmerlee; Oracle (July). This species is very similar to Antaeotricha lindseyi. Possibly the two are conspecific, but until series of A. lindsey: can be obtained and the variation studied, I prefer to recognize them as distinct species. They may be distinguised by differences in the shapes of the aedeagus and of one of the anellar lobes. Significant differences in the female genitalia have not been found. 2. Antaeotricha lindseyi (Barnes and Busck) FIGURE 2; PLATE 1b; Map 1 Stenoma lindseyi Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 239. Antaeotricha lindseyi Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 25. Alar expanse 25-28 mm. Color: Face, palpus, and legs white. Thorax white dorsally with brown tuft of scales posteriorly. Abdomen white. Forewing longer, NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 31 narrower, and more pointed than in A. schlaegeri, and with dark area on hindmargin (which is interrupted near middle of forewing in A. schlaegert) continued to anal angle. Hindwing of male dark brownish, considerably darker than those of A. schlaegeri. Male genitalia: As in A. schlaegeri, except anellar lobe hooked in- stead of forked, and aedeagus shaped differently. Female genitalia: As in A. schlaegeri. Type: In the United States National Museum. Type locality: Paradise, Cochise County, Arizona. Food plant: Unknown. Distribution: arizona: Prescott (Sept.); Paradise, Cochise Co. (July, Sept.); Gila Co. (June); Palmerlee; Yavapai Co. (Sept.); (Huachuca Mts.; Baboquivarii Mts. (July); Mohave Co. (Sept.); Dewey; Redington. NEw mexico: Rincon (June); Ft. Wingate (June). This species is closely related to A. schlaegeri; the distinguishing characters have been noted under that species. 3. Antaeotricha unipunctella (Clemens) Ficurss 3, 25; Puate 1c; Map 2 Brachiloma unipunctella Clemens, 1863, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 126; 1872, The Tineina of North America, p. 232.—Busck, 1903a, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 5, p. 214. Cryptolechia lithosina Zeller, 1873, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 23, p. 244. Harpalyce tortricella Chambers, 1874, Canadian Ent., vol. 6, p. 235. Ide tortricella Chambers, 1877, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., vol. 3, p. 122, 141. Ide lithosina Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 155. Stenoma unipunctella Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238.—Forbes, 1923, Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., vol. 68, p. 253. Antaeotricha unipunctella Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 30. Alar expanse 20-22 mm. Color: Face and palpus white. Foreleg brownish; mid- and hindleg white. Thorax stramineous dorsally. Forewing stramineous; discal cell with or without one or two brownish dots apically. Hindwing white. Male genitalia: Uncus a long, narrow stem beyond dilated base, arched and spatulate at apex. Gnathos broad, divided into two rounded lobes at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; vinculum complete, arching in front; anellus with four lateral lobes, two on each side of aedeagus, hindlobes longer and with heavy spines apically; aedeagus dilated at base, tapering to smoothly rounded tip, cornuti absent. Female genitalia: Genital plate wide, short; ostium bursae sclero- tized; ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae with signum large, dentate; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 726-597-642 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Type locality: Pennsylvania (B. unipunctella), Texas (C. lithosina, H1. tortricella). Food plant: Quercus sp. In the USNM collection there is one specimen that has been reared from chestnut. Distribution: rLormpa: Fort Myers (April); Cocoanut Grove; St. Petersburg (Oct.); Enterprise (May); Hastings (Sept.); Oneco (May); Weeki Wachee Springs (May); Sarasota (May). Lovurstana: Natchi- toches Parish (Aug.). Texas: Kerrville (April, May, June, Aug.); Burnett Co. (Sept., Oct.); Belfrage; Shovel Mt. (July). arizona: Yavapai Co.; Ft. Grant (July). This species is very similar to A. decorosella in both coloration and genitalia; however, the forewings are stramineous in color, the male genitalia have a much larger and more broadly notched gnathos, the aedeagus is shaped differently, and the female genital opening is in the center of the genital plate rather than on the anterior edge. 4. Antaeotricha leucillana (Zeller) Figures 4, 26; Phare 1d; Map 3 Cryptolechia leucillana Zeller, 1854, Linn. Entom., vol. 9, p. 370. Cryptolechia algidella Walker, 1864, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, vol. 29, p. 710. (New synonymy.) Stenoma leucillana Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 153. Stenoma algidella Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 153.—Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238. Antaeotricha leucillana Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 25. Alar expanse 15-23 mm. Color: Face and palpus white, sprinkled with brown. Legs white; forelegs covered with dark scales. Thorax white dorsally with brownish black tuft posteriorly as in A. schlaegeri but former with brown cilia on apical half. Male genitalia: Uncus with broadened, bifid tip; gnathos simple, slender, ending in a kind of beak; harpes as in A. schlaegeri, vinculum complete, anellus with two rounded, lateral lobes; aedeagus large, flaring apically with ventral half extending farther than dorsal and forming a broad lip; cornuti a cluster of many medium-sized spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate reduced to simple band; ostium bursae and ductus bursae short, sclerotized; corpus bursae small; signum absent; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: Unknown. Type locality: Georgia (C. leucillana), Nova Scotia (C. algidella). Food plants: Pyracantha crenulata (Roxb.), Malus sp., Vaccinium corymbosum L., Acer sp. Frost (1931) gives an account of the life history of S. algidella (= A. leucillana). Distribution: NEW HAMPSHIRE: Hampton (June, July); White Mts. massacHuseTts: Martha’s Vineyard (July). NEW YORK: NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 33 Orient (Aug., Sept., Oct.); McLean Bogs Reserve (May, June); Ithaca (May, June, Aug.); Boreas River, Essex Co. (July); Mattituck (June); Trenton Falls (June); Rock City (June); West Falls (Aug.); Buffalo (July); E. Aurora (May, June); Horseheads (May); Monroe Co. (June). PENNSYLVANIA: South Gibson (Aug.); Oak Station (May, July); New Brighton (April, May, June); Pittsburgh (May, Aug.); Beaver Co. (May). NEw seRsEY: Reach (Aug.); Anglesea (May); Park (Aug.); Whitesbog (May, Oct.); Oakland (Aug.); New Lisbon (July). MARYLAND: Plummers Island (June, Aug.); Hyatts- ville (May); Cabin John (June). pistRicT oF cotumMBIA: Washington (May, June). virarnta: Shenandoah (Aug.); Stafford (May). WEST yIRGINIA: White Sulphur Springs (July). NORTH CAROLINA: Tryon (May); Southern Pines (July, Aug.); White Lake (July). SOUTH CAROLINA: Oconee (Aug.). FLORIDA: Gainesville (July); St. Petersburg (Jan.); Vero Beach (Feb., March, Oct., Nov.); Oneco (June); Weeki Wachee Springs (June); Siesta Key (May, June); Bradenton (Aug.); Pensacola (March). GrorarA: Savannah (July). ALABAMA: Camp Rucker (April); Flatwood (June); Leroy (June). MISSISSIPPI: Biloxi (June); Ocean Springs (April); Bolton (Aug.). ARKANSAS: Sulphur City (Aug.). missourt: Mountain Grove (July). Kansas: Lawrence (April, May). m1rtnors: Decatur (March, April, May). rtowa: Iowa City (July); Sioux City (June, July); Homestead (May). onto: Cuyahoga Co. (May); Dayton (May). Maniropa: Cartwright. Texas: Denver (June); Browns- ville (June); San Benito (Aug.); Kerrville (June); Tiger Mill; Victoria (Sept.); Shovel Mt. (July); Mathis (Aug.); Laredo (Sept.); Mercedes; Dallas (April). orrGon: Ritter, Grant Co. (June). LOUISIANA: Sam Houston State Park (Aug). This species is very similar to A. schlaegeri in coloration but it is generally smaller. The presence of an uncus with a broadened bifid tip and a broad, apically flared aedeagus in the male genitalia, and a reduced genital plate and small corpus bursae in the female genitalia readily separate this species from A. schlaegert. The name of this species has been in doubt for a number of years. The type locality for Walker’s C. algidella is Nova Scotia and for Zeller’s C. leucillana is Georgia. There is, according to Walsingham (1889), some color variation between the southern and northern limits of distribution and this variation is responsible for Walker’s description of C. algidella. Although the location of Zeller’s type is uncertain, a Zeller specimen from Texas labeled C. leucillana in the British Museum is identical to Walker’s type of C. algidella. Obviously this problem cannot be resolved adequately until Zeller’s type of C. leucillana is studied and compared with that of Walker’s C. algi- della; however, since indirect evidence indicates that both names 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 apply to the same species, and, since C. leucillana is the older name, the latter is adopted provisionally here. 5. Antaeotricha osseella (Walsingham) Figures 5, 27; PLatEe le; Map 4 Ide osseella Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 155. Brachyloma querciella Busck, 1908, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol 10, p. 111. (New synonymy). Stenoma querciella Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238.—Forbes, 1923, Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., vol. 68, p. 253.—Busck, 1925, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 48. Stenoma osseella Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 239. Antaeotricha osseella Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 26. Antaeotricha querciella Buseck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 27. Alar expanse 22-24 mm. Color: Face and palpus whitish sprinkled with brown scales. Legs whitish, forelegs dark fuscous anteriorly. Thorax brown dorsally. Abdomen ochreous. Forewing brown with strong lustre; with two blackish dots at end of cell, anterior one more proximal than posterior one. Hindwing light tan with white cilia. Male genitalia: Uncus similar to A. unipunetella, with spatulate tip, but not as arched. Gnathos broadly notched at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; vinculum complete, arching in front; anellus as in A. unipunctella but larger and notched medially; aedeagus tapering to rounded apex bearing a small apical spine. Cornuti absent. Female genitalia: Genital plate wide, short, with median slot. Ostium bursae large; ductus bursae long, membranous; corpus bursae narrow with signum large, dentate; inception of ductus semi- nalis near ostium. Type: In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality: California (J. osseella), Montclair, New Jersey (B. querciella). Food plant: Quercus alba L., Quercus muehlenbergiit Engelm. Distribution: NEw york: Ithaca (July, Aug., Sept.). NEW JERSEY: Lakehurst (Aug., Sept.); Brown’s Mills (July). NoRTH CAROLINA: Highlands (June, Aug.); Brevard (Aug.). souTH CAROLINA: Oconee (Aug., Sept.); Greenville; Anderson (June). WEST viRGINIA: White Sulphur Springs (July). maryLanp: Hyattsville (May, June). pis- TRICT OF cCoLUMB1A: Washington (Sept.). MASSACHUSETTS: Newton Highlands. PENNSyLVANIA: New Brighton (July, Aug.). ILLINOIS: Decatur (July). ARKANSAS: Washington Co. (July, Aug.). TEXAS: Burnet Co. missouri: Columbia. This species is similar in size to A. decorosella and A. unipunctella, but the coloration is distinct. The spine on the tip of the aedeagus NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 35 in the male and the median slot in the genital plate in the female are distinctive genital characters. The identity of this species has been in doubt for some time. Keifer (1937) discusses the status of the name osseella and states: ‘‘At the present time I know of no further published elucidation of the application of the name osseella.”” I have examined the genitalia of Busck’s type of B. querciella and photographs of the genitalia of Walsingham’s type of J. osseella and found the two identical. Since Walsingham’s is the older name, Busck’s B. querciella must fall. 6. Antaeotricha decorosella (Busck) Fiaures 6, 30; Pate 1f; Map 4 Brachyloma decorosella Busck, 1908, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 10, p. 111. Stenoma decorasella [sic] Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 256. Stenoma decorella [sic] Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 256. Antaeotricha decorosella Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 21. Alar expanse 22-24 mm. Color: Face whitish ochreous; palpus brownish ochreous. Foreleg rich brown; midleg a somewhat lighter shade; hindleg white. Thorax dark brown dorsally. Abdomen whitish ochreous. Forewing dark brown; costal edge narrowly light ochreous; cell with barely percepti- ble darker brown apical spot. Hindwing whitish fuscous with cilia ochreous, Male genitalia: Uncus curved, dilated at tip and only slightly in- dented; gnathos well developed and notched at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; anellus with four lobes, ventral ones small amd thumblike, bearing several setae at their apex, dorsal ones large, laterally curved, with dense, brushlike group of spines on inner margin of apical third. Aedeagus long, with slightly pointed apex; cornuti absent. Female genitalia: Genital plate large, lamella antevaginalis a small liplike band, lamella postvaginalis much larger, slightly elevated in center; ostium bursae large, slightly sclerotized; ductus bursae long, membranous; corpus bursae with large, toothed signum; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the United States National Museum. Type locality: Montclair, New Jersey. Food plant: Quercus ilicifolia Wang, Quercus marilandica Muench. Distribution: NORTH CAROLINA: Tryon (Aug.). NEW JERSEY: New Lisbon (Aug.); Lakehurst (July, Aug.). FLORIDA: St. Petersburg (April). massacHusEtts: Martha’s Vineyard (Aug.). This species is similar to A. wnipunctella, but it differs in the presence of a dense, brushlike group of spines on the dorsal lobes of the anellus 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 in the male genitalia and in the location of the genital opening at the anterior edge of the genital plate in the female. 7. Antaeotricha furcata (Walsingham) Fiaures 7, 28; PhatE 2a; Map 4 Stenoma furcata Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 153.—Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238. Antaeotricha furcata Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 23. Alar expanse 27-30 mm. Color: Face and palpus white. Legs whitish, unspotted. Thorax whitish slightly sprinkled with dusky scales dorsally, without tuft of dark scales posteriorly. Abdomen cinereous. Forewing white; patch of dark, raised scales at base of posterior edge as in A. schlaegeri; with brownish-grey scales extending from this to anal angle behind discal cell; with faint greyish clouds and spots at apex of cell and brownish-grey transverse line between this and apical margin. Hind- wing dark cinereous in male; pale greyish ochreous in female. Cilia white, shaded with grey at tip; few divided black scales present. Male genitalia: Uncus curved, widened, and distinctly notched at tip; gnathos somewhat reduced in size, notched at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; anellus with four lobes, ventral ones small with pointed apex bearing several setae, dorsal ones larger, truncate, bearing several setae at apex; aedeagus long, a long recurved process near apex, apex pointed; cornuti a large cluster of very small spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate large, lamella antevaginalis moderately Jarge and liplike, lamella postvaginalis with two lateral de- pressions and median elevated area; ostium bursae large; ductus bur- sae short, membranous; corpus bursae with toothed signum; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality: Arizona. Food plant: Unknown. Distribution: ARIZONA: Paradise, Cochise Co. (May, June); Ma- dera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. (Aug., Sept., Oct.) ; Morrison; Nogales (May). NEW mexico: Ruidosa Canyon (July). This species is similar to A. schlaegeri and A. lindseyi in color, but the distinctive aedeagus and notched uncus serve to separate the males, while the characteristic genital plate and the short, thick ductus bursae separate the females. 8. Antaeotricha irene (Barnes and Busck) Ficurss 8, 8a, 29; PLaTe 2b; Map 5 Stenoma irene Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 239. Antaeotricha irene Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 24. Alar expanse 19-20 mm, NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH oT Color: Face white; palpus white sprinkled with brown exteriorly. Legs white; foreleg with dark scales on outer side, mid- and hindlegs with dusky tarsi. Thorax ranging from dark fuscous to white dorsally with somewhat large, dark, rounded tuft posteriorly. Abdomen white sprinkled dorsally with dusky scales. Females with forewing white, extreme base of posterior edge fuscous; conspicuous dark spot at apical two-thirds; more distal, lighter, irregular band extending to posterior edge; and still more distal, very faint, narrow, transverse, outwardly curved line across apical part of wing. In some specimens a cloudy spot at midlength of posterior edge. Male with entire basal portion of forewing blackish brown and, in addition to markings of female, with additional cloudy, ill-defined, more or less transverse areas on middle of forewing and across apical third; also an inter- rupted line of small black marginal dots on apex. Hindwing light whitish fuscous; cilia white. Male genitalia: Uncus simple; gnathos well developed and pointed at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; anellus narrow, with two small lobes; aedeagus large, sharply pointed at apex; cornuti a long mass of small spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate a small band; ostium bursae sclerot- ized, opening near center of genital plate; ductus bursae long, mem- branous from ostium bursae to midlength, sclerotized from midlength to corpus bursae; corpus bursae with dentate signum; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the United States National Museum. Type locality: Brownsville, Texas. Food plant: Sida spp. Distribution: Texas: Brownsville (Jan., June); San Benito (July, Aug., Sept.). This species is intermediate between A. leuciliana and A. vestalis in color, differing, in the male genitalia, by the presence of a simple uncus and a large cornutus in the aedeagus, and, in the female, by the lower part of the ductus bursae being sclerotized. 9. Antaeotricha humilis (Zeller) Fiegures 11, 31; Puare 2c; Map 5 Cryptolechia humilis Zeller, 1855, Linn. Entom., vol. 10, p. 156. Cryptolechia nebeculosa Zeller, 1873, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 23, p. 245. Harpalyce canusella Chambers, 1874, Canadian Ent., vol. 6, p. 235. Stenoma humilis Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 154.—Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238. Antaeotricha humilis Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 24. Alar expanse 12-15 mm. Color: Face white sprinkled with brown; palpus white, sprinkled with brown exteriorly. Foreleg brown, tarsi ringed with white; 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 midleg white sprinkled with brown; hindleg white. Thorax brown dorsally, without posterior tuft. Abdomen whitish ochreous. Fore- wing ash grey with three diffuse brown spots on anterior margin; three dark dots in midline, middle dot less distinct; two transverse bands on posterior margin; faint, curved subterminal band and row of dark terminal dots. Hindwing light tan; cilia tan. Male genitalia: Uncus curved, dilated at tip; gnathos well devel- oped, somewhat pointed at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; anellus V-shaped, without lobes; aedeagus small, with slightly pointed apex; cornuti absent. Female genitalia: Genital plate small, lamella antevaginalis and lamella postvaginalis not differentiated. Ostium bursae sclerotized, opening at posterior margin of genital plate; ductus bursae long, membranous; corpus bursae with large sclerotized signum; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium; anterior apophyses short, not fused to genital plate. Type: Not known. Type locality: South Carolina (C. humilis), Texas (C. nebeculosa, H. canuselia). Food plant: Quercus sp. This species has been reared by the author from larvae collected on oak in North Carolina in July. The larvae tie two leaves together and feed between them. Pupation occurs in the space between the two tied leaves. These observations are casual and a more thorough study of the life history of this species is planned. Distribution: NoRTH CAROLINA: Brevard (June); Tryon (June); Southern Pines (May, June, Sept.) ; Kinston (July). SouTH CAROLINA: Oconee (Aug., Sept.). FLORIDA: Gainesville (July); Venice (Dec.); Lake Alfred (July); Royal Palm State Park; Paradise Key (March); Miami; Glenwood; Vero Beach (Feb.) ; St. Petersburg (May) ; Panacea (Aug.); Pensacola (Sept.). missourt: Kirkwood (April). missis- sipPr: Bay St. Louis (June); Clinton (May). TENNESSEE: Monteagle (July). virrerntA: Cape Henry (Aug.); Falls Church (Aug.). m11- NoIs: Oconee (July, Aug.). MARYLAND: Plummers Island (May); Hyattsville (July). texas: Waco; Kerrville (April). 1np1ana: Hess- ville (May). NEW sERSEY: Anglesea (May, June); Lakehurst (May). LOUISIANA: Vowell’s Mill (April). This species is similar to A. vestalis in size and coloration, but closer to A. thomasi in structures of the male and female genitalia. It is readily separable by the V-shaped anellus without lateral lobes in the male and by the presence of free anterior apophyses in the female. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 39 10. Antaeotricha agrioschista (Meyrick) Fiaurss 10, 10a, 34; Phare 2d; Map 5 Stenoma agrioschista Meyrick, 1927, Exotic Microlepidoptera, vol. 3, p. 365.— Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 32. Antaeotricha agrioschista Clarke, 1955b, Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 2, p. 16, pl. 8, figs. 1-1b. Alar expanse 20-21 mm. Color: Antennae mixed brown and white. Face white, lightly shaded with brown; palpus white sprinkled with brown, base of second segment and subapical band of apical segment brown. Legs white, shaded with brown, progressively lighter to rear. Thorax and tegula white heavily shaded with brown. Abdomen white shaded with brown. Forewing white overlaid brown, sprinkled with fuscous; short transverse fuscous line from base of costa; three oblique trans- verse fuscous lines from costa, one at basal fourth, one at middle and one at apical fourth; cilia white mixed with brown. Hindwing light brown; cilia whitish with brown subbasal line. Male genitalia: Uncus arched, area near middle expanded ventrally and laterally flattened; gnathos broad, rounded at tip; vinculum complete, arched in front, notched at apex of arch; anellus without lateral lobes; aedeagus slender; cornuti a long cluster of heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate with excavation on posterior margin. Ostium bursae large, sclerotized; ductus bursae short, membranous; corpus bursae with large sclerotized signum; anterior apophyses short, not fused to genital plate. Type: In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality: Alpine, Texas, 5000-8000 ft. Food plant: Unknown. Distribution: Texas: Alpine, 5000-8000 ft. (April, May, June). This species is nearest A. humilis, as noted by Meyrick in the original description. The presence of cornuti in the aedeagus and the notched vinculum in A. agrioschista readily separate the males, while the excavation on the posterior margin of the genital plate separates the females. 11. Antaeotricha thomasi (Barnes and Busck) FicureEs 12, 32; PLats 2e; Map 6 Stenoma thomasi Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 240. Antaeotricha thomasi Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 29. Alar expanse 21-24 mm. Color: Face and palpus creamy white. Legs white sprinkled with dusky scales; tarsal joints dusky. Thorax and abdomen creamy 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 white. Forewing yellowish creamy white. Hindwing creamy white. Cilia white. Male genitalia: Uncus curved, attenuated, and cleft at tip; gnathos somewhat pointed at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; anellus without distinct lobes, aedeagus bluntly pointed at apex; cornuti a group of heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate small, bandlike; lamella antevagi- nalis and postvaginalis similar in size and shape forming liplike struc- ture; ostium bursae and ductus bursae sclerotized; ductus bursae short; corpus bursae large, membranous, with large signum; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the United States National Museum. Type locality: Palmerlee, Arizona. Food plant: Unknown. Distribution: ARIzONA: Paradise, Cochise Co. (Aug.); Huachuca Mts. NEw mexico: Albuquerque (July). cortorapo: Rock Creek Canyon (Aug.). This species is similar to A. vestalis in size and color, but the at- tenuated cleft uncus in the male distinguishes A. thomasi from all other described North American species of this genus. 12. Antaeotricha haesitans (Walsingham) Fieurss 13, 35; Puatse 2f; Map 6 Aedemoses haesitans Walsingham, 1912, Lepidoptera-Heterocera, vol. 4 (vol. 42 in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana), p. 154. Aedemoses hessitans [sic] Heinrich, 1921, Journ. Agric. Res., vol. 20, p. 816. Antaeotricha hesitans [sic] Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 23. Alar expanse 12 mm. Color: Face and palpus ochreous, palpus shaded with fuscous; legs pale ochreous. Thorax ochreous dorsally. Abdomen ochreous. Forewing pale ochreous with two oblique fuscous lines on apical half, more basal one extending from origin of costal cilia directly to tornus, apical one extending from dot near tornus obliquely to costa; minute fuscous spot at base of cell and another at its apex; a few minute fuscous dots at wing apex near base of cilia. Hindwing ochreous, cilia ochreous. Male genitalia: Uncus long, broadened apically, somewhat indented, gnathos well developed, sharply pointed at tip; harpes as in A. schlaegert; vinculum complete; anellus with two upright, sharply pointed lobes curving laterad, one on either side of aedeagus; aedeagus long, thin, with many sharp processes at apex; cornuti absent. Female genitalia: Genital plate short, lamella antevaginalis small, forming triangular flap over ostium, lamella postvaginalis larger, smooth; ostium bursae and ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 41 membranous, without signum; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality: Presidio, Durango, Mexico. Food plant: Pitheoellobium flericaule Benth. Heinrich (1921) states that the larva is a leaf-tyer, feeding on the food plant by bind- ing together several leaves and feeding within the tie, eating first the epidermis and later all but the veins of the leaves. Pupation occurs within the tie, the pupa being naked and attached to one of the leaves by a strand of silk. Distribution: Texas: Brownsville (March, April, June, Aug.). Walsingham described a new genus, Aedemoses, and a new species based on a unique female with hindlegs missing, collected at Presidio, Durango, Mexico. 13. Antaeotricha fuscorectangulata, new species Ficures 14, 14a, 33; PLatEe 3a; Map 7 Alar expanse 17-19 mm. Color: Antenna brown, irregularly shaded with white. Face whit- ish, shaded lightly with brown; second segment of palpus white; exterior brown basally; apical segment white. Legs whitish shaded with brown, tarsi fuscous, inner side of foreleg fuscous. Thorax ochreous, tegula whitish. Abdomen fuscous dorsally; ochreous ventrally. Forewing white shaded with ochreous, rectangular fuscous area along inner margin of middle third; two fuscous costal spots, one near middle and one at apical fourth; from latter a row of black dots extends from apex along termen to tornus; apical fourth flecked with black scales; two fuscous dots on cell, one basal, one distal; cilia brown basally and apically, white medially. Hindwing light fuscous with whitish costal margin; cilia light fuscous basally, white beyond. Male genitalia: Uncus arched, spatulate at apex; gnathos rounded at tip; vinculum complete, produced into dorsally projecting process in front; anellus with two laterally curved, pointed lobes; aedeagus long, slender; cornuti a cluster of heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate small, undifferentiated. Ostium bursae sclerotized, opening at posterior margin of genital plate, pouchlike evagination between opening and inception of ductus seminalis; ductus bursae long, membranous; corpus bursae with large sclerotized signum; anterior apophyses short, not fused to genital plate. Type: South Fork of Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona. USNM 65824. Food plant: Unknown. 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Distribution: arizona: South Fork of Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts. (July); Madera Canyon, 4880 ft., Santa Rita Mts. (July). Described from the male holotype, July 4, 1939, collected by A. F. Braun, South Fork Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; one male paratype, July 17, 1959, and four female paratypes, July 18, 19, 20, 25, 1959, collected by Ronald W. Hodges, Madera Canyon, 4880 ft., Santa Rita Mts., Arizona. This species is nearest A. haesitans, but it is readily separable by the vinculum produced into a dorsally projecting process in front in the male genitalia and by the pouchlike evagination of the ostium bursae in the female genitalia. 14. Antaeotricha vestalis (Zeller) FiecureEs 9, 9a, 36; PLATE 3b; Map 7 Cryptolechia vestalis Zeller, 1873, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 23, p. 247. Ide vestalis Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 155. Stenoma vestalis Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238.—Meyrick, 1922, in Genera insectorum, vol. 180, p. 82. Antaeotricha vestalis Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 30. Alar expanse 15-21 mm. Color: Face white; palpus white with dusky scales on exterior sides in male. Legs white sprinkled with dusky scales. Thorax white dorsally. Abdomen white. Forewing white, costal edge slightly ochreous. Hindwing white; cilia white. Male genitalia: Uncus curved, dilated at tip; gnathos large, divided into two distinct, sharp-pointed lobes; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; anellus with four lobes, ventral ones small and thumblike, bearing several setae at their apex, dorsal ones larger, blunter, bearing num- erous heavy setae. Aedeagus long, rounded at apex; cornuti absent. Female genitalia: Genital plate without distinct division into lamella antevaginalis and lamella postvaginalis, ostium bursae small, opening near center of genital plate; ductus bursae long, membranous; corpus bursae with small, dentate signum; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Type locality: Texas (C. vestalis). Food plant: Unknown. Distribution: rnormpaA: Lake Placid (April, Dec.); Florida City (March); Royal Palm State Park (March, Sept.); Everglades (April) ; Fort Myers (April); Marco (April); St. Petersburg (Oct.); Paradise Key (March); Lakeland (March); Miami; Panacea (Aug., Oct.); Altamont; Glenwood. Grorera: Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp (June, July); Spring Creek (July). mississipp1: Ocean Springs NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 43 (Aug.). SOUTH CAROLINA: no locality (Feb.). Texas: Burnet Co. (Oct.); Kerrville. NEw sersny: Lakehurst (July, Sept.). This species is similar to A. irene but it is distinguishable by the apically dilated uncus, by the gnathos with two sharp-pointed lobes, and by the anellus with four lobes in the male genitalia. The absence of specialized structures around the ostium serves to distinguish the females. Walsingham (1889) synonymized Harpalyce albella Chambers with I. vestalis; however, examination of Chambers’ type located in the Museum of Comparative Zoology reveals that H. albella belongs in the genus Durrantia Busck and is so transferred. 15. Antaeotricha manzanitae Keifer Figures 15, 37; Pirate 3c; Map 7 Antaeotricha manzanitae Keifer, 1937, California Dept. Agric. Bull., vol. 26, p. 334. Alar expanse 25-30 mm. Color: Face whitish ochreous; palpus overlaid with fuscous. Legs white, overlaid with fuscous; foreleg darkest, mid- and hindleg pro- gressively lighter. Thorax white dorsally with brownish-black tuft posteriorly. Abdomen white. Forewing white, irregularly shaded fuscous scales; two patches of dark scales at anal angle; apical margin with row of faint, transverse, fuscous dots. Cilia fuscous, white tipped. Hindwing light fuscous: cilia lighter. Male genitalia: Uncus curved, dilated at tip, terminating in two short spines: gnathos well developed, ending in short blunt tip; harpes as in A. schlaegeri; anellus with two lobes, one on each side of aedeagus. Aedeagus short and broad; cornuti a small cluster of spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate small, bandlike; ostium bursae and ductus bursae membranous: corpus bursae corrugated; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the California Academy of Science. Type locality: Shingle Springs, El Dorado Co., California. Food plant: Arctostaphylos sp. Keifer (1937) gives a thorough account of the life history of this species with numerous illustrations. Distribution: catirorntiA: Shingle Springs, El Dorado Co. (April) ; Palm Desert (Apr.); Big Basin (July); Mt. Shasta City, Siskiyou Co. (July); Hat Creek, Shasta Co. (June). orzcon: Tiller (June). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Wellington (July). This species is similar in size and color to A. schlaegeri, but it is separable by the presence of two small spines on the tip of the uncus in the male and by the corrugated corpus bursae in the female. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Genus Stenoma Zeller Stenoma Zeller, 1839, Isis von Oken, vol. 32, p. 195. 1. Stenoma mistrella Busck Ficures 16, 39; Pyare 3d; Map 8 Stenoma mistrella Buseck, 1907, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 8, p. 93.— Walsingham, 1913, Lepidoptera-Heterocera, vol. 4 (vol. 42 zn Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana), p. 183.—Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238.—Busck and Dampf, 1929, Estud. Ofic. Fed. Agric. Mexico, vol. 2, p. 13.—Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 49. Alar expanse 20-23 mm. Color: Face white; palpus light fuscous. Legs ochreous; forelegs dark anteriorly. Thorax light ochreous dorsally. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewing ranging from light ochreous, minutely speckled and overlaid with darker brown scales, to uniform dark fuscous; small, conspicuous, round black dot at apex of cell; costa nearly straight, apex pointed. Hindwing dark fuscous; cilia light ochreous. Male genitalia: Uncus reduced, knoblike; gnathos incomplete in front; harpes simple, somewhat pointed at apex, bearing short, stiff, bifurcate setae; vinculum complete; anellar lobes broad, pointed apically; aedeagus large, flared apically; cornuti two clusters of very heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate small, lamella postvaginalis fused medially with eighth sternite; ostium bursae large, somewhat sclero- tized; ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae with lightly scle- rotized signum. Inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the United States National Museum. Type locality: St. Louis, Missouri. Food plant: Phleum pratense L., bromegrass, and Kentucky blue- grass. Miller (1940) reports that the larvae construct sheltered tubes at the base of grass similar to Crambus sp. and feed on the edge of the neighboring grass blades. Distribution: mississtpp1: Jackson (July, Sept.); Pearl (June, Sept.). missourr: St. Louis (April, July). oro: Cincinnati (July). ILLINOIS: Chicago (June); Decatur (June, Aug., Sept.) ; Lacon (Sept.). TEXAS: Victoria (July). KANSAS: Onaga. PENNSYLVANIA: Pittsburgh (Sept.). NEW mexico: Frijoles Canyon (Sept.). maniroBa: Win- nipeg. This species is readily separated from Stenoma crambitella by the flared apex of the aedeagus in the male and by the presence of only one lightly sclerotized signum in the female. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 45 2. Stenoma crambitella Walsingham Ficures 17, 40; Puats 3e; Map 8 Stenoma crambitella Walsingham, 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 154.—Barnes and Buseck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238.— Busck, 1934, tn Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 38. Alar expanse 22 mm. Color: Face and palpus white, palpus shaded with pale brownish ochreous scales. Legs whitish, shaded with brown scales. Thorax white dorsally. Abdomen whitish ochreous. Forewing white, few erayish fuscous scales on extreme costal margin basally and single dot of same color at apex of cell, apex somewhat pointed. Hindwing white, tinged with ochreous; cilia white. Male genitalia: Uncus reduced in size, but not as much as in S. mistrella; gnathos complete in front, forming a band; harpes as in S. mistrella, but blunt at apex; vinculum complete; anellar lobes long, slender; aedeagus short, broad; cornuti a small cluster of heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate small, lamella postvaginalis fused laterally with eighth sternite; ostium bursae large; ductus bursae long, membranous; corpus bursae with two lightly sclerotized, dentate signa. Inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality: Arizona. Food plant: Unknown. Distribution: arizona: Palmerlee; Redington; Santa Rita Mts. (June); Santa Catalina Mts.; Chiricahua Mts. (Aug.). TEXAS: Kerrville (June). This species differs from Stenoma mistrella in the differently shaped aedeagus in the male and in the presence of two lightly sclerotized signa in the female. Genus Setiostoma Zeller Setiostoma Zeller, 1875, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, p. 324. 1. Setiostoma xanthecbasis Zeller Figures 18, 18a, 41; Puats 3f; Map 9 Setiostoma zanthobasis Zeller, 1875, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, p. 324.— Busck, 1925, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 48; 1934, in Lepidop- terorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 2. Alar expanse 12-14 mm. Color: Face and palpus lemon yellow. Legs dark brown; foreleg with coxa entirely white, tarsi ringed with white; midleg with two tibial rings; tibial spurs and tarsal rings white. ‘Thorax brown 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 dorsally except tegulae, which are lemon yellow. Abdomen brown with patches of white scales laterally. Forewing deep brown, with lemon yellow triangular area, continuous with yellow tegula, occupying basal third except short costal lenticular spot and longer, narrower spot along posterior wing margin, both spots concolorous with ground color. Apical two-thirds of forewing with inconspicuous area of white scales near midleneth of costal margin and similar, smaller area slightly more distad; broad transverse band, parallel to distal margin of yellow spot, small group of scales behind more basal white area, short curved band extending caudolaterad from more distal white area, submarginal longer straight band parallel to outer wing margin, iridescent blue. Cilia blackish brown. Hindwing dark brown with patch of white on basal half of anterior margin; cilia brown edged in white. Male genitalia: Uncus pointed; gnathos a simple band; harpes simple with palmate multilobed hairs on outer part of costa; vinculum narrow, incomplete in front, anellus with two flattened, upright lobes; aedeagus large with apex pointed; cornuti a large cluster of small spines and one large single spine. Female genitalia: Genital plate membranous; ostium bursae large, trumpet-shaped; ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae with signum large, dentate; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium. Type: In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Type locality: Texas. Food plant: Quercus sp. According to Forbes (1923), the larva is found in a nest about two centimeters in diameter, formed by an oval wall of silk between two slightly separated oak leaves, and it feeds on the lower parenchyma only. Distribution: massacHusErts: Martha’s Vineyard. NEW JERSEY: Lacy (July). MARYLAND: Annapolis (Aug.). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Washington (July). NorTH cARoLINA: Southern Pines (Aug.). GEORGIA: Spring Creek (July). FiLorrmpa: Enterprise (April); Lake- land (May). s1inors: no locality. missouri: no locality (May). This species is very closely related to S. fernaldella Riley, but it is distinguished readily by its single large spine and by a cluster of small spines in the aedeagus of the male, and by its heavily sclero- tized, dentate signum in the corpus bursae of the female. 2. Setiostoma fernaldella Riley FicursEs 19, 19a, 42; Puate 4a; Map 9 Setiostoma fernaldella Riley, 1889, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, p. 155.— Busck, 1934, in Lepidopterum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 1. Alar expanse 12-13 mm. Color: Face yellow sprinkled with brown; palpus yellow. Legs NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 47 blackish brown; foreleg with coxa white or yellowish, tarsi ringed with white; spurs of midtibia white, with few dusky scales, and mid- tarsi ringed with white; hindleg with two tibial rings, spurs and tarsal rings white. Thorax greenish yellow dorsally sprinkled with brown scales. Abdomen dark brown with metallic iridescence. Forewing with triangular marking of basal third as in S. zanthobasis but greenish yellow, concolorous and continuous with greenish yellow of thorax, and with darker spot along posterior margin much shorter and more restricted to anal region. Apical two-thirds dark brown with iri- descent bronze-to-violet markings, in reflected light, in transverse band across middle third of wing and an area that curves near wing apex and extends parallel to outer wing margin. Hindwing as in S. zanthobasis. Male genitalia: As in S. xanthobasis with exception of anellus, which bears upright, median, dentate process in addition to two lateral flattened upright processes, and cornuti, which consist of several large single spines. Female genitalia: As in S. zanthobasis with exception of absence of signum in corpus bursae and presence of sclerotized plate at junction of ostium bursae and ductus bursae. Type: In the United States National Museum. Type locality: Los Angeles, California. Food plant: Quercus wislizenit A. DeCandolle and Quercus agri- folia Nee. Distribution: CALIFORNIA: Forest Home, San Bernardino Co. (June); Los Angeles Co. (July); San Diego (June, July); Baldy Mts. (June); Pasadena (June); Santa Clara. arizona: Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. (July, Aug., Sept.); Pena Blanca Canyon (Sept.). This species is readily distinguished from S. zanthobasis by its cornuti that consists of more than one large single spine in the aedeagus of the male and by the absence of a signum in the corpus bursae of the female. Genus Mothonica Walsingham Mothonica Walsingham, 1912, Lepidoptera-Heterocera, vol. 4 (vol. 42 in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana), p. 153. 1. Mothonica kimballi, new species Figures 20, 20a, 38; Puate 4b; Map 10 Alar expanse 17-19 mm. Face ochreous shaded with fuscous; palpus white sprinkled with fuscous, apical segment tipped with fuscous, second segment shaded with fuscous basally. Legs creamy white, hindtibia with long hairs above, fore- and midleg shaded heavily with fuscous. Thorax 726-597—64——8 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 smooth, white sprinkled with fuscous dorsally. Abdomen white, shaded to various degrees with fuscous. Forewing long, somewhat narrow; ground color white, with three large fuscous areas along costa; marginal and submarginal transverse row of fuscous dots at apex, marginal row darker and giving sinuated effect to termen; another area of dark fuscous raised scales at anal angle. Anterior half of cilia light fuscous, posterior half white. Hindwing very light fuscous; cilia fuscous basally, white apically. Male genitalia: Uncus simple, short, with group of setae at apex; gnathos two lateral plates flanking tuba analis; harpes with pincer- shaped costa, apex somewhat pointed and recurved, bearing heavy bifurcate setae; sacculus with prominent bifurcate lobe; vinculum complete; anellus a large rectangular plate with large upright lateral lobes; aedeagus large basally, tapering apically to a point, cornuti two large clusters of heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate large, with large median slot. Ostium bursae sclerotized, ductus bursae short, membranous; corpus bursae large, with large dumbbell-shaped, dentate signum; anterior apophyses long, not fused to genital plate. Type: Siesta Key, Sarasota County, Florida. USNM 65825. Food plant: Unknown. Distribution: FLORIDA: Siesta Key, Sarasota County (Jan., Feb., March, April, May, Nov.); Vero Beach (April). Described from the male holotype, Jan. 24, 1954, two male para- types, Feb. 26, 1954, Jan. 15, 1954, collected by C. P. Kimball, Siesta Key, Sarasota County, Florida; two male paratypes, April 2, 1941, collected by J. R. Malloch, Vero Beach, Florida; one female paratype, March 4, 1958, collected by C. P. Kimball, Siesta Key, Sarasota County, Florida. This is the first species of the genus Mothonica to be described from North America. It is very similar to Mothonica fluminata (Meyrick), a Colombian species. The bifurcate lobe on the harpe of M. kimball readily separates the males. No females of M. jfluminata were available for comparison. This species is named in honor of Mr. C. P. Kimball of West Barnstable, Massachusetts, who provided material from his personal collection for description. Genus Menestomorpha Walsingham Menestomorpha Walsingham, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 214. 1. Menestomorpha oblongata Walsingham Figures 21, 43; Prats 4c; Map 11 Menestomorpha oblongata Walsingham, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 215.—Barnes and Busck, 1920, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, p. 238.—Busck, 1934, zn Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 4. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 49 Alar expanse 15 mm. Color: Face and palpus white flecked with brown scales, palpus brown at tip. Legs white flecked with brown scales, tarsi ringed with brown. Thorax white flecked with brown scales. Abdomen with mixed brown and white scales. Forewing white with two trans- verse brown bands converging at anal angle forming V-shaped mark on basal third, middle third with indistinct brown shading blending into indistinct brown streaks in apical third that follow lines of veins beyond cell to termen and costa; with row of five or six indistinct brownish dots along termen reaching to apex; cilia brown tipped in white. Hindwing light brown; cilia lighter, with light greyish-fuscous line along margin at base and two parallel shades running through it. Male genitalia: Uncus very small bearing several small setae at apex; gnathos with two small processes beneath uncus; harpes with large lobe basally, median forked structure, and somewhat pointed apical lobe bearing short, bifurcate setae; vinculum complete; anellus with two large, pointed processes surrounding and extending above aedeagus; aedeagus short, pointed laterally; cornuti a small cluster of heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate reduced to simple band surrounding ostium; ostium bursae and ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursae large; membranous, with two dentate, lightly sclerotized signa. Type: In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality: Fort Grant, Arizona. Food plant: The type series was reared from a cynipid gall on Quercus sp. Distribution: ARIzoNA: Fort Grant (April); Baboquivari Mts. (Oct.); Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. (July, Aug., Sept., Oct.). CALIFORNIA: San Bernardino Co. (June). Genus Menesta Clemens Menesta Clemens, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 12, p. 213. 1. Menesta tortriciformella Clemens Ficures 23, 44; Puatsp 4d; Map 12 Menesta tortriciformella Clemens, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 12, p. 213; 1872, The Tineina of North America, p. 151.—Chambers, 1878, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., vol. 4, p. 157.—Walsingham, 1881, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 319; 1889, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 154.—Busck, 1903b, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 903; 1934, 7m Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67,. pe 5. Gelechia liturella Walker, 1864, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, vol. 29, p. 591. Hyale coryliella Chambers, 1875, Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, p. 242. Strobisia albaciliaeella Chambers, 1878, Canadian Ent., vol. 10, p. 77. (New synonymy.) 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Menesta albaciliaeella Busck, 1903b, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 903; 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 5. Menesta albiciliella [sic] Walsingham, 1911, Lepidoptera-Heterocera, vol. 4 (vol. 42 in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana), p. 104. Menesta albaciliella [sic] Braun, 1915, Ent. News, vol. 26, p. 160. Alar expanse 9-10 mm. Color: Face and palpus white, palpus shaded with fuscous. Legs white, shaded anteriorly with fuscous, especially apex of tibia and apices of tarsi, hindtibia with long hairs. Thorax brown dorsally, with grayish hue. Abdomen brown dorsally, white ventrally. Fore- wing blackish brown with greenish-violet reflections; few white scales just beyond middle forming indistinct, short, transverse line; apical cilia white or brown, remainder brown. Hindwing much lighter brown; cilia brown, tipped with white apically. Male genitalia: Uncus simple, large basally, tapering to point apically, curved ventrad parallel to gnathos; gnathos well developed, very long, blunt apically; harpes simple, bluntly rounded at apex, bearing large cluster of small, stiff, bifurcate setae; vinculum complete, anellus with two lateral lobes partially encircling aedeagus, aedeagus pointed apically; cornuti consisting of two large, heavy spines. Female genitalia: Genital plate reduced to small median triangular sclerite; ostium bursae slightly sclerotized; ductus bursae with dilated area before inception of ductus seminalis; corpus bursae with large, heavily sclerotized, cross-shaped signum with outwardly projecting median lobe; inception of ductus seminalis approximately halfway between ostium and corpus bursae. Anterior apophyses free, arising ventrally. Type: In the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. - Type locality: Pennsylvania (M. tortriciformella), Kentucky (H. coryliella), Nova Scotia (@. liturella), Cincinnati, Ohio (S. albaciliaeella). Food plant: Rubus Villosus Ait. and Corylus americana Walt. Chambers (1875) and Braun (1915) give accounts of the life history of this species. Distribution: onto: Cincinnati (May, June, July). PENNSYLVANIA: Harvey’s Lake (June). NEw sERSEY: Essex Co. (June). NEW YORK: Buffalo (June); Peru (June); Protection (June). MARYLAND: Cabin John (May). vrreintaA: Ocean View (July). onTario: Kearney (July). This species has been known previously only from its type, which Busck (1903) incorrectly reported as being without an abdomen. The genitalia of the type of M. tortriciformella has been studied and found to be identical with those of S. albaciliaeella. This synonymy is not surprising because the only characters used in the past to separate the two species were slight differences in the color of the head NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 51 and the presence or absence of white apical cilia on the forewing. This species closely resembles M. melanella in both superficial appearance and in structure of the genitalia; however, M. tortrici- formella lacks on the costa of the forewing the white spot that is present in M. melanella. The genitalia differ from those of M/. melan- ella in that the cornuti in the aedeagus of the male consist of two large heavy spines and the signum in the corpus bursae of the female is cruciform. 2. Menesta melanella Murtfeldt FicgurRES 22, 45; Pirate 4e; Map 12 Menesta melanella Murtfeldt, 1890, Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 304.—Busck, 1903b, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 903; 1934, in Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, p. 5. Alar expanse 10-12 mm. Color: Face and palpus white. Legs white shaded lightly with fuscous. Thorax blackish brown dorsally. Abdomen blackish brown dorsally, white ventrally. Forewing blackish brown with greenish- violet reflections, triangular patch of white scales on costa about mid- way between base and apex; cilia brownish black, white apically. Hindwing with broad white streak extending along costa from base to beyond midpoint; cilia brown with patches of white near outer angle and near base. Male genitalia: Uncus as in M. tortriciformella except apex not as sharply pointed; gnathos as in M. tortriciformella except apex, which ends in a sharp point; harpes and vinculum as in M. tortriciformella; anellus with two lateral lobes as in M. tortriciformella but larger and not encircling aedeagus; aedeagus slightly pointed apically; cornuti con- sisting of one large heavy spine. Female genitalia: Genital plate, ostium bursae, and ductus bursae as in M. tortriciformella; corpus bursae with heavily sclerotized, rec- tangular signum with median lobe; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium, anterior apophyses as in M. tortriciformella. Type: In the United States National Museum. Type locality: Missouri. Food plant: Quercus stellata Wangh. Murtfeldt (1890) gives an account of the life history of this species. Distribution: souTH CAROLINA: Oconee (Aug.). NEW JERSEY: Lake- hurst (June). MaAssAcHUSETTS: Martha’s Vineyard (June). FLORIDA: Dade City (April). vrrarnta: Falls Church (Aug.). arizona: Ma- dera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. (Aug.). From M. tortriciformella, which it resembles, this species differs by a white spot being present on the costal edge of the forewing, by the cornuti consisting of one large heavy spine in the male genitalia, and by the signum being rectangular in the female genitalia. 02 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Literature Cited Barnes, W., and Busckx, A. 1920. Notes and new species. Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. North America, vol. 4, pp. 236-240, 256-258. Braun, A. F. 1915. Life history of Menesta albaciliella Chambers (Lep.). Ent. News, vol. 26, pp. 160-161. Buscx, A. 1903a. Notes on Brackenridge Clemens’ types of Tineina. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 5, pp. 181-232. 1903b. A revision of the American moths of the family Gelechiidae, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, pp. 767-938. 1907. New American Tineina. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 8, pp. 86-99. 1908. Two new stenomid moths from the Eastern United States. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 10, pp. 111-112. 1921a. On the male genitalia of the Microlepidoptera and their systematic importance. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 23, pp. 145-152. 1921b. Microlepidoptera from British Columbia. Canadian Ent., vol. 53, pp. 276-280. 1925. On the genus Setiostoma Zeller (Lepidoptera: Stenomidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, pp. 48-50. 1934. Stenomidae. Jn Lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 67, pp. 1-73. Busck, A., and Dampr, A. 1929. Una palomilla (Stenoma crambina Busck) como una nueva plaga del algodon en el Estado de Oaxaca. Estud. Ofic. Fed. Agric. Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 1-55. CHAMBERS, V. T. 1874. North American Microlepidoptera. Canadian Ent., vol. 6, pp. 229-249, 1875. Tineina of the United States. Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 226-259. 1877. Tineina of Colorado. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., vol. 3, pp. 121-142. 1878. Micro-Lepidoptera. Canadian Ent., vol. 10, pp. 74-78. CLARKE, J. F. GatEs 1941. The preparation of slides of the genitalia of Lepidoptera. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soce., vol. 36, pp. 149-161. 1955a. Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 1, 332 pp., pls. 1955b. Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 2, 531 pp., pls. CLEMENS, B. 1860. Contributions to American lepidopterology. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 12, pp. 4-15, 156-174, 203-221, 345-362, 522-547. 1863. American Micro-Lepidoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 2, pp. 4-14, 119-129. 1872. The Tineina of North America, compil. H. T. Stainton. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 53 FiercHer, T. B. 1929. A list of the generic names used for Microlepidoptera. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 11, pp. 1-244. Forsss, W. T. M. 1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., vol. 68, pp. 3-729. Frost, 8. W. 1931. The well-marked fruit-worm, Stenoma algidella Walk. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 24, pp. 1208-1213. HEINRICH, C. 1921. Some Lepidoptera likely to be confused with the pink bollworm. Journ. Agric. Res., vol. 20, pp. 807-836. Dans Ag. LT. 1932. The moths of South Africa, vol. 1, 376 pp., 15 pls. Kerrer, H. H. 1937. California Microlepidoptera, XII. California Dept. Agric. Bull., vol. 26, pp. 334-338. Meyrick, E. 1880. Descriptions of Australian Microlepidoptera, IV: Tineina (continued). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, pp. 204-271. 1883. On the classification of some families of the Tineina. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 119-131. 1889. On the interpretation of neural structure. Ent. Monthl. Mag., ser. 1, vol. 25, pp. 175-178. 1890. Descriptions of Australian Lepidoptera, Xylorctidae. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 13, p. 23. 1906. Descriptions of Australian Tineina. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aus- tralia, vol. 30, pp. 33-66. 1909. Descriptions of Microlepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru. Trans. Ent. Soe. London, pp. 13-43. 1912, Descriptions of South American Microlepidoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 673-718. 1913. Descriptions of South American Microlepidoptera. Trans, Ent. Lon- don, pp. 170-200. 1915-1934. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4 vols. 1922. Oecophoridae. Jn Genera insectorum, vol. 180, pp. 1-224. 1928. A revised handbook of the British Lepidoptera. 1929. The Microlepidoptera of the “St. George’ expedition. Trans. Ent, Soc. London, vol. 76, pp. 489-521. 1930. Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Sammelreise nach Brasilien, insbeson- dere in das Amazonasgebiet, ausgefuhrt von Dr. H. Zerny V. Teil: Microlepidoptera. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, vol. 44, pp. 223- 268. 1931. Microlepidoptera from South Chile and Argentina. Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, vol. 36, pp. 377-415. Muter, H. D. O. 1940. Observations on Stenoma mistrella Busck. Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc., vol. 13, pp. 1-3. Mortretpt, M. E. 1890. Aninteresting Tineid. Insect Life, vol. 2, pp. 303-305. Rmey, C. V. 1889. Two brilliant and interesting Micro-Lepidoptera new to our fauna. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, pp. 155-159. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Tuxen, S. L. 1956. Taxonomist’s glossary of genitalia in insects. WALKER, R. 1864. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 29. WALSINGHAM, L. 1881. On some North American Tineidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 301-325. 1889. Steps towards a revision of Chambers’ index, with notes and descrip- tions of new species. Insect Life, vol. 2, pp. 150-155. 1907. Descriptions of new North American Tineid moths, with a generic table of the family Blastobasidae. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, pp. 197-228. 1911.-1913. Lepidoptera-Heterocera, vol. 4 (vol. 42 im Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana), pp. 49-112 (1911); 113-118 (1912); 169-190 (1913). ZELLER, P. C. 1839. Versuch einer naturgemissen Eintheilungun der schaven: Tinea. Isis von Oken, vol. 32, pp. 167-222. 1854. Die Depressarien und einige ihnen nahe stechenden Gattungen. Linn. Entom., vol. 9, pp. 189-403. 1855. Nachtrag zu den im 9. Bande der Linnaea Ent. beschriebenen arten des genus Cryptolechia. Linn. Entom., vol. 10, pp. 145-168. 1873. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamericanischen Nachtfaltern, besond- ers der Microlepidopteren, part 2. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 23, pp. 201-334. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamericanischen Nachtfaltern, besond- ers der Microlepidopteren, part 3. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, pp. 207-360. PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 DUCKWORTH—PLATE 1 Puate |.—a, Antaeotricha schlaegeri Zeller; b, A. lindseyi (Barnes and Busck); c, 4. unipunctella (Clemens); d, A. leucillana (Zeller); e, A. osseella (Walsingham); f, A. decorosella (Busck). PROG.)UrS. NAT: IMIUS: VOLES 116 DUCKWORTH PEATE 2 Pirate 2.—a, Antaeotricha furcata (Walsingham); b, 4. irene (Barnes and Busck); c¢, A. humilis (Zeller); d, 4. agrioschista (Meyrick); e, 4. thomasi (Barnes and Busck); f, A. haesitans (Walsingham). PROG. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 DUCKWORTH—PLATE 3 Puate 3.—a, Antaeotricha fuscorectangulata, new species; b, A. vestalis (Zeller); c, 4. manaznitae Keifer; d, Stenoma mistrella Busck; e, S. crambitella Walsingham; f, Setiostoma xanthobasis Zeller. PROG. WU:S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 DUCKWORTH—PLATE 4 Pirate 4.—a, Setiostoma fernaldella Riley; b, Mothonica kimballi, new species; c, Menestomorpha oblongata Walsingham; d, Menesta tortriciformella Clemens; e, M. melanella Murtfeldt. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH Vee ewsccewssee., forsee ash 3 | + @ = Antoeotricho schloegeri (Zeller) . | & Antoeotricha lindseyi (Barnes & Busck) wcceetearcegcovesss see re we ie SCALE feo aoe ate uate tw pry ee AROMAS @ Antaeotricha unipunctella (Clemens) [ALORS PROJECTION tee Map 2.—Distribution of Antaeotricha unipunctella (Clemens). 726-597—64——5 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Antagotricha osseella (Wclsingham) Antaestricha decorosella (®8usck) Antoeotricho furcata (¥fatsinghom) 7 Map 4.—Distribution of Antaeotricha osseella (Walsingham), A. decorosella (Busck), and A. furcata (Walsingham). NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 57 . : : : . . . : A Antaeotricha humilis (Zeller) @ Antaeotricha irene (Barnes & Busck) | %* = Antaeotricha agrioschisia (Meyrick) = ws #0 aj) 2 2) eg es 29 es 06 eter trmensee Map 5.—Distribution of Antacotricha irene (Barnes and Busck), 4. humilis (Zeller), and A. agrioschista (Meyrick). Seereeee sees: “> e ek, ee - a 3 mRwTEN @ Antoeotricha thomas} (Barnes & Busck) A Antoeotricha hoesitans (Walsingham) ALBERS PROJECTION no * 20 iat Aeeerrene Map 6.—Distribution of Antacotricha thomasi (Barnes and Busck) and 4. haesitans (Wal- singham). 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 116 @ Antoeotricha fuscorectangulata n.sp. A Antoeotricha vestolis (Zeller) * =Antoeotricha manzanitoe (Keifer) wo Map 7.—Distribution of Antaeotricha fuscorectangulata, new species, A. vestalis (Zeller), and A. manzanitae (Keifer). aoe ee @ Stenoma mistrella (Busck) a eee 200 . 00 an oweICmd A Stenoma crambitella (Walsingham) . ALBERS PROJECTION Map 8.—Distribution of Stenoma mistrella (Busck) and S. crambitella (Walsingham). NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 59 he [omnes eee ee meen i ill Foe i ‘, : i f ro | aN | ‘ 1 | i ! g @ Setiostoma xanthobasis (Zeller) | A Setiostoma fernaldella (Riley) } =a Sea ee — “Tee Map 9.—Distribution of Setiostoma xanthobasis (Zeller) and S. fernaldella (Riley). i teme : z ee bm nenesese: 4 [1880 eeereesess : ~ Pte. ‘ treees Yate _ : 5 ome eet ; ! , I2**seeneeeneee, = aor : ; Apreseeneeenns f*teensseceesnm es, i ? : Pee ceemrcens * ome ees Map 10.—Distribution of Mothonica kimballi, new species. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 r 1 705 100 a3‘ ee Map 11.—Distribution of Menestomorpha oblongata (Walsingham). poco eee #8 er eee me, arty. Kean mm Fe © Menesta tortriciformella (Clemens) A Menesta melanella (Murtfeldt) rm Map 12,—Distribution of Menesta tortriciformella (Clemens) and M. melanella (Murtfeldt). NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 61 Ficures 1-5.—Ventral view of male genitalia: 1, Antaeotricha schlaegeri (Zeller); 2, A. lindseyi (Barnes and Busck); 3, 4. unipunctella (Clemens); 4, A. leucillana (Zeller); 5, A. osseella (Walsingham). 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Ficures 6-9.—Ventral view of male genitalia: 6, Antacotricha decorosella (Busck); 7, A. furcata (Walsingham); 8, 4. irene (Barnes and Busck); 9, 4. vestalis (Zeller). Lateral view of aedeagus: 8a, 4. irene; 9a, A. vestalis. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 63 Ficures 10-14.—Ventral view of male genitalia: 10, Antaeotricha agrioschista (Meyrick); 11, A. humilis (Zeller); 12, 4. thomasi (Barnes and Busck); 13, 4. haesitans (Walsingham); 14, A. fuscorectangulata, new species. Lateral view of aedeagus: 10a, A. agrioschista; 14a, 4. fuscorectangulata. 726-597—64——_4 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Ficures 15-17.—Ventral view of male genitalia: 15, Antaeotricha manzanitae Keifer; 16, Stenoma mistrella Busck; 17, S. crambitella Walsingham. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 65 Ficures 18—21.—Ventral view of male genitalia: 18, Setiostoma xanthobasis Zeller; 19, S. fernaldella Riley; 20, Mothonica kimballi, new species; 21, Menestomorpha oblongata Walsingham. Lateral view of aedeagus: 18a, S. xanthobasis; 19a, S. fernaldella; 20a, M. kimballi. 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Ficures 22-26.—Veniral view of male genitalia: 22, Menesta melanella Murtfeldt; 23, M. tortriciformella Clemens. Ventral view of female genitalia: 24, Antaeotricha schlaegeri (Zeller); 25, 4. unitpunctella (Clemens); 26, A. leuctllana (Zeller). 67 STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH NORTH AMERICAN Ficures 27-30.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 27, Antacotricha osseella (Walsingham); A. irene (Barnes and Busck); 30, 4. decorosella (Busck). ? 29 28, A. furcata (Walsingham); 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Ficures 31-34.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 31, Antacotricha humilis (Zeller); 32, A. thomasi (Barnes and Busck); 33, A. fuscorectangulata, new species; 34, A. agrioschista (Meyrick). NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH 69 Ficures 35-37.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 35, Antaeotricha haesitans (Walsingham); 36, A. vestalis (Zeller); 37, A. manzanitae Keifer. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 116 Ficures 38-41.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 38, Mothonica kimballi, new species; 39, Stenoma mistrella Busck; 40, S. crambitella Walsingham; 41, Setiostoma xanthobasis Zeller. NORTH AMERICAN STENOMIDAE—DUCKWORTH ct Ficures 42-45.—Ventral view of female genitalia: 42, Setiostoma fernaldella Riley; 43, Menestomorpha oblongata Walsingham; 44, Menesta tortriciformella Clemens; 45, M. melanella Murtfeldt. Puhr WER LY 8 Sim WTR AN A ae Mais 1 r of | a PY at et hol Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3496 A SURVEY OF VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS! By Victor G. SpriIncer and J. A. F. Garrick Introduction This paper broadly surveys vertebral numbers in sharks. The study was prompted by our discovery that vertebral numbers are important systematic characters in those carcharinid shark genera that we have been investigating (Springer, 1964; Garrick, in ms). We, therefore, have undertaken to determine if vertebral numbers are of similar value in other genera, with the hope that some contribution might be made to shark classification as a whole. Vertebral numbers have not been used previously as a systematic character in sharks although they have received some attention in rays (Ishiyama, 1958) and have been widely employed in teleosts (e.g., Bailey and Gosline, 1955; Schmidt, 1917). The vertebral numbers from sharks that have been recorded in the literature are given either without comment or comparison or are employed as data for studies in morphology or intraspecific variation (Punnett, 1904; Aasen, 1961). We present here vertebral data on 1524 specimens. We personally made counts from 858 of these, mostly by X-ray methods. The 1 This study was conducted on funds administered by Dr. Leonard P. Schultz and provided by contracts between the Office of Naval Research (NONR 1354(09)), the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC AT(30-1)- 2409), and the Smithsonian Institution. 73 74. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 remaining 666 counts are from the literature or were supplied by colleagues. The 1524 specimens pertain to 70 of the approximately 80 genera of sharks and to 135 of the approximately 300 species. Because our purpose has been to survey, our coverage within in- dividual species is far from complete, but considerable attention has been paid to a few species that have presented problems. We wish to express our gratitude to the officials of the following institutions for their assistance in providing specimens and X-ray facilities. ANSP—Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia BMNH—British Museum (Natural History), London CAS—California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CM—Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand CNH M—Chicago Natural History Museum DMNZ—Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand GVF—George Vanderbilt Foundation, Stanford University, California IRSN—Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels ISZZ—Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches Museum, Berlin MCSN—Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy MCZ—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts RNH—Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Holland SIO—Secripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California SU—Division of Systematic Biology, Stanford University, California TGFC—Texas Game and Fish Commission Marine Laboratory, Rockport UBC—University of British Columbia, Vancouver UMML—Dniversity of Miami Institute of Marine Sciences, Miami, Florida UMMZ—University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor USN M—United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. UZMK—Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark J. G. Casey, Bureau of Sport Fisheries, Sandy Hook Marine Labora- tory, kindly provided some vertebral counts of Alopias superciliosus and Jsurus oxyrinchus, and H. Heyamoto, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Washington, sent us ten specimens of Squalus acanthias taken from off the coast of Washington. W. I. Follett of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, generously allowed us to use his and J. D. Hopkirk’s vertebral counts of Cetorhinus mazi- mus and Carcharodon carcharias. 'These counts were made on verte- bral columns in the CAS collections. We are grateful to Sheldon Applegate, formerly of Duke University, for providing us with counts from New Jersey and Delaware specimens of Oarcharias taurus, and to Elvira Siccardi, Faculty of Natural Sciences of Buenos Aires, Argentina, for counts on Jsurus oxyrinchus, Carcharodon carcharias, and Lamna nasus. Our identifications of the species of Sphyrna are the result of un- published studies by Dr. Carter R. Gilbert, to whom we extend our appreciation for allowing us to use his characterizations. VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 75 Drs. Bruce B. Collette, Carl L. Hubbs, W. Ralph Taylor, and 8S. J. Weitzman read the manuscript and made valuable suggestions for its improvement. Methods Sharks ranging in size from small embryos to specimens several feet long were used in the survey. Radiographs were made with a hard- ray machine and various industrial X-ray films. The finest-grained films gave the most desirable results, but generally grain size was a limiting factor only in making counts of the terminal vertebrae in the caudal fin. A few counts were made on skeletons. Each vertebral count was separated into two parts: 1. Precaudal vertebral count (P) includes all complete centra anterior to the forward edge of the upper precaudal pit, or, in species where a pit is absent, all complete centra anterior to the origin of the upper lobe of the caudal fin. 2. Caudal vertebral count (C) includes all centra posterior to the precaudal vertebrae. In order to demarcate clearly the precaudal from caudal centra on a radiograph, a pin was inserted at the forward edge of the upper pre- caudal pit, or at the upper caudal origin, so that its point touched the vertebral column. In some sharks, notably species of brachaelurus, Halaelurus, and Hemiscyllium, it is impossible to decide the point of origin of the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin; for these sharks, only total counts (T) are given. We do not know if our two methods of separating precaudal from caudal vertebrae produce homologus (hence comparative) counts in sharks with and without precaudal pits; however, the value of the methods lies in their usefulness and for the purposes of this study we consider the results homologous. Another possible way of subdivid- ing the vertebral column would be into monospondylous and diplo- spondylous centra.? The transition from monospondyly (anterior) to diplospondyly (posterior) usually occurs above the pelvic fin, but there are notable exceptions (Limopterus and a few species of Carcharhinus) wherein it is much further posterior. The transition usually is evi- denced by an abrupt reduction in centrum length (pl. 14, 8)* but in several species, e.g., Alopias superciliosus (pl. 1c), Scoliodon laticaudus, Prionace glauca, the reduction is so slight as to be unnoticeable on a radiograph. 2 Monospondyly=one centrum per myomere; diplospondyly=two centra per myomere. For detailed discussion, see Goodrich, 1930, pp. 26-27. 3 We have not made dissections to confirm the transition points from monospondyly to diplospondyly but accept the first notably shorter centrum above or behind the pelvic region as the first diplospondylous centrum. Confirmation of this view is found in some radiographs wherein it is possible to see the apertures for nerve roots issuing: one pair for each centrum in the monospondylous region and one pair for two centra in the diplospondylous region. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Precaudal vertebral counts are subject to a maximum error of plus or minus two vertebrae. It is not always possible to decide accurately from a radiograph which is the first vertebra because, at the rear of the head, other structures, including the occipital condyles, mask the front of the vertebral column. Occasionally, owing to the angle at which our marking pin had entered, we had some doubt as to the last precaudal vertebra. Most of the counts given here were made by each of us working independently but using the same radiographs. The exceptions to these counts are the counts of the carcharhinid genera on which we are working individually. We never differed by more than one in our precaudal counts and we arbitrarily report the even count, appropriately compensating for the caudal count. At the tip of the caudal fin the last few centra of most shark species are frequently too small to give good resolution on radiographs. Sometimes there was a difference of as much as three or four vertebrae in our counts of the caudal section. In such counts one determina- tion or the other has been listed arbitrarily. Because of the range of variation in counts within a single species and because of the high number of vertebrae in most sharks, we believe that such an error is hardly significant. Generally, the precaudal count is more con- sistent than the caudal count. Caudal counts were made under magnification, usually with a low-power binocular microscope. The number of precaudal vertebrae is established early in embryos, but the last caudal vertebrae usually are not fully formed until late in embryonic life; hence, only late-stage embryos provide caudal counts comparable to those of adults. In those embryos in which we found calcification incomplete, we give a minimal count for the caudal vertebrae (>). We doubt that more than 25 additional vertebrae would have been formed in any of the embryos we examined, and we believe that in most of the embryos the number of yet unformed vertebrae would be much fewer. Complete calcification of the column is recognizable on radio- graphs by the posterior extent reached by the column (to within a short distance of the tip of the tail) or by uniform density of the images of the last several centra. We counted apparent fusions between centra (and also apparent monospondylous intrusions in regions of diplospondyly) as single centra, but we recorded separately the recognizable centra when the fusion was obviously incomplete. In most sharks the monospondylous centra gradually increase in length from the cranium posteriorly, so that the centra are usually longest at, or near, the region where diplospondyly begins. The difference in the length of anterior and posterior monospondylous centra may be small or great. The difference in length between the VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK Th posterior monospondylous centra and the anterior diplospondylous centra is similarly variable though reasonably constant for any one species. Reporting these relative centrum lengths is obviously of value but offers difficulties. Because many of the specimens we used were curled or distorted, radiographs of them show oblique images of some centra. The degree of obliqueness may vary from one region of the vertebral column to another; we, therefore, see the likelihood of introducing considerable error by giving dimensions of centra that are not adjacent to, or at least very close to, each other on the radio- eraph. For this reason, we do not report the length of anterior relative to posterior monospondylous centra. To compare the length of a posterior monospondylous centrum with that of an anterior diplospondylous centrum (thereby indicating the relative prominence of the transition point between monospondyly and diplospondyly), we measured the length of the penultimate monospondylous centrum and the first diplospondylous centrum and then obtained a ratio, listed as ‘“‘A” in the results and tables, by dividing the length of the former by the length of the latter and multiplying by 100. We chose the penultimate monospondylous centrum because it is usually more representative of the posterior monospondylous centra (the ultimate monospondylous centrum is often reduced in length even though noticeably longer than the first diplospondylous centrum). The first diplospondylous centrum was chosen because there is often a regular alternation of centrum length in the diplospondylous region. In deciding the transition point from monospondyly to diplospondyly when differences in length of the centra bordered on being imper- ceptible, we may be in error occasionally though we think that any error thus introduced is slight. To give an indication of centrum shape, we have divided the length of the penultimate monospondylous centrum by its diameter (appear- ing as height or width on the radiograph) and have multipled this ratio by 100 to yield the values listed as “‘B” in the results and tables. Results Our data on shark vertebrae are reported in table 1. Table 2 condenses these data so that the subordinal, familial, and generic limits, but not those of the individual species, can be more easily visualized. We have representative samplings of six of the seven suborders of sharks and a partial sampling of the seventh. None of these sub- orders can be distinguished on its vertebral counts alone. In terms of total number of vertebrae we found a range of from 60 to about 419. The lowest total count is for Squaliolus laticaudus and the highest for 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ore Alopias vulpinus. The species with the lowest precaudal count (44) is Squaliolus laticaudus and the one with the highest (149) is Prionace glauca. The lowest count (13) of caudal vertebrae is for Hupro- tomicrus bispinatus, Squaliolus laticaudus, and Squaliolus sarmenti, and the highest (>298) is for Alopias vulpinus. Compared with the other suborders, the Squaloidea have low vertebral counts. In all recent systems of classification the Squa- loidea are regarded as relatively advanced, so there is some justifica- tion for regarding their low counts as an advanced feature. On this basis, within the Squaloidea we could consider the generally lower counts of the dalatiids as indicating that they are more advanced than the squalids. The Notidanoidea and the Heterodontoidea, which, on other features, have some claim to being representative of the ancestral or primitive sharks, do not have more vertebrae than do many of the so-called advanced sharks in the Galeoidea. This may merely indicate that median numbers are most primitive, with both decrease and increase as specialized conditions. Only one family, the Alopiidae, with one genus, Alopias, is recog- nizable on its vertebral numbers alone. The distinctiveness of Alopias is due to the high number of vertebrae in its tail, a feature that might be expected from the extreme length of its tail compared to other sharks. The diagnostic value of vertebral numbers increases in the lower taxa. Thus, in the families containing several genera, a few genera (Lamna in the Lamnidae, Brachaelurus and Stegostoma in the Orectolobidae, Conoporoderma and Atelomycterus in the Scyli- orhinidae, Prionace in the Carcharhinidae, and perhaps others) are clearly recognizable on precaudal, caudal, or total count. Of the genera containing two or more species, almost half include at least one species distinguishable on vertebral counts. Because of our incomplete coverage, we believe it premature to list these species here. The suborders Squaloidea, Pristiophoroidea, Squatinoidea, and Heterodontoidea are consistent in having fewer caudal than precaudal vertebrae. In the suborder Galeoidea, the families Scyliorhinidae, Triakidae, and most of the Orectolobidae show the same trend. It may be of significance that the sharks with fewer precaudal than caudal vertebrae are for the most part small, and usually bottom- dwelling. In Carcharhinus (Garrick, in ms.), the large species tend to have fewer caudal than precaudal vertebrae and the small species have more caudal than precaudal vertebrae. In our studies, particularly of the genera Carcharhinus, Scoliodon, Loxodon, and Rhizoprionodon (Garrick, in ms.; Springer, 1964), we have noted no sexual dimorphism in vertebral numbers; however, Punnett (1904), who dissected 567 specimens of Htmopterus spinax VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 79 from Norway, reported a statistically significant difference between males and females in numbers of monospondylous (‘‘whole vertebrae’’) and diplospondylous (“half vertebrae’’) centra and in total number of segments (counting each whole vertebra or each two half vertebrae as one segment). Females had the higher average in each of these three categories but in none did the average difference exceed half a unit. Using Punnett’s figures (for adults and embryos) we have plotted frequency distributions of total vertebrae (each whole or half vertebra of Punnett equals one vertebra in our study) and averaged them: Total vertebrae 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Average Males 414 Al Sl G63, 39: 19 9S nD 84. 73 Females Sle tao. fi Gt -DO- pen 20 nk 85. 02 A ¢ test of these data gives the value 2.06, which is not significant at the 95 percent level; however, a ¢ test of the number of mono- spondylous vertebrae of adults gives a value which is significant above the 99.1 percent level. Punnett did not allow for possible year-class differences and it is not possible to tell from his data if there is bias. A study of sexual differences in vertebral counts based on embryos of a single year class would offer a solution to this problem. If the nature of sexual dimorphism in vertebral counts of sharks is generally of the magnitude shown by £. spinaz, it is not surprising that our counts, based on small numbers of specimens, do not indicate it. length penultimate monospondylous centrum ) : The A values length first diplospondylous centrum X 100); like the vertebral numbers, vary widely within families and genera but within the species are relatively constant. The A values are smallest in the Lamnidae, Alopiidae, Triakidae, Carcharhinidae, and Sphyrnidae. The A values, up to about 300, are greatest in the Carcharhinidae, a family with great variation in this proportion. Families containing some species with A values of about 200 include the Scapanohynchidae, Triakidae, Sphyrnidae, Squalidae and Dala- tiidae. length penultimate monospondylous centrum ) The B values diameter of penultimate monospondylous centrum e100 are in general as inconsistent within the families and genera as are the A values. The range of the B values is from about 25 (Alopzas spp.) to 200 (Isistius brasiliensis). If a B value of 75 or less is arbitrarily considered low and one of 125 or more is considered high, 13 of the 18 large sharks (attaining a size of over six feet) for which we have data are indicated as having low B values. Smali species may have either high or low B values, but of the 30 species of sharks having high B values, only one, the 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 unique Scapanorhynchus owstoni, attains a size greater than six feet. These facts seem to indicate that B values are functionally significant in terms of total length attained by the species. Remarks Concerning Certain Species In Hezanchus and Notorhynchus the vertebrae are not sufficiently calcified to produce an image on a radiograph. In Heptranchias, the precaudal vertebrae are poorly calcified and there is considerable spacing between the images on the radiograph, which probably indicates that only the center or the ends of each centrum are registered. The caudal vertebrae are well calcified but terminate abruptly at about the level of the subterminal caudal notch in each specimen, a condition not noted in any other species we examined. In Chlamydoselachus anguineus only some of the vertebrae are calcified; hence, total counts could not be made. In one specimen the anterior 16 and posterior 3 precaudal centra and a few anterior caudal centra were apparent; in the other specimen radiographed, the anterior 18 and posterior 9 precaudal centra and the anterior 20 caudal centra were apparent. Goodey (1910) indicated the number of vertebrae in a specimen he dissected to be 112, on the basis of the number of neuro- meres, which were determined by counting the ventra'-root foramina of the spinal nerves perforating the basidorsals. We believe that counting in this manner yields a figure which is much too low, for it does not take into account the diplospondylous condition. It is also obvious from Goodey’s plates that no nerve roots issue from large seoments of the vertebral column. Aasen (1961) reported vertebral counts of 60 specimens of Lamna nasus from the western North Atlantic, as follows: Total vertebrae 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 1 1 5 6 9 8 9 7 8 Lah eae ll Specimens He noted that the number of precaudal vertebrae ranged from 83 to 89. One specimen of Paragaleus gruveli (USNM 196158) examined (pl. 14) had two separated groups of elongated (monospondylous) centra in the precaudal region. If each of these elongated centra were counted as two, the number of precaudal centra would be 77 and the total count 147, which would be more in accord with the other specimen examined from the same locality. Specimens of Sphyrna tiburo from Florida have much lower vertebral counts than specimens from other localities. Counts from large num- bers of specimens throughout the Atlantic and Pacific range of this species should be made to determine the significance of the counts shown by the Florida specimens. SPRINGER AND GARRICK—PLATE 1 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 115 "seIQOIOA [epnedoid WO; [Bpned saqviedas ulg ‘o1NSY UO 1vajd you st Inq uy dtAjad daoqe uolse1 UL SiInd90 v1]UD sno|Apuodsojdip 03 snojApuodsouow wo} quiod uontsuely, *(3x0} 99s) onyeA gq MO] AIOA B pue on[eA I, ‘qd jepnesoid ev yqM saisads vB ‘(QOTZS WHNO) snuidjna soidojp JO OAIQUWIYT 19 AMAT = “oRAQoIIOA V Mo] & Aq paziioqovieyo st satoads sty, [epneoaid wo. [epnes saqeiedas ulg *(X9} 998) sonyea gq pue VY Ysty Aq poziiojovseyp st saidads siyf, “uy d1Ajed 03 Joliaqsod iv} UOIsod ul BAQUID sno|Apuodsojdip wosy snojApuodsouow jo uoneivdas jo quiod soyeoipul Joie ‘yid jepnesaid v ynoyim soisads kB “(SeQ/ST INNSA) Snytind snaay -dowjy :& AMNOL, ‘aviqayoa [epnesoid wor [epned soqeivdas ulg ‘uorse1 snojApuodsojdip ut e1qua9 snojApuodsouour Jo sdnois pozejodi9qut OM} AION “(3X97 99S) sonjea gq pue V YsIy Aq pozisoqjovieyo st soisods styy, “Uy atajod Jo pary} toloquR saoge eIQUad snojApuodsojdip Woy snojApuodsouow jo uonviedas jo ulod sayvoipul qoivd ‘uid jepnesaid ve yam saisods & *(RC{[96] INNSM) 2/24n49 snajpsvivg jo oAIQUY :V ANNO] e ¥ ' me eee erent At AnAA NAAN \ mt a ed VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK Sl Squalus acanthias is considered a circumglobally distributed species in the temperate waters of both the northern and southern hemispheres although it is reported infrequently from subtropical areas. Our evidence (table 1) indicates that at least in the northern hemisphere the Atlantic population (with 79-85 precaudal vertebrae in 7 speci- mens) and the Pacific population (with 68-76 precaudal vertebrae in 21 specimens) have differentiated. Six specimens from the southern hemisphere have 75-78 precaudal vertebrae and thus are intermediate between the northern hemisphere populations. A large-scale study of vertebral numbers in this species might yield interesting informa- tion on speciation. On the basis of the counts obtained for Centrophorus uyato, there is evidence that differences occur in the populations from the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern Atlantic. More counts will be necessary to verify this indication. The genus Htmopterus is dstinct from all other shark genera ex- amined in consistently having the last monospondylous centrum at a point behind the tip of the pelvic fin (pl. 18), usually under the anterior portion of the second dorsal fin. In all other sharks we have investigated, except a few species of Carcharhinus (Garrick, in ms.), the last monospondylous vertebra occurs over the pelvic fin, usually over the pelvic base. Punnett (1904) reported the total vertebral counts of 163 free-living females of Htmopterus spinaz. ‘Twenty-five were gravid and were reported with the counts of their respective embryos (see our table 3). Examination of Punnett’s data shows that the average number of vertebrae in a litter exceeds the maternal count in 10 of the 13 mothers with 82-85 vertebrae but is less than the maternal count in the 12 mothers with 86-88 vertebrae. Differences in counts from a single litter range from two to seven vertebrae. We have found a similar variation in the range of vertebral counts in carcharhinid sharks in the few cases in which we have mothers with embryos. Only late-stage embryos of Echinorhinus cookei and E. brucus were radiographed; the radiographs show no evidence of calcification of the centra. 727-653—64——_2 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Literature Cited AASEN, OLAV 1961. Some observations on the biology of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus L.). Internat. Counc. Expl. Sea, Near Northern Seas Com- mitt., no. 109, pp. 1-7. [Mimeographed.] BAILEY, REEVE M., and GosLing, WiLLIAM H. 1955. Variation and systematic significance of vertebral counts in the American fishes of the family Percidae. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool. Mise. Publ., no. 93, pp. 1-44. Goopgy, T. 1910. A contribution to the skeletal anatomy of the frilled shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus Gar. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 540-570. Goopricu, E. 8. 1930. Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates, 837 pp. GUNTHER, ALBERT 1870. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 8, xxv-+549 pp. Husss, Caru L., and McHvaug, J. L. 1951. Relationships of the pelagic shark Huprotomicrus bispinatus, with description of a specimen from off California. Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 159-176. IsHIYAMA, REIzO 1958. Studies on the rajid fishes (Rajidae) found in the waters around Japan. Journ. Shimonoseki College Fish., vol. 7, nos. 2 and 3, pp. 193-394. JAQUET, M. 1905. Description de quelques parties du squelette du Pseudotriacts microdon Capello. Bull. Mus. Ocean. Monaco, vol. 36, pp. 1-28. PUNNETT, R. C. 1904. Merism and sex in “Spinaxz niger.’”’ Biometrika, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 313-362. Scumipt, J. 1917. Zoarces viviparus L. and local races of the same. Compt.-Rend. Trav. Labor. Carlsberg, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 279-396. SPRINGER, VicToR G. 1964. A revision of the carcharhinid shark genera Scoliodon, Loxodon, and Rhizoprionodon. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 115, no. 3493, pp. 559-632. VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 83 TABLE 1.— Vertebral characters in sharks P=precaudal vertebrae. C=caudal vertebrae. T=total vertebrae. A= length of penultimate monospondylous centrum divided by length of first diplospondylous centrum X 100. B=length of penultimate monospondylous centrum divided by its width 100. Family, genus, species, locality Af Cc 1 A B HEXANCHIDAE Heranchus H. grisewm (Bonnaterre) (see discussion) uncalcified MCSN 34580, Italy USNM 186120, Florida Notorhynchus N. maculatus Ayres (see discussion) uncalcified USNM 27071, California USNM 61234, California USNM 38301, Peru USNM 87681, Uruguay Heptranchias H. perlo (Bonnaterre) (see discussion) MCSN 37507, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean ca, 85 45 ca. 130 USNM 164167, south of Louisiana 90 56 146 89 52 141 USNM 151972, off North Carolina 90 61 151 CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE Chlamydoselachus C. anguineus Garman (see discussion) >112 (Goodey, 1910) USNM 48530, Japan USNM 161522, Japan HETERODONTIDAE Heterodontus Hi, francisci (Girard) USNM 34778, California 71 41 112 160 95 Hi, japonicus Dumeril USNM 71764, Japan 72 38 110 136 94 UMMzZ 179075, Japan 74 42 116 Hi, galeatus (Giinther) USNM 59876, New South Wales, Australia 71 35 106 140 92 Hi, zebra (Gray) UMMZ 179077, locality unknown 41 133 89 CARCHARIIDAE Carcharias C. taurus Rafinesque USNM 143423, Louisiana, embryo 84 >70 >154 Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey (from Sheldon 82 81 163 Applegate) 80 83 163 at 84 = 86 80 166 84 79 163 84 81 165 84 - - 1 mile off Lewes, Delaware (from Sheldon 85 71 156 Applegate) 85 85 170 83 81 164 87 81 167 SCAPANORHYNCHIDAE Scapanorhynchus S. owstoni (Jordan) MCZ 1279, Japan 53 69 122 189 172 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality P oC Ou A B LAMNIDAE Tsurus I. oryrinchus Rafinesque MCZ 37994, Bahamas, embryo 110 80 190 ca. 100 New York-New Jersey (from J. G. Casey) 110 81 191 110 80 190 109 - - Puerto Quequén, Argentina (from E. Siccardi) 110 86 196 I. glaucus UMMZ 177116, Japan 108 79 187 127 52 SIO 50-240, California 112 80 192 120 53 I. species (Garrick, in ms.) USNM 197427, Indo-Pacific 112 83 195 128 63 USNM 197429, Indo-Pacific 111 86 197 130 67 Lamna LI, nasus (Bonnaterre) BMNH 1961.11.2.1, English Channel 85 68 153 ca. 100 Puerto Quequén, Argentina (from E. Siccardi) 91 71 162 Locality unspecified (after Giinther, 1870) ~ - 155 Western North Atlantic (after Aasen, 1961) 84-89 - 150-161 (based on 60 speci- mens; see text remarks) Carcharodon C. carcharias (Linnaeus) CAS 26245, California - - 178 CAS 26361, California 104 68 172 CAS 26363, California 105 68 173 CAS 26366, California 104 74 178 CAS 26367, California 107 ca. 76 = ca. 183 CAS 26678, California 107 77 184 CAS 26680, California 105 ca. 78 ca. 183 CAS 26376, California 106 73 179 CAS 26378, California 106 71 177 CAS 26694, California 104 77 181 CAS 26695, California 104 77 181 CAS 26781, California 108 73 181 CAS 26793, California 103 73 176 CAS 27013, California 107 74 181 CAS 27014. California 105 80 185 CAS 27015, California 104 76 180 Puerto Quequén, Argentina (from E. Siccardi) 104 83 187 105 79 184 CETORHINIDAE Cetorhinus C. marimus (Gunnerus) CAS 25873, California 110 USNM (uncat.), off British Columbia 50 60 110 ALOPIDAE Alopias A, superciliosus (Lowe) UMML 83861, Florida, two sibling embryos 102 180 282 102 187 289 MCZ 36155, Cuba, embryo 102 181 283 ca. 100 New York (from J. GQ, Casey) 102 19843 29543 USNM 197700, California 100 204 304 A. vulpinus (Bonnaterre) CNHM 52100, Formosa 121 >298 >419 SIO 52-19, Galapagos, two sibling embryos 119 243 362 136 27 119 240 359 127 25 VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 85 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality PB Cc Tk A B ORECTOLOBIDAE Orectolobus O. maculatus (Bonnaterre) USNM 176695, near Brisbane, Australia 106 50 156 133 73 Stegostoma S. tigrinum (Bonnaterre) RNH skeleton no. 429, Java 81 145 226 S, fasciatum (Hermann) USNM 138547, Macassar market, Celebes 95 122 217 150 55 USNM 138548, Macassar market, Celebes 101 121 222 140 58 Chiloscytlium C. indicum (Gmelin) UMMZ 179022, Japan 114 61 175 143 62 C. griseum Miiller and Henle UMMZ 179034, Java 170 118 72 C. species USNM 6449, Hong Kong 111 61 172 115 71 C. species USNM 148107, Persian Gulf 104 65 169 117 74 USNM 148108, Persian Gulf 107 60 167 117 80 Eucrossorhinus E. dasypogon (Bleeker) BMNH 1867.11.28.209, Aru Islands, syntype 100 62 162 of Crossorhinus dasypogon Bleeker Ginglymostoma G, cirratum (Bonnaterre) USNM 196159, Senegal, sibling embryos 97 77 174 125 80 97 73 170 118 74 USNM 37741, Jamaica (sibling embryos?) 98 73 171 116 71 95 75 170 121 74 USNM 181312, Sonora, Mexico 92 83 175 125 66 Hemiscyllium H. ocellatum (Bonnaterre) USNM 176863, Great Barrier Reef, 191 120 71 Queensland, Australia 190 150 75 H. species USNM 123025, no locality 192 Brachaelurus B. waddi (Bloch and Schneider) USNM 197619, Sydney, Australia 142 125 68 RHINCODONTIDAE Rhincodon R. typus Smith TGFC, off Texas, embryo 81 >72 >153 SCYLIORHINIDAE Cephaloscyllium C. uter (Jordan and Gilbert) USNM 196142, California 74 35 109 141 94 Galeus @. arae (Nichols) USNM 185602, off Nicaragua (Atlantic) 75 60 135 158 143 76 >61 >127 173 124 USNM 159233, off Florida 74 55 129 141 124 USNM 158101, southwest of Grand Bahama 81 59 140 147 133 Island Haploblepharus H. edwardsi (Voigt) MCZ 1028, Cape St. Blaize, South Africa 94 43 137 140 107 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality iP C Tr A B SCYLIORHINIDA E—Continued Halaelurus H. vincenti (Zietz) UBC 56-406, Adelaide, South Australia 130 133 114 Parmaturus P, xaniurus (Gilbert) MCZ 1002, off California 70 60 130 145 115 Apristurus A, herklotsi (Fowler) USNM 93134, Philippines, holotype of Pentan- 69 >50 >119 155 122 chus herklotsi Fowler A. verweyi (Fowler) USNM 93135, Borneo, holotype of Pentanchus 70 46 116 139 133 verweyt Fowler Scyliorhinus S. torazame (Tanaka) UMMZ 179029, Fusan Market, Korea 74 38 112 167 105 S. garmani (Fowler) USNM 43749, East Indies, holotype of Halaelurus 92 40 132 162 105 garmani Fowler Pentanchus P. profundicolus Fowler USNM 70260, Mindanao Sea, holotype (several 79 54 133 135 113 centra missing, counts estimated) Conoporoderma C. marleyi (Fowler) ANSP 53427, Natal, South Africa, holotype of 76 28 104 172 100 Poroderma marleyi Fowler Atelomycterus A. marmoratus (Bennett) UMMZ 179603, Java 110 54 164 Undescribed genus and species (S. Springer, in ms.) USNM 185557, Caribbean Sea 105 40 145 125 125 PSEUDOTRIAKIDAE Pseudotriakis P. microdon Capello Cape Verde Is. (from Jaquet, 1905) ca. 186 TRIAKIDAE Scylliogaleus S. queketti Boulenger BMNH 1903.2.6.21, off Natal, South Africa, 88 >62 >140 114 103 holotype Triakis T. semifasciata Girard UMMZ 61065, California 84 52 136 142 117 T. scyllia Miiller and Henle UM MZ 179099, Fusan Bay, Korea 93 60 153 200 93 93 60 153 200 95 T. venustum (Tanaka) UMMZ 179065, Okinawa, Japan 107 61 158 144 100 T. henlei (Gill) UMM Z 61081, California 109 51 160 117 8U 34283, California 103 49 152 112 Eridacnis E. radcliffei Smith USNM 74604, Philippines, holotype 77 47 124 125 105 & B VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 8&7 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality iP CO fh A B TRIAKIDAE—Continued Mustelus M. manazo Bleeker UMMZ 178990, Japan 90 52 142 136 120 UMMZ 178993, Japan 90 51 141 123 112 M. kanekonis (Tanaka) UMMZ 179097, locality unknown 81 49 130 153 104 M. canis (Mitchill) USNM 73091, New Jersey 90 56 146 137 111 M. canis or M. schmitti Springer USNM 86724, Uruguay 89 48 137 169 122 90 46 136 144 121 M. norrisi Springer USNM 116444, Florida 93 52 145 137 100 M. higmani Springer and Lowe USNM 156930, off Surinam, holotype 88 49 137 132 102 USNM uncataloged, off British Guiana 89 50 139 131 100 USNM uncataloged, off Surinam 87 49 136 132 100 90 61 141 154 105 89 50 139 142 92 91 53 144 Triaenodon T. obesus (Riippell) ANSP 71738, Pearl and Hermes Reef, embryo 129 85 214~— ca, 100 Leptocharias L. smithi Miller and Henle USNM 164435, Liberia 137 76 213 112 68 MCZ 39691, off Banana, West Africa 136 75 211 ~—s ca. 100 CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus C. sorrah (Valenciennes) 9 specimens from China, Thailand, and Red Sea 66-73 85-93 153-166 142-167 88-107 C. limbatus (Valenciennes) 5 specimens from Florida, Brazil, Virgin Islands, 96-100 98-101 194-198 110-138 62-89 and Liberia C. falciformis (Bibron) 14 specimens from western north Atlantic and 98-105 98-110 199-215 112-123 68-78 eastern North Pacific Oceans C. leucas (Valenciennes) 7 specimens from Florida, Lake Nicaragua, | 110-114 95-104 208-218 110-130 60-72 Guatemala, Tampico (Mexico), and Panama C. melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard) 14 specimens from Gilbert, Caroline, and Philip- | 115-122 86-92 202-214 112-136 64-74 pine Islands and Thailand and Red Sea Aprionodon A, isodon (Miiller and Henle) USNM 118457, Texas 79 86 165 206 102 Negaprion N. brevirostris (Poey) CNHM 32743, Florida 117 84 201 125 76 Hypoprion H. macloti Miller and Henle ISZZ 5799, Hong Kong 70 84 154 222 154 SU 12988, Hong Kong 68 82 150 191 150 SU 14488, Burma 70 82 152 162 124 A. signatus Poey USNM 133827, Florida, embryo 104 80 184 120 67 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality Pp C 1 A B CARCHARHINIDAE—Continued Rhizoprionodon (see Springer, 1964) Subgenus Fhizoprionodon R. acutus (Rtippell) 121 specimens from the eastern Atlantic and 55-79 64-83 121-162 Indo-Pacific; counts vary according to locality. R. terraenovae (Richardson) Counts based on 74 specimens from the western 58-66 67-81 126-144 151-174 118-145 Atlantic from Nova Scotia to Yucatan. A and B values based on 6 specimens. FR. porosus (Poey) Counts based on 58 specimens from the western 66-75 69-85 136-159 125-141 108-114 Atlantic from the Bahamas to Uruguay. A and B values based on 5 specimens. R. longurio (Jordan and Gilbert) Counts based on 39 specimens from the eastern 68-86 73-85 146-167 Pacific. Subgenus Protozygaena R. lalandei (Valenciennes) Counts based on 45 specimens from the western 79-90 67-79 153-168 126-138 96-103 Atlantic from Panama to Brazil. A and B values based on two specimens. R. oligolinz Springer Counts based on 57 specimens from the Indo- 84-91 64-75 1651-162 ca. 100 Pacific. R. taylori (Ogilby) Counts based on 10 specimens from Australia. 