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Nes otk Ads ie Per noe ma a - 4 ‘ + dig t Pg abe Pedra eh Sit aet deeds eed * Aah 4 ty a ; +h ‘ nf) iat . ~ eared a 1? ' aah na ead dba keds Ae is aie Ce i) q rey Wigs ee oes te NIE ina SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Volare OX Ve. 1892. Gobo sy > ™ ™“ PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1893. ADVERTISEMENT. The extension of the scope of the National Museum during the past few years, and the activity of the collectors employed in its interest, have caused a great increase in the amount of material in its possession. Many of the objects gathered are of a novel and important character, and serve to throw a new light upon the study of nature and of man. The importance to science of prompt publication of descriptions of this material led to the establishment, in 1878, of the present series of publications, entitled ‘ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,” the distinguishing peculiarity of which is that the articles are published in pamphlet form as fast as completed and in advance of the bound volume. The present volume constitutes the fifteenth of the series. The articles in this series consist: First, of papers prepared by the scientific corps of the National Museum; secondly, of papers by others, founded upon the collections in the National Museum; and, finally, of facts and memoranda from the correspondence of the Smithsonian Institution. The Bulletin of the National Museum, the publication of which was commenced in 1875, consists of elaborate papers based upon the collec- tions of the Museum, reports of expeditions, etc., while the Proceedings facilitate the prompt publication of freshly-acquired facts relating to biology, anthropology and geology, descriptions of restricted groups of animals and plants, the discussion of particular questions relative to the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditions. Other papers, of more general popular interest, are printed in the Appendix to the Annual Report. Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletin of the National Museum are referred to the Advisory Committee on Pub- lications, composed as follows: T. H. Bean (chairman), A. Howard Olark, R. E. Earll, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Frederick W. True, and Lester F. Ward. S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Il a TABLE OF CONTENTS. 5 Page. Allen, Harrison, Wi. D. (1) Onanew subfamily of Phyllostome bats. (2) Description ; of a new genus of Phyllostome bats. (8) On Temminck’s bat, Scotophilus temminckii... 437-444 NEW SUBFAMILY: Nataline. NEw GENUS: Eetophylla. NEW SPECIES: Hetophylla alba. Bean, Tarleton, H., Wi. D. Description of a new species of star-gazer (Cathetostoma QUOTE) sO TE ULOG) LE pMb TRIN GS. ON GAS oe ba Ion AAC p SR Rae MeSpSren rican Ac aa See SB eC Se See ABAor 121-122 Notes on fishes collected in Mexico by Professor Dugés, with descriptions of new SPECIES (UE LAAUOCRLL ister mmas wictae a ca aeoe ce Seer anne see EE Ase one cicie eine aecntes 283-287 NEW SPECIES: Algansea dugési, Fundulus robustus, Acara bartoni. Benedict, James E. Preliminary descriptions of thirty-seven new species of hermit crabs of the genus Eupagurus in the U.S. National Museum.............------......---- 1-26 NEW SPECIES: Hupagurus alaskensis, E. aleuticus, EL. patagoniensis, BE. smithi, EB. im- pressus, E. floridanus, B. exilis, BE. albus, FE. gladius, LE. defensus, E.capillatus, E. brandti, BE. dalli, EL. tanneri, EF. confragosus, E. cornutus, EH. townsendi, BE. rathbuni, EB. minutus, E. purpuratus, E.hemphilli, BE. beringanus, EB. neweombei, BE. undosus, EL. kennerlyi, E. setosus, E. munitus, EB. gilli, E. curacaewnsis, E. californiensis, EF. mexi- canus, B. roseus, HL. corralinus, FE. coronatus, EL. varians, EB. cervicornis. Corystoid crabs ofthe genera Telmessus and Erimacrus (with Plates XXV-XXvVII)...-.-- 223. 230 NEW GENUS: Hrimacrus. Bolles, T. Dix, Lieut. U. 8. Navy. Chinese relics in Alaska (with Plate xxIv) .....-- 221-222 Cherrie, Geo. K. Description of two apparently new flycatchers frora Costa Rica....-... 27-28 NEW SPECIES: Mionectes semischistaceus. NEW SUBSPECIES: Ornithion pusillum subfavum. Eigenmann, Carl Hi. The fishes of San Diego (with Plates X-XvIll) ....-..-.--.-.------ 123-178 On the occurrence of the spiny boxfish (genus Chilomycterus) on the coast of California (AUUDED TEV Ti GTO ORS VERS Sie bene SSS Oe SAE Ea tne eI, oa, ne eg ne 485 Fontaine, William WE. Description of some fossil plants from the Great Falls coal field GoONLOM ban ay (Ve MGM MeL eS MER SORT Dy RK RU) cremcininia = 2: aaisicis hea ja cana cmanseecsinc sss eceeecwstiae 487-495 NEW SPECIES: Aspiuiwm montanense, A. monocarpum, Pecopteris montanensis, Clado- phlebis heterophylla, Zaimites montanensis. NEW VARIETY: Aspidium angustipinnatum var. montanense. Hay, 0. P. On the ejection of blood from the eyes of horned toads.........-....----------- 375-378 —- Some observations on the turtles of the genus Malaclemys......------- oocopsrpsoshess 379-384 On the breeding, habits, eggs, and young of certain snakes...-.........-...-------.---- 385-397 Holm, Theo. Notes on the flowersof Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (with Plate XLvit)... 399-403 Howard, L. ©. Insects of the subfamily Encyrtinze with branched antenne (with ease REM Vil RG VEN co eeeiarens can eich « Jas Sacniemncc cues eecsimecedese See once Guloiseieatete eine are 361-369 NEW GENERA: Pentacnemus, Tetracladia, Calocerinus. NEW SPECIES: Pentacnemus bucculatricis, Tetracladia texana, T. gracilis. Jordan, David Starr. A descriptionof the goldentroutof Kern River, California, Salmo PENNA ATO NIM Sam ee ce ate oo ries os aed aces seesedeceeiea cle Md ceetn etic mecha cee ociest. = 481-483 NEW SUBSPECIES: Salino mykiss agua-bonita. Linton, Edwin, Ph. D. Notes on avian Entozoa (with Plates Iv-VIII) ...-...-.-.------- 87-113 NEW GENUS: Epision. NEW spPECIES: Iilaria serrata, Echinorhynchus rectus, Distomwm (?) verrucosum, D. flecum, Dibothrium exile, Bpision plicatus, Tenia macrocantha, T'. compressa. Rathbun, Mary J. Catalogue of the crabs of the family Periceridx inthe U. S. National Museum (with Plates Se OT ES.) 65 BA ae CSG He GEESE CG SUSE aS Gone: po eee ae 231-277 NEW SPECIES: Libinia macdonaldi, L. spinimana, L. mexicana, Pericera triangulata, P. atlantica, P. contigua, Macroceloma tenwirostra, Othonia carolinensis, O. nichols, O. rotunda, Mithrax pilosus, M. hemphilli, M, sinensis, M. bahamensis, M. braziliensis. IIt [Vv TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ridgway, Robert. Descriptions of two new forms of Basileuterus rufifrons, from Mex- HOES LSS CEN alee Re es ae ea py oe RE Sle ot i Be aa Gch acta eek: 119 NEw supspecies: Basileuterns rufifrons jouyi, B.rujifrons dugési. Shufeldt, BK. W., WM. D. A. maidof Wolpai, (with Plate 1). .22.-.- <2. 22..-n--scccccsese 29-31 The evolution of house building among the Navajo Indians (with Plates XLI-XLIIl)..--. 279-282 Simpson, Charlies VT. Notes on the Unionidxe of Florida and the Southeastern States (WAL PLS tOS RGR ERR TV) i; SS TASS Sew See eta nce edn eiete cule acial sfeidisiet a so piaietela oie ww cies aie e eeenetoeners 405-436 NEW SPECIES: Unio subluridus. Smith, John B., Sc. D. Revision of the genus Cucullia; revision of the Dicopine; revision of Xylomiges and Morrisonia (with Plates I-1ll).-..-....-------.---.------------ 33-86 New specins: Cucullia similaris, C. obsewrior, C. dorsalis, C. bistriga, C. cinderella, Bu- tolype bombyciformis, Copipanolis borealis, C. fasciata, Xylomiges peritalis, X. ochra- ced. Stejneger, Leonhard. Preliminary description of new genus and species of blind cave salamander from’ North Amieries (with Plate 1&)-< - 122. -sck cone eee Seimcis See eee ee eee 115-117 New Genus: Yyphlotriton. NEw species: T'yphlotriton speleus. —— Notes on collection of birds made by Harry V. Henson in the Island of Yezo, Japan (with Plate xLV) << sii Ps. cea sen Sesbacectaeseteee Reid eels sa Sins sacle 21 aia eee mets emer 289-359 New species: Parus hensoni. ; NEW SUBSPECIES: Hypsipetes amaurotis hensoni. — ‘Two additions of the Japanese avifauna, inciuding description of a new species...--- 371-373 NEW SPECIES: Acanthopneuste ijime. True, Frederick W. An annotated catalogue of the mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Kilima-Njaro region, East Africa (with Plates LXXV-LXXX) ..-.........---- 445-480 NEW SPECIES: Mus aquilus, Dendromys nigrifrons, Sciurus undulatus. Williamson, Mrs. Burton WH. An annotated list of the shells of San Pedro Bay and WICINI Oy (WIT RCP La tes RRS RIM) Sees to esc ceee wena ye Winte a oles er ane ha tenets mete ere eee 179-219 NEW SPECIES: Vitrinella williamsoni, Amphissa bicolor. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TEXT FIGURES. Hraniwiewejor aembry Or Natalus Stramimeus: a2 S= <4 522 sass ciels awe gsicleciel-t nice cleiele cus eeteceeinis Mus aquilus Der UnOmyS MIO NMOS 1 ee aaa ato win aie Sein Aas l= Sareea cictatate sete ance U deat Aae.n otaiieen cee ae ee BNCEUE TUS PIUTLCHEULRUU TLS etait of costes A apassteumlcle ic (2c wpatatersierepe =m axceers nian ataleterests o/sterate weiner ne « he ere ee ae Megaderma cor XV. PLATES. SAL TN ULC OLAV OLD ctarers sia: accreia maine apeim orcas em wats eyo ere Se ete wine emia ee eee sie sO iMOe IV-VIIl. HXS aX: XI. XII. XIII. XIV. xeVele NEVIS SVE: XTX-XXIIT. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXII. XXXII. XXXITTI. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVIL. XXVIII. XXXIX. Xi. XLI-XULITITI. XLIV. Ti. XEVEXL VAL. XLVII. PING Saha LEX. EX VvI: LXXVII. ExxX VAI, LXXIX. LXXX. Damara-land pygmy antelope LXXXtI. LXXXU-LXXXIV . Genitalia of Cucullia Genitalia of Xylomiges and Morrisonia Avian Entozoa Typhlotriton speleus Stolephorus Compressus\--(------ ons 2 pean ence Aah cee See ee ee Clupea mirabilis Stolephorus ringens and delicatissimus Atherinopsis californiensis Clevelandia and Gillichthys Dyphilosobiusrand Gillichtthys)...-22 25222220. 22.222 eee ret eae ea wore Sebastodes and Fierasfer Oligocuttus analis and Isesthes gilberti PA a LOW DEES oie ACE SSD Ss 7aSOR ore onc baa me nA AOE ek ae jose Shells of San Pedro Bay - Alaskumenask: withi@hiness mM 6dalsss:-* .- 4c. cases ease Soepce sce eee eae Relmessasy CHeInaPONUS io. <5 exes Sac Se se ee eee te nc bee enimeess Telmessus acutidens, 'T. cheiragonus, and Erimacrus isenbeckii Erimacrus isenbeckii Libinia setosa DP La eas DIET Byers, 3 < cteleteleeinle asieie ays= slater eine See eee ase cee ee eee Libinia dubia, L. emarginata, L. mexicana Pericera triangulata, P. contigua Macrocceloma tenuirostra, M. camptocera Othonia aculeata, O. lherminieri Othonia carolinensis, O. nicholsi Othonia rotunda, Mithrax \braziliensis. -.-.2222 se. 2-05c2 -seceenceecnce Mithrax (Nemausa) acuticornis, M. hemphilli Mithrax hb abarmensis; Mi. SINCUSIS’ = <1 -nc/<2 42 Sesame ieee, tone ee eee ser Notilimths jlo Wits, Sa nee oA Seo or RAR MeaognS Goa no se sea-arcocoastoea ss Sonn eke ase ‘Tiarinia depressa, T. spinigera ’ > Navajo Indian houses at Fort Wingate, N. Mex.....................-....- Wing feathers of Motacilla lugens SEC NTEMIMES Y= apes Ste ace ene 2 an na ae Sr eeee Se eee ee ae Anthoxanthum odoratum OIG MIOS: aw Ce Seed eee ee enemies Sa oa eee a eee ele Merch: Se Tree Daman Pencil-eared oryx nGenmmmon sa elles = = a2 oko alc cicins cae Soe Meee es «ee cle cz eda sage Abbott's antelope Spiny boxfish Fossil plants from Montana...........sesccececceces let Grtafaratecaintath Pee ici 2 > Vi Page. 438 461 463 465 468 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF ARTICLES. No. 887, March 28, 1892; 888, March 25; 889, August 2; 890, 891, 892, 893, August 5; 894, August 2; 895, 896, July 18; 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, August 2; 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, September 19; 910, October 5; 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, October 26; 916, 917, 918, July 24, 1893. VI PROCEEDINGS OW TIL UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME XV. PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS OF THE GENUS EUPAGURUS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BY James E. BENEpIcr, Department of Marine Invertebrates. 1, Subgenus BUPAGURUS. Typical species Bupagurus bernhardus (L.). Hupagurus with the large surface of the left hand horizontal. Species not inclined to be hairy. 2. Subgenus TRIGONOCHIRUS. Typical species Bupagurus trigonocheirus Stimpson. Hupagurus with the outer face of the left hand oblique and more or less triangular. In some cases it is flattened, in others concave, or very much swollen, as in hirsutiusculus. The species are frequently very hairy. 3. Subgenus BLASSOCHIRUS. Typical species Hupagurus tenuimanus (Dana), YI p pag Eupagurus with the left hand very small, in some cases aimost rudi- mentary. The large hand is always wide or broadly ovate, excepting in munitus and gilli, where the carpus is exceedingly wide, and the hand moderately so. Hye scale semicylindrical, grading to triangular, sharp pointed. Species not hairy; many of them very smooth and glabrous. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. X V—No, 887, Proc. N. M. 92 1 2 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. 4, Subgenus LABIDOCHIRUS. Typical species Hupagurus splendescens (Owen), Eupagurus with the manus of the left cheliped cylindrical. Under this section I have included but three species, the type, 4. mertensi Brandt, and EH. parvus nov. Subgenus BUPAGURUS. Eupagurus alaskensis. Anterior portion of carapace a little broader than long. Rostral tooth ' produced to the base of the eye scales; lateral projections much less produced. Eye-stalks short and stout, constricted in the middle. The eye scales taper from the base to a blunt apex; the subterminal spine is conspicuous from above. The avicles of the antenne reach the proximal end of the flagella and are three-sided ; sides flat, iridescent. The inner marginis armed with from 12 to 16 short conical teeth, and is set with bunches of hair. The merus of the right cheliped is very stout and strong, and extends beyond the eye by about one-half its length. The carpus is armed on its inner margin with a line of stout spines; there are also two !ongi- . tudinal rows of spines on its upper surface; elsewhere thickly set with spiny granules. The hand is set with spiny granules forming a border on the outer margin. On the fingers the surface is very coarsely gran- ular. The left cheliped is much smaller than the right; its carpus has a row of strong spines on the inner margin, and a parallel row further down on the outer surface; otherwise it is set with spiny granules as in the large hand. The dactyl does not show from above any flattened sur- face, but from the prehensile edge to the outer margin it is evenly rounded. The ambulatory legs of the right side overreach the right cheliped but little; in very large specimens not at all. The upper surface of the merus joints are a little fattened. The upper margin of the carpus is armed with a single row of spines. Upper surface of propodal joints flattened, armed with a row of short spines on the summit and else- where with spiny granules. The dactyls are very wide, compressed, and twisted. The upper surface is convex, its summit and margins each set with arow of granules. Between these rows are long, smooth, surfaces. The inner surface of the dactyl is flat. The outer surface is very con- vex near the proximal end, but becomes much more flattened near the tip. In alcoholic specimens the general color above is a light purple with iridescent reflections ; below, light, tinged with reddish. A red streak runs around the prehensile edge of the thumbs and behind the dactyls to the inner margins of the hands, There is an oblong patch of red cee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3 on the outer distal margins and on the inner upper surface of the merus joints of the cheliped. The lower outer surface of the carpal joints of .the ambulatory legs are pointed with red. The propodal joints and dactyls are longitudinally streaked with red. This species is very close to bernhardus, but is easily distin anished by its broader and shorter left hand, by the wide dactyls of the ambula- tory legs, by the acicula, and by its pearly iridescence. Alaska. Eupagurus aleuticus. Front with three teeth sharper and a little more prominent than in alaskensis. The middle or rostral tooth is not quite so much produced. Eye-stalks much stouter and some longer than in alaskensis. The eye scales are larger and less acuminate. The subterminal spine does not show from above. The acicles are broader at the base than in alas- kensis. The chelipeds are stout. The carpal joints are armed with numer- ous sharp spines. That of the left cheliped is three-sided, and not four, as in alaskensis. The dactyls of both hands show from above a smooth oblique surface, either flat or a trifle concave. In the small hand this surface is free from hair and granules; in the large hand it is bordered with short spiny granules, and the granules inclosed are very small. The spines of both hands are bifurcate, except those of the margin, which are simple. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are very wide and thin. The upper surfaces are entirely occupied by a sulcus, deep at the base of the article, becoming shallow at the end. This character of the dactyls is sufficient to distinguish this species from any other species of the bernhardus type. The color is dark in most specimens. Aleutian Islands. Eupagurus patagoniensis. Anterior portion of carapace a little broader than long. Front with three- rounded lobes equally produced. Lateral lobes armed with a single small sharp spine pointing directly forward. The eye-stalks are stout, smallest in the middle, dilated and flattened at the corne, and enlarged but cylindrical at the base. Eye scales much as in alas- kensis. The subterminal spine is black-tipped and shows from above. The acicles reach the base of the flagella. In form they are very closely like that of bernhardus, and not so much flattened as in the related Alaskan species. The chelipeds are a little shorter than the ambulatory legs of their respective sides. Carpus of large cheliped shaped like that of bern- hardus, but it is evenly set with short sharp spines with black points. Spines of upper surface of hand black pointed and arranged in about seven more or less distinct longitudinal rows. The hand is more than twice as long as broad. The outer margin is arcuate; the inner margin 4 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. is nearly straight. The prehensile edges of the fingers are armed with large tubercles slightly horny near the tips. The merus joints of both chelipeds are very smooth on their large surfaces, but bordered with spines below. The left cheliped reaches to the base of the dactyl of the large hand. It is similar in shape and armature, with the exception of the prehen- sile edges of the fingers, which are much more horny. The carpus has an evenly convex outer and upper surface armed with spines. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are curved, bent and twisted as in bernhardue and allied species, but are not compressed. Although this species differs from the typical species of the genus, in the horny tips of the fingers of the large hand, yet in all other re- spects it so closely resembles the characteristic species that I cannot place it outside the limits of the genus under consideration. East coast of Patagonia. ; Bupagurus smithi. The three projections of the front are about equally advanced ; all are angular but not sharp; the lateral are each armed with a short spine. The eye-stalks are short, stout, and much dilated at the corneze. The eye scales are short and round. ‘The small subterminal spine shows from above. The second article of the antennal peduncle has its outer spine produced and spinulose on the inner edge. The terminal article ex- tends beyond the eye one-half of itslength. The terminal article of the antennular peduncle originates opposite the distal end of the eye-stalk. The merus of the large cheliped is compressed. Its anterior upper margin and a flattened patch on the distal upper surface are spiny. The carpus is covered with small spines, and the inner margin is set with about eight large sharp spines curved slightly forward. The outer surface of the carpus is flattened, making a distinct surface, but there is no dividing line of spines or granules. The hand is broadest at the middle of the palm. The outer margin is fringed with short, sharp spines. The inner margin is unarmed except the distal half of the dacty], which has a few short spines. The upper surface is paved with flat- tened plates or tubercles, each of which is surmounted by a small spine. The plates are raised above the true surface of the hand and, as in simi- lar cases, there are many irregular-shaped fissures between them. The plates themselves are not all circular, but many of them havea small deep sinus on one side. The left cheliped is strong and reaches the proximal end of the dactyl of the large cheliped. Its merus is much compressed, making its upper margin thin. The distal end of this margin is armed with two strong spines, which project directly forward over thecarpus. The carpus is broad ; its inner edge is crested with sharp spines. The upper surface is covered with small spines, as in the other cheliped. The hand is en- Regie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5 tirely bordered with spines, and its surface is horizontal and covered with plates, as in the large hand. The ambulatory legs are moderately stout, with slender, curved, and twisted dactyls. The carpal and propodal joints are crested with spines. The spines on the propodal joints of the second pair are very small. The dactyls are broadest two-thirds of their length from the propodal joints and are bordered with hair above and with spines and hair below. The color in alcoholic specimens is pink. Gulf of California. Eupagurus impressus. Anterior portion of carapace about as broad as long, flattened. Rostral projection on a line with lateral projections, much rounded. Lateral projections angular. EHye-stalks long, slender, dilated, and flattened at the corne. Scales semioval. Subterminal spine large. Acicule slender, very hairy, not extending beyond the eye-stalks. The chelipeds are stout and strong. The large hand is much wider than the carpus. Its outer margin is arcuate, set with about twenty blunt teeth. The inner margin is without marginal spines or granules except at the distal end of the dactyl, where the margin beyond the angle is spiny. The upper surface is covered with granular plates, making a nearly even surface above the true surface. There is a de- pression near the outer margin opposite the base of the dactyl, and an- other running from the carpus nearly to the gape of the fingers in each hand. The left hand is broader in proportion to its length than the right. Its surface is about the same in character. The arcuate outer margin is set with teeth, with small angular projections near the base of each. The inner margin is nearly straight, behind the dactyl having a row of five or six teeth. The margin of the dactyl is tuberculate. The ambulatory legs extend but little beyond the cheliped. The dactyls are hairy and alittle bent and twisted. This species is allied to pollicaris. Florida. Eupagurus floridanus. Anterior portion of carapace wider than long. Rostral projection rounded; lateral projections angular and a little in advance of the ros- tral. Eye-stalks slender, much flattened and dilated at the cornee, and dilated at the base. Eye scales elongated, conical, with a large sub- terminal spine. The acicule of the antenne do not extend beyond the the eye. ‘The ultimate joint of the antennule is more than twice as long as the penultimate. The chelipeds are very much as in pollicaris, but the hands are much narrower. The angle of the outer margin of the dactyl of the large hand is much nearer its base. The outer margin of the hand is not so much rounded and the bordering granules are not so prominent as 6 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. in pollicaris. The upper margin of the carpal and propodal joints of the ambulatory legs are spinuiose. The dactyls are slender, curved and twisted. Florida. Bupagurus exilis. Carapace flattened, depressed, wider than long. Front with a sharp triangular rostral tooth in line with the much rounder lateral lobes, which are armed with two short sharp spines directed forward and out- ward. The eye-stalks are short and stout, flattened at the corne. The scales are short, wide, and round at the end, the subterminal spine not showing ordinarily from above. Aciculze of the antenne not quite reaching the extremity of the eyes. Chelipeds long and slender. The carpus is about as in longicarpus. The hand is much more than twice as long as broad, about equally | arcuate on both margins. The fingers are slightly hooked at thetips. | The left cheliped is as in longicarpus with the exception of a raised row of granules on the outer margin of the pollex. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are log, slender, curved, and twisted. The upper carpal margins are set with a row of small spines. These do not exist in longicarpus. This species, while very closely related, is sufficiently distinct from longicarpus. Off the Rio dela Plata. Eupagurus albus. beyond the lateral projections, which are also angular and are armed with a short spine which points outward. This spine or point does not arise below the margin, as is commonly the case with spines at this point, but is produced from the slightly raised margin. The eye-stalks are Short, stout, and flattened; the corne are dilated. Eye scales Short, triangular, wide at the base; the subterminal spine very small, sometimes seen from above, often not. The peduncles of the antennula and antenna extend beyond the eyes. The acicles are about as long as the eyes. The right cheliped is long and slender. The upper anterior margin of the merus is armed with a few stout conical spines. The carpus is flattened on the inner surface and much rounded above and on the outer side. The upper surface is longit udinally divided into two parts by a median line of small spiny granules. The surface of the inner division is concave; the outer is convex. The handis long, narrow, and is very Slightly bent upward. The surface above and below is thickly set with rough, flattened granules. The inner border is conspicuously marked by araised ridge. . The fingers are slender andshorter than the palm. | The small cheliped barely reaches the large hand in large specimens. | Front with median projection angular, not produced much if at all wore | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 7 The carpus is single crested; lower down is a parallel line of spiny granules which terminates with rather a large spine atthe manus. The outline of the manus is slightly concave on its outer margin, while the inner outline is strongly convex. A sharpridge runs along the outer margin of the hand and pollex. At the base of the pollex the depres- sion is much deeper than farther along at either end of the ridge. The prehensile edge of the pollex is armed with small calcareous teeth, while the prehensile edge of the dactyl is armed witha comb of horny denticles. The meral, carpal, and propodal joints of the ambulatory legs are stout, while the dactyls are very slender, much curved, and twisted. On each side of each dactyl a deep groove originates at the articulation with the propodus and disappears towards the end of the dactyl. There is a line of hairs on the upper margin. This species is common in the Gulf of California. Bupagurus gladius. Anterior portion of carapace much broader than long. Rostral pro- jection angular, pointed. Angles of the lateral projection more obtuse, pointed. Eye-stalks very stout, flattened. Scales short, wide. Sub- terminal spine small, often not showing from above. The acicles of the aptenne extend well beyond the eyes. The right cheliped is very long. Merus rugose, its lower external distal angle produced and armed with several small spiny teeth. Car- pus long, convex, its inner margin marked with a row of small spines of unequal length. Its upper surface is evenly set with spiny granules. The outer margin is marked by a dense row of these granules. The hand at its base is much narrower than the carpus. It attains its full width at the base of the dactyl, where it is not quite so wide as the car- pus. The length of the hand in a typical specimen is 16 mm.; width 5 mm. The inner margin is marked by a line of granules. The granules of the upper surface are sharp and have a tendency to stand in more or less transverse rows. The outer margin is thin and is bordered by a row of very small blunt teeth. The fingers are thin and their pre- hensile edges are armed with calcareous tubercles. The left cheliped scarcely reaches the base of the large hand. Its carpus has a double crest of spinules. The hand is bent outward. The fingers are thin and curved downward. The ambulatory legs are slender. The outer spines of the crest on the carpus often have two or three points. The crest of the propodus is composed of much smaller spines than that of the carpus. The dac- tyls are thin, wide, curved, and twisted. This species is closely allied to longicarpus and related species. Gulf of California. Eupagurus defensus. Anterior portion of carapace broad and convex. Median process rounded, the margin of the front between the lateral processes being an 8 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. even curve. Lateral processes slender, pointed, and armed with a short spine. The eye-stalks are stout, much dilated, and flattened at the cornee. The eye scales are broad, rounded, the anterior margin being a semicircle. The large, subterminal spine makes them appear at first sight very acute. The peduncle of the antenna extends beyond the eye by one-half the length of the terminal segment. The peduncle of the antennula extends beyond the eye by two-thirds the length of its termi- nal article. The acicle is a little longer than the eye. The merus of the large cheliped is cylindrical at its base and swells out to the carpns. It has no angular surfaces. The carpus has three lines of sharp, slender spines, one on the inner margin composed of much larger spines, one on the outer margin, and one part way between the two. The hand is a little wider than the carpus at the base of the dactyl; its margin is set with a comb of long slender spines. A row of spines of about the same size and character runs from the gape of the finger to the wrist. Between the marginal and central rows are two diagonal rows of spines. On the outer surface of the hand, near the base of the pollex, is a patch of seven or eight spines. On the ridge of the pollex there are several rows of plates irregularly placed, and a small spine arises from the center of each. The fingers are hooked and gape widely. The small cheliped reaches the base of the dactyl. Its merus is com-_ pressed. The carpus carries a double crest of spines; inner margin straight and flat; outer convex. The hand is armed with spines, as in the large cheliped, with the exception of the spine-bearing plates, which it lacks altogether. The fingers gape as in the large hand. In the small specimens the fingers do not gape in either hand. The description is made from two specimens from the Albatross col- lection in the Gulf of Mexico, Subgenus TRIGONOCHIRUS. Eupagurus capillatus. Anterior portion of carapace a little longer than broad. Lateral areas with numerous tufts of hair. Front with a broadly rounded, slightly produced, median projection. Lateral projections or lobes each armed below the margin with a strong spine. Eye-stalks long, slen- der, nearly straight. Scales semioval, with a strong subterminal spine. Acicle of the antenna not quite reaching the tip of the eye. Ultimate article of the antennula as long as the eye-stalk and extending nearly its full length beyond. Right cheliped large. The merus is convex on the outer surface, nearly smooth; inner surface flattened and very hairy; spiny below. Carpus above convex, with small scattered spines; inner margin marked with a row of strong spines. Hand ordinarily twice as long as broad, rather sparsely set with stout spines. F ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2 Left cheliped with merus compressed. Carpus compressed, bicristate. Hand narrow and slender. Ambulatory legs stout. Dactyls curved and slightly twisted. This speciesis much nearer its Atlantic representative pubescens than is any other North Pacific Hupagurus to its Atlantic analogue, and has long been confounded with it. The two are however distinct, and can be separated by careful comparison. Capillatus has the appearance of being much more hairy, the hairs often holding mud and dirt. Under the microscope, the main shaft of each hair is crowded with long fine hairs. In pubescens, the hairs show occasional spinules along the main shaft. The oblique face of the left hand in capillatus is more angular at its base and is not quite so long in proportion to its width as in pubescens. The large hand is more rounded. The spines are larger and not so numerous. The propodal joints are a little more flattened and a little shorter. The eyes are a trifle longer. Alaska. Eupagurus brandati. Median projection of the front very little produced beyond the lateral. Lateral projections rounded and armed with a submarginal spine. Eye- stalks rather stout, a little dilated at the cornex. Scales triangular, bearing a bunch of coarse bristles. The acicle of the antenna extends a little beyond the eye. The chelipeds are stout. Carpus armed above with small scattered spines. Hand very much swollen; outer margin arcuate; inner mar- gin of palm and finger making nearly a straight line. Prehensile edges of fingers armed with three or four stout tubercles; tips horny. Left cheliped small. Carpus compressed, bicristate. The oblique triangular face of the hand is markedly concave. Ambulatory legs moderately slender, almost entirely unarmed. The dactyls are wide, curved, and slightly twisted. The color of alcoholic specimens is reddish, the middle of the joints light. Spines everywhere red or red pointed. This species is closely related to kréyeri, trigonocheirus and dalli. The small chelipeds of all have the triangular outer face, and in gen- eral the species resemble each other very much. With a large series of all I find substantial specific characters. Brandti and dalli are found together in a depth of from 15 to 85 fathoms in the Aleutian Island region. They grow to a length of three inches. They are separated at sight by a sharply defined band of white on the distal end of the merus joints of dalli, which is entirely wanting in brandti. Eupagurus dalli. Anterior portion of carapace very convex, about as broad as long. Median projection of the front triangular, produced beyond the lateral projections. Lateral projections rounded, each armed with a submar- 10 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. ginalspine. Eye-stalks smaller than in brandti. Eye scales triangular, with a large subterminal spine. The acicles reach but little beyond the eyes. The width of the carpus of the large cheliped is less than two-thirds of its length, while the hand is more than twice as longas broad. The outline of the hand is nearly the same on both margins. The fingers are a little hooked, and the points cross wien the fingers are closed, giving the pollex the appearance of being a little longer than the dac- tyl. The spines of the carpus and hand are small, slender, and sharp. The small cheliped has a triangular outer face. The ambulatory legs are slender, the dactyls on the right side ex- tending beyond the cheliped by about one-third their length. The dactyls are spinulose, a little curved, but notat alltwisted. The cheli- peds and ambulatory legs are hairy; the hair is very fine and not very conspicuous. Alaska. Bupagurus tanneri. Front tridentate; teeth pointed, well defined. Rostriform tooth much larger and more produced than the lateral teeth. Ocular peduncles stout; corne dilated ; scales ovate, with subterminal spine prominent, pointed. Second article of antenna short, stout; its outer angle pro- duced to or beyond the middle of the penultimate article; inner angle armed with aslender spine. Acicle thin and flattened at its base, slender and subcylindrical for the greater part of itslength. It reaches beyond the middle of the last article. Right cheliped long, its merus extending beyond the eye for two- thirds of its length. Upper and outer side of merus cylindrical, its distal surface rendered uneven by tubercles and hairy ruge, the rug becoming shorter at the proximal end.. Carpus four-sided ; upper side a little convex; much more so below; sides concave. Hand elongate, about as wide as the carpus; from about the middle of the palm it tapers gradually each way. Fingers thin and bent downward like curved scissors. A ridge beginning at the articulation of the carpus near the inner angle of the hand, runs diagonally across the hand and along the inner portion of the immovable finger. Another ridge be- ginning near the outer proximal angle of the hand runs across the hand and joins the first ridge a little behind the gape of the fingers. At this point the ridge is most elevated. The two ridges inclose a sub- triangular area, ili which there are five or six short spines. The ridges are spiny, the first one from its origin to the pollex, the second through- out itslength. Both margins of the hand are spiny. On the outer margin the spines are regularly placed ina single row, extending to near the tip of the pollex. On the inner margin they form a double | row, irregularly placed. There is a single row of spines on the margin of the dactyl. A row higher up unites,with the first near the tip. Two marked depressions occupy the large part of the upper surface of ie Kd —— or aaa PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. it the hand. The one on the outer side begins on the pollex and runs backward, becoming deeper opposite the base of the dactyl and widest a little back of this. On the inner part of the hand the second depres- sion begins along the articulation of the dactyl and runs back to the proximal margin. There are no granules or spines in this depression, and but few scattered spiny granules in the other. The surface of the hand is glabrous. The left cheliped is small, reaching to the middle of the large hand. Merus compressed above, thickened below, and armed with sharp spines. Carpus compressed; upper surface flattened, each margin armed with a row of prominent sharp spines; lower surface convex, set with small tubercles. Outer face of the hand subtriangular, deeply concave. Upper margin of this face armed with a single row of spines, and the lower margin with a double row irregularly placed and much smaller. A short row of spines from the carpal margin unites with the upper marginal row, making this row appear double for a part of its length in small specimens. Fingers slender, bent downward ; prehen- sile edges thin, even, and horny. Ambulatory legs slender, in large specimens reaching but little be- yond the cheliped on the right side, in small specimens extending be- yond by one-half the length of the dactyl. Merus joints much com- pressed; upper surface flattened, rugose; rug hairy. Carpal joints armed on the upper margin with a single row of sharp spines. Pro- podal joints compressed above, irregularly set with short spines. Dac- tyls long, slender, twisted. Two lines of hair near the margins of the inner surface are very conspicuous. Outer surface convex, glabrous. Alaska, Eupagurus confragosus. Front tridentate; teeth pointed; median tooth but little produced beyond the lateral. Eyestalks stout, tapering gradually to the di- lated cornexe. Scales acuminate; subterminal spine long, stout. Sec- ond article of antenna stout, its outer angle produced to about the mid- dle of the penultimate article. Acicles reaching but little beyond the eyes. Penultimate article subconical. The right cheliped is stout, falling short of the tips of the ambulatory legs. Merus and carpus very much as in tanneri, but the merus is more spiny below and the spines of the inner upper margin of the carpus are larger in comparison with those of the outer margin than in that species. The hand is wider and stouter than in tanneri, but made up in much the same way. The outer margin is spiny while the inner margin is set with spiny granules. The raised triangle with its base on the articulation with the carpus is much broader. The ridge which runs from the inner angle to the immovable finger is granulate rather than spiny. The ridge on the inner side of the triangle is broken by a V-shaped notch, the broken parts changing direction at this point. The outer ridge ofthe triangle, a short line inside, and the apex are sparsely 12 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. set with spines. Depressions occur on both sides of the hand, as in the last species, but do not reach the carpal margin, the inner depression being entirely cut off by the ridge. The whole upper surface of the hand is set with spiny granules, between which the surface is glabrous. The fingers are thin, but do not curve downward. The left cheliped is shorter and more slender than the right. Car- pus compressed ; upper surface flat; both margins armed with spines, those of the outer margin much the longer and a little hooked forward. The outer face of the hand is deeply concave; the surface is granulated ; both margins are spinous, the spines evenly placed. The fingers are slender, with even, thin, prehensile edges. The ambulatory legs on the right side reach but little beyond the large hand. Merus joints much compressed ; those of the anterior pair armed with spines below. Upper margin of carpal and propodal joints armed with spines. Smaller spines exist on the carpal joints of the second pair, but not upon the propodal. The dactyls are curved and a little twisted, fringed with hair as in tannert. The two species are readily separated by the inner side of the raised triangle of the large hand. In this species it cuts off the inner depres- sion of the upper surface from the proximal margin of the palm, while in tanneri this depression is allowed to reach the margin by a curvature of the ridge. Alaska. Bupagurus cornutus. Anterior portion of carapace a little wider than long. Front triden- tate; median tooth larger and a little more produced than the lateral. The eyes are stout and in length equal about one-half the width of the anterior portion of the carapace. Acicles slender, subcylindrical, extending one-half their length beyond the eyes; external spine pro- duced; its apex slender; the inner margin armed with three or four slender teeth. The right cheliped is long and stout. The distal end of the merus is armed with short spines above and below; its upper surface is sparsely granulated posteriorly ; anteriorly it is set with short transverse ruge, from which lines of hair reach forward along the surface. The upper surface of the carpus is subrectangular; its linear margins sharply de- fined by rows of couical spines, those of the inner margin being much the larger; a third row of irregularly placed spines runs parallel to the inner magin. The hand swells out at its articulation until it is a little wider than the carpus, when the margins of the hand are nearly parallel to a point a littie beyond the gape of the fingers. From this point to the tip of the immovable finger the outer margin is nearly straight, the dactyl gently curving to the tip. The outer margin is armed with a single row of spines and is fringed with fine hair. The margin of the dactyl is the same in character, but the spines are much smaller. A strong, rounded, granulated ridge begins near the wrist on the inner side | | rae | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13 . of the hand and runs diagonally to the end of the pollex; just behind the gape of the fingers it is elevated to a horn or tubercle. In all speci- mens the anterior outline of the horn is perpendicular to the hand. In small specimens the posterior outline is straight from the apex of the horn to the beginning of the ridge near the wrist. In large specimens the horn is much more elevated than the straight lines of the ridge. An auxiliary, spiny ridge, running from the outer middle of the wrist to the horn, cuts off an elevated subtriangular area on the posterior part of the hand. This area is somewhat spiny. The outer portion of the hand is deeply concave and its surface roughened by spiny granules. The inner side of the hand is deeply excavated, the cavity running in under the ridge and horn. The fingers are thin, granulate, the pre- hensile edges set with blunt teeth. The left cheliped is much smaller than the right, reaching beyond the articulation of the dactyl of the large hand. The merus is compressed above, flattened beneath; margin spiny. Carpus compressed, flattened above, bicristate. The outer face of the hand is subtriangular, deeply concave or excavate; surface granulate; margins spiny. The ambulatory legs of the right side reach but little beyond the cheliped. Merus joints of first pair much compressed, armed with small spines below; carpal joints armed with larger spines above. The sec- ond pair are without spines. Dactyls flattened, curved, twisted, chan- neled on each side near the articulation of the propodus; inner surface with a line of hair near each margin. Alaska. Eupagurus townsendi. Rostriform tooth sharp, produced slightly beyond the base of the eye scales. Lateral projections of the front but little produced. Eye pe- dunele constricted at the base, dilated at the cornea. Scales small. Acicles of antenne slender, extending beyond the eyes for nearly half their length. The chelipeds are long, the merus joints extending beyond the eyes by about one-half their length; spiny below. The carpus of the right cheliped is five-eighths as wide as long, its inner margin with a row of spines about one-third larger than those scattered about the surface and about double the size of the spines of the outer margin. The upper and lower surfaces are convex; outer and inner surfaces flat or slightly concave. The handis more than twice as long as wide, thinly spinous. The spines of the outer margin are about the same size as those of the surface, and very much larger than those of the inner margin. There are two rows of spiny granules on the dactyl, with a flat surface between. The hand is evenly convex above and below. The fingers are slightly bent downward. The left cheliped reaches the base of the dactyl of the large hand ; it is compressed. The carpus has a flat upper surface, with a row of small ‘spines on each margin. The hand has a subtriangular and slightly 14 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. concave outer face. The upper margin is armed with a row of slender spines. Ambulatory legs slender; dactyls long, slender, much bent, twisted. Those of the right side reach beyond the cheliped by about one-fourth their length. Merus joints of first pair with six or seven spines below ; carpal joints spiny above. Carpal joints of the second pair spiny above, but the spines are very small. Chelipeds and ambulatory legs sparsely hairy ; hairs fine and short, not conspicuous. On the hand the hair arises in little bunches scat- tered among the spines. Color in alcohol, orange-buff. Alaska. Eupagurus rathbuni. Median projection of the front acute, produced much beyond the lat- eral projections. Eye peduncles stout, very little constricted, dilated at the cornee. Scales rather broad, rounded. The acicles reach to the end of the eyes. : Chelipeds long. The merus joints overreach the eyes by about one- half theiv length. The carpus of the large cheliped is seven-tenths as wideas long, convex on three sides, concave on the inner side, spinose; the spines small. Spines of the inner margin but little if any larger than elsewhere. The distal inner angle of the upper surface is occupied by a small circular patch of very fine hair. The hand is about three- sevenths as wide as long, evenly rounding at the palm, spiny above, with a searcely distinguishable marginal row of spines. The merus and carpus have a few short spines below. The upper part of the car- pus of the left cheliped is flat, with marginal row of very small spines. The hand is small; fingers slender and strongly bent downward. The ambulatory legs of the right side overreach the cheliped but — little ; those of the left side, by about one-half the length of the dactyl. — The anterior pair have the lower edges of the merus joints set with spiny granules. The carpal joints have a row of very small spines on the upper margin. The dactyls are wide, bent, and twisted. The mar- gins of the inner surface are hairy. The distal upper margin of the meral and carpal joints is a light red. ‘There is also a streak of red on the large hand at the base of the dactyl. The ambulatory legs are tinged with the same color near the joints and on the upper distal third of the meral joints. The general color is pale. : This species is readily distinguished from any other north Pacific form by the patch of hair on the carpus of the large cheliped. Alaska. Eupagurus minutus. Anterior portion of carapace broadly rounded at the sides, much con- stricted behind. Front nearly straight, faintly three-lobed, Eye-stalks eae” PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15 long, stout. Scales short, rounded, with a slender subterminal spine. Acicle of antenna shorter than the eye. Peduncle scarcely if any longer than the eye. Merus of right cheliped short, compressed. Upper surface of car- pus triangular; inner margin armed with slender spines; a few scat- tered spines on the surface. The hand is much longer than wide. The inner margin of the manus is set with long slender spines, as also the outer edge of the dactyl. Spines of the outer margin much smaller. Two rows of slender spines beginning at the carpus run together at the base of the pollex. Carpus of left cheliped single-crested with slender spines. The ob- lique subtriangular face of the hand is bordered by very sharp spines. The upper surface is about equal to the oblique surface in extent. The specimen is hairy. Gulf of California. Eupagurus purpuratus. The median projection of the front is rendered sharp by a rostral point which originates on the upper surface and extends beyond the margin. The triangular lateral projections are not armed witha spine. The eye stalks are stout and long. The eye scales are acute, concave, and have a prominent, slender, subterminal spine. The lateral pro- jection of the second article of the antennal peduncle is long and is con- spicuously armed with spines on its inner margin. The peduncle is but little ifany longer than the eye. The acicle is setose and much shorter than the eye. The peduncle of the antennula is much longer than the eye. The carpus of the large hand widens out evenly from the merus, making the outline straight; outer margin unmarked by special line of granules or spines; inner margin defined by a row of five or six spines which are very sharp and point forward; upper surface coarsely gran- ulated. The hand has a symmetrical outline and is fringed from the tips of the fingers to the wrist with blunt spines. Those on the outer margin originate on the lower surface and project above the upper sur- face. eae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 21 margin is set with small tubercles. The outline of the large hand and the prehensile edges of the fingers are as in the preceding species. The ambulatory legs are relatively stouter. The dactyls are very much wider, and the inner surfaces are concave and spinulose. Color of alcoholic specimens light ochre. Alaska. Eupagurus curagaoensis. Anterior portion of carapace a little longer than wide. Median pro- jection produced, sharp ; lateral projections rounded. Eye-stalks stout, flattened, dilated at the cornee. Acicles much longer than the eyes. External spine of antennz reaching the base of the cornea. Flagella very slender, reaching the end of the large cheliped. Merus of large cheliped trigonal, very convex; upper and outer face Squamose; lower external angle spinulose. Upper surface of carpus subtriangular, granular; inner portion with a few scattered minute spines; middle and outer portions with scattered tubercles in bunches of two or three arranged transversely; the outer margin is slightly raised and inconspicuously tuberculose; the inner margin is thin and serrate. The hand is thin and wide, evenly and minutely granulate; the edges are thin and slightly upturned and crenulate. The upper surface of the dacty] is divided by a ridge running from the tip to the articulating condyle. Left cheliped much smaller than the right. Carpus flattened on top ; margins spiny. Hand with a thin elevated ridge running from the end of the pollex to the wrist, making a deeply concave subtriangular outer face. Ambulatory legs compressed. Upper margins of carpal and propodal joints sharp and spiny. Dactyls very thin, wide, bent and twisted. Color of ambulatory legs in alcohol. Meral, carpal and propodal joints light red with wide band of light in the center of each. Distal half of the dactyl reddish; proximal ialf, light. This species is closely related to H. carneus Pocock (Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. Iv, No. 24, 1889). Eupagurus californiensis. Anterior portion of carapace about as broad as long. Median projec- tion of the front sharp, in advance of the short angular lateral projec- tions. Eye-stalks moderately long and slender. Scales long, pointed, concave. The acicles of the antennz reach the ends of the eye-stalks. - Merus of large cheliped trihedral, smooth. Surface of the carpus Subtriangular; inner margin set with two or three spines on its distal portion ; behind these are one or two tubercles; outer margin slightly raised and a little uneven. The hand is much broader than the carpus. The palm is slightly granulose under the lens. The pollex is roughened by a few large granules. The outer margin of the dactyl is armed with comparatively large, blunt teeth. Part way between this border and 22 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. the prehensile edge is a row of granules. Between this row of granules and the margin the surface is deeply concave. Ambulatory legs moderately stout. From the upper distal margin of the carpal joints there is a small spine extending forward over the propodus. The dactyls are long and thin, but little curved. Color in alcohol white. California. Eupagurus mexicanus. Anterior portion of carapace much longer than broad. Median pro- jection of the front sharp and but little in advance of the lateral, which are angular and each armed with a very small spine below the margin. The eye-stalks are long and nearly straight. The cornea is a little dilated. The eye scales are long, pointed, and deeply concave. The acicle does not reach the end of the eye. The large cheliped is as long or longer than the ambulatory legs; longer in small specimens, and about the same length in large. The merus is compressed and glabrous; a small spine occupies the lower anterior outer angle. The carpus is sparsely granulose, otherwise gla- brous. The inner border is raised, thin, and uneven. There is no ridge or marking of any kind separating the upper from the outer surface. The lateral surfaces are connected below by a straight ridge. The hand is thick and but little wider than the carpus. The proximal inner an- gle of the upper surface is minutely granulous. The granules become gradually larger diagonally across the palm to the pollex. The lateral margins of the palm are not thinned out as in related species, but are marked by a row of oblong granules. Two rows of coarse granules with a sulcus between mark the outer surface of the dactyl. The left cheliped is very weak and small, just reaching the margin of the large hand, and no stouter than the ambulatory legs. The car- pus is much compressed and has a double crest. The hand is semi- cylindrical; its vertical face is not equal to its horizontal. The ambulatory legs are slender. The dactyls are thin, straight, but curve near the nail, and are spinulose below. The large cheliped is red in alcoholic specimens, becoming ligiter or white towards the tips of the fingers. The ambulatory legs are a little lighter shade than the cheli- peds, becoming lighter at the joints, and with a band of light color about the middle of the dactyl. Gulf of California. P Bupagirus roseus,. Anterior portion of carapace a trifle longer than broad. Median projection of front, an obtuse angle produced but little beyond the lat- eral projections, which are also angular. The eye-stalks are moderately stout, constricted in the middle. The eye scales, like others of the group, are long, narrow, and pointed, with a groove on the upper surface. The peduncles of both antennula and antenna are longer than the eye, while the acicle is a trifle shorter. a x aa | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 23 The merus of the right cheliped is trihedral. The upper surface of the carpus is triangular and granulose; outer margin slightly upturned; inner margin armed with six or seven long slender spines, curved and projecting forward. The hand looks solid and smooth to the eye, but with a lens the surface is seen to be finely and beautifully granulated. The crest isnot spiny, but is composed of oblong flattened tubercles, even in height and regular. The lower margin is finely bordered by granules. The dactyl is short and stout; surface evenly rounded at the margin, which is hardly apparent, but yet marked by an inconspicuous line of small granules. The lower surface is about as the upper. The ambulatory legs are moderately stout. The dactyls are straight and armed with spinules. There is a wide band of orange near the base of the eye-stalk and on the antennal peduncle at the base of the acicie. The hand is a light pink, while the carpus is a much darker shade of the same color. The ambulatory legs are banded with orange. The single alcoholic specimen from which the description was made _ was taken in the Gulf of California by the steamer Albatross. The left pes hand was lost. Eupagurus corallinus. Median projection of the front rounded, much produced beyond the lateral. Lateral projections rounded, unarmed. IlHye-stalks largest on the distal end; cornez dilated. The eye scales are sharp-pointed, with Prominent subterminal spines. The antennular and antennal peduncles are much longer than the eye, and the acicle is a trifle shorter. The merus of the large cheliped is compressed, its lateral aspect quadrilateral. The carpus is alittle longer than the palm; its upper sur- face is thickly set with very sharp spiny granules; the margins are defined by rows of spiny granules. The hand is fringed with spines alternately large and small, the spines becoming longer towards the apices of the fingers. The entire upper serface is thickly set with very small, slen- der, sharp spines. The spines along the fingers are very much enlarged in the center and constricted at the base. The merus of the left cheliped is much compressed. The carpus is compressed and surmounted by a double row of spines; in the outer row, large; in the inner, small. The hand is wide and thin; fingers gaping at the base; entire surface covered with very small sharp gran- ules. The carpal joints of all and the propodal joints of the anterior pair of ambulatory legs are crested with spines, a little large in propor- tion to the size of the animal. The dactyls are wide, thin, curved, and spinulose. Color.—The meral and carpal joints of the large cheliped are blotched with red and whiteywhile the small cheliped and the ambulatory legs are banded with the same colors. Off Key West, Florida. fe 24 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. Eupagurus coronatus. Anterior portion of the carapace very convex. Median projection of the front very sharp, and produced beyond the line of the lateral pro. jections. Lateral projections rounded and armed below the margin with a sharp spine. Eye-stalks long, stout at the base, tapering for- ward to near the cornea, where it is slightly enlarged. Eye scales short, rounded, with sharp subterminal spines. Peduncles of anten- —— nula and antenna longer than the eye. Flagellum of antenna hairy; hairs long and fine. Acicle much shorter than the eye. Merus of the large cheliped compressed, short, with a thin subser- rate crest on its upper margin. The carpus is also short, stout, and with a similar crest. There are two prominent spines near the inner angle, also one or more hooked spines on the inner surface. The hand is very short, suboval. Itis bordered all around with sharp teeth, sep- arated by rounded sinuses. In the larger specimens these teeth num- ber about thirty. The surface of the hand is minutely granulose. The left cheliped is very small, almost rudimentary. The hand does not widen out, nor are the fingers gaping as in the other species. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are short, flattened, spinose. This species is widely separated from the preceding species of the same group by the very short and crested merus and carpus of the large cheliped, and by the eyes and other characters. Gulf of California. Eupagurus varians. Median projection of the front pointed, produced much beyond the line of the lateral projections. Lateral projections angular. The eye- stalks are stout, constricted in the middle. Cornea much dilated, flat- tened. The eye scales are broad at the base, rapidly becoming nar- rower, and then drawn out toa fine point. The surface is much hol- lowed out-in the distal half of its length. The subterminal spine is comparatively very long and stout, and is situated just inside of the point of the scale. The long terminal article of the antennula extends beyond the eye its entire length. The pedunele of the antenna is also much longer than the eye. The acicle is about the same length, or a little snorter. The flagellum of the antenna is hairy. The hair is long and scattered. The merus of the right cheliped is compressed, slightly crested, and is produced,down to an angle or tubercle. The carpus is long, narrow at the proximal end, widening slightly toward the manus; sides and lower surface rounded ; upper surface not well defined, covered with short conical spines. The hand is fringed all around with spines varying greatly in size. The upper surface is covered with sharp, pointed granules, which are much constricted at the base and readily detached. In many specimens the hand is suboval, but in large specimens the fingers are lengthened and crossed at the tips. i : ‘ Mu ' \ a csop. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 25 The left cheliped has its merus and carpus compressed, the latter bicristate. The hand is thin and wide. Fingers gaping at the base. The ambulatory legs are long, much compressed. Carpal and pro- podal joints crested with slender spines. The dactyls are thin, wide and spinulose. Gulf of California. Eupagurus cervicornis. The anterior portion of the carapace is very convex, glabrous. The three projections of the front are angular, the median in advance of the lateral. Eye-stalk moderately long and stout. The scales are sharp pointed, broad at the base, and concave. The subterminal spine is prominent. The ultimate joint of the antennula is long and hairy. The peduncle of the antenna is long. The flagellum is sparsely set with long hair. The acicle is rounded, slender, and reaches a little be- yond the tips of the eyes. The right cheliped is large in proportion to the size of the body. The -merus is much compressed ; its depth is about equal to its length; the lower margin is rounded. The carpus is very narrow at its proximal end and widens out to the manus. The inner margin is marked by a row of conical spines. Some of these spines are red, others white. The points are sharp, and hook forward. The surface is thickly set with spines of the same shape and color but smaller. The outer mar- gin is marked by a row of still smaller spines of the same character. The carpus is deep, running down toa point or tubercle. The tip of this tubercle in the specimen in hand is a red spine, surrounded by a circle of six or seven white spines. Outside of this cirele are numer- ous granules. The upper surface of the hand is suboval, and is en- tirely fringed with spines. Those of the outer side are to some extent alternately large and small, while those on the inner border are more uniform. The upper surface is set with sharp granules, interspersed with small spines. The lower surface is evenly granular. Two pro- tuberances on the lower surface of the hand hold the carpus firmly when the hand is drawn down. The prehensile edge of the dactyl is armed with numerous small sharp triangular teeth. The left cheliped is very small and weak. The merus is much com- pressed. The carpus is compressed and surmounted by a double crest of spines. The hand is thin and oval. Ambulatory legs compressed. Carpal joints crested with small spines. Dactyls wide, thin, and spinulose. Color pink in‘alcohol. This species is found in a coral which has grown up around the original shell, and usually has a number of branches not unlike a horn of a deer. When the animal is withdrawn, only the oval face of the large hand can be seen. Gulf of California. 26 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. Subgenus LIBIDOCHIRUS. Eupagurus parvus. Anterior portion of carapace a little longer than wide. Front with three lobes nearly equally advanced. LEye-stalks long and straight. Scales short, rounded, Subterminal spine long, slender. Acicle of the antenna shorter than the eye, much curved, hairy. Peduncle of an- tenna reaching but little beyond the eye. Flagellum short, reaching but little beyond the carpus of the right cheliped. Merus of the right cheliped slightly compressed, rugose, hairy. Car- pus long and slender; inner border spiny; upper surface rugose and hairy. Hand long, much swollen from the carpus to the base of the fingers, reminding one somewhat of the hand of splendescens. Includ- ing the marginal rows there are six rows of short spines. Spines of the intermediate rows thinly set. Long silky hairs arise from their bases. Left cheliped much smaller than the right. Carpus slightly bicris- tate. The hand is much like the large hand. Fingers gaping. Ambulatory legs slender, hairy, unarmed. Dactyls thin, curved. Gulf of California. Subgenus EHUPAGURUS. Eupagurus hispidus. * Median projection of the front pointed and slightly produced. Eye- stalks long and stout. Scales large, triangular. Acicles of antennze much shorter than the eye-stalks. Large hand semicircular; the inner margin of manus and dactyl straight. Behind the gape of the fingers is a very large and much elevated tubercle. Behind the tubercle are two deep depressions or pits. Outside of the tubercle are three or four tubercles of smaller size, giving the hand a deeply eroded appearance. The left hand is small. A deep depression occupies a part of the space behind the gape. The outer marginis tuberculate. The upper surface of both hands is coarsely granulate; granules elevated and much crowded. Off Havana, Cuba. * This species did not come to hand in time for proper arrangement. DESCRIPTION OF TWO APPARENTLY NEW FLYCATCHERS FROM COSTA RICA. BY GEORGE K. CHERRIE. Ornithologist, Museo Nactonal de Costa Rica. A single specimen before me seems to be intermediate in many char- acters between the genera Mionectes and Leptopogon as defined by Sal- vin and Godman in their Biologia Centrali-Americana. But from the rather close general resemblance (of the lower parts especially) to Mio- nectes assimilis, and the very small feeble rictal bristles, it is probably best placed with Jionectes.* The third, fourth, and fifth primaries are longest and nearly equal; second equal to the sixth; first shorter than the longest secondaries. For this apparently new Flycatcher I propose the name Mionectes semischistaceus sp. nov. Type: Adult female (No. 6432, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Guaya- bal, Costa Rica, February 24, 1891; C. F. Underwood). Above, whole head, neck, and upper back, including scapulars and lesser wing-coverts, slate-gray, perhaps a little darker on the head; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep olive-green, the transition from the slate-gray to the olive-green rather abrupt. Wings and tail blackish or dusky edged with olive-green, that on the wings having a slightly yellowish or ochra- ceous shade. Below, chin, upper throat, and sides of head slate-gray, ligher than the back; breast olive-greenish, with a decided shading of orange-ochraceous, the latter color deepening and the former fading and disappearing posteriorly on the sides, belly, and crissum; the center of the abdomen is almost clear ocher-yellow. Under wing-coverts orange- ochraceous. Length (skin), 5.06”; wing, 2.35”; tail, 2.13’; tarsus 0.60’; gonys, 0.26”; width of bill at nostrils, 0.20’; the maxilla is broken away close to the nostrils. ° The only species of Leptopogon or Mionectes with which I have had opportunity to compare directly are L. pileatus, M. assimilis and M. oli- vaceus. *Without doubt correctly referred to Mionectes, and a very distinct species.—R. R. tNo. 124616, U. S. National Museum, by the courtesy of the Costa Rica National Museum. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 888. 7 28 NEW SPECIES OF FLYCATCHERS—CHERRIE. I have two specimens from the southwest coast of Costa Rica (Pozo Azul) that do not seem referable to any of the species of which I find descriptions, of either the genus Ornithion or Tyrannulus. I say of cither genus, because the two genera seem to me very closely allied and the birds in hand might probably be referred as reasonably to the one | genus as to the other. However, the bill in T.'brunneicapillus (the only species which I have to compare with) is heavier, deeper, and not so broad at the base. The examples before me have the nostrils placed in the middle of a membrane and the rictal bristles only very feebly de- veloped; wing rather short, somewhat rounded; tail square. Ornithion pusillum subflavum subsp. nov. Type: Adult female (No. 5980,* Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, May 8, 1891; C. F. Underwood). Above ashy or dusky olive-green, cap dusky blackish, loral region, line on upper and lower eyelids, malar region, and anterior part of auriculars ashy whit- ish; a blackish spot (same color as crown) behind the eye. Wings and tail dusky; greater and middle wing-coverts tipped with olive-yellow- ish, forming two rather conspicuous bars, secondaries edged externally with pale yellowish. Rectrices narrowly tipped with pale yellowish. Below, chin and upper throat ashy-whitish, darkening on the lower throat and breast into olive and yellowish. Belly and crissum bright prim- rose yellow. Under wing-coverts primrose yellow. Inner edges of pri- maries and secondaries whitish, with a yellowish shade on tbe latter. Length (skin ), 3.66; wing, 1.90; tail, 1.64; exposed culmen, 0.33 tarsus, 0.58. The second example (No. 5979, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, May 9, 1891), is a male in moulting plumage, the rectrices just appearing beyond theircoverts. The wing and tail feath- ers are more blackish and the plumage as a whole fresher and brighter. Museo Nacional, San José de Costa Rica, September 2, 1891. *No. 124617, U. S. National Museum. This bird comes very close to O. pusillum Cab., from Panama, but is much more distinctly yellow underneath, and should, I think, be separated as a local race or subspecies.—R. R. A MAID OF WOLPAI, BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D. (With Plate 1.) With the present paper is presented an excellent picture of a girl about 15 years of age, belonging to the pueblo of Wolpai in north- western Arizona. She is in her everyday costume, and was photo- graphed on one of the streets of her native city. At her hand are sev- eral pieces of their curious pottery. Nowadays the life led by one of these girls is full of all that is most engaging to the ethnologist. Prayed over at birth, she must have her delicate baby skin well rubbed with fine wood ashes, or else her bones might become loose as she grows older. Very soon she is strapped in her portable cradle, and toted about upon her mother’s back, but while in the house must, in the same apparatus, be either stood up against the wall, or even hung up, where for an hour or more together, in either situation, her sole amusement consists in peering about the “living room.” As soon as able to walk, this little child is permitted to toddle about everywhere or ascend and descend the house ladder before the second summer has passed over her head. She has no end of toys and other playthings to amuse her. From 3 on to 7, or perhaps a year or two more, her days are spent mostly in romping and playing with the numerous other children in the pueblo. Innocent of all clothing and possessing a wholesome dread lof water for any other purpose than to drink, she is at this age as wild ‘aS a mountain sheep, and can with almost equal celerity run up and idown the steep, rocky crags that so abruptly slope down from the ipueblo on all sides save one. Becoming more sedate after her tenth year, she nowassumes the garb ‘of her elder sisters, or the companions of her own sex, and with a keen interest commences her early education in those accomplishments which soon render her a useful member of the tribe. Very soon she is quite familiar with all the duties that pertain to the kitchen, and as Capt. Bourke pointed out, ‘is duly instructed at this tender age in the fabrication of pottery and basket work.” As she grows stronger, the operation of carding and dyeing wool and the weaving of blankets, mantles, petticoats, garters, and sashes of cotton or wool. By the time She is 15, or even at an earlier age, she is considered nubile, and Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 889. 99 30 A MAID OF WOLPAI—SHUFELDT. fairly entered in the matrimonial market. She can bake, sew, dye, card, weave, and spin; her nimble fingers fashion the plastic clays_ into every shape needed for use or ornament; the tender shoots of the willows or the pliable roots of the grasses roaWene to her fairy touch | and round themselves into beautiful baskets, vivid with coloring and repeating the sacred emblems of the butterfly, deer, or thunder-bird. ; ee In the number of stews, ragouts, and broths which she knows how to compound of the flesh of the kid or sheep, and such vegetables as the onion, bean, and aromatic chile; or in the endless diversity of hom- iny, mush, pop corn, and piki bread, she will hold her own with the most ingenious American housewife. The most striking feature about the girl in our plate is the manner in which she does up her hair. This is the custom of the young un- — married women, for the Wolpai maiden considers herself a woman | grown at 15. They accomplish this remarkable feat in the toilet by wrapping their hair over some pliable switches of either willow or cottonwood, which latter have been previously wound round with blue yarn to keep them in place. Then next her head, the base of the whorl is also wound around to keep the whorl in proper shape. She also © parts her hair in the middle, and wears two heavy locks, one over each ~ temple, which hang down and are cut square off below, on a level with the nostrils. This girl as will be seen has quite a pretty face, and the great whorls of hair over her ears at the side of her head, are after all not so very unbecoming. | The hair is done up with especial care on all gala days, and upon such occasions in Moqui, Bourke says, ‘“‘the young maidens of the villages © were out in full force, decked in the most gorgeous finery of native — manufacture, their freshly cleaned tresses of raven black were done up in flat, circular coils one over each ear, the general effect being to make them Leanne the Chinese.” * In another place of the same work just quoted (pp. 117, 118), Bourke . adds to the above statement that the ‘“ Moquis call themselves Hopii — or Opii, a term not now in the language of everyday life, but referring | in some way to the pueblo custom of. banging the hair at the level of the — eyebrows. This mode of wearing the hair distinguishes them from the Apaches, Utes, and Navajos, and, as Lochi wished me to bear in mind, | Showed that they were once ‘todos los mismos’ with the Mohaves, | Yumas, Maricopas, and other bands of Arizona, whose practice of © banging the hair is in such curious contrast with the loose, unkempt manner of wearing it peculiar tothe Apaches. Now among numerous photographs of girls of Moqui and Wolpai none of them have the hair banged across the level of the eyebrows, but it is invariably arranged — * Snake dance of the Mokis, p. 114. That these coils are flat is an error quite com- monly made, and that they are not always so may be seen from the plate in the present — paper. All the published figures ever seen by the writer of the young unmarried — Moqui women have the coils too small, too flat, and altogether too much like circular | disks of wood. . ie ag PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 31 and cut as shown in the plate illustrating this article; moreover, the same remark applies to photographs of groups of these girls taken in the snake dance of August, 1889. The right is reserved to the girls of all the Moqui pueblos to choose their own husbands and probably also to divorce themselves from the same, in case they discover they have made a mistake in any particular instance. Daughters also inherit their mother’s property. After mar- riage the Wolpai matron ceases to wear her hair in side-whorls, but, parting itin the middle, clubs it behind into a queue much after the fashion of the men. She may or may not bang it in front at the level of the eyes, and as whim seizes her she may occasionally part it to the right or left side. During the snake dance and in full costume it is the business of these Wolpai maids, as well as the matrons, to sprinkle the corn meal. This they do most effectually on the snakes, on the dancers, on the ground, and indeed in nearly all other directions. They are never allowed, however, to handle the snakes, a privilege enjoyed only by the men. Monogamy is the rule among the Pueblo Indians, and they do not obtain their wives through purchase. Indeed, in the household, the woman reigns supreme, and the man has but little tosay. Among the Zunis a purchase can not be made within doors unless it is by the con- sent of the wife, and the same holds true among the Moquis. Taking it all in all, then, the life of a Wolpai woman is by no means an unhappy one; indeed, from her babyhood to maturity it is filled in with many pleasurable chapters, and no doubt a great deal of this is due to their contented dispositions, and their love of home life, and their untiring industry, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. | A MAID OF WoLPAI. > CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE NOCTUIDZ® OF BOREAL AMERICA—REVISION OF THE GENUS CUCULLIA. BY Joun B. Situ, Sc. D. (With Plate 11.) . CUCULLIA Schrank. 