73-80 62-70 135-149 ca. 100 Lorodon (see Springer, 1964) LL. macrorhinus Miller and Henle Counts based on 20 specimens, vary with locality; 77-106 71-86 148-191 112-208 84-110 A and B values based on 4 specimens Scoliodon (see Springer, 1964) S. laticaudus Miller and Henle Counts based on 98 specimens; A value based on 97-112 60-62 148-171 ca. 100 4 specimens Prionace P. glauca (Linnaeus) BMNH 1961.11.2.2. English Channel 149 98 247 ~— ca, 100 USNM 48317, Italy 143 96 239 USNM 125766, off northern (eastern?) United 142 101 243 States USNM 164621-23, Hawail, sibling embryos 146 106 262 110 38 146 102 248 145 102 247 UMM2Z (field no. H29-15), Japan 147 >90 >237 USNM 197687, Capetown, South Africa 143 101 244 Galeorhinus G, galeus (Linnaeus) UZMK 463, locality unknown 83 53 136 G, japonicus (Miller and Henle) UMMzZ 179061, Fukuoka market, Japan 106 54 160 114 82 Hemipristis Hi. elongaius (Klunzinger) GVF 2385-1, Gulf of Thailand 104 86 190 104 90 194 122 80 103 89 192 132 64 Galeocerdo G. cuvieri (Peron and LeSueur) GVF 2357-1, Gulf of Thailand 105 126 231 113 65 USNM 196524, Florida, sibling embryos 106 >117 >223 133 62 108 >114 >222 VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 89 TasLe 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality B OC T A B CARCHARHINIDAE—Continued Negogaleus N. macrosioma (Bleeker) BMNH 1867.11.28.197, Java, holotype of Hemi- 74 63 137 139 141 galeus macrostoma Bleeker N. microstoma (Bleeker) BMNBH4 1867.11.28.178, Java, holotype of Hemi- 81 69 150 148 108 galeus microstoma Bleeker UMMZ 179017, Java 78 65 143 Paragaleus P. gruveli Budker USNM 196158, Senegal, embryo (see discussion) 72 70 142 180 140 USNM 196163, Senegal, embryo (see discussion) 79 70 149 192 144 P. pectoralis (Garman) MCZ 847, off New England (?), holotype of Hemi- 78 70 148 174 119 galeus pectoralis Garman SPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna S. tiburo (Linnaeus) USNM 88677, Guayaquil, Equador 81 82 163 158 106 USNM 190591, Panama Bay, Panama 165 145 111 ANSP 86208, San Miguel Bay, Panama 86 7 173 125 89 ANSP 581, Rhode Island 88 82 170 127 93 USNM 125763, Appalachicola Bay, Florida 72 70 142 165 132 USNM 116888, Tortugas, Florida 72 71 143 153 124 USNM 104318, Recife, Brazil 80 78 158 143 111 S. media Springer USNM 196140, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica 103 92 195 136 72 100 93 193 120 69 103 89 192 102 88 190 111 80 101 92 193 113 65 102 92 194 150 72 USNM 190593, Panama Bay, Panama 102 94 196 112 63 102 91 193 101 92 193 116 73 101 91 192 105 72 S. mokarran (Riippell) USNM 29645, Mazatlan, Mexico 98 108 206 137 69 USNM 40026, New South Wales, Australia, embyro 97 108 205 122 78 S. lewini (Griffith) USNM 72476, Java, embyro 92 105 196 156. 91 USNM 130604, Foochow, China 92 100 192 148 83 USNM 29999, Jamaica 96 108 204 USNM 25180, South Carolina 89 85 174 155 99 8S. zygaena (Linnaeus) UMM2Z 179078, Japan 99 103 202 121 82 USNM 119699, Virginia 102 104 206 = ca. «100 S, tudes (Valenciennes) USNM 195957, Mississippi 107 95 202 ~=ca. 100 8. blochi (Cuvier) RNH skeleton no. 343, Java 52 64 116 CNHM 21836, North Borneo 54 70 124 178 128 USNM 195846, Bombay, India 52 66 118 160 133 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality iP C Ty A B SQUALIDAE Squalus S. acanthias USNM 17495, Norway 83 26 109 179 86 83 26 109 191 75 CNHM 35495-7, Scotland 81 30 111 169 93 85 30 115 233 97 84 29 113 173 104 USNM 75665, Virginta 85 32 117 140 104 USNM 121955, Virginia 79 29 108 118 114 USNM 197692, Capetown, South Africa 75 27 102 USNM 104828, Alaska 70 29 99 135 108 73 30 103 162 96 USNM 52852, Alaska 71 29 100 141 108 USNM 27305, Puget Sound, Washington 70 30 100 155 124 USNM 50989, Puget Sound, Washington 69 28 97 141 110 USNM 197796, Washington 73 30 103 70 29 99 71 26 97 72 27 99 70 30 100 75 29 104 72 29 101 73 31 104 76 30 106 72 28 100 USNM 71835, Japan 68 28 96 181 97 69 29 98 167 100 72 28 100 135 100 CNHM 59847, Japan 70 28 98 130 107 UMMZ 179056, Korea 69 29 98 148 107 71 28 99 172 108 USNM 164430, Chile 78 31 109 175 131 77 30 107 150 126 USNM 164481, Chile 76 26 102 170 131 USNM 77306, Straits of Magellan 76 29 105 148 137 75 31 106 151 160 S. blainvillei (Risso) USNM 130611, Ningapo, Cheklang, China 86 28 114 128 80 UMMZ 179055, Japan 89 29 118 156 80 USNM 196545, Taiwan 89 27 116 156 86 CNHM 55618, Korea 89 27 116 166 81 USNM 197393, Hawaiian Islands 84 29 113 129 117 USNM 157864, Florida 87 28 115 152 98 85 30 115 155 95 USNM 160831, Florida 86 29 115 140 96 USNM 157748, Florida 86 30 116 150 81 USNM 158478, Louisiana 86 31 117 143 83 USNM 197691, Capetown, South Africa 82 32 117 MCSN 34458, Italy 80 26 106 160 100 USNM 28473 (presumably Italy) 78 28 106 155 102 79 29 108 165 94 S. megalops (Macleay) GVF HK95 south China Sea 80 25 105 78 26 104 78 USNM 191180, Taiwan 81 26 107 160 100 82 26 108 136 94 81 27 108 165 93 UM MZ 179033, Japan 80 26 106 136 97 UMMZ, 179053, Japan 79 27 106 144 82 VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK QO] TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality IP Cc Ty A B SQUALIDAE—Continued Squalus— Continued S. cubensis Howell-Rivero USNM 157853, north of Cuba 84 30 114 150 80 USNM 157846, north of Cuba 86 30 116 141 100 USNM 196544, north of Cuba 87 29 116 144 92 USNM 164247, Dominican Republic 82 30 112 Centrophorus C. uyato (Rafinesque) USNM 196160, Senegal 90 32 122 136 95 USNM 157862, south of Alabama 82 31 113 83 30 113 C. squamosus (Bonnaterre) USNM 161517-18, Japan 82 24 106 83 24 107 125 78 MCZ 40769, New Zealand 86 28 114 122 100 Centroscymnus C. owstoni Garman UMMZ 142885, Japan 74 28 102 125 69 C. crepidater Bocage and Capello USNM 196151, Senegal 77 29 106 137 128 MCZ 40768, New Zealand, embryo, uncalcified C. coelolepis Bocage and Capello USNM 38072, off New Jersey 78 27 105 133 80 MCZ 37420, east of New York 79 26 105 126 67 MCZ 37424, east of New York 79 29 108 122 65 USNM 94522, Madeira 75 34 109 125 118 Centroscyllium C. fabricit (Reinhardt) USNM 131383, off Newfoundland 66 29 95 162 130 USNM 88110, off New York 67 30 97 200 122 C. rittert Jordan and Fowler UMMZ 179024, off Japan 62 28 90 141 124 USNM 161521, Japan 61 27 88 181 106 64 27 91 161 119 64 26 90 160 121 Deania D. elegans Springer USNM 159603, off North Carolina, holotype 85 34 19 133 80 D. calcea (Lowe) UMMZ 142884, Japan 90 36 126 Etmopterus E. polli Bigelow, Schroeder, and Springer USNM 163370, off Angola 54 24 78 144 163 E. spinax (Linnaeus) USNM 195848, Italy 55 29 84 130 118 Counts based on 667 specimens from Norway 81-91 (after Punnett, 1904; see our discussion) E. virens Bigelow, Schroeder, and Springer USNM 158406, Gulf of Campeche, Mexico 56 27 83 173 173 USNM 185600, Nicaragua (Atlantic) 57 24 81 144 144 57 24 81 140 140 58 26 84 150 150 E. schulizi Bigelow, Schroeder, and Springer USNM 158144, south of Alabama 56 26 82 160 120 57 25 82 153 153 56 26 82 143 133 58 24 82 147 147 56 27 83 143 165 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality iP OC hy A B SQUALIDAE—Continued Etmopterus— Continued E. princeps Collett USNM 163365, off New Jersey 58 23 81 211 136 E. lucifer Jordan and Snyder USNM 61282, Japan 59 26 85 154 176 62 27 89 152 173 USNM 161515, Japan 63 27 90 E. bullisi Bigelow and Schroeder USNM 185597, northeast of Honduras 60 24 84 175 131 61 24 85 178 114 USNM 185603, North Carolina 60 24 84 150 150 E. barteri Garrick MOZ 40688, New Zealand 61 27 88 141 135 E. pusillus Lowe USNM 157835, off northwest Florida 64 24 88 154 180 E. frontimaculatus Pietschmann USNM 196521, Japan 66 22 88 127, 136 UNMZ 179025, Japan 61 OXYNOTIDAE Orynotus O. centrina (Linnaeus) ANSP 575-76 Italy 61 30 91 143 95 64 30 94 DALATIIDAE Dalatias D. licha (Bonnaterre) MCSN 34631, Italy 61 27 78 140 156 MCZ 910, Italy 61 28 79 143 152 USNM 157844, south of Alabama 50 28 78 153 149 Scymnodalatias S. sherwoodi (Archey) CM no number, New Zealand, holotype of Scymnodon sherwoodi Archey 58 23 81 130 152 Euprotomicrus E. bispinatus (Quoy and Gaimard) USNM 190031, near Midway Island 51 13 64 182 190 USNM 164176, west of Johnston Island 47 14 61 173 161 USNM 190082, south Pacific Ocean 46 15 61 130 144 CAS 20431, off California (after Hubbs and McHugh, 1951) 48 Reteroscymnoides AZ. marleyt Fowler ANSP 53046, South Africa, holotype 52 18 70 160 145 Tsistius I. brasilensis (Quoy and Gaimard) USNM 164174, west of Christmas Island 61 24 85 157 147 USNM 164175, northwest of Fanning Island 61 25 86 150 161 USNM 190039, near Fanning Island 60 24 84 166 200 USNM uncataloged, off Mississippi (Oregon 62 20 82 172 172 2507) USNM uncataloged, off Mississippi (Oregon 61 20 81 159 189 2945) 66 23 89 162 179 TZ. species (Garrick and 8. Springer, in ms.) USNM uncataloged, off Mississippi (Oregon 65 27 92 167 180 3102) VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 93 TABLE 1.—Vertebral characters in sharks—Continued Family, genus, species, locality P Cc Tr A B DALATHDAE—Continued Squaliolus S. sarmenti Noronja ANSP 2454, Madeira 48 13 61 139 178 S. laticaudus Smith and Radcliffe USNM 70259, Luzon, Philippines, holotype 47 13 60 173 173 USNM 76679, Luzon, Philippines, paratype 44 150 150 Somniosus S. rostratus Capello IRSN 1399c, Mediterranean 58 20 78 ECHINORHINIDAE Echinorhinus (see discussion) E. cookei Pietschmann USNM 179805, Hawaii, embryos E. brucus (Bonnaterre) BMNH 1891.7.2.3.1, Nice, embryo PRISTIOPHORIDAE Pristiophorus P. schroederi Springer and Bullis UMMZ 178848, off Cuba 100 55 155 144 100 P. oweni Giinther BMNH 1859.9.11.1, locality unknown, holotype 103 48 151 150 78 P. japonicus Giinther BMNH 1862.11.1.37, Japan, syntype 109 40 149 114 83 BMNH no number, Japan, syntype 104 53 157 UMMZ 176819, Japan 108 48 156 143 75 P. nudipinnis Giinther BMNH 1869.2.24.2, Tasmania, syntype 103 50 153 117 99 Pliotrema P. warreni Regan BMNH 1905.6.8.9, Natal, South Africa, holotype 106 49 155 121 83 SQUATINIDAE Squatina S. japonica Bleeker UMMZ 179041, Nagasaki market, Japan 92 34 126 133 70 S. squatina (Linnaeus) IRSN 1401B, Mediterranean 93 28 121 RNH skeleton no. 492, Holland 96 RNH skeleton no. 428, no locality 93 S. californica Ayres UBC 59-237, Cape San Lucas, Baja 108 33 141 135 56 California, Mexico 108 32 140 135 53 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 TaBLE 2.—Summary of vertebral characters in suborders, families, and genera of sharks For explanation of symbols, see table 1 iP C aS A B NOTIDANOIDEA Hexanchidae Hleranchus uncalcified Notorhynchus uncalcified Heptranchias 85-90 45-61 ca, 130-151 CHLAMYDOSELACHOIDEA Chlamydoselachidae Chlamydoselachus >112 HETERODONTOIDEA Heterodontidae Heterodontus 71-74 35-42 106-116 133-160 89-95 GALEOIDEA 50-149 28->298 104->419 = ca, 100-328 25-172 Carchariidae Carcharias 80-87 71-85 156-170 Scapanorhynchidae Scapanorhynchus 53 69 122 189 172 Lamnidae 84-112 68-86 150-197 — ca. 100-130 52-67 TIsurus 108-112 79-86 187-197 100-130 52-67 Lamna 84-91 68-71 150-162 ca. 100 Carcharodon 103-108 68-83 172-187 Cetorhinidae Cetorhinus 50 60 110 Alopiidae Alopias 100-121 180->298 282->419 ca, 100-136 25-27 Orectolobidae 81-114 50-145 142-226 115-150 55-80 Orectolobus 106 50 156 133 78 Stegostoma 81-101 121-145 217-226 140-150 55-58 Chiloscyllium 104-114 60-65 167-175 115-143 62-80 Eucrossorhinus 100 62 162 Ginglymostoma 92-98 73-83 170-175 116-125 66-80 Hemascyllium 190-192 120-150 71-75 Brachaelurus 142 125 68 Rhincodontidae Rhincodon 81 >72 >153 Seyliorhinidae 69-110 28-60 104-164 133-173 94-143 Cephaloscyllium 74 35 109 141 94 Galeus 74-81 >51-60 >127-140 141-173 124-143 Haploblepharus 94 43 137 140 107 Halaelurus 130 133 114 Parmaturus 70 60 130 145 115 Apristurus 69-70 46->50 116->119 139-155 122-133 Scyliorhinus 74-92 38-40 112-132 162-167 105 Pentanchus 79 54 133 135 113 Conoporoderma 76 28 104 172 100 Atelomycterus 110 54 164 Undescribed genus (S. Springer, in ms.) 105 40 145 125 125 Pseudotriakidae Pseudotriakis (from Jaquet, 1905) ca 186 Triakidae 77-137 46-85 124-214 ~— ca. 100-200 68-122 Scylliogaleus 88 >52 >140 114 103 Triakis 84-109 49-60 136-160 112-200 83-117 Eridacnis he 47 124 125 105 Mustelus 81-93 46-56 130-146 123-169 92-122 Triaenodon 129 85 214 = ca. 100 Leptocharia 136-137 75-76 211-213 ~— ca. 100-112 68 VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SHARKS—SPRINGER AND GARRICK 95 TaBLE 2.—Summary of vetebral characters in suborders, families, and genera of sharks—Continued For explanation of symbols, see table 1 2 Cc Ty A B GALEOIDEA—Continued Carcharhinidae 54-149 50-126 110-252 ~— ca. 100-828 38-154 Carcharhinus (Garrick, in ms.) * 54-125 53-110 110-235 110-328 60-107 Aprionodon 79 86 165 206 150 Negaprion 117 84 201 125 76 Alypoprion 70-104 80-86 152-184 120-222 67-154 Rhizoprionodon subgenus Rhizoprionodon 55-86 64-85 121-167 125-174 108-145 subgenus Protozygaena 73-91 62-79 135-168 ca. 100-138 96-103 Loxrodon 77-106 71-86 148-191 112-208 84-119 Scoliodon 97-112 50-62 148-171 ca, 100 Prionace 142-149 >90-106 >237-252 110 38 Galeorhinus 83-106 63-54 136-160 114 82 Hemipristis 103-104 86-90 190-194 122-132 64-80 Galeocerdo 105-108 >114-126 >222-231 113-133 55-62 Negogaleus 74-81 63-69 137-150 139-148 108-141 Paragalteus 72-79 70 142-149 174-192 119-144 Sphyrnidae Sphyrna 52-107 64-108 116-206 ca. 100-178 63-133 SQUALOIDEA 44-90 13-36 60-126 118-233 65-200 Squalidae 54-90 22-36 78-126 118-233 65-180 Squalus 68-89 26-32 96-118 118-233 75-160 Centrophorus 82-90 24-32 106-122 122-136 78-100 Ceniroscymnus 74-79 26-34 102-109 122-137 65-128 Centroscyllium 61-67 26-30 88-97 141-200 106-130 Deania 85-90 34-36 119-126 133 80 Eitmopterus 54-66 22-29 78-91 127-211 114-180 Oxynotidae Oxynotus 61-64 30 91-94 143 95 Dalatiidae 44-66 13-28 60-92 130-182 144-200 Dalatias 50-51 27-28 78-79 140-153 149-156 Scymnodatatias 58 23 8l 130 152 Euprotomicrus 46-51 13-15 61-64 130-182 144-190 Heteroscymnoides 52 18 70 160 145 Isistius 60-66 20-27 81-92 150-172 147-200 Squaliolus 44-48 13 60-61 139-173 150-178 Somniosus 58 20 78 Echinorhinidae Echinorhinus uncalcified PRISTIOPHOROIDEA Pristiophoridae 100-109 40-55 149-157 114-150 75-100 Pristiophorus 100-109 40-55 149-157 114-150 75-100 Pliotrema 106 49 155 121 83 SQUATINOIDEA Squatinidae Squatina 92-108 28-34 121-141 133-135 53-70 *Includes data not in table 1. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 3.—Etmopterus spinax: total vertebral numbers in females with litters (based on data in Punnett, 1904) Total vertebral count Number of sibling embryos Mother Average of sibling Range of sibling embryos embryos 82 84.7 83-87 6 82 84.7 83-87 7 83 83. 5 81-86 12 83 84. 2 82-86 9 84 83.3 82-85 7 84 83.9 83-85 10 84 84.3 83-86 6 84 84.5 82-87 12 84 85. 5 84-88 6 85 83.8 82-85 8 85 85. 2 84-88 13 85 85.3 85-87 6 85 85.5 85-86 2 86 83.7 82-87 10 86 83.9 82-86 9 86 84.5 82-87 11 | 86 84.7 84-87 9 86 84.8 84-86 9 86 84.9 83-87 8 86 85. 2 84-87 13 86 85. 5 85-87 14 87 84.2 83-85 8 87 86.8 85-88 12 88 86.0 84-88 8 88 87.2 84-90 9 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE11964 | Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION +- WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3497 NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA, IV A NEW GENUS OF STENOMIDAE WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIOIDEA) By W. Donatp DuckwortTH This, the fourth in a series of papers! dealing with Neotropical moths, is the first of a planned series on the family Stenomidae. The aim of this research program is a reclassification of the family Steno- midae that more adequately reflects the natural relationships of the species. The present plan is to continue to expand research already in progress on the genera and to conduct detailed studies of the species. Since the genus Stenoma Zeller was proposed, it has become a “waste basket” for hundreds of species that could not be assigned readily to other genera on wing or palpal characters. Obviously this heterogeneity must be eliminated if the classification is to reflect natural relationships. In order to achieve this end, I find it necessary to regroup the species now assigned to the genus Stenoma according to their natural affinities. The new genus described here is composed of ten species formerly ‘ Prepared with the aid of a National Science Foundation grant. Previous parts of this same series are: I and II, J. F. Gates Clarke, 1962, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 113, no. 3457, pp. 373-388; III, Clarke, 1964, ibid., vol. 115, no. 3480, pp. 61-84. 97 727-643—64 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 placed in Stenoma, of which one (S. curiata) is a synonym, together with four new species encountered during the course of this study. Unfortunately, as is the case for most species of Stenomidae, host plant records and other biological data are lacking; however, I hope that field explorations planned for the near future will correct this situation at least partially. This research was aided by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The drawings were made by Mr. André Pizzini and the photographs by Mr. Jack Scott, staff photographer. Genus Lethata, new genus Type-species: Stenoma trochalosticta Walsingham, 1913, in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. 42 (Lepidoptera- Heterocera, vol. 4), p. 177. Head with spreading lateral tufts. Labial palpus long, recurved; second segment thickened with appressed scales; apical segment acute, shorter than second. Forewing with costa arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded, tornus rounded; 12 veins, all separate: 2 from before angle, 3 from angle, 4 approximate to 3, 7 to termen, 8 to apex. Hindwing broader than forewing; 8 veins: 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7 connate. Abdomen of males with strong, eversible pair of hair-pencils contained in elongate cuplike pocket on first sternum (Fig. 3a). Male genitalia: Uncus short, more or less recurved; tegumen some- what narrowed in the area of the uncus and gnathos; gnathos fused, setiferous; harpe simple, bifurcate setae present or absent; anellar lobes symmetrical or asymmetrical; aedeagus with or without cornuti. Female genitalia: Ostium bursae sclerotized; ductus bursae sclero- tized to inception of ductus seminalis, membranous beyond; corpus bursae membranous, with two dentate signa connected by narrow, weakly sclerotized band. This genus is distinguished readily from all other genera in the family Stenomidae by the setiferous gnathos and the two dentate signa connected by a weakly sclerotized band in the corpus bursae. Although exact relationships are virtually impossible to ascertain at this time, the general structure of the genitalia in the genus Lethata indicates an affinity with Gonioterma Walsingham. One of the most striking features of the family Stenomidae is the presence of modified setae on the harpes of the male genitalia. In the genus Lethata, however, apparently this character is not consistent. Initially it was thought that modified setae did not occur in the genus at all, but examination at very high magnifications revealed the tips of the setae to be bifurcate in some species. A seta of this type has NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA—DUCKWORTH 99 been illustrated in figure 27. Other species were found lacking this condition, and since it is possible that the tips of the setae might be broken during the preparation of slides of the genitalia, definite con- clusions concerning their presence or absence must await examination of additional material. 10. £1. 12. 13. Key to the Species of Lethata Based on the Genitalia Male Female nut Anellar lobes Sere enecal Anellar lobes asymmetrical . Vesica armed with cornuti. Vesica without cornuti . : Vesica armed with small spiculate comune. ‘ Vesica armed with one or more large, heavily ppierarieed coemutil Harpe with saccular lobe bearing two long, heavily sclerotized setae. L. trochilosticta (Walsingham) — e Km “Tor b » & OO dO Harpe not as above. .. . vyjoiiieosta ee Anellar lobes etic ene ee ates phar ue at apex; aedeagus without spine, apex blunt. . .. . . . L. fusca, new species Anellar lobes narrow with large, strongly recurved, hooklike spine at apex; aedeagus with posterior spine, apex sharply pointed. L. satyropa (Meyrick) Aedeagus with apical process; anellar lobes REE pees at middle forming narrow, apically acute projections .. . Bee) ee eae Aedeagus without apical process; anellar lobes not enna sharply at middle Bor at Me a oe est ea Aedeagus with aiicall ares Thaokiive!, Prete 8 ‘L. bubebd: new species Aedeagus with apical process straight. . . . . L. asthenopa (Meyrick) Aedeagus with vesica armed with more than six cornuti ....... 10 Aedeagus with vesica armed with less than six cornuti. ....... Il Aedeagus large, broad basally, vesica armed with ladder-like series of large to small cornuti extending from base to apex; anellar lobes of near uniform width throughout. ... . ... . . L. invigilans (Meyrick) Aedeagus small, narrow, vesica aed with two clusters of small cornuti at apex and single, large cornutus basally; anellar lobes approximately triangular in shape, pointed at apex . . . . L. maculata, new species Anellar lobes serrate beyond apical third; harpe broader basally. L. bovinella (Busck) Anellar lobes not serrate; harpe of approximately equal width throughout. L. leucothea (Busck) Aedeagus with two laterally directed processes at apex, one extending from each side, the larger one slightly recurved . . . L. glaucopa (Meyrick) Aedeagus with large, heavily sclerotized process posteriorly. L. pyrenodes (Meyrick) One anellar lobe long, narrow, curved 90° laterad at middle and extending to base of opposite harpe; the other shorter, broader, sharply recurved; aedeagus with large, recurved spine at apex. . L. aromatica (Meyrick) One anellar lobe narrow, pointed at apex; the other broad with three large spines apically; aedeagus with apex on one side produced into long blade- MREUPTOCOSS oes B hk ss sd sk tp es ee + Mas Yuba, Dew species 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 14. Inception of ductus seminalis near ostium bursae; ductus bursae with corrugated, pouchlike area just before ostium . L. maculata, new species Inception of ductus seminalis near corpus bursae; ductus bursae not as BDOVEM Ae cere) Sete Stay eas hey oie aie lancet ee ame om ed Rotate SEG ul wear O is; Bona e 13. 2 Snout tip to dorsal finorigin | 24.0 20.8 26.8 23.1] 30.8 285 28. 6 Snout tip to anal fin origin 34.0) (3452) 4159) 13516) | 49). Ae 4 53. 0 Snout tip to anterior edge of anus DORON OONO eA NOMmes Oo 2neeneto lao 32. 7 Greatest body depth 1408) Loe 18A85 5 292064 bes & O20.:3 Least depth of caudal pe- duncle Bet bs GS. SS 6.8 6.9 6. 6 Distance between coracoids Oe OAC Ao t3 IS Vaan 6:6 8.5 Length of dorsal spine OUI SaOw Osc LOSOR LOR Sa LONG ? Length of pectoral spine Sa9) ee: oF AIG a0! OF HAS 2ass9 16.7 Length of adipose spine 310) ond sd.4 3.3 3.0) %Sn5 4.2 Origin of dorsal fin to caudal fin base Dale? 26, 4on5 20) 26s S624. 5 43. 0 Post head length 3089" 299 SA WINS RADE 7 = Aled 49.8 Caudal peduncle length GS Sel 76000. 7S" GH 825823 9. 8 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Literature Cited BGOHLKE, JAMES E. 1950. A new catfish of the genus Corydoras from the Peruvian Amazon. Fish Culturist, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 26-27. EIGENMANN, CaruH. 1910. Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 3, Zool., pt. 4, pp. 375-511. Evuis, Marion DuRBIN 1913. The plated Nematognaths. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 8, nos. 3-4, pp. 384-413, pls. 25-31. Fow.er, Henry W. 1954. Os peixes de 4gua doce do Brasil (4.8 entrega). Arq. Zool. Est. Sao Paulo, vol. 9, 400 pp. GosLINE, WILLIAM A. 1940. A revision of the neotropical catfishes of the family Callichthyidae. Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-29. 1945. Catdlogo dos nematognatos de 4gua-doce da América do Sul e Central. Bol. Mus. Nacional Rio de Janeiro, new ser., zool., no. 33, 138 pp. MrIranDA RIBEIRO, ALIPIO DE 1911. Fauna Brasiliense: Peixes, IV(A): Eleutherobranchios Aspirophoros. Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 16, 511 pp., pls. 22-54. Myers, Greorce 8., and Weitzman, STaniey H. 1954. Another new Corydoras from Brazil. Aquarium Journ., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 93-94. REGAN, CHARLES TATE 1912. A revision of the South American genus Corydoras, with a list of the specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, no. 10, pp. 209-220. RossgEx, Fritz 1962. Corydoras cervinus, ein neuer Panzerwels aus Brasilien (Pisces, Tele- ostei, Calichthyidae [sic]). Senck. Biol., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 31-33. STEINDACHNER, FRANZ 1906. Ueber zwei neue Corydoras-Arten aus dem Parnahyba- und Parahim- flisse im Staate Piauhy. Anz. Akad. Wiss Wien, vol. 43, no. 27, pp. 477-482. STIGCHEL, J. W. B. VAN DER 1946. South American Nematognathi, 204 pp., 3 tbls. WEITZMAN, STANLEY H. 1956. A description, supplementary notes and a figure of Corydoras cochui Myers and Weitzman, a Brazilian catfish. Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 14-18. 1963. A new catfish, Corydoras pastazensis (Callichthyidae), from Ecuador. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 76, pp. 59-63. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964 Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3499 OSTEOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES OF SUBFAMILIES LEBIASININAE AND ERYTHRININAE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SUBTRIBE NANNOSTOMINA? By Strantey H. Weitzman Introduction The present work is the result of an attempt to determine the relationships of two characid genera, Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon, to other members of the cypriniform family Characidae. The two genera include about eight known species of small characids found in forest brooks of South America. These species are here assigned to the subtribe Nannostomina. Although the first known species of this group was described in 1872, adequate investigation of morpho- logical evidence for their relationships has never been undertaken. Previous investigations have been superficial in scope and often inaccurate in fact primarily because of the small size of these fishes. The total cranial length is usually 5-10 mm. and the largest recorded specimen is 44.5 mm. in standard length. In some cases, despite the lack of adequate morphological data, certain ichthyologists have 1This paper is the second of three parts based on a dissertation submitted to the Departinent of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California, in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. See Weitzman (1962) for the first part. 127 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 shown rather good intuitition in their interpretation of the relation- ships of these fishes; however, others have not been so fortunate in their interpretation and these fishes have been shifted about in the classification of characids until it is very difficult to obtain from the literature a concept of their affinities. Investigation of Nannostomus, Poecilobrycon, and their relatives led to comparison of two widely divergent characid subfamilies, the Characinae, treated by Weitzman (1962), and the Lebiasininae, treated here. In addition the Erythrininae, another divergent subfamily of the Characidae, are compared with the Lebiasininae because these two groups of characids often have been thought to belong to a single group. Although the work began as an effort to determine the relationships of Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon, its most important result concerns the relationships of the subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae. The morphological data obtained in the present study has resulted in the following classification, the names given below being used throughout this paper (see pages 148 to 152 for a full treatment of the classification): Subfamily Lebiasininae Tribe Lebiasinini Tribe Pyrrhulinini Subtribe Pyrrhulinina Subtribe Nannostomina Subfamily Erythrininae For the loan of specimens, I am indebted to Dr. George S. Myers of Stanford University, Mr. W. I. Follett of the California Academy of Sciences, Dr. James Béhlke of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and Mr. Loren P. Woods of the Chicago Natural History Museum. I am indebted especially to Dr. George S. Myers for critically reading much of the manuscript and offering aid and advice during most of its preparation. In addition, the following persons have read the manuscript at various stages, all providing very useful help: Mrs. Lillian Dempster of the California Academy of Sciences, Drs. Myra Keen and Warren Freihofer of Stanford Univer- sity, and Drs. Leonard P. Schultz, Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., and Victor G. Springer of the U.S. National Museum. The work was done at the Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Systematic Biology of Stanford University, at the Depart- ment of Anatomy, Stanford University School of Medicine, and at the U.S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 129 Material Examined This study is based on the examination of the skeletal preparations listed below. All specimens are alizarin preparations unless otherwise noted. In addition, considerable reference has been made to osteo- logical preparations listed in Weitzman (1962, pp. 11-17). The methods of preparing specimens for osteological investigation are the same as those I used earlier (Weitzman, 1954; 1962). The osteological drawings of Poecilobrycon harrisoni Eigenmann are based on one specimen (Stanford University 50245), 36.4 mm. in standard length. This specimen, together with eleven others, was found in the collections of the Division of Systematic Biology of Stanford University. These specimens had no data other than “British Guiana, Georgetown.” Six additional aquarium-reared specimens (Stanford University 50244), 9.5 to 21.0 mm. in standard length, were stained with alizarin and compared with the specimen used for drawing. Since general proportions and shapes in the osteo- logical drawings were delineated by optical methods, some distortion can be found in the figures. This is especially noticeable in figures 2-6, wherein the anterior cranial and snout region is somewhat fore- shortened. All illustrations are by the author. In the list below, CAS refers to the California Academy of Sciences; CAS(IUM) refers to specimens belonging to the California Academy of Sciences but previously deposited at Indiana University and still bearing an Indiana University number; SU refers to specimens be- longing to the Division of Systematic Biology, Department of Bio- logical Sciences, Stanford University; USNM refers to the United States National Museum; ANSP refers to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Copeina guttata (Steindachner): SU 51692, two (of four), SL 56.5-57.0 mm., Peru, creek near Yurimaguas, November 1920, W. R. Allen. Copella natiereri (Steindachner): CAS 20743, four (of 35), SL 23.5-35.5 mm., Brazil, State of Pard, Lagéa Grande [probably Lagéa Grande do Javari about 35 mi. northwest of Santarém] July 17, 1924, Carl Ternetz. Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch and Schneider): SU 57678, four, SL 52.0-99.5 mm., Peru, creek near Yurimaguas, November 1920, W. R. Allen. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Agassiz): CAS(IUM) 17106, one (of four), SL97.0mm. Bolivia, Cuchuela [Cachuela] Esperanza, March 1922, N. E. Pearson; USNM 163188, one (of four), SL 86.9 mm., Venezuela, a few miles off Puerto Aya- cucho, “Amazon territory,’’ March 13, 1950, J. A. Rivero. Hoplias malabaricus Bloch: CAS(IUM) 17107, five, SL 31.0-108.0 mm., Bolivia, Huachi, at junction of the Rio Bopi and Rio Cochabamba [Santa Elena], Rfo Beni basin, September—October 1921, N. E. Pearson; SU 3106, one, dry skele- ton, cranium 31 mm. in total length, Brazil, Maraj6 Island, Rio Tocantins, C. F. Hart. 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Lebiasina bimaculata Valenciennes: CAS(IUM) 15171, three (of 30), SL 57.5- 60.9 mm., Peru, Piura, January 11, 1919, Carl H. Eigenmann. Nannostomus beckfordi Giinther: SU 50258, six (of 44), SL 22.0-26.5 mm., origi- nally from SU 50257, Brazil, State of Pard, south bank of Rio Amazonas, “Rio Urara,” June 26, 1924, Carl Ternetz. Nannostomus digrammus Fowler: SU 50249, two, SL 16.3-19.4 mm., Brazil, State of Amazonas, Manaos [Manaus], 1865, Louis Agassiz; SU 50251, three, SL 18.0-22.8 mm., Brazil, State of Amazonas, Igarapé do M4i Joana, a tribu- tary of the Rio Negro near Manaos [Manaus], December 25, 1924, Carl Ternetz. Nannostomus espet (Meinken): ANSP 73873, one, SL?, British Guiana, an un- named creek, tributary to the Paruma River, itself tributary to the Mazaruni River via the Kamarang River, Pakaraima Mountain region of western British Guiana, 1955, Louis Chung; SU 50252, one, SL 25.0 mm., aquarium specimen, locality data unknown but probably the same as ANSP 73873. Nannostomus marginatus Kigenmann: SU 54119, three (of 32), SL 19.0-21.5 mm., originally from SU 50219, Brazil, State of Par4, Lagéa Grande [probably Lagéa Grande do Javari about 34 mi. northwest of Santarém], August 20, 1929, Carl Ternetz. Nannostomus trifasciatus Steindachner: SU 50223, one, SL 29.5 mm., British Guiana, no other data; SU 54130, one (of two), SL 31.5 mm., aquarium speci- men, ‘‘from the Amazon,” sent to G. S. Myers by Frederick Stoye. Piabucina festae Boulenger: SU 51068, four (of 12), SL 60.5-71.5 mm., Colombia, Rio Truand6é, a western tributary of the Rfo Atrato near Rio Sucio, 1913, C. E. Wilson; USN M 167795, one (of six), SL 70.0 mm., same data as preceding. Piabucina panamensis Gill: USNM 109234, two (of seven), SL 77.7-84.0 mm., Panama, Cativd, March 2, 1937, S. F. Hildebrand. Piabucina erythrinoides Valenciennes: USNM 121400, three (of 27), SL 35.1-101 mm., Rio Chama at Estanques, State of Mérida, Venezuela, April 3, 1942, L. P. Schultz. Piabucina species?: USNM 123796, two (of six), SL 64.1-67.3 mm., Colombia, Rio Magdalena, Cecil Miles. Poecilobrycon eques (Steindachner): SU 50247, two (of five), SL 28.5-30.0 mm., originally from SU 50229, Brazil, State of Amazonas, Sao Gabriel [Uaupés], Rio Negro, rockpools below rapids, February 1, 1925, Carl Ternetz; SU 50224, three, SL 25.8-32.5 mm., aquarium specimens, no other data. Poecilobrycon harrisoni Kigenmann: SU 50246, one, SL 29.5 mm., originally from SU 50245, British Guiana, Georgetown, collector unknown; SU 50245, one (10 unstained), SL 36.4 mm., British Guiana, Georgetown; SU 50244, six, SL 9.5-21.0 mm., aquarium specimens, reared by S. Weitzman. Poecilobrycon unifasciatus (Steindachner): CAS(IUM) 11704, one (of 10), SL 33.0 mm., British Guiana, Rockstone sandbank, Essequibo River, 1908, C. H. Eigenmann; SU 50268, two, SL 27.8-30.4 mm., aquarium specimens, no other data. Pyrrhulina filamentosa Valenciennes: CAS(IUM) 12186, four, SL 14.7-20.2 mm., British Guiana, Aruka River, 1908, C. H. Eigenmann. Pyrrhulina semifasciata Steindachner: CAS(IUM) 12172, one, SL 58.1 mm., British Guiana, Holmia Creek, 1908, C. H. Eigenmann. Pyrrhulina spilota Weitzman: USNM 197523, two (of 19), SL 41.5-50.4 mm., first generation descendants of holotype and paratype. Pyrrhulina vittata Regan: USNM 197524, SL 26.0 mm., aquarium specimen, locality unknown. | i an ee ee SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 131 Historical Review of the Classification of Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon Giinther (1872, p. 146) described the first member of the Nannos- tomina, Nannostomus beckfordi. Of its relationships with other characids, he simply stated: ‘. . . allied to Lebiasina, but with a totally different form of the snout and mouth.” He considered it to belong to his first group of characids, the Erythrina (Giimther 1864, pp. 278 and 281), which included the genera Hoplias, Erythrinus, Lebiasina, Pyrrhulina, and Corynopoma. 'They were defined as those characids without an adipose fin. Steindachner (1876, p. 130) thought Nannostomus should be placed in or near the group Anostomatina ? of Giinther (1864, pp. 279, 303). Giinther’s Anostomatina included the genera Anostomus, Rhytiodus, and Leporinus. Steindachner (1876, p. 122) pointed out that the presence or absence of the adipose fin in Nannostomus (=Nannos- tomus plus Poecilobrycon of later authors) is not of importance in determining their relationships with other characids because this fin may be present or absent in specimens of Poecilobrycon eques. Kigenmann and Eigenmann (1891, p. 49) placed Nannostomus in their subfamily Anostomatinae, which also included Anostomus, Laemolyta, Characidiwn, Rhytiodus, Leporellus, and Leporinus. Boulenger (1904, p. 576), following Steindachner’s and Eigenmann’s precedent, placed the genus Nannostomus in the _ subfamily Anostominae. Kigenmann (1909b, p. 35-36) placed the genera Nannostomus, Poecilobrycon, and Archicheir (the latter two therein described) in his undefined subfamily Nannostomatinae; however, the name Nan- nostomatinae first appeared in Kigenmann (1909a). He also included the genera Characidium and Microcharaz in this subfamily. Eigen- mann (1910, p. 427) again listed his subfamily Nannostomatinae and, in addition, included the genus Jobertina. Eigenmann may have held the opinion that the members of his subfamily Pyrrhulininae are allied to Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon for he placed them immediately after his Nannostomatinae. These two subfamilies were separated widely from his Erythrininae. Eigenmann’s Anosto- matinae (including Leporinus and relatives) immediately preceded his Nannostomatinae. Apparently at that time he thought them related. Kigenmann (1912, p. 254), in a key to the subfamilies of characids from British Guiana, first defined the subfamily Nan- 2 According to Miller (1897, p. 132), family group names formed from adjec- tives used substantively, e.g., Nannostomus and Anostomus, should not be ter- minated by ‘‘-atidae” or “-atinae.”’ Accordingly, Giinther’s Anostomus should become Anostomina, not Anostomatina, or Anostominae, not Anostomatinae. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 nostomatinae. ‘There are three important errors in Higenmann’s concept of this subfamily’s morphology. Teeth are present in the maxillary, not absent; the gill membranes are joined to each other but free from the isthmus, not slightly united; and the parietal fontanel is absent, not present as Higenmann indicated. Regan (1911, p. 21) placed the genera Nannostomus and Characidium in the Nannostominae and included this subfamily ia his family Hemiodontidae. This family consisted only of his Hemidontinae and Nannostominae. Cockerell (1914, p. 98-99), in a study of characid scales, noted the close resemblance of the scales of Nannostomus and Pyrrhulina and, on this basis alone, found reason to more closely associate Pyrrhulina with Nannostomus than Poecilobrycon with Nannostomus. He also noted the very different structure of the scales of Characidium. I find that the scales of Poecilobrycon and Nannostomus are much alike and, in addition, are very similar to those of Pyrrhulina, Copella, and Copeina. In confirmation of part of Cockerell’s work, however, the osteology and scales of Characidium differ quite widely from the osteology and scales of any of the other genera discussed here. Gregory and Conrad (1938, pp. 324, 344-347) followed Regan (1911) in relating Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon to Hemiodus and its relatives. They placed Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon in a sub- family (Hemiodontinae) considered by them to be widely separated from the subfamily (Characinae) containing Pyrrhulina. As shown below, my work indicates that Nannostomus, Poecilobrycon, and Pyrrhulina are related rather closely and are placed in the tribe Pyrrhulinini. Fowler (1950, pp. 253-263) considered the genera Characidium, Microcharaz, Nannostomus, Archicheir, and Poecilobrycon as con- stituting the subfamily Nannostominae (apparently following Eigen- mann, he spelled it Nannostomatinae). He placed this subfamily nearest his subfamilies Leporininae and Parodontinae but did not comment on relationships or define his groups. Hoedeman (1950a, p. 14) established the tribe Nannostomini to include the genera Nannostomus, Poecilobrycon, and his newly pro- posed Vannobrycon. He apparently did not consider that the genus Archicheir belonged to his Nannostomini, for he excluded it from his treatment. In his first paper on Vannostomus and relatives, Hoedeman (1950a, p- 11) considered his Nannostomini to be related to the Hemiodon- tinae; however, he excluded Characidium from relationship with the Hemiodontinae. He presented no evidence for this opinion. Hoede- man (1954a, p. 88) reconsidered his classification and placed the tribe (emended to Nannostomidi) in his family Erythrinidae, a family he SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 133 then considered as comprising two subfamilies, Erythrininae and Anostominae. He here excluded the Hemiodontinae from his Ery- thrinidae. His subfamily Erythrininae comprised four tribes, Lebia- sinidi, Erythrinidi, Pyrrhulinidi, and Nannostomidi. He did not present evidence for this classification but he did remark (words in brackets are mine): ‘‘Poecilobrycon cannot be derived from either of these genera [i.e., Nannostomus or Nannobrycon], nor vice versa. The two groups probably had a common ancestor, close to the present day Pyrrhulina, to which both are more closely related than to each other.” Hoedeman, however, placed Poecilobrycon, Nannostomus, and Nanno- brycon in one group and the Pyrrhulina in another. As will be shown below, it is my opinion that the members of the Nannostomina as defined below are more closely related to each other than to any other characids, but that Hoedeman was correct at that time in suspecting their relationship to be with Pyrrhulina. Hoedeman (1954b, pp. 68- 84, and 1956b, pp. 547-551), however, once again reconsidered his classification of Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon and placed them with Hemiodus and relatives, excluding them from close realtionship with Pyrrhulina. In summary, the Nannostomina have been thought to be related to Lebiasina and its relatives, Hrythrinus and its relatives, Pyrrhulina and its relatives, Characidium, and finally to Hemiodus and its rela- tives. As will be shown, their morphological relationships are with Pyrrhulina, Lebiasina, and close relatives. Inadequate morphological investigations have been the primary cause of this divergence of opinion. Historical Review of the Classification of the Erythrininae and Lebiasininae Since in the present work Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon have been found to belong to the subfamily Lebiasininae, a historical review of their relationships to other characids would not be complete without a historical review of the Lebiasininae. Because the Lebia- sininae and Erythrininae have been associated closely by many authors, both are reviewed. Valenciennes, in Cuvier and Valenciennes (1846, p. 480), estab- lished the “famille des Erythroides” for the reception of the genera Macrodon (=Hoplias), Erythrinus, Lebiasina, and Pyrrhulina. He defined these fishes as having a double swim bladder that is some- times cellular, teeth on their jaws and palate, the cheek covered by a large subopercle, the belly always rounded, and no pyloric caeca. Apparently, Valenciennes interpreted the small autogenous ‘‘supra- opercular” element of Hoplias as the opercle and the large true opercle as the subopercle. 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Giinther (1864, pp. 278, 281-288) added the genus Corynopoma to Valenciennes’ family grouping. This genus originally was con- sidered by Gill (1958, pp. 422-428) to have affinities with the Chara- cinae. Regan (1906, p. 382; 1911, p. 16) has shown good reasons for not placing Corynopoma with the genera Hoplias, Erythrinus, and Hoplerythrinus. Gill (1858, pp. 410-413) established the family Erythrinidae for Pyrrhulina, Erythrinus, and Lebiasina. Eigenmann and Kigenmann (1889, pp. 100-115) followed Giinther (1864) in including Corynopoma in what otherwise essentially equals Gill’s family Erythrinidae. Neither Giinther nor Eigenmann and Eigenmann had seen examples of Gill’s Corynopoma. The EHigenmanns, however, chose to give the eroup subfamily rank (Erythrininae) within the Characidae. The EKigenmanns listed characters for the Erythrininae as follows: Adipose fin none. Gill opening wide, the membranes slightly united, free from the isthmus. Nares approximated. Teeth well developed, at least in the jaws; pharyngeal teeth villiform. Cheeks covered by the suborbital bones. Brain case entirely closed above. Body elongate, slender, fusiform or subfusiform. Back not greatly arched, belly rounded. Dorsal short, of 8 to 15 rays. Intestine short. Carnivorous. This definition does not exclude all members of the Characinae or members of some of the other subfamilies of characids. Regan (1911) included all the members of Gill’s Erythrinidae in his Characidae; however, he separated Pyrrhulina widely from Lebiasina and Prabucina because he found that Pyrrhulina lacked ectopterygoid teeth while Lebiasina and Piabucina possessed them. Examination of many characids indicates that the presence or absence of ectopterygoid teeth is of minor importance because, in some species that normally possess them, they may be unilaterally or bilaterally absent in a few specimens. ‘They may also be present in one species but absent in otherwise closely related species, e.g., Charax and its relatives.® Regan (1911) maintained Erythrinus, Hoplerythrinus, and Hoplias in the subfamily Erythrininae and the genera Lebiasina and Piabucina in the subfamily Lebiasininae. He placed Nannostomus and Poecilo- brycon in his Hemiodontidae because their premaxillaries are movable, because he thought they had no ectopterygoid teeth, and because he misinterpreted the palatine arch. 3 The establishment of the family Acestrorhynchidae by Fernandez- Yepez (1955, p. 450) and the genus Charazxodon by Fernandez-Yepez (1947, p. 1), based principally, if not wholly, on the presence or absence of ectopterygoid teeth (= the teeth of the “palatine”? of Fernandez-Yepez) should be reviewed with a more critical approach. Béhlke (1958, p. 70) considered Charazodon to be a synonym of Morallesia. SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—-WEITZMAN 135 Regan (1912) lumped the genera Chalceus, Pyrrhulina, Copeina, and Pogonocharaz into a “natural group,” stating that they differed from the rest of the Characidae by a very large mesethmoid (= ethmoid of this work), oblong or elongate body form, rounded abdomen, flattish upper surface of the head, large scales, and short dorsal and anal fins. These are superficial characters and do not indicate true relationships. The osteology of Chalceus appears to be in many respects like that of Brycon and there is reason to believe that Chalceus may have been derived from Brycon or a very close ancestor. In any event, its osteology is typically that of the Characinae as defined by Weitzman (1962). The case of Pogonocharaz rehi, a fish described by Regan and presumed by him to be from South America, was reviewed by Myers (1956b, p. 13); the fish is not a characid but an Asiatic cyprinid of the genus Hsomus. Gregory and Conrad (1938, pp. 324, 343-344) recognized the sub- family Erythrininae for the inclusion of the Erythrininae and Lebi- asininae of Regan (1911). Superficially, Regan’s two subfamilies do look much alike but they are separated by the characters listed below in the classification. Gregory and Conrad (1988, p. 343) have noted the resemblance of Hepsetus (= Sarcodaces) to Hoplias; indeed, Hepsetus possesses a supraopercular like Hoplias. The cranial bones do have a superficial and perhaps even a phylogenetically significant resemblance to those of Hoplias. Basically, however, the osteology of Hepsetus is more like that of the Characinae, especially with regard to the pectoral girdle. In addition, Hepsetus has four branchiostegal rays, a clear anastomosis between the dermopterotic and supraorbital laterosensory canals, no accessory ectopterygoid, and the usual characid number of eight orbital bones. Certain features of the skull, however, such as the frontal-sphenotic articulation and the presence of asupraopercular are characters in common with the Erythrininae but not the Characininae and suggest that’the relationships of Hepsetus should be investigated further. In addition, the possible relationships of Ctenolucius and Boulengerella with Hepsetus should not be ne- glected. Preliminary examination indicates that the relationships of Acestrorhynchus and Acestrorhamphus are probably with Charaz, Roeboides, and other closely related genera in the Characinae, not with Boulengerella and Ctenolucius as assumed by Gregory and Conrad (1938, pp. 323-324, 338-344). These authors followed Regan (1911) in placing Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon with members of the Hemiodontinae. Hoedeman (1954b, p. 55;1956a, p. 12) presented a classification of the major characid groups. Most of his work appears to be speculation. The only morphological data of any value was a superficial comparison of scales from several characids. In his 1956 classification, Hoedeman 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 separated characids into three families, one of which was the Eryth- rinidae. He divided this family into two subfamilies. The first, the Erythrininae, contains his Lebiasinidi (— Lebiasinini of the present work), Erythrinidi (= Erythrininae), Pyrrhulinidi (= Pyrrhulinina) and Nannostomidi (= Nannostomina). The second subfamily of Hoedeman’s Erythrinidae is the Anostominae. In this group he placed four tribes, Curimatidi, Anostomidi, Hemiodontidi, and Prochilodidi. Hoedeman (1956a, p. 12) stated: Vers le milieu de l’eocene, les Erythrinidae se divisent en deux sous-familles: (a) Erythrininae, avec les tribus actuelles: (1) Lebiasinidi, (2) Erythrinidi, (3) Pyrrhulinidi, et (4) Nannostomidi; et la seconde sous-familles: (b) Anostominae, avec les tribus: (5) Curimatidi, (6) Anostomidi, (7) Hemio- dontidi, et (8) Prochilodidi. There is no fossil evidence for this statement nor is there fossil evi- dence for any of the other of Hoedeman’s phylogenetic and time- sequence inferences and speculations given in his paper. Piton (1938) described two fossil fishes from the mid-Eocene at Menat, France. Piton thought that these fishes, Prohydrocyon pelle- grint and Procharacinus arverniensis, were fossil characids. Perhaps Hoedeman’s use of the date of mid-Eocene is from Piton’s paper. It appears now that there is no evidence for characids from the mid- Eocene of France (Weitzman, 1960). The original evidence presented by Hoedeman (1956a) for his phy- logeny was apparently derived from examination of a few represen ta- tive characid scales. Examination of characid scales of the genera listed in the material section of Weitzman (1962) shows a greater variation in the scale morphology of characid groups than Hoedeman found. Sufficient variation was found among the representatives of the various groups to indicate that, although scales will prove useful as an aid in establishing a classification and for drawing phylogenetic inferences, their use alone, without an attempt to correlate them with many other morphological characters, may more often prove mis- leading than helpful. Osteology of Poecilobrycon harrisoni and Related Characids In the osteological discussion below, parts of the skeleton of Poecilo- brycon harrisoni are described and compared with other species of Poecilobrycon and Nannostomus. Also, other characid genera and groups thought, either by the present author or other authors, to be pertinent to a discussion of the relationships of the Nannostomina are compared with the basic skeletal plan of Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon. Cranium (figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).—The median ethmoid bone is a large, rather thin plate that has a profile in dorsal view as shown in figure 2. SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 137 This bone has bilateral posterior lamellae projecting backward under the frontals and contacting the dorsoanterior portion of each lateral ethmoid. The ethmoid probably is mostly of supraethmoidal (der- methmoidal) origin, but an anterior, ventral lamella of the ethmoid that extends inferiorly and posteriorly to contact the prevomer below is probably of endochondral origin. The ethmoidal spine found in most characids (see Weitzman, 1962, figs. 2, 3, 4 of Brycon meeki) is reduced to a very small structure. The premaxillaries are not firmly attached (the joint being a loose syndesmosis) and are somewhat movable, being attached to the ethmoid by fairly long, lax ligamentous tissue. They cannot, however, be described as protractile. The cartilagenous part of the ethmoid is restricted to the area between the large prevomer and the ethmoid. A few foramina are present on the dorsoanterior surface of the ethmoid. All species of Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon have a very similarly shaped ethmoid; however, members of the genus Nannostomus have a shorter snout and, there- fore, a shorter, more blunt ethmoid than members of the genus Poecilobrycon. The large ethmoid of the genera Pyrrhulina, Copella, and Copeina is very similar to that in the Nannostomina in its relationships to the prevomer, lateral ethmoids, and frontals. It differs, however, in having a broader, more rounded horizontal profile and a very well- developed, though rather obtuse, ethmoidal spine. In the Pyrrhuli- nina the premaxillaries are attached to the ethmoid by a very slightly movable syndesmotic fibrous joint. The ethmoid of Lebiasina and Prabucina is generally similar in structure to that of Pyrrhulina, Copella, and Copeina, but proportionately the ethmoidal spine is considerably smaller. The ethmoids of the Lebiasinini and Pyrrhulinina differ most promi- nently from those of the Nannostomina in the following manner: The ethmoidal spine is well developed, the premaxillary is firmly fixed to a groove along the anterolateral border of the ethmoid by a tight fibrous joint, and the ethmoid bone is not as oblong or square in horizontal profile, being somewhat more wedge-shaped. The ethmoid of Hoplias (Starks, 1926, p. 160, fig. 8) and Erythrinus is quite similar in general form to that of Brycon (Weitzman, 1962); however, the joint between the ethmoid and prevomer is bordered by a lateral lamina of cartilage that is in contact with, or approaches, a mass of cartilage on the medial anterior border of the palatine (fig. 4). In the Characinae, only very small amounts of cartilage exist in these areas. The ventral diverging bony ethmoid lamellae, so well developed in the other characid fishes examined, are not at all, or only weakly, developed in the Nannostomina, only weakly so in the Pyr- rhulinina and the Lebiasinini, but well developed in the Erythrininae. 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 The toothless prevomer is concave ventrally and concave dorso- laterally, being an inverted Y-shaped bone in cross section. In small specimens of Poecilobrycon harrison and in the large adults of some species (Nannostomus beckfordi and N. trifasciatus), the prevomer is formed of three thin concave plates of bone adhering to, or about, a central cartilaginous core. The two fused dorsal plates contact the ethmoid by a cartilaginous (synchondral) joint and posteriorly by another synchondral joint to the parasphenoid and lateral ethmoid. There is no rhinosphenoid. The posterior shaft of the prevomer, which ordinarily contacts the parasphenoid in the characinae, is ex- tremely short and does not reach the parasphenoid. ‘There are a number of foramina on the ventral surface of the prevomer. Many of these are probably for branches of the ramus buccalis facialis nerve. Members of the Erythrininae, Lebiasinini, and Pyrrhulinina have a prevomer essentially like that of the Nannostomina; however, the shaft of the vomer is better developed in groups other than the Nan- nostomina and extends well back onto the parasphenoid. Except for the reduced prevomerine shaft in the Nannostomina, the prevomer of the Lebiasininae is essentially like that of the Characinae. Each lateral ethmoid projects downward from under its respective frontal and contacts its counterpart at the median vertical plane by a nonmovable synchondral (cartilaginous) joint. The foramen for the olfactory nerve is near the median edge of the lateral ethmoid. An upper medial blade of the lateral ethmoid extends anteriorly and medially to contact a vertical median wall of cartilage behind the prevomer and there forms a nonmovable synchondral joint. Antero- ventrally the lateral ethmoid has a process extending forward to contact a sheet of cartilage that extends anteriorly to the lower portion of the prevomer. Ventrally the prevomer is in contact through cartilage with the parasphenoid and posteromedially with the orbitosphenoid. The lateral ethmoid of all members of the Nannostomina and other members of the Lebiasininae is essentially the same. In the Pyr- rhulinina and the Lebiasinini the distance between the prevomer and the lower medial portion of the lateral ethmoid is much shorter. That of young specimens of Hoplias is similar to that in the Nannostomina, but in older specimens the two bones meet each other. Thestructural configuration of the lateral ethmoid in the Erythrininae and Chara- cinae is not markedly different in the two groups, and those differences in form that do occur can be correlated with differences in the shape of mouth and snout and their functions. The frontals of Poecilobrycon harrisoni are large, smooth, gently curved bones. They are similar to the frontals of the Characinae in their basic structural relationship to other bones of the cranium; however, the frontal-parietal fontanel is never present in adults and ' } SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 139 the epiphyseal bar is relatively small in size. In young specimens a well-developed fontanel is present. A specimen 14.8 mm. in standard length had a well-developed fontanel while a specimen 21.8 mm. in standard length had none. The supraorbital laterosensory canal in the frontal has the normal characid course but with the following exceptions: The portion of the canal that normally is buried in frontal bone over the epiphyseal bar (the mesial or epiphyseal branch) is reduced greatly in length, and the canal that in the Characinae passes backward in the frontal to the pareital (the posterior branch) is absent. The distribution of major laterosensory canals is the same in the frontal of the Pyrrhulinina as in the Nannostomina although the mesial branch (supraorbital commissure of Branson and Moore, 1962) sometimes is developed better in the Pyrrhulinina. In Piabucina the posterior branch is present but it does not reach the parietal. In both Lebiasina and Piabucina there is a branch of the dermopterotic sensory canal extending backward in the lateralmost edge of the frontal. Posteriorly the dermopterotic canal enters the pterotic. Anteriorly this canal enters the infraorbital canal. In Hoplias, Erythrinus, and Hoplerythrinus the lateral edge of the frontal bone extends outward to contact the spinous process of the sphenotic, completely covering and encircling the dilator groove. This is not true in the Characinae, nor in the Lebiasinini, Pyrrhulinina, or Nannostomina. In these fishes the dilator groove is covered but not encircled by the frontal. Small specimens of Hoplias have the frontals and parietals separated by a fontanel, while adults do not. In Hoplias and Erythrinus the supraorbital sensory canal is the same as in the Nannostomina, but the posterior branch extends into the parietal. The supraoccipital of Poecilobrycon harrisoni is not unlike that of Brycon in its position and relationships to other cranial bones. The supraoccipital of the Pyrrhulinina, Lebiasinini, and Erythrininae is quite similar to that of the Nannostomina and differs mainly from the Characinae in the replacement of the supraoccipital spine with a crest. The exoccipitals, basioccipital, and epiotics of Poecilobrycon har- risoni are very much like those of the members of the Characinae and differ in a manner correlated with the widening and flattening of the skull. This may best be seen by comparing the illustration in Weitzman (1962, fig. 5) with figure 5 of the present work. The myodome is much reduced in its vertical depth. The exoccipitals, epiotics, and basioccipital of the Pyrrhulinina, Lebiasinini, and Erythrininae differ from those of the Characinae in having shapes similar to those of the Nannostomina. 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 The opisthotic is a small tabular bone applied to the joint between the pterotic and exoccipital but lying mostly on the pterotic. Dorsally the pterotic is overlaid by the parietal and posteriorly contacts the epiotic. Anteriorly and dorsally the pterotic does not reach the frontal but is completely bounded by the sphenotic, while medially it contacts the prootic. Except for lacking a dermopterotic laterosensory canal, for not contacting the frontal, and except for its general shape, the pterotic is much like that of the Characinae. The pterotic of the Pyrrhulinina is like that of the Nannostomina in lacking a laterosensory canal and in not being jointed with the frontal. The Lebiasinini and the Erythrininae have a laterosensory canal in the pterotic and the frontal contacts the sphenotic. The sphenotics are much like those of the Characinae; their various relationships to other bones have been described under the frontals and parietals. Their relationships to the semicircular canals are the same as in the Characinae. In their essential relationships to other bones and the soft anatomy, the prootics are not greatly different from those of the Characinae. Detailed comparison of the various foramina of this bone with the foramina of the prootics of the Pyrrhulinini, Lebiasinini, and Ery- thrininae undoubtedly would prove productive in determining rela- tionships; however, this work must be postponed pending detailed studies of the nerves, veins, and arteries passing through this com- plicated bone. The subtemporal fossa is present as a shallow groove along the joint between the prootic and pterotic and is present in all members of the Erythrininae and Lebiasininae. The pterosphenoid of Poecilobrycon harrisoni and other species of the Nannostomina is similar to that in the Characinae, being a large plate in the upper posterior wall of the orbit. The foramen for the trochlear nerve is located at the junction of the articulation between the frontal, pterosphenoid, and orbitosphenoid. The orbitosphenoid is Y-shaped in cross section; the upper arms of the Y are jointed to the frontals. A foramen for the first cranial nerve is enclosed partially by the orbitosphenoid. Other species in the Nannostomina examined also have an orbitosphenoid that is Y-shaped in cross section. The same is true of the Pyrrhulinina. In the Lebiasinini the cross sectional shape of the orbitosphenoid is more like a V than a Y. In Hoplias the foramen for the first cranial nerve is included completely in the orbitosphenoid of adults but included only partially in that of the young. Hrythrinus has a rather peculiar orbitosphenoid, consisting of a pair of bilateral flat plates attached ventrally by cartilage. In specimens larger than those examined these plates possibly may fuse ventrally, producing a more SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 141 ‘normal’ orbitosphenoid. The orbitosphenoid does not have a foramen for the first cranial nerve in the small specimens of the Erythrininae examined, but it may, in larger specimens. An X-ray negative of a specimen of Hoplias, 108 mm. in standard length, indicates that a foramen may be included partially in the orbitosphenoid. OrpBITAL BONES (fig. 6).—There are six infraorbital bones in the Lebiasininae and Erythrininae. The supraorbital is absent. The first and second infraorbitals in adult specimens of Poecilobrycon harrisont have a laterosensory tube imbedded within them. The remainder of the infraorbital bones have the infraorbital canal along their ocular edge but it is enveloped only partially in bone. Only Poecilobrycon eques, P. harrison, and P. unifasciatus have a sensory tube contained within the bony substance of both the first and second infraorbitals. All other known members of the Nannostomina lack this bony tube in the second infraorbital, the infraorbital canal passing over the surface of the bone. ‘The antorbital is present and well developed in the Nannostomina; it sometimes partially envelops the anterior part of the infraorbital canal. In the Pyrrhulinina the first two infraorbital bones have enclosed canals; sometimes the other infraorbital bones also have enclosed canals in members of this subtribe. In the Lebiasinini the infraorbital canal may be included within the bony substance of all the orbital bones or it may pass only over the surface of the second through the fifth infraorbital. It may pass either within or over the substance of the antorbital. In the Erythrininae the orbital bones have an infraorbital canal imbedded in them. ‘There is no supraorbital; the antorbital contains a canal and is fused with the first infraorbital. This is apparently similar to the situation found in certain cyprinodonts and catfishes (see Weitzman, 1962, pp. 28-31). Another possible interpretation is that the antorbital is absent, the first infraorbital having extended into the topographical area of the antorbital. The elongate nasal bone of the Nannostomina has the usual char- acid relationship, being a tubular bone connected with, and anterior to, the supraorbital canal of the frontal. In the Pyrrhulinina, Lebias- inini, and the Erythrininae the nasal bone is not greatly different from that of the Nannostomina except for differences correlated with the broader and shorter snouts in these fishes. OPERCULAR APPARATUS (figs. 6, 7)—The opercular bones of the Nannostomina differ from those of the Characinae mainly in having a different shape correlated with the elongate and relatively flattened head. The thin interopercle internally covers much of the lower sur- face of the symplectic, preopercle, metapterygoid, and even some of the quadrate. The preopercle does not extend forward to near the 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 116 mandible as it does in the Characinae, Pyrrhulinini, Lebiasinini, and Erythrininae, but it is limited in its anterior extent to an area under the long, slender, lower, posterior process of the quadrate. The opercle and subopercle are similar in Lebiasininae and Erythrininae and are not markedly different from those of the Characinae. Upper saw (figs. 6, 7).—The premaxillaries of the Nannostomina bear a single row of one to seven small cuspid teeth. A row of “re- placement” teeth is present behind the main outer row. The pre- maxillary is not divided into upper and lower processes but is more or less lenticular in its horizontal outline. Its dorsal surface has a de- pression to receive a lateral process of the ethmoid bone. The maxillaries of all members of the Nannostomina are essentially alike. The maxillary has a single tooth with from one to six cusps. The maxillary is a flat lamella of bone with a robust, conic upper process extending toward the anterior part of the ethmoid. Pos- teriorly the maxillary does not reach the second infraorbital. The premaxillary of the Pyrrhulinina bears one to two rows of simple conic teeth while the maxillary has a single row of conic teeth along its edge. The maxillary is elongate and reaches well along the second infraorbital to about the third infraorbital bone. The pre- maxillaries of members of the Pyrrhulinina is not well divided into upper and lower processes. The premaxillary in members of the Lebiasinini has a single row of tricuspid teeth similar in general shape to those of the Nannostomina. The premaxillary is fairly well divided into an upper process and a lower lamella. The maxillary has a single row of peglike tricuspid teeth along its anterior edge, and its lower limb reaches to the third orbital bone. The premaxillary in members of the Erythrininae has well-developed upper and lower limbs and a single row of conical teeth. ‘The max- illary is well developed and in Hoplias the fan-shaped distal end is external to the second infraorbital. In Erythrinus and Hoplery- thrinus the fan-shaped distal end of the maxillary is included under the second infraorbital. In the Erythrininae the maxillary almost reaches the third infraorbital. Lower Jaw (figs. 6, 7).—The dentary of adult specimens of the Nannostomina bears two rows of teeth; the anterior large teeth of the outer row have five or six cusps while the posteriormost few teeth may have the number of cusps reduced from one to four. The second row, composed of small conical teeth is on a crest of bone lying behind the replacement teeth of the first row. The shape of the dentary is rather remarkable and diagnostic of the Nannostomina. It is divided into two regions. The anterior region bears the teeth and is approxi- mately like the premaxillary in shape. The posterior portion is of GR SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—-WEITZMAN 143 the more normal characid shape and is of a thinner, lighter bone than the thick anterior region. The two regions are separated by a deep median groove and are joined by a lateroventral connecting sheet of bone. The complicated series of locking bony convolutions present at the symphysis of most characids is absent. The posterior portion of the dentary carries the tube for the laterosensory canal. The articular lies against the medial posterior surface of the dentary and bears a socket for the articular head of the quadrate. The angular is a well-developed bone ventral and internal to the lower posterior region of the articular and dentary. The coronomecklian (sesamoidarticular) is a prominent bone on the inside surface of the articular above the posterior region of Meckel’s cartilage, The lower jaw in the Pyrrhulinina is similar in general form and shape to that of Brycon. The lower jaw of males of the genus Copella is somewhat modified and this is correlated with the differences found in the dentition and shape of the upper jaws (Myers, 1956a, p. 12). There are two rows of conical teeth on the dentary, an outer larger row and an inner row placed on a ridge of bone behind the replacement teeth of the outer row. There is a slight notch along the lower border of the dentary just posterior to the convoluted symphysis. This notch is probably homologous with the deep ventral groove in the dentary of the Nannostomina. The rest of the bones comprising the mandible in the Pyrrhulinina are similar in their basic relationships to those of the Characinae. In general shape the mandible in members of the Lebiasinini is like that of the Pyrrhulinina; however, the teeth in the outer row are tricuspid and similar in form to those found in the Nannostomina. The inner row is a series of very small conical teeth that, as in the subtribes Nannostomina and Pyrrhulinina, pass onto the lateral upper edge of the jaw behind the first large row of teeth. The lower jaw in the Erythrininae is not unlike that in the Lebia- sinini. In general, the placement of the dentary teeth in these two groups is much alike; however, in the Erythrininae the second row of teeth is restricted to the upper posterior edge of the dentary and to the area posterior to the first row of teeth. This second row does not advance forward on the crest of the bone behind the replacement teeth of the first and largest row of conical teeth. MANDIBULAR AND PALATINE ARCHES (figs. 4, 6, 7).—Regan (1911, p. 21) stated that Nannostomus and Characidium belong to the family Hemiodontidae and that these two genera could be distinguished from other hemiodontids by the possession of a single series of teeth in both jaws and a broad two-headed hyomandibular. As shown above, members of the Nannostomina have two rows of teeth in the 728-426-642 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 lower jaw. Although examination shows that Characidium has a distinctly two-headed hyomandibular, that in the Nannostomina is single-headed. The hyomandibular in the Nannostomina is a broad bone with a broad dorsal articular surface that articulates with both the sphenotic and pterotic. It does not differ greatly in shape or relationships from the hyomandibular in the Characinae. The hyomandibular is not markedly different in shape or functional relationships in Pyrrhulinina, Lebiasinini, or Erythrininae. The quadrate of Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon is a large, rather rectangular bone with a long, slender posterior process below the symplectic. The dorsal surface of the quadrate extends upward, lateral to the large mesopterygoid, and the dorsal profile of the quadrate is gently curved. ‘The posterior upper surface contacts the metapterygoid and anterior end of the symplectic through cartilage. The symplectic is quite large, elongate, and rather slab- shaped posteriorly. It is almost as long as the hyomandibular. The metapterygoid posteriorly contacts the lower end of the hyo- mandibular through cartilage. The central circular fenestra between the quadrate, symplectic, and metapterygoid, so typical of almost all other characids, is absent in the Nannostomina. Just anterior to the upper anterior corner of the quadrate is a small triangular ecto- pterygoid. In some members of the Nannostomina, this bone bears a few simple conical teeth. In one species, Poecilobrycon eques, teeth were found on the ectopterygoid of one side but not the other in some specimens. The toothless palatine is well developed and lies lateral to the prevomer. ‘The anterior head of the palatine les just posterior to the upper process of the maxillary. The mandibular and palatine arches in the Pyrrhulinina and Lebiasinini examined are very similar to those in the Nannostomina, but, in general, these bones are not as elongate as in the Nannostomina. The ectopterygoid is toothless in the Pyrrhulinina but has conical teeth in the Lebiasini, and the bone is always proportionately larger than in the Nannostomina. The fenestra between the quadrate, symplectic, and metapterygoid is absent. In the Erythrininae, the mandibular and palatine arches are very similar to those of the Characinae. The fenestra between the metapterygoid, quadrate, and symplectic is well developed, and the symplectic is not exceptionally deep at its posterior end. In Hoplias the ectopterygoid is a long, thin, tooth-bearing bone extending from the upper part of the quadrate across the inferior surface of the palatine. Anterior to its forward boundary is a small autogenous movable piece of tooth-bearing bone that is connected closely to the ectopterygoid. Sagemehl (1885, p. 95) called this bone the accessory SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 145 palatine. For reasons discussed below, I tenatively prefer to call this bone the accessory ectopterygoid. Along the lateral edge of the ectopterygoid and accessory ectopterygoid is a row of large, conical teeth. Medial to this row on both bones is a narrow patch of small, conic teeth. In Hrythrinus and Hoplerythrinus the ectopterygoid extends from the quadrate to over the ventral surface of the palatine (autopalatine). The ectopterygoid in both bears a band of conic teeth. In Hoplerythrinus, but not in Erythrinus, small conic teeth are present on the ventral surface of the mesopterygoid. In a speci- men of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, 115 mm. in standard length, from British Guiana, CAS(IUM) 12331, the mesopterygoid teeth are well developed and cover much of that bone’s lower surface; however, a specimen from Peru, SU 35044, which is 120 mm. in standard length, has only a few scattered teeth over the mesopterygoid. Hoedeman (1950b) described a new genus and species in the Erythrininae, Pseuderythrinus rosapinnis, from Dutch Guiana. His new genus seems distinguishable from Hoplerythrinus only by the number and distribution of teeth on the palatal arch. He recorded a narrow band of teeth on the palatines and no teeth on the “ptery- goid” for Pseuderythrinus, and he stated that Hoplerythrinus has a broad patch of teeth on the palatine and that there are teeth on the pterygoid. Hoedeman’s pterygoid is the ectopterygoid of the present account. Examination of a cleared and alizarin-stained specimen and other, nonstained specimens of Hoplerythrinus does not confirm Hoede- man’s views concerning the placement of teeth in this genus. I find that Hoplerythrinus has teeth on the ectopterygoid, no teeth on the palatine, and it may have a broad patch of teeth on the mesoptery- goid. The mesopterygoid teeth may be numerous or few and they are usually fewer in small specimens. It seems likely that the speci- men, 128 mm. in standard length, forming the basis of Hoedeman’s new genus, has as yet failed to develop a dense aggregation of mesop- terygoid teeth, and it seems likely that this genus is a synonym of Hoplerythrinus. The color and other characters of Pseuderythrinus rosapinnis are very much like those of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus; further investigations probably would indicate that, at most, P. rosapinnis is a subspecies of H. unitaeniatus. The type of Pseudery- thrinus rosapinnis needs reexamination. Hoedeman (1950b, p. 85) recorded palatine teeth present in Hoplias, Hoplerythrinus, and Erythrinus and stated that there are no teeth on the “pterygoid” in Erythrinus. This disagrees with what I found in the specimens at hand. No specimens of these genera were found to have palatine teeth attached to the palatine. This fact is difficult to determine and re- quires considerable and careful dissection, especially in Erythrinus 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 and Hoplerythrinus. In these two genera the tooth-bearing ecoptery- goid (= the pterygoid of Hoedeman) is firmly attached to, but not fused with, the palatine. The anterior part of the ectopterygoid lies ventral to the palatine in these two genera and can be mistaken easily for palatine dental plates or dermopalatines. The autogenous tooth-bearing bone below the palatine in Hoplias has been described above. Determination of the homologies of the tooth-bearing elements associated with the autopalatine of the Erythrininae cannot be stated precisely from the examination of adult stages only. The interpre- tation tentatively adopted here for the morphological situation in Hoplerythrinus is based on the following: The ectopterygoid is pres- ent and often tooth-bearing in other characids. It is presumed here that the ectopterygoid bone grows anteriorly under the lower surface of the palatines and that the dermal tooth-bearing bones under the autopalatine are not dermopalatine elements that have fused to the ectopterygoid but are simply anterior extensions of the ectopterygoid. The striations and growth pattern of these tooth-bearing bones indi- cate they are anterior extensions of the ectopterygoid. The accessory palatine of Sagemehl (1885, p. 95) that occurs in Hoplias may be interpreted in two ways, either as a dermopalatine or dental element that has not fused to the ectopterygoid or as an autogenous, anterior piece of the ectopterygoid. Starks (1926, p. 161) maintains that the accessory palatine is homologous with the dermopalatine of Amia. This problem cannot be resolved with the information at hand. Probably the presence of teeth or dental plates associated with the palatine, ectopterygoid, and mesopterygoid is a conservative feature not retained in most other characids; in this respect the tooth pattern of the Erythrininae would be more primitive than that of the other subfamilies of living characids. If this is correct, the separation of the Erythrininae from the rest of the characids might be suspected then to have taken place when the characids had living representa- tives much more primitive than those extant. In this connection, the morphology and development of the first infraorbital and its relationship to the antorbital in the Erythrininae and possible signifi- cance of the infraorbital in the phylogeny of characids and Ostario- physi should be investigated. Hyori AND BRANCHIAL ARCHES (fig. 8).—The hyoid arch of Nan- nostomus and Poecilobrycon is not unlike that of the Characinae, and the relative positions of the bones of the arches are the same. There are two branchiostegal rays associated with the ceratohyal and one with the epihyal. Members of the tribe Pyrrhulinini also have three branchiostegal rays, while members of the tribe Lebiasinini have four SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 147 branchiostegal rays, three associated with the ceratohyal and one with the epihyal. All members of the Erythrininae have five branchiostegal rays, four on the ceratohyal and one on the epihyal. The branchial arches of the Erythrininae and Lebiasininae are like those of the Characinae and differ mainly in general proportions cor- related with different head shape. Hoedeman (1950a, pp. 17, 19, 25) stated that pharyngeal teeth are absent in three species of his Nannostominae. All specimens of the Nannostomina, however, that I have examined have small, conic pharyngeal teeth much like those illustrated for Poecilobrycon harrisoni (fig. 8). The gill rakers of members of the Lebiasininae are simple; however, in the Erythrininae the gill rakers are rather complex. The bony cores of those of the upper limb are truncate with small conical “teeth” along their distal margins while those of the lower limb are serially graduated from truncate ones anteriorly to elongate sharp- pointed laminae of bone posteriorly. The dorsal edges of these laminae bear small conic “teeth” while the anterior truncated gill rakers have “teeth” along their distal borders. WEBERIAN APPARATUS (fig. 9).—The Weberian apparatus of the Lebiasininae and Erythrininae is, in all major respects, like that of the genus Brycon and the Characinae, differing only in a few aspects of shape and in the proportions of some of the parts. The tripus of Poecilobrycon harrisoni is slightly different in shape from that of Brycon meeki but still retains the basic characid structure. Its dorsal proximal portion is placed slightly higher and more anterior on the body of the third vertebra. In some specimens of the Nan- nostomina examined there are small contingencies of bone across the joint between the neural pedicel and the neural complex. PECTORAL GIRDLE (fig. 10).—The pectoral girdle of Poecilobrycon harrisoni is much like that of the Characinae, having a large medial coracoid lamina. The main body of the cleithrum, like that of the Characinae, is a sickle-shaped lamella; however, the large foramen between the coracoid and the cleithrum, so typical of the Characinae, is absent or at best only a slight opening. The supracleithrum lacks a sensory canal in all members of the Nannostomina and the post- temporal is not forked, the lower spinous process found in the Characinae being absent. The relationships of the postcleithrum, mesocoracoid, and scapula are not markedly different from those of the Characinae. In the Pyrrhulinina, sensory canals are lacking in the post-tem- poral and supracleithrum, and the post-temporal is not forked. The rest of the pectoral girdle is typical of that of characids. Unlike the Nannostomina, the Pyrrhulinina have a large foramen between the coracoid and the cleithrum. In speicmens of Lebiasina and Pia- 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 bucina, the foramen between the coracoid and cleithrum is well de- veloped. The rest of the pectoral skeleton in these two genera is like that of the Characinae. The pectoral girdle of the Erythrininae is unique among characids. The lower limb of the cleithrum is long and slender. The lateral inferior lamella is much reduced in extent. The median coracoid lamella is extremely reduced in size, being a very narrow crest or actually absent. Jn all other characids that I have examined, the coracoid extends anteriorly to, or almost to, the anterior edge of the | cleithrum. Jn the Erythrininae, the coracoid extends anteriorly for only about one-half the length of the lower limb of the cleithrum, and the foramen between the cleithrum and coracoid is absent. ‘The cleithrum and post-temporal of the Erythrininae contain segments of the laterosensory canals. Classification of the Characid Subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae The following classification is based primarily on the evidence presented in the foregoing section. SUBFAMILY LEBIASININAE EIGENMANN, 1910 Definition: (1) Large fenestra between quadrate and metaptery- | goid absent. (2) Two diverging lamellae on ventral surface of ethmoid very poorly developed. (3) Lateral posterior edge of frontal not articulated with spinous process of sphenotic. (4) Six infraorbital bones present; antorbital and first infraorbital separate ossifications. (5) Accessory ectopterygoid (or dermopalatine?) absent. (6) Lower — limb of cleithrum moderately stout, not long and slender, its lateral inferior lamella large. (7) Coracoid lamella a large flat plate, reach- ing to near anterior border of cleithrum. (8) Anastomosis between supraorbital and dermopterotic canal present. (9) Parietal and epiphyseal branches of supraorbital canal reduced in length, parietal branch never reaching parietal bone. (10) Perforated lateral line scales, when present, confined to region anterior to dorsal fin. (11) Frontal fontanel always absent in adults. (12) Teeth well developed in both jaws, unicuspid or multicuspid. (13) Premaxillary with one toothrow. (14) Dentary usually with two rows of teeth. (15) Gape short, not reaching orbit, or, at most, only reaching posteriorly little beyond verticle with anterior margin of orbit. (16) Branchiostegal rays three or four. (17) Gill membranes partially united but free from isthmus. (18) Body elongate, often fusiform or with fairly — blunt head; body rounded in cross section in region of dorsal fin and head, compressed in region of caudal peduncle. (19) Adipose fin SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 149 present or absent. (20) Anal fin short-based, with 8 to 14 rays. Males often with specialized anal fin rays; these expanded in anterior- posterior plane and often thickened laterally. (21) Dorsal fin always in advance of anal fin, placed over pelvic fins. (22) Caudal fin rounded or forked. (23) Scales large, 6 to 7 horizontal rows between dorsal and pelvic fines, 18 to 30 scales in longitudinal series. The tribes of subfamily Lebiasininae are: Lebiasinini Eigenmann, 1910 Pyrrhulinini Eigenmann, 1910 TRIBE LEBIASININI EIGENMANN, 1910 Nomenclatural note: Eigenmann (1910) was the first to base a family group name, Lebiasininae, on the genus Lebiasina. Hoedeman (1950b) was the first to propose the use of this family group name as a tribe. Definition: (1) Four branchiostegal rays. (2) Premaxillary divided into well-developed upper and lower rami. (3) Premaxillary teeth tricuspid, in onerow. (4) Dentary with teeth in two rows, outer row teeth tricuspid, inner with simple, conic teeth. (5) Dentary without inferior deep notch or groove, ventral surface smooth. (6) Parietal branch of supraorbital sensory canal moderately well developed, reaching almost to parietal bone. (7) Supratemporal laterosensory canals present. (8) Dermopterotic laterosensory canals present. (9) Extrascapular laterosensory canals and bones present. (10) Supracleithrum with laterosensory canal. (11) Frontalpterotic joint present on surface of skull. The genera of tribe Lebiasinini are: Lebiasina Valenciennes (1846), with two species. Piabucina Valenciennes (1849), with six or seven species. Remarks: Lebiasina has been separated from Piabucina by the absence of an adipose fin in the former and its presence in the latter. This is apparently a poor character in these fishes, for, as Kigenmann (1923, p. 123) noted, some specimens of Lebiasina bimaculata and Lebiasina multimaculata occasionally have an adipose fin. In the specimens I have been able to examine, the anterior wall of the posterior division of the swimbladder in Lebiasina bimaculata and Piabucina festae is “cellular” while in Piabucina erythrinoides and Pia- bucina panamensis it is not. The tribe Lebiasinini needs revision at the specific and generic level. TRIBE PYRRHULININI EIGENMANN, 1910 Nomenclatural note: Eigenmann (1910) was the first to base a family group name, Pyrrhulininae, on the genus Pyrrhulina. Hoede- man (1954a) was the first to propose the use of this family group name as a tribe Pyrrhulinini. 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Definition: (1) Three branchiostegal rays. (2) Premaxillary only weakly, or not at all, divided into upper and lower processes. (3) Premaxillary teeth simple conic to hexacuspid, in one or two rows. (4) Dentary with teeth in two rows, uni- to hexacuspid. (5) Dentary with inferior notch below or deep groove continuous with foramen for mental ramus of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve. (6) Parietal and epiphyseal branches of supraorbital laterosensory canal extremely short, usually not over one or, rarely, two millimeters long even in largest specimens of largest species; parietal canal not reaching parietal bone. (7) Supratemporal laterosensory canal absent. (8) Dermo- pterotic canal absent. (9) Extrascapular laterosensory canals and bones absent. (10) Supracleithrum without enclosed laterosensory canal. (11) Frontal-pterotic joint absent, pterotic being excluded from contact with frontal by sphenotic. The subtribes of tribe Pyrrhulinini are: Pyrrhulinina Nannostomina SUBTRIBE PYRRHULININA EIGENMANN, 1910 Definition: (1) Premaxillary-ethmoid articulation a very slightly | movable, syndesmotic (fibrous) joint. (2) In adults, posterior shaft — of prevomer reaches parasphenoid. (3) Preopercle extends anteriorly ~ to near articular. (4) Maxillary bone extends posteriorly to region of second orbital. (5) Premaxillary with unicuspid teeth. (6) Teeth | of dentary unicuspid, in two rows. (7) Dentary not divided into two well-defined regions by a deep ventral groove continuous with mental | foramen. Dentary with notch below region of mental foramen. (8) Inferior portion of post-temporal fossa extremely large, its antero- _ lateral border extending anterior to, or beyond, synchondral portion of joint between sphenotic and pterotic bones, anteriorly beyond | vertical from anterior edge of auditory foramen. The genera of subtribe Pyrrhulinina are: Pyrrhulina Valenciennes (1846), with perhaps a dozen species Copeina Fowler (1906), with two or three species Copella Myers (1956a), with four or five species SUBTRIBE NANNOSTOMINA EIGENMANN, 1909 Nomenclatural note: Eigenmann (1909a) was the first to base a _ family group name, Nannostomatinae, on the genus Nannostomus. — The proper spelling of this family group name should have been Nannostominae (Miller, 1897, p. 132). Definition: (1) Premaxillary-ethmoid articulation a loose movable syndesmotic (fibrous) joint connected by fairly long, interosseous ligaments, but premaxillary not protractile, synovial joint absent. SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN Ei (2) Posterior shaft of prevomer reduced or absent in adults and young, never reaching parasphenoid. (3) Preopercle not reaching near articu- lar, extending anteriorly only to lower posterior process of quadrate. (4) Maxillary confined to anterior region of first infraorbital bone. (5) Premaxillary teeth 1- to 6-cusped, usually 3- to 6-cusped, multi- cuspid teeth flattened and incisor-like. (6) Dentary with outer row of flattened, 3- to 6-cusped incisor-like teeth and one inner row of unicuspid conic teeth. (7) Dentary divided into two distinct regions by a deep inferior groove continuous with the mental foramen. (8) Lower portion of post-temporal fossa not enlarged, its anterolateral border well posterior to vertical from synchondral joint between sphenotic and pterotic, anterolateral border of post-temporal fossa behind vertical from anterior edge of auditory foramen. The genera of subtribe nannostomina are: Nannostomus Ginther (1872), with five or six valid species Poecilobrycon HKigenmann (1909b), with three valid species Note that Nannobrycon of Hoedeman (1950a) is here considered a subgenus of Poecilobrycon and Archicheir Kigenmann (1909b) is con- sidered a synonym of Poecilobrycon. Archicheir minutus Eigenmann (1909b), the type of Archicheir, is based on the young of Poecilobrycon harrisont Eigenmann (1909b). A review of the genera and species of the Nannostomina is in preparation. SUBFAMILY ERYTHRININAE GILL, 1858 Definition: (1) Large fenestra between quadrate and metapterygoid present. (2) Two diverging lamellae on ventral surface of ethmoid well developed. (3) Lateral posterior edge of frontal articulated with spinous process of sphenotic. (4) Six infraorbital bones present; first infraorbital apparently fused with antorbital. (5) Accessory ectopterygoid (or dermopalatine) present, ventral to autopalatine either as an autogenous element or fused with ectopterygoid. (6) Lower limb of cleithrum long and slender, its lateral inferior lamella small. (7) Coracoid lamella small or absent, not large, flat plate as in other characids, not reaching to near anterior border of cleithrum. (8) Anastomosis between supraorbital and dermopterotic latero- sensory canal absent. (9) Parietal and epiphyseal branches of supraorbital canals well developed, parietal canal reaching parietal bone. (10) Perforated lateral line scales present, continued unin- terrupted to caudal fin. (11) Frontal fontanel always absent in adults. (12) Teeth well developed, unicuspid, conic in both jaws. (13) Premaxillary with one tooth row. (14) Dentary with anterior tooth row bordering length of jaw, inner tooth row confined to pos- terior portion of mandibular ramus. (15) Gape long, reaching 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 posteriorly beyond vertical from anterior border of orbit. (16) Branchiostegal rays five. (17) Gill membranes partially united but free from isthmus. (18) Body elongate, with blunt head and snout; body rounded in cross section in region of dorsal fin and head, com- pressed in region of caudal peduncle. (19) Adipose fin absent. (20) Anal fin short-based, with about 10 to 12 rays. (21) Dorsal fin always in advance of anal fin, usually over pelvic fins. (22) Caudal fin rounded in profile. (23) Scales moderate to fairly large, about 30 to 45 in a lateral series, about 7 to 12 in horizontal rows between dorsal and pelvic fins. The genera of subfamily Erythrininae are: Hoplias Gill (1908), with one or two species Erythrinus Scopoli (1771), with one species Hoplerythrinus Gill (1895), with one species Pseuderythrinus Hoedeman (1950b), with one species, status uncertain Remarks: Of the characters listed above, 3-8 seem to be diagnostic for the subfamily, distinguishing its members from all other characids. Relationships of the Subtribe Nannostomina and its Close Relatives, the Pyrrhulinina The classification above clearly indicates the close relationship of the Nannostomina and Pyrrhulinina. The unique structure of the dentary in these two groups, together with the accumulation of such characters as three branchiostegal rays, a premaxillary without a clear upper or lower process, short parietal and epiphyseal laterosensory canals, no supratemporal or dermopterotic canals, no extrascapular bone or canal, no canal embedded in the supracleithrum, and the lack of a frontal-pterotic joint, cannot be due to convergent evolution but only to a common ancestry. Further inspection of these fishes reveals other similarities; for example, their scales are almost identical in shape and structure, both groups have members with modified anal fin rays in the males, both have a tendency to lose canals in orbital bones, and one species, Nannostomus espei, has a color pattern re- markably like that of Pyrrhulina vittata and Pyrrhulina spilota. Nannostomus espei also has scales that more closely approach the shape of those of Pyrrhulina than the scales of any other species in the Nannostomina. The osteology of Nannostomus espei, however, is typically that of Nannostomus. The Nannostomina are specialized for feeding on small animal organisms that occur on plants, rocks, and other objects. They also feed on slowly moving free-living organisms. Their movements are relatively slow and precise. The Pyrrhulinina are more active and more predaceous, having larger mouths, attacking larger prey, and SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—-WEITZMAN 153 striking their prey harder. The jaws of the Nannostomina are far more specialized than those of the Pyrrhulinina. The large post- temporal fossa in the Pyrrhulinina is an interesting specialization. The large amount of muscle tissue found in this area undoubtedly is associated functionally with feeding and swimming behavior, but this needs further study. In addition to the differences between the Pyrrhulinina and Nannostomina noted in the classification above, these two groups have a consistent difference in body shape. The body form in the Nannostomina usually is smoothly fusiform, whereas that in the Pyrrhulinina is not, the profile showing a slight notch behind the dorsal fin, the belly being more or less flat, and the back being less arched. Of all the species in the Nannostomina, Nannostomus espei has a body shape closest to that of the Pyrrhulinina. Despite the differences between the Pyrrhulinina and the Nannostomina, I believe they may be united justifiably in the tribe Pyrrhulinini, based on the morphological characters listed above. The relationships of the Pyrrhulinini are, without doubt, with the Lebiasinini, and these two tribes form the subfamily Lebiasininae. The characters listed in the classification for this subfamily (p. 148) are held in combination by no other characids. A full discussion of the relationships between the Lebiasinini and the Pyrrhulinini should await fuller treatment of the genera in these two tribes. From the information at hand it seems safe to conclude that the Pyrrhulinini were derived from characids somewhat similar perhaps to the existing members of the Lebiasinini and that the Pyrrhulinina and the Nannostomina had a common ancestor. Neither of these two subtribes can be derived from the other, but their common ancestor must have differed from the recent members of the Lebiasinini in the structure of the jaws and reduction of the laterosensory system of the head. Relationships of the Lebiasininae and Erythrininae What are the relationships of the Lebiasininae and Erythrininae that can be determined from the present osteological study? Con- sidering the absolute lack of fossil evidence in this case, inferences about phylogenetic relationships based on recent material are bound to bear only a vague resemblance to the actual course of evolution; nevertheless, an attempt should be made to indicate relationships even if this involves nothing more than noting that certain groups appear associated because they have a certain number of characters in common. 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 The relationships of the Erythrininae to other recent characids remain rather obscure. They are not close to the Characinae and they do not appear derived from them. A consideration of the primi- tive versus specialized aspects of their skeleton may give some hint regarding their relationships. In general, a reduction in number of branchiostegal rays in teleosts can be considered a specialized feature (Hubbs, 1919). In all probability, the presence of five branchiostegal rays in the Erythrininae is relatively primitive for characids. The absence of the supraorbital in both the Erythrininae and the Lebiasin- inae probably is specialized and I suspect that this is also true for the morphology of the antorbital in the Erythrininae. Dental plates and teeth associated with the palatine, ectopterygoid, and mesopterygoid in the Erythrininae is probably a primitive feature in these fishes. The unique absence of a connection between the dermopterotic and supraorbital laterosensory canals in the Eryth- rininae probably is specialized. Whether the articulation between the sphenotic and frontal in the Erythrininae is primitive or specialized cannot be said. It would seem that the pectoral girdle of the Eryth- rininae is rather specialized because the interosseus space, usually present in teleosts and other subfamilies of characids (Starks, 1930, p. 90), is absent; however, the gross morphology of the pectoral girdle of the Erythrininae is in some respects similar to that of Ama and it is possible that the form of the pectoral girdle in the Erythrin- inae is rather primitive. Likewise, it is difficult to evaluate the generalized (versus specialized) nature of other characters of the Erythrininae. The short-based anal fin is probably primitive with regard to the Characidae and Cypriniformes as a whole, and the same may be true of the large scales. It is also possible that the rather blunt, cylindrical body shape is primitive. Examination of the osteology of Hepsetus indicates certain relation- ships with Erythrinus and Hoplias. Bertmar (1959, p. 350; and in litt.) has noted that Hepsetus is more primitive from the embryo- logical point of view than the other ten characids he examined and that all the characids he investigated are more primitive in certain respects than Amia. This of course does not mean that characids are more primitive than Amia, but it does pose questions about the origins of the Cypriniformes. The Erythrininae appear to be more primitive osteologically than Hepsetus. Investigation of the ontogeny of their chondrocranium should be very fruitful. About all that can be concluded here is: (1) the Erythrininae are definitely characid in morphology; (2) but their basic structure is more remote from that of the so-called “central group of characids’”’ (i.e., the Characinae) than of any other known living characid; (3) they probably were not derived from a characid ancestor that was SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 155 like any living member or members of the Characinae. There is per- haps more reason to give separate family status to the Erythrininae than to any other subfamily of characids. Also there is some reason to suspect that at least in certain features, the Erythrininae are the most archaic of living characids. In other aspects, however, they are possibly quite specialized. What are the relationships of the subfamily Lebiasininae? Super- ficially, members of the tribe Lebiasinini look much like members of the Erythrininae because of their large scales, short-based anal fin, and the overall similar appearance of the body and head. In addition, both groups lack the supraorbital. The last is possibly not too important a character, for loss of an element probably never should be consid- ered as important as the development of a new structure. Except for the fact, however, that these two groups are characids and have similarly shaped cranial bones because of their similar general body and head shape, they have little in common osteologically. In all the unique respects in which the Erythrininae differ from the Characinae, the Lebiasininae are like the Characinae. As noted above, members of the tribe Lebiasinini and indeed the entire Labiasininae have a few very unique characters that are different from those of both the Characinae and the Erythrininae. The unique lack of a fenestra between the quadrate and metapterygoid appears specialized. Also, the general reduction in the laterosensory canals of the head of the Lebiasininae and the unique laterosensory head canals of the member subtribes of the Pyrrhulinini are very specialized. It seems likely (1) that the Lebiasininae are somewhat more closely related to the Characinae than to the Erythrininae and (2) that the Lebiasininae evolved from a common characid stock that gave rise to Lebiasininae and Characinae but not to the Erythrininae. According to several authors, one of the distinguishing characters of the Lebiasinini is the possession of a ‘cellular’ anterior wall of the posterior chamber of the swimbladder. The present investigation indicates that certain species (Piabucina panamensis and P. ery- thrinoides) in this group lack this feature while others (Lebiasinina bimaculata and Piabucina festae) do have it. Obviously, the group needs revision and, since Béhlke (1958, p. 94) has indicated he is doing this, no revision is attempted here. It should also be noted that, of the Erythrininae, at least Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Erythrinus erythrinus have a cellular anterior wall of the posterior chamber of the swimbladder. Hoplias malabaricus does not. The significance of the similar ‘‘cellular” structure of swimbladders of some members of the Erythrininae to that of some of the Lebiasinini is difficult to assess. In view of the distinct osteological differences between the Erythrininae and the Lebiasinini, however, I prefer to believe that 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 this equivalence of structure is due to similar adaptation to stagnant water and that it does not indicate close genetic relationships. Os- teological comparisons indicate that the Lebiasininae are not related closely to such genera as Anostomus, Leparinus, and Hemiodus. Summary The primary results of this study are as follows: The Lebiasininae and Erythrininae are defined and their relaticnships to each other and to other characids are discussed. The Lebiasininae are not related closely to the Erythrininae as assumed by many earlier authors. The Erythrininae cannot have been derived directly from ancestors that were like recent members of the Characinae (as defined by Weitzman, 1962, p. 48). Although the evidence is inconclusive, of all living characids, the Erythrininae are probably the most conserva- tive (in some ways). It issurmised that the Characinae and Erythri- ninae were derived from a common characid stock remote in time and morphology from these two subfamilies as they are known today. The Lebiasininae, in many important respects, are more closely allied morphologically to the Characinae than to the Erythrininae despite their superficial resemblance to the Erythrininae. It appears that the Lebiasininae may have been derived from early members of the Characinae or at least from ancestral characids that were more like the Characinae than the Erythrininae in their morphology. The subfamily Lebiasininae consists of two tribes, the Lebiasinini and the Pyrrhulinini. Both are defined herein. The Lebiasinini needs revision, but no attempt was made to reevaluate in this study its genera and species. The Pyrrhulini consists of two subtribes, the Pyrrhulinina and the Nannostomina, and both are defined herein. Literature Cited BERTMAR, GUNNAR 1959. On the ontogeny of the chondral skull in Characidae, with a discussion on the chondrocranial base and the visceral chondrocranium in fishes. Act. Zool. Stockholm, vol. 40, pp. 203-364. BOuLKE, JAMES 1958. Studies of fishes of the family Characidae.——No. 14. A report on several extensive recent collections from Ecuador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 110, pp. 1-121, pls. 1-7. BovuLENGER, GEORGE 1904. Fishes (systematic account of Teleostei). Jn S. F. Harmer and A. E. Shipley, The Cambridge Natural History, vol. 7 (xviii+760 pp.), pp. 539-727. BRANSON, BRANLEY A., and Moorr, Grorce A. 1962. The lateralis components of the acoustico-lateralis system in the sun- fish family, Centrarchidae. Copeia, no. 1, pp. 1-108. SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 157 CocKERELL, THEODORE D. A. 1914. The scales of the South American characinid fishes. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, pp. 92-113, pls. 23-28. Cuvier, Georges L. C. F. D., and VALENCIENNES, ACHILLE 1846. Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 19, xix+549 pp. 1849. Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 22, xx+92-+332 pp. EIGENMANN, Cari H. 1909a. The fresh-water fishes of Patagonia and an examination of the Archi- plata-Archhelenis theory. Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 3, Zool., pp. 225-374, pls. 30-37. 1909b. Some new genera and species of fishes from British Guiana. In Reports on the expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana Univer- sity and the Carnegie Museum, 1908, report no. 1. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, pp. 4-54. 1910. Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 3, Zool., pp. 375-511. 1912. The fresh-water fishes of British Guiana. Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 5, xxii+578 pp., 103 pls. 1923. The fishes of Western South America, pt. 1. Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 9, pp. 1-346, pls. 1-35. EIGENMANN, Cari H., and EIGENMANN, Rosa SMITH 1889. A review of the Erythrininae. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 100-116, 1 pl. 1891. A catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, pp. 1-81. FERNANDEZ-YEPEZ, AUGUSTIN 1947. Charaxodon, a new genus of characid fishes from South America. Evencias, Estab. Venezolano Cien. Nat., ser. 1, no. 3, 3 pp. 1955. Los peces neotropicales de la familia Acestrorhynchidae. Rev. Fac. Agric. Univ. Central Venezuela, vol. 1, pp. 449-459. Fow.er, Henry W. 1906. Further knowledge of some heterognathous fishes, part 1. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 58, pp. 293-352. 1950. Os peixes de Agua doce do Brasil (2.8 entrega). Arq. Zool. Est. Sao Paulo, vol. 6, pp. 205-404. Git, THEODORE NICHOLAS 1958. Synopsis of the fresh-water fishes of the western portion of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 6, pp. 363-430. 1895. The differential characters of the characinoid and erythrinoid fishes. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 18, pp. 205-209. 1903. Note on the fish genera named Macrodon. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, pp. 1015-1016. Grecory, WiiiraM Kine, and Conrap, GEORGE MILES 1938. The phylogeny of the characin fishes. Zoologica (New York), vol. 23, pp. 319-360. GintTHer, ALBERT C. L. G. 1864. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, London, vol. 5, xxii+ 455 pp. 1872. On a new genus of characinoid fishes from Demerara. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 146. 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 HoEDEMAN, J. J. 1950a. Rediagnosis of the characid-nannostomine fish genera Nannostomus and Poecilobrycon. Amsterdam Natur., vol. 1, pp. 11-27, pls. 8-9. 1950b. A new characid-Erythrinine fish (Pseuderythrinus rosapinnis gen. et sp. nov.). Amsterdam Natur., vol. 1, pp. 79-91. 1954a. Notes on the ichthyology of Surinam (Dutch Guiana), 3: A new species and two new subspecies of Nannostomidi from the Surinam River. Beaufortia, Ser. Mise., Publ. Zool. Mus., vol. 4, pp. 81-89. 1954b. Aquariumvissen-encyclopaedie, nieuwe importen, 527 pp. 1956a. Etude des ecailles des poissons de l’ordre des Cypriniformes (pt. 1—particulierement les characoides). L’ Aquarium et les Poissons, 6™e anee, pp. 9-19. 1956b. Aquariumvissen-encyclopaedie, nieuwe importen, pp. 528-728 [sup- plement to 1954b.] Husss, Cary L. 1919. A comparative study of the bones forming the opercular series of fishes. Journ. Morph., vol. 33, pp. 61-71. MEINKEN, HERMANN 1931. Ueber die Entwicklung der Flossen in den Jugend stadien ver- schiedener Fische. Blaitt. Aquar.-Terrarienkunde, Jahrg. 42, vol. 17, 18, 19, pp. 1-14. Minter, WALTER 1897. Scientific names of Latin and Greek derivation. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 3, Zool., vol. 1, pp. 115-143. Myers, GreorceE 8. 1956a. Copella, a new genus of pyrrhulinin characid fishes from the Amazon. Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 7, pp. 12-13. 1956b. Esomus rehi, an Indo-Malayan cyprinid fish. Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 7, pp. 13-14. Prron, L. 1938. Les Characinidae fossiles de Menat (P.-de-D.). Rev. Sci. Bourb. Cent. France, Moulins Aout-Decembre 1938, nos. 3-4, pp. 98-104. REGAN, CHARLES TATE 1906. On the fresh-water fishes of the Island of Trinidad, based on a col- lection, notes, and sketches made by Mr. Lechmere Guppy. Journ. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, pp. 378-393. 1911. The classification of the teleostean fishes of the order Ostariophysi, 1: Cyprinoidea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, pp. 13-32, pl. 2. 1912. A revision of the South American characid fishes of the genera Chal- ceus, Pyrrhulina, Copeina and Pogonocharaz. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, pp. 387-395. SAGEMERL, M. 1885. Beitrige zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Fische, III: Das Cranium der Characiniden nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen iiber die mit einem Weber’schen Apparat versehenen Physostomenfamilien. Morph. Jahrb., Bd. 10, pp. 1-119, pls. 1-2. Scopoitr, GIovANNI ANTONIO 1777. Introductio ad historiam naturalem ... Prague, x+506+34 pp. Srarks, EDWIN 1926. Bones of the ethmoid region of the fish skull. Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 139-338. 1930. The primary shoulder girdle of the bony fishes. Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 149-239. SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 159 STEINDACHNER, FRANZ 1876. Ichthyologische Beitrige (V), II: Ueber einige neue Fischarten, insbesondere Characinen und Siluroiden aus dem Amazonenstrome. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Classe, vol. 74, pp. 49-240, 15 pls. VALENCIENNES, ACHILLE—see CUVIER, GEORGES, and VALENCIENNES, ACHILLE. WEITZMAN, STANLEY H. 1954. The osteology and relationships of the South American characid fishes of the subfamily Gasteropelecinae. Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 212-263. 1960. The systematic position of Piton’s presumed characid fishes from the Eocene of central France. Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 114-123. 1962. The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Stanford Ichth. Bull., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 3-77. 728-426—64——_3 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 116 Ficure 1.—Lateral view of a male Poecilobrycon harrisoni Eigenmann, SU 50243, 38.5 mm. in standard length. Georgetown, British Guiana. 161 SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN *(MaIA [eSIOP) tuostssvYy WOI4goO]IId0g JO UINIURIDN—Z ANSI jO,alsnd sous DIpouayds ven Jp ~y plowyye ]O4940] 2140 014d piowysa jOyId1I990xKa jOpidiad004dns Aivjjixowaisd di4olda josou jOpuody Jojndvospu}xa JO4IQsopuD Q |P}Iquon4yu! 116 OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. PROCEEDINGS 162 *(MAIA [eIOIL]) 1W0StssDYy UW0IK4g0]1I90g JO WINULIQ—'¢ TANSTY D1poo3d Pplouaydspsod D!fo1a}d plouaydso}iqio }Py!dis.01spg Plowysa jouasn) abpjip4p9 iawoadsad JOfidio50xa abpjifj4sno osso} Jpiodwa}jsod 1yold Pein DIfolda pssoj [psodwayjsod~ {DpuoJy JO fidioo0n4dns plouaudsosayd JO}a!s0d 4ybis d1fouayds JO}Jelspd }40a] 163 SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—-WEITZMAN -A[UO apts Ya] 9Y} UO UMOYs st plowyie [e1oqe] pue ‘roWOAeld “prouryie oY? Us2MI0q aSepqiva oyy, “(MAA [esqUaA) Yyose ouTjeyd iYsII 9Y2 pue Aseyfixewaid yYySls oy} ae parersnyf! Os[e “1uostssvy wortsqojt270g jo WNULI)— >} AUNTY 2!soo1d d NOES snjjidv} plouaydspipod plobAsaj}dojsa plo6Asajdosaw autjpjod abojipsv9 /Aso|jixDwasd JOpIdind0!snpq prowyya aboj!,409 JOp!diod0xa plouaydsotiquo Jawoaraid d!yoyssido jojuou} Beery D1y0sa}d aBbojipap9 o!,ouauds plowyye [Ps240| plouaydsosaid 116 VoL. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 164 oIfouauds jOLIdiISD0pudns JOt,aluod *(MOIA JOIIN1sod) 1uo0stszsvy W02K4gG0]1290 Oo UINnIUvIy—'S AUNDI eet sees ase 1240 di : |OfIdloo01spq stupdwi snulis wnapo JOLId1D90xe wnubow Uawos0} psso} JOLOdwaitisod [DJId1i990Dudns Ditoida 165 SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN “(mot TesaIe]) ePp4s TeroJoad oy} Jo Jed Surpnjour “twostssvy worsqoj1220g JO |[NYS—'9 AUNT A Se eo 21,9a|}dwhs DJ Iqiopsjul fe ae ea ploueydsoiod Z |Py1quoojyu ajozedoqns 2|24adoaud ajo4adoiajul plobAisajdojow Jpjnbup < plo6£sajidosaw JOJ1qsoosjul f Kiojuep Aivd}jixow wnay pass Z2 Wnayfiejotsod ] wnaytiajoysod ajo4ado ~ see WN4Y}Ia;2DIdns~ JO }¢Id!d901spgq ~ JP}!d1990xa Aspjjixowaid D!}ouasd gunn oe | JPpIquojup Jawonaid JOsodwiajisod d ploueydsosayd jDsou D!yo01da plowysa heck ani Bo > 9 [Pf qsop4pur plowyy2 jouaid} JPza!spd jybia JOpUoI} JDzatuod 44a) plouaydsoyiquo VOL. 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 166 ‘aul] Uayoiq ve Aq uMOYs SI puv o[oJadoqns ay} pur a]oJedo ay? 03 [esoix] st sposodosaqut ayI Jo Japsog Joweisod oyy, ‘aj2Jaedo ay} 0} uOIe{eI sy Sulmoys ‘a[osodosoju sy, ‘q = *saut] UaxOIq BYy2 Aq UMOYs UONIsOd s}1 nq paacowias a[oJodos9}UI OY} YIM UMOYsS d1¥ saUOG [VIOL} [IIe] OUT, “Y :(MOIA URIPaUT) 1WoOStsvY W0IKsG0I1I00g JO dV} DY} JO sauo [e1O}eJ—/) TANI ajosadosajul 2jouedoqns ——« (4D}Nd1f4Dpiownsas) auoq udljaxIaWoUdIOd 2)949d0 — , ajo4adoaud D149 a}dws see ae ajo4eadoqns sojnbup a,oDuponb Aspojuap plobXksaydojow plobA£uasdosow Aipjjixowesd plobA£saydojoa ‘Kap |ixow JojngipunwoXky ajo4ado aulpojod iz *(MOIA [eJO1e] © = 34311) s[eZojsorysuvig pue Yole ProAH ‘d "MATA [eIOIe] WYSI ur peAyosE, “MATA [eIIUDA UT OpIs 1Y3I Jo JuaWIa[a Joddn ydaoxa MaIA [esiop Ul Yoie piody pur soyose jerpsueig ‘JeAyoin puv ‘soyose [eryouesq ‘(apis Yo]) yore ploAp “Y “2uostssyy worksqo]1970g JO smjviedde [erysueiqoAp[—g aunory sjpabuAinyd 12Mo}| sjpabuxinyd sjoabufsoyd Asosuadsns joAysatul joAyida jO1youDIGoO}o41a9 sAvJ joHatsoiyounig joAyida Ayou pees suaypu 4116 jokyo} D120 po1ysuDAgisog pokyodky =jp4puear pokyodfhy jospuar SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN poAyojniad jokyodXy jpssop poiyoupagodhy joAyodky jpsiop jDAyisog 168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 yneural arch pedicle /of third vertebra with transverse process neural complex” ypeural arch and spine of fourt neural spine of vertebra fifth vertebra claustrum——} parapophysis of fifth vertebra scaphium intercalarium centrum 5 centrum |~ transformator process / tripus! oS suUspensorium / lateral process/ of centrum 2 / / pleural rib centrum 4l / pleural Ribt Ficure 9.—Weberian apparatus of Poecilobrycon harrisoni (lateral view). supraneural SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACID FISHES—WEITZMAN 169 posttemporal supracleithrum postcleithrum | scapula cleithrum postcleithrum 2 mesocoracoid postcleithrum 3 cleithrum proximal radials coracoid Ficure 10.—Right pectoral girdle of Poecilobrycon harrisoni (median view). The finrays have been removed. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1964 Prwcee diners of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3500 THREE NEW SPECIES OF FROGFISHES FROM THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES (FAMILY ANTENNARITIDAE) By Leonarp P. ScHuttz The purposes of this paper are: (1) to evaluate further certain diagnostic characters of frogfishes; (2) to call attention to nomencla- tural changes; (3) to describe three new species; (4) to record speci- mens and data not available at the time I reviewed the family Antennariidae (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 107, no. 3383, pp. 47-105, 8 figs., 14 pls., 1957). I am grateful to the staffs of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS), San Francisco, California; of the University of Hawaii (UH), Honolulu, Hawaii; and of the Division of Systematic Biology, Stanford University (SU), for permitting me to study the specimens in their collections. The following abbreviations, refer to other specimens recorded in this paper: RMNH (Rijikmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) and USNM (United States National Museum). a7 a 729-369—64 leg PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Diagnostic Characters The study of additional material, not available previously, has enabled me to reconsider certain unsolved problems as well as to in- vestigate new ones. My description of the bait as a “non-filamentous simple slender tentacle” has led to misinterpretation. This type of bait is considered to be a simple or unbranched central stalk, varying from a single slender threadlike tentacle to one that is somewhat fleshy, as contrasted to a tuft of tentacles or a bulbous base with ten- tacles. In addition, it should be understood that the bait is extensible and, when contracted, may be fleshy in nature; yet it retains the single central stalk. Further attention has been given to the evaluation of the presence or absence of warts on the skin of frogfishes as a taxonomic character. Two species with warts were described by Bleeker, Antennarius phymatodes and A. oligospilos. During my examination of specimens of A. moluccensis Bleeker in the collection of the University of Hawaii, I encountered an abnormal specimen with ‘“warts’’—UH 403, collected at Diamond Head, Oahu, measuring 87 mm. from tip of snout to base of caudal fin. Dr. Victor G. Springer informed me that he investi- gated “warts” on a large frogfish collected in the Gulf of Mexico and that the warts were encysted nematodes. Thus, ‘‘warts’’ on the skin of frogfishes may be of questionable value in distinguishing species. Briggs (Copeia, vol. 2, p. 440, 1962) distinguished Antennatus reticu- laris from A. strigatus on supposed differences in the length of the ilicium in relation to the length of the second dorsal spine and on the characteristic that the esca is blunt and lobed instead of lanceolate. Rosenblatt (Copeia, vol. 2, pp. 462-464, 1963) investigated this problem by measuring the length of the ilicium and the second dorsal spine on 62 specimens, then analyzing his data statistically. He con- cluded that “only one population was represented in the sample.” He compared the pectoral ray counts of A. strigatus and A. bigibbus and concluded that the eastern Pacific population of A. strigatus was distinct from the western Pacific population of A. bigibbus. This leaves the two species as valid and in agreement with the conclusions of Schultz (1957). The importance of fin ray counts in the identification of frogfishes is evident when one studies table 1. I have added, therefore, the new counts made on the specimens listed below to my table 1 published in 1957. Additional counts are recorded from other specimens men- tioned elsewhere in this paper as well as some furnished by Dr. Richard Rosenblatt. Table 1 includes the nomenclatural changes discussed in this report. NEW INDO-PACIFIC FROGFISHES—SCHULTZ 173 Specimens Examined Antennarius altipinnis SU 30045, Taruna, Sangi Island, Sangir Islands, Herre, June 24, 1928, 31 mm. SU 27238, Sitankai, Sulu, Philippines, Herre, August 7, 1931, 32 mm. SU 27239, Dumaguete, Philippines, Herre, 19 mm. Antennarius avalonis CAS [no number], Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, February 1951, 200 mm. CAS 6627, latitude 0°55’S., longitude 90°31’W., Hancock Expedition, dredge 58-60 fathoms, Jan. 26, 1934, 68 mm. CAS [no number], Guaymas, Mexico, D. A. Simpson, April 2, 1946, 3 speci- mens, 32-50 mm, SU 9979, Santa Catalina Island, California, holotype of A. avalonis Jordan and Starks, 267 mm. SU 16586, San Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico, June 1, 1950, 44 mm. SU 14968, Rocky Bluff Bay, Sonora, Mexico, 13 mm. TaBLE 1.—Counts recorded for species of Antennariidae Number of fin rays Genera, subgenera, and species Soft dorsal Anal Pectoralt _ ede 616) 65 7 8 SOF JO 7 is 8) 10) 1 ehds. 14 Tathicarpus butleri* Boe Se Se Se elle Se Se we pel? sS Ss = Sos < = butleri Trichophryne rosaceus = 2 mr a Smee OD Se a ae = Ee Se = iS mitchelli* ae ey em ee ee fle eet Nudiantennarius subteres e-em, Be a a Abantennarius duescus ee me a mt eee er analis =f ee Sa a ia ee ay lS St aD Se vw Rhycherus filamentosus* =e. SH a ay ae ey eee ee ee ed ee Histiophryne bougainvilli* eels Remedi at nae ste Re el scortea* mp ee ree BA tee We my mS gm Ree and See SAD ter) cee Pee Echinophryne crassispina* ae, ee min A Me mee I ed NE ee ae ee ye et glauerti* See eee OU ee oy net ny me te Phrynelor Phrynelor striatus* striatus melas* scaber lochites, new species Triantennatus cunningham zebrinus - atra ~ nor = tridens - _ 1 1 1 | ! | _ ! ! | _ 1 1 i | 1 1 ' Te ee tit SI rs Be Onn 1m) ot 1 ! ! on ROR ee Lo b = 1 ' ' 1 1 wooan *» 1 1 1 tak i 1 Nnoranr- Leal eet ee! [aie 1 ee a Qasr oo 1 1 ! { ‘ ' ! Cat el ale oo ! > = 1 1 1 { ~ 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 1.—Counts recorded for species of Antennaritidae—Continued Number of fin rays Genera, subgenera, and species Soft dorsal Anal Pectoralt 11 12 13 14 15 16 6) eZee Sie Die10 28589 410 MTS 2) iTsrets: Antennatus Antennatus bigibbus = eee ==) tale All of — = - - - strigatus =O at Re LO Naa | ae TE: Golem cryptacanthus tL LSP mee 9 Brae rae | My ee = St Lophiocharon | Lophiocharon caudimaculatus - | 2 = = = - 2.2 = = =. = 446) 92) = p=) Uniantennatus campylacanthus if} horridus - horridus* - tenebrosus* - tenebrosus Antennarius Fowlerichthys radiosus = radiosus* : avalonis - sarasa* - ocellatus - Antennarius hispidus - moluccensis* = moluccensis - leuwcosoma* - pardalis ?1 chironectes 1 multiocellatus 1 1 bo w vo NON ! 1 t 0 t | ! 1 | — Inwnwitl 1 1 — ee tor 1 ' ( 1 | | lorel 1 oe lie t ee eet Teen oe = | | | | | _ ~I oO =) 2) SA Seen as 51 5 S Se ee Be eG U \ ! ' oo 1 ob —_ | | 1 \ | 1 1 ~ Say Nene 80 1 (See eS: 1 1 1 | ee NOZe to © 17 reef a ng Bon 1 _ J I! ! | ee 1 oe _ w 1 1 | | i ' -_ | | lon \ 1 | ! \ Mm © 1 0 a q \ t \ _ | ~ oo | | | ! ' 2 e ! I \ lew _ oo { \ I \ \ \ to a \ | \ t phymatodes japonicus, new species indicus, new species - sanguineus = drombus 1 coccineus - bermudensis - dorehensis* - notophthalmus* - notophthalmus - verruUcosus altipinnis 1 pauciradiatus = nummifer - Eiistrio histrio 3 1 I | | | ' 1 ! | ' I 1 =a) See Wor | 1 | 1 1 bo 1 ee Re NO veg 1 Utes! 00; 51 te al Venere eel te to bo NON RP WRN NW KDR KH PD 1 ot — bil 1 1 \ ! t 1 1 1 { ~ w 1 wre vo | | | ! 1 | \ | | | IrnNwornow i! 42 - = - 2 21 _ —o | se 1 \ ‘ ' ! ' 1 ' \ ' i ew 1 1 1 1 bo no NwWo hd 1 | | 1 — { ' ' ! 1 ! ! 1 ' ow = ~ ‘ 1 t ow wo bo 1 1 1 1 wo So Lo} 1 { 1 ' bo x1 tw ~ 1 ' 4 *Counts recorded from literature. tCounts for both pectorals included when the number exceeds the count for the anal or dorsal rays. NEW INDO-PACIFIC FROGFISHES—SCHULTZ 175 Antennartus chironectes CAS [no number], Honolulu, E. M. Ehrhorn, 1915, 18 mm. CAS 6371, Honolulu, E. M. Ehrhorn, 92 mm. CAS 7400, Honolulu, A. Seale, 1935, 93 mm. SU 20468, Cagayancillo, Philippines, 63 mm. SU 8468, Honolulu, Albatross, 1902, 2 specimens, 52 and 101 mm. SU 8439, Laysan Island, holotype of A. laysanius Jordan and Snyder, 69 mm. UH 2338, Waiamae, Oahu, Aug. 12, 1955, 150 mm. Antennarius coccineus CAS [no number], Pago Pago, Samoa, A. Seale, May 1929, 72 mm. CAS [no number], Pago Pago, Samoa, A. Seale, May 1929, 70 mm. UH 1159, Hull Island, Phoenix Islands, July 12, 1950, 74 mm. Antennarius drombus UH 1775, Hauula Park, Oahu, A. Tester, Jan. 21, 1953, one specimen UH 531, Waikiki, Oahu, Cuttress, April 4, 1950, one specimen UH 1832, Diamond Head, Oahu, one specimen UH 1227, Waialea School, Oahu, Feb. 4, 1951, two specimens UH 816, Diamond Head, Oahu, May 16, 1950, two specimens UH 1995, Waimea, Oahu, July 25, 1955, 62 mm. UH 338, Hauula Park, Oahu, June 28, 1949, 26 mm, UH 1751, Waikiki, Oahu, 40 mm. Antennarius multiocellatus SU 52342, Port of Fortaleza, Brazil, Mucuripe, Feb. 23, 1945, 50 mm. Antennarius moluccensis CAS [no number], Hawaii, Thayer, Sept. 23, 1909, 111 mm. CAS [no number], Hawaii, 173 mm. SU 8455, Honolulu, 53 mm, SU 8458, Honolulu, Albatross, 1902, 84 mm. UH 148, off Oahu, 162 mm. UH 1995, Waimea, Oahu, July 25, 1955, 36 mm. UH 268, Waimea, Oahu, Feb. 22, 1949, 1 specimen UH 403, Diamond Head, Oahu, Dec. 15, 1949, 87 mm. Antennarius nummifer SU 7600, Misaki, Japan, holotype of A. sanguifluus Jordan, 44 mm. Antennaries notophthalmus SU 27241, Unisan, Tayabas Province, Luzon, Philippines, Herre, Feb. 15, 1924, 2 specimens, 52 mm. Antennarius sanguineus SU 14967, Cleopha Island, Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, Feb. 23, 1940, 31.5 mm. 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Antennatus bigibbus SU 27236, Dumaguete, Philippines, Herre, June 20-26, 1931, 2 specimens, 23 and 34 mm. SU 29562, Mabini, Batangas, Philippines, Herre, March 1933, 34 mm. SU 8461, Honolulu, O. P. Jenkins, Albatross, 3 specimens, 15 and 19 mm. SU 3247, Honolulu, O. P. Jenkins, 5 specimens, 19 and 24 mm. UH 338, Hauula Park, Oahu, June 28, 1949, 33 mm. UH 2100, three miles west of Lahaina, Maui, Aug. 5, 1955, 33 mm. Antennatus strigatus CAS W56-236, Clipperton Island, northeast side, Oct. 22-29, 1956, 34.3 mm. CAS W58-296, Clipperton Island, Aug. 20, 1958, 20 mm. [abnormal dorsal fin with last 4 rays branched] CAS W58-291, Clipperton Island, west end, Aug. 16, 1958, 22 mm. Lophiocharon caudimaculatus CAS [no number or locality], 5 specimens, 57 to 92 mm. SU 39498, Singapore, Herre, Oct. 10, 1940, 2 specimens, 45 and 83 mm. SU 30651, Singapore, Herre, March 14, 1934, 4 specimens, 39 to 81 mm. SU 27872, Sandaken, British North Borneo, Herre, July 3, 1929, 3 specimens, 65 to 87 mm. SU 32738, Singapore Harbor, Herre, May 7, 1937, 3 specimens, 53 to 69 mm. SU 35781, Singapore Market, Herre, May 1937, 2 specimens, 84 and 85 mm. SU 30652, Singapore, Herre, 2 specimens, 52 and 80 mm. SU 20204, Cuyo, Philippines, R. C. McGregor, holotype of A. lithinostomus Jordan and Richardson, 84 mm. Phrynelox atra CAS [no number or locality, identification uncertain], 82 mm. SU 9234, Port Jackson, Australia, 1 specimen SU 3259, Honolulu, Jenkins, 1889, 60 mm. Phrynelox nox SU 7601 Japan, cotype of A. nox Jordan, 61 mm. SU 7603, Nagasaki, Japan, holotype of A. noz Jordan, 84 mm. SU 7599, Misaki, Japan, two cotypes of A. nox Jordan, 58 and 60 mm. Phrynelox scaber CAS 8819, Green Turtle Bay, Bahamas, 67 mm. Phrynelox striatus SU 9138, Port Jackson, Australia, 106 mm. SU 20725, Lake Illawarra, Australia, 87 mm. [bait is abnormal with 5 branches] SCHULTZ—PLATE 1 PROG. UES. NAT MUS: Vor. 116 =< tet, (sdifiyg Auury “sapy q uaesp) F618¢ NS . od i A,O]OY ‘saqty 90] xojauky— | ALWIg SCHULTZ—PLATE 2 Proc. US. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 Rates bese.) . SGHULTZ—PEATES Proc. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 ‘(sdijpiyg Auuey ‘spy Aq uMPIP) QGOOF NS ‘ad Ajojoy ‘snzipur sniavuuajup— ¢ ALVIg NEW INDO-PACIFIC FROGFISHES—SCHULTZ 177 Phrynelox tridens CAS [no number], Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, Terazaki, Aug. 29, 1946, 59 mm. CAS [IU 10680] Misaki, Sagami, Japan, Jordan and Snyder, 3 specimens, 49 to 52.5 mm. SU 32414, Tinghai, Chusan Island, Cheking Province, China, 2 specimens, 47 and 63 mm, SU 25636, Nagasaki, Japan, 39 mm. SU 7227, Nagaski, Japan, 18 specimens, 27 to 59 mm. [one specimen has 4 tentacles] SU 7228, Wakanoura, Japan, 7 specimens, 53 to 78 mm. SU 23424, Wakanoura, Japan, 5 specimens, 42 to 59 mm. Nomenclatural Changes Three new frogfish names have been published since my review. Cadenat (Bull. Inst. Francais Afrique Noire, vol. 21, ser. A., no. 1, pp. 361-385, figs. 1-26, 1959) described Antennarius (Fowlerichthys) senegalensis, A. (Triantennatus) delaisi, and A. (T.) occidentalis as new species from off the west coast of Africa. Golem Whitley Xenophrynichthys Schultz (synonym). The generic name Golem Whitley (type species, Antennarius cryptacanthus Weber), published May 8, 1957 (Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. New South Wales, p. 70) has priority over Xenophrynichthys Schultz (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 107, no. 3383, p. 81, November 1, 1957), both with the same type species. Antennarius radiosus Garman Kanazawaichthys scutatus Schultz (synonym). In 1957 (op. cit., p. 63) I described Kanazawaichthys scutatus on prejuvenile specimens, characterized by having two pairs of enlarged bony plates on the head. Hubbs (Copeia, no. 4, pp. 282-285, 1958), with additional specimens and aided by me in a restudy of still more specimens, concluded that K. scutatus is the prejuvenile of A. radiosus, an opinion with which I concur. Maul (Bocagiana, Mus. Mun. Funchal, no. 1, p. 15, 1959) records a large specimen of A. radiosus from Madeira, and Palmer (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 13, vol. 3, pp. 149-151, 1960) records a prejuvenile A. radiosus, 13 mm. in standard length, off the West Coast of Ireland, 54°10’ N., 12°10’ W.; thus, this western Atlantic species occasionally occurs in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Lephiocharon Whitley Plumantennatus Schultz (synonym). Lophiocharon caudimaculatus (Riippell) Antennarius asper Macleay (synonym). The main character I used for the separation of L. caudimaculatus (subgenus Lophiocharon) and L. asper (type of the subgenus Pluman- tennatus) was a supposed difference in the bait, a simple tentacle in the former and a plumelike bait in the latter. J now find the nature of the bait to be variable, from simple to plumelike, and, therefore, I synonymize Antennarius asper Macleay with L. caudimaculatus (Riippell) and the subgenus Plumantennatus Schultz (1957, p. 89) with Lophiocharon Whitley. The usual color pattern of L. caudimaculatus is that figured by Schultz (1957, pls. 6, A, D, and 8, C) with or without an ocellate spot just behind the midbase of the soft dorsal fin; otherwise, the entire fish is brown-speckled or reticulated with brown. The chief distinguishing coloration, however, is in the caudal fin and consists of white or clear spots encircled with brown or blackish pigment. The following specimens were studied at the Department of Sys- tematic Biology, Stanford University (SU): SU 35781, Singapore Market, May 1937, A. W. Herre, two, 84 and 85 mm. standard length; 30652, Singapore, A. W. Herre, two, 52 and 80 mm.; 20204 (holotype of A. lithinostomus Jordan and Richardson), Cuyo, Philippine Islands, R. C. McGregor, 84 mm.; 39498, Singapore, October 10, 1940, A. W. Herre, two, 45 and 83 mm.; 30651, Singapore, March 14, 1934, A. W. Herre, four, 39 to 81 mm.; 27872, Sandaken, British North Borneo, July 3, 1929, A. W. Herre, three, 65 to 87 mm.; 32730, Singapore Harbor, May 7, 1937, A. W. Herre, three, 53 to 68 mm. At the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) (without number or locality), five specimens measured 57 to 92 mm. Among the 26 specimens examined, I find that 6—SU 30652 (2), 32730 (3), and CNHM 47248 (1)—represent a black color phase described as follows: general background coloration black, tentacle barred, bait white; white saddle in front of first soft ray of dorsal fin reaching to level of eye; white blotches just behind corner of mouth, above base of pectoral fin, near tips of third dorsal spine, near tips of rays of caudal, pectoral, and posterior rays of both soft dorsal and anal fins; white bar between rear of bases of soft dorsal and anal fins, and another white bar across base of caudal fin rays; sometimes rear third of caudal fin white and posterior margins of pectoral, pelvic, anal, and dorsal fins white; a few circular white spots may, or may not, occur in black area on middle of caudal fin. NEW INDO-PACIFIC FROGFISHES—SCHULTZ 179 Antennarius phymatodes Bleeker Antennarius oligospilos Bleeker (synonym). In my review (1957), I recognized as distinct species A. phymatodes and A. oligospilos on the basis of characters supposedly shown in Bleeker’s illustrations. Recent correspondence with Dr. Boeseman, along with information published by Dr. de Beaufort (The Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 11, pp. 204-206, 1962), con- clusively show that A. phymatodes and A. oligospilos represent the same species. These conclusions are based on the very close similarity of the holo- types of the nominal species as follows: A. phymatodes Bleeker, RMNH 6285, holotype (illustrated in Bleeker’s Atlas, plate 199, fig. 5, 1865), standard length 69 mm., total length 93 mm.; dorsal rays III,12, last 2 branched; anal 7, all branched; pectorals 10-10, none branched; pelvics I,5, last ray branched; caudal 9, all branched. A. oligospilos Bleeker, RMNH 6286, holotype, standard length 63 mm., illustrated (slightly modified after the 68 mm. nontype smaller of two specimens in RMNH 25010) as plate 195, fig. 1, in Bleeker’s Atlas; dorsal rays III,12, last 2 rays branched; anal 7, all branched; pectoral 10-10, none branched; pelvics, I,5, last ray branched; caudal 9, all branched. Description of New Species Phrynelox lochites, new species PLATE 1 This new species of Phrynelox with short “bait”? (about the same length as the second dorsal spine) from the Philippine Islands has as a cognate species its closest relative, P. scaber of the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Holotype, SU 38194, Dapitan Bay, Mindanao Island, Philippines, August 1940, collector A. W. Herre, standard length 48.5mm. Three paratypes, all with same locality data as holotype: SU [number un- available], two specimens, 33.5 and 40.0 mm.; and USNM 197325, 09 mm. The following counts were made: dorsal soft rays 12, anal 7, branched caudal 4+5, in all specimens; pectoral rays 11-11 in holotype and in two paratypes, 10-10 in one paratype. Measurements made on the types are recorded in table 2. Bony part of first dorsal spine a little longer than the second dorsal spine, bearing at its tip the fleshy bait, consisting of two robust tentacles, each with numerous small papillae; skin just behind base of second dorsal spine naked; third dorsal spine movable posteriorly, tip 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 free, but bound down with skin anteriorly, and subequal in length to second spine; soft dorsal rays all simple except last one or two, which are branched; only last pelvic ray divided; caudal rays branched; anal rays all divided; pectoral rays all simple; gill opening close to base of pectoral fin; caudal peduncle distinct but short, slightly deeper than long; skin thickly covered with bifid to multifid prickles; scat- tered dermal cirri present. Color in alcohol: head, body, and fins with light tan background; everywhere, except on underside of head and belly, with black spots or elongate blotches, arranged somewhat in lines on sides of body; black spots on fins round, those on caudal fin forming 4 vertical rows. In the genus Phrynelox, this new species is a member of the sub- genus Phyrnelozx, which is characterized by having the ‘‘bait’’ formed of bifid tentacles. In this subgenus the species fall into two groups: (1) those species with the bony part (illicium) of the first dorsal spine notably long, almost twice the length of the second dorsal spine, including P. striatus (Shaw) and P. melas (Bleeker); (2) those species TABLE 2.— Measurements made on three new species of frogfishes (recorded in thousandths of the standard length) Antennarius Phryneloz lochites indicus | japonicus Characters Holotype Paratypes Holotype | Holotype Standard length in mm, 48.5 40.0 39.0 33.5 44.5 49 Greatest depth of body 495 625 590 532 548 530 Length of bony part of Ist dorsal spine 165 175 162 179 135 112 easly Vasa tines 20 Cina beat ies 124 150 115 164 168 143 See ese Brent sn AST Nears em ae 124 150 103 143 207 208 Longest soft dorsal ray 206 238 205 239 265 204 Longest (middle) caudal ray 289 337 318 338 355 335 Head (snout to gill opening) 474 575 640 686 524 550 Length of caudal peduncle (or distance be- tween vertical lines through caudal fin base and rear bases of anal-dorsal fins) 103 112 103 119 115 69 Length of maxillaries 217 250 205 209 236 245 Least depth of caudal peduncle 124 145 115 119 153 133 Length of base of soft dorsal fin 454 550 474 538 540 517 Eye diameter 41 50 72 60 56 75 Interorbital space 144 132 141 134 157 106 NEW INDO-PACIFIC FROGFISHES—SCHULTZ Lai with the bony part of the bait from a little longer to about the same length as the second dorsal spine, including P. scaber (Cuvier) of the western Atlantic and the black color phase of this species, known formerly as ‘P. nuttingi Garman.” All of the species of the first group that are known so far are from the western Pacific and Indian Oceans, whereas, in the second group, only P. lochites is found in the western Pacific, the remainder being found in the Atlantic. P. lochites differs from its closest relative in the Atlantic, P. scaber, in having the bait about as long as the eye diameter instead of its being two or more times longer. The only color difference noted is that on the caudal and anal fins, thespots being smaller and in more regular rows than those in P. scaber. The species is named lochites (“lochites,’’ masculine, Greek, meaning “lying in wait for their prey’’) to refer to the habit of frogfishes. Antennarius japonicus, new species PLATE 2 Holotype, SU 26796, Sagami Bay, Japan, collector A. Owston, only known specimen, 49 mm. standard length. The following counts were made: dorsal soft rays 12, all simple or unbranched; anal 7, first 3 simple, last 4 branched; caudal 4-++5, all branched; pectoral 10-10, all simple; pelvic rays I,5, last branched. Bony part of first dorsal spine shorter than second dorsal spine, bearing a tuft of tentacles at the tip; skin just behind second dorsal spine naked; third dorsal spine movable and longer than second spine; gill opening close to base of pectoral fin; caudal peduncle distinct but short, deeper than long; skin thickly covered with bifid to multifid prickles; scattered dermal cirri present. Color in alcohol: background coloration light gray with six round, brown-edged white areas; one on rear of head with two smaller round ones below, in front of pectoral base; another below space between third dorsal spine and origin of soft dorsal fin, and two on side of body; a large dark spot on body below bases of 8th to 10th rays of dorsal fin; color greatly faded but dorsal, anal, and caudal fins show traces of light brown spots; area above base of pectoral fin brownish, with light center. Remarks: This species traces through my key of the Antennariidae (1957, pp. 53-62) to section 35a, but it differs at this point by having the first dorsal spine shorter than the second dorsal spine. Also, this species differs from Antennarius pardalis (section 36a) by having 12 dorsal rays, and from A. pardalis and A. bermudensis (section 36b) by having a distinctive color pattern of large round white spots. The new species differs from A. sarasa Tanaka (section 33b) in having all dorsal rays simple and 10 pectoral rays, whereas, in the 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Japanese species, 8 of the dorsal rays are branched and there are 13 pectoral rays. Another species recorded from Japan, A. nwmmifer (section 51b), is close to this new species, but it differs in having all of the anal rays divided and the last 2 or 3 dorsal rays divided at their tips. The number of fin rays in the two species agrees but the color pattern of A. nummifer does not show round white spots like those of A. japonicus. This species is named japonicus in reference to the country where the holotype was collected. Antennarius indicus, new species PLATE 3 Holotype, SU 40090, Vizagapatam, India, Dec. 25, 1940, collector A. W. Herre, only known specimen, 44.5 mm. standard length. The following counts were made: dorsal rays 12, last 2 branched; anal 7, all branched; caudal 4+-5, all branched; pectoral 13-18, all simple; pelvic rays I,5, last ray branched. Bony part of first dorsal spine shorter than second dorsal spine, bearing a tuft of tentacles at tip; skin just behind second dorsal spine naked; third dorsal spine movable and slightly longer than second spine; gill opening close to base of pectoral fin; caudal peduncle distinct, deeper than long; skin thickly covered with bifid to multifid prickles; scattered dermal cirri present. Color in alcohol: background coloration gray, with a dark spot in middle of side of body, belly plain light gray; anal and caudal fins with scattered dark spots; outer third of dorsal fin with 6 dark bars, and a larger dark spot between bases of 7th to 9th ray; dorsal surface of pectoral fin with dark spots except tips of rays white, under- side of pectoral uniformly light gray; body appears to have had other dark markings, now indistinct. Remarks: This species traces through my key of the Anten- nariidae (1957, pp. 53-62) to section 49b, but it differs from section 50a (A. verrucosus) and 50b (A. altipinnis and A. pauciradiatus) by having 13 pectoral fin rays, instead of 9-11, a difference thought to be of significance in this family. Among the various species referable to the subgenus Antennarwus, only two have as many pectoral rays as 12 or 13: A. sanguineus from the eastern Pacific and A. drombus from Hawaii and Cocos Island. The caudal peduncle in both species is very short, its depth 2% or 3 times its length, whereas, in A. indicus, the depth is 1% its length. The lower sides and belly of A. drombus and A. sanguineus are dark-spotted, whereas A. indicus lacks spots ventrally. The new species is named indicus in reference to the country where the holotype was collected. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1964 Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3501 NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA, V SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PROEULIA FROM CENTRAL CHILE (LEPIDOPTERA : TORTRICIDAE)! By Nicuoias S. OBRAZTSOV The Neotropical species usually referred to the genera Hulia Hiibner, Tortrix Linné, and Cnephasia Curtis actually have little in common with these Holarctic genera. Some of these species have been relegated recently to the genera Argyrotaenia Stephens, Sub- argyrotaenia Obraztsov, Proeulia Clarke, Anopina Obraztsov, and others, but the generic position of many species still remains uncertain. Five new species from Central Chile described in this paper and four already known are assigned to the genus Proeulia. Additional infor- mation is included here concerning the previously described species. The genus Proeulia was established recently for two species from the Juan Fernandez Islands (Clarke, 1963). The characters of this genus, originally based on a study of its type, P. robinsoni (Aurivillius), 1 Prepared with the aid of a National Science Foundation Grant. Previous parts of this same series are: I and II, Clarke, 1962, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 113, no. 3457, pp. 373-388; III, Clarke, 1964, ibid., vol. 115, no. 3480, pp. 61-84; IV, Duckworth, 1964, ibid., vol. 116, no. 3497, pp. 97-114. 183 731-763— 64 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 and P. griseiceps (Aurivillius), have been confirmed by the additional nine species from Central Chile examined by the present author. Only in the description of the wing venation are some modifications necessary. In the original diagnosis of Proeulia, the veins R and M, of the hindwing were described as stalked, and they are similar in most of the species treated in the present paper. In the new species Proeulia triquetra, however, these veins are either variously long-stalked, or originating connate, or even slightly separate, although closely ap- proximated to each other in the basal portions. Also, veins M; and Cu, of the hindwing are either connate (as in P. robinsoni and P. griseiceps) or slightly separate at origin. In view of the observed individual variation of these characters in one and the same species, it seems to be expedient to extend the diagnosis of the genus to include all these modifications. The study of the nine additional species assigned to this genus has demonstrated some important specific modifications in the shapes of certain parts of the genitalia, as is seen from the descriptions and photographs in this paper. The most unusual is the process that projects from the ventral surface of the bursa copulatrix, exhibiting a greater reduction in Proeulia griseiceps than in P. robinsont. In P. auraria (Clarke), P. chrysopteris (Butler), and P. apospasta, new species, this process is very short. It is quite possible that in some species not yet known this reduction may appear to be even more com- plete. In P. leonina (Butler) and P. aethalea, new species, the above process is especially well developed. The location of this process close to the inception of the ductus seminalis and its connection with the sur- rounding sclerotization supports the identification of this structure as a cestum, developed in the present case as an external protrusion. The area around the ostium oviductus generally is sclerotized somewhat in all species of Proeulia. The corresponding sclerite is reversely sub- cordate as a rule and probably represents a modification of the papillae genitales known in some other families of the Lepidoptera (Kusnezov, 1916). This structure still is studied poorly in the Tortricidae and probably will be found in other genera of this family. It is a pleasure for the author to express his gratitude to Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke of the U.S. National Museum and Mr. J. D. Bradley of the British Museum (Natural History) for the materials placed at his disposal and to Dr. J. G. Rozen and Dr. F. H. Rindge of the American Museum of Natural History for providing the necessary working facilities. The work on this paper was done under the auspices of the National Science Foundation; many of the specimens involved in the study were collected by Dr. Clarke during field investigations sup- ported by the National Science Foundation. SPECIES GENUS PROEULIA—OBRAZTSOV 185 Key to the Species of Proeulia from Central Chile 1. Forewing unicolorously ocherous with some few, little, scattered black Gots nu.teoe AUR AS ey Forewing not Bunerade: if Saietee) more markings, cepeeially, at dorsum, are present. .... at tae tytn 2. Hindwing pale ocherous, at ra ith a ‘aoueolarane or slightly darker tuft of hairs; sacculus not protruding valva . . . . . . . . leonina (Butler) Beadeeace shiny white, at base with a white tuft of hairs; sacculus protruding VAIVA, cue sas . . . @meca, Dew species 3. Forewing with cet anda auintaatitie at fost nee meeting each other at a point slightly remote from dorsum ..... . . tenontias (Meyrick) Forewing without such bands. . .. . ch. matiaesn 4 4. Dorsum of forewing with a large poiadealne poe eonnecied with wing base by means of a band ‘ane dorsum; sainai dark hazel grayish to dark lead eray. . 4... . . . . triquetra, new species Dorsum mbit oe deaned Boats “Gf sith is present, not connected with wing base; hindwing whitish or somewhat fuscous, never very dark . . 5 5. Forewing dark fuscous, diffusely shaded, without defined markings. aethalea, new species Forewing of some other color; markings more or less distinct and consisting either of a dorsal spot or of some (at least He EP once bands and/or reticula- tion, or all these markings present ..... cee, ek LO 6. Forewing with a ferruginous blotch in basal portion; an labia ue) white line closely basad from dorsalspot. ... . . . . . apospasta, new species Forewing without ferruginous blotch in basal portion and no white line basad from dorsalspot. ... By te Wo eres) 7. Sacculus protruding valva pal eae mith: a ee ae noite chrysopteris (Butler) Sacculus not protruding valva and not pointed at tip ......... 8 8. External margin of valva curved in lower portion and reaching end of sacculus vertically ; shorter cornutus longer than one-half length of long cornuti. inconspicua, new species External margin of valva not perceptably changing its direction from apex to end of sacculus; shorter cornutus less than one-half length of long cornuti. auraria (Clarke) Proeulia leonina (Butler), new combination PLATE 1 Sciaphila leonina Butler, 1883, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 69. Tortrix leonina, Meyrick, 1912, in Wagner, Lepidopterorum catalogus, pt. 10, p. 27; 1913, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fasc. 149, p. 29. Male genitalia: Uncus rather short; socii long, gradually and moderately dilated. Fultura superior narrow; fultura inferior high and rather narrow. Valva broad; sacculus moderate, pointed, not protruding valva. Aedeagus moderately thickened, with tip rounded; three long cornuti, one longer than remaining two. Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis large, deeply incised at middle, covering ostium bursae. Antrum large, subrectangular. 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Corpus bursae elongate-ovate, with a large, lateral swelling bearing a well-developed cestum; cervix bursae broad and short. Sclerotiza- tion around ostium oviductus well developed. Types: Lectotype, male (genitalia on slide 8641), Valparaiso, Chile, November 1881 (T. Edmonds, 1882-107); lectoallotype, female (genitalia on slide 8776), same data; British Museum (Natural History). Other specimens examined: One male and two females, Chile (T. Edmonds, Druce Collection, 1917-36); one female (genitalia on slide 6711), Quillota, Valparaiso, Chile, 1886 (Paulson, 68384); British Museum (Natural History). Proeulia auraria (Clarke), new combination PLATES 2, 3 Eulia auraria Clarke, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana, vol. 7, p. 583, pl. 2, figs. 6—-6b. The original description of this species was based on a series of six male specimens, all of them taken in Cajén de Maipo, Santiago. Many additional specimens examined for the present paper originated from other localities, showing that the species is rather variable. The length of the forewing varies from 7 to 12 mm. Most of the small specimens (the type series included) have the forewing markings reduced to an incomplete oblique band running from the middle of the costa toward the tornus and sending from slightly below its middle a short band directed toward the middle of the dorsum. These bands are generally underdeveloped, and only some of their elements are present in each specimen. In some specimens the dorsal portions of the above-mentioned bands form a more or less distinct dorsal triangle or a semicircular arch, some outlines of which are dilated and more intensively dark colored, forming blackish-brown spots. In addition, one more band may be present, running externally to the oblique costotornal band and parallel to it. Occasionally all or some of the bands are widely dilated, and/or some minute, brownish, or ferrugi- nous streaks at the costa and dorsum are present. The golden- ocherous ground color of the forewing is more or less mottled with brown or ferruginous, which causes development of a fine reticulation or separate spots or short lines. Rarely the two basal thirds of the forewing or even the entire forewing are overlaid with brown. Upper basal angle of the forewing commonly differs from the ground color of the wing and is brown, gray, or yellowish. The hindwing is white, ocherous white, or pale cinereous, in some specimens distinctly speckled with gray. Male genitalia: Uncus rather long, slightly bent; socii dilated externally. Fultura superior narrow; fultura inferior moderately SPECIES GENUS PROEULIA—OBRAZTSOV 187 high. Valva elongate, gradually bent upward and slightly narrowed apicad; sacculus moderate, somewhat tapering apicad, not free pointed. Aedeagus rather stout; from two to four long cornuti, one short, slightly curved, less than half length of long cornuti. Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis band shaped, narrowed laterad; lamella postvaginalis semimembranous. Antrum not de- veloped. Corpus bursae somewhat ovate, scobinate; cestum shaped as a short, rotundate projection with a moderately sclerotized base; cervix bursae broad and short. Sclerotization around ostium ovi- ductus a-shaped. Types: Holotype, male (genitalia on slide), and three male para- types in USNM. One male paratype in the British Museum (Natural History). One male paratype (not seen by the present author) in the collection of F. Bourquin. All were collected in Cajén de Maipo, Santiago, Chile, Jan. 12-20, 1948 (Don Tito Ramirez). Other specimens examined: One male, Chile Centro-Austral, Jan- uary—March 1898 (V. Izquerdo), in USNM. Five males (genitalia of two on slides 6694 and 6703), and two females (genitalia of one on slide 6710), Coquimbo, Chile, July 1—-Oct. 19, 1883 (Walker, 3021- 3024, 3000, 3205), and May 1884, bred from Aristolochia chilensis (Walker, 3234); two males (genitalia of one on slide 6760) and one female, Valparaiso, Chile, Mar. 22—Apr. 13, 1882, Sept. 30—Oct. 8, 1883 (Walker, 2353, 2359, 3078); six males (genitalia of one on slide 6693), Quillota, Valparaiso, Chile, 1886 (Paulson, 68013-68018); the foregoing 15 specimens are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). Five males (genitalia of one on slide, 21—Obr., 1962), Guayacin, Santiago, Chile, 1100 m., Jan. 25-26, 1951, Oc- tober 1952 (L. E. Pefia); two males (genitalia on slides, 1—Obr., 1962, and 2-Obr., 1962), La Obra, Santiago, Chile, October 1952 (L. E. Pefia); one male (genitalia on slide, 22—Obr., 1962), El Principal, Chile,! November 1888 (V. Izquerdo); all eight specimens are in USNM. Remarks: The holotype and its genitalia were figured by Clarke (1949). The shape of the valvae became distorted slightly on the original photograph, and they look more narrow apicad than they really are. The holotype has three long cornuti, but this number varies in the species. In one of the males examined (slide, 1-Obr., 1962) there are only two long cornuti; another male (slide, 21-Obr., 1962) has four of them. The presence of a short, slightly bent cornutus is apparently constant for the species. The variation of the number of 1 Because the collector is deceased, there is probably no way of ascertaining exactly this location. Gazetteer (no. 6, Chile, Office of Geography, Department of the Interior, Washington, August 1955, p. 107) lists two names, one located at 33.47 S. and 70.30 W., the other at 33.42 S. and 70.34 W. 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 the cornuti and the forewing markings are independent from each other. Proeulia aethalea, new species PLATE 4 Antenna fuscous. Labial palpus pale brownish gray, speckled with dark fuscous. Head fuscous touched with gray. Thorax grayish brown. Abdomen brownish gray with a dark brown transverse line on caudal edge of eighth abdominal tergite. Legs ocherous. Fore- wing fuscous with indistinct, somewhat olive-brownish or gray- brownish markings apparently consisting of two diffuse, very broad transverse bands inclined basad; cilia dark brownish gray (as seen under magnification, with scales white checked). Underside of forewing grayish ocherous. Length of forewing 11 mm. MHindwing yellowish white, mottled with pale olive brown; an olive-brownish hair brush at base of veins A, and A;; cilia whitish. Male genitalia: Uncus rather long; socii dilated externally. Fultura superior dilated laterally; fultura inferior triangular, moderately high. Valva elongate with apex directed upward and external margin rather vertical, in lower portion; sacculus rather broad, moderately long, with tip slightly tapering and slightly protruding beyond lower margin of valva. Aedeagus thickened, with a long and broad lower distal portion and a sclerotized margin around orificium; cornuti arranged in two groups: upper of eleven long cornuti, and lower of three cornuti about half as long as upper ones. Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis shaped as a semicircular band dilated toward antrum; lamella postvaginalis weakly sclero- tized, forming dorsal surface of funnel of ostium bursae. Antrum large, membranous. Corpus bursae elongate, sclerotized, covered with stronger sclerotized, longitudinal lines and, in caudal portion, with fine scobination; cestum in form of a long, digitate projection arising from a large basal disc located cephalad from cervix bursae. Weak sclerotization around ostium oviductus. Types: Holotype, male (genitalia on slide, 17-Obr., 1962), La Obra, Santiago, Chile, October 1902 (L. E. Pefia), USNM (type no. 66830). Allotype, female (genitalia on slide 6699), Valparaiso, Chile, Sept. 30-Oct. 8, 1883 (Walker, 3080), British Museum (Natural History). Remarks: This species differs from the remaining known members of the genus in having very indistinct and poorly defined markings on the forewing. The shape of the aedeagus, the set of the cornuti, and the characters of the female genitalia are unique in the genus Proeulia. The name of this species is derived from the Greek avbadeos, meaning ‘‘smoky.” SPECIES GENUS PROEULIA—OBRAZTSOV 189 Proeulia triquetra, new species PuaTE 5 Antenna more or less dark brown. Labial palpus ocherous, more or less strongly mixed with brown, dark brown, somewhat ferruginous brown, or gray brown, occasionally with slight grayish suffusion; on inside pale ocherous, at least at base. Head and thorax brownish ocherous, hazel brown, mahogany brown, or ferruginous brown, often somewhat grayish suffused; posterior scale tuft occasionally more intensively colored. Abdomen fuscous with occasional touch of pale grayish or ocherous; ventral surface usually somewhat paler, occasionally grayish ocherous. Legs hazel grayish, on inside pale ocherous. Forewing brownish ocherous, testaceous, bay, or of some approximate shade, with more or less distinct, brown reticulation; dorsum with a paler, whitish-ocherous, longitudinal streak slightly suffused with brownish ocherous, testaceous, or bay; it originates at wing base and is dilated into a large triangle before tornus; upper margin of this streak is outlined by a narrow, white line, occasionally missing in some places, but constant at inner side of dorsal triangle and acompanied there by a more or less distinct, brownish-ocherous to dark-gray line (or merely a shadow) from inside of triangle; occasionally dorsal streak and its triangle are strongly darkened, and indicated only by above-mentioned white line along their upper margins; area, bordering dorsal streak and reaching discal cell, usually darker than adjacent ground; a brownish or blackish more or less distinct line originating at middle of costa, directed to, or to slightly below, apex of dorsal triangle, then turning toward wing apex; external portion of this line occasionally dilated, outlining poorly defined costal triangle before wing apex; some occasional, minute, blackish strigulae perpendicular to costa and/or dorsum; cilia concolorous with wing ground, occasionally dark grayish checked, or darker tornad, rarely paler at tips; underside of forewing dark brownish gray, at margins brownish ocherous or testaceous; occasion- ally entire central area somewhat lightened, grayish testaceous. Length of forewing 9-11 mm. Hindwing hazel grayish to lead gray; cilia concolorous or slightly paler, with a fine, more or less dark gray line. Male genitalia: Uncus rather long; socii strongly dilated and rounded. Fultura superior rather broad; fultura inferior moderately high. Valva elongate, directed obliquely upward; sacculus broad, short, not free pointed. Aedeagus thickened; three long cornuti, and a separate group of 11—12 very short ones. Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis bandlike, narrowed lateral- ly; lamella postvaginalis weakly sclerotized. Antrum wide and short. 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Corpus bursae pyriform; scobination chiefly developed at its left side; cestum shaped as a rather narrow, digitate projection on a weakly sclerotized base; cervix bursae broad, tubular. Sclerotization around ostium oviductus well developed. Types: Holotype, male (genitalia on slide, 7-Obr., 1962), and allo- type, female (genitalia on slide, 10-Obr., 1962), Chillan, Nuble, Chile, Nov. 10, 1961 (H. Lister). Paratypes: one female (genitalia on slide, 9-Obr., 1962), San Ignatio, Nuble, Chile, February 1892 (V. Izquerdo) ; four males (genitalia of one on slide, 5-Obr., 1962), Concepcién, Chile, March 8, 16, and 30, 1961 (Trampas) ; one female, Araucania [Arauco], Chile, March 1, 1892 (V. Izquerdo); three females (genitalia of one on slide, 8-Obr., 1962), Chile (V. Izquerdo; Silva). All specimens are deposited in USNM (type no. 66831). Remarks: This is the only known Proeulia species with a broad dorsal streak on the forewing. In other species, the dorsal triangle is not connected by a streak with the wing base. The genitalia of both sexes of P. triquetra have many characters distinguishing it from other species of the genus. Proeulia inconspicua, new species PuaTE 6 (Frias. 4-6) Male: Antenna ocherous with brown annulation. Labial palpus ocherous with slight ferruginous tinge, on inside pale ocherous. Head pale ocherous. Thorax (badly damaged) ferruginous ocherous; tip of tegula ocherous. Abdomen pale ocherous, slightly brownish dorsally. Legs ocherous. Forewing ocherous, irregularly, densely sprinkled with ferruginous; at middle of dorsum a short, broad, ferruginous brown streak inclined basad; an inconspicuous, ferruginous fascia running from middle of costa to tornus; transverse rows of minute, ferruginous dots, in external wing portion; some inconspicuous, minute, ferruginous costal streaks, darker of them located apically; a fine, ferruginous terminal line, gradually becoming obsolete tornad; cilia pale ferruginous ocherous, slightly darker at tornus; underside of forewing ocherous, somewhat ferruginous costad, with transverse rows of inconspicuous, minute, brownish-ferruginous dots. Length of forewing 11mm. Hindwing very pale fuscous white, almost white, sprinkled with gray; hair tuft on wing base pale gray; cilia concolorous with wing surface. Female: Unknown. Male genitalia: Uncus rather long; socii elongate, dilated at middle. Fultura superior moderately and equally broad; fultura inferior almost triangular, moderately high. Valva elongate, directed upward; its external margin vertical, in lower portion; sacculus broad, rounded PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 OBRAZTSOV—PLATE 1 male: 1, right wings (image reversed); Pirate 1.—Proeulia leonina (Butler). Lectotype, ventral aspect of genitalia with aedeagus removed; 3, lateral aspect of aedeagus. 5 “> Lectoallotype, female: 4, ventral aspect of genitalia; 5, detail of bursa copulatrix. Female genitalia of other specimen (slide 6711): 6, ventral aspect of genitalia; 7, detail of bursa copulatrix. PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 OBRAZTSOV—PLATE 2 Puate 2.—Proeulia auraria (Clarke), males. eras from Guayacan, Jan. 25, 1951: 1, e ai left wings. Genitalia (slide, 1-Obr., 1962): 2, ventral aspect with aedeagus removed; 3 lateral aspect of aedeagus; 4, same, greatly enlarged. Aedeagus (slide, 21-Obr., 1962): lateral aspect greatly enlarged. Right wings of two eee (images reversed): 6, from El Principal, November 1888; 7, from Valparaiso, March 22—April 13, 1882. PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 OBRAZTSOV PEATE 3 3S Pate 3.—Proeulia auraria (Clarke). Left wings of two specimens: 1, male from Quillota, 1886; 2, female from Coquimbo, July 1-Oct. 19, 1883. Female genitalia (slide 6710): 3, ventral aspect; 4, detail of bursa copulatrix. PROG.U:S> NAT. MUS; VOL. T1s OBRAZTSOV—PLATE 4 Pirate 4.—Proeulia aethalea, new species. Holotype, male: 1, left wings; 2, ventral aspect of genitalia with aedeagus removed; 3, lateral aspect of aedeagus. Allotype, female, genitalia: 4, ventral aspect; 5, detail of bursa copulatrix. PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 OBRAZTSOV—PLATE 5 Prate 5.—Proeulia triquetra, new species. Holotype, male: 1, left wings; 2, ventral aspect of genitalia with aedeagus removed; 3, lateral aspect of aedeagus; 4, detail of aedeagus. Allotype, female: 5, left wings; 6, ventral aspect of genitalia; 7, detail of bursa copulatrix. PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 OBRAZTSOV—PLATE 6 Piate 6.—Proeulia apos pasta, new species, holotype, female: 1, right wings (image reversed); 2, ventral aspect of genitalia; 3, detail of bursa copulatrix. P. Inconspicua, New species, 1olotype, male: 4, left wings; 5, ventral aspect of genitalia with aedeagus removed; 6, I lateral aspect of aedeagus. PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 OBRAZTSOV Pie Ar a7 Pirate 7.—-Proeulia tenontias (Meyrick), female (genitalia on slide, 19-Obr., 1962): 1, left wings; 2, ventral aspect of genitalia; 3, detail of ostium bursae; 4, cestum. P. cneca, new species, holotype, male: 5, left wings; 6, ventral aspect of genitalia with aedeagus removed; 7, lateral aspect of aedeagus. PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 OBRAZTSOV—PLATE 8 A Pirate 8.—Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler), males. Holotype: 1, left wings; 2, ventral aspect of genitalia with aedeagus removed; 3, lateral aspect of aedeagus; 4, detail of aedeagus. Specimen from Chile Centro-Austral (genitalia on slide, 11-Obr., 1962): 5, left wings; 6, ventral aspect of genitalia with aedeagus removed; 7, lateral aspect of aedeagus; 8, detail of aedeagus. Specimen from Chile (genitalia on slide, 16-Obr., 1962): 9, right wings (image reversed). OBRAZTSOV—PLATE 9 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 Piate 9.—Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler), females. Specimen from Chile Centro-Austral (genitalia on slide, 13-Obr., 1962): 1, left wings; 2, ventral aspect of genitalia; 3, detail of bursa copulatrix. Specimen of Guayacan: 4, left wings. Specimen from Santiago: 5, right wings (image reversed). SPECIES GENUS PROEULIA—OBRAZTSOV 191 externally. Aedeagus rather thick, with lower tip acute and upper with a slightly elevated carina; two long cornuti, one short, slightly longer than one-half length of long ones. Type: Holotype, male (genitalia on slide, 3-Obr., 1962), La Obra, Santiago, Chile, October 1952 (L. E. Pefia), USNM (type no. 66832). Remarks: Somewhat similar to Proeulia apospasta, new species, but the markings of the forewing are more indistinct; no distinct triangular spot on the dorsum of forewing. Very typical of the species is a carina in the upper distal portion of the aedeagus. Proeulia apospasta, new species PuaTE 6 (Fias. 1-8) Female: Antenna ocherous, slightly brownish annulated. Labial palpus ocherous, mixed with ferruginous, paler from inside. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with labial palpus. Legs pale ferruginous ocherous. Forewing ocherous, slightly ferruginous ocherous in external portion, and strongly so colored at wing base; a broad, ferruginous, longitudinal blotch, originating at wing base, tapering basad and externad, and not reaching end of discal cell; a narrow, oblique, brownish-ferruginous streak from lower angle of discal cell to middle of dorsum; a narrow, whitish line separating this streak from external, oblique edge of above-mentioned ferruginous blotch, and connected to pale ocherous, dorsal area below this blotch; a narrow, oblique, slightly undulate, brownish-ferruginous band shaded externally by ferruginous, running costotornad from about middle of costa but not reaching tornus, and with its middle touching upper end of above-mentioned brownish-ferruginous oblique streak almost under right angle; a triangular, pale ocherous dorsal spot separated by that streak and lower portion of mentioned costotornal band; some indistinct, pale ferruginous, minute streaks in costal area, and fine, concolorous dots and lines in area externad from costotornal band; a minute, brownish-ferruginous dot at dorsum before tornus; cilia pale ferruginous, becoming pale ocherous tornad; underside of forewing pale ferruginous, abruptly becoming darker before a pale ocherous, subterminal line. Length of forewing 10 mm. Hindwing light fuscous with slightly brassy hue; a concolorous tuft of hairs at base of veins A; and Aj; cilia whitish with a fine, greyish basal line. Male: Unknown. Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis band-shaped, narrowed laterally; lamella postvaginalis weakly sclerotized. No separate antrum. Corpus bursae rotundate-pyriform, in most of caudal por- 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 tion scobinate; cestum located in cervix portion and consisting of a very short, rotundate projection on a bilobate, sclerotized base; cervix bursae rather broad. Sclerotization around otsium oviductus well developed. Type: Holotype, female (genitalia on slide, 18-Obr., 1962), Concep- cién, Chile, October 1902 (E. C. Reed), USNM (type no. 66833). Remarks: Somewhat similar to Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler), but differing from it in some details of the markings of the forewing, especially in the presence of a ferruginous blotch in the basal portion of the wing, a whitish line basad from the brownish outline of the dor- sal triangular spot, and in having the hindwing unicolorous. The genitalic differences of P. apospasta consist of a flat sinus vaginalis, absence of the antrum, and especially of a bilobate base of the cestum, known only in this Proeulia species. The name of the species is derived from the Greek arosrastos, meaning “separated.” Proeulia tenontias (Meyrick), new combination PLATE 7 (Fics. 1-4) Cnephasia tenontias Meyrick, 1912, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1911, p. 685; 1912, in Wagner, Lepidopterorum catalogus, pt. 10, p. 49; 1913, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fasc. 149, p. 47.—Clarke, 1955, Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 1, p. 304. Eulia tenontias, Clarke, 1958, Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 3, p. 139, pl. 69, figs. 4—4b. Male genitalia: Uncus moderately long; socii short. Fultura superior moderately broad; fultura inferior rather low. Valva with apex directed straight upward; its external margin vertical, in lower portion slightly incurved;sacculus narrow, long, free pointed. Aedea- gus moderately thickened, slightly bent; four inequally sized cornuti. Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis band shaped with lateral portions directed caudad and outlining ostium bursae like a bracket; lamella postvaginalis membranous, not defined. Antrum large, sub- rectangular. Corpus bursae irregularly subovate; scobination occupy- ing most of surface; cestum shaped as a digitate, slightly curved projection on a broad, swollen base; cervix bursae tubular, distinctly narrower than corpus bursae. Type: Holotype, male (genitalia on slide, 6344, J.F.G.C.), Chile (“R. .05’’); deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). Other specimens examined: Two females, Chile (V. Izquerdo); one female (genitalia on slide, 19-Obr., 1962), Chile Centro-Austral, January-March 1898 (V. Izquerdo); one female (genitalia on slide, SPECIES GENUS PROEULIA—OBRAZTSOV 193 20-Obr., 1962), Quilpué, Valparaiso, Chile, November 1897 (VY. Izquerdo); all specimens are deposited in USNM. Remarks: This species has hitherto been known as a unique male specimen. The holotype of P. tenontias and its genitalia were figured by Clarke (1958). The female specimens examined by the present author are very similar to the holotype, and there is no doubt that they are conspecific with it. Proeulia cneca, new species PLatE 7 (Frias. 5-7) Male: Antenna grayish ocherous, in basal portion with a slight ferruginous tinge. Labial palpus brownish gray, on outer surface; separate scales dark gray basally, and whitish ocherous at tips; inner surface white ocherous. Head concolorous with outer surface of labial palpus, differing in color of separate scales, brownish gray at their middles, and whitish ocherous basally and at tips. Thorax brown with some scales long, orange ocherous; tegula orange ocherous. Abdomen slightly paler than thorax. Legs ocherous. Forewing ocherous with slight silvery shine and some areas covered with yellow scales especially dense in basal third of wing, along discal cell, costal and dorsal portions, and on external veins; minute, blackish dots on disc and in external wing portion; cilia pale ocherous, here and there slightly ferruginous, especially at tornus; underside of forewing ferruginous ocherous, whitish ocherous externally and dorsally. Length of forewing 11 mm. Hindwing white; basal tuft of hairs white. Female: Unknown. Male genitalia: Uncus rather long; socii long, almost equally broad. Fultura superior very narrow at middle, dilated and strongly sclerotized laterally; fultura inferior high. Valva elongate, not turned upward; its external margin rather short; sacculus long with a pointed tip protruding far beyond valva. Aedeagus moderately thickened, with tip rotundate; one rather thick and long cornutus with infundibu- liform envelope at base. Type: Holotype, male (genitalia on slide, 23-Obr., 1962), Guayacan, Santiago, Chile, 1100 m., October 1952 (L. E. Pefia), USNM (type no. 66834). Remarks: This species is very similar to Proeulia leonina (Butler) and differs from it in having no black dots on the discocellulars of the forewing and in having the hindwing shiny white. The genitalia are distinct in the two species. The name of this species is derived from the Greek xvjxos, meaning “‘pale yellow.” 194. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler), new combination Puates 8, 9 Tortric chrysopteris Butler, 1883, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 69. Eulia chrysopteris, Meyrick, 1912, in Wagner, Lepidopterorum catalogus, pt. 10, p. 39; 1913, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fase. 149, p. 39. Originally described from a single male specimen, this species has become known as being widely distributed in Central Chile. It is rather variable, having the forewings ocherous, golden ocherous, testaceous, or hessian brown with a more or less intensive, ferruginous- ocherous reticulation and/or incomplete, oblique rows of blackish or grayish dots in the apical wing portion and occasionally basad from it. The upper basal angle of the forewing generally stands out as a triangle of a different color from the remaining wing surface and is gray or whitish, concolorous with the thorax. On the dorsum, slightly before tornus, there is a large, more or less distinct, white to grayish- yellow or brownish-yellow triangular spot rather broadly outlined by brown and checked by short, gray, or brownish streaks along the dorsum. A slight, ferruginous-ocherous line sometimes connects the apex of this triangle with the middle of costa. The length of the fore- wing is from 10 to 13 mm. Hindwing whitish yellow to ocherous, becoming gray basad in most specimens. The head is generally concolorous with the thorax. Male genitalia: Uncus moderately long; socii long, equally broad. Fultura superior rather broad; fultura inferior high. Valva with apex directed upward; sacculus broad, sharp pointed at tip, protruding valva. Aedeagus moderately thickened; two or three long, variously thick cornuti; a minute, sclerotized plate in external portion of vesica. Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis bracket shaped, with lateral portions directed caudad and bearing angulate prominences toward ostium bursae. Antrum large, semirotundate. Corpus bursae pyri- form, densely scobinate; signum located close to its middle, rather small, situated on a swollen base; cervix bursae rather broad. Type: Holotype, male (genitalia on slide 8587), Chile (‘‘82-107’’); deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). Other specimens examined: One female, Chile (V. Izquerdo); one male and two females (genitalia on slides, 16-Obr., 13-Obr., and 14- Obr., 1962), Chile Centro-Austral, January-March 1898 (V. Izquerdo); in USNM. Two males (genitalia on slides 6695, 6698), Quillota, Val- paraiso, Chile, 1886 (Paulson, 68011, 68012), in the British Museum (Natural History). One female, Santiago, Chile, June 1955, reared from apricot fruit (G. Olalquiaga); one female (genitalia on slide, 4- Obr., 1962), Guayacan, Santiago, 1100 m., Jan. 25, 1951 (L. E. Pefia); SPECIES GENUS PROEULIA—OBRAZTSOV 195 one male (genitalia on slide, 11-Obr., 1962), Concepcidén, Chile, Octo- ber 1902 (KE. C. Reed);in USNM. One male (genitalia on slide 6696), Talcahuano, Concepcién, Chile, Feb. 20-March 5, 1884 (Walker, 3197); in the British Museum (Natural History). One male (genitalia on slide, 12-Obr., 1962), Araucania [Arauco], Chile, March 1, 1892 (V. Izquerdo), USNM. One male (genitalia on slide 6697), Valdivia, Chile, 1901 (A. von Lossberg); in the British Museum (Natural His- tory). One female (genitalia on slide, 15-Obr., 1962), Petrohué, Llanquihué, Chile, March 11, 1959 (J. F. Gates Clarke), in USNM. Remarks: On the slide of the genitalia of the holotype in the British Museum (Natural History), the valvae are folded and the sacculi turned inward, crossing the inner surface of the valvae. The folding of the lower margin of the valva causes a slight change of shape in the latter, and the apex of the valva becomes less acute as demon- strated by other specimens placed in the same position as the holotype. The extreme shapes of the genitalia (as illustrated on plate 8, figs. 2 and 6) do not represent structural differences but only indicate differences that result from the preparation of the genitalia. The number of the cornuti varies between two (in the holotype and on slide 6698) and three (on six additional slides). Literature Cited CuLaRKE, J. F. Gates 1949. Notes on South American “Tortricidae” (Lepidoptera) and descrip- tions of new species. Acta Zool. Lilloana, vol. 7, pp. 579-588, 3 pls. 1958. Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 3, (2) +600 pp., 298 pls. 1962. A new tortricid genus from South America. Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 75, pp. 293-294. Kusnezov, N. J. 1916. Contributions to the morphology of the genital apparatus in Lepidoptera: Some cases of gynandromorphism. Rev. Russe Ent., vol. 16, pp. 151-191. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1964 ke oy Dian Lp ATU om a aetna bh ids hsb i Mi be me ’ : iF gen é ‘ ) - ts “ i nd ae sions ae ; A) ne ? : Ladi via ; rhs ) &0 ‘ - a 4 MAND OF - * . 2 aie? * . ' . avi PRs ps4 ’ mid - eb f , ‘ : “bl i 7 *y , pie 4 > , f > ; 5 ‘ ‘ f ; i ’ 4 4 = Proceedings of the... U.nit.e-d.,.5.4.a-t.e.s National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1964 Number 3502 NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA, VI’ GENERA ORSOTRICHA MEYRICK AND PALINORSA MEYRICK (GELECHITIDAE, OECOPHORIDAE) By J. F. Gates CLARKE The moths of the genera Orsotricha and Palinorsa have been con- fused in collections for fifty years. Only the study of their types, plus additional material, permits clarification of their relationships at this time. Gelechiidae Orsotricha Meyrick Orsotricha Meyrick, 1914, Exotic Microlepidoptera, vol. 1, p. 269; 1922, in Wyts- man, Genera insectorum, fasc. 180, p. 45.—Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 11, p. 156.—Gaede, in Bryk, 1938, Lepidop- terorum catalogus, part 88, p. 87.—Clarke, 1963, Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 4, p. 341, pl. 167, figs. 1-le. 1 Prepared with the aid of a National Science Foundation Grant. Previous parts of this same series are: I and II, J. F. Gates Clarke, 1962, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 113, no. 3457, pp. 373-388; III, Clarke, 1964, ibid., vol. 115, no. 3480, pp. 61-84; IV, Duckworth, 1964, ibid., vol. 116, no. 3497, pp. 97-114; V, Obraztsov, 1964, ibid., vol. 116, no. 3502, pp. 183-196. 729-977 —_64——_1 197 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Meyrick proposed Orsotricha for Topeutis venosa Butler, from Chile, and subsequently associated with it Pleurota literatella Busck and Orsotricha raptans Meyrick, and placed the genus in the family Oecophoridae. Butler’s Topeutis venosa, the type of the genus Orsotricha, was described from a single female. Both the genitalia and the wing venation, particularly the crossvein between vein 8 and the cell of the hindwing, indicated at the time of the study of the Meyrick types that the species belonged in the Gelechiidae. Recent study of a male, the second specimen known, confirms this relationship and I hereby transfer Orsotricha to the Gelechiidae. Figure 1.—Orsotricha venosa (Butler): a, lateral aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus. NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA, VI—CLARKE 199 Orsotricha venosa (Butler) Figure 1; Puate 1 (Fie. 1) Topeutis venosa Butler, 1883, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 77.—Meyrick, 1914, Exotic Microlepidoptera, vol. 1, p. 269; 1922, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fasc. 180, p. 45.—Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 11, p. 156.—Gaede, in Bryk, 1938, Lepidopterorum cata- logus, part 88, p. 87.—Clarke, 1963, Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 4, p. 341, pl. 167, figs. 1-le. Type: British Museum (Natural History). Distribution: Chile. The genitalia of the male are here figured for the first time. The two species previously associated with O. venosa belong to the family Oecophoridae and are treated below. Fortunately, a generic name is available for them. Oecophoridae Palinorsa Meyrick Palinorsa Meyrick, 1924, Exotic Microlepidoptera, vol. 3, p. 99.—Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 11, p. 159.—Gaede, in Bryk, 1938, Lepidopterorum catalogus, part 88, p. 87. Meyrick proposed Palinorsa for Pleurota literatella Busck after he had assigned that species to Orsotricha. Despite the obvious close relationship between P. literatella and O. raptans, Meyrick left the latter species associated with O. venosa (Butler). I now include four species in Palinorsa. Key to the Species of Palinorsa iPePcadsolown Of brownish. uals) <) ss asses te he Lise oh os. wala Sta ed we Head ocherous white. ...... . .. . zonaria Clarke, new species 2. Metathorax clothed with red hairlike scales . at PR EN ag nT tae Sele ware tS Metathorax without red hairlike scales .... . . . raptans (Meyrick) 3. Forewing with conspicuous dark longitudinal streak. . . literatella (Busck) Forewing without conspicuous dark longitudinal streak. acritomorpha Clarke, new species Palinorsa literatella (Busck) FIqurE 2 Pleurota literatella Busck, 1911, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, p. 205, pl. 8, fig. 12. Palinorsa literatella (Busck), Meyrick, 1924, Exotic Microlepidoptera, vol. 3, p. 99. Type: USNM. Distribution: French Guiana, Rio Maroni. Male genitalia: Harpe subtriangular; cucullus rounded with serrate ventral edge produced as a strong thornlike process; overlapping 200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 the cucullar process a double-pointed, flattened, sclerotized plate, serrate on outer edge. Aneilus composed of two irregularly shaped, curved plates fused at base and each with a small laterodistal lobe. Aedeagus short, stout, terminating in a beaklike process. Transtilla membranous, indicated by a few minute granules. Vinculum a broad sclerotized band. Gnathos an oval spined knob. Socii mainly indicated by setae. Uncus moderately hood-shaped, deeply incised on posterior margin. Slide examined: o, JFGC 10948. Female genitalia: Ostium irregular, broadest posteriorly, surround- ed by a raised spiculate lip. Ductus bursae very short; inception of ductus seminalis dorsal and opposite center of ostial opening. Bursa copulatrix oval, without signum. Ovipositor lobes leathery, com- pressed. Anterior apophyses absent, or at most indicated only by a lateral thickening of genital plate. Slide examined: 9°, JFGC 11198. This is the first time that the genitalia of P. literatella have been figured, and the female is the first of any species of this genus that I have seen. Palinorsa raptans (Meyrick), new combination Orsotricha raptans Meyrick, 1920, Exotic Microlepidoptera, vol. 2, p. 366.—Clarke, 1963, Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 4, p. 341, pl- 167, figs. 2-2b. Type: British Museum (Natural History). Distribution: Peru, Rio Napo. Palinorsa zonaria, new species FIGURE 3 Alar expanse 42 mm. Labial palpus white; second segment with narrow fuscous line dorso- basally; third segment with slight apical infuscation. Antenna sordid white. Head ocherous white with ring of reddish-brown scales posteriorly. ‘Thorax pale orange yellow shaded with reddish brown anteriorly; metathorax clothed with long, coral-red hairlike scales. Forewing pale orange yellow with brown median longitudinal streak: costa very narrowly edged with white; a pale spot on each side of vein lc opposite base of vein 2; cilia pale orange yellow except at apex, the latter same color as median streak. Hindwing semihyaline; costal third and cilia ocherous white; at base a few coral-red hairlike scales and cilia. Legs ocherous white. Male genitalia: Harpe broad; saccular and costal margins parallel, distally tapering to a blunt cucullus; middle heavily sclerotized giving rise to a strong thornlike clasper directed toward sacculus. Anellus NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA, VI—CLARKE 201 ee = es Pais = Ficure 2.—Palinorsa literatella (Busck): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia. U-shaped with broad basal plate fused with base of harpe. Aedeagus short, stout, terminating in a broad hooked process articulating with anellus. Vinculum a narrow ring. Gnathos spined, U-shaped. Socii indicated by numerous setae. Uncus elongate, narrowly tri- angular, terminating in two points. Slide examined: JFGC 11110. 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 116 Ficure 3.—Palinorsa zonaria Clarke, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus. Female genitalia: Unknown. Holotype: Bolivia(?), Monte Cristo (and an indecipherable word), Amazones. USNM 64993. Described from the holotype male. Although there is only a single male with indefinite locality, it is so distinct it is worth description. The locality label leaves much to be desired. It is impossible to ascertain exactly where ‘‘Monte Cristo” is located but the ‘“Amazones”’ suggests that the locality is actually in Bolivia. If it were possible to read the indecipherable part of the label, a more definite attribution might be made. In addition to the ‘‘Monte Cristo” label there is another in Busck’s handwriting: “Orsotricha raptans Meyr.?” All of the species of this genus are closely related but zonaria appears to be nearest to Jliteratella. It is distinguished easily from the latter by its ocherous-white head. NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA, VI—CLARKE 203 eh a Ti oe ffi wy Hi ut ca ins a Ficure 4.—Palinorsa acritomorpha Clarke, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus. Palinorsa acritomorpha, new species FiaureE 4; Puate 1 (Fia. 2) Alar expanse 33-36 mm. Labial palpus with second segment white ventrobasally, brown on outer side; on second segment a coral red median line on distal half on inner surface; third segment white. Antenna light brown. Head cinnamon; face white. Thorax cinnamon brown with a broad ocher- ous-buff median longitudinal band; metathorax clothed with long coral- red hairlike scales. Forewing cinnamon; extreme costa, before apex, whitish; in cell at one-third, a small fuscous spot; at end of cell an ill-defined transverse fuscous bar; on each side of vein 1c, opposite base of vein 2, a buff spot narrowly edged with fuscous; dorsum and termen narrowly fuscous; terminal cilia fuscous. Hindwing semi- hyaline whitish; cilia sordid white, except around base, coralred. Legs white shaded with cinnamon and fuscous. Abdomen roseate dorsally with median longitudinal row of confluent cinnamon spots. Male genitalia: Harpe elongate ovate; cucullar edge serrate termi- nating in a long spinous process; from outer third a large spine 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 directed toward sacculus. Anellus V-shaped with prominent lateral lobes. Aedeagus short, stout, terminating in a beaklike process. Vinculum a broad sclerotized band. ‘Transtilla indicated by sparsely setaceous membrane. Gnathos a finely spined oval knob. Socii indicated by a few setae. Uncus elongate, incised posteriorly. Slides examined: 2767, JFGC 10946, 11109. Female genitalia: Unknown. Holotype: Peru, Tingo Maria (Nov. 24, 1949, H.A. Allard). USNM 64992. Described from the type male and one male paratype with iden- tical data. The two species literatella and acritomorpha are similar but acritomorpha lacks the dark longitudinal streak of the forewing found in literatella. All of the species of Palinorsa are related closely and one wonders if one is dealing with a “cline” or incipient species. All males possess a short, stout aedeagus terminating in a beaklike process, and all specimens have a pair of small pale spots opposite the base of vein 2 of forewing. The genitalia appear to present substantial char- acters for the separation of the species, but the paucity of material is a serious handicap to proper interpretation. Acknowledgments The photographs for the paper were made by Mr. Jack Scott, staff photographer. The drawings were made by Mr. André Pizzini. U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1964 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 CLARKE—PLATE 1 Frcure 1.—Orsotricha venosa (Butler): left wings. Ficure 2.—Palinorsa acritomorpha Clarke, new species: left wings. Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1965 Number 3503 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (NEUROPTERA) By Waro NAKAHARA Introduction Dr. Charles P. Alexander [A] amassed a fine collection of the Hemerobiidae during his sixteen entomological expeditions to various parts of western North America, and this, together with the addi- tional material of nearly similar magnitude belonging to the United States National Museum [USNM], forms the basis of the present paper. Forty species recognized in the entire material are docu- mented, including five species that are described as new and another species that also may be new but is left unnamed for the present. The geographical area covered is west of the 100th meridian in the United States, British Columbia, Alberta, and Yukon in Canada, and Alaska. Localities by states and provinces not previously recorded are marked with asterisks. The reference to the original description is given for each species and genus; the complete synonymy is to be found in Carpenter (1940). Carpenter recognized 50 species of the Hemerobiidae as occurring in the entire Nearctic region. Later, Gurney (1948) and Parfin (1956) each added two species, and Nakahara (1960), one more. The addi- 205 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 118 tions made by the present study bring the total of the named species to 60. It is notable that as many as 57 of this number are known to occur in the area defined above. Western North America is thus a veritable treasure house of the Hemerobiidae, and it seems likely that further exploration may bring to light more new species, especially of Sympherobius, which obviously is collected inadequately, and of Kimminsia, which seems exceptionally rich in the area. My cordial thanks are due to Dr. Charles P. Alexander and Dr. Marion E. Smith for their kindness in submitting the Alexander collection to me for study. The major part of this collection has been returned to the Entomological Department, University of Massa- chusetts, Amherst, Mass., except the type specimens, which have been sent to the United States National Museum at the suggestion of Dr. Alexander. The examination of the United States National Museum material was made possible through the kindness of Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., and Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, to whom I wish to express my sincere appreciation. The whole of this material has been returned to the Museum. Family Hemerobiidae Subfamily Hemerobiinae ! Genus Sympherobius Banks Sympherobius Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 6, p. 209, 1904. The material before me contains ten species of this genus, including two that are new, while the following six species previously recorded are missing: S. umbratus Banks, S. arizonicus Banks, S. pictus (Banks), S. limbus Carpenter, S. similis Carpenter, and S. distinctus Carpenter. Most of these six species are known only from a unique type or at most from a few specimens. Sympherobius californicus Banks Sympherobius californicus Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 37, p. 346, 1911. California: Alameda Co., Marin Co., San Jose, Benicia [USNM]. *Oregon: in Blue Mts. [USNM]. Sympherobius bifasciatus Banks Sympherobius bifasciatus Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 37, p. 347, 1911. *Utah: Logan [USNM]. 1 According to my studies on genitalic characters (1960), the family Hemero- biidae is divisible into two subfamilies, Hemerobiinae and Notiobiellinae, with all the Nearctic genera belonging to the former subfamily. HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 92()7 Sympherobius angustus (Banks) Hemerobius angustus Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 30, p. 102, 1904. *Nevada: Mt. Charleston near Las Vegas [A]. *California: Yosemite Park [A]. Washington: Mt. Rainier [A]. Utah: Logan [USNM]. Colorado: Cheyenne Canyon [USNM]; Bierstadt Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park [A]. New Mexico: Las Vegas [USNM]. The head of this species was described by Carpenter as ‘dark brown, almost black.” In many specimens, especially of small size, it is much lighter, often yellowish, with a large dark patch on frons below the antennae. I have dissected the male genitalia of a few specimens with the yellowish head and satisfied myself that they are not separable from S. angustus. Sympherobius stangei Nakahara Sympherobius stanget Nakahara, Mushi, vol. 34, p. 16, 1960. *Colorado: Nymph Lake, Rocky Mountain National Park, 1 female [A]. The specimen completely agrees with the unique type of S. stanget, except that it is slightly smaller (length of forewing 6 mm. against 7 mm. in the latter). The original description is quoted here for the benefit of those to whom it may not be easily accessible: Head yellowish brown, clypeus darker, palpi fuscous black, antennae fuscous black with paler basal joint. Forewing rather narrow, but much less so than in angustus, and fully rounded apically. Membrane colorless, broadly fuscous black along apical to outer margin; all veins behind Ry, except basal part of Cuz, distal part of first anal and basal half of second anal, broadly marked with fuscous black; cells thus strongly marked out are clear-colorless, not containing any spot. Hindwing less strongly margined with fuscous, veins dark but unmarked. Two branches to Rs in forewing, with radial crossvein between R4+s5 and R, be- fore the origin of Re2+3; first fork of Cu; distal to crossvein m-cu. Length of forewing, 7 mm; width 2.5 mm. Holotype: specimen lacking abdomen, Barton Flats, San Bernardino Co., California, July 22, 1953 (Lionel A. Stange). This is a large and beautifully marked species, perhaps related to occidentalis (Fitch). The striking markings and venational characters of forewing alone may be sufficient for the recognition of this new species. Sympherobius brunneus, new species Figure 1; PLatE 1 (Figure 1) Holotype o, Miami Ranger Station (elevation 5000 ft.), Mariposa Co., Calif., July 5, 1945. Paratopotype o’, July 1, 1954. Both collected by H. P. Chandler. Right forewing (dry) and dissected parts of genitalia (in balsam) of holotype mounted on two slides. Paratopotype is without left forewing; terminal abdominal segments in glycerol in small vial on the same pin. USNM type 66174. 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Face yellow, vertex slightly brownish; palpi dark brown; antennae dark brown with yellow first jomt. Pronotum yellow medially, narrowly brown on sides; meso- and matanotum yellow with light- brown scuta. Legs pale yellow. Abdomen light brown. Forewing elongate oval with rounded apex, 5 mm. in length and 2 mm. in width; costal area narrow; membrane nearly uniformly tinted with brown, without maculation; venation dark brown, longi- tudinal veins sparsely streaked with hyaline. A short radial cross- vein before origin of Re43; inner gradates disjointed in middle, the Ficure 1—Sympherobius brunneus, new species: a, terminal abdominal segments, lateral view; b, the same, dorsal views; c, anal plate, internal lateral views; d, tenth sternite, lateral and slightly dorsal view; ¢, parameres, dorsal (above) and lateral view (below). upper two and lower two each on a straight line; Cu, forked beyond crossvein m-cu. Hindwing membrane hyaline, tinted with brownish only in costal area, especially in pterostigmatic region. Male genitalia: Anal plate with four distal processes, resembling those of S. angustus, the first process from top (in lateral view) fairly long, the second the longest and most stout, the third the shortest, and the fourth the second longest. Tenth sternite with very broad lateral ‘‘wing,’”’ which in lateral view appears roughly triangular with pointed distal apex. Parameres with long fused part, distal lobes parted at apex, forming an acutely narrow median incision; lateral flaps broader anteriorly than posteriorly. HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 2()9 The brown-tinted membrane of forewing without maculation renders this species unique among the Nearctic Sympherobius. In order to include this species, Carpenter’s key may be modified by introducing a new couplet 1’ after couplet 1 (forewing with radial crossvein): 1’. Forewing membrane practically uniformly tinted with brown, without FMC tiny LS) She MpRie en ec spo Wate Se wre ae, Arenas S. brunneus Forewing membrane with brown or grey markings . Carpenter’s couplet 2 Sympherobius barberi (Banks) Hemerobius barberi Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 5, p. 241, 1903. Arizona: Williams, paratype no. 6798 [USNM]. Utah: Provo [USNM]. Texas: Kerrville and San Antonio [USNM]. Sympherobius perparvus (McLachlan) Hemerobius perparvus McLachlan, Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 6, p. 22, 1869. *Utah: Tooele Co. [USNM]. California: Redding and Red Bluff [(USNM]. ‘Texas: Kerrville and Rankin [USNM]. Sympherobius beameri Gurney Sympherobius beameri Gurney, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 41, p. 220, 1948. California: Rosamond, paratype no. 58600 [USNM]. Sympherobius killingtoni Carpenter Sympherobius killingtoni Carpenter, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 74, p. 238, 1940. Arizona: Williams [USNM]. New Mexico: Las Vegas, paratype no. 55224 [USNM]. Sympherobius texanus, new species Figure 2; Puate 1 (Figure 2) Holotype &: Kerrville, Texas, May 1954. Allotopotype 9, and 1 paratopotype (without abdomen): June 1954. All collected by L. J. Bottimer. Right forewing (dry) and dissected parts of genitalia (in balsam) of holotype mounted on two slides. USNM type 66175. Face yellow, vertex somewhat more brownish. Antennae brown, darker toward apex. Pronotum pale brownish, with faint indication of yellowish median streak; meso- and metanotum yellow, with a large brownish patch on each side of metanotum. Abdomen yellow- ish, darker toward apex. Forewing slender, 3 mm. in length, 1.25 mm. in width, but broadly rounded beyond middle, and hindmargin nearly straight, not curved out at the region of cubital forks; costal area very narrow. Membrane predominantly pale brown because of the more or less diffuse macula- 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 116 tions, without any distinct blotch; venation pale brown, only outer gradates slightly and inner gradates strongly marked with brown, the latter forming the only conspicuous marking; apical and outer margins very narrowly dark brown with many pale interruptions. Radial crossvein absent. ¢ d ¢ Ficure 2.—Sympherobius texanus, new species: a, terminal abdominal segments, lateral view; b, the same, dorsal view; c, anal plate, internal-lateral view; d, parameres, lateral view; e, tenth sternite, dorsal view, with aedeagus bent posteriorly. Male genitalia: Anal plate with ventroposterior angle slightly produced in lateral view; process single, fairly long, and straight. Tenth sternite with ventroproximal part of lateral “wing”? expanded into a very large roundish flap. Parameres with the expanded distal part rounded on margin, without projecting middle arm. This species will fit into a modification of couplet 9 (species without radial crossvein) in Carpenter’s key: 9. Forewing membrane predominantly brown ........... 9 Forewing membrane predominantly hyaline . to 10 of Carpenter’s key 9’. Forewing narrowed toward apex and hindmargin rounded out; larger species: forewing 4.5mm.long..... . . . S.arizonicus Banks Forewing broadly rounded toward apex and hindmargin straight; smaller species: forewing 3mm.long . . . S. texanus, new species Texanus belongs to Gurney’s “perparvus group,” which is charac- terized by the anal plate of the male bearing a single process and which includes S. perparvus, S. beameri, and S. killingtoni. Of these the latter HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 2]] may be the closest, but S. texanus can be distinguished readily by the very much smaller size and the brownish forewing without blotchy markings. Genus Pseudomicromus Kriiger Pseudomicromus Kriiger, Stettin Ent. Zeit., vol. 83, p. 172, 1922. This genus, originally raised on the basis of ambiguous venational characters, has been reinstated by genitalic studies (Nakahara, 1960, p. 30). It is separated from other genera of the Micromus group by the paired aedeagus and by the absence of supraedeagal plate in the tenth sternite in the male. The material examined contained all the species that hitherto have been recorded. Pseudomicromus angulatus (Stephens) Hemerobius angulatus Stephens, Illustr. British Ins., vol. 6, p. 106, 1836. South Dakota: Black Hills [A]. Colorado: Steamboat Springs [USNM]. Pseudomicromus variolosus (Hagen) Micromus variolosus Hagen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, p. 284, 1886. California: San Bernardino Mts. [A]. Colorado: Cheyenne Can- yon [USNM]. Arizona: Chiricahua Mts. [A]; Tucson [USNM]. Pseudomicromus subanticus (Walker) Hemerobius subanticus Walker, Neuropt. British Mus., pt. 2, p. 282, 1853. California: Redding [USNM]. Arizona: Chiricahua Mts. [A]. Texas: Brownsville [USNM]. Genus Stenomicromus Kriiger Stenomicromus Kriiger, Stettin Ent. Zeit., vol. 83, p. 171, 1922. The dorsally spine-beset single aedeagus and the huge distal process of the anal plate are diagnostic of this genus. Parameres are separated, connected with each other only by a short bridge near base. The genus consists of the genotype, S. paganus of Europe, and its Nearctic counterpart, S. montanus. Stenomicromus montanus (Hagen) Micromus montanus Hagen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, p. 279, 1886. Alberta: Waterton Lakes National Park [A]. British Columbia: Alaska Highway [A]. Washington: Olympic National Park, Mt. Rainier, and Mt. St. Helena [A]. *Oregon: Wallowa Mts. and Willa- mette National Forest [A]. Colorado: Dream Lake and Glacier Creek in Rocky Mt. National Park, Gothic [A]. California: Castle Crags [A]. 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Genus Ameromicromus Nakahara Ameromicromus Nakahara, Mushi, vol. 34, p. 33, 1960. This genus is endemic in North America, consisting of a single species, A. posticus. It is well characterized by the presence of a large subquadrate supraedeagal plate in the tenth sternite, which covers the aedeagus dorsally like a hood, and by the completely fused parameres, the apical two-thirds of which is in the form of a long pointed process and the basal one-third, in that of a thin blade (Nakahara, 1960, p. 33). Kriiger’s Paramicromus is a homonym. Ameromicromus posticus (Walker) Hemerobius posticus Walker, Neuropt. British Mus., pt. 2, p. 283, 1853. *Washington: St. Andrews Creek, 3800 ft., Mt. Rainier, July 17, 1953, a single male [A]. Genus Hemerobius Linnaeus Hemerobius Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 549, 1758. All but two (A. nigrans and H. alpestris) of the previously recorded species of this genus are represented. There is an additional species in the USNM collection that I am unable to identify. Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 550, 1758. *Alaska: Teller [USNM]. *Washington: Mt. Hood and Merritt [A]. This common Holarctic species, previously recorded from British Columbia, seems to be very rare in western North America. Hemerobius pacificus Banks Hemerobius pacificus Banks, Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 24, 1897. British Columbia: Wellington [USNM]. California: Kings Canyon National Park [A]; Mill Valley, Van Damme State Park, Inverness, Berkeley, Carmel, and San Jacinto Mts. [USNM]. Utah: Plain City and Logan [USNM]. Arizona: White Mts. and Chiricahua Mts. [A]. New Mexico: Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier National Monument. In spite of the great difficulty in distinguishing the female of HT. pacificus from that of H. neadelphus, I referred all the specimens to the former, which show accentuated asymmetry of the apical part of forewing with more pointed apex. Hemerobius neadelphus Gurney Hemerobius neadelphus Gurney, Ann. Ent. Soc. America, vol. 41, p. 214, 1948. British Columbia: Nanaimo and Wellington [USNM]. *Washing- ton: Mt. St. Helena, Olympic National Park, and Mt. Rainier [A]. Oregon: Blue Mts. [A]. California: Lost Creek in Lassen National Park, Hatchet Pass near Burney, King’s Canyon National Park, and HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 213 Sequoia National Park [A]; Mill Valley [USNM]. *Montana: Gallatin City JA]. *Colorado: Bierstadt Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park [A]. *Nevada: Washoe Co., and Kyle Canyon on Mt. Charleston [A]. *Arizona: Chiricahua Mts. [A]. There are over 50 females from various British Columbia, Alberta, California, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming, North Dakota, and Arizona localities that possibly may belong to this species but which I have not been able definitely to distinguish from H. pacificus. As Gurney (1948) stated, there seems to be no dependable differential feature in the female between the two species. On the whole, the forewing seems to be slightly more rounded at apex in H. neadelphus than in H. pacificus. Hemerobius simulans Walker Hemerobius simulans Walker, Neuropt. British Mus., pt. 2, p. 285, 1853. Alaska: Teklanika River in Mt. McKinley Park [A]. British Columbia: Alaska Highway and Kootenay National Park [A]; Wellington [USNM]. *Oregon: Rogue River National Forest, Lang- don Lake in Blue Mts., and Mt. Hood [A]. *California: Castle Lake [USNM]. *Montana: Avalanche Lake in Glacier National Park [A]. *Wyoming: Grand Teton National Park [A]. *Colorado: Clear Creek in Clear Creek Co. Hemerobius ovalis Carpenter Hemerobius ovalis Carpenter, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 74, p. 205, 1940. Alaska: Mt. McKinley National Park [A]. Washington: Mt. St. Helena [A]. Oregon: Rogue River National Forest [A]. California: Lassen National Park [A]. Wyoming: Yellowstone National Park [A]. *Colorado: Bear Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park and Gothic [A]. Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch, Noxious Ins. New York, reports 1 and 2, p. 93, 1856. Alberta: Waterton Lake National Park [A]. Washington: Cle Elum [USNM]. Oregon: Bend, Lostine Valley in Wallowa Mts., Blue Mts., and Rogue River National Forest [A]. California: Yosemite National Park, Tioga Pass in Tuolumne Co., Nordon, and Lake Tahoe [A]; Fort Bragg, Miami Ranger Sta., Smith River, Castle Lake, San Jacinto Mts., Truckee, Keddie, and Nevada City [USNM]. *Montana: Glacier National Park [A]. Idaho: Twin Creek Camp in Salmon National Forest [A]. Wyoming: Teton Co. [USNM]. Colo- rado: Fraser [USNM]; Nymph Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park [A]. New Mexico: Chiricahua Mts. [USNM]. In a recent publication Tjeder (1960) synonymized H. stigmaterus under H. stigma Stephens, believing that the slight deviation in the shape of the median process of the tenth sternite (gonarcus) to be of 734073642 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 no specific value. He did not mention the difference in aedeagus, which to me seems rather important: H. stigma does not show the toothlike lateral expansion near the base that is present in H. stig- materus (see Gurney, 1948, fig. 10, and Nakahara, 1960, fig. 96). The intraspecific range of variability in these structures has not been explored adequately, however, and further studies involving dissection of a large number of specimens seems necessary in establishing this possible synonymy. Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch, Noxious Ins. New York, reports 1 and 2, p. 94, 1856. Alaska: Mt. McKinley Park [A]. *Yukon: Alaska Highway [A]. Alberta: Banff National Park [A]; Mt. St. Piran [USNM]. *Wash- ington: Olympic National Park and Mt. St. Helena [A]. *Oregon: Blue Mountains, Crater Lake, and Wallowa Mts. [A]. *California: Yosemite National Park [A]. *Idaho: Twin Creek Camp in Salmon National Forest [A]. Utah: Uinta Mts. and Cedar Breaks National Monument [A]. *S. Dakota: Black Hills [A]. Colorado: Rocky Mountains National Park, Gothic, Pike National Forest, and Arapaho National Forest [A]. Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 6, p. 85, 1904. *Alaska: Prince of Wales Is. [USNM]. *Alberta: Waterton Lake National Park [A]. Washington: Olympic National Park and Mt. Rainier [A]. *Oregon: Willamette National Forest and Mt. Hood [A]. *Wyoming: Teton Co. [USNM]. Colorado: Newcastle [USNM]. Hemerobius bistrigatus Currie Hemerobius bistrigatus Currie, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 6, p. 79, 1904. British Columbia: Wellington [USNM]. *Washington: Mt. Rai- nier [A]; Baring [USNM]. Oregon: Ochoco Mts. [A]. California: Lake Tahoe and Napa [USNM]. *Montana: Glecier National Park [A]. Hemerobius species Alaska: Anchorage, one female [USNM]. Head, thorax, and abdominal tergites and sternites deep black, with a faint median light-colored streak on notum. Antennae dark brown; basal joint black. Forewing about 7 mm. in length; membrane uni- formly greyish, unmarked except for a dark dot on crossvein m-cu, and a dark longitudinal streak in pterostigmatic region. This may well be a new species. HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 215 Hemerobius dorsatus Banks Hemerobius dorsatus Banks, Canadian Ent., vol. 36, p. 61, 1904. Alaska: Alaska Highway |A]. *Yukon: Alaska Highway [A]. AI- berta: Banff National Park and Jasper National Park [A]; Kannanaskis [USNM]. British Columbia: Alaska Highway [A]. *Oregon: Crater Lake [A]. *Montana: Beaverhead National Forest [A]. *California: Yosemite National Park and Inyo National Forest [A]. Colorado: Rocky Mountain National Park [A]. Genus Brauerobius Kriiger Brauerobius Kriiger, Stettin Ent. Zeit., vol. 83, p. 171, 1922. This genus is characterized by the exceedingly elongated anal plate of the male, which is rounded apically and bears no spinous pro- jection (Nakahara, 1960, p. 50). Internal ventral margin of the plate is beset with numerous denticulate tubercles toward apex. It consists of three species: G. marginatus (Stephens), type species, G. tristriatus (Kuwayama), and G. costalis (Carpenter), the last being the sole Nearctic representative. Brauerobius costalis (Carpenter) Hemerobius costalis Carpenter, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 74, p. 213, 1940. Alaska: Fairbanks [USNM]. British Columbia: Yoho, Banff, and Waterton Lakes National Parks [A]. *Idaho: Boise National Forest [A]. Genus Kimminsia Killington Kimminsia Killington, Monogr. British Neuropt., vol. 2, p. 254, 1937. Eleven species of this genus are recognized in the material before me, and three of them are described as new. These three, though repre- sented by a single specimen each, one unfortunately a female, are of such distinctive characters that I feel entirely safe in naming them. These were all collected by Dr. Alexander. There are three other species of this genus previously recorded from western North America but not found in the material: kK. fumata Carpenter, K. longipennis (Banks), and K. constricta Parfin. Kimminsia disjuncta (Banks) Hemerobius disjuncta Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 25, 1897. Alaska: Matanuska [USNM]. British Columbia: Kaslo [USN M]. Kimminsia coloradensis (Banks) Hemerobius coloradensis Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 26, 1897. Washington: Blue Mts. [USNM]. 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 116 Kimminsia involuta Carpenter Kimminsia involuta Carpenter, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 74, p. 219, 1940. Alaska: Fairbanks [USNM]. British Columbia: Kokanee Mts. [USNM]. Kimminsia brunnea (Banks) Boriomytia brunnea Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. 64, p. 333, 1920. Alaska: Mt. McKinley Park [A]. Alberta: Jasper and Banff Na- tional Parks [A]. Colorado: Head of Elk Creek [USNM]. Kimminsia pretiosa (Banks) Boriomyia praetiosa Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, p. 260, 1908. Colorado: Clear Creek [USNM]. Utah: Uinta Canyon and Lo- gan [USNM]. Kimminsia schwarzi (Banks) Hemerobius schwarzi Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 5, p. 241, 1903. *Alaska: Mt. McKinley Park [A]. California: Yosemite National Park [A]. Arizona: Williams [USNM]. Kimminsia olympica, new species Figure 8; PLATE 1 (FIGURE 3) Holotype o&, Deer Park (5400 ft.), Olympic National Park, Wash- ington, July 17, 1948 (C. P. Alexander). Right forewing (dry) and Gi d é Ficure 3.—Kimminsia olympica new species: a, terminal abdominal segments, lateral view; b, the same, dorsal view; ¢, apical comb of anal plate, internal view; d, tenth sternite, lateral view; ¢, parameres, lateral view. HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 217 dissected parts of genitalia (in balsam) mounted on two slides. USNM type 66176. Face uniformly fuscous brown; vertex with two elongated pale patches divided by median fuscous brown longitudinal stripe; palpi and antennae brownish. Pronotum broadly brownish yellow medi- ally, darker on sides. Mesonotum brownish yellow, fuscous brown on sides. Metanotum almost totally fuscous brown. Abdomen fuscous brown. Legs brownish yellow. Forewing: Length 9.5 mm, width 3.5 mm, rather elongated with rounded apex; longitudinal veins pale with fuscous brown spots and short streaks; inner and outer gradates deeply fuscous and strongly margined with brown; basal crossveins m-cu and cu also fuscous and margined; membrane hyaline, with many small sagittate maculations in discal area; outer and hindmarginal area marked with scattered brownish patches; the markings forming a long brown fascia across the wing over inner gradates, one over the basal crossveins, a short one in hindmarginal area between the two, and a fourth, interrupted fascia over outer gradates. Hindwing hyaline; veins fuscous, except toward base, where they are pale. Male genitalia: Anal plate long and slender, rounded apically, with a stout sharply pointed ventroapical process, which is bent strongly forward and somewhat inward. ‘Tenth sternite rather narrow, dorsal bridge between “wings” short, narrowly produced posteriorly, bearing long and laterally compressed aedeagus over it; ventral process very long and slender. Parameres turned up at both ends, fused in middle; the separated basal parts short, and distal parts very much longer. This species is like Kimminsia fumata, K. constricta, K. pretiosa, and K. schwarzi in having down-curved ventroapical process to anal plate, but the anal plate itself is much longer and more slender in this species, and the process is strongly bent forward and is sharply pointed. It is a rather conspicuous species with maculations roughly forming four transverse bands across the forewing. Kimminsia posticata (Banks) Boriomyia posticata Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 32, p. 39, 1905. *Yukon: Alaska Highway [A]. *California: Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park [A]. Utah: Logan [USNM]. Kimminsia alexanderi, new species Ficure 4; Puare 1 (Fiaure 4) Holotype o, Haines Highway, Alaska, July 5, 1952 (C. P. Alex- ander). Right forewing (dry) and dissected parts of genitalia (in balsam) mounted on two slides. USNM type 66177. Face fuscous brown, with a narrow yellow transverse line along the 218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 116 base of clypeus; vertex yellow; palpi brown; antennae brownish yellow, darker beyond middle. Pronotum brownish yellow, with fuscous-brown longitudinal stripe in middle and on sides; meso- and metanotum broadly yellowish medially, brownish on sides. Legs yellowish. Abdomen yellowish basally, brownish beyond middle. C d e Ficure 4.—Kimminsia alexanderi, new species: a, terminal abdominal segments, lateral view; }, the same, dorsal views; c, apical comb of anal plate, internal view; d, tenth sternite, lateral view; ¢, parameres, lateral view. Forewing: Length 7 mm., width 3 mm.; apex rounded; membrane very slightly smoky, practically immaculate in discal area; outer marginal area down to the end of cubitus with alternate brownish and hyaline small patches; the patches larger in hindmarginal area from Cu; to hindmargin. A rather conspicuous dark-brown spot over the last crossvein of the inner gradate series. Longitudinal veins fuscous, interrupted with short pale streaks; crossveins of the same shade of fuscous. Hindwing slightly smoky with fuscous vena- tion, which is paler toward base. Male genitalia: Anal plate very long and narrow, distally curved roundly downward and then forward; apical part provided with a closely set series of short teeth on ventrolateral margin. Tenth sternite produced posteriorly into a large subtriangular lobe (in dorsal view), ending in a short pointed dorsoapical process; lateral “Wings” broad, with a large lateroposterior process, which ends in inwardly curved obtuse apex. Parameres slender, strongly curved, HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 219 fused in middle and separated proximally and distally; the proximal lobes shorter than distal parts, all sharply pointed at ends. The strongly curved ventroapical process of anal plate in this species reminds one of K. posticata, but anal plate is very much narrower in lateral view and the apical prolongation is only slightly more slender than the body of the plate. This species is very much smaller than K. posticata, and the forewing membrane is uniformly smoky in discal area, maculations being confined to postcubital area. Kimminsia furcata (Banks) Boriomytia furcata Banks, Psyche, vol. 42, p. 55, 1935. Alaska: Toklat River [|USNM], Haines Highway, Mt. McKinley National Park, and Richardson Highway [A]. Alberta: Jasper National Park and Kicking Horse Pass [A]. *British Columbia: Alaska Highway [A]. *Washington: Olympic National Park [A]. California: Yosemite National Park, Tioga Pass in Tuolumne Co. [A]. *Nevada: Lake Tahoe [A]. Colorado: Timber Creek Camp, Cham- bers Lake, and Monarch Pass in Rocky Mt. National Park. [A]. Kimminsia melaleuca, new species Puate 1 (Figure 5) Holotype 9, Alaska Highway, Mile Post 720, Yukon Territory, July 2, 1952 (C. P. Alexander). Right forewing mounted dry on a slide. USNM type 66178. Face shining black, brownish toward anterior margin of clypeus; vertex dull black. Antennae fuscous, almost black. Pronotum black, narrowly margined with brownish yellow anteriorly, with two ill-defined brownish-yellow longitudinal stripes submedially. Meso- notum black, with two brownish-yellow patches lateroposteriorly, each enclosing a short black longitudinal streak. Metanotum and abdomen black. Legs brownish yellow, femur broadly banded with dark brown toward both ends. Forewing: Length 7 mm., width 3 mm., apex rounded. Veins black, interrupted with numerous white spaces; both series of gra- dates deep black, strongly margined with fuscous black, especially the posterior crossveins of the inner series; sagittate maculations of discal area strongly developed and mostly transversely confluent; outer and hindmarginal areas, distal to outer gradates, and behind Cu; decorated with large patches of alternate black and hyaline white. Maculations faint in costal space. Hindwing very distinctly smoky, with fuscous black venation; crossveins in pterostigmatic area conspicuously white. The forewing of this black-bodied species is very striking because of the hyaline spots that appear so white owing to the whiteness of the 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 parts of the veins enclosed, in strong contrast to the deeply fuscous- black markings. An attempt has been made to accommodate the three new species described above in Carpenter’s key (1940, p. 215) and its partial modification by Parfin (1956, pp. 207-208). 10. ie 12. 13. 14. Key to the Nearctic Species of Kimminsia Pronotum with a conspicuous median tan stripe, bordered laterally with dark brown. . . mi, aN JeNROih o.oo nha, ta te Spee ale ae Pronotum without such a rnodinn oe Be Se LO Upper part of frons very dark brown, lower part vellowishe or light Breen with very abrupt transition. ..... . . .. K.coloradensis Banks Frons more uniformly dark brown, or, if the upper ery is darker than the lower, the transition is very gradual. .... ra Forewing with blackish-brown ee at distal m-cu crossvein and from Cu, to hindmargin . . . ik, 20 Gp eee ee Forewing with P eculnt one more Seventy diemibatcal MD ol vat cg Done Oe ere) Forewing nearly uniformly smoky in discal area; small species (forewing CRINING ce he che aes Bete ce ceo eee aieeindect new species Forewing with some sapittate paacuietions in discal area; larger species (forewing 10 mm.) .. . . .. . . K. posticata Banks Anal plate of male with a very dong dgesal process. . . . K. fureata Banks Anal plate of male without dorsal process... . o"pok jae ee Anal plate of male with very long and slender apical praceas thati is terminally expanded... . . . . . . K.subnebulosa (Stephens) Anal plate of male with Shoe apical DIO CESS 14.4 Sp oy ys xl os eo ee Process of anal plate strongly bent forward . . . K. olympica, new species Process of anal plate directed more or less straight downward... .. 8 Process of anal plate short and bent inward. . . . . K. constricta Parfin Process of anal plate moderately long, not bent inward. .......9 Large species (forewing averaging 11 mm.), costal area broad. K. involuta Carpenter Smaller species (forewing averaging 9 mm.), costal area of moderate bregdth ie. feo) . . . . . K. disjuncta (Banks) Face, vertex, and pronotard deep black . . . . K. melaleuca, new species Face, vertex, and pronotum yellowish or light brown. . . «eee Geel Face, vertex, and pronotum with scattered red specks. K. longisennis Banks Face, vertex, and pronotum not so marked ..... a Speen OLS Forewing without maculation. . . . Pao i ere An ie beannea Banks Forewing with conspicuous manouls tones ee Ue ears «peeks Forewing without distinct transverse bands. .... . K. pretioss Banks Forewing with distinct transverse bands. ...... oe ee Mesonotum with dark-brown anterior border. ... . K schwarat Banks Mesonotum uniformly light brown ..... .. . K. fumata Carpenter Genus Wesmaelius Kriiger Wesmaelius Kriiger, Stettin Ent. Zeit., vol. 82, p. 170, 1922. There is a single Nearctic species of this genus. HEMEROBIIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—NAKAHARA 22] Wesmaelius longifrons (Walker) Hemerobius longifrons Walker, Neuropt. British Mus., pt. 2, p. 291, 1853. Oregon: Princess Creek Forest Camp on Odell Lake in Klamath Co. [A]. *Idaho: Twin Creek Camp in Salmon National Forest and Lolo National Forest [A]. *Montana: Glacier National Park [A]. Colorado: Cheyenne Mts. [USNM]. Genus Megalomus Rambur Megalomus Rambur, Hist. Nat. Ins., Neuropt., p. 418, 1842. Only one of the four Nearctic species of this genus is represented. Megalomus moestus Banks Megalomus moestus Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 22, p. 314, 1895. Arizona: Chiricahua Mts. [A and USNM]. Literature Cited Banks, NATHAN 1895. New Neuropteroid insects. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 22, pp. 313-316. 1897. New North American Neuropteroid insects. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, pp. 21-31. 1903. Neuropteroid insects from Arizona. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 5, pp. 237-245. 1904. A list of Neuropteroid insects, exclusive of Odonata, from the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 6, pp. 201- 217. 1904. New species of Hemerobius. Canadian Ent., vol. 36, pp. 61-63. 1904, Neuropteroid insects from New Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 30, pp. 97-110. 1905. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 32, pp. 21-51. 1908. Neuropteroid insects: Notes and descriptions. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 34, pp. 255-267. 1911. Descriptions of new species of North American Neuropteroid insects. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 37, pp. 335-360. 1920. New Neuropteroid insects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll., vol. 64, pp. 299-362. 1935. A few new North American Neuroptera. Psyche, vol. 42, pp. 53-57. CaRPENTER, F. M. 1940. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae, and Dilaridae (Neuroptera). Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 74, pp. 193-280. 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Currie, R. P. 1904. Notes on some Hemerobiidae from Arizona and California. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 6, pp. 79-81. 1904. Hemerobiidae from the Kootenay district of British Columbia. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 6, pp. 81-90. Fircu, Asa 1856. First and second report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the state of New York. Albany, 336 pp. GurnEY, ASHLEY B. 1948. Notes on Nearctic Hemerobiidae, with descriptions of two new species (Neuroptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 41, pp. 213-222. HaGEN, Herman A. 1886. Monograph of the Hemerobiidae. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, pp. 250-292. KiuineTon, F. J. 1937. A monograph of the British Neuroptera, vol. 2, 306 pp. Kricer, L. 1922. Beitrage zu einer Monographie der Neuropteren—Familie der Hemerobiiden. Stettin Ent. Zeit., vol. 83, pp. 188-172. LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1. McLacuuan, R. 1869. New species, ete., of Hemerobiina; with synonymic notes (first series). Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. 6, pp. 21-27. NAKAHARA, WARO 1960. Systematic studies on the Hemerobiidae. Mushi, vol. 34, pp. 1-69. ParFIN, SoPHY 1956. Taxonomic notes on Kimminsia (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 58, pp. 203-209. Ramesour, P. 1842. Histoire naturelle des insectes: Névroptéres. STEPHENS, J. F. 1836. Illustrations of British entomology. Mandibulata, vol. 6. TsEDER, B. 1960. Neuroptera from Newfoundland, Miquelon, and Labrador. Opuscula Ent., vol. 25, pp. 146-149. WALKER, F. 1853. List of the specimens of Neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 2. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE1:1964 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 NAKAHARA—PLATE 1 Xs ms, R > ed ing Sa a + ‘ \ in AN RTA SS “ey 4 abe -_ TOV EVP ELEEB: p97 fe e Forewincs.—1, Sympherobius brunneus, new species; 2, Sympherobius texanus, new species ; 3, Kimminsia olympica, new species; 4, Kimminsia alexanderi, new species; 5, Kimminsia melaleuca, new species. (Relative sizes of wings not shown.) Proceedings of Oo my E-INCR a IRE VIG SEANOL 0. BM “ ’ Se 4 \ the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1965 Number 3504 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE GENUS SPHAEROCERA LATREILLE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE) By O. W. Ricuarps? The latest revision of the American flies of the genus Sphaerocera Latreille (Malloch, 1925) records only one species of this genus from south of Panama: S. flavicoxa Malloch from Brazil and Costa Rica. Malloch records four species (S. flaviceps Malloch, S. pallipes Malloch, S. bimaculata Williston, and S. varipes Malloch) from Central America and the West Indies. Spuler erected a subgenus Parasphaerocera for S. bimaculata Williston that Malloch did not accept because it was founded principally on a color character to which two species, S. annulicornis Malloch and S. pallipes Malloch, though allied to the others, were an exception. In a re-examination of the genus, how- ever, I find that there are four distinct groups, each with four or more species, and it is probably convenient to treat each group as asubgenus. Key to Subgenera of Sphaerocera Latreille 1. Scutellum with, at most, one basal marginal tooth on each side. Mesoscutum with rows of minute bristles. Abdominal sternites nearly always more or less reduced, especially in female. MHindtibia with or without apical SOUTH: jo ATOSG SPs Eo eesti site” chee ae be seta eetecs Oo Goad ee 2 1Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College, Univer- sity of London, England. 223 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Seutellum with six or more denticles along posterior margin. Mesoscutum with rows of warts. Abdominal sternites broad. MHindtibia with apico- ventral spur. Face with central elevation that forms a sharp lower boundary to the antennal foveae. ... Pea 2. Face not elevated below, antennal foveae a tineply Geanedl Abdomen without dorsal pale spots. . . . Subgenus Sphaerocera Latreille 1804, Type by subsequent monotypy, Sphaerocera curvipes Latreille, 1805. (Other species: S. monilis Haliday, 1836; S. flaviceps Malloch, 1925; S. jeanneli Richards 1938; S. wittec Vanschuytbroeck, 1948; S. ruandana Vanschuytbroeck, 1948; S. longipes Richards, 1951.) Face elevated so that the antennal foveae are well defined below by a sharp keel. Abdomen usually with two large whitish spots. Subgenus Parasphaerocera Spuler, 1924 Type by original designation, Sphaerocera bimaculata Williston, 1896. (Other species: S. annulicornis Malloch, 1913; 8. pallipes Malloch, 1914; S. flavicora Malloch, 1925; S. nigrifemur Malloch, 1925; S. varipes Malloch, 1925; S. striata Malloch, 1925; S. galapagensis Curran, 1934; and the new species described below.) 3. Vein My,+. and, to a less extent, Ry; strongly bent forward. Mesoscutum uniformly covered with warts, longitudinal bare lines indistinct or absent. Subgenus Letebia Lioy, 1864 Type by monotypy, Borborus pallidiventris Meigen, 1830. (Other species: Sphaerocera simia Séguy, 1933; S. arcuata Séguy, 1933; S. kivwenis Vanschuytbroeck, 1948; S. ruishuruensis Vanschuytbroeck, 1948; and seven species described by Vanschuytbroeck in 1959.) Veins M,4. and R44; not bent forward. Mesoscutum with rows of warts and wide bare spaces in between some of the rows. Subgenus Ischiolepta Lioy, 1864 Type by monotypy, Borborus denticulatus Meigen, 1830=Sphaerocera nitida Duda, 1923. (Other species: Sphaerocera pusilla (Fallén, 1820); S. scabricula Haliday, 1836; S. vaporariorum Haliday, 1836=S. para- pusilla Duda, 1923; S. orientalis de Meijere, 1908; S. scabra Spuler, 1924; S. janssent Vanschuytbroeck, 1948; S. flava Vanschuytbroeck, 1951; S. dura Vanschuytbroeck, 1959; S. kifaruensis Vanschuytbroeck, 1959; S. crenata (Meigen, 1838)=8S. coronata (Zetterstedt, 1838); S. paracrenata Duda, 1923; S. falcozi Duda, 1921; S. micropyga Duda, 1923. The last four species form a separate subgroup.) Subgenus Parasphaerocera Spuler, 1924 This subgenus appears to be exclusively American and it now appears that the species, though superficially similar to one another, are really very numerous. When I was in Berkeley in 1961, I was able to study a long series of males and females from one locality in Ecuador, a series that was preserved in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS). At first, the series seemed to consist of one species, but more careful study showed that there were three. In order to discover the relationship of these species with the supposedly common Central American species, S. bimaculata Williston, I borrowed all the specimens resembling that species in the collection of the U.S. National Museum (USNM). Through the kind help of Dr. J. F. SPHAEROCERA IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA—RICHARDS 225 Gates Clarke and Mr. Curtis Sabrosky, 27 specimens were sent to me. Careful study showed that 9 species were represented among a random distribution of males and females. Malloch first pointed out that the reduced sternites of this group provide specific characters. It seems that they provide by far the most important characters and require careful study in every form. Unfortunately, the type of reduction seems to be quite different in the two sexes, which are very difficult to associate. In some species the structure of the pro- sternumisaguide. ‘The presence or absence of a minute anteroventral spur on the hindtibia is less useful than Malloch supposed because it may vary in size and, in some species, is difficult to detect. The nomenclature of the parts of the genitalia is the same as in Richards (1961). The new species described below are compared with S. ecuadoria, new species, rather than with S. bimaculata Williston because only in the former is a long series of both sexes available. Single specimens were examined of what appear to be six other species, but their characters are largely minor deviations from those of the species that are described. New Species Allied to Sphaerocera bimaculata Williston Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera) ecucdoria, new species Males and females. Black, dull, mesoscutum and pleuron only slightly more shining; antennae brown; mentum and palpi testaceous; legs pale yellow brown, tarsi and apices of femora slightly darker. Abdomen with two large pale spots. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, venation brown. Length 2.5-3.0 mm. Lower face forming a flat trapeziform plate (fig. 7), coming up to a point between the antennae; area of lunula also raised into a flat triangular plate whose point meets that of the lower face at about the lowest point of the antennal attachment; antennal foveae thus sharply defined by a keel that is especially high internally and ventrally. Buccae not striate except rather indistinctly posteriorly. Arista four times as long as antenna with very short pubescence. Dorsum of head very dull, no proper bristles. Prosternum (fig. 6) in the form of a linear projection, about half as long as width of forecoxae, from the triangular depression in front of the mesosternum. Mesoscutum with some scaly tomentum and four indistinct rows of very short bristles (corresponding approximately to dorsocentrals and acrosti- chals), a few further, more lateral, bristles, irregularly placed. Scu- tellum with a small denticle on each side, where the hindmargin curves around to become transverse, dorsal surface almost bare. Legs thick, especially in the &, o& hindfemur twice as thick as midfemur. Hindtibia with a small black anterior apical spur, shorter than one- 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 quarter the apical width of tibia, spur smaller and paler in the female. Hindbasitarsus longer than the second segment but not as long as 2+3. Abdomen with tergal plates 1+2, 3, and 4, each slightly in- creasing in size; pale spots (fig. 1) caused by desclerotization of cuticle, lying across the boundaries between 1+2=3, and 3=4; anterior spot oval, posterior one pointed laterally, both well separated from the margin. Female with segments after 4 (figs. 2, 3) often retracted but tergite 5 sometimes visible as a narrow transverse plate; sternites (fig. 3) very reduced, 1+2 rather small and transverse, 3 somewhat longer than broad, weakly dumbbell shaped (or in the Chilcales specimen, diamond shaped), 4 very long and narrow, more than four times as long as broad, side margins sinuate; sternite 5 transversely crescentic; spiracles 1-4 in the membrane laterally (1 hard to see and very close to the thorax), 5 in the membrane between the fifth sternite ? and tergite; cerci oval with short bristles. Male with ter- gite 5 relatively large, somewhat better developed on the right, ter- gites 6 and 7 visible on the left side; genitalia (figs. 4, 5) large; ninth segment not emarginate for the reception of the cerci and the anal orifice; cerci loosely attached to the ninth segment, emargination between them shallow, flat bottomed; gonapophyses absent, lateral lobes of forked plate short and broad, lying at the sides of the cerci; forceps long, narrow, pointed, curved upward, yellowish with rather long bristles on the inner sides; aedeagus with a basal stalk that ex- pands distally and is angularly truncate, distally with an apical loop- like sclerite, each side of which is a lateral lobe; sternites 1+-2 (fig. 4) represented by three small plates, the central one transverse and big- ger than the other two; sternite 3 transverse with a moderately long and broad rounded posterior extension; sternite 4 very transverse, narrowed laterally; sternite 5 even more transverse with a central desclerotized area; sternites 3 and 4 with some longish bristles. Ecuador: Los Rios, Pichilingue, elev. 40 m., Feb. 2, 1955, 202 18 (including holotype @ and @ allotype), E. S. Ross and E. I. Schlinger, CAS; further paratypes, Guayas, Naranjal, December 1955, 9, Chilcales, Aug. 1, 1955, 2, R. Levi-Castillo, USNM. Some paratypes in my collection, including 10,1 9, macerated and in alcohol. The females and males are associated because they were the common type in the locality with the same type of prosternum. Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera) trapezina, new species Males and females. Resembles S. ecuadoria, new species, very closely but differs as follows: Size on the average slightly smaller. 2 Young (1921, p. 260) found seven spiracles in Copromyza (=Borborus) equina Fall. I could find only five in C. sordida Zetterstedt, o. SPHAEROCERA IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA—RICHARDS 227 ee ORY OS MM \ 0 Ee o\ ° / Ficures 1-7.—Sphaerocera ecuadoria, new species: 1, Dorsal view, @ abdomen. 2, Dorsal view, 9 abdomen, tergite 5 to end extended. 3, Ventral view, 2 abdomen, distal part extended, spermathecae drawn at sides. 4, Ventral view, co’ abdomen: a, forceps; ), cerci; c, lateral lobe of forked plate. 5, Genitalia, @, from the right: a, forceps; b, cerci; c, lateral lobe of forked plate. 6, Prosternum, o. 7, Facial plate, @. 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Anterior abdominal spot somewhat smaller, separated by half its own width from the margin. Prosternum slightly wider, especially pos- teriorly, and somewhat shorter. Hindtibia with anterior apical spur very minute, almost obsolete. Male genitalia (figs. 8, 9) large, ninth segment feebly emarginate to receive the cerci. Cerci loosely articulated to the ninth segment with a deep U-shaped emargination between them. Lateral lobes of forked plate narrower and more pointed at the apex. Forceps long, narrow, pointed, curved down- ward, pale yellow with denser, shorter bristles. Aedeagus generally similar but basal stalk blunter, apical part produced into a strong proximal angle, lateral lobe less developed. Sternites 1+2 (fig. 8) represented by three small plates, the central one very small, smaller than the other two (sometimes rather longer and more transverse than in fig. 8); sternite 3 trapeziform, posterior extension shorter and wider than in S. ecuadoria; sternite 4 very transverse, not narrowed laterally, sides nearly straight; sternite 5 rather irregular with a considerable central membranous emargination; sternite 3 almost bare, sternite 4 with some long bristles. Female (fig. 10) with sternites 1+2 often represented by a very small transverse sclerite, sometimes absent; sternite 3 usually absent, sometimes represented by a sclero- tized dot; sternite 4 about two and one-half times as long as its greatest width, drop shaped, narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, where it is rounded, exact shape a little variable; sternite 5 transversely crescentic, about as in S. ecuadoria. Ecuador: Los Rios, Pichilingue, elev. 40 m., Feb. 2, 1955, 567, 8 9 (including holotype o and allotype 9), E. S. Ross and E. I. Schlinger, CAS. Paratypes: Ecuador: Los Rios 27 mi. SW. Quevedo, elev. 50 m., Feb. 5, 1955, o’, Ross and Schlinger, CAS; Guayas, Naranjal, December 1955, o’, R. Levi-Castillo, USNM. Some paratypes, including one macerated , are in my collection. Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera) tertia, new species Male. Resembles S. ecuadoria, new species, very closely but differs as follows: Length about 2.6mm. Prosternum slightly wider with indications of a transverse basal piece from which the linear pro- jection arises. Abdominal spots broader and the posterior one also longer, about as S. trapezina. Genitalia (figs. 11, 12) large, ninth segment feebly emarginate for the reception of the cerci; cerci loosely attached to the ninth segment, emargination between them deep and almost V-shaped; basal lobes of forked plate longer and more pointed than in S. ecuadoria; forceps long, narrow, pointed, yellow, curved downward more strongly than in S. trapezina, with numerous setae; aedeagus with a short basal stalk bearing finger-shaped proc- esses on each side, distally with a double lateral lobe on each side and SPHAEROCERA IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA—RICHARDS 229 a looplike apical piece; sternites 1+-2 (fig. 11) represented by three small plates, all about the same size, the central one usually very transverse; sternite 3 angularly dumbbell shaped but narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, the exact size and shape varying very little; sternite 4 very transverse, approximately rectangular, with a few short bristles; sternite 5 irregular, with a central membranous emargination. Ecuador: Los Rios, Pichilingue, elev. 44 m., Feb. 2, 1955, holo- type and paratype, o’, Ross and Schlinger, CAS. Paratypes: Panama Canal Zone: Summit, September 1946, o', N. H. L. Krauss, USNM. Costa Rica: San Mateo, Higuito, co macerated, Pablo Schild, USNM. Mexico: Vera Cruz, Cordoba, Apr. 13, 1908, o, Dr. A. Feynes, USNM. One of the Los Rios specimens is in my collection. Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera) chimborazo, new species Males and females. Generally like S. ecuadoria, new species, but differs as follows: Legs slightly darker though still yellow brown. Size slightly larger, length at least 3.0 mm. Facial plate raised into a convex rounded boss, quite conspicuous in profile. Prosternum consisting of a small posterior triangle, of which the tip is rounded in the female, linear projection scarcely sclerotized. Legs somewhat longer and less thickened, even in the o, hindtibial spur scarcely detectable; o forefemur with a row of short outstanding ventral bristles on proximal half. Abdominal spots somewhat larger. Male genitalia rather large, with tergite in profile somewhat angularly produced, evidently somewhat angularly emarginate, but most of the structures hidden; sternites 1+2 (fig. 13) represented by a single pear-shaped central spot; sternite 3 narrowly rectangular, very slightly widened at each end; sternite 4 generally rectangular, slightly widened posteriorly, about twice as long as broad, produced spout- like beneath the genitalia; sternite 5 hidden. Female with anterior abdominal spot more produced at sides posteriorly than in male; sternite 1+2 (fig. 14) as in a’, sternite 3 not sclerotized, sternite 4 more than twice as long as broad, somewhat narrowed at each end, sternite 5 trapeziform, anterior and posterior margins straight, sides somewhat concave; cerci oval, yellowish, with a moderate dorsal and apical bristle. Ecuador: Chimborazo, Bugna, holotype <, allotype 9, R. Levi- Castillo, USNM type no. 66592. The sexes easily can be associated in this species by the structure of the face and prosternum. 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 116 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerccera) bimaculata Williston Sphaerocera bimaculata Williston, 1896, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 435. This species was described from St. Vincent; two females, both marked as co-types, are in the British Museum collection (BM), together with another female from Grenada. I have no reliable evidence at present that the species occurs elsewhere; all older records from Florida and Central America require confirmation. Female. Close to S. ecuodoria, new species, but differing as follows: Legs uniformly bright yellow brown. Size slightly smaller. Ab- dominal pale spots larger, both wider and longer. Prosternum with a narrow very transverse posterior piece, almost fused with the mesosternum, and a short almost linear anterior process, which in one 9 is hardly sclerotized. Hindtibial spur very small indeed. Hind- basitarsus a fraction larger. Sternites 1+2 (fig. 15) represented by a minute sclerotized point; sternite 3 small, subrectangular, three times as long as broad; sternite 5 subcrescentic; cerci yellow, each with about 6 rather long hairs. Windward Islands: St. Vincent, 2 9 co-types, H. H. Smith; Grenada, Balthazar, 2, H. H. Smith, BM. Among the S. bimaeculata are 1c and 19 (latter headless) also from Balthazar but apparently belonging to Sphaerocera (s.s.) species. The abdomen has no pale spots; the face is partly orange, the antennal foveae rather deep, with a distinct prominence below, on which stands a short but rather stout bristle; ventral hindtibial spur long but weak and rather hairlike. SS. nigrifemur Malloch, 1925 DANE EW Rei ho bis ais ordi Ok ere oe Ned VSS hte Ste tm te MeO ce. Pemmes sink shes 3 Shae UGE RAL 3: SPIES, oO Sternite 4 not transverse, sternite 5 senetaiek: Ninth tergite emarginate, cerci separated by deep V-shaped emargination. Prosternum with small triangular plate with a narrow anterior projection (Ecuador) . . 10 Sternite 4 distinctly transverse. ....... eet Mime Pe: Facial plate raised into a rounded convex boss. Sides 3 parallel sided. S. chimborazo, new species Facial plate flat. Sternite 3 clearly narrowed posteriorly. S. levicastilli, new species Sternite 3 transverse, widely trapeziform with posterior margin slightly concave; sternite 4 about six times as wide as long (Ecuador). S. trapezina, new species PIerNIee SHGt MPARSVGISG .: a unnh aint « sateen istien are wdilenh @ ©. 2 Le Sternites 3 and 4 rectangular (Ecuador) . . . S. transversalis, new species Siernite .o ‘elpariy not rectangular fon 6b see ae we we ews 1 3 §. galapagensis Curran, 1934, runs down in this key to S. varipes Malloch and cannot be distinguished from it by any character mentioned in the description. 240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 13. Sternite 3 trapeziform, about as long as posteriorly broad, sides and pos- terior margin slightly concave (Panama) . . . S.musiphila, new species Sternite 3 broadly subtriangular, rounded Pel gee one-half to one- third as wide as sternite 4..... onc Moh steno aL: ~ Sternite 3 very small, not more than one- eiuener as ane as sternite 4, elongate with concave sides, dumbbell shaped; sternite 4 five or six times as wide as long (Panama, Ecuador). . . . S. tertia, new species 14. Sternite 4 about four times as wide as long; sides of sternite 3 strongly concave, sternite 2 small (Ecuador) . . . . . S.ecuadoria, new species Sternite 4 about two and one-half to three times as wide as long. Sides of sternite 3 Hee concave, sternite 2 much narrower (Panama and Ven- ezuela) . eae : ... . . S§.shannoni, new species 15. Facial plate eh a eae convex boss. Prosternum with a posterior triangular plate and a disconnected linear piece. Posterior pale abdominal spot with a linear extension to the margin. Sternites 1+2 relatively large, sternite 3 not sclerotized, sternite 4 small and elongate, sternite 5 angular, trapeziform (Ecuador) ..... S. paar; new species Facial’ plate flat... . . ‘ se tage eee LO 16. Sternite 3 completely duasleretized: Vatctnite 5 more or less rounded crescentic ... . Sole! vids ua elt cal cameo ae Sternite 3 with a distivet,: even if arial mate are la, vor Gal 1a” Pete rane teneacamtmnLeeS 17. Prosternum anteriorly narrow but not strictly linear. Sternite 4 smaller, clearly narrowed posteriorly; sternites 1+2 a circular dot; sternite 3 absent, or, rarely, represented by a minute sclerotized dot (Panama, Costa Rica, Mexico). ....... .. S.xiphosternum, new species Prosternum with a very transverse posterior sclerotization, anteriorly not visible above surface. Sternite 4 longer and less distinctly narrowed posteriorly; sternites 1+ 2 transverse (Hcuador).S. amphora, new species 18. Sternite 4 long, fully four times as long as broad; sternite 5 rounded cres- centic (Ecuador)... . ... . . §. ecuadoria, new species Sternite 4 not very long, at TGeE fine times as long as\broad (2 22747. yy 19 19. Sternite 2 large, roobin mutans sternite 5 angular, sides straight . . .. .20 Sternite 2 dotlike or, if slightly larger, diamond shaped; sternite 5 rounded GTESCeN ICH. Peat, AE, Sik, PETA Cs al te, care fea stetan le suoe eres Seam Reema 20. Facial plate unusually transverse. Prosternum large subtriangular. Foretibia black. Abdominal pale spots very large. Sternite 4 rectangular with anterior end almost pointed (Panama) . . .S. lepida, new species Facial plate normal as in figure 7. Foretibia pale. Abdominal pale spots smaller than usual. Sternite 4 subrectangular, rounded and somewhat narrowed anteriorly (Panama) .... . .. .S. tramsversa, new species 21. Abdominal pale spots square, very large; tergite 5 divided centrally by a pale line. Sternite 2 diamond shaped, angles pointing anteriorly and posteriorly, nearly as wide as hindfemur; sternite 3 with posterior margin straight, anterior end rounded, not quite as wide as hindtibia; sternite 4 with posterior margin straight, sides considerably convergent anteriorly where it is rounded (Panama). . .... . .. .S. dissecta, new species Abdominal pale spots rounded; tergite 5 not divided by a pale line. Stergite 2 dotlike or rectangular. Prosternum with a short very transverse piece posteriorly and a narrow anterior extension . .......... =.22 SPHAEROCERA IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA—RICHARDS 24] 22. Sternite 3 dotlike, sternite 4 pyriform. Anterior part of prosternum wider. Abdominal pale spot as S. ecuadoria, new species (Ecuador). S. trapezina, new species Sternite 3 small but rectangular, sternite 4 rectangular, nearly three times as long as broad. Abdominal pale spots larger (St. Vincent and Grenada ROW a he bimaeulata, Williston The Association of Acarina with Subgenus Parasphaerocera Four of the males and six of the females of S. (P.) ecuadoria had a large mite hanging beneath the mentum. All the mites were attached with their heads by the foramen of the fly and with their dorsum directed downward. One of the mites was determined by Mr. E. Lindgren as Macrocheles sp. aff. insignitus Berlese. A specimen of S. (P.) xriphosternum from Panama, Albrook Field, had a similar mite on its mentum. Literature Cited Matiocn, J. R. 1913. Description of new species of American flies of the family Bor- boridae. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, no. 1958, pp. 361-372. 1914. A new Borborid (Diptera) from Panama. Ent. News, vol. 25, p. 31. 1925. A synopsis of New World flies of the genus Sphaerocera (Diptera; Borboridae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, pp. 117-123. RicHagps, O. W. 1961. Diptera (Sphaeroceridae) from South Chile. Proce. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, ser. B, vol. 30, pp. 37-68, 13 figs. SpubeR, A. 1924. North American species of the genus Sphaerocera and Aptilotus (Dip- tera-Borboridae). Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 1, pp. 66-77, 4 figs. WILLISTON, S. W. 1896. On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies). Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 253-446. YounG, BENJAMIN P. 1921. Attachment of the abdomen to the thorax in Diptera. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., no. 44, pp. 255-306, illustr. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1965 A woqaaali oo ai | Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION +- WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 116 1965 Number 3505 HERPETOLOGY OF THE ZUNI MOUNTAINS REGION, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO’ By FrepeErIcK R. GEHLBACH? Introduction In decided contrast to the amount of herpetological information available for other southwestern states, relatively little is known about amphibians and reptiles in New Mexico. Several taxonomic papers have dealt with members of the state herpetofauna, but none have treated local distribution and differentiation in detail. It is the intent of this study, and of others in progress, to describe the amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico by natural regions, with the aim of understanding local variation in morphology, distribution, and life history. Field observations and specimens obtained during portions of the summers of 1951, 1954, and 1955 constituted a preliminary survey of amphibian and reptilian species in northwestern New Mexico. Thereafter, emphasis was placed on the Zuni region as a biogeographic unit. Local studies of ecology and assumed gene flow were made 1 Modified from a master’s thesis submitted to Cornell University, 1959. 2 Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas. 243 244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 intermittently during June-September in 1956 and 1957, and during June-August in 1958 and 1959. Additional data on vegetation were recorded in August 1960; a few herpetological specimens were added at this time and in July-August 1961. Altogether, 132 days and nights were spent in the field in the area covered by figure 1. A long history of random herpetological collecting in the Zuni region has preceded these investigations. S. W. Woodhouse, a member of the 1851 Sitgreaves Expedition, first obtained repre- sentatives of the local herpetofauna. Two new species, Tapaya ornatissima (= Phrynosoma douglassi hernandest) and Pityophis affinis (=Pituophis melanoleucus affinis) were described from among his specimens. Personnel associated with the United States Army at Fort Wingate, the U.S. Biological Survey, and various U.S. railway and army explorations west of the one-hundredth meridian, especially V. Bailey, E. A. Goldman, H. W. Henshaw, C. G. Newberry, and R. W. Shufeldt, contributed specimens prior to 1910. This histori- cally important material is housed in the U.S. National Museum. EK. T. Hooper and W. L. Chenoweth collected amphibians and reptiles in 1939 and 1949-1951 respectively; their specimens and my own have been deposited in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, and the Cornell University herpetological collection. Aspects of this study were discussed with several persons, especially Bruce B. Collette, Norman Hartweg, Charles F. Walker, and Thomas M. Uzzell, Jr. William J. Hamilton, Jr., at Cornell University and Norman Hartweg and Charles F. Walker at the University of Michigan greatly facilitated my research. William L. Chenoweth, Hillis L. Howie, and Rossiter D. Olmstead were contributors to success in the field. Edward C. Raney provided the opportunity for a trip to the U.S. National Museum, where Doris M. Cochran aided my quest for specimens and historical data. Stanwyn G. Shetler identified certain plants. My wife, Nancy Y. Gehlbach, helped with vegeta- tional analyses and typed the manuscript. A Sigma Xi grant-in-aid for research made part of the 1958 field work possible. The following loaned specimens or provided specific information about them: Curtis Allen, James D. Anderson, Ralph W. Axtell, W. Frank Blair, J. Roger Bider, Charles M. Bogert, James E. Béhlke, Bryce C. Brown, William G. Degenhardt, Floyd L. Downs, William E. Duellman, James 8S. Findley, Joe Gorman, Michael Hays, Arthur H. Harris, Norman Hartweg, Robert F. Inger, Clyde J. Jones, Laurence M. Klauber, John M. Legler, Paul Licht, Edmond V. Malnate, T. Paul Maslin, Samuel B. McDowell, Robert R. Miller, Jon A. Peterson, Paul W. Parmalee, Jay M. Sheppard, Hobart M. Smith, Wilmer W. Tanner, Robert W. Risebrough, Robert C. Stebbins, David A. West, Ernest E. Williams, Kenneth L. Williams, and Richard G. Zweifel. HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 245 I am very grateful to each of the above persons and institutions. I am equally indebted to the Prairie Trekers, whose efforts in my behalf produced many specimens and much inspiration; I dedicate this paper to them. Physical and Climatic Environments The study area, referred to as the Zuni region or Zunis, includes most of McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico (fig. 1). It is situated in portions of both Datil and Navajo Sections of the Colorado Plateau at the southeastern extremity of this physiographic province (Hunt, 1956, fig. 1). Elevations range from 5794 to 11,389 feet. The diverse topography and semiarid climate, with their attendant effects on vegetation, greatly influence herpetofaunal distribution. Topography Most spacious of the various topographical features are the Zuni Mountains, a domal uplift approximately 25 miles wide and 70 miles long, lying northwest by southeast near the southeastern edge of the Colorado Plateau. Strata surrounding the dome are gently sloping Pennsylvanian through Cretaceous formations, mostly sand- stones (Fenneman, 1931, pp. 217-319). Rock outcrops are exposed in canyons, mesas, and the great retreating cliffs characteristic of Colorado Plateau topography. These major erosional features probably were formed no earlier than the Miocene and, along with the entire Plateau, have been uplifted in Pliocene and Pleistocene times (Hunt, 1956). The summit of Mount Sedgwick at 9156 feet is the highest point above the basal plain, which averages 7000 feet. Running along Oso Ridge, the Continental Divide separates the Zuni Mountains almost equally into eastern and western watersheds. The former is partly drained by Azul and Bluewater Creeks, which flow into the Rio San Jose and ultimately into the Rio Grande. The latter is drained by the Rio Puerco (this name is also given to a stream of the Rio Grande basin), Rio Nutria, and Zuni River, which empty into the Little Colorado River. All streams, except the headwaters of the Zuni, are intermittent, and steady flow occurs only during the summer period of heaviest precipitation. Bluewater Lake and Ramah Reservoir are relatively permanent man-made features. Between the Zuni Mountains and other structural upwarps are broad, open valleys such as the Gallup-Zuni Basin. The strata of this basin slope gently westward from the Zuni Mountains, decreasing from 8000 feet to 6500 feet toward the mouth of the Zuni River. Such features give the region its continuous yet vertically diverse aspect. To the north, gently undulating topography of the Navajo 116 VOL. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 246 (‘deur Josul ay} Aq uMOYS SI ODIXIT/ MON UY UOTsaI dy2 Jo uoTIsog *pajddiqs ose soinqeay s1ydessodo} Joyo ‘soul] jeucseIp Aq pozeoIpul ole spoq wav] sole) *ZS6] ‘sqvyO [eolneuoloy sejsnoq pue anbsanbnqyy ‘Adaing dapoayH pur 3svoD *S*f-) 94} WoIy poydepe ‘uoIses sulejUNOP] luNZ—*] AUN Siw eyNyOYS JOALY 1UNZ WA £% WnZ oo’ Ne yOu xODIG w \ sBuiuds uocjxog @ 173 f ce 4noyoo7 yO q aula ¥ Mima A ~-.. Sy } OVPNUOW © nie Be ooueng oly FORD: =— gf Ms - 49 yulodumosg @ HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 247 Section continues into the San Juan Basin. On the south the Zunis and North Plains of the Datil Section are replaced by the San Augus- tine Plains and rugged montane highlands associated with the Basin and Range physiographic province. East of the Zuni Mountains, Mount Taylor, an 11,389 foot Miocene volcano, dominates the area of eroded, basalt-capped mesas known collectively as the San Mateo Mountains (not to be confused with an uplift of the same name in Socorro County). Mesa Chivato is the northeastern extension of this highland mass, which is approximately 15 by 35 miles in extent. Its slopes are drained by the Rio San Jose and Chico Arroyo and drop to 5794 feet at Laguna on the eastern end of the study area. This is about the southeastern boundary of the Colorado Plateau as marked by the westernmost faults of the Rio Grande (Hunt, 1956, p. 6). Extensive lava beds or malpais, derived in part from Mount Taylor, are most conspicuous south of Grants. They stretch 30 miles on a southwesterly-northeasterly axis and are surrounded by a relatively flat plain several feet lower than the overrun lava. Cinder cones border the main malpais, which ranges from 8308 feet at the top of Flagpole Crater to 6200 feet near McCarteys. Much soil has ac- cumulated where the lava is relatively smooth, as in the vicinity of El Morro National Monument and Cebolleta Mesa. This basalt is probably of late Miocene origin, whereas rough, broken malpais along the Rio San Jose near Grants is of Pleistocene derivation (Hunt, 1956, pp. 46, 53). The McCarteys lava may be less than 1200 years old (Nichols, 1946, p. 1049). North of Bluewater another small malpais lies isolated on the Cretaceous plain and, near it, numerous volcanic necks stud the landscape. Climate The Zunis are characterized by a semiarid-mesothermal climatic regime with a P—E Index of 16-32 (Thornthwaite, 1931). It may be seen that local moisture conditions are allied closely with elevation and exposure (fig. 2). Prevailing air currents are southwesterly. Below 8000 feet average annual precipitation values are 13 inches on the southwest and 10 on the northeast; above 8000 feet, 20 inches is the average annual value (U.S. Dept. Comm., 1945-1957). The period of greatest rainfall occurs from July through September. Short, heavy thundershowers are then common and often result in flash floods. Heavy winter snows usually are limited to the elevations above 8000 feet. Pearson (1931, table 14) has assembled annual mean precipitation data for various plant zones in Arizona and New Mexico. They range from 11 inches in the grasslands and 16 in pinyon-juniper YAS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 116 woodlands to 21 in ponderosa pine and 22 in Douglas fir zones. The evaporative effect of winds, however, limits mesophytic vegetation on exposed slopes so that correlations between precipitation and elevation are often spurious for indexing vegetational distribution. 80 70 60 ui °o 3 a ~--~SAN FIDEL 6100 ft ea 50 S . =) E —EL MORRO 7218 ft. = — nr. McGAFFY 8200 ft. Es s 40 LJ kK 30 20 ec 6 |.O 1.4 1.8 Zxe 2.6 3:0 PRECIPITATION inches Ficure 2.—Climatograph of three weather stations in the Zuni region. (Plotted points are mean monthly temperatures and precipitation; months are indicated by numbers. Data compiled from U.S. Department of Commerce climatological summaries for New Mexico, 1945-1957.) Air temperatures generally fall with increasing elevation, the annual fluctuation being equally great at all stations (fig. 2). The number of days between 32° F. extremes is 123-194 (X 162) below 7000 feet, 72-148 (120) above 7000 feet (U.S. Dept. Comm., 1945-1957). Daily temperature variation is also considerable (table 1). Pearson (1931, tables 3, 4) calculated June-September maximum and mini- mum temperatures in New Mexico and Arizona as follows: 90, 55 (°F) in the grassland zone; 83, 52, pinyon-juniper woodland; 79, 46, ponderosa pine zone; and 74, 40, in the Douglas fir zone. Hooper HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH YAO (1941, table 1) and Lindsey (1951, table 1) have presented other temperature data for the Zuni region. TaBLE 1.—Temperature and humidity in the pinyon-juniper-ponderosa pine ecotone, 7200 feet, Cottonwood Gulch, McKinley County, New Mexico Deena eee SS Measurement 1959 Value Avg. max. temp. July 1-31 93° F. August 1-20 87 Avg. min. temp. July 1-31 51 August 1—20 47 Max. temp. July 3 98 Min. temp. July 3 38 Avg. rel. humidity 7:00 A.M. July 1-August 10 56% 1:00 P.M. July 1-August 10 29% Deen Ecological Distribution Included in the Navahonian biotic province of Dice (1943), the Zuni region contains Plains, Roughlands, and Montane Life Belts. While these biogeographic units vary with ecologic succession and exposure, they may be employed to describe elevational distribution of amphibians and reptiles. Within each life belt, the characteriza- tion of vegetational associations and substrate conditions will further delimit herpetofaunal range. No attempt at complete vegetational analysis is made here; only the relative positions of certain aspect dominants, important in providing cover, are described. The life belts and associations are both vertically and horizontally discon- tinuous, becoming increasingly mesophytie with ascending elevation. Plains Life Belt This lowermost unit extends in patchwork fashion from 5794 feet at the eastern end of the study area to approximately 7200 feet on the lava beds near El Morro. Shrub cover is relatively sparse except in the vicinity of arroyos and around rock outcrops and mesas. The soil may consist of loose sand or clay with little rock or restricted areas of gravel and rubble. At the edges of the Zuni and San Mateo Mountains this life belt is broken by mesas included in the Rough- lands Life Belt and by malpais. Part of Bailey’s (1913, pp. 25-41) Upper Sonoran Zone, the mixed grasslands of Castetter (1956), the basin sagebrush and short-grass plains of Clements (1920, pp. 139- 144, 156, 160); and Pearson’s (1931) grassland zone are included in the Plains Life Belt. 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Eight (27 percent) of the 30 species of amphibians and reptiles recorded from the Zuni region are, so far as known, restricted to this belt. They are Scaphiopus intermontanus, Scaphiopus bombifrons, Bufo punctatus, Uta stansburiana, Holbrookia maculata, Thamnophis dorsalis, Masticophis flagellum, and Crotalus atrox. Certain other species, especially Sceloporus graciosus, Humeces obsoletus, Pituophis melanoleucus, and Crotalus viridis, appear to reach their maximum abundance here. For the most part, the Plains Life Belt is characterized by the short-grass or mixed-grass association in which blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) is dominant or codominant with such other grasses as hairy grama (B. hirsuta) and galleta (Hilaria jamesi) (pl. 1A). Holbrookia maculata usually is found where shrub cover is sparse and composed of rabbitbush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), or narrow-leaved yucca (Yucca glauca). Reptile life is more varied in somewhat heavier cover, as in the saltbush-sage association dominated by shadscale saltbush (Atripler canescens), spiny saltbush (A. confertifolia), or big sagebrush (Artemisia triden- tata). Sceloporus graciosus is limited primarily to this vegetational type. Crotalus atrox seems similarly limited to the cholla-juniper association dominated by cholla cactus (Opuntia imbricata) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma). Between elevations of 6500 and 7200 feet there may be an ecotone or a broad continuum between Plains and Roughlands Life Belts marked by an increased number of one-seed junipers and various taller shrubs such as mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). Pinyons (Pinus edulus) may be present. The widespread continuum could, in part, be caused by excessive grazing (Castetter, 1956, p. 272). Eumeces obsoletus occurs here as do most other Plains species that range into the Roughlands. Rock-strewn arroyos also permit species like Crotaphytus collaris and Masticophis taeniatus to bridge the ecological gap between the two life belts. Roughlands Life Belt The Roughlands Life Belt comprises rocky uplands from around 6800 feet to at least 8000 feet. Its outside elevational limits are influenced by the presence of rocky soil combined with the effects of less moisture at lower elevations and lower temperatures in Montane environments (see Castetter, 1956, p. 271). Vegetative cover is much thicker than on the plains, and outcropping sedimentary strata produce boulder piles and talus slopes, thus providing additional retreats for secretive species. This life belt includes the upper part of Bailey’s (1913, pp. 25-46) Upper Sonoran Zone and lower limits of his Tran- HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 251 sition Zone in addition to the woodland biome of Castetter (1956), pinyon-cedar woodland and petran chaparral of Clements (1920, pp. 183-187, 197-199), and pinyon-juniper and lower ponderosa pine zones of Pearson (1931). Two species, Diadophis punctatus and Salvadora grahamiae, pres- ently are known only from this life belt but probably are more widely distributed. Ambystoma tigrinum, Scaphiopus hammondi, Bufo woodhousei, Rana pipiens, Hyla arenicolor, Phrynosoma douglassi, Sceloporus undulatus, Urosaurus ornatus, Humeces multivirgatus, Cnemidophorus velox, and Thamnophis elegans reach their greatest abundance here. Other, rarer species, such as Hypsiglena torquata and Crotalus molossus, may be centered in the Roughlands Life Belt. Dominated by pinyons, one-seed junipers, alligator junipers (Juni- perus deppeana), and Rocky Mountains junipers (J. scopulorum), the pinyon-juniper association is the most widespread vegetational type (pl. 1B). Shrub cover is relatively sparse but consists of aspect dominants similar to those of the oak-mahogany association de- scribed below. Amphibians and reptiles such as Scaphiopus ham- mondi, Phrynosoma douglassi, and Cnemidophorus velox are more abundant where the pinyon-juniper resembles a rocky savanna. Openings in the savanna often are occupied by saltbush and occa- sionally extensive stands of big sagebrush. If large boulders are present, as on hillsides and mesa edges, Crotaphytus collaris and Urosaurus ornatus are typically present. The oak-mahogany association is composed largely of Gambel oak (Quercus gambeli) and mountain mahogany. Below approximately 7000 feet, wavyleaf oak (Q. undulata) may replace Gambel oak. Shrubs like gooseberry (Ribes sp.), skunkbush (Rhus trilobata), and datil (Yucca baccata) are present in varying numbers. ‘This associa- tion occupies canyon sides and may replace the pinyon-juniper or ponderosa pine where timber is cut. Marked by heavier, more mesic cover, it shelters Bufo woodhousei, Humeces multivirgatus, and some adults of Ambystoma tigrinum. It is distinct from the riparian associ- ation of canyon bottoms that is dominated by the narrowleaf cotton- wood (Populus angustifolia) and various willows (Salix spp.) (pl. 1B). Hyla arenicolor, Rana pipiens, and Thamnophis elegans are more or less limited to the vicinity of streams and ephemeral ponds resulting from stream subsidence in the riparian association. Transition from pinyon-juniper woodland into the Montane Life Belt often is gradual, especially on the north side of the Zuni Moun- tains and on Mount Taylor. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) occurs in a few, relatively pure stands as low as 7200 feet. In the ponderosa pine association, mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia montana) may be the predominant ground cover. Pituophis melanoleucus and 252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Crotalus viridis were collected here as were representatives of all species found to be more abundant in pinyon-juniper, oak-mohagany, and riparian associations. Montane Life Belt The heavy cover characteristic of this uppermost life belt prevails above approximately 7800 feet; lower limits may be found in sheltered canyons and on north-facing slopes, where exposure is a restricting factor. The ponderosa pine association marks the lower boundary and may include Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesi) in cooler situa- tions. Upper limits are best developed on the higher peaks, where the spruce-fir association includes Engelmann spruce (Picea engel- manni) and Douglas fir along with alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and other conifers (pl. 1C). With the exception of parks and the limited alpine tundra association on Mount Taylor, vegetation is usually too thick to permit much heating of the substrate. The soil is composed of humus covered by conifer needles. Bailey’s (1913, pp. 41-51) Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian Life Zones are included in this belt as are the coniferous forest and petran alpine biomes of Castetter (1956), petran montane and subalpine forests of Clements (1920, pp. 207-210, 224-226), and Pearson’s (1931) ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, and Englemann spruce zones. No reptiles or amphibians are restricted to this belt and none appear to reach their maximum abundance here. While 14 species were collected in montane associations, all of the reptiles except Thamnophis elegans came from logged-off areas or rocky openings in ponderosa pine and spruce-fir associations. Rana pipiens, Bufo woodhousei, and Hyla arenicolor, among others, follow the riparian association that also penetrates the Montane Life Belt. Ambystoma tigrinum, Pseudacris triservata, Humeces multiwirgatus, Phrynosoma douglassi, and J. elegans were found in parks or stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) (pl. 1C). Only P. douglassi was taken in the alpine tundra association, which has no arboreal vegetation. Recent Environmental Changes There is little doubt that the Zuni region has suffered considerable modification within the past hundred years. The impact of man is superimposed on a record of continuous climatic change. Drought reduced the water supply and, coupled with grazing pressure, has eliminated much of the original grassland (Castetter, 1956, pp. 269, 272). Statements on the former abundance of grass were made by Bigelow (1856, p. 6), Whipple (1856, p. 62), and many others. Roth- rock (1875, p. 120) described open parklike stands of ponderosa pine HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 253 with good forage at about 8000 feet near Ft. Wingate and noted that fir covered surrounding hillsides. Woodlands are now much thicker in some places and thinner or nonexistant in others because of grazing and logging, respectively (Castetter, 1956, pp. 272, 277). Correlated changes in herpetofaunal distribution may be surmized. Surface water was more abundant prior to the twentieth century. Whipple (1856, pp. 14, 63) noted that the Zuni Indians cultivated without irrigation and described Agua Fria as a permanent spring. Kennerly (1856, pp. 9-10) observed the Zuni River as a small, clear stream in which fishes were secured at several localities. He also noted maay frogs along the Rio Pescado in November. Coues (1875, pp. 614-615) found Thamnophis elegans in the Zuni River, “wherever this stream spread into sluggish lagoons.”? While seasonal changes influenced differences of opinion as to the abundance of water (e.g., in September, Sitgreaves, 1854, p. 5, described the Zuni River as a mere rivulet), it is noteworthy that Agua Fria and the lower Rio Pescado and Zuni are presently intermittent. Zuni Indians now irrigate; streams in the vicinity of their pueblo are extensively controlled. As suggested by extensive arroyo cutting, which began in the late 1880’s (Bryan, 1925, 1928), drought may account for the disappear- ance of surface water not purposely diverted by man. When this study was initiated, the Zuni region, indeed the entire Southwest, was in the midst of severe drought. Breeding amphibians were not collected until July 1954 and remained uncommon until 1957. Diado- phis punctatus was not discovered at a previously worked locality (Cottonwood Gulch) until August 1959. The drought ended locally in 1957 when the Colorado Plateau Section of New Mexico received 146 percent of average annual moisture (U.S. Dept. Comm., 1945- 1957). Profound changes in the neighboring Texas herpetofauna were linked to this drought (Blair, 1957; Milstead, 1960). In 1960 the Bureau of Sport Fisheries exterminated all native aquatic organisms in the upper Zuni River (R. R. Miller, in litt.). Not a single aquatic animal depending on dissolved oxygen was left; an apparently undescribed fish, genus Pantosteus, was among the forms eliminated. Such wanton destruction probably will continue as the human population continues to increase. Grants experienced a 354 percent rise in population between 1950 and 1960 (Grants Cham- ber of Commerce, in litt.). Fortunately, however, small portions of Zuni grassland and pinyon-juniper association are preserved in E] Morro National Monument and hopefully will be preserved in the proposed Manuelito National Monument. 254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Lava In contrast to numerous investigations of coloration in lavicolous mammals, relatively few workers have shown similar interest in lava-dwelling amphibians and reptiles. Lewis (1949; 1951), Norris (1958, p. 270), and Lawrence and Wilhoft (1958) have demonstrated, however, the presence of abnormally dark reptiles on southwestern lava flows. Apparently selection favoring procrypsis is operating in these environments. Tertiary lava beds in the Zuni region were described adequately by Hooper (1941) and Lindsey (1951). Hooper found that mammals restricted to the malpais had not developed dark races there. With the exception of Uta stansburiana, Sceloporus graciosus, Masticophis flagellum, and Crotalus atroz, the species characteristic of the Plains Life Belt occasionally were taken on soil-covered lava. This substrate, widespread near El Morro and Cebolleta Mesa, pre- sents an appearance similar to the short-grass association except that it is generally higher in elevation (see Lindsey, 1951, figs. 10, 11). The Grants lava flow, on the other hand, is rough and relatively unweathered, with less soil accumulation (see Hooper, 1941, pl. 2). Crotaphytus collaris, Sceloporus undulatus, Urosaurus ornatus, Humeces obsoletus, Thamnophis elegans, Pituophis melanoleucus, and Crotalus viridis were collected or observed on the rougher malpais. Only C. collaris, U. ornatus, and Scaphiopus hammondi show evidence of unusually dark coloration. The latter two species are predominantly dark gray with little trace of the usual patterned dorsum. Because local populations of these species tend to resemble substrate color to a remarkable extent, it appears unlikely that the dark, lavicolous individuals represent unique variation. Lewis (1951) found dark U. ornatus in southern New Mexico. Three adults of C. collaris are patterned but are quite dark in general coloration. This is the usual situation on New Mexico lava flows (Fitch, 1956a, p. 223). Numbers of lavicolous reptiles and amphibians were not large. While the rubble of broken lava offers uncountable hiding places, the presence of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir, postclimax to adjacent nonlava vegetation (Lindsey, 1951, p. 220), may limit the ranges of Plains species on such a substrate. Sections of sparsely vegetated malpais dominated by apache plume (Fallugia paradoza) held the most reptiles, but there appeared to be easy access to and from the lava margins, with the possibility of strong immigration pressure from contiguous grassland supporting larger populations of several species. Gene flow may thus reduce the effectiveness of local selective pres- sures. Marginal habitats, relative accessibility, and geologic re- cency of the Grants malpais undoubtedly account for the fact that no indigenous dark races have developed there. HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 255 Vertical Distribution In comparison with the Guadalupe Mountains, a region of about equal size and vertical range in southeastern New Mexico, it is evident that Zuni environmental diversity exceeds the diversity of the Zuni herpetofauna. Only 7 (33 percent) of 21 Zuni genera contain more than one species whereas 17 (41 percent) of 42 genera in the Guada- lupes have two or more species (Gehlbach, in ms.). Sixty-five am- phibians and reptiles currently are recorded in the Guadalupe region; only 30 definitely are known in the Zunis. This relative paucity may be influenced directly by the high elevations and climatic extremes. With increasing elevation there is a decline in the number of species (fig. 3). Such forms as Scaphiopus bombifrons, Eumeces obsoletus, and Crotalus molossus, near the boundary of their range in the Zunis, are restricted locally in contrast to their greater vertical distributions elsewhere. Vertical transects from Thoreau, McKinley County, south to Cottonwood Gulch, thence to Lookout Mountain and El Morro, Valencia County (7000-9100 feet), and from Grants to Mount Taylor, Valencia County (6400-11,389 feet), were repeated in several sum- mers (fig. 1). These, the locality records, and miscellaneous observa- tions demonstrate that no two morphologically related species have precisely the same vertical range or relative abundance (fig. 3). This displacement pattern is especially apparent within genera but also occurs between genera if species possess similar habits (e.g., between Holbrookia maculata and Phrynosoma douglassi, or between Masticophis taeniatus and Pituophis melanoleucus). Axtell (1959, table 1) and Lowe and Zweifel (1952, fig. 4) have diagramed similar patterns in west Texas and central New Mexico respectively. The probability that two species will not be equally efficient in the same environment has been discussed by many biologists (e.g., Lack, 1949; Hutchinson, 1957). Ecological differences were observed most readily among the Zuni lizards (table 2). Since similar differences have been correlated with morphological variation (Collette, 1961; Lundelius, 1957) and thermo- regulation (Bogert, 1949; Fitch, 1956b), the presence or absence of such correlations may help to elucidate local ecological segregation. Sceloporus undulatus, S. graciosus, Urosaurus ornatus, Phrynosoma douglassi, Humeces multivirgatus, and Cnemidophorus velox are of similar size; hence, presumably they are able to capture similar-sized prey. Attention is focused on these species with particular reference to the number of lamellae as an index to climbing ability (Collette, 1961). Of the iguanids, U. ornatus shows the greatest climbing propensities and has the most lamellae in proportion to size (cf. table 2; fig. 4). 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Se00 rs 66 Oe Wet 1 Ge 86 9000 Ambystoma tigrinum SL ee Scaphiopus hammondi Hyla arenicolor Se ee Rana pipiens Bufo woodhousei Crotaphytus collaris Holbrookia maculata 11,300 Phrynosoma douglassi Sceloporus graciosus Sceloporus undulatus Urosaurus ornatus Eumeces multivirgatus | Eumeces obsoletus ——————— Cnemidophorus velox Masticophis taeniatus a eRe Pituophis melanoleucus Se Thamnophis elegans nena nee Crotalus atrox Crotalus viridis | | | | | | | | | 5800 "62°66" 870) 744 7/8> «82; 2466-3000 ELEVATION -feet Ficure 3.—Schematic vertical distribution and relative abundance of some amphibians and reptiles in the Zuni region. (The horizontal line indicates marginal occurrence; the widest part of each polygon is the approximate elevation of greatest abundance irrespec- tive of habitat considerations noted in the text.) HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 257 Its elevational range is about equal to that of S. undulatus, but the two species are separated ecologically in all life belts. As suggested by its fewer lamellae, S. undulatus is primarily terrestrial, while U. ornatus is distinctly scansorial and saxicolous. At the same locality S. undulatus is found on the ground or on fallen or leaning tree trunks (rarely on vertical trunks), and U. ornatus inhabits rock outcrops, boulder piles, and cliffs. U. ornatus maintains body temperatures that are two to three degrees higher than S. undulatus or S. graciosus (P. Licht, in litt.). It frequents situations with greater exposure (table 2). TABLE 2.—WNiche relationships of adult lizards in the Zuni region (species are arranged from most scansorial to most terrestrial, top to bottom of table) Shade Partial shade Sun Urosaurus ornatus Sceloporus undulatus Crotaphytus collaris Sceloporus graciosus Cnemidophorus velos Ewmeces obsoletus Holbrookia maculata Eumeces multivirgatus Phrynosoma douglasst S. graciosus also is predominantly terrestrial and does not occur in ecological sympatry with U. ornatus. It has more lamellae than S. undulatus and fewer than U. ornatus; its vertical range and center of abundance are quite different (fig. 3). S. graciosus was found only in the vicinity of big sagebrush or saltbush on loose soil. In contrast, S. undulatus rarely was seen on such a substrate and was taken commonly on hard-packed clay or broken sandstone in the pinyon-juniper savanna. While these edaphic factors may separate partially the two species of Sceloporus, marked terrestrialism in S. graciosus belies the obvious adaptive significance of having more lamellae. This character actually may have little to do with local ecological segregation, or it could permit more effective locomotion on loose soils. P. douglassi has the lowest lamellae count among the iguanids con- sidered here and is characteristically the most terrestrial (table 2; fig. 4). Although the two species of Sceloporus sometimes climb in rock- piles, bushes, and trees, P. douglassi was never observed off the ground. It has the greatest elevational range of any species in the Zunis and is more sedentary in habit and more abundant above 7200 feet (fig. 3). The vertical distribution and lamellae count of EL. multivirgatus are most like those of P. douglassi; however, this skink typically inhabits dense vegetative cover (table 2). Bogert (1949) and Fitch (1956b) have shown that low body temperatures are more typical of Humeces than either Sceloporus or Cnemidophorus. 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 The very high lamellae count of C. velox apparently is unrelated to scansorial ability, for this teiid rarely climbs. Instead, might the lamellae count be correlated with a longer toe, as Hecht (1952, p. 116) has suggested in other lizards? ‘The number of lamellae cannot be used as an index of relative climbing ability here; its inapplicability 90 € £ 80 ae ke oO tO pal ' z LJ = 60} = =a) Oo Ze “ 50} 40; uO: civolGis ov2On 21025 od) 2SOl eS LAMELLAE Ficure 4.—Relationship of the number of fourth-toe lamellae to snout-vent length in adults of some Zuni lizards. (Outside limits of the plotted points are joined to form polygons representing each species. Means are indicated by position of the symbols.) HB Phrynosoma douglassi X Sceloporus graciosus A Eumeces multivirgatus @ Urosaurus ornatus A Sceloporus undulatus © Cnemidophorus velox with respect to the observed intergeneric differences is apparent (fig. 4). Ecological separation is indicated, however; C. velox in- habits areas of greater insolation than the other nonclimbing species (table 2). Its congeners maintain much higher body temperatures than the other genera studied (Bogert, 1949; Fitch, 1956b). PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 GEHLBACH—PLATE 1 A, Short-grass association of the Plains Life Belt near Laguna, Valencia County, New Mexico, ca. 5700 feet, June 1957; B, Roughlands Life Belt at Cottonwood Gulch, McKinley County, New Mexico, ca. 7200 feet, June 1957 (the hillside supports pinyon- juniper association with riparian association on the right); C, Montane Life Belt at Ojo Redondo, Valencia County, New Mexico, ca. 8600 feet, July 1954 (a natural park in the foreground is surrounded by spruce-fir association perforated by aspen stands). GEHLBACH—PLATE 2 116 PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. I8 ‘opeuloy ynpe “COSOZI ZINWN jo ulnsilop ) ‘]UdA-jnNOUS “WU AS ‘ole NOM ‘JUdA-]NOUS “uu COL “oT eu qyupe ‘IOSOZI ZINWO jo uinslop ‘ulaqjied pee [nonear moles YIM “uaA-jnoUS “WUT 09 “‘ynpeqns ‘“COSOZI ZININA JO wnsiop ‘@ 1s10ds MOT[OA UIIM uaA-InoUsS ‘wut wo} qpnpe “SOSOZI ZINN] JO Jequea ‘gq fsqods MO][OA . V :UOIBO1 Tun? oy} wolf wnsojngeu WNU1G 1) puojskquepy PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 116 GEHLBACH—PLATE 3 +t tee skype ene, aor eee ye A. Ontogenetic series of Cnemidophorus velox (UMMZ 120288-89, 120309) from the Zuni region: snout-vent lengths from left to right are 80, 70, 61, and 36 mm.; note the absence of spots, also the complete middorsal light stripe on the left followed by a specimen lacking this stripe and two with incomplete stripes. B, Ontogenetic series of Cnemidophorus exsanguis (UMMZ 79212, 15052. 102729-30) from Grant County, New Mexico: snout-vent lengths from left to right are 87, 81, 65. and 39 mm.; note the grad- ual appearance of spots. “PLATE 4 GEHLBACH 116 NAT MUS. VOL S: PROG. SLb ‘9[eu yNpE ue St (/F6 77] ZINW! }) uaunsads auy, "Ysuo] e310} ul “Uru ‘ODIXOTAY MON ‘Aqunoy AdTUTYPITA] Nvd10Y, T, jo YINOS salut XIS WOLF S1d504 snavjaund siydopyig HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 259 Accounts of Species Adult specimens of Zuni amphibians and reptiles that have been critically examined number about 700. Many more larval amphibians and collections from outside areas also have been studied. Meristic, morphometric, and color-pattern variations are analyzed according to taxonomic criteria set forth by the latest revisers. These criteria are recognizably different, depending on the student of the group (Pimentel, 1958). Their value, in certain cases, may be challenged. In addition, novel characters are described and evaluated with particular regard for environmental and ontogenetic variation. For most species, a brief, locally pertinent, nomenclatorial history is followed by taxonomic analysis, data on life history, and a summary of ecological distribution. A more penetrating taxonomic account is included for Ambystoma tigrinum, Cnemidophorus velor, and Diado- phis punctatus in view of certain problems that exist. Less space is devoted to some species because other workers are utilizing Zuni material or because few specimens or observations actually are available. Locality records refer to the Zuni herpetofauna exclusively. Most of these records are based on specimens examined, but a few, indicated by asterisks, represent museum data supplied by colleagues. Com- parative material examined includes only those extralimital specimens used in figures and tables or specifically referred to in the separate accounts and not given full provenance data in these discussions. In some cases newer maps permit more accurate mileages and ele- vations than previously published by Chenoweth (1950), Gehlbach (1956), and Hooper (1941); however, the Zuni region remains to be thoroughly surveyed. Museum specimens are denoted by the following abbreviations: AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. BCB Bryce C. Brown (private collection), Waco, Tex. BYU Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah CCNP Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Carlsbad, N.M. CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill. CU Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. CWGF Cottonwood Gulch Foundation, Thoreau, N.M. ISM Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Tl. KUMNH Kansas University, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kans. LMK Laurence M. Klauber (private collection), San Diego, Calif. MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. TNHC University of Texas Natural History Collection, Austin, Tex. UCM University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colo. 738-287 65—_— 2 260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 UIMNH _ University of Illinois, Museum of Natural History, Urbana, III. UMMZ University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich. UNMCV University of New Mexico, Collection of Vertebrates, Albuquer- que, N.M. USNM United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Class Amphibia: Order Caudata Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Hallowell The subspecific status of tiger salamanders on the Colorado Plateau and in adjacent areas has been interpreted variously. Allocation of Zuni specimens was left in doubt by Dunn (1940, p. 162). Bishop (1943) and Stebbins (1951; 1954) included the Zunis within the range of A. t. nebulosum, possibly because some of Dunn’s specimens resembled material from Utah and Colorado then known as A. t. nebulosum through confusion of type locality. Lowe (1955d, p. 244) correctly reassigned the name nebulosum to A. tigrinum of the Mogollon Plateau and vicinity. But as evidence now indicates, Lowe (1955d, p. 247) inadvertently confused the status of Colorado Plateau populations by describing A. t. utahense from this region. Adult specimens, above 80 mm. snout-vent length, of A. tigrinum from the Zunis have relatively longer tails in larger individuals, especially the males (fig. 5). With two exceptions, their color pattern consists of yellow spots or reticulations on a brownish to black ground (pl. 2C). Five adults have reticulate patterns and five subadults, 60-73 mm. snout-vent, resemble them (pl. 2D). In 15 other adults the number of dorsal spots between extremes of limb insertions ranges from 11 to 50 (& 30.8+2.8); tail spots number 8 to 37 (13.0+2.9). These resemble A. f. stebbinsi on the basis of dorsal spots but are closer to A. t. nebulosum as regards tail spots (cf. Lowe, 1955d). When compared to the topotypic A. t. nebulosum described by Lowe (1955d, table 1), the Zuni salamanders average more dorsal body spots and fewer tail blotches. Their venters are mottled as in A. t. nebulosum or variously suffused with dark pigment as in A. t. stebbinsi or A. t. utahense (pl. 2B; cf. Lowe, 1955d, figs. 4A, C, 5A). They are as distinct from topotypic A. t. nebulosum as A. t. stebbinsi is and com- bine the diagnostic features of both races. I suggest that A. t. steb- binst belongs in the synonymy of A. t. nebulosum. In contrast to the specimens described above, one adult male (KUMNH 45762, 95 mm. snout-vent) is much darker in general aspect, with dorsal spots reduced to minute points of dull yellow, although the tail spots are plainly indicated. Another large, dark male is olive brown with irregular black body markings and light- olive tail spots (pl. 2A). These specimens resemble A. t¢. utahense or A. t. utahense x nebulosum, as does a similar specimen from San HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 261 Francisco Mountain, Coconino County, Arizona, the type locality of A. t. nebulosum (see Hallowell, 1854, p. 144). Evidence from other Colorado Plateau localities coupled with the Juni data suggests that A. ¢. utahense is an ontogenetic variant of A. t. nebulosum. Lowe’s statement (1955d, p. 238) that adult color 90 80 “ © TAIL LENGTH mm. o Oo ol oO 40 30 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 SNOUT-VENT LENGTH mm. Ficure 5.—Relationship of tail length to snout-vent length in Ambystoma tigrinum nebu- losum from the Zuni region. @ Males, metamorphosed ©@ Females, metamorphosed /Yellow-spotted © Larvae HE Males, metamorphosed }Non-yellow-spotted A Metamorphosed ee eae }rcxperimentall maintained (collected July 16, 1957, 7800 feet) pattern is established upon transformation, unfortunately, is mis- leading. Dunn (1940, p. 154) and Bishop (1941, p. 163) have sum- marized ontogenetic changes in color pattern with which I concur. In fact, Dunn (1940, p. 158) diagnosed A. t. nebulosum ria utahense, Lowe, 1955d) as containing yellow-spotted young and 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 non-yellow-spotted adults. It is significant that recently trans- formed Zuni specimens, like certain larvae, are olive brown above with small scattered dark spots and some lemon-yellow mottling on the tail, thus approximating A. t. nebulosum figured by Bishop (1943, fig. 45: 1,2). Only later do they develop the yellow spotting charac- teristic of subadults. Two individuals from Molas Lake, San Juan County, Colorado, kept alive for over two years, have undergone continuous color- pattern change. At metamorphosis (ca. 65 mm. snout-vent) they resembled A. t. utahense in the same manner as the Zuni specimens. Within a week the ground color darkened and yellow spots appeared. Other specimens (UMMZ 121925) preserved at this time were also like A. t. nebulosum. ‘The yellow spots then enlarged and became dull, changing to olive; the original ground color was reduced to small, irregular black marks. One (UMMZ 122526) died in May 1961; it measures 101 mm. snout-vent. The other presently resembles UMMZ 120301 (see pl. 2A) from the Zunis and is 96 mm. snout-vent. A single live individual from Telluride, San Miguel County, Colorado, resembled A. t. nebulosum at 70 mm. but currently is closest to A. t. utahense at 105 mm. Dark-brown, black-spotted adults taken in ponds near Telluride (UMMZ 120304) and at Molas Lake (UMMZ 121926-29) are 81- 98 mm. snout-vent, in contrast to smaller, 63-69 mm., yellow-spotted individuals taken with them. A similar size difference occurs in ‘““utahense-like” adults, 92-107 mm., and ‘‘nebuloswm-like” subadults, 68-73 mm., from the Chuska Mountains, San Juan County, New Mexico (UNMCV 1111-21). I have also examined small yellow- spotted and reticulated specimens from Coconino County, Arizona (UMMZ 120302), and San Juan County, Utah (UMMZ 121981). This rough correlation of size and coloration favors the hypothesis of ontogenetic change. Sexual pattern dimorphism is absent; how- ever, relative size at metamorphosis may influence color pattern (see below). Since A. ¢. wtahense as defined by Lowe (1955d, pp. 246-247) is based apparently on ontogenetic variation in A. t. nebu- losum, it is suggested that this name also be placed in the synon- ymy of A. t. nebulosum. Color-pattern comparisons of larvae, 35-65 mm. snout-vent, from the Colorado Plateau and adjacent areas reveal no basic geographic differences. The coloration described by Stebbins (1951, p. 46), however, may vary locally as regards density of spotting and shade of ground color; for example, the specimens from Catron County, New Mexico (UNMCY 1163-68), are heavily spotted or mottled with brown and black. The tail fin has black edges, and the lateral light line or row of light spots is nearly indistinct. In contrast, specimens from HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 263 Bernalillo County (UNMCV 1138-61) are very light with little hint of spotting. It is apparent that larvae from shallow, well-illuminated pools are lighter in color than those from deeper, darker environments. Very large larvae are usually greenish, olive, or brown, with widely spaced black spots. They often lack light and dark mottling and a lateral light line. Coues (1875, p. 633) described this “Siredon”’ or axolotl coloration in specimens from Jacob’s Well, Apache County, Arizona, and from San Francisco Mountain. The number of gill rakers provides structural evidence that larvae from the Colorado Plateau, southern Arizona, Wyoming, and other localities in New Mexico are very similar (table 3). Northern Arizona specimens have somewhat fewer gill rakers, but this appears to be local variation since larvae from Telluride, Colorado, resemble them yet are geographically closer to populations with more rakers, e.g., Molas Lake. Larvae from Michigan (A. t. tigrinum) and San Luis Potosi, Mexico (A. f. velascr), also have fewer gill rakers and approach the reduced number characteristic of Ambystoma rosaceum in this respect. Further study of larval characters should aid in clarifying the status of other subspecies of tiger salamanders. TABLE 3.—Frequency distribution of gill rakers on the anterior face of the third gill arch in larvae (35-65 mm. snout-vent) of Ambystoma tigrinum and A. rosaceum Gill rakers HO D2 ISOs, LSE ATU eI9) Qi2t 22238 Nor A, rosaceum Durango, Laguna del Progresso 3 bl 9 10.8 Durango, 2.5 mi. W. San Luis 2) Rabe se 9 11.0 Sonora, El] Tigre Mountains Deo ote aL 10 12.2 A. tigrinum San Luis Potosi, San Diego tps a 10 17.3 Michigan, Ann Arbor 20062 2 10 18.3 Arizona, Hauchuca Mountains DT yh, 2. 10 20.6 New Mexico, 9 mi. E. Mogollon 172), 2 LaAgmon7-1e0%s0 New Mexico, Zuni region Ae Tiga Zine gk AGS 20%8 New Mexico, 10 mi. 8. Albuquerque Sth 2052) a. OMI New Mexico, Sandia Park 2 3 oe le We Oe 2085 New Mexico, Pecos LiF Se) Uh a4 TON 2052 Arizona, Wheatfield Creek Le oom ke ve 7 19.6 Arizona, Grand Canyon Li Kory sy ¥L 10 19.1 Colorado, 9 mi. SW. Telluride Zin ee Oly ok 10 19.5 Colorado, Molas Lake Ried iGyt 1 10 20.6 Wyoming, Hoback Basin 2 Oe ae es 10 20.8 In the Zunis, larvae and adults of A. t. nebulosum usually were found in temporary potholes and canyon-bottom pools. Larvae were col- lected in cattle tanks on Mount Taylor in 1959, and S. W. Woodhouse (1854, p. 35) reported Siredon lichenoides (=large larvae of A. tigrinum) in a spring near the Zuni Pueblo. Although suitable habitats were investigated repeatedly throughout the present study, larvae were not discovered until July 1957, when the unusually heavy rainfall produced 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 ereat amounts of surface water. Prior to that time, one active adult was dug from moist ground in the riparian association at a depth of six feet during excavations for a swimming pool. One hundred and fifty-three larvae, similar in coloration to that described by Stebbins (1951, p. 46) from near Flagstaff, Arizona, were seined from a pothole approximately 10 feet in diameter on July 16, 1957, at 7800 feet. Of these, 36 measured 35-45 (x 42.2) mm. snout- vent, 32-39 (85.8) mm. tail length. In the laboratory, 25 were kept for 28 days, 5 to a gallon jar. At the end of this period, 5 specimens had died, 14 had fully transformed, and 6 still possessed well-developed gills and larval body form. Body proportions of these specimens reveal greater size in the recently metamorphosed individuals (fig. 5). During captivity the larvae continuously gulped air at the water surface, something they had not been doing when collected. On July 27, 1957, larvae equal in size to those previously captured at 7800 feet were taken from an arroyo 500 feet lower at the mouth of the same canyon and nearly one mile distant. A week of heavy rain that flooded the first locality filled the previously dry arroyo and presumably carried larvae to the new locality. Five large larvae and one adult were collected in the pothole at 7800 feet, July 3, 1958, prior to the onset of heavy summer rainfall. The pond was 15 feet wider at this time than previously. About 20 other A. tigrinum of similar size could be seen surfacing and gulp- ing air. The majority of these had normal larval gills and body form, but several had reduced gills. No other adults were observed although several were taken in ponds later in the summer. The collected larvae were light olive green dorsally with scattered dark spots. Two transforming specimens had light lateral reticulations on the tail; their venters were unmarked. These five larvae and six others from a pool at 7000 feet are of similar coloration and pro- portions. They have relatively longer tails than transformed speci- mens of similar body size (fig. 5). The above data suggest that larval development requires at least two years in some populations of A. ¢. nebuloswm in the Zunis. First proposed by Burger (1950b), this life history pattern does not apply necessarily to all Zuni larvae, for shallow pools at 7300 feet examined July 3, 1958, contained small larvae similar in size to the first-year individuals taken in 1957. Spatial isolation of larval size groups is not surprising when one considers the predacious nature of these salamanders. The tadpoles of Ayla arenicolor and Bufo woodhousei, although abundant in the area, rarely were found in the same pools with A. tigrinum. Food habits of tiger salamander larvae during the anuran breeding season demonstrate why this is so (fig. 6). HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 965 That paedogenesis occurs in larger Zuni larvae is evidenced by the fact that at least one specimen (USNM 8240, 103 mm. snout-vent) contains many large yolked eggs. Environmental factors believed to cause neoteny in A. tigrinum have been widely reviewed. In the present study, transformation, both natural and experimentally tested, seemed to be initiated by shrinkage of the pond environment associated with increased temperatures and decreased oxygen supply. HIRUDINEA 2% ANISOPTERA NAIADS 2% MISC. DIPTERA ADULT AQUATIC re COLEOPTERA NOTONECTIO NYMPHS CORIXID NYMPHS & ADULTS 14% HYLA ARENICOLOR EGGS 27% CULICID LARVAE 16% GASTROPODA 24% Ficure 6.—Food (in percent of volume) of 36 larvae of Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, 35-45 mm. in snout-vent length, collected July 16, 1957, at 7800 feet. Shufeldt (1885) cited similar evidence for metamorphosis in Zuni larvae as did Durham (1956, p. 220) for A. tigrinum from northern Arizona. Schuierer (1958) said that, among other things, a well oxygenated, constant water supply was implicated in maintaining neoteny. Most Zuni larvae forced to gulp air at the surface in laboratory jars metamorphosed within four weeks of capture regardless of size. Specimens under similar conditions remained larval in form when provided with an artificial oxygen supply. Some larvae, approxi- 266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 mately 50 mm. snout-vent, in an exposed, rapidly evaporating pool, transformed during a 59-day observation period in 1959. Another group of similar size located under a ledge in a nearby pool showed little reduction of larval features during this time. Thus, A. tigrinum in the Zunis may remain larval and become paedogenic if provided with a relatively permanent aquatic environment but can transform under arid conditions. Such ecotypic plasticity also has been noted in Ambystoma macrodactylum by Kezer and Farner (1955). Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 6234, 6303-4; UMMZ 120301, 120305- 6); 8 mi. 8. Thoreau (CU 6301-2, 6411; UMMZ 122929); 4 mi. NNE. Prewitt (CU 6307); Ft. Wingate (USNM 14409-12, 14402, 14633, 14490, 14818, 19118); Nutria (USNM 8240, 8456); 2.5 mi. N. Upper Nutria (KUNMH 45762); vat- ENCIA COo.: El Morro Nat. Mon. (KUMNH 15556-7); 17.5-18 mi. NE. Grants (UNMCV 1122-28). Comparative material examined: Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum.—Nrw MEXICO: BERNALILLO Co.: Sandia Park (UNMCYV 1129-37); 1 mi. W. and 10 mi. S. Alburquerque (UNMCYV 1138- 61); carron co.: 9 mi. E. Mogollon (UNMCV 1163-68); SAN MIGUEL Co.: Pecos (UMMZ 67886, 71383); sAN JUAN co.: 5 mi. W. Toadlena (UNMCV 1111-13); 2 mi. S. Washington Pass (UNMCV 1119-21); Arizona: APACHE CO.: Wheatfield Cr., 0.5. mi. W. Ariz.-_N. M. boundary (UMMZ 121932); coconrino co.: Greenland Lake, Grand Canyon Nat. Park (UMMZ 120302); 2. mi. N. North Rim entrance, Grand Canyon Nat. Park (UMMZ 120308); santa cruz co.: Parker Canyon, Huachuca Mts. (CNHM 62616, 62638, 62640); COLORADO: SAN MIGUEL Co.: 1 mi. W. Telluride (UMMZ 121943); 9 mi. SSW. Telluride (UMMZ 120304); san suan co.: Molas Lake (UMMZ 121923-29) ; UtaH: sAN JUAN co.: Monticello (UMMZ 121931); WyomiIne: SUBLETTE Co.: Hoback Basin (UMMZ 99751). A. t. tégrinum.—MIcHIGAN: WASHTENAW CO.: Ann Arbor (UMMZ 69648). A. ¢. velasci—MrExiIcoO: SAN LUIS POTOSI: San Diego (UMMZ 77331). OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS 268 “OOLXOTT MON ‘AQVUNOD BlOUETeA ‘JUSUMUO [PUOVN OLIOP [WY WO1G ¢ (9°9Z)88-1z (GST) TZ=LT (S'FE)SF-LZ (¢°68) 8F-ZE (FST) LI-S1 (6°21) 61-L1 ($°ST)91I-F1 (21°91) 81-ST qySu9y Jooypur A (¥'°SZ) T2-02 (¢°0Z) 82-61 (9°18) 1F-92 (Z'FE) 88-08 (SFL) 91-81 (1'9T)8I-ST (F'FL)SI-SI (9'F1) 91-81 q)3u9] VIGhL (G°1Z)SZ-61 (G'1Z)#2-61 (1'SS)St-08 (F'98)SF-62 ($°61) 1Z-9T (6'0Z)&Z-02 (9°ST)0%-S8T (GST) IZ-LT Y4sud9y INUIT (F'9T )6I-FI (O'S) SI-2I CLAD GeaSh (8°ST)0%-81 (8°ST)SI-SI (LPL )SI-F1 (9°ST)SI-ST (LED si-st q}3u9] peoyy SUDINUD LUN awos fo (upawm pun abun.) (1'9F)ZS-8E (8°&h) 6F-0F (6°08) T0T-¢9 (6°98) 96-08 (0'2F) 9F-98 (3° LE)8S-FP (6° 1h) Sh-OF (Z'ZP)LP-8E qjsue] JueA-ynoug ‘OOIXOJPT MON ‘AJUNOD BIDUEIVA ‘sJURIDN “| ‘lure, Og 1 1! Oto 8 OT N “UU UL SJUBWALNSDIA YY] —F ATAV LT (2) suardid nuny (£) sopoo1uain DIA (4) ” ” (£) 2asnoypoom ofng ( 6 ) ” ” (2) , puowwmny sndorydnog ( 3} ] » ” (2) 1 puowmpy sndorydvag sejoedg HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—-GEHLBACH 269 all major vegetational associations below the spruce-fir, but western spadefoots were most abundant in the pinyon-juniper savanna and Plains-Roughlands continuum. The earliest observed egg-laying occurred July 4, 1954, at 6400 feet in a small tank on the eastern soil-covered edge of the Grants malpais; the air temperature was 48° F., water 53° F., at 9:30 p.m. In the choruses of S. hammondi, most vocal males swam or floated in the middle of the pond, but several called from shallow water or shore. SS. bombifrons and S. intermontanus were not taken in breeding aggregations. They may breed earlier in the season here as S. intermontanus does in Utah (Blair, 1956). This could explain the shore-calling station of S. hammond? in view of its apparent preference for a swimming-floating position when in reproductive sympatry with other spadefoots (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 365; McAlister, 1959). The larvae of S. hammondi commonly occurred with tadpoles of Hyla arenicolor and Bufo woodhousei in the riparian association of the Roughlands Life Belt. They were found only with Bufo punctatus in cholla-juniper grassland and without anuran associates in the short-grass association. On July 3, 1959, cannibalistic larvae of S. hammondi with hypertrophied jaw muscles and beaked upper mandibles were collected at 7700 feet in pinyon-juniper-ponderosa ecotone. They were located with typical larvae in a rainpool four inches deep and two by six feet in outside dimensions. The water temperature was 75° F., air 83° F., at 11:20 a.m. A single dip net sample held 15 cannibalistic (6-13, X 10.9 mm. body length) and 6 typical (16-18, ¥ 17.4 mm.) specimens, the former with hindlimb buds, the latter with larger hindlimbs and toes. Seven recently transformed Scaphiopus species, taken at 6900 feet, September 1925, by Neil M. Judd, measure 16-22 (x 18.6) mm. snout-vent. Locality records: S. hammondi.