1802. Fauna Boica, 1, 2, 157. Hyes naked, fringed at the margins with rather short hairy lashes, _ quite variably distinct and sometimes feeble. Tongue long and strong. _ Head large, not prominent, somewhat retracted. Front smooth, ves- titure even, woolly. Palpi moderate, scarcely exceeding the front in _ the males, usually reaching the middle of front in the females. Anten- ne simple in both sexes, except in serraticornis, in which the joints are laterally produced and bristled in the male. Thorax stout, quad- rate, collar greatly developed, in perfect specimens forming a sharp keel and projecting hood-like over the head. Vestiture consisting of ‘long, flattened hair. Patagie distinct. A variable, never prominent, posterior tuft. Legs moderate, stout, well clothed with hair and seales, not spinose. Abdomen long, conic, much exceeding secondaries, with a series of dorsal tufts very prominent and distinct in convexipennis, moderate only in all our other species. These tufts are easily dis- lodged, and specimens otherwise perfect may be deficient here. Pri- “Inaries comparatively small, narrow, with acute apices, lanceolate or nearly so. Secondaries proportionate to primaries, small as compared _ with the body; a slight excavation in the outer margin opposite the cell. The species are comparatively few in number, and I am inclined to . believe that most of them are known. The high western plateaus and the Pacific coast may yet yield a few additional species, but not many, Ithink. They are closely allied and yet not difficult to separate when _¢are is taken, because there is little variation, and small characters _ prove constant in large series. The narrow, lanceolate primaries, hood-like collar, and long abdomen, combined with the lashed eyes and unarmed legs, make the genus an easily distinguished one. The species, except convexipennis, are very similar in color, all of some shade of ashen gray, sometimes with a brown suffusion. In all, the Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No, 890, Froe. N; M, 92 3 33 34 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA—SMITH. veins are more or less obviously black-lined, and there is a strigate ap- pearance, varying in degree. The ordinary lines are never complete, and the t. a. is often wanting altogether except in the submedian inter- space. No detailed reference is made in the descriptions to these com- mon characters, more emphasis being put on those characters which really distinguish the species. A few only of the forms are really common; but some species, usually not represented in collections, are undoubtedly missing because their distinctness has not been recognized. Postera and florea as distinct from asteroides are examples, and probably the three will be found to have the same distribution. The t. a. line is, in most of the species, traceable in the submedian inter- space, where it forms a long outward projection or tooth, nearly reach- ing the middle of wing. Quite usually, where this is discernible, there is also a fine, black longitudinal line from the base to the end of this tooth. At first sight this outline has a strong resemblance to a clavi- form; but in the few species in which that feature is found, it is attached at the end of the tooth and reaches thet. p. line. Usually this same line is again marked on the inner margin by a black dash or line ex- tending outwardly. It is quite notable that we have no species common to both sides of continent, but that, except convexipennis, every one of the eastern species has a close ally in Colorado. Thus asteroides, postera, and florea are rep- resented by montane, similaris, and obscurior ; speyeri and intermedia by dorsalis and cinderella. Serriaticornis is the only Californian form known to me, though Dr. Behr has named a C. solidaginis which can not be recognized from the description. Laetifica is from Arizona and Texas, and is the only southwestern form known to me. Easily distinguished from all the other species known to me is serra- ticornis. The antenna in the male are distinctly toothed, the lateral pro- cesses furnished with a bristly tuft. This character is a remarkable one for the genus, and is accompanied by an equally divergent sexual structure. Should the species find strictly congeneric allies it may be eventually separated from Cucullia. In color it is ash gray, quite strongly resembling a small speyert, or yet more nearly a small letifica. I have seen no female, and Dr. Lintner in his original description had only males before him. As already stated, it is the only Californian species known to me. Of the species with simple male antenne, convexipennis differs in color from all the others. Through the center of the primaries the — Shade is a peculiar yellow ash-gray ; from the middle of the costa to the outer margin at vein 4, a leather-brown shade suffuses the wing and darkens decidedly toward costa. ein c’anlnmels Snes eee eee eee 2 Antenne of male:serrate,, brush-iike:. 2252. -- 552 2S2 cence snmem sion ees ee eee 9 2, Bright luteous gray ; a yellow brown shade extends outward from middle of costa to outer margin at vein 4; a similar shade from inner margin near base to outer margin at vein 3..----.--..--. ..---. ----------- ------CONVEXIPENNIS Ash gray with a bluish tinge. ‘TT. p. line distinct in submedian interspace, where it forms a pale lunule, preceded and followed by a blackish line and shade; a curved streak or shade also extending to the outer margin........----.-- 3 Ash gray, variable in shade. T. p. line variably distinct, single, black, never forming a pale lunule in submedian interspace...-.. cotiwdeuceseeeee Jeteee 6 3. Western species: Colorado, Montana...-.. .-2-.. .--. se-<+0 -sscen- secon ccnen = cee ASTON SPECIES ye aaa ae were tele eam rm ela wl ale 5 4. Costal region much darker, suffused with a dull yellow shade; base yellow; curved shade over anal angle diffuse, yellow-brown....----.----- MONTANA Costal region scarcely darker, without yellow shade; base not yellow; curved marks over anal angle black, sharply defined.....--...---..----- SIMILARIS Costal and inner margin dusky; color darker blackish gray, maculation all ob- BOURD = 2 ois ol oe Sn woe = cc ite ele ele eee ier OBSCURIOR 5. Secondaries white with a broad outer dusky band. Costal region much darker, with adull yellowish tint. ..--2.-s2-esece oe ete ee eae ASTEROIDES Secondaries dusky fuscous, basally somewhat paler. Primaries dark slate gray, costal region darker, with a brown suffusion. POSTERA Primaries paler, ashen gray, costal region somewhat darker, but without a POLO WW SUITES LOT. Ss Star ata et ee meet et ee el FLOREA 6. Secondaries white at base, with a fuscous outer margin, narrow inthe g¢, wider in the sscaweve dei cciewesccetas Hadas ee aceon een cee eee erene ae ee aaa 7 Secondaries smoky fuscous, only a little paler at base.-..-.-...---..----.------ 8 7. Paler ash gray; inward tooth of t. p. line in submedian interspace single, narrow, rounded ‘abt tip. oo =<. sss eens seem se eee eee ee ee eee LETIFICA Darker gray ; inward tooth of t. p. line in submedian interspace double, broadly open outwardly, the tooth acute at tip. Dorsum of thorax dusky ; habitat eastern.......--.--..-.-----.------ SPEYERI Dorsum of thorax concolorous; habitat western..........-.-.------- DORSALIS Rather dark ash gray ; a distinct black streak along inner margin to t. p. line, and a broader streak through submedian interspace from claviform to the OUlOr, MALPIN. coos cork cous eacbeee ceeetene Reet Ee eee eee BISTRIGA 8. Size larger, median lines vaguely traceable; habitat eastern....-..-- INTERMEDIA Size smaller, all maculation wanting ; habitat western (Colorado)....CINDERELLA 9. Maculation vague, color gray; habitat California..................SERRATICORNIS Cucullia convexipennis G. & R. 1268. Grt. and Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., 11, 201, Pi. 3, Fig. 76, Cucullia. 1869. Beth., Can. Ent., 1, 86, Cucullia. 1874. Lint., Ent., Cont., m1, 138, 170, Cucullia. Head brown with a carmine tinge, palpi paler in front, two little white-tipped tufts between the antenn. Collar with narrow black, | | : | : eo. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL” MUSEUM. 39 broader white, and still wider brown transverse lines; a double set of each. Thorax with patagie gray, with brown powderings and brown margins. The dorsal tufts are very distinct, thick, and brown, con- tinued without break on the dorsum of the abdomen. Primaries gray, with a yellow-brown shading through the center of the wing. Basal and t. a. lines marked as short brown dashes on the costa, the latter with the long median tooth traceable. The median shade line is marked by a distinct brown line from the middle of costa, outwardly oblique over reniform to the middle of the cross vein of cell. Beyond that along costa, and to vein 4 on the outer margin, the wing is shaded with leather brown, darker at the margins.. T. p. line marked by a geminate black line crossing costal region, the intervening line pale gray. From this gray line a gray streak extends outwardly to outer margin between veins 6 and 7, and curved upward to the apex of the wing. The veins through this darker brown shade are pale marked, and there are four more or less distinct gray costal dots. A double blackish line with brown interspace extends along inner margin from near base to t. p. line. The t. p. line becomes obvious in the submedian interspace as a narrow pale line with brown defining margins. It is slightly curved to the sub- median vein, and thence makes a long inward bend to the hind margin, From this point a leather-brown shade extends obliquely to the outer margip, which it reaches on vein 3. Thence the shade extends nar- ‘rowly along the margin, connecting with the costal shade. On veins 3 and 4a white line cuts the fringes. Fringes with a pale yellow line at base, a blackish central line, and broader, dull gray outer shade. Orbicular reduced to two small black dots. Reniform indicated by from two to four dots, indicating the upper margin. Secondaries yellowish white at base, with a broad fuscous outer margin, narrower in the male. Veins dark marked. Fringes yellow at base, white tipped. Beneath smoky, primaries darker, paler toward base along inner margin. Sec- ondaries paler, whitish basally. Expands 45 to 49 millimetres=1.70 to 1.95 inches. Hapirat: Canada; New York, Sharon Springs (in July), Long Island; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Northern, Middle, and Eastern States. The species is a strongly marked one, and has been already suffi- ciently compared with others. It does not vary to any appreciable ex- tent, so far as I know. The harpes of the male are elongate, narrow, widening at tip, which is oblique, the upper angle produced, margin inwardly fringed with spinules. The clasper is quite close to base, and is a single, nearly straight, corneous process, quite slender, and terminating acutely. It exceeds the lateral margin of the harpe by one-third its own length. Both sexes are in the Museum collection. Dr. Lintner has described the larva on Solidago. 40 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA—SMITH. Cucullia montane Grt. 1882 Grt., Can. Ent. xiv, 175 Cucullia. Head blackish gray, front with black and pale transverse lines; palpi paler in front. Collar inferiorly luteous shaded, else rather pale, ash gray, with several indistinctly marked transverse lines and a black tip. Patagiz pale gray with a few prominent black scales intermixed. Dorsum of thorax dark brown, as are also the distinct abdominal tufts. Primaries bluish ash gray with a broad costal region washed with yel- low-brown, darker in the median space. Base yellow, shading into the ground color half way to the t. a. line. TT. a. line in most cases distinet © through the dark costal space, traceable over the long median tooth and distinct again on the hind margin along which also a blackish gray — shade extends. T. p. line pale through the dark costal space, very faint or wanting through the center of the wing, distinct asa pale incurve ~ margined by blackish, in the submedian interspace; thence from vein — 1 to internal margin, inwardly oblique. A dusky shade precedes the pale Junule, and a yellowish-brown shade extends beyond it tothe outer — margin, superiorly marked by a darker brown streak. A series of black, | terminal lunules. A more or less obvious series of brown interspaceal streaks along the course of the s. t. line. Fringes gray, cut with pale, — and with a pale line at base. Ordinary spots large, well defined, usu- ~ ally paler, more yellow. Orbicular with two brown inner dots, one above the other, sometimes connected to form a central line. Reniform with four brown dots, sometimes partly connected; but usually distinct. — Secondaries whitish, subhyaline at base, with a narrow dark outer mar- gin, broader in the female. Veins darker marked. Beneath, prima- — ries blackish, secondaries white, the margins broadly blackish. : Expands, 47 to 50 millimetres=1.88 to 2 inches. HABiTat: Montana, Colorado. Ten specimens, all of them collected by Mr. Bruce, are before me, — five of them from the collection of the U. S. National Museum. They — are practically all alike, varying only a little in relative distinctness — of maculation. I have seen others, none offering distinctive features. Itis the most distinctly marked of the species. The pale ordinary Spots are prominent, and the yellow base of primaries is characteristic. The dark costal margin is powdery and the insect has a rough or “‘squammose” appearance. It is intermediate insome respects between postera and asteroides and, while most nearly related to the latter, is amply distinct from either. The harpes are only moderate in length, widening basally, the tip oblique, somewhat drawn out superiorly and inwardly spinulose. The clasper is short, stout, rather obtuse at tip, from a broad chitinous base — along inner margin, extending obliquely upward and forward, and not reaching beyond the upper margin. 3 It seems to be common and is attracted to the electric lights. 2h eigen CI” Anand chert ei eo ee ns ae we Ne epic tm ae meer > ka es ag PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATTONAL MUSEUM. Al Cucullia similaris sp. nov. Head dusky gray, with darker transverselines. Collar pale gray, with a distinct black line at base, a less evident double line at middle, and a blackish tip. Patagiz pale gray with a few black dots. Dorsum nar- -rowly blackish, as are the small basal tuftand the dorsal tu(tings of the abdomen. Primaries pale ash gray, somewhat darker, black powdered along the costa, but without any luteous shading or suffusion, and not yellow at base. A faint yellowish shade over the ordinary spots. A black streak along hind margin to the t. p. line. TT. a. line sometimes evident through the dark costal region. The long median tooth very faintly indicated. T. p. line vaguely marked on costa, distinct through the submedian interspace as in montane, preceded and followed by a small blackish shade and followed also by a curved black 'streak below vein 2. A series of black terminal lunules. Ordinary \spots only slightly paler, yellowish tinged, the defining lines broken into distinet black dots and streaks, four in the orbicular, six in the reniform. The orbicular has two black inuer dots, the reniform four. In shape they are as in montane. Secondaries in the male whitish at base, with a moderate smoky outer border, in the female darker, more yellowish fuscous, the marginal band broader. Beneath, primaries blackish, secondaries whitish with black powdery borders. Expands 47 to 50 millimetres=1.88 to 2 inches. HABITAT: Colorado, Platte Canon on flowers, 6,500 feet. This species is exactly like montane in ornamentation; but is much more even, paler gray without any of the yellow or brown shadings. The ordinary spots and their marginal rings are distinctly black dotted, much as in the European absynthii and the markings are black, not brown. The secondaries have the outer border less defined than in its ally, and ‘they are darker throughout. In sexual structure of the male there is very little difference from ‘montane, and such as exists is better seen by a comparison of the figures herewith given. Three specimens, 246 and 1°, have been examined and no variation detected. Cucullia ob.scurior sp. nov. Head brownish gray, with pale and dark transverse lines. Collar ‘dark blue-gray, yet darker tipped, with a distinct basal and a vague median transverse line. Patagiz dark ash-gray; dorsum blackish, ‘as are also the small dorsal tufts of the abdomen. Primaries dark bluish gray, with none of the maculation distinct; costal region scarcely darker, and the blackish streak along internal margin incon- Spicuous. T.a.linefaintly indicated on costal space and on the median tooth. ‘T. p. line indicated only in the submedian interspace, preceded by the usual blackish patch, but followed only by acurved black streak below vein 2. Ordinary spots as in montane, but vague, only inferiorly | 42 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA—SMITH. | | outlined, the lines not distinct; a broken, slightly lunulate, termini | line; a pale line at base of fringes ; the latter fuscous gray. Seconda- ries smoky fuscous, paler at base, the veins marked. Beneath blackish, powdery ; secondaries a very little paler centrally. Expands 46 to 47 millimetres=1.84 to 1.88 inches. HABrIrar: Colorado (Bruce). Two female specimens are before me. They are entirely alike, and © differ from all the preceding in the deep blue-gray primaries, in which | the maculation is very indistinct, and the dark, smoky-fuscous seconda- | ries. So far as the markings are traceable, they are exactly as in the | preceding species. At first sight, this form resembles intermedia more nearly; but the character of the t. p. line at once refers it here. I have no doubt the sexual characters will be found to be very like those already described. The species is not unlike postera without the reddish shades. ar eee Serre eS = Cucullia asteroides Gn. 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen., Noct., m, 133, Cucullia. 1857. Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., x1, 656, Cucullia. 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., m1, 139, 169, Cucullia. Head dark-brown, with pale and dark transverse lines. Collar pale bluish gray, blackish tipped; a distinct black line at base and two — vague transverse lines at middle. Patagiz pale-gray, sometimes a lit- tle yellowish. Dorsum blackish, as are also the small abdominal tufts. © Primaries a very even, smooth bluish gray; costal region with aluteous | shade extending through the cell, and intensified in the ordinary spots; the costa itself yet darker, sometimes blackish. A blackish and yellow- brown shadealong internal margin. T.a. line sometimes traceable across the costal space and in the submedian interspace; but more usually it is entirely wanting. T.p. line obvious only in the submedian interspace, where it forms a pale incurve, margined by blackish defining lines. This — is preceded by a small dusky or blackish patch, and followed by a_ yellow-brown shade to outer margin, emphasized above by a blackish- brown curved streak. A broken, black terminal line. Fringes gray, — with a yellowish line at base. A fine black longitudinal line extend- ing from base of wing to the tip of the long tooth of t.a.line. Some- times both line and streaks are obsolete. Ordinary spots large, pale, usually void, sometimes with two brownish spots in the orbicular; four in the reniform. There is no real defining line, the difference in shade between the macula and its surroundings being sharp enough for dis- tinction; but sometimes this is intensified by brown dots. Secondaries white, with a well-marked blackish outer border, narrower in the male. Beneath, primaries smoky, secondaries whitish, with powdery margins. Expands 44 to 51 millimetres=1.64 to 2.05 inches. HABITAT: Canada; New York, Kendall, Long Island, Albany May 30 and June 6; New Jersey, New Brunswick, May 21; Washington, © | prs ae Gee a 4 eee ee _— ar ee ye Mra PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43 'D. C., August 10; Nebraska, West Point, in May; Northern, Eastern ‘Middle and Central States. — . This is the most common of our eastern species, and it is either double brooded or the hibernating imago flies for a long period. Dr. Lintner reports the larva on Solidago September 1 and 24. A long series of specimens, largely from the collection of the U.S. ‘National Museum, is before me, and shows little variation. The costa ‘js sometimes alittle darker, the yellow shading sometimes more intense, ‘the ordinary spots occasionally a little more marked; but otherwise ‘there are no noteworthy differences. The secondaries are whiter and more hyaline than in any others of the first series, montana, its nearest ‘ally in this particular, being quite distinctively different in macula- ‘tion of primaries. The harpes of the male are longer and narrower than in the preced- ing species, the tip more oblique and superiorly more produced. In type characters it does not differ in the least. Cucullia postera Gn. 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen. Noct., 11, 1383, Cucullia. 1857. W1k., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., x1., 656, Cucullia. f 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., 111, 169, Cucullia. ( Head dark brown, palpi paler in front, a black, followed by a pale ‘line on vertex. Collar deep, somewhat carneous gray, with a black ‘transverse line near base. Patagize deep bluish ash gray. Dorsum / blackish, with a black-tipped, truncate, posterior tuft. Dorsal tufts of ; abdomen small, but distinct, dark brown or blackish. Primaries deep ‘bluish gray, with a carneous tivge, costal region from base to apex suf- ‘fused with brown, extending inward to the median vein. Median i lines vaguely marked on costa; the median tooth of t. a. line fairly evi- (dent. TT. p. line pale through the submedian interspace, preceded ‘by 1 &@ distinct, followed by a less evident black line. It is incurved to vein ‘one, thence very oblique inwardly to the hind margin. A blackish streak extends inward along inner margin, nearly to base. Preceding _ the s. t. line in the submedian interspace is a small blackish or brown Shade, and following it to the outer margin is a brown shade which ‘ fills the interspace and extends to the outer margin, superiorly empha- | sized by a black streak. A broken series of vague interspaceal dashes 1 along the course of thes. t. line. A series of black terminal lunules. ‘ Fringes concolorous or fuscous. A fine black basal streak. Ordinary ‘spots variably distinct, always traceable, sometimes concolorous, more /usually paler. They are defined by a very narrow black line, inside of ‘ which is sometimes a broad gray annulus; in that case the center is ‘brown. Secondaries yellowish fuscous, smoky outwardly, darker in the female, veins dark marked. Beneath, smoky or blackish, powdery, | Somewhat paler at the base of the secondaries. . Expands 45 to 50 millimetres=1.7 to 2 inches. 44 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA—SMITH. Hapitat: New Hampshire, July 21; New York, Sharon, July 7 New Jersey. ] The New Hampshire specimen is in the collection of the U. S. N ational © Museum (collection of C. V. Riley) and was taken by Dr. Thaxter. The , Sharon Springs example is from Dr. Lintner’s collection, taken by Mr, | Meske. Two other examples before me are from New Jersey without | date or exact locality. It is certain that the distribution covers the middle and eastern States, and probably it is coextensive with that of | asteroides. With the latter species, postera is almost certainly con- fused in collections, though its deeper primaries and fuscous secondaries should readily distinguish it. There is some variation in the relative distinctness of the markings, but none otherwise. The ordimary spots are sometimes defined oply by | a slight difference in shade, and sometimes by a distinct continuous — line, a pale annulus, and a brown center. The little series before me shows this range, the Sharon Springs example being the best marked, though not the most contrasting. The sexual characters are as in the western species rather than asin © asteroides and somewhat intermediate. The differences are shown by | the figures given on the plate. Cucullia florea Gn. 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen. Noct., 11, 133, Cucullia. 1857. W1k., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., x1, 656, Cucullia. 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., m1, 169, Cucullia. : Head gray to brown, with gray and black transverse lines. Collar gray, with a distinct black line at base and a less evident dark line above middle, Patagize rather pale gray, black powdered. Dorsum blackish brown, contrasting, basal tufts small, as are also the dark dor- sal tufts of the abdomen. Primaries rather pale ash gray, even in color, costal region only slightly darker beyond the middle, without red or — brown shades. TT. a. line vague, less distinct even than in postera. A blackish streak along the inner margin to the t. p.line. ‘'T. p. line pale marked through the dark costal region, then obsolete to the submedian- | interspace, where it is of the gray ground color, defined by blackish | marginal lines and exactly as in asteroides and postera in course. The preceding dusky patch is sometimes wanting, but is usually fairly dis- tinct. The following shade to outer margin is vague; but the black Streak below vein 2 is distinct. The ordinary spots are distinet in all — specimens, concolorous, sometimes with a dusky center, defining lines incomplete, very little marked. The orbicular is somewhat narrower and more irregular than in the other Species. 4 50 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA—SMITH. Expands 41 millimetres =1.64 inches. HABITat: Colorado (Bruce). This is a close ally of intermedia, than which it is smaller, all the maculation of primaries obsolete, the dorsum of thorax not dusky, The characters are obscure and would not be considered of specific — value, were it not that none of the species thus far known inhabit both sides of the continent and that slight differences have proved perma- nent. The sexual characters are very much as in the preceding; but the | clasper is decidedly shorter and there is some difference in the form of _ the harpe, better seen in the figure than described. I have only a single male for examination. ; Cucullia serraticornis Lintn. 4 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., 111, 174, Cucullia. 1875. Lintn., in Grote’s Check List, pl. f. 10, Cucullia. 1883. Grt., Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., xxi, 161, Cucullia. matricaria Behr. 1874. Behr., in Strck., Lep. Rhop. et Het., 94, Cucullia. 1875. Grt., Buff. Bull., 11, 218 pr. syn. “Antenne biserrated; the serratures, which are less conspicuous at the base and tip, as Seen from above, cousist apparently of a row on each side beneath of conical projections, bearing rows of curved | whitish cilia on their lateral margins beneath, which increase in length ~ from the base to the apex. Palpi nearly horizontal, gray, with brown : scales, third joint short and rounded. Front gray, with some black scales. Collar yellowish brown below the prominent black trausverse line; above gray, with the usual paler line bordered with darker — scales, and still darker ones on the upper margin of the collar. Tegule concolorous with the wings. Thorax fuscous; an abdominal series of © similar colored tufts on the first four segments. Abdomen gray, paler basally. Primaries straight costally or slightly concave from the fold- ing over of the marginal nervure, gently curving to the apex, which is obtuse; outer margin entire, sloping moderately to the inner margin, which is long and nearly straight. Color pale ash-gray, darker on the inner margin. Anterior median line blackish, teeth acute, preceded by a white shade, beyond which some blackish lines almost geminate it. Posterior median line obsolete, except in cell 1 b, where it is biden- tate; the teeth preceded by an elongate oval, brown bordered, white spot on the submedian fold, extending to the anterior median line; followed by a white angulate line (the “tooth” of the internal angle), from the concavity of which a black streak (the usual interspaceal — streak of the internal angle) runs obliquely to the first median nervule (vein 2). Costal margin over the p!ace of the orbicular, with a diffuse — brown shade and two oblique brown streaks at the inception of the posterior median. Basilar line black, fine; a slender black line on the internal margin. Reniform indicated by a row of black dots anterior = Oe ee oe ae me Lz) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 51 to the discal cross-vein; orbicular only visible as a central pale shade and four outer brown dots. Nerves and nervules clothed with black scales; on the interspaces intermediately are brown scales, with a whitish streak centrally, beneath which, on the subterminal margin, are the usual black streaks in all the interspaces, the most conspicuous of which is tnat in cell 4 (farther removed from the margin than the others). Fringes white, cut with brown on each side of the nervules, opposite the interspaceal lines of brown scales; these brown ciliary scales of each interspace joined by a brown marginal line. Secondaries acute, excavated opposite the cell, slightly dentate ; white, hyaline. Nerves and nervules heavily marked with black scales, especially toward the margin; no distinct marginal border, but in place thereof the extreme margin is brown, with some brown scales extending a short distance therefrom, and farther in cells 1 b and 4; some brown scales on the costal nervure apically. Beneath, primaries pale brown, with an aeneous reflection; a conspicuous brown spot on the discal cross vein. Secondaries, with brown scales on the nerves and nervules and marginally as above, though less abundantly; sprinkled with brown scales costally and in the cell above the fold; cellular fold and discal cross vein above it broadly covered with brown scales, diffuse on the latter, giving a conspicuous cellular spot; these features seen in transparency from above. ‘Described from two és, differing materially in size; the larger and better specimen, from which the features are mainly drawn, measures 2 inches expanse of wings, length of body 0.86 inch; the other, 1.70 inches expanse, length of body 0.72 inch. ‘‘In addition to disparity in size, the two examples differ somewhat in shape of wings, those of the smaller being narrower and more acute, to the degree that the male usually varies from the female in the several species of this genus; yet the two examples are undoubtedly maies, a8 is Shown by their frenelum examination. In all other par- ticulars, so far as they are traceable, the two are identical. They are, unfortunately, in poor condition, and the description above given may require correction.” HABITAT: California. Ihave quoted Dr. Lintener’s description of this species because I have only a single male, not in the best condition, before me. It is marked ‘“Sauz., Mch. 23, 1878,” and belongs to the U. S. National Museum. The sexual characters are as distinctive and aberrant as is the anten- nal structure. The harpe narrows from a moderately broad base, very gradually, to an acute, corneous tip, which is a little curved and beak- like. The clasper is a stout, moderately long corneous process, with a spoon-shaped tip. The insect seems,rare, and it is rather strange that no females have been thus far received, 52 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA—SMITH. Cucullia solidaginis Behr. oiexcandtion snahnhioatl — 1874, Behr., in Strek., Lep. Rhop. et Het., 94, Cucullia. ‘‘Expands 13 to 2 inches. Head and tegule ashen, thorax between the latter dark gray with a brown dorsal line. Primaries gray, the me- dian space suffused with darker color, which in one example tends to the base; it comes nearer in the markings to lactuce Esp., butis entirely — distinct from that or any other species known of. Secondaries smoky.” “‘California.” This description I can not apply. I have no material in the genus from California, and what little information is given excludes or includes any of our species, just as it happens to be interpreted. Such charac- terizations as the above are positive stumbling blocks to knowledge and are inexcusable. They exhibit an absolute ignorance of the intent of a description and a deplorable want of consideration for those who may be compelled to try to apply it. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. . Harpe and clasper of Cucullia convexipennis. . Harpe and clasper of Cucullia montane. . Harpe and clasper of Cucullia similaris. . Harpe and clasper of Cucullia asteroides. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia postera. . Harpe and clasper of Cucullia florea, . Harpe and clasper of Cucullia letifica. . Harpe and clasper of Cucullia speyeri. 9. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia bistriga. 10. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia intermedia. Ll. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia cinderella, 12. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia serraticornis, OBrXanewne U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. Xv PL. II GENITALIA OF CUCULLIA. —T CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE NOCTUIDAE OF BOREAL AMERICA. REVISION OF THE DICOPINZ. BY Joun B. Situ, Sc. -D. Under the'title Dicopine Mr. Grote, in the Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXt, 154 (1883), separates a few species which seem to form a tolerably nat- ural group, without being really entitled to subfamily rank. The species agreein having naked, more or less obviously lashed eyes, arobust, heavy thorax, but proportionately small, conic abdomen. Thethoracic vestiture is dense, usually thick, sometimes coarse, never forming defined tufts, though there is usually a massing of the vestiture posteriorly. The head is somewhat retracted, sometimes quite obviously so, the tongue is weak and short, the palpi are small, not reaching or scarcely exceeding front, and the male antenne are bipectinated. The tibiz are not spinulose; but the anterior pair is armed with a stout, curved, corneous claw at tip. The anterior femora are quite stout, thicker than usual. Alto- gether the species have a bombyciform appearance, negatived princi- pally by the short, narrow, pointed primaries of most of the forms. The venation is normally noctuidous except that in the secondaries the cell is unusually long and the fureation of the subcostal unusually near the outer margin. Three genera are recognizable, two of them rather illy defined, the third habitally more than structurally different. Dicopis, the type of the group, has coarse, scaly vestiture, projecting straight forward on the front, giving it a scrubby, brush-like appear- ance. The head is slightly retracted and the abdomen has a series of more or less obvious dorsal tufts. EHutolype is rather narrower winged than the preceding, the abdom- inal tufts weak or entirely wanting. The thoracic vestiture is finer and smoother, and the frontal vestiture is smooth, even, and more woolly in appearance. The head is somewhat more prominent, forming an even cone from the crown of the collar to the front. The shape of the head and the character of the vestiture are really the only distinctive features, and that they are not striking is shown by the fact that Mr. Grote kept the species together, separating only rolandi by the tuft of metallic scales at the base of thorax. Copipanolis is a rather well-marked genus in which the wings are usually wider, more trigonate, the outer margin longer. The head is more strongly retracted and the thoracic vestiture fine, loose, and di- Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 891. 53 5A REVISION OF THE DICOPINZ—SMITH. vergent, giving the insect a plump, more bombycid habitus, emphasized by the more broadly pectinated male antenne. The wings are rusty red brown or carneous gray, and powdery, so as to make them appear thinly sealed. Although I know autoptically all save one of the species in this series (viridescens W1k.), I have not given the sexual characters, partly because I have not had sufficient material of some species, and partly also be- cause the characters in the forms examined are so simple as to be of little or no value in the separation of the species. In all there is a simple oblong harpe, near the center of which there is a small, corneous beak-like clasper. None of the species are really common, and of those of which I have dates of capture all make their appearance very early in the season— a fact that may explain their rarity because they have disappeared when collecting usually begins. Mr. Grote makes the statement that they hibernate in the Chrysalis state. DICOPIS Grt. 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci., App. 23. 1882. Smith, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., v, 20. Copivaleria Grt. “ 1883. Grt. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, 168. In this genus the thorax is square, the patagie rather sharply de- fined, the primaries with the apices more marked. The character of the frontal vestiture has been already noted. Three species, grotei, muralis, and thaxterianus are referable here, Grotei is a dark, blackish gray Species, with squammose or roughly clothed wings, the markings indefinite, the reniform usually white and contrasting, the s. t. space concolorous in all the Specimens I have seen. This species was first described as a Valeria by Mr. Morrison, a genus of which Ihave seen no American Species as yet. I ealled at- tention to the erroneous reference in my Synopsis of noctuid genera, and Mr. Grote suggested the term Copivaleria for the species, distin- guishing it by the longer, more pointed, wings from Dicopis. The dif. ference however does not exist, and I can find no safe points for dis- tinguishing the genus. Muralis is smaller, varying from a rather light ash to dark black- ish gray, never as deep as in the preceding. The maculation is always traceable, and sometimes sharply defined. The reniform is large, bet- ter defined, and not so contrasting as in grotei. The s. t. space is usually more or less white, prominently interrupted in the submedian interspace by a black streak, which is often connected through the median space with the prominent basal dash. Thaxterianus is the smallest of the Species, in type of maculation like muralis, but quite evenly brown to the t. p. line, beyond which the ter- s ec, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 55 minal space is whitish, powdery. There is not, in the specimens ex- amined by me, any*black dash opposite anal angle. Electilis, if a Dicopis at all, belongs to this series and stands next to muralis, to which Mr. Morrison makes it “ distantly ” related. Viridescens W1k. is also probably a very near relative of muralis. In synoptic form the species known to me autopically, are as folows: A black dash in terminal space opposite anal angle. Blackish, vestiture rough; lines incomplete, not well marked, reniform contrast- Trot a ON) Ge ore RES baese em oes Seles wee wae Seneeearaemnes Seam ONO Coco rene GROTEI. Gray, varying in tint; vestiture less rough ; lines complete, usually well marked, TAMRON INO COMIN Stes 5 Re Seen oped colo core daseceue Uses eaoweseD cane MURALIS. No black dash in terminal space opposite anal angle, brown to the t. p. line, termi- MANS ORs) HIE lap gee sane pepe Bote orion ooodecbo Soee.cciad asco cers THAXTERIANUS. Dicopis grotei Morr. 1874. Morr. Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., 1, 274, Valeria. 1882. Smith, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., v, 44, an Valeria? 1883. Grt., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., xx1, 146, 168, Copivaleria. Head and thorax blackish or deep dark brown. A little tuft at base of antennez whitish. Disk of thorax quite densely, of patagie sparsely white powdered, the latter with a black submarginal line. Primaries blackish or dark smoky gray, with mossy green shadings, unequally and somewhat inconstantly distributed over the ‘surface. T.a. line geminate, black, outwardly oblique, irregular, variably distinct. A curved black basal dash looped beyond the t. a. line to form a broad claviform. Over this streak and in the claviform the wing is sometimes more or less white pow- dered. T. p. line geminate, black, irregular, fairly distinct, widely onteurved over the reniform, then deeply indrawn, touching the reniform inferiorly, reaching the inner margin opposite the space between the ordinary spots. A blackish median shade between the ordinary spots reaching the inner margin at about its middle. Beyond this shade extends a white blotch along the inner margin becoming blnish beyond the t. p. line, which is here emphasized and brought out prominently. S. t. line broken, irregular, mossy green or yellowish, with a deep inward sinus on vein 2, below which it is prominent and on which it is crossed by a black dash. Veins more or less evidently black marked. A broken terminal black line marked by blue powderings around the veins. Orbicular round, moderate in size, concolorous, with a whitish central dot and a whitish annulus which are sometimes indistinct. Reni- form large, diffuse, usually white, contrasting. Secondaries white, black powdered on the veins and over the outer margin beyond a broken extra median line. Discal spot of underside visible above. Beneath soiled white with variably diffused black powderings, most obvious on the primaries. A more or less obvious outer line and distinct discal spot on all wings. Expands 39 to 41 millimetres = 1.56 to 1.64 inches. HABITAT: Eastern and Middle States to tne Mississippi. Cam- bridge, Mass., April 26; Newtonville, Mass., May 12; Illinois. Six specimens are in the Museum collection (Acc. 20395 and collec- tion of O. Meske), from which the above description was made. The antenne are yellowish. The color varies considerably in intensity, and fresh specimens have the mossy green tint most distinct. The transverse lines are not usually all traceable, while the large indefinite discolorous reniform is always evident and usually prominent, contrast- 56 REVISION OF THE DICOPINE—SMITH. 1 ing. The white and blue patch onthe inner margin beyond the median shade is also obvious in all specimens. The species.seems not rare locally ; but there are usually not many in collections. Dicopis viridescens Wlk. 1865. W1k., C. B. Mus. Suppl., 32, 601, Cymatophora. 1868. Grt. and Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., il, 86, Hadena. 1582. Grt., Ill. Essay, 40, Dicopis. “‘ Male.—Green, cinereous beneath. Proboscis slender. Palpi porrect, pilose, not extending beyond the head. Antenne tawny, moderately pectinated. Tegule of the thorax bordered with black and with whitish. Abdomen cinereous, extending rather beyond the hind wings. Fore wings black speckled; orbicular and reniform marks large, whitish, partly black bordered ; an exterior whitish band interrupted near the internal angle by a broad green streak, which contains two little black lines; two black lines, one extending from the base, the other angular and proceding from the costa, both joining a whitish, black-bordered spot which is behind the orbicu- lar; marginal points black. Hind wings dingy, cinereous; veins blackish towards the exterior border; under side with a black spot in the disk and an exterior black- ish denticulate line. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 16 lines. This species has some resemblance to C, ridens, but is most allied to C. caniplaga, and with it may form a new genus.” a. Florida. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq. It is uot impossible that this is a form of muralis. The description fits it fairiy well, but it would need Floridan material more closely agreeing with Walker’s characterization to enable the reference to be definitely made. Mr. Grote’s correction of the generic reference has alone made this suggestion possible, and he himself says it is “close to D. muraltis, while smaller.” [Since the above was sent to the printer I have seen the type in the British Museum and find it to be muralis without a doubt. | Dicopis muralis Grt. 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Acad., App., 23, Dicopis. 1874. Grt., Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., m1, Pl. i, Fig. 1. i Ash gray varying to dark, smoky, or even blackish gray, in pale specimens with } faint greenish washes. T. a. line geminate, black, with paler included spaces, quite 2 | usually subobsolete. A usually prominent black basal dash, looped beyond the t. a. line to form the claviform, which is broad and white powdered. Below this dash the basal space is white powdered. T. p. line geminate, quite acutely projected outwardly below costa, inwardly oblique, irregular, forming an acute angle on vein 2, and there almost reaching the claviform, Beyond this line the wing is usually white powdered, the s. t. line defined by the contrast between the dark terminal and paler subterminal spaces, cut in the submedian interspace by a prominent black | dash. Sometimes the color is more even, and the s. t. line isthen a broad, irregular, i indefinite white line, cut as before opposite the anal angle. A row of black termi-_ nal dots, fringes also tipped by a broken brown line. Orbicular large, round, : slightly paler, annulate, with whitish gray. Reniform large, pale, whitish, with a fuscous inner lunule, usually fairly well defined. A vague, irregular median shade ron! oma Palit between ordinary spots and following the angulations of the t. p. line. Secondaries somewhat fuscous gray, powdery, with discal lunules, variably complete extra dis- Vo..XY,] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 57 cal line and distinct series of terminal lunules blackish. Beneath fuscous powdery over gray, primaries darker, secondaries with a broad outer line and distinct discal spot. Head and thorax concolorous with primaries, patagie with black submarginal line. Expands 35 to 39 millimeters = 1.40 to 1.56 inches. HABITAT: Middie States to the Mississippi and Texas. New York, (Brooklyn) ; Pennsylvania (Philadelphia); Hlinois (Champaign) ; Cen- tral Missouri in April; Texas March 21. Four specimens are in the national collection (collection of C. V. R., and Belfrage, and Acc. 20395) from which the foregoing description was made. The species is wider winged and as a whole smaller than the preceding, with the same general style of maculation. It varies in ground color and in distinctness of maculatien, but most prominently perhaps in the s. t. line, which sometimes becomes a broad whitish shade. The large reniform is always distinctly paler, but not, in my experience, contrasting. The species is not common. Dicopis electilis Morr. 1875. Morr., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 114. Dicopis. ‘‘Expanse 37 millimetres. Length of body, 14 millimetres. Palpi short, scarcely exceeding the front. Antenne of the male “pyramidal toothed, (this is a term used by Lederer). Anterior tibiz with a long slender claw, otherwise unarmed. Thorax heavy and with coarse villosity; a distinct white band on each side of the tegule, which are black next to the wings. Abdomen short, dark and not untufted. Anterior wings cinereous gray, with the markings well defined; a very heavy black basal streak, including and extending beyond the claviform spot to the exterior line; ordinary spots concolorous, obsoletely encircled with black; interior line obsolete; exterior line distinct, black and narrow, with an indentation opposite the reniform spot, below which it is drawn in; subterminal line biackish, subobsolete. Posterior wings light gray; beneath gray, the posterior wings lighter, with discal dots. Hab. Easton, Pennsylvania. From Mr. W. H. Stultz.” ‘“Distantly allied to Dicopis muralis Grt.; it differs in the shape of the wings, which are narrow and Cucullia-like, the presence of the basal streak extending to the exterior line, and the absence of the dis- tinct sub-anal streak of muralis.” There is a badly rubbed specimen, I believe in the Tepper colneirene marked “type” by Mr. Morrison, in which the basal dash is broad and suffused; but I did not otherwise compare it with the description. The statement that the abdomen is ‘not untufted” excludes the species from Hutolype to which the species commonly known as electilis is best referred. The character found in the longitudinal dash extending from base to the t. p. line is a strong one, and should render the spe- cies recognizable. The term ‘ pyramidal toothed” is used by Lederer for that form of antennz in which the lateral processes are small, conic, and less than serrate. This does not agree with the character of the group, and Morrison either did not have a male, or the species may 58 REVISION OF THE DICOPINE—SMITH. not belong to this series at all. Mr. Grote has also seen the type and suggests that it seemed to him close to muralis. ie Dicopis thaxterianus Grt. 1874. Grt. Buff. Bull. 11, 196, Dicopis. 1881. Grt., Papilior, 48, Dicopis. : “$. The tibial claw is present, and the testaceous antenne are bipectinated, somewhat less heavily so than in D. muralis. The colors are mainly those of D. mu- ralis, but the wings are more uniformly fuscous to the subterminal line, and then the terminal space contrasts by its frosty, grayish white. Fringes distinctly checkered, fuscous and white; with the terminal line nearly obsolete, not resolved into black dots as in D. muralis. Ordinary spots ill defined, whitish, the reniform inwardly sharply margined with black, smaller than in D. muralis ; orbicular rounded, black edged. Claviform quite small, concolorous, black edged, removed from the orbicu- lar, hence very different from that of D. muralis. A fine basal black ray. No black streak above internal angle, and no black shading across the median space opposite the claviform. The median lines are distinctly marked with black, in general shape resembling those of D. muralis, but differing in slight details. The primaries are more pointed than in D. muralis, narrower and with the external margin more ob- lique, straighter and a little depressed before internal angle. Hind wings smaller, pale fuscous with traces of a double line on the veins, and with the faint terminal line not broken into points. Beneath much as in D. muralis ; on the hind wings the discal mark is larger and tends to fuse with the median line, the latter exserted at this place, so that a fuscous O may be more or less completely outlined by the line and the discal lunate mark. Thorax hoary gray, the tegule black lined. ‘‘Expanse, 35 millimetres. Taken April 8, 1874.” HABITAT: Massachusetts, Texas. This species seems rare. I have seen but few Specimens, and these showed little variation. It is smaller throughout than muralis and, as Mr. Grote says in the description quoted, the wings are narrower and lack the transverse line crossing the median space. EUTOLYPE Grt. 1874. Grt., Pr. Ac. N. Sci., 1874, 198, 1882. Smith, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., v, 21. 1883. Grt., Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., xx1, 154. Four species seem referable to this genus—bombyciformis, rolandt, depilis, and damalis, all easily separated. Bombyciformis is dark gray as a rule, with a black basal dash which meets the t. a. line from costa in an easy Curve, and incloses a triangular Space which in pale specimens is marked with rusty red brown. The S. t. line is usually distinet, most prominent and whitish opposite the anal angle, where it is marked with a blackish brown patch. The disk of the patagiz is discolorous, pale gray. Depilis is an ashy gray Species in which all the markings are lost, Save that the s. t. line is traceable and forms a whitish lunule in the submedian interspace. The ordinary spots are more or less completely defined by a narrow black line, and the space between them is very slightly darker. | @oaal PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 59 In both of these species the costa is more convex than in any of the _ other species. Damalis is a fine bluish gray species in which all the markings are written in narrow, slightly darker lines, and the s. t. line is not pale. Rolandi is the smallest of the species of a dark, smoky, ash gray, the maculation barely traceable, but agreeing with damalis so far as it is visible. In fresh, perfect specimens the scales forming the loose, posterior thoracic tuft are chalybeus or metallic steel-blue, and from this character Mr. Grote derived his generic term, seeing in it a resem- blance to the Bombycid genus Tolype. In tabular form the species divide as follows : §. t. line pale, distinct at least in s. m. interspace. Dark gray, patagie discolorous gray ; basal dash and t. a. line united, distinct.. BOMBYCIFORMIS. Pale, bluish gray, all the lines obsolete, ordinary spots traceable...-....-- DEPILIS. §. t. line dusky, more or less broken. Very bright bluish gray, all the markings well written, size larger...... DAMALIS. Dark smoky gray; all the markings subobsolete, size smaller......,...,.ROLANDI. Eutolype bombyciformis sp. nov. Head and thorax dark gray, varying to almost umber brown. Front reddish in- feriorly. Disc of patagie paler, somewhat contrasting, blackish margined. Prima- ries varying from dark ash gray to blackish, the maculation almost obsolete in the dark forms. Basal line indicated in pale specimens. T. a. line dusky, obsolete, geminate, distinct to the basal black dash, which is here curved, hook-shaped, in- dicating the claviform and united to the t. a. line, together inclosing the upper part of basal space. In pale specimens the basal dash is marked with rusty red, recall- ing certain species of Notodonta. 'T. p. line faint, single, widely exserted over reni- form, very irregular, and reaching the inner margin just within thes, t. line, where -itisalso best marked. S. t. line lunulate, black, followed by whitish or yellowish powderings, sometimes all obsolete, save a white lunule opposite anal angle, com- plete only in pale specimens. Orbicular round, very little paler, narrowly black ringed. Reniform large, upright, somewhat constricted centrally, with a broad vague pale annulus, inwardly emphasized with black. Secondaries whitish to smoky, darkest outwardly, with a faint outer line and discal lunule. Beneath vary- ing from gray to smoky brown on primaries; paler, with an outer line and discal lunule on secondaries. Expands 37 to 40 millimetres = 1.48 to 1.60 inches. HABIvraT: Ohio; Illinois; Missouri. Four specimens are in the Museum collection (collection of C. V. R., J.B. S., and Ace. 20395), one of them marked No. 490, March 11, 1874, from the Riley collection. This is the species which I had seen marked electilis Morr., in collec- tions, and which I have so named on the faith of these determinations; but comparing the specimens at hand with the description, it is simply impossible that Morrison could have had similar examples before him. Where the original erroneous determination came from I do not know, nor do I know where Morrison’s type is to be found. The small series before me shows quite a decided range of variation, a . 60 REVISION OF THE DICOPINA—SMITH. from the dark form in which the maculation is barely traceable to the | bright bluish gray specimens in which every detail is evident, and the © markings are additionally emphasized by rusty red brown scales. The Illinois specimen (Ace. 20395) came from the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History at Champaign, and was named Dicopis electilis for them. Eutolype depilis Grt. 1881, Grt., Papilio 1, 48, Dicopis. ‘9 Smooth, dark gray in color, recalling Hutolype Rolandi, but without the metallic tuft of scales on the thorax behind which separates Hutolype from Dicopis. Interior line fine, black, projected opposite the claviform spot. Claviform with a tinge of yellowish, moderate, somewhat rounded and incompletely ringed with black. Or- bicular, spherical, concolorous gray, with a paler ring edging the faint annulus within, Reniform similar, very large, medially constricted. Outer line fine, irregular, waved, much removed outwardly. There is a flecking of yellowish outside of the fine sub- terminal line, which runs very close to the outer median line, at inner angle. Hind wings whitish, with gray shaded edging and fringes; beneath, with dot and line. Head and thorax dark gray. Size of Muralis, or perhaps a little larger and seem- ingly stouter. Columbus, Ohio. “cs * * Finally, I have a female specimen from Texas, collected by Belfrage, which comes near to Depilis, but may prove a distinct species; it is numbered 697.” The above is Mr. Grote’s original characterization. Two female spec- imens are before me, agreeing with the description save for a somewhat . paler ground color, very indistinet markings and slightly darker shade © between the ordinary spots. Both are from Texas, collected by Bel- frage, dated March 21; one of them was given me by Mr. Grote him- | self, is labeled Dicopis depilis in his own handwriting, and is probably tl the specimen referred to in his description. The other is from the Bel- frage material in the Riley collection, and is numbered 697 on a red label. The label would indicate that Mr. Grote concluded that the Texan specimens were not distinct from the Ohio type, and I have no doubt he is correct. I have also seen the species from New York State. Eutolype rolandi Grt. 1374. Grt., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., XXv1, 198, Eutolype. vernalis Morr. 1874. Morr. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 133, Copipanolis. 1875. Grt., Can. Ent., Vil; 17, pr. syn. 1875. Grt., Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci., u, 210, pr. syn. Dark ash gray, sometimes almost blackish. Head and thorax usually a little darker, patagiz indistinctly blackish margined, dise with a posterior tufting of me- tallic bronze brown scales, which lose their luster in old specimens. Primaries with the maculation vague, indefinite, the median lines barely traceable, sometimes en- tirely obsolete. T.a. line geminate, rather evenly oblique outwardly. TT. p. line apparently single, its course much as in muraiis as far as traceable. A faint nearly upright median shade is pcrceivable in some specimens. §. t. line always marked as a series of blackish dots, sometimes becoming nearly connected, and often relieved by a Sparse powdering of greenish white scales, The claviform is not traceable in any ofmy specimens. Orbicular moderate, round, concolorous, imperfectly black ringed, usually marked by an annulus of pale yellowish scales, rarely almost obsolete. Re- PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 61 niform large, upright, slightly constricted in the middle, concolorous, incompletely " marked with darker scales and often by paler yellowish white atoms. Secondaries ' whitish, densely dark powdered, with a distinct blackish marginal line and a faint { discal lunule. Beneath gray, powdery, primaries with disc darker, secondaries | paler, with an outer line and discal lunule. Expands 31 to 35 millimetres = 1.24 to 1.40 inches. HABITAT: Massachusetts, April 8 to 15; Missouri, April and May ; ' Texas, February 17 to 26, Nine specimens, all males, and all save one from Texas (Belfrage in collection of C. V. R.), are before me. I have seen a number of other ' specimens and there is very little variation save in the distinctness of ‘the maculation. Asarule the punctiform s. t. line is quite distinct /and usually also the ordinary spots are evident. In fresh specimens | the metallic shining scales at base of thorax constitute an unfailing ‘index to the species; but in old specimens or when they show even a || slight tendency to grease, the metallic luster disappears, and the genus /as based on this character becomes irrecognizable. Eutolype damalis Grt. 1880. Grt., Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv., v, 208, Dicopis. 1881. Grt., Papilio, 1, 49, Dicopis. “3. Fore tibie each with a long black claw; eyes naked; antenne testaceous, | bipectinate. Clear, bluish gray. Ornamentation of primaries feebly written. Or- || bicular round, reniform narrow, curved, upright; the lines are double, and with the | spots indicated by pale brown shade lines, all concolorous with the wings. Thorax t shaggy, bluish gray. Hind wings whitish, a little soiled, with discal dot, faint i! terminal lines, and whitish fringe. Beneath white, with black discal spot and | broken black mesial line. Fore wings gray, with faint broad exterior shade line. || Feet and abdomen gray. Expanse 34 millimetres.” HABITAT: Havilah, Cal.; Alameda, Cal. | This is a well-defined species most nearly related to rolandi, but larger, somewhat wider winged, a fine pale bluish gray in color, and | lacking all trace of the metallic scales. COPIPANOLIS Grt. 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Acad. Sci., App., 25. 1882. Smith, BklIn. Bull., v, 21. 1883. Grt., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, 154. This genus is distinguished from the others of the group by the thin | Jong hairy vestiture of thorax, forming no obvious tufts, by the brown- \!ish red or gray colors, the wings powdered with darker brown atoms ‘and appearing more thinly scaled, and by the generally more bombycid habitus of the species. | Only one species was known for sixteen years, but I have now recog: nized four very distinct forms, separable as follows : Borealis, a new species, differs from all the others in color, the head, thorax and median space of primaries umber brown, the basal and a R Gar REVISION OF THE DICOPINAZ—SMITH. extra medial space of primaries pearl gray. The median lines are well defined, the ordinary spots obvious and secondaries black. All the other species are reddish brown in color, the secondaries paler than the primaries. Cubilis, the type of the genus, has the median lines distinct, diffuse, the ordinary spots more or less obviously. discolorous, the terminal space paler than the rest of the wing, s. t. space brownish. Fasciata is the common Texan species that usually does duty as cubilis in collections, but can not well be that species. The color is always uniform, the lines are broad and distinct, and the ordinary spots are vague, never discolorous in my experience, and I have seen many Specimens. Stigma is a Floridian form differing from all the preceding in lacking almost entirely the median lines, the ordinary spots whitish, blotchy and contrasting. In color it is a different shade of red, more admixed with yellow, and distinguishable at a glance. These characters will serve to distinguish the forms, further details being given in the specific characterization. Copipanolis borealis sp. nov. Head, thorax, and median space of primaries umber brown, the latter powdery ; basal and extra medial space pearl gray, powdery. T. a. line darker brown, not sharply defined ; t. p. line broad, brown, distinct, evenly bisinuate. Ordinary spots moderate in size, vague, rather indefinitely outlined and with sparse pearl gray pow- derings. Secondaries blackish, apices gray powdered. Beneath gray, powdery, pri- maries smoky on disc, secondaries with a broad outer line. Expands 28 millimetres = 1.12 inches. HABITAT: Minnesota (St. Anthony Park), April 7, 1889. Of this remarkable species, a single male specimen from Mr, Schoen- born’s collection, taken by Mr. O. Lugger, is beforeme. In wing form, vestiture and pattern of ornamentation the resemblance to the described species is striking, while the entirely different coloration gives the insect a strangely unfamiliar appearance. Copipanolis fasciata sp. nov. General color of the entire insect a rusty red brown, secondaries slightly paler. The wings are powdered with somewhat deeper brown atoms, less dense beyond the t. p. line. Median lines single, broad, somewhat diffuse, deeper brown. T. a. line even, with a slight outcurve centrally. T. p. line rather evenly bisinuate, the curve a little broken opposite the cell. S.t. line wanting. A vague terminal line, some- times entirely wanting. Ordinary spots vague, orbicular rarely traceable, never dis- tinct, reniform vaguely marked, sometimes wanting entirely, usually noticeable as an indefinite dusky shade, never prominent. Beneath, the brown has a grayish tend- ency, the powdering more noticeable than above. Expands 32 to 35 millimetres = 1.28 to 1.35 inches. HABITAT: Missouri (C. V. R.), April; Texas, Belfrage, January © and February. Ten specimens are in the U.S. National Museum. " weg. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 63 This species is easily recognizable by its almost uniform coloration, the median lines forming the only obvious markings. It is the species usually marked cubilis in collections, but differs from that species by the broader, less pointed primaries and by lacking the differences in shade, and all trace of the s. t. line. The species is perhaps the most common of all the forms belonging to the present series, the Belfrage material containing quite a number of them. Copipanolis cubilis Grt. 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci. App. 26, Copipanolis. 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull. u, Pl. 1, p. 6, Copipanolis. The male has a stout bombyciform appearance, though of moderate size, resem- bling in this respect as well as in the ornamentation of the primaries, the European Panolis piniperda. Rich ochrey honey-brown; ornamentation simple. The two me- dian lines are distinct, continued, rather diffuse, darker than the wing, the t. a. line perpendicular, waved superiorly, the t. p. line followed by a pale shade, very oblique, much produced superiorly on the costal nervules, bending inwardly to vein 2, and narrowing the median space below this to internal margin, running inferiorly nearly parallel with the t. a. line. Ordinary spots, more or less distinct, dirty whitish, or again hardly paler than the wing and yellowish, separate, ringed with reddish, the orbicular spherical, the reniform with a central stain, of the usual shape, well out- wardly removed in position, subterminal space more brownish than the paler terminal space. Hind wings pale fuscous, with a reddish tint. Beneath pale, with an even reddish band and discal spot on hind wings. Thorax and head concolorous with pri- maries above; abdomen dark. Expanse 36 millimetres. HABITAT: Lansing, Mich., March 26th; Massachusetts. The above description is Mr. Grote’s original characterization, and the figure given by him in Buff. Bull. 11, agrees with it very well. I have seen the type in the British Museum and find that it agrees well with the figure and description; also that the Texan form is spe- cifically distinct. Copipanolis stigma Smith. 1890. Smith, Ent. Amer., vi, 220, Copipanolis. Head, thorax, and primaries deep brick red; palpi paler. Primaries with a slight admixture of yellowish scales, most evident along costal region. Median lines vaguely marked, scarcely defined ; ordinary spots yellowish white; orbicular small, round; reniform moderate in size, rather irregular. Secondaries whitish at base, with reddish powderings, becoming more dense outwardly. Beneath somewhat paler than above, more obviously yellow powdered. Expands 29 millimetres — 1.15 inches. HABITAT: Florida. This species, of which I have seen a single male only, differs from the others in the almost total obsolescence of the median lines and the distinctness of the ordinary spots. The latter may, however, be unim- portant and variable. There is a more decided yellow admixture in the ground color than is found in the common species. 64. REVISION OF THE DICOPINA—SMITH. LIST OF THE SPECIES. Dicoris Grt. Copivaleria Grt. grotei Morr. viridescens Wlk. muralis Grt. COPIPANOLIS Grt. electilis Morr. borealis Smith. thaxterianus Grt. fasciata Smith. EUTOLYPE Grt. cubilis Grt. stigma Smith. depilis Grt. rolandi Grt. vernalis Morr. damalis Grt. bombyciformis Smith. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE NOCTUIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA.—REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA. BY Joun B. Situ, Sc. D. (With Plate 111.) XYLOMIGES Gn. 1852, Gn., Sp. Gen., Noct., 1, 147. Eyes hairy, round, moderate. Head small, retracted, with even, short, stiff, scaly vestiture, forming superposed flattened frontal tufts. Palpi short, reaching to, but scarcely exceeding, the front. Tongue long and strong. Antenne in the male pectinated, serrate and bristled, or ciliate merely. In the female they are simple, only sparsely ciliated. Thorax robust, quadrate, convex, with a variably distinct anterior and posterior tuft. Abdomen dorsally tufted. Legs unarmed, save for the ordinary spurs of middle and hind tibie. Primaries narrow, trigonate, elongate, with marked apices and obliquely rounded outer margin, or short, narrow, and stumpy. From Mamestra this genus differs by the shorter palpi, the more re- tracted head, the superposed frontal tufts, the wing form, and in some instances by the pectinated antenne. From Morrisonia it differs in not having the divided thoracic crest, the thorax itself stouter, the abdomen not so long proportionately, and the primaries not retracted at anal angle nor strigate in type of macula- tion. From Stretchia (Perigrapha) the species differ in the thoracic tuftings and somewhat also in wing form. Strictly, only two of our species— curialis and dolosa—are congeneric with the European conspicillaris ; but there is no safe line for the separation of any of the species, save possibly patalis, which differs by the habitus, the short stumpy wing, somewhat depressed body, and simple male antenne. Antennal char- acters are weak in the hairy eyed genera, and so indeed are most others. It is difficult to timit the genera in this series, and comparative char- acters and habitus must serve largely as guides. The lines of demar- cation between this genus and Mamestra, Morrisonia, or even Tenio- campa are nowhere sharply defined and errors are easy, especially with imperfect or insufficient material. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. X V—No. 892. | Proc. N. M. 92-—5 a — a 66 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA—SMITH. I place at the head of the series the species in which the male an- — tenne are pectinated, the primaries moderately wide, trigonate, the apices well marked. Hiemalis is a small species in which the median lines are usually not well marked. The ordinary spots are distinct, the reniform is marked with reddish, and there is a distinct curved basal dash, above which there is a Somewhat prominent paler shade. The antennal pectinations are very long, and there is a series of black spots before the s. t. line. ‘Peritalis is larger, with much the same type of maculation. There are no shades or spots before the s. t. line, and the antennal pectina- tions are much shorter. Orucialis is a much paler form than any of the preceding, somewhat. smaller than peritalis, from which it differs in having the darker ter- minal space completely cut on veins 3 and 4, leaving two triangular blackish patches. To the second series, in which the male antenna are serrate and cili- ate, belong curialis, dolosa, perlubens, subapicalis, rubrica and ochracea. Curialis and dolosa are narrow-winged forms, like the European species, the colors dark ash gray. In cwrialis the color is even, with a faint reddish suffusion and no white lines or patches. In dolosa the color is powdery, blackish, the orbicular white ; below it a white band extends to the inner margin, giving the wing a charac- teristic appearance. Thes, t. line is also white, or paler at least. Perlubens I do not know. Mr. Grote says it is related to rubrica, and so it seems to be. It is not possible to specify exactly wherein it differs, from the description, except that the orbicular is said to be up- right. Inrwbricait is oblique, elongate, in all the specimens seen by me. Rubrica and subapicalis are broader winged than curialis and dolosa, and the outer margins are obviously dentate, which is not the case with the latter. Rubrica is a powdery, reddish gray form, sometimes almost even in color, sometimes quite strongly maculate, the ornamentation taking form as a distinet preceding shade to s. t. line, sending in a black shade opposite the cell, so as to relieve and lighten the apical region. The orbicular is elongate, oblique, oblong, and gray in color. The insect looks like a Teniocampa at first sight, and the generic characters are not strong. Subapicalis I once thought a form of rubrica, and so described it. It differs, however, not only in the sexual characters, but in the uniformly ash or blackish gray ground color, and in the form of the orbicular, which is upright and broadly oval. In other details of maculation it is like rubrica. This species looks as much like a Mamestra as rubrica does like Teniocampa, and well illustrates the artificial character of the hairy eyed genera. Ochracea is unlike any other of the species. It resembles patalis in wing form; but is of a dull, luteous, ground color, with the veins | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 67 white marked. The median lines are also white marked. The ordi- nary spots large, discolorous, white, or at least white ringed. Alto- gether it is unique in color and habitus, and therefore easily recognized. The head is more retracted, and has the frontal tufts less evident than in the other species. Patalis is the only species in which the antenne of the male are entirely simple, and it is also the smallest of the genus. It is a stout, rather stumpy winged form, contrasting quite strongly with some of the other species, and yet with a certain habital resemblance to them. In color it is pale whitish or bluish gray, sometimes with a creamy tint, and more rarely with a yellowish suffusion. The median lines are somewhat indistinct, closely approaching at the hind margin, and giv- ing the median space, which is usually darker, a somewhat irregular V-shape. Rarely a specimen will lack all maculatiou save a few black spots marking thes. t. line. The ordinary spots are large, pale, and quite generally fused inferiorly. Tabulata is known to me in the female only. It is a dark, blackish- gray species, with close, smooth scales. The maculation is evident, the s. t. line marked at anal angle with a black spot in a reddish suffu- sion. It resemblesa Mumestra of the manguina type quite strongly. The genitalia of the species are separately described hereafter. There is no distinctive type, though the majority of the species resem- ble each other to some extent. The early stages of some of the forms are known to Dr. Kiley; but, so far as I am aware, have not been described. In tabular form the species separate as follows : feAntennes Of male distinctly pectinated:. 222. cece ssscsccn cen sssaeemiccecesces 2 ATitenies Of Male serraved ald Dristled =o.) c ho. sew sele puluols one cc ecsinee eeterts 3 ANbenh aor malesimple;umely ciliated. .28os. has secie van See eee cig we ote 4 2. Primaries trigonate, narrower at base; 8. t. line complete : Smaller; antennal pectinations long .:.......--......--- -----...-085 HIEMALIS. Larger; antennal pectinations short............-------.-----..----- PERITALIS. Primaries elongate, parallel, scarcely narrower at base; s. t. line obsolete; pale ash gray, two distinct black trigonate shades toward outer margin .CRUCIALIS. 3. Narrower winged, fringes not or scarcely dentate; color not luteous: Even ash gray, with a faint reddish tinge; s. t. line marked only by a series of Dlackisispous acne soa e aves oe aes So ac loray wes 2 ales CURIALIS. Dark blackish gray; a whitish patch below orbicular to hind margin; s. t. lime white, preceded by black spots... -.2-.5.5.02---5--c.ccese DOLOSA. Broader winged; primaries trigonate, elongate; fringes distinctly dentate : Variegated with reddish and gray, veins blackish, orbicular upright.-PERLUBENS. More even, reddish gray; a more or less evident black shade from reniform to outer margin below apex; orbicular oblique, elongate. .--.--.-. RUBRICA. Dark ash gray; a reddish shade from reniform to apex; orbicular ovate, up- HEP Sg seb bd Snel ouSeeed ee esne Goseeees cay SEs Bsebaadst SUBAPICALIS. Broad and stumpy winged; fringes not dentate. Dull luteous; veins and median lines white; ordinary spots large, usually Dales: sah. lune yellow wo. = sic cceietiwes Suna ecesaslese otelte ses OCHRACEA, 4, Primaries short and stumpy, fringes not dentate: Pale whitish or creamy gray ; median space darker, V-shaped, ordinary spots FeO Oy OLEOMG MUSE Ue rae aie w starea a) ate oie e eivie a oiwinre “adem OSCE eHBEE PATALIS. 68 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA—SMITH. <¢ ps 4 3 > ; | Xylomiges hiemalis Grt. 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull., 11, 71, Xylomiges. californica Belr. 1874. Behr. in Strk. Lep. Rhop. et Het., 94, Dryobota. 1876. Grt., Can. Ent., vim1, 26, pr. syn. 1878. Grt., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1v, 178, Xylomiges. 1879. Grt., Can. Ent. x1, 29, pr. syn. £ General color ash gray, with a slight reddish tinge. Head fuscous on front, paler on vertex; collar with a black line near tip; thorax with a small black central tuft, and a lateral line on patagie at the base of the wings. Primaries, basal line marked only by a geminate costal: spot; acurved black mark from base below median vein to the subcostal vein near the t. a. line; above this the color is pale, beneath much darker and tinged with fuscous. T. a. line very variably distinct, gem- inate, often only the somewhat paler included space obvious, inner line never distinct; in general course it is somewhat oblique outwardly, -a little curved between veins. T. p. line more or less indefinite, always traceable, dusky, better marked in costal region, where it is geminate. It is rather distant from base, well outcurved over the reniform, but not much ineurved below. Between the ordinary spots a median shade darkens the intervening space, theuce continues as a narrow and rather faint line, nearly upright in course, to the hind margin. 