—McxKINLEY co.: 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 6309; UMMZ 120300) ; 8 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 6476; UMMZ 120308); Thoreau (USNM 70412-21); 16 mi. S. Gallup (CU 6231); vaLencra co.: 15 mi. E. Grants (KUMNH 14547-66, 14569-72); 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (CU 5775); El Morro Nat. Mon. (KUMNH 14538-46, 17271-8). 8S. bombifrons.—McKINLEY co.: 16 mi. S. Gallup (CU 6310) ; VALENCIA co.: Grants (KUMNH 14568); El Morro Nat. Mon. (KUMNH 17222-3). S. intermontanus.—vVALENCIA co.: 2 mi. W. El Morro Nat. Mon. (CU 6308). Bufo punctatus Baird This red-spotted toad is known from only two localities in the Zuni region. It apparently does not breed above 6800 feet, for intensive search has not revealed its presence in numerous anuran choruses in or above the pinyon-juniper association. Thus, it is somewhat ecologically separated from Bufo woodhousei, which is most abundant above 7000 feet (fig. 3). B. punctatus may be common in the cholla- 270) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 juniper grassland and Plains-Roughlands continuum around Grants. A single chorus observed at 6400 feet, July 4, 1954, after a heavy rain, consisted of more than 100 calling males in a small cattle tank on soil-covered lava adjacent to the rough Grants malpais (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 365). Scaphiopus hammondi was present in about equal numbers in the breeding aggregation. Locality records: VALENCIA Co.: 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (CU 5766); Grants (Smith, 1950, fig. 45). Bufo woodhousei woodhousei Girard x B. w. australis Shannon and Lowe Rocky Mountains toads in Arizona recently have been split into two races (Shannon and Lowe, 1955). The nominate, northern subspecies is now considered to occupy the Colorado Plateau in that state; it is separated presumably from a new southern, lowland form, B. w. australis, by the Mogollon Plateau. Shannon and Lowe (1955, pp. 188, 190) included New Mexico within the range of B. w. australis but did not state specific localities. B. woodhousei from the Zuni region does not conform readily to either subspecies. Geographically these toads might be expected to resemble typical B. woodhousei, but structurally they combine some characters of B. w. australis with B. w. woodhousei and are considered intergrades. With regard to diagnostic features, 22 adult specimens have: (1) frontal area of cranium elevated in 91 percent; (2) snout-vent length/parotoid gland width 10.6—-13.9 (x 11.9+0.19); (3) snout-vent leneth/parotoid gland length 4.4-5.6 (5.1+0.74); (4) skin of upper surfaces smooth; (5) median white line on snout present in 82 percent; (6) black pectoral semicircles not strongly developed; (7) dorsal color brown with 68 percent having large warts set in black. Characters 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 favor allocation with B. w. woodhousei, while 3 and 7 are closer to B. w. australis. Colorado Plateau populations of B. woodhousei should be more or less uniform in the Zunis and adjacent Arizona since no important barriers to east-west dispersal exist. Such continuity is shown, for the characters of B. w. woodhousei predominate in the specimens at hand. The features of B. w. australis, however, indicate that gene flow from the south occurs if, in fact, these features are sufficient to distinguish B. w. australis from the nominate form in New Mexico. Irrespective of the validity of the taxonomic characters involved, the Rio Grande valley and associated lowlands provide a suitable path- way for north-south gene flow in central New Mexico (see discussion under ‘‘Zoogeography,”’ p. 315). Although Shannon and Lowe (1955) furnish ratios of parotoid gland size to body length, they do not limit these criteria to any certain age HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH OT eroup or sex. The validity of such ratios in terms of isometric growth of the parotoid gland and sexual dimorphism can be tested (fig. 7). It may be seen that juvenile specimens have a relatively larger gland and that gland width is more variable than length. No sexual dimorphism is apparent, but females are too few to demonstrate this adequately. In juveniles of less than approximately 30 mm. snout- vent, the cranial crests often are barely discernible, and the frontal area of the cramium undeveloped. These features and the parotoid gland, therefore, should be utilized to separate larger specimens only, preferably sexually mature adults (table 4). 14 aa 12 a 4 4 Aa A 10 r A aa @ ® e iN A 8 ” ° @ a 4 ° o oO. o 5 Zz 8 a ® © ee Z = oO @0 eG) .6 O° te © q ct oO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 SNOUT-VENT LENGTH mm. Ficure 7.—Relationship of parotoid gland length/snout-vent length (lower symbols) and parotoid gland width/snout-vent length (upper symbols) to body size in Bufo woodhouset from the Zuni region. @ Sexually mature males © Sexually mature females A Juveniles The larvae of B. woodhousei have been collected throughout the summer months in slowly running streams, potholes, and cattle tanks. A sample of 12 taken at 7800 feet, July 3, 1959, are 7-12 (x 9.4) mm. body length; they have hindlimb buds. One day later, at 7100 feet, 12 larvae with well-developed legs and complete tails were collected ; they measure 15-17 (15.7) mm. and approximate the size of trans- forming B. woodhousei from northern Arizona (Wright and Wright, 1949, p. 209). Six recently metamorphosed individuals, 13-19 (x 16.9) mm. snout-vent, were found on August 8, 1957, at 7000 feet. 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 That the Zuni toads have a biannual breeding regime is indicated by the formation of a chorus July 29, 1957, in a pond where large larvae were already present. Choruses often were heard after the initial summer rains, suggesting that perhaps summer and spring peaks of precipitation initiate breeding. Gravid females were found at two such choruses, but amplexed pairs were not seen. Thornton (1960, p. 181) found previously marked females of B. woodhousei in amplexus twice in the same breeding season at Austin, Texas. Bragg (1941, p. 112) stated that B. woodhouser breeds more or less independently of rain at Las Vegas, New Mexico. Juveniles, previously characterized (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 365), were often in evidence during the day in riparian and oak-mahogany associations. Eight collected July 4, 1959, at 7100 feet, along with the transforming larvae mentioned above, measure 25-34 (xX 31.2) mm. snout-vent. Adults were distinctly crepuscular or, on warm nights, nocturnal above the grasslands. They were not as common near arroyos in the Plains Life Belt as in more mesic situations at higher elevations. Their opportunistic feeding habits are indicated by speci- mens with stomachs containing only Phyllophaga or Eleodes species when these beetles were abundant. It is noteworthy that the latter tenebrionid genus is thought to be distasteful to many predators (T. Eisner, in litt.). Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: Thoreau (MCZ 32813*); 5.5 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 6312); 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5765, 5767, 6332); 7 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 6337); 16 mi. 8S. Gallup (CU 6313); 14 mi. N. and 7 mi. E. Gallup (UCM 6544-49); 4 mi. W. Page (CU 6334); Ramah Reservoir (CU 6311); 5 mi. SW. Ramah (UMMZ 123133); Upper Nutria (UMMZ 123134); Ft. Wingate (USNM 14395, MVZ 9342-48*); VALENCIA co.: 8 mi. SE. Paxton (UMMZ 86604); Grants (MVZ 57640*); Mt. Sedgwick USNM 54363); 8 mi. SE. Thoreau (UMMZ 120298-99, 120307). Hyla arenicolor Cope The taxonomic status of canyon tree frogs from the Zunis is being studied elsewhere; certain observations on adult size and metachrosis, nevertheless, seem worthy of record here. Canyon tree frogs exhibit considerable color-pattern variation (Stebbins, 1951, p. 315). Zuni specimens were spotted usually with greenish or dusky, lichen-like markings, but when exposed to sunlight, they often became a uniform dirty cream or grayish white. The skin of such exposed individuals was noticeably more pustulose than in recently captured specimens found in dark crevices or cracks between rocks. The ground color of most H. arenicolor was yellow cream, tan, or light reddish brown, closely approximating the sandstone substrate on which they were resting. HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 273 Like Bufo woodhousei, this hylid may have two or more breeding seasons coinciding with separate peaks of precipitation. Heavy July rains initiated calling in pools where adult H. arenicolor had not been in evidence previously. Two adult females with large yolked eggs (ca. 1.6 mm. diameter) were collected July 6 and August 27, 1956; they measure 45 and 50 mm. snout-vent and are larger than most males taken with them (table 4). Four transforming larvae, 17 to 20 mm. body length, were found July 2-6, 1956, at 7800 feet; eggs were laid July 16, 1956, in the same pond. On the latter date, in 1957, larvae in all stages including some with external gills were collected at 7800 feet. The water temperature was 75° F. at 11:20 a.m., the air 83° F., at this same locality on July 3, 1959, when a similar series was found. Of these specimens, 12 legless larvae measure 9-13 (x 10.9) mm. body length; 12 with both pairs of legs are 14-17 (15.7); and 12 recently trans- formed are 22-28 (24.7) mm. snout-vent. They are similar in size-group composition to a series (UMMZ 121950) obtained Septem- ber 4, 1960, near Snowflake, Navajo County, Arizona, by Robert R. Miller, and they are larger than larvae from the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona (Zweifel, 1961). Adults and larvae were found often in rocky canyon pools of the riparian association at elevations where the pinyon-juniper or ponder- osa pine associations dominated surrounding hillsides (pl. 1B). The tadpoles were usually associated with larvae of Bufo woodhousei and Rana pipiens in potholes 1-10 feet in diameter and not more than 10 inches deep. Such habitats were devoid olf aquatic vegetation and probably resulted from recent stream subsidence. On July 18, 1956, five calling males were found in water-filled, eroded pits on the top of a sandstone outcrop at 6400 feet. This outcrop was isolated by level erassland, characterized by junipers and scattered pinyons at the east edge of the Grants malpais. Locality records: MCKINLEY CO.: 6 mi. 8. Thoreau (UMMZ 120297) ; 7 mi. 8. Thoreau (CU 6333) ; 8 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 6232, 6412); Ft. Wingate (USNM 14404, 538587); VALENCIA co.: 1 mi. N. Cebolleta (UMMZ 86605); 4 mi. WSW. Cebolleta (UMMZ 86606); Ranger Station, Lobo Canyon, Mt. Taylor (UMMZ 86607); 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (CU 6233); Grants (CU 5371, 5373, 5381, 5393, 5402; KUMNH 19360-7*). Pseudacris triseriata triseriata Wied x P. t. maculata Agassiz Known from only seven published localities, the western chorus frog has been studied very little in New Mexico. Smith (1956) reassigned the subspecific name maculata to P. nigrita (=P. triseriata, Schwartz, 1957, p. 11) from Colorado, Utah, and northward. With the exception of a single specimen of P. t. triseriata x P. t. maculata from Colfax 274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 County, New Mexico, he left the Arizona-New Mexico population as P. ¢t. triseriata. His criterion was the greater tibia length/body length ratio in frogs from the latter states. Five specimens from the Zunis have ratios of 38.8-43.5 (x 40.9+0.4), thus placing them as P. t. triseriata x P. t. maculata intergrades (cf. Smith, 1956, table 2). Recently transformed specimens, 13 and 14 mm. snout-vent, were collected July 13, 1949, in a meadow of the spruce-fir association at about 9200 feet. They were thought to be singing at the time of capture (Chenoweth, 1950, p. 532), but this seems improbable in view of their immaturity. Three males, also judged to be singing, were collected May 21, 1924, by Charles L. Camp at 7000 feet; they measure 29, 30, and 31 mm. snout-vent and are reproductively mature. All Zuni specimens have three distinct dorsal stripes that are broken posteriorly in the three adults. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: Ft. Wingate (MVZ 9339-41); vaLencra co.: Mark Elkin’s Ranch, Mt. Taylor (CU 6338). Rana pipiens Schreber I have not attempted to assign Zuni leopard frogs to any particular geographic race in view of the notorious variability and inadequate definition of the various proposed subspecies (e.g., see Moore, 1944). In the study area these frogs may be many shades of green, brown, or eray; but they usually have 5-12 (x 9.1) large, regularly arranged dorsal spots and smooth skin. With respect to the latter feature, they are quite different from the highly pustulose leopard frogs occurring near Snowflake, Navajo County (UMMZ 121949), and 13 miles west of Chevalon, Coconino County (UMMZ 121951), Arizona, although from the same drainage system (Colorado River). The preserved specimens are small and may not represent the typical adult size range (table 4). A single female is 55 mm. snout-vent. Lack of a large series and the few locality records reflect only the amount of attention directed toward collecting this species. My field notes indicate that R. pipiens is one of the most abundant anurans in the Zunis; it was seen commonly around isolated pools and streams in the riparian association of Roughlands and Montane Life Belts. Coues (1875, p. 631) found it to be similarly abundant alone the Zuni River and Rio Gallo near Ft. Wingate. I did not see PR. pipiens in cattle tanks or roadside ditches, nor did I note any breeding activity; however, larvae of all sizes were found throughout the summer months, and a great concentration of recently transformed individuals, 9-25 (X 21.6) mm. snout-vent (N1=5), was noted August 21-23, 1959, at 7200 feet. HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 975 Like Bufo woodhousei, leopard frogs also feed upon the tenebrionid beetle, Hleodes. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5773, 6306, 6340; CWGF); Thoreau (MCZ 32820-47,* 33300-05*); Ft. Wingate (USNM 16760); vaLEeNctA co.: Grants (CU 5371-3). Class Reptilia: Suborder Sauria Crotaphytus collaris collaris Say x C. c. baileyi Stejneger The western collared lizard, originally described as C. baileyi by Stejneger (1890, p. 103) from the Painted Desert, Little Colorado River, Arizona, can be characterized by its two discrete interorbital scale rows, a tan or brown head with darkly spotted green to blue throat (in males), and a sharply contrasting, spotted body pattern (Fitch and Tanner, 1951, pp. 549-550). Burt (1928) synonymized baileyi with nominate C. collaris and listed (Burt, 1933, p. 229) two localities in the Zuniregion. Presently relegated to subspecific status, C. c. baileyi is the form usually found in the Zunis. This occurrence is not surprising because suitable habitats are more or less continuous between the type locality and the study area. According to Fitch and Tanner (1951, p. 549) and Stebbins (1954, p. 310), a broad zone of intergradation exists between C. c. collaris and C. c. baileyi. This is evident in the Zunis, for 3 of 18 specimens have one scale common to both interorbital rows. On the basis of this criterion and the fact that certain Arizona specimens show a similar condition (Burt, 1928, p. 11), the three Zuni individuals may be labeled C. c. collaris x C. c. baileyi. It seems likely that a relatively smooth, east-west cline of variation is present in southwestern collared lizards (see discussion under “‘Zoogeography,” p. 315). Reasons for retaining subspecies in C. collaris and the description of a new intermontane Utah-Colorado race, C. c. auriceps, were given by Fitch and Tanner (1951). Although C. c. auriceps occurs in Monte- zuma County, Colorado (Maslin, 1959, p. 26), and logically in San Juan County, New Mexico, its characters could not be discerned in the Zuni sample or in specimens from Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan County (UMMZ 122892). This is somewhat puzzling when one considers that other reptiles with similar distributions are present in both areas, e.g., Sceloporus undulatus elongatus. Fitch and Tanner (1951, fig. 1) show modal numbers of 14 for both supra- and infralabials of C. c. baileyi, 13 and 12 for these respective counts in C.c. auriceps. They apparently plotted labials on both left and right sides of the head in the same histogram. ‘The figure is labeled ‘“Numbers of Specimens” but does not agree with the number 738-287—865——3 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 of specimens examined (cf. Fitch and Tanner, 1951, p. 556); thus, the relatively small difference in labial number appears twice as strongly emphasized. Actually, such a distinguishing feature easily could be missed in possible intergrades. Neither sexual dimorphism nor bilateral imbalance of labial scales was alluded to by the authors of C. c. auriceps. Etheridge (1960, p. 114) noted that males of C. c. collaris have larger heads and more robust lower jaws than females. In the Zunis, adult females are proportionately smaller than males (table 5) and possess fewer infralabials; seven have 11-14 (x 12.6), 12-16 (13.6) left and right infralabials respectively, and have 13-15 (14.0), 12-16 (14.3) left and right supralabials respectively. Eight males have 12-14 (13.1), 13-15 (13.8), 14-16 (14.5), and 13-16 (15.0) left and right infra- and supra- labials. The bilateral imbalance is interesting in that the right side of the head seems to be favored, although this may not be meaningful in light of the sample size. Collared lizards are a typical reptile of boulder-strewn hillsides where vegetation is sparse. Such situations usually are found on the lower slopes of mesas and canyons and at the malpais edge in the Zunis. On several occasions, foraging individuals encountered on the tops of mesas seemed to be attracted by large numbers of grasshoppers feeding on the thicker vegetation. These lizards are not restricted to the Roughlands Life Belt, but on the plains they are confined to the vicinity of rocky arroyos. Sceloporus undulatus, Humeces obsoletus, Masticophis taeniatus, Salvadora grahamiae, and C. collaris were collected in and around an arroyo at 6400 feet in a cholla-juniper dominated section of the Plains-Roughlands continuum. Females of C. collaris with the typical red breeding coloration were observed as late as August 11, 1959, but none collected in July or August held large eggs. Specimens taken by Emmet T. Hooper, May 7-9, 22, 1939, have only small ova. Two cross-banded hatchlings, 40 and 41 mm. snout-vent, with evident yolk-sac scars, were found August 25, 1951, at 6500 feet; thus, if about 51-74 days of incubation are needed (Fitch, 1956a, p. 234), egg-laying may occur in June or early July, ahead of the summer rains. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: Thoreau (MCZ 62420*); 5.5 mi. SE. Thoreau (CU 5748); 6 mi. 8. Thoreau (CWGF); Ft. Wingate (USNM 16761); Gallup (USNM 27788); 14 mi. N. Gallup (UCM 6583-84); vaLENcrIA co.: 1.5 mi. 8. Grants (UMMZ 86616); 8 mi. SE. Grants (UMMZ 86615); 5 mi. E. Grants (CU 3051, 3376); 10.4 mi. S. Grants (CU 5747); 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (UMMZ 122621-22); 7 mi. SE. Laguna (UMMZ 72649); 5 mi. NW. Rio Puerco (USNM 86937). 277 HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH (SFO FL I8) F8-6z (S¢'0 F8°Z1)9T-O1 (STOFFEL )ET-ZI (92'0 F 8°83) 9S-1z (LV'0F8'1Z)#Z-02 (ST'0 F961 )ZS-LT (L9°0 FL°€8) 28-1 90} Q3JINOJ 4YS{1 UO oB[[oUIe’T (S80 F2°TZ)92-89 (ST'0 F8'F2)9C-82 (ZS°0 F6'ES)6S-0¢ (S20 FL 9F)0S-2F Apoqpju punoyse sayeog (FT F2LL1L)061-S9T (€2'0 F F'6E) 19-L¢ (SF'0 FE'eP)Eg-cE (0F'0 F SS )09-ZE (82'0 F8°SF) 8t-6E SOTBOS [BSIOG, *soloods YORe 10} POU U0 oIB SOXdS YAO JO S}UMOd a[wog 1 (0°S9)08-e¢ (S$°¢9)01-6F (9°S¢)89-ZF (0°¢L)86-¥¢ (6°69) 88-9¢ (G°L¢) 8S-Gh ($'8F)ZS-68 (2°ZS) 19-SF (G'0¢)¢¢c-LF (1°69) 0L-8F (81S) €9-0F (2°86) 1T0T-28 (6°26) S01-06 sud] JUeA-Jnoug 06 Il a 61 Or éT 9T OT 9 GG GG L 8 N (4) xojaa snuoydoprmaug ( é ) ” » (2) snpvb.uayjynu saorowng Co) = » (2) wssnpbnop nuosouhsyg (4) » ”» (2) snznuso snunvsolQ (4) » ”» (©) snsovs916 snsodojaag (6) GG. SaaGG 0G 96 SIP 29.021 SNYIISIL] “N “Sy x N gg Fo eg ce tg 0g 6h 8P Lb oF cP PP Pp oP IP OF 68: $8 eZE _ 98" os S[Bs1oqd rsnyeinpun “¢ fo uounpndod runz ay) pun ‘snyeSuoya snyepnpuN snsodoyaog ‘snyqoryst1} snyejnpunN snszodojoog wz s7uno09 apnos fo worngr.sip hauanbaiy— 9 ATAV J, HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 281 in most respects. This northwest-southeast cline may be extended west through the Defiance Plateau, Apache County, Arizona, where I also have taken S. wu. tristichus x S. uw. elongatus (UMMZ 120280), to Grand Canyon National Park, Coconino County, Arizona (Williams, 1960, p. 26). In view of this cline, one might question the retention of S. w. tristichus and S. u. elongatus as distinct subspecies. Other salient ecological-morphological differences in New Mexico populations, however, prevent me from lumping these races. With the exception of a few nearly unicolor specimens,‘ most S. uw. elongatus from San Juan County, New Mexico, lack distinct dorsolateral and lateral light stripes and the spotted lateral pattern figured by Smith (1946, pl. 53 E, G) for S. wu. tristichus; furthermore, adults are larger (45-83, X 64 mm. snout-vent, 25 San Juan County specimens) and possesses more fourth-toe lamellae (22-25, X 23.3+0.29) than S. wu. tristichus x S. u. elongatus (cf. table 5). They are decidedly more scansorial, frequenting large boulders and cliff situations in contrast to marked terrestrial propensities in typical individuals of S. wu. tristichus and the Zuni population. Although Sceloporus undulatus was the most ubiquitous reptile studied, it did not enjoy the wide elevational range of Phrynosoma douglassi or Thamnophis elegans (fig. 3). The species was most abundant in Roughlands associations, especially the pinyon-juniper. While found to a limited extent at the upper edge of the Plains- Roughlands continuum, S. undulatus usually was outnumbered by S. graciosus, Crotaphytus collaris, and Cnemidophorus velox in this habitat. Specimens were conspicuously absent from cliffs inhabited by Urosaurus ornatus. They were uncommon on large boulders and the lower trunks of trees. Most individuals utilized elevated sites such as fallen tree trunks for sunning purposes and as apparent vantage points but were distinctly terrestrial in foraging habits. Body temperatures of 10 individuals foraging at 7400 feet were 29-37, (% 33.140.98)° C. Evidence presented by Anderson (1960, p. 66), Martin (1958, p. 57), and others indicates that reproductive activity in certain reptiles is correlated with the beginning of summer rains. Similar observations on S. undulatus have prompted the following remarks. Plateau lizards carrying well-developed eggs have been found as early as June 13, 1957. Most females over 40 mm. snout-vent held eggs when collected before mid-July, but none taken in August contained eggs. 4A polychromatic variant occurs, usually uniform dark brown or gray but occasionally with slightly darker or lighter lateral stripes (e.g., see Legler, 1960, p. 181; Smith, 1946, p. 217). It has been found in the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico (UMMZ 121745), but not in the Zuni region. 282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 It is possible that the onset of July rainfall provides these lizards and S. graciosus, Urosaurus ornatus, and Holbrookia maculata with optimum conditions for oviposition. Ten eggs of S. undulatus, averaging 12.5 x 8.5 mm., were recovered from a one-inch depression beneath a small sandstone slab July 23, 1956 at 7300 feet. The substrate was damp, loose sand, and the eggs were not buried. Large eggs taken from females often contained embryos with well-developed eyes as did all eggs from the clutch obtained July 23, 1956. Similar predepositional embryonic growth was reported for S. undulatus in Arizona and S. orcutti (Stebbins, 1954, pp. 240-244). This might be expected if fertilized eggs are retained for an extended length of time as suggested here. The phenomenon may be adaptive in a semiarid region like the Zunis; i.e., to insure annual repro- duction within the limits of optimum activity temperatures, post- depositional development thus can be completed in a relatively short time when oviposition is keyed to adequate summer moisture con- ditions. Hatchlings, 23-28 mm. snout-vent, have been collected as early as July 26, August 9, and August 12 in different summers. Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: 5.5 mi. 8. Thoreau (CU 5623); 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5088-9 5448, 5622, 5681, 5697; UMMZ 121919, 122885-7); between Thoreau and Continental Divide (UMMZ 120311); Gallup (CU 5848) ; 14 mi. N. Gallup (UCM 6630-37) ; Ft. Wingate (USN M 14406-7, 8250, 8491, 9548; UCM 6638) ; Manuelito (USNM 87031); 5 mi. SE. Baca (UIMHN 39685-6*); 4 mi. NNE. Prewitt (UMMZ 120284); 11 mi. W. Ramah (UMMZ 122884); vauencra co.: Cubero (USNM 87032-4); El Morro Nat. Mon. (KUMNH 15121-6*; UMMZ 122794); 2 mi. W. El Morro Nat. Mon. (CU 5606); 2.5 mi. E. Laguna Pueblo (KUMNH 28065*); 8 mi. SE. Thoreau (UMMZ 122890); Shuman’s Ranch (UMMZ 86608); 15 mi. E. Grants (KUMNH 15294-5*); 10.4 mi. S. Grants (CU 5608); 1.5 mi. S. Grants (UMMZ 86609); 4 mi. WSW. Grants (UMMZ 86610); 18 mi. SW. Grants (UMMZ 86611); 17 mi. SW. Grants (UMMZ 86612). Comparative material examined: S. u. elongatus—NEw Mexico: SAN JUAN co.: Chaco Canyon Nat. Mon. (CU 5618; UMMZ 122896); 7 mi. E. Blanco (UCM 7337-47); 43 mi. SSE. Bloomfield (UCM 7350-55); 2 mi. 8S. Colo.-N. M. state line on U.S. Rt. 666 (UCM 13294-13301); Arizona: APACHE co.: 10 mi. W. Window Rock (UMMZ 120280, intergrades with S. u. tristichus); Canyon de Chelly Nat. Mon. (\UMMZ 120278, 120281). 8S. wu. consobrinus—NrEw Mexico: EppY co.: 2 mi. NW. Carlsbad Caverns Nat. Park, headquarters area (UMMZ 121745). Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird and Girard Sagebrush lizards, represented by the nominate subspecies, usually are considered to be widespread in northwestern New Mexico (Smith, 1946, p. 495; Stebbins, 1954, p. 317). Published records, however, are available only for Rio Arriba (Cope, 1900, p. 389; VanDenburgh, 1924, p. 205) and Sandoval (Maslin and others, 1958, p. 335) counties. HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 283 To these may now be added several localities in San Juan and Me- Kinley counties (see below). It seems doubtful that S. g. graciosus is common south of the Colorado Plateau; specimens have yet to be found in Valencia County. Small, disjunct populations inhabit the sand dunes of Chaves County, New Mexico, and Ward and Winkler counties, Texas (Sabath, 1960). Many herpetologists have followed VanDenburgh (1922, p. 262) in separating the three subspecies of S. graciosus as follows: S. g. graciosus has 42-53 (X 47.8) dorsal scales from occiput to rump, S. g. gracilis has 52-68 (60.8), and S. g. vandenburghianus has 48-66 (54.8). It is significant that the dorsal scale count is high in Zuni material (table 5). The same is true of San Juan County specimens, for 16 from the vicinity of Blanco (CU 5617, UCM 7274-79) have 51-58 (X 54.3+0.57) dorsals and 10 taken south of Bloomfield (UCM 7280-87, 7348-49) have 51-58 (54.9+0.86). Zuni and San Juan County series approximate S. g. vandenburghianus in number of dorsal scales, but the males resemble S. g. graciosus with their widely separated, bright-blue belly patches and distinctly striped dorsum. The specimens at hand represent variation that remains to be studied thoroughly. The entire polytypic complex is in need of revision as further evidenced by specimens from northern Arizona (Durham, 1956, p. 222) with equally high dorsal scale counts and by ‘nominate graciosus” from northeastern Utah (Legler, 1960, p. 180) with confluent belly patches. It is possible that Colorado Plateau specimens are subspecifically distinct from those of the Great Basin; hence, the present racial allocation is tentative. Since a pallid, arenicolous form of S. graciosus is known from southeastern New Mexico and adjacent Texas, it is of interest to re- port similar variation in northwestern New Mexico. Specimens collected on white sand along Choukai Wash, San Juan County (UMMZ 120283), approximate the description of S. g. graciosus pro- vided by Sabath (1960). The dark-brown dorsal stripes seen in Zuni specimens are lacking or are indicated only faintly. These sage- brush lizards are light beige but retain the four white dorsal stripes. Two males have very light belly patches and throat mottling; the latter feature is apparently absent in southeastern New Mexico (Sabath, 1960). The terrestrial nature of S. g. graciosus is well documented (Eaton, 1935, p. 12; Woodbury and Woodbury, 1945) and is particularly evident in the Zunis, where this lizard was observed in open, rela- tively level situations marked by the saltbush-sage association or pure stands of big sagebrush and loose clay or moderately sandy soil. In only one instance was S. g. graciosus abundantly associated with S. undulatus. At the base of the Vermilion Cliffs north of Prewitt, it was at least five times more common than its congener 284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 in patches of spiny saltbush in the Plains-Roughlands ecotone. Cnemidophorus velox also was present but uncommon. Females, 54 and 55 mm. snout-vent, collected June 10, 1957, each contained four eggs averaging 12.0 x 7.5 and 13.5 x 8.0 mm. respec- tively. Three others, 50, 52, and 57 mm., held, respectively, three (avg. 12.9 x 6.0), four (avg. 12.3 x 7.2), and four (avg. 12.0 x 6.0) egeson July 9. Eight females taken July 23, 1959, had deposited their annual egg clutches, possibly in response to the onset of summer rainfall. No hatchlings were ever observed. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: 3 mi. N. Thoreau (CU 5699); 3 mi. NE. Thoreau (CWGF); 4 mi. NNE. Prewitt (CU 5452, 5600, 5698; UMMZ 120282); Lizard Canyon, Satan Pass (ANSP 20987*); 14 mi. N. Gallup (UCM 6608-11); 5 mi. S. Manuelito (UMMZ 122888). Comparative material examined: Sceloporus g. graciosus.—NEw MEXIco: SAN JUAN Co.: 1 mi. N. Chaco Canyon Nat. Mon. (UMMZ 120283) ; Chaco Canyon Nat. Mon. (UMMZ 122902); Blanco Trading Post (CU 5617); 7 mi. E. Blanco (UCM 7274-79) ; 34-43 mi. SSE. Bloom- field (UCM 7280-87, 7348-49); 2 mi. 5. Colo.-N. M. state lineon U. 8. Rt. 666 (UCM 13292);0.5 mi. 8. Colo.-N. M. state line on U. 8. Rt. 17 (UCM 1303-4). Uta stansburiana stansburiana Baird and Girard x U. s. stejnegeri Schmidt This is apparently another species with a north-south pattern of subspecific intergradation in the Zuni region; however, the present allocation must remain tentative until a series can be secured and the races of U. stansburiana are better characterized. Zuni speci- mens have 88 and 100 dorsal scales between the interparietal plate and posterior edge of the thighs. One has contiguous prefrontals; the other has the prefrontals separated by two small scales (see Smith, 1946, p. 277). Based on present subspecific concepts in U. stansburiana, this intergrade zone extends north into San Juan County, New Mexico. Five specimens from Chaco Canyon National Monument (CU 5619; UMMZ 122909) have 94-106 (kK 99.2+1.5) dorsals; 6 from seven miles east of Blanco (UCM 7392-97) have 106-112 (108.7+0.67), and 10 taken two miles south of the New Mexico-Colorado state line (UCM 13377-86) have 100-114 (107.4+2.0). The large number of dorsals and prefrontal contact in only one San Juan County specimen indicate that influence from U. s. stejneger? is relatively slight. The apparent rarity of Uta in the Zunis is difficult to explain. The two precise localities, at 6900 and 7100 feet, are relatively open grass- land with sandy soil, rabbitbush, snakeweed, and scattered one-seed junipers. The localities lie at the northwestern edge of mixed grass- HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 285 land that extends along the Rio San Jose from the Rio Grande valley (see Castetter, 1956, fig.). This ground uta is more abundant in eastern Valencia county at lower elevations and is common in the San Juan Basin to the north. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: Thoreau (CWGF); 4 mi. ENE. Prewitt (CU, specimen lost) ; VALENCIA co.: (KUMNH 12192*). Urosaurus ornatus linearis Baird x U. o. wrighti Schmidt Urosaurus has been the subject of considerable taxonomic debate. This genus was lumped with Uta by Schmidt (1953), Stebbins (1954), and Oliver (1943) subsequent to separation of the two genera by Mittleman (1942). Other authors such as Smith (1946), Smith and Taylor (1950a), and Stejneger and Barbour (1943) followed Mittleman. Although reasons for dividing Uta (in the sense of Mittleman, 1942) are equivocal as demonstrated by Savage (1958), arguments for this split advanced by the latter author appear well founded. I consider Urosaurus as the proper generic name for forms occurring in the Zuni region and specifically allied with Uta ornata Baird and Girard (1852). The problem of discerning geographic variation in Urosaurus ornatus seems to result from Mittleman’s failure (1942) to use signifi- cant quantitative methods in defining the various forms. This was demonstrated by Oliver (1943), whose method of treating U. ornatus was followed with modification by Langebartel and Smith (1954, pp. 130-133). Murray (1953) questioned the use of degree of dorsal scale carination as a taxonomic character and, in addition to Duellman (1955, p. 8) and Gehlbach (1956, pp. 367-368), reported the failure of color to characterize subspecies in U. ornatus. Williams (1960, pp. 27-28), experiencing difficulty with Mittleman’s diagnoses, followed Langebartel and Smith (1954, pp. 130-133) in lumping U. o. linearis under U. o. schotti but recognized U. 0. wrighti.® Mittleman (1942, pp. 138, 146) recorded U. 0. wrighti from McKinley and San Juan counties, New Mexico, and U. o. linearis from “generally south of Lat. 35° {in New Mexico] except for the southeastern quarter of the state.” Within the Zuni region, U. ornatus exhibits varia- bility that, at first glance, suggests intergradation between U. o. linearis and U. o. wrighti (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 368); however, examina- tion of series of supposedly typical individuals reveals that most characters currently in use do not adequately separate these sub- species. Clinal variation is present in at least one important char- 5 I provisionally consider linearis as a separate subspecies in view of the distinc- tiveness of specimens from south-central Arizona (fig. 8). A thorough examination of variation in U. ornatus from the Arizona-Mexico border region would clarify this situation but that is beyond the scope of my discussion. 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 acter (fig. 8). Since U. ornatus is greatly in need of a modern systematic revision, I hold subspecific allocation of Zuni specimens tentative at this time. Using Oliver’s methods (1943, pp. 100-101), the following may be noted in U. ornatus from the Zunis. Enlarged dorsal scales are present in two distinct rows on each side of the smaller vertebrals in 28 percent of a series of 29 specimens; they are in two rows with additional enlarged dorsals tending to form a third outer row in 66 percent and in three quasi-distinct rows in 6 percent. Carination of these scales varies from a flat, weak keel to a sharp raised point with all types of intermediate forms observable. Similarly, complete gradation in the merging of dorsal tail-base scales with adjacent scutes is present. Thirty-one percent of the specimens have the enlarged dorsals separated by two rows of small vertebral scales, while 69 percent possess only one row of vertebrals. 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 DORSAL SCALES Ficure 8.—Variation in the number of enlarged dorsal scales of Urosaurus ornatus from Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. (Horizontal line=range; vertical line=mean; solid bar=two standard errors of the mean; hollow bar=one standard deviation. Sample size to right of range; provenance of sample to left: A, Pima and Santa Cruz Counties, Arizona; B, Cochise Co., Arizona; C, Yavapai Co., Arizona; D, McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico; E, Kane Co., Utah; F, San Juan Co., Utah.) Thirteen individuals from the northeast of the Zuni Mountains have 40-53 (x 44.5+0.96) enlarged dorsals from the anterior insertion of the forelimbs to anterior insertions of hindlimbs; 16 from the southwest side have 35-47 (42.3+0.95). If these counts are com- pared with those of U. ornatus from Utah and Arizona, a north-south HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 287 cline may be visualized (fig. 8). This gradient of increasing scale size extends into Sonora, Mexico (cf. Oliver, 1943, fig. 1). Two rows of enlarged dorsals on each side of the vertebrals are present in about 80 percent of U. ornatus from southern Arizona. In approximately 90 percent of those from northern Arizona and Utah, there is a partial or complete third, outer row. The rock uta is abundant on mesa edges and cliffs in the Rough- lands and lower Montane Life Belts. Its local distribution is determined apparently by the availability of large boulders or by areas of broken, exposed rock; hence, elevational limits are imposed only by the lack of such habitat. Each mesa partially isolated by level grassland is inhabited by a distinctive population marked by close resemblance to local rock color. While these utas usually were observed in a vertical position, they were found rarely in standing trees and shrubs. Characterization of Urosaurus as a plant-dwelling genus (see Lowe, 1955b) does not hold for U. ornatus in the Zunis. This is well illustrated by its occurrence in montane canyon-head situations and absence from ridgetops. Arboreal vegetation is present in both places, but large rocks or outcrops are not prevalent in the latter. Data on reproduction indicates that the oviposition of U. ornatus may coincide with adequate summer moisture conditions. Gravid females with the following snout-vent length, date of collection (1959), and egg number and size provide circumstantial evidence: 54 mm., June 13, 5 avg. 6.7 mm. diameter; 47 mm., July 14, 3 avg. 12.8 x 7.0 mm.; 45 mm., July 16, 4 avg. 10.6 x 5.9 mm.; 48 mm., July 16, 2 avg. 12.2 x 6.1 mm. Specimens taken July 23, 1959, had laid their eggs as had Sceloporus graciosus and S. undulatus at the same locality. Hatchlings, 25 and 26 mm. snout-vent, were found on August 10; three more, 24, 25, and 27 mm., were collected on August 25, the following summer. Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: 5.5 mi. SE Thoreau (CU 5625); 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5129; UMMZ 120292); 7 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5610, 5628); 8 mi. 8. Thoreau (CU 5449) ; 5 mi. NE. Thoreau (CU 5686) ; between Thoreau and Continental Divide (UMMZ 120310); 4 mi. NNE. Prewitt (CU 5451, 5599; UMMZ 120203) ; 14 mi. N. Gallup (UCM 6092-93); vaLeNcra co.: 8 mi. SE. Grants (UMMZ 86614); 17 mi. SW. Grants (CU 5127, 5695); 25 mi. S. Grants (MCZ 62308*) ; 2.5 mi. E. Laguna Pueblo (CU 5678); El Morro Nat. Mon. (CU 5605); 2 mi. W. El Morro Nat. Mon. (CU 5445). Comparative Material Examined: U. o. linearis.—ARIZONA: COCHISE co.: Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts. (CU 3539); 5 mi. SE. Sunnyside (CU 5126); Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mts. (CU 2469, 5122); yavapar co.: 1 mi. N. Yarnell (CU 3036, 3513). U. 0. schotti.— ARIZONA: PIMA Co.: Arivaca (CU 1789); 5 mi. NE. Arivaca (CU 2461); santa 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 cruz co.: 3.5 mi. E. Patagonia (CU 5504); 9 mi. E. Sonoita (CU 877-8); Trench Mine Station (CU 5514). U. 0. wrightt.—Utan: KANE Co.: near Kanab (UMMZ 73380-84) ; SAN JUAN Co.: near Moab (UMMZ 68573-78). Phrynosoma douglassi hernandesi Girard The Zuni Mountains are the type locality of Tapaya ornatissima Girard (1858) by restriction (Reeve, 1952, p. 928). Presently known as Phrynosoma douglassi ornatissimum, this lizard and the closely related P. d. hernandesi have been reviewed most recently by Reeve (1952), who based the above locality restriction on Stejneger’s desig- nation (1890, p. 113) of neotypes of P. d. ornatissimum. Critical examination of 29 adult (table 5) and 17 subadult topotypes and the neotypes reveals that the Zuni population is composed actually of individuals with the characters of both P. d. ornatissimum and P. d. hernandesi (as defined by Girard, 1858, pp. 395-396; Reeve, 1952, pp. 924-928). With regard for diagnostic features, the adult specimens have: (1) temporal spines shorter than their basal diameter in 65 percent and about equal to basal diameter in 35 percent; (2) head width at jaw angle exceeding temporal width in 6 percent, about equal to temporal width in 44 percent, and less than equal in 50 percent; (3) dorsal dark spots light bordered mesially in 45 percent; and not light bor- dered in 55 percent. Only the first character favors allocation with P. d. ornatissimum; numbers two and three are more typical of P. d. hernandesi. These adults might be considered intergrades, but the added characterization of subadults and all specimens with special regard for locality data demonstrates that the above features vary ontogenetically as well as environmentally. Seventeen subadults, 24-45 mm. snout-vent, resemble P. d. hernandesi in color pattern as do five larger adults from the Montane Life Belt. Vivid dorsal coloration is virtually absent in these speci- mens; their dorsal blotches lack light mesial borders. In contrast, adults from Roughlands and Plains localities are bright orange or reddish brown in general aspect (brighter ventrally) and possess mesially and posteriorly light bordered blotches as in P. d. orna- tissimum. ‘Tail length/snout-vent length is 0.369-0.471 (xX 0.429) in subadults, 0.429-0.542 (0.470) in adults; hence, absolute tail length is unacceptable for comparative purposes as proposed by Reeve (1952, pp. 924, 928) unless ontogenetic variation is accounted for. Further- more, it appears that adults have relatively broader heads and longer temporal spines than subadults. None of the latter have the jaw angle width greater than the temporal width or have temporal spines equaling their basal diameter in length. The idea that environmental gradients produce both P. d. hernan- dest and P. d. ornatissimum in a single geographic area is not new. HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 289 Cope (1900, p. 417), concerned with P. d. ornatissimum, stated: “According to Stejneger this is the desert form of the species. In Arizona Dr. Merriam only found it on the Painted Desert, while he found the P. d. hernandesi in the cedar and pine belts in the San Francisco Mountain region.” Bailey (1913) included both races in his New Mexico, Upper Sonoran Life Zone, but only P. d. hernandesi in the Transition Zone. Eaton (1935, p. 16) commented on his inability to distinguish P. d. ornatissimum from P. d. hernandesi in northern Arizona, and Durham (1956, p. 222) described specimens of both “subspecies” from the Grand Canyon. Bragg and Dundee (1949, p. 57) and Lowe (1947) observed color variation correlated with ecological differences near Las Vegas and Socorro, New Mexico, respectively. In view of past and current difficulties in separating the two forms, I suggest that P. d. ornatissimum be placed in the synonomy of P. d. hernandesi, which has page priority (see Girard, 1858, pp. 395-396). Short-horned lizards are certainly the most eurytopic reptiles of the Zuni region if not of New Mexico. They could be observed readily in all major vegetational associations except the spruce-fir but were most abundant in the pinyon-juniper savanna. Specimens were taken in the alpine-tundra association at 11,300 feet on Mt. Taylor (La Mosca Lookout), a greater elevation than attained by any other species studied (fig. 3). This is possibly the highest occurrence of any reptile or amphibian in the Southwest. The birth of ten young (24-26, X¥ 24.8 mm. snout-vent) was observed in a clump of rabbitbush at 6400 feet, 11:00 a.m., August 14, 1957. All were extruded within ten minutes and, with freedom from their investing membrane, immediately buried themselves in the loose, sandy soil. They were medium gray with only the dark-brown dorsal spots of the salient color pattern. Other dates (1957) of parturition and accompanying brood size are June 25 (15), July 11 (8), July 20 (6), August 3 (21), August 10 (11) for females taken between 7000 and 7500 feet and maintained in outdoor cages at 7200 feet. A single juvenile, 20 mm. snout-vent, was collected on August 12 at 8200 feet. Specimens with ova, 0.6-1.5 mm. in diameter, were found throughout the summer months; one from 11,300 feet contained 11 eggs averaging 4.2 mm. on July 17, 1956. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: 6 mi. 8. Thoreau (CU 5119, 5233, 5447, 5632, 5703, 5709; UMMZ 120409) ; Ft. Wingate (USNM 14396, 14408) ; Prewitt (KUMNH 28063%) ; Rio Puerco, Continental Divide (AMNH 62853-4); Seven Lakes (CU 5620); Gallup (CU 5841); 10 mi. N. Gallup (TNHC 11654-5); vatencra co.: Grants (MCZ 6791*; USNM 44805); 10.4 mi. 8. Grants (CU 5601); La Mosca Lookout, Mt. Taylor (CU 5453); Mark Elkin’s Ranch, Mt. Taylor (KUMNH 28062*) ; 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Shuman’s Ranch (UMMZ 86617); El Morro Nat. Mon. (KUMNH 11298-9*); Ojo Redondo (CU 5707); Mt. Sedgwick (USNM 44566); McCartey’s (USNM 16000-1); Lava Beds (USNM 44702). Cnemidophorus velox Springer Lowe and Zweifel (1952, p. 229) have characterized appropriately the systematics of whiptail lizards: ‘“‘Perhaps there is no genus of lizard occurring in North America today that has been studied and continues to be studied with as much uncertainty and confusion as Cnemidophorus.”’ In keeping with this statement, C. velor was, for many years, an unrecognized species. Probably it was reported in New Mexico by Yarrow (1875, p. 558) as C. octolineatus and by Hallowell (1854, p. 145), Cope (1900, p. 603), and VanDenburgh (1924, p. 213) as C. gularis. Burt (1931, p. 124) included it under C. sexlineatus perplerus and listed Zuni specimens from Grants and Gallup. Lowe (1955a) reviewed the nomenclatorial history of this Colorado Plateau species that Burger (1950a, p. 4) and others had confused with C. exsanguis, formerly known as C. sacki (Duellman and Zweifel, 1962). Maslin and others (1958, p. 342) reported C. velox from San Juan, Taos, Rio Arriba, and San Miguel Counties, New Mexico. Duellman and Zweifel (1962, fig. 10) utilized my distributional data on this species in their review of the “‘sexlineatus”’ group of Cnemidophorus. C.. velox may be separated from C. ersanguis primarily on the basis of size and color pattern (pl. 3; table 7). Adults of the former are never spotted conspicuously, have more widely separated paraverte- bral light stripes and predominantly blue or blue-gray tails in con- trast to the spotted brown to greenish (distally) tailed adults of C. exrsanguis. The two species are similar in scutellation (table 7). They are sympatric presumably in northern Arizona (Lowe, 1955a, p. 3), but this relationship is not certain in the Zunis. On two occasions a large seemingly spotted whiptail was seen foraging with typical adults of C. velor near Thoreau. Neither individual was collected, and other differences were not noted. Since some large C. velox develop light areas at the anterior ends of adjoining scales in the lateral dark stripes, these observations cannot be cited as indicating sympatry in the Zunis. Among the striped whiptails of New Mexico west of the Rio Grande, the scale counts of C. velox are closest to those of C. exsanguis and furthest from C. perplexus and C. inornatus; such features adequately separate C. velox from C. burti, a much larger spotted species (table 7). Unlike C. velox, C. perplerus is spotted as an adult and often has a wavy middorsal light stripe. C. velor and C. inornatus are the only unspotted species in western New Mexico. Both have blue tails, but C. inornatus is not larger than 67 mm. snout-vent, typically has a HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 291 bluish venter, and rarely (4 out of 37 New Mexico specimens) lacks the middorsal light stripe. In C. velox the venter is usually white, although occasionally tinged with blue, and the middorsal stripe is more often incomplete or absent (table 8). The condition of this stripe apparently remains constant during ontogeny (pl. 3A). TABLE 7.—Comparison of range and mean of meristic characters of striped whiptails (Genus Cnemidophorus) present in western New Mexico! Species Dorsal scales Scales between Femoral pores Maximum Spots around midbody paravertebral snout-vent stripes length mm. C. burti 98-115(104.7) 5-11(8.0) 32—44(38.3) 130 yes C. exsanguis 62-86 (74.8) 2-8 (4.6) 30-44 (36.8) 101 yes C. inornatus 55-78 (62.0) 7-11(8.6) 33-39 (35.0) 67 no C. perplexcus 71-80(74.9) 9-13(10.2) 34-40(37.3) 86 yes C. velox 67-80 (72.5) 5-10(7.9) 28-38(32.9) 84 no 1 Data in part from Duellman and Zweifel (1962). There is relatively little geographic variation in C. velox (table 8). It is perhaps significant that populations from the immediate vicinity of the San Juan Basin are somewhat more uniform in structure and closer to the species mode than those to the south and west. Speci- mens from Catron County, New Mexico, have the fewest dorsal scales ® and are smallest in size, closely approaching C. inornatus in these characters. Specimens from Kane County, Utah, have the largest number of dorsals and, including Navajo County, Arizona, and San Juan County, Utah, femoral pores. The four samples most peripheral to the San Juan Basin, those from the Zunis, Catron, Apache, and Kane Counties, show the greatest separation of para- vertebral light stripes and incidence of a complete middorsal stripe. Maslin (1959, p. 44) identified two specimens (UMMZ 76881) as syntypes of C. velox although he added that they were reidentified as C. stictogrammus by Richard G. Zweifel. Zweifel (in litt.) said that he had no notes on these specimens; he later examined and tentatively determined them as C. sezlineatus. I concur with this identification. Clearly the specimens in question are not syntypes of C. velor. Even their locality data, Lee’s Ferry, Coconino County, Arizona, differs from that given by Springer (1928, p. 103) for the four original syn- types: ‘‘Three were taken at Oraibi, Arizona, and one at Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico.”” Some mixup is indicated since C. serlineatus reaches its westernmost limits in San Miguel County, New Mexico, and cannot be expected at Lee’s Ferry. 6T agree with Zweifel (1959, p. 66) that the number of dorsal scales around midbody is a more accurate count than the number from occiput to rump. This may be seen in the degree of variation in the Zuni population (table 5). 738—287T—65——_4 o nr Sl VOL. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 292 %GSF % EP %19 %09 %L %EE %GL %08 0 T8SIOPPITN (6°2)01-¢ (9°2)01-S (1°6) 01-8 (1°8) 01-9 (69) 6-9 (ZL) 6-9 (18) 6-9 (02) 8-9 (26) 01-8 ajoqdmoo adtajs = Sad tys [81qoqIaA -Bred 009M4aq SeTBoS (F'0F6'ZE) 88-8z (2ST PES) 8E-18 (V'1¥9°88)¢8-1E ($'T F818) 98-08 ($°S FFE) LE-BS (6°T F228) 98-08 (9°I F9°Z8)SS-08 (SO FZ FE)Se-E8 (FS F818) 98-08 $a10d [B10U0\T (9° LFE°ZL)08-29 (G20 FF'1L)S2-89 (S9'0 F 2°92) 08-F2 (CSO FL TL)9L-89 (9°S F9'ZL)9L-89 (99°0 FZ'E2) 92-12 (6°0+4°69)&S2-L9 (F'OFS8'ESL)GL-ZL (VIF21L)S2-69 Apoqprur punoye sayeos [esi0q (149) F8-LE (0°CL) F8-ZS (6°89) 08-L¢ (0°¢9)08-8¢ (6°09) 62-LE (9°89) 82-8¢ (F'8S)89-6F (9°19) T2-G¢ (2°29 )69-8F q}s3u9] JueA-Jnous N e[duies [v4OJ, yeig “oo ueng ues yen “OD oury ‘WN ‘uomser tung ‘AN “OOD uene ued ‘WN “0D @quty ory ‘TAN “OQ TomYeD *‘21ry “OC ofeatny ‘zy “Og ayoedy AqyT800'T XOJOA snaoydopiweug wuz (fzuo saiod JoLowaf pun sazvos poS.op fo 12}}07)) L0OLLa pLppunjs pun ‘unaw ‘abuny—'g AAV], HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 293 Of the 90 specimens of C. velox examined during this study, none were males. Comparative dissections revealed only famales of C. exsanguis and C. tessellatus, but bisexual samples of C. inornatus and C. tigris were noted. This problem is complicated further by the existence of two kinds of nonspotted whiptails in the Zuni region. One is typical of C. velox as previously characterized and has, in addition, abruptly enlarged scales preceding the gular fold. The other is represented by two males (UCM 6579-80) from 14 miles north of Gallup that resemble C. inornatus in having the bright-blue venter and smaller scales in front of the gular fold. These specimens, with 68 and 75 dorsal scales around midbody, could be the males of C. velox, or they might represent C. inornatus in sympatry with C. velox; indeed, when more specimens become available and this perplexing situation is studied further, present species concepts involving C. velox and C. mornatus may be altered radically. In the Zunis, Colorado Plateau whiptails were most common in open areas of the Roughlands Life Belt especially where the saltbush- sage association occurred in isolated patches in the pinyon-juniper savanna. They were associated occasionally with Sceloporus undu- latus in these habitats and with Sceloporus graciosus where scattered spiny saltbush and one-seed junipers dominated a sandy area at the lower edge of the Roughlands near Prewitt. Although seldom found above the Roughlands-Montane continuum, they sometimes occurred in ponderosa pine stands in open, logged-off spots or along dry creek beds to approximately 7800 feet. Gravid females with the following snout-vent length, date (1939) of collection, and egg number and size give some estimate of local reproductive capacity in this whiptail: 77 mm., May 28, 3 avg. 6.5 x 15.2 mm.; 80 mm., June 13, 4 avg. 11.2 x 16.0 mm.; 73 mm., June 22, 4 avg. 8.2 x 15.2 mm. A specimen collected June 30, 1956, had an enlarged oviduct but only small eggs measuring 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter. None of the individuals taken in July held enlarged eggs; hence, C. velox apparently does not oviposit coincidentally with sum- mer rainfall. A hatchling, 34 mm. snout-vent, was collected August 13; another, 37 mm., on August 20, 1957. Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: 4 mi. 8. Thoreau (CU 5450); 5.5 mi. SE. Thoreau (CU 5614); 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5675; UMMZ 120410, 120289); 7 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5626); 4 mi. NNE. Prewitt (UMMZ 120286); between Thoreau and Continental Divide (UMMZ 120309); Ft. Wingate (USNM 16762-63, 80357); 16 mi. 8. Gallup (CU 5609); 10 mi. W. Gallup (MVZ 65805); 14 mi. N. Gallup (UCM 6578-80); Gallup (UMMZ 120287); Crownpoint (UNMCV 1162); vaLeNncria co.: 8 mi. SE. Paxton (UMMZ 86619); 1 mi. N. Cebolleta (UMMZ 86620) ; 4 mi. W. McCartey’s (UMMZ 86618); 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (CU 5458). 294. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Comparative material examined: C. velox.—ARIZONA: APACHE Co.: Little Colorado River (UMMZ 85054); NAVAJO co.: 1 mi. N. Winslow (UMMZ 74025); New Mexico: catron co.: 3 mi. NE. Horse Springs (UCM 6095-6102); R10 aRRiBa co.: 7 mi. N. El Rito (UMMZ 69081); san sUAN co.: 7 mi. E. Blanco (UCM 7250-59); 43 mi. SE. Bloomfield (UCM 7260-62) ; 1 mi. N. Chaco Canyon Nat. Mon. (UMMZ 120288) ; Chaco Canyon Nat. Mon. (UMMZ 122915); Urau: KANE co.: 6-7 mi. NW. Kanab (UMMZ 73323-24); sAN JUAN Co.: 3 mi. W. Monticello (UMMZ 121484— 85); Natural Bridges Nat. Mon. (UMMZ 120285). Eumeces multivirgatus multivirgatus Hallowell x E. m. epipleurotus Cope The taxonomic status of southwestern members of the #. multi- virgatus complex recently has been discussed by Lowe (1955c), Maslin (1957), Mecham (1957), Heyl and Smith (1957), and Tanner (1957). These authors are in essential agreement that EH. gaigeae (=E. m. epipleurotus; see Axtell, 1961) and /. taylori are pattern variations of E.. multivirgatus, but their opinions diverge as to the proper allocation of the three available names. Mecham (1957, pp. 113-116) proved that EL. taylori is simply an allelomorphic pattern variant of £. multi- virgatus; thus, there is no reason, in the interest of biosystematics, for retaining EL. m. taylori as a nongeographic subspecies as Lowe (1955c) and Tanner (1957 p. 116) do. Maslin (1957, p. 87) and Mecham (1957, p. 112) suggested that . gaigeae represents a stage in the onto- genetic pattern change of FE. multivirgatus. Such loss of color pattern is well documented in the F. fasciatus group but has not been demonstrated effectively in the many-lined skinks. A series of 25 adults and 5 juveniles of /. m. multivirgatus from the Zuni region corroborates previous suggestions concerning the deriva- tion of the color pattern of . m. epipleurotus. Complete pattern reduction can be observed in this variable sample and is comparable to Tanner’s diagrams B through D (1957, fig. 1). An adult female, collected August 12, 1960, lost the mid-dorsal light stripe in 21 months of captivity. To test possible correlation of pattern change with increasing size, and presumably age, the hybrid index method of Sibley (1950, p. 112) and others was adapted for present use. The characters examined were middorsal light line, dorsal dark line on the first and/or second scale rows, lateral light line on the sixth and/or seventh scale rows, and tail color pattern. The degree of intensity of each stripe was graded per specimen on a scale of 0 (=present, as in typical H. m. multivirgatus) to 3 (=absent, as in typical FE. m. epipleurotus). Tail color-pattern change (from blue to blue gray with lines, to brown with lines, and ultimately to brown with lines and spots) was graded in like manner. By adding the character values for a specimen, a HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 295 total of 0 indicated H. m. multivirgatus, 12 denoted EL. m. epipleurotus, and 1-11 indicated ascending degrees of intermediacy. The specimen totals plotted against snout-vent length show ontogenetic change of color pattern from EF. m. multivirgatus to EL. m. epipleurotus with increasing size irrespective of sex (fig. 9). 12 O 00 10 4 O 28 A AA Ld AA O E ae Rae A 5 @oo 3 oS 4 e°0 A 2 A @ oO E AA oO #2 BGS gee Ae Peer Ee eee Sites eS A ee ee ee 20 30 40 50 60 70 SNOUT- VENT LENGTH mm. Ficure 9.—Relationship of color-pattern to snout-vent length in Eumeces multivirgatus from the Zuni region. (The color-pattern of nominate multivirgatus is 0, that of epi- pleurotus is 12.) A Males A Males : : @ Females With blue tails O Mates, Without clot @ Hatchlings Suggested bases for retaining HL’. m. epipleurotus as a southern race of EL. multwirgatus are: (1) ontogenetic pattern reduction (not present in nominate subspecies; Maslin, 1957; Mecham, 1957); (2) distinctive juvenile pattern (see Maslin, 1957, fig. 1E); (3) posterior border of last supralabial confluent with posterior border of last infra- labial (supralabial projecting caudad at least 15 percent of its length in nominate subspecies; Maslin, 1957, p. 89). The first and second criteria apply to the Zuni skinks; however, for the third, only 38 percent of the adults possess the labial feature of Z. m. epipleurotus on both sides of the head and 25 percent resemble E. m. multivirgatus, with the remainder being asymmetrical. While this third criterion remains to be tested in other New Mexico populations, some influence from the northern race is expected if physiographic and ecologic 296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 factors operating in this situation are similar to those effecting north- south intergradation in other Zuni reptiles. Polychromatism in FE. multivirgatus presents an interesting possi- bility for increased adaptation. It would be of distinct advantage for this skink, a wide-ranging form, to possess a variety of phenotypes each of which is superior in adaptive value to others in a given habitat occurring regularly in the range. Prevalence of the ‘‘taylori”” variant in lower, more xeric situations in southern New Mexico is significant in this regard as is the apparent difference in proportion of variants in local populations (Gehlbach, in ms.; Mecham, 1957). The tend- ency for darkening in southern portions of the range is carried out by ontogenetic pattern reduction as well as by the occurrence of “‘taylori.” Many-lined skinks occurred in a wide variety of Roughlands situa- tions, but most often they were taken in heavy cover such as the oak-mahogany and riparian associations where broad-leaf litter was abundant. A few were found under rocks and logs in the dryer, pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine associations. The species was decidedly less saxicolous than Huwmeces obsoletus and apparently did not occur in ecological sympatry with this larger skink. Absence of E. multivirgatus from the Plains Life Belt demonstrates this local relationship. Although collected throughout the day, many-lined skinks were seen more often in the early morning hours. On June 28, 1954, a female brooding three eggs was found in a shallow, cup-shaped depression under a loose rock in the dry bed of Cottonwood Creek at 7200 feet. The soil was damp only around the eggs, which measured 14.0 x 9.5, 14.5 x 8.5, and 15.0x7.8mm. Five eggs averaging 14.2 x 8.6 mm. were dug from a Pueblo Indian ruin at a depth of approximately five inches on August 7, 1957. These were accompanied by a many-lined skink that escaped capture in the maze of rocks and loose, moist soil. Another female of the ‘‘epipleurotus” type and four recent hatchlings, 22 to 27 mm. snout-vent, were taken together on August 17. These hatchlings and one other, 29 mm., collected July 29, have the sharply contrasting juvenile pattern of E.. m. epipleurotus. Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: 6 mi. §. Thoreau (CU 5435, 5596, 5615, 5693; UMMZ 123529); 8 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5145); Ft. Wingate (USNM 16015-17); 10 mi. N. Ramah (UMMZ 122883); vatencra co.: 8 mi. SE. Thoreau (UMMZ 120408); 8 mi. NE. Grants (CU 5436); 17 mi. SW. Grants (CU 5607); 1.5 mi. S. Lookout Mt. (CU 5691); 3 mi. SW. Page (CU 5692); 2 mi. W. El Morro Nat. Mon. (CWGF). Emueces obsoletus Baird and Girard Burt (1929) and Taylor (1935, pp. 205-220) have reviewed geo- eraphic variation in this species. Adult specimens collected in the St HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS GEHLBACH 297 Zunis fit their descriptions of New Mexico and Arizona material; however, two hatchlings differ slightly from published accounts of juvenile coloration. They are 35 and 36 mm. snout-vent, with a glossy-black ground color that is equally as intense on the venter as on the dorsum. White spots on the head are confined to the upper labials, outside edges of the parietals, prefrontals, and supranasals, the six to eight scales immediately craniad and caudad of the ear, and the first four infralabials. The Great Plains skink apparently reaches the northwestern limit of its New Mexico range in Valencia County and probably does not occur on the Colorado Plateau further to the north. Locally it inhabits rocky situations in the Plains-Roughlands continuum and especially the cholla-juniper association of the Plains Life Belt. It was collected among rock outcrops in arroyos and along the malpais edge where there was relatively little shrub cover. In contrast to the plains-dwelling iguanid, Holbrookia maculata, it seems to shun open areas. A female, accompanied by three recently hatched young, was discovered July 18, 1956, near the malpais edge on scoriaceous lava. Upon pursuit, she took refuge under a lava chunk, which, when overturned, revealed her in the process of consuming one of the hatchlings. The other two hatchlings subsequently were collected and are the ones described above; the adult escaped. Locality records: VALENCIA co.: Grants (USNM 44806); 1.5 mi. S. Grants (UMMZ 86621); 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (CU 5455); 8 mi. SE. Paxton (UMMZ 86623); 4 mi. W. McCartey’s (UMMZ 86622). Suborder Serpentes Thamnophis dorsalis dorsalis Baird and Girard I follow Fitch and Milstead (1961) in replacing Thamnophis cyrtopsis Kennicott with the older Baird and Girard name. This arrangement is not entirely convincing because the black-necked gartersnakes, 7’. dorsalis, T. eques, and T. marcianus, of the Southwest and Mexico have been confused widely (see Wright and Wright, 1957, p. 770); Fitch and Milstead (1961) admit that the original description of T. dorsalis is not sufficiently diagnostic to identify the missing type with certainty. The single male of 7. d. dorsalis, collected during the present study, was found while I was investigating a breeding aggregation of Scaphiopus hammondi and Bufo punctatus on the eastern edge of the Grants malpais at 6400 feet (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 369). This locality is at least 10 miles from the nearest stream of appreciable size, the Rio San Jose. The specimen has 174 ventral scales, 76 subcaudals, and 19-19-17 dorsal scale rows. It is unlike most 7. d. dorsalis in that it 2598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 shows no dorsal spotting caudad of the neck region and has a very low subcaudal count (see Milstead, 1953). Reduction of posteriodorsal dark spots has been observed in specimens from Farmington, San Juan County (UMMZ 66973-4), and Pinos Altos, Grant County (UMMZ 75626), New Mexico, but this reduction was not of the magnitude seen in the Zuni snake. T. dorsalis is not as abundant as 7. elegans in northwestern New Mexico. It does not occur frequently in the pinyon-juniper associa- tion and, therefore, is separated somewhat ecologically from T. elegans. In addition to the Farmington specimens, others from the Acoma Indian Reservation (UNMCV, specimen lost), Suwanee, Valencia County (UNMCYV 44, 117), Aztec (AMNH 5298), and junc- tion of the Los Pinos and San Juan rivers, San Juan County (A. Harris, in litt.), were taken below 6000 feet. Milstead’s record (1953, p. 372) from ten miles north of E] Rita [sic], Rio Arriba County, is questionable; T consider the specimens (UMMZ 84330) to be juveniles of 7’. elegans. Locality records: VALENCIA CO., 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (CU 5053). Thamnophis elegans vagrans Baird and Girard Of all snakes represented in the Zuni region by a single geographic race, J’. elegans exhibits the greatest morphological variation and widest range both geographically and altitudinally (fig. 3). Variation is especially apparent in the number of ventral and subcaudal scutes of both sexes (table 9). The means of these features approximate those given by Fitch (1940, figs. 3, 4), but the ranges are greater than his combined Arizona-New Mexico sample. Six specimens have 23 anterior scale rows and one has divided preoculars, traits which Fitch (1940) considered rare in 7’. e. vagrans. Color pattern is subject to extremes of manifestation in the Zuni population. Certain individuals are nearly uniform olive brown dorsally with only a trace of the middorsal light stripe and dark dorsal spots. Others are marked with brilliant lemon-yellow stripes and clear black spots. In these the dark postparietal crescentic marks are strikingly similar to those of 7. dorsalis and may have been part of the reason for misidentification in other studies. Black spots along the belly midline are present in varying degrees. Although a great variety of colors and patterns can be observed, no specimen possesses the ash-gray ground color seen by me in 7. e. vagrans in southern Utah; all are some shade of brown. Juveniles usually are spotted distinctly, with the dorsal and lateral light stripes reduced in intensity and the black nuchal crescents clearly indicated. ‘To my eye, juveniles are colored more cryptically than adults, which are generally less spotted. There is apparently 299 HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH ‘sotoads Tos 10} PaulquIod e1v sexes 40 JO syUMOD Yo}oTG APOd PUB MOI ETS Tes1OC 1 "hf ose we Ser te oe 8 Se ee ee a SS Se Se ee (01'0 F0°L)8-S (LOO FF0Z)ZC-61 = (OL F6' FLT) O81-ZLT (COOFL 6S) FE-PE (ZZ0FSEZ)LZ-E6 (11'0 £9°8) 01-9 (LF 0 F6FZ)8C-E% (S9'0 F9'FLT)8LT-TLT (Z)r(ave (Z)0% ‘(Z)6T 68ST ‘LST ‘FST (920 F0'LE)0F-GE (FZO0FE'SZ)9Z—SZ (Z)¢ 9 GG Povce Z6I ‘SST (9T¥FE'GL)06-1L (OTFL'E9T)TLI-6ET = = (410 F6'0Z) I-61 (TTL#8'98)96-8SL (TIFE'99T)9LT-T9T FI ‘ST Z9 ‘SS Fs ‘O&% (FZESIG)EI-FF (68'0 FE'0E) 1E-62Z (82'0 F9'FT)8I-&T (C°ZFSEO)ZL-LG ~—- (1° FY EET) OFS-62Z (Z)69 1&2% ‘08% = = (FH) LT aL FIZ T1Z Ses 6 Se SH eS bs Se! ee es Se SS SS Se soyqo,OTq [IB.L seqojo[q Apog Apoqprur-s[es10q sjepneoqng s]B.1900 A. OT cf8 61 N (3) ? ? (©) seprura snjpjou9 ( } ) 2) ”) (2) Town snjpji019 (3) y ‘ (2) sunbaja srydouwvy J, ( ) ) oP) ? (2) snonajounjaum s1ydonjid (3) ”? ” (2) sngojound srvydopnig seeds Be 2 oe SE eS ae ee ee SS SS Se eee ,Saypus wUNZ awos fo (Moda puopunys “uvaUt ‘g6up.) syuawmaimspau Usayod 10]09 PUD sjUNoI a]vIG—"6 ATAV LL 300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 some ontogenetic change in the color pattern of this subspecies, but the variety of polychromatism renders its interpretation especially difficult. Twenty young born on August 26, 1957, to a female, 1051 mm. in total length, are 142-160 (x 152) mm. snout-vent, 49-58 (55) mm. tail length. It is noteworthy that the above female is the largest T. e. vagrans on record; her brood averages considerably larger than those reported by Wright and Wright (1957, p. 799). Other dates of birth and brood size are July 11 (138) and July 2 (15) for females measuring 744 and 979 mm. total length, respectively. All brood records are from specimens captured at 7200 feet in the riparian associ- ation bordered by oak-mahogany and pinyon-juniper associations. The adults were maintained in outside cages at the same elevation. As indicated by Coues (1875, pp. 614-615) in observations made along the Zuni River, the wandering garter snake is typically semi- aquatic in the Zunis. Specimens of all sizes were encountered fre- quently in riparian situations where the amount of exposure varied according to elevation. The form was most abundant in Montane and Roughlands Life Belts, but a few individuals were found on the plains in or near arroyos stemming from the uplands. Of 23 specimens with food in their stomachs, 17 had eaten Rana pipiens, both adults and larvae; 6 contained Sceloporus undulatus and Bufo woodhouser; 2 held Peromyscus species; 1 held Perognathus flavus; and 1 each had eaten Phrynosoma douglassi and Ambystoma tigrinum. On several occasions, this garter snake was seen chasing anuran larvae under water. Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: Thoreau (MCZ 62258-64, 62454-70*); 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5054, 5444, 5586, 5616, 5668); Ft. Wingate (USN M 16764-5, 14397-14401); 15 mi. N. Gallup (MVZ 63704*); 5 mi. SW. Ramah (UMMZ 123132); vaLENcraA co.: 1.5 mi. SW. San Mateo (UMMZ 86626-7); 4 mi. W. McCartey’s (UMMZ 86628) ; 4 mi. WSW. Cebolleta (UMMZ 86624-25); Paguate (UMMZ 86629); Canyon Lobo Ranger Station, Mt. Taylor (UMMZ 86630); 7 mi. W. San Fidel (AMNH 74501, 74786, 75966) ; El Morro Nat. Mon. (KUMNH 8557*) ; 7.8 mi. SE. Grants (UMMZ 123131). Diadophis punctatus regalis Baird and Girard Confusion in applying the name regalis has resulted apparently from a scarcity of museum specimens. Blanchard (1942, pp. 56, 62) considered D. regalis regalis as distinct from D. regalis laetus by absence or great reduction of the neck ring. Only two New Mexico specimens were available to him, however. Wright and Wright (1957, p. 161) followed Blanchard, although Schmidt and Smith (1944, pp. 89-90) previously had regarded presence or absence of the neck ring as anomalous and size and ventral scale counts as more Oe HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 301 significant. These latter authors synonymized D. r. laetus with D. r. regalis but named D. regalis blanchardi. They were followed by Stebbins (1954, p. 489), who further suggested, as had Garman (1883, p. 73), that perhaps all ringneck snakes constitute a single species. Another rearrangement was fostered by Smith and Taylor (1945, p. 48), who maintained Blanchard’s views on D. regalis and D. r. laetus in “‘view of the paucity of data on these snakes” but synony- mized D. r. blanchardi with nominate D. regalis. Brown (1950, p. 145) supported their position. The form D. dugesi had been linked subspecifically with D. regalis (Taylor and Smith, 1938, p. 240) and D. punctatus (Villada, 1878) but was considered as a distinct species by Blanchard (1942, pp. 51-54). Utilizing new material from western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, Mecham (1956) com- bined D. regalis with D. punctatus but left subspecific boundaries in question. Taxonomic appraisal of Zuni ringneck snakes and others from New Mexico necessitated the following brief review of variation in south- western and Mexican Diadophis. I have been fortunate in seeing more material than was available to previous workers. Series from single localities, nevertheless, are nonexistant; hence, certain mor- phologically similar specimens were grouped politically (Arizona, Utah, Chihuahua). Further evidence for considering the montane forms D. regalis and D. dugesi as subspecies of D. punctatus has been found. The racial boundaries left open by Mecham (1956) can now be approximated, and D. r. laetus, along with D. r. blanchardi, may be placed in the synonymy of D. p. regalis. As suggested by Cope (1900, pp. 544-545), the neck ring is a poly- chromatic character with dominance in some areas and variable manifestation in others. It occurs in some individuals from Sandoval County (New Mexico), Yavapai County (Arizona), and Chihuahua (Mexico), but is absent in others. Zuni specimens have neck rings (pl. 4) as do those from Catron, Sierra, and Grant Counties in south- western New Mexico. Material examined from central and south- eastern New Mexico usually lacks the ring, but one individual from Eddy County has it interrupted middorsally (Mecham, 1956). Incomplete neck rings also occur in the prairie race, D. p. arnyi (=D. p. docilis, Mecham, 1956), and specimens from Utah, Trans-Pecos, Texas (Blanchard, 1942, pp. 63, 73; Mecham, 1956), and Jalisco, Mexico (UIMNH 47866). Most specimens from Utah and Trans- Pecos, Texas, lack the ring, whereas most Arizona and Mexican indi- viduals have it well developed. Similarly, extent of the yellow color of the venter on the dorsal scale rows varies from a single spot on a few anterior scales of the first 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 row to nearly complete coverage of the first or first and second rows; for example, one of the three Zuni specimens has yellow limited to a spot on each scale of the first dorsal row, while the others have the first row nearly covered with, and the second row spotted with, yellow (pl. 4). Most Arizona and New Mexico ringnecks show the former condition; most Utah snakes, the latter. In D. p. dugesi the yellow pigment is confined usually to the ventrals, but specimens from Hidalgo (UIMNH 17635), Jalisco (AMNH 3711-12), and Nayarit (AMNH 19724) resemble anteriorly those from Arizona-New Mexico. An individual from Durango, Mexico, (ISM, uncataloged) has faint yellow spots on the first dorsal row and thus appears to be intermediate between D. p. dugesi and D. p. regalis. A similar speci- men from Chihuahua (BYU 14243) has yellow confined to the venter caudad of the neck region. The Guadalupe Mountains population (Eddy Co., N. M.-Culberson Co., Tex.) also exhibits intermediacy in coloration as well as certain meristic features described below. One specimen from Walnut Canyon (CCNP 2197) has yellow spots on all scales of the first dorsal row, thus resembling most Arizona-New Mexico ringnecks. Another (CCNP 2201) has such spots only on the anterior quarter of the body, while a third has a uniformly gray dorsum. The McKittrick Canyon snakes have no yellow pigment dorsally except in the region of the partial neck ring, where it reaches approximately the fifth scale row on each side. Restriction of yellow pigmentation to the ventral scales is supposedly typical of D. p. arnyi (Stebbins, 1954, pp. 360, 489) as well as D. p. dugesi (Blanchard, 1942, p. 51). In southwestern and Mexican Diadophis, the number of labial scales (usually 7/8), loreals (1-1), and pre- and postoculars (2-2) is geographically stable, although often asymmetrical. By contrast, body length and three of four other meristic characters vary clinally (table 10). Two steps in the temporal and dorsal scale row clines are important because they fall at major breaks in the range of nonclinal ventral scale variation (fig. 10). One of these steps occurs in the Guadalupe Mountains south through the Sierra Vieja and Chisos Mountains, Trans-Pecos, Texas, between the ranges of D. p. arnyi in west Texas and D. p. regalis in central New Mexico. The other lies between the ranges of D. p. regalis in Chihuahua, Mexico, and D. p. dugesi in southern Mexico. The steps are indicated by changes in frequency involving 15-15 and 17-17 dorsal scale rows and 1-1 temporals. That certain meristic characters exhibit clines in different directions is evident. Ringneck snakes from the Sierra Vieja-Chisos region are closest to D. p. arnyi in dorsal and temporal counts but resemble D. p. regalis in number of ventrals. Almost the opposite situation exists 303 HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH *(1F61) JoUUBy, PUB ‘(eep6l) UIUAIg ‘(FPET) TIM puB IPMS ‘(6G61) WOJUTIAL ‘(9G61) MBIT, ‘(6F61) AIAN] PUB UOseUIBS ‘(cgg1) Aespuyyy pue oyonbnoy ‘(zF6T) paBqourlg wos yied Uy BIC; ee en de ee eS ee eee ee (262) £2F-EFT (188)0TS-68% (18E)Z09-L9T (FEF)SF9-EZE (FLE)SFS-ZIL (ZLE)SHF-CES (GGZ)8SE-LF1 ZZF-S6 | (uM) YSU] Apo (%01) 1-1 (%0F) 1-1 (41s) 1-1 (%01) 1-1 (%$8)1-1 (%06) 1-1 (612) 1-1 (jensn) T-T (%8h)o-1 (%0¥F)o-1 (%F¥F)Z-1 (%09)Z-1 (% L¥)S-1 (%01)z-1 (%62)2-1T (e181) Z-T soyvos [eioduma J, (YZE)ST-LI (%O8)SI-LT (%06)ST-LT (Y%eg)St-L1 (%L8)St-L1 (%O0v)St-L1 (MBE)Gt-Lt (%L1Z)S1-L1 (Wee),1-11 (%OS)LT-LT = (WG)LI-LT. (%GE)AT-LT (AL)St-Gt (%09)STt-St (%0G)ST-ST (%&G)SI-ST SoTBOS [VSO] (1'z¢)9¢-S (L'°6S)L9-G¢ (8'L9)EL-F9 (¢°F9)89-29 (0'F9)69-09 (2°9¢)69-F9 (ZEF)LE-6E (0°6F)LS-TP (3) = (z'9G)19-2G (9°¢9)TL-Z9 (L°GL) T8-BL (202) 2-29 (O'TL)ZL-69 (2'09)L9-€S (F1¢)19-Lb (0'%S)8S-6F | (L) STepneoqns H 5 d a a 3 a Vv syunog ((zz) oBuvan, JO YINos oorxo~w =H ‘(g) Corey “enenyTYO =H + (9D WIn=A {(gz) BuoZzIIy = *(9T) OOTXeT, MON ui0}S9M PUL [eIyUOD =CJ ‘ (ZT) SBXOT, ‘SOD9g-SUBLT, ‘yoIsad SUTBJUNOTT SOSTYD puB BlorA BIIOIS =D £(QT) svxay, “OD wosIEqIND pue “TAN ‘Ayunog Appy ‘sureyunoyy odnyepeny = gq ‘ (TZ) Sodog-suBly, UBT JOY}O SBXOT, JSOM—=Y :so[durvs jo ozIs PUB sDUBUOACIT *yy3ue, Apog pue syUNOd o[vos [epNwoqns 1OJ USATS oI UBOTT PUB asuny ‘syunoo [esoduie, [vorjomUMTASE OLE SB Po}}{UIO o1B suolyeIAop [ensnun ‘suoigor jeue pue ApOqplul UIOIJ BIB SZUNOD oTBOS [esiod) olay pup pamymog oy Us snqeqound stydopriq fo “021702104 —‘OT @TAV.L 304. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 in the Guadalupes, where most specimens approximate D. p. arnyi in dorsal and ventral counts and D. p. regalis in frequency of temporal combinations; however, a male from Walnut Canyon is closest to D. p. regalis in having 206 ventrals. On the basis of clinal variation and intermediate coloration, ringneck snakes from the Guadalupe 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 VENTRAL SCALES Ficure 10.—Variation in the number of ventral scales of Diadophis punctatus from the Southwest and Mexico. (Solid circles=intergrades; hollow circle=a specimen from Durango. See table 10 for other provenance data and figure 8 for explanation of diagram.) Mountains south through Trans-Pecos, Texas, are considered inter- grades between D. p. arnyi and D. p. regalis. Perhaps this zone of intergradation extends further north. Bragg and Dundee (1949) reported D. p. arnyi seven miles south of Las Vegas, San Miguel County, New Mexico; typical D. p. regalis occurs 65 miles to the west in Sandoval County. West of the Guadalupe Mountains, ventral scale counts are uni- formly high among specimens from central and western New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and northern Chihuahua (fig. 10). Zuni ringnecks HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 305 are thus allocated with D. p. regalis, which is best distinguished by the large, sexually dimorphic number of ventrals. Thirty-three females have 220-247 (x 233.9+1.3) ventrals, while 28 males have 204-229 (217.3+1.2). Over a range of 43 ventrals there is only a nine-scale overlap between the sexes. On the other hand, 25 males have more subcaudals (62-81, x 70.94 0.98) than 28 females (55-73, 64.8+0.73). Here the overlap, 11 scales in a range of 26, is relatively greater, rendering number of subcaudals inferior to number of ventrals as an external criterion of sex. Equally striking sexual dimorphism obtains in D. p. arnyi and D. p. dugesi, which have fewer ventrals than D. p. regalis (fig. 10). A single ringneck from southern Chihuahua (BYU 14243) has only 196 ventrals, suggesting intergradation with D. p. dugesi (Tanner and Robison, 1960, p. 68). It further resembles D. p. dugesi in number of dorsal scale rows (17-17) and the coloration described above. A specimen from Durango is likewise intermediate in ventral count and color (see above and fig. 10) but is closest to D. p. regalis from Chihuahua in number of dorsals (17-15) and temporals (1-1). Un- fortunately, the other Durango specimen (UMMZ 102527) is in such poor condition that exact analysis of its scutellation is impossible. The Durango ringnecks and the above-mentioned individual from Chihuahua are considered intergrades since they bridge the previous morphologic and geographic gap between D. p. regalis in Chihuahua and D. p. dugesi in Nayarit. Martin and Harrell (1957, p. 469) listed D. punctatus among vertebrates that may have dispersed between the eastern United States and Mexico. The relationship of D. p. dugesi to D. p. arnyi through intergradation with D. p. regalis implies that dispersal via the Sierra Madre Occidental and the montane Southwest deserves equal consideration. Lower ventral and subcandal scale counts in D. ». dugesi and D. p. arnyi could be considered convergence in view of the distributional hiatus in northeastern Mexico. This hiatus may not be real, however, because a specimen described by Blanchard (1942, p. 59) from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, appears to be somewhat intermediate between D. p. arnyi and D. p. regalis and indicates that other such individuals occur in the region and possibly to the north also. Blanchard (1942, pp. 129-132) described breaks in range, considered by him important in maintaining D. p. regalis and D. p. dugesi as distinct species, that recently have been filled in. The secretive nature of Diadophis can be cited as a reason for its seeming rarity in the Southwest and Mexico. In the Zunis, a male collected August 17, 1959, was crawling over sandstone rubble near a small stream at 9:45 am. Although the locality, in pinyon- juniper-ponderosa ecotone at 7200 feet, had been worked intensely 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 116 in preceding summers, ringneck snakes previously had not been found there. Another individual found in the riparian association displayed typical tail-curling behavior as did the above specimen (pl. 4). A female found September 13, 1958, at 6400 feet in an area of broken lava and sandstone contains 18 eggs, the largest being 2.5 mm. in diameter. It is 650 mm. in total length and has three divided ven- trals, including the first one anterior to the divided anal plate. Three live specimens from Cottonwood Gulch (6 mi. S. Thoreau) suggests that some color change may occur during the growth of D. p. regalis. 'The smallest, 268 mm. total length, collected June 29, 1961, has a yolk-sac scar and is slate gray above with a bright-yellow belly and the characteristic red subcaudal surface. Another, 377 mm., is similar to the juvenile ventrally but has a greenish-gray dorsum. ‘The largest specimen, 478 mm. with a stub tail, has an orange-yellow belly that shades into coral red in the region of the vent and is also greenish gray dorsally. Its individual dorsal scales are mottled with black and have a black spot at the anterior end (pl. 4). In each of these three ringnecks, the belly is moderately to heavily spotted with black as in all other southwestern and Mexican specimens. Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: 6 mi. S. Thoreau (UMMZ 120276, 122627, 122947); vaLencta co.: 6 mi. E. Grants (UNMCYV 158). Comparative material examined: D. p. regalis—NrW MeExIcO: BERNALILLO co.: SW}4, Sec. 22, TIN, R4E (UNMCYV 412); Jaral Canyon, Sandia Mts. (UNMCYV 36); catron co.: 3 mi. N. Glenwood (BYU 13976); pona ana co.: Mesilla Valley (USNM 22376); GRANT co.: Mogollon Creek, above falls (UNMCV 159); LincoLn co.: 12 mi. NW. Carrizozo (UMMZ 66774); sanpovaL co.; E. Sandia Pueblo (UNMCV 413); Pena Blanca (UNMCV 131); 25 mi. N. Albuquerque (UNMCV 1683); SIERRA co.: Lake Valley (ANSP 10786); TorrENcE co.: Mountainair (UNMCV 411); ARIZONA: COCHISE co.: 0.5 mi. SW. Portal (UMMZ 119029); Bisbee (CU 4694-5); Pinery Creek, Chiricahua Mts. (AMNH 80807); 2 mi. W. Ft. Huachuca (USMN 102201); Ft. Huachuca (USNM 21061); erLa co.: Roosevelt (UNMCV 2698-9); PINAL co.: Camp Grant (USNM 8019); navaso co.: Ft. Apache (USNM 8427); prma co.: Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts. (USNM 62569); Syeamore Canyon, Baboquiviri Mts. (ANSP 17998); Otero Canyon, Baboquiviri Mts. (ANSP 17953); Ft. Buchanan (ANSP 3465); SANTA CRUZ CO.: Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. (ANMH 64428); 10 mi. N. Nogales (AMNH 67253); YAVAPAI co.: White River Canyon (USNM 10199); Camp Verde (AMNH 4202, 62240); Urau: SAN PETE co.: Freedom (UMMZ 63999); uraH co.: S. Fork West Canyon (BYU 13775, 14168-9, 14672-3); WASHINGTON CoO.: Pine Valley (CU 3836); Mexico: cutHuaHUA: Maguarichic (UMMZ 118929); 6 mi. E. Barraganes (AMNH 73749); Norogachi (AMNH 73751); 10 mi. W. San Francisco del Oro (BYU 14251); 7 mi. SW. Pacheco (MVZ 46685). D. p. dugesi.—Mrxico: HIDALGO: 8 mi. N. Pachuca (UIMNH 17685); sautsco: 10 mi. W. Guadalajara (UIMNH 46578, 47866); Guadalajara (AMNH 3711- 12); W. Ocotlan (AMNH 19723); mexico: (AMNH 62827); 3 mi. 8. Villa Obregon (UMMZ 99540); micHoacan: 2 mi. E. Morelia (AMNH 62827); HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 307 15 km. W. Morelia (UIMNH 17634); 5 mi. BE. Lake Patzcuaro (UIMNH 17636); NAYARIT: La Labor (AMNH 19724); 7 mi. 8. Compostela (AMNH 80590). D. p. regalis x dugesi— Mexico: cutnuanua: 2 mi. E. Cerocahui (BYU 14243); DURANGO: 20 mi. NW. Los Coyotes (UMMZ 102527); 40 mi. SW. Cd. Durango (ISM uncataloged). D. p. regalis x arnyi—NreEw Mexico: Eppy co.: Walnut Canyon, Guadalupe Mts. (CCNP 2197, 2201; UMMZ 122949); Texas: BREWSTER co.: near Alpine (CU 869, 883); near Panther Pass, Chisos Mts. (UNMCV 2701); Upper Green Gulch, Chisos Mts. (UNMCV 2700); cuLBERsSOoN co.: McKittrick Canyon, Guadalupe Mts. (UMMZ 121825, 122948, 122955; BCB 8702). Masticophis flagellum lineatulus Smith Since the description of M. f. lineatulus (Smith, 1941), in which the specimen from Laguna, Valencia County, was indicated as a paratype, only one additional individual, to my knowledge, has been collected in the Zuni region. It comes from the Plains Life Belt at 6300 feet, where narrow-leaved yucca and one-seed junipers are prevalent. This coachwhip snake may reach the approximate northwestern limit of its New Mexico range at the eastern end of the Zunis. It is presently unknown in McKinley and San Juan Counties, although Maslin (1959, p. 57) saw what he presumed to be M. flagellum in adjoining Montezuma County, Colorado. The recent specimen, an adult male, 1070 mm. in total length, has longitudinal dark lines on the dorsal scales but retains dark anterior cross bands and lacks the diagnostic red subcaudal color. Its subspecific allocation is, therefore, tentative. I must agree with Wright and Wright (1957, pp. 437-438), who remarked on the difficult southwestern members of the M. flagellum complex and considered Smith’s contribution (1941, pp. 394-397) as tentative. Locality records: VALENCIA co.: Laguna (USNM 4388); 8 mi. E. Grants (TNHC 4487), Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus Hallowell Smith and Taylor (1950b, p. 359) apparently overlooked historical circumstances in restricting the type locality of this whipsnake to Shiprock, San Juan County, New Mexico. The actual type locality cannot be determined exactly, but it can be clarified by the following facts. S. W. Woodhouse, accompanying the 1851 Sitgreaves Expe- dition, collected the form described by Hallowell (1852, p. 181) as Leptophis taenita [sic] and later stated by him (Hallowell, 1854, p. 134) to have come from ‘“‘New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande.”” Wood- house came no closer than 100 miles of Shiprock in his journey from Albuquerque to the Zuni Pueblo, but he could have taken M. t. taeniatus anywhere in the Rio Grande basin between El Paso and Zuni (Hallowell, 1854, p. 147). Apparently he did not collect snakes west of Zuni, for he was incapacitated partially by a bite from Crotalus viridis in that locality. 788-287-655 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 In color and scutellation the few Zuni specimens do not deviate appreciably from M. t. taeniatus as defined by Ortenburger (1928, pp. 25-35); however, two juveniles, 525 and 672 mm. in total length, lack the usual reddish suffusion on the subcaudal surface and have clear, undivided, dorsolateral white stripes on the posterior half of the body. Three individuals were collected or observed in the pinyon-juniper savanna, and one came from the cholla-juniper asso- ciation. Judging from sight records, this whipsnake is more abundant in open Roughlands environments than the number of museum specimens indicates. The species is particularly adept at escaping capture. Locality records: VALENCIA co.: 5 mi. E. Grants (CU 3052); 10.4 mi. S. Grants (CU 5602); MCKINLEY co.: Nutria (USNM 8432). Salvadora grahamiae grahamiae Baird and Girard Records of S. g. grahamiae on the southeastern edge of the Zuni Mountains and at Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County, New Mexico (Bogert, 1939, p. 189), provide the northernmost stations for this species in the United States. Mountain patch-nosed snakes were reported previously from Valencia County by Charles M. Bogert (see Wright and Wright, 1957, p. 649), who informed me (in litt.) that he examined a specimen taken one mile east of Laguna. The present Zuni specimens are from 6400 feet in a cholla-juniper- dominated section of the Plains-Roughlands continuum. Both have a high number of ventral scales, 199 and 196 for the male and female respectively; subcaudals are 100 and 97, dorsal scale rows are 19-17-13, and the labials are 9/9 except for 8 in the left upper series of the female. The smaller male has no trace of lateral dark stripes, and its dorsal stripes disappear on the basal third of the tail. The female has definite, dark lateral stripes that become diffuse at the anus. Hartweg (1940) noted that one of two specimens from near Mim- bres, Grant County, New Mexico, lacked the lateral stripes, as did specimens from Trans-Pecos, Texas, and southeastern Arizona. Stebbins (1954, p. 501) stated that Bogert had seen intermediates between S. g. grahamiae and S. g. lineata (sometimes considered a distinct species) in southern Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico. I examined a specimen (UMMZ 118446) from near Sombrerete, Zacatecas, Mexico, that was also intermediate. Thus, it seems that the two races intergrade over an unusually broad area, or that polychromatism exists; I favor the latter explanation. Locality records: VALENCIA Co.: 10.4 mi. 8. Grants (CU 5655). HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 309 Pituophis melanoleucus affinis Hallowell x P. m. deserticola Stejneger In the Zuni region, gopher snakes present a situation resembling the one already described for Phrynosoma douglassi. Although the type locality of P. m. affinis is probably about five miles from the Pueblo of Zuni (see Woodhouse, 1854, p. 34), the gopher snake popu- lation inhabiting this area actually contains intermediates between P. m. affinis and P. m. deserticola. Klauber (1947, p. 41) reviewed the circumstances of Hallowell’s (1854, p. 146) original restriction of type locality to “near the Zuni River, New Mexico.”’ Smith and Taylor (1950b, p. 359) further restricted it to Zuni, McKinley County, New Mexico, apparently overlooking Woodhouse’s statement con- cerning the provenance of the type of P. m. affinis. When Klauber (1947, p. 44) noted that P. m. affinis from the Flagstafl-Gallup area was atypical, he seemingly did not consider that intergradation between it and P. m. deserticola might extend that far south. Instead, he believed the blend zone to be in the vicinity of the Hopi villages east to Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, on the basis of intermediate specimens available to him. It now appears that the P.m. affinis x P. m. deserticola zone is much broader. Considering the characters cited by Klauber (1947), examples of both P. m. affinis and P. m. deserticola have been taken in San Juan and McKinley Counties (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 370), and intermediates come from the Zunis and 33 miles southeast of Laguna, Valencia County (UMMZ 121490). Thus, at least part of the intergrade area extends south and east of the San Juan Basin. Zuni specimens are intergrades on the basis of color and body and tail blotch counts (table 9). These characters are intermediate when compared to those given by Klauber (1947, table 4) for P. m. affinis and P. m. deserticola. With the exception of two individuals, reddish- brown anterior dorsal blotches predominate in the sample, but the influence of P. m. deserticola is invariably present in the black tail blotches. Two specimens, one with reddish and one with black anterior blotches, have these markings interconnected so that the light interspaces appear as isolated spots. Specimens least typical of P. m. deserticola, in having the highest number of dorsal blotches, have black blotches, thus indicating their intermediate status. In view of the sample as a whole, intergradation in every character may be observed, but P. m. affinis influence is probably the strongest overall. Only Thamnophis elegans and Crotalus viridis were more evident than gopher snakes in the Zunis. P. melanoleucus was found usually in the lower two life belts, being least abundant in Roughlands associations. More specimens were taken and observed in saltbush- sage than in any other vegetational type. In the Roughlands life 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 belt, gopher snakes were encountered in open pinyon-juniper savannas. Two individuals came from a cholla-juniper section of the Plains- Roughlands ecotone, where they were secreted in pack rat nests built among Indian Ruins. A juvenile, 385 mm. total length, col- lected July 23, 1957, at 7100 feet, was undoubtedly a hatchling as it had a fresh yolk-sac scar. Of the variety of food items palpated from newly caught specimens, Sceloporus undulatus, Peromyscus species, Neotoma species, Thomomys bottae, and various passerine birds predominated. One gopher snake, extracted by the tail from a gopher burrow at 10:35 a.m., was coiled tightly around an adult Thomomys bottae. Juveniles sometimes fed upon lizards in the manner of a garter snake, i.e., without first constricting their prey. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: 4 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5611); 4 mi. NNE. Prewitt (CU 5589); Ft. Wingate (USNM 8658, 16766-7); Black Rock (CWGF); VALENcIA co.: 6 mi. SE. Grants (CU 5612); 8 mi. SE. Grants (UMMZ 86632); 16 mi. S. Grants (UMMZ 86631); 5 mi. SSW. U. 8S. Rt. 66 on N. M. Rt. 117 (CU 5769); 2.5 mi. NE. Ramah (CU 5454); 2 mi. W. El Morro Nat. Mon. (CWGF); El Morro Nat. Mon. (CWGF). Hypsiglena torquata texana Stejneger x H. t. ochrorhyncha Cope x H. t. loreala Tanner In New Mexico, as throughout the Southwest, some subspecies of H. torquata seem to me to be poorly defined. This fact and the paucity of specimens from the Zuni region demand that the present intergrade zone be considered provisional. Stebbins (1954, p. 492) has mapped this zone, utilizing subspecies boundaries defined by Tanner (1944). I likewise follow Tanner (1944) but with reservation, in light of the preceding discussion. Bogert and Oliver (1945, pp. 378-381) and others have presented evidence for lumping the species H. ochrorhyn- cha under H. torquata. The Zuni snake, a male, has 172 ventrals, 47 subcaudals, 21-21-17 dorsal scale rows, 1-1 loreals, and approximately 49 large, dark body blotches, all characteristic of H. torquata terana, while the Los Lunas specimen, with about 52 body blotches, resembles H. torquata texana in color-pattern and H. t. loreala or H. t. ochrorhyncha in having 15 dorsals posteriorly. UNMCYV 79s also intermediate; it has 2-2 loreals as in H. t. loreala, 16 posterior dorsals, and about 69 small dorsal blotches, similar in size (involving less than 20 scales) to those of H. t. loreala or H. t. ochrorhyncha. Ventral scale counts of the three specimens, 165, 172, and 177, approximate those of H. torquata texana or possibly H. t. ochrorhyncha rather than H. t. loreala (see Tanner, 1944, table 2)3 HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 311 Features in common include the light-tan ground color and medium- olive or brown blotches ringed in interrupted fashion by dark-brown spots. Some dorsal blotches are broken into a zigzag row of separate or annectant spots as in other spotted night snakes examined from New Mexico. The light-tan coloration differs, however, from the medium gray manifest in H. torqguata from limestone areas in southern New Mexico. Both UNMCV 79 and CU 5067 have continuous neck bands, a feature found in three of seven specimens at hand from southern New Mexico. A complete band is presumably less frequent in H. torquata texana than in H. t. loreala or H. t. ochrorhyncha (Tanner, 1944). The single Zuni specimen was taken beneath a tan sandstone slab (Wingate) near the lower edge of the pinyon-juniper association at 6800 feet. Large boulders, steep-sided canyons, and such reptiles as Urosaurus ornatus and Crotaphytus collaris typified the terrain. Another individual was seen in a nearly identical situation at 7200 feet, two miles south of Thoreau, McKinley County, but escaped into a deep crevice. Locality records: MCKINLEY Co.: 3 mi. NE. Thoreau (CU 5067). Comparative material examined: H. torquata subspecies—Nerw Mexico: vatencia co.: Los Lunas (USNM 107347) ; SAN JUAN co.: Chaco Canyon Nat. Mon. (UNMCV 79); Eppy co.: Carls- bad Caverns Nat. Park (UMMZ 86163, 121785; CCNP 2409, 2416); caTRon co.: 1 mi. N. Glenwood (UNMZ 78231); 13 mi. SE. Glenwood (UMMZ) 78232-33). Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard A characteristic member of southwestern desert and desert-grassland herpetofaunas, C. atror is another species that probably reaches the northwestern limit of its New Mexico range in the Zuni region. Here it is found only in open plains situations but may range into the Plains-Roughlands continuum. Ecological restriction to the cholla- juniper association was observed south of Grants, where diamondback rattlers were found between the lava flow and edges of surrounding uplands. This snake was absent from the high soil-covered malpais near El Morro National Monument, where C. viridis was abundant; a similar situation was observed on the rough Grants malpais. A large adult, collected by William L. Chenoweth on October 17, 1957, was dead on the road in the short-grass association near Prewitt, when the air temperature was about 55° F. Yarrow (1875, p. 529) first recorded C. adamanteus atrox from Ft. Wingate; Cope (1900, p. 1163) and VanDenburgh (1924, p. 227) mentioned this locality, the latter placing it in McKinley County. While diamondback rattlers occur in southeastern McKinley County, SZ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 it is doubtful that the specimen in question, if identified correctly, came from the present Ft. Wingate, which is located in the pinyon- juniper association. On the basis of known distribution, it probably originated near San Rafael, Valencia County, where Ft. Wingate formerly was located (Hoffmeister, 1951, p. 34); however, it is possible that the specimen was misidentified, for it was sent alive to the U.S. National Museum by R. W. Shufeldt and, seemingly, was never preserved (D. M. Cochran, in litt.). Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: Prewitt (UMMZ 79308); 8 mi. ESE. Prewitt (CU 5884); VALENCIA Co.: 8 mi. SE. Grants (UMMZ 86633); 10.4 mi. S. Grants (CU 5591); 11.5 mi. SSE. Grants (CWGF); San Rafael (CWGF). Crotalus molossus molossus Baird and Girard Chenoweth (1950, p. 534) first indicated that the black-tailed rattlesnake might be present in the Zuni region. Previously, the northernmost New Mexico record was Laguna (LMK 3197), although a smashed individual was seen on the road near Cubero, Valencia County, by Charles M. Bogert (Ll. M. Klauber, in litt.). ‘This species may range somewhat further north. James S. Findley (pers. comm.) informed me that C. molossus has been reported by other observers in the Sandia Mountains, Sandoval County, and near Cuba, Rio Arriba County. The single specimen, found during the present survey, was dead on the road in Lobo Canyon at approximately 7000 feet on Mt. Taylor. Its anterior color pattern is typical of C. molossus from south-central New Mexico, but there are only 12 distinct dorsal blotches, the entire posterior half of the body being uniform olive brown. The specimen has 27 dorsal scale rows at midbody; other counts cannot be ascertained because of its damaged condition. Locality records: VALENCIA Co.: 8 mi. NE. Grants (CU 5868); Laguna (LMK 3197%*). Crotalus viridis viridis Rafinesque x C. v. nuntius Klauber Prairie rattlesnakes in the Zuni region present an east-west inter- grading situation similar to that of Crotaphytus collaris. Specimens collected east of the Apache County, Arizona-McKinley County, New Mexico, border have been considered nominate C. viridis previously (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 371; Klauber, 1935, p.85). In describ- ing C. v. nuntius of the Hopi Indian country, Klauber (1935) stated that easterly intergradation of it with nominate C. viridis was gradual over a broad zone. He considered specimens from Gallup closest to C. v. viridis in coloration but with low ventral scale counts. When compared with comprehensive data presented by Klauber HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 313 (1956, table 2.7), a series of prairie rattlers from the Zunis approxi- mates C. v. nuntius in six of eight meristic characters: number of subcaudal scales and tail rings in males, number of ventral scales and tail rings in females, and total scale row and body blotch counts (table 9). Of the remaining two, only the female subcaudal count favors assignment to C. v. viridis; the male ventral count is intermedi- ate. Further indications of affinity with C. v. nuntius are the number of midtail scale rows (11-15, X 12.3+0.21) and ground color, which is predominately tan or brown rather than greenish. Fifteen adults average 653 mm. in total length. The largest is 926 mm. and is the only decidedly greenish individual collected or observed. A female, 620 mm. total length, gave birth to six young, measuring 212—228 (X 219) mm., on September 21, 1957. Klauber’s (1956, table 4.1) data for average size at birth indicate that these young are approximately intermediate between C. v. viridis and C. v. nuntius. It is not surprising to note the light-tan to yellow ground color of C. v. concolor in a few Zuni specimens. This feature has been reported in San Juan County, New Mexico (Gehlbach, 1956, p. 371). Inter- grades between C. v. viridis, C. v. nuntius, and C. v. concolor probably occur in the San Juan Basin, but this is difficult to demonstrate since C. v. concolor is distinguishable from C. v. nuntius only by means of coloration. Two prairie rattlers,s UMMZ 121413 from Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Apache County, Arizona, and UMMZ 121412 from White Canyon, San Juan County, Utah, are pertinent to this discussion. Both are small adults, 540 and 485 mm. in total length respectively, alike in their pinkish-brown coloration. The Arizona specimen differs by having white borders around its anterior dorsal blotches and head markings and a dark-brown stripe across the snout. The Utah snake could be C. v. nuntius x C. v. concolor in view of its color, pattern, and locality, but several of the larger Zuni specimens also lack white-bordered markings. Legler (1960, p. 182) states that dorsal markings are obliterated gradually with age in C. v. concolor. Apparently C. v. viridis does not penetrate northwestern New Mexico and adjacent Arizona and Utah as mapped by Klauber (1956, fig. 2.6). Prairie rattlesnakes inhabit a wide range of Zuni environments. While many individuals were taken on lava flows and in the short-grass and saltbush-sage associations, a smaller number were collected in the Roughlands Life Belt. One was found in the ponderosa pine associa- tion of the lower Montane Life Belt. OC. viridis seemingly was outnumbered by C. atroz in the lower, more open grassland, especially that dominated by cholla cactus. Juveniles were uncommon in the Plains Life Belt, suggesting that they might be born in the vicinity 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 of hibernation sites located in rocky uplands. Both juveniles and adults were often active during early morning and late afternoon hours; they contained recently ingested lizards as well as rodents. Two taken at 9:00 and 10:35 a.m., July 7, 1956, at 7200 feet had eaten Sceloporus undulatus. Jon A. Peterson and field companions described (in litt.) a “combat dance” involving two large individuals at 9:00 a.m., July 14, 1959, near Tinaja, Valencia County. The rattlesnakes, each about three feet long, were situated in bright sunlight in the open grassland of the Miocene lava plain at 7400 feet. A few junipers and pinyons were nearby. The snakes were twisted about each other anteriorly in a position vertical to the ground. After several minutes of observa- tion (photographs were taken, which I have seen), the snakes were disturbed; they were not collected. Locality records: MCKINLEY co.: 4 mi. 8S. Thoreau (CWGF); 6 mi. S. Thoreau (CU 5046, 5446, 5603); 10 mi. NW. Thoreau (CU 5673); 5 mi. NE. Thoreau (CU 5674); 4 mi. NNE. Prewitt (CU 5457, 5633); Prewitt (UMMZ 79392); Ft. Wingate (USNM 8399); 2.5 mi. N. Upper Nutria (KUMNH 45765); 11 mi. W. Ramah (UMMZ 122882); vALENCIA co.: 1.5 mi. S. Grants (UMMZ 86635); 8 mi. SE. Grants (UMMZ 86634); 10.4 mi. 8S. Grants (CU 5590); 25 mi. 8. Grants (MCZ 62267*) ; Tinaja (CU 5604); Acoma Pueblo (USN M 44483); El Morro Nat. Mon. (CWGEF). Species of Questionable Occurrence Certain amphibians and reptiles that may occur in the Zunis are currently unrecorded. This undoubtedly obtains for medium to small colubrid snakes in view of the late discovery of Diadophis punctatus in the region. Arizona elegans, Elaphe gutiata, Lampropeltis doliata, and Opheodrys vernalis are present in north-central New Mexico and southwestern Colorado or adjacent Utah and eventually may be collected in or near the Zuni region. The latter two species can be presumed to occur on the basis of observations by local residents. A. elegans, collected near Farmington (A. Harris, in litt.), is the only one of these snakes recorded from San Juan County, New Mexico: it has been taken near Madrone, Valencia County (UNMCV 407). Sceloporus magister, Crotaphytus wislizeni, and Cnemidophorus tigris also occur in north-central New Mexico and southwestern Colorado. The latter two lizards and Heterodon nasicus are charac- teristic of a type of sandy habitat seemingly lacking in the Zunis. C. wislizeni is present near Laguna (USNM 4274), but C. tigris has been taken no closer than nine miles south of Shiprock (AMNH 77530) and Blanco, San Juan County, New Mexico (A. Harris, in litt.). H. nasicus was collected between Laguna and Correo, Valencia County (UNMCV 391). S. magister is known from Montezuma HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 315 County, Colorado (Maslin, 1959, p. 30), and Los Lunas, Valencia County (Smith, 1949, p. 156); its apparent absence in the Zunis is enigmatical. A number of species present in Chihuahuan desert-grassland in extreme eastern Valencia County might be found as far west as Laguna but cannot be expected on the Colorado Plateau. Of these, Phryno- soma modestum (UNMCV 1170) and Cnemidophorus tessellatus (UNMCYV 1169) have been taken near Correo. Semiaquatic forms such as Thamnophis sirtalis and Chrysemys picta seem more closely restricted to the Rio Grande. JT. sirtalis was reported from Los Lunas, Valencia County, by Fitch and Maslin (1961, p. 299), and a relict colony of C. picta (UMMZ 64916-17) also exists there. That turtles were formerly present in the Zunis is suggested by paintings of them on Zuni Indian pottery (Whipple, 1856, p. 66).7 Ayla eximia (=H. wrightorum?) listed from Nutria (McKinley County?) New Mexico, by Yarrow (1875, p. 524) has not been col- lected during the present study. One of the two original specimens (USNM 8508; the other apparently is lost) was examined, but identity could not be verified owing to its poor state of preservation. Also, P. modestum and Bufo cognatus, recorded from Cottonwood Gulch by Chenoweth (1950), have not been rediscovered despite intensive field work in and around that locality. Since these records are based on one specimen each and the locality is the site of a boys’ summer camp, the records are thought to represent introduced individuals. Zoogeography The Zuni region is situated on the southeastern edge of the Colorado Plateau adjacent to the northeastern limits of the Basin and Range physiographic province. Its zoogeographic importance is demon- strated by the fact that eight amphibians and reptiles exhibit limited gene flow between intergrading subspecies that are associated better with the Colorado Plateau and other northern areas or the Basin and Range. It is similarly important that six species reach their northern limits of range in the area. To facilitate discussion of these regional patterns, the Zuni herpetofauna may be arranged according to present centers of distribution (table 11); nevertheless, interpretation of past events and causal factors in distribution rests entirely on paleoeco- logical inference in the absence of local fossil records. 7 Some shells of Chrysemys picta (AMNH 19888, 20580) from the pueblo ruins of Hawikuh, 12 miles southwest of Zuni, Valencia County, recently came to my attention. They have not been dated with precision, but it is known that Hawikuh was abandoned around 1670 A. D. 316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 TABLE 11.—Present centers of distribution of the Zuni herpetofauna Transcontinental North America Ambystoma tigrinum Bufo woodhousei Pseudacris triseriata Rana pipiens Western North America Scaphiopus intermontanus Sceloporus undulatus Diadophis punctatus Masticophis flagellum Pituophis melanoleucus Eumeces multivirgatus Crotaphytus collaris Sceloporus graciosus Uta stansburiana Urosaurus ornatus Phrynosoma douglassi Cnemidophorus velox Thamnophis elegans Masticophis taeniatus Hypsiglena torquata Crotalus atrox Crotalus viridis Mexican Plateau Scaphiopus hammondi Bufo punctatus Hyla arenicolor Holbrookia maculata Thamnophis dorsalis Salvadora grahamiae Crotalus molossus Great Plains Scaphiopus bombifrons Eumeces obsoletus Patterns of Distribution Three widespread species, Sceloporus undulatus, Urosaurus ornatus, and Hypsiglena torquata, contain one geographic race restricted to the greater Colorado Plateau region and another to the southeastern Basin and Range province. These intergrade in the Zunis and else- where along the southern border of the Plateau. Bufo woodhouset, Pseudacris triseriata, Uta stansburiana, EKumeces multivirgatus, and Pituophis melanoleucus, from the same distributional groups (trans- continental and western North America), have similar patterns of restricted gene exchange, but their northern subspecies are in no sense limited to the Plateau. It is significant that a past or present break in the gene flow of these eight eurytopic forms coincides with the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range border. Scaphiopus bombifrons and Eumeces obsoletus, the two Great Plains species, and Salvadora grahamiae and Crotalus molossus, centered on the Mexican Plateau, are at or near the northern limits of the south- western portions of their range in the Zunis. They have not pene- trated Colorado Plateau highlands except along a few major river valleys. The five other species allied with the Mexican Plateau range somewhat further north but not beyond the upper Colorado River 8 Holbrookia maculata and Crotalus viridis also may fit this pattern in part, but the Colorado Plateau subspecies involved are defined inadequately at present. HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 317 basin. Crotalus atror and possibly Masticophis flagellum also reach northern limits in the Zuni region. They are the only two species from the transcontinental and western North America groups that inhabit semiarid lowlands south of and, in the case of M. flagellum, east and west of the Colorado Plateau. No species of reptile or amphibian present in the Zunis is restricted to the Colorado Plateau, and none are definitely limited to it at their southern edge of range. Cnemidophorus velox is distributed largely within Plateau boundaries but also ranges into the Basin and Range province. The main distribution of Sceloporus graciosus apparently coincides with the southern border of the Plateau in New Mexico although relict colonies exist much farther south. Scaphiopus inter- montanus may reach its southern limits in the Zuni region, but is known too poorly in New Mexico to be of zoogeographic value. It appears, therefore, that Colorado Plateau environments have been more effective in limiting northward dispersal than in preventing movement southward. Physiographic continuity of the southern Plateau (Datil and Navajo Sections) across the Zuni region is in sharp contrast to the north-south break between the Plateau and Basin and Range south and, to some extent, southeast of this area. This situation does not favor east-west geographic differentiation but allows gene flow between subspecies that previously might have been better isolated. The intergradation patterns, thus, of Crotaphytus collaris and Crotalus viridis might be expected to differ in degree from those of the afore- mentioned species. There is reason to suspect that relatively smooth character gradients are present in the east-west pattern and that sharper breaks are involved in the more common north-south pattern. The remaining eurytopic species, Ambystoma tigrinum, Rana pipiens, Phrynosoma douglassi, Thamnophis elegans, Diadophis punctatus, and Masticophis taeniatus, are distributed throughout the Zunis, the Colorado Plateau, and bordering Basin and Range province with little apparent regional differentiation. While geographic variation occurs elsewhere, the demonstrated local barriers to dispersal are relatively unimportant in each of these species. Paleoecology and Dispersal As indicated by species adaptation and rather close restriction to modern environments, development of the Zuni herpetofauna—indeed, that of the entire Southwest—followed closely upon the formation of recent topography and semiarid vegetation in the late Cenozoic. Differentiation of the Colorado Plateau from a relatively flat plain began in the Miocene, and epeirogenic uplift has continued into the Pliocene and Pleistocene, raising the Plateau above basins to the 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 south and west (Hunt, 1956, pp. 73-86). The ranges of certain widespread species undoubtedly were fragmented first by these upheavals and by the climatic changes that followed. Dry, warm, middle Pliocene climates produced grassland and subdesert environments of great extent (Axelrod, 1948). Present regional adaptations such as time of egg-laying may have originated then in response to increasing aridity. It is probable that ensuing dry conditions permitted northward dispersal of amphibians and reptiles adapted to vegetative environments of the expanding Madro- Tertiary Geoflora and that montane species associated with forests of the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora simultaneously were limited. Axelrod (1950, 1958) and Darrow (1961) have reviewed the history of these major geofloras. Many neontologists, including myself, believe that present plant and animal distributions were slightly to highly modified by violent climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene. Considerable modifica- tion of the extent of plant communities characterized this epoch. Evidence presented by Antevs (1954), Clisby and Sears (1956), Leopold (1951a), Murray (1957), and Wendorf (1961) in New Mexico suggests that grassland and desert species withdrew southward at or about the time of glacial advance and that woodland forms then dispersed across former semiarid zones. Periglacial deposits are extensive on Mt. Taylor (Hunt, 1956, p. 38), indicating that the Zuni region was not excluded from Pleistocene climatic change. Glacial deposits have been recognized along the north, east, and south sides of the Colorado Plateau; these extend down to 7000 or 8000 feet in some areas (Hunt, 1956, p. 35). Martin, Sabels, and Shutler (1961, p. 115) postulated that during a cool- moist interval the pinyon-juniper savanna was displaced downward 1700 feet in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, or, in terms of life zones, was 2000-4000 feet below its present lower limits. If Zuni life belts were uniformly lower by 4000 feet at such a time, as Antevs (1954) has estimated for lowered life zones at Santa Fe, then the present Plains Life Belt with its characteristic species did not exist. Zuni life belts probably fluctuated in a manner similar to those diagramed by Martin (1961, fig. 2); thus, plains species like Scaphiopus bombifrons and Holbrookia maculata were absent when cool-moist conditions favored heavy forests or open woodland at low elevations but may have been present prior to such forestation. Coincidently, woodland-canyon species such as Hyla arenicolor or Humeces multi- virgatus were provided new pathways for dispersal. The opposite situation existed during warm-dry intervals; hence, woodland forms have had the most limited gene flow in Hypsithermal time and presumably within the past century. While such “alternating HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 319 genetic currents’ are purely speculative, they are in accord with paleoecological and neoecological evidence. It is significant that the north-south patterns of Pleistocene climatic change and local physiographic differentiation augment each other in affecting dispersal. If cool-moist intervals limited the northward movement of wide- spread, grassland species, they were equally potent in restricting desert and desert-grassland forms like Crotalus atror. No great changes in drainage pattern have occurred on the Colorado Plateau since the late Pliocene (Hunt, 1956, p. 85), but the Rio Grande valley of southern New Mexico did not exist as a lowland pathway for north-south dispersal prior to early mid-Pleistocene time (Ruhe, 1960). Are some species that reach their northern limits in the Zuni region, therefore, postglacialinvaders? Dowling (1956) accounted for the presence of similar xerically adapted species in Arkansas by postulating recent immigration from the Great Plains during a Holocene arid interval. What about the distribution of such vagile forms as Ambystoma tigrinum and Thamnophis elegans? It seems possible that at least some of them remained locally at lower elevations on the Colorado Plateau during the Pleistocene climatic shifts. This is suggested by Tihen’s description (1942) of neotenic A. tigrinum in Great Plains glacial deposits and typical metamorphosed individuals in interglacial sediments. Many of the other widespread species are equally adaptable and some like Phrynosoma douglassi, in addition to A. tigrinum and T. elegans, are relatively abundant in both Montane and Plains Life Belts. Summary Between 1951 and 1961, the systematics, ecology, and life history of 30 species of amphibians and reptiles were studied in the Zuni Mountains region, McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico. This area, characterized by extremes of temperature and midsummer rainfall, contains Plains, Roughlands, and Montane Life Belts, and extensive lava flows. Elevations range from 5794 feet at Laguna on the eastern end of the study area to 11,389 feet at the top of Mount Taylor. Unfortunately, man has drastically altered natural environ- ments. Drought pervades the recent climatic history of the region. Of 19 common species, no two have the same vertical distribution or relative abundance. Five lizards of similar adult size have different morphological and physiological adaptations and occupy different habitats. In the JIguanidae, scansorial species such as Urosaurus ornatus have more lamellae than terrestrial species like Phrynosoma douglassi. Oviposition in Holbrookia maculata, Sceloporus undulatus, Sceloporus graciosus, and U. ornatus seems to be correlated with 320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 the onset of summer rainfall. Scaphiopus hammondi, Crotaphytus collaris, and U. ornatus are darkly colored on lava. Similarly, H. maculata and S. graciesus are very light on white sand, but none of these species exhibit geographically unique coloration. Scaphiopus bombifrons, Scaphiopus intermontanus, Humeces obsoletus, Salvadora grahamiae, Masticophis flagellum, Crotalus atroz, and Crotalus molossus reach their limit of range in the Zuni region. Sub- specific intergradation occurs in Bufo woodhousei, Pseudacris triseriata, Crotaphytus collaris, Sceloporus undulatus, Uta stansburiana, Urosaurus ornatus, Humeces multiwirgatus, Pituophis melanoleucus, Hypsiglena torquata, and Crotalus viridis. In certain cases, distributional patterns may have been modified by climatic changes and the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range physiographic break located immediately south and southeast of the Zuni region. The Plains Life Belt apparently was eliminated during cool-wet periods of the Pleistocene, and woodland environments were restricted during warm-dry intervals. Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi and A. t. utahense are synonymized with A. t. nebulosum, Holbrookia maculata ruthveni with H. m. ap- proximans, and Phrynosoma douglassi ornatissimum with P. d. hern- andesi. Diadophis regalis and D. dugesi are considered to be sub- species of D. punctatus; the ranges of these forms and the western limits of D. p. arnyi are clarified. Detailed accounts of variation in A. t. nebulosum, Cnemidophorus velox, and southwestern and Mexican Diadophis are presented. Knvironmental and ontogenetic variation are given special emphasis, and a graphic method for illustrating the latter is offered in the discussion of EL. multwirgatus. Addenda In preparing the account of recent environmental changes, I over- looked an important paper by Leopold (1951b) containing a highly pertinent summary of some nineteenth-century observations of Zuni environments. Also instructive are two photographs (Leopold, 1951b, fig. 1) of an area near Fort Wingate showing encroachment of sage- brush on grassland between 1901 and 1946. The revised manuscript was completed in December 1961. Since then, Smith and Williams (1962) have shown that the names Humeces multiwirgatus gaigeae and Thamnophis crytopsis are conserved by ap- plication of the nomen oblitum rule of the 1961 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. McCoy (1962) corrected Maslin’s record (1959) of Crotalus viridis viridis in Montezuma County, Colorado; he identified three specimens from Mesa Verde as C. v. nuntius. Additional support for intergrada- tion between the subspecies C. v. viridis, C. v. nuntius, and C. v. concolor HERPETOLOGY OF ZUNI MOUNTAINS—GEHLBACH 321 in the San Juan Basin of northern San Juan County, New Mexico, and adjacent Colorado was offered by Dean and Stock (1961). New evidence for considering Diadophis dugesi as a subspecies of D. punctatus was presented by McCoy (1964), who recorded a female from Durango, Mexico. His specimen is intermediate between the subspecies D. p. regalis and D. p. dugest in ventral count (212) but resembles the latter in number of subcaudals (68) and dorsal scale rows (17-17). AsJI have shown, number of ventral scales is the most diagnostic feature separating southwestern and Mexican races of ringneck snakes. Dean and Stock (1961) reported Crotaphytus collaris auriceps in extreme northern San Juan and Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico (San Juan Basin). If C. c. auriceps is indeed recognizable, then Zuni specimens seem to show a slight relationship with this form based on labial counts. It would be desirable to pursue other meristic features that might distinguish C. c. auriceps. A brief report by Maslin (1962) on all-female species of Cnemidopho- rus includes C. velox. The possibility of parthenogenesis is suggested; and two males of C. velox, possibly the ones I examined and thought close to C. inornatus, are mentioned. Maslin also considers their allocation questionable. Harris (1963) contributed data on the ecological distribution of reptiles and amphibians in the San Juan Basin. He recorded Scaphiopus bombifrons and Cnemidophorus inornatus in San Juan County, New Mexico, and elaborated other records contained herein and attributed to him. 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In Ecologi- cal studies of the flora and fauna of Navajo Reservoir basin, Colorado and New Mexico. Univ. Utah Anthrop. Pap., no. 55, pp. 123-127. Dice, L. R. 1943. The biotic provinces of North America, Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, viii+78 pp. Dow1iinaG, H. G. 1956. Geographic relations of Ozarkian amphibians and reptiles. South- western Nat., vol. 1, pp. 174-189. DuELLMAN, W. E. 1955. Notes on reptiles and amphibians from Arizona. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 569, pp. 1-14. Dur.titman, W. E., and Zweiret, R. G. 1962. A synopsis of the lizards of the sezrlineatus group (Genus Cnemido- phorus). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 123, pp. 155-210. Dunn, E. R. 1940. The races of Ambystoma tigrinum. Copeia, no. 3, pp. 154-162. Douruaw, F. E. 1956. Amphibians and reptiles of the North Rim, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Herpetologica, vol. 12, pp. 220-224. Eaton, T. H. Jr. 1935. Report on amphibians and reptiles of the Navajo Country. Jn Rain- bow Bridge-Monument Valley Exped., Berkeley, California (1933), pp. 1-18. ETHERIDGE, R. 1960. Additional notes on the lizards of the Cragin Quarry fauna. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, vol. 45, pp. 113-117. FENNEMAN, N. M. 1931. Physiography of western United States, McGraw-Hill Co., New York, New York, xiii+ 534 pp. Fircn, H. S$. 1940. . i! . . . acanthophila Cockerell Clypeal process about one-half as erade as the clypeal border extension; pygidium ovalinform .. . . . . neahminax Scullen Clypeal elevation somewhat cone tehapad witht a single point that may be more or less rounded or blunt but not truncate... . 2 LEST. Clypeal elevation scoop shaped, definitely truncate or otherwise modified . 17 Clypeal process pointing ventrad toward the clypeal border; without erect denticles ventrad of the single elevation .. . . . . argia Mickel Cone-shaped process approximately vertical to the Glypent surface with two small erect black denticles ventrad of the cone-shaped process. conifrons Mickel Clypeal elevation.a truncate cone. 2's 66 a eS ee se ee ee ee Clypeal elevation not a truncate cone... . oo Suber ese Silvery white markings; tegulae smooth and not alevated crotonella Viereck and Cockerell Yellow markings; tegulae pitted and elevated... . . irene Banks Clypeal process scoop shaped; face largely reddish yellow . . blakei Cresson Clypeal process not scoop shaped; face not reddish yellow. . ... . 20 Clypeal elevation reduced to little more than a short ridge parallel to the anterior clypeal border. .... . . « echo echo Mickel Clypeal elevation prominent and rounded witho a desoa incision on the anterior margin; single dark denticles on the lateral borders of the incision. bridwelli Scullen Distinct red area covering one or more anterior terga of the abdomen and in some cases extending on to the propodeum of the thorax . .... . 22 No red area on the abdomen or thorax. . . : okt cup sa aeee Propodeum largely black. . .. . Oe Te Pande wonnede Cresson Propodeum red except enclosure, which is black. rufinoda crucis Viereck and Cockrell Clypeal border with a thin lobed medial process. . . . . butleri Scullen Clypeal border with two widely separated hyaline points. ..... . 24 24. 25. i) WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 347 Markings silvery white; tegula smooth, not elevated. finitima vierecki Banks Markings yellow; tegula elevated and pitted. .... oe tetae hoe ays ated Bands on terga narrow and deeply emarginate; srapedednl ince immacu- late; occiput black except for small yellow spots back of the compound eyes. . . . finitima finitima Cresson Yellow nekied ently candied: pellet bands on terga wide with little or no emargination; considerable yellow on the propodeum and occiput. finitima citrina Scullen Group II Enclosure surface deeply ridged at 45° angle to base. . ....... 2 PEMCINSUTE CUTIACE NOL TIGRCO). <6 fe ek ke eles ee etree ne he te ce . 4 Pygidium with sides converging ep to a narrow apical point; Note PUAN es woe Sch ye Sake EA 3 Pygidium pyriform a sides concave on ere oie half; iene 14 oa 15 mm. completa Banks Yellow with very limited amber markings, very little or no black. grandis grandis Banks Black with yellow markings... ..<.s « ss grandis perena Scullen Abdomen black with one complete, wide ivory band on second tergum. fumipennis Say Abdomen largely yellow, light amber, or with light bands on more than one SEILER NE re ae fe arc ach tort cuts lh yop coy, Wok shay Siew Seusee os) @ cleo oars toca “smote suk ney Ue 5 Posterior half of abdomen (from center of third tergum) brownish yellow; thorax black except for broken band on pronotum and metanotum . . 6 Thorax largely black or amber yellow; yellow bands on all terga or abdomen RUMI mig 2) whe te anaes Coie lias dee om true gy Cae mimenate Panuaeak First and second abdominal segments black . . dilatata dilatata Spinola First abdominal segment reddish, second tergum with a limited amber yellow patch and red shading. . ..... . .. . dilatata chisosensis Scullen Black with yellow markings, little or no amber. californica californica Cresson Head and thorax light amber marked with yellow; abdomen largely yellow or with some light amber ........ .. ... ealifornica arno Banks Grovr III Clypeal process broad and lunar or crescent shaped with the free margin subequal to the process in width. .... aR abite, i" Satie Clypeal process narrowing to a margin Spinal epeauals in iden to one- halt thie width. Of Che PrOGesS @ 0 Markings on the abdomen yellow. . . . Palais «be Propodeum with medium patches of ne mnie eel eae small spots near the apex of the enclosure; first tergum cream except for a black patch at the base (southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas). truncata Cameron Propodeum and enclosure immaculate; tergum 1 either immaculate or with onlysa small’ cream. patch on, thejdorsum; 35 4... 6. .«. .-. . & 6 The males of rufinoda rufinoda Cresson and echo echo Mickel so far are indis- tinguishable except as they are associated with the females. Some specimens of males taken at the same time and place as some females of echo echo Mickel are more cream than the males usually accepted as the males of rufinoda rufinoda Cresson. These forms with lighter markings may prove to be the males of echo echo Mickel. 302 14. 13. 14. 15. 16. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Band on tergum 3 missing, a broken line, or divided into three sections; spot on first tergum very small or absent; lateral lobes of the clypeus black . 9 Band on tergum 3 unbroken but emarginate .... se Gapheen LO Band on tergum 38 divided at two points to form three: parts subequal in length (in some specimens these divisions are represented by indentations only); entire face black except for two large frontal eye patches; medial denticle on the clypeal margin more prominent than the others (west of the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Texas). convergens Viereck and Cockerell (in part) Band on tergum 3 usually a broken or evanescent line; lateral lobes and lower margin of the medial lobe of the clypeus black; frontal area black with a small evanescent spot of cream (Southwestern States). kennicottii beali Scullen Tergum 1 immaculate; apex of median lobe and lateral lobes of clypeus black; face otherwise creamy yellow. ..... .. . cleome Rohwer Tergum 1 with a distinct patch. . ... HOS ESR Pan Clypeal denticles clearly defined; tegulae showine a Seeudenty, to be elevated and inflated; light apical end of the third femora demarked somewhat obliquely (Southwestern States) . . . . . . . finitima vierecki Banks Clypeal denticles less elevated and distinct; tegulae not elevated or inflated; light apical end of the third femora demarked yeh at right angle to the FEMUT A gE I. A, Scutellum neivoulate: oye pidian near as broad as iti is ign crandelli Scullen Scutellum with two cream patches; ae about one and one-half as long asitis broad ..... . . . acanthophila Cockerell (also! carrizoensis Banks, cockerelli Viereck) Pegulde.elevated! i560: LOA. fhe AO EASE ae, SA, AS EE Se Tegulae not elevated ..... x denise Tegulae smooth; enclosure smooth foxeepth for ¢ a medial eraove and a limited number of deep pits along the lateral margins (southern Arizona). krombeini Scullen Tegulae pitted; enclosure heavily regose or See eee to the anterior border®.7 ii oO Bee ee OLS Band on tergum 3 deenty format onto: no Galen man on the genae or occiput (more common in the Eastern States but ranges into California). finitima finitima Cresson 7 Broad band on terga 2, 3, and often 4 with little or no emargination; com- monly large yellow patches back of the eyes and a broken band on the occiput (southern and central California) . . . finitima citrina Scullen Band on tergum 8 divided at two points to form three parts subequal in length (in some specimens these divisions are represented by indentations only); entire face black except for two large frontal eye patches; medial denticle on the clypeal margin more prominent than the others (west of the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Texas). convergens Viereck and Cockerell (in part) Band on tergum 3 reduced to a broken evanescent line or completely elimi- nated medially; lateral lobes of the clypeus black; apical border of the medial lobe of the clypeus black; frons black (recorded from most of the Eastern States and Southwest) . . . . kennicottii kennicottii Cresson 7C. arizonella Banks appears to be a form between C. f. finitima Cresson and C. f. citrina Scullen. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 353 Grovp II 1. Tergum 2 black or with more or less ferruginous. .......... 2 Tergum 2 all yellow or with a broad yellow band .. . eel. 63 2. Terga 1 and 2 black, basal half of tergum 3 black; neater ice h alf of tergum 3 and remaining posterior terga brownish yellow (Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Texas)... . .. . . . dilatata dilatata Spinola Black of basal abdominal cements more or less replaced with red (Big Bend National Park and Davis Mts. in Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona) .. . . .. . . dilatata chisosensis Scullen 3. All terga of the abdomen yellow or very light fulvous except for a trace of emargination at the base .... acai Bands on terga 3 to 6 deeply site stl Bneehiony§ in middle MPR wets ts uns, O 4. Thorax black to dark fuscous background; first abdominal segment may show more or lessred. . . .. . . californica californica Cresson (in part) Thoracic background fulvous .. . 5 5. About 10 mm. in length; enclosure Genie: aioe Routers ‘California fd adjoining areas. ... . . . californica arno Banks About 14 mm. in length; peels raiealy smooth but with a few pits in the lateral angles (southern California and adjoining areas). grandis grandis Banks 6. Length about 10 mm.; legs amber and yellow (this species shows great varia- tion in amounts and shades of yellow and red throughout its range west of the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Texas). californica californica Cresson (in part) Length about 12 to 15 mm.; legs black and yellow; emarginations on terga usually narrow but deep, that on tergum 2 with a tendency to be enclosed by yellow (California and southwestern Oregon) . . . completa Banks Group Iil 1. Broad bands with little or no emargination on terga3to6 ...... 2 Bands on terga 3 to 6 either greatly reduced or with deep emarginations . 3 2. Background black or dark fuscous (southern California). sandiegensis Scullen Backgound ferruginous (southern Arizona and adjoining areas). cochisi Scullen 3. Black with yellow and/or fulvous markings, no red or ferruginous ... 5 Black with red and/or ferruginous markings (Florida and adjoining areas) . 4 4. Marginal extension of the clypeus about as wide as half the length of the epistomal suture; mandibular denticles strong; enclosure smooth. flavofasciata floridensis Banks Marginal extension of the clypeus about equal in width to the length of the epistomal suture; mandibular denticles small; enclosure ridged. rufopicta F. Smith ® 5. Lower part of the clypeus showing considerable black and the yellow area of the medial lobe tapering apically to an acute point; metanotum yellow (common through the Eastern States from southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and New England south tothe Gulf of Mex- ico and west to Utah and the Southwest) . compacta compacta Cresson 8 Field observations may prove C. rufopicta F. Smith to be the male of C. robertsonii emmiltosus Scullen or C. roberisonii miltosus Scullen. 354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Face yellow with little or no black margin on the clypeus; yellow of face does not end apically in an acute Say metanotum immaculate or with very little yellow... . ae 32-6 6. Bands on terga 3 to 6 redticed) to an evanescent line or Ho small lateral Patahes (scattering through the East from Kansas and Nebraska to the Atlantic States) ieee ... . . flavofasciata flavofasciata H.S. Smith Bands on terga solid but relatively narrow lines (distribution similar to the latter species) . ; . . robertsonii robertsonii Fox Gorobably oberlsovie bifdua Scullen, mandibularis Patton) Group IV 1. Length about 15 mm.; markings dark fuscous, ferruginous, and yellow. macrosticta Vireck and Cockerell Length about 11 mm.; markings black and creamy white. femurrubrum Viereck and Cockerell Group V 1. Markings black with rufous (Florida). ......... . rufa Scullen Markings black and yellow or creamy white. ............ 2 2. Tergum 2 immaculate or with small lateral spots only ..... 3 Tergum 2 with a solid but narrow band (general over Eastern States fom Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas to the Atlantic Coast). compar compar Cresson 3. Without a mesosternal process or ridge (southern Arizona). compar orestes Banks (Probably zelica Banks) With a mesosternal process or ridge (sometimes very slight). ..... 4 4. Mesosternal process broad and considerably extended; markings yellow (only one recorded from southern Arizona). compar geniculata Cameron Mesosternal process reduced to a slight ridge .... sis sf ao 5. Markings yellow (Eastern States from the Missouri River and Teas to the Atlantic States)... . . . . &insolita insolita Cresson Markings creamy white (Counem Mons New Mexico, and southwestern TEXAS) oe ale ai tej seine neh wiley ous ey elu od, on oe SOlita albidayScullen (Additional male belonging to Group V but not yet known: insolita atrafemori Scullen) Group I This group® is distinguished by the following characters: (1) small size, (2) very dark stigma, (3) punctation usually very crowded, (4) anterior abdominal segments and propodeum often more or less red- dish, (5) mandibles of female with two denticles, (6) mesosternal tubercle on the female, (7) small and widely separated hair lobes on the male, (8) apical segment of the antennae normal in the male. 9 This group is the one Banks (1947, p. 26) calls Apiraptrix (Shestakov). Banks misspelled this ‘““Apiratrix.’”’ In a personal letter, de Beaumont informs the present writer that this group is not Apiraptrix (Shestakov). The latter is related to C. rybyensis (Linnaeus) Schletterer. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 355 1. Cerceris acanthophila Cockerell Fiaures 1, 108a,b,¢ Cerceris acanthophila Cockerell, 1897, p. 135.—Ashmead, 1899, p. 296.—Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 138.—Viereck, 1906b, p. 234.—Banks, 1947, p. 30.— Scullen, 1951, p. 1004; 1960, p. 75. Cercerts minaz Mickel, 1917a, p. 339.—Banks, 1947, p. 34.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1009. Cerceris huachuca Banks, 1947, p. 29.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1008. Frma.Le.—Length 8 to9 mm. Black with yellow to creamy-white markings, normally pitted, clothed with short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax; front creamy white below antennae except apical borders, which are dark; vertex, occiput, and genae black except for small spots back of compound eyes, which are creamy white; clypeal border slightly sinuate; clypeal elevation close to the anterior border, very short and subequal in width to the exten- sion of the clypeal border, slightly emarginate; mandibles with two separated, centrally located subequal denticles; yellow at the base becoming dark amber apically; antennae normal in form, creamy-white patch on the scape, pedicel dark amber, flagellum light amber below, dark amber above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, the metanotum, and the tegulae, which are creamy white; propodeum im- maculate, heavily and closely pitted except for the enclosure, which is moderately rugose; mesosternal tubercle small and black; legs black except for apical ends of femora, fore- and midtibiae, fore- and mid- tarsi, basal two-thirds of the hindtibiae, and basal third of the hind- tarsi, which are light yellow; wings subhyaline, stigma medium dark (lighter than is usual in the group). Abdomen: terga 1 to 5 black with creamy-white bands deeply emarginate on 2 to 5; venter black except lateral yellow spots on sternites 3 and 4 (immaculate in some specimens) ; pygidium pyriform, widest near the base, narrowed apically with a cluster of small bristles on each side inserted on the apical sternite. Mate.—Length 7 mm. Black with creamy-white markings; punctation and pubescence average. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except for the entire face, basal part of mandibles, and the scape, all of which are creamy white; peduncle and flagellum ferruginous above and light fulvous below; three clypeal border denticles distinct but not prominent; hair lobes narrow; mandibles smooth with a slight medial elevation. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, the scutellum, the metanotum, a small spot on the pleuron, and a patch on the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; mesosternal tubercle 356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 118 absent; legs black basally to the apical ends of all femora; fore- and midlegs are creamy white apically except the tarsi, which become light fulvous; the hindlegs are creamy white on the apical end of the femora and basal half of the tibiae, beyond which they are largely black; wings subhyaline but slightly clouded apically. Abdomen black except for a small patch on tergum 1, broad band on tergum 2, narrower and emarginate bands on terga 3, 4, and 5 and a small spot on tergum 6, all of which are creamy white; venter im- maculate; pygidium with sides slightly convex, ends subequal in width and broadly rounded. Many of the specimens show the markings more yellow than white. The lighter forms are more common in the Pacific Northwest and in the southwestern desert area. It is possible subspecies should be recognized. The extent of the light markings varies. In some speci- mens spots appear below the wing attachments and on the meso- sternal tubercles. The clypeal process easily distinguishes the female of acanthophila Cockerell from closely related species such as finitima Cresson. Typrs.—A male of C. acanthophila Cockerell is in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural History, ANSP type no. 10038, from Deming, N. Mex. This is considered the lectotype designated by Cresson in 1928. Another male, apparently from the same series, is in the National Museum, Washington, D.C., type no. 3409. A second specimen with a blue ANSP paratype label 10038 is also in the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural History. The holotype female and allotype male of C. minaz Mickel from Sacramento, Calif., are at the University of Nebraska. Three para- type females from Auburn, Calif., are also at the University of Nebraska. The holotype male of C. huachuca Banks from Patagonia, Ariz., is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, type no. 27636. DistTRIBUTION.—West of the Continental Divide from British Columbia into Mexico. PrEY REcCORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Achillea (Idaho, Oregon), Achillea millefolium (Oregon), Asclepias mexicana (Oregon), Boerhaavia erecta (New Mexico), Daucus carota (California, Idaho, Oregon), Eriogonum (California, Idaho, Oregon), Hriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium (California), Foeniculum vulgare (California), Harmizonia fasciculatum (California), Helianthus (Idaho), Melilotus (California), Melilotus alba (Oregon), Pastinaca sativa (Utah), Rhamnus (California), Salsola kali tenuifolia (Utah), Solidago (New Mexico, Oregon), Tamerix (Utah), Zizyphus lycioides (New Mexico). WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN a57 Ficures 1-3.—Localities of: 1, C. acanthophila Cockerell; 2, C. argia Mickel (females only); 3, C. arizonella Banks. 2. Cerceris argia Mickel Figures 2, 109a,b,c Cerceris argia Mickel, 1916, p. 412; 1917b, p. 453.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1005. FrmMa.e.—Length 9 to10 mm. Black with yellow markings except the propodeum and the basal end of the abdomen, which are reddish amber; more closely and finely pitted than most species; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head about one-sixth wider than the thorax, normally pitted, clothed with very short silvery hairs; front yellow below the antennae except for the anterior third of the clypeus, which is amber; occiput immacu- late, black in the type (many specimens show two converging, elongate yellow patches); genae black with a yellow spot back of each com- pound eye; clypeal border irregularly sinuate; clypeal process low with a single rounded end pointing ventrad, yellow with the free border amber; mandibles with two separated, centrally located sub- equal denticles, yellow at the base, amber apically; antennae normal in form, yellow area on scape, peduncle amber, flagellum light amber below, dark amber above. Thorax closely pitted except on the scutellum, the metanotum, and the enclosure, clothed with short silvery hairs, black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two oval patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, a patch on the pleura, and the tegulae, all of which are light yellow; tegulae elevated and lightly pitted; the propodeum is reddish amber except for the enclosure, which is black; enclosure is smooth except for a mesal groove and lateral ridges, which are set at about a 45° angle to the mesal groove; mesosternal tubercles small and black; legs largely light amber except for yellow 358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 areas on apical ends of the forefemora, the entire foretibiae, foretarsi, apical ends of the midfemora, basal ends of midtibiae, and traces of yellow on apical segments of the hindlegs; wings subhyaline, stigma lighter than normal for the group. Abdomen finely and closely pitted; first tergum and anterior half of the second tergum reddish amber; broad yellow bands on terga 2 to 5 deeply emarginate; anterior halves of terga 3 to 5 black; sternum light amber, becoming darker apically; pygidium broad at the base, gradually narrowing apically to a rounded end; small clusters of bristles on each side inserted on the apical sternite. Mate.—Leneth 8 mm. Black with light yellow and dark ferru- ginous markings; punctation crowded; pubescence very short. Head subequal in width to the thorax; black except for the large frontal eye patches, most of the medial lobe of the clypeus, and the frons, all of which are light yellow; lateral lobes of the clypeus and the free border of the medial lobe of the clypeus are black; medial clypeal lobe with a small medial denticle and two less distinct lateral denticles ; hair lobes extending onto the medial lobe; mandibles without denticles ; antennae normal in form with a small yellow patch on the scape, the peduncle dark and the flagellum fulvous below becoming darker above. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, most of the tegulae, and a small spot on the pleuron below the wing, all of which are light yellow; tegulae slightly elevated and with scattered pits; enclosure deeply and coarsely pitted; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs black except the apical ends of all femora and the more apical segments, which are yellow infused with darker areas; the third trochanter and the adjoining end of the femur dark ferruginous; wings subbyaline, somewhat clouded at the apex and the stigma dark. Abdomen black except the first segment and the anterior margin of the second sternite, which are dark ferruginous, and a broad convex band on tergum 2, narrower emarginate bands on terga 3, 4, and 5, and a small patch on tergum 6, all of which are light yellow; venter all black except sternite 1 and the anterior border of sternite 2, which are dark ferruginous; pygidium deeply pitted, strongly convex laterally, proximal end rounded and distal end truncate. A study of many specimens from the same area shows the elongate yellow spots on the vertex are common and vary in size. The tegulae may also vary in elevation and smoothness. The female of C. argia Mickel resembles others of the rujinoda group but is distinguished easily by the clypeal process. Typr.—The type female of C. argia Mickel is at the University of Nebraska. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 359 DistripuTion.—From Kansas and eastern Colorado southwest through Texas, Louisiana, New Mexico, and Arizona into Mexico. PREY RECORD.—None. PuLant REcoRD.—EHuphorbia marginata (Texas), Lepidium (Arizona), Solidago sp. (Nebraska). 3. Cerceris arizonella Banks FIGurRE 3 Cerceris arizonella Banks, 1947, pp. 32-33.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1005. Matz.—Length 4 mm. Black with yellow markings except for the face, which is cream colored. Band on tergum 2 somewhat wider than the others. This species is known only from the type, which is close to finituma Cresson. It may prove to be an abnormally small specimen of that species. Until more positive characters for separating males are found, the author will let it remain a valid species. Typr.—The type male, from Tempe, Ariz., is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 23538. Prry REcoRD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—None. 4. Cerceris blakei Cresson Ficures 4, 110a,b,c Cerceris blaket Cresson, 1865, p. 121.—Packard, 1866, p. 61.—Cresson, 1887, p. 282.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 454.—Bridwell, 1898, p. 209.—Ashmead, 1899, p. 295.—Banks, 1912a, p. 26.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1005.—Krombein, 1952c, p. 336; 1954b, p. 235; 1955, p. 234.—Scullen, 1961, p. 45.19 Cerceris elegans F. Smith, 1856, p. 467.—Cresson, 1865, p. 131.—Packard, 1866, p. 64.—Cresson, 1887, p. 282.—Dalla Torre, 1890, p. 200.—Ashmead, 1899, . 295. ales blackiz [sic] Schletterer, 1887, p. 487. FremaLe.—Length 9 to 10 mm. Black with reddish-amber mark- ings, the amber markings becoming yellow centrally in certain areas; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head about one-third wider than the thorax, black except sides of face, front, dorsal surface of the clypeal process, and small spots back of the compound eyes, all of which are yellow, and the clypeus below the process, which is amber; clypeal border sinuate, depressed medially; clypeal process scoop shaped with lateral sides subparallel and apical border smooth and uniformally curved; mandibles with two 10 Cerceris elegantissima Schletterer, 1887, was a new name proposed for Eucerceris elegans Cresson and not for C. elegans F. Smith as stated by Scullen (1961, p. 45). 360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 separated, centrally located denticles, the apical one much the larger; antennae normal in form, amber except the scape, which is yellow. Thorax black except two patches on the pronotum, two small spots on the propodeum, two small spots on the scutellum, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow, and the metanotum, which is yellow to amber; tegulae elevated and lightly pitted; enclosure smooth except for a longitudinal groove and pitted lateral borders; mesosternal tubercle small and black; legs yellow except for basal portions of femora, coxae, and trochanters, which are amber; wings uniformally clouded except for the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen: tergum 1 light amber; tergum 2 yellow, deeply emargi- nate with light amber; terga 3, 4, and 5 with anterior emarginations amber and deep, dividing, or almost dividing, the yellow into lateral triangular areas; venter light amber basally becoming dark apically; pygidium oval with the apical end truncate and the basal end rounded. The extent of the yellow markings varies. Yellow spots on the head and thorax may disappear completely in some specimens. Yellow and amber areas on the abdomen show much variation in their width and emargination. Mauze.—Length 8 mm. General coloration, punctation, and pubescence similar to the female. Head about one-third wider than the thorax; face yellow at the sides and below the antennae, remainder of head black; three amber denticles on the clypeal border, the medial one more broad and rounded than the lateral ones. Thorax black except for two patches on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, narrow band on the metanotum, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae elevated and lightly pitted; enclosure deeply pitted to rugose; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs yellow except for basal two-thirds of femora, trochanters, and coxae, which are amber to black; antennae normal; wings uniformally clouded except for the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen: tergum 1 black with a broad divided amber band; terga 2 to 6 light amber to yellow, deeply emarginate anteriorly with black; venter dark amber, immaculate; pygidium slightly oval, truncate apically, rounded basally. The males are most apt to be confused with the males of jinitima Jimtima Cresson and kennicottit kennicottii Cresson. C. finitima Jjimitima Cresson lacks the amber shading. C. kennicottii kennicotty Cresson has the tegulae unelevated, smooth, and is black and yellow, without amber. Typr.—The type female, from southwest Georgia (Charles A. Blake), is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 1947. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—-SCULLEN 361 Distrisution.—Mostly in the Southeastern States from eastern Texas to North Carolina and isolated records as follows: Inu1no1s: Havans, Aug. 30, 1917; Meredosia, Aug. 22, 1898 (F.M.McE.) Aug. 1899. Kansas: Riley Co., July 17 (Popenoe). Nrw JERsEy: Camden Co. (Wm. J. Fox); Pemberton, Sept. 1, 1907. Prey REcoRDS.—Derelomus basalis LeConte, Limnobaris confusa Bocheman, Anthonomus sexguttatus Dietz and Hyperodes sp. (all weevils). C. blakei Cresson seems to prefer the first species. Less commonly taken were the chrysomelid Graphops floridana Blake and the tenebrionid Blakstinus interruptis (Say). All records are by Krombein (1963) from Florida. PLANT REcORDS.—Aldenella tenuifolia (Florida, for nectar?), Asclepias (North Carolina), Bidens bipinnata (North Carolina), Borieria (Florida), Cyanotis (Alabama), Hrigeron quercifolius (Florida), Eriogonum tomentosum (Florida), Koellia (North Carolina), lemon balm (Florida), Pinus serotina (North Carolina), Polygonum hyropiperoides (Florida), Quercus virginiana (North Carolina), Sabal eltonia (Florida, for prey), Satureia hortensis (Louisiana). Ficures 4-6.—Localities of Scullen. 5. Cerceris bridwelli, new species Fiaures 5, 111la,b,¢ Femate.—Leneth 8 mm. Black with creamy-yellow and amber markings; normally pitted, clothed with short silvery hairs. Head about 50% wider than the thorax; black except sides of face, compressed strip between the antennae, the clypeus, two round spots behind the compound eyes, proximal half of the mandibles, and the scape of the antennae, all of which are creamy yellow; clypeal border extended and sinuate; clypeal process prominent, rounded, and 362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 deeply depressed on the anterior side with the free border curved and ending on each side as a dark amber apex; mandibles with two sep- arated denticles, the apical one very much the larger; antennae normal in form, amber except the scape, which is creamy yellow. Thorax black except band on the pronotum, scutellum, metanotum, the tegulae, and two patches on the pleura, which are creamy yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; propodeum largely amber with a yellow patch on each side; enclosure black, lightly ridged at a 45° angle to the medial row of deep pits; mesosternal tubercle prominent and marked with creamy yellow; legs amber basally, changing to creamy yellow midway on the femora; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen more sparsely but deeply pitted than the head and thorax; tergum 1 light amber with a partly divided yellow patch; terga 2 to 5 creamy yellow with a dark amber emargination on the anterior sides; pygidium oval with both ends rounded but narrowing apically; venter amber except two small spots on sternite 2 and narrow bands on sternites 3 and 4, which are creamy yellow. Mate.—Lengeth 7 mm. Black with creamy-white markings and limited ferruginous on the first two abdominal segments; punctation more widely spaced than average; pubescence short. Head black except for the face, minute spot back of the eye, base of the mandibles, and most of the scape, all of which are creamy white; clypeal border with three denticles on the medial lobe, the medial denticle more prominent than the lateral ones; surface of the medial lobe convex; hair lobes extend to the margin of the medial lobe of the clypeus; mandibles with slight evidence of a low, broad elevation but no distinct denticle; antennae with the apical segment slightly curved and slightly flattened on the apical end, fulvous beyond the peduncle, which is darker. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, a prominent patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; tegulae low and smooth; enclosure with a deeply pitted medial groove and deeply pitted lateral margins; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs dark fus- cous over the basal parts and largely creamy white over the apical ends of the femora and the more apical segments; the trochanter of the midleg shows a tendency to be lighter than the adjoining leg segments; wings subhyaline, stigma very dark. Abdomen black except the entire first segment is ferruginous and terga 2, 3, and 4 have broad bands, tergum 5 has a narrow band and tergum 6 a narrow broken line, all of which are creamy white; venter with lateral creamy-white patches on sternites 2, 3, and 4 (that on 2 WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 363 very much smaller); pygidium with sides convex and the apical end slightly smaller than the basal end. The male of bridwelli Scullen is very close to the male of crotonella Viereck and Cockerell in size, surface sculpturing, and color pattern except there are three broad bands on the terga of the former and two broad bands on the terga of the latter; however, the band on tergum 3 of the former occasionally shows a slight emargination or medial evanescent black spot. Yellow areas on both sexes show some variation in extent and smaller spots may disappear in some specimens; band on tergum 4 may be more or less emarginate. Typrs.—Type female and allotype male, from Imperial Co., Calif., June 1911 (J. C. Bridwell), are at the U.S. National Museum, no. 66154. Paratypes are as follows: Arizona: 29 9, 25 mi. W. Blythe, June 1937 (J. C. Elmore); 2c’, 11 mi. SW. Eloy, Pinal Co., June 19, 1953 (T. R. Haig); 9, 3°, 10 mi. S. Toltec, Pinal Co., June 15, 21, 1953 (T. R. Haig); 9, Tucson, Apr. 25, 1940 (R. H. Crandall); 9, Yuma, May 4, 1918 (J. C. Bradley); 9, Yuma, May 6, 1939 (M. R. Bohart). Cauirornia: 2, Blythe, Riverside Co., May 8, 1947 (J. W. MacSwain, F. G. Linsley); 9, Borego, San Diego Co., Apr. 5, 1940 (R. M. Bohart); 52 9, 11c&°o, Borego, San Diego Co., Apr. 25, 26, 27, 30, 1954, Croton californicus, Eriogonum inflatum (M. Wasbauer); <, Borego, San Diego Co., May 2, 1952 (P. D. Hurd); 49 2, 50’ o, Borego Valley, San Diego Co., May 26, 1954 (F. X. Williams); o, Calexico, Aug. (Bequaert); ?, Colorado Desert, May 12, 1935 (G. E. Bohart); 9, o&, Desert Center, May 22, 1939 (E. P. Van Dyke); 2, Dos Palmos, Riverside Co., Apr. 3, 1934 (G. E. Bohart); 449 9, 577, Imperial Co., Experiment Farm, April, May, and June 1911, May and June 1912, Baccharis glutinosa (J. C. Bridwell); 79 9, 350 co, 4 mi. E. Mecca, Riverside Co., July 16, 21, Aug. 15, 1956, Croton californicus (M. Wasbauer); ?, San Felipe Creek, San Diego Co., July 8, 1933 (G. E. Bohart); 9, o, Westmorland, May 1932 (G. E. Bohart). Mexico: Baja California: 9, Los Animas Gulf, May 8, 1921 (E. P. Van Duzee). DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Arizona and southern California. Prey Recorp.—None. Piant Recorp.—As listed under paratypes. 6. Cerceris butleri, new species Fiaurss 6, 112a,b,c FremaLe.—Length 7 mm. Black with creamy-white markings; normally pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax, black except for the frontal eye patches, which are creamy white; clypeal border with a medial denticle and two lateral denticles appearing just below and laterad of the elypeal process; clypeal process very short and low with a tendency to be emarginate on some specimens, subequal in width to 364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 the space between the antennae; mandibles with centrally located elevations barely evident; antennae normal in form, dark amber basally, becoming lighter on the flagellum. Thorax black except for two patches on the pronotum, two small patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, patches on the tegulae, a small patch on the pleuron, all of which are creamy white; enclosure deeply and sparsely rugose; mesosternal tubercle small and black; legs black except for apical parts of fore- and midfemora aad patches on all tibiae, which are creamy white to amber; wings are subhyaline, becoming cloudy at the apex. Abdomen: tergum 1 with a broad triangular patch; tergum 2 with a broad band curving away from the posterior border of the tergum on each side of the center, giving the band a sinuate effect; terga 3 and 4 with narrower emarginate bands; tergum 5 with an elongate patch; venter black, immaculate; pygidium oval but somewhat broader basally. Matze.—Unknown. Possibly it is being confused with the male of C. acanthophila Cockerell, C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell, or a closely related species. Very similar in general appearance to C. acanthophila Cockerell, C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell, C. neahminaz Scullen, and other closely related species. The female of C. butlert Scullen may be recognized by the distinct clypeal process, the sinuate band on the second abdominal tergum, and the form of the pygidium as well as other characters listed in the description. Typrs.—Type female, taken 30 miles south of Safford, Ariz., Sept. 24, 1956, on a yellow composite (G. D. Butler), is at the U-S. National Museum, no. 66155. Paratypes are as follows: Arizona: 9, Canelo, July 30, 1956 (G. D. Butler); 9, 6 mi. E. Douglas, Cochise Co., Sept. 8, 1958, at Heplopappus hartwegi (P. D. Hurd); 9, Graham Mts., 3500-4500 ft., Aug. 18, 1954 (R. M. Bohart); 9, Portal, July 23-31, 1959 (K. V. Krombein); 2, Portal, Chiricahua Mts., Aug. 3, 1956 (R. M. Bohart); 39 9, 2 mi. NE. Portal, July 30, Aug. 1, 3, 1959 (M. Statham); ?, 4 mi. SE. Portal, July 28 1959 (M. Statham); 9, Rosemont, Pima Co., Oct. 9, 1954, at Baccharis sp. (F. G. Werner); ?, San Carlos, Sept. 6, 1933 (Parker); 9, Tanque Verde, Sept. 12, 1954, at Aplopappus sp. (F. Werner); 9, Tucson, Oct. 19, 1939 (R. H. Crandall); 9, Tucson, Nov. 1, 1940 (Bryant). Texas: 9, Alpine, July 8, 1952 (H. A. Scullen). DistRiBuTIoNn.—Southern Arizona and the one record from Alpine, Tex. Prey rEcoRD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—As listed under paratypes. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 365 7. Cerceris carrizonensis Banks Figure 7 Cerceris carrizonensis Banks, 1915, 403.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. Mare.—Length 6 mm. Black with creamy-white markings. Tegulae smooth and not elevated. In color and size it is close to acanthrophila Cockerell. Markings of the type are discolored with cyanide to some extent. This species is known only from the type. It may prove to be a synonym, but the writer will retain it as a valid species until more positive characters are found to separate these closely related species. Typr.—The type male, from “Uvalde, Texas, June 18-20, 1930, Wickham,” is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 13772. 8. Cerceris chilopsidis Viereck and Cockerell Figures 8, 113a,b,c Cerceris chilopsidis Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 1836.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. FremaLe.—Length 10 mm. Color black with creamy-yellow mark- ings; normally pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head about one-sixth wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, the clypeus, basal half of the mandibles, and a small spot on the front, all of which are creamy yellow, and two round spots on the occiput, which are yellow; clypeal border slightly extended medially, sinuate; clypeal process scoop shaped but broader than long, with the free border black and curved down at the ex- tremities; mandibles with two separate, subequal denticles dividing the mandible into three subequal parts; antennae normal in form, scape largely yellow, peduncle and apical end of scape amber, flagellum light below and dark above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, patch below the wing base, patches on the mesosternal tubercle, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure minutely laced, with a central groove and pitted at the borders; mesosternal tubercles prominent and largely yellow; legs dark amber basally to near the apical ends of all femora, remaining parts of legs yellow except for patches of amber on all tibiae and the medial tarsi; wings subhyaline except for a clouded area at the apex and the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen black except for a semidivided patch on tergum 1; sub- equal bands on the posterior half of terga 2 to 5 broadly emarginate; 742-463— 65——3 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 tergum 6 with venter immaculate; pygidium oval with the apical end only slightly narrower than the basal, both ends rounded. Maue.—Unknown. Possibly it is being confused with the male of C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell. C. chilopsidis Viereck and Cockerell is close to C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell, from which it can be separated by the form of the clypeal process and the form of the pygidium. The band on tergum 3 is never broken as it usually is in C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell. Typrs.—The type female of C. chilopsidis Viereck and Cockerell, taken at Rincon, N. Mex. (Cockerell), July 5, at flowers of Chilopsis saligna, is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10375. Ficures 7-10.—Localities of: 7, C. carrizonensis Banks; 8, C. chilopsidis Viereck and Cockerell; 9, C. cleomae Rohwer; 10, C. cockerelli Viereck. DistripuTION.—Southern California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, southwestern Texas to Laredo, and into Mexico. PREY RECORD.—None. Prant rREcorD.—Alfalfa (California), Baccharis glutinosa (Cali- fornia), Chilopsis saligna (New Mexico), Helianthus annuus (Arizona, California), Prosopis sp. (California), Prosopis pubescens (locality not recorded), Sasola pestifer (New Mexico), Strombocarpus pubescens (Texas), Tamariz gallica (California), Verbesina encelroides (Arizona), Wislizenia sp. (Arizona). 9. Cerceris cleomae Rohwer FIGURE 9 Cerceris cleomae Rohwer, 1908, p. 325.—Scullen, 1951, 1006. Mare.—Length about 5 mm. Black with yellow and yellowish- white markings; punctation and pubescence close to the males of the rufinoda-echo group. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 367 This species is known only from the type, which is in poor condition. It closely resembles the males of C. rufinoda Cresson and C. echo Mickel, which, so far, are indistinguishable from each other. It may prove to be a synonym of one of these species when better characters are found for separating these closely related males. The writer is retaining it as a valid species for the present. (See discussion under CO. rufinoda rujfinoda Cresson, p. 394.) Type.—The type male of C. cleomae Rohwer, from Denver, Colo., July 20, 1907, on cleome (Denning), is at the U.S. National Museum, no. 25483. 10. Cerceris cockerelli Viereck Fiaure 10 Cerceris cockerelli Viereck, 1902, p. 731.—Banks, 1947, p.31.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. Mate.—Length 7.5 mm. Black with creamy-white markings; tegulae smooth and not elevated. It is close to C. acanthophila Cockerell and C. cleomae Rohwer in color and size. The species is known only from the two cotype males. It may prove to be the same as some closely related form. Until more positive characters are found to separate the males of these closely related species, it will be retained as a valid species. Typre.—The cotype males of C. cockerelli Viereck, from La Jolla, Calif., August 1901 (T.D.A. Cockerell), are at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10037. ll. Cerceris conifrons Mickel Ficures 11, 114a,b,c Cerceris conifrons Mickel, 1916, p. 410.—Mickel, 1917b, p. 450.—Banks, 1947, p. 31.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. Cerceris rufinoda crucis H. 8. Smith, 1908, p. 370 (in part).—Scullen, 1951, p. 1010. FremaLe.—Length 8 to9mm. Black with creamy-white and yellow markings except anterior parts of abdomen and the propodeum, exclusive of the enclosure, which are reddish amber; closely and deeply pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for the frontal eye patches, the medial clypeal lobe, patches on the lateral clypeal lobes, small patch on the lower frons, two round spots back of the compound eyes, the basal half of the mandibles, and the scape, all of which are creamy white; clypeal border with three processes, the medial one broad and somewhat rounded, the two lateral ones that are just laterad of the two curved surface denticles are smaller and more pointed; clypeus with a centrally located, low, cone-shaped elevation, below which are two black, prominent, curved denticles close to the clypeal border; mandibles with two centrally located 368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 denticles, the apical one much the larger; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, flagellum light below and dark above. Thorax, exclusive of the propodeum, is black except for two elon- gate patches on the pronotum, patches on the pleuron below the wing base, and the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; propodeum reddish amber except for the enclosure, which is black; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure heavily ridged with the ridges subparallel to the metanotum and with the lateral ends curving posteriorly, mesal groove present; mesosternal tubercle prominent with a trace of yellow on the tip; forelegs and midlegs amber to near the apical ends of the femora, the remainder of the above legs yellow and amber; hind- legs light amber to the apical ends of femora, yellow changing to dark amber beyond. Abdomen: terga 1 and 2 reddish amber; tergum 2 with a creamy- white band, terga 3 to 5 dark amber with creamy-white bands, tergum 6 dark amber, immaculate; pygidium broader basally but narrowing and truncate at both ends; venter light amber anteriorly, becoming dark posteriorly, immaculate. Maue.—Length 6 to 7mm. Black with creamy-white and ferru- ginous markings; punctation crowded; pubescence short. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black with the exception of the face, small evanescent spots back of the eyes, base of mandibles, and most of the scape, all of which are creamy white; clypeal border with three indistinct, dentical-like extensions on the medial lobe; surface of the medial lobe of the clypeus convex; hair lobes subequal in width to the lateral lobes of the clypeus; mandibles without denti- cles but with a very low, broad elevation medially; antennae normal in form, scape creamy white, fulvous beyond the peduncle, which is dark. Thorax black except for two widely separated patches on the pro- notum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are creamy white (nm some specimens the ferruginous of the abdomen spreads more or less onto the propodeum) ; tegulae relatively smooth and showing little or no elevation; enclosure with heavy horizontal ridges curving laterally and a prominent medial groove; mesosternal tubercles absent; fore- and midlegs dark fuscous basally to beyond the center of the femora, beyond which they are largely creamy white; hindlegs are dark fuscous | on the coxae, more or less ferruginous on the trochanters, dark fuscous | over the femora except the apical end, which is creamy white, the | tibiae fuscous except for a large creamy-white patch and the tarsi ferruginous; wings subhyaline, stigma black. ! Abdomen black except the first tergum and basal two-thirds of the second tergum, which are ferruginous, subequal bands of creamy | WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 369 white on the posterior margins of terga 2 to 6 (in some specimens an evanescent, narrow, dark line appears on tergum 2 between the yellow band and the ferruginous portion; in some specimens, also, the 6th tergum is immaculate); venter ferruginous over most of sternites 1 and 2 but dark and immaculate over the remaining sternites; pygidium with the sides convex and ends subequal in width. The males of C. conifrons Mickel may be confused with the males of other closely related forms showing ferruginous or reddish coloring on the basal segments of the abdomen. The distinctions between creamy-white and yellow markings are not always very marked. Typr.—The type female of C. conifrons Mickel is at the University of Nebraska. DistripuTION.—Except for one female taken at Medicine Hat, Alberta, on Aug. 13, 1939, by E. H. Strickland, C. conifrons Mickel has been taken only in the western states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming, and Utah. It has been taken also in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. (Due to the fact that males of this species sometimes are difficult to distinguish from closely related forms, distribution records are based only on females.) Prey REcorD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Aster sp. (Utah), Daucus carota (Utah), Chryso- thamnus sp. (New Mexico), Helianthus sp. (Nebraska), Lepidiwm sp. (Arizona), Norta sp. (Utah), Wislizenia sp. (Arizona). aes rat —=-\ Cr YR ' 1 = f{ ¢ ea Ficures 11, 12.—Localities of: 11, C. conifrons Mickel; 12, C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell. 12. Cerceris convergens Viereck and Cockerell Figures 12, 115a,b,¢ Cerceris convergens Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 136.—Scullen, 1942, p. 188.— Banks, 1947, p. 29.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. 370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Cerceris rinconis Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 137. Cerceris hesperina Banks, 1917, p. 115. Cerceris pudorosa Mickel, 1917a, p. 338. Cerceris snowt Banks, 1919, p. 84. FrmaLe.—Length 8 to 9 mm. Color black with light yellow markings; normally pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for large yellow frontal eye patches, the clypeus, and basal part of mandibles, which are light yellow; clypeal border slightly extended at the center and sinuate; clypeal process low and very short, close to clypeal border, divided into two rounded extensions, which are thin at the apex; mandibles with two subequal denticles medially located; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, peduncle dark amber, flagellum light below and dark above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, a patch on each pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are light yellow; tegulae are smooth and not elevated; enclosure smooth except for a light medial groove and pitted borders; mesosternal tubercle prominent and tipped with yellow; legs dark amber basally to near the apical ends of all femora, the remainder of each leg being mostly yellow except for an amber patch on the apical end of the hindtibiae; wings subhyaline with a slight clouded area at the apex. Abdomen black except for a semidivided patch on tergum 1, a broad band on tergum 2, band on tergum 3, which is usually broken into three sections, narrow bands on terga 4 and 5, all of which are yellow; venter immaculate; pygidium with the basal end broadly rounded and the apical end considerably narrowed to a small rounded point. Maur.—Length 8 mm. Black with yellow to cream markings; normally to thinly pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head one-fourth wider than the thorax; black except for two yellow frontal eye patches; clypeal border with three centrally lo- cated denticles, the medial one slightly more pronounced; mandibles without distinct denticles; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, peduncle dark amber, flagellum light below and dark above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, the metanotum, and the tegulae, which are light yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure smooth except for an indistinct central groove; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs black basally to near the apical ends of all femora, remainder of all legs yellow except for black patches on apical ends of hindtibiae and darkened tarsi; wings subhyaline except for clouded area at apex. Abdomen black except broad band on tergum 2, double broken WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN a band on tergum 3, and narrow bands on terga 4, 5, and 6; venter black, immaculate; pygidium oval with both ends broadly rounded. In the male of C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell, the medial lobe of the clypeus is usually black but in many specimens more or less yellow appears on it. In both sexes it is common to find the band on tergum 3 showing slight indentations at the points where it is usually broken. In some cases even these indentations disappear. C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell is superficially similar to several closely related species. The female can be recognized by the clypeal structures and the male by its facial colors and clypeal denticles. Both sexes usually show the breaks in the band on the third tergum of the abdomen. Typrs.—The type female of C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell, from Alamogordo, N. Mex., May 13, 1902 (Viereck), is at the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10376. The type female of C. hespirina Banks, taken at Yakima, Wash., July 1882 (Samuel Henshaw), is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, no. 10,031. No allotype male was indicated. The type female and allotype male of C. pudorosa Mickel, both taken at Auburn, Calif., Sept. 20, 1916 (L. Bruner), are at Nebraska State University. The type female of C. rinconis Viereck and Cockerell, from Rincon, N. Mex., July 5, at flowers of Chilopses saligna, is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10386. The lectotype male of C. snowi Banks, from Tucson, Ariz. (Snow), is at the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard University, no. 13764. Distrisution.—This is one of the most widely distributed species of the Pacific Slope. It ranges east through the Southern States to eastern Texas. Records of males taken at Sherman Co., Kans., and Yankton, S. Dak., may be open to question. Prey rEcorD.—Bruchus sp., Alhambra, Calif., July 14, 1921 (A. O. Larson). PLANT RECORD.—Acacia sp. (Arizona, New Mexico), Acacia angustissima (Arizona), Acacia greggit (Arizona), Achilles sp. (Idaho), Adenostom sp. (California), alfalfa (Arizona, Utah), Aplopappus sp. (Arizona), Asclepias sp. (Arizona, California), Atripler sp. (Utah), Baccharis sp. (Arizona), Baccharis douglasii (California), Baccharis emery? (California), Chilopsis saligna (New Mexico), Chilopsis linearis (Arizona), Chrysothamnus sp. (California, Utah), Cissus trifoliata (Arizona), Cleomelia sp. (Idaho), Cleome lutea (Oregon), Condalia sp. (Arizona), cotton (Arizona), Croton californicus (California). Eriogonum sp. (Idaho, Oregon, Utah), Eriogonum (annual, California), Eriogonum eletum (Oregon), Eriogonum fasciculatum (California), Hriogonum fasciculatum polifolium (California), Eriogonum gracile (California), Eriogonum inflatum (California), Gaillardia amblyodon ote PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM: VOL. 116 (Texas), Gnaphalium sp. (California), Gnaphalium beneolens (Cali- fornia), Gutierrezia sarothrae (California), Helianthus sp. (Idaho), Helianthus annuus (California), Larrea sp. (California), Polygonum sp. (Arizona), Polygonum lapathifolium (California), Salix taxifolia (Arizona), Salsola kali (Utah), Sapindus saponari (Arizona), Solan elegan (Arizona), Solidago sp. (California, Oregon), Tamerizx gallica (California), Xanthium spinosum (California). 13. Cerceris crandalli, new species Figures 13, 116a,b,¢ Fremate.—Length 8 mm. Black to dark amber with creamy-white and light yellow markings; normally pitted and clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, small spot on the clypeal process, oval spots back of the compound eyes, elongate patches on the vertex back of the ocelli, patches on the mandibles and the scape, all of which are creamy white; clypeal border with a broad rounded slight extension mesad, on each side of which is a small denticle; clypeal process scoop shaped but much broader than long with the free border deeply emarginate; mandibles with two distinct, centrally located denticles, the apical one much the larger and more rounded; antennae normal in form, scape creamy white, peduncle and flagellum amber. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, patches on the pleuron below the wing base, the tegulae, and the apex of the mesosternal tubercle, all of which are creamy white; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure deeply ridged subparallel to the metanotum; mesosternal tubercle medium in size; legs dark amber to near the apical ends of the femora, the remainder of the leg parts are yellow to light amber except for dark patches on all tibiae; wings subhyaline, cloudy at the apex. Abdomen black except for a small patch on tergum 1, a broad band on the posterior half of tergum 2, narrow bands on terga 3 and 4, and a small patch on tergum 5, all of which are light yellow; venter black, immaculate; pygidium with sides convex, basal end about one- half the greatest width, and the apical end broadly rounded. Mate.—Length 7 mm. Black with creamy-white to light yellow markings; punctation average; pubescence short. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for large — frontal eye patches and the scape, which are light yellow; clypeal — WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 373 border with three small denticles, the medial one the largest; hair lobes subequal to the lateral clypeal lobes; mandibles without denticles; antennae normal in form, fulvous but slightly darker above. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, the metanotum, a minute spot on the pleuron below the wing, and a patch on the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; tegulae smooth and not elevated ; enclosure deeply ridged subparallel to the metanotum; meso- sternal tubercles absent; legs black basally to near the apical ends of the femora, which are creamy white; tibiae and other apical segments creamy white except for the apical half of the 3rd tibia, which is dark fuscous to black; the light tip of the 3rd femur cut off from the dark area abruptly at right angles to the femur as in C. acanthophila Cockerell; wings subhyaline but clouded apically; stigma dark. Abdomen black with a small semidivided spot on tergum 1, a broad band on the posterior half of tergum 2, narrow bands on the posterior margins of terga 3, 4, and 5, and a small patch on tergum 6, all of which are creamy white; venter black, immaculate; pygidium with sides convex and both ends rounded. The male is very near that of C. acanthophila Cockerell, from which it may be distinguished by a creamy-white face and the relatively smooth enclosure of the latter species. Typres.—The type female from Tucson, Ariz., June 13, 1938, (R. H. Crandall), is deposited at the U.S. National Museum, no. 66156. The allotype male, from 8 miles southeast of Elota, Sinaloa, Mexico, 1962 (F. D. Parker), is deposited at the University of California, Davis, Calif. Arizona: 92, 10 mi. E. Gila Bend, June 15, 1955 (G. D. Butler); 49 9, 2 mi. NE. Portal, Cochise Co., July 30-Aug. 5, 1959, Baccharis (M. Statham); 9, Sahuarita, July 5, 1956 (G. D. Butler); 3? 9, Toltec, Pinal Co., June 14-15, 1953 (T. R. Haig); 9, Tombstone, July 27, 1955, Mortonia scalrella (Butler- Werner); 2? 2, Tucson, June 10, 13, 1938 (R. H. Crandall); 9, Tucson (F. H. Snow). Texas: 9, Boquillas, Brewster Co., June 30, 1928 (F. M. Gage); ?, 20 mi. N. El Paso, June 19, 1942 (H. A. Scullen). Mexico: Sinaloa: 59? 92, 1604, 8 mi. SE. Elota, May 18-19, 1962 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange); 29 9, 30'o', Cocorit, May 23, 1962 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange); 9, 2°, 5 mi. S. Magdalena, May 25, 1962 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange); 9, @, 5 mi. W. Santa Ana, June 10, 1962 (F. D. Parker). DisTRIBUTION.—Southern Arizona, western Texas, and northwest- ern Mexico. Prey RECORD.—None. PLantT REcORD.—Baccharis (Arizona), Mortonia scalrella (Arizona). 374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Ficures 13-15.—Localities of: 13, C. crandalli Scullen; 14, C. crotonella Viereck and Cock- erell; 15, C. echo echo Mickel. 14. Cerceris crotonella Viereck and Cockerell Figures 14, 117a,b,c Cerceris crotonella Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 139.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007. FremaLe.—Length 8 mm. Color black and reddish amber, marked with creamy white; normally pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head one-fourth wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, the clypeus, basal half of mandibles, patch on the front, round spots back of the compound eyes, and the scape, all of which are creamy white; clypeal border with five subequally spaced low denticle-like processes; process on the clypeal surface extended to form a truncate cone with the end slightly broadened and black; mandibles with two separate, subequal denticles, medially located; antennae normal in form, scape creamy white, peduncle and flagellum light amber below, darker above. Thorax, exclusive of the propodeum, black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the meta- notum, patches on the pleuron below the wing attachments, and the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; tegulae smooth and not elevated; propodeum reddish amber except the enclosure, which is black; enclosure deeply pitted along the border and along the central groove with a few incomplete ridges next to the mentanotum; meso- sternal tubercle absent; legs dark amber basally to a little beyond the middle of the femora; apical ends of femora, the fore- and mid- tibiae, and the hindtibiae in part, creamy white; tarsi amber, becoming darker on the mid- and hindlegs; wings subhyaline. Abdomen: terga 1 to 3 reddish amber with narrow creamy-white bands; terga 4 to 5 black with creamy-white bands; tergum 6 black, WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 375 immaculate; venter reddish amber anteriorly, becoming dark amber posteriorly; pygidium broader basally and rounded, the apical end narrowing and truncate. Matz.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Black with creamy-white and fer- ruginous markings; punctation more widely spaced than average; pubescence short. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except for the face, base of mandibles, and scape, all of which are creamy white; clypeal border with three subequal low denticles on the medial lobe; hair lobes extend over about three-fourths of the lateral clypeal lobes; surface of the medial lobe convex; mandibles without denticles; antennae normal in form, scape largely creamy white, flagellum largely fulvous. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two large spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, a small patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; tegulae low and smooth; enclosure with a pitted medial groove and deeply rugose laterally; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs black to the apical ends of the femora, beyond which they are creamy white except for the apical segments of the tarsi, which become darker; the hindtibiae and the hindtarsi dark except for a large, creamy patch on the tibiae; wings are subhyaline, stigma black. Abdomen black or dark fuscous except the first segment and the basal part of the second segment, which are ferruginous, and the following creamy-white markings: broad bands on terga 2 and 3, which have the anteriolateral corners darkened, narrow bands on terga 4 and 5, an evanescent patch on tergum 6; venter with minute, creamy spots laterally on sternites 3 and 4; pygidium with sides convex and the apical end slightly smaller than the basal end. The male of crotonella Viereck and Cockerell is close to the males of C. conifrons Mickel and C. bridwelli Scullen. They are distinguished from conifrons by the more closely crowded punctation and narrow light bands on the abdomen of the latter. They are distinguished from bridwelli by having only two broad bands on the abdomen while the latter has three. The surface punctation is similar to bridwelli. TypE.—The type female of C. crotonella Viereck and Cockereil, taken at Las Cruces, N. Mex., on Sept. 25, 1895, Croton neomexicanum (Cockerell), is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10039. DisTRIBUTION.—Southern Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas. Prey REcoRD.—None. 376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 PLANT RECORD.—Acacia augustissima (Arizona), Chilopsis sp. (New Mexico), Crotonella neomexicanum (New Mexico), Larrea tridentata (Texas), Opuncta sp. (Texas), Pectis pepposa (New Mexico). 15a. Cerceris echo echo Mickel Ficurss 15, 118a,b,¢ Cerceris echo Mickel, 1916, p. 412.— Mickel, 1917b, p. 453.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007. Cerceris rufinoda crucis H. 8. Smith, 1908, p. 370 (in part). FremMaALe.—Length 9 to 10 mm. Color black and reddish amber with yellow markings; closely and deeply punctate; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head one-sixth wider than the thorax, black except large lateral eye patches, small spots back of the compound eyes, basal end of mandibles, and patch on scape, which are yellow; clypeal border with two widely separated broad extensions, between which is a single denticle, and laterad of each extension is a low denticle-like process; clypeal surface process is in the form of a low transverse ridge with the extremities dentiform; mandibles with one centrally located denticle, more apicad of which is a low rounded elevation; antennae normal in form, scape yellow to light amber, peduncle amber, flagellum light amber below, dark above. Thorax, exclusive of the propodeum, black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two spots on the metanotum, and patch on the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae sparsely pitted and slightly elevated; propodeum dorsally reddish amber except for the enclosure, which is black; enclosure deeply pitted and rugose with a prominent central groove; mesosternal tubercle small and black; legs largely amber basally, becoming more yellow beyond the middle of the femora; wings slightly clouded. Abdomen: tergum 1 reddish amber; terga 2 to 5 black with bands of light yellow, that on tergum 2 broader and not emarginate as are the others; venter black except for the first sternite, which is reddish amber; pygidium oval, narrowing, and rounded at both ends. Matz.—Unknown. It may be confused with closely related species. (See note under rujfinoda rufinoda Cresson, p. 394.) Typr.—The type female, taken at Monroe Canyon, Sioux Co., Nebr., Aug. 4, 1908 (C. H. Gable), is at the University of Nebraska. DistrRipuTion.—Widely distributed but not collected in any great numbers over the Central Plains States from southern Canada to the Mexican border. Recorded from Alberta, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 377 Colorado, California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. An isolated record from Independence Lake, Sierra Co., Calif., July 20, 1954 (R. C. Blaylock), is of special interest. PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Aster sp. (Kansas), Baccharis sp. (Texas), Chryso- thamnus sp. (Utah), Hupatorium serotinun (Texas), parsnip (Texas), Pastinaca sativa (Texas), Solidago sp. (New Mexico), Thelesperma gracile (Kansas). 15b. Cerceris echo atrata, new subspecies FI@uRE 16 FrmMaLre.—This is the same in structure and color pattern as C. echo echo Mickel except that the markings are light yellow and it lacks the reddish amber on the propodeum and the first abdominal segment so characteristic of the latter. Maur.—Unknown. It may be confused with the male of C. rufinoda rufinoda Cresson, with which it is closely related. This is the eastern form of C. echo Mickel. From manuscript labels by Banks found on some specimens, it is evident he had at one time expected to describe this form as a new species under the name of nigroris. Typrs.—The type female, from Camden Co., N.J., July 12, 1891 (Wm. J. Fox), is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 5039. Paratypes are as follows: Grorcia: 49 9, Atlanta, June 14, 1936 (P. W. Fattig); 9, Cedartown, June 7, 1936 (P. W. Fattig). Inurnors: ?, Carlinville (Charles Robertson, 6129); ?, Meredosia, Aug. 22, 1917, sand pit. Iowa: 9, Sioux City, Aug. 11, 1928 (C. N. Ainslie). Kansas: 9, Baldwin, July (Bridwell); 2, Douglas Co., 900 ft., (F. H. Snow); 29 9, Riley Co., July 14, 25 (Pepenoe, 5342). MassAacHuUSETTS: 9, Forest Hills, July 1913 (F. X. Williams); 9, Hopkinton Forest, Aug. 22; 9, Reading, July 14, 1935, Umbelliferae flowers (Richard Dow). MAINE: 9, Desert of Maine, Aug. 13, 1950. Nort Caro.ina: ao’, (Cresson). NEw JERSEY, 69 9, Camden Co., July 12, 1891 (Wm. J. Fox). New York: 9, Ardsley, Westchester Co., Aug. 9, 1958 (G. R. Ferguson); 2, Bedford, Westchester Co., July 20, 1957 (G. R. Ferguson); 29 9, Hartsdale, Westchester Co., July 14, 1957 (G. R. Ferguson); 22 9, Pound Ridge, Westchester Co., July 21, Aug. 17, 1957 (G. R. Ferguson). Vrreinta: 9, East Falls Church, July 20 (8S. A. Rohwer) ; 9, Vienna, Aug. 11, 1935 (J. C. Bridwell). Wisconsin: ?, Genoa, Vernon Co., July 7-12, 1911 (53145). DistriBuTion.—Limited through the Eastern States east of the Mississippi River. Prey REcorRD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Umbelliferae (Massachusetts). 378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Ficures 16, 17.—Localities of: 16, C. echo atrata Scullen; 17, C. finitima finitima Cresson. l6a. Cerceris finitima finitima Cresson Fiaures 17, 119a,b,c Cerceris finttima Cresson, 1865, p. 125.—Packard, 1866, p. 61.—Cresson, 1887, p. 282.—Schletterer, 1887, p. 491.—Robertson, 1890, p. 200; 1891, p. 570; 1892b, p. 108; 1892c, p. 274; 1894a, pp. 455, 457.— Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 460.— Bridwell, 1898, p. 209.—Ashmead, 1899, p. 295.—Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 1388.—Smith, H. S., 1908, p. 370.—Banks, 1912a, p. 27.—Stevens, 1917, p. 422.—Rohwer, 1917, p. 244.—Mickel, 1917b, p. 453.—Rau, 1928, p. 338.— Strandtmann, 1945, p. 312.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007. Cerceris finitima var. nigroris Banks, 1912a, p. 27.—Mickel, 1917b, p. 453.— Scullen, 1951, p. 1008. FremaLe.—Length 7 to 8 mm. Color black and yellow, closely and deeply pitted, clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head one-fourth wider than the thorax, black except large frontal eye patches on the face, the clypeus, patch on front above the clypeus, basal part of the mandibles, the scape, spots back of the compound eyes, all of which are yellow; markings on face lighter than other markings; clypeal border with two widely separated denticles; clypeal surface with a very low, broad ridge ending laterally in two slightly extended subhyaline points appearing just above and mesad of the two dark border denticles; mandibles with two subequal denticles distinctly separated and medially located; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, peduncle dark amber, flagellum light amber below and darker above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, a dot on the pleuron below the wing base, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae elevated and pitted; enclosure transversely rugose; mesosternal tubercles small and black; legs dark amber to middle of the femora or beyond, yellow beyond to the tarsi, which are light amber; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is dark amber. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 379 Abdomen with deeply emarginate bands of yellow on terga 1 to 5, wider on tergum 3; venter immaculate; pygidium oval with both ends rounded, the basal end more acute. Ma.e.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Color black and yellow, closely and deeply pitted, clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for the face, which is yellow; clypeal border with three subequal, centrally located denticles; mandibles smooth; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, peduncle dark amber and flagellum light amber below, dark above. Thorax black except for elongate patches on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, small spots on the pleuron below the wing bases and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae elevated and pitted; enclosure deeply rugose transversely ; mesopleural tubercle absent; legs dark amber basally to the middle of the femora or a little beyond, yellow beyond, becoming light amber on the tarsi; wings subhyaline. Abdomen black except for a patch on the first tergum, broad band on tergum 2, narrow bands on terga 3 to 6 emarginate, which are yellow; venter dark amber with a tendency for yellow spots to appear laterally on sternites 3 to 5; pygidium oval with the basal end rounded, apical end more truncate. Typrs.—The type female of C. finitima Cresson, from Illinois (Dr. Lewis), is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 1948. The type male of C. finitima var. nigroris Banks, from Falls Church, Va., is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, no. 13768. The writer does not consider the variety nigroris Banks distinctive enough to recognize it as a subspecies. DistTRIBUTION.—Widely distributed throughout the states east of the Rocky Mountains except in New England. It ranges from southern Canada to the Mexican border. It is found also in Cali- fornia, from Davis south, and into Arizona and New Mexico. Prey RECORD.—Chaetocnema pulicaria, a flea beetle (Chrysomeli- dae), Columbus, Ohio (Strandtmann, 1945, p. 312). PLANT RECORD.—Acacia sp. (Texas), Asclepias sp. (Arizona, Nebraska, New Mexico), Aster sp. (Kansas), Bifora americana (Texas), Cassia sp. (Texas), celery (Utah), Cleome serrulata (Nebraska), clover (Illinois), cowpeas (Arkansas), Croton californicus (California), Daucus carota (Ohio), Dichro phyllum (Colorado), Erigeron quercifolius (Florida), Grindelia sp. (South Dakota), Grindelia squarrosa (Utah), Helianthus pumilus (Colorado), Kuhnistera oligophylla (North Dakota), Melilotus alba (Nebraska), Monarda citriodora (Texas), pea vine (Ohio), Polygonum auberti (California), Sambucus canadensis (Ohio), 380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Solidago sp. (Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas), Telesperma gracile (Utah). 1l6b. Cerceris finitima citrina, new subspecies Fiaure 18 Frema.Le.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Color black with yellow markings covering over fifty per cent of the body surface; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax; black but with the yellow markings covering most of the face, basal half of the mandibles, scape, and large irregular patch extending from one gena through vertex to the opposite gena; clypeal border with two widely separated denticles; clypeal surface with a very low, broad ridge ending laterally in two slightly extended subhyaline points appearing just above and mesad of the two dark border denticles; mandibles with two centrally located but distinctly separated denticles, the more apical one much the larger and pointing distally; antennae normal in form, the scape yellow, peduncle amber and the flagellum light amber below but darker above. Thorax black except for a broad band on the pronotum, two short stripes on the scutum, the scutellum, the metanotum, large patches on the propodeum, two large patches on each pleuron, two small spots on the sternum, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae elevated and lightly pitted; enclosure black, transversely rugose; mesosternal tubercle present, partly yellow; legs largely yellow except for small dark patches on the basal areas of each leg; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is amber. Abdomen with broad yellow bands on terga 1 to 5, those on terga 3 to 5 somewhat emarginate; pygidium oval, broader basally, apical end rounded, basal end truncate; venter dark amber except for a mesal and two lateral yellow patches on sternites 2 to 4. Maur.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Color black with yellow markings; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head about one-third wider than the thorax; black except entire face, elongate patches on the genae, the vertex, basal two-thirds of the mandibles, and the scape, all of which are yellow; border of clypeus sinuate with two lateral and one medial slight extensions; clypeal surface convex; mandibles smooth; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, peduncle amber, flagellum light amber below, darker above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, the scutellum, the metanotum, large triangular patches on the pro- podeum, two patches on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; mesosternal tubercle absent; tegulae elevated and lightly WASP GENUS CERCERIS—-SCULLEN 381 pitted; enclosure heavily rugose transversely; legs yellow except for small patches of amber on the following: coxae, all femora, the hindtibiae, and hindtarsi; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen with broad yellow bands on terga 1 to 6, those on terga 5 and 6 emarginate; venter amber with yellow bands on sternites 2 to 4 and two yellow patches on sternite 5; pygidium with sides convex and both ends subtruncate. The extent of the yellow markings vary in both sexes. This is especially true of the yellow line on the genae, venter, and scutellum. Smaller patches may disappear. The subspecies citrina has far more yellow than the typical form C. finitima finitima Cresson. Typrs.—The type female, from Riverside, Calif., Aug. 29, 1926, on Polygonum lapathifolium (P. H. Timberlake), and the allotype male, Ficures 18-20.—Localities of: 18, C. finitima citrina Scullen; 19, C. finitima vierecki Banks; 20, C. irene Banks. from Riverside, Calif., Aug. 26, 1927 (P. H. Timberlake), are at the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes are as follows: CaLirorNiA: 9, Antioch, Sept. 18, 1938 (J. W. MacSwain); 9, Claremont (Baker); 2, Colton, Aug. 10, 1951 (J. C. Hall); 2 99, Davis, Aug. 24, 1939 (G. E. Bohart); 9, Davis, July 11, 1951 (E. I. Schlinger); &, Davis, July 11, 1954 (J. O. Downey); &, Davis, Aug. 20, 1950 (R. C. Bechtel); @, Lindsay, 1909, on Asclepias (W. A. Davidson); 9, Patterson, Stanislaus Co., June (T. F. Leigh); 9, Riverside, Sept. 23, 1924, on annual Hriogonum (P. H. Timberlake); °?, Riverside, Aug. 16, 1927, on Hriogonum gracile (P. H. Timberlake); 9, Riverside, Aug. 29, 1926, on Polygonum lapathifolium (P. H. Timberlake); 9, Riverside, Oct. 1, 1928, on Euphorbia albomarginata (P. H. Timberlake); 9, Riverside, July 17, 1940 (C. Dammers); &, Riverside, Sept. 20, 1933, on Hrigeron linifolius (P. H. Timberlake); #, Santa Barbara, June 1907 (W. M. Giffard); o, Visalia, 1927, on privet (P. R. Jones). 742-463—65——4 382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Distripution.—Recorded only from Davis and southern California. Prey rEcorps.—None. PLANT RECORDS.—As indicated under type material. 1l6c. Cerceris finitima vierecki Banks, new status Figure 19 Cerceris vierecki Banks, 1947, p. 30.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1011. Cerceris finitima vierecki Scullen, 1960, p. 80. Fremaute.—Length 8 mm. Colors black with creamy-white mark- ings; finely and moderately pitted; pubescence average. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for face and round spots back of the compound eyes, which are creamy white; clypeal border with two widely separated pointed extensions; clypeal surface slightly convex without special elevations; mandibles with two subequal denticles distinctly separated, the apical one much the larger; antennae normal in form, scape creamy white, peduncle dark amber, flagellum light amber below and darker above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, large patch on the pleuron below the wing attachment, and patches on the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; tegulae more smooth and less elevated than in C. finitima finitima Cresson; enclosure smooth except for the central groove, which is pitted, and the lateral borders, which are slightly rugose; mesosternal tubercle extremely inconspicuous; legs black basally to beyond the middle of the femora, creamy white beyond except for an amber patch on the mesal side and apical end of the hindtibiae and the tarsi, which are darker; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen black except for a patch on tergum 1, and emarginate bands on terga 2 to 5, which are creamy white; venter black, immac- ulate; pygidium oval with both ends rounded. Maur.—The males taken in the same localities as the females of C. finitima vierecki are of the typical form and color pattern of C. jimtima fimtima but the markings tend to be more creamy white as is true of the females. Typr.—The type female of Cerceris merecki Banks, taken at Tempe, Ariz., Aug. 1 (Bequaert), is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 23544. DistRIBUTION.—Largely throughout the Southwestern desert area of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas; rare in Colorado and Utah. PREY REcCORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Acacia sp. (Arizona), Asclepias subverticillata (Arizona), Baccharis glutinosa (Arizona), cotton (New Mexico), WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 383 Eriogonum abertianum neomexicana (Arizona), yellow composit (Arizona). 17. Cerceris irene Banks Fiaeurss 20, 120a,b,¢ Cerceris irene Banks, 1912a, p. 26—Scullen, 1951, p. 1008. Frema.te.—Length 7 to 8 mm. Color dark amber, reddish amber and yellow; closely and deeply pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head one-fifth wider than thorax; amber except face, basal half of mandibles, scape, patch on gena, and elongate patches on vertex, which are yellow; ocellar area dark amber; clypeal border with one central denticle-like process, to each side of which is a broad extension of the clypeal border; clypeal process with a broad rounded base narrowing to a truncate point; mandibles with two centrally located denticles, the apical one the larger; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, peduncle and flagellum light amber. Thorax reddish amber below to dark amber or black above except two elongate patches on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow somewhat infused with light amber; tegulae elevated and somewhat pitted; enclosure reddish amber to dark amber, deeply rugose transversely ; propodeum reddish amber to amber; mesosternal tubercle present; legs reddish amber; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is darker. Abdomen, tergum 1 reddish amber with a broad emarginate yellow to amber patch; terga 2 to 5 with broad emarginate bands of yellow infused with amber; venter reddish amber to dark amber with reddish amber bands on sternites 2 to 3; pygidium with convex sides and truncate ends. Matre.—The male of irene has not been isolated. It is probably being confused with the males of closely related species (see note under rujinoda rufinoda Cresson, p. 394). C. irene Banks is extremely variable in color shade and the extent of color markings. The ground color varies from black to medium amber. ‘The yellow patches on the pronotum and the scutellum may fuse to form bands on the respective parts. Typr.—The type female, from Fedor, Lee Co., Tex., June 25 (Birkman), is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, no. 13781. DistrinuTion.—Except for the one Minnesota record, C. irene Banks is found only in the Western and South Central States of Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. Specimens are as follows: 384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 Cotorapbo: 2, Larimer Co., Aug. 13, 1952 (R. R. Dreisbach). Kansas: 2? ?, Blackjack Creek, Pottawatomie Co., July 2, 14, 1953 (Evans, Lin, Yoshimoto); 2, Blackjack Creek, July 9, 1954 (H. E. and M. A. Evans); 9, Madero, June 21, 1936 (W. O. Field); 2, Madero, July 7, 1953 (H. E. Evans); 9, Riley Co., Sept. 12 (J. B. Norton); 3? 9, Riley Co., Sept. 17, 19 (Popenoe); 9, Reno Co., Aug. 13-20, 1917; 9, Stafford Co., Salt Flat Area, July 11, 1957 (H. E. and M. A. Evans); 9, Wallace Co., 3440 ft. (F. X. Williams). Lovurstana: 9, Keatchie, June 14, 1905. Muinnesora: 9, Fridley Sand Dunes, Anoka Co., July 22, 1927 (R. W. Dawson). OxKuaHoma: 9, Alfalfa Co., Aug. 10, 1932 (Deonier and Pritchard). Texas: 9, Ballinger, Aug. 3, 1931 (R. H. Painter); 9, Bexar Co., May 1, 1929 (H. B. Parks); 9, Brooks Co., July 25, 1928 (R. H. Beamer) ; 9, Brooks Co., July 25, 1928 (J. G. Shaw); 9, Corpus Christi, June 28, 1942 (E. S. Ross); 9, Fedor, Lee Co., May 7, 1909; ?, Fedor, July 23, 1897 (Birk- mann); 9, Fort Worth, May 31, 1937 (Heard and Berjim); 49 9, Gillette, Karles Co., July 25, 1917; 9, Kendall Co., July 22, 1928 (R. H. Beamer); 49 9, Lee Co., May 30, Sept. 21, 1906; 9, McBade, Bastrop Co., May 12, 1934 (J. E. Gillaspy); 9°, Neuecest, April 28, 1896 (Morlatt); 49 9, Port Isabel, Cameron Co., June 23-27, 1956 (H. E. Evans and E. G. Matthews); 9, Reno Co., Aug. 13-20, 1917; 9, Rosser, July 6, 1905 (C. R. Jones); 9, Victoria, June 24, 1917; 9, Wallace Co., 3440 ft. (F. X. Williams). Wyomina: 9, Summit, 8835 ft., Aug. 16, 1940 (H. E. Milliron). PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Gaillardia amblyodon (Texas). 18a. Cerceris kennicottii kennicottii Cresson Figures 21, 121a,b,c Cerceris kennicottii Cresson, 1865, p. 128.—Packard, 1866, p. 63.—Cresson, 1872, p. 231; 1887, p. 282.—Schletterer, 1887, p. 495.—Robertson, 1890, p. 200; 1894a, pp. 457, 471; 1896b, p. 73.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 464.—Bridwell, 1898, p. 209.—Ashmead, 1899, p. 295.—Banks, 1912a, p. 25.—Mickel, 1917b, p. 452.—Hendrickson, 1930, p. 159.—Banks, 1947, p. 30.—Scullen, 1951, . 1008. oan es eriogoni Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 139.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007 (new synonymy). Frmate.—Length 8 to 10 mm. Black with yellow markings; normally pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head about one-fifth wider than thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, patch on clypeal process, basal part of mandibles, and scape, all of which are yellow; clypeal border with five equally spaced small processes, the central one denticle-like, the two lateral ones also denticle-like but smaller, the other two somewhat broader; clypeal process broad at the base, converging distally to a semitruncate apical end, which is sinuate, showing a small medial and two small lateral extensions; mandibles with two subequal, centrally located denticles; antennae normal in form, scape light yellow in front, peduncle dark amber, flagellum light amber below and dark above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, band on the scutellum, minute spot on the mesosternal tubercle, and WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 385 the tegulae, which are light yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure minutely rugose transversely, with a prominent medial groove; mesosternal tubercle present; legs black or dark amber to the apical ends of the femora, beyond which they are yellow, again becoming darker on the tibiae; hindfemora may be all black or show a lighter amber apical end; wings subhyaline except for the stigma, which is darker. Abdomen black except for a small patch on tergum 1, deeply emarginate band on terga 2 and 4, two lateral patches on tergum 3, which may be joined to each other by a narrow or broken line, solid narrow or broken band on tergum 5; pygidium with a broad rounded base narrowing to a much smaller rounded apical end, surface appear- ing velvet-like; venter dark amber, immaculate. Matze.—Length 7 mm. Black and light yellow; deeply pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax, black except for large frontal eye patches, a patch on the medial lobe of the clypeus, base of mandibles, and scape, all of which are light yellow; clypeal border with three subequal denticles on the medial lobe; clypeal surface con- vex; mandibles smooth; antennae normal in form, scape yellow, peduncle light amber, flagellum light amber below, darker above. Thorax black except for elongate patches on the pronotum, the scutellum, and tegulae, which are light yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure minutely rugose transversely, with a prominent medial groove; legs dark amber apically to the middle of the femora, light amber beyond, becoming darker on the tarsi; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is amber. Abdomen black with small patch on tergum 1, broad band on tergum 2, two lateral patches connected by a broken line on tergum 3, narrow bands on terga 4 to 5, elongate patch on tergum 6, all of which are light yellow; pygidium oval with both ends rounded and subequal, surface pitted; venter dark amber, immaculate. C. kennicottii Cresson is quite variable over its extensive range. It varies in size, shade of yellow, and extent of yellow markings. The yellow markings are more yellow in the Eastern States (C. kenni- cottit kennicottii Cresson) and more white in the southern and western specimens (C. kennicottii belai Scullen). In the Southeast, the female of C. kennicottii kennicottii Cresson is nearest to C. blakei Cresson. They can be separated by the reddish amber of C. blakei, by the termi- nal border of the clypeal process, and by the difference in the tegulae. The male of C. kennicottii kennicottii Cresson is close to the male of C. finitima finitima Cresson. These usually can be separated by the elevated tegulae on C. finitima finitima Cresson. In the West, the female of C. kenniccottia beali Scullen can be separated from C. con- 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 116 vergens Viereck and Cockerell and other closely related species by the differences in the clypeal process. The relative size of the clypeal process on the female varies. The males are difficult or impossible to separate in some cases. Typrs.—The type male of C. kennicottii Cresson, from Louisiana (Robert Kennicott), is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 1952. The type male of C. eriogoni Viereck and Cockerell, from Dripping Springs, Organ Mts., N. Mex., at flowers of Eriogonum (Cockerell), is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10377. Distrisution.—Although not taken in any large numbers, this species is recorded from most of the states east of the Rocky Moun- tains, from southern Canada and Massachusetts south to the Gulf of Mexico, and west to Arizona. It is much more common in the South Central States. PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Acaciasp. (Arizona), Cassia sp. (Nebraska, Texas), Ceanothus sp. (Virginia), Chaerophyllum tointurieri (Texas), Chamao- crista fasciculata (Nebraska), Cicuta sp. (Virginia), Cicuta maculata (Colorado, Virginia), cotton (Arizona, Texas), Daucus carota (North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia), Enpatorium sp. (Texas), Euphorbia bicolor (Texas), Euphorbia marginata (Missouri), Helianthus tuberosa (Kansas), Melilotus alba (Ohio), Pastinaea sativa (Colorado), Solidago sp. (Colo- rado, Texas), Tamarix gallica (Texas), willow (Salix), (Texas). Ficures 21, 22.—Localities of: 21, C. kennicotiti kennicottit Cresson; 22, C. kennicottit beali Scullen. 18b. Cerceris kennicottii beali, new subspecies FIGURE 22 FrmaLte.—Length 8 mm. Black with creamy-yellow to white markings; otherwise, very close to C. kennicottii kennicottii Cresson. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 387 The female type shows two breaks in the band on tergum 2 similar to the female of C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell but the clypeal processes are very different. Other females taken at the same time and place show the above bands varying from a solid line to a series of evanescent spots. Mauzr.—Length 6 to 7 mm. Black with creamy-yellow markings; otherwise, very close to C. kennicottii kennicottii Cresson. Typrs.—The holotype female and the allotype male, from Scotts- dale, Ariz., May 13, 1961 (R. S. Beal), taken in copula, are deposited at the U.S. National Museum, no. 66157. Paratypes are as follows: Arizona: 9, Amado, July 3, 1957, cotton (G. D. Butler); #, Apache, Cochise Co., 5000 ft., Aug. 4, 1955 (R. R. Dreisbach); 2, o, Avra Valley, July 6, 1955, July 5, 1957, cotton (Butler-Werner) ; 2, Camp Verde, Sept. 4, 1957 (T. R. Haig) ; 9, 50°, Canelo, July 30, 1956, May 18, 1957, June 21, 1958 (G. D. Butler); 29 9, Casa Grande, May 26, 1955 (G. D. Butler); 9, 27 @, same locality, June 20, July 17, 18, 1956, alfalfa (C. Williams) ; 27, Continental, June 14, 1955, desert willow (G. D. Butler); 2? 2, Continental, July 27, 1956, alfalfa (C. Williams) ; 496, Coolidge, May 29, 1955, Acacia sp. (G. D. Butler); @, Coolidge, July 24, 1946 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Eloy, Sept. 28, 1955, alfalfa (G. D. Butler); 9, Eloy, June 20, 1956, alfalfa (G. D. Butler); 9, Kansas Settlement, July 28, 1955 (Butler-Werner); ¢, Litchfield Park, June 11, 1954, alfalfa (G. D. Butler); ?, 3’, Marana, July 6, 1956, July 5, 1957, mesquite, mustard (G. D. Butler); <%, Marana, July 27, 1956, cotton (C. Williams); 5c’, Marinette, July 6, 1950 (R. H. Beamer); 2? 9, Mesa, June 9, 1955, alfalfa (G. D. Butler); #, Oak Creek Canyon, July 9, 1952 (R. H. Beamer and party); 9, Patagonia, May 21, 1955, mustard (G. D. Butler); 9, Phoenix, Sept. 17, 1933 (R. H. Crandall) ; oF Phoenix, Aug. 8, 1950 (R. S. Beal); o&, Phoenix, May 27, 1938 (Christenson) ; 2, Phoenix, 1100 ft., Aug. 10, 1946 (H. A. Scullen); 2, Portal, June 10, 1961 (H. A. Scullen); o&, Portal, 5000 ft., Aug. 5, 1955 (R. R. Dreisbach); ?, Queen Creek, July 13, 1956, cotton (C. Williams); 9, Safford, June 24, 1954 (G. D. Butler); 42 2, 40%c’, Scottsdale, June 12, 1961 (R. 8. Beal); 9, 9 mi. E. Su- perior, July 23, 1956 (Butler-Gerhardt); 92, Superior, Boyce Thompson Arbo- retum, July 23, 1955 (G. D. Butler); o&, Tempe, Aug. 20, 1956, alfalfa (C. Wil- liams); 9, Vernon, July 25, 1956 (Butler-Gerhardt); 9, Yarnell to Prescott, July 23, 1942 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Yuma, July 31, 1956, vetch (C. Williams) ; 2¢°o, Yuma Valley, June 14, 1957, July 11, 1956 (G. D. Butler). Catirornia: 3’, Blythe, Riverside Co., July 8, 1956 (L. A. Stange); 27, Calexico, Imperial Co., July 11, 1957, Sept. 23, 1957 (E. I. Schlinger); o, Gordons Wells, Imperial Co., Aug. 29, 1957 (E. I. Schlinger); 2, Ripley, Riverside Co., Aug. 16, 1946, Heli- anthus annuus (P. D. Hurd); 9, 407%’, Seeley, July 17, 1940 (R. H. Beamer and party). New Mexico: a, Rodeo, 4000 ft., Aug. 3, 1959 (H. E. Evans). Texas: 20, Alpine, July 8, 1942 (H. A. Scullen); o&, Austin; @, Bexar Co., 535 ft., April 1929, Gaillardia amblyodom (H. B. Parks); o, Brownsville, 1921 (J. C. Bridwell); o&, Brownsville, July 11, 1945, cotton; 20’, Brownsville, May 17, 1952 (Michener and party); o’, Dallas, Dallas Co., Oct. 4, 1952, Solidago altissima (L. H. Shinner); o, Davis Mts., July 9, 10, 1942 (E. C. Van Dyke); 29? 9, Davis Mts., July 9, 1942 (H. A. Scullen); ?, 20%o, El Paso, July 11, 1917 (J. Bequaert) ; 3, Williams Co., Aug. 25, 1933 (J. E. Gillaspy). 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 DistriputTion.—Arizona, New Mexico, and adjoining areas. Prey REcoRD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—As indicated under paratypes. 19. Cerceris krombeini, new species Figures 23, 122a,b,c, FremaLe.—Length 10mm. Black with yellow markings; punctation coarse; pubescence very short. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except large frontal eye patches, patch on the upper surface of the clypeal process, patch back of the eye, base of mandibles, and a patch on the scape, all of which are yellow; clypeal border with four denticles, the medial pair separated from each other by a deep depression and somewhat larger than the lateral pair; clypeal process with the free margins converging to a blunt point, below which is a pair of prominent denticles; mandibles with one distinct denticle flanked on each side by a low and indistinct denticle; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, a small patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae slightly inflated and smooth; enclosure smooth except for a medial groove and deep pits in the lateral angles; mesosternal tubercles small but very acute; legs black on the basal segments to or just beyond the middle of the fore- and midfemora, beyond which they are yellow, the hind- femora entirely black or fuscous, the hindtibiae yellow basally, fuscous apically, and the hindtarsi fuscous; wings subhyaline, clouded apically, and the stigma black. Abdomen with a semidivided patch on tergum 1, a broad band with rectangular emargination on the basal end of tergum 2, broad but deeply emarginate bands on terga 3 and 4, a broad band on tergum 5; venter immaculate; pygidium with the sides convex and the ends subequal and rounded. Maue.—Length 8 mm. Black with light yellow markings; puncta- tion coarse; pubescence very short. Head about one-sixth wider than the thorax; black except for the entire face, base of mandibles, and scape, all of which are light yellow; clypeal margin with three denticles on the medial lobe, the medial denticle slightly the largest; hair lobes subequal in width to the lateral clypeal lobes; surface of the medial clypeal lobe normally convex; mandibles with two very low denticles; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, and the tegulae, all of which are light yellow; tegulae distinctly elevated but smooth; enclosure WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 389 smooth except for a medial groove and a few deep lateral pits; meso- sternal tubercles absent; all legs black basally to near the apical ends of the femora, beyond which they are yellow except for a dark patch on the hindtibiae and the apical tarsal segments, which become darker; wings subhyaline but lightly clouded apically. Abdomen black except for a small semidivided patch on tergum 1, a broad band on tergum 2, broad but deeply emarginate bands on terga 3, 4, and 5, and a band on tergum 6, all of which are yellow; pygidium with sides convex and both ends rounded and subequal in width. The female of C. krombeini Scullen is very close in size, structure, and color pattern to the female of C. astarte Banks but it can be dis- tinguished by the differences in the clypeal denticles, the form of the pygidium, and the color of the stigma of the wing, which is very light in the latter and black in the former. Ficures 23-25.—Localities of: 23, C. krombeini Scullen; 24, C. neahminax Scullen; 25, C. poculum Scullen. Typrs.—The type female and allotype male of C. krombeini Scullen, both from Continental, Ariz., Aug. 24, 1959 (K. V. Krombein), are in the U.S. National Museum, no. 66158. Paratypes are as follows: Arizona: 499, Continental, Aug. 2-4, 1959 (K. V. Krombein) ; 2 99, Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., July 31, 1958 (R. M. Bohart); 9, 10 mi. E, Nogales, Sept. 2, 1957 (T. R. Haig); 9, 13 mi. NW. Nogales, Sept. 3, 1957 (T. R. Haig). -Distripution.—This species is known only from 10 specimens taken in a limited area in southern Arizona. Prey REcoRD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—None. 390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 20. Cerceris neahminax, new species Figures 24, 123a,b,c FremaLe.—Length 8mm. Color black and creamy yellow; normally pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax, mandibles with two centrally located subequal denticles, black except for sides of face, spot on center of front, and the clypeus, which are creamy yellow; clypeal border slightly extended centrally without denticles; clypeal process in the form of a short, thin ridge with the border approximately straight, half the width of the border extension and with a dark amber border; antennae normal in form, scape creamy yellow, peduncle dark amber, flagellum light amber below and dark amber above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, the metanotum, and the tegulae, which are creamy yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure smooth except for a central groove and pitted lateral borders; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs black except foretibiae, foretarsi, midtrochanter, midtibiae, midtarsi, hindtro- chanter, and basal ends of hindtibiae, which are creamy yellow; wings subhyaline except for a clouded area at the apex and the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen black except for a small elongate patch on tergum 1, narrow bands on terga 2 to 5, and lateral patches on sternites 3 and 4, which are creamy yellow; pygidium suboval with the basal end narrowed to a point and the apical end rounded. Mauz.—Unknown. It is probably close to the male of C. acanthophila Cockerell. C. neahminax Scullen is very close to C. acanthophila Cockerell, from which it may be separated by the following characters: acanthophila neahminaz pygidium: pyriform oval mesosternal tubercle: small, black absent mid- and hindfemora: yellow apically black, immaculate mid- and hindtrochanter: black cream clypeal process: subequal in width to about half the width of clypeal border ex- the clypeal extension tension clypeal border extension: margin sinuate margin not sinuate Typrus.—The type female from Sante Fe, N. Mex., June 11, 1935 (E.C. Van Dyke), is at the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes are as follows: Arizona: 9, Ashfork, July 22, 1932 (R. H. Painter); 9, Chiricahua Mts., July 27, 1957 (D. J. and J. N. Knull). New Mexico: 9, Mountain Park, June 27, 1940 (L. C. Kuitert). Uran: ?, Fool Creek Pass, Aug. 17, 1938 (G. F. Knowlton, F. C. Hermston). WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 391 DistTrRIBUTION.—Very rare. Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Prey RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—None. 21. Cerceris poculum, new species Fieure#s 25, 124a,b,c Fremaute.—Length 9 to10mm. Black and creamy yellow; normally pitted; clothed with silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, the clypeus exclusive of the free border, patch on frons, all of which are creamy yellow; clypeal border with a broad extension at the base of the process; clypeal process broad and short with the sides strongly curved downward, black along the border; mandibles with two closely joined denticles subequal in size; antennae normal in form, scape and peduncle black, flagellum amber below, dark above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, and the tegulae, all of which are creamy yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure faintly ridged transversely along the medial groove, sparsely pitted laterally; mesosternal tubercle absent; mid- and hindlegs black basally to near the apical ends of the femora, beyond which they are creamy yellow except for an elongate patch of dark amber on each tibia and the tarsi, which become light amber; hindlegs have coxae black, trochanters creamy yellow, femora black, tibiae yellow with a dark amber patch and tarsi amber; wings subhyaline except for the stigma, which is amber. Abdomen black except for creamy-yellow bands on terga 1 to 5, broadly emarginate on terga 2 to 5, two lateral patches on sternites 3 and 4; pygidium long, broader, and abruptly pointed basally, gradually narrowing and rounded apically. Maure.—Unknown. Typrs.—The type female, taken 23 mi. NE. Douglas, Ariz., 4450 ft., Aug. 1, 1946 (H. A. Scullen), is in the U.S. National Museum, no. 66159. Paratypes are as follows : ARIzONA: 9, Herford, Cochise Co. (W. M. Mann). Texas: 9, Alpine, July 8, 1942 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Davis Mts., Jeff Davis Co., June 27, 1942 H. A. Scullen). Distrisution.—Recorded only from southern Arizona and western Texas. PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—None. 392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 22a. Cerceris rufinoda rufinoda Cresson Figures 27; 125a,b,c Cerceris rufinoda Cresson, 1865, p. 121.—Packard, 1866, p. 61.—Cresson, 1887, p. 286.—Schletterer, 1887, p. 491.—Robertson, 1889b, p. 303.—Ashmead, 1890, p. 32.—Bridwell, 1898, p. 209.—Ashmead, 1899, p. 295.—Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 138.—Smith, H. 8., 1908, p. 370.—Banks, 1912a, p. 26.— Stevens, 1917, p. 422.—Mickel, 1917b, p. 452——Strandtmann, 1945, p. 311.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1010. Fremate.—Length 9 to 10 mm. Black and reddish amber with light yellow markings; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except for two large frontal eye patches, round spots back of the compound eyes, base of mandibles and small patch on scape, all of which are light yellow; medial lobe of the clypeal border divided into an upper and lower part, the lower part is sinuate with a distinct, medial, denticle-like process, laterad of which are two less distinct extensions; the upper part of the clypeal border appears as two semidivided rounded processes (which appear to be on the lower part of the free surface, but closer examina- tion shows them to be embodied in the divided border as indicated above); mandibles with two subequal denticles medially located (not evident on worn mandibles); antennae normal in form, scape amber with a yellow patch, peduncle dark amber, flagellum light amber below, darker above. Thorax black with occasional infusions of red on the propodeum and marked with light yellow as follows: elongate patches on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, spot on the pleuron, and on the tegulae; tegulae somewhat elevated and pitted; enclosure deeply pitted and with a medial groove; mesosternal tubercles small; fore- and midlegs dark amber to near the apical ends of the femora, beyond which they are yellow, turning to light amber apically; posterior legs with coxae dark amber; trochanters, femora, and remain- ing parts varying shades of amber; wings subhyaline except the stigma, which is darker. Abdomen black, except first tergum is reddish amber, tergum 2 with a broad yellow band emarginate (in some specimens the reddish amber coloration extends onto the anterior part of the second tergum), terga 3 to 5 with narrow emarginate bands of yellow; venter dark amber, immaculate; pygidium narrowing basally to a small rounded point, apical end broad and subtruncate. Maue.—Length 9 to10mm. Black and reddish amber with yellow markings; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 393 Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax, black except most of face below antennal scrobes, minute spots back of compound eyes, mandibles except tips, and the scapes, all of which are yellow (in some specimens the lower clypeal border has considerable black); clypeal border with three black denticles on the medial lobe; hair lobes normal in width; clypeal surface convex; mandibles smooth except for a single slight elevation, variable in size; antennae normal in form, scape yellow; peduncle dark amber, flagellum light amber below, darker above. Ficures 26, 27.—Localities of: 26, C. rufinoda rufinoda Cresson (females only); 27, C. rufinoda crucis Banks. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two patches on the scutellum, the metanotum, patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae elevated to a variable amount and very lightly pitted; enclosure transversely rugose and with a medial groove; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs dark amber to amber basally to near the apical end of femora, the remainder of leg parts yellow, becoming darker on the tarsi, amber patch on apical end of hindtibiae; wings subhyaline, cloudy at apex. Abdomen black except first tergum, which is reddish amber with a semidivided yellow patch, tergum 2 with a broad yellow band (basal black may be replaced with amber), terga 3 to 6 with narrower bands of yellow somewhat emarginate; venter reddish amber anteriorly, dark amber posteriorly; pygidium sides convex with both ends subtruncate. The extent of the reddish amber varies considerably in different specimens. Those with the red covering most of the propodeum were described as the variety C. rufinoda crucis by Viereck and Cockerell. The present writer has given this form the rating of a subspecies, but this may be open to question. 394. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 A shadow of uncertainty must remain in regard to the correct identification of the males of rufinoda Cresson and those of closely related species (until some worker can find a positive method of separating these and other difficult males) for the following reasons: (1) After extended studies, the writer has so far found no satisfactory characters to separate the males of rufinoda Cresson from the males of echo Mickel or other unknown, closely related species. (2) The species rufinoda Cresson was described from a male taken in an area (Colorado) where the females of both echo Mickel and the female long accepted as, but not proven to be, the female of rufinoda Cresson have been recorded in numerous localities. (3) Finally, two other closely related species, irene Banks and argia Mickel, of which the males are inseparable without association with the females, also are recorded from Colorado although less commonly. All of the above females are readily separated. Typr.—The type male of C. rufinoda Cresson, from the Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory (Riding), is in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 1955. Distripution.—This widely distributed species is recorded mostly through the Central States of Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Colorado. The following records show the extremities and diversity of its range: ALBERTA: 2? 9, Medicine Hat, Aug. 9, 1939 (E. H. Strickland). Arizona: 3, 11 mi. SW. Eloy, Pima Co., June 19, 1953 (T. R. Haig); 4°, 11 mi. NW. Ft. Huachuca, July 10, 1952 (Beamer, Liang, La Berge); o, Santa Rita Mts., July 10, 1952 (Beamer, Liang, La Berge); o’, 8 mi. 8. Wilcox, July 12, 1952 (Beamer, Liang, La Berge). ARKANSAS: 9, Ouachita Mts., 25 mi. N. Ft. Smith, Aug. 30, 1939 (E. C. Van Dyke). Cauirornia: 9, Hallelujah Junction, Lassen Co., July 7, 1949 (P. D. Hurd). Ipano: 9, Lewiston, July 18, 1925 (C. L. Fox). Inumnois: 9, Carlinville, 1902 (Robertson); 9, White Heath, Aug. 7, 1915. Montana: 39 9. NortH Carouina: 49? 9, June 14, 1927, July 16, 1926, Aug. 3, 1926, Sept. 8, 1921 (C.S. Brimley). Norra Dakota: 2, Beach, Aug. 25, 1923 (C. N. Ainslie). NEw JERSEY: 9, Melage, Sept. 15,1907. NEw Mexico: 9, 20 mi. E. Deming, 4000 ft., Aug. 2, 1946 (H. A. Scullen). Onto: 29 9, Columbus, July 21, Aug. 2, 1941 (J. E. Gillaspy); 2? 9, Franklin Co., July 17, 1942 (R. W. Strandtmann); ?, Madison Co., June 28, 1942 (R. W. Strandtmann). OrEGon: 9, Ontario, 2150 ft., Aug. 2, 1929 (H. A. Scullen). Trxas: 9, Belfrage; 2, Donna, July 21, 1933 (J. W. Monk); 29 9, Fedor; ?, Ft. Hancock, July 9, 1917; 9, Lee Co., June; 9, Victoria, Victoria Co., July 25, 1917. Uvan: 9, Lincoln, July 22, 1949 (G. F. Knowlton); o, Tooele, July 22, 1952 (G. F. Knowlton). Vireinta: 9, Clifton, Aug. 6, 19383 (J. C. Bridwell); 9, Falls Church, July 24, 1913 (Wm. Middleton). Wyomtne: 92, Grey Bull, Aug. 16, 1927 (H. H. Knight). Prey rREcoRD.—Tychius picirostris (Fabricius), Madison Co., Ohio, June 29, 1942 (Strandtmann, 1945, p. 311); Smicronyr squalidus Casey, Columbus, Ohio. PLANT RECORD.—Aster sp. (Kansas), Ceanothus americanus (Illi- WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 395 nois), Chamaecrista fasciculata (Nebraska), Daucus carota (Ohio), Euphorbia sp. (Nebraska), Euphorbia marginata (Kansas), Helianthus sp. (Nebraska), Svwm circutaefolium (North Dakota), Solidago sp. (Kansas), Thelesperma gracile (Kansas). 22b. Cerceris rufinoda crucis Viereck and Cockerell, new status FIGURE 27 Cerceris rufinoda var. crucis Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 139.—Smith, H. S., 1908, 370.—Banks, 1912a, p. 26.—Stevens, 1917, p. 422.—Mickel, 1917b, p. 453.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1010. FremaLe.—Length 9 to10mm. Black and reddish amber with light yellow markings; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head as for C. rufinoda rufinoda Cresson. Thorax black except for the propodeum, which is reddish amber exclusive of the enclosure, which is black; yellow markings as follows: two elongate patches on the pronotum, broken band on the scutellum, the metanotum, patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae; tegulae eleva- ted and pitted; enclosure rugose; mesosternal tubercle small; legs amber; wings subhyaline, clouded at the apex. Abdomen black except tergum 1, which is reddish amber with a semidivided yellow patch; tergum 2 with a broad yellow band; terga 3 to 5 with deeply emarginate yellow bands; venter amber anteriorly becoming darker posteriorly. Mate.—Indistinguishable. This is being raised from a variety to a subspecies. Typr.—The type female, from Las Cruces, N. Mex., Sept. 25, 1895 (Cockerell), is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10393. DistRIBUTION.—Mostly in the Rocky Mountain area and occasion- ally west. Specimens are as follows: CauirorNia: 9, Topaz Lake, Mono Co., July 17, 1951 (A. T. McClay). Cot- oRADO: 2, Boulder Co., Sept. 10, 18, 1925 (C. P. Custer); 9, Crowley Co., Aug. 4, 1933; 9, Denver, Sept. 5, 1920; 9, White Rock, near Boulder, 5100 ft., Aug. 13, 1919; 9, Julesburg, Aug. 4, 1899; ?, Jumbo Rs. [sic], Crook [Logan Co.], Aug. 12, 1901 (Sandhouse); ?, LaJunta, 4100 ft., Aug. 12, 1920. Ipano: 9, Bruneau, Owyhee Co., July 22, 1952 (W. F. Barr); Hot Creek Falls, Owyhee Co., July 22, 1952 (W. F. Barr). Kansas: 9, McKinney Lake, Kearny Co., July 12, 13, 1954 (H. E. and M. A. Evens); ?, Norton Co., 2270 ft., Aug. 24, 1912 (F. X, Williams); 9, Phillips Co., 1940 ft., Aug. 30, 1912 (F. X. Williams); 4 99, Riley Co., Aug. 30, Sept. 3, 4 (J. B. Norton); 9, Riley Co., Sept. (Marlatt). New Mexico: 9, Deming, 4000 ft., Aug. 2, 1946 (H. A. Scullen). Orgcon: 9, Ontario, 2150 ft., Aug. 2, 1929 (H. A. Scullen); 9, 14 mi. E. The Dalles, July 17, 1929 (H. A. Scullen). Texas: 9, Davis Mts., Jeff Davis Co., July 9, 1942 (H. A. Scullen ); 2, Fabens, Oct. 17, 1943 (R. W. Strandtmann); ?, Fedor, Sept. 23, 1897 (Birkmann). Uran: 9, Goshen, Aug. 12, 1949 (George Bohart) ; 396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 9, Myton, Duches Co., June 30, 1958 (J. W. MacSwain); 9, Provo (O. E. Johnson); ?, Tooele, Aug. 23, 1937 (L. L. Hanson). Prry REcoRD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Croton neomexicanum (New Mexico), Euphorbia sp. (Kansas), Helianthus sp. (Idaho), Solidago sp. (Utah). 23. Cerceris truncata Cameron FicurEs 28, 126a,b,c Cerceris truncata Cameron, 1890, p. 121. Fremaue.—Length 10 mm. Black with creamy-yellow markings; closely and deeply pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs, longer on the propodeum. Head subequal in width to the thorax; black except for frontal eye patches, clypeal process, lower portion of the clypeus, narrow patch between the antennae, spots back of compound eyes, and base of mandibles, all of which are very light yellow; clypeal border with a broad emarginate extension mesad, laterad of which are two much smaller, irregular, denticle-like processes; clypeal process only slightly convex, about as broad as long, with the free border almost straight, smooth, rounded at the corners and amber; mandibles with two small subequal denticles; antennae dark amber except the flagellum, which is somewhat lighter below. Thorax black except for a broken band on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, two triangular patches on the enclosure, two triangular areas on the propodeum, patch on the tegulae, and small spot on the mesosternal tubercle, all of which are light yellow; tegulae minutely pitted and not elevated; enclosure minutely pitted and faintly rugose transversely; mesosternal tubercle prominent; legs dark amber except for elongate yellow areas on all tibiae, the fore- and midtarsi; wings subhyaline except for a clouded area along the anterior half and the stigma, which is dark amber. Abdomen black except for a broad band on tergum 1, narrow band on terga 2, 4, and 5, lateral spots on tergum 3, sternite 1, and most of sternite 2, small lateral spots on sternites 3, 4, and 5, all of which are light yellow; elevated area on the anterior part of sternite 3; pygidium somewhat pyriform with both ends rounded. Maue.—Length 9 mm. Black with creamy-yellow markings; closely and deeply pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs; longer on the propodeum. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, a large central patch on the clypeus, and minute evanescent spots back of the compound eyes, all of which are creamy yellow; clypeal border with a broad extension on the median lobe, WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 397 which has a sinuate margin but no distinct denticles; mandibles smooth; antennae normal in form, dark amber except the lower surface of the flagellum, which is lighter. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, two spots on the enclosure, two triangular areas on the propodeum, small evanescent spot on the pleuron, and a patch on the tegula, all of which are light yellow; tegulae lightly pitted and not elevated; enclosure relatively smooth except for a central groove and a few deep pits along the lateral borders; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs black except for elongate areas on the sides of the tibiae and the basal parts of the tarsi; wings subhyaline except for a clouded area along the anterior half and the stigma, which is dark amber. Ficures 28-30.—Localities of: 28, C. truncata Cameron; 29, C. vanduzeei vanduzeet Banks; 30, C. vanduzeet eburnea Scullen. Abdomen black except for a broad band on tergum 1, narrow bands on terga 2, 4, 5, and 6, small lateral spots on tergum 3, sternite 1, and small lateral spots on sternites 2 to 6, all of which are light yellow; pygidium oval with ends subequal and rounded; light yellow patches to the sides of the pygidium. The extent of the light markings varies in both sexes. Some specimens may show little or no yellow on the face, and the spots on the enclosure may disappear. C. truncata Cameron closely resembles C. convergens Viereck and Cockerell and C. kennicottii Cresson. In both cases the clypeal process is the best distinguishing character. Typr.—The type female of C. truncata Cameron, from Temax, Yucatan, Mexico (Gaumer), is at the British Museum, no. 21.1,433. DistriBuTion.—Southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southern Texas. 742-463—65——5 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Prey rEcorD.—Algarobius prospis (LeConte), Mimosestes amicus (Horn), Mimosestes protractus (Horn), Neltumius arizonensis (Schaef- fer), all from Tucson, Ariz., in 1957-1958, by F. Werner (1960, pp. 43-44), taken on Mexican palo verde (Parkinsonia). PLANT RECORD.—Casually about oleander (Arizona). 24a. Cerceris vanduzeei vanduzeei Banks FicurEs 29, 127a,b,c Cerceris vanduzeet Banks, 1917, p. 114; 1947, p. 32.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1010; 1960, p. 80. Cerceris complanata Mickel, 1917a, p. 340.—Banks, 1947, p. 31.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. FemMaLe.—Length 8 to 9 mm. Black with yellow markings; closely and deeply pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, most of the central lobe and side lobes of clypeus, spot back of compound eyes, basal half of mandibles, and patch on the scape, all of which are yellow; clypeal border showing five distinct denticle-like extensions; clypeal surface with a medially located low, blunt elevation, below which is a pair of erect black denticles; mandi- bles with two denticles, the more apical one somewhat the larger; antennae normal in form, scape with a yellow patch, peduncle amber, flagellum light amber below, dark above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, variable patch (which may be divided) on the propodeum, patches on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure heavily ridged at 45° angle to central groove; mesosternal tubercle small; legs black basally to near apical ends of femora, beyond which they are largely yellow except for patches of amber on the tibiae, tarsi becoming darker; forefemora with a pronounced depressed area on the posterior side; wings subhyaline except for the stigma, which is amber. Abdomen black with yellow emarginate bands on terga 1 to 5; bands on terga 2 to 5 broadly and deeply emarginate, band on tergum 2 broader than others; venter dark amber, immaculate or showing very small yellow spots laterally on some sternites; pygidium suboval with both ends rounded. Mauz.—Indistinguishable. Probably it is being confused with closely related species. The entire face of the female may be black except for the frontal eye patches. Mandibular denticles may be worn off so that the mandibles appear smooth. The clypeal elevation and surface denticles WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 399 are similar to those of C. conifrons Mickel, but the two species are very distinct in other respects. Typrs.—The type female, from San Diego, Calif., June (E. P. Van Duzee), is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 10030. The type female of C. complanata Mickel, taken at Auburn, Calif., Sept. 20, 1916 (L. Bruner), is at the University of Nebraska. The allotype male of C. complanata Mickel, taken at the same location and date, is also at the University of Nebraska. Distrinution.—The subspecies C. vanduzeet vanduzeet Banks is recorded only from California. PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Chaparel (California), Croton californicus (Cali- fornia), Hriogonum fasciculatum (California). 24b. Cerceris vanduzeei eburnea, new subspecies Fiaure 30 Fremaue.—Length 9 to 10 mm. Black with white markings; closely and deeply pitted; clothed with very short silvery hairs. Head about one-fifth wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, large spot on medial lobe of clypeus, small spot back of compound eyes, basal part of mandible, and patch on scape, all of which are white; clypeal border with five distinct denticle-like extensions on the medial section; clypeal surface with a centrally located low, blunt elevation, below which are two black denticles very close to the clypeal border; mandibles with one prominent denticle, basal of which is a very small evanescent denticle; antennae normal in form, scape with a creamy-white patch, peduncle amber, flagellum light amber below and darder above. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, two spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, patch on the pleuron, and patch on the tegulae, all of which are creamy white; tegulae smooth and not elevated; enclosure heavily and irregularly ridged at a 45° angle to the medial groove and deeply pitted laterally; mesosternal tubercle present; legs black to near the apical ends of the femora, beyond which they are creamy white except for patches of amber on the tibiae and the tarsi, which are darker; wings subhyaline, becoming cloudy at the apex, except the stigma, which is amber. Abdomen black with white bands on terga 1 to 5; bands on terga 2 to 5 emarginate; band on tergum 2 broader than others; pygidium suboval with both ends rounded; venter dark amber, immaculate. Maur.—Unknown. Probably it is being confused with closely related forms. The females show considerable variation in the amount of white on the face. It is common for all of the white on the face to disappear 400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 116 except the frontal eye patches, which may be greatly reduced. The smaller denticle on the mandibles often is not evident. The subspecies C. vanduzeei eburnea Scullen is similar in structure and color pattern to C. vanduzeei vanduzeei Banks except that the markings of the former are white while those of the latter are yellow. Typrs.—The type female, from North Powder, Union Co., Oreg., July 24, 1938, Solidago (H. A. Scullen), is deposited with the U.S. National Museum, no. 66160. Paratypes are as follows: BririsH Cotumsia: 9, Vernon, July 18, 1947 (Hugh B. Leech). Catirornia: 9, Turlock, Stanislaus Co., June 3, 1955 (P. D. Hurd). Ipano: 29 9, Acequia, Minidoka Co., June 30, 1957 (W. F. Barr); 9°, Bliss, Gooding Co., July 23, 1955 (J. E. Gillaspy); 9, 2 mi. W. Gardens, Boise Co., July 3, 1956 (W. F. Barr); 9, Glenns Ferry, July 8, 1927; 9, Hagerman, July 1, 19380; 49 ?, Hot Springs, Owyhee Co., July 4, 1951, July 12, 1952, July 5, 1956 (W. F. Barr); 9, Kiler, Sept. 7, 1923 (Carl D. Duncan); 29 9, Melba, Canyon Co., July 10, 18, 1957 (H. W. Homan); 9, Mountain Home, 3138 ft., Sept. 1, 1952 (W. F. Barr); 9, 12 mi. NW. Regina, Ada Co., July 11, 1952 (W. F. Barr). Orneon: 29? 9, 5 mi. NW. Adrian, Malheur Co., June 25, 1958 (R. K. Eppley); ?, Alvoid Desert, Andrews, Harney Co., 4200 ft., July 4, 1927 (H. A. Scullen); 39 9, 36 mi. E. Baker, Baker Co., 2450 ft., July 31, 1929 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Blitzen Valley, Harney Co., July 16, 1936 (S. Jewett, Jr.); 39 9, 3 mi. S. Elgin, Union Co., Aug. 18, 1937 (Bolinger and Jewett); 69 9, Grants Pass, Josephine Co., Aug. 7, 1950 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Herford, Baker Co., 3650 ft., July 21, 1940 (H. A. Scullen); 9, 12 mi. W. Huntington, Baker Co., 2225 ft., July 22, 19386 (H. A. Scullen); 39 9, 4 mi. E. Juntura, Malheur Co., 1440 ft., July 14, 1940 (H. A. Scullen); 29 9, Klamath Falls (Algoma), Klamath Co., Aug. 23, 1958 (Joe Schuh); 9, North Powder, Baker Co., July 24, 1938 (H. A. Scullen); 49 2, Ontario, Malheur Co., July 16, 1940, Solidago sp. (H. A. Scullen); 62 9, Powder River, 26 mi. E. Baker, 3000 ft., Aug. 9, 1937 (Bolinger and Jewett); 9, Prairie City, Grant Co., 3250 ft., Aug. 12, 1929 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Rowena, Wasco Co., July 15, 1923 (Carl D. Duncan); ?, Umatilla, Umatilla Co., July 14, 1931 (J. Nottingham); ¢, Unity, Baker Co., 5800 ft., July 21, 1940 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Wilderville, Josephine Co., Aug. 4, 1949 (H. A. Scullen). Uran: 9, Forest Grove, Aug. 8, 1949 (G. F. Knowlton). Wasnineton: 39 9, Stratford, Grant Co., July 4, 1920 (R. C. Shannon). DistriBuTION.—Pacific Northwest. PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Achillea sp. (Idaho, Oregon), Chrysothamnus sp. (Idaho), Cleomella sp. (Idaho), Daucus carota (Idaho, Oregon), Eriogonum sp. (Idaho), Eriogonum elatum (Oregon), Helianthus sp. (Idaho), Melilotus sp. (Idaho), Solidago sp. (Oregon). Group II This group is distinguished by the following characters: (1) There is no prominent elevation on the surface of the medial lobe of the clypeus; however, two small papilliform structures are just above the clypeal border. (2) The second abdominal segment is much broader than the first, especially noticeable on the female. (3) The meso- WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 401 sternal tubercle is absent from both sexes. (4) The terminal segment of the male antenna is distorted slightly. (5) The males have relatively inconspicuous denticles on the clypeal border or none at all. (6) The male hair lobes are normal in width. (7) Buprestidae are used as prey.” 25a. Cerceris californica californica Cresson Figures 31, 128a,b,c Cerceris californica Cresson, 1865, p. 128.—Packard, 1866, pp. 60, 63.—Cresson, 1887, p. 282.—Schletterer, 1887, p. 487.— Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 454.—Ashmead, 1899, p. 295— Woodworth, 1913, p. 94.—Rohwer, 1917, p. 244.—Banks, 1947, p. 20.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006.—Linsley and MacSwain, 1956, pp. 71-84.— Krombein, 1958a, p. 197.—Scullen, 1960, pp. 75-77. Cerceris ferruginior Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 134.—Viereck, 1960b, p. 234.— Johnson and Ledig, 1918, p. 24.—Banks, 1947, p. 25.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007. Cerceris garciana Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 135.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1008. Cerceris populorum Viereck and Cockerell, 1904, p. 135.—Banks, 1947, p. 25.— Scullen, 1951, p. 1009. Cerceris cognata Mickel, 1916, p. 408.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. Cerceris denticularis Banks, 1917, p. 113; 1947, p. 20.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007. Cerceris interjecta Banks, 1919, p. 84.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1009. Cerceris calodera Banks, 1947, pp. 22—23.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. Cerceris illota Banks, 1947, p. 23.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1008. Cerceris isolde Banks, 1947, p. 24.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1008. Cerceris californica californica Scullen, 1961, p. 46. Fremate.—Length 13 mm. Black with yellow markings, which may become amber in limited areas; closely and moderately pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head subequal in width to the thorax; face, area back of eyes, two patches on vertex, base of mandibles, scape of antennae, all are yellow; clypeal margin slightly extended from the medial lobe, emarginate in the center; clypeal surface slightly convex; clypeal surface denticles barely evident; mandibles with two denticles, the more apical one much the smaller and undivided, the more basal one larger and with two distinct apices, and the more basad of these two apices much the smaller; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except the pronotum, tegulae, patch on pleuron, scutellum, metanotum, most of propodeum, and small spots on the enclosure, all of which are yellow with limited amber margins; tegulae not elevated, and relatively smooth except for many minute pits; enclosure finely rugose; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs yellow with some margins showing amber; wings subhyaline, cloudy in the anterior area. 11 Bridwell has reported an exception that occurs when buprestids are not available. See under C. fumipennis Say (p. 412). 402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Abdomen with broad bands more or less emarginate with black on anterior center, margins with some amber; venter largely yellow with limited amber; pygidium broad basally, tapering gradually to a narrow rounded end apically. Maue.—Length 10 mm. Black to amber with yellow markings; close and moderately deep pits; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head one-sixth wider than the thorax; face yellow below antennae except clypeal margin, which is dark amber; clypeal border slightly extended from the middle lobe with three very indistinct denticle-like extensions; clypeal surface slightly convex; mandibles without denticles; antennae normal in form except for a slight curvature of the apical segment. Thorax black to amber with yellow markings; divided yellow band on the pronotum; scutellum black or with light spots; metanotum yellow or with a broken yellow band; tegulae not elevated, relatively smooth, yellow; enclosure smooth except for minute pits and a few large pits in the lateral angles; mesosternal tubercles absent; pro- podeum black to reddish amber; legs black to light amber to the apical end of the femora, largely yellow beyoud; wings subhyaline, clouded along anterior border and apex. Abdomen black with broad bands on terga 2 to 6, more or less emarginate on terga 3 to 6; tergum 1 black becoming reddish amber on some specimens; anterior half of tergum 2 becoming reddish on some specimens; venter black to more or less infused with amber and yellow; pygidium with sides subparallel and the apical end rounded. VariatTion.—C. californica Cresson varies in color from the black and yellow form of the Northwest and the Rocky Mountains, repre- sented by the type of the species, to the extremely light forms represented by C. arno Banks. In these lightest forms, the black has been replaced completely by very light amber to yellow. The latter are found mostly in the southwestern desert areas of California and Arizona. It is no doubt largely due to this extreme variation in color that so many species have been erected by former workers who have seen relatively few specimens representing limited areas. It is a matter of opinion which of them, if any, should be considered sub- species. The present author herein has designated the extreme lighter forms, which are more limited in their distribution, as the sub- species C. californica arno Banks. Cerceris californica Cresson may be confused with related species found in the same area such as C. completa Banks and C. grandis Banks. These are best separated by the characters given in the key. Typres.—The type male of C. californica Cresson, from California is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 1953. The type male of C. ferruginior Viereck and Cockerell, from Deming, WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 403 N. Mex., is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10378. The type male of C. garciana Viereck and Cockerell, from New Mexico, is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10380. The type male of C. populorum Viereck and Cockerell, from New Mexico, is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 10385. The type female of C. cognata Mickel, from Worland, Wyo., July 10, 1911 (lL. Bruner), is at the University of Nebraska. The type female and allotype male of C. denticularis Banks, from Umatilla, Oreg., June 1882 (Samuel Henshaw), are at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 10028. The type male of C. interjecta Banks, from Utah, is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 13767. The type male of C. calodera Banks, from Jacumba, Calif., Aug. 12, 1917 (W. M. Wheeler), is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 27622. The type male of C. illota Banks, from Arizona, is at the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Harvard, no. 23541. The type male of C. tsolde Banks, from Arizona, is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 23540. Distrisution.—C. californica californica Cresson, in its numerous color variations, ranges from Idaho and Utah on the east to the Pacific Ocean, and from British Columbia to southern and western Texas. Approximately 2000 specimens of this common species have been studied by the writer. PreY REcCORD.—The only intensive studies of the nesting habits and prey of this species were published by Linsley and MacSwain (1956). As would be expected, the prey was species of the beetle family Buprestidae. The following species were found to be collected by C. californica californica Cresson at Tanbark Flat, San Dimas Experimental Forest, in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California: Acmaeodera acuta LeConte, A. adenostomae Cazier, A. angelica Fall, A. coquillette Fall, A. dohrni Horn, A. dolorosa Fall, A. fenyesi Fall, A. gemina Horn, A. hepburni LeConte, A. holstent White, A. jocosa Fall, A. nexa Fall, A. perlanosa Timberlake, A. plagiaticauda Horn, A. prorsa Fall, A. quadriseriata Fall, A. sinuata VanDyke, Agrilus angelicus Horn, A. blandus Horn, A. politus (Say), Anthaxia aeneogaster Cast, Chsysoboth- ris deleta LeConte, C. lucana Horn, C. femorata (Oliver). PLANT RECORD.—Acacia sp. (Chihuahua, Mexico), A. augustissima (Arizona), A. greggit (Arizona, Texas), alfalfa (Arizona), Asclepias sp. (Arizona, New Mexico), A. erosa (California), A. mexicana (Cali- fornia), A. speciosa (Utah), Baccharis sp. (Texas), B. glutinosa (Arizona, California), Bebbia juncea (California), Cercidium texanus (Texas), Cleome lutea (Oregon), Ohaenactis sp. (California), Chilopsis linearis, desert willow (Arizona), Chrysothamnus sp. (California), 404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Oolubbrina texensis (Texas), Condalia sp. (Arizona), C. obtosifolia (Texas), Croton sp. (Arizona), C. californicus (California), Dalea emoryt (California), D. schottii (California), Daucus carota (Oregon), Dithyrea wislizent (New Mexico), Eriogonum sp. (California), E. elatum (Oregon), EF. fasciculatum (California), EH. inflatum (California), Grindelia sp. (California), Helianthus sp. (Oregon), hollyhock (Texas), Hyptis emoryi (California), Zsocoma helerophylla (California), Lepidiwm medium (Arizona), Melilotus sp. (California), MM. alba (Arizona, Idaho, Oregon), Monarda sp. (Texas), Mortonia sacbrella (Arizona), Pith- ecolobium sp. (Texas), Polygonum auberti (California), Prosopis sp. (California, Texas), Rhamnus crocea (California), Rhus sp. (Texas), Salsola pestifer (Utah), Sapidus saponaria (Arizona), Solanum elacagnifolium (Arizona), Solidago sp. (Oregon), Tamarix sp. (Utah), Verbesina encelioides exauriculata (Arizona), water hemlock (Oregon), Wislizenia refracta (Arizona), Yucca sp. (New Mexico). Ficures 31-33.—Localities of: 31, C. californica californica Cresson; 32, C. calfornica arno Banks; 33, C. completa Banks. 25b. Cerceris californica arno Banks, new status FIGURE 32 Cerceris arno Banks, 1947, p. 19.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1005; 1960, pp. 75-76. Cerceris argyrotricha Rohwer, 1908, p. 324.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1005; 1960, pp. 75-76. FrmMaLe.—structurally the subspecies C. c. arno Banks is like the typical form of californica Cresson. C. c. arno Banks represents the extreme lighter form found in the southwestern desert area. In the lighter forms the black is more or less replaced by light amber or yellow. Head largely yellow bordered with amber; vertex may become very WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 405 dark amber in the ocellar area; the gena and occiput are mottled with yellow and amber. Thorax largely yellow and amber, which becomes mottled with darker shades or becomes very dark amber on the dorsum of some specimens; scutellum, metanotum, and propodeum, including the enclosure, vary from all yellow to mottled with yellow and light amber; legs have variable amounts of yellow and light amber. Abdomen almost entirely yellow with some light amber margins. Mauzr.—Males follow very much the color pattern and shades of the females. Head largely yellow with light amber areas about the ocelli and back of the eyes. Thorax mostly yellow with light amber areas on the scutum, becoming very dark on some specimens; legs yellow and light amber. Abdomen largely yellow with light amber borders. Cerceris californica Cresson is easily confused with related species found in the same areas, such as C. completa Banks and C. grandis Banks. These are best separated by the characters given in the key. The males of C. californica arno Banks and C. grandis Banks especially are difficult to separate. The surface sculpturing of the enclosure has been found most useful by the author. The enclosure of the male grandis shows evidence of ridges which become prominent in the females of that species, while the enclosure of the male of californica arno is relatively smooth except for a few pits in the lateral angles. Typrs.—The type female of C. arno Banks is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 23541, and the type female of C. argyrotricha Rohwer is at the U.S. National Museum, no. 28485. DIsTRIBUTION.—Southwestern desert area of California and Arizona. Prey reEcorD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Baccharis glutinosa (Arizona), cotton (Arizona), Croton (California), Eriogonum albertianum neomexicanum (Arizona), Prosopis juliflora (Arizona). 26. Cerceris completa Banks Fiaurss 33, 129a,b,c Cerceris completa Banks, 1919, p. 83; 1947, p. 17.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006. Femate.—Length 15 mm. Black with yellow markings; normally pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs, which are somewhat longer in the region of the propodeum and the first abdominal segment. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except the entire face below the antennae other than the clypeal margin, base of the mandi- bles, the scape, two elongate patches on the vertex, and patch on the 406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 genae bordering the compound eye, all of which are yellow; clypeal surface without elevations except two minute clypeal surface denticles just above the margin; clypeal margin with four denticle-like exten- sions, the lateral ones somewhat more acute than the two medial ones, which are definitely rounded; mandibles with two centrally located denticles, the basal one being the larger and more acute; antennae normal in form. Thorax black, except for two wide patches on the pronotum, small spots on the scutellum, the metanotum, patches on the propodeum, and patches on the pleuron, all of which are yellow; enclosure deeply ridged; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs yellow except for irregular patches on the dorsal sides of the femora and limited irregular areas on the coxae and trochanters; wings subhyaline. Abdomen: tergum 1 with lateral yellow patches; tergum 2 yellow, which all but surrounds a black area connected with the black an- terior border; terga 3, 4, and 5 deeply emarginate anteriorily with a black area; tergum 6 yellow, exclusive of the pygidium, which is amber; venter largely yellow; pygidium pyriform with the apical end rounded. Maue.—Length 11 to 15 mm. The type is smaller than most specimens examined by the author. Black with yellow markings; normally pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs, which are somewhat longer in the region of the propodeum and the first abdominal segment. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except the entire face below the antennae, large patch on the scape, and the base of the mandibles, all of which are yellow; clypeal surface slightly convex; clypeal border slightly extended from the medial portion and some- what sinuate; mandibles without denticles; antennae with apical segment slightly curved. Thorax black except widely separated patches on the pronotum, the tegulae, and a divided band on the scutellum, all of which are yellow; enclosure lightly ridged in the lateral angles; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs mostly black to near the middle of the femora, beyond which they are yellow; wings subhyaline but somewhat clouded along the anterior border; stigma light amber. Abdomen: tergum 1 black; tergum 2 yellow with a broad black patch in the center and a black anterior margin; terga 3 and 4 with yellow partly surrounding a broad black area in the center; terga 5 and 6 largely yellow but deeply emarginate with black anteriorly; tergum 7 with yellow patches to the sides of the pygidium; venter largely yellow; pygidium with sides slightly converging to a truncate apical end. The female is here described for the first time. C. completa Banks closely resembles the darker specimens of C. californica Cresson, WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 407 from which it can be separated by the form of the pygidium, the sculpture of the enclosure, and the color pattern of the terga. Typres.—The type male of C. completa Banks, from Claremont, Calif., is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 13767. DisTRIBUTION.—Scattered records through California and one record from southern Oregon. Specimens are as follows: CALIFORNIA: co’, Acton, Los Angeles Co., Aug. 25, 1958 (E. I. Schlinger); ¢, Auburn, 1919 (L. Bruner); 2o°<¢’, Buttonwillow, Kern Co., June 17, 1957; 0, Cache Creek Canyon, Yolo Co., May 30, 1955 (E. I. Schlinger); #, Davis, July 11, 1948 (Brad Stevens); o, Deep Spring, Inyo Co., July 16, 1953 (R. M. Bohart); o', Deep Spring, July 16, 1953 (E. I. Schlinger); &, Deep Spring, July 17, 1953 (N. Malley); oc, Deep Spring, July 17, 1953 (W. D. McLellan); 9, Geyserville, July 31, 1927 (J. C. Bradley); o, Gorman, Los Angeles Co., July 13, 1956, Asclepias mexicana (E. G. Linsley); o&, Gorman, Los Angeles Co., July 13, 1956 (P. D. Hurd); 2c°o, Grass Lake, Siskiyou Co., 5000 ft., July 4, 1952 (M. Cazier and party); 2o¢°o°, Happy Camp, Siskiyou Co., July 8, 1958 (J. Powell); 9, Kern Co., northwest corner of county, on U.S. 41, June 20, 1952 (W. D. Murray); o, Kernville, July 24, 1940 (L. 8. Lipovsky); o, 20 mi. S. Livermore, Alameda Co., June 6, 1959 (D. J. Burdick); &@, Lodoga, Colusa Co., July 12, 1955 (E. A. Kurtz); 3c'o’, 3 mi. N. Lone Pine, Inyo Co., July 3, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain); o’, 2 mi. N. Lone Pine, Inyo Co., July 13, 1953 (W. D. McLellan) ; o', Los Angeles Co.; &, Los Gatos Creek, Mt. Diablo Range, Fresno Co., June 6-8, 1907 (Bradley); o, 15 mi. W. Mineral, June 16, 1941 (D. J. and J. N. Knull); o', Ridge Rute, Los Angeles Co., 3000-4000 ft., June 13, 1931 (Don Prentiss) ; o', Ridge Rute, June 13, 1931 (H. A. Scullen); o, 7 mi. S. San Antonio Ranger Station, Santa Clara Co., June 27, 1953 (R. O. Schuster); o, Santa Monica Mts., July 9, 1912 (J. C. Bridwell); 2° o’, Three Rivers, 600-800 ft., July 12-14, 1907. OrEGoN: 2c’, Gold Hill, July 12, 1930 (H. A. Scullen). PREY RECORDS.—None. PLANT RECORDS.—Asclepias mexicana (California). 27a. Cerceris dilatata dilatata Spinola Ficures 34, 130a,b,c Cerceris dilatata Spinola, 1841, p. 118.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 457.—Scullen, 1961, p. 46; 1962, pp. 57-8. Cerceris maximiliani Saussure, 1867, pl. 1, p. 94.—Cameron, 1890, p. 111.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 467. Cerceris contracta Taschenberg, 1875, p. 396.—Schletterer, 1887, p. 489.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 456. Cerceris olymponis Strand, 1910, p. 140. Cerceris semiatra Banks, 1947, p. 25.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1005. Fremate.—Length 13 mm. Color black with brownish yellow markings; normal to closely pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax, black except for narrow frontal eye patches and base of mandibles, all of which are brownish yellow, and the first three or four segments of the flagellum, which are light brown below; clypeal border is smooth, slightly extended, and emarginate in the center; clypeal surface is elevated slightly in the 408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 center but without a process; clypeal surface denticles almost indis- tinguishable; mandibles with two separated, centrally located denti- cles, the more apical one the smaller; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except for two small patches of brownish yellow on the pronotum; tegulae not elevated, with many minute pits and a few large pits; enclosure surface with many minute pits and a few scattered large pits in the lateral angles; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs black except for small stripes on the tibiae and first tarsal segments of the first aad second pairs of legs; wings subbyaline with a more clouded area along the anterior borders of the first pair. Abdomen black except for a band on the posterior border of the third tergum, wide emarginate bands on terga 4 and 5, patches laterad of the pygidium on tergum 6 and most of sternites 3,4, and 5, all of which are brownish yellow; pygidium semioval with the apical end somewhat smaller. Mate.—Length 9-10 mm. Black with brownish-yellow markings; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider thao the thorax, black except for elongate, narrow frontal eye patches; clypeal border slightly extended on the medial lobe, ending in three distinct, subequal denticles; hair lobes of the usual narrow type; mandibles without denticles; antennae largely black, terminal segments slightly curved. Thorax black except for two irregular small patches on the prono- tum; tegulae not elevated, with a few deep pits, between which are many minute pits; enclosure with an indistinct central groove, a few deep pits in the lateral angles and the general surface covered with scattered minute pits; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs black except for narrow stripes on the first two pair of tarsi; wings clouded along the anterior area. Abdomen black except for the apical half of tergum 3, most of terga 4 to 7, and sternites 4 to 6, all of which are brownish yellow; pygidium with sides slightly convex and apical end truncate. Typrs.—A neotype male of C. dilatata Spinola, designated by the writer, is at the Instituto e Museo di Zoologia, Universita di Torino, Italy. The male and a female, both apparently determined by Spi- nola, are from Cayenne, French Guiana. A lectotype female of C. mazimiliani Saussure, from Mexico, designated by the writer, is at the Museum Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. A lectotype female of C. contracta Taschenberg, from Brazil, designated by the writer, is at the Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle (Saale), Germany. The holotype female of C. olymponis Strand, from Paraguay, is at the Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universitit, Berlin. The type male of C. semiatra Banks, from Pati- WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 409 gonia, Ariz., is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 27620. Distrinution.—This species has been taken from southern Arizona, through southern New Mexico, and southern Texas. It ranges south through Mexico and Central America and into South America. PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—(All from Arizona) Acacia sp., Baccharis glutinosa, Cephalanthus sp., Chilopsis linearis (desert willow), Cissus trifoliata, Condalia lycioides, Croton sp., EHrigeron canadensis, Eriogonum sp., Lepidium sp., Melilotus alba, Prosopis sp. (mesquite), Sapindus saponaris, Wislizena refracts (jackass clover). Ficures 34, 35.—Localities of: 34, C. dilatata dilatata Spinola; 35, C. dilatata chisosensis Scullen. 27b. Cerceris dilatata chisosensis, new subspecies Figure 35 FrmMaLe.—Length 13 mm. Black with reddish-amber and brown- ish-yellow markings; structurally like C. dilatata dilatata Spinola but colors depart from the typical subspecies by having considerable reddish amber covering most of the propodeum exclusive of the enclosure, the first abdominal segment, and extending onto the second tergum. The legs are amber and not black. Color marking otherwise more extended as indicated below. Head black except for two large frontal eye patches and most of the medial clypeal lobe, base of mandibles, and the antennal scape, all of which are brownish yellow; clypeal margin and clypeal surface denticles are amber. Thorax black except for two elongate patches on the pronotum, the tegulae, and the metanotum, which are brownish yellow to amber, and the propodeum, which is largely reddish; enclosure black; legs amber; wings clouded with light amber. 410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Abdomen differs from that of dilatata dilatata Spinola by having the first abdominal segment reddish with the red extending irregularly onto the second tergum; the second tergum also has a broad irregular patch of yellow along the posterior border; venter largely yellow to amber; pygidium and remainder of tergum 6 is amber. Mate.—Length 9-10 mm. Black with reddish-amber and brown- ish-yellow markings; structure like that of the subspecies dilatata dilatata Spinola. Head coloration typical of the subspecies dilatata dilatata Spinola except the antennae are somewhat lighter. Thorax coloration pattern follows very much that of the female except the red of the propodeum is somewhat less in extent; legs are light amber; wings are light amber. Abdominal coloration follows the pattern of the female of the subspecies. Typrs.—The type female and allotype male, from Chisos Mts., Big Bend National Park, July 6, 1942 (H. A. Scullen), are in the U.S. National Museum, no. 66161. Paratypes are as follows: ARIZONA: @, southern Arizona, August 1902 (F. H. Snow); 2°, 5 mi. W. Southwestern Research Station, Portal, 5400 ft., July 18, 1956, Melilotus alba (M. Cazier); 2, same locality, Aug. 24, 1956 (E. Ordway). Trxas: 700’, Chisos Mts., Big Bend National Park (J. Bequaert); co, same locality, July 6, 1942 (E. C. Van Dyke); 792 2, 16c° co, same locality, July 3-6, 1942 (H. A. Scullen); o', Davis Mts., Jeff Davis Co., Aug. 22, 1936 (J. N. Knull); 9, o&, Davis Mts., July 10, 1942 (E. C. Van Dyke); 10c¢° 0’, Davis Mts., June 21, 29, July 9, 1942 (H. A. Scullen); 2¢°o’', Davis Mts., Madera Canyon Park, July 20, 1950 (Ray F. Smith); @, El Paso, June 23, 1942 (EK. C. Van Dyke). Mexico: 9, Chihuahua, Chih., Aug. 12, 1951, Baccharis glutinosa (P. D. Hurd); 2°, 18 mi. W. Jimenez, Chih., Aug. 10, 1951, Baccharis sp. (H. E. Evans); o’, 33 mi. S. Hidalgo del Parral, 6400 fi., Oct. 24, 1957 (H. A. Scullen); 9, 10 mi. W. Nami- quipa, Chih., 6600 ft., July 3, 1947 (C. D. Michener): ?, San Juan Del Rio, Durango, 5200 ft., July 30, 1947 (C. D. Michener). DIsTRIBUTION.—This subspecies has been taken mostly in the Chisos Mountains of the Big Bend National Park, Texas, but limited numbers have been collected in nearby mountains and in northern Mexico. Prey rEcorp.—None. PuLant REcoRD.—Baccharis glutinosa (Chihauhau, Mexico), Melt- lotus alba (Arizona). 28. Cerceris fumipennis Say FicuREs 36, 131a,b,c Cerceris fumipennis Say, 1837, p. 381.—Dahlbom, 1845, p. 204.—Smith, F., 1856, p. 465.—LeConte, 1883, p. 762.—Cresson, 1865, p. 113.—Packard, 1866, p. 60.—Cresson, 1872, p. 227—Taschenberg, 1875, pp. 397-8.— Schletterer, 1887, p. 493.—Cresson, 1887, p. 282.—Marlatt, 1890, p. 147.— WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 411 Robertson, 1892, p. 105.—Ashmead, 1894, p. 60.—Robertson, 1896, p. 73.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 462.—Bridwell, 1898, p. 209.—Ashmead, 1899, p. 295.—Peckham, 1900, p. 90.—Smith, J. B., 1900, p. 519.—Viereck, 1903, p. 120.—Hartman, 1905, p. 66.—Smith, H. S., 1908, p. 366.—Smith, J. B., 1910, p. 678.—Grossbeck, 1912, pp. 185, 299.—Banks, 1912a, p. 17.— Viereck, 1916, pp. 695, 696.—Mickel, 1917b, p. 447.—Britton, 1920, p. 342.—Rau, 1922, pp. 30-31; 1928, p. 338.—Cartwright, 1931, pp. 269-270.— Scullen, 1951, p. 1008.—Krombein, 1952b, p. 95.—Linsley and MacSwain, 1956, p. 74.—Evans, 1957, pp. 84-85, pl. 11.—Krombein, 1958b, pp. 101, 110.—Evans, 1959, p. 156. Cerceris cincta Dahlbom, 1845, p. 204.—Smith, F., 1856, p. 438.—Cresson, 1887, p. 282. Cerceris unicincta Taschenberg, 1875, p. 397.—Patton, 1880, p. 403.—Cresson, 1887, p. 282.—Schletterer, 1887, p. 505.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 462.—Ash- mead, 1899, p. 295. Frmate.—Length 15 mm. Black with very limited creamy-yellow markings; deeply and closely pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head subequal in width to thorax; black except for large patches mesad of the compound eyes, a patch on the medial lobe of the clypeus, and base of mandibles, all of which are light yellow; clypeal border with two widely separated denticles, between which is a broad extension emarginate in the center; clypeal surface denticles inconspicuous; mandibles with two distinct, medially located denticles, the basal one much the larger; antennae normal in form, black. Thorax black except for two patches on the pronotum and the metanotum, which are creamy yellow; tegulae smooth except for a few scattered pits, not elevated; enclosure covered with minute pits, a few scattered lateral large pits, and a central groove; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs black except for elongate blotchy patches on all tibiae; wings clouded. Abdomen black except for a broad band on tergite 2 and small lateral patches on tergite 3, which are creamy yellow, more or less blotched with black; venter black, immaculate; pygidium somewhat pyriform with the surface rugose. Mauz.—Length 10-12 mm. Black with creamy-yellow markings; normally pitted and clothed with short silvery hairs. Head slightly wider than the thorax, black except for large eye patches on the face; clypeal border slightly extended, with a straight margin except for a slight medial denticle; mandibles without distinct denticles; antennae black, normal in form. Thorax black except for a broken band on the prothorax and the metanotum, which are creamy yellow; tegulae lightly pitted and not elevated; enclosure with many minute pits and a few large pits; mesosternal tubercle absent; legs black except for creamy-yellow areas on all tibiae; wings clouded. 412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Abdomen black with a broad band on tergum 2 and lateral patches on terga 3, 4, and 5, which may be connected by a broken line along the posterior margins of the terga; venter black, pygidium slender and elongate with both ends blunt. Structurally, C. fumipennis Say is very close to C. californica Cresson and C. dilatata Spinola, but the color patterns are quite different. Ficures 36-38.—Localities of: 36, C. fumipennis Say; 37, C. grandis grandis Banks; 38, C. grandis percna Scullen. TyprEs.—Say’s type male, from Indiana, apparently is lost. A neotype male, from 3 miles west of Kaskaskia River, Boulder, IIl., June 21, 1938 (D. Bolinger), has been designated by the writer and is deposited at the U.S. National Museum. The type male of C. cincta Dahlbom, from ‘‘America,” is at the Universitets Zoologiska Institution, Lund, Sweden. The type female of C. unicincta Taschenberg, from “Tenn.,’”’ should be at the Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-Universitét, Halle (Saale), Germany. DIsTRIBUTION.—East of the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic States and from southern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Prey REcoRD.—The prey-collecting habits of C. fumipennis Say have been observed by more workers than any other species of Cer- ceris. With the exception reported below by Bridwell, the prey always has been some species of Buprestidae. The following quo- tation from unpublished notes by J. C. Bridwell, on file at the U.S. National Museum, is of special interest in this connection: This species belongs to a natural group in Cerceris, of which the species in many parts of the world all, so far as known, store their nests with adult Buprestidae. The season of flight for Buprestidae ends about August Ist but the wasps are then still active. The material below illustrates the substitute used when Buprestidae are no longer present. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 413 After the conclusion of the flight of the Buprestidae in 1933, the colony of Cerceris fumipennis under observation at Clifton, Virginia, stored their nests with adult beetles of the genus Chlamisus, Chrysomelid beetels resembling Buprestidae only in their hard integuments and in their metalic luster. Other observers have found C. fumipennis Say collecting Bupresti- dae much later in the fall. No other observers have recorded the species collecting anything but Buprestidae. The following species of Buprestidae have been recorded or other- wise indicated as prey of C. fumipennis Say: Acmeodera pulchella (Herbst) (Scullen, from Iowa), Actenodes acornis (Say) (Cartright, from S.C.), Agrilus arcuatus (Say) (Cartright, from S.C.), A. bilineatus (Weber) (Cartright, from S.C.), A. abjectus Horn (Rau, from Kansas), A. ruficollis (Fabricius), Buprestis consularis Gory, B. fasciata Fabricius, (Cartright, from S.C.), B. lineata Fabricius (Cartright, from S.C.), B. maculipennis Gory (Cartright, from S.C.), B. rufipes (Oliver) (Cartright, from S.C.), B. striata Fabricius (Cartright, from S.C.), Chrysobothris azurea LeConte (Evans, from Ark.), C. blanchardi Horn (Cartright, from S.C.), C. dentipes (Ger- mer) (Cartright, from S.C.), C. femorata (Oliver) (Bridwell, from Kansas; Cartright, from S.C.; Scullen, from Iowa), C. floricola Gory (Cartright, from S.C.), OC. lesueurt Castelnau (Cartright, from S.C.), C. purpureovittata Horn (Evans, from Ark.), C. quadri- impressa Castelnau (Peckham, from Wis.), C. sexsignata (Say) (Cart- right, from S.C.; Scullen, from Iowa), C. verdigripennis Frost (Cart- right, from S.C.), Cinyra gracilipes (Melsheimer) (Evans, from Ark.), Conotrachelus sp., (Hartman, from Tex.), Dicerea caudata LeConte (Evans, from Ind.), D. americana (Herbst) (Cartright, from S.C.), D. nuttalli var. consularis Gory (Cartright, from S.C.), D. divaricata (Say) (Scullen, from Iowa; Evans, from Ark), D. lurida Fabricius (Scullen, from Iowa; Krombein, from N.C.; Cartright, from S.C.), D. ob- scura (Fabricius) (Bridwell, from Kansas), D. punctulata (Schénherr) (Cartright, from S.C.; Grossbeck, from Long Island, N.Y.; Robinson, from Va.), D. spreta (Gory), D. tuberculata (Castelnau) (Cartright, from S.C.). PLANT RECORD.—Ammi majus (Texas), Ampelopsts arborea (Texas), Ceanothus sp. (North Carolina), C. americana (Massachusetts), C. canadensis (Massachusetts), Chinguapin sp. (Florida), Circuta maculata (Ohio), Cyrilla racemiflora (Florida), Daucus carota (Florida, Ohio), Erigeron quercifloris (Florida), hydrangia (North Carolina), Melilotus alba (Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Ohio, Texas), Monarda citrio- dera (Texas, New Jersey), tea (Florida), Polygonum hydropiperoides (Florida), Polytaenia nuttallti (Ohio), Ptillmaius capillaceum (Florida), Quercus virginiana (North Carolina), Rhus copallinum (North Caro- lina), Saliz sp. (Texas), Solidago sp. (North Carolina), Spiraea telici- 742-463—65——_6 414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 folia (Massachusetts), Stillingia sylvalica (Texas), water parsnip (Texas), Viter negundo (Texas). 29a. Cerceris grandis grandis Banks Figures 37, 132a,b,c Cerceris grandis Banks, 1913b, p. 423; 1947, p. 10.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1008. Fremate.—Length 19 mm. Light yellow amber with limited markings of medium amber; punctation sparse and_ shallow; pubescence very short except in the region of the propodeum and first abdominal segment. Head subequal in width to the thorax; light yellow amber except patch in ocellar area, small patch on occiput and clypeal margin, all of which are light amber, and the apical part of the mandibles, which are dark amber; clypeal margin with two acute denticles opposite the junction of the middle and lateral lobes of the clypeus, and two mesal denticles that are broad and flat; clypeal surface convex with two conspicuous small surface denticles just above the clypeal border; mandibles with one broad but pointed denticle, apicad of which is a depression; antennae normal in form with the scape mostly yellow and the remaining segments light amber. Thorax largely light yellow amber with a broad mesal stripe and two narrow lateral stripes of amber on the mesotergum and more or less amber along all sutures; enclosure heavily ridged at 45° angle to the base; legs yellow; wings subhyaline. Abdomen all yellow; pygidium with sides narrowing abruptly to a rounded apical point. Matzr.—Length 14 mm. Coloration close to that of the female but with somewhat more amber; punctation and pubescence as in the female. Head subequal in width to the thorax; largely yellow with dark amber stripes between the antennal scrobes and ocelli, and an ir- regular area of amber on the vertex; clypeal surface convex; clypeal margin extended on the medial lobe with the margin showing three inconspicuous denticle-like points; mandibles smooth; antennae normal except the apical segment, which is slightly curved. Thorax largely light yellow amber except the mesotergum, which is light amber; tegulae not elevated and relatively smooth; enclosure smooth except for inconspicuous ridges that appear in the lateral angles. Abdomen entirely yellow except for slight amber shading along some sutures; pygidium with sides converging slightly to a truncate apex. C. grandis grandis Banks is very close to C. californica arno Banks, WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 415 from which it may be distinguished by the characters given in the key. The males especially are difficult to separate, and the writer has not yet found characters that are dependable in separating them. Typr.—The type female of C. grandis Banks, taken at Fort Yuma, Ariz., is in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, no. 21181. DisTRIBUTION.—Southern California and adjoining areas. Speci- mens are as follows: Arizona: oc’, Arlington, July 12, 1956, cotton (G. D. Butler); 9,, Roll, June 24, 1955 (G. D. Butler); @, Wellton, July 12, 1956, cotton (G. D. Butler) ; o', Yuma, July 1940 (K. D. Snyder); o&, Yuma Valley, June 14, 1957 (G. D. Butler). CairorniaA: o’, Blythe, June 23, 1946 (W. F. Barr, R. F. Smith); o', Coachella Valley, June 26, 1933; 9, Imperial Co., June 1911 (J. C. Bridwell) ; 9, Indio, June 27, 1936 (E. 8. Ross); @, same locality, 1954 (G. E. Bohart) ; 20°, 15 mi. S. Indio, June 27, 1936 (M. Cazier); ?, northern end of Salton Sea, May 25, 1940; o&, Thermal, Riverside Co., July 2, 1956, Melilotus alba (M. Wasbauer). PREY RECORDS.—None. PLANT RECORDS.—None. 29b. Cerceris grandis percna, new subspecies FiGurE 38 FreMaLe.—Length 19 mm. Structurally like C. grandis grandis Banks in all respects except for color. The subspecies percena is black with yellow markings and a limited amount of amber. Head black or amber except face below antennal scrobies, base of mandibles, broken areas back of compound eyes, and two small patches on the vertex, all of which are yellow; entire genae outside of the above yellow areas back of the compound eyes are amber in the type but black on the paratypes; scape amber but remainder of antennae almost black. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, two small spots on the scutellum, the entire metanotum, two large areas on the propodeum, and a small patch on the mesopleuron, all of which are yellow bordered with amber; an amber area covers much of the mesosternum; legs largely amber; wings subhyaline. Abdomen largely yellow except for black patches in the center of all terga joining the basal border but becoming very small on the 6th tergum; venter largely yellow infused with amber. The type appears to be somewhat discolored with cyanide. The paratype from San Diego is almost entirely black and yellow with relatively little amber. Matzr.—Unknown. 416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Typres.—The type female, taken at Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras Co., Calif., 1500 ft. elevation (F. E. Blaisdell), is at the U.S. National Museum, no. 66162. Paratypes are as follows: CaLirornia: 9, Werner’s, San Diego Co., Aug. 1, 1921; 9, Los Angeles Co. DistTRIBUTION.—Southern California. PREY RECORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—None. Group III This group is distinguished by the following characters: (1) A distinct lamella (or lamellae) appears on the free margin of the medial clypeal process. (2) The extension of the medial clypeal lobe on the male is noticeably narrow, with three more or less distinct denticles onitsmargin. (3) Mesosternal tubercles are absent from both sexes or are very small. (4) The terminal segment of the male antenna is distorted slightly. (5) Chrysomelidae are used as prey to feed the young, as recorded for three species (compacta Cresson, flavofasciata H. S. Smith, and robertsonii Fox). 30. Cerceris cochisi, new species FIGURE 39 FremMaLe.—Length 14 mm. Amber and yellow with little or no black or dark amber, punctation and pubescence normal. Structurally near the female or C. compacta compacta Cresson except that specimens of the former are slightly larger. Enclosure somewhat smoother. Head yellow below the antennal scrobies, two yellow spots on the vertex, and yellow patches back of the compound eyes; small dark areas between the ocelli; basal two-thirds of mandibles yellow, apical third and denticles dark amber; scape yellow and amber, remaining segments of antennae amber becoming darker apically. Thorax amber except pronotum, scutellum, metanotum, and tegulae, which are yellow; legs light amber; wings shaded with amber. Abdomen yellow except for tergum 1, anterior half of tergum 2, most of first 2 sternites, and the sixth segment, all of which are light amber. Maue.—Length 12mm. Amber and yellow with little or no black or dark amber, punctation and pubescence normal. Structurally near the male of C. compacta Cresson, except that specimens average slightly larger. Enclosure somewhat smoother. Head yellow below the antennal scrobies and patches back of the compound eyes; small black ocellar area; basal half of mandibles yellow, apical half dark; scape yellowish amber, basal half of antennae amber, apical half very dark. WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 417 Thorax dark amber, clouded with variable amounts of very dark amber; pronotum, scutellum, metanotum, and tegulae yellowish amber; legs light amber; wings lightly shaded with amber. Abdomen yellow except first and second segments, which are largely amber. Some males show considerably more dark amber on the thorax and anterioral abdomenal segments than the type. Ficures 39, 40.—Localities of: 39, C. cochisi Scullen; 40, C. compacta compacta Cresson. Typrs.—The type female, Lordsburg to Silver City, N. Mex., over 5000 ft., June 17, 1942 (H. A. Scullen), and the allotype male, 2 mi. NE. Portal, Ariz., June 5, 1961, Condalia lycioides (H. A. Scullen), both at the U.S. National Museum, no. 66163. Paratypes are as follows: ARIzonaA: o’, 3 to 5 mi. SW. Apache, Aug. 8, 1959, Baccharis glutinosa (H. E. Evans); o, Bill Williams Fork, August (F. H. Snow); 4°, Boyce Thompson Arboretum, Superior, July 23, 1955, Condalia, Acacia greggit (G. D. Butler); 204, 3 mi. NW. Casabel, July 17, 1960, Prosopis juliflora (J. E. Gillaspy); o', Cedar Creek, 15 mi. W. Apache, June 21, 1957 (Butler-Werner); o, Congress Junction, July; @&, Continental, Aug. 12, 1957 (G. D. Butler); 9, 6 mi. E. Douglas, Cochise Co., Sept. 5, 1958 (M. A. Cazier); o, 5 mi. W. Fort Apache, June 21, 1957 (Butler-Werner); o, Fort Thomas, Graham Co., 2700 ft., Aug. 7, 1946 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Granite Dells, July 5, 1950, Nolina microcarpa (J. G. Rozen); o, 15 mi. E. Pearce, July 10, 1955, Sapindus (Butler-Werner); <7, Phoenix, July 11, 1932; o, Portal 4800 ft., Aug. 4, 1959 (H. E. Evans); 29 9, 5 mi. E. Portal, Cochise Co., Oct. 14, 1955 (C. and M. Cazier); 39 9, 1207, 2 mi. NE. Portal, Cochise Co., 4700 ft., July 2, 1961, Condalia lycioides (H. A. Scullen); #, same locality, July 11, 1961, Acacia greggit (H. A. Scullen); 27°07, same locality, July 8, 11, 1961 (H. A. Scullen); 7°, same locality, July 30, 1959, Aug. 1, 3, 1959, Baccharis glutinosa (M. Statham); 9, Prescott, July 29 (J. N. Knull); 2¢°@, Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Pima Co., June 29, 1955, Condalia, Cephalanthus (Butler-Werner); o, Sedonia, June 29, 1950 (J. G. Rozen); co, Sedonia, June 29, 1950 (L. D. Beamer); 2°, Seneca, Salt River Bridge, July 15, 1956, salt cedar (G. D. Butler); @, southern Arizona (Bequaert) ; 418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 o', Texas Pass, Dragoon Mts., July 19-21, 1917 (R. C. Shannon); &, Tombstone, July 27, 1955 (Butler-Werner); 9, 5 mi. NW. Tombstone, Cochise Co., 4200 ft., July 25, 1937 (Rehn, Pate, Rehn); 5°", Tucson (F. H. Snow); &@, Tucson, May 7, 1957 (G. D. Butler); #7, 9 mi. N. Tucson, July 25, 1946 (H. A. Scullen); oa’, 20 mi. NW. Tucson, July 6, 1955 (Butler-Werner); 9, 20 mi. E. Tucson, Oct. 26, 1958 (G. and A. Ferguson); o', White Mts., June 19, 1950 (H. O. Wright). Catirornia: 9, Anza, Riverside Co., July 5, 1956 (R. M. Bohart); @, Blythe, Riverside Co., July 30, 1947, Tamarix gallica (J. W. MacSwain); o&, Devils Canyon, Cochell Valley, May 7, 1932; o&, Experimental Farm, Imperial Co., June 1912 (J. C. Bridwell); @, Imperial Co., May 1911 (J. C. Bridwell); 3, Morango Valley, San Bernardino Co., Aug. 29, 1934 (C. D. Michener); #, Winter- haven, Imperial Co., June 16, 1956 (G. R. Ferguson). New Mexico: 2c’, Alamogordo, July 7, 1902; o&, 10 mi. NE. Lordsburg, June 17, 1942 (E. C. Van Dyke); 2, Lordsburg to Silver City, 5000 ft., June 17, 1942 (H. A. Scullen); 9, Rodeo, Hidalgo Co., July 29, 1959 (M. Statham). Texas: o&, Bexar Co., May 2, 1930 (H. B. Parks); ?, Davis Mts., Aug. 29, 1947 (D. J. and J. N. Knull); o', Davis Mts., July 6, 1936 (J. N. Knull); 9, Devils River, May 3, 1907 (F. C. Bishop); 9, El Paso, June 29, 1921 (Carl D. Duncan); o, Galveston, June 1900; @, McNary, Hudspeth Co., June 24, 1942 (H. A. Scullen). Mexico: o, Las Parras, Baja, October 1923 (W. M. Mann); <7, 20 mi. N. Mesquital, Baja, Sept. 27, 1941 (Ross and Bohart); o&, Mulege, Baja, May 14, 1921 (E. P. Van Duzee); o', Nogales, Mar. 5, 1951; o&, 10 mi. E. San Ignacio, Baia, Sept. 30, 1941 (Ross and Bohart). DIstTRIBUTION.—Southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, south- western Texas and northern Mexico. PREY REcORD.—None. PLANT RECORD.—Acacia greggit (Arizona), Baccharis glutinosa (Arizona), Cephalanthus sp. (Arizona), Condalia lycwides (Arizona), Nolina microcarpa (Arizona), Prosopis juliflora (Arizona), Sapindus sp. (Arizona). 31. Cerceris compacta compacta Cresson Ficurss 40, 133a,b,c Cerceris compacta Cresson, 1865, p. 127—Packard, 1866, p. 63.—Cresson, 1872, p. 230; 1887, p. 282.—Robertson, 1887, p. 201.—Schletter, 1887, p. 488.— Robertson, 1889, pp. 297-304; 1891, pp. 570-571; 1894a, pp. 439, 455, 464; 1894b, p. 112.— Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 456—Ashmead, 1899, p. 295.—Smith, J. B., 1900, p. 519; 1910, p. 519..— Banks, 1912a, p. 17; 1912b, p. 107.— Viereck, 1916, pp. 695, 696.— Mickel, 1917b, p. 448.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1006; 1960, p. 77. Cerceris solidaginis Rohwer, 1908, p. 323.—Banks, 1947, p. 15.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1010. Cerceris belfragei Banks, 1917, p. 114——Scullen, 1951, p. 1005. Fremate.—Length 10 mm. Black with yellow markings, normally pitted and clothed with short silvery hairs. Head subequal in width to thorax, black except center of face between antennal scrobes, clypeal process margin, small spots back of the eyes, and basal part of mandibles, all of which are yellow; clypeal margin extended on the medial portion, without denticles; WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 419 clypeal process lunar shaped with two oval lamellae attached to the border; mandibles with two prominent denticles, between which is a much smaller but distinct denticle; antennae normal in form with the scape yellow.and remaining segments amber. Thorax black except for a divided band on the pronotum, two large patches or a divided band on the scutellum, the metanotum, two patches on the propodeum, patch on the mesopleuron (on some), and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; enclosure ridged at a 45° angle to the base; tegulae not elevated and sparsely pitted ; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs dark amber basally, becoming light amber on the femora and yellow to amber beyond; wings subhyaline, but lightly clouded along the anterior margins. Abdomen: tergum 1 with a small yellow medial patch, tergum 2 with a broad band on the posterior half; terga 3, 4, and 5 with deeply emarginate bands quite variable in the amount of yellow; tergum 6 with a trace of yellow to the sides of the pygidium; venter dark amber; pygidium broadly rounded basally with the sides narrowing to a smaller rounded apical end. Maur.—Length 10 mm. Black with yellow markings; normally pitted; clothed with short silvery hairs. Head subequal to thorax in width, black except for entire face below antennal scrobes, minute spots back of eyes, basal part of mandibles, and scape, all of which are yellow; clypeal border dark amber with a very narrow extension slightly swollen in the center; hair lobes normal; clypeal surface slightly convex; mandibles with one large, acute denticle; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except a widely divided band on the pronotum, two small patches on the scutellum, band on the metanotum, occasional patches on the propodeum, occasional patches on the mesopleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are yellow; tegulae not elevated and nearly smooth; enclosure smooth except for a deep central groove with deep pits along the lateral borders; mesosternal tubercles absent; legs very dark on the coxae, becoming amber on the femora and light amber on the tarsi; wings subhyaline becoming lightly clouded along the anterior margins. Abdomen: tergum 1 with a small yellow patch; tergum 2 with a broad band along the posterior margin or largely covering the entire tergum; terga 3 to 6 with a more or less deeply emarginate band; venter dark amber; pygidium broadly rounded basally, tapering to a narrower rounded apical end. Specimens of both sexes show considerable variation in the extent of the yellow markings; those from the more northern and eastern areas are inclined to be darker. Those from the southwestern areas may have considerably more yellow. 420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Typrs.—The type female of C. compacta Cresson, from Illinois, is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 1940. The type male of C. solidaginis Rohwer, from Las Cruces, N. Mex., is at the U.S. National Museum, no. 28486. The type female of C. belfragi Banks, from Texas, is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 10029. DistrisuTIoN.—Throughout the eastern and central states and southwest to southern California. Prey REcCORD.—OColaspis brunnea (Fabricius), Chrysomelidae, Clif- ton, Va. (Bridwell). Puant REcorD.—Alfalfa (California, Arizona), Ampelopsis arborea (Texas), Asclepias sp. (New Mexico, Texas), Asclepias verticillata (Iowa), Baccharis sp. (Arizona), Baccharis salicina (Texas), Bisora americana (Texas), Ceanothus sp. (Virginia, North Carolina), Chernoth americanus (Virginia, Illinois), Cicuta maculata (Ohio, Virginia), cotton (Texas, Louisiana, Arizona, New Mexico), Croton lindheimeri (Florida), Daucus carota (Ohio, Texas), Euphorbia marginata (Kansas), Helianthus annuus (California), Ligustrum sp. (Florida), Melilotus alba (Ohio, Illinois, California, Utah, Arizona), parsnip (Texas), peach (Georgia), Polytaenia nuttallia (Texas), Pycnanthemum (North Carolina), Quercus virginiana (North Carolina), Rhus copallina (Florida), Solanum elaeagnifolvum (Arizona), Solidago sp. (Texas, Kentucky), Tamarix gallica (Kansas, California, Utah). 32a. Cerceris flavofasciata flavofasciata H. S. Smith Fiaures 41, 134a,b,¢ Cerceris flavofasciata H. S. Smith, 1908, p. 364.—Smith, J. B., 1910, p. 678.— Mickel, 1916, p. 409; 1917b, p. 448.—Rau, 1922, p. 31—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007.—Krombein, 1953, pp. 114, 123, 124, 125, 134; 1959, p. 197. Cerceris natallenus Brimley, 1927, p. 238.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1007. FrmaLe.—Length 14mm. _ Black with yellow markings, punctation normal, pubescence normal. Head slightly wider than the thorax; black except for large frontal eye patches, a small patch between the antennae, and the basal part of the mandibles, all of which are yellow; clypeal border with two widely separated denticles, between which the margin is depressed slightly but otherwise smooth; clypeal process is in the form of a very broad crescent-shaped elevation equal to about seven-eighths of the distance between the eyes; on the margin of the process there is a lamellae consisting of two distinct oval membranes; mandibles with three distinct denticles, the more apical one being very large, the WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 421 basal one medium in size, and the middle one very small but very acute; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except for a yellow band on the pronotum semi- divided at the center and two small patches on the scutellum, which are amber; metanotum black; tegulae smooth, amber, and not ele- vated; enclosure relatively smooth except for a slight medial groove; mesosternal tubercle present but small; legs black basally, dark amber on the femora, becoming lighter amber on the apical parts; wings somewhat more clouded than in most species. Abdomen entirely black in most specimens except for a broad yellow band on the posterior half of tergum 2; on some specimens small lateral yellow spots appear on terga 1 and 3; venter black; pygidium oval with the apical end somewhat narrowed and both ends rounded. Maue.—Length 10 mm. Black with yellow markings; punctation and pubescence normal. Head subequal in width to the thorax, black except large frontal eye patches, interantennal carina, variable amounts on the medial lobe of the clypeus, base of mandibles, and an evanescent spot on the scape, all of which are light yellow; clypeal extension on the medial lobe of the clypeus narrow, subequal in width to the length of the epistomal suture, and with three subequal small denticles; clypeal surface convex, mandibles with one denticle; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except for a broken band on the pronotum and divided band on the scutellum; tegulae amber, smooth, and not elevated; enclosure with a light medial groove, relatively smooth but with distinct pubescence laterally; legs amber, coxae and trochanters very dark; wings somewhat clouded. Abdomen with little or no yellow on tergum 1; a broad band on the posterior half of tergum 2; narrow yellow lines along posterior margins of terga 3 to 6; venter dark amber; pygidium oval but with the apical end truncate. Superficially, both the female and male of C. flavofasciata Smith look much like C. fumipennis Say, but they are readily separated by the clypeal structure in each case. The female of C. fumipennis Say has no elevated process on the clypeus. The male of the latter has a very narrow extension on the medial lobe. Typres.—The type female of C. flavofasciata Smith is at the Uni- versity of Nebraska. The type female of C. natallenus Brimley is at the U.S. National Museum, no. 40792. DisTRiBuTION.—Rare through the Eastern States from South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas to the Atlantic Coast States; from Minnesota south to North Carolina. Specimens are as follows: 422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Ficures 41-43.—Localities of: 41, C. flavofasciata flavofasciata H. S. Smith; 42, C. flavofas- ciata floridensis Banks; 43, C. mandibularis Patton. ARKANSAS: 9, Hot Springs, Oct. 6 (Andreas Bolter). I Luinots: 9 Hanna City, July 21, 1940. Iowa: 9, Sioux City, Aug. 10, 1917 (A. W. Lindsey). Kansas: 399, Baldwin Co., July 8, Aug. 1, 1906 (J. C. Bridwell); 9, Black Jack Creek, Pottawatomic Co., July 2, 1953 (Evans and party); 9, Black Jack Creek, July 9, 1959 (H. E. and M. A. Evans); 9, Lawrence, June 18, 1922 (C. H. Curran); ?, Marshall Co., June 30, 1950 (R. L. Fischer); 2, Pottawato- mic Co., July 25, 1952 (H. E. Evans); 39 2, Riley Co., July 12, (J. B. Norton); 29? 9, Riley Co., July 23 (Popenoe); 9?, Saline Co., July 16, 1923, (L. C. Wood- ruff). MInNEsoTa: oc, Lake City, July 7, 1921 (A. A. Nichol). NEBRASKA: 9, Lincoln, July; o&, North Bend, June 30, 1915 (E. G. Anderson). NEBRASKA: Child’s Point, Lincoln, Maskell, Monroe Canyon, Omaha, Rulo, and South Bend, June 30 to Aug. 20, 1917a, on flowers of Melilotus alba, Ceanothus americanus, and Amorpha canescens (all by Mickel). New Jmrsny: 9, Camden, July 12, 1891 (Wm. J. Fox); 299, 5 mi. W. Lake Wood, Ocean Co., Sept. 6, 1954 (G. Ferguson); 9, Lebanon State Forest, Burlington Co., Aug. 19, 1958 (Evans, Beneway); 9, Lucaston, Sept. 9, 1906. NortuH Carona: 9, Bastic, July 7, 1921 (T. B. Mitchell); 15,29 10%, Kill Devil Hills, Dare Co., July 31, Aug. 1, 3, 1952, July 26, 1955, Aug. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 1958 (K. V. Krombein); o, Kill Devil Hills, Aug. 7, 1958 (T. B. Mitchell). Ox tanoma: 9, Pawnee Co., July 12, 1932 (Deonier, Pritchard). Soutu DaxotTa: &, Hot Springs, July 12, 1924 (R. C. Severin). Virernra: 9, Camp Peary, Sept. 7, 1943 (G. E. and R. M. Bohart). MaryYLaAND: 9, 30 mi. S. Washington, D.C., July 7, 1931 (J. C. Bridwell). PREY RECORD.—Cryptocephalus guttulatus Oliver, C. notatus Fab- ricius, C. notatus fulvipennis Hald (all from Baldwin, Kansas). Krombein (1959, pp. 197-198), who studied the biology of this wasp at Kill Devil Hills, N.C., found Cerceris flavofasciata H. S. Smith collecting the following chrysomelids: Chlamisus sp. (probably plicata (Fabricius)), Cryptocephalus mutabilis Melsheimer, Cryptocephalus gut- tulatus Oliver, Cryptocephalus sp. (probably quadrimaculatus Say), Bassareus clathratus (Melsheimer), and Bassareus sp. (probably sellatus Suffrian). PLANT RECORD.—Amorpha canecens (Nebraska), Ceanothus ameri- canus (Nebraska), Melilotus alba (Nebraska). WASP GENUS CERCERIS—SCULLEN 433 32b. Cerceris flavofasciata floridensis Banks (new status) Figure 42 Cerceris austrina Fox (male only), 1893, p. 556.—Dalla Torre, 1897, p. 453.