5S. t. line pale, marked on either side by a blackish shade which is broader in the terminal space, making a feeble \/W on veins 3 and 4, in some specimens much less marked and almost even. Claviform small, black ringed, con- colorous or somewhat darker; beyond it the submedian interspace is paler to the s. t. shade. Orbicular large, pale, oval, superiorly open to the costa. Reniform moderate, upright, with a median brownish-red shade, inferiorily darkened also by the median shade. Beyond the middle a pale shade extends to thes. t. line. Thes. t. shade consists rather of a series of closely connected interspaceal lunules, of which the central are in rare cases obsolete. Secondaries whitish, with a distinct discal dot, a more or less obvious exterior line and with fringes cut with black. Beneath, primaries smoky, secondaries white; both with an exterior line and discal dot. Expands 27 to 31 millimetres=1.10 to 1.25 inches. HABITAT: California. Several specimens are in the collection of the U.S. National Museum, all from California (O. Meske; Alameda County, January, through C. -V. Riley). The species is easily recognizable by the small size, combined with the very long pectinations of the antenne and large, distinct, ordinary spots. The genitalia have the harpes bent toward tip, and tapering to an ob- tuse point; the clasper is chitinous, stout, rather long, curved some- what more than the angulation of the harpes. The species seems not uncommon, and is one of the most generally represented in collections. sie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 69 Xylomiges peritalis sp. nov. Ground color of head, thorax, and primaries bluish gray, powdery, ‘the maculation blackish. Palpi with a faint, pink tinge. Front with a blackish band across base and another at middle. Collar with a black transverse band. Patagize black margined at base of wings. Primaries with the transverse lines marked by geminate spots on costa, but very vaguely marked below. A black longitudinal line at base to t. a. line, and opposite is the large, concolorous claviform out- lined in black. A black bar from the t. a. line to the large, pale orbic- ular, which is oval, black margined, but not defined superiorly, nar- rowly confluent with the large kidney-shaped reniform. A dusky oblique shade from costa between the ordinary spots crosses the reniform in- feriorly and darkens it; outwardly the spot is incomplete, and from it a faint ocherous stain extends to the terminal space. The veins areall more or less evidently black marked, and beneath vein lis a dusky shade. T. p. line evenly bisinuate, concolorous, barely traceable by the faint fuscous defining lines. S. t. line evident, marked with a few yellow scales, but defined principally by the blackish terminal-space, somewhat toothed on veins 3and 4. Fringes dentate, cut with blackish, gray at base. Secondaries white, faintly reproducing the macuiation of under side. Beneath white, primaries black powdered, most evidently near outer margin, a faint discal spot, an incomplete extra discal line, and a row of terminal dots; secondaries powdered only along costal margin, with a large black discal spot, a punctiform extra discal line, and a subcontinuous marginal line. Expands 40 millimetres=1.60 inches. Hapsirat: Colorado (Bruce); Oregon (Strecker). A single specimen in good condition from Mr. Neumoegen’s collec- tion; but I have seen others, also of Mr. Bruce’s collecting. In wing form, general habitus, and type of maculation this species is the close ally of the Californian hiemalis. It is, however, decidedly larger, and the pectinations of the antennz of the male are very short, in marked contrast to the long branches on hiemalis. | The occurrence of such forms, closely allied in all habital and orna- mental details, with so evident a structural character, is interesting. The sexual characters again are very much like those of hiemalis, in the form of the harpes at ieast; the clasper is distinctly different, as may be seen by a comparison of the figures of each. Xylomiges crucialis Harvey. 1875. Harv. Buff. Bull. 11, 277, Xylomiges. Ground color pale bluish gray. Head with vertex slightly darker. Collar with a black transverse line. Thorax with a black crest line, patagiz with a lateral line at base of wings. The primaries have all the veins black marked, the ordinary lines obsolete. A distinct black TO REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA—SMITH. basal dash extending into the long claviform, which is concolorous, black ringed and reaches to the middle of the wing. From the upper edge of this basal streak, another curved black line runs to the sub- costal, and then curves downward to form the margin of the elongate, large orbicular, which is open to the costa. The costal region from the base to this point is usually paler, more whitish than the rest of the wing. A distinct median line starts at costa, outwardly oblique, form- ing the outer margin of the orbicular and separating it from the reni- form, inwardly angulated on the median vein and thence, much less defined, to the middle of the hind margin. Orbicular elongate, oval, oblique, open to costa. Reniform upright, dilated inferiorly, incom. pletely black, then white ringed, inferiorly dusky, centrally with a more or less intense clay-yellow shade, from which a tinge extends out- wardly, nearly to the apex. The t. p. line is sometimes marked by a geminate black spot on costa above reniform, and beyond this the costal region is dusky to the apex. From the inferior margin of the reniform an oblique dusky shade extends to below the apex, marked in its course by black streaks extending through the interspaces, and reaching the outer margin at a black spot in the fringe. A second tri- angular dusky patch is above the anal angle marked by two inter- spaceal dashes. Secondaries white, subtransparent, with black discal dot and broken median and terminal line. Beneath white, powdery, primaries with veins black marked, both wings with variably obvious discal spots and broken exterior and terminal lines. Expands 35 to 38 millimeters=1.40 to 1.52 inches. HABIrar: Vancouver; Oalifornia; Colorado; Oregon. Of this species Mr. Dyar sent me a large number of specimens, all more or less broken, taken at the electric lights at Manitou in May. The species has not been common in collections heretofore. I have also received it from Mr. Bruce, taken near Denver. In the fifty or more specimens before me I note no variations, and the species is an easily recognizable one. The primaries are more parallel than in the other species with pectinated antenne and the pattern of maculation is ob- viously different. The curved, black basal markings, above which the wing is paler, the elongate oblique orbicular open to the costa, and the two triangular dark patches in the s. t. space, are characteristic. The harpes of the male narrow somewhat irregularly to a roundedly acute tip. A long, curved, corneous clasper arises a little basad the middle of the harpe and does not attain its tip. At the base of this large hook is a smaller, less curved and less acute process, which barely exceeds the lateral margin of harpe. The original description of this species is incomplete and differs in detail so much from the above that had I not seen the types in Mr. Edwards’s collection, | might have hesitated to make the identification. , Der ca | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, et Xylomiges curialis Grote. 1873. Grt., Buff. Bull., 1, 143, Xylomiges. Bluish ash gray, head and thorax concolorous, immaculate. Prima- ries with a faint reddish tinge. Veins black marked, irregularly inter- rupted by white scales. All the lines vague, indistinct. Basal line broad, diffuse, hardly darker than ground color, fairly distinct on costa only. T. a. line upright, geminate on costa only, irregularly dentate on the veins, a Jonger outward toothin the submedian interspace, repre- senting the claviform. An indistinct brown shade line accompanies the darker defining line and becomes somewhat diffuse in the subme- dian interspace. T. p. line vague, indistinct, marked by more promi- nent venular points, and defined mostly by adusky median shade which starts from the costa between the ordinary spots, darkens the outer half of the median space and obscures the reniform. The s. t. line con- sists of an oblique series of rusty, dark brown interspaceal dots, of which the lower and larger are emphasized by a few black scales. A series of black interspaceal terminal dots. Fringes dusky. Orbicular almost round, slightly irregular, not defined, somewhat paler than eround color. Reniform rather large, upright, constricted medially, centrally darkened by the median shade, rather incompletely defined by a dull, rusty brown annulus orring. Secondaries white, subhyaline, with a small discal spot and a broken terminal line, black. Beneath wings white, primaries with a somewhat smoky disc, a small black discal spot and a line of terminal dots on both wings black; seconda- ries with an extramedian, punctiform transverse line. Expands 38 to 40 millimetres=1.52 to 1.60 inches. HApitat: California, Alameda County, in March. This species is readily recognized by the more than usually robust body, the narrow primaries, of which the hind angle is somewhat re- treating, and the more xyliniform habitus. The thoracic tufts are small, the thorax itself plump and convex, the abdomen short and conic. The sexual characters are distinctive and unlike any other of the species. The harpes are broad, subequal to the tip where the lower angle is obtusely rounded, the upper produced into a long, trigonate point. A long curved corneous clasper closely follows the margin of the harpe, and is supplemented by a short, stout, obtuse process at base. Xylomiges dolosa Grote. 1880. Grt., Can. Ent. x11, 88, Xylomiges. Ground color dull blackish, powdery, over a white ground, sometimes with a faint olivaceous tint. Collar quite obviously gray shaded; tho- rax less distinctly so. Abdomen blackish, powdered. The primaries are quite evenly colored, a paler shade visible in basal space and be- yond t. p. line, while a more obvious and often prominent whitish shade extends below the orbicular to the hind margin. The ordinary lines 72 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA—SMITH. are geminate, black, not well marked. Basal line geminate, fairly dis- tinet, a black, feebly marked basal dash. T. a. line upright, slightly lunulate. TT. p. line evenly bisinuate, followed by a series of white, — then of black, venular dots. A more or less evident median shade line. S. t. line whitish, nearly even, preceded by a series of lunate black marks. Veins black marked through terminal space. A fine black ter- minal line. Fringes finely cut with white. Claviform whitish, discol- orous, triangular, acute. Orbicular white marked, round or ovate, up- right. Reniform large, upright, more grayish, usually darker than orbicular. Secondaries dirty white, outwardly black powdered, form- _ ing a variably distinct submarginal band and blackish terminal line. Diseal spot of under side faintly visible. Beneath white, powdery, both wings with a more or less obvious dark outer line and discal spot. Expands 37 millimetres=1.48 to 1.50 inches. Hapitat: Orono, Me.; Plattsburg, N. Y.; Franconia, N. H.; Colo- rado (Bruce). This is a distinctly marked and easily recognizable form, differing by its dull, lusterless black appearance from all the other species. It was originally described by Mr. Grote from Prof. Fernald’s collection, and with this I identified specimens sent me by Mr. Bruce from Colo- rado. In the U.S. National Museum is a specimen sent by Mr. Hudson, from Plattsburg, N. Y., and Mrs. Slosson has sent me the species from Franconia, N. H., for determination. The distribution is therefore wide; but confined to high latitudes and mountainous regions. There is no apparent difference between the Colorado and New Hampshire speci- mens now before me. The sexual characters are somewhat like those of curialis in type. The harpes are narrowed beyond the middle, some what dilated again at tip which is inwardly fringed with spinules, and the superior angle of which is furnished with a thick, blunt, corneous spur. There are three corneous clasper processes. The first, at lower margin near base, short, broad, beak-like. The second at middle of upper margin, with a broad corneous base and a moderately slender, nearly straight process. The third arises from the middle of the harpe, nearer the tip, and is a long, curved hook extending nearly to the proc- ess at the upper angle of tip. The species seems by no means common, even where it occurs. I believe the specimens were all taken at light and, if I mistake not, quite early in the season. Xylomiges perlubens Grt. 1881. Grt. Can. Ent., x1, 132, Xylomiges. “ g Allied to rubrica. Fore wings variegated with reddish and gray. Lines double, brownish, marked on costa by blackish dots. Orbicular pale, with brown center and blackish annulus, upright ; reni- form with an inferior stain, a curved reddish inner streak, indistinet outwardly. Veins blackish. T. p. line followed by white venular Vi = eee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. “%3 points. 8S. t. line preceded by a deep reddish shade marked opposite the cell and again below vein 3. Terminal space blackish, with a gray apical patch. External margin dentate ; fringes cut with pale. Hind wings and fringes pure white; a broken terminal line; beneath with a dotted extra-mesial line and discal spot. Primaries beneath with the terminal space whitish; subterminal space stained with brownish; a discal mark very near the dotted extra-mesial line which hardly reaches the margin. Eyes hairy; tibie unarmed ; antenne brush-like; abdomen tufted at base. Wings elongate. Thorax and head reddish brown; collar edged with gray; abdomen pale reddish fuscous. Hix- panse 39 millimetres. Washington Territory. Collected by H. K. Morrison.” I have not satisfactorily identified this species, which may be one of the forms related to rubrica in the same way in which subapicalis is re- lated to it. It can not be the latter species from the description. [An examination of the type in the British Museum proves that it nevertheless is my subapicalis. | Xylomiges rubrica Harvey. 1878. Harv., Can. Ent., x, 58, Graphiphora. 1882. Grt., New Check List, 31, Xylomiges. 1887. Smith, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 462, Mamestra. Ground color a rather pale reddish gray, powdery. Head and thorax concolorous, collar very narrowly dark tipped, lateral margin of pata- giz narrowly black edged. Primaries with the median and basal lines marked by geminate black spots on costa; but only feebly traceable for the remainder of their course. Sometimes: they are entirely obso- lete, more rarely distinct and easily visible. T. a. line evenly out- curved, somewhat lunate between the veins. T. p. line rather even, defining lines only slightly irregular. In course it is outcurved over reniform and quite evenly oblique below. A vague median shade, marked at costa and hind margin, and sometimes darkening the cell between the ordinary spots. S. t. line distinet, whitish, sharply de- fined, preceded by a variably broad, but always distinct, black shade. A prominent black streak at base, not reaching the t. a. line. Terminal space blackish, except at apex, which is pale, creamy gray, variably prominent according as the specimen is light or dark; the veins cross- ing the darker portion white marked. Claviform small, concolorous, more or less outlined in black. Orbicular oblique, oblong, more gray than ground color, well or even prominently outlined in black. Reni- form moderate, upright, centrally constricted on the outer margin, nar- rowly outlined in white, which is basally preceded by black. In color it is reddish, darkened inferiorly, the red shade extending outward to _ the s. t. line, sometimes defined inferiorly by a blackish shade between veins 3 and 4, A lunulate, black terminal line, followed by a pale line at base of fringes. The latter are dark, cut with creamy gray. Secon- — a ie: 5s “a | 74 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA—SMITH. daries white, powdered with black, and with a narrow, dusky, terminal line. Beneath white, more or less black powdered, both wings with a more or less distinet broken outer line and discal spot. Expands 35-37 millimetres=1.40 to 1.50 inches. HABITAT: Sierra Nevada, Nevada County, Rafael County in May, California. A somewhat variable, but very distinet species. It is sometimes almost uniform in color, the black basal dash and distinet, pale s. t. line being the only prominent features. From this it varies to a form in which the ground color is paler, more gray, the ordinary spots sharply defined, the space between veins 3 and 4 black filled, margin- ing the reddish shade beyond reniform, which in turn extends to the creamy gray apical patch. The harpes of the male narrow abruptly to a long, curved tip. There are two claspers, one long and curved, extending parallel with the nar- rowed tip of the harpes, the other at the base of the first, small and stout, only slightly curved. The Nevada County specimens are in the U.S. National Museum (through C. V. Riley) and have a red number 330. The paler specimens have the Teaniocampa habitus most strongly marked. Xylomiges subapicalis Smith. 1887. Smith, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 462, Mamestra. Ground color rather dark ash gray, powdery. Head and collar con- colorous. Collar with a narrow white line, surmounted by a fringe of black seales at tip. Primaries sometimes with a reddish tinge in the basal space and beyond the reniform. Ordinary lines distinet, not prominent, geminate. T.a. line outwardly oblique, outeurved between the veins. T. p. line rather evenly bisinuate, the inner defining line lunu- late, the outer even. Basal line geminate, easily traceable, not promi- nent. A somewhat indistinct, even, median shade line. S. t. line pale, yellowish, prominent, somewhat sinuous, preceded by a rich, deep brown shade, emphasized with black above vein 4 and below vein 3. Clavi- form wide, concolorous, incompletely outlined in black. Orbicular upright, oval, white, narrowly biack-ringed, and with dusky central powderings. Reniform kidney-shaped, upright, large, inwardly black- ringed, inferiorly dusky, else with a pale, often reddish, shade which ex- tends outwardly to thes. t. line. This paler shade is inferiorly margined by a black filling between veins 3 and 4. Apical space more gray, ter- minal space else somewhat darker. A series of terminal lunules, fol- lowed by a pale line at base of fringes; the latter cut with yellowish. Secondaries white, somewhat black-powdered, with a punctiform exte- rior and lunate terminal dark line. Discal spot more or less obvious. Beneath white, black powdered. All wings with a distinet discal spot, a punctiform outer line and a series of terminal lunules. Expands 36 to 41 millimetres=1.45 to 1.65 inches. | ' 5 ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 75 HABITAT: Sierra Nevada, Nevada County, Lake County, Placer County, in June, all in California; Washington. This insect I described originally as a variety of rubrica and referred it to Mamestra. It has a distinct habital resemblance to some species of that genus; but the balance of characters is in favor of Xylomiges. The material now before me shows that we have a very distinct species, with constant characters, but with exactly the same general pattern of maculation. The ground coloris always ash-gray and thereis no gradation to the reddish tint of rubrica. The orbicular is broadly oval and upright in the present species, distinctively different from the elongate, oblique, oblong form in rubrica. The outer margin is also rather more dentate. The sexual characters are very similar to those of rubrica, the harpes in subapicalis terminating in a similar form, not so lengthily produced however at tip. The claspers are much alike and the differences are best shown by a comparison of the figures. Several specimens are in the collection of the U.S. National Museum ‘(through C. V. Riley), some of them with the red number 336. The: principal variation is in the depth of the ground color and the conse- quent relative prominence of the darker maculation. [This is perlubens Grote. | Xylomiges ochracea Riley sp. nov. Ground color dull luteous, more or less white-powdered and variably dusted with ocherous. Head varying from white to the darkest shade in the insect. The thorax varies in the same way. Collar tipped with luteous, fuscous, or even blackish, patagiz dark margined. Pii- maries with veins white marked, the contrast greatest in the darkest specimens; costa also white in most specimens. Basal line geminate, black, included space white, the black lines rarely complete, sometimes reduced to a few scales; but always traceable. TT. a. line geminate, black, included space white, outwardly oblique in three even outcurves; the black defining lines are narrow and often interrupted, the interior line sometimes scarcely traceable. T.p. line geminate, included space white; preceding line a series of blackish lunules, outer line a series of black scales merely. In course it is quite widely outcurved and then inwardly oblique, only a little curved, to the inner margin. The line is unusually near the outer margin, and through the yellow space beyond it is an ocherous shade line, in which is sometimes a series of black lunules defining the s. t. line; more usually, perhaps, these lunules are wanting, and the yellow shade alone marks the line. 98 AVIAN ENLTOZOA—LINTON. Distomum flexum sp. noy. (Pl. vi, Figs. 36-44.) It has been found necessary to nake a new specific name to accom. — modate a small Distomum from the black scoter (Oedemia americana), although its near relationship to at least two described forms is quite © evident. It agrees very closely with Diesing’s D. baculus; indeed, if Diesing’s description alone were employed it could be readily referred to that species. Von Linstow, however, in his account of D. baculus (Trosh. Archiv. 1877, p.183, Pl. x11, Fig. 15), neither mentions nor fig- ures any cervical spines. It is not at all probable that such a careful observer as he would neglect to mention such an important character, especially as in his figure of D. spinulosum (|. c. Fig. 14), the cervical spines are shown. The latter species must be excluded on account of © the smaller number (twenty-two) of the oral spines. A Distomum discovered and described by Olsson from Larus marinus, and called by him D. pseudoechinatum (Bitrag till Skandinaviens Hel- minthfauna, p. 21, Pl. Iv, Figs. 45-49) resembles my specimen in the spinous margins of the neck and in the general appearance of the head. It is much larger, however, being 8 millimeters in length, and has, moreover, only about twenty oral spines. The body of this specimen is subeylindrical and linear; the neck is attenuate anteriorly, concave on the ventral side, just back of the head, and armed with spines along the margins; the head is trans- versely reniform and provided with a crown of about forty-five spines; the mouth is terminal and prominent, its aperture circular ; the ventral sucker is about twice the diameter of the mouth and sessile; pharnyx elongated ; genital aperture in front of ventral sucker; testes two, oval, midway between ventral sucker and posterior eud; ova few and large. Length, 2.5 millimeters. Other dimensions are: Millimetere. Diameter of head: 2... 22 S55. ceos cose emeen’ ooeteet eee Seem 30 Diameter ot neck .-. S20) f.4s2 2c Pa se sie ee eee 19 Diameter of the body at the ventral sucker...--...---.---- .40 Diameter of body near posterior end....--...--.....--.---- .26 Diameter of ventral sucker, internal 2-2... en oess saseoe eee 16 Diameter of ventral sucker, extermal-...... ....-..-.--.-.-5 ~ 28 Diameteriof oral sucker; internallss--- 4-2 seen see eee Dixmeter of oral ‘sucker, external.Gs. 2... o.eee eens soe ee ome es Lengthof testes’... 22% '2: Jago. ce Bete on ese tee eee say 20U The oral hooks are flat and broad, aud the larger ones 0.0535 milli- | meter in length, and 0.01 to 0.015 millimeter in breadth. The cervical spines are triangular and 0.015 to 0.02 millimeter in length. These spines appeared to be only in the margins of the neck, | although possibly they may extend dorsally for a short distance. The front edge of the ventral sucker was 0.5 millimeter from the an- . ‘ A iis Sa PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 99 _ terior end. The pharnyx was 0.1 millimeter in length, and 0.06 milli- meter in breadth, its anterior end 0.03 millimeter back of the oral aper- ture. The ova were few, about nine were counted, and were relatively large, 0.09 millimeter in length. Several of them were observed to be undergoing segmentation (Figs. 39 and 40). The ovary is situated in front of the testes, and near the anterior one; the vitellaria are voluminous, occupying the posterior part of the body behind the testes and the margins of the body nearly as far forward as the ventral sucker. HABITAT: Oedemia americana, intestines, Yellowstone Lake, August, 1890. CESTODA. Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy. (Pl. vi, Fig. 45.) Larval (encysted) stage in Salmo mykiss. Leidy, Hayden’s Report on Geol, of Montana and Adjacent Territory, 1871, p. 381, 382. Linton, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1889, Vol. 1x, pp. 65-79. Pl. XXIII-XxXVII, Adult stage, in Pelecanus erythr orhynchus. Linton, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1889, Vol. 1x, pp. 337-358. Pl. exvil-cxrx. I have referred to this species a small lot of immature specimens, be- longing to the genus Dibothrium, obtained from the intestine of the California Gull (Larus californicus), Yellowstone Lake, August, 1890. Five specimens were found in one gull and one in another. The specimens have the following characters: Bothria lateral; body rather thick, subecylindrical in front, compressed elsewhere, tapering posteriorly, crossed by exceedingly fine strix. The dimensions of an average specimen are as follows: Millimeters. Men SUH tae cow esac Snare saree te cle clas oe ee eiioeees 7.00 Wiameenomheads 2252. ses 5:22 obasunassewaasae ee aeeaee .o2 Diameter of body, anterior lateral..................-.. . 65 Diameter of body, anterior marginal........---....-... .40 Diameter near posterior end....-....-.---+--.-.--26--% . 20 There is no indication of reproductive organs. The species D. cordiceps is not excluded by any characters yet de- veloped in these specimens. Satisfactory identification, however, is always difficult in forms like these, which may assume such diverse shapes with different degrees of contraction. On account of the small size and immature condition of these speci- mens it may be inferred that they had not been in the intestine of the gull very long. It does not follow, therefore, that they would reach maturity in this host. So that even if the specimens have been cor- rectly identified in this case it can not be said positively that the gull is a proper final host of D. cordiceps. - oy _ 100 AVIAN ENTOZOA—LINTON. erythrorhynchus, Yellowstone Lake, August, 1890, an account of which 5 | was published by the author in a paper entitled “ A Contribution to — the Life-history of Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy.” Bulletin of the U.S. | Fish Commission, 1890, Vol. 1x, pp. 337-358, Pl. CXVII-CXIXx. The adult stage of D. cordiceps was found in the intestine of Pelecanus _ ¢ Dibothrium exile sp. noy. (Pl. vi, Figs. 46-48.) Head oblong, tapering both anteriorly and posteriorly; bothria elongated, lateral with rather thin lips; neck long and slender; the first segments twice as broad as long, this proportion continuing with- out much change, except that the breadth increases rather faster than the length, until the median region is reached where the segments are squarish and even a little longer than broad; the posterior seg- ments are rectangular, the length being a little inexcess of the breadth. The segments throughout are characterized by considerable regularity and distinctness and the strobile by its nearly linear form throughout. The single specimen obtained had the following dimensions in alco- hol. Millimeters. 1G) y iE Sa enine es Gear os Gece Ceca ericeimnce Sag abso oau Som 153. 00 IOUT NOPE RES Se aoeaeoes psc poosed aSosoo Cosco as saae 1.50 Greatest breadth of head= -2- -5-~ +5 .s--ssee >= Ate Ghee JAE . 60 hii ckiwvesseor Meats. sseere cee yee eter GcogeerasastGocd wou Distance from head to first segment....---..------------ 10. (0 Breadth of neck...--. a sats Deelas eke eae ae oe eerie . 30 Thicknessiof neck... 2.22.) 5 waa ese eies oe aeere eee .16 Length of first segments._---------------. = ee 28 Breadth of rst seo ments... -s0 sae Se see se eens eee 50 Length of posterior segments... - 5--/. 22> Soca - == eaecer . 85 Breadth of posterior’semments -—- - << 2. ee coe mone .80 « The length of the living specimen was 160 millimeters. The genitalia have not yet developed. Careful search was made in_ several of the posterior segments which had been stained with borax carmine and made transparent in oil of cloves, without revealing any genitalia whatever. The interior of the segments is filled for the greater part with granular protoplasm. These granules were begin- ning to gather into denser masses along the median line rather towards the posterior part of the segments. It may be inferred therefore that the genital apertures are median in this species, although it can not be proved from this specimen. Hapirar: Larus Californicus, intestines, Yellowstone Lake Wyo- ming, August, 1891. EPISION gen. noy. (Eziceiwv, a pennant). Anterior end of body (head) lamellate, more or less crispate, deflected. Body proper, tenieform, segmented, segments not distinct. Reproductive apertures lateral (?). > “ss re, VOL. ag 1892. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 101 Epision plicatus sp. nov. (Pl. vi, Figs. 49-53.) Anterior part of body (head) a lamellate unsymmetrical organ, which _ consists of an elongated auricular pointed flap, deflected marginally and forming an angle with the body proper, and a shorter rounded lobe at the opposite margin. his leaf-like organ is more or less crimped or _ folded, especially near the shorter lobe, and on the anterior edge; it is crossed by fine transverse lines, which upon enlargement appear due to a segmented condition of the organ; two pairs of vessels rise near its extreme tip and are continuous with the longitudinal vessels of the. _ body proper. Body nearly linear, flattened; segments beginning im- mediately behind the head, not distinct. Reproductive organs rudi- mentary in specimens examined, but from their position along the me- dian line of the strobile, and their resemblance to similar stages of de- velopment in the Dibothriide, it is probable that the reproductive apertures are median. Longest specimen, 23 millimeters in length and 1.5 millimeters in breadth. HABITAT: Oedemia Americana, intestines, Yellowstone Lake, Wyo- ming, August, 1890. The foregoing description is based on four specimens from the Black _ Scoter, the largest 23 and the smallest 6 millimeters in length. The | breadth of the head of the larger specimen was about 3.2 millimeters, . breadth of the body near the head 1 millimeter, and the length of the | rather indistinct segments near the head 0.2 millimeter; greatest | breadth of the body 1.5 millimeters; near the posterior end the breadth | decreased to about 0.8 millimeter. _ Following are the dimensions in millimeters of the smallest speci- men: Length, 6; breadth of head, 1.8; length of head, 0.7; breadth _ of body near head, 0.35; breadth of body, posterior, 0.55. The segments, which are rather indistinct, appear as if in pairs, or _ rather each is divided into two nearly equal parts by a faint transverse _ line. _ The head is finely serrate on its margins, and presents a minutely _ Segmented appearance when magnified. It is therefore not to be re- | garded as homologous with a scolex, but rather as the anterior portion _ of the strobile modified into an absorbing and adherent organ. None of the specimens had reproductive organs developed sufficiently | to fix the systematic position of these singular forms. Sections made from a series of posterior segments of a medium sized specimen show _ that there is no distinct segmentation in the inner portions of the 'Strobile. The genitalia are represented by small, oblong clusters of - granules lying transverse to the axis of the bod y and crowded together z along the median region of the body. There are no external apertures, _ but the arrangement of the incipient genitalia, and of the longitudinal muscle fibers and the longitudinal vessels, as seen in these sections, in- _ dicates relationship with the Dibothriide. PRI 9 ey NCAR EIAs TEM He RES 4 Kags STS - 102 AVIAN ENTOZOA—LINTON. Tenia sp. Fragments not certainly identified. (Pl. vi, Figs. 54-58.) Several fragments of Tenia from Larus sp. and Colymbus sp., collected at Guaymas, Mexico, by Mr. P. L. Jouy, February, 1891, have been re- ferred to me for examination by the U. 8S. National Museum. The fragments are without scolices, which makes the matter of iden- tification uncertain. I append, however, the following descriptive notes on these frag- ments. I. Fragments of Tenia from Colymbus sp., Museum No. 4930 collect- or’s No. 972 (Figs. 54, 55). Mr. Jouy’s notes on this lot are: “972. Parasitic worms from intes- tines of Colymbus sp. ¢ juv. The throat and stomach of this bird were empty and'these specimens, apparently of a tapeworm, were found in the lower intestine.” The fragments appear to belong to the same strobile; the longest measures 115 millimeters, and the next longest 65 millimeters. The ageregate length of the fragments f& about 200 millimeters. The largest proglottides are about 2 millimeters broad and 1 millimeter in length. The youngest segments are 0.75 millimeter in length, 1.2 millimeters in breadth, and 0.7 millimeter in thickness. Color of the alcoholie¢ specimens, pinkish yellow, or faint rose. The segments are rounded on their anterior corners, posterior corners blunt and slightly projecting. Reproductive apertures all on one margin about the middle of the seg- ments. Cirri, not seen projecting, but appear to have rather large diameter. Sometimes one margin of a segment projects about its mid- dle point. This projection is on the margin opposite the one bearing the genital form. The ripe segments contained ova which were inclosed in an outer pellneid envelope measuring from 0.09 to 0.12 millimeter in diameter, and containing an embryo 0.06 to 0.07 millimeter in diameter, the spines of which were about 0.02 millimeter in length. These fragments very probably belong to the species 7. capitellata Rudolphi or to an undescribed closely related species. II. Fragments of Tenia from Larus sp. Museum No, 4931. Collee- tor’s No. 973 (Fig. 56). Upon these Mr. Jouy makes the following note: ‘973. Parasitic worms from intestines of black-backed gull, Larus sp. There are ap- parently two kinds of worms from this specimen, but they are all taken from the intestines, the throat and stomach of the bird being clean and empty.” The longest fragment measures 155 millimeters inlength. The other fragments are 80, 30, and 18 millimeters, respectively. The 80 and 30- millimeter fragments belong to the same strobile, and the 18-millimeter piece belongs to the 155-millimeter strobile. ee a re EY a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 103 In the longest specimen the last segments were 0.5 millimeter in length and 1.5 millimeters in breadth. The length of the first distinet segments was 0.5 and the breadth 0.2 millimeter. The anterior end for about 8 millimeters was attenuate and without evident segments. The first evident segments were a little more than twice as long as wide. ‘The reproductive apertures are all on one margin, about the middle of the segments, somewhat prominent with thickened, protrading borders. The color of the alcoholic specimens is yellowish white. Segments somewhat like those from Colymbus in outline but not so thick, and rather more regular; strobile in general more delicate. T. fusus Krabbe is suggested by these fragments. Ill. Fragments of Tenia from Larus sp. Museum No. 4932. Col- lector’s No. 975 (Figs. 57, 58). Mr. Jouy’s note on this lot is as fol- lows: “975. Parasitic worms (tapeworms) from the intestines of gull Larus (Chroicocephalus) sp. 8. The throat and stomach of this specimen also clean and empty.” This lot consists of several fragments belonging to about three stro- biles. The longest fragment measures 18 millimeters in length. The aggregate length of the fragments is about 140 millimeters. Anterior | segments funnel shape, succeeding segments much crowded, and much broader than long; posterior segments squarish or rounded, separat- | ing easily from the strobile, about 1 millimeter in length and 0.6 millimeter in breadth. Reproductive apertures alternate and appar- ently regulariy so; apertures near anterior end of segment. Ova spherical with thin walls, containingembryos. Diameterofexternal shell, 0.05 millimeter; diameter of embryo, 0.03 millimeter; length of spines, 0.01 millimeter. Some of the ova have thin, somewhat wrinkled shells ; / some also have what appear to be small curved hooks over the surface (Fig. 58). The specific determination of these fragments is not cer- tain. In some particulars it agrees closely with 7. larina Krabbe. All of these Guaymas fragments contained numerous small granular | bodies, the largest of which measured 0.025 millimeter in greatest | diameter, although usually smaller than that. In oil of cloves these |, particles frequently showed a concentric structure. They dissolve in || acetic acid; but with difficulty. Brisk effervescence was not obtained even with heated hydrochloric acid. This character is in marked | contrast with the behavior of the calcareous particles in the Yellowstone _Lake specimens, where brisk effervescence followed treatment with | acetic acid. | Tznia porosa Rudolphi. (PI. vit, Figs. 59-71.) Rudolphi, Entoz. Hist. 111, 190, Pl. x, 1; Synopsis 168 and 529, Pl. 1, 7,8. Dujardin, Hist. Nat. des Helm, 561. Diesing, Syst. Helm. 1, 546; Sitzb. xu, 610; Sitzb. XLix, 415; Krabbe, Bitrag til Kund. orn Fugl. Biend., 260, 261, Pl. 1, 10-13. » Head subglobose, bothria somewhat circular with a thick border ; pro- | boscis eylindrical, armed with from twelve to fifteen hooks, which are PS Dy cas ° a es Paras SS = ~ ~ = ri Ee 104 AVIAN ENTQZOA—LINTON, = : 0.12 millimeter in length and straightish; neck short; first segments very short, subsequently variously longer and narrower, often infundi buliform; posterior segments on longest strobiles, squarish and trans- versely wrinkled; genital apertures irregularly alternate, cirrus short, opening near anterior edge of margin and directed forward ; ova witha double envelope; length of embryonic hooks, 0.35 millimeter. Largest specimen measured while living, 120 millimeters in length and 2.5 milli. | meters in greatest breadth. Greatest recorded length hitherto, 100° millimeters. Hasirat: Larus californicus, intestine, Yellowstone Lake, on differ- ent dates in August, 1890. I refer to this species several Tenia, which, while presenting some differences among themselves that are difficult to reconcile with each other, do not, at least with the material at hand, appear to me to justiyg their separation into distinct species. But one specimen with ripe proglottides was found. This was asso- ciated with several specimens of 7’. filum collected on August 2, 1890, and had the following dimensions and characteristics : Millimeters. Diptera ss cece dans faves pe echep we hee tees more tees 110. 00 Diameter of head....--. --- HHECOOON Saco and: 50 See es eSae . 46 héenathiothewd:scsescesses Sas see ae ee Sa eee aeeiee . 30 ene thio LpNOVOSCIat ss cme tees eaeeie es eee eee . 38 Diameteriot proboscis 22--ee acme See eee aaa siti . Diameter\of icrown of hooks: sss5- o=--1s-s= ss esse eee “9 en ei hrothoo ksi acrese syste tate area etal alee ane ee 12 Diameterofneck = 25-5 bese seine centeclsio eee teeta eee . 35 “Length of anterior segments ..... ~~. ..--2-te---0 sseees . 20 Breadth of ‘anterior segments)... ---. . 26 0c oe eee ee 25 Length of posterior segments ~.. -...... 2. .ssinse-cees em | euCe Breadth of posterior sesments.-:-..-----5<.5---- =s---- 2.50 The above dimensions are from measurements of an alcoholic speci- men. The living worm measured 120 millimeters in length. The — diameter of the proboscis immediately behind the hooks and at base was 0.09 millimeter ; at apex and in middle, 0.11 miltimeter. The pos- terior segments became dilated in alcohol. They were subglobose, being swollen with the contained embryos. The hooks on the pro- boscis were in a single circle and were fourteen in number. The com- plete set is probably fifteen. These hooks are uniform in size and shape, and are exactly 0.12 millimeter in length. The anterior seg- ments are somewhat funnel shape, preceded, however, by very short beginning segments like transverse wrinkles; the median segments are somewhat rectangular, broader than long, and increasing in breadth toward the posterior end. Toward the posterior end of the strobile the segments have one or two wrinkles at the margin. The reproduc- tive apertures are marginal near the anterior end of the segments and irregularly alternate, although often for a series of a dozen or more seg- ments irregularly alternate. The cirri are short, smooth, and directed | a a eS # * hen i . m ‘ % > vem.’ ] +. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. (105 forward. The embryos are well developed in the ripe segments, are en- closed in a double envelope, and their hooks are of three sorts (Fig. 66). Two of the hooks are broader than the other four, and two of the re- - maining feur are more curved than the others. There is no material _ difference in length, however, each measuring about 0.035 millimeter. Two specimens, 25 and 10 millimeters in length, respectively, and two fragments 6 and 8 millimeters in length, were obtained from another gull. The number of hooks in the larger was about fifteen, in the smaller - twelve. The hooks agree in shape and size with those of the first specimen. No reproductive apertures were seen in the smaller specimen. In the other they appeared at first to be situated along one margin, but upon closer examination were found to be irregularly alternate, with a tendency for several successive segments to have the reproductive _ apertures on the same margin. Cirrus short, conical, as seen, 0.17 milli- - meter in length, 0.05 millimeter in diameter at base, and 0.02 millimeter ~ in diameter at apex. In all of the foregoing there were numerous minute calcareous bodies, showing under proper optical conditions a concentric structure, and evolving carbon dioxide briskly when treated with acetic acid. These were particularly abundant in the two smaller specimens. They are more abundant in the median and posterior segments, few appearing in the anterior portion of the strobile. Variety «. (Figs. 67-71.)—Three specimens from a gull captured August 10, 1890, are referred to this species, but on account of certain constant characters of difference they are given a special place. The specimens measured 15, 17, and 21 millimeters in length respect- ively; breadth near posterior end 1 millimeter. Head broad, com- pressed, 0.55 millimeter broad and 0.3 millimeter thick ; diameter of neck 0.3 millimeter, in onethe diameter immediately behind the head was 0.4 millimeter, and one millimeter back of head 0.32 millimeter. The hooks are exactly twelve in number and measure 0.12 millimeter in length. They agree in shape and size with those of the other specimens. The strobiles are all young and complete—that is, they have not lost any segments. They are rather plump, increasing in breadth uni- formly from the neck to near the posterior end. The strobile thus has somewhat the shape of a club, nearly cylindrical in middle portion, but compressed elsewhere. The reproductive apertures are irregularly alternate, with a tendency to be regularly alternate for several suc- cessive segments. The apertures are near the anterior edge of the segments at the margins. A series of sections was made of several of the posterior segments, from which it was ascertained that the cirri, which are all retracted, are smooth and agree with those of the others inshape. Caleareous bodies are not so numerous as in the other speci- mens. The male reproductive organs were well developed, consisting of a voluminous vas deferens, large testicular lobes, containing sperm- 106 AVIAN ENTOZOA—LINTON. atozoa already developed and developing. Ovahad not yet made their appearance. Sinuous marginal aquiferous vessels, as well as very strong fascicles of longitudinal muscles were continuous from segment — to segment. Naturally Krabbe’s Tenia dodecacantha from Larus minutus is sug- gested by this variety, but that species must be excluded from consid- eration on account of the character of the spines, which in Krabbe’s species are from 0.72 to 0.74 millimeter in length instead of 0.12 milli- meter. Tenia filum Goetze. (Pl. vi, Figs. 72-78. ) Diesing, Syst. Helm., p. 530; Sitzb., x11, p. 607, and X1rx, p. 411. Dujardin, Hist. des Helm., p. 605. Krabbe, Bitrag til Kunds. om Fugl. Bend., p. 312, 313, Pl. vii, Figs. 198-201. Head subglobose, broader than long; bothria nearly circular; pro- boscis cylindrical, enlarging at the extremity, with a circle of small ab- ruptly recurved and sharp-pointed hooks, the slender pointed part of the hook parallel with the basal portion and a little longer; neck long and slender; ripe segments subcuneate, posterior marginal edges usually prominent and acute; genital apertures near one of the mar- gins, cirrus slender, tapering, smooth from a swollen spinous basal portion. Longest specimens observed 52 millimeters in length. Length of hooks 0.025 millimeter. HABITAT: Larus californicus, intestines, Yellowstone Lake; obtained on two different occasions, August 2 and 10, 1890. The following dimensions are in millimeters. In one specimen, measuring 52 in length, the diameter of the head was 0.2, of the neck 0.1; length of the last segment 0.12, breadth 0.44. In another speci- men the diameter of the proboscis at the apex was 0.08, at the base 0.06; diameter of head 0.27, length 0.22; diameter of neck 0.15 ; length of first segments 0.02. breadth 0.12; diameter of bothrium 0.11. The diameter of the spinous basal portion of the cirrus was in one instance found to be from 0.012 to 0.015; diameter of filiform terminal portion, near the base, 0.006, tapering to 0.004 at the extremity ; length of filiform portion 0.05, of spinous basal portion 0.08. The segments in some specimens were rather crowded with margins somewhat rounded making convex serrations on the margins. The re- productive apertures were in these cases not immediately at the mar- gins, but at a distance from the nearest margins equal to one-third the entire breadth of the strobile (Fig. 78). In the posterior segments the reproductive apertures are near the margin. One of the specimens with segments thus characterized had the following dimensions: Length 33 millimeters; greatest breadth 0.7 millimeter, at which point the length of segments was 0.1 millimeter; length of posterior segments SS TE ark ve Be fw ee ne eee ees | | 4 ; | eo PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 107 a. 0.08 millimeter, breadth 0.4 millimeter. In this specimen the first seg- - ments began about three millimeters back of the head. Some specimens with ripe segments contained ova which were 0.025 to 0.03 millimeter in diameter, and which inclosed typical six-hooked embryos. ; Teenia macrocantha sp. nov. (Pl. vu, Figs. 79-82.) . Head subglobose, somewhat pyramidal; bothriain lateral pairs and little prominent; proboscis subeylindrical, expanded at apex, con- tracted at base; hooks ina single circle, large, nine (?) to thirteen ; body subeylindrical, segments very short and crowded together anteriorly, lengthening and narrowing posteriorly ; strobile, in aleoholic specimens, slightly arcuate with crenate margins; reproductive apertures margi- nal, allon one margin; cirrus long, filiform, and armed with exceedingly minute spines; largest specimen 15 millimeters long and 1 millimeter broad. HABITAT: Gdemia americana, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, August, 1890. Following are detailed measurements of the largest specimen in the lot, dimensions given in millimeters: Length 15, diameter of head 0.75, diameter of neck 0.60, length of head 0.50, length of proboscis 0.42, diameter of proboscis at base 0.10, diameter of proboscis at apex ex- elusive of hooks 0.22, diameter of crown of hooks 0.35, length of hooks 0.21, length of first distinct segment 0.025, breadth of first segment 0.65, length of last segment 0.28, breadth of last segment 0.50, greatest diameter of body 1, diameter of cirrus 0.015 to 0.019, length of spines on cirrus not exceding 0.001. The number of hooks in this specimen was made out to be nine. In order to ascertain the number of hooks accurately, a specimen in which the proboscis was retracted, and which had presumably not lost any of the hooks after it had been put in alcohol, was taken and the set of hooks carefully dissected out. The number in this case was found to be exactly thirteen, and they were 0.22 millimeter in length. The hooks, when isolated, are seen to be of two sorts, as shown in Fig. 80. In the set of hooks examined, nine of the thirteen were like Fig. 80, a, the other four being like those of Fig. 80, b. This difference would probably be overlooked except where the hooks are isolated. The hooks resemble those of 7. megacantha Rudolphi, as figured by Krabbe (Bitrag til Kunds. om Fugl. Beend., 80, Pl. 1x, Fig. 251). There are, moreover, no characters which are absolutely contradicted in the published descriptions of that species. The descriptions of 7. mega- cantha are, however, deficient in detail, and since the hosts are widely different, T. megacantha being a parasite of species of Caprimulgus and Nyctibius, it has appeared to me best to refer my specimens to a new species. ie . ~ % > nN aie se foge AVIAN ENTOZOA—LINTON. | Be Tenia compressa sp. nov. (Pl. vin, Figs. 83-92. ) A large lot of Teniz from Fuligula vallisneria consists of a variety of forms which, however, upon examination do not afford differences that can be regarded safely as specific. I have therefore referred them to a single species. This species resembles 7. sinuosain the number, size, and shape of the hooks, but differs from it in the absence of the globular spinose sack near the genital orifice, described and figured by Dujardin and others. Tenia compressa, as represented by the individuals in this let, may be briefly characterized thus: Head variable, usually broader than long, often pyramidal, compressed laterally, bothria prominent; pro- boscis ob-conical with a simple crown of rather straight hocks, ten in number and usually about 0.055 millimeter in length; reproductive apertures along one margin, cirrus 0.008 to 0.01 millimeter in diameter, spinose with a smooth conical tip; neck short; first segments usually crowded, much broader than long; median segments in longer stro- biles also crowded, very short, ripe segments funnel-form with salient posterior margins. The specimens in this lot varied from 5 to 27 millimeters in length. In the preliminary examination of these specimens they were separ- ated into three groups. The first group contained small club-shaped strobiles from 5 to 10 millimeters in length. The second group contained longer specimens, 20 to 30 millimeters in length. The third group was much like the second, but with thicker and broader strobiles. Two or three fragments were found that appeared to belong to a dif- ferent species. In them the segments were exceedingly short and crowded and the breadth was about 2 millimeters, considerably greater than that of any of the complete strobiles. In the first group the neck, i. e., unjointed part of the body, is short, the segments soon become distinet, at first sometimes funnel-form, then rauch crowded together, becoming funnel-form again towards the posterior end. The segments increase in breadth to near the pos- terior end, so that the whole strobile becomes somewhat club-shaped. The reproductive apertures are all on one margin of the strobile, each a little in front of the middle of itssegment. The elongated bulb of the cirrus (Figs. 89, 91) lies on an elliptical body, which is yellowish and opaque. The bulb is at first nearly transverse to the longitudinal axis, becoming inclined posteriorly at the marginal end in the posterior seg- ments. The cirrus is about 0.01 millimeter in diameter, thickly beset — 5 - > 2 bs x ea PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 109 with minute bristle-like spines, and when fully everted with a short conical tip devoid of spines. In one specimen measuring 8 millimeters in length the posterior seg- ments contained ova, with embryos, measuring about 0.025 millimeter in diameter. The proboscis when fully extended is at least as long as the head, ex- _ pands at the apex, where it bears a circle of ten hooks. These are _ bent somewhat abruptly near the end, but on the whole are rather - strai ght. One specimen was observed which agreed with the others in the number and shape of the hooks, but the hooks measured only 0.04 millimeter instead of from 0.05 to 0.055 in the others. The proboscis in ¥ this specimen was elongated, cylindrical and 0.4 millimeter in length, or over two and a half times the length of the head. An average specimen 7 millimeters in length had the following dimensions, in mil- limeters: Diameter of head, 0.18; length of bothrium, 0.15; length of proboscis, 0.16; diameter of proboscis at apex, not including hooks, 0 08; vu 3 \¥ re diameter of Givin of hooks, 0.12; diameter of proboscis at base, 0.04; diameter of neck, 0.03; length of first distinct segments, 0.025 ; breadth of first segments, 0.14; length of lastsegments, 0.37 ; breadth of last seg- “ments, 0.7. In another specimen the diameter of the head was 0.24 millimeter and the diameter of the proboscis at base 0.025 millimeter, _ while the other dimensions were nearly as in the detailed measurements given. The specimens of the second group do not present any constant dif- ferences, other than size, of sufficient importance to justify their refer- ence to a distinct species or even variety. The head appears to be broader, in some cases at least, in proportion to the length, and the middle segments are much more closely crowded together; the cirrus is also possibly a little more slender. Embryos were observed, 0.04 by 0.03 millimeter in the two principal diameters, with spines measuring 0.01 millimeter in length. Detailed measurements of a specimen 27 millimeters in length yielded the same results for hooks, proboscis, and segments as were obtained from small specimens of the first group. Those referred to the third group were characterized by having thick strobiles in which the segments were relatively short and crowded to- gether. In one specimen 15 millimeters in length the last segments were much crowded, measuring 1.1 millimeters in breadth, and 0.13 millimeter in length, otherwise as in the first two groups. The cirrus | pouches in some of these larger specimens are inclined at an angle of nearly 45 degrees with the margin; the elliptical body beside the cirrus pouch is not distinct as it is in the smaller specimens. Several specimens of this species were found in the intestines of Cdemia americana.” In these the head was compressed laterally, | appearing rectangular in outline when viewed from the front. In cases oe 110 AVIAN ENTOZOA—LINTON. where the proboscis was completely retracted the bothria were directed forward. The average breadth of the head of three specimens was 0.2 millimeter; length of hooks, 0.055 millimeter ; length of the proboscis, 0.14; diameter at base, 0.04; diameter at apex, 0.08; and diameter of crown of hooks, 0.13 millimeter. The specimens were forthe most part small, measuring trom 8 to 13 millimeters in length. One fragment (Figs, 91, 92) was 20 millimeters in length, its posterior segments 0.4 miilimeter long and 1.4 millimeters broad. In these specimens calcareous bodies were exceedingly numerous. Reproductive organs as in those from Fuligula vallisneria. HapiraT: Fuligula vallisneria and Cidemia americana, intestine, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, August, 1890. WASHINGION and JEFFERSON COLLEGE, Washington, Pa., August 1, 1891. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. [ Figs. 64 and 65 from life; all others trom alcoholic specimens and drawings by the the author. } PLATE LY. Filaria serrata, sp. nov., from Circus cyaneus var, hudsonius. Fig. 1. Optical section of head, lateral view, x 350. Fig. 2. Superficial view of same. Fig. 3. Diagram of posterior end, ventral view, showing arrangement of anal papilla of male. The small post-anal pair on the right side were not clearly shown in the specimen. Fig. 4. Copulatory spines, lateral view, X 225. Ascaris spiculigera Rudolphi, from Pelecanus erythrorhynchus and P. fuscus. i} g ’ y Fig. 5. Adult female from stomach of host, xX 10. v, reproductive aperture. Fig. 6. Head of male, X 36. Fig. 7. Another view of same, X 36. Fig. 8. Posterior end of female, x 36. Fig. 9. Ovain which segmentation has begun, X 225. a, morula; 6, gastruta stage. Fig. 10. Diagram of posterior end, ventral view, showing arrangement of anal papillw in male. Fig. 11. Lateral view showing copulatory spines, Xx 36. Fig. 12. Anterior portion of alimentary canal, x 14. m, mouth; 0, esophagus; 4, intestine. Echinorhynchus reclus, sp. nov., from Larus sp. Fig. 13. Male, slightly compressed, x 6. This and the three following sketched from specimen in oil of cloves. Fig. 14. Female, slightly compressed, x 6. Fig. 15. Hooks near base of proboscis, X 225. Fig. 16. Hooks near apex of proboscis, x 225. Fig. 17, Bursa of male, showing nucleated cells in walls, X 27. ns on ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tid PLATE VY. Echinorhynchus striatus Goetze, from Gidemia americana. - Fig. 18. Optical outline of male, x 45. Fig. 19. Outline of another from same lot, x 24. - Fig. 20. Caudal spines, x 225. ‘ Fig. 21. Hooks of proboscis, x 225. a, apical and b, basal of one specimen ; c, apical : and d, basal of another. Fig. 22. Female with embryos, x 15. Fig. 23. Apex of proboscis of same, X 225. _ Fig. 24. Dermal spines of same, x 225. - Fig. 25. Marginal view of dermal spines, x 225. Holostomum variabile Nitzsch, from Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius. ‘Fig. 26. Lateral view, x 21. a, anterior aperture, b, posterior aperture. The specimen is concave on the dorsal side. Fig. 27. View of anterior end, X %7. The dorsal side is uppermost in the sketch. Fig. 28. Longitudinal vertical section, xX 42. a, anterior aperture; b, posterior aperture, into a muscular, suctorial organ; c, ejaculatory duct; there does not appear to be a true cirrus ; p, papilla at the summit of which the ejaculatory duct and the uterus lie as a common duct. The papilla and muscular sucker probably constitute a copulatory organ. ep, seminal vescicle, corresponding to a bursa penis; vsa. and vsp. anterior and pos- terior seminal receptacle ; ¢t, testes; v, aperture of vagina; 0, germ gland or ovary; gd, germ duct; cd, common duct, which passes around the an- terior testis, and between the two testes receives the vitolline duct yd’; sg, shell gland; w, origin of uterus; u’, uterus near posterior end; yd, one of the two longitudinal vitelline ducts; vg, vitelline or yolk gland; ov, ova in anterior uterine spaces; 0’, ova in posterior portion of uterus; s, ventral sucker, see Fig. 29, 3; x, glandular organ, the kiigliger korper of Von Linstow. Sketch from a single section, but the ducts represented by v, cd, and yd’ somewhat diagrammatic. Transverse sections of the convoluted common germ duct are shown between the testes. Fig. 29. Longitudinal vertical section of the anterior division of the body, several sections removed from that shown in Fig. 28, x 52. m, mouth surrounded by a muscular suctorial organ and communicating by a short passage with the muscular pharnyx ph; i, intestine which is bifurcate in front of the ventral sucker 8, a lateral branch passing on either side of that organ; dm, dorsal longitudinal muscles ; Im, lateral longitudinal muscles; vm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vg, vitelline glands ; y, section of invaginated fold, apparently an organ of absorption; a, anterior aperture. PuLaTE VI. Holostomum variabile Nitzsch. Fig. 30. Cells of germ gland or ovary, x 360. Fig. 31. Section of segmenting ovum, x 375. Fig. 32. Transverse section of vitelline duct near its union with the common germ duct, showing the peculiar arrangement of yoik globules, x 360. Distomum (?) verrucosum, sp. nov., from Larus californicus. Specimen coiled in a spiral, x 15. Anterior end of same specimen, X 24. Fragwent, X 15. Thetubercles are somewhat more enlarged. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 36. 37, . 38. . 38a. Oral hooks, X 225. . Segmenting ovum, X 225. . Another showing more advanced stage of segmentation, XK 22d. . Oral hooks, dorsal view, X i80. 2. Cirrus and bursa, x 60. . Pharnyx, X 180. . Cervical spines, X 225. 50. 51. 52. 53. AVIAN ENTOZOA—LINTON. Distomum flecum, sp. nov., from Cidemia americana. Lateral view, xX 15. Ventral view of head of saine, X 33. Dorsal view of body, ventral of head, compressed, X 3U. Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy., from Larus californicus. . Lateral view of head of immature specimen, X 27. Dibothrium exile, sp. nov., from Larus californicus. . Marginal view of head, x 30. . Anterior segments, lateral view, X 14. . Posterior segments, lateral view, X 14. Epision plicatus gen. et sp. noy., from Gidemia americana. . Lateral view of head and anterior part of body of smallest specimen, x 12. Lateral view of head of largest specimen, X 15. Portion of head near apex, X 54. Lateral view of margin of head, X 225. Posterior end of largest specimen, lateral view, X 12. PuaTeE VII. Fragments of Tenia from Colymbus sp. and Larus sp., T. capilella Rud. (?) Colymbus sp. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. § Fig. | Fig. ! Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 5 Fig. 65. 66. . Posterior segments, lateral view, X 12. Marginal view of same, X 12. T. fusus Krabbe (?) from Larus sp. . Posterior segments, lateral view, X 12 T. larina Krabbe ? from Larus sp. . Fragments, X 12: a, anterior; b, postmedian, and ec, posterior segments. . Ovuin of same, X 345. Tenia porosa Rudolphi, from Larus californicus. . Head with proboscis extended, lateral view, x 56. . Anterior segments of same, X 12. . Antero-median segments, X 12. The genital apertures are not quite uni- formly alternate. . Posterior segments, X 12. 3. Hooks, X 360. . Ovum with embryo, from life, x 180: a, external pellicle; b, finely granu- lar food-stuff with a few globular masses of varying size; d, finely granu- lar and homogeneous material assuming a flowing appearance at e; f, granulo-nuclear patch; g, vacuolar granular area; h, granular area with large vacuolar spaces; ¢c, embryo with four of the six hooks showing. External pellicle of ovum, highly magnified, from life. Hooks of a single embryo, in position, x 345. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 113 Var. @. . 67. Head with rostellum retracted, x 60. . 68. Rostellum of same, x 225. ‘iv. 69. Hooks of same, X 360. ig. 70. Anterior segments, X 22. iy. 71. Posterior segments, x 12. PiaTE VIII. Tenia filum Goetze, from Larus californicus. 72, Head with rostellum retracted, x 225. 73. Head and neck, proboscis exserted, X 52. 74. Proboscis and hooks of same, x 360. ig. 75, Hooks of No. 72, x 345. . 76. Posterior segments of No. 73, X 52. . 77. Cirrus of same, xX 345. . 73. Postero-median segments of No. 72, x 56. Tenia macrocantha, sp. noy., from Gidemia americanus. 79. Head with proboscis exserted, x 30. . 80. Hooks of same, x 360. . 81. Posterior segments of same, x 16. 32. Last two segments of same, x 45. Tenia compressa, sp. nov., from Fuligula vallisneria and Gidemia americana. Fig. 83. Head and neck of specimen from Fuligula, x 54. ‘ ig. 84. Proboscis and rostellum of another from same host, x 225. 4 ig. 85. Hooks of same, x 345, Pg 86. Hooks from another specimen, same host, x 345. Fig. 87. Postero-median segments, same host, X 27. Fig. 88. Posterior segments, same, X 27. Fig. 89. Posterior segments of another, different individual host, x 30, _ Fig. 90. Cirrus of No. 58, x 360. Fig. 91. Postero-median segments, from Gdemia, x 15, Fig. 92. Hooks of same, X 360. * Proc. N. M. 92 8 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. |v U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM a SS poe ec @ 2 200009 AVIAN ENTOZOA. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. xv PES Vi U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM AVIAN ENTOZOA U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. xv PL. Vi AVIAN ENTOZOA. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. VII = U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM oy ae R 6 LAG AVIAN ENTOZOA. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. VIII AVIAN ENTOZOA. PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF BLIND CAVE SALAMANDER FROM NORTH AMERICA. BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Curator of the Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. (With plate 1x.) The discovery of a blind cave salamander on our continent is one of om the most important and interesting herpetological events of recent | years. A new genus and species of salamander may not be such a _ startling novelty even at this late date, but the interest is considerably heightened when we have to do with the first and only blind form among the true salamanders. _ The discovery is primarily due to Mr. F. AsSampson who, in July last year, found the adult animal as well as a larva in the Rock House % _ Cave, Missouri, and kindly forwarded both to our museum. I have } also to thank Mr. George E. Harris, who afterwards went to great trouble in order to procure me additional specimens. Unfortunately, he has only succeeded so far in obtaining larvie, but we hope to be able _ during the present year to secure more adults. A more detailed anatomical description of this interesting animal | will have to be postponed until then, as I have not felt justified in mutilating the type specimen beyond what was necessary in order to ascertain the character of the vertebre. The present preliminary description is, therefore, only prepared in order to call attention to the _ discovery and to supply the diagnosis by which the animal may be / identified. 1 TYPHLOTRITON, gen. nov. se (70MAbc, blind; rpztwr, 6, salamander.) __- Of the family Desmognathide : Vertebrze opistoccelous; parasphenoid teeth; vomerine teeth. Eyes concealed under the continuous skin of ~ the head ; tongue attached in front and along median line, free laterally t = and Pasieriotly:; ; maxillar and mandibular teeth small and numerous; : 3 -vomerine teeth in two strongly curved series; parasphenoid patches _ separate; nostrils very small; toes five. a Type: Typhlotriton speleus ‘STEIN. 115 Proceedings National Museum, Vol. X V—No. 894, > son coll. : anteriorly and uniting on the sides of neck with a horizontal groove - 116 NEW CENUS OF SALAMANDER—STEJNEGER. Typhlotriton spelzeus, Sp. nov. DIAGNOSIS: Sixteen costal grooves; tail slightly compressed, not finned; toes nearly half webbed; vomerine teeth in two v-shaped series with the curvatures directed forward; gular fold strong, very concave anteriorly; color uniform pale. HABiratT: Rock House Cave, Missouri. Type: U.S. National Museum, No. 17903, July 24, 1891, F. A. Samp- Description of type specimen.—( 2 ad).—Head wide, much wider than neck, very depressed and flat on top, with no canthus rostralis; snout rather swollen, truncate; nostrils very small; eyes small, only slightly raised, and covered by the continuous skin of the head with only a shallow groove to indicate the opening between the lids, the underlying eyes only visible as two ill-defined dusky spots; body somewhat depressed, measuring thrice and a third the distance from snout to gular fold; limbs short, about five costal interspaces apart when laid against the body; fingers rather short, especially the first, nearly free; length, beginning with the shortest, 1-4-2-3; number of phalanges 1-2-3-2; toes rather short, first almost rudimentary, nearly half-webbed; length, beginning with the shortest, 1-2-5-4-3, second and fifth, and fourth and third being nearly equal; number of phalanges 1-2-3-3-2; tail con- siderably shorter than head and body, subcylindrical at base and some- what squarish, more compressed toward the tip, rounded above, faintly keeled below; skin minutely granulate; gular fold strong, very concave running from eye backwards; sixteen costal grooves, or eighteen, if counting the axillar and groin grooves, crossed on the sides by a strong horizontal groove between axilla and groin. Maxillar and mandibular teeth small, numerous, normal; vomerine teeth not extending outside of the choanze, forming two v-shaped, strongly curved series with the points directed forward, the external branches straight, the internal ones curved inward and well separated ; parasphenoid patches, long, rather narrow, well separated, their dis- tance being nearly equal to their width, and well separated from the vomerines; teeth small, in numerous rows. Tongue rather large, attached anteriorly and along the median line for a trifle more than the anterior half, extensively free laterally and posteriorly. Color (in alcohol) uniform creamy yellow; in life, ‘ pale.” Dimensions. Millimeters. WMotallenothy 5. cot. cpa oe tents = eee eee ee ee 93. 0 Hromisnowt to eulardtolde. oer. hee ee ee eee 12.0 Mrem sno: amis. sees sees eee eee 25 Se! ee ee 52.0 Width ot head: 322 .s.5 52. eee ee EA a eee ee 8.5 More dim p<..- 224 ..fs5. Se Se eee a0 ine Aiimib, = ee Ste. 3 ole ee ee ee 13.0 ED aM yoreaes, ooo ow Raw ernaie Sea eS Ck o he eeS ee eee 41.0 | pee ry es . ~ y. : 4 > : ' | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 117 Mr. Sampson informs me that the animal was caught on the rocky walls of the cave about 600 feet from the entrance. The Rock House Cave is “‘an erosion of rocks of the Chouteau and Burlington forma- tions, in places not more than 2 feet wide, and in others several times that, and extending into the hill about a quarter of a mile.” Although many of our salamanders are known to inhabit caves, this seems to be the only one, so far discovered, which, like some of the other animals exclusively living in caves, has become blind, or nearly so. I am at present unable to indicate the forms with functional eyes to which the present genus is most nearly allied, or from which it may have descended. The unique character of the vomerine teeth at once removes it from all the species with which I am acquainted, and this, combined with several other characters, gives this genus quite an iso- lated position. Buta further discussion of this may safely be post- poned until the arrival of additional material shall enable us to study the anatomical structure of this remarkable animal. rh cy ne SOE Uh aa ee aa ee a DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW FORMS OF BASILEUTERUS RUFI- FRONS, FROM MEXICO. BY RoBpertr RIDGWAY. Curator of the Department of Birds. 1. Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi, subsp. noy. | Sunsp. CuAnr.: Differing from true B. rufifrons in grayish-brown in- _ stead of olive-green color of the upper parts, only the edges of the remiges and rectrices inclining to olive-green; whiter under parts, the median _ portion of breast and belly being quite white, the yellow sharply re- stricted to throat and chest, the sides of the breast nearly pure ash- gray; bill smaller, but other dimensions not appreciably different. HABITAT.—Northeastern Mexico (type, No. 124912, U. 8S. National Museum, ¢ ad., Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi, December 8, 1891; oP. L. Jouy. An adult female (No. 124913), collected at the same time and place, is essentially identical with the male. 2. Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, subsp. nov. SuBSP. CHAR.: Similar to B. rufifrons jouyi, but browner above, with _pileum and ear-coverts decidedly lighter chestnut or rufous. _ Hasitar.—Western Mexico (type, No. 105263, UsS. National Mu- —seum, é ad., Guanajuato, Mexico; Prof. A. Dugés). _ The six adult examples of true B. rufifrons with which the above- mentioned supposedly new forms have been compared, are all from south- eastern Mexico (Mirador and Xalapa, State of Vera Cruz, and Guichi- covi, State of Oaxaca). They all agree in the distinctly olive-green - colorof the upper parts (only the hind neck having aslight grayish tinge), and in having the median under parts more or less tinged with yellow ona pale buff or buffy white ground, the sides of the breast being olive _ or grayish brown instead of nearly clear ash- gray. An example from the Sierra Madre near Mazatlan (No. 34018, - December, 1861, A. Grayson), agrees closely in coloration with the type é _ of B. Ewifrons dideai, but, owing probably to fresh plumage, is a little ~ browner above. : 119 Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No, 895. >. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF STAR-GAZER (CATHETOS- TOMA ALBIGUTTA), FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO, BY TARLETON H. Bean, Ichthyologist of the United States Fish Commission. The steamer Albatross has taken some Specimens of a species of Cathetostoma, apparently the first of the genus known from the Atlan- tic, at station 2403, where two specimens were obtained. This station is in north latitude 28° 42/ 30”, west longitude 85° 29’ 00’; depth 88 fathoms. At station 2404 two specimens were also taken; north lati- tude 28° 44’, west longitude 85° 16’; depth 60 fathoms. These two Sta- tions are in the Gulf of Mexico. At station 2410, in north latitude 26° 41’ 30’, west longitude 83° 25/ 15”, from 28 fathoms, one specimen was trawled. At station 2411, north latitude 26° 33/ 30’, west longi- tude 83° 15’ 30”, in 27 fathoms, a young example, 40 millimeters long, was taken. The last two stations are between Tampa Bay and Dry Tortugas, Fla. The largest examples are those taken at station 2403. These specimens are referred to in the description which follows: They are nearly equal in size, the largest one being 160 millimeters long. The length to the base of the caudal is 123 millimeters. The greatest height of the body (35 millimeters) is contained three and a half times in the standard length, and its greatest width is about the Same. The length of the head (44 millimeters), not inciuding the pre- opercular spine, is a little more than one-third of the standard length. The greatest width of the head (42 millimeters) is one-third of the Standard length. The width of the interorbital Space (11 millimeters) is one-fourth of the length of the head. It’contains a deep groove, the length of which is slightly greater than its width and.n sarly equals the length of the eye. The mouth is nearly vertical when closed. The intermaxillary is slightly protractile. The length of its tooth-bearing Surface (13 millimeters) is two-sevenths the length of the head. The maxilla is very broadly expanded behind. Its greatest width (8 milli- meters) is about equal to one-third of its length (21 millimeters). The maxilla extends almost to the vertical from the middle of the eye, and the end of the mandible is not much farther back. The length of the mandible (26 millimeters) is contained four and two-thirds times in the Standard length. The mandible has two blunt prominences at its 121 Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 896. 122 NEW SPECIES OF STARGAZER—BEAN. posterior end. The exposed portion of the maxilla is traversed by radiating strize. The lower limb of the preoperculum has three stout — spines along its lower border. The length of the humeral spine (15 millimeters) is one-third the length of the head. The humerus is very strongly rugose on its upper border. Three short spines on the anterior edge of the preorbital. Teeth in villiform bands in the intermaxillary and mandible and on the vomer. Palatines in a very short band. A cavity between the head of the vomer and the processes of the intermax- illary ending in a semicircular canal behind, which is separated from the anterior cavity by a flap of skin. Gill openings very wide and only narrowly attached to the isthmus, leaving a free posterior border. Pseudobranchie present, small. A small narrow slit behind the last gill; its length about two-thirds that of the eye. Gill rakers tubercular, nine on the anterior arch. A pair of short but stout spines in front of the ventrals. The origin of the dorsal is a little nearer to the root of the caudal than to the tip of the snout; it is midway between the base of the caudal and the middle of the eye. The length of the dorsal base (43 millimeters) is about one-third of the standard length. The third ray is the longest, its length (20 millimeters) being nearly one-half the length of the base of the fin. The last ray is about as long as the eye, and the first is scarcely longer than this. The anal origin is directly under that of the dorsal, and the base of the fin is slightly longer than that of the dorsal. The seventh, eighth, and ninth anal rays are about the longest, their length (17 millimeters) equalling about one-half that of the middle caudal rays. The first ray is not much more than one-half as long as the longest and the rays gradually increase in size to the ninth. Thé length of the pectoral (35 millimeters) is contained three and one-half times in the standard length. The length of the lowermost ray is less than one-fourth the length of the head. Only the first ray is simple; the rest are divided. The ventral origin is under the eye. The longest ray of the ventral (24 millimeters) is slightly shorter than the mandible. Caudal slightly rounded when expanded; the middle rays as long as the head without the snout. The lateral line begins near the root of the humeral spine, curves upward slightly and runs along the back to the end of the dorsal, then curves downward to near the middle of the caudal base. Skin naked. Colors: Upper parts light brown, the upper surface of the head minutely dotted with white; the back with numerous roundish spots and oblong blotches of whitish; lower parts pale. The dorsal with two or three dark blotches near the margin, in some cases not much larger than the eye, in others fully twice as long. Caudal with nine black blotches, those on the outer rays — largest, differing in size in different specimens. These blotches are — distributed over the greater portion of the fin. Anal pale, with the — exception of a brownish blotch on the membrane of the last three rays. Pectoral with a brownish submarginal band on its outer half; this band — sometimes broken up on the membrane. Ventrals pale. Sm es ow te ener ee ee NN erty hae = SS oe er THE FISHES OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. BY Car H. EIGENMANN, Professor of Zoology, Indiana University. (With Plates x—xvmi1). > The present paper contains an account of the observations made by ‘me on the fishes of San Diego and vicinity from December 11, 1888, to “March 4, 1890. _ Kspecial attention was paid to the spawning habits and seasons, the embryology, and migration of the fishesof southern California. A diary was kept of the occurrence of each species throughout the year 1889 and part of 1890. My knowledge of the occurrence of each species is largely based on observations of the fish brought into the markets, which I visited twice or thrice daily, and of those caught with hook and line by the numer- ous habitual fishermen found on each of the wharves, and of those caught by the seiners whom I accompanied on several occasions. Dur- ing the early part of 1888 each individual fisherman sold his catch as best he could and the data for this part of the year are not as full as for the latter part of 1888, when practically the whole catch was brought to two markets, where I could see the fish as they were unloaded. The knowledge of the ocean fishes is largely derived from frequent visits to ocean tide-pools, from the fish brought to the markets, and from a two- weeks’ stay on the Cortes Banks. As a matter of course, hundreds of Specimens of most species have been observed to every one preserved, and the present paper is to be looked upon as a contribution to the eco- nomic history of the fishes, rather than to the atiatomy of the various species. _ With two exceptions the types of the new species discovered and otherwise interesting specimens have been deposited in the U.S. Na- tional Museum. ) ae Be! Ge 29 Z Ord: . Bas. RMDe [ + +0 ‘ ‘ ‘ i bo f SS Jat Seri me : = ‘ = Ah fins 2) Nlyttias 29. Stolephorus com-2 pressus. 5 tua . ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ ‘ to) | bo no Om oS . = A ODD © =) ~ 32. Diaphus theta....-_.- PASTS lot bees Sed eae eee (ete ratatel| i= meray] ee ciara cee lie 2 EN ek eae Te eee 2 _ 33. Stenobrachius leu- copsarum ......... 29 a. | Seoa cole aee| Serene Semeeeal Gea all a Meaam ere Giome l=t tee: 4, 27 _ 34. Myctophum town- (8S) oSc8 3 ore Jae Seete se ee | Geese eee |e Scere ee easeae 14 | Te Wass ja eeriafs| cee yee ats =, oe 7 262-5024 CARE Hele a kecel leer Emeaeee eiiegenal| Jae tis) eae gl] “a> a adie |Past! ow se Ree 590. Mugil cephalus .....}...... hi Wel sey eae {sche vie 7 | eae ce |e ees age Gy ae 20/19? ple Menidia tenius......|......|_..... - | 10 2 a. a. f, 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 1h b . Sarda chilensis . Oreynus alalonga --- . Euthynnus pelamys. 2. Trachurus pictura- . Caranx chrysus ¢a- . Seriola dorsalis . Stromateus simil- Nipanissieeeseee a= if. . Paralabrax clathra- . Paralabrax maculo- . Paralabrax nebuli- . Stereolepis gigas. --. . Xenistius californi- . Anisotremus david- . wt . . . Girella nigricans. .- -- . Caesiosoma califor- . Roneador stearnsi. -- . Scizena saturna . Genyonemus linea- . Umbrina roneador- - . Menticirrhus undu- . Cynoscion nobile- --- . Cynoscion parvl- . Seriphus politus ---- . Gerres cinereus . Abeona minima . Brachyistius . Cymatogaster aggre- . Hyperprosopon ar- . Holeconotus rho- . Amphistichus . Hypsurus caryi . Embiotoea jacksoni. . Phanerodon laterale. . Phanerodon atripes - . Phanerodon ortho- . Phanerodon tum . Rhacochilus toxotes - . Damalichthys argy- . Trochocopus pul- . Platyglossus semi- . Pseudojulis modes- FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. Species. Feb. . June. July. Aug. Sept. tus paltse eee ee tus RAS OLAUU Sie er fer ensis So niense tus latus pinne ..--.-------- jre- natus gatus genteus ----------- GOLOLUS Hen == a ar- genteus NIOUL Sameer s eels furca- rosomus cinctus Pomacentrus rubi- CIMOUS Se eee =i Chromis punctipin- i Seo geseecodaqgse Chetodipterus fa- ber zonatus Caulolatilus prin- Ceps.-------------- Gobius nicholsi Lepidogobius gil- berti Lepidogobius y- Capdaiesee see. = Clevelandia longi- PINDIS see <= === 4 Gillichthys miira- bilis Typhlogobius cali- forniensis Ophiodon elongatus- Zaniolepisfrenatus. - eereee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Species. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May. |June. July. | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dee. - Sebastodes pauci- SPM scan ese ce. 2 Le. Cope letetatasere! | etarerete eee oe (of Cin ec! ; , C. . Sebastodes flavidus-.| ¢. 9 ns See teete | emirates oeaelemcretc c. c. ro © 2 | a . Sebastodes serranio- ; Bike tescnonossdas5 Cane (he, Weedoce |seesoc bacaad Goatees Cc. om c Cc: c. c. . Sebastodes goodei...| ce. Hos eecrsn|Perane obmco||sroncel hoses seers Samecaiseeg-alicoe ele. ets Ges PUG oan theta a2) aeee alee owis-|eceaattoennse|seeccalersc..|eceece)ono. | 14] 16a, . Sebastodes ovalis...| ec. Cig Wise sto oest , 144 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. SYNGNATHIDA. I have little to say concerning the members of this family. They are always very abundant, but I have observed them only once or twice while with the seiners, and while skimming for pelagic eggs. Siphosotma punctipinne (Gill). Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1862, 283; J. & G., ’81, 69; id., ’82, 385; R. Smith, ’85, June. Only the types known. Siphostoma auliscus Swain. R. Smith, ’85, June. Common. Siphostoma leptorhynchum Girard. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 345, 1859. J. & G., ’80, 23; R. Smith, 780; J. & G.. ’80a, 453; July, 81, 69; id., 82, 384; R. Smith, ’85, June. This is by far the commonest species of pipefish in the bay. Several are always taken in summer with the dredge, while the seine always brings them. Hippocampus ingens Girard. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 343, 1859. J. & G.,’80, 23; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 453; id., ’81, 69; id., 82, 386; R. Smith, ’85, June. We have never taken this species and have seen no specimens which certainly came from San Diego. It is said to oceur about the Coronado | Islands. GASTEROSTEID &, * i Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard. k. Smith, ’85, June. This species has not been observed by us during the year. It was taken by Rosa Smith in Wildeat Caiion, a tributary of the Tia Juana — River. : MUGILID&. . Mugil cephalus L. Steind., Ichthyol. Britr. III, 58, 1875; J. & G., ’80, 29; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 457; id., 81, 76; id., ’82, 403; R. Smith, ’85, July. This species becomes abundant about the middle of February. It then enters the bay and ascends the swollen coast streams. The — exact time of spawning has not been determined. One ripe female was — reported to us on December 10 by a fisherman, who had never noticed : it with eggs at other times. The young remain in the bay throughout the year, and are found chiefly in the sloughs of mud flats. i * Aulorhynchus flavidus (Gill) has heen described to be by fishermen. I have not seen it. A TET ‘eka PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 145 ATHERINID. Menidia tenuis (Ayres). 2 J. & G., 80, 29; R. Smith, 80; J. & G., 80a, 456; id., ’81, 43; id., 82, 405; R. Smith, ( 785, July; HE. & BE. ’89a. This species was observed from August to December. Jordan & Gilbert procured it in January. We have not seen it during spring and summer. It is not frequently brought into the markets. Atherinopsis californiensis Girard. (Plate xm.) Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 103, 1859. J. & G., ’80, 29; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 456; id., 781, 445 id., 82, 409; R. Smith, ’85, July; Eigenmann, Am. Nat., March, 1889. During its season this is one of the important food fishes of San Diego. It reaches San Diego the latter part of August, although but few enter the bay before November. It becomes abundant in October and remains so through January. The exact date of its disappearance has not been determined; large individuals have been seen as late as February 24. Some females are with ripe spawn as early as the begin- ning of November and others do not spawn till the middle of February, and farther north the spawning season is still later. Ripe females have been observed by us at San Pedro in March, and others in the San Francisco markets as lateas May. During January and February the young of this species occur in enormous numbers along the muddy beaches of the bay, and a pail of water dipped at random frequently contains a dozen or more of them. I have succeeded in artificially fertilizing this species, but have not succeeded in hatching the eggs. I have not found the eggs in their natural position. The stages reached by the eggs artificially fertilized and the larve dredged enable me to give a tolerably complete outline of the embryonic and larval stages of this species. The eggs and milt of this species were taken from living fish and arti- ficially fertilized at 4 p. m., December 31, 1889. The zona radiata of this, as in all other species of the Atherinide, is provided with long filaments which taper slightly toward the tip; at the base they are expanded into a broad hollow disk, a projection of the zona fitting into the hollow of the filament. (Pl. x11.) There are about ten of these filaments, and they: are scattered evenly over the whole surface of the zona. In the green eggs they are closely coiled as parallels of lati- tude, being less regularly coiled at the poles. In the ripe eggs they are uncoiled, and the green ones can therefore be readily separated. At the time the eggs are deposited a large number of globules are scat- tered over the yolk; these, however, soon collect in two groups, one at the top of the egg and.one at or near the entodermic poles. Very frequently the eggs assume such a position that their axes are Proc. N. M, 92 10 146 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. horizontal. The micropyle can, in these cases, most usually be found and the formation of the blastodisk observed. In pelagic eggs,in which the blastodisk invariably forms on the lower surface of the yolk, its formation might in part be explained by gravi- tation; not so in Atherinopsis and Ciupea, where it forms at the side of the yolk. In later stages it is seen that this is the normal position of the germ, for even if one succeeds in bringing it to the top of the egg, the egg slowly rotates, the oil globules changing position until the germ lies again at the margin. The process of the formation of the germ dif- fers considerably from that in Clupea. After the water space is formed a contraction begins near the ectodermal pole and travels to that pole. This is repeated rythmically. One series or one of the waves is repre- sented in Figs. 2-7. In Fig. 2 the contraction has begun; in Fig. 5 it has reached its culmination, and in Fig. 7 it has ended and another is about to begin. The first cleavage is completed after about three hours and twenty- five minutes from fertilization; twenty minutes afterward four cells are | formed. The sixteen-cell stage is reached in four hours forty-five minutes; thirty-two cells are formed five hours and ten minutes afterward. The first horizontal furrow was noticed after six hours, and the ‘ blastula” (Fig. 12) after twenty-eight hours. This figure is seen but a very short time; it is apparently formed by the sinking of the yolk below the cen- ter of the blastoderm. Cells from the overlying blastoderm frequently fall to the bottom of this segmentation cavity. The cavity is appar- ently obliterated by the settling down of the cells overlying it; imme- diately after its disappearance the blastoderm spreads and its margins begin to be infolded. At this stage periblast nuclei are very abundant and extend over half the yolk; twelve hours afterward they have ap- parently decreased in number and are much larger in size. The blastopore closes after about eighty hours. Kupffer’s vesicle ap- pears on the fourth day, the heart on the seventh; on the twelfth the em- bryos move vigorously; on the sixteenth day pigment spots appear on the top of the head and along the median line of the back. At this stage the embryos died, but the further developement may be gathered from the accompanying figures of larvee procured by skimming with the surtace net. Atherinops affinis (Ayres). Top smelt. J. & G. ’80, 29; R. Smith ’80; J. & G. ’80a, 456; id. ’81, 43; id., 82, 409. This species is found in San Diego Bay throughout the year. It is abundant through winter and spring, but is not esteemed as highly as the smelt. Large numbers are taken with seines. They spawn in May andJune. The larve are abundant in the bay, but its development has not been traced. From their habit of keeping near the surface, espe- cially surrounding offal, they are termed Top Smelt. ee 692. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 147 SPHYRANIDA. Sphyreena argentea Girard. Barracuda. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x 39, 1859; Steind. Ichthyol., Beitr., vir, 1, 1878. J. & G., 80, 29; R. Smith, 80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id. 81, 44; id. ’82, 41; R. Smith, ’85. E. Zoe, April, ’90. This is one of the most important food fishes of the whole of southern California. In summer it is abundant onthe whole coast of California from Monterey southward, but it is probably more abundant southward than in the neighborhood of Monterey. During the winter it disappears from the coast of California, but is taken on the coast of Lower Cali- fornia. It probably migrates bodily southward, but stray individuals undoubtedly remain in the waters of southern California throughout the year, for two or three days of exceptionally fine weather invariably brings them into the market. It is likely that these stray individuals live in deep water during the winter, and come to the surface on bright days. It is quite possible, though not probable, that a great part of those disappearing descend to deeper water. The tact that they are taken only by the troll or by gill nets sufficiently explains why they should not be caught in deep water. Their movements have been watched through an entire season at San Diego, and as these observations may be valuable to serve as a basis for comparison, they may be stated here. During January, 1890, none were seen. During February, 1890, four were taken on the 7th, one on the 11th, and two on the 28th. All these dates were at the end of a succession of days of exceptionally fine weather. On March 1, 1890, two were taken. On March 26, 1889, a few were caught, and on the following day they were abundant and remained so, with occasional lapses, throughout the summer. At the beginning of July they were with ripe spawn. During September few were taken, but on the 29th, 30th, and 31st of October they were again abundant. On November 6 one was taken, on the 7th another, on the 15th one young one was caught with a hook in the bay, and on the 18th another young one was brought from off Point Loma. On the 16th of December, one young individual, evidently of the preceding summev’s spawning, was taken in the bay, and on the 30th a large one was caught off Point Loma. The adult never or very rarely enter the bay, but in spring the young, those not yet a year old and measuring about a foot in length, enter the bay in large schools, and are then destroyed in quantities with seines or Chinese bag nets. About San Diego the troll is the only means used in catching them. It is simply a piece of white rag, or, more commonly, a fragment of bone, to which a hook is lashed. One or more of these is dragged be- hind a boat made usually after the pattern of the Columbia River sal- mon boats. The amount of the catch depends largely on the wind. A , ° 148 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN, slack wind, even when barracuda are abundant, briags but few fish. The largest catch reported for a single day is 1,100 by one boat with two men. Rarely more than 40 are taken. They average from 6 to 12 pounds, and from 24 to 4 feet in length, and retail at 10 cents apiece. Large numbers are salted and dried. About Monterey they are taken with the gill net. In 1890 the first individuals reached Monterey on March 10. Like most of the surface and shore food fishes the barracuda feeds chiefly on the anchovy (Stolephorus ringens). Among Mrs. Eigenmann’s notes is the following: SS. argentea 8 to 12 inches long, abundant about San Diego steamship wharf, where they were taken by trolling, May 17, 1885, | ECHENEIDID. Remora remora (Linnzus), i E, & E. ’89a. i This species iscommon in summer when sharks abound. Itisusually | attached to Sphyrna zygena. On other sharks it has not been observed. — XIPHIIDA. (Xiphias gladius Linneus). | E. & E. ’89a. i This species has never, to my knowledge, been brought into the mar- kets of San Diego. I have observed it on the Cortes Banks, as well as farther northward. SCOMBRIDA. Scomber colias Gmelin. Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. 111, 53, 1875; Scomber pneumatophorus, J. & G., 81, 45; : id, 782, 424; R. Smith, ’85; E. & E. ’89. This species is quite abundant at San Diego. During August sev- eral fishermen reported large schools off Point Loma, and the bay was literally full of tinkers. They are caught in seines and with hook and line. One boy caught, in the latter way, one hundred and eighty tink- ers in one hour. The tinkers enter the bay in August and become very abundant in September and October. They decrease in number during December. During February, 1890, none were seen, but stragglers were taken in March and May, 1889. At present this fish is of little importance at San Diego.* Very few large ones are taken and those are usually caught while fishing for other fish. The tinkers afford sport to many idlers on the wharves, but otherwise little use is made of them. At Monterey they are abundant during June, and at times bring a high price. They are taken with the gill net at Monterey, a mode of fishing searcely in use at San Diego. *Since this was written a cannery was established and many fishermen make it a business to catch mackerel with hook and line off Ballast Point. 4 | beau PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 149 Green eggs of August 16 measure 0.66 mm. They have an amber- colored oil globule 0.24 mm. in diameter. Sarda chilensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). ; % J. & G. ’80, 27; R. Smith ’80; J. & G., ’809, 456, id. 81, 45; id. ’82, 428; R. Smith ‘ 85; KE. &. E. ’89. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x. 106, 1859 (as Pelamys lineolata). This species is very common off Point Loma. Many more are taken than can be disposed of fresh. It is usually found in schools and ap- parently migrates with the barracuda. It is probably found here throughout the year, but none were recorded in April or June. It was very abundant from July to December, 1889. Toward the latter and early part of the year the young occasionally enter the bay. On Jan- uary 4, 1890, a few were taken and one young one on the 30th. On February 28, six were taken; during March of 1890, four small ones were taken on the Ist, while they were abundant and with free flowing milt on the 27th of March, 1889. Orycnus alalonga (Gmelin). E. & E., 789. This species is abundant off the coast in summer, It isnever brought into the market. Gymnosarda pelamys (Linneus), E. & E., ’90, 8. This is said to be common off Point Loma, but only on two occasions were any brought into the San Diego market, 7. e., on October 31 and December 15, 1889. Trachurus picturatus (Bowdich). R. Smith, ’85; E. & E., ’89. This species is never abundant at San Diego. The first ones of 1889 arrived on July 3, and while it was sometimes quite common, especially among the catch with hook and line on the wharf, it never reached any economic importance. On January 4, 1890, a few young ones were taken in the bay; later it was not observed. It is found in San Fran- cisco in May, and large ones are sold in September. Caranx chrysus caballus Giinther. Trachurus boops Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 108, 1859. This species is recorded from San Diego by Girard. We have not seen it. Seriola dorsalis Gill. Yellow tail. R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 456; J. & G., ’81, 46. This large species is quite abundant off Point Loma, but it rarely enters the bay. It is taken by the barracuda boats. It is not very highly esteemed and never brings over 25 cents apiece. It arrived -. 150 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. in 1889, on April 30, and was found throughout the rest of the year. It was quite abundant on Cortes Banks in August, but no use was made of it except as bait. It migrates southward towards winter and decreases in abundance during November. Stragglers like those of the Spanish mackerel enter the bay late in the season. During De- cember, 1889, it was taken on the following dates: 11th, 16th, 19th, 30th. On the 11th, one was taken in the bay; on the 19th, one was taken off Point Loma, and on the 30th, three were taken. During Jan- uary and February of 1890 none were seen. Jordan & Gilbert (1881) state that it spawns in July and August. STROMATEID. Stromateus simillimus (Ayres). Pompano. R. Smith, ’80; J. & G. ’80a, 456; id., ’S1, 46; id., ’82, 451; R. Smith, ’85, July. Though common at times this fish is not of such importance here as at San Francisco. In San Francisco it brings from 25 cents to $1.25 per pound. In San Diego it sells at 3 cents. It arrives at San Diego in May, the first ones observed being on May 16. Another one was taken on June 1. This was a male with ripe milt. During August and September it was quite abundant, being chiefly taken with hook and line off wharves. It is not caught outside. During December only a few young ones were caught. During January of 1890 a few more and on February 21 one more young one was taken. SERRANIDA. Paralabrax clathratus (Girard). Kelp Bass; Sand Bass. Girard. Pacific R. R. Survey, Vol. x, 35, 1859; Steind., Ichthyol. Beitr., 11, 1, 1875; J. & G., ’80, 27; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., 81, 47; id., ’82, 535; R. Smith, ’85, July; E. & E., ’89. The young of this species are abundant in the bay. The old are rarely, if ever, seen in the bay. They are taken in 15 to 50 fathoms of water with Rock Cod. It is not so frequently brought into the markets as the other species of the genus. Paralabrax maculofasciatus (Steindachner). Rock Bass. Steindachner, Ichthyol. Beitr., 11, 1, 1875; J. & G.,’80,27; R. Smith, ’80; J.&G., 80a, 456; id., 81, 416; id., ’82, 536; R. Smith, ’85, July; Am. Nat., Feb. 1891, figures. This species is a permanent resident in the bay. It was especially abundant during fall and early winter. The eggs of this species, like those of the next, are pelagic, colorless, transparent, 0.75 to 0.81 milli- meter in diameter. There is in each case a single colorless globule. The eggs of Paralabrax maculofasciatus were first observed on June 25. They were next observed on August 10, and were occasionally ore rE | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15) Le found throughout the remainder of August. The blastopore closes in about eighteen hours, and the embryo is freed in about thirty-eight hours. On hatching the embryo measures 1.7 millimeters, the yolk sack 0.65 millimeter. At the time of the closing of the blastopore a few color cells are seat- tered over the yolk near the oil globule; a yellow pigment is pretty evenly distributed along the sides of the embryo. This yellow pigment shortly becomes collected in well-defined areas along either side of the embryo, and at the time of hatching there is a mass of cells at the snout, one behind each eye, one behind each auditory capsule, four just behind the yolk sac, and two or three on the anterior half of the tail. A few black cells are scattered along the back. These cells soon be- come dendritic to such an extent that there is little similarity between the larva at hatching and twelve hours afterward. At the time of hatching the larva measures 1.7 millimeters, the yolk sac 0.65 millimeter. The oil globule, as in nebulifer and atrarius, is embedded in the anterior end of the yolk. The color cells in the case of P. maculofasciatus do not, as in the cases of Sciena and Hypsopsetta, all become free. Sketches of this species were made a few moments apart (see Am. Nat., february, 1891). The color cells are first noted when the gastrula covers about two-thirds of the yolk. At this time no pigment is deposited in them and only those which are freed from the embryonic shield can be distinguished. Very few of the cells ever become freed from the shield and all those that are freed are destined for the oil globule. The great majority of color cells remain attached to the margins of the shield. They migrate, however, as is seen in their shortly aggregating in definite regions of the body. Paralabrax nebulifer (Girard). Kock Bass. Steindachner, Ichthyol. Beitr., I1I, 1, 1875; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., °81, 47; id., °83, 586; R. Smith, ’85, July; E. Am. Nat., Feb. 1891, figures. This species is found in the bay with the preceding. But two eggs of this species were observed, one on June -25 and the other on August 26. In this species only black pigment cells are formed. The embryo is freed from the membrane in thirty-six hours and measures 22 millimeters; the yolk sack measures 1.3 millimeters. On the body the black cells are confined to the dorsal surface, while on the tail they are more uniformly distributed. The oil globule is situ- ated at the anterior end of the yolk. Stereolepis gigas Ayres. Black Sea Bass. J. &G., 80, 27; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80, 456; id., ’81, 47; id., 82,531; R. Smith, 85, July; E. & E., ’89. IT am not certain whether this species is migratory or not, but am inclined to believe it is. It is not very abundant, but a number can always be taken, at least in certain seasons, by using the proper gear BS iy, - 152 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. and bait. They seem always to accompany the white fish and these fish are consequently used as bait. Several were brought into the market, but the dates were not kept. In July several were taken on Cortes Banks while others were taken near Point Loma in October and November, 1889. SPARIDZ. Xenistius californiensis (Steindachner). Raspers. Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. m1, 3, 1875; E. & E. ’89a. Until recently this fish was very rare. On May 20 one was taken ina seine, and the fishermen stated that it was occasionally found. During August and September large numbers were caught with hook and line. The last one was taken November 9. Anisotremus davidsoni (Steindachner). Steind. Icthyol. Beitr. 1, 6, 1875; R. Smith ’80; J. & G. 80a, 456; id. ’81, 47; id., 782, 531; R. Smith ’85, June. This species is found in the bay from April to November. None were observed between November 9, 1889, and March, 1890. The first one of 1889 arrived April 20. It is quite common during its season, al- though few records were made of it. It is a food fish of some value and is caught in seines and with hook and line. Girella nigricans (Ayres). J. & G. 80, 28; R. Smith ’80: J. & G. ’80a, 456; id., ’81, 47; id., ’82, 560; R. Smith 85, June; BE. & E. 789. This is a permanent resident among the rocks of the ocean shore, and just within the entrance of the bay. It is rarely taken by the seiners on account of the impossibility to draw the net where they reside. On April 17 a number of ripe males were taken. Czesiosoma californiense (Steindachner). Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. 11, 19, 1875; R. Smith ’80; J. & G.’80, 456; id., ’81, 47; id. ’82, 562; R. Smith, ’85, June. This species is very probably a permanent resident. Itis very rare. Those seen were taken among the piles of the ferryslips and wharves, and if this should be their habitual abiding place the fact that they are not more frequently taken would be explained. It is of no economic importance. On May 3da male with ripe milt was procured. SCIAANIDA. Roncador stearnsi (Steindachner), Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. m1, 22, 1875; J. & G.’80, 28; R. Smith ’80; J. & G. ’80a, 456; id., ’81, 49; id., ’82, 572; R. Smith ’85, June. This is an important food fish which is only occasionally absent from the bay.. During January, 1859, none were taken in the bay, — a CC OS ETE: ee SS ae ee oh oh ; oF ; ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15d while on December 18th, 1889, 400 pounds were caught with one haul of the seine, and on January 10, 1890, they were again abundant. Dur- ing the summer they do not go in schools. Those caught on December 18, 1890, were said to have been burrowing with their blunt snouts for a small mollusk (Hmpidonax) on which they largely subsist. Scizena saturna (Girard), The Croaker. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey x, 98, 1859; J. & G. ’80, 28; R. Smith ’80; J. & G. 80a, 456; id., 781, 49; id., 782, 572; R. Smith, June, ’85. This is an important food fish. It is migratory. The males, which are then quite black, enter the bay as early as January (28 and 29, 1890), and by the middle of February and March it is common. The last one was observed September 24, Ripe males were seen March 27 and ripe females the two months fol- lowing. Eggs were skimmed from May 2. Evenings while skimming over the breeding grounds their frog-like croaking could be heard on all sides. The eggs of this species are remarkably like these of a flounder (Hypsopsetta) and it is only after a time that they can certainly be told apart. It is not unlikely that several species of pelagic eggs have been - confounded with this one, as eggs supposed to be these were taken _ from May to the middle of August. If this should be the case they probably belong to the other species of this family, the eggs of which have not yet been described. The eggs are transparent, 0.75 millimeter in diameter, and have from two to eight oil-globules, which, in late stages, are united into one. The eggs can best be distinguished from those of Hypsopsetta by the method of the formation of the chromatophores. These are formed along the entire embryonic ring in this species and appear quite early. The time required for hatching, if indeed all the eggs referred to this species belong to it, varies greatly with the temperature, the longest time being forty-eight hours, the shortest eighteen. In those hatching earlier the yolk is not as much reduced as in the others, and the tail is not quite as long. a The young of this species were figured in the American Naturalist for February, 1891. Genyonemus lineatus (Ayres). E. & E., ’89a. This species entered the bay in large numbers in December (27), 1890. During the latter part of January ripe females were obtained. None were seen after February 3. The eggs are pelagic 9.71 millimeters in diameter and have an oil globule 0.18 millimeters in diameter. It is caught with the seine and with hook and line. 154 ) FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. ae Umbrina roncador Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith, ’80 (as U. xanti); J. and G., ’80a, 456; id., 781, 48; id., ’82, 576; R. Smith, 785, June. This species was abundant in the bay at various times between May (25) and January. It is taken with the seine. Menticirrhus undulatus (Girard). Girard Pacific R. R. Survey x, 101, 1859; Steind, Ichthyol. Beitr. 1m, 21, 1875; J. & G., ’80, 28 as (M. elongatus); R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 456; id., “81, 48; id., 82, 578; R. Smith, 785, June. Migratory. This species was, with the preceding, abundant at times between July and January. On January 9, 1890, one was taken in the bay; on February 11 another. On February 19, 1890, a boatload of this species and ef Cynoscion parvipinne was brought by Chinese fisher- men from lower California. Cynoscion nobile (Ayres). R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., ’81, 48; id., ’82, 579; R. Smith, 85, June. Migratory. This species entered San Diego Bay in April (26) and remained till November. Those in the bay are all young specimens less than 600 millimeters long. They are taken with the seine and with hook and line. Larger ones, reaching 1.2 meters, are occasionally (No- vember 7,.1889,) taken off Point Loma. Either this species or the next were reported to have ascended a stream produced by the waste water of the Sweetwater dam. It was brought to the San Francisco market May 2, 1890. P Cynoscion parvipinne Ayres. J. & G., ’80, 28 as (C. magdalena) ; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., ’81, 48; id., 782, 580; R. Smith, 785, June. This species probably enters the bay with the preceding species, being also migratory. The first individual was seen March 21, 1889, the last December 30. Seriphus politus Ayres. R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., ’81, 48; id., 782, 582; R. Smith, ’85, June. Migratory. This species is said by Jordan to be abundant during summer about Santa Cruz. It does not reach San Diego till September (10, 1889), and is abundant at least till March. The time of its disap- pearance has not been determined, as it was not seen in the spring of 1889. GERRIDE. x Gerres cinereus Walbaum. k. S. E., Am. Nat., 1891, 156. One specimen of this species was taken by Mr. Medina during the summer of 1890, Mr. Medina preserved the specimen for me, but the exact date was not kept. 2 2 So eee PROCEEDINGS OF TITE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 155 EMBIOTOCID. The members of this family are probably all permanent residents. From their abundance they are important fishes. Those taken outside are, as a rule, of much better flavor than those taken in the bay. Some of the species habitually live in the surf of the ocean beaches, while others habitually live in the bay. Since their discovery these fishes have been of great interest on account of their most pronounced viviparity. Several papers have dealt especially with the embryology, but no one has hitherto been able to study the early stages. The early stages of all of them oceur in December or thereabout. The older individuals are with ripe eggs earlier in the season than the younger, so that in species like Amphistichus argenteus where there are three distinct sizes of individuals, there are three distinet periods when the eggs mature, with an interval of about a month between two of these periods. The embryology of the members of this family will be treated in a separate paper. Owing to the fact that these fishes are permanent residents, few notes on their occurrence were made, Some are always found in the market, and many are thrown away when caught. Abeona minima (Gibbons.) J. & G., 80, 28; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., ’81, 51; id., 82, 587; R. Smith, 785, June. This species is very abundant in the eel grass near tide marks in the bay. The females are much larger than the males but none reach a size to warrant bringing them to the market. The eggs of this species can be procured in December, January, and February. With those of cymatogaster they are the smallest fish eggs known, the yolk being scarcely developed. Brachyistius frenatus Gill. R. Smith, ’85, June. Very rare, only a single specimen seen (May 29, 1890). Cymatogaster aggregatus Gibbons. Shiner. J. & G., 780, 28; R. Smith, 780; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., 81,51; id., 782, 590; R. Smith, ’85, June; Eigenmann, Am. Nat. Mch. 89, 107; E. & E., West Am. Scientist, June, 1889. This is even more abundant than Abeona minima. It is found with it, but also along the beaches of the bay and about the piles of wharves, especially during the breeding season. It is rarely brought into the market, and then only when mixed with other species. 5 s Tae 156 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. Hyperprosopon argenteum Gibbons. Wall-eyed Perch. ! J. & G., 780, 28 (as Hyperprosopon arcuatum); R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; — id., 781, 50; id., 782, 591; R. Smith, 785, June. Very abundant in the bay; it is caught with seines and frequently brought to the market; but little esteemed, and is of little economic — importance. Holconotus rhodoterus Agassiz. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 195, 1859; E. & E., 90, 9. Only a single specimen taken. It was found with A. argenteus in the ocean surf, January 10, 1890, Amphistichus argenteus Agassiz. Surf Perch. J. & G.,.’80, 28; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., ’81, 50; id., ’82, 593; R. Smith, 785, June. This species is one of the most abundant. It never enters the bay, being always found in the surf of the ocean beaches. It is the best flavored of the perches but is rarely caught for its own sake. When the smelt (Atherinopsis californiensis) arrives and before it enters the bay the fishermen seine for it on the ocean beaches and frequently catch quantities of this species. At other times of the year it is not found in the markets. Those caught could readily be divided into three grades, according to their size. The largest ones contained de- veloping eggs the middle of November, the next in size the middle of December and the third were not yet mature when they stopped coming inte the market the 7th of January. This species is frequently caught with hook and line in the surf; the great bulk of those so caught are males. They feed on the crustaceans which burrow in the sandy beaches and follow the breakers to procure ~ their food. This is the most prolific of the species found at San Diego. It con- tains as many as fifty young, while the other species would scarcely average more than twelve. Hypsurus caryi (Agassiz). R. Smith, ’80. This species has not been observed by 'me. Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz. Black or Blue Perch. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 171 and 173, 1859 (as FH. cassidii and E. webbi); J. & G., 780, 28; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 456; id., 781, 50; id., ’82, 595; R. Smith, ’85, June. Very common in the bay. Not very highly esteemed, and of no great economic importance. Phanerodon laterale Agassiz. Girard, Pacitic R. R. Survey, X, 176, 1859 (as #. ornata); R. Smith, ’85, June. ~ Very rare. es | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 157 Phanerodon atripes Jordan & Gilbert. 3 E. & E., 89a. _ Only one specimen known; from the Cortes Banks. It is the com- ~ monest species of Monterey Bay but does not reappear on the coast to the south, between Monterey and the Cortes Banks. Phanerodon orthonotus E. & E. * E. & E., ’89. Only one specimen known; from the Cortes Banks. Phanerodon furcatum Girard. J. & G., ’80, 28; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 456; id., ’81, 50; id., 82, 596; R. Smith, ’85, June. One of the commonest species in the bay and not rare on rocky places of the ocean coast. On account of its exterior appearance it is more highly prized than FE. jacksoni, though scarcely a better fish. It is almost daily brought into the market, especially when flounders, the various bass and the various croakers are scarce. Rhacochilus toxotes Agassiz. E. & E., ’89a. Rare, or else living in places where little fishing is done. It was noticed once during February. Damalichthys argyrosomus Girard. E. & E. 90, 9. This species was moderately abundant between November and March. It was not seen during summer. LABRIDZ. Trochocopus pulcher (Ayres). J. & G., ’80, 29; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 455; id., 81, 51; éd., 82, 602; R. Smith, ’85, June; EK. & E., ’89. This species is very abundant in all rocky places of moderate depth outside the bay. It never enters the bay. Large quantities are some- times dried by the Chinese but otherwise it is of little importance. It is arather coarse fish and on account of its uncouth appearance it is not in general favor. It is abundant on Cortes Banks, and a quantity was salted by the Azalene. Platyglossus semicinctus (Ayres). Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr., V., 151, 1876; R. Smith, 785, June; E. & E., ’89. Not common, and but rarely entering the bay. It was noticed but once or twice in the market. Ripe eggs were obtained in mid August. They measure .66—.70 milli- meters. They are transparent, and possess a single oil globule .14—.16 millimeters in diameter. *This species is in all probability identical with P. atripes. é. : 158 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO LIGENMANN. _Pseudojulis modestus (Girard). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 164, 1859; R. Smith, ’85, June; E. & E., ’89. Jommon in the kelp and generally outside. It rarely, if ever, enters the bay, and is rarely brought to the market. It is quite abundant at Cortes Banks, and is not an unimportant item of the food of larger — fishes. POMACENTRIDZ. Pomacentrus rubicundus (Girard). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 161, 1859; R. Smith, 780; J. & G., ’80 a, 455; id., 81,52; R. Smith, Proc., U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 652; J. & G., ’82, 610; R. Smith, °85, June. Common at rocky ocean beaches. The adult of this species has never been seen in the bay. “-_i 7 168 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. S. carnatus Jordan & Gilbert. Rk. Smith, ’85, June. Sebastodes serriceps Jordan & Gilbert. J. & G., 80a, 455; id., ’81, 59; id., 782, 676; R. Smith, ’85, June; E. & E. 89. Common, but not frequently brought to market. Scorpena guttata Girard. Sculpin. J. & G., ’80, 27; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ’80a, 455; id., 81, 59; id., 82, 679; R. Smith, 785, June; E. & E., 789. © Very abundant both in and outside the bay. It is not frequently brought from beyond Ballast Point, and is only occasionally taken in seines. It abounds especially about the piles of the various wharves and is caught with hook and line. The various spines about the head, which are said to be poisonous, do not make it a desirable fish to handle and its general appearance precludes it from coming into favor generally. It is said to be one of the best fishes of the bay. Those caught in the bay are usually of a dull color, while those from outside are bright scarlet intermixed with other brilliant colors. It was taken on Cortes Banks. COTTIDA. Leptocottus armatus Girard. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 60, 1859; J. & G., ’80, 25; R. Smith, 780; J. & G., 80a, 455; id., 781, 60; id., 782, 7138; R. Smith, 785, June. Common in the bay. Of no economic importance. Leiocottus hirundo Girard. E. & E., ’90, 21. Only a single individual seen from the bay. Taken January 51, 1890, Oligocottus analis Girard. (Plate xvii, Figs. 1-15.) J. & G., ’80, 25; R. Smith, 780; J. & G., ’80a, 455; id., 781, 59 id., 782, 717; Re Smith, ’85, June; E. & E., West. Am. Scientist, June, 1889. Very abundant in all rocky ocean tide pools; never seen in the bay. The spawning period probably extends over considerable time. Small specimens procured 1n the latter part of January have apparently ripe eggs. Of a large number of individuals collected on March 27, a single one was with ripe eggs, and the presence in tide pools of minute but fully developed individuals would indicate that the time of spawning extends back two or three months. The eggs of the individual caught March 27 were artificially ferti- lized at 8 p.m. of that date. The eggs measure 1.2 millimeters in diam- eter, are of a brownish-yellow color, and have one large and from five to pine smaller oil globules. The larger globule measures about 150y. scisagiil is | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 169 . They are surrounded by a thick zona which appears to be perforated Ks by two sets of canals, the usual fine canals and fewer much larger canals. _ In optical section these coarser canals appear as dark lines. The eggs _ readily adhere to each other, though they do not seem to possess the power of fastening themselves to foreign objects. When once fixed to each other they can scarcely be separated without injuring the zona. Ten hours after fertilization, eggs with one, two, four, and eight cells, respectively, were observed (Figs. 1-7). Thirteen hours after fertiliza- tion the most advanced eggs showed the sixteen-cell stage. The cells in this stage do not seem to be definitely arranged as in the eight-cell stage. Sixteen hours after fertilization the two layers of cells have been formed (Tig. 8). The blastoderm is completely segmented in thirty-five hours. At this time free nuclei are abundant. Stages immediately following are somewhat obscured by the opacity of the yolk. A well-advanced stage is represented by Fig. 9. The oil globules do not seem to have any definite relation to the blastoderm though they assume a more definite relation as soon as the embryo is outlined. At this stage they lie op- posite the middle of the embryo; as the embryo grows over the yolk they come to lie justin front of the snout. By the further reduction of the yolk the oil globules finally lie beneath and slightly behind the auditory capsule. The posterior end of the embryos figured (in Figs. 9 and 10) terminates in a mass of large cells or rather small vesicles, the larger of which is situated below and may represent Kupffer’s vesicle, while after sixty hours the gastrula covers half the yolk, the blastopore is closed in some of the eggs after eighty-six hours. In the stage represented in Fig. 9 the yolk is covered by a network of fine lines which converge toward the tail of the embryo. On the fifth day the auditory capsule and the heart make their ap- pearance (Fig. 10). The heart lies somewhat to the left of the middle of the body. The body of the embryo at this time surrounds about half the yolk and the tail extends free one-third farther. The tail now lengthens rapidly, the pectoral fins being formed at the same time. The circulatory system is next outlined; it is from the beginning decidedly sinistral. The liver is at this time represented by a vascu- lar network overlying the yolk to the left of the embryo. The many vessels coming from the liver are collected in a large vein which at first is entirely on the left half of the yolk; at the time of hatching, however, it has been carried to the right side; with the reduction of the yolk this vein is greatly shortened in proportion to the veins empty- ing into it. The pigmented regions are outlined by the eleventh day. They are at this time distributed as they are when the yolk is almost absorbed. Round orange dots are also present at this time along the pigmented area, Peculiar granular cells or patches are formed about the head by the || fourteenth day. These patches persist until the embryo is hatched | a ' . 170 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO—EIGENMANN. e: when they disappear within a very short time. Similar patches were seen in the smelt. ; The first embryo hatched on the eighteenth day, the last on the 24th day. They measure from 3.7 to 4.2 millimeters. The eyes at the time of hatching are well pigmented; in some of the embryos there is a pigment cell above the left eye, in some a cell over each eye, but in the latter case the one over the left eye is always the larger. A group of pigment spots lies on the nape, the upper two being somewhat removed from the rest. There is a broad black disk of pigment cells overlying the body cavity. Seen from the side it appears | as a curved black bar; as seen from above itis shield-shaped. Theindi- | | : vidual cells forming this disk are contractile and the disk as a whole _ can be contracted to less than one half its normalsize. This is usually done just before the larva moves. About thirty-four pigment cells lie _ along the base of the anal fin fold. Shortly after hatching the pigment i cells near the tip of the tail send out pseudopods into the fin fold anda | few days after hatching several pigment cells are seen in the fin fold at | this point. w ies “e Fe 5 y a aera. be = +. cao “ih are - a ~ pm) 194 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY —WILLIAMSON. Family ANOMIID 2. Genus PLACUNANOMIA Brod. Subgenus MoniaA Gray. Placunanomia (Monia) macroschisma Desh. Single valves rare. One fine example, measuring 34 by 3 inches, has been reported by Miss Eleanor B. Green, of Minnesota, who informs me that this shell, found alive at Long Beach, varies considerably from the type. ‘The shell varies much like an oyster.” (J. G. C.) Genus ANOMITA Linné. Anomia lampe Gray. Odd valves and two young shells reported. SCAPHOPODA. Genus DENTALIUM Linné. Dentalium hexagonum Sby. Empty shells in the sand at Rattlesnake Island. Dentalium pretiosum Nuttall. With the last, but more plentiful. PTEROPODA. Family CAVOLINITID. Genus CAVOLINIA Abild. Cavolinia tridentata Forsk. = Hyalea tridentata, of authors. Three or four of these little Pteropods have been washed ashore at Long Beach. (J. G. C.) Family CYMBULIID4. Genus COROLLA Dall. Corolla spectabilis Dall. This Pteropod has been taken alive on the surface of the sea off the coast north of Catalina Island. (W.H.D.) Cymbuliopsis of Pelseneer is synonymous. Family PNREUMODERMATID 4. Genus PNEUMODERMON Cuvier. Pneumodermon pacificum Dall. This Pteropod has been taken alive near San Pedro. (W, H. D.) Wee fas at 3° e ‘ oe ill PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 195 GASTROPODA. a Family UMBRACULID&. Genus TYLODINA Rafinesque. Tylodina fungina Gabb. One shell, San Pedro Bay, and two found at Laguna Beach, by two collectors. (C. T. 8.) Family BULLIDAS. Genus BULLA Linné. Bulla nebulosa Gld. Plentiful on mud flats. Usually of a dark reddish-brown color. Genus HAMINEA Leach. Haminea vesicula Gld. Very rarely washed ashore. Haminea virescens Sby. In moss at Catalina. Winpty shells not rare in the Bay; live ones very rare. Family ACTA EONID.4. Genus ACTAEON Montfort. Section RICTAXIS Dall. Actzon (Rictaxis) punctocelatus Cpr. Three or four dead examples. Family TORNATINIDA. Genus TORNATINA A. Adams. Tornatina carinata Cpr. A few examples. (J. G. C.) Tornatina culcitella Gld. Empty shells; not plentiful. Tornatina inculta Gld. One example. ‘ Genus VOLVULA A. Adams. Volvula cylindrica Cpr. One example in coarse sand in arock-pool. (W. H. D.) ra 196 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. Family AURICULID.. Genus MELAMPUS Montfort. Melampus olivaceus Cpr. Plentiful in mud-flats. Genus PEDIPES Blainville. Pedipes unisulcatus J. G. Cp. Washed ashore in the drift. Family SIPHONARITD. Genus SIPHONARIA Sby. Subgenus WILLIAMIA Monterosato. Siphonaria (Williamia) peltoides Cpr. One worn shell found in the bay. (C. T.S.) Family GADINIID 4. Genus GADINIA Gray. Gadinia reticulata Sby. A single dead shell reported. Family MOPALITD®. Genus MOPALIA Gray. Mopalia ciliata Sby. Not rare on rocks. Mopalia lignosa Gld. Rarer than M. ciliata. Family ACANTHOPLEURIDA. Genus NUTTALLINA Cpr. Nuttallina scabra Rve. The most plentiful form of Chiton. Family ISCHNOCHITONID.%. Genus CHA|TOPLEURA Shuttleworth. Cheetopleura (Maugerella) conspicua Cpr. Between ledges of rock at Point Fermin, also at White’s Point. Lately identified by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns. This species has been dis- tributed under the name of Stenoradsia Magdalenensis. Cheetopleura Hartwegii Cpr. On rocks; not plentiful. Pee | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 197 Family ACMAIDA. Genus ACMZA Eschscholtz. Acmeza asmi Midd. A few at Point Vincent. Acmea insessa Hds. (Nacella incessa Hds. of some California authors). Dead examples occasionally found in good condition in San Pedro Bay, and at the Points. Acmea mitra Esch. Dead shells; very rare. Acmeea paleacea Gould. (Nacella paleacea, Gld., of some California authors). Found on kelp. Acmea patina Esch. Abundant on the rocks at San Pedro and Point Fermin. Acmea patina var. scutum Esch. Very few found with A. patina. Acmea pelta Esch. Very few found. Acmezea persona Esch. Not plentiful. Acmea scabra Nutt. With A. patina, but not so plentiful as the latter. Acmea spectrum Nutt. Plentiful; on the rocks. Genus LOTTIA Gray. Lottia gigantea Gray. Plentiful at Portuguese Bend. Family FISSURELLID®. Genus FISSURELLA Brug. Fissurella volcano Rve. Most plentiful at Portuguese Bend. Genus FISSURIDEA Swainson, 1840 (—Glyphis Carpenter, 1856, non Agassiz 1845). Fissuridea aspera Esch. Rare; not found living. Fissuridea murina (Cpr.) Dall. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 543. Two found dead, one at Catalina. [This is the Glyphis densiclathrata of Californian conchologists, but not of Reeve; G. saturnalis of Pilsbry aaa > PLE EA A teins SE ap carver tee De 3) see eee op SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. (Nautilus, v., p. 105) notof Carpenter, and G@. densiclathrata var. murina ‘of Carpenter. W.H.D.| Fissuridea rugosa Sby. Two found at White’s Point. This is one of the southern species of shells referred to in the introduction as possibly adventitious. Arnold. Genus LUCAPINA Gray. Lucapina crenulata Sby. Plentiful at Catalina, in the winter. Three or four live examples found, by as many persons, at the Points, and Dead Man’s Island. Genus MEGATEBENNUS Pilsbry. Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall. (Fissurellidea and Clypidella of authors). Two found in the bay. Genus LUCAPINELLA Pilsbry. Lucapinella callomarginata Cpr. (Clypidella of Cpr.). Three dead shells. One live example found by M. Estella Williamson. Family HALIOTID. Genus HALIOTIS Linné. Haliotis corrugata Gray. Dead shells not often found. Live ones occasionally brought in by fishermen. Haliotis Cracherodii Leach. Plentiful in winter, at low tide, on the rocks. This is the ‘ white” Abalone (pronounced “ Ab/-a-l6-né”) of California, and a favorite edible shellfish of the Mexicans. Although the mother-of-pearl of these shells is usually white when decorticated, one shel] picked up in San Pedro Bay, by Mrs. Emma King, when decorticated, presented a beautiful play of colors, unlike either the type or H, fulgens. The muscular scar was also finely colored. The spire rising higher than usual in shells of this type made the specimen more cup-shaped. Haliotis Cracherodii var. splendidula. A number of shells, found at one time, at Point Vincent, have bril- liant blotches of color in their interior somewhat like H. fulgens. Some have spots of brown color. Haliotis fulgens Phil. (H. splendens Rve.). As the former name has precedence, according to Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, he substitutes it for H. splendens. This splendid shell is sometimes found very large at Portuguese Bend, at low tide, in the winter. ay / sm, : eg es eget yt 5 te ae 2 é . . se + 4 a aye ee ~— aes ee + F _ m ~ “ You.xv,] -- PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 199 Family PHASIANELLID A. Genus PHASIANELLA Lam. Phasianella compta Gld. Usually empty shells; not plentiful. Family TURBINIDA. Genus POMAULAX Gray. Pomaulax undosus Wood. Plentiful in the early spring at Dead Man’s Island. These shells lie close together in shallow water, many with a growth of alge on their apical whorls; when the alge are highly colored they present a beautiful sight under the water. Genus PACHYPOMA Gray. Pachypoma inzquale Martyn. PI. XIX, figs.4 and 5; pl. xxi, figs. 1,3 and 5, A half dozen; all fossil? Not uncommon, living, on the shore of Catalina island. This is the P. gibberosum of Chemnitz, according to Carpenter, but Martyn’s name is four years older. (W. H. D.) Genus LEPTOTHYRA Carpenter. Leptothyra bacula Cpr. Not many shells found. Plentiful under stones in one of the valleys on Catalina Island. Leptothyra Carpenteri Pilsbry (L. sanguinea of Carpenter, not of Linn.). Very rare. In the Nautilus for July, 1890, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry says: “To our Californian shells we give the name of L. Carpenteri.”. The true LI. sanguinea is Mediterranean. Family DELPHINULID. Genus LIOTIA Gray. Liotia acuticostata Cpr. On actinias or sea anemones sticking to the adhesive surface; rare. Liotia fenestrata Cpr. Kmpty shells; rare. Family TROCHID. Genus ETHALIA H. & A. Adams. Bthalia sp. San Pedro. “Close to multistriata Ver.” Found at Cape St. Lueas. (W. H. D.) Arnold. s 200 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. Genus NORRISIA Bayle. Norrisia Norrisii Shy. (7rochiscus Norrisii, of authors). Plentiful on kelp at Dead Mawn’s Island. “The name Trochiscus is pre- occupied.” (W. H. D.) Genus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson. Chlorostoma aureotinctum F bs. Most plentiful at White’s Point. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. Pl. xx1, fig. 8. Very few, none large. Chlorostoma funebrale A. Ad. Pl. xxI, fig. 7. A few at the Points. Chlorostoma funebrale var. subapertum Cpr. PI. xx1, fig. 6. U.S. National Museum, No, 123496. This unfigured variety is here illustrated for comparison. (W. H. D.) Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. Our most abundant species. Some vary from the type by the ab- sence of the numerous spots or speckles. Chlorostoma gallina var. pyriformis Cpr. A half dozen of this variety have been found. One very tine exam- ple on Rattlesnake Island, by Mrs. Charles Burton Woodhead. (J.G.C.) Chlorostoma gallina var. tincta Hmp. One shell found at Portuguese Bend. This variety has rounded whorls and is not speckled. Chlorostoma Montereyensis Kien. (C, Pfeifferi Phil. of Cal. lists). Rare; dead. Section OMPHALIUS Phil. Chlorostoma (Omphalius) viridulum var. ligulatum Mke. (Omphalius fuscescens. Phil. of California authors). Not rare; sometimes inhabited by crabs. Chlorostoma (Omphalius) globulus Cpr. One shell (©. T.S.). This form was described by Carpenter from Mazatlan (Maz. Cat., 235), but is not mentioned by Mr. Pilsbry in his monograph of the group. (W. H. D.) we Le > iy bor a | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 201 Genus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson. Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Pl. xxu, fig. 2. One beach-worn shell reported. (Trowbridge.) Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. Pl. xxnu, fig. 6. Rare; only empty shells found. Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr. Pl. xx11, fig. 3. Very good specimens are found in the bay; not plentiful. Calliostoma gloriosum Dall. Pl. xxu, fig. 5. Four or five good shells, all dark spotted, found at San Pedro Bay. At Soquel, Monterey Bay, this species is mostly of a pale salmon color; the southern ones are darker. (W. H. D.) Calliostoma splendens Cpr. Pl. xx1I, Fig. 5, One found; dead. (C. T. 8.) Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr. One obtained; not found living. (C. T. 8.) Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. Pl. x1x, Fig. 8. Examples are usually faded. Calliostoma versicolor Mke. One young specimen found. (C. T. 8.) Calliostoma costatum Mart. Pl. xxu, fig. 1. Rare on San Miguel Island. (W. H. D.) Genus THALOTIA Adams. Thalotia caffea Gabb. ( Ptychostylis caffea Gabb.). Three recent, also fossil sheils, at Dead Man’s Island. Genus GIBBULA Risso. Gibbula Canfieldii Dall.? var. One dead shell. ‘Possibly an extreme form of the very variable lirulata. Whether Gibbula or Margarita will depend upon the anatomy. The shell has the habit of Gibbula.”.. (W. H. D.) - Trowbridge. Genus MARGARITA Leach. Margarita lirulata Cpr. Rare living. Of Margarita lirulata Cpr., M. acuticostata Cpr., Gib- bula optabilis Cpr., G. parcipicta Cpr., G. suceineta Cpr., funiculata Cpr., and lacunosa Cpr., Mr. Dall says: ‘“ After a careful study of the types of = = ee Se ata ee } Gz ‘ Oe — é : = et ‘AG a 4 == ne ee ee 202 - SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. the above and hundreds of specimens, I am compelled to the belief that they are sitiply forms of one protean species.” Margarita pupilla Gld. A dead one reported. Genus SOLARIELLA 8S. Wood. Solariella cidaris A. Ad. Pl. xxii, fig. 4. Dredged in deep water off the islands by the U.S. Fish Commission.’ Solariella peramabilis Cpr. One or two specimens found. Dredged off Catalina living in 30 fathoms. Also found fossil. Genus CANTHARIDUS Montfort. Subgenus HAListyius Dall. Cantharidus (Halistylus) pupoideus Dall, Pl. xix, Fig. 2. (Fenella pupoidea Cpr., not of A, Adams.) Four found in rocky pools at Dead Man’s Island. For an account of this genus see these Proceedings, x11, p.341. The original Fenella is a Rissoid. Family CYCLOSTREMATID 2. Genus VITRINELLA Adams, em. Vitrinella Williamsoni Dall. Pl. xx1, figs. 2 and 3. Shell small, white, depressed, with two and a half whorls; spire flat- tened; suture appressed with a shallow channel or excavation outside of the appressed margin of the whorl, outside of which the convexity of the whorl rises higher than the suture. Base slightly more rounded than the upper side, with a wide and flaring umbilicus; periphery rounded; aperture rounded, oblique; surface polished, finely striate here and there by the incremental lines which are most prominent above. Maximum diameter of shell, 5.5; minimum diameter, 4.5; alti- tude, 1.25 millimeters. Beach at San Pedro; U. S. National Museum, registered number 106,856. This species, which is rather large for a Vitrinella, is respectfully dedicated to Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, to whose researches this paper is due. The name being inherently masculine, the usual geni- tive ending is preserved. mala PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2038 Family CALYPTRAEID, Genus CRUCIBULUM Schumacher. Crucibulum imbricatum Brod. (C. scutellatum Gray, of Cooper Geographical Cata- logue). One in a collection of shells found on Santa Catalina Island, and two found in San Pedro Bay. From southern fauna. Crucibulum spinosum Sby. Washed ashore in the drift. Young ones found alive on Pecten equisuleatus. Plentiful alive, at very low tide in the oyster bed at San Pedro. Genus CREPIDULA Lam.. Crepidula aculeata Gmel. One or two reported. Crepidula adunca Sby. A few found living. Crepidula dorsata Brod. Not rare; these shells vary much in color and habit. Crepidula excavata Brod. Shells with the soft parts gone are sometimes found in the drift. “Does not exactly agree with any of our shells, but is probably this.” (GC. T.-8:;) Crepidula explanata Gld. (C. exuviata Nutt.). Three or four, found by two or three collectors. Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. Plentiful in dead gastropods. Crepidula onyx Sby. var. rugosa Nutt. - Plentiful, often in clusters, one on another, and variable in shape. 1 have one old beach-worn example, of which the outline on one side describes a semicircle. Shells found on Norrisia are of a light ma- genta-pink in the interior. The form of the septum, or deck, of the pink, shells that I have seen varies from that of the var. rugosa. Genus GALERUS (Humphr.) Gray. Galerus mammillaris Brod. (G. fastigiatus Gld., perhaps G. contortus Cpr.). Two found dead at Long Beach. (C. T. 8.) 204 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO. BAY—WILLIAMSON. Family AMALTHEIDZ. Genus AMALTHEA Schuin., 1817 (Hipponyx Detrance, 1819.) , Amalthea antiquata Linn. Empty shells are washed ashore at the bay. A few found living with A. tumens, nestled close to some big Chitons (Maugerella conspicua) in a cleft of rock at Point Fermin. Amalthea cranioides Cpr. Rare; with A. antiquata. This shell is flat and has the apex near the center. Amalthea serrata Cpr. Two or three found at San Pedro. These shells have a brown epi- dermis, in irregular patches. Amalthea tumens Cpr. With A. antiquata, but not so plentiful. Family VERMETID. Genus SERPULORBIS Sassi. Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr. Less plentiful than the variety below. Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr., var. pennatus Morch. Usually found in colonies on the rocks. Genus BIVONTA Gray. Bivonia compacta Cpr. Only dead shells found; rare. (J.G.C.) Genus SPIROGLYPHUS Daudin. Spiroglyphus lituella Mérch. On kelp; Catalina Island and Portuguese Bend. (R. E. C. 8.) Family CACID. Genus CAiCUM Fleming. Czcum crebricinctum Cpr. Ten or twelve found at San Pedro;dead. (C.T.S. PN te « » / YOL.XY;] «PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 205 Family TURRITELLID. Genus TURRITELLA Lam. Turritella Cooperi Cpr. Dead shells are not uncommon; living ones very rare. Turritella (Mesalia) lacteola Cpr. Three found. (C. T.S.) Family CERITHIITD®. Genus CBRITHIDEA Swainson. Cerithidea californica Held. (1840 +- C. sacrata, Gld. 1849, + C. pullata Gld.). Plentiful on mud flats. ‘Several variations are caused by the amount of freshness in the water; sometimes marked by yellow bands.” (J. G. ©.) Genus BITTIUM Leach. Bittium asperum Cpr. Dead Man’s Island. Fossil in San Pedro City. (J. G. C.) Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr. Pl. xx1, fig. 4 A few found living. Family LITTORINID. Genus LITTORINA Fer. Littorina planaxis Nutt. Abundant on rocks. Littorina scutulata Gld. Less abundant than the former. Littorina scutulata var. plena Gld. A few with the type. Littorina scutulata var. Six or eight. This variety is small and almost black. Genus ASSIMINBA Leach. Assiminea californica Cooper. One living and one dead example at San Pedro. (C. T. 8.) Genus LACUNA Turton. Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. Three dead. Lacuna solidula Lovén. Rare living; San Pedro. (C. T. 8.) Monks. take specific rank. W.H. D.| ee doe ye ae ee ot 206— SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-—WILLIAMSON. : Family FOSSA RIDE. Genus ISAPIS Cpr. Isapis fenestratus Cpr. Rare; rock pools. Also fossil in San Pedro City. (J. G. C.) Family RISSOID 24. Genus RISSOA Freminville. Rissoa (Alvania) reticulata Cpr. One example. (C. 7.8.) Rissoina purpurea of Cooper. Family TRUNCATELLID A. Genus TRUNCATELLA Risso. Truncatella californica Ptr. On sea weed, not many found. (C. T. 8.) Truncatella Stimpsoni Stearns. One. (C.T. 8.) Family JEFFREYSIID_. Genus JEFFRBYSIA Alder. Jeffreysia sp. One worn specimen found near Dead Man’s Island. (W. H. D.) Jeffreysia translucens Cpr. Three or four. (C. T. 58.) Family OVULID A. Genus OVULA Bruguiére. Ovula (Simnia) deflexa Sby. var. barbarense Dall. Pl. xx1, fig. 1. One example, one inch in length, found in San Pedro Bay, by Miss [O. deflexa is a southern form, but was reported by Col. Jewett from Santa Barbara. His specimen was probably the same as the form here figured, which is of a whitish color and does not seem to agree per- fectly with Sowerby’s figures. I therefore separate it varietally until more is known. If it prove distinct from deflexa the varietal name may One : - - > ‘ — 16 irs rh vain.’ | ~~ +PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 207 Family CYPRAIDA. Genus CYPRZGA Linné. Cypreea spadicea Gray. Living, at the Points. Also Laguna Beach. Not plentiful in Los Angeles County. Genus TRIVIA Gray. Trivia californica Gray. In the coarse sand at the Points, Dead Man’s Island, and Santa Cat- alina Island. Three live ones washed ashore at San Pedro; also living at Laguna Beach. Trivia Solandri Gray. With the preceding and more plentiful. Genus BRATO Risso. Erato columbella Mke. Not often found, and not reported living. Brato vitellina Hds. Good examples are rare. Family TEREBRID®. Genus TERBEBRA Brug. Section ACUS Adams, Terebra (Acus) simplex Cpr. (Myurella simplex Cpr.). Dead shells not rare. Ten or twelve live ones in the sand on Timm’s Point. Terebra (Acus) specillata Hinds. White, with irregular brown markings. Three or four of these pretty forms have been found in the bay. ‘They will probably be found to grade into T. simplex.” (W.H. D.) Family PLEUROTOMID. Genus PLEUROTOMA Lam.” Pleurotoma tuberculata Gray. One shell found by Mrs. Purdy, of Los Angeles. Subgenus GENOTA Adams. "Section DOLICHOTOMA Bellardi. Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) Carpenteriana Gabb. (Sureula Carpenteriana Gabb.) Rare, dead. One splendid example, four and one-eighth inches long, wt, ie? 208 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. ; was found alive at Ballona Harbor by Mrs. Spar. For notes on Genota —section Dolichotoma—see Report on Albatross Mollusea, Dall, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. x11, No. 773, p. 303. Genus DRILLIA Gray. Drillia inermis Hd. Found with Cerithidea californica, at Alamitos, by M. Estella Wil- liamson. Also fossil; in San Pedro City bluffs. Drillia penicillata Cpr. Living shells seldom found; usually inhabited by crabs. A beauti- ful species with wavy hair lines across the whorls. Drillia torosa Cpr. var. Three shells, all broken. This variety is spotted. Point Fermin. (J. G. C.) Genus MANGILIA Risso. Mangilia striosa C. B. Ad. Rare; dead. The generic name is taken from an Italian conchologist who was called Mangili. Subgenus CyTHARA Schumacher. Mangilia (Cythara) variegata, Cpr. (Mangilia variegata Cpr., var. nitens, of West Coast lists). Three or four live examples. (W. H. D.) Genus MITROMORPHA Adams. Mitromorpha aspera Cpr. Pl. xrx, fig. 3. One. (C.T.S.) Mitromorpha filosa Cpr. Pl. XIX, fig. 1, One (young) broken. (C. T. 8.) Family CONID. Genus CONUS Linné, Conus californicus Hds. Plentiful in moss at Point Fermin. Washed ashore in the bay with live Crepidulie on them. Family PYRAMIDELLID. Genus PYRAMIDELLA Lam. Pyramidella conica Ads. var. wariegata Cpr, (Obeliscus). Three or four dead shells. (W. H. D.) a -_ = > & ee ee ial ~ ie! re Tae , E- ket ab Ree Ces . - ‘ iw . - <2 t see a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 209 Genus ODOSTOMIA Fleming. Odostomia gravida Cpr. A few living. (J. G.C.) Odostomia inflata Cpr. Alive on the back of a Haliotis corrugata brought in by a fisherman, Odostomia nuciformis, Cpr. A few dead shells. Genus TURBONILLA Leach, Turbonilla chocolata Cpr. (Chemnitzia). One young specimen, ead, found at San Pedro. (C. T. 8.) Turbonilla stylina Cpr. One young specimen. (C. T. 8.) Turbonilla aurantia, Cpr. (Chemnitzia var. aurantia Cpr.). Three faded ones. (C. T. 8.) Turbonilla tenuicula Gould. One specimen. (C. T. 8.) Turbonilla tenuilirata Cpr. Two examples. (C. T.8.) Turbonilla torquata Gld. var. Three dead specimens. (C. 'T. 5.) Family KULIMID. Genus BULIMA Risso. Bulima micans Cpr. Dead specimens, rarely found. Family SCALID A. Genus SCALA Humphrey. Scala bellastriata Cpr. (Scalaria bellastriata Cpr.). Good examples found in the beach drift. One found alive by Mrs. Trowbridge. Scala Hindsii Cpr. With the former species, not rare. A southern form first collected at Santa Barbara by Col. Jewett. Proc. N. M. 92 14 210 = SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. Scala indianorum Cpr. Rare; dead; also fossil. Scala occidentalis Nyst. San Pedro (W. H. D.) Arnold. New to the fauna. Scala retiporosa Cpr. One dead shell. (C. T. 8.) Subgenus OpaLia Adams, ‘ Scala (Opalia) borealis Gld. Three or four examples; all fossil? Scala (Opalia) crenata Linn. var. crenatoides Cpr. A few dead shells. One live shell, Portuguese Bend, found by M. Estella Williamson. Alive at Laguna Beach. ‘Abundant off Catalina Island, in mud at 16 fathoms.” (W. H. D.) Family CERITHIOPSID 4. Genus CERITHIOPSIS F. & H. Cerithiopsis fortior Cpr. ‘¢‘Shells too much broken to be sure of identity.” (J. G. C.) Cerithiopsis munita Cpr. One, dead. ‘Slender form.” (J. G. C.) Cerithiopsis purpurea Cpr. Three. (C. T. 8.) Cerithiopsis tuberculata Mont. Very few; dead. Family JANTHINID 2. Genus JANTHINA Lam. Janthina exigua Lamk. (Janthina bifida Totten; J. trifida, of California authors). One day in March, last year (1889), a number of these ocean snails were washed ashore at Long Beach. This year (1890) not one has been found in the bay that I have heard of, but in the early spring months some were washed ashore at Catalina Island. VOL. XV, ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Jt Family CANCELLARIID ®%. Genus CANCELLARIA Lam. ~ Cancellaria Cooperi Gabb. Pl. xx, fig. 2. Three sea-worn examples of this rare and splendid species were found by two collectors. Family LAMELLARITD. Genus LAMELLARIA Montagu. Lamellaria Stearnsii Dall. One shell; soft parts gone. Monks. Family NATICIDA. Genus SIGARETUS Lam. Sigaretus debilis Gld. Occasionally washed ashore in the winter with the soft parts gone. One fine shell, with part of the epidermis remaining, was collected by Miss Monks, on Rattlesnake Island. Genus NATICA Lam. Subgenus LUNATIA Gray. Natica (Lunatia) Lewisii Gld. Not often found with the animal in them. Largest ones washed ashore in the bay and at Catalina Island. Subgenus NEVERITA Risso, Natica (Neverita) Recluziana Petit. Plentiful in the sand, at Santa Monica with Tivela. Family TRITONIID 24. Genus RANELLA Lam. Ranella californica Hds. Occasionally washed ashore. Often brought in by fishermen. Family MITRID. Genus MITRA Lam. Mitra maura Swains. Not plentiful, dead. Two or three have been found alive. 212 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. fa | Family MARGINELLID4. Genus MARGINELLA Lam. Marginella Jewettii Cpr. Pl. x1Xx, fig. 6. San Pedro, Jewett in U. S. Nat. Museum. Marginella pyriformis Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 5. One or two. (C. T. 8.) Marginella regularis Cpr. One empty shell. (C. T. 8.) Section VOLVARINA Hinds. Marginella (Volvarina) varia Sby. Under stones; rare. Common at Catalina. Family OLIVID4. Genus OLIVELLA Swainson. Olivella biplicata Sby. In the sand near Dead Man’s Island. Dead shells not uncommon in the bay. Olivella biplicata var. alba. Seldom found. Olivella biplicata var. brunnea. This brown variety is rare, and not found living. Dr. Cooper says 0. biplicata “varies in color from black through brown, purple, gray and pink to white.” Olivella intorta Cpr. Pl. xix, fig. 9. Santa Cruz to Lower California, U.S. Nat. Museuin. Olivella betica Cpr. Pl. x1x, fig. 7. In the sand in both bays, although not plentiful. Family NASSID4. Genus NASSA Lam. Nassa fossata Gld. Adults seldom collected. Nassa insculpta Cpr. Pl. xxm1, fig. 6. Three; Catalina Island. (J. G. C.) Not uncommon at 16 fathoms depth. Fossil in Pleistocene, a o ti i nnot tctinn eed PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ake Wassa mendica Gld. Three; Catalina Island. Rare, and not found alive at San Pedro. (R. E. C. 8.) Nassa mendica var. Cooperi F bs. Alive at Catalina. Fossil at San Pedro. (R. E. C. 8.) Nassa mendica var. elongata. This variety is unusually long. (R. EK. C. 8.) Nassa perpinguis Hds. Empty shells plentiful in the drift on the beach. Nassa tegula Kve. On mud flats. (‘‘Close to N. vibex of the Atlantic.” W. H. D.) Family COLUMBELLID. Genus COLUMBELLA Lam. Columbella baccata Gask. A young dead one. (C.T. 8.) Southern fauna. Columbella (Astyris) carinata Hds. Not rare; often dead. Columbella (Astyris) gausapata Gld. Rarer than C. carinata. Columbella (Astyris) tuberosa Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 6. Two or three dead shells. Amycla of Carpenter. Columbella (Anachis) penicillata Cpr. Two. (W.H.D.) Southern fauna. Columbella (Anachis) tincta Cpr. One dead. “Gulf of California shell.” (C. T. 8.) Columbella (4isopus) chrysalloidea Cpr. One on San Pedro beach, [Cooper] U.S. Nat. Museum. Genus AMPHISSA Adams. Amphissa versicolor Dall. Pl. xx, fig. 9. A few living specimens found. One here figured is rather shorter proportionately than the majority of specimens. (W. H. D.) Amphissa bicolor Dall. Pl. xx, fig. 4. Shell small, solid, pale with brown bands and six convex whorls; nucleus eroded in the specimens; suture distinct, not appressed, whorls a) Res SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. full, with 11 to 13 narrow rounded ribs extending nearly from suture to suture; spiral sculpture of numerous flattened strap-like cinguli sepa- rated by subequal channeled shallow interspaces; epidermis thin and yellowish; color of shell pale straw color with a brownish base and a brown band extending from the periphery half-way back to the suture; aperture about equal to the spire, the penultimate rib behind it a little swollen; pillar slender, polished white with little callus; canal wide, short, recurved; outer lip simple, slightly reflected; not lirate inside. Longitude of shell, 14.0; of aperture, 7.7; maximum diameter of shell, 8.0 millimeters. Habitat : Dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission at various places off the coast from Point Sur to San Diego, and in the Santa Barbara channel in depths varying from 124 fathoms at the south to 298 fath- oms at the north, over a sandy or muddy bottom. The operculum is brownish and resembles that of A. versicolor Dall. The brown coloration, though generally disposed in bands as described, is variable, and occasionally appears in a zigzag pattern on the pale ground, or generally suffused over the surface, or even maculated, as in Nitidella, The apex when perfect is probably moderately acute, but is more or less eroded on all the specimens. (W. H. D.) Amphissa undata Cpr. PI. xx, fig. 8. Plentiful in 16 fathoms mud, off Catalina Island. This was described by Carpenter as Amycla undata and for some time confounded by him with A. versicolor. The fineseries of A. corrugata Rve., undata, versicolor, ete., now in the National Museum, enable the species to be distinctly differentiated. (W. H. D.) Family MURICID 5. Genus PURPURA Brug. Purpura lima Mart. var. emarginata Desh. This shell, and two or three varieties of P. lima, have been reported from Laguna Beach, Orange County. I have not seen, nor heard of, a recent Purpura in Los Angeles County. That it should be found liv- ing in the county south of us andin Ventura County north of us, yet not collected here, is certainly noticeable. Genus MONOCEROS Lam. (dAcanthina F. de Waldheim). Monoceros engonatum Conr. Plentiful on the rocks at Rattlesnake Island. Monoceros engonatum var. spiratum Blainy. A few with the type. bir PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 215 Genus OCINEBRA Leach. Ocinebra circumtexta Stearns. Pl. xx, fig. 2. Not rare under stones at Portuguese Bend. _ Ocinebra circumtexta var. Three or four, without bands. (R. E. C.5.) Ocinebra foveolata Hds. One. (W.H.D.) Trowbridge. Southern fauna. Ocinebra foveolata var.? Two. “A variety, probably.” (W. H. D.) Trowbridge. Ocinebra gracillima Stearns. A few at Point Fermin. (R. E. C. 8.) Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. Three or four sea-worn examples. Ocinebra subangulata Stearns. Two or three shells found. (J. G. C.) Ocinebra Poulsoni Nutt. Often inhabited by crabs. Ocinebra lurida Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 7. San Pedro, U. S. Nat. Museum. Ocinebra lurida var. mundaCpr. Pl. xx, fig. 3. Catalina Island. (W. H.D.) Genus PTHRORHYTIS Conrad. Pterorhytis Nuttalli Conr. (Cerostoma Nuttalli, of authors). Not rare in rock pools; often inhabited by crabs. Some shells are dingy- white, others a reddish-brown color. The name Cerostoma is pre- occupied. The name Pterorhytis was substituted for it by Conrad after- wards. (W.H. D.) Pterorhytis trialatus Sby. (Murer trialatus Sby.). Have seen three good examples, one found by a Mexican. Shells. rare, and usually badly sea-worn. . re : Ney memes” 216 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON, Genus PTERONOTUS Swainson. Pteronotus festivus Hds. In tide pools, often inhabited by crabs. Genus MURICIDEA Swainson. Muricidea barbarensis Gabb. One dead example. Mrs. Emma King. Muricidea incisa Brod. Dead shells common at Catalina; live ones not often collected. Rare in the bay. Alive at Laguna Beach, Orange County. Genus CHORUS Gray. Chorus Belcheri Hds. Occasionally found alive in the spring. Often brought in by fisher- men. Three young specimens collected at Catalina Island were very thick for their size. Genus TROPHON Montfort. Subgenus BOREOTROPHON Fischer. Trophon (Boreotrophon) triangulatus Cpr. Two or three dead shells. One splendid specimen, found at San Pedro by Miss Hale, and now in the National Museum, is figured in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. xtv, Pl. v, Figs. 1, 3, and 6, 1891. Family BUCCINID A. Genus CHRYSODOMUS Swainson. Section KELLETTIA Bayle. Chrysodomus (Kellettia) Kelletti, Fbs. (Siphonalia of Carpenter, not of Adams). Dead shells rare. Live ones brought in by fishermen. Dredged alive in Catalina Harbor. (W. H. D.) The original Siphonatia is iden- tical with the much earlier Strepsidura of Swainson, but there is no reason to suppose that Kellettia belongs to that group. (W. H. D.) Genus MACRON Adams. Macron lividus A. Adams. Living at low water on Catalina Isiand and Laguna Beach, atl PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pie Family FASCIOLARIID A. Genus PUSUS Lam. Fusus barbarensis Trask. Some fine fossil shells have been found in soft rock at Dead Man’s Island. ‘Two living specimens from Catalina Island are now in the National Museum. Probably the adult of the San Pedro fossil de- seribed in 1855, by Dr. Trask, as F. barbarensis. Similar to, though not identical with, /. Burnsit Dall, from the Virginia Miocene.” (W. H. D.) One fossil shell found in San Pedro Bay, by Mr. George Gil- lette, measured 45 inches in length. Fusus Kobelti Dall. Live shells not often washed ashore at Catalina. Dead examples frequently found on the island. Rare at San Pedro. Fusus luteopictus Dall. Pl. xx, fig. 1. Four, all dead, but three in good condition. (W. H. D.) CEPHALOPODA. Family ARGONAUTID 2. Genus ARGONAUTA Linn. Argonauta pacifica Dall. Several shells were washed ashore at Catalina Islané this year. Family OCTOPODID 4s. Genus OCTOPUS Lam. Octopus punctatus Gabb. Two or three have been noted. One animal measured over 39 inches across. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF RECENT MOLLUSCA, NOT LATELY FOUND. Twenty-five years ago, Dr. J. G. Cooper collected shells at San Pedro and vicinity, dredging especially about Catalina Island. He after- wards, in 1867, published his “Geographical Catalogue of the Mol- lusks found West of the Rocky Mountains,” in which this information was embodied. Dr. Cooper has kindly furnished me with a list of shells found in and near San Pedro Bay at that time. In 1873, Mr. W. H. Dall dredged extensively in and near Catalina Harbor, adding a number of species to the fauna. Not wishing to duplicate any names already on my list, I only add a list of such marine forms as have not vu ‘ 218 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY—WILLIAMSON. been collected during the past two years, many of which being native to Catalina are likely to be found in the bay. For convenience of reference these are arranged alphabetically. Those marked with an asterisk were obtained at San Pedro, the others are from Catalina Island. Astarte fluctuata, Cpr. *Kulima compacta Cpr. Acanthochiton avicula, Cpr. Gibbula optabilis Cpr. *Amphithalamus lacunatus, Cpr. Isapis obtusa Cpr. Barbatia gradata Sby. Kennerlyia bicarinata, Cpr. Barleeia haliotiophila, Cpr. Lepidopleurus scabricostatus, Cpr. Barleeia subtenuis, Cpr. Lepidopleurus pectinatus, Cpr. Bittium armillatum, Cpr. Limatula subauriculata, Mont. Cacum californicum, Dall. Laqueus californicus, Koch. *Cerithiopsis assimilata, C. B, Ad. Lucina tenuisculpta, Cpr. *Cerithiopsis columna, Cpr. Macoma inquinata Desh. ?Chlorostoma pulligo Mart.t Martesia intercalata, Cpr. *Chrysallida pumila Cpr. Mytilimeria Nuttallii, Conr. Clathurella constricta, Gabb. Opalia retiporosa, Cpr. Clathurella erystallina, Gabb. Plectodon scaber, Cpr. Crenella decussata, Mont. Psephis Lordi, Baird. Cryptodon flecuosus, Mont. Psephis salmonea, Cpr. Cyathodonta undulata, Conr, Puncturella Cooperi, Cpr. Cythna albida, Cpr. Rissoina interfossa, Cpr. Daphnella clathrata, Gabb. *Scala crebricostata Cpr. *Diala acuta, Cpr. Semele incongrua, Cpr. *Diala marmorea, Cpr. *Styliferina turrita Cpr. Dunkeria laminata, Cpr. Terebratella occidentalis Dall. Entodesma inflata, Conr. *NXylotrya setacea Tryon. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. Since the time when this list was finished and submitted for publica- tion, the collectors of Los Angeles County have not been idle and their work has borne abundant fruit. The species added have been incor- porated in the proofs, but a few words seem appropriate in regard to some of the finds. Miss Shepard, to whose successful energy in col- lecting I am greatly indebted for the completeness of this list, has con- tinued her work with exceptionally good results; Miss Monks has also been remarkably successful, especially in obtaining a fine series of the fossil forms of Fusus from the blue clay of Dead Man’s Island and of the recent Scala bellastriata and other interesting forms. The living specimen of Pecten floridus, referred to in the text, was obtained by Mrs. Garlick at Timms Point and is now in the possession of Mr. Or- eutt, of San Diego. Mrs. Redding, of Long Beach, has obtained sey- eral additional specimens of the Periploma discus. Pleurotoma (Doli- chotoma) Carpenteriana var. Tryoniana Gabb has been collected at San Pedro by Miss Monks; who has also found specimens of Trophon trian- gulatus, of which fine specimens exist in the State collection at Berke- ley, where they had till recently been confounded with Chorus Belcheri junior. It appears that the number of varices in this species is some- tSan Pedro, Perhaps C. Montereyensis worn. ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 215 times larger than in the figured type. Among the shells collected by Mr. Arnold is a very young specimen of Avicula, which goes to confirm the nativity of the questionable specimen of A. peruwviana before enu- merated. A remarkable find of several hundred Nassa fossata, and an- other of especially fine Cardium substriatum, both at San Pedro, are among the interesting data of our later conchological notes. Los Angeles, May, 1892. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Notr.—The figures being enlarged or reduced from the actual size of the speci- mens, the actual largest diameter of the specimen, as seer in the figure, is mentioned in millimeters, of which 1 is equal to 3'; of aninch. The Museum registration num- ber of the specimen is also added. RATHI NaleNG Page Fig. 1. Mitromorpha filosa Cpr., 46418, 8 millimeters..--..-..-.--..----------- 208 2. Halistylus pupoideus Cpr., 14824, 6 millimeters ...........-...--.------ 202 3. Mitromorpha aspera Cpr., 46416, 5 millimeters. ...-..-.---..----------- 208 4. Opereulum of Pachypoma inequale Martyn (=P. gibberosum Cpr.), OULSIde) Views: 25.0) MIUMMeters). 5. accesses lo icila alan ae aaa 199 Penne Same MNSIGOCVIeW, 20:0 INT IMCtERS aes ae oe ecles ses ssc emesis 2 ee ae 199 6. Marginella Jewetiii Cpr., 56224, 5.6 millimeters...........-..--..------ 212 GaeOnvetla bacica Cpr; 47198; 1simillameters! sos. 2S c @ oS SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO Bay. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXI 6 é SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO Bay. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXII ae ane ae ee NENT SN SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO Bay. . U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXIll or SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO Bay. CHINESE RELICS IN ALASKA BY LiguTENANT T. Dix Boutes, U.S. N. (With Plate xxiv.) In a collection of ethnological objects from southeastern Alaska, donated to the National Museum in 1883-85, there is a wooden mask which has for its eyes two large bronze Chinese Temple coins; so iden- tified by Dr. D. B. MceCartee. The grave from which it was taken is located near the Chileat Village atthe mouth of the Chileat River, Alaska, where stand a row of six grave- houses on a narrow strip of land close to the river, with a swamp back of them. Four of these graves were almost in ruins, but had evidently not been touched when we opened them. From the one in which the mask was found we got very little, its contents having nearly all rotted completely away, the mask in question being better preserved than the rest by a loose cedar board which protected it from the rain which leaked through in other places. The mask is skillfully carved from cedar wood and painted in the usual grotesque manner, but with strictly native colors. A sparse fringe of human hair partly rotted is inserted above the forehead. The wide gaping mouth is set with a double row of opercula, for teeth. Upona casual inspection this mask does not show age, but, examined more closely, the wood is seen to be affected with dry rot, while the surface seems to have been protected by the paint which was probably mixed with fish oil. The grave in which this mask was found was pointed out to me as being old, and that of a medicine man who had flourished more than two hundred years ago, six successors having filled this office; each one living to a good old age. Careful questioning failed to bring any other answer. When the coins were shown to the native Chilcats they could not remember having ever seen such objects before. Knowing that at the date | made my collections the Indians them- selves never entered or took anything out of graves, I am free to con- fess that I see no other possible conclusion to draw than that these coins were obtained two hundred years ago, and the natural surmise is that they came from a junk driven on the coast, Chinese most likely, as the Japanese would probably not have two such coins. To those who doubt the advent of junks on the West Coast at this early date, these facts will probably not be satisfactory, but it will be necessary for them to break down by direct evidence such a strong plea. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV, No, 899, ° 221 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXIV | ALASKAN MASK WITH CHINESE MEDALS. Es FS CORYSTOID CRABS OF THE GENERA TELMESSUS AND ERIMACRUS. BY James E. BENEDICT, Assistant Curator of the Department of Marine Invertebrates. (With Plates xxv—xxXVII.) This article is based on specimens from Mr. William H. Dall’s Alas- kan collection obtained from 1871 to 1874, and on the recent large collections made by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. The list of localities will show that the Museum is indebted to others for additional specimens. One of the objects of this paper is to call atten- tion to these peculiar crabs, and to invite interest in their habits and life history, of which I believe little is known. The figures were drawn by Mr. A. E. McConnell. The following key sufficiently indicates the species of the two genera: @aOarapace broader, than long 2c. 2 fee eye ncietee A tas ie noe Soci tepals Telmessus. iepmateral teethatwiancilam os. 922 sees ee seas s eee alee i oe cheiragonus. Pe Aberale bee um SMUT ORM seer syne oes rrr s stapes Nate Sates Saree acutidens. fee @acapace longer than broad... 2225-2222 .2- 222. l 22a: scent sees Erimacrus isenbeckii. Telmessus White. Cancer Tilesius, Mém. de Acad. de St. Pétersbourg, Vol. v, p. 347, 1815. Telmessus White, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. xviz, p. 497, 1846. Platycorystes Brandt, Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de Académie de St. Péters- bourg, Vol. vit, p. 179, 1848; also Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil I, p. 85, 1851. Cheiragonus Brandt, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil 1, p. 147, 1851. ~ Telmessus Dana, U. 8. Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, Vol. 1, p. 308, 1852. Carapace broader than long, pentagonal. Front divided into three lobes; median lobe cut into four teeth or denticles; lateral lobes form- ing the inner angles of the eyes. Epistome with triangular point ex- tending upwards on the median line between the antennule. Basal article of the antenna wide, short, flattened; a wing-like projection fills the hiatus of the eye. Sternum ofthe female thickened and sculp- tured around the genital openings. Abdomen of the female deeply con- cave between the genital openings, leaving them fully exposed. Cheli- peds short; ambulatory legs moderately long. This genus contains, as far as known, but two species; one, 7. acu- tidens (Stimpson), is common in northern Japan; another and closely related species, T. cheiragonus (Tilesius), ranges from Oregon to St. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV, No. 900. 993 mde —y . ; me, tA ro Phe CS” pase * Oe ~s = row ~ 224 CORYSTOID CRABS—BENEDICT. — i Michaels Island, Alaska, and perhaps much farther north; westward along the Aleutian Islands, the Commander Islands, and formerly and probably yet along the coast of Siberia. Telmessus cheiragonus (‘Tilesius). Plates xxv and xxv1; figs. 2, 3, and 4. “Cancer adsperso setosus vel Hippocarcinoides Stelleri Mserpt. No. Ut. Alio loco Stellero Cancer pilosus et Cancer auritus dictus (1741. Awatsche)” teste Tilerius, Cancer cheiragonus Tilesius, Mém. de Acad. de St. Pétersbourg, Vol. v, p. 347, 1815. (Tab. vu, Fig. 1, is referred to in the text. There are no plates in the Smithso- nian copy of the work.) Telmessus serratus White, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. xvi, p. 497, 1846; also Voyage of Samarang, Crustacea, p. 14, 1848. Platycorystes ambiguus Brandt, Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de PAcadémie de St. Pétersbourg, Vol. vir, p. 179, 1848. Platycorystes cheiragonus Brandt, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil 1, p. 85, 1851. Cheiragonus hippocarcinoides Brandt, Middendorft’s Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil 1, p. 147, 1851. Telmessus serratus Dana, U. 8. Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, Vol. 1, p. 303, Pl. 18, Fig. 8, 1852. Cheiragonus hippocarcinoides Stimpson, Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific Shores of North America, Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., Vol. v1, p. 465, 1857. Telmessus serratus and T, cheiragonus Miers, Proc. Zodl. Soc. of London for 1879, p. 36. Telmessus serratus §. I. Smith, Geological Survey of Canada, Report for 1878 and 1879, p. 208 B, 1880. Teeth or denticles of the median lobe of the front often wanting in old worn specimens; lateral lobes triangular, forming the inner angles of the eyes. Carapace deeply areolated. Lateral teeth six in number including the angles of the eyes the anterior three with two denticles on the anterior margin of each. The points of the teeth are bent for- ward and are ona line with the denticles. The fourth tooth forms the lateral angle of the carapace, and has four denticles on the anterior margin, one close to the point of the tooth; then a space, followed by three denticles evenly placed. The posterior teeth are without denti- cles. The surface of the carapace is set with large granules, in the posterior region forming lines. From these granules arise numerous bristles of even length, which bend forward and are enlarged at the points. (See Fig. 4.) The merus of the chelipeds has three nearly equal surfaces. The inner margin of the carpus is produced into a large, triangular, sharp- pointed tooth; a deep groove runs along its outer distal margin; the outer surface is spiny. The outer surface of the palin is traversed by four rows of tubercles; on the upper surface there are two or three spines on the inner margin, and a row of tubercles on the outer margin. The fingers are deeply grooved; the prehensile edges are heavily armed with tubercular teeth. On the ambulatory legs are lines of granules bearing coarse bristles. All of the joints are much compressed. The dactyls have short horny tips; on eachside is a wide groove, and also a narrow one. The upper margin is grooved; on each Tas PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 225 side of this groove are double rows of sharp spiny granules; the space between is filled with short, stout, curved bristles. The lower margin of the dactyls has one double row of these granules; the space between is also set with sharp bristles. The numerous specimens of this species in the collection are without doubt identical with T. serratus of White. White’s figure represents an imperfect male, the front is not well defined, and the greater part of the hair is gone, yet it isa graphic picture of some individual speci- mens. Dana’s figures are not characteristic, representing as they do an im- mature female. A female in the collection, with an undeveloped abdo- men, might almost have served for the originalof the figures, except that the inner angle of the eye is much straighter than in his figure. The identification of this species with the Cancer cheiragonus of Tile- sius is not quite so satisfactory, but, all things considered, the evidence seems to be, if not conclusive, at least strong. Brandt described Platycorystes ambiguus in 1848, and in 1851 deter- mined this to be identical with Cancer cheiragonus of Tilesius; after- wards, with White’s description and figures before him, identified White’s species with his. The peculiar short, coarse hair of even length with which this crab is ordinarily well covered, not unlikely suggested the name Hippocarcinoides to Steller at one time and Cancer pilosus at an- other, while the arched and produced inner angle of the eye as seen from above suggested the name of Cancer auritus. The specimens in the collection, over one hundred and fifty in num- ber, came from Oregon and north along the Alaskan coast, from several of the Aleutian Islands, and one from Bering Island, near the coast of Siberia. If a species liable to be confounded with cheiragonus existed in this locality, it would probably be represented by one or more speci- mens. Steller’s and Brandt’s specimens were obtained in the same region. ; The finest lot from one locality were collected by Dr. T. H. Streets, U.S. Navy, at Kasa-an Bay, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska; ten specimens in all; five males, of which the smallest is 49 millimeters in length by 65 in breadth, the largest 63 millimeters in length by 82 in breadth; five females, of which the smallest is 45 by 58, millimeters; the largest, 57 by 74, millimeters. The reproductiveopeningsin the females of this genus are placed out- side of, or rather out from under, the abdomen. At these openings the sternum is thickened and verysolid. The opening itself is funnel-shaped, spreading out into an ear-like depression, the sidesof which are thickened and elevated above the surrounding surface of the sternum. In the immature female the sixth segment of the abdomen has slightly con- cave edges. In the mature female the abdomen has expanded greatly, except the seventh segment and two-thirds of the sixth, which in an individual case measures 16 millimeters near the articulation with the Proc. N. M. 92 15 226 CORYSTOID CRABS—BENEDICT. ‘fifth segment, in the middle 10 millimeters, and across the distal end 10.5 millimeters. This leaves the genital opening nearly on the axis of a semicircle, and fully exposed. The females in the lot collected by Dr. Streets have these genital openings stopped up with a ragged looking plug, which more or less completely fills up the ear-like external part of these organs and even bulges out from them quite prominently. In most cases a tough, flat membrane, ragged and worn at the end, projects a little beyond the mass. Dissection shows that the plug extends to the point where the duct widens out into the seminal receptacle, where it terminates in a thin membranous funnel. What are these plugs, and what purpose do they serve? are questions which naturally arise. Are they the male organs? From underneath the head of the plug to the funnel-shaped ending the duct is exactly the same shape and size as the male organ. A section shows it to have the same structure. If the male organ is pushed in as far as it will go and detached, the flattened basal portion must project considerably on the outside. This portion would soon become broken and frayed out at the end; this could easily happen, as the strong armature of the genital openings would hold them without injury to the animal. The agitation necessary to accomplish this may aid the secretion of the substance of the head of the plug which so perfectly conforms to the parts by which itis held. A section of this enlarged part shows a continuation of the tougher frayed-out portion through the secretion. The male organ would not only stand out from the sternum beyond the plug, but it would extend beyond the inner end unless broken off or dissolved. The terminal portion of this organ is thin and flexible and of a different color from the posterior four-fifths. The organ itself is easily detached from the animal. Its loss would not necessarily be of great importance, as it would probably be quickly reproduced. Opposed to the supposition that this is the male organ is the fact that all-of the males in the collection are perfect. There are no females with eggs in the collection, and but one besides a collected by Dr. Streets in the above condition. This species is said to be used as an article of food by the natives of the Aleutian Islands. Wosnesenski (Sibirische Reise) says, however, that the species was not highly regarded as food, as its flesh was very soft. Mr. William Palmer opened the stomachs of from eight to ten fur seals on the killing grounds of St. Paul Island, and though their stomachs were nearly empty, both he and Mr. H. W. Elliott were sat- isfied that the contents remaining in one were shells of crabs of this species. The natives believe it to be eaten by this seal. Length of the carapace of a large specimen, 83 millimeters; width, 102 millimeters; extent of ambulatory legs, 330 millimeters, Gone PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 227 RECORD OF SPECIMENS. The U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross obtained this species at the following localities: Station. | Depth.| Lat. N. Long. W. | Mus. No. Fath. fe} / aw fo} / Wf 3233 74 58 23 45 | 157 42 45 15997 3242 11 58 44 30 | 160 08 45 15998 3243 43 58 45 10 |} 160 28 00 15999 3244 44 58 37 20 | 161 05 00 16000 3245 113 58 31 20 | 161 13 00 16001 3247 17 58 40 45 | 162 08 30 16002 Unalaska, July 23, 1888 (15576). Unalaska, May 24, 1890 (16004). Herendeen Bay, July 5, 1890 (16003). Old Harbor, Kadiak, August 11, 1888 (15574). Beaver Harbor, B. C. (15575). Mr. William H. Dall obtained specimens as follows: Hagemeister Strait, 8 to 15 fathoms (13117). Hagemeister Island, beach (14819). Chichagoff Harbor, Attu, 5 to 7 fathoms (14818). Nazan Bay, Atka Island, 10 to 15 fathoms (14817). Tliulink, Unalaska, 5 to 15 fathoms (18115). Tliulink, Unalaska, near beach (12493). Popoff Strait, 6 fathoms (14813). Coal Harbor, Unga Island, 3 to 9 fathoms (14812). Chiniak Bay, Kadiak (12533). Chajafka Cove, 12 to 14 fathoms (14814). Chugachik Bay, Cook’s Inlet, 20 fathoms (12509). Refuge Cove, Port Chatham (14815). At the following localities, specimens were obtained. by various col- lectors: St. Michaels Island; L. M. Turner, 1874 (3258). “This specimen was found on the beach after a hard south wind.” Mr. ‘vurner was informed by a Malemut woman that ‘‘the natives catch them on their fishing lines.” St. Michaels Island; E. W. Nelson, 1878 (2502, 14820). Nliuliuk; W. G. Harford (2136). Sitka; L. A. Beardslee, Commander, U. 8. Navy (3168). Kasa-an Bay; Prince of Wales Island; Dr. T. H. Streets, U. 8. Navy (14824). Bering Island, Commander Islands, Siberia; Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, February 1883 (14821). St. Paul Island, Bering Sea; H. W. Elliott, 1874 (14835). St. Paul Island, Bering Sea; Wm. Palmer, 1890 (75342, 15343). Puget Sound; D. 8. Jordan, 1880 (3110). Straits of Fuca (3065). Port Orchard, Puget Sound; Prof. O. B. Johnson, 1889 (14965). Victoria, British Columbia; Dr. C. F. Newcombe, 1891, (15790). North Island, British Columbia; J. G. Swan, August, 1883 (6603). Port Townsend, Oregon; Dr, Suckley (2058), re 228 CORYSTOID CRABS—BENEDICT. | Telmessus acutidens (Stimpson). Plate xxvi, fig. 1. Cheiragonus acutidens Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 40, 1858. Telmessus acutidens Miers, Proc. Zodl. Soc. of London, for 1879, p. 36. Telmessus acutidens S. I. Smith, Geol. Survey of Canada, Report for 1878~79, p. 208 B, 1880. The collection contains one male specimen from 8 fathoms, mud bot- ay tom, Yokohama, taken by the U. 8.5. Tuscarora (3388); and 14 males, 8 females, from Japan, H. Loomis (16275). This species can easily be distinguished from 7. cheiragonus by the much more slender lateral spines, and by the spine at the posterior base of the long spine, making three postero-lateral spines, while cheiragonus has but two. Its outline is not so angular, and it is much more convex than the preceding species. The point of the long lateral spine curves forward but little, while that of cheiragonus curves so much that it is naturally counted with the denticles on its anterior edge and base. Not counting the terminal point these denticles number four in cheir. agonus and five in acutidens. The following description of Telmessus acutidens is from Dr. Stimp- son’s unpublished report upon the Crustacea of the North Pacific Ex- ploring Expedition: (The latin description was printed under the name Cheiragonus acutidens Stimpson in Proce. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 40, 1858.) ‘‘Carapax rather narrow; proportion of length to distance between tips of lateral teeth, 1:1.26. Surface covered with setiferous tubercles, mostly transverse, as in other species of the genus. Lateral teeth slen- der, sharp, the principal or middle one very long; a small intermedi- ate tooth at the base of the principal one behind. Between the teeth and sometimes on their edges there are a few small spiniform denticles. Interantennal front or rostrum with a deep median sinus, and a smaller sinus or excavation at the tip of each fork, as in C. hippocarcinoides. Antenna more than one-third as long as the carapax. Feet all squam- ose or scabrous and setose. Chelopoda somewhat spinous above; hand costate externally, the costw sharply tuberculated. ‘“‘Color in life light brick-red above; paler, inclining to yellowish below. Some specimens are of an orange color, but always dusky. Pincers dark brown. Dimensions of amale: Length of carapax, 1.45; breadth between tips of lateral teeth, 1.83 inch. It grows to a length of 3 inches, but the larger specimens, of which several were collected, were accidentally lost. “It may be distinguished from C. hippocarcinoides as found on the west coast of America, as well as from Telmessus serratus, White, by the greater length and acuteness of the lateral teeth, particularly the larger one; also by the existence of a small intermediate tooth behind the large one.” This crab is very common in the Bay of Hakodadi, in northern Naor! PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 229 Japan. It is commonly taken with the seine on sandy shores, but often oceurs on gravelly beaches above low-water mark. In June the young, of half an inch to an inch in Jength, were much more abundant than adults, and were taken with the dredge in 4 fathoms weedy sand. In the time of Steller a species of Chetragonus was so abundant in Avatcha Bay (Kamschatka ) that it formed a common article of food among the inhabitants. At the present time, however, it has entirely or nearly disappeared, as we did not succeed in obtaining a specimen; nor do the naturalists of Beechey’s voyage mention having found it. ERIMACRUS, gen. noy. Carapace longer than broad, suboval; median lobe of the front cut into four teeth. Lateral margins arcuate, armed with seven teeth. The genital openings of the female occupy the posterior wall of a deep de- pression in the sternum, and are not covered by the abdomen, which is not concave on its margins between these openings. HKpistome with a straight upper margin. Basal article of antenna stout; a short wing- like extension fills the hiatus of the eye. Chelipeds long; ambulatory legs moderately long, spiny. Brandt considered this genus, or the species for which it is constructed, to be generically or subgenerically distinct from Platycorystes, but unfortunately gave it a name (Podacanthus) which had been used by Gray for a genus of Orthoptera. His other name, Platycorystes, was based on Telmessus cheiragonus as the type; therefore the name is not available. Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt). Plate xxvi, figs. 5, 6, and 7; plate xxvii. Platycorystes (Podacanthus) isenbeckit Brandt, Bwletin Physico-Mathématique de VAcad. de St. Pétersbourg, vol. vil, p. 179, 1848. Also in Middendorff’s Sibir- ische Reise, Band 11, Theil 1, p. 83, 1851. Cheiragonus isenbeckii Brandt, in postscript of the last work, p. 147. Brandt described this species under the heading ‘Genus vel sub- genus Platycorystes Sect. B (num subgenus proprium. Podacanthus?).” The collection contains over forty specimens, all from the Aleutian and seal islands, the habitat given by Brandt, who says that it is much rarer than cheiragonus. ‘Mertens obtained but one, and Wosnesenski only five, in eight years collecting.” Brandt described the front as kaving four teeth, no doubt counting the spines of the inner angles of the eyes, as in chetragonus, and says the middle pair are conspicuous. A large specimen before me has this appearance; the front is worn or broken until it shows but two central teeth. The young, however, have four small sharp teeth at this place, very closely like those of cheiragonus; the central pair are separated by the median sulcus; they are very brittle and in most specimens are broken off, leaving a straight margin between the outer pair broken only by the median suleus. Afterwards when these latter are broken off, as is the case with the large specimen, the median sulcus divides the pro- 230 CORYSTOID CRABS—BENEDICT. duced front into two large, prominent, blunt teeth. ‘ The lateral mar- gins are armed with seven teeth, of which the four anterior are subequal or a little larger than the first of those remaining.” The carapace is thickly set with spiny tubercles. The merus joints of the four pairs of ambulatory legr have their distal upper margin set with six or seven sharp procurved spines; the lower margins have a double row; the posterior sides of the last pair are tuberculous or spiny; the anterior side of the last pair and the sides of the others are hairy. The carpal, propodal, and dactyl joints have three rows of sharp spines. The hands are nearly equal; a row of spines extends along the upper margin and part way down the movable finger; the outer lower margin has another row; on the outside of the hand there are four rows. The spines of the row which extends from the gape of the fingers to the carpal joint are conspicuously smaller than the others. The fingers are long and pointed and armed with large teeth. The mature female abdomen is altogether different from that of chetr- agonus, the sixth article being but slightly concave. The reproductive openings are placed outside of the abdomen, and differ much in shape and a little in position from those of cheiragonus. In the latter they are opposite the middle line of the second pair of ambulatory legs; in this species they are on the line between the first and second pairs. The legs and lower parts of the body are thinly covered with long hair, the carapace with short bristles (see pl. XxVI, fig. 7). Length of carapace of a large specimen, 110 millimeters; width, 106 millimeters; extent of ambulatory legs, 460 millimeters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS. Albatross dredgings, 1890. Station. | Depth.| Lat. N. Long. W. | Mus. No. Fath. oO i ut oO / di 3222 50 | 5420 00 1653000] — 16006 3268 26| 552900 | 1631300 | 16007 3269 16} 5519 00 | 163 04 30/§ i8005 3271 25| 55 29 15 | “162 58 00 1S feng 3272 31| 553140 1630700} 16017 3275 22| 55 4420 | 1621730] 16010 327 18| 555845 | 161 4630] 16011 3281 36 56 14 00 | 161 41 15 16018 3289 16| 564430) 15916 00| 16012 3294 30| 571645) 1590330] 16013 3311 85 | 535936 | 16629 43| 16014 I Mr. William H. Dall obtained specimens as follows: Kyska Harbor, 6-12 fathoms (14831). Nazan Bay, Atka, 10-16 fathoms (14828). Off Rocky Point, Hiuliuk, Unalaska, 10 fathoms (13141), Captain’s Bay, Unalaska (14832). Off Round Island, Coal Harbor, Unga Island, 6-8 fathoms (14830). Port Levasheff (14833). Additional specimens were collected at St. Paul Island, H. W. Elliott, 1872 (14834); and at St. Paul Island, William Palmer, 1890 (15344, 15345). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXV Telmessus cheiragonus (reduced), U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXVI 2 SS Telmessus acutidens. Telmessus cheiragonus, epistome. Telmessus cheiragonus, female abdomen and sternum. Telmessus cheiragonus, bristle from carapace (enlarged). Erimacrus tsenbeckii, epistome. Erimacrus isenbeckii, female abdomen and sternum. Erimacrus isenbeckii, bristle from carapace (enlarged). S. NATION L MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXVII Erimacrus isenbeckii (reduced), CATALOGUE OF THE CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BY Mary J. RATHBUN, Department of Marine Invertebrates. (With Plates XX VIII-XL.) The classification adopted in the following catalogue is that estab- lished by Mr. E. J. Miers, in the J ournal of the Linnean Society of London, V«!. x1v, pp. 662 to 667, 1879, and modified by him in the Challenger Report, Zodlogy, Vol. XVI, 1886. His descriptions of Li- binia and Pericera have been amended to receive new species which do not appear to be generically distinct. In the key are included all the genera supposed to belong to the family. The characters distinguishing those genera which have not been seen by the writer are inclosed in parentheses. In the key to species only those represented in the National Museum are enumer- ated. At the end of the catalogue a list is given of the species of Pericerid not in the Museum, for the benefit of future students of the group, and also to call attention to the deficiencies of the collection in the hope that it may be enriched in this direction through gifts and exchange. Of the fo: ty-eight species of Periceridie contained in the National Museum, one is European, two are Kast Indian, and the remainder American. Of the latter, eleven are found on the Pacific coast, from the Gulf of California to the Galapagos Islands, and thirty-four on the Atlantie coast. Of the Atlantic forms, two only range from Massa- chusetts southward. The remainder inhabit the southern Atlantic States and the West Indies, in many cases extending to Brazil. Fif- teen species are described as new, of which six are from the Gulf of California, and, with two exceptions, represented by a single specimen each. In addition to the specimens in the National Museum, the writer was enabled to examine also the Periceride in the Museum of Union Col- lege, Schenectady, N. Y., and those contained in a collection made in the Bahama Islands by Mr. Frederick Stearns, of Detroit, Mich., in 1888, and kindly lent by him for study. The latter collection yielded an additional species, which is here described. The writer is indebted Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 901. aa 232 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDZ—RATHBUN. to Mr. James E. Benedict for valuable aid in the preparation of this paper. In the synonymy, quotations not verified are inclosed in parentheses. Numbers in parentheses after localities are taken from the catalogue books of the museum. The drawings were made by Mr. A. H, Baldwin, excepting those of Libinia emarginata and dubia, which are republished from “The Fish- eries and Fishery Industries of the United States,” through the cour- tesy of the U. S. Fish Commissioner. Tn an appendix are given descriptions of Pericerid:e collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, preliminary notices of which were published by Dr. William Stimpson, in the Proceedings of the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1857. The specimens were destroyed in the Chicago fire. The figures have been copied and en- larged by Mr. Baldwin from the drawings accompanying the original manuscript. PERICERIDA. Maioid brachyurans with eyes retractile in complete and well-defined orbits. Basal antennal joint well developed and forming the greater portion of the inferior wall of the orbit. KEY TO SUBFAMILIES. antenne not dilated. Fingers acute at tips..................... Pericerine. A” Carapace suboblong; interorbital space very broad. Rostrum verysmall. Sec- ond joint of antennz enlarged. Fingers excavated at tips... .... Othoniine. KEY TO GENERA, Pericerine. A’ Rostrum not divided to the base. Bb brsotular spine distines. ss... 452. 52.246..< och. ee ee Libinia. Bi Ereooular spine absent..0--. 2.008 be ee eee Prionorhynchus. A’ Rostrum composed of two distinct spines. B’ Basal joint of antennxz without spine at distal extremity. "(Horns of ‘rostrum| lamellate) 27/278 2 9 ee Pyria,* C” Horns of rostrum flattened, contiguous, produced at their extremities in a lateral lobe... os. eeece see ee ee a's fats crnrat pee ete Ae nS Lissa. C’” Horns of rostrum slender and GivGrpent soe oar soe ee ee Picroceroides. C”” (Horns of rostrum very slender and conti PUOUS) 25 Eeeee cee Leptopisa. C’’”" (Horns of rostrum small, parallel to each other)............._... Sisyphus.* D’ (Nearly vertically deflexed in front of gastric region)....... Cyphocarcinus. D” (Not deflexed in front of gastric Fesion) 7-2 oek. PE ene Podohuenia. “May belong to the Maiid=. NS ia PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 233 C” Carapace subtriangular. D’ Carapace with a series of lateral spines or teeth. EK’ Lateral margins with sharp spines..........-...-...--.---- -. -Pericera. KE” (Lateral margins laminate and dentate) ...-..--..-.-..... Anaptychus. D” Carapace without a series of lateral spines or teeth. KE’ Spines of rostrum very slender and contiguous.......--..---.Tiarinia. Ki” Spines of rostrum slender and more or less divergent. FY’ (Spine at antero-external angle of antennal joint very short and not MIST DLentnOmM: TOOME) Sessa alae eis See ee eee 2 = LOCANCUUS: F’ Spine at antero-external angle of antennal joint very long and visi- DlEFIROMMEA DOVE s came. = arose kere. rc a ee aie alee (ean tl Vicrophrys. E’’ Spines of rostrum parallel or nearly so. Orbits tubular.. Macroceloma. E’”’ (Spines of rostrum short, divergent, obliquely detlexed) .. Entomonyzx. Othoniine. A’ Carapace with margins regularly dentated...........2..-..<.--2.-cs.-ece Othonia. to} D A’ (Carapace with margins not dentated)-.........-......2:.....--.--- Cycloceloma. Mithracine. A’ Ambulatory legs dilated and compressed. Rostrum minute........-...---. Thoe. d boo} A” Ambulatory legs not dilated and compressed. B’ (Basal antennal joint without spines at distal end). ..................Parathoe, B” Basal antennal joint with one or more spines at distal end. C’ Lateral margins with tubercles or spines..............-..-.....-.-- Mithraz. C” (Lateral margins without tubercles or spines).............-...-- Paramaya.* KEY TO SPECIES EXAMINED. Libinia. A’ Carapace with margin evenly rounded behind the front. B’ Orbital fissures open; carapace narrowly pyriform.................. mexicana. B” Orbital fissures closed; carapace broadly ovate. C’ Rostrum defiexed. Pie Nh eariath ADUNGR SUKI So oro ac oe lot esas. ; | | | | = “Cat. No. | Station. | Lat. N. | Long. Ww. | ae Temp | Nature of bottom | |— ! _ >t = _ ——— — -- — — —— — — ——— —-————__— - — | | | | | | | CT) apart | Olay wal | | 15129 | 2318 | 2425 45| 81 46 00 45 | 75 | Co. 15128 | 2317 | 24 25 45 81 46 45 45 | 75 | Co. Gulf of Mexico. | Cat. No. | Station. | Lat. N. | Long. W. | Hath Nature of bottom. | ee i \ = oes As es; = an a | | | | | = ho ae | | ey vie | Ota cotiin| | 15135 | 2407 28 47 30 84 37 00 | 24 | Co. brk. Sh. | 15134 | 2406 284600 | 84 49 00 | 26) ers; 'S. Co. 15133 2405 | 28 45 00 85 02 00 , 30 | gy. S. brk. Co. 15132 | 2373 | 29 14 00 | 85 29 15 | 25 | Co. 15131 | 2372 | 29 15 30] 85 29 30 | PAN Ges 15130 | 2370 | 291815] 85 32 00 | 25 | ers. gy. S. brk. Sh. | Found as far south as Bahia. Macrocceloma eutheca (Stimpson). Pericera eutheca Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, p. 112, 1870. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, pp. 58, 200, pl. xv A, fig. 1, 1873. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1889. Macroceloma eutheca Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., Xv11, pp. 80, 82, 1886. To this species I have referred an adult male from off Havana, lat. 23° 10’ 51” N., long. 82° 19’ 03” W., 163 fath., white and brown. cor: il, station 2323, U. S. Fish Commission, 1885 (9492); also a young etait from near Aspinwall, lat. 9° 32’ N., long. 79° 54/30” W., 34 fath., broken shells, station 2146, 1884 (7780); and a young female from lat. 23° 10/36” N., long. 82° 20/ 20" W., 122 fath., coral, station 2168 (7756). The adult male differs from Stimpson’s description in its slightly narrower carapace, longer rostrum with divergent horns, and in the presence of tubercles instead of spines on the gastric region. A. Milne Edwards figures, without remark, a specimen which he calls eutheca, although it is much narrower than the one in question, the pos- terior half of the carapace is much rounded, and the rostral horns are separated by a triangular interspace. - The specimen under examination has the carapace very much nar- rower posteriorly than in MZ. concava Miers (Op. cit., p. 81, pl. X, fig. 2), € ’ een eee A " a. = ie es . arog mae = Hs on 252 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA—RATHBUN. from which it differs also in the protuberances of the carapace. In its proportion it approaches nearer the figure given by Aurivillius (loc. cit.). A detailed description of the individual is given below, as a series may in the future connect these two species. The two small specimens in the collection offer no essential differences. Carapace with a scattered pubescence, subtrapezoidal, concave at the hepatic region; outline of branchial region rounded. The protu- berances of the carapace are as follows: three tubercles forming a tri- angle on the gastric region, the posterior one large and on the median line, the other two inconspicuous; a spiny tubercle on the cardiac region; another longer on the intestinal; on the branchial region, a prominent slender spine just above the margin and behind the broad- est part of the carapace; above this spine another very small; on the lateral margin an irregular row of small spines and spiny tubercles, one on the hepatic and about five on the branchial, the one next to the last being the longest, but only two-thirds as long as the epibranchial spine; a branch of this marginal row is continued on the pterygosto- nian region, which is covered with small tubercles. Rostrum thin, almost straight; horns separated by a triangulate space; their distal half slender, acuminate; proximal half broad, sub- triangular, with convex outer margin. Orbital sheaths long, prominent. Distance between the tips of the postocular spines a little greater than the width of the carapace at the branchial regions exclusive of spines. On the upper orbital margin there is a tooth above the postocular; and a small spine on the lower margin. Basal joint of external antenne armed with two sharp spines. Chelipeds moderate. Merus tuberculous, with a row of four small spines above. Hands long, compressed, finely pubescent. Fingers arched, partially gaping; distal third brown. First pair of ambulatory legs barely reaching the manus. Entire length, 25; length of rostrum, 6; width at the branehial regions, without spines, 15.6; length of cheliped, 28; length of first ambulatory leg, 20 millimeters. M. eutheca has been collected at the Tortugas, Florida Straits, 12 to 115 fathoms, Santa Cruz, besides other localities. Macrocceloma tenuirostra, sp. hoy. Plate xxxi1l, fig. 1. Carapace much lorger than broad, subrectangular, slightly convex; _ finely pubescent. .Epibranchial spine short, slender; posterior margin with a slender upturned spine. Dorsal surface with a blunt median spine above the posterior margin; a tuberele occupying the eardiae re- | gion; another far back on the gastric region; remainder of the surface with small depressed tubercles, which on the antero-lateral margin form | an indistinct row. EVOL. XV, - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 253 Rostrum very slender, more than half as long as the remainder of the -earapace. Horns subcylindrical, tapering to a fine point; outer margin spinulose for its posterior half; a narrow interspace at base; horns con- tiguous for the middle third; slightly divergent at tips. Orbits slightly projecting. Praocular and postocular teeth distinct, acute. Basal antennal joint with a short spine at the antero-external angle, visible from above. There is a tooth at the insertion of the sec- ond joint, pointing downward; and an obtuse tooth on the outer mar- gin. Remaining joints very slender. Chelipeds long, slender, pubescent except on the fingers. Merus and carpus tuberculate. Hand long, compressed, not dilated, granulate. Fingers in male gaping at base; tips brown; a short broad tooth on the dactyl. Ambulatory legs very slender, pubescent. First pair much longer than the others. Dactyls spinulose beneath. Length of carapace, including rostrum and posterior spine, 22; length of rostrum, 7.5; branchial width, including spines, 10; without spines, 8.5; width between tips of preocular teeth, 6 millimeters. One individual, a male, was taken in the tangles, between Jamaica and Hayti, lat. 17° 44’ 05” N., long. 75° 39’ W., 23 fathoms, coral, broken shells, station 2138, 1884, U.S. Fish Commission (6929), This species can not be confounded with any other described species of the genus, on account of its narrow, elongated carapace and slender rostrum. Microphrys bicornutus (Latreille). _ Pisa bicornuta (Latreille, Eneye. Méth., x, p. 141, 1825). Pericera bicorna Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 337, 1834. Pisa bicorna Gibbes, Proce. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 3, p. 170, 1850. Pericera bicornuta Guérin, in La Sagra’s Hist. of Cuba, p. x11, 1856. Martens, Arch. fiir Natur., XxXXvill, p. 85, pl. 1v, fig. 5, 1872. Pericera bicornis Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2), 1x, p. 501, 1857; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve, xiv, p. 428, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1857. Milnia bicornuta Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vir, p. 180, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, p.111,1870. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., 11, pp. 1, 33, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., XLVI, p. 389, 1869. Pisa galibica (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadéloupe, p. 18, 1867). Pisa purpurea (Desbonne and Schramm, loc. cit.). Omalacantha hirsuta Streets, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (3), 1, p. 288, 1871. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 65, 18738. _ Microphrys bicornutus A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiy. Mus. Hist. Nat., vu, p. 247, 1872; Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 61, pl. xiv, figs. 2-4, 1873. Miers, Chal- lenger Rept., Zool., xviI, p. 83, 1886. Heilprin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 318, 1888. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1889. Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, xx, p. 507, 1890. Ives, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., p. 178, 1891. Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1x, p. 303, 1889 (1891). Microphrys bicornuta Kingsley, Proce. Acad, Nat. Sei. Phila., XXXI, p. 386, 1879. ; RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Cape Florida; Drak. Palmer, 1884 (9360). Key Largo; H. Hemphill (15116). Lower Matacumba Key, among grass, below low tide; H. Hemphill (15114). Indian Key; H. Hemphill (15117), Florida Bay (Union College Coll.). 254 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDAZ—RATHBUN. Key Vaceas (14070), Nights Key (15112), No Name Key (15111), Big Pine Key (15113); H. Hemphill. Harbor Key (Union College Coll.). Key West Har- bor; Dr. E. Palmer, 1884 (15115). Key West; D.S. Jordan, 1888 (5749); H. Hemphill (9354) ; U. S. Fish Commission (11390), (Union College Coll.). Plan- tation Key (Union College Coll.). Dry Tortugas reefs, from corals and sponges; Dr. E. Palmer, 1884 (9362). Garden Key, Tortugas (15825). Marco; H. Hemphill (16056), Bird Key; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1889 (15207). Jermudas : Tuckers Island; Dr. George Hawes (13796). Dr. F. V. Hamlin, Wesleyan Uni- versity (4024). Bahamas: Andros Island (Stearns Coll.); New Providence, U. 8. Fish Commission, 1886 (11369). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. West Indies, U. 8. Fish Commission: Jamaica (16057); St. Thomas (16186); Cnragao (7580); Old Providence (16185) ; near Aspinwall, lat. 9° 32’ N., long. 79° 54’ 30” W., 34 fathoms, broken shells, sta. 2146 (16187). Barbados; U. 8. Eclipse Expedition to West Africa, 1890 (14883). Sabanilla, U. S. of Colombia; U. 8S. Fish Commission, 1884 (16058). Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875-1877; Pernambuco; Rio Formoso, Pernambuco; Plataforma, Bahia, in tide pools; Fernando de Noronha, Microphrys, sp. Carapace broadly triangulate. Regions well defined, tuberculous. There is one sharp spine at the lateral angle of the carapace; a little nearer the median line are two spiny tubercles. Anterior portion of branchial region much swollen in an oblong tuberculous lobe. There are small tubercles on the margin of the hepatic region and on the sub- branchial region. Rostrum depressed, short, reaching to the middle of the third joimt of antenne. Horns narrowly triangular, acute, separated by a narrow V-shaped notch. Preeocular angle distinct. Basal antennal joint with two marginal teeth separated by a narrow sinus; the anterior tooth long, flat, procurved, subacute. Chelipeds in young female weak, not much longer than first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus with four tubercles on upper margin; carpus tuberculous on outer surface; margins of hand subparallel; fingers evenly dentate, gaping at base. Ambulatory legs with meral joints spinous above and tuberculous on outer face; carpal joints with one spine above; propodal joints with a broad, rounded, lamelliform process for the articulation of the dactyl, as in platysoma. Length, including rostrum, 12 millimeters; width, without spines, 9 millimeters. S Gulf of California, lat. 25° 16’ N., long. 111° 54’ W., 22 fathoms, fine gray sand, temperature 63°, station 3012, U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (16774). This species appears to be nearest to bicornutus. The species de- scribed from the Pacific coast are so numerous and the literature so inad- es” | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 255 equate that the writer, with only one immature specimen at hand, hesi- tates to give a name to a species perhaps already overburdened. Subfamily OTHONIIN A. Othonia aculeata (Gibbes). Plate XxxIv, figs. 1 and 2. Hyas aculeata Gibbes, Proc, Amer, Assoc. Ady. Sei., 3, p. 171, 1850. Othonia aculeata Stimpson, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., vu, p. 49, 1859; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, p. 116, 1870 (partim). A, Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci.au Mexique, pt. 5,1, p. 115, pl. xxiv, fig. 4, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 388, 1879 (partim). Aurivillius, K. Sv, Vet,-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, I, p. 56, 1889. See remarks under Othonia lherminiert Schramm. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Key Largo (14049), Lower Matacumba Key (15809), Indian Key (14054), Key Vacecas (14072), Nights Key (15089); H. Hemphill. Key West; H. Hemphill (9283); D. S. Jordan (5751), U. S. Fish Commission (7518). Dry Tortugas; Dr. E. Palmer (13896). Sarasota Bay, one young specimen (Union College Coll.). Bahamas; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1886: Nassau (11401); New Providence (16309). Found also at St. Thomas. Othonia lherminieri Schramm. Plate XXxIy, figs. 3 and 4. Othonia therminieri (Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 20, 1867). A. Milne Ed- wards, Miss Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 116, pl. xxrv, fig. 5, 1875. Othonia aculeata Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, p. 116, 1870 (partim). Kings- ley, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxx1, p. 388, 1879 (partim). Othonia anisodon Martens, Archiy. fiir Natur., p. 83, pl. Iv, fig. 3, 1872. An examination of numerous lots of this species proves it to be very distinct from O. aculeata (Gibbes), with which it has been confounded by some authors. The front is much narrower than in aculeata, rostrum more advanced and less deflexed. In aculeata a groove runs from the tip of the inner upper angle of the orbit along the margin of the front to the base of the rostrum. This groove is very slight in lherminieri. Orbital angles less produced and less conspicuous in lherminieri. In both species the basal article of the external antenna has the anterior margin more or less dentate. Second article, in lherminieri, with an external lobe which is shorter than in aculeata and directed forward rather than out- ward. Antero-lateral teeth sharp, while in aculeata they are obtuse. Appendages ‘of the male abdomen with the distal third of a light brown color, and gradually tapering; and arranged in the form of a lyre, widely spreading at the tips (Pl. xxxrv, fig. 4). In aculeata, the appendages are brown for about the distal half, the brown parts in con- a . # =k + io eS ‘ § & es Oe 256 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA—RATHBUN. tact for one-half their length, diverging at the extremities in slight curves convex to each other, each appendage terminating in a right- angled hook, the point.of which is directed toward the median line of the carapace (Pl. XxXxIV, fig. 2). The chelipeds are variable, in full grown males usually slender, shorter than the first pair of ambulatory legs and not much stronger than in the female; but in five out of fifteen large males the chelipeds are from one and a half times to nearly twice as long as the carapace, and are of the same character as in aculeata. The palms are, however, longer and narrower, and the merus more cylindrical and less angled than in aculeata, in which species the merus has three depressed tuber- cles on the upper margin. The two species agree in the widely gaping fingers of the male, with a tooth near the base of the dactyl, and in the short, weak chelipeds of the female, with fingers evenly dentate and in contact. The carpal joints of the ambulatory legs are longer and more slender than in aculeata, and have a shallow groove on the outer surface which in aculeata is broad and deep, leaving a conspicuous ridge on either side. The carapace of lherminieri is smoother and more pubescent; that of aculeata more tuberculous; a character most noticeable in very young specimens. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. | Florida: Key Largo (15090), Lower Matacumba Key (14085), No Name Key (14077); H. Hemphill. Harbor Key (Union College Coll.). Key West; H. Hemphill | (9286); D. S. Jordan (15093), U.S. Fish Commission (15092). South Florida; | S. Stearns (3463). Marco (15091), Punta Rassa (13837), Charlotte Harbor | (15096); H. Hemphill. Charlotte Harbor, young (Union College Coll.). Sarasota Bay; H. Hemphill (6424, 6431); (Union College Coll.). Boca Ceiga Bay; ‘1. Hemphill (15094). Off northwest end St. Martins Reef; Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. 8. N. (15097). Cedar Keys; H. Hemphill (15095). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. q| West Indies; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1884: Jamaica (16188); St. Thomas (16189); Curacao (16190); Old Providence (9133). Sabanilla, United States of Colombia; U. S. Fish Commission, 1884 (15820). | On the west coast of Florida where lherminieri is abundant, aculeata | rarely occurs, but one small specimen in the Union College collection | representing that region. O. lherminieri has been recorded from Guadaloupe and Cuba. Othonia carolinensis, sp. nov. Plate Xxxvy, figs. 1 and 2. The following description is based on two imperfect male specimens collected off Charleston, S. C., by Mr. R. E. Earll, U. 8. Fish Com- mission, 1880: Carapace nearly as broad as long, tapering posteriorly, broadest at the third antero-lateral tooth; regions well defined. Width of front intermediate between that of aculeata and lherminieri. Carapace with, 4 z it erie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 257 scattered tubercles, six or eight on the branchial region, four or five on the mesogastric, two or three on the gastric, and a row near the pos- terior margin. The rostrum and the inner and outer orbital angles are about equally advanced. Orbital angles acute. Antero-lateral teeth five, the first three prominent, acute, the fourth smaller, the fifth almost obsolete. Sinus between the second and third not so deep as between the first and second, making a partial coales- cence of the second and third teeth, which, however, is very slight as compared with the coalescence of the same teeth in aculeata and lher- minieri, where the second tooth is much more feebie than the first and third. Basal article of the antenna with a shallow emargination on its anterior border outside the insertion of the second article, which is narrower than in lherminieri, the outer lobe produced forward but little beyond the inner lobe. Remaining articles wanting in our specimens. Appendages of the male abdomen in contact at about three-fifths of the distance from the distal end, then separating slightly in faint curves concave to each other, and again converging before they finally spread out at the tips. Distal three-fifths yellow, very slender, tapering grad- ually to a fine point (pl. xxxv, fig. 2). Chelipeds small, longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus somewhat angled, unarmed. Palms about one and a half times aslong as broad, tapering slightly toward the distal end. Fingers with distal half minutely dentate and in contact; proximal ends gaping, a slight tooth at the base of the dactyl. Ambulatory legs short, sparsely hairy, a longitudinal depression on the carpal joints as in aculeata. Length, 14.2 millimeters; width, 14 millimeters; width of front, 8,7 millimeters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Near Charleston Harbor, 1 to 12 fathoms (3158). Blackfish Bank, off Charleston, 12 fathoms, from stomach of fish (5755). An egg-bearing female from Jamaica, T, H. Morgan, 1891, has been doubtfully referred to this species. The carapace is wider. posteriorly and narrower in the center, sparsely pubescent. The basal antennal joint is dentate on its anterior margin. Othonia nicholsi, sp. nov Plate xxxv, fig. 3. Carapace oblong, outline of anterior portion much as in aculeata, broader posteriorly. Carapace with strongly marked tubercles of which the larger are arranged as follows: Two on the median line of the mesogastric, the anterior one the smaller; two transversely on the anterior part of the cardiac region; three or four on each branchial region, where they have a tendency to become spiny. Of smaller tubercles, there is one on each gastric lobe, two transversely at the Proc. N, M. 92 17 AA Ras we Rag eae ee 258 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDHZ—RATHBUN. posterior end of the mesogastric, one on the anterior edge of the car- diac. There is a long line of stout granules a little above the posterior margin; a Shorter line of granules behind this; a curved line of four granules just back of the middle of the cardiac region, arranged con- cave to the posterior margin; and two lines of granules on the posterior half of the branchial region, one following the general direction of the 4 posterior margin, the other shorter, along the inner boundary of the branchial region and meeting the first line at an acute angle. There - are other granules scattered on the carapace, but no conspicuous pro- _ tuberances on the hepatic region. Lobes of the rostrum acute, emarginate on their inner margins near the tips. Orbital angles sharp, the inner one produced in a line with the tip of the rostrum, the outer angle less produced. Antero-lateral teeth five, irregular, the second small and somewhat coalesced with the third at its base. Carapace broadest at the fourth tooth. Fifth tooth small. Basal joint of antenna with its anterior margin cut into three irregu- lar teeth. Second joint with the lobe at its outer angle projecting — } laterally, but not so long as im aculeata. Meral joint of outer maxillipeds longer than broad; antero- external angle produced; no perceptible notch at internal angle, Yhelipeds in the young female slender, no longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus somewhat angled; carpus compressed; upper and lower margins of hand subparallel; fingers finely dentate, with a narrow hiatus at their base. Ambulatory legs with a fine scattered pubescence. Carpal joints dis-_ tended as in aculeata with an uneven ridge above and a longitudinal depression on the outer face. Length from tip of rostrum, 9 millimeters; greatest width, 8.5 mil-— limeters. Collected in the Gulf of California, lat. 29° 30’ N., long. 112° 40’ W., 45 fath., by Lieut. Commander H. E. Nichols, U. S. Navy, 1880-1882 (15822); specimen imperfect, dried. This species can hardly be identical with O. picteti Saussure (Rev. et — ! Mag. de Zool. (2), V, p. 357, pl. 13, fig. 2, 1853) as the carapace is broader posteriorly, the tubercles are differently disposed, the front is broader, and the orbital angles more produced than in Saussure’s figure. Othonia rotunda, sp. noy. Plate xxxVIl, fig. 1. Carapace as broad as long, widest at the fourth antero-lateral teeth, | much swollen in both directions, transversely rising abruptly from the | bases of the antero-lateral teeth, longitudinally rising in almost an — equal curve from behind the front and from the posterior margin. Re- gions faintly indicated. Carapace covered with granules which are more thickly set on the posterior half, Long fine hairs proceed from her ie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 259 the top of the granules. Along the outer margins of the gastric lobes, bunches of granules beset with coarse hairs form a broad line which is continued to the rostrum. MRostral teeth sharp, produced beyond the _ orbital angles. Prorbital angle obtuse, less produced than the post- orbital, which is subacute. Antero-lateral teeth usually five in number (in one specimen four), acute, separated to their bases, the first the largest, the others as a rule decreasing regularly in size to the posterior, the tips of the five teeth making a single curve. In the largest specimen, however, the third tooth on one side is much smaller than the fourth; the third tooth on the other side is broken, but, judging from the base, it was interme- - diate in size between the second and fourth. Anterior margins of teeth thickened. Antero-lateral margin marked by inconspicuous granules irregularly placed, giving the teeth the appearance of being themselves minutely dentate. Basal article of the antenna with a sharp longitudinal groove through the middle. Tooth at distal extremity slightly more produced than the superior inner angle of the orbit, and visible in a dorsal view. Second article broad, with the outer lobe directed forward, and slightly thick- ened on the outer and anterior margins. Third article as broad as long. Surface of the abdomen and the sternum minutely pubescent. ~ Ap- pendages of male abdomen diverging slightly at the distal ends, hooked at the tips. Chelipeds in both sexes, slender, longer than the ambulatory legs, covered with fine punctures, upper margin with thinly scattered hairs. Merus angled, a few small tubercles on the upper margin. Manus very slightly tapering toward the distal end. Fingers in the male gaping for the proximal third, with a tooth on the dactyl; in the female, evenly dentate and in contact for nearly their whole length, a slight gape at the proximalend. Ambulatory legs very hairy above, first pair reach- ing to about the middle of the manus. Length and width of large female, 17.5 millimeters; width of front, 9.8 millimeters. Length and width of largest male, 14 millimeters; width of front, 8.5 millimeters. Ten specimens were collected at Key West, Fla., by Henry Hemp- hill, 1885 (15807), and one female at the same locality, by the U.S. Fish Commission in 1884 (16298). Subfamily MITHRACIN &. Mithrax (Nemausa) spinipes (Bell). Pisa spinipes Bell, Trans. Zoék Soc., London, 11, p. 50, pl. 1x, fig. 6, 1836. - Nemausa spinipes A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 82, 1875. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc., London, xtv, p. 666, 1879. Mithrax (Nemausa) spinipes Miers, Challenger Rept. Zobl., Xvit, p. 85, 1886. A single male from the Gulf of California, has been referred to this species. It is asmaller specimen than the one figured by Bell (loc. cit.) 260 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA—RATHBUN. and differs in some respects. The original description says that there are seven or eight lateral spines (A. Milne Edwards says six or seven), and in the figure there are six besides the postorbital. In our speci- men there are five besides the postorbital, the fourth being the longest and defining the lateral angle of the carapace, the fifth shorter than the others and elevated a little on the branchial region. The granules of the anterior two-thirds of the carapace are very inconspicuous. There are two large granules on the median line of the cardiac region, five or six granules on the posterior half of the branch- ial region, and a conspicuous row of four spiny granules on the intestinal region, making a curve concave to the posterior margin. The two teeth on the upper margin of the orbit are minutely serrate. The orbital sinuses are deeper than in other species of Mithrax. Spine at antero-external angle of basal antennal joint about half as long as the rostrum; remaining tooth spiniform. Chelipeds in our specimens shorter than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus spiny, bearing on the anterior part of its upper margin one or two spineslongerand more slender than therest. Carpus tubercu- lous, some of the tubercles spiny. Hands slender, smooth. Fingers spoon-shaped, finely dentate, when closed showing but a faint hiatus. Ambulatory legs pubescent, third and fourth joints with long spines above, third joint with small spines below. Length from base of rostral horns, 11 millimeters; width, without spines, 8.2 millimeters. Lat. 24° 55/15” N., long. 110° 39’ W., 33 fathoms, fine gray sand, broken shells, temperature 64.59, station 3001, U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (16064). Bell records this species from the Galapagos Islands, 16 fathoms, and St. Elena, 6 fathoms. Mithrax (Nemausa) acuticornis (Stimpson). Plate XxxvUJ, fig. 1. Mithrax acuticornis Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., u, p. 116, 1870. A. Milne Ed- wards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 98, 1875. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zo61., XVU, pp, 86, 88, 1886. Mithrax (?) sp., Kendall, Bull. U. 8. Fish Commission, 1x, p. 303, 1889 (1891). Stimpson says, ‘*The margin of the orbit is armed with six spiniform teeth, not including those of the antennal joint.” In some of the spec- imens examined the tooth on the inferior margin of the orbit next to the basal antennal joint is obliterated, leaving only five orbital teeth; three on the superior margin, one at the external angle, and one on the inferior margin. The following are the dimensions of three specimens, the length measured from the base of the rostrum, and the width, not including thespines. No.1. Length 15; width 10 millimeters; ratio 1:.77. No.2. eo ‘ mor R J ee ar PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 261 Length 11; width 9 millimeters; ratio 1:.82. No. 3. Length 10.5; width 9 Pitmncters; ratio 1 :.86. The color in aleohol is a cinnamon brown; fingers of a pinkish tinge. I think this species is not the young form of M. cornutus Saussure. In large specimens of cornutus, according to A. Milne Edwards, the length is only a trifle greater ee the width; while in our series of acuticornis, the larger the specimen the narrower the carapace. In acuticornis the prieocular spine is proportionally shorter and the an- tennal spine longer than in Milne Edwards’s figure of cornutus. In the twenty-two specimens examined there is no trace of spines on the manus. The young Michraxv enumerated by Mr. W. C. Kendall (loc. cit.) in his list of Brachyura collected by the schooner Grampus on the fishing grounds off the west coast of Florida, undoubtedly belongs to this species. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Gulf of Mexico; U. S. Fish Commission, 1885 and 1889: | Fi | oa vy | | A : Gatto. | Station,.| Lat.N: | Long. W: Fath. Temper, ature of bottom. 5 oms. ature. | a= = ss ee [| ——— — H = eit — ip | (e} / ur (o) / tia 15811 2406 28 46 00 84 49 00 26 ers. 8. Co. 15819 2409 27 04 00 83 21 15 26 ; ers. ey. Ss. _brk. Sh. 15817 2411 26 33 30 83 15 30 27 ee wh. 5. bk. Sp. 15206 5108 26 19 00 83 11 00 27 68 | S. alge. 15812 2413 26 00 00 82 57 30 24 ne s. bk. Sp. brk. Sh. 15813 2414 25 04 30 32 59 15 26 fne. wh. 8. brk. Sh. Caribbean Sea; U. 8S. Fish Commission, 1885: | Cat. No. | Station. Lat. N. | Long. W. | pe Nature of bottom. =: = ——— —— = ae ee = ht a4 a= a loamy ay see 121) V aa ° fk Kt | 9502 2330 23 10 48 82 19 15 | 121 | fne. gy. Co. 15818 2365 22 18 00 87 04 00 | 24 | wh. R. Co. 16307 2362 22 08 30 86 53 30 | 25 | Co. S. 15814 2363 22 07 30 87 06 00 | 21 | wh. R. Co. 7760 2136 17 43 30 75 38 25 | 52 | Co. brk. Sh. Mithrax spinosissimus (Lamarck). Maia spinosissima Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim, sans Vert., Vv, p- 241, 1818; 2d ed., p. 435, 1838. Mithraa spinosissimus Milne Edwards, Mag. Zo6l., 1, pls. 2 and 3, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 321, 1834. White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 6, 1847. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 11, p. 172, 1850. Guérin, La Sagra’s Hist. of Cuba, p. X, 1856. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 182, 1860; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vu, p. 188, 1860. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guade- loupe, p. 4, ia, viut, fig. 24, 1867.) Martens, Arch. fiir Natur., XXXVI, p. 81, 1872. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 100, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci! Phila., xxx1, p. 390, 1879 (partim).* Miers, Challenger Rept. Zobl., XVU, p. 86, 1886. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand, Ba,,23, Lep.oG 1889. *The specimens hee ae abd ie Mr. eeciey as spinosissimus prove to ae Aetaanee — hoe oa Soe = Sen SA DATs ) San eae ere ‘ os 3 ea it "a . eee 2 = ae 262 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA—RATHBUN. — treed RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: G. Wurdemann (2095, 15816). Carystort Reef; Dr. FE. Palmer (9257). Harbor Key (Union College Coll.). Key West; D. 8. Jordan (5758); U. S. Fish Com- mission (7339); H. Hemphill (9258). Garden Key, Tortugas (15081). Off Havana, Cuba, lat. 23° 10/ 48’ N., long. 82° 19/15’ W., 121 fathoms, fine gray coral, station 2330, U. 8. Fish Commission, 1885 (9502). Havana, Cuba; D. 8. Jordan (7854). Guadaloupe; L. Guesde (4095). Mithrax pilosus, sp. nov. Plate XXXIx. Carapace ovate-orbicular; width, without spines, less than the length. Postero-lateral margin rather long for the genus. Entire upper surface of the crab except the fingers, the proximal half of the manus, and the horny tips of the dactyls of the ambulatory legs closely covered with velvety hairs, which are present also on all the spines. Carapace fur- nished with spinose tubercles as follows: Three, small, arranged longi- tudinally each side of the median line just behind the rostrum; four transversely on the gastric region in two distant pairs; one further back on the median line of the gastric; three forming a triangle on the cardiac; nine or ten scattered on each branchial region; four in an arcuate row above the posterior margin. Rostrum composed of two spines strongly incurved at the tips; inter- space U-shaped. Preocular spine distinct, upturned. ( | Lateral spines five, stout, triangular, tipshooked forward. The fifth of the series is on the postero-lateral margin. Farther back is avery | small spine. There is also a small spine between the first and second _ lateral and the second and third lateral. There are three small tuber- | cles on the posterior margin. | Basal antennal joint broad. Spine at the antero-external angle about as long as the rostrum, but not so much advanced, directed outward; __ tip turned inward. Farther back on the outer margin there is a sharp triangular tooth, and another at the insertion of the second joint. Fla- gellum rather long. There is a triangular tooth on the lower orbital — j border next the postocular tooth. Lower surface of the crab covered with a short pubescence. Chelipeds a little shorter than the next pair of legs, not enlarged. Merus and carpus spiny above, the merus widening at the proximal end, the spines forming a crest on the distal half. Hand compressed, tapering slightly towards the fingers, spinose on the upper surface near the base, a character present in both sexes. Fingers slightly gaping | at base. Ambulatory legs very stout. Meral and carpal joints with two rows of spines above; carpal joints with one or two additional —— spines. Propodal joints short, broadly cylindrical; those of the first three pairs of legs with one or more spinose tubercles. Dactyls broad — i at the articulation, tapering abruptly to the curved horny tip. . VOL. XV, ie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 263 - When the hairs are removed, the surface is speckled with small pur- ple spots. Length of carapace, with rostrum, 28; width, with spines, 30; without spines, 24; length of cheliped, about 26 millimeters. Three males and one young female were collected at Abaco, Baha- mas, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, 1856 (16299). This species is very distinct from any hitherto described. Like spino- sissimus, aculeatus, and cornutus, it has spines on the manus, but it is readily distinguished from those species by the stout lateral spines, the dense pubescence, and the short legs. Mithrax hemphilli, sp. noy. Plate XXXvil, fig. 2. Carapace oblong-triangular, covered with strong tubercles and gran- ules. Regions distinct. The largest tubercles are arranged as fol- lows: One on either side of the median line on the frontal region; a transverse row of four on the gastric; two on the median line of the mesogastric, the posterior one being the larger; one on the genital region; a line of three across the cardiac forming a transverse curve concave to the front; behind these, one on the median line; about seven strong tubercles on the branchial region, those most posterior being spinous; four spinous tubercles on the intestinal region forming a transverse curve concave to the posterior margin. The two tubercles at the extremities of this curve are continuous with a line of granules which border the posterior margin. The two central protuberances of the marginal line are small tubercles. Besides the strong tubercles of the carapace, there are numerous smaller tubercles and granules, scat- tered or clustered about the larger tubercles. There is a row of gran- wles just within and parallel to the posterior margin of the mesogastric region. Rostrum rather long for the genus, but not so long as in acuticornis, divided by a U-shaped sinus, each horn bearing two or three minute denticles on its outer margin near the tip. Preocular tooth long, acu- minate. The two sinuses of the upper orbital margin small, V-shaped. Antero-lateral teeth four, stout, conical, pointed, and so embossed with granules about their sides that their margins have more or less the appearance of being denticulate. There is a spiny tubercle in the sinus between the second and third teeth, also a spine near the margin of the branchial region just back of the last antero-lateral tooth, which forms the angle of the carapace. The basal joint of the antenna is armed with four spines and teeth. There is a long slender spine at the anterior outer angle, and farther back a broad triangular tooth which forms part of the orbital margin. At the base of the movable joint is a prominent spiniform tooth, visi- ble in a dorsal view. Just below the sinus between the two marginal teeth is another small tooth, which, with the one at the base of the 264 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA—RATHBUN. movable joint, forms part of a row of six teeth ending at the subhepa- tic region. There are several irregular rows of tubercles beneath the lateral teeth of the carapace. Chelipeds slightly longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus with spinous margins, a ridge of strong spines above, and tuber- cles on the inner and outer faces. Carpus covered with tubercles, some of which are spiny. Hands smooth, upper and lower margins nearly parallel. Fingers finely dentate, showing when closed only a slight hiatus at the base. Ambulatory legs pubescent, with the meral and carpal joints flattened above, both margins of the upper faces with strong spines. Lower margins with a few small spines. Propodal joints with a few weak spines above. . Length, from base of horns, 15.5 millimeters; width, exclusive of spines, 13.5 millimeters; proportion, 1: .871. Indian Key, Fla.; H. Hemphill, 1885 (15823); one immature female. A somewhat worn specimen of a male not differing essentially from the above description was collected at Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, Bra- zil, by R. Rathbun, 1875-1877. Mithrax aculeatus (Herbst). Cancer aculeatus Herbst, Natur. der Krabben und Krebse, 1, p. 248, pl. x1x, fig. 104, 1782. Mithrax aculeatus Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., 11, 1852; Hist. Nat. des Crust., I, p. 321, 1834; (Atlas du Régne Animal de Cuvier, pl. 27, fig. 1). White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 6, 1847. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIx, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vir, p. 188, 1860. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 5, 1867.) Martens, Arch. fiir Natur., xxxvill, p. 81, 1872. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 102, 1875. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., Xvit, p. 86, 1886. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand.. Bd. 23,1, p. 56, 1889. There are no specimens of large size in the collection. In individuals one and a half inches long the rostrum is no longer than in specimens of verrucosus of the same size. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Indian Key (14081), Nights Key (14073), Big Pine Key (14030); H. Hemphill. Key West; H. Hemphill (13820), (Union College Coll.). Key West Harbor; Dr. E. Palmer (15810). Bahamas: Andros Island, young, fragmentary (Stearns Coll.); Abaco, U. 8. Fish Com- mission, 1886 (16301). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas, U. 8. Fish Commission, 1884 (16191). San Domingo; W. M. Gabb, 1878 (4171). Fernando de Noronha, Brazil; R. Rathbun, 1875-77. This species has also been recorded from Vera Cruz. ess PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 265 Mithrax verrucosus Milne Edwards. Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., 1, pl. tv, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 321, 1834. White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 6, 1847. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., m1, p. 172, 1850. Guérin, in La Sagra’s Hist. of Cuba, p. 10, 1856. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIXx, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.N. Y., vit, p. 187, 1860. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 6, 1867.) Martens, Arch. fiir Natur., XXXVI, p. 82, 1872. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 102, 1875. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., Xv, p. 86, 1886. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 57, 1889. Pocock, Jour, Linn. Soc. Lon- don, XxX, p. 507, 1890. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Big Pine Key, Florida, H. Hemphill (15075). Swan Island, Caribbean Sea; C. H. Townsend, 1887 (15074). Previously recorded from the islands of Fernando de Noronha and “St. Barthelemy.” Mithrax hispidus (Herbst). Cancer hispidus Herbst, Natur. der Krabben und Krebse, 1, p. 247, pl. XVI, fig. 100, 1782. Maia spini-cincta Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., v, p. 241, 1818; 2d ed., p. 434, 1838. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 458, 1818. Mithrazx spinicinctus (Desmarest, Consid. sur les Crust., p. 150, pl. xxii, figs. 1, 2). Guérin, Iconographie du Regne Animal, Crust., pl. vu, fig. 5, 1828. White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847. Mithrax nispidus Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., u, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., a0 322.1834. De Kay, Crust. of New York, p. 4, 1844. White, op. cit.,p.6. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., ur, p. 172, 1850. Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. de Geneve, XIv, p. 423, 1857. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., Xxrx, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, p. 188, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, p. 116, 1870. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 7, 1867.) Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., U, pp. 2, 32, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., XLVI, p. 389, 1869. Martens, Arch. fiir Natur., xxxviu, p. 82, 1872. (Schramm, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., (3), WU, p. 342, 1874.) A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, I, p. 39, pl. xx1, fig. 1, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XxXt, p. 390, 1879. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soe. London, Xrv, p. 667, pl. X11, figs. 7, 8, 1879; Challenger Rept., Zool., Xvi, p. 86, 1886. Mithrax pleuracanthus Stimpson, loc. cit. A. Milne Edwards, op. cit., p. 95, plo scx, fig. 3. Kingsley, loc. cit. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 58, 1889. Mithrax hispidus var. pleuracanthus Miers, op. cit., p. 88. _A comparison of a number of small specimens from many differ- ent localities leads me to believe that the plewracanthus of Stimpson is not even a variety, but merely the young form of hispidus. As a rule, the smaller the specimen the more tuberculous the carapace, the sharper the teeth or spines of the orbit and basal joint of the antenna, and the less evident are the punctures of the carapace. The specimens of medium size show characters intermediate between these and the large or typical hispidus, so that there seems to be no line where a sep- aration can be made into two distinct varieties. In many young speci- mens all the antero-lateral teeth except the last have a tendency to oe me Ge a + was *~ £207, Re ee dn he i _ e > ho a pe 2a Soeetvaters ¥ : - AH 2 iy ee Abe Py ; , , - SON A cer 266 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERTD22—RATHBUN. — become blunt, and each tooth consists of a central spine or tooth with a cluster of tubercles surrounding it. One female, however, measuring 20 millimeters wide between the tips of the spines, has teeth even more slender than in large specimens. The carpus in small specimens is more or less tuberculous. Length of largest specimen from tip of rostrum, 86.5 millimeters ; width, including spines, 114 millimeters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Off Cape Fear, North Carolina, 14 to 17 fathoms, stations 2616 to 2619; U. 8. Fish Commnission, 1885. : Blackfish Banks, off Charleston, South Carolina; R. E. Earll, U.S. Fish Commission, 1880 (5760). Florida: ; Lower Matacumba Key; H. Hemphill (15077). Indian Key ; H. Hemphill (15076). Florida Bay (Union College Coll.). Key Vaccas; H. Hemphill (15806). Be- tween Salt Pond Key and Stock Island; Dr. E. Palmer (9282). Four miles northeast of Key West; Dr. E. Palmer (9253). Key West (Union College Coll.). Eastern Dry Rocks; Dr. E. Palmer (13853). Mareo; H. Hemphill (6983). Oyster Bay; H. Hemphill (15079). Sarasota Islands; Walker and Stearns (16050). Sarasota Bay (Union College Coll.). Off northwest end St. Martins Reef; Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. S. Navy, U. 8. S. C. 8. Bache, 1887 (13044). Lat. 28°56’ N., long. 82°55’ W., 19 feet; Lieut. J. F. Moser (13063). Cedar Keys; Lieut. J. F. Moser (12474). Pensacola; S. Stearns, 1882 (4501), trom stomach of fish (9372). Coast of Southern United States; U.S. Fish Commission, 1880 (5780). Gulf of Mexico; U.S. Fish Commission, 1885: Lat. 26° N., long. 82° 57’ 30” W., 24 fathoms, station 2413 (15080). Lat. 28° 47’ 30’ N., long. 84° 37’ W., 24 fathoms, station 2407 (15805). Bermudas; G. Brown Goode, 1876-1877. Bahamas: Andros Island (Stearns Coll.); Abaco, U.S. Fish Commission, 1886 (16302). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. West Indies; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1884: St. Thomas (7651); Curagao (16192); Old Providence (16193). | Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875-1877. (All the branchial spines long ii and sharp): Bom Fim, Bahia, onstone reef. Plataforma, Bahia. Mithrax sinensis, sp. nov. | 1 Plate xxxviur, fig. 2. | q Carapace ovate, a little longer than broad, covered with tubercles. A deep sulcus divides the hepatic and branchial from the gastrie and cardiac regions. Front shaped much as in hispidus; rostrum consisting of two taber- culiform and granulate teeth separated by a rounded_sinus. Prieocu- lar angle obtuse; margin denticulate. Orbit with six teeth besides those of the antennal joint: three on the superior margin, one at the external angle, and two on the inferior margin. eran | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 267 Antero-lateral spines four, tuberculiform, irregular in shape; the first most distinct and surrounded by the tubercles of the hepatic region; the second and third each having on its anterior margin a spiny tubercle almost as large as the tooth itself. Last tooth single. Basal joint of thé antenna with a spiniform tooth at the antero-exter- nal angle visible from above, and another farther back almost as large; also a smaller tooth at the insertion of the movable joint. Chelipeds moderate. Merus tuberculous, armed with six spines on the outer margin, a row of smaller spines on either side of the outer margin, and three spines on the inner margin. Carpus strongly tuber- culous. Hand slightly compressed, smooth, unarmed, showing scat- tered punctures under the lens. Fingers stout, prehensile edges crenulate, with a slight hiatus at the base. Ambulatory legs with fine scattered hairs; meral joints having two longitudinal rows of spines above; carpal and propodal joints with short spines above; dactyls spiny below. ; Color in alcohol reddish; hands of a deeper hue. Entire length, 9.2 millimeters; width, including tubercles, 8.9 milli- meters. Gulf of California, lat. 25° 02’ 15’ N., long. 110° AB’ BOM Wa Ae fathoms, sand, shells, station 3002, U. 8. Fish Commission, 1589 (16065). In general appearance this species most nearly resembles hispidus; the prominences of the dorsal surface, the shape of the front and przeor- pital tooth, are very much as in specimens of hispidus of the same size. In sinensis, however, the last antero-lateral tooth is not long and con- spicuous as in hispidus, and the lateral angle of the carapace is nct well defined. Mithrax bahamensis, sp. nov. Plate xxxvull, fig. 1. Carapace longer than broad, oblong-ovate, covered with a close, tough pubescence. There is a tuft of hair near the inner angle of the bran- chial region; another behind each gastric lobe; and a line of hair extending from the rostrum back upon the gastric. Gastric region ele- vated. Tubercles of the surface not prominent. There are two on the frontal region, one on each gastric lobe, five or six on each bran- chial region besides the marginal tubercles, and four in a curve con- cave to the posterior margin. Front deflexed, composed of two sharp incurved horns; interspace broadly U-shaped. Antero-lateral margin with four protuberances: one on the hepatic region, a spiny tubercle; three on the branchial region of which the first two are tubercles, the last a small spine. Preocular spine acute, conspicuous; postocular subacute; two inter- vening teeth, small. There is a small suborbital tooth besides those of the basal joint. 268 GRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA!—RATHBUN,. Merus joint of exterior maxillipeds deeply cut at the antero-internal angle. Basal joint of antenna with a small tooth at the base of the movable joint. Spine at external angle, long, more advanced than the preeocu- lar spine, ineurved. There is a smaller spine farther back on the mar- gin. Remaining joints long with long hairs on the margins. There are two subhepatic tubercles, and an irregular longitudinal line of four granules on the vertical face of the subbranchial region. Chelipeds a little longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs, pubescent like the carapace. Upper margin of merus tuberculous. Carpus with one or two faint tubercles on the posterior end of the upper surface. Manus in the male with upper and lower margins almost parallel, slightly contracted near the fingers. There is a small tooth at the base of the dactyl. Fingers gaping at base. Ambulatory legs with the joints flattened above; margins beset with long hairs. Color in alcohol, reddish brown; chelipeds lighter. Fingers pinkish red for their proximal half; tips white. Length of largest specimen 18.8; greatest width, 16.5; width at post- ocular teeth, 11.2 millimeters. Found with Mithrax cinctimanus in sponges at Andros Island, Baha- mas, by Mr. Frederick Stearns, 1888. This species in its shape and antero-lateral teeth most nearly resem- bles cinctimanus, but it is more oblong, more convex, and is also readily distinguished by the absence of sulci on the branchial regions, and by the flattened joints of the ambulatory legs. Mithrax cinctimanus (Stimpson). Mithraculus cinetimanus Stimpson, Amer. Jour Sci., Xx1x, p. 1382, 1860; Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist. N. Y., vit, p. 186, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 112, pl. xxu11, fig. 3, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 389, 1879. Aurivillins, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 59, 1889. Mithrax afinis (Desbonne and Scramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 10, 1867). Mithrax cinctimanus Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., xv11, p. 87, 1886. XECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Florida: Cape Florida (15084), Carysport Reef (18897), Rodriguez Creek (14429), Salt Pond Key (14439), Eastern Dry Rocks (14487); Dr. E. Palmer. Harbor Key and Plantation Key (Union College Coll.). Key West; H. Hemphill (13830), (Union College Coll.), U. 8. Fish Comm. (16194). Andros Island, Bahamas (Stearns Coll.). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas and Curacao; U. 8. Fish Comm., 1884 (16195, 16196). Found also in the Gulf Mexico. Mithrax braziliensis, sp. nov. Plate xxxvVI, fig. 2. Carapace a little broader than long, ovate, slightly convex, without sulci. Regions faintly defined. There is a short line of indistinct flat- tened tubercles extending back from each rostral lobe, and two or three vor. x¥,] . PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 269 tubercles and a few granules near the lateral border of each branchial region. The surface above the posterior margin is covered with seat- tered granules. Rostral lobes very short, truncate, minutely crenulate; interspace broadly V-shaped. Upper orbital border with two small teeth. Antero-lateral spines four; the hepatic spine is subacute, with tuber- cles on its anterior border; branchial spines sharp, procurved, with a small spine anterior to the first and second. On the postero-lateral border just back of the lateral angle is a minute depressed spine. Basal antennal joint with three teeth visible from above; the tooth at the insertion of the next joint subacute; the one at the external angle, truncate; posterior tooth acute. Two additional teeth on the suborbital border; that next the postocular tooth acute; the other rounded, serrulate: Subhepatic and subbranchial regions tuberculate. Yhelipeds longer and larger than the next pair of legs. Merus with a row of five sharp spines above, two tubercles on the lower inner border, a triangle of three spines on the inner face, two spines on the upper anterior margin, and two on the outer surface near the anterior border. Carpus with two or three tubercles near the merus and two on the inner margin. Hand smooth, unarmed, with scattered punctures. Fingers slightly gaping at base with a tooth on the dactyl in both sexes. Ambulatory legs with meral and carpal joints spinose above; propodal joints and dactyls unarmed. Carapace and ambulatory legs finely pubescent. In the largest speci- men from Pernambuco the carapace is denuded, probably accidentally, and the surface under the lens presents a cellular structure with seat- tered punctures. Alcoholic specimens show traces of crimson. Length of carapace, 15 millimeters; width without spines, 15.5 mil- limeters. Mar Grande, Bay of Bahia, one specimen; Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, five specimens; collected by R. Rathbun, 1875-1877. This species, in the characters of the front, lateral spines, and legs, is very much like forceps, from which it is at once separated by the com- parative smoothness of the carapace. The sharp tooth on the basal antennal joint, forming part of the suborbital border, is conspicuous in this species. The preorbital angle is not advanced as in forceps, and the legs are less hairy. Mithrax forceps (A. Milne Edwards). Mithraculus forceps A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5,1, p. 109, pl. xxurt, fig. 1, 1875. Mithraculus hirsutipes Kingsley, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xx, p. 147, 1879; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxx1, p. 389, pl. xv, fig. 1, 1879. Heilprin, op. cit., p. 318, 1888. Mithrax forceps Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., Xvi1, pp. 87, 88, 1886. Mithrax hirsutipes Miers, op. cit., p. 87. A large series of specimens from nineteen different localities shows this species to be extremely variable. The small specimens show marked ’ a - 2 ow ns le a Pe- +b, i... Se) *~u tin Fen, SL > ae D' id 4 . i ae Mi. 5 is om pee 210": CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA—RATHBUN. variations from those described by A. Milne Edwards, and some of them are identical with Kingsley’s Mithraculus hirsutipes. The specimens intermediate in size present every gradation in character between the large and small and prove the two extremes to be variations of one species. Carapace subtriangular, comparatively smooth, the large specimens with scattered punctures, the small ones deeply sculptured. In large specimens three grooves run diagonally backward from near the first, second, and fourth sinuses of the antero-lateral margin to the cardiac region. There are six or seven depressed tubercles along the margin and on the posterior part of the branchial region, two or three along the outer margin of the hepatic region, and two pairs on the frontal region directly behind the lobes of the rostrum. In small specimens the grooves are deeper and the tubercles more prominent; the outline of the mesogastric region is well defined; and there are depressed tubercles on the anterior part of the gastric region. Lobes of rostrum short, broad; median notch broadly V-shaped. Orbital angles acute, internal angle prominent. Antero-lateral teeth four, acute, slender, separated by broad rounded sinuses, the first the shortest and in large specimens subacute, the remainder sharp and directed forward, the second one usually the longest and largest. In some specimens there is a small tifth tooth on the postero-lateral margin just back of the fourth tooth. In large specimens, chelipeds proportionately larger, strong and smooth. Merus with five spines or spiniform tubercles on the upper margin, two on the inner face just below the margin. On the inner margin are two prominent teeth, the anterior one often more or less flattened, broad and obtuse, the posterior one sometimes with a lobe on its posterior margin. Carpus rounded, smooth, sometimes unarmed, often with a short spine or tubercle on the inner margin, anterior to the inner angle, which is often produced in a less conspicuous promi- nence, giving the carpus the appearance of being double-toothed. Hands from the articulation to the tips of the fingers much longer than the carapace, broad, compressed; upper and lower margins nearly parallel. Dactyl long, arched, with a tooth one-third the distancefrom | the proximal end. Fingers widely gaping when closed. The fingers —__ are exceedingly variable. Sometimes there are from one to three small | irregular teeth or tubercles on the pollex half way to the end. Some- — times there are a few minute teeth on the dactyl instead of one large i one. In some of the females and smaller males the dactyl is little | arched and the gape is slight. - ; i Ambulatory legs spiny and hairy above, propodal joints slightly hairy below, dactyls equally hairy above and below. It is the rule that the smaller the specimen the more prominent the protuberances, the sharper the teeth and spines. Small specimens have the meral spines acuminate and occasionally two tubercles on the carpus near its posterior margin. “Sw. wer | ice ae Bill yi vic aad PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 271 This species approaches most nearly to sculptus, but the antero- lateral teeth are sharp instead of tuberculous, the carapace is invaria- bly wider, the ambulatory legs are less hairy, the color is cinnamon, while in sculptus it is sage green or bluish green. While the configura- tion of the carapace is very variable, in no case is the posterior half deeply sculptured and the anterior half smooth, as ts often the case in sculptus. Of the three ridges running from the antero-lateral margin to the cardiac region, the two anterior ones are continuous and not broken up by transverse grooves as in sculpts. Length of largest specimen, measuring between the rostral lobes, 30.5; width, without spines, 35 millimeters, Length of three large males, 25; width, 29 millimeters. & F &. Ete PR SLE Cite RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Off Cape Fear, North Carolina, 15 to 17 fathoms, stations 2616, 2618, 2623; U.S. Fish Commission, 1885. South Carolina; R. Bb. Earll, U. §. Fish Commission, 1880: Near Charleston Harbor, 1 to 12 fathoms (3159). Fifteen miles southeast of Charleston (5062, 5823). Florida: Cape Florida (13928), Rodriguez Creek (16048), Eastern Dry Rocks (16049); Dr. E. Palmer. Indian Key (16046), Key West (16047); H. Hemphill. Sarasota Bay (Union College Coll.). Coast of Southern States; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1880 (16061). Bermudas; G. Brown Goode, 1876-77. Nassau, Bahamas; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1886; one, young (11412). West Indies; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1884: St. Thomas (16197); Curacao (16198); Old Providence (9130). Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875—77: Rio Formoso, Pernambuco; Plataforma, Bahia. This species is found also in Guiana. Mithrax sculptus (Lamarck). Maia sculpta Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert., v, p. 242, 1818; 2d ed., p. 436, 1838, Mithrax sculptus Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., 11, pl. v, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., I, p. 322, 1834. Gibbes, Proc. Amer, Assoc. Adv. Sci., 11, p. 172, 1850. Guérin, La Sagra’s Hist. of Cuba, p. 11, 1856. Martens, Archiv fiir Natur., xxxvu, p. 83,1872. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., xvu1, p. 87, 1886. Mithraculus coronatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847 (partim). _ Mithraz minutus Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. de Geneve, xiv, p. 425, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1857. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 10, 1867. ) Mithraculus sculptus Stimpson, Amer, Jour. Sci., XX1Ix, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vu, p. 186, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, p. 117, 1870. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. an Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 105, pl. xx, fig. 2, 1875. Miers, Jour. Linn, Soc. London, xiv, p. 667, 1879. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxx1, p. 389, 1879. Aurivillinus, K: Sy. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 58, 1889. Kendall, Bull. U. 8. Fish Commission, 1x, p. 303, 1889 (1891). RECORD OF SPECIMENS KXAMINED. Florida: Cape Florida (18892), Cresar’s Creek (12441), Rodriguez Creek (13900), Dry Tortugas (13891); Dr. E. Palmer, 1884. Key Largo (14050), Indian Key 272 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA—RATHBUN. 3 (14058), Key Vaccas (15087), Nights Key (15085), Big Pine Key (15086) ; H. Hemphill. Key West; H. Hemphill (13816), (Union College Coll.), U.S. Fish Commission, 1884 (16303). Bird Key; U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (15208). Bahamas: Andros Island (Stearns Coll.) ; New Providence (16310), Abaco (16304) ; U.S. Fish Commission, 1886. Jamaica; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1884 (15821); T. H. Morgan, 1891. Swan Island; C. H. Townsend, 1887 (13984). Barbados; U. 8. Eclipse Expedition, 1890 (14885). St. Thomas (7650), Old Providence (16199); U. S. Fish Commission, 1884. Previously recorded from Fernando Noronha, 7 to 20 fathoms. Mithrax coronatus (Herbst). Cancer coronatus Herbst, Natur. der Krabben und Krebse, 1, p. 184, pl. x1, fig. 63, 1782. Cancer coryphe Herbst, op. cit., m1, p. 8, 1801. Mithraculus coronatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847 (partim). Stimpson, Amer, Jour. Sci., Xx1x, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 186, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, p. 118, 1870. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., 11, pp. 1, 32, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., xLvut, p. 389, 1869. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 106, pl. xx, fig. 1, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 388, 1879. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 58, pl. 111, fig. 8, 1889. Mithrax sculptus (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 9, 1867). Mithrax coronatus Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., xvu, pp. 87, 89, 1886. Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc, London, xx, p. 510, 1890 RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Florida: Indian Key, H. Hemphill (15083); Key West, H. Hemphill (15082), (Un‘on Col- | lege Coll.). | Abaco, Bahamas; U.S. Fish Commission, 1886 (11374). | Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. | St. Thomas; U. S. Fish Commission, 1884 (16200); Hartt Explorations, 1870. | Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 187577: Pernambuco; Rio Formoso, Per- nambuco; Mar Grande, Bahia; Fernando de Noronha. Found also in Central America and in the West Indies to 30 fathoms. Mithrax denticulatus Bell. Mithrax denticulatus Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 11, p. 54, pl. x1, fig. 2, 1836. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., xvii, p. 87, 1886. Mithraculus denticulatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XX1x, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v1, p. 187, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 109, pl. xx1u, fig. 4, 1875. Entire length of carapace in largest male, 13; width, including spines, 19 millimeters; in another male, length, 12; width, 16.8 millimeters. Panama; Capt. John Dow (3209). This species ranges from California to Ecuador. | OSE ace etn: ; ae | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. at Mithrax nodosus Bell. __ Mithrae nodosus Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 11, p. 53, pl. x1, fig. 1, 1836. Miers, re Challenger Rept., Zool., Xvu1, p. 87, 1886. | Mithraculus nodosus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. H Sei., XXIx, p. 132, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. an Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 108, pl. xx, fig. 5, 1875. A single soft-shell specimen of a male without chelipeds was collected | at the Chatham Island, Galapagos Archiy elago, by Dr. W. H. Jones, | U. S. Navy (13873). | Previously recorded from Chili. Mithrax cristulipes (Stimpson). Teleophrys cristulipes Stimpson, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vu, p. 190, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1860; Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 133, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sei. au Mexi- que, pt.5,1, p. 113, pl. xrx, fig. 2, 1875. Mithrax (Teleophrys) cristulipes Miers, Jour, Linn. Soe. London, X1v, p. 667, 1879. Pocock, op. cit., XX, p. 508, 1890. - ? Mithrar Dristitinies Mie rs, Challenger Rept., Zool., Xvu, p. 87, 1886. Two specimens, nale and female, were collected at Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, Brazil, by R. Rathbun during the Hartt explorations of 1875-77. The types from Cape St. Lucas, said to be in the Smith- fe sonian Institution, are not extant. California and the Bay of Panama are also given as localities for-this species. Mr. Rh. I. Pocock, loc. cvt., gives a detailed description of a specimen found at Fernando de No- ronha, which he doubtfully refers to this species. 4 The male from Pernumbuco agrees with his specimen in nearly every - detail. The tubercles of the anterolateral margin are very small. The _ merus of the cheliped is furnished below with three small teeth. There | is one minute tooth on the middle of the pollex. The teeth of all the legs are much smaller and less conspicuous than in the figures of cris- | tulipes. The female has smaller chelipeds, fingers less gaping, two small teeth on the pollex in the gape, and no teeth on the lower margin of _ the merus. As this Museum possesses no specimens from the west coast of “Amer- ica, and as the individuals at hand are more or less imperfect, the writer is unwilling to designate them as a distinet species. Mithrax sp., Miers. Op. cit., p. 89, pl. x, fig. 3. An immature female collected off Cape Catoche, Yucatan, lat. 220 15/ N., long. 87° 04’ W., 24 fathoms, station 2365, by the U.S. Fish Com- mission, 1885 (16052), apparently belongs to the same species as me young specimens described by Miers from Fernando Noronha, 7 to 2 fathoms. As our specimen is no larger than those collected by me ~ Challenger, and has only one cheliped and one of the first pair of ambu- ~ latory legs, I prefer not to give it a name, hoping that at some future time more perfect specimens may be obtained. Proe. N. M. 92-18 a > = * G8 rt ae * Ae ap oh \ * a 4 - are Pit . ae is : ~ fe (ative fa.c Cole sae 274. CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDE—RATHBUN. It agrees with the specimens described in all essential particulars. The tubercles of the frontal region are, however, not apparent. The tooth at the antero-external angle of the basal joint is sharp and curved. The ambulatory leg is bordered above and below by a thin lamellate crest cut into teeth, which are arranged almost as in the figure cited. This crest is most noticeable on the meral joint. The teeth of the me- rus of the cheliped are also thin, and partake of the same character. Thoe puella Stimpson. Thoe puella Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vit, p. 178, 1860. A. Milne Ed- wards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 122, pl. x1x, fig. 3, 1873. Pisa latipes (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 19, 1867.) The length of the largest specimen, a female, is 11.7 millimeters; width, 10 inillimeters. The merus of the last pair of ambulatory legs is di- lated outwardly, but to a less extent than in the first three pairs. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Key West, Florida; H. Hemphill, 1885 (14442), (Union College Coll.). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas; U. 8. Fish Commission, 1884 (16201), Other localities for this species are Tortugas and Guadaloupe. LIST OF SPECIES OF PERICERIDAX NOT REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. WEST INDIAN REGION. Pata bioorindta AUTIVINIUG 222 «255 ed. 24eSe se en asee a bee St. Barthelemy Repiopiee setirostris Stimpson -.: .- 2-2 55.22 ccc 2 ae eke a eee Tortugas Sisyphus compressus Desbonne and Schramm............._.... Je estas Guadaloupe Cnicer Olspinosissima SAUSSULE . «22 2 2s. 2 kek eee West Indies Macrocwloma diacantha (A. M. Edwards)...............--..----- Majores, 12 fathoms Levigaia (Stimpson) a ssc eases sees St. Thomas; Guadaloupe Othonia quadridentata Miers (=? quinquedentata Aurivillius; St. Thomas). West Indies tenigata A.M. Edwards: -.2.2.220c- Sees cee ee West Indies Mithrax cornutus Saussure ..West Indies; Florida Straits to 589 fathoms; also Bahia depressus ‘A. My Edwards . .2; 25.- 5-4 cee soe Guadaloupe; Woman Key levimanus Desbonne and Schramm .................-..--------- Guadaloupe leucomelas Desbonne and Schramm ...............-.---.-----.-- Guadaloupe amudais Be OM .. edbwards ... 2.5: Seer oo ee Guadaloupe (Nemausa) rostrata A. M. Edwards..Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea to 163 fathoms. holdertStintpson.- .....2.<..0 2. oer aaeeee ees So ee ee Tortugas muber (Stimpson) ., .. =. 22222) ss oe ee ee ee Cuba KAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA, munniqunusiuensis.(Heller) ......... 2220.02.20 eee Brazil MORRO NMOADA 55-25 ooo: se Eee eetoee = East coast of Patagonia, 30 fathoms gqaubosa AM. Wdwards ... 0.2 .2.2252.5 ck, ee eee Brazil apn Ong ME a HWwarads -o= 22. eet as, ee Brazil; Patagonia; also Chili Jermemmte Capelig <2 2222.53... ee ae eee ? Brazil Macrocwloma concava Miers.............. Bahia; Fernando Noronha, 7 to 20 fathoms E by ; ® ; ie SIc8 eaten eee Se ee A ee ee ag ee ae, ; sts Py o s. “fs. ol, eo : . _ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 275 WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, MAGUEY CUSRCONLUENS SUMP SOM avec, o ose = eae ne SJ elem eel ae Gulf of California Wihicroplieys deprassa, \uockimgtom)|.5---- -t-s.. $2--s-\-2-<----+- --5- Lower California EPROP AMOS Ca secara seas anata he are apse ania oe ieee Lower California PUGLEY SOTLM (SUIMIPSOM) a6 r-(aie2 Stale = ta eta es SS = nie =p Lower California tumidus) Guockine ton))\2 2-25 s-cce~-5- San Diego, Cal.; Lower California (Rerinea) tumiduss (Dana): Saas sivas acm ores lctren =o Sandwich Islands Macroceloma heptacantha (Bell) ...----------- .----Puerto Portrero, Central America MULLOSA: (BElI))\: 4. sev Se Soe ----California; Cape St. Lucas; also Ecuador OiloniGgspictett) SAUSSUTC: s-(2-=2)secine= 22 -)- oes Se ee o's A a ee Mazatlan Phe sulcata Stimpson....-.-----.-<-- Cape St. Lucas; Mazatlan; Gulf of California TDA Cn EO ULL S MOC MMO TON. 2 nya arnt ee a ala ois ayn (=| ewe oat ere = es oe Gulf of California Gnmatue SAUSSUNC) So. 2-2 eo-ene cee eel BRE Se or oe pan Se ee Oe Se Mazatlan SORES 830) I Se oe tae SOS See ee Re Cae eon AGS aoe SAEe Panama, 10 fathoms iriangulatus Locking Ona. = aes = 22h eee ee ecieeies ae eee Gulf of California inigonopus; Cano. 289 ‘NAVAJO HOUSE-BUILDING—SHUFELDT. | a | ; Often groups of these Indians have watched the erection of a large : two-storied house built with these bricks, and yet I have never heard — any of them say that it was their intention to use the same kind of | materials in building their own houses. There are two things which probably deter them from doing this, and from following the example of the white man, one of which is the dread of criticism, and the other a fear, perhaps, of exciting his jealousy and being prohibited the use of — such material. Were they to attempt to erect houses of brick, I think they would doubtless succeed. y VOL. XV PL. XEI PROCEEDINGS . NATIONAL MUSEUM U.S Ioyyne ayy Aq ydeasojogd v woOAy “SONVLSIG SHL NI SNO GNOOSS V HLIM Mereroul ‘OOIX3SIN MSN “SLVSNIAA LYO4 LY ASNOH NVIGN] OfPVAVN JSAILINIYd PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV_ PL. XLII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘royne ayy Aq ydeasojoyd vw wor ‘OOIXSIN MAN ‘SLVONIAA LYOS4 YVAN ‘9881 ‘ONIGTING NI LNSNSAOYUdW| DSNIMOHS ‘SSNOH NVIGN] OPVAVN U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLIII NAVAJO HOUSE AT FORT WINGATE, NEW MEXICO, SHOWING IMPROVEMENT IN BUILDING. From a photog : ‘aph by the author. NOTES ON FISHES COLLECTED IN MEXICO BY PROF. AI.FREDO DUGES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY TarLeTon H. Bean, M. D., Tchthyologist of the United States lish Commission. (With Plate xiv.) The U.S. National Museum received from Prof. A. Dugés, August 24,1891, a small but very interesting collection of fishes, including three species which appear to be new to science, and which are described in the following paper. Among these fishes are two examples of Lam- petra spadicea of much larger size than any previously obtained, and which show some very interesting variations from the types. The species of Acara trom the region Huazteca Potosina, in the province of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, is interesting because it appears to be the first one of its group from the locality. It is rather curious that the name Mojarra should be held in common by this fish and the species ot - Gerres. Lampetra spadicea Bean. Two examples, 104 and 105 inches long, Catalogue No. 43766, Col- lector’s No. 177; from Tanganzicuaro. The length of the head is one-eighth of the total, and the diameter of the eye is contained four and two-third times in the length of the snout. In the longer individual the maxillary tooth has two minute cusps between the large ones, but neither of these is median. The mandibulary plate has nine cusps, of which five are larger than the intervening ones. The teeth around the margin of the disk are reduced to two rows posteriorly. In the shorter example, which has more of a bluish tint overlying the chestnut of the upper parts, the maxillary tooth has one minute supplementary cusp, not median in position. The mandibulary plate has nine cusps, as in the larger individual. Algansea dugési, new species. (Plate xiv, fig. 1.) This species is related to A. australe Jordan, from which it differs in its much smaller scales. The types of the species are catalogue Nos. 41818 and 43764, U.S. National Museunt, They were collected by Prof. A. Dugeés, of Guana- Rroceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-—No. 905. 283 284 NOTES ON MEXICAN FISHES—BEAN. Juato, Mexico, The first is No. 169 of his series, and the other is 174, No. 169 was taken at Guanajuato and No. 174 in Lake’ Yuriria. The | length of No. 41818 is 7 inches to the base of the caudal, the total length 82 inches. The smaller example is 54 inches to the caudal base; total length, 65 inches. The height of the body in the larger specimen equals the length of the head, and one-quarter of the total without | caudal. In the smaller example the height is contained four and one- half times in the same length. The least depth of the tail is from one- half to two-fifths that of the greatest depth. The eye is placed near the top of the head; its diameter is contained one and one-half times in the length of the snout and from five to five and a half times in the length of the head. The lower jaw is slightly included; it has a small knob at the symphysis. The maxilla reaches to below the front of the eye. The dorsal origin is midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal (over the twenty-eighth scale of the lateral line). Its base equals two-ninths of its distance from the tip of the snout. The longest ray is two-thirds as long as the head and more than twice as long as the last ray. The scales are very small and much crowded anteriorly, larger behind. The ventral origin is under the- | middle of the dorsal base; the fin does not reach to the vent, its length equal to that of the postorbital part of the head. The pectoral is as long as’ the head without the snout. The anal origin is distant from the ventral origin a space nearly equal to the length of the head. The length of the anal base is about equal to that of the snout. The longest anal ray equals the length of the ventral, and fully twice the length of the last ray. Dos AG. V9: Po 16: Scales 18, 69 to 72,13. The lateral line is Sharply decurved over the pectoral, and, in the straight portion, is below the median line of the body. The caudal is large and well forked, its middle rays three-fifths as long as the outer. The color is dusky brown, the cheeks and opercles silvery, and the belly whitish. A very indistinet dark Spot at the caudal base, deeper than long, its depth about equal to the diameter of the eye. The dor- sal, caudal, and pectoral fins dusky; the pectorals, ventr: Is, and anal mingled with silvery. Teeth 4—4. The three largest with a broad grinding surface, and the second, third and fourth with a slight hook. On the other side of the same example all of the teeth have a well de- veloped grinding surface. Gill-rakers, four above the angle and fifteen below; the longest about one-third as long as the eye. The species is named in honor of its discoverer, Prof. A. Duges. Hudsonius altus Jordan. A single example of this species, catalogue No, 43763, eollector’s No. 175, obtained at Lake Yuriria, Mexico, is 64 inches long. The eye is nearly as long as the snout and two-ninths as long as the head, which eA PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 285 is one-fourth of the total without caudal. The depth is two-sevenths of ‘the same length. The dorsal origin is over the seventeenth scale of the | lateral line and immediately over the ventral origin. The ventral | reaches to the vent. D. iii, 7; A. iii, 7. Scales, 9—45—5. Teeth 4—4, scarcely hooked; a narrow grinding surface developed on three of them. Fundulus robustus, new species. (Plate XLtv, fig. 2.) The types of the species are numbers 43760, U.S. National Museum, collector’s No. 173, and 43762, the first being a female and the other | amale. The length of the female to the base of the caudal is L07 millimeters ; total length, 126 millimeters. The greatest height of the body at the origin of the ventral (37 millimeters) is slightly more than one-third of the length without caudal. The length of the head is a little less than one-third of the total without caudal. The least depth of the caudal peduncle is one-half of the greatest depth of the body. The head is broad, the distance between the eyes equal to the length of the eye and the snout combined. The top of the head is nearly flat, and the nape is moderately elevated. The eye is as long as the snout, its length con- tained from four and one-half to five times in that of the head. The mouth is very obliquely placed, and the lower jaw is longer than the upper. The end of the maxilla reaches to below the front of the eye. The intermaxillary is very protractile; the width of the mouth is one- third the length of the head. Teeth in the jaws in narrow bands or | biserial, all conical, the outer series somewhat enlarged. Gill-rakers short, stout, about nineteen on the first arch. There are thirteen seales between the upper angle of the gill opening and the origin of the dorsal. The dorsal commences nearly midway between the tip of the snout and the end of the tail. The dorsal base is one-half as long as the head and a little longer than the longest dorsal ray. The ventral origin is midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal. In the male the fin reaches to the vent and nearly as far in the female. The anal origin is under the middle of the dorsal base, and the last ray is under the last dorsal cay. In the female the first six rays are short and stiff, and the genital opening is immediately in front of, but disconnected froin, the anal fin. The anal base is nearly as long as the longest anal ray and one-third as long as the head. In the male the middle caudal rays are one-half as long as the head; slightly shorter in the female. The longest dorsal ray (fifth) in the female is considerably more than one-half the length of the head, while in the male it is considerably less than one-half length of head. B. 5; D. 14;@A. 16; V.6; P.16. Seales, 16—38. | The color at present is uniform pale brown; fins unspotted and the | opercle with a golden tint. 1 aS £ 2% CE or 286 / NOTES ON MEXICAN FISHES—BEAN, In radial formula and number of seales this species is apparently nearest to FY. labialis Gthr., but in labialis the height of the body at the base of the pectoral is contained four and one-half times in the length without caudal, while in the species here described it is contained three times. In /. labialis the head forms one-fourth or less than one- fourth of the total without caudal, while in this species it is fully one- third of this length. Additional examples of this species were obtained by Prof. Dugeés, being number 37834 U.S. National Museum, a single specimen 5 inches long; and number 41973, five examples, the largest 4 inches long and the smallest 25inches. In these five specimens the differences separat- ing F. robustus from F. labialis Gthr. are found to be constant. Characodon variatus Bean. } A single specimen, No, 43761 U. 8. National Museum, collector’s No. 184, 22 inches long; was collected by Prof. Dugeés in the State of Guana- juato. With the aid of the numerous additional specimens collected by this gentleman since my description of Characodon variatus and ferrugi- neus was published (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 370-372), I am led to believe that these two species are identical. The sexual differ- ences are very striking. On Plate xx of the volume just mentioned is a female, and fig.4 the male. In a large series of this species, No. 41813, containing many females, this sex is found to have a narrow dark band along the side usually well developed, and a very distinct broad dark —— band occupying the middle of the caudal fin, the base and the tip being — pale. The dorsal in this sex is bluish, except that there is a narrow | pale margin along the top. j It should be stated, also, that my previus opinion as to the identity of —— Goodea and Characodon is erroneous, the characters assigned to Goodea justifying its separation as a distinct genus. | Acara bartoni, new species. (Plate XLrv, fig. 3.) The description is based upon four specimens, catalogue number 43765, | U.S. National Museum, which were collected in Hauzteca Potosina, a region situated north of the State of Guanajuato, in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Prof. Dugés thinks this region probably extends eastward to the Hauzteca Grande, in the States of Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz. The common name in the region is Mojarra. All of the specimens have been eviscerated and have had their gills removed, but as no better individuals are available they must serve for the purposes of this description. The largest example is 7 inches long and the smallest 34 inches. The greatest height of the body is contained two and a third times in the length without the caudal. The two larger examples have the nape strongly arched. The diameter of the eye is contained from four and a half to five and a half times in the length of the head or twice in vou XY.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 287 the length of the snout. The width of the space between the eyes equals two-thirds the length of the snout. The mouth is very oblique ; the lower jaw projects, and the maxilla does not reach to the vertical | from the front of the eye. The length of the upper jaw equals two- fifths that of the head. The teeth in the jaws are in bands, the outer series much enlarged and brown at their tips. Head of the vomer much | ~ enlarged, but toothless. Palate without teeth. Scales on the cheek in about six series. The dorsal begins over the gill opening, the first spine very short, the second somewhat longer, the length of the spines gradually increasing backward, so that the last and longest spine is nearly one-third as long as the head. The longest soft rays (third and ~ fourth) are nearly one-half as long as the head. The spines of the dorsal ~arerather slender. The anal origin is nearly under the beginning of the soft dorsal. The fin contains four spines, of which the first is abuat three-fourths as long as the eye, and the fourth nearly one-third as ~ long as the head. The longest anal ray (fourth) is more than one-half as long as the head. The least depth of the tail equals the length of the snout. The middle caudal rays are slightly longer than the long- est anal ray. The pectoral nearly reaches to above the origin of the anal and the ventral reaches to the vent. _ There are five or six rows of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line; eleven between the anal origin and the lateral line, counting obliquely upward and forward. Scales in L. lat.34, The line | is interrupted under the fourth soft ray of the dorsal and begins on the median line of the tail at a distance below the upper line a little greater than the diameter of the eye. mony, Iie A. TV, 9. The color is purplish brown; from the head to the tail there is a broad dark band, which is more or less broken up into separate blotches, the last of which is very distinct at the base of the tail. Fins dusky. In a specimen about 5 inches long the cheeks and snout are profusely coy- ered with minute roundish brown dots. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLIV Fig. 1. Algansea dugesi, new species. Fig. 2. Fundulus robustus, new species. Fig. 3. Acara bartoni, new species. Teer, TR NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE BY MR. HARRY V. HENSON IN THE ISLAND OF YEZO, JAPAN. BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER, Curator of the Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. (With Plate xLv.) In response to my request for the loan of material for my proposed manual of Japanese ornithology, several years ago, Mr. Harry V. Hen- son, then of Hakodate, Yezo, most generously placed in my hands for examination a large and interesting collection made by him in the neighborhood of that town. Since then the U.S. National Museum has aequired this collection by purchase. My original intention was to enumerate every specimen in the collee- tion, but as it now has become part of our Museum, this plan was given up, especially since press of other work threatened to entirely prevent me from finishing this paper. Consequently, only the more interesting species have been treated of, and, as will be noticed, in a somewhat uneven manner, The various species were written up ina sequence die- tated more by the accessibility of the material than with reference to a natural and systematic arrangement, and as several years have lapsed between the working up of species here closely associated, uniformity was unattainable except by rewriting the whole, an undertaking entirely beyond my powers at present. I have thought, however, that it would be better to publish the paper in the present form than to leave it un- published. Great credit is due to Mr. Henson for his successful exploits in a jocality which has been better worked ornithologically than any other in Japan, and it is to be hoped that this suecess will encourage him and others to continue the good work. It demonstrates how mucel.is still to be done even in localities which have been considered nearly exhausted We are as yet only laying the foundations of a solid knowledge of the Japanese avifauna., +} 290 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Podiceps nigricans (Scop.). (164163) Little Grebe. : Kaitsumuri. 1766.—Colymbus auritus y LINN., 8. 12th ed., 1, p. 228. c : 1769.—Colymbus nigricans SCOPOLI, nie I Hist. Nat., p. 77. 1771.—Colymbus flwwiatilis TUNSTALL, Ornith. Brit., p. 3 (nomen nudum). 1782.—?Colymbus pyrenaicus LAPEIROUSE, K. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl., 11, p. 111. 1787.—Podiceps minutus LATHAM, Gen. Synops., Suppl., 1, p. 294.—SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1882, p. 369.—BLakist. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 93.—BLAKIST., Chrysanth., Nov., 1882, p. 524.—Id., ibid., Jan., 1883, p. 25.—Jd., Amend, List B. Jap., p. 32 (1884). 1787.—Podiceps hebridalis LATHAM, Gen. Synops., Suppl., 1, p. 294. 1788.—Colymbus minor GMELIN, 8. N., 1, p. 591.—Podiceps m, SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. Bas., Urinat., p. 43 (1867).—SrrBoum, B. Jap. Emp., p. 367 (1890). 1788.— Colymbus hebridicus GMELIN, 8. N., 1, 594. 1790.—? Colymbus philippensis BONNATERRE, Ine. Méth., 1, p. 58.—DPodiceps ph. Swin- HOF, Tbis, 1875, p. 456.—BLakisT. & PrvyEr, Ibis, 1878, p. 211.—Jid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 181. 1804.—Colymbus erythrocephalus HERMANN, Obsery. Zool., 1, p. 151. 1831.— Podiceps pygmaeus BREHM, Hanudb. Vog. Deutschl., p. 966. 1842.—Sylbeocyclus europeus MACGILLIVRAY, Man. Brit. Ornith., 11, p. 205. 1855.—Podiceps pallidus BREHM, Vogelf., p. 403. 1877.—? Podiceps albescens *‘ MANDELLL”, BLANFORD, Stray Feath., v, p. 486. Colymbus nigricans of Scopoli is very often quoted as a synonym of C. auritus LIN. (for instance, by Dresser and by Seebohm) but, I think, quite erroneously. Scopoli’s diagnosis, ‘¢ Duplo minor pricre | C. auritus| Remiges secunde interno latere semialbe,” widoubtedly belongs to the present species, and fits no other. The name is evidently derived from Brisson, whose Colymbus fluviatilis nigricans by the same authors is eor- rectly referred to the Little Grebe. The confusion has originated with Latham, whose Podiceps nigricans (Synops., Suppl., 1, p. 294, 1787) is entirely different from Brisson’s and Seopoli’s nigricans, being in faet the winter plumage of C. auritus. The name given by Scopoli (L769) is the oldest binominal bestowed upon this species, and should be given precedence over all the other names, even over that of Tunstall, C. fluviatilis (1771), which, moreover, is a nomen nudum, and, conse- quently, untenable. The status of the present species and its subspecies is far from settled yet, and several names have therefore been left out ofthe above synonymy. Mr. Seebohm (cf. Chrysanth., 1882, Nov., p. 524) indicates several possi- ble subspecies, a black-bellied (not ‘‘black-billed,” as printed there) race from the Moluccas, another with white wing-speculum from Madagas- var and India, and a third one from Asia Minor, remarkable for its short bill. Schlegel (Mus. P. B., Urinat., p. 43) admits that this species in certain localities exhibits light modifications'in the colorations of the adults, but regards them as but little constant. His view, that they are “de nulle application générale, puisqwils ne sont sensibles que dans les adultes” is considerably at variance with ours and would lead to very curious Consequences. i Ae . ie ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 291 As to the Japanese birds, the general verdict seems to be that they are identical with European specimens, and the material at my com- mand does not contradict it, so that although none of my Japanese specimens are in absolutely full plumage, I feel but littledoubt that the above conclusion is correct. The slight differences in the dimensions, as seen in the tables given below, seem to be fully within the limits of individual variation, while in the extent of the black on cheeks and chin, and in that of the white on the wing, I can discover no difference. I. Japanese specimens.— Measurements. | | See Mid- ' ; Sex ars ol anes, dle Museum and No. | Collector and Locality, Date. | Wing| posed Tar- toe and No. “tits . cul- | sus. Sea, } = | |men. | ‘claw. LSS SRR Ut) 2 eel ee bee aeree dg ad..| Tokio, Hondo..-..| Apr. 5, 1883 | 101 19 | 38 | 47 U.S. Nat. 91509. -.--- Jouy, 758. --.- Orad..| Sad Oheae. ceo ees Jan. 27,1883 | i01 | 21) 36] 46 U.S: Nat: 91611. -.. - Jouy, 1035....|2 ad..| Kanagawa, Hondo} Mar. 29,1882 | 96 91 365) 48 Srrenite (UGieeces | areas SEV an ance oben | ee ete eer } 96} 19| 37) 45 Christiania, Norway| Petersen, 60..|°¢ ad..| Nagasaki, Kiusiu| Oct., 1886) 104 | 20 |. 35 | 44 U.S. Nat. 120713... .. Henson, 1381 .|9 ad..| Hakodate, Yezo..| Nov. 1,1884 | 95 | 18) 34) 43 U.S. Nat. 120712. ---. Henson; .=5-)Y)jun|=— G0) oo-cased—-- Nov. 2,1833 | 105 | 21| 36) 48 Waso Nat. 120711... <.- Henson 9H sec PUM GO me cew eee a Oct. 29, 1883 | 100 | 21 | 38 | 48 Petersen’s Nagasaki specimen differs from all the rest in having the inner web of the secondaries dusky except at base of the inner ones. Il. European specitmens.— Measurements. ore Mid U.S. Nat ae lo eocal ira. le Re teen Collector. and | Locality. | Date. Wing} Poste aie oe Mus. No. an ‘ | eul- | sus. | itl es men. | pis | | 19056 | Lazar......-... Wop bie) LER ACh yee corre oaesetos Pose cob. Ine One 95 | 18 35 | 47 57313 | Schliiter ....-.- Pada Pomerania: ais. < son. mnios| oat detec s sere OG eT9. a LESS ag Gees (4516 1} PeareG 2.2m <= o....| Sweet, Waters, Turkey -.--- Dee. 8, 1877 91 | 16.5 34 | 47 105962 | Pluche.-....... NON aes | are SE aNe®) = = soc5 om Aug. 25, 1876 90 | 16.5 | 33 | 46 TORSO 1G RS dOn ne ee nee Fhe ei lege| anatase Oras nant ee osiasioas Oct, 30, 1875 94 | 18 35 | 47 SOD R Ue [eats ae ates « H | “Europe” .....------------ PST | eLOS 5) 20 ee 2 eran jeter 23443 | Lazar......... | [REMUS AMTYie ste seis a=) Rit, bat, ra. Grae Mees le < na 4 ‘| I Se ae ae " fi P bigs. 5 ue : = z : =) : s 292 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. ‘ The measurements of this specimen are as follows: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120708; 3 ad.; Hakodate, July 15, 1883; H. V. Henson Coll. No. 8; wing, 286"; tail feathers, 49™™; exposed culmen, 51™™; tarsus, 79™"; middle toe with nail, 90™™, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (L.). (114) Five specimens obtained near Hakodate during the fall migration of 1854, 1885, and 1886 show the pretty regular occurrence of this species on the coast of Yezo. The dates cover a considerable range, and are therefore noteworthy. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. ae oaeseal Sex. Date. ODEO Same = ered Netter a erate Bae, Ser RT et ee on ee AD oe ¢ Oct. 8, 1885 LPAUIS}8 URES ere ee pe eR el Re em ies Se aN Sane Os nS Sipe att SAS es ht Smal hi aa) Fe ree a ae Ss Sept. 14, 1884 PADS) eS eee, ee Re Se ee eer es eRe ea i A es Lah ye ae Rl Ose fot Aug. 3, 1885 TPT i PS 5 Oe enema Pee Sie eee er RAN ig Se HTS gt Nena PrP NM opel SSE ee Baycol! toy a o Oct. 7, 1886 OS D3 hts Pe S oe ea Ere ac Zhe Spm cai = erm yer espana oe es ee Rin a eo O72 Q Oct. 15, 1886 | | Tringa canutus L. (1043) U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120607 ( ¢ ; Hakodate, May 6, 1886; Henson coll. No. 1010) establishes the first record of this species in Yezo. Pavoncella pugnax (L.). (111) A second specimen from Yezo is of sufficient interest to deserve special mention. It was collected September 1, 1884, near Hakodate (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120608; Henson coll. No. 1129). Terekia cinerea (GULD.). (1005) The first record of this species in Yezo is made by the four birds in Hensow’s collection, two males and two females, and the dates of their captures show that this species must be a rather regular visitor during both migrations. The four specimens (Nos. 120618-120621) were col- lected near Hakodate August 30, 1883; August 24, 1884; September 6, 1883; and May 16, 1884. On the whole, this species seems to be more common in Japan than would appear from the published records. Nettion formosa (GbuoRGI). (40) Two specimens, making the first record of this species from Yezo, col- lected respectively April 28, 1886 (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120673, ¢ ad., Henson, No. 18), and October 11, 1883 (No. 120674, ?, Henson, No. 30), Show that it occurs during both migrations. Falco rusticolus LIN. With the exception of the more or less uncertain references to a “« Falco candicans” ov * Falco gyrfalco,” based upon Japanese drawings, Mr. Henson’s specimen is the first record of a Gyrfaleon in Japan. It was shot near Hakodate March 15, 1884, and is nearly, if not fully, eae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 293 adult, that is, the under side is rather heavily streaked with dusky but with the new feathers of the adult plumage protruding on the rump, consequently in a plumage corresponding to my No. 92721, from Bering Island, May 5, which had the ovaries in such a condition that she was probably going to breed that spring. Henson’s bird agrees in the minutest details with my Bering Island and Kamehatkan birds (Res. Orn, Expl. Kamtsch., ete., pp. 203, 204; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, pp. 139-141). -The specimen measures as follows: (U. 5. Nat. Mus. No. 120720), 2 adol.; Hakodate, March 15, 1884; H. V. Henson coll. No. 9): Wing, 400"; tail feathers, 237"; chord of culmen from cere, 26™™"; tarsus, 65"™. middle toe, without claw, 55™™", Cuculus kelungensis SWINi. (165) The three specimens of Cuckoos in the collection represent three dif- ferent stages of this species. The series is very interesting, Inasmuch as it shows that the broadly-barred species is quite as polymorphic as the common European Cuckoo. We have in fact here to deal with a eurious kind of dichromatism, the character of which is still wrapped in mystery. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120566, Henson No, 146, Hakodate, August 30, 1884, is a female in the rufous stage or phase, apparently adult. 1 say “stage or phase,” because it is not yet certain whether this peculiar plumage represents a transient stage only or a permanent phase. The facts indicate, indeed, that it is a permanent phase in some individuals, and an intermediate stage in others, for Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deutsehl., v, Pl. 128, fig. 1) figures a female, in transition from the rufous plumage to the typical adult gray garb, while in the text (p. 203) he asserts that he once shot a female cuckoo in the genuine rufous plumage, which was molting into a still brighter rufous one. The ob- servation by Naumann (loc. cit., p. 203) on the European Cuckoo, that the central pairs of the tail-feathers are of more uniform length and Jess graduated in the rufous birds, seems also to apply to those of C. kelungensis. No. 120568, Henson No. 1194 (Hakodate, September 19, 1884), is a young inale of the year in the hepatic stage (back, remiges, and rec- trices having numerous distinct rufous bars), molting directly into the typical gray plumage of the adult; while No, 120567, Henson No, 145 (Hakodate, September 29, 1883), is a young male in the purely gray phase, not yet molting. Caprimulgus jotaka TrMM. & Sci. (188) Three specimens included in the table below. In the young bird the upper and lower tail-coverts, as well as a number of feathers on the hind neck, belong tothe first plumage. In general coloration Mr. Hen- souw’s Yezo birds agree with others in the National Museum from Hondo, and with a specimen collected by Petersen in Kiusiu. > ~ BS at mln st gpa ON edhe ote, ty | Sp a 294 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Caprimulgus indicus, with which C. kelaartii seems to be synonymous, is sometimes quoted as belonging to the present species, but a compari- son of Indian specimens of the former with the table of dimensions below will show them to be a much smaller species. Measurements. | a | g FS “i Museum and No. ame and ee Locality. Date. = z ; = 218 a a wl|s | a |Se/a Blale|2is (3 | So ecsie | 4 i a S = FIGiA la la |e U.S. Nat., 120563.| Henson, 33....| ¢~ ad..| Hakodate, Yezo| Sept. 27, 1885 |222 }140 | 10 15 = j22 U.S. Nat., 96118..| Pryer, Bl., 2615) (¢) adi} Yokohama, |..---...-..-.- 213 132 | 11 15 = 22 | _ Hondo. ; U.S. Nat., 88702..) Jouy, 602 .....| ¢ ad-.| Fuji, Hondo ...| July 26, 1882 |213 |130 |....16 23 - U.S. Nat., 91388..| Jouy, 730 -.-.. @ ad..| Tate Yama, | Oct. 28, 1882 |221 182 | 10 15 = 122 2 Hondo. | U.S. Nat., 120564. | Henson, 131-..| 9 ad..| Hakodate, Yezo} Sept. 10, 1884 |205 |182 | 10 16 23 Christiania, N...| Petersen, 67...) (2) ad) Nagasaki, Kiu-| Noy., 1886 |214 |128 | 10 [oe 23 ‘si | U.S. Nat., 120565.) Henson, 130...| ¢ jun-.| Hakodate, Yezo| Aug. 22, 1885 |212 |135 9 15 |22 eee Wasa Nate, 961172 -| Blak, 20792 22.| gh jtmna)|- «dee essee ee | Sept. 20, 1876 |213 |130 |... ./16 22 275 WeSaNate, OGNIG=9| Blake 148i =| O qm. |2 dose seese see | Sept, -- 187412091200} 58 9|2-oss|es=ee aes | —--, —— | ——_—_—— | —___—— Average measurements of six didlulits yt ol a eee Oe ee |215 {132 | 10 |15.5 |22.5 |.-.. Ceryle lugubris (TEMM.). (176) We retain the name given to this bird by Temminck for two reasons, first because we regard it as distinct from the Himalayan bird, and, in the second place, because Alcedo guttata of Vigors (1831) is preoceu- pied by Alcedo guttata of Boddaert (1783) (A. O. U. Code, p. 47, canon XXXxIII). Considering the continental bird as distinet, we propose to call it Ceryle guttulata, in order not to deviate too much from the name by which it has been universally known. The chief difference between the Japanese and the continental birds consists in the white coloration being much more extensive in the former than in the latter. The white bands crossing each feather of the upper parts are much broader in C. lugubris, being generally of the same width as the dark interspaces, while in the form which we have designated as C. guttulata the white cross bands are considerably nar- rower. This is not only very striking on the upper side of the folded wings, but on closer examination we find that the white cross-bands on the inner side of the primaries are more numerous in the Japanese form, there being at least one more, this one being about midway be- tween the tips and the next band, while in the mainland species, the entire tip is unspotted for twice the ordinary distance between the white bars. The gray ground color of the back, moreover, is consider- ably lighter in C. lugubris. C. lugubris is usually stated to be larger than the Himalayan birds, but the size of the two forms is practically identical, as will be seen from the appended tables. The alleged distinction in the shape of the Sea ae ei PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 295 1892. pill will hardly hold, for in the nine specimens before me [ can detect no tangible difference. Mr. Sharpe, in the introduction to his * Monograph of the Alcedi- nidw” (p. xxv), Says that “should a large Pied Kingfisher be discovered in China, intermediate forms will doubtless be found to connect the two races.” Since then Swinhoe found the Spotted Kingfisher at Ningpo, and a beautiful specimen from the same locality is in the National Museum. So far from being intermediate in character, however, the Chinese specimen agrees most minutely with the darkest Himalayan birds. We have, therefore, no hesitation in referring all the continen- tal birds to C. guttulata. In view of the very pronounced characters of the Ningpo bird we are not willing to accept a trinominal for the con- tinental bird, which should not rank as C. lugubris guttulata until inter- eradation be satisfactorily proven. The bill of the Ningpo specimen is absolutely perfect; it is very pointed, and the upper tomium near the point is distinctly and regu- larly serrate for a distance of about 15™™, showing that this charac- ter is not peculiar to the genus Syma. Males and females differ considerably, the former having the under wing-coverts and the axillaries pure white, while in the latter the mid- dle portion of the lining of the wing, as well as the axillaries, are of a bright vinaceous cinnamon. In Henson’s collection is one specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. No, 120571, 2 ad., Hakodate, February 1, 1885. H. V. Henson coll. No. 251. Measurements of Ceryle luqubris. é 3 be 5 ; gi] 13 Collect a als SE $6 Collector Ss es ate re) ia ei aENG: S Locality. Date. [8 Ss eine . a bh) |! So | aller b 7 Elala lala ————— ———s — _ — —————— — —— =~ — — — — = ——— = 114695 | Ringer, 26 ..| fad ..| Kiusiu ...-..---.--------- Jan, 3, 1887| 185 | 107 | 57*| 13 28 HOQeU oe | tee ats cress ($)ad.| Chichibu, Musashi -.----- Dec. 18, 1884 | 186 | 111 | 64 | 13 28 91576 | Jouy, 1053 -.| gad .-| Kawasaki River, Hondo -| Apr. 11, 1883 | 187 | 111 | 61*) 13 28 91577 | Jony, 1054 ..| Qad -.|.----- OO) eee ee ae | Apr. 12, 1883} 191 | 112) 61*) 13 28 110484 | Jouy, 1054 -.| (9) ad.|...--- (Cie tee Aatop cel an Spor sb.. 5 =} 183 | 112 | 60 13 28 120571 Henson, 251.| Qad ..| Hakodate, Yezo..-.------ | Feb. 1, 1885] 190} 112 | 61) 14 30 { | i + Bill much worn from digging the nest hole. Measurements of Ceryle qguttulata STEIN. S| o a ee a 8 2 ae ee gy aS Collector. = Locality. Date. AS ei retin || Ras eesoted Aa 5 : | wel | | Beles of fe Plalglels F & = a) | als b a | Fla|a lala | . ; % any ; a | | , : ee se 101987 | Brooks ..--- gad ..| Chungus, India .......--- May 18, 1871| 180 | 104} 65/13) 29 101988 | Anderson...| Qad..| Kup Kate, India -.-..---- May 31, 1875} 183 | 109) 63 | 13 29 101989 |. .2<2---- Se] (Q)ad.| Darjeeling, India.....----|-------------- 185 | 110 | 66 | 13 30 85709 | H.B.Meyer.| Qad ..| Ningpo, China ..-----.--. Feb. 16, 1881 | 191 | 107 | 71 |----|------ é 296 _ BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Jynx torquilla Lin. (174) When writing my “review” of the Japanese Woodpeckers (Proc: S. Nat. Mus., 1x, 1886, pp. 102-104) I had to regret my inability to examine Japanese specimens of the common Wryneck, as well as the insufficiency of my material to solve the question whether there are two climatic varieties of this bird separable by the deeper coloration of the alleged southern form. The five Japanese birds which I have now before me (see table below) prove conclusively to my mind that the difference in coloration is not due either to sex, age, season, or locality, for Mr. Henson has both the pale and the deeply colored form from Yezo. Owston’s specimen, from Hondo, is pale, and Petersen’s, from Kiusiu, is dark. I am fully con- vinced that we have only to do with a dichromatism similar to that of the owls, though, as in some of the dichromatie owls, the one or the other phase may predominate in certain localities. A comparison of the measurements below with those of the Western exuunples previously given (tom. cit., p. 104) shows that Bonaparte was right in saying that the Japanese Wryneck is smaller than Huropean specimens, though not much smaller as he alleges. In point of fact the difference in size between the examples from the two extremities of the Kurasian continent is so trifling that it would hardly do to basea sepa- ‘ation of two forms upon that character, the more so as I have speci- mens of the same sex before me from both localities which are absolutely identical both in size and coloration. I would eall attention, however, to the curious uniformity in the size of the Japanese specimens as shown in the table below, with which Capt. Blakiston’s experience completely agrees, as in all the five Japanese Wrynecks measured by him the length of the wing was exactly 80", An individual variation of only In in ten specimens is certainly extraordinarily small. Measurements. E S | S a | | 2 | | | fs . Collector and | A 8 S Museum and No.) N = Loeality. | Date. 5 g No. é e oe et Co) | of | HH = S a | | aes Has . | | - nL | | ai/Slalk] a | oo | & gz etl Ce) eS | Spee) SS g 4 Bolen Le = D || r a ial 3 A oO Say 298 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. character by which to separate these subspecies. And,as in the case of the wing spots, so also with the other characters distinguishing Y, seebohmi from Y. kizuki proper; they intergrade; they are only to be _ designated by trinominals! Many specimens can only be referred to their proper subspecies by the totality of their characters, and these can only be properly appreciated by placing series of both forms to- gether, carefully comparing them. Specimens from Yezo and Kiusiu are easily distinguishable, and look quite different. Those from the eastern side of the Middle Island (the last four species of the Hondo series in the above table) agree very closely with the typical Y. kizuki from the south. But the remaining four of the same series come from the high mountain chain near the western shore of the Middle Island (Tate-Yama), and, as already indicated in my former paper, these are somewhat intermediate, though by a careful comparison with Yezo birds they are found to differ sufficiently from them in the direction of the southern form to be referable to the latter. What the birds of the northern portion of the Middle Island are like nobody knows, but it would not be surprising if those inhabiting the high mountain districts of this portion of the island were indistinguishable from the Yezo birds. In winter they would naturally come down into the lower districts, where only the true Y. kizukt breeds, and it would not be necessary to presume a crossing of the Tsugaru Strait in order to explain the pres- ence of typical Y. seebohmi in Hondo. The instance of this bird shows plainly how necessary it is to have every portion of the islands thor- oughly explored and the specimens from all parts of the Empire most carefully compared by competent investigators. Mr. Seebohm also says that the bird in the “Central and North Island” is larger. From the tables of dimensions below, it will be seen that the South Island birds are not appreciably smaller than those from the Central Island, and that although one of the smallest specimens is from Tate-Yama the others from this locality are quite as large as the Yezo birds. But whatever be the opinions as to the occurrence of Y. sebohmi in Hondo, this name should be abandoned by those ornithologists who re- quire “hard and fast lines” between their ‘“ species.” Measurements of Yungipicus kizuki seebohmi. S$ laeae' = A (aaa 3 2 : R s z : a |B | E ‘ fit © fa es QE | Collector and | & Locality. Date. 3| 6 ge 4 | No. . Sih a aoe m4 3 S\/oia}|er A =I w/e! 2)5)]8 wa rv Helier Ptictilers) ais ; © b oS A x K =) a Fe | a | A);als 120559 | Henson, 186... Q ad} Hakodate, Yezo .........---- Sept. 10, 1884 | 85 | 48 | 13 | 15 10 96004 | Blak., 3213....|(o)ad| Sapporo, Yezo......---.----- Oct. 26.1882) 85 | 50 | 13 | 15 10 96005 | Blak., 3214....|(c)ad|.--.--.- WO sci eh s 2e eS ee ees fo 9p mes spo $3 15 10 96003 | Blak., 2766....|(Q)ad)....-- EO se aoeontaes eect se | Nov. 9,1881/} 88 | 52 | 13 | 16 i! | if PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 299 Measurements of Yungipicus kizuki. | | a= : 5 é) |2 : a | 4 E (aileators o BR | os Ob Museum and No. collector and | Locality. | Date. = 8 i E 3 Z e/5/1,;/8e a w/e} 8) 2] 4a ; Rn Fla|m (HH | WES: Nat., 91333. .--| Jouy, 698°... .- dad.| Tate-Yama, Hondo -| Oct. 17,1882] 80 | 47} 138 | 15} 10 U.S. Nat.,91427...-| Jowy,822}.--..|¢ ad-|-.--do-.....--------- Nov. 30,1882} 85 |..--] 18 | 15 | 10 U.S. Nat., 91334 ....| Jouy, 780... --- Ohad! lo dO ss ee sese sera Nov. 25, 1882] 87 | 53 | 14] 15} 10 U.S. Nat., 91426 ....| Jouy,801...-..-. 19 AME See LO Fira ee a nae | Nov. 20,1882} 90 | 52 | 14] 15) 10 u S. Nat., 109398 ...| Namiye......- |g ad.| Subashi, Hondo -...| Nov. 22,1884] 82 | 48 | 12 |....' 10 SSE el RU eas ee COR seers Wee Osa St sh eeeeee dee DAB iS 22 al Pes eet U.S. Nat., 88705....| Jouy,* ad.) Fuji-Yama, Hondo -| June 28, 1882 | 82 | 45 | 14 | 16) 10 U.S. Nat., 11165...) Namiye, 15.---/9 ad.| Miyakeshima, Idzu-| May 3, 1887 | 83 | 46 14) 15 | 10.5 U.S. Nat., 96002....) Ringer.......- 12 ad. Nagasaki, Kiusin BS eae ee ee 82 | 46 | 12) 15) 10 Christiania, Norw .| Petersen, 49...) ad.| ‘Tokitsu, Kiusiu ----| Apr. 19,1886] 80 | 46 | 13 | 14 10 Dryobates subcirris STEJN. (169) g ad., U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 120557; Henson No. 212; Hakodate, Oct. 30,1884. 9 ad., No. 120558; Henson No. 213; Hakodate, Nov. 10, 1884. These birds are typical D. subcirris both in size and color, and con- form in every detail to the diagnosis which I gave six years ago (Proce, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1x, 1886, p. 113). The under side, lower back and ereater upper wing-coverts are strongly suffused with buff, and the rump is black. The question as to the occurrence of true D. leucotos in Yezo is still an open oe. Dryobates japonicus (SEEB.). (167) In Henson’s collection there are two specimens undoubtedly referable to this species, though the under surface is rather dark buffy, but the white shoulder patch is comparatively large. One of them, a bird in male plumage (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120555, Henson No. 200), collected at Hakodate, November 10, 1884, is molting the first two primaries. The other (No. 120556, Henson No. 167), a female, from the same lo- cality, September 11, 1884, is a comparatively young bird, as testified by two red feathers on the crown, and by the large size of the first (tenth) primary, which measures 35"™™ in length. Since writing my ‘‘ review” of the Japanese Woodpeckers, I have re- ceived quite a number of additional specimens, but as they are all win- ter birds and none from farther south than Tokio, they throw but little light on the question of the occurrence and validity of the so-called D. gouldit GRAY from Japan. It still seems as if the birds from the eastern and southern central portion of Hondo (Tokaido and southern Tosando) have less white* on * In reply to a footnote by Mr. Hargitt (Cat. B. Br. Mus., xvii, p. 219), in which he says that Dhave “stated that in the Main Island of Japan a species is found which has black seapulars and the underparts uniforni,” I may remark that in the paper quoted (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, Review of the Japanese Woodpeckers) I gave the characters of the supposed species as “ Under surface brownish; scapulars mostly black.” It is but just to an author to quote him correctly, 300 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. the scapuwiars than the Yezo and western Hondo specimens, and that their under surface is more deeply colored, but the Tate-Yama birds are intermediate to such an extent that I am now inclined to think that the percentage of distinguishable birds will not be found suffi- ciently large to warrant the separation of the typical D. japonicus and the “so-called D. gouldti GRAY.” Hargitt has proven conclusively that the true D. gouldit MALH. is not a Japanese bird, a thing I hardly doubted myself, but he has failed to show what the bird from Japan in the British Museum is, which Gray called D. gouldii! Should it ever be found necessary to designate this bird by a separate name, it will have to be rebaptized, of course. Picus canus jessoensis STEIN. (172) Heuson’s two specimens (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 120553; Henson, No. 214; | ¢|ad., Hakodate, November 15, 1884; and No. 120554; Henson, No. 215; [2] ad., ibid., November 2, 1884) agree in every particular with the specimen upon which I originally based the present subspecies. They are strongly tinged with green on the head, and hind neck; their entire coloration is lighter and brighter than in north and central European specimens before me; and the black stripes on the occiputs of the males are large and better defined. Mr. Edward Hargitt in a recent revision of the genus Gecinus (Ibis, 18838, pp. 1-42), drawn up in the thorough and excellent manner of this gentleman, takes some pain to show that the present subspecies can not be distinguished from true P. canus because (1) his two Japanese female specimens are indistinguishable from specimens from the Vosges, France, and (2) because another Yezo female is gray, like my P. canus perpallidus, from the opposite coast of the Asiatic mainland. But it seems to me that this way of reasoning is very much the same as if he were going to prove that Ngithalos trivirgatus belongs to 4. cauda- tus proper if it should be found not to differ from 47. europwus (= roseus, vagans, ete.). In the first place, | would remark that the green color on the head is much more pronounced in the male Japanese birds, and that the difference between these and the European ones which I have seen is greater than in the females. In the second place, I regard the dark Norwegian birds as the types of the name P. canus; and as the Japanese ones to my mind are quite sufficiently different to form asub- species, it makes but little difference so far as their nomenclature is concerned whether the French birds are identical with them or not, a proposition which I can neither deny nor affirm, as I have seen none of the latter. Nor have I any reason to doubt that the differences which I pointed out between the Japanese and the central European (German) examples hold good, which I have designated as P. canus viridi-canus (M. & W.). Mr. Hargitt has treated but lightly the question whether there exist any races or subspecies of the Gray-headed Green Wood- pecker in Europe or not. He only says (loe. cit., p. 20): “ 1t seems to me ee — eee ae eee pie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 301 that if every slight variation of color necessitates the creation of subspe- cies, then there would be no limit to such in both Gecinus viridis and G. canus.” Ifthe subspecies really exist, we should recognize them, and it would facilitate our researches if we name them, but whether the number of them be great or small is only a secondary matter. Many ornithologists would willingly recognize two or even three subspecies by names, but they would be scared were it found that a species had split up into a dozen subspecies, or more. Their ruling principle is like that of Mx. Seebohin, who regards a genus as “highly objectionable” because only containing one or two species, though the result is quite different. Myr. Hargitt, moreover, seems to require that itshall always be possible to “‘ draw a line” between the forms which he honors with a name (see loc. cit., p. 14), but from the nomenclature which | adopted in describing the present subspecies under the heading of a trinominal he might have known that I did not claim that any “line” can be drawn. It is the essential difference between binominals and trinomi- nals that a line can be drawn between the forms designated by binomi- nals, but not between those for which it has been found necessary to apply three names. Nor do I think that a very gray female collected at Sapporo in May proves anything either in regard to the status of P. canus jessoensis or to that of P. canus perpallidus. Perhaps it may belong to the latter; it would not be surprising; but perhaps it is only a faded and abraded specimen of the typical Yezo bird. However, even if none of these suppositions should hold, it is now well understood by American. tri- nominalists, at least, that isolated cases of this kind do not affect the general status of the subspecies. In fact, in order to justify the use of a trinominal such cases are required. Dryocopus martius Lin. (171) A fine pair of this woodpecker is in Henson’s collection, the first Jap- anese specimens I have seen. They are of a very intense black, and the bill is somewhat larger than in a European specimen before ine. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120551 ¢ ad., Henson, No. 216; Hakodate, December 2, 1884. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120552 9 ad., Henson, No. 254; ibid., December, 15, 1884. Otocoris alpestris (LIN.). (267) U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120550 ¢ ad., Henson, No. 1972; southeastern shore of Volcano Bay, Yezo, February 12, 1887. The Common Horned Lark, or Shore Lark, has only been admitted into the Japanese avifauna with a query on the strength of a Japanese drawing so identified by the authors of Fauna Japonica (Aves, p. 138). Mr. Henson, therefore, has made a real addition to the fauna, since his specimen is the first, and as yet the only example, of this species from Japan, which has come into the hands of ornithologists. It belongs to the normal form, which is quite alike in both hemispheres. 