— Ashmead, 1899, p. 296.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1005.—Krombein, 1954b, p. 235; 1956, p. 234 (new synonymy). Cerceris floridensis Banks, 1915, p. 403.—Scullen, 1951, p. 1008.—Krombein, 1954b, p. 235. Fremare.—Length 12 mm. Black with ferruginous markings; punctation and pubescence average for the genus. Structurally like C. flavofasciata flavofasciata H. S. Smith. Head reddish amber except for dark amber to black patches just above the antennal scrobes, the ocellar area, patches on the vertex bordering the eyes and the lower genal area, and the following parts, which are yellowish amber: large frontal eye patches, frons above the clypeal process, lateral lobes of the clypeus, and the basal part of the mandibles; apical part of mandibles and mandibular denticles dark amber; antennae ferruginous becoming dark apically. Thorax black except the pronotum, scutellum, metanotum, most of the propodeum exclusive of the enclosure, patch on the pleuron, and the tegulae, all of which are ferruginous; legs reddish amber; wings clouded with amber. Abdomen: tergum 1 and 2 reddish amber with a narrow yellowish line on the posterior half of tergum 2; terga 3 to 6 black with a trace of dark amber on the anterior part of tergum 3; sternites 1, 2, and 3 largely ferruginous. Matze.—Length 10-12 mm. Black with dark ferruginous mark- ings showing some yellowing; punctation and pubescence average; structurally like the nominate subspecies male. Head black except for the face, which is light ferruginous medially, becoming darker on the clypeus; genae and vertex largely ferruginous; width of the clypeal extension on the medial lobe about one-half the length of the epistomal suture, with three subequal small denticles on the margin; mandibles with one prominent acute denticle; antennae normal in form. Thorax black except for a broad band on the pronotum, scutellum, metanotum, and large patches on the propodeum, all of which are dark ferruginous; enclosure smooth except for a light medial groove; legs amber; wings clouded. Abdomen black except for the first two segments, which are dark ferruginous with a narrow yellowish band on the apical border of the second tergum. The males of several closely related species and subspecies in Florida and adjoining areas have been confused by earlier workers. 424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Only recently has the present writer been able to clear up some of this confusion. A study of type material in the British Museum, in this country, and field studies by Dr. Krombein have helped to as- sociate correctly some of the sexes concerned. In describing C. austrina, Fox evidently had the two sexes wrongly associated His type female of the latter species is accepted here as the type of austrina Fox. The present writer here considers C. austrina Fox a synonym of C. robertsonii robertsonvi Fox. The form described by him as the male of C. austrina Fox has been found recently by Dr. Krombein to be the male of a ferruginous color form of C. flavofasciata H.S. Smith. As the name austrina is preoccupied, this color form is given the name C. flavofasciata floridensis Banks. Banks described a male of this form under the name of floridensis. The male of C. rufopicta F. Smith, which is very close to the male of OC. flavofasciata floridensis Banks, frequently has been confused with it by the writer and other workers in earlier studies. Typrs.—The allotype male of C. austrina Fox from Florida is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 4756. The type male of C. floridensis Banks, from Gulfport, Florida (Reynolds), is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 13765. DisTRIBUTION.—Southeastern States, North Carolina to Florida and west to Alabama. Specimens are as follows: ALABAMA: 9, Mobile, June 1949 (H. P. Loding). FLorimpa: 29 2,07, Cocoa, July 1944 (G. E. Bohart); @, Flagler Co., July 30, 1955 (H. V. Weems, Jr.); 9, Gainesville, Alachua Co., April 16, 1952; 9, 20° 0’, Gainesville, April 29, May 3, 5, 1919 (P. W. Fattig); 9, Gainesville, May 4, 1923 (Alexander, Walker); o’, Gainesville, May 11, 1928 (G. B. Merrill); &, Gainesville, May 13 (Debna, Weems) ; 207", Gainesville, Aug. 28, 1960 (P. M. Marsh); o, Haines City, Sept. 17, 1954 (H. V. Weems, Jr.); &, Hollywood, May 6, 1927 (S. Greenicher) ; 86’ 0’, Inverness, 1892, 1918 (C. Robertson); 9, Jacksonville, Oct. 6-9, 1941 (Howard E. Evans); ?, o, Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station, March 28, 29, 1957 (H. E. Evans); 40°’, Lake Placid, April 1, 1954, June 22, 25, 28, 1962 (K. V. Krombein); o’, Levy Co., July 13, 1954 (H. V. Weems, Jr.); 9, Newman’s Lake, Alachua Co., Sept. 4-6, 1929 (T. H. Hubbell); 29 9, Orlando, March (R. and G. Bohart); @, Orlando, April 11, 1925 (O. C. McBride); 2, Ponce de Leon, July 13, 1934 (M. E. Griffith); @, Sanford, May 2, 1955 (H. E. and M. A. Evans); , ee cn Pee Tey INDEX (New genera, species, etc., are printed in ztalics. Page numbers of principal entries also in ztalics.) Abantennarius, 173 analis, 173 duescus, 173 abbreviata, Cerceris, 497, 498, 520 Abies lasiocarpa, 252 abjectus, Agrilus, 335, 413 Acacia, 471 angustissima, 371, 376, 403, 437, 440, 482 greggii, 371, 403, 417, 418 Acacia sp., 371, 379, 382, 386, 403, 409, 437, 465, 482 acanthias, Squalus, 74, 81, 90 (table) acanthophila, Cerceris, 346, 352, 355, 357 (map), 364, 365, 367, 373, 390, 520, 536 (fig.) Acarina, 241 Acer sp., 32 Acestrorhamphus, 135 Acestrorhynchidae, 134 Acestrorhynchus, 135 Achillea, 356, 400 millefolium, 356, 469, 494 Achillea sp., 371, 447, 453, 455, 494 Acmaeodera acuta, 403 adenostomae, 403 angelica, 403 coquilletti, 403 dohrni, 403 dolorosa, 403 fenyesi, 403 gemina, 403 hepburni, 403 holsteni, 403 jocosa, 403 nexa, 403 perlanosa, 403 plagiaticauda, 403 prorsa, 403 pulchella, 413 quadriseriata, 403 sinuata, 403 acornis, Actenodes, 413 acritomorpha, Palinorsa, 198, 202, 203, 204 (fig.) Actenodes acornis, 413 acuta, Acmaeodera, 403 acutus, Corydoras, 123 Rhizoprionodon, 88 (table) Adenostom sp., 371, 498 adenostomae, Acmaeodera, 403 782-688—_65——2 Aedemoses, 41 haesitans, 40 hessitans [sic], 40 aeneogaster, Anthaxia, 403 aequalis, Calendra, 465 Cerceris, 452, 453, 494 Cerceris aequalis, 344, 350, 442 (map), 454, 494, 497, 511, 514, 520, 541 (fig.) complex, Cerceris, 514 aethalea, Proeulia, 184, 185, 188 affinis, Curculio, 484 Pituophis melanoleucus, 244, 309 Pityophis, 244 agrifolia, Quercus, 47 Agrilus abjectus, 335, 413 angelicus, 403 arcuatus, 413 bilineatus, 413 blandus, 403 politus, 403 ruficollis, 413 agrioschista, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 39, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) Stenoma, 39 Airiplex canescens, 250 confertifolia, 250 alacris, Cerceris, 483, 484, 520 alaope, Cerceris, 474, 475, 520 alba, Melilotus, 356, 379, 386, 404, 409, 410, 413, 420, 422, 428, 437, 438, 440, 442, 447, 459, 465, 472, 473, 476, 479, 482, 484, 491, 495, 498, 511, 517, 519 Quercus, 34 albaciliaeella, Menesta, 50 Strobisia, 49, 50 albaciliella [sic], Menesta, 50 albella, Harpalyce, 43 albiciliella [sic], Menesta, 50 albida, Cerceris insolita, 349, 354, 447, 448 (map), 522 albomarginata, Euphorbia, 381 alceste, Cerceris, 343, 454 (map), 454, 520, 542 (fig.) Aldenella tenuifolia, 361 alexanderi, Kimminsia, 217, 218 (fig.). 220 Algarobius prosopis, 338 557 558 algidella, Cryptolechia, 32, 33 Stenoma, 32 Alnus spp., 553 Alopias, 78, 94 (table) superciliosus, 74, 75, 84 (table) vulpinus, 78, 84 (table) Alopias spp., 79 Alopiidae, 78, 79, 84 (table), 94 (table) alpestris, Hemerobius, 212 altipinnis, Antennarius, 173, 174, 182 altissima, Solidago, 387, 484 altissimum, Sisymbrimum, 469 amblyodon, Gaillardia, 371, 384, 387 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, 471 psilostachya, 447 Ambystoma macrodactylum, 266 rosaceum, 263 (table), 266 tigrinum 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 259 260, 263 (table), 264, 265, 266, 300, 316 (table), 317, 319 tigrinum nebulosum, 260, 261 (fig.), 265 (fig.), 320 tigrinum stebbinsi, 260, 320 tigrinum tigrinum, 263, 266 tigrinum utahense, 260, 261, 262, 320 tigrinum velasci, 266 Amelopsis arborea, 465 americana, Bifora, 379, 420 Corylus, 50 Dicerca, 413 americanus, Ceanothus, 394, 413, 422, 425, 431, 471, 495 Chernoth, 420 Lotus, 495, 498 Ameromicromus, 212 posticus, 212 Amia, 146, 154 amicus, Mimosestes, 338 Ammi majus, 413 Amobia floridensis, 337 Amorpha canescens, 422 fruticosa, 502 opeliuals arborea, 413, 420, 447, 482, 51 Amphibia, 260 Amphibians and reptiles, vertical dis- tribution of, 256 (fig.) amphora, Sphaerocera, 237 (fig.), 240 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 232 ampla, Cerceris, 438, 439, 520 analis, Abantennarius, 173 Anaphalis margaritacea, 453 androsaemifolium, Apocynum, 495 Angelica, 495 Angelica sp., 471 angelica, Acmaeodera, 403 angelicus, Agrilus, 403 anguineus, Chlamydoselachus, (table) angulatus, Hemerobius, 211 Pseudomicromus, 211 angustifolia, Populus, 251 angustifolium, Epilobium, 495 80, 83 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 angustissima, Acacia, 371, 376, 403, 437, 440, 482 angustus, Hemerobius, 207 Sympherobius, 207 Annona sp., 24 annulicornis, Sphaerocera, 223, 224, Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 238 annuum, Eriogonum, 519, 520 annuus, Helianthus, 366, 372, 387, 420 Anopina, 183 Anostomatina, 131 Anostomatinae, 131 Anostomidi, 136 Anostomina, 131 Anostominae, 131, 133, 136 Anostomus, 131, 156 Antaeotricha, 25, 26, 28, 29 agrioschista, 27, 28, 39, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) decorosella, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 56 (map), 62 (fig.), 67 (fig.) furcata, 27, 29, 36, 56 (map), 62 (fig.), 67 (fig.) fuscorectangulata, 27, 28, 41, 58 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) haesitans, 27, 28, 40, 42, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 69 (fig.) humilis, 27, 28, 37, 39, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) irene, 27, 28, 36, 56 (map), 62 (fig.), 67 (fig.) leucillana, 27, 28, 32, 37, 56 (map), 61 (fig.), 66 (fig.) lindseyi, 27, 29, 30, 36, 55 (map), 61 (fig.) manzanitae, 27, 28, 43, 58 (map), 64 (fig.), 69 (fig.) osseella, 27, 28, 34, 56 (map), 61 (fig.), 67 (fig) querciella, 34 schlaegeri, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 55 (map), 61 (fig.), 66 (fig.) thomasi, 27, 28, 38, 39, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) unipunctella, 27, 28, 31, 34, 35, 55 (map), 61 (fig.), 66 (fig.) vestalis, 27, 28, 37, 38, 40, 42, 58 (map), 62 (fig.), 69 (fig.) Antennariidae, 171, 173 (table) Antennarius, 174 altipinnis, 173, 174, 182 asper, 178 avalonis, 173, 174 bermudensis, 174, 181 chironectes, 174, 175 coccineus, 174, 175 cryptacanthus, 177 (Triantennatus) delaisi, 177 dorehensis, 174 drombus, 174, 175, 182 hispidus, 174 indicus, 174, 180 (table), 182 japonicus, 174, 180 (table), 181 leucosoma, 174 INDEX Antennarius—Continued lithinostomus, 178 moluccensis, 172, 174, 175 multiocellatus, 174, 175 notophthalmus, 174, 175 nummifer, 174, 175, 182 (Triantennatus) occidentalis, 177 ocellatus, 174 oligospilos, 172, 179 pardalis, 174, 181 pauciradiatus, 174, 182 phymatodes, 172, 174, 179 radiosus, 174, 177 sanguifluus, 175 sanguineus, 174, 177, 182 sarasa, 174, 181 (Fowlerichthys) senegalensis, verrucosus, 174, 182 Antennarius, subg., 174, 180 (table), 182 Antennatus, 174 bigibbus, 172, 174, 176 nox, 176 reticularis, 172 strigatus, 172, 174, 176 Antennatus, subg., 174 Anthaxia aeneogaster, 403 Anthemis cotula, 495 Anthonomus sexgutatus, 338, 361 antirrhini, Gymnetron, 336, 494 Anura, 266 Anurans, 268 (table) apicata, Veronica, 459 Apiraptrix, 354 Apiratrix, 354 Aplopappus sp., 364, 371, 437 Apocynum androsaemifolium, 495 cannabinum, 442 cannabinum var. pubescens, 465 Apocynum sp., 472 apospasta, Proeulia, 184, 185, 191 approximans, Holbrookia maculata, 278, 279, 320 Aprionodon, 87 (table), 95 (table) isodon, 87 (table) Apristurus, 86 (table), 94 (table) herklotsi, 86 (table) verweyi, 86 (table) Apuntia imbricata, 250 arae, Galeus, 85 (table) Aralia hispida, 495 arborea, Ampelopsis, 413, 420, 447, 465, 482, 517 arborescens, Hydrangea, 442, 447, 472 arbuscula, Cerceris, 458, 459, 520 Archicheir, 131, 132, 151 minutus, 151 177 509 arenicola, Hyla, 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 264, a (table), 269, 272, 316 (table), 3 argia, Cerceris, 346, 357 (map), 394, 520, 536 (fig.) Argyrotaenia, 183 argyrotricha, Cerceris, 404, 405, 520 Arizona elegans, 314 arizonella, Cerceris, 352, 357 (map), 359, 520 arizonensis, Neltumius, 338 arizonicus, Sympherobius, 206, 210 armatum, Pteridium, 4, 6 armatus, Grammonus, 6 armiger, Xenobythites, 4 arno, Cerceris, 402, 404, 405, 520 Cerceris californica, 347, 353, 402, 404 (map), 414, 521 arnyi, Diadophis punctatus, 301, 302, 304, 305, 307, 320 aromatica, Lethata, 99, 100, 110 (fig.), 113 (fig.) Stenoma, 100 Artemisia tridentata, 250 artemisiaefolia, Ambrosia, 471 arvensis, Sonchus, 495 arverniensis, Procharacinus, 136 Asclepias, 361, 381 comuti, 471 erosa, 403 inearnata, 471 latifolia, 491 mexicana, 356, 403, 407, 495 speciosa, 403, 482 subverticillata, 382, 437, 440, 482, 489 sulliventii, 471 tuberosa, 471 verticillata, 420, 465, 471 Asclepias sp., 371, 379, 403, 420, 437, 438, 440, 442, 465, 466, 471, 476, 482, 489, 495 asper, Antennarius, 178 Lophiocharon, 178 astarte, Cerceris, 344, 350, 389, 454 ae ), 456, 467, 494, 521, 542 g. Aster ericoides, 471 Aster sp., 369, 377, 379, 394, 479 asthenopa, Lethata, 99, 101 Stenoma, 101, 104 Atelomycterus, 78, 86 (table), 94 (table) marmoratus, 86 (table) ater, Gadopsis, 6 Grammonus, 6 Oligopus, 2, 4, 5, 6, 11 Pteridium, 6 Verater, 6 architis, Cerceris, 336, 483, 484, 520] athene, Cerceris, 337, 437, 438, 521 Arctostaphylos sp., 43 arcuata, Sphaerocera, 224 arcuatus, Agrilus, 413 arelate, Cerceris, 495, 496, 520 Cerceris nigrescens, 343, 350, 457, 495, 496 (map), 523, 546 (fig.) Cerceris femurrubrum, 337, 348, 436 (map), 437, 522 atra, Phrynelox, 176 Triantennatus, 173 atrafemori, Cerceris insolita, 349, 354, 448 (map), 522, 541 (fig.) 560 atramontensis, Cerceris, 337, 344, 350, 427, 458, 459 (map), 475, 521, 542 (fig.) Cerceris echo, (map), 522 Atriplex sp., 371 atrox, Crotalus, 250, 254, 256 (fig.), 299 (table), 311, 313, 316 (table), 317, 319, 320 Crotalus adamanteus, 311 atrum, Pteridium, 6, 7 auberti, Polygonum, 379, 404, 495, 498, 511 PROCEEDINGS atrata, 346, 377, 378 auraria, Eulia, 186 Proeulia, 184, 185, 186 aurea, Zizia, 474 auriceps, Crotaphytus collaris, 275, 276, 321 australis, Bufo woodhousei, 270 austrina, Cerceris, 423, 424, 426, 428, 521 avalonis, Antennarius, 173, 174 Avicennia nitida, 483 azteca, Cerceris, 345, 349, 459 (map), 521, 542 (fig.) azurea, Chrysobothris, 413 baccata, Yucca, 251 Baccharis, 373 douglasii, 371 emoryi, 371, 510 glutinosa, 363, 366, 382, 403, 405, 409, 410, 417, 418, 437, 438, 440, 482, 486, 489 salicina, 420, 440 sarothropides, 465, 466 Baccharis sp., 371, 377, 403, 420, 437, 438, 482, 489 Baileya pleniradiata, 482 baileyi, Crotaohytus, 275 Crotaphytus collaris, 276 Balaninus nasicus, 471 banksi, Cerceris, 343, 459 (map), 461, 521, 542 (fig.) barberi, Hemerobius, 209 Sympherobius, 209 basalis, Derelomus, 338, 361 Bassareus clathratus, 337, 422 sellatus, 337, 422 Bassareus sp., 337, 422 Bathystorreus, 3, 5 claudei, 15 baxteri, Etmopterus, 92 (table) beali, Cerceris kennicottii, 346, 352, 385, 386 (map,) 522 beameri, Sympherobius, 209, 210 Bebbia juncea, 403 beckfordi, Nannostomus, 130, 131, 138 Belaninus nasicus, 335 belfragei, Cerceris, 418, 420, 521 beneolens, Gnaphalium, 372, 438 Benthocometes, 4, 5 claudei, 3, 15 robustus, 4, 7 bermudensis, Antennarius, 174, 181 Berteroa incana, 442, 471, 495 OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Betula nana, 551 Betula spp., 553 bicolor, Euphorbia, 386 bicornis [sic], Cerceris, 463, 521 bicornuta, Cerceris, 335, 336, 462, 463, 481, 503, 504, 512 Cerceris bicornuta, 335, 345, 349, ne 464 (map), 465, 466, 543 g. Bidens bipinnata, 361, 514 bifasciatus, Sympherobius, 206 bifidus, Cerceris robertsonii, 348, 428 (map), 523, 540 (fig.) Bifora americana, 379, 420 bigibbus, Antennatus, 172, 174, 176 bilineatus, Agrilus, 413 bimaculata, Lebiasina, 130, 149, 155 Sphaerocera, 223, 224, 225, 230, 231 (fig.), 233, 235, 241 (key) Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 230 bipinnata, Bidens, 361, 514 bispinatus, Euprotomicrus, 78, 92 (table) bistrigatus, Hemerobius, 214 biungulata, Cerceris, 505, 506, 521 blackii [sic], Cerceris, 369 blainvillei, Squalus, 90 (table) blakei, Cerceris, 338, 346, 351, 359, 361 (map), 385, 521, 536 (fig.) blanchardi, Chrysobothris, 413 Diadophis regalis, 301 blandus, Agrilus, 403 Blapstinus interruptus, 338, 361 blochi, Sphyrna, 89 (table) Boerhaavia erecta, 356 boharti, Cerceris, 345, 466, 467 (map), 521, 543 (fig.) bolingert, Cerceris aequalis, 344, 452 (map), 453, 520, 542 (fig.) bombifrons, Scophiopus, 255, 266, 316 (table), 318, 320, 321 bombinus, Scaphiopus, 250 Borborus, 226 denticulatus, 224 pallidiventris, 224 Borieria, 361 Boriomyia brunnea, 216 furcata, 219 posticata, 217 pretiosa, 216 bottae, Thomomys, 310 bougainvilli, Histiophryne, 173 Boulengerella, 135 Bouteloua gracilis, 250 hirsuta, 250 bovinella, Lethata, 99, 100, 101, 106, 110 (fig:); 112: (fig.)) 113) Gig) Stenoma, 101, 102 Brachaelurus, 75, 78, 85 (table), 94 (table) waddi, 85 (table) Brachiloma unipunctella, 31, 32 Brachyloma decorosella, 35 querciella, 34, 35 brachysoma, Diplacanthopoma, 4 brasiliensis, Isistius, 79, 92 (table) Brassica nigra, 495 INDEX Brauerobius, 215 costalis, 215 brevirostris, Negaprion, 87 (table) bridwelli, Cerceris, 346, 351, 361 (map), 375, 521, 536: (fig.) Bruchidae, 334, 338 Bruchus, 338 Bruchus sp., 334, 371 brucus, Echinorhinus, 81, 93 (table) brunnea, Boriomyia, 216 Colaspis, 420 Diplacanthopoma, 4 Kimminsia, 2/6, 220 brunneus, Sympherobius, 207, 208 (fig.) Brycon, 135, 137, 1438, 147 meeki, 137, 147 Bufo cognatus, 315 punctatus, 250, 269, 297, 316 (table) woodhousei, 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 264, 268 (table), 269, 270, 271 (fig.), 272, 273, 275, 300, 316 (table), 320 woodhousei australis, 270 woodhousei woodhousei, 270 bullisi, Etmopterus, 92 (table) Eppreyidse; 334, 335, 336, 337, 401, 412, Buprestis consularis, 413 fasciata, 413 lineata, 335, 413 maculipennis, 413 rufipes, 413 striata, 413 burti, Cnemidophorus, 290, 291 (table) buscki, Lethata, 99, 102, 110 (fig.), 113 (fig.) butlert, Cerceris, 346, 361 (map), 363, 521, 536 (fig.) Tathicarpus, 173 Bythites, 3 fuscus, 4 lepidogenys, 4, 10 caesiella, Tinea, 552 calcea, Deania, 91 (table) Calendra aequalis, 465 cariosus, 336, 465 cultellatus, 465 maidis, 336, 465 marinus, 465 parvulus, 465 pertinax, 465 placidus, 465 setiger, 465 venata venata, 336 venatus, 465 zeae, 465 Calendra sp., 336, 465 californica, Cerceris, 337, 339, 401, 402, 405, 406, 411 Cerceris californica, 347, 353, 401, 404 (map), 406, 412, 521, 538 (fig-) Solidago, 498 Squatina, 93 (table) 561 ealifornicus, Croton, 363, 371, 379, 399, 404, 432, 488, 495, 510 Sitona, 510 Sympherobius, 206 Callichthyid, One new species and two redescriptions of Catfishes of the South American, genus Cory- doras, 115-126 ealochorti, Cerceris, 344, 351, 467 (map), 468, 486, 521, 543 (fig.) Calochortus gunnisonii, 469 calodera, Cerceris, 401, 403, 521 eampi, Holbrookia maculata, 278 campylacanthus, Uniantennatus, 174 canadensis, Ceanothus, 413, 495 Erigeron, 409 Sambucus, 379, 465, 472 Solidago, 472, 473, 480, 484, 495 canescens, Airiplex, 250 Amorpha, 422 Tetradymia, 469 canis, Mustelus, 87 (table) cannabinum, Apocynum, 442 canusella, Harpalyce, 37, 38 capillaceum, Ptilimnium, 413, 517 Carcharhinidae, 78, 79, 87 (table), 88 (table), 89 (table), 95 (table) Carcharhinus, 75, 78, 81, 87 (table), 95 (table) falciformis, 87 (table) leucus, 87 (table) limbatus, 87 (table) melanopterus, 87 (table) sorrah, 87 (table) Carcharias, 83 (table), 94 (table) taurus, 74, 83 (table) earcharias, Carcharodon, 74, 84 (table) Carchariidae, 49 (table), 83 (table) Carcharodon, 84 (table), 94 (table) cearcharias, 74, 84 (table) Cardiospermum halicacabum, 465 cariosus, Calendra, 336, 465 carolina, Cerceris jucunda, 440, 442, 522 carota, Daucus, 356, 369, 379, 386, 395, 400, 404, 413, 420, 459, 465, 472, 495, 510, 517 carrizonensis, Cerceris, 352 (key), 364, 366 (map), 521 Cassia sp., 379, 465 Castanea dentata, 553 castaneae, Swammerdamia, 549, 552, Cataetyx, 4 hawaiiensis, 4 laticeps, 4 messieri, 4 catawaba, Cerceris, 440, 442, 521 Caudata, 260 ecaudata, Dicerca, 413 caudimaculatus, Lophiocharon, 174, 176, 7 Ceanothus americanus, 394, 413, 422, 425, 431, 471, 495 canadensis, 4138, 495 fendleri, 453, 495 062 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Ceanothus sp., 386, 413, 420, 442, 465, 471 centrina, Oxynotus, 92 (table) Centrophorus, 91 (table), 95 (table) squamosus, 91 (table) uyato, 81, 91 (table) Centroscyllium, 91 (table), 95 (table) fabrisii, 91 (table) ritteri, 91 (table) Centroscymnus, 91 (table), 95 (table) coelolepis, 91 (table) crepidater, 91 (table) owstoni, 91 (table) Cephalanthus, 417 Cephalanthus sp., 409, 418 Cephaloscyllium, 85 (table), 94 (table) uter, 85 (table) cerasiella, Tinea, 551 cerasus, Prunus, 551 Cercerini, 333, 338 Cerceris, 333, 334, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342 (key, females), 349 (key, males), 412, 482, 483, 484, 520 (list) CPeeuD I), 342, 345 (key, females), 351 (key, males), 854, 520 (Group II), 342, 347 (key, females), 353 (key, males), 400 (Group III), 342, 347 (key, fe- males), 353 (key, males), 416 (Group IV), 342, 348 (key, females), 354 (key, males), 434 (Group V), 343, 348 (key, females), 354 (key, males), 440 (ungrouped species), 452 (unrecognized species), 520 abbreviata, 497, 498, 520 acanthophila, 346, 352, 355, 357 (map), 364, 365, 367, 373, 390, 520, 536 (fig.) aequalis, 452, 453, 494 aequalis aequalis, 344, 350, 4452 (map), 454, 494, 497, 511, 514, 520, 541 (fig.) aequalis bolingert, 344, 452 (map), 458, 520, 542 (fig.) aequalis complex, 514 aequalis zdahoensis, 344, 454 (map), 520, 542 (fig.) alacris, 483, 484, 520 alaope, 474, 475, 520 alceste, 343, 454 (map), 465, 520, 542 (fig.) ampla, 438, 439, 520 arbuscula, 458, 459, 520 architis, 336, 483, 484, 520 arelate, 495, 496, 520 argia, 346, 357 (map), 394, 520, 536 (fig.) argyrotricha, 404, 405, 520 arizonella, 352, 357 (map), 359, 520 arno, 402, 404, 405, 520 astarte, 344, 350, 389, 454 (map), 456, 467, 494, 521, 542 (fig.) athene, 337, 437, 4388, 521 VOL. 116 Cerceris—Continued atramontensis, 337, 344, 350, 427, te) 459 (map), 475, 521, 542 1 austrina, 423, 424, 426, 428, 521 azteca, 345, 349, 469 (map), 521, 542 (fig. banksi, 343, 459 (map), 461, 521, 542 (fig.) belfragei, 418, 420, 521 bicornis [sic], 463, 521 bicornuta, 335, 336, 462, 463, 481, 503, 504, 512 bicornuta bicornuta, 336, 345, 349, 462, 464 (map), 465, 466, 543 (fig pioorauita fidelis, 337, 345, 349, 464 (map), 465, 521 biungulata, 505, 506, 521 blakei, 338, 346, 351, 359, 361 (map), 385, 521, 536 (fig.) blackii [sic], boharti, 345, ee 467 (map), 521, 548 (fig.) bridwelli, 346, 351, 361 (map), 375, 521, 536 (fig. butleri, 346, 361 (map), 363, 521, 536 (fig. californica, 337, 339, 401, 402, 405, 406, 411 californica arno, 347, 353, 402, 404 (map), 414, 521 californica californica, 347, 353, 401, 404 (map), 406, 412, 521, 538 (fig.) calochorti, 344, 351, 467 (map), 468, 486, 521,543 (fig.) calodera, 401, 403, 521 carrizonensis, 352 (key), 365, 366 (map), 521 catawaba, 440, 442, 521 chilopsidis, 346, 866, 366 (map), 521, 536 (fig.) chryssipe, 470, 471, 521 cincta, 411, 412, 521 cleomae; 352 (key), 366 (map), 367, 52 clymene, 470, 471, 521 clypeata, 335, 427, 469, 471, 518 clypeata clypeata, 344, 350, 427, 459, 467 (map), 469, 472, 474) 475, 491, 511, 518, 521, 543 (fig.) clypeata dakotensis, 344, 350, 470, 472, 473 (map), 521, 543 (fig.) clypeata guarina, 344, 350, 470, 473 (map), 475, 521, 544 (fig.) clypeata prominens, 344, 350, 474, 476 (map), 521, 544 (fig.) cocheet, 347, 353, 416, 417 (map), 521 cockerelli, 352, 366 (map), 367, 521 cognata, 401, 403, 521 compacta, 416, 420 compacta compacta, 348, 353, 416, Go. ok 418, 432, 521, 539 ( INDEX Cerceris—Continued compar, 440, 442, 450, 451 compar compar, 348, 354, 439, (map), 440, 445, 450, 451, 521, 541 (fig.) compar geniculata, 348, 354, 442, 444 (map), 521 compar orestes, 348, 354, 443, 444 (map), 446, 521 complanata, 398, 399, 521 completa, 347, 353, 402, 404 (map), 408, 521, 538 (fig.) conifrons, 346, 351, 367, 369 (map), 375, 399, 521, 536 (fig.) contracta, 407, 408, 421 convergens, 334, 346, 352, 364, 366, 3869 (map), 385, 387, 397, 521, 536 (fig.) cosmiocephala, 512, 513, 521 crandalli, 346, 352, 372, 374 (map), 521, 537 (fig.) crawfordi, 495, 496, 521 crotonella, 346, 351, 363, 374 (map), 521, 537 (fig.) curvicornis, 463, 464, 521 dakotensis, 472, 473, 521 denticularis, 401, 403, 521 dentifrons, 343, 350, 476 (map), 494, 521, 544 (fig.) deserta, 333, 335, 343, 350, 462, 469, 477, 479 (map), 521, 544 (fig.) dilatata, 407, 408, 411, 461 dilatata chisosensis, 347, 353, 409 (map), 522 dilatata dilatata, 347, 353, 407, 409 (map), 410, 412, 461, 522, 538 (fig.) dufourii, 463, 464, 522 echo, 367, 376, 377, 394, 467, 522 Bi Ale Raee 346, 377, 378 (map), 52 echo echo, 346, 351, 374 (map), 376, 377, 394, 467, 522, 537 (fig.) elegans, 359, 522 elegantissima, 359, 522 englehardti, 488, 489, 522 eriogoni, 384, 386, 522 esau, 488, 489, 522 eurymele, 509, 510, 522 fasciola, 500, 502, 522 femurrubrum, 334, 337, 354, 435, 436 (map), 540 (fig.) femurrubrum athene, 337, 348, 436 (map), 437, 522 femurrubrum femurrubrum, 348, 435, 436 (map), 522 feralis, 442, 443, 522 ferruginior, 401, 402, 522 fidelis, 465, 466, 522 finitima, 335, 336, 359, 378, 379 finitima citrina, 347, 352, 380, 381 (map), 522 finitima finitima, 347, 352, 360, 378 (map), 382, 385, 522, 537 (fig.) finitima var. nigroris, 378, 379, 522 563 Cerceris—Continued finitima vierecki, 347, 352, 381 (map), 382, 522 firma, 515, 517, 522 flavofasciata, 337, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424 flavofasciata flavofasciata, 348, aoe 420, 422 (map), 522, 539 (fig. flavofasciata floridensis, 348, 353, 422 (map), 423, 426, 430, 431, 522 floridensis, 423, 424 frontata, 333, 480, 481, 482 frontata frontata, 337, 345, 350, 479 (map), 480, 482, 483, 522, 544 (fig.) frontata raui, 335, 345, 350, 481, 482, 483 (map), 522 fugatrix, 456, 506, 508, 522 fulvipediculata, 477, 522 fulvipes, 477, 479, 522 fumipennis, 333, 335, 336, 337, 347, 349, 401, 410, 412 (map), 421, 522, 539 (fig.) garciano, 401, 403, 522 geniculata, 442, 443, 522 gnara, 515, 517,522 gnarina, 473, 474, 522 grandis, 402, 405, 414, 415 grandis grandis, 347, 353, 412 (map), 414, 522, 539 (fig.) grandis percna, 347, 412 (map), 416, 522 halone, 336, 338, 343, 350, 483 (map), 504, 522, 545 (fig.) hesperina, 370, 371, 522 huachuca, 355, 356, 522 illota, 401, 403, 522 imitator, 469, 471, 522 imitatoria, 470, 471, 522 insolita, 445, 446, 447 insolita albida, 349, 354, 447, 448 (map), 522 insolita atrafemori, 349, 354, 448 (map), 522, 541 (fig.) insolita insolita, 349, 354, 444 (map), 445, 447, 448, 522 interjecta, 401, 403, 522 intractibilis, 445, 447, 522 irene, 346, 381 (map), 383, 394, 522, 537 (fig.) isolde, 401, 403, 522 jacunda [sic], 440, 522 jucunda, 440, 522 jucunda carolina, 440, 442, 522 kennicottii, 384, 397 kennicottii beali, 346, 352, 385, 386 (map), 522 kennicottii kennicottii, 346, 352, 360, 384, 386 (map), 387, 397, 523, 537 (fig.) krombeint, 346, 352, 388, 389 (map), 467, 523, 537 (fig.) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Cerceris—Continued macrosticta, 334, 337, 348, 354, ae 438, 439 (map), 441 (fig.), 3 macswaini, 344, 351, 483 (map), 485, 523, 545 (fig.) mandibularis, 336, 347, 422 (map), 425, 523, 540 (fig.) maximiliani, 407, 408, 523 melanthe, 345, 486, 487 (map), 499, 5238, 545 (fig.) mexicana, 338, 523 mimica, 345, 349, 487 (map), 488, 517, 523, 545 (fig.) minax, 355, 356, 523 minima [sic], 488, 523 morata, 344, 350, 487 (map), 489, 517, 518, 523, 545 (fig.) munda, 497, 523 nasica, 489, 491, 523 natallenus, 420, 421, 523 neahminaz, 346, 364, 389 (map), 390, 523, 537 (fig.) nebrascensis, 344, 491, 492 (map), 519, 523, 545 (fig.) nigrescens, 334, 335, 336, 492, 493, 494, 501 nigrescens arelate, 343, 350, 457, 4965, 496 (map), 523, 546 (fig.) nigrescens munda, 343, 350, 494, 497 (map), 523, 546 (fig.) nigrescens nigrescens, 343, 351, 492 ae), 498, 496, 497, 523, 546 ivan 495, 496, 523 nigroris, 377 nitida, 345, 350, 497 (map), 498, 523, 546 (fig.) notatus fulvipennis, 422 novomexicana, 500, 502, 523 occidentalis, 480, 481, 482, 523 occipitomaculata, 348, 350, 600, 501 (map), 523, 546 (fig.) olymponis, 407, 408, 423 orestes, 444, 445, 523 orphne, 505, 506, 523 platyrhina, 517, 518, 523 pleuralis, 426, 428, 523 poculum, 346, 389 (map), 390, 523, 538 (fig.) populorum, 401, 403, 523 posticata, 350, 502, 503, 523 prominens, 474, 475, 523 psamathe, 452, 453, 523 pudorosa, 370, 371, 523 raui, 335, 482, 483, 523 rhois, 350, 503, 523 rinconis, 370, 371, 523 robe tgont, 336, 337, 416, 426, 428, 43 robertsonii bifidus, 348, 428 (map), 523, 540 (fig.) robertsonii emmiltosus, 348, 428 (map), 429, 430, 431, 523 robertsonii miltosus, 348, 353, 429, 430 (map), 431, 523 VOL. 116 Cerceris—Continued robertsonii robertsonii, 348, 354, 424, 426, 428 (map), 523, 540 (fig.) rufa, "348, 354, 448 cmap); 449, 523 rufinoda, 336, 367, 392 , 394 rufinoda crucis, 346, 367, 376, 393 (map), 395, 523 rufinoda group, 358 rufinoda rufinoda, 346, 351, 367, 376, 377, 383, 392, 393 (map), 395, 523, 538 (fig.) rufinoda-echo group, 366 Te ae 353, 424, 430 (map), 540 g. rybyensis, 354 salome, 483, 484 sandiegensis, 348, 353, 430 (map), 32 sayi, 506, 508 semiatra, 407, 408 seminigra, 459 serripes, 336, 463, 503 sexta, 333, 348, 350, 501 (map), 502, 503, 605, 508, 546 (fig.) sextoides, 509, 510 shermani, 483, 484 snowi, 370 solidaginis, 418, 420 squamulifera, 348, 430 (map), 433, 540 (fig.) stevensi, 506, 508 stigmosalis, 3438, 351, 456, 501 (map), 506, 546 (fig.) tepaneca, 343, 350, 509, 510 (map), 547 (fig.) texana, 343, 510 (map), 611, 547 (fig.) texensis, 480, 481 thione, 435, 436 tolteca, 345, 349, 446, 510 (map), 612, 547 (fig.) townsendi, 420 truncata, 334, 337, 345, 351, 396, 397 (map), 538 (fig.) unicincta, 411 vanduzeei, 398 vanduzeei eburnea, 345, 397 (map), 3899 vanduzeei vanduzeei, 345, 397 (map), 398, 400, 538 (fig.) varians, 344, 614, 515 (map), 547 (fig.) venator, 463, 466 verticalis, 344, 349, 515 (map), 547 (fig.) vicina, 344, 350, 515 (map), 417, 547 (fig.) vicinoides, 452, 453 vierecki, 382 wyomingensis, 343, 492, 515 (map), 519, 547 (fig.) zelica, 348, 354, 442, 446, 450, 452 (map), 541 (fig.) zobeide, 470, 471 zosma, 470, 471 INDEX 565 Cerceris, Review of the genus, in Amer-| Chrysobothris—Continued ica north of Mexico (Hyme- noptera: Sphecidae), 333-548 Cercidium texanus, 403 Cercocarpus montanus, 250 cervinus, Corydoras, 123, 124 Cetorhinidae, 84 (table), 94 (table) Cetorhinus, 84 (table), 94 (table) maximus, 74, 84 (table) Chaenactis sp., 403 Chaerophyllum tointurieri, 386 Chalceus, 135 Chalepus dorsalis, 471 Chamaocrista fasciculata, 386, 395 Characid Fishes, Osteology and rela- tionships of South American, of subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae with special refer- ence to subtribe Nannostomina, 127-170 Characidae, 127, 128, 134, 135, 154 Characidium, 131, 132, 133, 143, 144 Characinae, 128, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 154, 155, 156 Characininae, 135 Charax, 134, 135 Charaxodon, 134 Cheatoenema pulicaria, 336, 379 Chernoth americanus, 420 chilopsidis, Cerceris, 346, 365, 366 (map), 521, 536 (fig.) linearis, 371, 403, 409 saligna, 366, 371 Chilopsis sp., 376 Chiloscyllium, 85 (table), 94 (table) griseum, 85 (table) indicum, 85 (table) Chiloscyllium sp., 85 (table) sare Sphaerocera, 231 (fig.), 239, 24 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 229 Chinquapin sp., 413 chironectes, Antennarius, 174, 175 chisosensis, Cerceris dilatata, 347, 353, 409 (map), 522 Chlamisus, 335, 413 plicata, 337, 422 Chlamisus sp., 337, 422 Chlamydoselachidae, 83 (table) Chlamydoselachoidea, 94 (table) Chlamydoselachus, 83 (table), 94 (table) anguineus, 80, 83 (table) Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 471 Chrysemys picta, 315 Chrysididae, 484 Chrysobothris azurea, 413 blanchardi, 413 deleta, 403 dentipes, 413 femorata, 337, 403, 413 floricola, 335, 413 lesueuri, 413 lucana, 403 (table), 94 purpureovittata, 413 quadriimpressa, 335, 413 sexsignata, 413 verdigripennis, 413 Chrysomelidae, 334, 335, 379, 416, 420 chrysopteris, Eulia, 194 Proeulia, 184, 185, 194 Tortrix, 194 Chrysothamnus leucanthemum, 495 nauseosus, 250 nauseosus consimilis, 510 viscidiflorus, 510 viscidiflorus sp. typicus, 495, 498 Chrysothamnus sp., 369, 371, a7. 400, 403, 465, 495, 498, 515 chryssipe, Cerceris, 470, 471, 521 See 386, 413, 420, 442, 471, 5 Cicuta sp., 386, 471 cineta, Cerceris, 411, 412, 521 Cinyra gracilipes, 413 circutaefolium, Sium, 395 cirratum, Ginglymostoma, 85 (table) Cirsium lanceolatum, 495 Cirsium sp., 495, 517 Cissus trifoliata, 371, 409, 437 citrina, Cerceris finitima, 347, 352, 380, 381 (map), 522 citriodora, Monarda, 379, 413 Clarke, J. F. Gates, Neotropical Micro- lepidoptera, VI: Genera Orsotri- cha Meyrick and Palinorsa Mey- rick (Gelechiidae, Oecophoridae), 197-204 clathratus, Bassareus, 337, 422 claudei, Bathystorreus, 15 Benthocometes, 3, 15 Oligopus, 4, 5, 6, 15, 22 (table) cleomae, pce, 352 (key), 366 (map), , 52 Cleome jonesii, 445 lutea, 371, 403, 495 serrulata, 379, 469, 495, 508, 519, 520 Cleome sp., 437, 495 Cleomella sp., 371, 400 Cleonus pulvereus, 337, 482 clymene, Cerceris, 470, 471, 521 oly neat re carte 335, 427, 469, 471, 51 Cerceris clypeata, 344, 350, 427, 459, 467 (map), 469, 472, 474, 475, 491, 511, 518, 521, 543 (fig.) cneca, Proeulia, 185, 193 Cnemidophorus, 257, 290, 291 (table), 321 burti, 290, 291, (table) exsanguis, 290, 291 (table), 293 gularis, 290 inornatus, 290, 291 (table), 293, 321 octolineatus, 290 perplexus, 290, 291 (table) sacki, 290 sexlineatus, 291 “Ssexlineatus” group, 290 566 Cnemidophorus—Continued sexlineatus perplexus, 290 stictogrammus, 291 tessellatus, 293, 315 tigris, 293, 314 velox, 251; = 255, 256." (fig:),---257 (table), 258 (fig.), 259, 277 (table), 278, 281, 290, 291 (table), 292 (table), 316 (table), 317, 320, 321 Cnephasia, 183 tenontias, 192 coccineohirta, Dasymutilla, 337 coccineus, Antennarius, 174, 175 cochisi, Cerceris, 347, 3538, 416, 417 (map), 521 cochui, Corydoras, 115 cockerelli, Cerceris, 352, 366 (map), 367, 521 coelolepis, Centroscymnus, 91 (table) cognata, Cerceria, 401, 403, 521 cognatus, Bufo, 315 Cohen, Daniel M., A review of the ophidioid fish genus Oligopus with the description of a new species from West Africa, 1-22 Colaspis brunnea, 420 collaris, Crotaphytus, 250, 254, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 275, 276, 277 (table), 281, 311, 312, 316 (table), 317, 320 Crotaphytus collaris, 275, 276 coloradensis, Hemerobius, 215 Kimminsia, 215, 220 Colubbrina texensis, 404, 442 communis, Pyrus, 551 compacta, Cerceris, 416, 420 Cerceris compacta, 348, 353, 416, 417 (map), 418, 432, 521, 539 (fig.) compar, Cerceris, 440, 442, 450, 451 Cerceris compar, 348, 354, 439 (map), 440, 445, 450, 451, 521, 541 (fig.) complanata, Cerceris, 398, 399, 521 completa, Cerceris, 347, 353, 402, 404 (map), 405, 521, 538 (fig.) comuti, Asclepias, 471 conecavus, Lixus, 335 concolor, Crotalus viridis, 313, 320 Condalia, 417 lycioides, 409, 417, 418 obtusifolia, 404, 489 Condalia sp., 371, 404 confertifolia, Airiplex, 250 confusa, Limnobaris, 338, 361 confusus, Tanymecus, 471 conifrons, Cerceris, 346, 351, 367, 369 (map), 375, 399, 521, 536 (fig.) Conium maculatum, 495 conjunctus, Hemerobius, 214 Conoporoderma, 78, 86 (table), (table) marleyi, 86 (table) 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Conotrachelus naso, 337, 459 nenuphar, 459 neocrataege, 335 posticatus, 335, 337, 459, 479 Conotrachelus sp., 413 Cone Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 10 consobrinus, Scoloporus undulatus, 279, 282 constricta, Kimminsia, 215, 217, 220 consularis, Buprestis, 413 Dicerca nuttalli var., 413 contracta, Cerceris, 407, 408, 521 convergens, Cerceris, 334, 346, 352, 364, 366, 369 (map), 385, 387, 397, 521, 536 (fig.) cookei, Echinorhinus, 81, 93 (table) copallina, Rhus, 413, 420 Copeina, 132, 135, 187, 150 guttata, 129 Copella, 132, 137, 143, 150 nattereri, 129 Copromyza, 226 equina, 226 sordida, 226 coquilletti, Aemaeodera, 403 coronarius, Philadelphus, 495 coronata, Sphaerocera, 224 Corydoras, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123 acutus, 123 cervinus, 123, 124 cochui, 115 fowleri, 115, 116, 119 (fig.), 120 (fig.), 123, 124, 126 (table) pastazensis, 123, 124 semiaquilus, 115, 116, 121, 122 (fig.), 123 (fig.), 126 (table) septentrionalis, 123 treitlii, 115, 116, 117 (fig.), 118 (fig.), 120, 121, 123, 124, 126 (table) Corydoras, One new species and two redescriptions of catfishes of the South American callichthyid genus, 115-126 coryliella, Hyale, 49, 50 Corylus americana, 50 corymbosum, Vaccinium, 32 Corynopoma, 131, 134 Coryphaena velifera, 5 cosmiocephala, Cerceris, 512, 513, 521 costalis, Brauerobius, 215 Hemerobius, 215 cotula, Anthemis, 495 coyote melon, 438 crambitella, Stenoma, 28, 29, 44, 45, 58 (map), 64 (fig.), 70 (fig.) Crambus sp., 44 crandalli, Cerceris, 346, 352, 372, 374 (map), 521, 537 (fig.) crassispina, Echinophryne, 173 Crataegus spp., 551 crawfordi, Cerceris, 495, 496, 521 crenata, Sphaerocera, 224 crenulata, Pyracantha, 32 crepidater, Centroscymnus, 91 (table) INDEX crocea, Rhamnus, 404 Crotalus adamanteus atrox, 311 atrox, 250, 254, 256 (fig.), 299 (table), 311, 313, 316 (table), 317, 319, 320 molossus, 251, 255, 312, 316 (table), 320 molossus molossus, 312 viridis, 250, 252, 254, 256 (fig.), 299 (table), 307, 309, 312, 313, 316 (table), 317, 320 viridis concolor, 313, 320 viridis nuntius, 372, 320 viridis viridis, 312, 320 Crotaphytus baileyi, 275 collaris, 250, 254, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 275, 276, 277 (table), 281, 311, 312, 316 (table), 317, 320 collaris auriceps, 275, 276, 321 collaris baileyi, 275 collaris collaris, 275, 276 wislizeni, 314 Croton, 405, 461 californicus, 363, 371, 379, 399, 404, 432, 438, 495, 510 lindheimeri, 420 neomexicanum, 375, 376, 396 Croton sp., 404, 409, 437, 445, 449 crotonella, Cerceris, 346, 351, 3638, 374 (map), 521, 537 (fig.) crucis, Cerceris rufinoda, 346, 367, 376, 393 (map), 395, 523 cryptacanthus, Antennarius, 177 Golem, 174 Cryptocephalus guttulatus, 337, 422 mutabilis, 337, 422 notatus, 336, 422, 428 notatus fulvipennis, 422 quadrimaculatus, 337, 422 Cryptocephalus sp., 337, 422 Cryptolechia algidella, 32, 33 humilis, 37, 38 leucillana, 32, 33, 34 lithosina, 31, 32 nebeculosa, 37, 38 schlaegeri, 29 vestalis, 42 Cryptolechiidae, 26 Cryptophasidae, 26 Ctenolucius, 135 cubensis, Squalus, 91 (table) cultellatus, Calendra, 465 cunninghami, Triantennatus, 173 cuprescens, Swammerdamia, 549, 550, 552, 553 Curculio affinis, 484 iowensis, 484 nasicus, 336, 338, 484 rectus, 484 Curculionidae, 335, 336 curiata, Stenoma, 98, 101, 102 Curimatidi, 136 curviceps, Sphaerocera, 224 curvicornis, Cerceris, 463, 464, 521 567 Cuscuta sp., 483 cuspidatum, Polygonum, 472 cuvieri, Galeocerdo, 88 (table) Cyanotis, 361 cymbalarioides, Senecio, 495 Cypriniformes, 154 Cyrilla racemiflora, 413 cyrtopsis, Thamnophis, 297, 320 dakotensis, Cerceris, 472, 473, 521 Cerceris clypeata, 344, 350, 470, 472, 473 (map), 521, 543 (fig.) Dalatias, 92 (table), 95 (table) licha, 92 (table) Dalatiidae, 79, 92 (table), 93 (table), 95 (table) Dalea emoryi, 404 schottii, 404 Dasymutilla coccineohirta, 337 nigripes, 337 dasypogon, Eucrossorhinus, 85 (table) Daucus carota, 356, 369, 379, 386, 395, 400, 404, 413, 420, 459, 465, 472, 495, 510, 517 Deania, 91 (table), 95 (table) calcea, 91 (table) elegans, 91 (table) decorasella [sic], Stenoma, 35 decorella [sic], Stenoma, 35 decorosella, Antaeotricha, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 56 (map), 62 (fig.), 67 (fig.) Brachyloma, 35 delaisi, Antennarius (Triantennatus), 177 deleta, Chrysobothris, 403 delumbis, Hyperodes, 336, 494 dentata, Castanea, 553 denticularis, Cerceris, 401, 403, 521 denticulata, Borborus, 224 dentifrons, Cerceris, 343, 350, 476 (map), 494, 521, 544 (fig.) dentipes, Chrysobothris, 413 deppeana, Juniperus, 251 Derelomus basalis, 338, 361 deserta, Cerceris, 333, 335, 343, 350, 462, 469, 477, 479 (map), 521, 544 (fig.) deserticola, Pituophis melanoleucus, 309 Desmanthus illinoensis, 465 Diadophis, 301, 302, 305, 320 dugesi, 301, 320, 321 punctatus, 251, 253, 259, 299 (table), 301, 303 (table), 304 (fig.), 305, 314, 316 (table), 317, 320, 321 punctatus arnyi, 301, 302, 304, 305, 307, 320 punctatus docilis, 301 punctatus dugesi, 302, 305, 307, 320, 321 punctatus regalis, 300, 307, 320, 321 regalis, 301, 320 regalis blanchardi, 301 regalis laetus, 300, 301 regalis regalis, 300, 301 568 diagrammus, Eutyx, 2, 13 Oligopus, 5, 6, 13, 20 (table), 21 (table) Dicerea americana, 413 caudata, 413 divaricata, 413 lurida, 337, 413 nuttalli var. consularis, 413 obscura, 413 punctulata, 335, 413 spreta, 413 tuberculata, 413 Dichro phyllum, 379 didyma, Monarda, 472 digrammus, Nannostomus, 130 dilatata, Cerceris, 407, 408, 411, 461 Cerceris dilatata, 347, 353, 407, 409 aa 410, 412, 461, 522, 538 fig.) dilatatus, Pachybrachis, 336, 428 Diplacanthopoma, 4 brachysoma, 4 brunnea, 4 Dipodomys ordi, 278 discolor, Holodiscus, 495 disjuncta, Hemerobius, 215 Kimminsia, 215, 220 dissecta, Sphaerocera, 240 (key) Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 236 distinctus, Sympherobius, 206 Dithyrea wislizeni, 404 divaricata, Dicerca, 413 divaricatus, Helianthus, 472 docilis, Diadophis punctatus, 301 dohrni, Acmaeodera, 403 doliata, Lampropeltis, 314 dolorosa, Acmaeodera, 403 domestica, Prunus, 551 Dondia nigra, 437 Donellsmithia hintonii, 514 dorehensis, Antennarius, 174 dorsalis, Chalepus, 471 Thamnophis, 250, 297, 298, 316 (table) Thamnophis dorsalis, 297 dorsarus, Hemerobius, 215 douglasii, Baccharis, 371 Phrynosoma, 251, 252, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 281, 300, 309, 316 (table), 317, 319 drombus, Antennarius, 174, 175, 182 drummondii, Sapindus, 465 Duckworth, W. Donald, Neotropical Microlepidoptera, IV: A new ge- nus of Stenomidae with descrip- tions of four new species (Lepi- doptera: Gelechioidea), 97-114 North American Moths of the Genus Swammerdamia (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), 549-556 North American Stenomidae (Lepid- optera: Gelechioidea), 23-72 duescus, Abantennarius, 173 dufourii, Cerceris, 463, 464, 522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 dugesi, Diadophis, 301, 320, 321 Diadophis punctatus, 302, 305, 307, 320, 321 dura, Sphaerocera, 224 Durrantia, 43 eburnea, Cerceris vanduzeei, 345, 397 (map), 399 Echinophryne, 173 crassispina, 173 glauerti, 173 EKchinorhinidae, 93 (table), 95 (table) Kchinorhinus, 93 (table), 95 (table) brucus, 81, 93 (table) cookei, 81, 93 (table) echo, aS 367, 376, 377, 394, 467, 52 Cerceris echo, 346, 351, 373 (map), 876, 377, 394, 467, 522, 537 (fig.) ecuadoria, Sphaerocera, 225, 226, 227 (fig.), 228, 230, 232, 234, 240 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 226, 241 edulus, Pinus, 250 edwardsi, Haploblepharus, 85 (table) elaeagnifolium, Solanum, 404, 420 Elaphe elegans, 314 elatum, Eriogonum, 371, 400, 404 elegan, Solan, 372 elegans, Arizona, 314 Cerceris, 359, 522 Deania, 91 (table) Elaphe, 314 Eucerceris, 369 Thamnophis, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256 (fig.), 281, 298, 299 (table), 309, 316 (table), 317, 319 elegantissima, Cerceris, 359, 522 Eleodes sp., 272, 275 eliagophylla, Kuhnistera mum), 469 elongaius, Hemipristis, 88 (table) elongata, Solidago, 495 elongatum, Erigeron, 465 elongatus, Sceloporus undulatus, 279, 280 (table), 281, 282 eltonia, Sabal, 361 emmiltosus, Cerceris robertsonii, 348, 428 (map), 429, 4380, 4381, 523 emory, Hyptis, 486 emoryi, Baccharis, 371, 510 Dalea, 404 Hyptis, 404 encelioides, Verbesina, 366, 404, 440 engelmanni, Picea, 252 englehardti, Cerceris, 488, 489, 522 Enpatorium sp., 386 Epilobium angustifolium, 495 epipleurotus, Eumeces nultivirgatus, 294, 295, 296 eques, Poecilobrycon, 130, 131, 141, 144 Thamnophis, 297 equina, Copromyza, 226 Erechtites hieracifolia, 472 erecta, Boerhaavia, 356 Eremocarpus setigerus, 438, 510 (Petaloste- INDEX ericoides, Aster, 471 Eridacnis, 86 (table), 94 (table) radcliffei, 86 (table) Erigeron canadensis, 409 elongatum, 465 linifolius, 381 quercifolius, 361, 379, 413 eriogoni, Cerceris, 384, 386, 522 Eriogonum, 356, 371, 381, 386, 453 albertianum neomexicanum, 383, 405, 437 annuum, 519, 520 elatum, 371, 400, 404 fasciculatum, 371, 399, 404, 438, 495, 498, 511 fasciculatum var. polifolium, 356, 371, 483, 495 gracile, 371, 381 inflatum, 363, 371, 404 nudum, 495, 498 ovalifolium, 495 thomasii, 437, 482 tomentosum, 361 umbellatum, 502 Eriogonum sp., 371, 400, 404, 409, 437, 440, 465, 466, 482, 489, 495, 51 erosa, Asclepias, 403 Erythrina, 131 Erythrinidae, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138 Erythrinidi, 133, 136 Erythrininae, 128, 1381, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 153, 156 erythrinoides, Piabucina, 130, 149, 155 Erythrinus, 131, 133, 134, 137, 139, 140, 142, 145, 152, 154 erythrinus, 129, 155 erythrinus, Erythrinus, 129, 155 Erythroides, 133 esau, Cerceris, 488, 489, 522 Esomus, 135 espei, Nannostomus, 130, 152, 153 Etmopterus, 75, 81, 91 (table), (table), 95 (table) baxteri, 92 (table) bullisi, 92 (table) frontimaculatus, 92 (table) lucifer, 92 (table) polli, 91 (table) princeps, 92 (table) pusillus, 92 (table) schultzi, 91 (table) spinax, 78, 79, 81, 91 (table), 96 (table) virens, 91 (table) Eucerceris, 333 elegans, 369 Eucrossorhinus, 85 (table), 94 (table) dasypogon, 85 (table) Eulia, 183 auraria, 186 chrysopteris, 194 tenontias, 192 92 569 Kumeces, 257 fasciatus, 294 gaigeae, 294 multivirgatus, 251, 252, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 277 (table), 294, 295 (fig.), 316 (table), 318, 320 multivirgatus epipleurotus, 294, 295, 296 multivirgatus gaigeae, 320 multivirgatus multivirgatus, 294 multivirgatus taylori, 294, 296 obsoletus, 250, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 \table), 276, 296, 316 (table), 320 taylori, 294 Kupagoderes sp., 337, 466, 482 Eupatorium, 447 serotinum, 377, 440, 459 Eupatorium sp., 479 Euphorbia albomarginata, 381 bicolor, 386 marginata, 359, 386, 395, 420, 465, 472, 483 Euphorbia sp., 395, 396 Euprotomicrus, 92 (table), 95 (table) bispinatus, 78, 92 (table) eurymele, Cerceris, 509, 510, 522 Eurymetopon rufipes, 337, 438 Euthamia graminifolia, 472 Kutyx, 2, 5 diagrammus, 2, 13 tumidirostris, 4 exauriculata, Verbesina encelioides, 404 exigua, Salix, 495 eximia, Hyla, 315 exsanguis, Cnemidophorus, (table), 293 290, 291 fabrisii, Centroscyllium, 91 (table) faleiformis, Carcharhinus, 87 (table) faleozi, Sphaerocera, 224 Fallugia, 452 paradoxa, 254 fasciata, Buprestis, 413 fasciatum, Tegostoma, 85 (table) fasciatus, Eumeces, 294 fasciculata, Chamaocrista, 386, 395 fasciculatum, Eriogonum, 371, 399, 404, 438, 495, 498, 511 Harmizonia, 356 fasciola, Cerceris, 500, 502, 522 femorata, Chrysobothris, 337, 403, 413 femurrubrum, Cerceris, 334, 337, 354, 435, 436 (map), 540 (fig.) Cerceris femurrubrum, 348, 436, 436 (map), 522 fendleri, Ceanothus, 453, 495 fenyesi, Acmaeodera, 403 feralis, Cerceris, 442, 443, 522 fernaldella, Setiostoma, 27, 29, 46, 59 (map), 65 (fig.), ferruginior, Cerceris, 401, 402, 522 festae, Piabucina, 130, 149, 155 570 fidelis, Cerceris, 465, 466, 522 Cerceris bicornuta, 337, 345, 349, 464 (map), 465, 521 filamentosa, Pyrrhulina, 130 filamentosus, Rhycherus, 173 finitima, Cerceris, 335, 336, 359, 378, 379 Cerceris finitima, 347, 352, 360, 378 (map), 382, 385, 522, 537 (fig.) firma, Cerceris, 515, 517, 522 flagellum, Masticophis, 250, 254, 307, 316 (table), 317, 320 flava, Sphaerocera, 224 flaviceps, Sphaerocera, 223, 224 flavicota. Sphaerocera, 223, 224, 238, 3 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 238 flavofasciata, Cerceris, 337, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424 Cerceris flavofasciata, 348, 354, 420, 422 (map), 522, 539 (fig.) flavus, Perognathus, 300 fiexicaule, Pitheoellobium, 41 floricola, Chrysobothris, 335, 413 floridana, Graphops, 338, 361 floridensis, Amobia, 337 Cerceris, 423, 424 Cerceris flavofasciata, 348, 353, 422 (map), 423, 426, 430, 431, 522 fluminata, Mothonica, 48 Foeniculum vulgare, 356, 511 fowleri, Corydoras, 115, 116, 179 (fig.), 120 (fig.), 123, 124, 126 (table) Fowlerichthys, subgenus, 174, 177 francisci, Heterodontus, 83 (table) Frogfishes, Three new species of, from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with notes on other species (Family Antennariidae), 171-182 frontata, Cerceris, 333, 480, 481, 482 frontata, Cerceris frontata, 337, 345, 350, 479 (map), 480, 482, 483, 522, 544 (fig.) frontimaculatus, Etmopterus, 92 (table) fruticosa, Amorpha, 502 fugatrix, Cerceris, 456, 506, 508, 522 fulvipediculata, Cerceris, 477, 522 fulvipennis, Cerceris notatus, 422 Cryptocephalus notatus, 422 fulvipes, Cerceris, 477, 479, 522 fumata, Kimminsia, 215, 217, 220 fumipennis, Cerceris, 333, 335, 336, 337, 347, 349, 401, 410, 412 (map), 421, 522, 539 (fig.) furcata, Antaeotricha, 27, 29, 36, 56 (map), 62 (fig.), 67 (fig.) Boriomyia, 219 Kimminsia, 219, 220 Stenoma, 36 fusca, Lethata, 99, 101, 103, 110 (fig.), 113 \ fig.) fuscorectangulata, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 41, 58 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) fuscus, Bythites, 4 Gadopsis, 2, 5 ater, 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 gaigeae, Eumeces, 294 Eumeces multivirgatus, 320 Gaillardia amblyodon, 371, 384, 387 galapagensis, Sphaerocera, 224, 239 galeatus, Heterodontus, 83 (table) Galeocerdo, 88 (table), 95 (table) cuvieri, 88 (table) Galeoidea, 78, 94 (table), 95 (table) Galeorhinus, 88 (table), 95 (table) galeus, 88 (table) japonicus, 88 (table) Galeus, 85 (table), 94 (table) arae, 85 (table) galeus, Galeorhinus, 88 (table) gallica, Tamarix, 366, 372, 386, 418, 420, 488, 447, 465, 466, 486 gambeli, Quercus, 251 garciano, Cerceris, 401, 403, 522 garmani, Scyliorhinus, 86 (table) Garrick, J. A. F.—see Springer, Victor G. Gehlbach, Frederick R., Herpetology of the Zuni Mountains Region, northwestern New Mexico, 243- 332 Gelechia liturella, 49, 50 Gelechiidae, 25, 197 Gelechioidea, 23, 97 gemina, Acmaeodera, 403 geniculata, Cerceris, 442, 443, 522 Cerceris compar, 348, 354, 442, 444 (map), 521 Ginglymostoma, 85 (table), 94 (table) cirratum, 85 (table) glaber, Lotus, 453 glabra, Rhus, 447, 472, 484, 503 glauca, Prionace, 75, 78, 88 (table) Yucea, 250 glaucopa, Lethata, 99, 104, 110 (fig.), Lit Gig.) . Lis fig.) Stenoma, 104 glaucus, Isurus, 84 (table) glauerti, Echinophryne, 173 glutinosa, Baccharis, 363, 366, 382, 403, 405, 409, 410, 417, 418, 437, 438, 440, 482, 486, 489 Glyphipterygidae, 24, 25 Gnaphalium beneolens, 372, 438 Gnaphalium sp., 372, 467 gnara, Cerceris, 515, 517, 522 gnarina, Cerceris, 473, 474, 522 Cerceris clypeata, 344, 350, 470, 473 (map), 475, 521, 544 (fig.) Golem, 174, 177 eryptacanthus, 174 Gonioterma, 98 gracile, Eriogonum, 371, 381 Thelesperma, 377, 380, 395 gracilipes, Cinyra, 413 gracilis, Bouteloua, 250 Sceloporus graciosus, 283 graciosus, Sceloporus, 250, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 280 (table), 281, 282, 283, 287, 293, 316 (table), 317, 319, 320 Sceloporus graciosus, 282 INDEX grahamiae, Salvadora, 251, 276, (table), 320 Salvadora grahamiae, 308 graminifolia, Euthamia, 472 Grammonoides, 3, 4 opisthodon, 4 Grammonus, 2, 5 armatus, 6 ater, 6 leucoi, 6 mowbrayi, 15, 17 robustus, 10 grandis, Cerceris, 402, 405, 414, 415 Cerceris grandis, 347, 353, 412 (map), 414, 522, 539 (fig.) Graphops floridana, 338, 361 greggii, Acacia, 371, 403, 417, 418 Grindelia squarrosa, 379, 495 Grindelia sp., 404, 4 griseiceps, Proeulia, 184 griseocapitella, 552 griseum, Chiloscyllium, 85 (table) Hexanchus, 83 (table) gruveli, Paragaleus, 80, 89 (table) gularis, Cnemidophorus, 290 gunnisonii, Calochortus, 469 Gutierrezia sarothrae, 250, 372, 511 Gutierrezia sp., 437 guttata, Copeina, 129 guttula, Sphaerocera, 237 (fig.), 239 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 236 guttulatus, Cryptocephalus, 337, 422 Gymnetron antirrhini, 336, 494 Gymnetron sp., 336 haesitans, Aedemoses, 40 Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 40, 42, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 69 (fig.) Halaelurus, 75, 86 (table), 94 (table) vincenti, 86 (table) halicacabum, Cardiospermum, 465 halone, Cerceris, 336, 338, 343, 350, 483 (map), 504, 522, 545 (fig.) hammondi, Secaphiopus, 251, 254, 256 (fig.), 266, 268, (table), 270, 320 Sceloporus, 297, 316 (table) Haploblepharus, 85 (table), 94 (table) edwardsi, 85 (table) Haplopappus hartwegii, 364, 437 Harmizonia fasciculatum, 356 Harpalyce albella, 43 canusella, 37, 38 tortricella, 31, 32 harrisoni, Poecilobrycon, 129, 130, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 147, 151, 160 (fig.), 161 (fig.), 162 (fig.), 163 (fig.), 164 (fig.), 165 (fig.), 166 fie}, 167 (fg.), 168 4fg.), 189 farttee ‘Ha eplopappus, 364, 4387 hawaiiensis, Cataetyx, 4 Hedychrum violaceum, 336, 338, 484 helerophylla, Isocoma, 404 Helianthus, 356 annuus, 366, 372, 387, 420 divaricatus, 472 316] Helianthus—Continued petiolaris, 502 pumilus, 379 tuberosa, 386 Helianthus sp., 369, 372, 395, 396, 400 404, 428, 437, 466, 498 Hemerobiidae, 205, 206 Hemerobiidae of western North America, Contributions to the knowledge of the, 205-222 Hemerobiinae, 206 Hemerobius, 212 alpestris, 212 angulatus, 211 angustus, 207 barberi, 209 bistrigatus, 214 coloradensis, 215 Hemerobius conjunctus, 214 costalis, 215 disjuncta, 215 dorsatus, 215 humulinus, 212 kokaneeanus, 214 longifrons, 221 neadelphus, 212 nigrans, 212 ovalis, 213 pacificus, 212, 213 perparvus, 209 posticus, 212 schwarzi, 216 simulans, 213 species, 214 stigma, 213, 214 stigmaterus, 213 subanticus, 211 Hemidontinae, 132 Hemigaleus macrostoma, 89 (table) microstoma, 89 (table) Hemiodontidae, 132, 134, 143 Hemiodontidi, 136 Hemiodontinae, 132, 133, 135 Hemiodus, 132, 133, 156 Hemipristis, 88 (table), 95 (table) elongaius, 88 (table) Hemiscyllium, 75, 85 (table), 94 (table) ocellatum, 85 (table) Hemiscyllium sp., 85 (table) henlei, Triakis, 86 (table) hepburni, Acmaeodera, 403 Hepsetus, 135, 154 Heptranchias, 80, 83 (table), 94 (table) perlo, 83 (table) Heraculeum lanatum, 502 herklotsi, Apristurus, 86 (table) hernandesi, Phrynosoma douglassi, 244, 288, 320 heroldella, Lita, 552 Swammerdamia, 550, 552 (map), 554 (fig.), 555 (fig.) Herpetology of the Zuni Mountains Region, northwestern New Mex- ico, 243-332 hesperina, Cerceris, 370, 371, 522 hessitans [sic], Aedemoses, 40 ’ O72 PROCEEDINGS Heterodon nasicus, 314 Heterodontidae, 49 (table) Heterodontoidea, 78, 83 (table), (table) Heterodontus, 83 (table), 94 (table) francisci, 83 (table) galeatus, 83 (table) japonicus, 83 (table) zebra, 83 (table) a 92 (table), 95 (ta- ble marleyi, 92 (table) Hexanchidae, 83, 94 (table) Hexanchus, 80, 83 (table), 94 (table) griseum, 83 (table) hieracifolia, Erechtites, 472 higmani, Mustelus, 87 (table) Hilaria jamesi, 250 hintonii, Donellsmithia, 514 hirsuta, Bouteloua, 250 hispida, Aralia, 495 hispidula, Sitona, 336, 494 hispidus, Antennarius, 174 Histiophryne, 173 bougainvilli, 173 scortea, 173 Histrio, 174 histrio, 174 histrio, Histrio, 174 holbrooki, Scaphiopus, 267 Holbrookia maculata, 250, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 278, 282, 296, 316 (table), 318, 319, 320 maculata approximans, 278, 279, 320 94 maculata campi, 278 maculata ruthveni, 278, 279, 320 Holodiscus discolor, 495 holsteni, Acmacodera, 403 Hoplerythrinus, 134, 139, 142, 145, 146, 152 unitaeniatus, 129, 145, 155 Hoplias, 131, 133, 184, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 152, 154 malabaricus, 129, 155 horridus, Uniantennatus, 174 hortensis, Satureia, 361 huachuca, Cerceris, 355, 356, 522 humeralis, Thecesternus, 335 humilis, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 37, 39, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) Cryptolechia, 37, 38 Stenoma, 37 humulinus, Hemerobius, 2/2 Hyale coryliella, 49, 50 Hydrangea arborescens, 442, 447, 472 hydropiperoides, Polygonum, 361, 413 Hyla arenicola, 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 264, 268 (table), 269, 272, 316 (table), 318 eximia, 315 wrightorum, 315 Hyperodes delumbis, 336, 494 solutus, 494 OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Hyperodes sp., 338, 361 Ifypoprion, 87 (table), 95 (table) macloti, 87 (table) signatus, 87 (table) Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, 310 tora eas, 251, 310, 311, 316 (table), 32 torquata loreala, 310 torquata ochrorhyncha, 310 torquata texana, 310 Hyptis emory, 486 emoryi, 404 idahoensis, Cerceris aequalis, 344, 454 (map), 520, 542 (fig.) Ide lithosina, 31 osseella, 34, 35 tortricella, 31 vestalis, 42, 43 Ighuanidae, 319 Ilex verticilata, 495 ilicifolia, Quercus, 35 illinoensis, Desmanthus, 465 illota, Cerceris, 401, 403, 522 imbricata, Apuntia, 250 imitator, Cerceris, 469, 471, 522 imitatoria, Cerceris, 470, 471, 522 incana, Berteroa, 442, 471, 495 incarnata, Asclepias, 471 inconspicua, Proeulia, 185, 190 indicum, Chiloscyllium, 85 (table) indicus, Antennarius, 174, 180 (table) 182 inflatum, Eriogonum, 363, 371, 404 inornatus, Cnemidophorus, 290, 291 (table), 293, 321 insignitus, Macrocheles sp. aff., insolita, Cerceris, 445, 446, 447 Cerceris insolita, 349, 354, 444 (map), 445, 447, 448, 522 interjecta, Cerceris, 401, 403, 522 intermontanus, Scaphiopus, 250, 266, 316 (table), 317, 320, 321 interruptus, Blapstinus, 338, 361 intractibilis, Cerceris, 445, 447, 522 Inve Lethata, 99, 100, "106, 111 (fig.), 112 (fig.), 114 (fig.) Stenoma, 105 involuta, Kimminsia, 216, 220 iowensis, Curculio, 484 irene, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 36, 57 (map), 62 (fig.), 67 (fig) Cerceris, 346, 381 (map), 383, 394, 522, 537 (fig.) Stenoma, 36 Ischiolepta, subg., 224 Isistius, 92 (table), 95 (table) brasiliensis, 79, 92 (table) Isistius sp., 92 (table) Tsocoma helerophylla, 404 isodon, Aprionodon, 87 (table) isolde, Cerceris, 401, 403, 522 241 INDEX Isurus, 84 (table), 94 (table) glaucus, 84 (table) oxyrinchus, 74, 84 (table) Isurus sp., 84 (table) jacunda [sic], Cerceris, 440, 552 jamesi, Hilaria, 250 jansseni, Sphaerocera, 224 japonica, Squatina, 93 (table) japonicus, Antennarius, 174, 180 (table), 181 Galeorhinus, 88 (table) Heterodontus, 83 (table) Myxocephalus, 4 Pristiophorus, 93 (table) jeanneli, Sphaerocera, 224 Jobertina, 131 jocosa, Acmaeodera, 403 jonesii, Cleome, 445 jucunda, Cerceris, 440, 522 juliflora, Prosopis, 405, 417, 418 juncea, Bebbia, 403 Juniperus deppeana, 251 monosperma, 250 scopulorum, 251 kali, Salsola, 372 Kanazawaichthys scutatus, 177 kanekonis, Mustelus, 87 (table) kennicottii, Cerceris, 384, 397 Cerceris kennicottii, 346, 352, 360, 384, 386 (map), 387, 397, 523, 537 (fig.) kifaruensis, Sphaerocera, 224 killingtoni, Sympherobius, 209, 210 kimballi, Mothonica, 28, 29, 47, 59 (map), 65 (fig.), 70 (fig.) Kimminsia, 206, 215, 220 (key) alexanderi, 217, 218 (fig.), 220 brunnea, 216, 220 coloradensis, 215, 220 constricta, 215, 217, 220 disjuncta, 215, 220 fumata, 215, 217, 220 furcata, 219, 220 involuta, 216, 220 longipennis, 215, 220 melaleuca, 219, 220 olympica, 216 (fig.), 220 posticata, 217, 219, 220 pretiosa, 216, 217, 220 schwarzi, 216, 217, 220 subnebulosa, 220 kivuensis, Sphaerocera, 224 Kochia sp., 442 Koellia, 361 kokaneeanus, Hemerobius, 214 krombeini, Cerceris, 346, 352, 388, 389 (map), 467, 523, 537 (fig.) (Petalostemum) eliagophylla, 469 oligophylla, 379, 508 Laemolyta, 131 laetus, Diadophis regalis, 300, 301 lalandei, Rhizoprionodon, 88 (table) 782—688—65——_3 573 Lamna, 78, 84 (table), 94 (table) nasus, 74, 80, 84 (table) Lamnidae, 78, 79, 84 (table), 94 (table) Lampropeltis doliata, 314 lanatum, Heraculeum, 502 lanceolatum, Cirsium, 495 lapathifolium, Polygonum, 372, 381 Larrea tridentata, 376, 471 Larrea sp., 372 lasiocarpa, Abies, 252 latebricola, Stygnobrotula, 4, 13 laticaudus, Scoliodon, 75, 88 (table) Squaliolus, 77, 78, 93 (table) laticeps, Catactyx, 4 latifolia, Asclepias, 491 Lebiasina, 131, 133, 134, 137, 139, 147, 149 bimaculata, 130, 149, 155 multimaculata, 149 Lebiasinidi, 133, 136 Lebiasininae, 128, 133, 134, 135, 141, 147, 148, 153, 156 Lebiasinini, tribe, 128, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 149, 153, 156 Lema trilineata, 335 leonina, Proeulia, 184, 185, 193 Sciaphila, 185 Tortrix, 185 lepidogenys, Bythites, 4, 10 lepida, Sphaerocera, 234, 237 (fig.), 240 (key) Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 234 Lepidium, 359 medium, 404 fen sp., 369, 409, 437, 440, 445, 491 Lepidoptera, 23, 24, 183, 184 Leporellus, 131 Leporininae, 132 Leporinus, 131, 156 Leptocharias, 87 (table), 94 (table) smithi, 87 (table) Leptophis taenita [sic], 307 lesueuri, Chrysobothris, 413 Lethaia, a 99 (key), 100, 101, 102, 104, if are Ae 99, 100, 110 (fig.), 113 g. asthenopa, 99, 101 bovinella, 99, 100, 101, 106, 110 (fig.), 112 (fig.), 113 (fig.) buscki, 99, 102, 110 (fig.), 113 (fig.) fuses, 99, 101, 203, 110; (fig.), 113 (fig.) glaucopa, 99, 104, 110 (fig.), 111 (fig.), 113 (fig.) invigilans, 99, 100, 105, 111 (fig.), 112 (fig.), 114 (fig.) eet 99, 106, 111 (fig.), 114 g. maculata, 99, 100, 106, 111 (fig.), 112 (fig.), 114 (fig.) erate 99° 107, Til the); 194 (fig. ruba, 99, 108, 112 (fig.), 114 (fig.) o7v4 Lethata—C ontinued satyropt: OO 109% 111 vies), 114 g. trochilosticta, 99, 100, 110 (fig.), 113 (fig.) leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum, 471 Chrysothamnus, 495 Leucanthemum sp., 472 leucillana, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 32, 37, 56 (map), 61 (fig.), 66 (fig.) Cryptolechia, 32, 33, 34 Stenoma, 32 leucocephala, Metopia, 336, 337 leucoi, Grammonus, 6 leucosoma, Antennarius, 174 leucothea, Lethata, 99, 106, 111 (fig.), 114 (fig.) leucothea, Stenoma, 106 leucus, Carcharhinus, 87 (table) levicastillii, Sphaerocera, 231 (fig.), 239 (key) Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 230 lewini, Sphyrna, 89 (table) licha, Dalatias, 92 (table) lichenoides, Siredon, 263 Ligustrum sp., 420 limbatus, Carcharhinus, 87 (table) limbus, Sympherobius, 206 Limnobaris confusa, 338, 361 lindheimeri, Croton, 420 lindseyi, Antaeotricha, 27, 29, 30, 36, 55 (map), 61 (fig.) Stenoma, 30 linearis, Chilopsis, 371, 403, 409 Urosaurus ornatus, 285, 287 lineata, Buprestis, 335, 413 Salvadora grahamiae, 308 lineatulus, Masticophis flagellum, 307 linifolium, Erigeron, 381 Lipidium sp., 482 Liquidambar stylaciflua, 428 Liriodendron tulipifera, 459 Lita heroldella, 552 literatella, Palinorsa, 198, (fig.), 202 Pleurota, 197, 198, 199 lithinostomus, Antennarius, 178 Lophiocharon, 176 lithosina, Cryptolechia, 31, 32 de, 31 litura, Stenoma, 25 liturella, Gelechia, 49, 50 Lixus concavus, 335 mucidus, 482 lochites, Phrynelox, 173, 179, 180 (table) longhursti, Oligopus, 5, 6, 7, 20 (table) longifrons, Hemerobius, 221 Wesmaelius, 221 longipennis, Kimminsia, 215, 220 longipes, Sphaerocera, 224 longurio, Rhizoprionodon, 88 (table) Lophiocharon, 174, 178 asper, 178 caudimaculatus, 174, 176, 178 lithinostomus, 176 Lophiocharon, subg., 174, 178 199, 201 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 loreala, Hypsiglena torquata, 310 Lotobia, subg., 224 Lotus americanus, 495, 498 glaber, 453 Loxodon, 78, 88 (table), 95 (table) macrorhinus, 88, (table) lucana, Chrysobothris, 403 lucifer, Etmopterus, 92 (table) lurida, Dicerca, 337, 413 lutea, Cleome, 371, 403, 495 lycioides, Condalia, 409, 417, 418 Zizyphus, 356, 491 macloti, Hypoprion, 87 (table) Macrocheles sp. aff. insignitus, 241 macrodactylum, Ambystoma, 266 Macrodon, 133 macrorhinus, Loxodon, 88 (table) macrosticta, Cerceris, 334, 337, 348, 354, 436, 438, 439 (map), 523, 541 (fig.) macrostoma, Hemigaleus, 89 (table) Negogaleus, 89 (table) macswaint, Cerceris, 344, 351, (map), 485, 523, 545 (fig.) maculata, Cicuta, 386, 413, 420, 442, 471, 495 Holbrookia, 250, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 278, 282, 296, 316 (table), 318, 319, 320 Lethata, 99, 100, 106, 111 (fig.), 112 (fig.), 114 (fig.) Pseudacris triseriata, 273 maculatum, Conium, 495 maculatus, Notorhynchus, 83 (table) Orectolobus, 85 (table) maculipennis, Buprestis, 413 magister, Sceloporus, 314 maidis, Calendra, 336, 465 majus, Ammi, 413 malabaricus, Hoplias, 129, 155 malus, Pyrus, 551 Malus silvestris, 551 Malus sp., 32 manazo, Mustelus, 87 (table) mandibularis, Cerceris, 336, 347, 422 (map), 425, 523, 540 (fig.) manzanitae, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 43, 58 (map), 64 (fig.), 69 (fig.) marcianus, Thamnophis, 297 margaritacea, Anaphalis, 453 marginata, Euphorbia, 359, 386, 395, 420, 465, 472, 483 marginatus, Nannostomus, 130 marilandica, Quercus, 35, 428 marinus, Calendra, 465 marleyi, Conoporoderma, 86 (table) Heteroscymnoides, 92 (table) marmoratus, Atelomycterus, 86 (table) Masticophis flagellum, 250, 254, 307, 316 (table), 317, 320 flagellum lineatulus, 307 taeniatus, 250, 255, 256 (fig.), 276, 316 (table), 317 taeniatus taeniatus, 307 maximiliani, Cerceris, 407, 408, 523 483 INDEX maximus, Cetorhinus, 74, 84 (table) media, Sphyrna, 89 (table) medium, Lepidium, 404 meeki, Brycon, 137, 147 Megalomus, 221 moestus, 221 megalops, Squalus, 90 (table) melaleuca, Kimminsia, 219, 220 melanella, Menesta, 28, 29, 51, 60 (map), 66 (fig.), 71 (fig.) melanoleucus, Pituophis, 250, 251, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 299 (table), 309, 316 (table), 320 melanopterus, Carcharhinus, 87 (table) melanthe, Cerceris, 345, 486, 487 (map), 499, 523, 545 (fig.) melas, Phrynelox, 173, 180 Melilotus, 356 alba, 356, 379, 386, 404, 409, 410, 413, 420, 422, 428, 437, 488, 440, 442, 447, 459, 465, 472, 473, 476, 479, 482, 484, 491, 495, 498, 511 517, 519 Melilotus sp., 400, 404, 440, 466, 495 melon, Coyote, 438 Menesta, 25, 26, 28, 29, 49 albaciliaeella, 50 albaciliella [sic], 50 albiciliella [sic], 50 melanella, 28, 29, 51, 60 (map), 66 (fig.), 71 (fig.) tortriciformella, 28, 29, 49, 51, 60 (map), 66 (fig.), 71 (fig.) Menestomorpha, 25, 28, 48 oblongata, 28, 29, 48, 60 (map), 65 (fig.), 71 (fig.) menziesi, Pseudotsuga, 252 messieri, Cataetyx, 4 Metopia leucocephala, 336, 337 Metopoloba pruinosa, 440 mexicana, Asclepias, 356, 403, 407, 495 Cerceris, 338, 523 Microbrotula, 3 nigra, 11, 12 rubra, 4 microcarpa, Nolina, 417, 418 Microcharax, 131, 132 microdon, Pseudotriakis, 86 (table) Microlepidoptera, 23, 25 Neotropical, 97 Micromus group, 211 montanus, 211 variolosus, 211 micropyga, Sphaerocera, 224 microstoma, Hemigaleus, 89 (table) Negogaleus, 89 (table) millefolium, Achillea, 356, 469, 494 miltosus, Cerceris robertsonii, 348, 353, 429, 430 (map), 431, 523 mimica, Cerceris, 345, 349, 487 (map), 488, 517, 523, 545 (fig.) Mimosa sp., 437, 483 Mimosestes amicus, 338 protractus, 338 minax, Cerceris, 355, 356, 523 minima [sic], Cerceris, 488, 523 575 minutus, Archicheir, 151 mistrella, Stenoma, 24, 28, 29, 44, 45, 58 (map), 64 (fig.), 70 (fig.) mitchelli, Trichophryne, 173 modestum, Phrynosoma, 315 moestus, Megalomus, 221 mokarran, Sphyrna, 89 (table) molossus, Crotalus, 251, 255, 312, 316 (table), 320 Crotalus molossus, 312 moluccensis, Antennarius, 172, 174, 175 Monarda citriodora, 379, 413 didyma, 472 Monarda sp., 404, 465 monilis, Sphaerocera, 224 monosperma, Juniperus, 250 montana, Muhlenbergia, 251 montanus, Cercocarpus, 250 Micromus, 211 Stenomicromus, 211 Morallesia, 134 morata, Cerceris, 344, 350, 487 (map), 489, 517, 518, 523, 545 (fig.) Mortonia sacbrella, 404, 440 sealrella, 373 Mothonica, 25, 47, 48 fluminata, 48 kimballi, 28, 29, 47, 59 (map), 65 (fig.), 70 (fig.) mowbrayi, Grammonus, 15, 17 mucidus, Lixus, 482 muehlenbergii, Quercus, 34 Muhlenbergia montana, 251 eR Petalostemum, 465, 482, 1 multimaculata, Lebiasina, 149 multiocellatus, Antennarius, 174, 175 multivirgatus, Eumeces, 251, 252, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 277 (table), 294, 295 (fig.), 316 (table), 318, 320 EKumeces multivirgatus, 294 munda, Cerceris, 497, 52 Cerceris nigrescens, 343, 350, 494, 497 (map), 523, 546 (fig.) musiphila, Sphaerocera, 237 (fig.), 240 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 233 Mustelus, 87 (table), 94 (table) canis, 87 (table) higmani, 87 (table) kanekonis, 87 (table) manazo, 87 (table) norrisi, 87 (table) schmitti, 87 (table) mutabilis, Cryptocephalus, Mylabridae, 338 Myxocephalus, 4 japonicus, 4 337, 422 Nakahara, Waro, Contributions to the knowledge of the Hemerobiidae of western North America (Neu- roptera), 205-222 nana, Betula, 551 576 nanivora, Swammerdamia, 551 Nannobrycon, subg., 132, 133, 151 Na Oana subfamily, 131, 132, 150 Nannostomidi, 132, 133, 136 Nannostomina, subtribe, 127, 128, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 148, 144, 147, 150, 152, 153, 156 Nannostominae, 132, 147 Nannostomini, 132 Nannostomus, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 1386, 143, 144, 146, 150 151, 152 beckfordi, 130, 131, 138 digrammus, 130 espei, 130, 152, 153 marginatus, 130 trifasciatus, 130, 138 nasica, Cerceris, 489, 491, 523 nasicus, Belaninus, 335, 471 Curculio, 336, 338, 484 Heterodon, 314 naso, Conotrachelus, 337, 459 nasus, Lamna, 74, 80, 84 (table) natallenus, Cerceris, 420, 421, 523 nattereri, Copella, 129 nauseosus, Chrysothamnus, 250 neadelphus, Hemerobius, 212 neahminax, Cerceris, 346, 364, 389 (map), 390, 523, 537 (fig.) nebeculosa, Cryptolechia, 37, 38 nebrascensis, Cerceris, 344, 491, (map), 519, 523, 545 (fig.) nebulosum, Ambystoma tigrinum, 261 (fig.), 265 (fig.), 320 Negaprion, 87 (table), 95 (table) brevirostris, 87 (table) Negogaleus, 89 (table), 95 (table) macrostoma, 89 (table) microstoma, 89 (table) negundo, Vitex, 414 Neltumius arizonensis, 338 nenuphar, Conotrachelus, 459 neocrataege, Conotrachelus, 335 neomexicanum, Croton, 375, 376, 396 Eriogonum albertianum, 383, 405, 437 Neotoma sp., 310 nexa, Acmaeodera, 403 niger, Oligopus, 6, 11 nigra, Brassica, 495 Dondia, 437 Microbrotula, 11, 12 nigrans, Hemerobius, 212 nigrescens, Cerceris, 334, 335, 336, 492, 493, 494, 501 Cerceris nigrescens, 348, 351, 492 (map), 493, 496, 497, 523, 546 nigitsrniis Sphaerocera, 224, 239 nigripes, Dasymutlla, 337 nigrita, Pseudacris, 273 nigritulus, Cerceris, 495, 496, 523 nigroris, Cerceris, 377 Cerceris finitima var., 378, 379, 522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 nitida, Avicennia, 483 Cerceris, 345, 350, 497 (map), 498, 523, 546 (fig.) Sphaerocera, 224 Nolina microcarpa, 417, 418 notatus, Cryptocephalus, 336, 422, 428 norrisi, Mustelus, 87 (table) Norta : sp., 369 Notidanoidea, 78, 94 (table) Notiobiellinae, 206 notophthalmus, Antennarius, 174, 175 Notorhynchus, 80, 83 (table), 94 (table) maculatus, 83 (table) novomexicana, Cerceris, 500, 502, 523 nox, Antennatus, 176 Phrynelox, 176 Triantennatus, 173 nubeculella, Tinea, 552 Nudiantennarius, 173 subteres, 173 nudipinnis, Pristiophorus, 93 (table) nudum, Eriogonum, 495, 498 nummifer, Antennarius, 174, 175, 182 nuntius, Crotalus viridis, 312, 320 nuttallii, Polytaenia, 413, 420, 442, 474, 502, 517 nuttingi, Phrynelox, 181 obesus, Triaenodon, 87 (table) oblongata, Menestomorpha, 28, 29, 48, 60 (map), 65 (fig.), 71 (fig.) Obraztsov, Nicholas §S., Neotropical Microlepidoptera, V: Synopsis of the species of the genus Proeulia from Central Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), 183-196 obscura, Dicerca, 413 obsoletus, Eumeces, 250, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 276, 296, 316 (table), 320 obtusifolia, Condalia, 404, 489 occidentalis, Antennarias (Triantenna- tus), 177 Cerceris, 480, 481, 482, 523 Solidago, 511 Symphoricarpus, 495 occipitomaculata, Cerceris, 343, 350, 500, 501 (map), 523, 546 (fig.) ocellatum, Hemiscyllium, 85 (table) ocellatus, Antennarius, 174 ochrorhyncha, Hypsiglena, 310 Hypsiglena torquata, 310 octolineatus, Cnemidophorus, 290 Oecophora passerella, 551 Oecophoridae, 198 oligolinx, Rhizoprionodon, 88 (table) oligophylla, Kuhnistera, 379, 508 Oligopodus, 5 Oligopus, 1, 2, 6 (key), 11 ater, 2, 4) 5, 6 claudei, 4, 5, 6, 15, 22 (table) diagrammus, 5, 6, 13, 20 (table), 21 (table) longhursti, 5, 6, 7, 20 (table) niger, 6, 11 robustus, 5, 6, 10 INDEX Oligopus—Continued waikiki, 5, 6, 11 Oligopus, A review of the ophidioid fish genus, with the description of a new species from West Africa, 1-22 oligospilos, Antennarius, 172, 179 olympica, Kimminsia, 216 (fig.), 220 olymponis, Cerceris, 407, 408, 423 Opheodrys vernalis, 314 Ophidioids, 1 Ophidion, 4 opisthodon, Grammonoides, 4 Opuncta sp., 376 orcutti, Sceloporus, 282 ordi, Dipodomys, 278 Orectolobidae, 78, 85 (table), 94 (table) Orectolobus, 85 (table), 94 (table) maculatus, 85 (table) orestes, Cerceris, 444, 445, 523 Cerceris compar, 348, 354, 443, 444 (map), 446, 521 orientalis, Sphaerocera, 224 ornata, Uta, 285 ornatissima, Tapaya, 244, 288 ornatissimum, Phrynosoma douglassi, 288, 289, 320 ornatus, Urosaurus, 251, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 277 (table), 281, 282, 285, 286 (fig.), 287, 311, 316 (table), 319, 320 orphne, Cerceris, 505, 506, 523 Orsotricha, 197, 198 raptans, 198, 200, 202 venosa, 198, 199 (fig.) Orsotricha Meyrick, Neotropical Micro- lepidoptera VI: Genera, and Palinorsa Meyrick (Gelechiidae, Oecophoridae), 197—204 osseella, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 34, 56 (map), 61 (fig.), 67 (fig.) Ide, 34, 35 Ostariophysi, 146 ovalifolium, Eriogonum, 495 ovalis, Hemerobius, 213 oweni, Pristiophorus, 93 (table) owstoni, Centroscymnus, 91 (table) Scapanorhynchus, 80, 83 (table) Oxynotidae, 92 (table), 95 (table) Oxynotus, 92 (table), 95 (table) centrina, 92 (table) oxyrinchus, Isurus, 74, 84 (table) Pachybrachis dilatatus, 336, 428 pacificus, Hemerobius, 212, 213 aganus, Stenomicromus, 211 alinorsa, 197, 198 (key), 203 acritomorpha, 198, 202, 203, 204 (fig.) literatella, 198, 199, 200 (fig.), 202 raptans, 198, 200 zonaria, 198, 200, 203 (fig.) Palinorsa Meyrick, Neotropical Micro- lepidoptera, VI: Genera Orso- tricha Meyrick‘and, (Gelechiidae, Oecophoridae), 197-204 577 pallidiventris, Borborus, 224 pallipes, Sphaerocera, 223, 224, 236, 239 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 236 panamensis, Piabucina, 130, 149, 155 Pantosteus, 253 paracrenata, Sphaerocera, 224 paradoxa, Fallugia, 254 Paragaleus, 89 (table), 95 (table) gruveli, 80, 89 (table) pectoralis, 89 (table) parapusilla, Sphaerocera, 224 Parasphaerocera, subg., 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239 (key), 241 pardalis, Antennarius, 174, 181 Parmaturus, 86 (table), 94 (table) xaniurus, 86 (table) Paramicromus, 212 Parasphaerocera, subg., 232, 238 Paraswammerdamia, 549 Parodontinae, 132 parvulus, Calendra, 465 Sphenophorus, 336 passerella, Oecophora, 551 pastazensis, Corydoras, 123, 124 Pastinaca sativa, 356, 377, 386, 442, 502 pauciradiatus, Antennarius, 174, 182 Pectis pepposa, 376 pectoralis, Paragaleus, 89 (table) pellegrini, Prohydrocyon, 136 pensylvanicum, Polygonum, 472 Pentanchus, 86 (table), 94 (table) profundicolus, 86 (table) pepposa, Pectis, 376 percna, Cerceris grandis, 347, 412 (map), 4165, 522 perlanosa, Acmaeodera, 403 perlo, Heptranchias, 83 (table) Perognathus flavus, 300 Peromyscus sp., 300, 310 perparvus, Hemerobius, 209 Sympherobius, 209, 210 ‘perparvus group,’ Sympherobius, 210 perplexus, Cnemidophorus, 290, 291 (table) Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, 290 pertinax, Calendra, 465 pestifer, Salsola, 404, 482 Sasola, 366 Sophia, 495 Petalostemum, subg., 469 Petalostemum multiflorum, 465, 482, 517 Petalostemum sp., 465 petiolaris, Helianthus, 502 Phacelia sp., 466, 498 Philadelphus coronarius, 495 Philanthidea, 333 Phleum pratense, 24, 44 Phrynelox, 173, 179, 180 atra, 176 lochites, 173, 179, 180 (table) melas, 173, 180 578 Phrynelox—Continued nox, 176 nuttingi, 181 seaber, 173, 176, 179, 181 striatus, 173, 176, 180 tridens, 177 Phrynelox, subg., 173, 180 Phrynosoma douglassi, 251, 252, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 281, 300, 309, 316 (table), 317, 319 douglassi hernandesi, 244, 288, 320 douglassi ornatissimum, 288, 289, 320 modestum, 315 Phyllophaga sp., 272 phyllum, Dichro, 379 phymatodes, Antennarius, 172, 174, 17? Piabucina, 134, 137, 139, 147, 149 erythrinoides, 130, 149, 155 festae, 130, 149, 155 panamensis, 130, 149, 155 Piabucina sp., 130 Picea engelmanni, 252 picipes, Rhabdopterus, 336, 428 picirostris, Tychius, 336, 394 picta, Chrysemys, 315 pictus, Sympherobius, 206 pilosa, Trigonoscuta, 510 Pinus edulus, 250 ponderosa, 251 serotina, 361 pipiens, Rana, 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 268 (table), 273, 274, 300, 316 (table), 317 Pissodes strobi, 471 Pithecolobium sp., 404 Pitheoeliobium flexicaule, 41 Pituophis melanoleucus, 250, 251, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 299 (table), 309, 316 (table), 320 melanoleucus affinis, 244, 309 melanoleucus deserticola, 309 Pityophis affinis, 244 placidus, Calendra, 465 Sphenophorus, 336 plagiaticauda, Acmaeodera, 403 platylobus, Senecio, 495 platyrhina, Cerceris, 517, 518, 523 pleniradiata, Baileya, 482 pleuralis, Cerceris, 426, 428, 523 Pleurota literatella, 197, 198, 199 plicata, Chlamisus, 337, 422 Pliotrema, 93 (table), 95 (table) warreni, 93 (table) Pluchea sp., 465 Plumantennatus, 178 Plumantennatus, subg., 178 poculum, Cerceris, 346, 389 (map), 390, 523, 538 (fig.) Poecilobrycon, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 141, 144, 146, 151 eques, 130, 131, 141, 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Poecilobrycon—Continued harrisoni, 129, 130, 136, 138, 139, | 140, 141, 147, 151, 160 (fig.), 161 | (fig.), 162 (fig.), 163 (fig.), 164 (fig.), 165 (fig.), 166 (fig.), 167 (fig.), 168 (fig.), 169 (fig.) unifasciatus, 130, 141 Pogonochorax, 135 rehi, 135 polifolium, Eriogonum fasciculatum var., 356, 371, 433, 495 politus, Agrilus, 403 polli, Etmopterus, 91 (table) Polygonum auberti 379, 404, 495, 498, 511 cuspidatum, 472 hydropiperoides, 361, 413 lapathifolium, 372, 381 pensylvanicum, 472 Polygonum sp., 372, 479, 495 Polytaenia nuttallii, 413, 420, 442, 474, 502, 517 ponderosa, Pinus, 251 populorum, Cerceris, 401, 403, 523 Populus angustifolia, 251 tremuloides, 252 porosus, Rhizoprionodon, 88 (table) posticata, Boriomyia, 217 Cerceris, 350, 502, 503, 523 Kimminsia, 2/7, 219, 220 poset Conotrachelus, 335, 337, 459, 479 posticus, Ameromicromus, 212 Hemerobius, 212 Potentilla, 495 pratense, Phleum, 24, 44 pretiosa, Boriomyia, 216 Kimminsia, 216, 217, 220 princeps, Etmopterus, 92 (table) Prionace, 78, 88 (table), 95 (table) glauca, 75, 78, 88 (table) Pristiophoridae, 95 (table) Pristiophoroidea, 78, 93 (table), 95 (table) Pristiophorus, 93 (table), 95 (table) japonicus, 93 (table) nudipinnis, 93 (table) oweni, 93 (table) schroederi, 93 (table) Procharacinus arverniensis, 136 Prochilodidi, 136 Proeulia, 183, 184, 185 (key), 188, 190, 192 aethalea, 184, 185, 188 apospasta, 184, 185, 191 auraria, 184, 185, 186 chrysopteris, 184, 185, 194 cneca, 185, 193 griseiceps, 184 inconspicua, 185, 190 leonina, 184, 185, 193 robinsoni, 183 tenontias, 185, 192 triquetra, 184, 185, 189 Proeulia, Neotropical Microlepidoptera V: Synopsis of the species of the genus, from central Chile (Lepi- doptera: Tortricidae), 183-196 INDEX profundicolus, Pentanchus, 86 (table) Prohydrocyon pellegrini, 136 prominens, Cerceris, 474, 475, 523 Cerceris clypeata, 344, 350, 474, 476 (map), 521, 544 (fig.) prorsa, Acmaeodera, 403 prosopis, Algarobius, 338 Prosopis juliflora, 405, 417, 418 pubescens, 366 Prosopis sp., 366, 404, 409 Protozygaena, subg., 88 (table) protractus, Mimosestes, 338 pruinosa, Metopoloba, 440 Prunus cerasus, 551 domestica, 551 psamathe, Cerceris, 452, 453, 523 Pseudacris nigrita, 273 triseriata, 252, 273, 316 (table), 320 triseriata maculata, 273 triseriata triseriata, 273 Pseuderythrinus, 145, 152 rosapinnis, 145 Pseudomicromus, 211 angulatus, 211 subanticus, 211 variolosus, 2/1 Pseudoswammerdamia, 549 Pseudotriakidae, 86 (table), 94 (table) Pseudotriakis, 86 (table), 94 (table) microdon, 86 (table) Pseudotsuga menziesi, 252 psilostachya, Ambrosia, 447 Pteridium, 2, 5 armatum, 4, 6 ater, 6 atrum, 6, 7 Ptilimnium capillaceum, 413, 517 Re aae Apocynum cannabinum var., 65 (table,) 95 Prosopis, 366 Strombocarpus, 366 pudorosa, Cerceris, 370, 371, 523 pulchella, Acmaeodora, 413 pulicaria, Cheatocnema, 336, 379 pulvereus, Cleonus, 337, 482 pumilus, Helianthus, 379 punctatus, Bufo, 250, 269, 297, 316 (table) Diadophis, 251, 253, 259, 299 (table), 301, 303 (table), 304 (fiz.), 305, 314, 316 (table), 317, 320, 321 punctulata, Dicerca, 335, 413 purpureovittata, Chrysobothris, 413 pusilla, Sphaerocera, 224 pusillus, Etmopterus, 92 (table) Pycnanthemum, 420 Pyracantha crenulata, 32 pyrella, Swammerdamia, 549, 550, 541, 552 (map), 554 (fig.), 555 (fig.) Tinea, 550, 551 pyrenodes, Lethata, 99, 107, 111 (fig.), 114 (fig.) Stenoma, 107 579 Pyrrhulina, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 140, 149, 150, 152, 153 filamentosa, 130 semifasciata, 130 spilota, 130, 152 vittata, 130, 152 Pyrrhulinidi, 133, 136 Pyrrhulinina, 136, 137, 156 Pyrrhulinina, subtribe, 128, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 150, 152 Pyrrhulininae, 131 Pyrrhulinini, tribe, 128, 132, 140, 142, 146, 149, 153, 155, 156 Pyrus communis, 551 malus, 551 quadriimpressa, Chrysobothris, 335, 413 quadrimaculatus, Cryptocephalus, 337, 422 quadriseriata, Acmaeodera, 403 queketti, Scylliogaleus, 86 (table) querciella, Antaeotricha, 34 Brachyloma, 34, 35 Stenoma, 34 quercifolius, Erigeron, 361, 379, 413 Quercus agrifolia, 47 alba, 34 gambeli, 251 ilicifolia, 35 marilandica, 35, 428 muehlenbergii, 34 stellata, 51 undulata, 251 virginiana, 361, 413, 420, 428, 465 wislizenii, 47 Quercus sp., 32, 46, 49 racemiflora, Cyrilla, 413 racemosus, Symphoricarpos, 472, 495 radcliffei, Eridacnis, 86 (table) radiosus, Antennarius, 174, 177 Rana pipiens, 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 268 ue) 273, 274, 300, 316 (table), Ranunculus sp., 453 raptans, Orsotricha, 198, 200, 202 Palinorsa, 198, 200 raui, Cerceris, 335, 482, 483, 523 Cerceris frontata, 335, 345, 481, 482, 483 (map), 522 rectus, Curculio, 484 refracta, Wislizenia, 404, 409, 437 regalis, Diadophis, 301, 320 ee punctatus, 300, 307, 320, Diadophis regalis, 300, 301 rehi, Pogonochorax, 135 Reptilia, 275 reticularis, Antennatus, 172 Rhabdopterus picipes, 336, 428 Rhamunus, 356 crocea, 404 390, 580 Rhincodon, 85 (table), 94 (table) typus, 85 (table) Rhincodontidae, 85 (table), 94 (table) Rhizoprionodon, 78, 88 (table), 95 (table) acutus, 88 (table) lalandei, 88 (table) longurio, 88 (table) oligolinx, 88 (table) porosus, 88 (table) taylori, 88 (table) terraenovae, 88 (table) Rhizoprionodon, subg., 88 (table), 95 (table) rhois, Cerceris, 350, 503, 523 Rhus copallina, 413, 420 glabra, 447, 472, 484, 503 trilobata, 251 Rhus sp., 404, 465 Rhycherus, 173 filamentosus, 173 Rhytiodus, 131 Ribes sp., 251 Richardia scabra, 514 Richards, O. W., A contribution to the study of the genus Sphaerocera Latreille in Central and South America (Diptera: Sphaerocer- idae), 223-242 rigida, Solidago, 477, 480 rinconis, Cerceris, 370, 371, 523 ritteri, Centroscyllium, 91 (table) robertsonii, Cerceris, 336, 337, 416, 426, 428, 434 Cerceris, robertsonii, 348, 354, 424, 426, 428 (map), 523, 540 (fig.) robinsoni, Proeulia, 183 robustus, Benthocometes, 4, 7 Grammonus, 10 Oligopus, 5, 6, 10 Roeboides, 135 Rosa sp., 511 rosaceum, Ambystoma, 263 (table), 266 rosaceus, Trichophryne, 173 rosapinnis, Pseuderythrinus, 145 rostratus, Somniosus, 93 (table) ruandana, Sphaerocera, 224 ruba, Tee 99, 108, 112 (fig.), 114 g.) rubra, Microbrotula, 4 Rubus villosus, 50 rufa, Coa 348, 354, 448 (map), 449, 3 PROCEEDINGS ruficollis, Agrilus, 413 rufinoda, Cerceris, 336, 367, 392, 394 Cerceris rufinoda, 346, 351, 367, 376, 377, 383, 392, 393 (map), 395, 523, 538 (fig.) rufinoda group, Cerceris, 358 rufinoda-echo group, Cerceris, 366 rufipes, Buprestis, 413 Eurymetopon, 337, 438 rufopicta, Cerceris, 353, 424, 430 (map), 540 (fig.) ruthveni, Holbrookia maculata, 278, 279, 320 OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 rutshuruensis, Sphaerocera, 224 rybyensis, Cerceris, 354 Sabal eltonia, 361 sacbrella, Mortonia, 404, 440 sacki, Cnemidophorus, 290 salicina, Baccharis, 420, 440 saligna, Chilopsis, 366, 371 Salix, 386 exigua, 495 taxifolia, 372, 440 Salix sp., 251, 413, 438, 465, 495, 498 salome, Cerceris, 483, 484 Salsola kali, 372 kali tenuifolia, 356 pestifer, 404, 482 Salvadora grahamiae, (table), 320 grahamiae grahamiae, 308 grahamiae lineata, 308 Sambucus canadensis, 379, 465, 472 sandiegensis, Cerceris, 348, 353, 430 (map), 432 sanguifluus, Antennarius, 175 sanguineus, Antennarius, 174, 177, 182 Sapindus drummondii, 465 saponaria, 372, 404, 409, 437 Sapindus sp., 418, 440 saponari, Spindus, 482 saponaria, Sapindus, 372, 404, 409, 437 sarasa, Antennarius, 174, 181 Sareodaces, 135 sarmenti, Squaliolus, 78, 93 (table) sarothrae, Gutierrezia, 250, 372, 511 sarothroides, Baccharis, 465, 466 Sasola pestifer, 366 sativa, Pastinaca, 356, 377, 386, 442, 502 Satureia hortensis, 361 satyropa, Lethata, 99, 109, 111 (fig.), 114 (fig.) Stenoma, 109 Sauria, 275 sayi, Cerceris, 506, 508 seaber, Phrynelox, 173, 176, 179, 181 seabra, Richardia, 514 Sphaerocera, 224 scabricula, Sphaerocera, 224 sealrella, Mortonia, 373 Scapanorhynchidae, 79, 83 (table), 94 (table) Scapanorhynchus, 83 (table), 94 (table) owstoni, 80, 83 (table) Scaphiopus, 267 bombifrons, 266, 316 (table), 318, 320, 321 bombinus, 250 hammondi, 251, 254, 256 (fig.), 266, 268 (table), 270, 320 holbrooki, 267 intermontanus, 250, 266, 316 (ta- ble), 317, 320, 321 Scaphiopus sp., 269 251, 276, 316 INDEX Sceloporus, 257 graciosus, 250, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 280 (ta- ble), 281, 282, 283, 287, 293, 316 (table), 317, 319, 320 graciosus gracilis, 283 graciosus graciosus, 282 gracilis vandenburghianus, 283 hammondi, 297, 316 (table) magister, 314 orcutti, 282 undulatus, 251, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 276, 277 (table), 278, 279, 280 (table), 281, 282, 283, 287, 293, 300, 310, 314, 316 undulatus consobrinus, 279, 282 undulatus elongatus, 275, 279, 280 (table), 281, 282 undulatus tristichus, 279, 280 (ta- ble), 281, 282 schlaegeri, Antaeotricha, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 55 (map), 61 (fig.), 66 (fig.) Cryptolechia, 29 Stenoma, 29 schmitti, Mustelus, 87 (table) schottii, Dalea, 404 Urosaurus ornatus, 285, 287 schroederi, Pristiophorus, 93 (table) Schultz, Leonard P., Three new species of frogfishes from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with notes on other species (Family Anten- nariidae), 171-182 schultzi, Etmopterus, 91 (table) schwarzi, Hemerobius, 216 Kimminsia, 216, 217, 220 Sciaphila leonina, 185 Scoliodon, 78, 88 (table), 95 (table) laticaudus, 75, 88 (table) Scophiopus bombifrons, 255 scopulorum, Juniperus, 251 scortea, Histiophryne, 173 Scullen, Herman A., Review of the genus Cerceris in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Spheci- dae), 333-548 scutatus, Kanazawaichthys, 177 Scyliorhinidae, 78, 85 (table), 86 (table), 94 (table) Scyliorhinus, 86 (table), 94 (table) garmani, 86 (table) scyllia, Triakis, 86 (table) Scyliorhinus torazame, 86 (table) Scylliogaleus, 86 (table), 94 (table) queketti, 86 (table) Scymnodalatias, 92 (table), 95 (table) sherwoodi, 92 (table) Scymnodon sherwoodi, 92 (table) sellatus, Bassareus, 337, 422 semiaquilus, Corydoras, 115, 116, 121, 122 (fig.), 123 (fig.), 126 (table) semiatra, Cerceris, 407, 408 081 semifasciata, Pyrrhulina, 130 Triakis, 86 (table) seminigra, Cerceris, 459 Senecio cymbalarioides, 495 platylobus, 495 senegalensis, Antennarias thys), 177 Senotainia trilineata, 336, 337 septentrionalis, Corydoras, 123 serotina, Pinus, 361 Solidago, 472, 473, 493 serotinum, Eupatorium, 377, 440, 459 Serpentes, 297 serripes, Cerceris, 336, 463, 603 Vespa, 503, 504 serrulata, Cleome, 379, 469, 495, 508, 519, 520 setiger, Calendra, 465 setigerus, Eremocarpus, 438, 510 Setiostoma, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 45 fernaldella, 27, 29, 46, 59 (map), 65 (fig.), 71 (fig.) xanthobasis, 27, 29, 45, 47, 59 (map), 65 (fig.), 70 (fig.) sexgutatus, Anthomomus, 338, 361 sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, 291 sexsignata, Chrysobothris, 413 sexta, Cerceris, 333, 343, 350, 501 (map), 502, 503, 505, 508, 546 (fig.) sextoides, Cerceris, 509, 510 shannoni, Sphaerocera, 237 (fig.), 240 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 232 Sharks, embryos, 96 (table) vertebral characters, 83 (table), 84 (table), 85 (table), 86 (table), 87 (table), 88 (table), 89 (table), 90 (table), 91 (table), 92 (table), 93 (table), 94 (table), 95 (table), 96 (table) Sharks, A survey of vertebral numbers in, 73-96 shermani, Cerceris, 483, 484 sherwoodi, Scymnodalatias, 92 (table) Scymnodon, 92 (table) Sida spp., 37 signatus, Hypoprion, 87 (table) silvestris, Malus, 551 simia, Sphaerocera, 224 similis, Sympherobius, 206 simulans, Hemerobius, 213 sinuata, Acmaeodera, 403 Siredon lichenoides, 263 sirtalis, Thamnophis, 315 Sisymbrium altissimum, 469 Sitona californicus, 510 hispidula, 336, 494 Sium circutaefolium, 395 Smicronyx squalidus, 394 smithi, Leptocharias, 87 (table) snowi, Cerceris, 370 Solan elegan, 372 Solanum elaeagnifolium, 404, 420 solidaginis, Cerceris, 418, 420 Solidago, 356, 400, 447, 472 altissima, 387, 484 californica, 498 (Fowlerich- 582 Solidago—Continued canadensis, 472, 473, 480, 484, 495 elongata, 495 occidentalis, 511 rigida, 477, 480 serotina, 472, 473, 493 Solidago sp., 359, 372, 377, 380, 386, 395, 396, 400, 404, 413, 420, 442, 465, 479, 482, 484, 489, 495, 498, 508, 511, 515, 519 solutus, Hyperodes, 494 Somniosus, 93 (table), 95 (table) rostratus, 93 (table) Sonchus arvensis, 495 Sophia pestifer, 495 sophia, 495 sophia, Sophia, 495 sordida, Copromyza, 226 sorrah, Carcharhinus, 87 (table) speciosa, Asclepias, 403, 482 Sphaeralcea sp., 466 Sphaerocera, 223 (key) amphora, 237 (fig.), 240 (Parasphaerocera) amphora, 232 annulicornis, 223, 224, 238, 239 (Parasphaerocera) annulicornis, 238 arcuata, 224 bimaculata, 223, 224, 225, 230, 231 (fig.), 2338, 235, 241 (key) (Parasphaerocera) bimaculata, 230 chimborazo, 231 (fig.), 239, 240 (Parasphaerocera) chimborazo, 229 coronata, 224 crenata, 224 curviceps, 224 dissecta, 240 (key) (Parasphaerocera) dissecta, 235 dura, 224 ecuadoria, 225, 226, 227 (fig.), 228, 230, 232, 234, 240 (Parasphaerocera) ecuadoria, 225, 241 PROCEEDINGS falcozi, 224 flava, 224 flaviceps, 223, 224 flavicoxa, 223, 224, 238, 239 (Parasphaerocera) flavicoxa, 238 galapagensis, 224, 239 guttula, 237 (fig.), 239 (Parasphaerocera) guttula, 236 jansseni, 224 jeanneli, 224 kifaruensis, 224 kivuensis, 224 lepida, 234, 237 (fig.), 240 (key) (Parasphaerocera) lepida, 234 levicastilli, 231 (fig.), 239 (key) (Parasphaerocera) levicastilli, 230 longipes, 224 micropyga, 224 monilis, 224 mustphila, 237 (fig.), 240 (Parasphaerocera) musiphila, 233 nigrifemur, 224, 239 nitida, 224 orientalis, 224 OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 Sphaerocera—Continued pallipes, 223, 224, 236, 239 (Parasphaerocera) pallipes, 236 paracrenata, 224 parapusilla, 224 pusilla, 224 ruandana, 224 rutshuruensis, 224 seabra, 224 scabricula, 224 shannont, 237 (fig.), 240 (Parasphaerocera) shannoni, 232 simia, 224 striata, 224, 239 tertia, 231 (fig.), 240 (Parasphaerocera) tertia, 228 (Parasphaerocera) transversa, 234, 240 (key) transversalis, 237 (fig.), 239 (key) (Parasphaerocera) transversalis, 234 trapezina, 228, 231 (fig.), 239, 241 (key) (Parasphaerocera) trapezina, 226 vaporariorum, 224 varipes, 223, 224, 235, 237 (fig.), 239 (Parasphaerocera) varipes, 235 wittei, 224 ziphosternum, 237 (fig.), 240 (Parasphaerocera) xiphosternum, 232, 241 Sphaerocera sp., 230 Sphaerocera, subg., 224 Sphaerocera Latreille, A contribution to the study of the genus, in Cen- tral and South America (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae), 223-242 Sphenophorus, 465 parvulus, 336 placidus, 336 zeae, 336 Sphyrna, 74, 89 (table), 95 (table) blochi, 89 (table) lewini, 89 (table) media, 89 (table) mokarran, 89 (table) tiburo, 80, 89 (table) tudes, 89 (table) zygaena, 89 (table) Sphyrnidae, 79, 89 (table), 95 (table) spilota, Pyrrhulina, 130, 152 spinax, Etmopterus, 78, 79, 81, (table,) 96 (table) Spindus saponari, 482 spinosum, Xanthium, 372, 465 Spiraea, 442 telicifolia, 414 Spiraea sp., 465 spreta, Dicerca, 413 Springer, Victor G., and Garrick, J. A. F., A survey of vertebral numbers in sharks, 73-96 Squalidae, 79, 90 (table), 91 (table), 92 (table) squalidus, Smicronyx, 394 Ot INDEX Squaliolus, 93 (table), 95 (table) laticaudus, 77, 78, 93 (table) sarmenti, 78, 93 (table) Squaloidea, 78, 95 (table) Squalus, 90 (table), 91 (table), 95 (table) acanthias, 74, 81, 90 (table) blainvillei, 90 (table) cubensis, 91 (table) megalops, 90 (table) squamosus, Centrophorus, 91 (table) squamulifera, Cerceris, 348, 430 (map), 433, 540 (fig.) squarrosa, Grindelia, 379, 495 Squatina, 93 (table), 95 (table) californica, 93 (table) japonica, 93 (table) squatina, 93 (table) squatina, Squatina, 93 (table) Squatinidae, 93 (table), 95 (table) Squatinoidea, 78, 95 (table) stangei, Sympherobius, 207 stansburiana, Uta, 250, 254, 284, 316 (table), 320 Uta stansbiriana, 284 stebbinsi, Ambystoma tigrinum, 260, 320 Stegostoma, 78, 85 (table), 94 (table) stejnegeri, Uta stansburiana, 284 stellata, Quercus, 51 Stenoma, 25, 26, 28, 29, 44, 97, 98 agrioschista, 39 algidella, 32 aromatica, 100 asthenopa, 101, 104 bovinella, 101, 102 crambitella, 28, 29, 44, 45, 58 (map), 64 (fig.), 70 (fig.) curiata, 98, 101, 102 decorasella [sic], 35 decorella [sic], 35 furcata, 36 glaucopa, 104 humilis, 37 invigilans, 105 irene, 36 leucillana, 32 leucothea, 106 lindseyi, 30 litura, 25 mistrella, 24, 28, 29, 44, 45, 58 (map), 64 (fig.), 70 (fig.) osseella, 34 pyrenodes, 107 querciella, 34 satyropa, 109 schlaegeri, 29 thomasi, 39 trochalosticta, 98, 100 unipunctella, 31 vestalis, 42 Stenomatidae, 26 Stenomicromus, 211 montanus, 211 paganus, 211 583 Stenomidae, 23, 24, 25, 26 (key), 97, 98, 102 Stenomidae, Neotropical Microlepidop- tera, IV: A new genus of, with descriptions of four new species ( Depidopuae Gelechioidea), 97— Ae Stenomidae, North American (Lepidop- tera: Gelechioidea), 23-72 Stenomides, 26 Stenominae, 26 stevensi, Cerceris, 506, 508 stictogrammus, Cnemidophorus, 291 stigma, Hemerobius, 213, 214 stigmaterus, Hemerobius, 213 stigmosalis, Cerceris, 343, 351, 456, 501 (map), 606, 546 (fig.) Stillingia sylvatica, 414 striata, Buprestis, 413 Sphaerocera, 224, 239 strigatus, Antennatus, 172, 174, 176 striatus, Phrynelox, 173, 176, 180 strobi, Pissodes, 471 Strobisia albaciliaeella, 49, 50 Strombocarpus pubescens, 366 Stygnobrotula, 3 latebricola, 4, 13 stylaciflua, Liquidambar, 428 subanticus, Hemerobius, 211 Pseudomicromus, 211 Subargyrotaenia, 183 subnebulosa, Kimminsia, 220 subteres, Nudiantennarius, 173 subverticillata, Asclepias, 382, 437, 440, 482, 489 sulliventii, Asclepias, 471 superciliosa, Alopias, 74, 75, 84 (table) Swammerdamia, 549, 550 (key) castaneae, 549, 552, 553 cuprescens, 549, 550, 552, 553 heroldella, 550, 65452 (map), (fig.), 555 (fig.) nanivora, 551 pyrella, 549, 550, 551, 552 (map), 554 (fig.), 555 (fig.) variegata, 551 Swammerdamia, North American moths of the genus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), 549-556 sylvatica, Stillingia, 414 Symnodon sherwoodi, 92 (table) Sympherobius, 206, 210 (key) angustus, 207 arizonicus, 206, 210 barberi, 209 beameri, 209, 210 bifasciatus, 206 brunneus, 207, 208 (fig.) californicus, 206 distinctus, 206 killingtoni, 209, 210 limbus, 206 perparvus, 209, 210 “perparvus group,’’ 210 pictus, 206 similis, 206 554 584 Sympherobius—Continued stangei, 207 texanus, 209, 210 (fig.) umbratus, 206 Symphoricarpos occidentalis, 495 racemosus, 472, 495 PROCEEDINGS OF taeniatus, Masticophis, 250, 255, 256 (fig.), 276, 316 (table), 317 Masticophis taeniatus, 307 taenita [sic], Leptophis, 307 Tamarix, 356 gallica, 366, 372, 386, 418, 420, 438, 447, 465, 466, 486 Tamarix sp., 404, 465 Tanacetum vulgare, 495 Tanymecus confusus, 471 Tapaya ornatissima, 244, 288 Tathicarpus, 173 butleri, 173 taurus, Carcharias, 74, 83 (table) taxifolia, Salix, 372, 440 taylori, Eumeces, 294 Eumeces multivirgatus, 294, 296 Rhizoprionodon, 88 (table) tecensis, Colubbrina, 404, 442 Tegostoma fasciatum, 85 (table) tigrinum, 85 (table) telicifolia, Spiraea, 414 Tenebrionidae, 337, 440 tenebrosus, Uniantennatus, 174 tenontias, Cnephasia, 192 Eulia, 192 Proeulia, 185, 192 tenuifolia, Aldenella, 361 Salsola kali, 356 tepaneca, Cerceris, 343, 350, 509, 510 (map), 547 (fig.) terraenovae, Rhizoprionodon, 88 (table) tertia, Sphaerocera, 231 (fig.), 240 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 228 tessellatus, Cnemidophorus, 293, 315 Tetradymia canescens, 469 terana, Cerceris, 343, 510 (map), 611, 547 (fig.) texana, Hypsiglena torquata, 310 texanus, Cercidium, 403 texanus, Sympherobius, 209, 210 (fig.) texensis, Cerceris, 480, 481 Thamnophis cyrtopsis, 297, 320 dorsalis, 250, 297, 298, 316 (table) dorsalis dorsalis, 297 elegans, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256 (fig.), 281, 298, 299 (table), 309, 316, (table), 317, 319 elegans vagrans, 298 eques, 297 marcianus, 297 sirtalis, 315 Thecesternus humeralis, 335 Thelesperma gracile, 377, 380, 395 thione, Cerceris, 435, 436 THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 116 thomasi, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 38, 39, 57 (map), 63 (fig.), 68 (fig.) Stenoma, 39 thomasii, Eriogonum, 437, 482 Thomomys bottae, 310 tiburo, Sphyrna, 80, 89 (table) tigrinum, Ambystoma, 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 259, 260, 263 (table), 264, aoe 266, 300, 316 (table), 317, 1 Ambystome tigrinum, 263, 266 Tegostoma, 85 (tabie) tigris, Cnemidophorus, 293, 314 Tinea caesiella, 552 cerasiella, 551 griseocapitella, 552 nubeculella, 552 pyrella, 550, 551 tointurieri, Chaerophyllum, 386 tolteca, Cerceris, 345, 349, 446, 510 (map), 512, 547 (fig.) tomentosum, Eriogonum, 361 Topeutis venosa, 197, 198 torazame, Scyliorhinus, 86 (table) torquata, Hypsiglena, 251, 310, 311, 316 (table), 320 tortricella, Harpalyce, 31, 32 Ide, 31 Tortricidae, 184 tortriciformella, Menesta, 28, 29, 49, 51, 60 (map), 66 (fig.), 71 ‘(fig.) Tortrix, 183 chrysopteris, 194 leonina, 185 townsendi, Cerceris, 520 transversa, Sphaerocera’ (Parasphaero- cera), 234, 240 (key) transversalis, Sphaerocera, 237 (fig.), 239 (key) Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 234 trapezina, Sphaerocera, 228, 231 (fig.), 239, 241 (key) Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 226 treitlii, Corydoras, 115, 116, 117 (fig.), 118 -(fig.), 120, i2191g3e 124, 126 (table) tremuloides, Populus, 252 Triaenodon, 87 (table), 94 (table) obesus, 87 (table) Triakidae, 78, 79, 86 (table), 87 (table), 94 (table) Triakis, 86 (table), 94 (table) henlei, 86 (table) scyllia, 86 (table) semifasciata, 86 (table) venustum, 86 (table) Triantennatus, 173 Triantennatus, subg., 177 atra, 173 cunninghami, 173 nox, 173 tridens, 173 zebrinus, 173 Trichophryne, 173 mitchelli, 173 rosaceus, 173 INDEX tridens, Phrynelox, 177 Triantennatus, 173 tridentata, Artemisia, 250 Larrea, 376, 471 trifasciatus, Nannostomus, 130, 138 trifoliata, Cissus, 371, 409, 437 Trifolium sp., 442, 498 Trigonoscuta pilosa, 510 trilineata, Lema, 335 Senotainia, 336, 337 trilobata, Rhus, 251 triquetra, Proeulia, 184, 185, 189 triseriata, Pseudacris, 252, 273, 316 (table), 320 Pseudacris triseriata, 273 tristichus, Sceloporus undulatus, 279, 280 (table), 281, 282 trochilosticta, Lethata, 99, 100, 110 (fig.), 113 (fig.) Stenoma, 98, 100 truncata, Cerceris, 334, 337, 345, 351, 396, 397 (map), 538 (fig.) tuberculata, Dicerca, 413 tuberosa, Asclepias, 471 Helianthus, 386 tudes, Sphyrna, 89 (table) tumidirostris, Eutyx, 4 tulipifera, Liriodendron, 459 Tychius picirostris, 336, 394 typicus, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ssp., 495, 498 typus, Rhincodon, 85 (table) umbellatum, Eriogonum, 502 Umbbelliferae, 377, 442, 495 umbratus, Sympherobius, 206 undulata, Quercus, 251 undulatus, Sceloporus, 251, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 276, 277, (table), 278, 279, 280 (table), 281, 282, 283, 287, 293, 300, 310, 314, 316 Uniantennatus, 174 campylacanthus, 174 horridus, 174 tenebrosus, 174 unicincta, Cerceris, 411 unifasciatus, Poecilobrycon, 130, 141 unipunctella, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 31, a 35, 55 (map), 61 (fig.), 66 g. Brachiloma, 31, 32 Stenoma, 31 unitaeniatus, Hoplerythrinus, 129, 145, 155 5 Urosaurus, 285, 287 ornatus, 251, 254, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 277 (table), 281, 282, 285, 286 (fig.), 287, 311, 316 (table), 319, 320 ornatus linearis, 285, 287 ornatus schotti, 285, 287 ornatus wrighti, 285, 288 Uta, 284, 285 ornata, 285 585 Uta—Continued stansburiana, 250, 254, 284, 316 (table), 320 stansburiana stansburiana, 284 stansburiana stejnegeri, 284 utahense, Ambystoma tigrinum, 260, 261, 262, 320 uter, Cephaloscyllium, 85 (table) uyato, Centrophorus, 81, 91 (table) Vaccinium corymbosum, 32 vagrans, Thamnophis elegans, 298 pander Sceloporus gracilis, 3 vanduzeei, Cerceris, 398 Cerceris vanduzeei, 345, 397 (map), 398, 400, 538 (fig.) vaporariorum, Sphaerocera, 224 varians, Cerceris, 344, 614, 515 (map), 547 (fig.) variegata, Swammerdamia, 551 variolosus, Micromus, 211 Pseudomicromus, 211 varipes, Sphaerocera, 223, 224, 235, 237 (fig.), 239 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 235 velasci, Ambystoma tigrinum, 266 velifera, Coryphaena, 5 velox, Cnemidophorus, 251, 255, 256 (fig.), 257 (table), 258 (fig.), 259, 277 (table), 278, 281, 290, 291 (table), 292 (table), 316 (table), 317, 320, 321 venata, Calendra venata, 336 venator, Cerceris, 463, 466 venatus, Calendra, 465 venosa, Orsotricha, 198, 199 (fig.) Topeutis, 197, 198 venustum, Triakis, 86 (table) Verater, 2, 5 ater, 6 Veratrum, 495 Veratrum sp., 469 Verbesina encelioides, 366, 404, 440 encelioides exauriculata, 404 verdigripennis, Chrysobothris, 413 serena Quercus, 361, 413, 420, 428, 46 vernalis, Opheodrys, 314 Veronica apicata, 459 verrucosus, Antennarius, 174, 182 verticalis, Cerceris, 344, 349, 515 (map), 547 (fig.) verticillata, Asclepias, 420, 465, 471 Tlex, 495 verwayi, Apristurus, 86 (table) Vespa serripes, 503, 504 vestalis, Antaeotricha, 27, 28, 37, 38, 40, 42, 58 (map), 62 (fig.), 69 (fig.) Cryptolechia, 42 Ide, 42, 43 Stenoma, 42 vicina, Cerceris, 344, 350, 515 (map), 617, 547 (fig.) 586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vicinoides, Cerceris, 452, 453 vierecki, Cerceris, 382 Cerceri finitima, 347, 352, 381 (map), 382, 522 villosus, Rubus, 50 vineenti, Halaelurus, 86 (sable) violaceum, Hedychrum, 336, 338, 484 virens, Etmopterus, 91 (table) viridis, Crotalus, 250, 252, 254, 256 (fig.), 299 (table), 307, 309, 312, 313, 316 (table), 317, 320 Crotalus viridis, 312, 320 viscidiflorus, Chrysothamnus, 510 Vitex negundo, 414 vittata, Pyrrhulina, 130, 152 vulgare, Foeniculum, 356, 511 Tanacetum, 495 vulpinus, Alopias, 78, 84 (table) waddi, Brachaelurus, 85 (table) waikiki, Oligopus, 5, 6, 11 warreni, Pliotrema, 93 (table) Weitzman, Stanley H., One new species and two redescriptions of cat- fishes of the South American Callichthyid genus Corydoras, 115-126 Osteology and_ relationships of South American characid fishes of subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae with special refer- ence to subtribe Nannostomina, 127-170 Wesmaelius, 220 longifrons, 221 wislizeni, Crotaphytus, 314 Dithyrea, 404 Wislizenia refracta, 404, 409, 437 Wislizenia sp., 366, 369, 437, 445, 465, 491 wislizenii, Quercus, 47 wittei, Sphaerocera, 224 woodhousei, Bufo, 251, 252, 256 (fig.), 264, 268 (table), 269, 270, 271 VOL. 116 woodhousei—Continued (fig.), 272, 273, 275, 300, 316 (table), 320 Bufo woodhousei, 270 wrighti, Urosaurus ornatus, 285, 288 wrightorum, Hyla, 315 wyomingensis, Cerceris, 343, 354, 492, 515 (map), 619, 547 (fig.) xaniurus, Parmaturus, 86 (table) Xanthium spinosum, 372, 465 xanthobasis, Setiostoma, 27, 29, 45, 47, 59 (map), 65 (fig.), 70 (fig.) Xenobythites armiger, 4 Xenophrynichthys, 177 xiphosternum, Sphaerocera, 237 (fig.), 240 Sphaerocera (Parasphaerocera), 232, Xylorcytidae, 24, 25, 26 Yponomeutidae, 549 Yucca baceata, 251 glauca, 250 Yucea sp., 404 zeae, Calendra, 465 Sphenophorus, 336 zebra, Heterodontus, 83 (table) zebrinus, Triantennatus, 173 zelica, Cerceris, 348, 354, 442, 446, 450, 452 (map), 541 (fig.) Zizia aurea, 474 Zizyphus lycioides, 356, 491 zobeide, Cerceris, 470, 471 zonaria, Palinorsa, 198, 200, 203 (fig.) zosma, Cerceris, 470, 471 Zuni Mountains Region, 246 (map) Zuni Mountains Region, northwestern New Mexico, Herpetology of the, 243-332 Zuni Region weather stations, 248 (fig.) zygaena, Sphyrna, 89 (table) 7 “iA 3 9088 01420 998