302 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. A somewhat full description of this specimen may prove useful and . interesting to Japanese ornithologists. Forehead, supercilary stripe, a crescent across the middle of the ear- coverts, upper half of sides of neck, chin, and throat, delicate straw- yellow, the forehead, chin, and throat brighter, nearly Naples-yellow; upper portion of forehead spotted with black; fore part of crown and a line above the superciliary stripe black, forming, with the latter, a some- what pointed horizontal feather tuft above the ears; nasal feathers, lores, anterior portion of auriculars, and malar region, black; jugulum similarly colored, forming a large black crescent on the foreneck, not connected with the black cheek patch; auriculars apically drab-gray, forming a well-marked crescent which posteriorly cireumscribes the auricular region; posterior half of crown and occiput vinaceous drab, each feather obscurely striped with cinnamon-rufous; hindneck, as well as lower portion of sides of neck, pinkish vinaceous cinnamon, obscurely striped with dull cinnamon-rufous; back grayish wood-brown, more or less distinctly streaked with dusky brown; rump and some of upper tail-coverts strongly suffused with vinaceous cinnamon; under side of body from breast backwards white, flanks suffused with vinaceous cin- namon and streaked with dusky; wings above like the back, outer lesser and median coverts more or less vinaceous cinnamon medially striped with cinnamon-rufous and margined at the tip with whitish; greater wing-coverts, as well as most of the quills, similarly nargined in the apical half; under wing-coverts white, the outer ones with gray or dusky centers; middle pair of tail-feathers and longest upper coverts like the back, outer pair blackish brown with the outer webb whitish in the apical half, next pair with a corresponding very narrow white edge, otherwise like the rest of the rectrices, uniform brownish black. Bill pale, horny plumbeous; feet blackish brown. First (ninth) primary scarcely longer than third, but somewhat shorter than second, these three forming the tip of the wing; second, third, and fourth distinetly sinuated in outer web. Wing, 110™™; tail-feathers, 69"; exposed culmen, 10.5"™™; tarsus, 22™™; middle toe, with claw, 17™. Alauda japonica TrEMM. and SCHL. (266) U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120548 g ad., Henson No. 149; Hakodate, May 30, 1885; U.S. Nat. Mus, No. 120549 92 ad., Henson No. 150; Hakodate, April 3, 1884. Mr. Henson’s birds agree perfectly with numerous others from Yezo and Hondo. This is apparently the only lark breeding in Japan proper (excluding the Kurils), and from the description and the figure in Fauna Japonica (Aves, p. 87, pl. xlvii) it is to this smaller form that Temminck and Schlegel gave the name Alauda japonica, and not to the large one, asMr. Seebohm suggests (Ibis, 1884, p. 41); for not only do their measurements agree (wing 3 inches 9 lines, Pied du Roi= 101", slightly less than the average male as given in the table below), - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 303 butin the plate the peculiar shortness of the tip of the wing is rendered very exactly. In 1885 (Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., p. 236) I gave the measurements, including averages, of six Japanese specimens. They are included in the following table, and it is very interesting and gratifying to observe how close the averages of the two series run, as the results indicate that their figures are worthy of confidence. Blakiston (Chrystanth., 1883, p. 35) informs ts that the larks do not winter in Yezo. The present species passes the cold season in Hondo. Measurements. a a 4 ae : a : Sp H |S E | 4 U.S. Nat. | Collector and & per =' itis E 2 Se | b Mus. No. | number. os | Locality. Date. her os x ae A } =] * oOo mn aN — Lom] & Bee | eve | ee eae all rad Pic aU cies oe eg Bs D FlHI|ASlA la i) 120548 | Henson, 149-...| ad.| Hakodate, Yezo....| May 30,1885} 102} 66/12 | 25 | 20 5a 190549) | Henson, 1502-5|'9 adi. ..do ..222.22.2-222 Apr. 3,1884] *99 | *65 | 11 | 25 | 19 “Bat 96303 | Blak., 1168 ----|¢ ad.|.--.do ...-.-.--..--. Apr. 1,1873| 101| 64/12 | 25 | 20 178 Shaul Pia © 2099 So27) had: |-\4-00 545424 4 ote Oct. 1,1876) 100 | 66 | 11.5) 95 | 22 171 91551 | Blak., 2988 -...|of ad- Sapporo, VWiez0l=3- =. June23, 1882) 104.) 166 |42> || eee ae Sale stakes (2909). 2 1G Ade SEO. 525 eee a0 aoe POL ie 67 | deol 2a) te2D a eee 91550 | Blak., 2984 .-..|¢' ad. Yubutz, Wie70)- 32-62 ‘Sept. 15, 1882 99 G4 12) jie ea eee ease 96316 | Blak., 2089 ....|'ad_!....do..-........--. Sdoee eee (t) | @ | 41 | 25 | 21 96314 | Blak., 2982 ....|f ad- Tomakomai, Yezo.. ‘Sept. 16, 1882) 102| 69/11 |.24 | 20 96309 | Blak., 2844 ....|' ad-| Sarubuto, Yezo ....| May 24,1884| 101 GE TA abr P21 96306 | Pryer, P1., 2184/4 ad.| Tokio, Hondo...... May. 27,1877} 101 64111 | 24 20 ae 109389 | Namiye- .-.---- Hr ued Weal 2 (eae Sea a Se Mar. 15,1883] 104 GEt122 4. oleae es, 91464 | Jouy, 911------ ¢ad.| Yokohama, Hondo.| Jan. 3,1883| 106 | 63 | 11 ieee [eee es (15 20 1 ease dO, oe oa oe ane —— | 1002 6b ih pee mee at 91465 | Jouy, 912.....- (Oradalitesdo tte) 26 20ers Sane 8 Nassl (gd ah 58) 13). ee woe: as 91466 | Jouy, 913....-- NSI0F: 1 bl eer Cs es ons ee Gren asaat SBrh “Gas E2 ees. aera: ee 91467 | Jouy, 914..---- Ove SV clinte = aan ade. ios eS FOSir| ARs 1c See eee Lo 6822 leNouys. 22-22 -- psu eae Ope ee een Jan. ———j]| 94] 62 11.5] 23 | 20 - |.--: 109398 | Namiye-.----- |9 ad.| Tokio, Hondo ....-- Mar. 8, 1884 O93) "2635 11S le eee eats 96310 | Blak., 2845 ..../9 ad.| Sarubuto, Yezo....; May 24, 1882 94 61 | 12 2 | 19 abe 96318 | Blak., 2990 ..-.|9 ad-| Yubutz, Yezo-...---| Sept. 13, 1882 OF 605 Mee O24" Oars 96320 | Blak., 2992... | Pandata a0 feos see | Sept. 14,1882! (@) | G) | 12 125 | 22 |22- 96307 | Blak., 2369 ..-.|9 ad.' Sapporo, Yezo -.... May 28,1877/ $5 | 59 | 11.5) 24 | 22 ser OGRbIs | PBlake. 2903.) --- | Ovadis'. 23d =. o-2se2-5 252 | June 9,1882| 94] 61] 12 | 25 19 a2 2 Average measurements of 13 males ....-=-------2-2-----2-+2--- 102| 65 | 11.6) 24.7) 20.4 Average measurements of 11 females} ..--..........-.--------- 95} 61 | 11.6) 24.3) 20.1 ; * Much worn. * Molting. { The U.S. National Museum possesses three more adult specimens of Alauda japonica (Nos. 96302, 96: 308, 96319) which, in view of the above series, it is unnecessary to measure, as they are not sexed by the collectors. Three young ones also beloug to the Museum, viz: No. 88657, collected by Mr. Jouy, at Fuji, July 22, 1882; No. 96304, Hakodate, June, and No. 96317, Yubutz, September, both collected by Capt. Blakiston. Alauda blakistoni STEJN. (2663) U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120546-7, two ad. ¢ ¢, Henson, Nos. 148, 722; Hakodate, No- vember 5, 1885; April 2, 1886. As contended by Capt. Blakiston long ago, there is no difficulty in keeping separate the two forms of larks which inhabit Japan, for the measurements alone are sufficient to distinguish them, as shown by the appended tables of dimensions. A. blakistoni is very nearly allied to A. intermedia Swinu. of the opposite mainland and to A, arvensis LIN. of Europe, being, in fact, 304 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—-STEJNEGER. only a subspecies of the latter. These belong to a northern type of migratory habits, characterized by having the tip of the wing much elongated, that is, the first four primaries which form the tip of the — wing are lengthened so as to reach farther beyond the others than in the birds of the southern type. This latter is represented in Japan by A. japonica, which in turn is only subspecifically distinet from A. celi- vox SWINH. from China. These forms I believe in the main to be resi: dent birds. The difference in the construction of the wing above alluded to is well pronounced in the Japanese species and may be expressed as follows: (1) Alauda blakistoni, distance of fifth primary from tip of wing greater than middle toe, without claw ; (2) Alauda japonica, distance of fifth primary from tip of wing less than middle toe, without claw. These characters, of course, are only well pronounced in specimens the quills of which are fully grown and not much abraded. Mr. Seebohm admits (Ibis, 1884, p. 41) the existence in Japan of two races distinguished by their difference in size. The larger one, with “the wing varying in length from 4.9 to 3.9 inches,” hesays ‘ might be called var. japonica by ornithologists anxious to split hairs.” This name I consider referable to the smaller form. Alauda blakistoni was based by me on Kamtchatkan specimens before Thad seen any skins from Japan. A comparison of the figures of the table below with those given by me in my Orn. Explor. Kamtsch., p. 235, shows a remarkable uniformity; the averages of wing and tail being identical to the millimeter. Alauda blakistoni has as yet been reported in Japan only from Yezo and the Kurils. It breeds apparently on the latter, and passes through Yezo only during the migrations, which do not seem to extend to Hondo. As we have no Yezo winter specimens, this form probably winters some- where on the mainland. Measurements. ees | 4 jo B=] al a | # a fe a ® = eo. | U.S. Nat. | Collector and op ede as = Ss) oF | ep Mus. No. number. z hoeality. Date. B z Reale wet) q | eB) es ba | a = | & elites s 3 ee a |! eect i) 7a Fi/a|a {ala [eA 22 | eee = = a a es 120546 | Henson, 148...| ad.) Hakodate, Yezo....) Nov. 5,1885)| 124 | 76 13 26 | 24 (eOnd Tall HAONROM, ees. +l atlas Ol soe Se eee Apr. 2, 1886 |*112 +68 | 13 27 | 23 96313 | Blak., 2981 ....|¢ ad.| Tomakomai, Yezo-.| Sept. 1109 69 | 12.5 | 26 | 22 SGe1b a blak. 2985's: 67 Ge ad alas 00 see eee ee Sept. (t) | (12.5 | 26 | 22 96298 | Blak., 1569....;¢' ad.| Nemoro, Yezo .-..-. Oct. 6,1874| 115 72 "| 12 26 | 22 mes 96300 | Blak., 2770.... f¢ ad-_| Iturup, Kurils..--.- Sept. 116 71 | 12.5 | 26 | 23 196 OGs00) lak. 2771 ade |; edo... se ees ee Sept. —— |t121 74 | 12 27 | 24 205 962991) Snow, Blake. cad.) "*inril TslandsS ie 2|eeeeeceso. == 117 74.) 12 26 | 22 ee 2136; Average measurements of 7 males). .-..+---232.--5--.-:---=4--5- 116 72 | 12.6.| 26 | 22.9 |222- =— —— es eS a —— * Much worn, t Partly molting. | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 305 Motacilla lugens KirrL. (2294) It is just as well to state at the outset that this is not the Motacilla lugens of Fauna Japonica, which is the next species; or, perhaps, it may be better to give the full synonymy of both species, in order not to be misunderstood. | 1784.—Motacilla alba PENNANT, in Cook’s Voy. Pacif., 10, p. 355 (nec LIN.). 1826.—Motacilla albeola var. PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross. As., 1, p. 507. 1833.—Motacilla lugens Kirriirz, Kupfertaf., p. 16, pl. xxi, fig. 1 (nec TEMM. & SCHL. )— CASSIN, Perry’s Exp. Jap., UU, p. 221 (1856).—Jd., Proc. Acad. Philada., 1858, p. 193.—SrEBOouM, Ibis, 1878, p. 347 (in part only).—/Jd., B. Jap. Emp., p.111 (1890).—STrsneGErR, Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., p. 287 (1885),— SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., x, p. 474, pl. iv, figs. 1-4 (1885). 1833.— Motacilla lugubris GLOGER, Abiind. Vég., p. 148 (nee TeMM., 1820).—TEMM., Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., 111, p. 175 (part) (1835).—CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., I, p. 12 (1850). 1839.— Motacilla leucoptera ViGORS, Vov. Blossom, p. 18 (nec SELYS, 1856),—ZANDER, Naumannia, 1851, iv, p. 14. 1844,.—‘* Motavilla albeola var. camtschatce PALL.,”” SCHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., p. 68. 1850.—“ Motacilla albeola var. camtschatica PALu.,”’ Bonaparte, Consp. Av., I, p. 250, 1851.—Motacilla alba lugens ZANDER, Naumannia, 1851, iv, p. 13. 1863.— Motacilla ocularis SWINHOE, P. Z. §., 1863, p. 275 (part). 1863.— Motacilla japonica SWINHOK, Ibis, 1869, p. 306,—Id., ibid., 1874, p. 156 (part).— WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 198.—BLakisr. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 236 (part).— Tid., Tr. As. Soe. Jap., vii, 1880, p. 220 (part). 1878.— Motacilla amurensis SEEBOHM, I)is, 1878, p. 345, pl. ix.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 91.— Td., ibid., 1884, p. 39.—BLakisr. & PRyYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., x, 1882, p. 155.—BLAKISTON, Chrysanth., 1882, p. 522.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 174.—Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 53 (1884). 1882.— Motacilla kamtschatica STEJINEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 182. 1882.— Motacilla camtschatica TACZANOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 388. 1883.— Motacilla —————— ? BuakisTon, Chrysanth., 1883, p. 31. 1883.—Motacilla blakistoni SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1883, p. 91.—/d., ibid., 1884, p. 38.—RIpDGE- way, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., v1, 1883, p. 147. — .— Motacilla mutabilis BLAKISTON, MSS. and labels. It is only during the last few years, and due to the late Capt. Blakis- ton’s indefatigable efforts, that the two Japanese species of Wagtails have become thoroughly understood, for not only has the nomencla- ture been in a most deplorable state of confusion, but the fact that both species occur in the same locality, at certain seasons at least, coupled with the great variation of the plumages, according to age and season, presented some of the most perplexing knots in Japanese ornithology; in order to untie them it was necessary for Capt. Blakiston to bring to- gether about seventy specimens collected at all seasons. In an interest- ing article in the “Chrysanthemum” (1885, p. 31), and in the “‘Amended List of the Birds of Japan,” pp. 52-55 (1884), he ably disentangled the skein, and recently Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., x, 1885), has added materially to the clearness of the case by giving the black- eared species a new name, and by systematically describing and illus- trating the different plumages of J. lugens. It appears, however, that the differences have not been contrasted in such a way as to enable the field ornithologists to distinguish the two Proe. N. M. 92——20 306 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. species in all plumages, for Mr. Henson, who has correctly named nearly all the other species of his large collection, has sent me the entire lot of White Wagtails without an attempt to identify them, simply labeling them “ Motacilla—?” It may, therefore, not be out of place to give a brief tabular synopsis of the chief differences by which the various plumages are most easily distinguished. Plumage. | Motacilla lugens. Motacilla grandis. | Young in first plumage(June,| Upper surface ‘smoke gray’ | Upper surface, ear-coverts, and en- July, August; plumage (Ridgw., Nomencl. Col., pl. ii, n. tire fore-neck, uniform dark easily recognized by the | 12); ear-coverts and entire fore- “drab-gray”’ (Ridgw., Nomen- loose and open texture of neck white faintly washed with el. Col., pl. ii, n. 13); greater the contour feathers). | “eream color,” each feather nar- upper wing-coverts white to the | rowly edged at tip with dusky, base; middle coverts likewise | more broadly on lower jugulum, entirely white. forming an indistinct dusky col- lar across the latter; greater up- per wing-coverts dark brownish gray broadly margined with white; middle coverts dusky at | base, grayish white at tip with | | adusky shaft streak. Young after the first molt . Upper sirface smoke-gray more | Upper surface, sides of head, in- (which usually is finished or less strongly washed with cluding ear-coverts, sides otf before the middle of Octo- straw-yellow, the males usually | neck throat,and jugulum, dead ber; texture of contour | more or less black on hind | black; feathers on upper surface feathers firm; remigesand | crown; supraloral region, super- | more or less broadly margined rectrices not molting). | cilia, ear-coverts, malar region, | at tip with grayish; forehead, sides of neck, chin, and throat superciliary streak, and chin white tinged with straw-yel- pure white; wings as above. low; upper jugulum similar, but feathers subapically margined | with blackish, lower jugulum with a black, semilunar collar, each feather apically margined with whitish; through the eyes a dusky line; wings as above. Adult bird (i. ¢., birds ready | Cheeks (malar region, suborbital | Cheeks and sides of neck black. for propagation) after the | region, auriculars) and sides of | ‘Tarsus longer, 25"™ to 27m, Jirst spring (nomatter what | neck white. ‘Tarsus shorter, the coloration of the wing), | 23" to 25mm, summer, and winter. Notwithstanding the great superficial similarity in the two species, to the close observer they are very different indeed. Their general size is about the same, but the proportions differ materially, J/. grandis having alonger and at the base comparatvely narrower bill and con- siderably longer tarsus than M. lugens. The changes of plumages, moreover, are radically dissimilar, in fact so much so, that this case ought to be a warning to ornithologists not to be too hasty mm conclud- ing that, while he knows the change of plumages is one form to be of a certain nature, that of the nearest allied species is essentially alike. Capt. Blakiston, I think, was the first ornithologist to announce (Chry- santh., Jan. 1883, p. 31), the interesting observation that in MW. grandis the young birds during the first autumn pass at once into the black plumage, while the young M. lugens are gray during the first winter, and that subsequently the former remains black during all seasons, while the latter is black in summer only and gray in winter. It is quite evident from Capt. Blakiston’s manuscript notes, as well as from the labels attached to the specimens in his collection, that he considered the differences in the wing pattern found in the various in- les PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 307 dividuals of M. lugens to be due to successive molts of the quills. Mr. Rt. Bowdler Sharpe (loc. cit.), on the other hand, seems to maintain that the changes between the different patterns of wings take place during the time between the molts. And he too bases his conclusions upon a study of the series in Blakiston’s collection. It would therefore seem as if this series were not quite sufficient to settle the question, and so is in fact the case, for, although very complete in autumnal specimens, spring birds are comparatively not so well represented. The large series of the present species, which I myself collected in Kamchatka, on theother hand, contains mostly specimens killed during the month of May (cf. “ List of specimens collected,” Res. Ornith. Explor. Kam- tschatka, p. 291), supplementing Capt. Blakiston’s collection to a great degree. Iam therefore in the position to throw considerable light on the subject, and hope to be able to settle a part of this vexed question. Before attempting this, however, a few general remarks in regard to points which must not be lost sight of during the following discussion may not be out of place. It is then to be noted that while the color of the small plumage is changed twice a year, the quills and tail-feathers are only shed once, viz, in autumn. The last (proximal) three secon- daries (or “tertiaries”) form an exception to this rule, inasmuch as they are molted twice a year. In speaking of the changes which take place at the annual (autumnal) molt of the quills, we do not include any ref- erence to the last three, in order not to create any confusion. I will also mention that I shall designate the three figures of the wing of M. lugens, presented by Mr. Sharpe in the tenth volume of the ‘Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum,” on pp. 475, 476, and 477, as fig. 475, fig. 476, and fig. 477, respectively. Of M. lugens ten specimens in the first plumage are before me, seven belonging to Mr. Henson’s collection (Henson’s Nos. 28, 29, 31, 40, 41, 42,65) and three to Capt. Blakiston’s (Blak., Nos. 1389, 1390, 1561; U.S. Nat. Mus.. Nos. 96206, 96207, 96208), the former collected during August, the latter during September and July; some are marked as male and some as female, but all are essentially alike in regard to the distribution of whitish and brownish gray, agreeing minutely with Sharpe’s fig. 475. As this figure does not exhibit the inner websof the quills, Lappend a sketch of the secondary next tothe longest “tertiary” (pl. XLV, fig. 1). Birds which have finished their molt have exactly the Same quill pattern, as testified by twelve specimens collected in Septem- ber and October (Henson’s No, 328; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 96210, 96212, 96220, 96227, 96228, 96229, Blak. coll.; 92689, Stejn. coll., all September birds, and Henson’s No.335; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 96223, 96224, 107107, blak. coll., October). I have, furthermore, four November specimens (Henson’s No. 735, Hakodate; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96214, Yokohama, Owston coll.; 96215, Nagasaki, Ringer coll.; Petersen’s No. 74, Nagas- aki) which differin no particular from the figures quoted above. From December and January | have no examples, but from the faet that a 308 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—-STEJNEGER. male killed in February (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 96218, Nagasaki, Ringer coll.) and two males in March (91531, 91559, Tokio, Jouy coll.*) offer no differences from the early winter birds it is safe to conclude that speci- mens from the intervening months are equally alike. Early April specimens are wanting; however, a bird obtained by Mr. Grebnitzki on Bering Island, April 50 (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 106609)t and one by Blakiston in Yezo during May (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96192), as well as ten others from Kamtchatka and Bering Island, collected during the latter month (Nos. 92682, 88985, 88986, 92683, 92686, 92681, 96606, 96607, and Stejneger Nos. 1035, 2031), show no trace of change in the quill pattern; at least not in the direction supposed by Mx. Sharpe, for the northern birds appear to have the dark color on the outer web of the last secondary (the one figured as above) more extended towards the base. This series is concluded by two birds in full breeding plum- age, one (2) shot by myself in Petropaulski, Kamtchatka, June 27, 1882 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 89146), the other ( 2) collected by Blakiston at Cape Blanco, Yezo, June 23, 1873 (No. 96194), the latter in a very abraded plumage, both of which in every essential particular have the quills colored in the same manner as the birds in the first plumage killed the year previous in July, August, and September. We have thus examined a series of forty-three specimens, illustrating the pattern of the quills, from the birds leaving the nest until they have become a year old and are rearing their own young. This mate- rial proves most conclusively that the quills undergo no change what- soever in regard to the relative distribution of white and dusky (except, of course, the gradual wearing away of the whitish edges during the second summer). It is also to be noted, that in this enormous series the individual variation is but very slight. ¢ The yearly molt of the quills does not take place until about two months later than the latest specimen enumerated above, and from these months I have no specimen to show. I should therefore have expressed myself much more guardedly in regard to a possible change in the col- oration of the quills during the last period before the molt, had it not been that our collection contains a most interesting specimen which, *These two specimens are molting their ‘‘tertiaries,” and the new black feathers on the back make their appearance; throat already black in No. 91559. I make this statement well aware of the fact that Dr. H. Gitke (Journ. of Orn., 1854, p. 323) flatly denies a prenuptial molt in the British White Wagtail. He says: ‘‘Von bei- den Arten [ Motacilla lugubris (yarrellii) and Anthus littoralis] habe ich Hunderte von Exemplaren in allen Stufen des Ueberganges vom Winter- zum Sommerkleide in Hiinden gehabt, nie aber neu hervorkeimende, halb- oder weiter ausgewachsene Federn finden kénnen.” However this may be in the European bird, the fact remains that in the specimens referred to, most of the black feathers on the back are still in their sheaths. + From this time on all the specimens are in full summer plumage; throat black; males with back black, females gray. {The greater amount of dusky on the proximal secondaries in the Kamchatkan spring specimens is possibly a peculiarity of the breeding birds of that country. ~~ - ‘ not nee % , b: bf rea PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 309 in connection with the above series, most satisfactorily completes the proof and makes it incontrovertible. This specimen, a female, was collected by Capt. Blakiston at Yubutz, Yezo, September 15, 1882 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96211; Blak., No. 2958), and is in full molt all over. The black feathers on top of the head are giving way to gray ones tinged with yellow; the anterior portion of the back has already assumed the latter color; new white feathers del- icately suffused with straw-yellow appear on the throat; several new black marginal (smaller) upper wing-coverts have taken the place of the gray ones; the tail feathers also are molting, and in the left wing the longest “ tertiary” has fallen out. Most interesting is the molt of the other quills, inasmuch as all the primaries and all but two of the secondaries are new and still partly in the sheaths; the two seconda- ries left from the old plumage are the two ones next to the “‘tertiaries,” quite brown and faded and with the whitish margins nearly entirely worn off, but the extent of terminal dusky and basal white is exactly as in the July bird just out of the nest, which we have already figured (pl. XLV, fig. 1). In a day or two these feathers would have fallen out, and we have thus proof that the first quill pattern remains absolutely unchanged until the molt in the second autumn. This demonstrated, we will now take a look at the new quills in this bird. Only the six inner primaries are nearly fully grown, and of the secondaries only the three next to the primaries are so far grown that this pattern can be made out. Ina general way they do not differ greatly from the wing pattern of the first plumage, except that the dusky portion is blacker and less extensive, while the light bases and margins have increased in extent and whiteness; the black in the outer web of the primaries descends along the shafts nearly to the base. So far as I can make out, this pattern is the one which Mr. Sharpe represents in fig. 476. In order to give an illustration of the secondary next to the longest “ter- tiary” for comparison with my previous figure of the corresponding quill in the young bird, I select another specimen, with which the molting bird alluded to agrees in every respect as far as the quills already grown out are concerned. This specimen is U.S. Mus. No. 96205 (9, Tomakoma, Yezo, September 17, 1882, Blak. coll., No. 2959), shot ok two days foe than the above female, see probably of an earlier brood, inasmuch as the entire molt is finished. PI. Xv, fig. 2, gives a fair idea of the distribution of black and white on the inner secondaries in this stage of plumage, while fig. 3 illustrates the same on the fifth primary. Quite a series of specimens agree closely with this type, which we regard as representative of the birds in the second winter and third summer, viz: U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 96226 (Yezo, September), 107016 (Nagasaki, December 25), and 96195 (Yezo, April); Henson, No. 138 (Yezo, April 19); U.S. Nat Mus., Nos. 96196 (Yezo, May 16), 107014 (Yezo, June 22); 96212 (Yokohama), and 107108 (Nagasaki), the latter two, however, without date and sex on the collector’s labels. All these 310 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. are designated as females by the collectors, except the last two, of which the Yokohama specimen is undoubtedly a female, while the Na- gasaki bird may possibly be a male. As the series covers the time from the autumnal molt until the middle of June next year, and as there is no perceptible increase of the white color to be observed, it seems fair to conclude that the quill pattern of the females of the second year remains nearly unchanged until the molt in the third autumn; conse- quently that the black does not “gradually disappear,” at least not in the females, during the second year. We headed the foregoing series with a September female just molt- ing and another one having just finished the molt of her second autumn. No. 96209 (U. S. Nat. Mus.) is also a September male, collected by Blakiston at Yubutz, Yezo, September 15, 1882 (Blak., No. 2957), which has just passed the molt, traces of the “sheaths” still adhering to the basis of several of the quills, while the first primary and the inner- most secondary is not yet fully grown out. That it is not a bird of the year is plain from the fact that some of the feathers on the back are blackish, while nearly all the lesser wing coverts are black; that it is not much more than a year old, [think, will be plain from the pattern of the quills, the secondary and primary corresponding to those of the female already figured, being figs. 4 and 5, pl. xlv. It will be seen by a comparison with figs. 2 and 3 that the difference in male and female in the quill pattern during this stage is slight, although the latter is evi- dently ‘“‘more backward,” as Mr. Sharpe remarks. Like the female, this specimen has the white of the head and the back suffused with yellowish. Another male in precisely the same stage of molt was shot by Capt. Blakiston on the following day (U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 107015; Yubutz, Yezo, September 14, 1882; Blak., No. 2955), has the wing pat- tern essentially similar, the fifth primary having only a little more white in the inner web along the shaft, but on the proximal secondary the black is reduced to a slight dusky trace in both webs. A third male, shot by the same gentleman on the last day of the same month (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96225; Blak., No. 3031), is absolutely similar, but there is hardly a trace of dusky left on the proximal secondary. In all three the black on the outer webs of the outer primaries extends consider- ably towards the base, but is especially pronounced and extensive in the last-mentioned specimen. These three examples being shot nearly at the same time show plainly the range of individual variation in re- gard to the quill pattern, and demonstrate the necessity of dispensing with the theory of a gradual change taking place during the following winter, a conclusion furthermore strengthened by an inspection of the following specimens: U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96222 (2, Yezo, Oct. 10, 1882; Blak., No. 3101), very much like the bird figured (figs. 4 and 5), but the outer web of the proximal secondary nearly entirely white, and black on outer webs of outer primaries very heavy; No. 96201 (4, Yo- kohama, Noy. 20, 1882), nearly identical with No. 96225, but black on it ee en | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 311 outer webs of outer primaries more like No. 96209; No. 96202 (4, Na- gasaki, Dec. 25, 1882), quite similar. Henson’s No. 157 ( 6, Hakodate, April 16, 1884) and Stejneger’s No. 2035 ( 4 , Petropaulski, May 17, 1883), both in full summer plumage, are also identical with the foregoing specimens. Finally I have to mention a male which I shot at Petro- paulski, Kamtchatka, on May 17, 1883 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 92685); it is in full summer plumage, black-backed, and I dissected it myself; it is also the latest as to date in the series of males, yet it has more black on the quills than any of the foregoing ones, the proximal sec- ondary and the fifth primary being in fact absolutely identical with those of the female, figs. 2 and 3. So far our material has been ample and our conclusions, I think, safe. There remain only seven specimens, the quill pattern of six of which dif- fer considerably from that of the foregoing series (figs. 2-5). Although taken from the most extreme specimen, pl. xlv, fig. 6 represents very well the fifth primary of this group, as compared with figs. 3 and 5, while the proximal secondary is pure white, or nearly so (all or most of the secondaries being in fact similar). The first bird of this series to attract our attention is No. 96203, collected by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki, December, 1879, and by him designated as a female. Nearly all the secondaries are pure white; the black on the outer web of the four outer primaries does not extend further down than on the inner web, and the fifth primary is colored very much like the one figured (fig. 6). Should the determination of the sex be correct, I should think it most probable that this pattern had beenassumed after the molt in the third autumn, since the difference seems to be too great to be only an indi- vidual variation of quill pattern (fig. 5). A September male (Yezo, Blakiston, No. 2956; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96200) and a summer bird, male, collected in the Kurils by Mr. Snow (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96198), on the other hand, are quite similar, having the black apical patch on the fifth primary somewhat larger than in fig. 6, the latter being eol- lected at Hakodate in March by Capt. Blakiston (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96197). It will be observed that the difference between these males and the lighter ones already referred to the type represented by figs. 4and 5 is not so great as to preclude the possibility of their being only individual variations of the same stage of plumage, and it must be ad- mitted thatthe three last specimens of our collection, which we have not yet mentioned, seem to point in this direction. The first of these isa 2 collected by Mr. Henson at Hakodute, May 16, 1883 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96199), the left wing of which is quite normal, with a fifth primary like fig. 6, but with some dusky marks on the proximal second- ary. In the right wing, however, fourth and fifth primaries, although apparently fully grown, are considerably shorter than normally, and the greater pureness of the white color at once indicates that they are of more recent origin than the rest, in other words, that they have recently grown out in the place of the old ones which had been lost 312 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. accidentally; of these new feathers the fifth primary has quite as much black as fig. 5, while the fourth one in the inner shows even more than the average female after the molt in the second autumn, though the outer web is pure white, except at the tip, a feature only visible in a few of the most extreme specimens. The other bird is an unsexed specimen in the middle of the autumnal molt (Henson’s No. 39, Hako- date, Aug. 14, 1882) contour feathers as well as remiges and rectrices being shed; in the wing, which even in the old plumage belongs to the extreme white type, the five proximal primaries are fully grown; the third and fourth are still small, while the two outer ones as well as all the secondaries belong to the old plumage. So much can be said from this specimen that the new feathers have just as much black as the old ones, and that in this bird, at least, the new molt weuld not have brought on an increased amount of white. To this may be suc- cessfully replied, however, that this bird had already at some previous molt obtained its maximum of white, and that it consequently does not prove that atthe moltin the third autumn the quill pattern of figs. 2-5 is not exchanged for that of the extreme white type. Nor does the last specimen before me, a female which I collected in Kamtchatka, May 24, 1883 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 92688), prove much either way. Although being surely a female it has a fifth primary like fig. 5 (¢) and a proximal secondary nearly white, It is consequently whiter in the quill pattern than any female in the series, the sex of which is as- certained beyond «a doubt. As I have pointed out above, the Kam- tehatkan birds seem to have a somewhat darker wing than the birds breeding in the south. Is the present specimen, therefore, a bird in the fourth year, or is the unusual amount of white simply due to indi- vidual variation? After having thus examined a series of about seventy examples, we are reluctantly forced to admit that still more examples are needed in order to get at the bottom of the question. About twenty more white- winged M. lugens, collected in the north of Japan between the begin. ning of August and the middle of September, in the different stages of molt, and accurately sexed by dissection, will be necessary to end the dispute. Will our friends in that country help us to complete the se ries and end the dispute? But no more young birds with “brown” wings need be slaughtered. Mr. Henson’s thirteen specimens having been mentioned during the above already too lengthy discussion, I consider it unnecessary to refer to them more particularly. Motacilla grandis SUARPE. (229) As with the foregoing, it will be most instructive to begin with the synonymy as follows: 1835.— Motacilla lugubris TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., U1, pp. li, 175 (part., nec 1820). it Pe erage PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Fa les. 1847.—Motacilla lugens TeMMINCK & ScuLeGeL, Fauna Japon., Aves, p. 60, pl. xxv (nee Kirriitz, 1833).—? BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, p. 319.—Id., Chrys- anth., 1882, p. 522.—Id., ibid., 1883, p. 31.—Jd., ibid., 1883, Feb., p. ——. Id., ibid., 1883, p. 174.—SEEBouM, Ibis, 1879, p. 34.—BLAKIsT. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 155.—Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, p. 290. 1866.— Volacilla japonica TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1866, p. 291 (nec SWINH., 1863).—SWINHOR, Ibis, 1874, p. 156 (part.).—BuLakisr. & PryeER, Ibis, 1878, p. 236 (part.).— Tid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., vii, 1880, p. 220 (part.).—Briakisr., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 52 (1884).—SrresgneGer, Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., p. 289 (1885). SEEBOHUM, B. Jap. Emp., p. 112 (1890). 1885.— Motacilla grandis Suarpr, Cat. B. Br. Mus., x, p. 492. Motacilla immutabilis BLAKISTON, MSS. and labels. Mr. Sharpe was undoubtedly correct in giving this species anew name, since Swinhoe (who afterwards, however, confounded the two species) bestowed the name M. japonica upon “the black-backed race [of J. ocularis| * * * peculiar to the Japanese islands” (Ibis, 1863, p. 309, footnote), which, of course, is the true J. lugens. It has already been remarked under the head of M. lugens that the changes of plumage in the two Japanese species of Wagtails are quite different, and this statement does not apply to the contour feathers alone, but to the quills as well, for it is evident that 1. grandis does not pass through the “ brown” stage of J. lugens, as the young birds upon leaving the nest have the white and black of the quills as strongly con- trasted as the adults, while the white color in this stage of the wings, which lasts until the molt in the autumn of the next year, is somewhat more extended than in the corresponding stage of M. lugens. How- ever, all the quills are marked with dusky, except occasionally one or two of the inner secondaries. The male, as a rule, seems to be a trifle more white than the female. The series of thirteen specimens before me seems to prove that no change takes place in the quills between the molts. After the autumnal molt the next year all the secondaries become pure white, and the black on the inner primaries is greatly reduced, so that these parts now exactly resemble the corresponding quills in the most extremely white JM. lugens. On the outer primaries the black is also somewhat restricted, but not so much so as in M. lu- gens; the black tips are much longer, and the black on the first pri- mary reaches nearly always to the base, thus presenting a very marked difference from the adult MW. lugens in the corresponding plumage. Of this species Mr. Henson’s collection only contains a single speci- men (No. 821), a female, in the first year, collected at Hakodate, De- cember 5, 1885; U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120527. Motacilla melanope PALL. (250) g, No. 139, Hakodate, September 17, 1884; 2, No. 163, ibid., September 10, 1884. U.S. Nat. Mus, No. 120541-2. 314 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Anthus maculatus Hopes. (225) Two ¢ g¢, Nos. 698, 154; Hakodate, November 25 and 27, 1883; 9, No. 28, ibid., July 19, 1886. U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 320544, 120548, 120545. Turdus cardis TEMM. (260) Four specimens, of which one just out of the nest, all in the olive plumage. Two of them are marked ¢, but this must be a mistake, for, as I shall show, the sexual difference in coloration is very pronounced in all plumages. When Seebohm treated of the Thrushes in the fifth volume of the “Oatalogue of the Birds in the British Museum” (1881), the young in the first plumage were unknown. Since then nestlings and young ones just out of the nest have been collected by Mr. Jouy and Mr. Henson. I have also a full series of the other plumages, so that a few remarks on the different plumages and their changes may not be out of place. é in nestling plumage is of a blackish slate color above with but a very slight suffusion of fulvous, and with very distinct pale butty shaft streaks; tail and wings similarly colored, though more fulvous towards the outer margins of the feathers; the terminal spots of ochraceous buff on the upper wing-coverts are rather large on the middle row, but nearly obsolete on the larger ones; the dusky spot on the under side are large, and the buffy tinge suffusing the white ground color rather pale (U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 88607, 88612). The nestling 2 differs considerably, being of a dark, dull, tawny olive above, with dusky margins to the tips of the feathers and narrow, bufty shaft streaks more or less pronounced; tail and wings more fulvous than in the male, without any slaty cast, and the ochraceous tip to the greater upper wing-coverts rather larger and well defined; sides, breast, and fore- neck more strongly suffused with ochraceous (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 88608, and Henson, No. 5). 3 jun., after the first autumnal molt ditters very much from the female in corresponding plumage. The entire upper surface is of a dull plum- beous or bluish slate gray, nearly pure on lower back and wing, and but slightly suffused with fulvous on head and interscapulars, but more strongly so on the secondaries, and especially the greater upper wing- coverts which have the tips narrowly margined with pale ochraceous butt; sides of head dusky, with but faint fulvous suffusion; fore-neck and breast very thickly spotted with large blackish, fan-shaped termi- nal spots, the visible ground color between them being pale plumbeous on the chest and lower neck, whitish on throat and chin, but suffused with ochraceous; rest of under surface pure white, tinged with plum- beous on the flanks and with ochraceous on the sides of the breast, these parts, besides, spotted with blackish like the breast; under wing-coverts ochraceous rufous. (This description is taken from a specimen collected by Mr. P. L. Jouy, in Fusan, Corea, April 26, 1886. Jouy, No. 1585.) ST Eee ~ i eae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 315 4 after the following (second) autumnal molt resembles the above in the color of the back, but the head and face are blackish and the fore- neck and chest are of a uniform dull, brownish slate, only the chin being whitish; secondaries and greater upper wing-coverts are still strongly aed with fulvous, but the ochraceous wash on the under side has di: appeared, and the under wing-coverts are slate-gray in the middle, being only broadly margined with ochraceous (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96289). In the fully adult ¢ all traces of fulvous disappear; the black of the head, fore-neck, and chest becomes darker and pervades the back, and even the under wing-coverts are blackish (U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 88606, 96288). The adult 2 is olive above; fore neck, chest, and flanks strongly suf- fused with ochraceous spotted with black; under wing coverts bright ochraceous. Jn summer slightly gray ne in winter more fulvous. (Numerous specimens. ) Measurements. | d a | eae: an | [eel ee (then Museum and No. Gubetior — is Locality. Date. = a g 80 & 2 Es gs yw | Aap ite! cs a |e oS a Ss ~ a | Fiala lea |S U.S. Nat., 120326 .| Henson, 1235..|? ad- el Hakodate, Yezo ...| Oct. 6,1884} 110 | 73 | 17 | 30 27 GL SANA 12082/-41) Henson, 1241... (9!) ad! 2 25-do0. 2. 2-20.22 55. Atte vocaeee 109 | 73 | 18 | 30 28 U.S. Nat., 120328 .| Henson, 1233..|/(9) ad li eG ORG aa tie, ee Oct. 4,1884] 111 | 72 | 18 | 30 29 U.S. Nat., 120329 .| Henson, 5..... (9) ad . AON sea eeee July 20,1883} 108 | 63 | 18 | 30 |..-... Christiania, NZ Petersen, 70.../9 ad... “Nagas: uki, Kiusiu .| Nov. —,1886} 110 | 71 | 19 | 30 28 U.S. Nat., 96288. .| Ringer, 18 .---|oi ad... do Spe aerealae ett Dec. 13,1876} 114 | 76 | 19 | 30 28 U.S. Nat., 88606..| Jouy, 495... --- rout: \( oe oo Uj, Hlondo.--=2-- July 13, 1882} 118 | 80 | 19 | 29 VA U.S. Nat., 88611..] Jouy, 454....-- OFad Pal Ose See ore July 8,1882}] 111 | 70 | 18 | 29 27 U.S. Nat., 88608. . Jouy, Bit | eee ONG. [p= 2g00e e205 = ee July 24,1882 | 106 | 62 | 18 | 29 |_.___- U.S. Nat., 88612. . Jouy, BOOS ee a Gules [een cOO tir saeecauaeee July 16,1882} 85 | 30] 15} 28 27 U.S. Nat., 88607..) Jouy, 381...-.. OuyIw. POO esurstiaeeels aaa 2,1882} 71] 18 | 14 | 29 26 U.S. Nat., 96289..| Blak., 758... -.. Coad. =: “Hakodate, Yezo -..| Oct. 21,1861) 112 | 76/52 2330 28 U.S. Nat., 96287..| Blak., 2356 .../( 2) ad . Sapporo, Yezo eee Oct. 12,1877] 111 | 75 | 18 | 29 28 Turdus eunomus TEMM. (264) A normally colored pair of this species is in Henson’s collection: ¢ ad., No. 81; Hakodate, March 15, 1884; 2, No. 658, same locality and date; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120530-1. The latter specimen agrees very closely with Naumann’s, fig 1, pl. Ixviii, Naturg. Vig. Deutschl., Vol. 11, and his excellent description of the same specimen on p. 291, which, however, he erroneously refers to T. nawnanni. Two females collected by Jouy in Tate-Yama, Hondo, October 27, 1882 (U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 91311, 91312), agree even better with the figure in question, as they have thé spots on the flanks still browner than Henson’s bird. Turdus naumanni TEMM. (261) A pair of this comparatively rare Thrush in Henson’s collection, and a female collected by Blakiston in Yezo, resemble in all essential points 316 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. | specimens from Shanghai, China, and from Corea. None of them show any inclination toward 7. ruficollis PALL., being in every respect quite typical. Measurements. FI | = si} ; ed ee Z a4 | vo ml - ‘ 1 s } && 2 a Oo, ee U.S. Nat. | Collector ard a Trocainiy: Tate. a = Ss E bp Mus. No. No. | : el nie eel ena ee las op | & Oe ashe a ey BG eee a b e] wo D ra Aa Mit = TN sei ne 120332 | Henson, 77..--| ad.| Hakodate, Yezo......| Mar. 15, 1884 | 135 | 90 {| Sola e88 27 120833 || Henson 182s |(G eda CO eee petra aloe eee O}e secre 125 |} 89! 18) 33 27 96291 | Blak., 3212..-.|@ ad.| Sapporo, Yezo....... Oct. 23,1882|130| 93] 18|31| 27 | 250 ( : | Turdus pallidus GM. (259.) Mr. Henson sends two specimens, No. 744, Hakodate, November 23, 1885, apparently an old male, and No. 807, November 7, 1835, a younger bird of the same sex. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120334-5.) This species appears to be very rare in Yezo, for it seems that Capt. Blakiston did not obtain it in that island, though he was able to com- pare a specimen, apparently in the Hakodate museuin, with his Chinese examples. Whitely only collected one specimen. These two speci- mens, with those of Mr. Henson, appear to be the only ones obtained so far in the North Island. In Hondo the species occurs more frequently, as well as in Kiusiu, and in the Liukiu Islands, though by no means a common bird. All the specimens which I have seen were winter birds, and I do not think there is any valid record of the species breeding in the country. IT can discover no differences beyond individual variation in a series of eighteen examples from the various Japanese islands, Corea, China, Liukiu, and Formosa. Turdus chrysolaus Temm. (263) Two specimens from Hakodate (é ad., No. 234, May 20, 1885; and a younger unsexed specimen, No. 721, October 4, 1884, U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120336-7) agree with others of the same species from Hondo, Kiusiu, Liukiu, and Corea. The male is perfectly adult, with uniformly dusky throat and without light tips to the greater upper wing coverts; but there are a few dusky spots on the sides of the breast. These are only “recollections,” not “remnants,” of the first plumage. This speci- men is also interesting as being taken later in spring than any of the others examined by me. Compared with the breeding male of 7. jowyt (July 2) it bears out the difference in the coloration of the throat in the two species, as pointed out in the original description of the latter (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, p.5). I can throw no further light upon this form, and additional specimens of these birds from various parts of Japan, and collected at all seasons of the year, are very desirable. A eA PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 317 Turdus obscurus GM. (262) According to the account given by Blakiston and Pryer, this species, although of regular occurrence, must be comparatively rare in Japan. It has hitherto not been found in Yezo (Blakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 26), and Mr. Henson’s specimen (No. 1274, 2 juv.; Hakodate, Octo- ber 10, 1882) is therefore of particular interest as extending the range of this species into the Northern Island. (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120338.) The seareity of the Eyebrowed Thrush in the northern portions of Japan is very remarkable, when we consider that it is common in Kam- tehatka. Cichloselys* sibiricus (PALL.). (258) The Siberian Thrush is comparatively rare in Japan, but is found sparingly breeding at least in Hondo. Its occurrence in Yezo has not been recorded with certainty, and Blakiston (Amend. List B. Jap., p. 26) enumerated it among the ‘Species not found in Yezo or the Kurils.” Mr. Henson, however, has been so fortunate as to secure specimens at Hakodate in June, both in 1884 and 1885 (No. 83, ¢ , June 3, 1884; No. 159, 2, June 22, 1885). (U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120339-40.) The male has not quite obtained its final plumage, for the wing is still more or less tinged with fulvous, and the chin is white, in fact closely resembling a breeding male collected by Mr. Jouy at Fuji, July 14, 1882 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 88609). The female is a fully adult bird characterized by the very pronounced plumbeous cast of the back, and by the median upper wing-coverts being uniform and not marked with the buffy deltoid spots characteristic of the bird of the year. Mr. Seebohm, in the fifth volume of the British Museum Catalogue, gives Turdus auroreus PALLAS as the female of the present species, following Gloger, Brehm, and Gray. Looking apart from the locality, Kadiak, as indicated by Pallas, the following points of his description can not be reconciled with sibericus: ‘“‘Subtus tota ferrugineo-lutea, *The ‘Siberian Thrush” has the wing constructed somewhat differently from that ef the other Japanese Thrushes. The second primary, as a rule, is very long, nearly, or quite, as long as the fourth; second, third, and fourth: thus forming the tip of of the wing. Furthermore, it has only the third and fourth primaries sinuated in the outer webs toward the tips, while in the other Thrushes the fifth is also usually sinuated. The tail in the present species is conspicuously rounded, against square, or nearly so, in the others. With these structural differences there is also associated a peculiar pattern of coloration, especially of the under surface of the wing, which induced Mr. Seebohm to inelude it in the genus Geocichla, in which he also puts Oreocincla. To the latter C. sibiricus has undoubtedly nearer relationship than to Turdus, though there seems to be enough structural characters to warrant the separa- tion of Cichlcselys and Oreocincla. The name Cichloselys was originally applied by Bonaparte to a heterogeneous assemblage of Turdine birds belonging to different groups at that time already named. Since he has not indicated any particular species as type, I feel justified (A. O. U. Code, Canons XXI, XXIV) in restricting the name to the only species of the group requiring a separate name. beige * || ‘ : ! 318 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. versus anum pallidior * * * Remiges nigricantes, margine exte- riore lutez, 2 ad 4 exteriore vexillo angustate * * * tectrices se- cundariarum et incumbentes apice exterius late luteew * * * Cauda equalis * * *” Jn all these points Pallas’s description agrees with Hesperocichla nevia (GM.) which breeds in Kadiak, Alaska. Monticola manilla (BoDD.). (256) Blue and Red Rock-Thrush. ; Iso hio-dori. 1776.—Turdus solitarius MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 142 (nee Lin., 1758).— Petrocossyphus 8. DRESSER & SHARPE, B. of Eur., 11, pp. 150, 161 (1872).— Monticola s. SWINHOK, Ibis, 1874, p. 157.—W. solitaria BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 240.—Jid., Trans. As. Soc. Jap., vit, 1880, p. 225.—Tid., ibid.,~ X, 1882, p. 163.—SrEBOHM, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., v, p. 319 (1881).—Jd., Ibis, 1887, p. 174.—Buakisr., Chrysanth., 1882, p. 521.—J/d., ibid., 1883, p. 33.— Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 58 (1884).—STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, p. 646.—Id., ibid., x, 1887, pp. 405, 415, 485.—Id., Zeitschr. Ges. Ornith., Iv, p. 174 (1888). 1776.—? Turdus philippensis MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 145. 1783.—Turdus manilla BopDAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 39. 1788.—? Turdus eremita GMELIN, 8. N., 1, p. 833. 1788.— Turdus manillensis GMELIN, 8. N.,1, p.833.—K1irritz, Mém. Sav. Etr. St.-Pétersb., I, p. 246 (1831).—J/d., Denkw., u, p. 186 (1858).—TrMM. & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Jap., Aves, p. 67 (1847).—Petrocossyphus m., HARTLAUB, Journ. Orn., 1854, p. 167.—CassiIn, Proc. Acad. Philada., 1862, p. 314.—Petrocinela m. BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, p. 319.—WaHIrTnELy, Ibis, 1867, p. 199.—Copsychus manilensis MARTENS, Preuss. Exp. Ost-As., Zool., 1, p. 368 (1877). 1858.— Petrocincla violacea SWINHOH, Zoologist, 1858 (p. 6228). 1881.—Monticola cyanus solitaria SEEBOUM, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., v, p. 318 (part). 1890.—Monticola cyanus SrEBouM, B. Jap. Emp., p. 53. There has of late been written a great deal in regard to the changes of plumage which take place in the present species, and many theories have been advanced, but no satisfactory solution has been arrived at as yet. In an elaborate memoir (B. of Eur., 11, pp. 149-163, 1872) Messrs. Sharpeand Dresser attempted to demonstrate thatthe male Blue-and-Red Rock-Thrush is only ‘“‘ blue and red” during a comparatively short trans- itional period of its life, and that the old birds are entirely blue, like the European Blue Rock-Thrush, basing their conclusion upon the fact that wholly blue birds are found also in the East, in China and Indo- China. Mr. Seebohm, on the other hand, rejects this theory (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., v, pp. 319-320, 1881), and in doing so I think he is abso- lutely correct. But he solves the mystery of the Eastern blue birds by extending the range of M. solitaria (LIN.) (10 ed.=M. eyanus LIN., 12 ed.), the European bird, eastward into China, and in this [ think he is wrong. The eastern bird is smaller, with a comparatively smaller bill; its wing formula is different, and the blue color is deeper and darker. I have no doubt as to its distinctness, but whether a binom- inal or only a trinominal should be used to designate it I am at j eae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 519 present unable to say. It seems as if the name Monticola pandoo (SYKES) is available for this form. Sharpe and Dresser (tom. cit., p. 161) indicate the possibility that the Rock Thrush from Japan may turn out to be a different species—char- acterized by a greater brilliancy of coloration and longer tarsus. With- out specimens from the Philippine Islands it is difficult for me to form an opinion. All I can say is that I find no essential difference in pro- portion or coloration between Japanese, Liukiuan, Formosan, Chinese, and Corean examples. Eleven specimens from China, Corea, and For- mosa vary in the wing between 115" and 128"™ (average 122™™) and in the tarsus between 28™™ and 31"™ (average 30™"), while fourteen spec- imens from Japan and Liukiu measure in the wing 116™™ to 128™m™ (average 122™™) and in the tarsus 29™™ to 32™™ (average 30™™), Mr. Seebohm (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., v, p. 320) asserts that “males of the year scarcely differ from adult females, except in having the ground- color of the under parts, especially on the breast and belly, tinged with blue.” In this I think he is wrong, for the material before me clearly indicates that the young male in the first autumn is essentially like the adult male at the corresponding season. To substantiate this asser- tion I select from my series four males collected in September and No- vember, viz: 6; Jouy Coll., No. 1177; Chemulpo, Corea, September 7, 1883. 6; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 86141; Hongkong, China, November 12, 1881; Jouy Coll. 3; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 85830; Kowloon, China, September 28, 1881; Jouy Coll. $6; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 85831; Amoy, China, September 18, 1881; Jouy Coll. The first two specimens at once proclaim themselves as young birds by the comparatively abraded condition of wings and tails. In the young birds the remiges and rectrices remain from the first plum- age, and are not shed in autumn, as in the old birds; hence the fresher condition of these feathers in the latter. I need hardly add that the comparatively abraded quills here spoken of are not those of old birds with these feathers yet unmolted, for in that case they would have been uniform blackish with dark bluish edges and no white, while those I refer to have very broad and light edges, white at the tips. The con- dition of the quills at this season isa certain indication of the age of the bird when no trace of the first plumage is left. Sucha trace, how- ever, is still visible in the Corean example enumerated above, for this specimen has on each tail-feather (central pair absent) a rufous, some- what heart-shaped, but ill-defined spot near the tip, separated from the broad terminal margin of similar color by a blackish line. Inthe Hong- kong specimen traces of the same are still visible, but the tail is more abraded. The yery fresh condition of the corresponding quills in the two other specimens testifies to their having been but recently acquired ; the birds are consequently more than a year old. 320 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. The two specimens of each group mentioned above agree in every point. The differences between the two groups, which reveal them- selves upon closer examination, may be tabulated as follows: Adult J¢. ¢¢ in first autump. Bill blackish throughout. The drab-colored portion of the upper parts ex- tends only to the miadle of the back, and the subapical dusky band to the feathers on head, neck, and interscapulars is very indistinct. Blue of lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts deeper and purer, with fewer and narrower terminal markings of blackish and pale drab-gray. . | Brown of under parts with fewer and narrower terminal markings. A distinct bluish supraloral streak, and a ring of similarly colored feathers round the eye. Wing feathers black with blue edgings of same tint as rump, and narrow white margins to the tips. Tail without any particular mark near tip. Bill eee. brown, basal half of iower mandible particularly pale. The drab color of the upper parts extends nearly to the rump, and the subapical dusky band to the feathers is very pronounced, causing a distinct scaly appearance. Blue of rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts paler and dingier, with the markings more numerous, broader, and more distinct. Brown of under parts with more numerous and broader markings. A distinet whitish supraloral streak, and a ring of similarly colored feathers round the eye. Wing feathers blackish brown with pale smoke- gray edgings and broad white margins to the tips, these white tips being particularly broad on primary and greater coverts. Tail with marks as described above. There is no doubt that Mr. Seebohm (op. cit., p. 520) is correct in the main in asserting that the males during | February and] March cast off the terminal and subterminal bars to the feathers, which they assumed at the autumnal molt, leaving the bird in full breeding plumage. But his material must have been deficient when he states that “in the chest- nut feathers [of the autumnal plumage] traces only of the subtermi- nal dark bars are observable.” He can have had no fully molted male, for in such a one he would have found not only the pale terminal bar but also a bluish one preceding the dusky bar. Measurements. | l l ; | | 5 | S } | | a 1) | | 5 | 4 | Collector ana | Sex | | | 6 E Piast $ Museum and No.| ~‘ No - | and | Locality. Date. |B] 3 | 5 i | age. ! ss iS ei s as z | a\e | sic = n = | | rla|e#)/ als | FIX | |e /4 pet ot ss ea Fee ites aoe | Syed Tokio Educat....| Tasaki........| (Q)---| ‘‘ North part of Liu- | | | | Po ARN?! Sai fee esis BV eee cee 117; 79) 20) 31) 30 Christiania, N-...| Petersen, 1..-..) 9....- | Urakami, Kiusin. --.. | Dec. 11, 1885 | 121) 80; 23) 32) 30 U.S. Nat., 120341.| Henson, 23----.} (9)ad.| Hakodate, Yezo-.-.-.--. July 18, 1885 | 123} 81) 20) 29)..--. U.S .Nat., 114663.| Jouy, 1522....) gad ..| Tsushima .--.-..--.-- May 26,1885 | 129] 84) 22) 31! 29 U.S. Nat. 111664.| Namiye, 3b -..| gad Miyakeshima, Idzu -.| May 3.1887- | 128} 85) 22) 31) 29 U.S. Nat., 21148 -| Stimpson, y183) (Q) -.- Oshima 5 ee a Jan., 1855 -. | 120] 81}---.| 31! 29 U.S. Nat., 21146 -| Stimpson, 7169} (~)ad.| Liukiu...---...------ [eco lee eee 123] 84) 22) 29] 28 U.S. Nat., 21147 .| Stimpson, y165) (9) .-.| Liwkiu-....--....--.- linjok ott mee cee os 116} 78} 22) 30) 28 U.S. Nat., 109473.| Namiye-....-- OR soma Napa, Liukiu=...---. Mar. 5, 1886 | 120) 80) 23) 30) 30 U.S. Nat., 96277 .| Ringer, 6 --..- djuv .| Nagasaki, Kiusin...-. Oct. 36,1876 | 122] 80) 21) 30) 30 J.S. Nat., 96276 .| Blak., 132t....) gad ..| Hakodate, Yezo.--..-- May 128} 84) 21) 30) 28 U.S. Nat., 96278 .| Blak., 1329....| Qad ..| Hakodate...-.......-. May -.| 121) 84) 21) 30) 27 U.S. Nat., 114727.| Ringer, 14..-..| gad KAMSI Sos seas Jan.or Feb. | 122} 78} 22) 31] 27 U.S. Nat., 114728.| Ringer........ |) Qvsetecars | Kiusin ..............-| Jan. 21, 1887 | 122) 84) 20} 30) 29 | | | — PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Evia | Phoenicurus auroreus (PALL.). (253) g ad., No. 105, Hakodafe, Nov. 8, 1883; 9 ad., No. 337, ibid., Sept. 17, 1883. U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 12345-6. Identical with birds from the southern islands and from China. Young Japanese birds in the first plumage are among the desiderata of the U. S. National Museum. Ianthia cyanura (PALL.). (251) g ad., No. 161, Hakodate, Nov. 5, 1883. 9 92 ad., No. 162, May 5, 1884; No. 967, April 29, 1884. U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120344, 120359-60. U.S. National Museum would like to get young birds in the first plumage. Melodes calliope (PALL.). (252) Two ad. gg, No. 219, Hakodate, Oct. 8, 1884; No. 793, ibid., Sept. 12, 1886. U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120342-3. Quite similar to the scarlet-throated males from Kamtchatka, China, Nagasaki, and. the Yayeyama Islands. These are all characterized by having the lower fore-neck and upper breast more or less olive-gray (Ridgw., Nomenel. Col., pl. ii, no. 14), and the first one or two rows of feathers back of the scarlet throat pure white with a blackish band across the tips. Two scarlet-throated birds collected by Capt. Blak- iston in Yezo (6, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96269, Yubutz, May 18, 1882; Blak., No. 2858. 2, Mus. No. 26271, Mukawa, May 26, 1882; Blak., No. 2862) differ considerably from all the other specimens before me. The whole under parts are lighter and whiter medially; the gray is entirely absent on lower fore-neck and breast, these parts being of a very pale clay color (Ridgw., Nomenel. Col., pl. v, no. 8); and there are only a few grayish spots to indicate the blackish band noted above. Both of Blakiston’s birds are collected in May, but some of the other specimens are obtained during the same month, or even later in the summer, so that season does not seem to have anything to do with this difference, but it may be that it is due to age. At all events, here is an inter- esting question well worth the attention of the Japanese field ornithol- ogists. Does the Ruby-throated Nightingale breed in Yezo or in the Kurils, and, in such a case, how are the breeding birds colored with reference to the above differences? The young in the first plumage of this common bird are apparently yet unknown and would be a great prize. Not being on the mainland of Kamtchatka at the proper time, I inyself was unable to secure any in that plumage. Larvivora cyane (PALL.). (240) Of this species Capt. Blakiston says (Chrysanth., February, 1683): “This is by no means an abundant species in Japan, and I know of only one female specimen, which is in the Education Museum;” and during his many years of collecting in Japan he only obtained one speci- Proce. N, M, 92-—21 322 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. men. Mr. Jouy secured a breeding male not yet in full plumage on Fuji- Yama, and he and Mr. Smith collected two young males at Chiusenji Lake. Mr. Henson has been more fortunate, for he has placed before me not less than twelve specimens from Hakodate, viz, four fully adult males, one male in the second spring, one male in the first autumn, and six females. The dates and numbers of these specimens will be found in the subjoined table of dimensions. The specimen which I take to be a young female of the previous year (No, 1405), because it has quite distinet tawny terminal edges to the ereater wing-coverts, is similar to the young males in the first autumn, except that there is hardly any blue on the upper parts, which, besides, are more tawny. The tail also is dull russet olive above, but a few of the upper tail-coverts are strongly suffused with dull indigo. These feathers are only seattered and placed asymmetrically, and as they do not seem to have been molted very recently, I suppose that they have erown out to replace feathers accidentally lost. It may therefore be that in the first spring the females assume the blue rump by actual molt. It is possible, however, that the blue is assumed without a molt, and I may mention that in the other female specimens before me there is a great amount of individual variation in regard to the extent and intensity of the blue color. All these I take to be fully adult birds which have passed the molt of the second autumn, as the wing coverts are quite uniform without any trace of tawny tips. In No. 1401 the blue mark is rather strong, but confined to the lower rump, upper tail- coverts, and upper side of tail, contrasting strongly with the olive of the back. No. 1392 is quite similar, but on upper tail-coverts and tail the olive is much more pronounced. In Nos. 1482 and 1490 the blue is much paler, and it contrasts much less with the back, which is also slightly suffused with a faint tinge of indigo, which in the latter is quite pronounced on some of the wing-coverts. Finally, No. 1488 has no distinct blue in its plumage, the upper tail-coverts being, in fact, strongly marked with tawny. Yet its perfectly biack bill and .the uniformly colored wing-coverts, as well as the absence of well-marked dusky sealing on the lower parts, prove it to be an old bird. Generally speak- ing, these adult females may be said to resemble the young males as described by Capt. Blakiston, but with the blue color more restricted and less extensive, with the buffy mark on the lower parts less bright, and with the dusky margins to the jugular feathers less distinct. It appears that in the first spring, that is, when a little less than a year old, the young males assume the blue plumage of the old male. The quills not being shed at this molt remain as in the young plumage until the following autumn, the tawny marginal tips of the great coverts being very conspicuous by contrast. In this transition plumage they undoubtedly breed, for the breeding bird which Mr. Jouy collected at Fuji, July 14, 1882 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 91457), is in this stage. The wings are very much abraded and the tawny tips to the great wing- Bera PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 323 — coverts nearly worn off; but Henson’s bird (No. 1576), which was taken earlier in the season, is perfect in this respect, even more so than the bird from Idzu (U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 109337). The two latter birds exhibit another trace of youth, viz, a strong mark of buff on the sides of the abdomen. Of this color there is harilly a trace in Jouy’s bird. Measurements. | bal | E =] | A af BE | tor Sex | eee E 4 Mus. | ae No. aut | and | Locality. Date. Ee = | 2 | oy No. | Lycee), | Sal 2 ease ses | | Fecal es (ea pete Paced OD | 1 OS a ll tones AS) fitr= (eal l= a ter) a= lai + xs K eS . FIH|/H /H lala | i 109337 | Namiye....--. | Shorn| Amagisan, Idzu, Hondo.) May 3,1885} 75 | 48 | 11 | 27 | 19 : 91457 | Jouy, 513...-.. | dhorn| Fuji, Hondo ..------.... July 14,1882] 73 | 47] 12 | 25 | 19 91377 | Jouy, 660...... | djuv .| Chiusenji Lake, Hondo-| Sept. 3,1882] 74 | 46] 12 | 26 | 21 96264 | Jouy, 662...... OVUM | see Os Aken 5 ae see (eee AEN RS Bs Pea OT AP bf 96263 | Blak., 1267-....| fad-...| Hakodate, Yezo.......-. May 9,1873} 77 | 51] 12 | 26 | 20 | 137 120347 | Henson, 160...| j'ad...|....-- COS se ee May 15,1884 | 74 | 47 | 11 | 27 | 18 |...- 120348 | Henson, 1500..| fad...!....-- Oy 3552842 35<-50052 May 19,1885} 75 | 50} 11.5) 27 | 19 |. 120349 | Henson, 1577..| Sad-...|.....- Oi Se oe ee | June 7,1885| 74 | 47} 12 | 26 19 120350 | Henson, 1603..} fad..-.|...--- COs oe tee eee ace June 30,1886 | 77 | 51; 12 | 26 | 19 120351 | Henson, 1576..| Ghorn|.-.--- (Gy aes Aue eee grees June 77,1885) 74 | 47 | 12 | 27 | 20 sass renson, Ida. tof juvs.|. 22-20 ..s2 cel coc. sae Sept. 9,1884! 76 | 50] 11 | 26 | 20 120353 | Henson, 1392..) Qad_..)....-. (ile heed S05 SeaBrerene = May 20,1885 | 75 | 47 | 11 | 25 | 19 | 120354 | Henson, 1401..} Qad...).-..-- CLOVserece item scores Ee dO haces 74] 50} 11 | 25 | 20 |-..- 120355 | Henson, 1482..| Qad...|.-..-- OQ eee Faewsered tates May 30,1885 | 77 | 50; 12 | 25 | 20 120356 | Henson, 1488. . Qad...|. SSE pee Eee ea te ceed May 26,1885 | 74 | 47 | 11.5) 25 | 19 | 120357 | Henson, 1490..| Qad...|..---. Osa 5eSs oo aaa: May 30,1885 | 72 | 46 | 11 | 25 | 19 120358 | Henson, 1405.-| ? horn feeueess CO paeettaeneree siete ates May 23,1885 | 74 | 47] 12 | 26 | 19 Awveraoe measurements Of J males... 2--.- 22. sesecn dee secec ce es 75 | 49 | 11.7) 26.3) 19.5]. --- Average measurements of 6 females...-------.-:---.-.--52----.-% 74 | 48 | 11.4) 25.2) 19. 3).- - . | i | Pratincola maura (PALL.). (254) Eastern Stonechat. Nobitaki. 1773.— Motacilla maura PALLAS, Reise Russ. Reich., u, (p. 728).—Pratineola m. SuArPe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., rv, 1879, p. 188.--SeEEBonM, Siberia in Europe, (p. 117) (1880). /d., B. Jap. Emp., p. 57 (1890).—BLakiston, Chrysanth., 1882, p..473.—Id., ibid., Jan., 1883, p. 33.—Id., ibid., Feb., 1883, p. ——Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 16 (1884).—- Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, p. 280. 1835.—Saxicola rubicola TEMMINCK, Man, d’Orn., 2d ed., u1, pp. li, 170 (nee Lin.).— TemmM. & ScHuL., Fauna Jap., Aves, p. 58 (1847).—Pratincola r. BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, p. 3518. 1863.— Pratincola rubicola var. indica SWINnOR, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 291 (nee Biyvir?). 1863.— Pratincola indica Swintior, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 335 (nec Biyru?).—Id., Ibis, 1874, p. 155.—WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 197.—Brakisr. & PryEr, Ibis, 1878, p. 240.—lid., Trans. As. Soc. Jap., vin, 1880, p. 225.—Tid., ibid., x, 1882, p. 162. Notwithstanding all that has been written in regard to the Kastern Stonechats, there is still considerable doubt both in regard to the dis- tinctness of the*several forms and their characters and toe the names to _be applied, if they be considered distinct. ‘The question whether the Eastern birds are different from the — Buropean Pratincola rubicola (LIN.) is easily disposed of. The latter 324 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. (i. e., the adult male) has generally the rump striped with blackish, and on the lining of the wing the white predominates. In Eastern birds the rump is in most cases unspotted, and black predominates on the under wing-coverts. These characters are now generally admitted. It may be added that the brown margins to the feathers on the upper surface in British examples are much darker than in Indian, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese specimens, and that the under surface is also deeper colored. But there is a character, hitherto apparently overlooked, which, so far as my experience goes (thirty-eight specimens), trench- antly separates the two species. On comparison it will be found that the European birds have the bill much narrower at the base than the birds from the East. Even the young in the first plumage can be easily told apart by this character. Considering this fact and the many points in which the two forms disagree, I refuse to adopt a trinominal appellation for the Eastern birds, the more since it seems as if the breeding habitats of the two species are separated by a belt of country about 600 miles wide. (Cf. Severzow, Journ. f. Orn., 1873, p. 360, foot- note.) Now, concerning the latter, it may be said that Maj. Biddulph (Ibis, 1882, pp. 272-276; Stray Feath., x, 1882, pp. 263-266) has made out a pretty strong case for those gentlemen, headed by Mr. W. E. Brooks, who insist upon the existence in India of two forms of Stone- chats, both with unspotted rumps. He states that he was able to sep- arate his birds in two series. In series A the males are characterized by absence of white on the nape concomitant with larger size (wing 2.70 inches to 3 inches = 68.6™™ to 76™™), the females by brighter colors and larger size (wing 2.55 to 2.70 inches = 64.8" to 68.6™™); the males of series B have the white patch on the sides of the neck ex- tending “round to the back, meeting the white from the other side, so as to form a complete demicollar when viewed from above,” their wings varying between 2.52 and 2.75 inches (= 64™™ and 69.8™™); the females of the latter form are “ altogether of a much darker tone,” with the length of the wing 2.35 to 2.60 inches (= 59.9™™ to 66™™). Five specimens of somewhat intermediate size he was “ unable to separate by differences of color.” Then he concludes as follows: ‘ Now, it can not be denied that these measurements overlap considerably, especially among the females; but the fact remains that, after separating forty- three specimens solely by color and markings (omitting the last five undetermined), those of one form average considerably larger than those of the other, and that the greatest divergence in color is shown between those which differ most in size. It may be that the specimens that overlap in measurement are to be accounted for by hybridism—an ex- planation that no ornithologist can affect totally to ignore when treat- ing of two very closely allied species found in the same locality; or it may be that some of those classed as females would have been found by more careful examination to be males that had not got rid of female | | ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 325 plumage. Whatever may be the explanation of this, I believe that we have here two species. The smaller species of Chat, which I lave called form B, is evidently P. indica of Blyth.” In view of Maj. Biddulph’s statements, we are, therefore, obliged to recognize two Indian forms of Stonechats, although not without some doubt, for it appears from his own words that the sex of the specimens has not been determined beyond doubt, and the two forms appear to occur in the same localities at the same season. In regard to the latter point, however, [ may recall the case of Cettia cantans and C. cantillans, while, on the other hand, it is not absolutely clear from his notes whether the two forms breed in the samelocality. Unfortunately, Lhave no authentic male specimens from India proper by which to test his conclusions, for three specimens collected by Bingham in Tenasserim appear to agree with Chinese examples to be mentioned later on. I may remark, however, that I am unable to distinguish a female said to be from Nepal (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 95613) from other small Eastern specimens. A comparison of my Japanese, Chinese, and Tenasserim specimens (to be called series C) with Biddulph’s exposition leads to the conelu- sion that they agree with the smaller form (4) in size (see table of dimensions below), while in color they conform to the larger form (A), that is to say, the males have no white on the nape, and the females are brightly colored. It thus appears that we have three different forms of Eastern Stonechats, viz: g No white on nape; @ bright. § rout = eee ( Form C l size small. 6 White on nape; 9 dull........ Form B $ We may now proceed to determine the names of these three forms. Mr. Brooks and Maj. Biddulph have identified “form B” with P. in- dica BLYTH, and as this seems to be the general opinion, and as noth- ing is known to the contrary, we have to accept thisname.* He seems uncertain. Gmelin (8S. N., 1, p. 997) describes Motacilla tschecantschia as “ nucha albicante, torque et macula alarum oblonga albis,” but the original de- scription and plate by Lepechin, upon which Gmelin’s diagnosis is founded, being inaccessible to me, | am unable to ascertain the true Status of this name whether belonging to the smaller or the larger form. 1 have no access to the original description in Pallas’s “‘ Reise,” but from his ‘“‘ Zoographia” it is evident that he imposed the name M, maura, by a mistake, and, that he really regarded the European and Asiatie birds as belonging to the same species. Since the length of the wing, however, as given by him, equals 66.6™™, or about the average * Pratincola indica BLYTH, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi, 1847, p. 129. It is diffi- cult to see why Hodgson’s Saxicola saturatior (Gray’s Zool. Miscell., 1844, p. 83) should not be used, unless it ig a nomen nudum. 526 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. of the males of “form C,” and since the deseription only speaks of white on the sides of the neck and not on the nape, we conclude that M. maura belongs to the smaller form without white on the nape, con- sequently to “form C.” There remains now only to determine the name of the large “form A.” By some Indian ornithologists it has been designated as “P. robusta TRISTRAM,” but, as shown by Mr. Hume (Stray Feath., rx, 1880, pp. 133, 136), this name belongs only in part to our bird. Rey. Tristram originally (Ibis, 1870, p. 497) gave this name to two alleged Indian specimens of Stonechats, one of which belonged to the present large form of P. maura, while the other represents an entirely different species, which Oates now shows to be the larger form of P. sibylla from Madagascar (Fauna, Brit. Ind., Birds, 11, 1891, p. 58). Mr. W. EB. Brooks seems to have intended to name it, for Mr. Hume says (op. cit., p. 136): “Mr. Brooks persistently urges me to assign a separate spec ‘ific name to this form, and he declares that if I do not, - he will,” but Iam unaware that Mr. Brooks has done so. Since the above was written and set in type I find that Dr. Th. Pleske has discussed the same question and come to similar results (Wiss. Res. Przewalski, Zool., Vig,, pp. 46, seqs.), but too late for any other notice than the adoption of his name for “form A,” the names of the three then being as follows: ° 1. Pratincola maura (“form C0”); 2. Pratincola maura indica (“form Bb”) ; 3. Pratincola maura przewalskii (“form A”). In Japan only the small form, without white on the hind neck, occurs. This is very fortunate, as the name of the Japanese birds will remain unaffected, whatever be the fate of the Indian races. As to Mr. Henson’s specimens, I would eall attention to the fact that the two adult males collected on August 30, are molting both quills and contour feathers, No. 194 having already finished the molt of the former. Their coloration is considerably brighter and redder than that of the October specimen in the National Museum (No. 96274); the broad light margins to the feathers of the throat are particularly bright, being of a rich vinaceous cinnamon in No. 193, and but slightly paler in No. 194. I have above already indicated the chief color differences between the Kuropean P. rubicola and the Asiatic P. maura, at least so far as the old males are concerned. The material before me suggests another and very striking difference in the coloration of the females and the young males. On the 5th of July, 1882, Mr. P. L. Jouy collected at Fuji a breeding female (U. S. Nat. Mus, No. 88637) in very abraded plumage. The whole upper side is nearly uniform dull sepia-brown; the light edges to the wing feathers are nearly worn away, and the under surface is a dirty dull buffstrongly marked withtawny onthe breast; chin, throat, and upper — jugulum is of the same dirty buff as the abdomen, sheen spmeuiaee more — whitish without trace of dusky or dark brownish. Ydentical with this ete Ps Pe Lm oe “ae ¢ \- vo. | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 327 specimen is Henson’s No, 90, collected near Hakodate, June 20, 1884, and determined by him to be a female. The only difference is, that the throat is slightly suffused with the tawny of the breast, but there is no trace of dusky or dark brownish on chin, throat, or jugulum. Nor have I found it otherwise in any of the eastern specimens before me desig- nated as females. On the other hand, the only European female P. rubicola betore me (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 18751) has the chin, throat, and upper jugulum brownish black with narrow pale margins to the feathers, Naumann, moreover, on plate xe (Naturg. Vég. Deutschl., 111), and Dresser, on plate xl (Birds of Eur., 11), likewise figure the adult females as having the parts named more or less blackish brown, and so deseribe them. In Yarrell’s “British Birds” (4th ed., Newton, 1, p. 343) the adult female is described as having the “chin buff, throat blackish.” These descriptions and figures refer to the breeding plumage, for after the autumnal molt the light margins to the feathers of the throat are so broad as to totally or nearly totally conceal the blackish base; and females in this plumage (November) are described by Macgillivray (Hist. Brit. Birds, 11, p. 281) as having the throat “light grayish brown.” The blackish on the throat, therefore, only appears in spring, when the margins become worn towards the breeding season. But it will be observed that the females of P. maura, which I have referred to, are in the most possibly abraded plumage, their throat feathers being light colored down to the plumbeous bases. And as with the adult females, so with the young males. Several specimens so marked by the collectors (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 86123; and Jouy’s Corean examples) have the throat uniform buffy in the first autumnal plumage, with noDlack atthe base, and Henson’s No. 782, col- lected in June, and in a wretchedly worn plumage, has the throat quite as whitish as the females quoted above, being in every respect a coun- terpart of them. The young P. rubicola, on the contrary, appears to assume at once a plumage which is but slightly different from the old males (Naumann, tom. cit., p. 888), with the throat more or less blackish. Measurements. Se ee = = | | = | | = Sex a | & : S. Nat.) Collector and . ea als ; * | a Oras Ne Lee No. m | and Locality. Bas x esl | @ | & age Ineo ines So ita a lice (Sy ee | See ene et) 7] as | = 16 Flala lala ia 120361 | Henson, 89....| fad ..| Hakodate, Yezo-..... | June 20, 1884 | 64*; 46* | 10 | 22 | 18 |... Weuso2) | evenson: 194 241 pad. :' 2). dO... c-2ecsseee Aug. 30,1886 | 68 | 52 10 22 L821}. 34- J20SGR aeenson. 193. os \kgsfad! ..|.<5.do\ 1 sc. 2. 4.22525 Aug.30, 1886 | (f)| (ft) | 10 | 21 [19 |.... N20362 "Henson 125: i) iijum-|..-/:00).---...5..5- 42. Aug.23,1885 | 67 | 49 | 10 | 22 | 20 |--.. #20365 | Hensom, 762...| Shorn|....do ..--....-....-- June 3,1885} 64*} 48* | 11 | 22 T9blosa 96275 | Blak., 3209....| Gad ..| Sapporo, Yezo ...... Oct. 23,1882) 68 | 49 | 10 | 21 |... 132 88636 | Jouy, 312...... Gidia | Mun, FRONAG) =~ 40 cee June27, 1882 | 68 | 51 | 10 |.22 | 18 |-... BEGai. | Ouly, 4500 -| Vado. dO wk sic. tw n ee July 5,1882} 64*| 48* | 10 | 21 | 19 |.... 120366 | Henson, 90....| Qad ..| Hakodate, Hondo. ..! June 20, 1884 | 63*| 47* | 10.5) 21.5! 18.5)... *Very worn. | Molting. 328 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Measurements—Continued. aa | | ae ; She | S a ae ages Pay (as | co> | 96490 | Blak., T, 51...) vad | Canton, China ..-.--- April ——| 69 52) nO ee S25 |etialleeeee S049 eBlalk bos. | ictadss}s- GOK... sae sae October —— | 68 | 53 Oe eat eel naar 145 86123 | DOUY, 1862252 <| === | Hongkong, China ...| Oct. 23,1881 | 68 | 52 9.5) 22 19) e228 86153 | Jouy, 216...... ea eeleme dpe one: eaeree Dec. 11, 1881| 68 | 49 |..--. 21.5) 18 [eee 86124 | Jouy, 187.....- | eas [22 do UF doe Nistemnslole overs Oct. 23, 1881 | 67 | 49 10:7} 21 TOUS See | | | | | | | 95299 | Bingh., 483....| ¢ad ..] Tenasserim ......... | Dec. 27,1879] 63 | 47 | 10 | 21 | 18 |.--. 95298 | Bingh., 483....} iad -.|---. COM ssccaa- eee i Jan. 14, 1880/ 66 | 48 | 10 22 | 20 | 140 95300 | Bingham...... bad! sale 0 Siete at eee Nov. 13,1879) 65 | 49 | 10 | 21.5)...-.) 135 | | 114378 | Jouy, 1390..... dad ..| Fusan, Corea.....-.- Apr. 20,1884 68 | 48 | 10 | 21.5 19 114882 | Jouy, 1497...-. Ora eee ae ope Sd cote | Apr. 24,1885) 67 | 47 9.5) 22 | 18 - 114381 | Jouy, 1574..... Qad os) +220 See ee | Apr. 11,1886 | 66 | 47 | 9.5| 21.5 19 Average measurements of 14 males........-.-.|-----..------- 67 | 49.5] 10 | 21.6) 18.8]... Average measurements of 6 females..........|.-.---...----- 65} 48 | 10 | 21.4) 18.8). Cyanoptila bella (Hay). (207) Blue-and-black Flycatcher. Oruri. 1829.—Muscicana cyanomelana TEMMINCK, Pl. Color., 11, livr. 79, pl. 470 (nec M. syanomelas VInILu., 1818).—TremM. & Scuu., Fauna Japon., Aves, p. 47 (1847).—BLAKISsT., Ibis, 1862, p. 317.—Hypothymis c. MARTENS, Preuss. Exp. Ost-As., Zool., 1, pp. 94, 368 (1866-1876).—Cyanoptila ¢. BLAKIST. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Jap., Vul, 1880, p. 215.—Tid., ibid., x, 1882, p. 147.—Xan- thopygia (Cyanoptila) c. BLAKIST., Chrysanth., 1882, p. 525 (ser. Xanthrop. err. typ.).—IJd., ibid., 1883, p. 29.—Xanthopygia c. BLhaxkisT., Chrysanth., Feb., 1883, p. —. 1845.—Muscicapa gularis TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Aves, p. 43, pl. XVi (nec STEPHENS, 1824). 1845.—Musecicapa bella Hay, Madr. Journ. Lit. Se., xt, p. 158 (fide reprint in Tweeddale’s Orn. Works, p. 10 (1881), where, by misprint, ‘‘p. 162’). 1847.—Cyanoptila cyanomelanura BiytTH, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi (p. 125).—Id., Ibis, 1870, p. 164. 1847.— Muscicapa melanoleuca TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Aves, pl. xvii, D. 1860.—Niltava cyanomelena SWINuWOEK, Ibis, 1860, p. 58.—SerBoum, B. Jap. Emp., p. 59 (1890).—Museicapa ¢. WuirELy, Ibis, 1867, p. 199.—Cyanoptila ¢. BiakisT. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 234.—Biakist, Amend. List B. Jap., p. 49 (1884).—Nanthopygia c. SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., Iv, p. 251 (1879).— Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v1, 1883, p. 306.—SEEBONM, Ibis, 1884, p. 180. 1879.—Cyanoptila cyanothorax Leiden Museum” SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., Iv, p. 252. Muscicapa eyanomelana and M. gularis both being untenable accord- ing to the A. O. U. Code, Canon xxx (p. 47), Lord Arthur Hay’s (7. e. Lord Walden—Marquis of Tweeddale) Muscicapa bella seems to be the first available name for this species. Mr. Henson’s series of this species, consisting of one old male, one young male, and two adult females, is very interesting as bearing ae i k et PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. oe0 directly upon the somewhat vexed question of the different plumages of this species. The two females are both old birds, as they show no trace of light ter- minal margins to any of the upper wing-coverts, but, although shot on the same day (May 20, 1885), one (No. 1381) is considerably more ashy than the other (No. 1402). I have observed a similar difference in other specimens; the grayer birds are, perhaps, older than the more fulvous specimens. These old females are without any blue in the plumage, but an adult female in the U.S. National Museum collection (No. 109339, May 5, 1885), which is fully as ashy as Henson’s No. 1581, has the feathers on the crown and forehead narrowly tipped with sky-blue, with no trace, however, of this color on rump, wings, and tail. Hen- son’s No. 1381, moreover, shows a trace of albinism, one of the primary coverts in the right wing being nearly pure white. The old male (Henson, No. 102) is a magnificent bird in the fullest height of plumage; the blue edgings to the wing-feathers are rich and perfect; the under wing-coverts are blue tipped with white; ‘the sides of the breast blue, and the flanks white, heavily spotted with dusky spots washed with blue. The young male (Henson, No. 1243) shot October 7, 1884, is perhaps the most interesting specimen of the lot. On head, interscapulars, and under parts it is very much like those of the adult female, though slightly more tawny; lower back, rump, wings, and tail, on the other hand, are much more like those of the adult male, being colored with different tints of blue, but the tips of the greater upper wing coverts are inargined with pale ochraceous buff. However, a few feathers of the nestling plumage, with pale buffy spots at the tips remain on occi- put and upper tail-coverts to prove that the young male molts directly from the spotted first plumage into the one with the blue lower back andrump. The greater upper wing coverts, as well as a few of the lesser ones, are margined at tip with pale ochraceous buff. With the aid of specimens in the U.S. National Museum we are then able to trace the different change of plumages as follows: First plumage at leaving the nest.—Feathers on head, interseapilium, and breast, with a subapical ochraceous-buffy spot followed by a termi- nal dusky margin. This plumage is already described by Mx. Jouy (loe. cit.), from whose remarks we note that the sexes are strongly marked already in this plumage, the males having the wings blue, the females brown. He does not say anything of the color of the tail in the nest- ling male, and we have no specimen at hand, but it is safe to assume that it is blue with white bases, as in the next plumage, since no molt of the rectrices takes place when the nestling plumage is changed. (U, S. Nat. Mus., No. 88616.) Young males in the first autumn (cf. what is said above) have the upper parts of head, neek, and interscapulars nearly a pure raw umber, gradu- ally changing into a tawny olive on the under parts, the middle portions 330 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER, of which (except across the breast) are white, or whitish; scapulars, lower back, rump, outer webs of tertiaries, and edges of quills and pri- mary coverts glaucuous to verditer blue; upper tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white and marked with a black cuneate shaft streak near the tip; tail-feathers white at base; under yee Aiesehe gray. (Thisis the plumage described by Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 252, as “adult female.”) U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 91379; Henson, No. 1243. Young females in the farsi autumn.—No Japanese specimen being at hand, I describe this plumage from a young female collected by Blak- iston at Canton, China, during November (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96452; Blakist., No. T, 116). Vv ery similar to the adult female, but more bees ish above, the rump being quite russet, and more tawny beneath; tips of greater upper wing coverts and shorter tertiaries margined with pale ochraceous buff. (In the rump of the specimen here described there still remains a feather of the nestling plumage, which clearly proves the age of the bird.) This plumage is retained during the winter months, which the birds spend in the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, in spring and autumn “passing up and down the coast of China” (they being apparently absent on the Philippine Islands). Shortly before their passage north- wards the color of the contour feathers is changed (whether by molt or | athigasip pais ny, LsAegyaiertetited independent of a molt I do not know), so that the young birds reach Japan in spring ina plumage but slightly different from that of the old ones. The young male before finishing the spring change appears to be described by Mr. Sharpe (loc. cit.) as “ young male.” Young males in the first spring differ from tie old males chiefly in the following points: The outer (distal) greater upper wing-coverts have — still the ochraceous-buff terminal margins; the edges of quills and pri- — mary coverts are still verditer blue; under wing-coverts gray, more or — less tinged with fulvous; sides of breast and flanks fulvous gray. (The | birds breed in this phunage. U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 91813, 88614.) | Young females in the first spring are probably not very different from — the old ones. I have no specimen that can safely be referred to this | category, but [am much inclined tothink that the more fulvous females — | alluded to above (flenson’s No. 1402) are really the younger ones, and that the light tip margins to the greater wing-coverts disappear varlier | inthe females than in the males. The breeding season over, the second autumnal molt, which includes | both quills and contour feathers takes place, during which the birds — assume the full plumage of the old ones, the color of which is never materially altered. The old males then in the second autumn and win- ter of their life (Henson, No. 102) differ from young spring specimens in- having all the upper wing-coverts margined with hyacinth-blue to smalt- blue, the quillsedged with “ marine” blue; the under wing-coverts blue tipped with white, sides of breast black tinged with blue, and flanks white heavily streaked with bluish dusky. OE 5S PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 331 3efore leaving this theme [ will call attention to the fact that in some of the males the fore neck and breast are pure black, while in others the black is more or less suffused with blue. [am inclined to think that this blae wash is due to the freshness of the plumage, and asit is found both in fall and spring specimens, it may indicate that these feathers are shed twice a year. It does not seem to be due to age. This explanation has no bearing upon the question in regard to the curious specimen in the Leiden Museum figured in Fauna Japonica plate xvii D, lower figure, which has received the name Cyanoptila cyanothorax. In the latter work (p. 47) it is deseribed as being ‘des teintes beaucoup moins pures. Le noir de ja queue s’avance jusque vers la base de cet organe, et le noir des parties inférieures est rem- placé par une teinte Vun bleuatre sale.” Blyth describes the same spec- imen (Ibis, 1870, p. 165) as “ having the throat, breast, and ear coverts * * * of a dull whitish color, while the back is strongly tinged with verditer.” This hardly represents a regular plumage, much less a distinet species, and Blyth’s surmise that it is ‘“‘probably a female in quasi- masculine attire” is most likely the correct explanation. The absence of black on the fore neck and of white on the tail feathers clearly indi- cates the female sex; that the females are apt to assume amore or less bluish plumage is illustrated by the specimen alluded to above, which has the feathers on the crown tipped with sky-blue. xe Measurements. H | | & | | | | | 8 | | a | | Sex | | | | | g c= SEeKT a a » 6 SASS. | . 7 eS a Beant ( oe and und | Locality. Date. B = 5 | age. | } a 2 2 | pen eae | | By euler cla || a) & | | Pile) ) a a a = a ae = = a x [= = 120367 | Henson, 102..-| fad ..; Hakodate, Yezo .........-. | Nov. 12, 1882 | 92 61 |10 [18 18 120368 | Henson, 1243..| ¢jun-.....- UL ae Nien pe ia Oct. 7,1884] 89 | 58 | 9.516 16 120369 | Henson 1381../ Qad.-|....-- MOS eae oer ae Ser May 20,1885} 90 | 59 |12 |17 17 120370 | Henson, 1402.-| Qad -..|....-- dGstic. Sabo 2 see May 20,1885} 88 | 58 |11 {17 17 91813 | Jouy, 1064.....| ghorn} Yokohama, Hondo..-....-. Apr. 29,1883 | 90 | GO |11 j17 |...... 88614 | Jouy, 453....--| Shorn| Fuji, Hondo.....-.......-.-. July 8,1882] 89} 59 |11 (16 | 17 91379 | Jouy, 638... --- Jdjun =| Chiusenji Lake, Hondo. --.| Aug. 30, 1882 | 94 | 63 |11 /16 18 88615 | Jouy, 364....-- Cad a |; Wop eondo.. 22822 oseee oe June 30, 1882 | 90 | GO [11 16 | 16 109339 | Namiye....... OLE peel a ne A ena Nea ea May 5,1885| 87/57 |11 |16.5; 17 88616 | Jouy, 614....-. Ontives pe ROL] L pe ONGO cer «ue memes 2 st July 28, 1882} 89 | 59 '}....|.... Vat eaee : | | 1 Poliomyias ferruginea (GMEL.). (210) K This is the same as Pallas’s M. luteola and Temminck’s M. mugimaki, as evidenced, among other things, by Pallas’s own synonymy (Zoogr., I, p. 470). Henson’s collection contains not less than five specimens of this bird So rare in Japan, and throws considerable light on the question of sex- ual differences and seasonal changes in this species. It would have been impossible for me to gain a full and correct idea of these facts, had I not been permitted to examine an unparalleled series of thirty-five Specimens collected in Corea by my friend P. L. Jouy. The conclusions ponesae t a > Sao BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—-STEJNEGER. drawn from this collection are particularly valuable, as the preparation is excellent, the labeling full and exact, and the sex ascertained in every instance by dissection. An examination of all the material before me gives some general re- sults: (1) The amount of white at the base of the tail-feathers is not entirely due to age, and is subject to an endless individual variation, hardly two individuals being alike. Jouy’s No. 1592, Fusan, May 2, 1886, has very little white on the inner webs and scarcely any on the outer web of the outer pair, and yet itis a fullplumaged male with the whole upper surface black; and among the males with olive back there are many with the white in the inner web developed up to the maximum of black-backed ones. (2) In Mr. Jouy’s series twenty-one specimens are marked as males, some are black-backed, others olive-backed, but all have white at base of tail-feathers; fourteen specimens are females, all of which are olive- backed, and all without trace of white at base of tail feathers. The females have also the color on fore neck and breast considerably paler and duller. The great number shows that this coincidence is not due to an accident, but that we have here expressed the true sexual difference in this species, viz, males have white on tail, and throat rich orange- tawny; females have no trace of white on tail, and throat dull orange- ochraceous. Against the above series it counts very little that Hen- son’s No. 240 is marked “ 2 ,” though having white on the outer webs of the tail feathers and a rich orange-tawny breast and throat; it is a young bird, as evidenced by the two broad light cross bands on the wings, and there is every probability of a mistake in sexing. The same remark applies to Swinhoe’s description of a young bird as male, but without white on the tail (Ibis, 1862, p. 305, as M. hylocharis!). As far as the coloration of the tail is concerned the sexual difference in this species seems to be the same as in Cyanoptila belia (= cyanomelana). (3) This sexual difference in the coloration of the tail holds appar- ently good even in the first plumage, when the bird is leaving the nest, for Von Schrenck describes and figures a young bird in this plumage (Reis. Amur-L., 1, p. 375, pl.xiii, figs. 1, 2), which has the rectrices white in basal third of outer webs, while a young bird in Mr. Henson’s collec- tion (No. 1522), labeled female, and still showing traces of the nestling plumage, has no white at all on tail. (4) There is a considerable difference in the color of the spring and fall plumages of the adult males. After the autumnal molt they are of a bluish slate gray above, somewhat darker on the middle of the back, and the feathers more or less distinctly tipped with olivaceous. When they return in spring, however, the whole upper surface is glossy black, The young males are olive backed, and Swinhoe was consequently in error when considering this stage to represent the winter plumage of the adults, vero.’ | © PROCEEDINGS OF THE. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 333 (5) Mr. Jouy’s fourteen females may be divided into two series: (a) those with narrow light outer edges to the tertiaries and narrow ochra- ceous tips to the greater upper coverts; and (b) those in which the light edges to the tertiaries are broader and surround the tip; which have very broad whitish tips to the greater coverts and light tips to the median coverts. The latter (b) I take to be birds of the year; the former (a) L consider adult birds. The sequence of the different plumages would then be, according to the above: Nestling plumage spotted; males with white at base of tail, females without; contour feathers molting in September and October. Young after autumnal molt: Olive above; males bright orange-tawny underneath and with white on tail; females dull orange-ochraceous underneath, without white on tail, broad whitish tips, to greater upper wing coverts. Contour feathers change before the birds leave the win- terquarters (Malayan peninsulaand Borneo). Whether the black plum- age is assumed in spring by an actual molt or by a change of colorin the individual feather I can not say without specimens, but the proba- bility is for the latter. Adult in breeding plumage: Males black above, orange tawny beneath, white on tail; females like young females, but with greater wing-coverts but narrowly margined at tip; by abrasion the plumage of the female turns gray above and buffy beneath. At the next autumnal molt both quills and contour feathers are shed; the males assume a somewhat lighter, more bluish slate color with a wash of olive. It will be seen that my conclusions differ considerably from those arrived at by Mr. R. B. Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., Iv, pp. 201, 202), but Ican not help thinking that he has been led into error by specimens wrongly sexed by the collectors, and that in reality the bird which he describes as “ adult female” is but a young male. Henson’s collection contains two fine adult males in black spring plum- age; one in the slaty-blue fall plumage; one in olive plumage (marked female); and one young female with traces of the nestling plumage still on shoulders and upper tail-coverts. Measurements. Vous es = | | a ort i l2|a & ‘ - Sex inal =, - Museum and No. pete and and Locality. Date. P= lee lies 4 age. ieee ali See ltetes) | eee i PESO fates lan? a Pict = pal ne iFlelalals ag Seer ai. lhc Mie eRe SY al ee ee esa U.S. Nat., 120371 | Henson, 239... fad | Hakodate, Yezo....| May 20,1885 | 76 | 541 8 | 17 14 Wes Nat., 120872 | Henson, 1552..| glad |.-.-do.........--.... May 20, 1886 | 73 | 52 | 8.5} 17 15 WeswNat.. 120370 | Henson, 1297..| Gad |....do...-.....1.-..- Oct. 12, 1884 | 76 |....| 8 16 14 U.S. Nat., 120374 ; Hengon, 240...| 9(?) !....do.....-.......-. | Oct. 8, 1884 | 75 | 52) 8 | 16 14 U.S. Nat., 120375 | Henson, 1322.-| ?juv fesse Wao cee ocenot Oct. 20, 1884 | 70 | 51 | 8 | 15 14 U.S. Nat., 91373 | Jouy, 731...... | ojun ; Matsumoto, Hondo.| Oct. 29,1882 | 74 | 52 | 8 | 15 14 | > (334 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—-STEJNEGER. ‘Zanthopygia narcissina (TreMM.). (209) Twenty-seven specimens, the particulars of which will be found below. This series is the most interesting and most convincing one I have ever seen demonstrating the curious and still but little understood change of color in the old plumage without abrasion of the feathers or shedding of their margins, as it takes place in some birds in spring. At the meeting of the German ornithologists in Altenburg, July, 1852, Mr. Leopold Martin demonstrated the fact that the young black and white Flycatchers of Kurope exchange their juvenile gray plumage for the adult black one without a molt, and without shedding the margins” of the feathers (printed in Journ. f Orn., 1853, pp. 16-19). Curiously enough, Dr. Hermann Schlegel on the same occasion laid a similar dis- covery betore the same society (printed in Naumannia, IL, ii, 1852, pp. 19-40), but unfortunately both gentlemen overestimated the frequency of the phenomenon. Schlegel tried to prove that such a change of color without a molt or marginal shedding takes place in all birds, while the feathers are only molted once a year, viz, in spring; and Mr, Martin, without committing himself positively, expressed a somewhat similar opinion. An animated discussion sprang up in the journals mentioned, in which especially Gloger, Brehm, and Giitke participated, and it was finally conceded on almost all sides that such a change of color takes place in certain birds, but that so far from it being the usual process, the change of color independent of molt or marginal shedding must be regarded as the exception. Schlegel’s unwarranted general- ization, however, had brought the whole theory into disrepute; the subject was soon dropped, and but few later ornithologists have paid any attention to it, in spite of the fact that it is one of the most in- teresting questions in ornithology. The great difficulty is in giving a satisfactory physiologic explanation of the process, which to-day is nearly as much of a mystery as it was thirty years ago. People were willing enough to admit the possibility of a change of the color, but it was found that this was accompanied by an apparent renewed growth of the feathers, a process by which the worn and broken plumes seemed to undergo a complete mending or renewal. This phase of the ques- tion is admirably illustrated in Henson’s series, and I must confess that T am not prepared to accept any of the theories which have been proposed. But although unable to offer a satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, it will not do to deny the facts, and we must leave the solution of the question to some painstaking physiologist, who shall take up the subject in a careful and empirical manner. Of Henson’s birds eight are males in full plumage, and two adult females; six are young birds after the first autumnal molt, and eleven are spring males in all possible gradations between the young and the adult plumage; one similar bird is in the U.S. National Museum, and one in Petersen’s collection from Nagasaki, t e § *y fay Ite a ? ~ aS ‘ = ‘ Obey: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 335 It appears from this series that the yellow on the fore-neck appears before any of the other parts change color, for in all the specimens, even in those quite gray on the back and yet without yellow on the rump, the chin, throat, and chest (prepectus), are of arich orange, paler and more gamboge behind. The yellow superciliary streak is also pres- ent in all. The change of the gray feathers to black seems to start on the forehead and the part adjoining the yellow on the fore-neck, for even in the specimens which have undergone the least change (Hen- son’s Nos. 685 and 690) the anterior half of the crown, cheeks, and a nar- row band down the sides of the neck bordering the yellow throat are black; the white spot formed by some of the upper wing-coverts has also appeared, and a few of the latter havealso turned black; the upper tail-coverts are just changing to black, No. 690 being particularly inter- esting in showing some of the latter black at the base and russet, as in the young plumage, towards the tips; in these specimens the yellow is just making its first appearance on the rump; both have the remiges still brownish gray, as is also the tail in No. 685; but in No. 690 the tail- feathers are already pure black. Itis worthy of remark that the change _is not equilateral, nor does it take place regularly or on one side in pref- erence to the other. Itis also a noteworthy fact that, while in the European Black-and-White Flycatchers the change is only one from gray to black or white, the reecolorescens in Zanthopygia also embraces the yellow of an exceedingly bright and rich tint. No. 680 is like the foregoing ones, but black commences on the left scapulars; the rump is nearly entirely yellow, and the tail black. No, 688 similar; back clouded with black; but tail brownish gray. No. 689 is but slightly more ahead: rump intensely yellow, nearly cadmium; tail black; and the second tertiary in left wing deep black; yellow on breast in this and foregoing three specimens somewhat farther back. No. 677 is black on scapulars and interscapulars, and the tertiaries are just changing; but there is less black in the upper wing-coverts than inany of the foregoing; tail black. No. 691 similar, but blacker on hind neck and wing-coverts, and more yellow on lower breast and abdo- men; longer tertiaries brownish gray; tail black. “No. 684 differs only in having the tail brownish gray. No. 685 again has the tail and two shorter tertiaries black; otherwise no difference. No. 692 identical. In all the foregoing specimens, as well as in the one in the National Mu- seum and in Petersen’s collection, the occiput is still gray. They agree therefore closely with the upper figure in the plate (xvii C) in Fauna Japonica, which gives an excellent idea of these birds in the last stage of transition. It seems, therefore, as if the occiput regularly is the last part of the smaller plumage to assume the black color. No. 693 has finished the change on the body, but the remiges are still brownish gray, except the three tertiaries in the left wing and the two shorter ones in the right; the black on back and upper head, moreover, has a strong wash of olive, 336 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Mr. Henson’s specimens are from Hakodate, Yezo, and the dates on which they were collected run as follows in the order in which the speci- mens have been mentioned above, viz: May 20, June 17, May 17, 25, 6, 27, 18, 18, 17, 30. | For comparison it is interesting to note, that Pe- tersen’s bird, which has nearly finished the change, was collected in Kin- siu April 29. The change, therefore, seems to take place during May and first half of June. In the above specimens in which the tertiaries have become black, this color contrasts strongly with the faded brownish gray of the other remiges, and there is no indication of the latter becoming black by a gradual change. In the series of 8 specimens which I have designated as males in ‘ full plumage” there are several in which all the remiges are intermediate blackish brown, paler towards the tip. It would there- fore appear as if all the primaries and secondaries change to black sim- ultaneously and that this change takes place very suddenly. The pro- cess seems to be the same in the tail-feathers, though I may mention, that Mr. Jouy has a changing male from Korea in which all the ree- trices are black or nearly so, with the exception of the middle pair, which is still brownish. In regard to the young males collected by Mr. Henson I have only to remark that No. 1161 has still a few feathers on the nape belonging to the first plumage, with a buffy spot and dusky margin to the tips. Measurements. | | | | E | | | leg | 3 | | sh esa | Sex | E = Val % fe ex n et Bo oe Museum and Mio, Colteetor and) and Locality. | Date. z = BAe ieee age | gent gh;
  • elGs, | 16a U.S. Nat. 120399-..| Henson, 1219} ¢ jun-..|....do-...... .... Sept. 23,1886) 78) 51.10 |17 j.s2c2 nia U.S. Nat. 120400.-| Henson, 1223) § jun--|....do........-. Sept. 30,1884} 76 | 49 | 9.5) 16.5) 16 |.... Wes Nat, 120401. .| Henson, 1351) 9 ad: --|--..do--2--.2-2- May 20,1885} 72 | 47) 9.5} 16.5] 16.5].... U.S. Nat. 120402. .| Henson, 1283) 9 ad..-.|.-..do..----.-.- May 30,1885) 75 | 47 9.5) kT Cee U.S. Nat. 96139 --} Blak, 2284...) 2 ad...| Mori, Yezo .-..| May 13,1877! 74 | 50 | 10 16.5) 17 | 120 U.S. Nat. 109343. .| Namiye....-. Q ad...| Amagi, Hondo.| May 12,1885 | 73 | 51 | 10 | 16 | 15.5].... U.S. Nat. 88622 ..| Jouy, 518....| 9 ad_..| Fuji, Hondo-.-.| July 14, 1882 | 74 | 48 | 10 | 16 | 16 |.... Wis Wabsceo2o”.-| JOLY, G2p.-.-| Cad. .:|..-.do o.2.2. .2c. July 30,1882) 73 | 47| 10 | 16 | 16 |...- Aversre measurements of 23: males). =... 52s. 2 oben ec ecesatee nace ans 76 | 50 | 9.8] 16.6] 16,4).... Average Measurements Of 6 females! ..-. <=... 6 2n -oee nen cn eee ese sen ne 74-| 48 | 9.8] 16.3] 16.2).... Hemichelidon griseisticta SwWINH. Henson Coll., No. 238; ¢ jun., Hakodate, Yezo; September 1, 1885; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 120403. This is a very interesting addition to the Japanese avifauna. It was quite natural that Mr. Henson should mistake this specimen for H. si- birica (GM.), when he found that it differed from the common Japanese Gray Flycatcher (A. latirostris). It occurred to me that the alleged occurrence of the former species in Japan might also rest on specimens belonging to H. griseisticta, but an examination of the skin, upon the identification of which H. sibirica has been introduced into the fauna of Japan (Blak., No. 2730, U. S. Nat. Mus., No, 96138; See- bohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 37) proves that it was correctly referred to this species. To which species, however, the two specimens in the Tokio Educational Museum mentioned by Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer (Trans. As. Soe. Jap., X, 1882, p. 148) belong must, of course, remain doubtful until they be carefully examined and compared.* As Henson’s speci- men has still a few feathers of the first plumage left, it is reasonable to suppose, that /. griseisticta, although rather rare, may breed in Yezo. We have consequently three gray Flycatchers in Japan, which in general appearance are very much alike, and therefore difficult to dis- _ tinguish unless close attention be paid to their essential characters. The following “key ” may assist in identifying the three species. ' First (tenth) primary, very short, much shorter than the primary coverts; second primary longer than fifth; wing more than 75 ™™ _._.....(H®MICHELIDON). b' Inner edges of remiges (as seen from below) vinaceous-cinnamon; longer under tail-coverts brownish gray with white tips; breast and flanks clonded with dr: ae. Btn eas sta tea con a lane iciage oe ee pele er eee Se 52 ded SUD WE TCOE *It is even baaiciiligs that Tee may paler to a ue th species, the B. manillensis of Tweeddale, which seems to have a longer and narrower bill and to be somewhat larger (see farther on). cord EOC, TSS . 338 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. b? Inner edges of remiges (as seen from below) pale drab-gray; longer under tail-coverts entirely white; breast and flanks white with well-defined longitudinal streaks of dark drab-gray-------------------- _H. griseisticta. a2 First (tenth) primary equal to, or longer than, longest primary coverts ; second primary shorter than fifth; wing less than 7o™™ (ALSEONAX)..-A. latirostris. In proportions, size, and shape of bill my specimens of H. griseisticta (as well as my H. pallens) agree very closely with H. sibirica, so that it is entirely out of question to keep them in two different genera or even “subgenera. In fact almost the only structural difference which I can detect is the slightly longer gonys in H. griseisticta, Iam, therefore, considerably perplexed at seeing Mr. Sharpe referring the latter to the genus Muscicapa, next to M. grisola, while separating M. sibirica as the type of Hemichelidon. It seems therefore probable to me that his M. griseisticta (Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., tv, p. 153) differs from mine, being probably Bonaparte’s (or at least Tweeddale’s) Butalis manillensis, a name which Sharpe quotes in his synonymy, but rejects on account of there being a Muscicapa manillensis previously employed.* Judging from Tweeddale’s remarks (P. 4. 8., 1877, p. 694) there occurs in the Philippine Islands a gray Flycatcher in coloration very much like H. griseisticta, but with a pill more like M. grisola. Whether Mr. Sharpe or I are wrong in the identification of Swinhoe’s name, I cannot say, but I have had for guidance two Chinese examples, one collected by Mr. Swinhoe himself, in March 1861, at Amoy, and marked ‘ Musci- capa griseisticta” in his own handwriting, and until the opposite be proven I shall regard this specimen as perfectly typical, and with this the Japanese bird agrees in all the essential particulars. The measurements of the latter are as follows: Wing, 82™™; tail- feathers, 50 ™™; exposed culmen, 8.5™™; tarsus, 14™'; middle toe, with claw, 15.5 ™™. Hirundo dasypus (BonaP.). (185) g ad., Henson No. 153; Hakodate, May 16, 1884; U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 120480. Breast pale, intermediate between “smoke-eray” and ‘“drab-gray” (Ridgway, Nomencl. Col., pl. ii, pp. 12, 13), exactly like adult and young specimens collected by Mr. P. L. Jouy at Fuji, Hondo, July 20, 1880. Phyllopseustes borealis (BLAS.). Phyllopseustes borealis xanthodryas (SWINH.). Material which has come to hand since I wrote my “ Results of Orni- thological Explorations in Kamtschatka, ete.,” and especially the five specimens in Mr. Henson’s collection, as well as the example obtained by Mr. Petersen at Nagasaki, have considerably shaken my confidence in Phyllopseustes xanthodryas as a good species. Three characters are “Mr. Sharpe seems now to have adopted Bonaparte’s name notwithstanding the earlier M. manillensis (ef. Ibis, 1888, p. 200) and from arecent examination of Philip- pine examples he still considers B. manillensis and B. griseisticta identical. é Sea PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 339 given as distinctive of this form, viz, (1) general large size; (2) longer first (rudimentary) primary; and (3) more vivid yellow color of the underparts. Several of the thirty-one specimens before me can be thus distinguished (for instance, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 92557, Kamtchatka; Nos. 88624, 91374, Hondo, Japan; Jouy, No. 1445, Corea; Henson, Nos. z, aa, Yezo, Japan) as true Ph. xanthodryas, and U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 92551, 92554, 92556 (Bering Island), 88504, 88505 (Amoy, China) Henson, No. x (Hakodate, Japan), and all the Alaskan specimens* as Ph. borealis, but other specimens will only show one or two of these characters in all possible combinations. Thus U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 89158, 106607 (Bering Island), and Petersen’s No. 28 (Kiusiu, Japan), are Ph, xanthodryas as far as the first primary is concerned, but Ph. borealis according to color, while the first mentioned has the size of the former and the two others are not larger than ordinary Ph. borealis. Henson’s No. w (Hakodate, Japan), on the other hand, belongs to the last mentioned form by its general size and the first primary, while it is colored like Ph. xanthodryas. Wenson’s No. y (Hakodate) is a Ph. xanthodryas by its size, a Ph. borealis by its color, with the first pri- mary intermediate. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96254 (Blakist., No. 1879; Ha- kodate ) is also a Ph. canthodryas by size, and partly by its color, but its first primary does not reach beyond the longest primary coverts. The result is that if you arrange your birds in two groups according to either one of the three diagnostic characters, the two groups will con- tain different specimens every time. It cannot be denied, however, that there is a general tendency in the larger birds to have a proportionally larger first primary and a yellower tint, and it may be that this tendency would be more striking were all the specimens properly sexed. It is also somewhat significant that we *Three additional specimens from Alaska bear out my suggestion (Res. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., pp. 303-304) that the Alaskan colony consists of birds of smaller dimen- sions than those from Kamtchatka and Japan, and that their migration route does not touch these countries. I feel quite confident that the two forms are subspecifi- cally distinct. In evidence I offer the following Measurements. | o BSNat, |; = Sox . CuI ee Collector and No.) and Locality. Date. a a F 1ge A S 3} = op | 2 is rete lanes Z b in} te a Pe ya| A | & = — = ~-- = ee Sy a ee = 106650 | Townsend, 11654. ad.| Kowak R. Alaska... .. Aug. 1,1885 | 60 | 45] 9.5 8 101217 | Johnson, 4...--,- ad: Alas kalo: 250.2) Si5<2 June19,1884} 65 | 48 |.--.-. 9 101216 | Johnson, 12...... UC: 5. ) w SM fate aie eee Ped let: 4 SlS/RIET EIS ra Fla|la lela] U.S. Nat. 96255..) Blakist., 2972 .| ad.| Tomakomai, Yezo .| Sept. 16, 1882 | 68 | 47 | 10 |11 19.5) 15 Christiania, N ...| Petersen, 28 ..|¢ ad.| Urakami, Kiusire -| Feb. 15, 1886 | 64 | 46 | 10 |18. 5/20 15 U.S. Nat. 120409.} Henson, w....| ad.| Hakodate, Yezo ...|......--..-..- 64 | 48 |} 10 }11 |18.5; 14 U.S. Nat. 120410.| Henson, v..-.| ad.|..-... (1 BRS Ba seen ire > ase 66 | 48 | 10 ]10 {20 14 U.S. Nat. 120411.| Henson, y ....| ad.]...... OO sce scenes Kiet e come c ee | 72 | 51 | 10 }11. 5/20 14 Phyllopseustes borealis xanthodryas. E = 4 Oo Bl, P= Collector z Sage $ Museum and No. and No. bb Locality. Date. Pare FI 2 c= eS eee a o a a | 2] 3 on | ° 4 = = y Aisi ila81a (3s R EFlalai/el/ale U.S. Nat. 88624. .| Jouy, 537 ..... io’ ad.| Fuji, Hondo .-.-..--- July 20, 1882 | 71 (52/10) 15) 21) 15 U.S. Nat. as Jouy, 682 ..... |g ad.| Chiusenji Lake, | Oct. 3,1882] 65 | 47 | 11 | 12} 20] 15 Hondo. U.S. Nat. 96254../ Blakist., 1879.|¢ ad.| Hakodate, Yezo...; Oct. 3,1875] 73 | 51 | 11 | 11 | 21 ).... U.S. Nat. 120412.| Henson, z..... P71 Us| [eee COs eee lee ee eas 70 | 50 | 11 | 13} 21 15 U.S. Nat. 120413.; Henson, aa...| ad.|...... GO: 26. See see et | eae eee ees 69 | 48 |....| 14 | 20| 16 *Pleske (Ornith. Ross., II, ii, 1889, p. 155) has shown, however, that Ph. xantho- dryas has only been found in Kamtchatka, the Kuriles, Japan, and Amoy, China, while all the specimens from Siberia are typical Ph. borealis, and I have called attention to the fact that the Ph. ranthodryas style is not found in Alaska. But the fact re- mains that Ph. borealis also occurs in the countries whence comes the yellow form. ieeielaial pk 1a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 341 Phyllopseustes tenellipes (SwINu.). (244) So far only two specimens of this species have been taken in Japan, both at Hakodate. It is, therefore, very interesting to find in Mr. Hen- son’s collection no less than fourteen specimens of this rare bird (U.S.Nat. Mus., Nos. 120414-120427). They were not collected by Mr. Henson himself, but by a native, and are therefore neither dated nor sexed, but “they were all netted on the hill behind Hakodate.” So far as I can judge they are all in spring plumage. The question now naturally arises: Where is the real habitat of this species? Mr. Seebohm (Cat. B. Br. Mus., v, p. 47) supposes it to breed in Japan, evidently upon the strength of Whitely’s specimen having been collected in May. But if it breeds in Yezo, is it probable that it could have so entirely escaped both Capt. Blakiston and Mr. Henson? Pleske, on the other hand, asserts that Ph. tenellipes breeds in Sakh- alin (Orn. Ross., 0, pt. 2, p.191). In view of these facts it seems proba-- ble that Ph. tenellipes only passes Yezo during the spring migration, and not even then regularly. Urophlexis* ussuriana (SEEB.). (234) Four specimens in autumnal plumage, from Hakodate. I am somewhat doubtful as to the correctness of this identification. Seebohm, in 1881 (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., v, p. 143), separated a specimen collected in Ussuri from U. squameiceps (SWINH.) as “Cettia ussuria- nus” on account of the more olive cast of the plumage of the latter (squameiceps being described as “chocolate brown,” by which term he probably intends to designate a more rufescent cast). Since then he has examined many Japanese specimens, and in 1890 (B. Jap. Emp., p. 74) he still maintains this distinction, referring, as he does, the Japanese birds to typical U. squameiceps. If we compare Swinhoe’s description in Ibis, 1877, p. 205, and figure on pl. iv, Seebohm’s measurements (Cat. B. Br. Mus., v, p. 143) and Oates’s statement (B. Ind., I, p. 442) in regard to the graduation of the tail, with the results of our own measurements of eleven Japanese and Korean specimens, as given below, we shall soon gain the conviction that the latter differ from the Formosan and the Tenasserim birds. The average graduation of the tails of the former is 2™™ (maximum 3™™"), while Seebohm’s Formosa skin has the tail grad- uated 6"™. In other words, while the tail in U. squameiceps is nearly wedge-shaped, those of the Japanese and Korean birds are barely rounded. Now, Seebohm’s measurements of Cettia ussuriana show that this bird has the tail rounded like the Japanese and Korean specimens. Leaving coloration out of consideration it would therefore seem as if we had at least two forms, one with a very rounded tail and another with the tailnearly even. As to the alleged difference in color, it may * Urosphena SWINHOE is preoccupied. The above substitute is derived from ovpa, tail, and gAeéic, the name of an unknown bird. 342 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. be observed that only one specimen of typical U. ussuriana has been critically compared, so far as I know. Furthermore, the Korean exam- ples differ in no way from Japanese .pecimens; and finally, some spec- imens in my series are slightly less rufescent than others. Until it be proven that there is an appreciable difference in the coloration of the even-tailed birds I shall regard them as all entitled to the name U. ussu- riana. Measurements. | uo 3 Ele aie Collector | 5e* 18..).98) 2463 leas Museum and No. aid we and Locality. | Date. wie eZ| oa] F =i ES 2 op . age. | eal eel SN retire) cia) |= er i RS se eae ule | ee Het s BH Ae es) | Se.Coll.Tokyo1374| Ota.....-. aCe) EET EON CLO esl Seelam 527/285 acne ehGney P U.S. Nat. 91456 ...| Jouy, 490. -|of' ad-|....do.....-...| July 12 ..... GA N12 ae 20. 147 J) 2 Seheeee U.S. Nat. 96243 ...| Blak. 1555.| ad.| South Yezo -.| September ..| 53 |...:| 10 |....-}.-<.- esoe Sane iW. S. Nab. 120441.) Henson ..-| ad? |*Hakodate --5-|.225..2. 2-2 22 wate] oe 2b LORD Ohad eeee |S Sate Des eN abel 204427.5| eeenson -)2 | allel. 2260) oo seen ema) ees emn ole oie 54) (ooee |) 10 aoe bea o) sees Un weeNatw 204492. CHenkon =| sad-|- 2edO mcs 2--)ececes seme 53'-|°29" 10) 219s eee 2) see U.S, Nat. 120444 -.| Henson...) ad.}.-..d0......---|.-..0-------- BL 28 Ow 9 7 eee wees | | | 3 U.S. Nat. 114377. ..| Jouy, 1581. | ad.| Fusan, Korea.) Apr. 25,1886] 53 | 29} 10 |19 ..... 2 95 U.S. Nat. 114376...) Jouy, 1505-|f' ad.|....do......--- May 3, 1886} 54 | 30 | 10.5) 20 |..... a5 oer WIS.Nat. 114374. -.| Jouy, 1594. | ad-|..-:dov.---.2.-2 May 2,1886| 54 | 29 | 10 20)7] 167) lise 93 U.S. Nat. 114875...) Jouy, 1595.) ad.|....do.......-. May 2,1886] 53 | 30] 10 | 19 | 16.5) 3 93 1374. 1 primary much larger than primary coverts; 2 about = 9; 3 slightly shorter than 4 and 5 which are equal and longest. Tail-feathers subequal. 114876. ‘Iris very dark brown.” Zosterops japonica 'TEMM. & ScuL. (180) g and 9, Nos. 91, 92; Hakodate, March 11, 1883, and January 12, 1885. Normal both in color and size (bills 10.5™™ and 11™™). U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120479-80. Ttis interesting to note that this delicately looking bird which belongs to a tropical family winters even in Yezo. Parus hensoni, sp. nov. g ad. Henson, No. 230; Hakodate, November 7, 1884; 9 ad., No. 231, ibid., October 12, 1884. U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 114093 and 120475. Henson’s collection reveals the rather surprising fact that we have at least three forms of Marsh-tits in Japan. When a short time ago I reviewed the Japanese Paride (Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1x, 1886, pp. 378-381) I argued simply from the suppesition that there were only two forms to account for, little dreaming that a third one would turn up to complicate this complicated question still further. The two specimens from Henson agree closely with the Hondo speci- mens (for which we deem it best at present to retain the name P. borealis) in regard to size and proportions, but differ considerably in color, having the top of the head glossy bluish black, like the other Yezo form, which is at once distinguishable by its long and strongly rounded tail. In the review above referred to, I called the‘ .er P. brevirostris with a query, as I had considerable doubt as to the correct- ness of this identification. This doubt has grown inte vertainty since : ee PROCEEDIN@* OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 343 I recently received a specimen from Southern Central Siberia (the habitat of typical P. brevirostris) which in every particular agrees with Taezanowski’s original description of P. brevirostris (Journ. f. Orn., 1872, p. 444), but differs from*tae Yezo long-tailed birds as much as any two forms of this perplexing’ yroup. Both of them have long tails and glossy bluish black caps, but the former is considerably darker, especially below, and has hardfy any of the whitish edges to the remiges and outer rectrices so conspicuous in the Yezo birds, and while in these the tail-feathers are regularly graduated, in the Siberian bird all the tail-feathers are nearly equal except the lateral pair, which is much shorter than the rest. There are reasons for believing that had not the name P. japonicus, bestowed by Mr. Seebohm upon specimens from Hondo, been preoccupied, it would have been available for the present form. As the case stands now, I shall designate it as Parus seebohmi (type, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96144), leaving to the future to determine to which other form, if any, it should be linked as a sub- species. Though differing but slightly from other forms, there is no species or subspecies known to me, which combines the characters as I find them in Henson’s two specimens. I will designate it as Parus hensont. DIAGN.: Similar to typical Parus palustris (LIN.), but with whitish margins to the tertiaries, and two outer pair of tail-feathers externally edged with white; flanks paler; top of head glossy bluish black; tail doubly rounded, less than 57™™, HABITAT: Yezo, Japan. Type: U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 114093, Henson, No. 230; ¢ ad. Hakodate, November 7, 1884. The three Japanese forms of Marsh Tits (subgenus Pecile) may be distinguished as follows: (ef. “Synopsis” in Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., ox, 1886, p. 375).* a Top of head and hind neck dull brownish black..........-----....--- P. borealis. @ Top of head and hind neck glossy bluish black. HavaLedoub ly rounded, less, Ulan oe tues oo etsta a see ne arate ater arece ajennteteroiere P. hensoni. b? Tail regularly and strongly rounded, more than 57™™__....-....----- P. seebohmi. It should always be remembered that this “key” does not apply to young specimens before their first autumnal molt, for even the glossy- capped forms have a dull brownish head in the first plumage. The molt takes place in July or August, and in P. hensoni and P. seebohmi the new feathers on the top of the ee ad are distinctly bluish. Abra- ’ *I seize the oppor aceanite to bomen a aaeaeee in wn a Senupais? referred to. In #b', -is ing the characters of Parus minor, the last sentence should read thus: “the inner edge being black from the base.” = ‘ sees -& ag ee ; JAPAN—-STEJNEGER. | © sf - 344 BIRDS FROM YEZO, sion, of course, affects the gloss somewhat, but adult birds in corre- sponding plumage, when compared, are not easily confounded. Measurements. Sex ie Ba i 2 E 1 : per Sats nD = poe and | ona Locality. Date. ep a 2 2a he as Remarks. ze age. ole?) Me 13 | Se Fa |R° 8 | Be ys : Henson, 230 -.-.|o¢ ad.| Hakodate, Yezo...-.-..--. Noy. 7,1884) 60 | 54} 8 15 | 14.5 | Type Henson, 231....)9 ad-|...... (Rea keno Sscsebede Ie" Oct. 12,1884] 61 | 54] 8.5 Parus ater Lin. (215) g and 9, Hakodate, October 20, 1884; numbers 236, 237. U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120473-4. Although some additional material has accumulated since I wrote my previous article on the Japanese Coal Tit (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, pp. 377, 378), I am unable to throw much new light on the subject. Henson’s specimens agree in every respect with those previously at hand from Japan. They have no crest; that is, they have not the feathers on top of the head any longer than European examples (for instance U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 111118, 3 ad., Christiania, Norway, Feb- ruary 27, 1887, R. Collett, coll.). The tawny tint on the under parts is just a shade deeper in the Japanese birds than in continental Kuropean specimens in corresponding plumage before me, but nearly all my Japanese birds are killed in autumn, while most of those from Kurope are spring birds. The upper surface is colored identically with speci- mens from France, Germany, Hungary, and Scandinavia. I stated before (1. ¢.) that Japanese specimens differ from Kuropean ones in the black on the hind neck entirely encircling the white nuchal spot and distinctly separating it from the gray of the back. I must confess, however, that this character hardly holds, for in the specimens recently received from Central Europe there are several in which the white is similarly encircled (for instance, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Nos. 111394, 111395, 111118), while in Henson’s No, 237 the white spot immmediately joins the gray of the back. IT have also remarked that Japanese specimens are smaller than those from the Continent of Europe, agreeing in size closely with P. britan- nicus. The additional material bears out this slight difference, inas- much as in ten continental European examples the measures of the wing ranges between 59™™ (smallest 2) and 65™™ (largest 2), average 62.5"™, those of the tail between 44™™ and 51™™, average 47™™, while six Japanese birds in a similar way vary between 55™™ and 59™™ (wing), average 58"™, and between 45"™" and 46™™ (tail), average 44.5™", Six PB. britannicus average respectively 58™ and 43,.3™™, wa taipdine tastes eng ancients tN Aatglipict daar cp Paasche te ii te palit tong tpn Tenn cuity sn insets oan htallahetpits teh aS, A es een eee ee — vou.xY] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. O45 by ‘ ; ac Measurements. . 3 oS : § ia Sex ; 2a. 22 a on Collector and No. and Locality. Date. a me 2 BOS Brees age. Ala?) ea) & | os e Ela |R° | H | Ae HICHSON 2G). =csleoteneas o ad.| Hakodate, Werorcoeiie Oct. 20,1884] 59 | 46 |...... 16 | Satta se PIERSON 23 to ccciece semen Oras eee on OOo se see e case ee sea] elec (ha pees OM 55 | 43 8 | 16.5 | 14 Sitta amurensis SWINH. (222) g ad., Henson, No. 170; Hakodate, October 20, 1884. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120478. Wing, 76™™; tail-feathers, 39™"; exposed culmen, 16™™; tarsus, 18™™; middle toe, with claw, 21™™. It will be remembered that I established Sitta amwrensis clara upon some pale-flanked female birds from Yezo (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1x 1886, p. 392). At the same time I remarked that “ probably the males will show more of the chestnut color, but judging from analogy I think it safe to say that the amount will be perceptibly less than in the Hondo birds.” This will not hold good, and the whole subspecies will have to be dropped, if the male sent by Mr. Henson represents the typical Yezo Nuthatch, for this specimen agrees in every respect with the birds from Hondo. Whether this is really the style of the form breeding on Yez is another question which can not be solved until we receive ad- ditional material collected at the various seasons. Having obtained no more typical specimens from Amur I am yet ignorant whether the possible differences of the Japanese birds pointed out by me (op. cit., p. 391) have any significance or not. * #igithalos caudatus (LIN.). (220) Henson’s two specimens fully substantiate what I have said on a pre- vious occasion (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1x., 1886, p. 386) in regard to Jap- anese examples as compared with typical European birds. The meas- urements are practically identical, and so is the coloration. The bills of the Japanese specimens are the merest trifle longer than in the others. An adult male from Amur agrees closely with the Japan birds, but the vinous of the flanks is a little more vivid, hardly to be distinguished from a Scandinavian specimen (No. 111120). Seebohm’s 47. macrurus seems to me very doubtful. I have only seen a single Siberian specimen (Mus. C. Hart Merriam, Krasnoyarsk, De- cember 31, 1881). It has a tail somewhat in excess of the maximum of _ Al. caudatus as given in the table below, and the dusky central portion of the tertiaries is very restricted, but the specimen from Pomerania (see table) has even more white on the tertiaries than the Siberian bird. *T may add that since writing my review of the Japanese Paride (1. c.) I have re- ceived four typical specimens of Sitta albifrons from Kamtchatka, thereby verifying _ my determination of the Kuril specimen (p. 393) as belonging to this form. - 346 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. The latter measures as follows: Wing, 66™™; tail-feathers, 99"; bill from nostrils, 4™™. Measurements. ia =F SE : Sex o/s | ee) os (oS Museum No. Collector and | ‘ana Locality. Date. 8 leas (g i3s No. eae Se a | age. = Eeet-e-e a Ss | ea ete U.S. Nat. 56550...] Schliit., 536 ...| ad.| Germany............--|-.------------ 65 | 92 | 4 : at Ue SHNat. 95259 oe) oS scone ne essa |g ad.| Pomerania ..........-. Apr. 10,1876 | 64 | 82 | 4 wales U.S. Nat. 111413... Ray Po Ben seas Grads) Saxon yn seca ace m sells Dec. 15,1880 | 63 | 92 | 4 17 ts U.S. Nat. 111120..} Collett ..----- ad.| Soloer, Norway..-.---- Dec. 8, 1886) 64 | 89 | 4 V7 ae U.S. Nat. 96147...| Blakist., 3205 .|°¢ ad.| Sapporo, Yezo, Japan. .| Oct. 23,1882 | 61 | 81 | 4.5 | 17). U.S. Nat. 91549...| Blakist., 3207 - a see GOe sx. Ss seseeer a(t Cry sates | 62 | 8 | 4.5 | 18 13 U.S. Nat. 120476 . Henson, 920...) oad. Hakodate, Yezo, Japan Nov. 83,1884 | 65 | 91) 4.7) 17) 13 U.S. Nat. 120477 .| Henson, 221 ...|9 ad.|...--- OOns- sees ese. Lae IROS seat 63 | 86 | 4.5 | 17 14 Of Shan pen oy BES PAS RSS Ae Boaeconooe o ad.| Amur, Eastern Siberia. Mar. 9, 1882 | 61 | 88 | 4 Vie be Regulus * japonensis BLAKIST. $ ad., No. 171; Hakodate, October 25, 1884. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120469. The name R. japonicus seems to have been instituted by Bonaparte in 1856 (Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc., XLU, p. 767), but being unaccompanied by even a trace of a description, or reference to a specimen, description, or plate, it is entirely inadmissible under the existing codes of zoolog- ical nomenclature. Bonaparte only says: “Outre le R. japonicus, si difficile & distinguer du RK. cristatus d’Europe,” and unless a prior de- scription be found, or a later one, but antedating 1862, Blakiston’s Reg- ulus japonensis will stand as the first name accompanied by an indica- tion of a distinguishing character. The Japan Kinglet is easily separable from the European Regulus regulus notwithstanding the fact that it is included in the synonymy of the latter, both by Dresser (B. Eur., U1, p. 453 (1874)) and Dr. Gadow (Cat. B. Br. Mus., vitr, p. 80 (1883)); Dresser, however, has apparently receded from his former position (tom. cit., p. 451 (1880). The differ- ences between the two forms mentioned have been so well pointed out by Mr. R. Ridgway (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, p. 369), that I need not enlarge upon this subject in the present connection. I may add that their dimensions are nearly identical. As will be seen from the sub-— joined table of measurements I have before me specimens from all three islands. There seems to be not the slightest difference between them, neither in size, nor in ean * Mr. Oates, in his Birds of India (1, p. ry gets over the difficulty in disposing of the genus Regulus by making it an sridenendants family, Regulide. He says: “These birds possess a character which suffices to separate them from all the other Passeres, viz, a stiff, small, and perfect feather over each nostril. This character is sufficiently important, in my opinion, to render it desirable to elevate the Goldcrests” to the rank of a family.” Mr. Oats is evidently not aware that R. calendula and R. obscurus, Which most authors do not even separate generically, have the nostrils hid- den by a tuft of small bristle-like feathers. The family character thus fails, but I think the genus Corthylio Cas. should stand. a dens te PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 347 Measurements. | |g |% ah a Pee q ie Sex SU iets |RSS hes Museum No. . ee and | “and Locality. Date. A SZ Ors) s S rae age, E 3 Er é chee | Se healing Ae Christiania N....| Potersen, 42 ..|¢ ad.| Amaknsa, Kiusiu ..| Mar. 30,1786 { 56 | 40 |} 8 |..... 12 U.S. Nat. 96260 - .| Ringer, 34....|*c'ad | Nagasaki, Kiusiu .-| Nov. 26, 1876 | 54 | 41 | 8 18*|ca2R U.S. Nat. 109489 - Namiye......- do ad.| Tokio, Hondo -..-.-.- Jan. 9,1883} 53 | 39 | 7 17 12 U.S. Nat. 91359 -.| Jouy, 680 ..-... 3 ad.| Tate Yama, Hondo.| Oct. 3,1882} 55 | 42 | 7.5 | 18 |.--.... U.S. Nat. 91360 -.| Jouy, 695 ..-.. pads |\gdetyat QO wenjed ntelecs3 Oct. 15,1882} 54 | 42 | 7 Ll See U.S. Nat. 91362 ..| Jouy, 862 -.-.. GC ads|es. 25 GO) fe 50csus shee Dee.~ 9) 188255. | 40) 7.5 | Let sss22= U.S. Nat. 91361 ..| Jouy, 844..-... De OO ceo (i (aeeeere rere Dec. 5,1882} 53 | 38 | 8 VG.) Reha U.S. Nat. 110486 - AUG Gat ewer Cada NO, Ondo. ae ale ar eraietein nota 53 | 39 | 8 16 11 U.S. Nat. 96261 ..| Blak., 2560....|¢ ad.| Saporo, Yezo ...... APT aLI RIS 78s | oo | ad ote illeke et beret U.S. Nat. 120469 - Henson, 71....'¢ ad.! Hakodate, Yezo....! Oct. 25, 1884] 54 | 41 | 8 18 12 Averice measurements of Sinales ~~~... -.- 2-22-22 ee wae an enem omen enare-- 54 | 41 | 7 18 12 Average measurements of 2 females ..-......--..--.----------csee0-2+-=-- 53} 38) 8 (16.5 i * Coll. Blakist. No. 2147. Cinclus pallasii TemM. (247) It is extremely doubtful whether the name here employed is the cor- rect one, but inasmuch as it seems impossible at the present time to find out just to which form Temminck originally applied it, we may accept the name in common use, as the original Becaenen contains nothing which could seriously affect the identification. Temminck based the name upon a specimen which he received from Pallas at the time when the latter was in the Crimea. For that reason Temminck conjectured that the species occurred in that country. The variety which Pallas received from Baical (Zoogr. Ross.-As., 1, p. 426) is usu- ally quoted as belonging to C. pallasii, but Taczanowski insists (Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 58) that only C. leucogaster occurs in that locality. Pallas also states that he received specimens essentially similar from Kamtchatka and the Aleutian Islands through Billing’s expedition, but the Dipper does probably not inhabit Kamtchatka, and the species occurring in the Aleutian Islands is C. mexicanus. I regard it as very probable that Pallas had no specimens at all of the present species. Swinhoe’s C. marila (Ibis, 1860, p. 187) seems to be a smaller race of the present species occurring in Formosa, and a large and more richly colored form is indicated by Mr. Sharpe (loc. cit.) as occurring in China. There is a single specimen in Henson’s collection, No. 245, collected at Hakodate, December 12, 1885. It is a female, and, like other speci- mens from Yezo, it does not differ in any way from birds collected in Hondo. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120466. Hypsipetes amaurotis hensoni, subsp. nov. DraGnosis: Differs from typical Hypsipetes amaurotis (TEMM.) in being paler, the color of the flanks particularly so. HABirat: Yezo, Japan, migrating south in winter to Hondo. TyPE: U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96280; Blakiston coll. 2 ¥ Re Se PC ple f- ei F laa = 348 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Re, = On a previous occasion (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, ‘p. 642) I ‘nine the following observation: In addition, I should remark that it may later on be expedient to recognize the individuals breeding in Yezo as a distinct race, characterized by the paleness of the flanks and the general lighter tone of the under parts, but at present, with only two specimens from that island, I refrain from naming it. I may also mention that a specimen from Tate-Yama, collected by Jouy October 28, agrees with the Yezo birds. This would not invalidate the status of the latter as a distinct race, since it may be presumed that in winter or during the migrations it may occur in Hondo, especially on the western side. Additional specimens from Yezo are therefore very desirable in order to have the question settled. Henson’s two specimens are consequently of great interest, the more so since I have before me three southern specimens in addition to those enumerated (tom. cit., p. 643). I find the differences indicated above substantiated in the five addi- tional specimens, and have no hesitation in pronouncing the Yezo birds a good local race, which I take great pleasure in naming after Mr. Harry V. Henson, whose courteous liberality has enabled me to make the present observations. I append the following measurements: _ L—Hypsipetes amaurotis. 28) les ’ sex Oo -|25 . a Museum and No. ee and) ond Locality. Date. « Selo g| 2 leo) & 0. age a et = Bs] on sa a = sia IW >| 8 Le is = Fle @ |al"le Christiania N....| Petersen, 22 -..| ¢ ad| Urakami, Kiusiu ..| Feb. 9, 1886 |120 |108 | 22 | 22 |....]...- U.S. Nat., 96279 ..| Ringer, 31. .| § ad] Nagasaki, Kiusiu..} Jan. 1, 1877 |128 |115 | 24 | 22 | 23 |.... 9 U.S. Nat., 111662 - Namiye Beeeeiees ead!) Naas a) se cere Apr. 22, 1887 |187 |126 |} 24 | 23 | 24 U.S. Nat., 88664 ..| Jouy, 502 ..... 3 ad| Fuji, Hondo ..-..... July 13, 1882 |130 |119 | 26 | 21 | 23 a U.S. Nat., 109346 .| Namiye..-...-- o ad| Sagami, Hondo. -..| Nov. 15, 1884 |133 |120 | 24 | 22 |....|.... + U.S. Nat., 109347 .| Namiye....--- 9 ad}. Sdorce cu tebe ee Nov. 15, 1884 |123 /112 |....) 22 | 22 |.... 9 Tokio Educat....) Namiye....-... Q ad Napa, Tikes eee Mar. 8, 1886 |118 |108 | 24 | 22 | 22 4 S F Le i Il.—Hypsipetes amaurotis hensoni. 7 b | U.S. Nat., 96280 ..| Blakist.,2154../ ¢ ad| Hakodate, Yezo ...| Feb. 12, 1877 |136 |120 |....} 22 | 23 |.... — U.S. Nat. 120481.| Henson, 79....|'¢ Cri Peet osaae ease May 17, 1884 |128 |120 | 23 | 22 | 24 |. U.S. Nat. 120482. Henson, 589 ...| 9 ad|....do oi Uae eeebeas Dec. 9,1885 |180 |115 | 23 | 22 | 24 |... U.S. Nat., 96281 ..| Blakist. ', 2873... 2 ad| Mororan, Yezo . May 16, 1882 |127 |112 | 23 | 21 | 22)}....% U.S. Nat., 91325 . -| Jouy, T20 - cases Q ad Tate-Yama, Hondo. Oct. 28,1882 ]127 |111 | 22 | 23 | 24 |.... ee Lanius superciliosus LATH. (205) se Be Sane 8 g ad., No. 26, Hakodate, May 16, 1885; 9 ad., No.217, August 13, 1883; 9? hornot. Np. 31, May 25, 1885. U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120483-5. Identical with specimens from Hondo, except that the white frontal band of the adult male is much broader than in an adult male col- lected by Mr. Jouy on Fuji-yama, Hondo, July 14, 1882 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 88672). This specimen is also considerably more tawny on the flanks. Another adult male from Hakodate (Blakiston, No. 2023; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96135), collected in June, agrees with Henson’s’ example both in regard to the width of the frontal band and the pale- 2 P ar f = 440 x y - x 4 as | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 349 ness of the flanks. With only three specimens, however, it is impossi- ble to say whether there is a constant difference between the northern and southern birds or not. Sturnia violacea (Bopp.). (203) This is the same as Temminck and Schlegel’s Sturnia pyrrhogenys, of which Henson’s collection contains six specimens. Details in table below. Already Cassin pointed out the great individual variation in the col- oration of the adult males (Perry’s Jap. Exp., 11, p. 220). Capt. Blakis- ton (Chrysanth., 1882, p. 475) has further enlarged upon this subject as follows: I secured a good series of examples, showing the variation in the amount of brown, chestnut, or chocolate on the head and neck of the male, from its almost entire absence in the youngest—none, of course, younger than birds born last year— the colored ear coverts, and a few specks onthe throat of those of medium age, to the entire side of head, lower part of throat, and slightly round the back of the neck of the most aged specimens. I also noticed that the testicles of all the male birds I opened were nearly black. Wilh. Blasius (Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., 1886, pp. 123-124) has also some important remarks to the same effect, and the series now before me, consisting of birds collected by the Perry expedition, by Blakiston, Jouy, and Henson, fully substantiates the above statements, though I can not see upon what evidence the above gentlemen consider the birds with but little chestnut for younger individuals and those with very much for very old ones. It may be so, but there is no positive evi- dence.* This point could be easily settled, however, on young birds far advanced in the molt. Field ornithologists, therefore, should be on the lookout for male birds in August and September with a few feathers of the young plumage left—just sufficient to clearly prove the age—and should be particularly careful in determining the sex with absolute certainty by dissection. Lurge particular care in this instance, as there seems to be some doubt still in regard to the sexual difference in this species and its nearest allies. Mr. A. Hume (Stray Feath., vii, 1878, p. 393) says of the closely allied Sturnia sturnina (PALL.) (=dawurica) that ‘in the perfect adult the plumage of the two sexes is quite alike,” and in regard to the present species Dr. W. Blasius (Zeitschr. ges. Ornith., I, 1886, pp. 121, 123, and 124) clearly indicates as his belief that the dull brown birds are all young, and that both males and females . is Py ie tel “2 are essentially alike, the only difference between the sexes being, *There is, however, one instance on record which, to a certain degree, seems to corroborate the above opinion. Dr. Blasius (tom. cit., pp. 121, 122) describes a winter bird from Celebes (specimen C) which is evidently a male in the glossy plumage with only a few brownish feathers of the young dress left. The chestnut ear patch is mixed with white, but judging from the description it has more chestnut color than U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 96124, killed in May. a : 350 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. according to his opinion, the somewhat smaller size and the greater intensity of the rusty suffusion on the white portions of the plumage of the female.* Oates (B. of India, 1, 1889, p. 525) also states that “in Stur- | nia the sexes are alike.” From an inspection of the material before me I am led to believe, however, that these gentlemen are mistaken, especially Dr. Blasius (for, though it is highly probable that stwrnina and violacea show no difference in this respect, it is somewhat risky to draw conclusions by analogies in such cases as this), and that Sharpe is correct when describing the two sexes as different (Cat. B. Orn. Mus., X11, 1890, pp. 70-71). All the specimens which, in the table below, have the sex mark indi- cated and not included in parenthesis are thus sexed by the collectors; and all the glossy ones are marked as males, while those which are marked 2 are all dull brownish... This may be a coincidence, though not very likely, in view of some of the facts to be brought out below; it may also be that some of the collectors have not determined the sex by actual dissection, but then the material tends to show, at least, that the collectors (in this case ornithologists of considerable experience), who were familiar with the birds in their native haunts, regard the glossy individuals as males and the plain ones as females. Three of the brown birds marked as females were collected in May, one as late as the 29th. These differ in several essential points from the young autumnal bird in a somewhat similar plumage. Their bill is quite black, while in the young ones it is horny brown above and quite pale at base of lower mandible. The black bill I take to be an unfailing sign of ma- turity, and these birds I therefore regard as adult females. Their legs are also darker colored, and in regard to plumage these females differ from the young birds in having the fore neck and breast uniformly grayish white and not streaked with brownish, as in the latter. Some- body might remark that even this is not convincing, and that there is a possibility that the full adult plumage may not be assumed until the molt in the second autumn. But such a supposition is directly dis- proved by Henson’s No. 52. This bird is unquestionably a young bird of the year, which has just commenced its first autumnal molt. The new feathers are just appearing on the lower back, and as they are of a brilliant glossy purple black they prove beyond a shadow of doubt that the young birds molt into the fully adult plumage already in the first au- tumn, It is therefore hardly possible that the brownish winter birds from Celebes which Dr. Blasius examined could be young birds of the ~ *In justice to Dr. Blasius it should be remarked, however, that he has expressed himself somewhat guardedly. Te says (tom. cit., p. 121): ‘ Beide Biilge zeigen in der Fiirbung und Grosse in die Augen fallende Verschiedenheiten, die wahrscheinlich als Geschlechtsunterschied aufzufassen sein werden, da von einer Verschiedenheit nach der Jahreszeit hier fiiglich nicht die Rede sein kann” [as both specimens were killed on December 13]. I regard it as well established, however, that the variation in the rusty tinge is partly individual and partly seasonal, and that it has nothing to de with the sex of the bird. vO. xv, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAI, MUSEUM. 351 1 & ta year, and, in fact, the only young bird in the lot seems to be the male in full glossy plumage with but a few feathers left of the brown plumage “(specimen OC; tom. cit., p. 120). Henson’s No. 115 is perhaps even more convincing and interesting. The former specimen (No. 52) is marked ¢, the present one ?, and both are, beyond a doubt, young birds of exactly the same age. The _female is less brown on the back, the head is grayer, and the streaks on the latter less distinct. New feathers are protruding on the back, as in the male, but these are of a dull drab, while those of the male are me- tallic purplish black; new whitish feathers also appear on the whole fore neck. Itis then plain that the females molt into a dull plumage essentially like that which I take to be that of the adult females (see above) at the same time when the young males molt into the glossy garb of the old males. So far we have only mentioned the change in the contour feathers of these two specimens. The molt which takes place in the wings is not less instructive, however. As in the true Starling of Europe and in Acridotheres cineraceus, the young Sturnia violacea also molts its remiges during the first autumn of its life. If we compare the wings of the glossy old males with those of the supposed adult females mentioned above, we shall find that in the males the outer edges of the inner pri- maries and of the secondaries, as well as the tertiaries, primary and greater coverts are of a lustrous metallic green, while in the females the metallic gloss is quite subdued and green only on secondaries, pri- maries, and primary coverts, while greater coverts and tertiaries are brown with a silky shine slightly purplish and hoary in a certain light. The new wing-feathers of the two molting young birds above referred to represent this same difference. The inner primaries and the greater coverts are about half out of their sheaths in the male and are lustrous green; in the female the former and a few primary coverts are also but half ont and faintly glossed with green, while the greater coverts are fully out and with a color and gloss as described above in the supposed adult females. There is consequently strong evidence in favor of a very marked sexual difference both in the adults and in the young birds. But we should be very pleased to receive information from our friends in the field whether they are able to positively confirm or disprove our opinion. In regard to the specific name here adopted I would remark that Pl. Enlum., No. 185, fig. 2, upon which Boddaert (1783) founded his Mota- cilla violacea, is a rather good representation of the adult male of the bird afterwards described by Wagler as Pastor ruficollis and by Tem- minck and Schlegel as Lamprotornis pyrrhogenys. The figure in question is rather extreme in the amount of chestnut on the sides and front of neck, and of gray across the breast, but it is closely approached by No. 96123, U.S. Nat. Mus., which also agrees with Buffon’s figure in 4 - YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. 352 BIRDS FROM having the entire rump glossy purplish black. The same peculiarity is” observed in No. 96124, which, however, possesses the minimum of chest- nut on the ears. Fs Measurements. 4 la:| (ea Collector and | 5° _|8 |82| 9 ee, Museum and No. | ¥° No ae aend Locality. Date. wie | 28) 8 soe "| age f ge|He| 8 iss EF IaR° a & | | Tokio Educat.-.-.| Nishi ..--..--- J ad. “ay ey gina sli; |Fas scene 107 |'51' | 45-2264 26 lukiu. | U.S. Nat., 88693. .| Jouy, 590 ..... do ad.| Fuji, Hondo........ July 24, 1882 |103 | 50 |..--- 2h) 23 U.S. Nat., 96123. .| Blakist., 2849.-| g ad-| South Yezo .......- May 21, 1882 |113 | 54 | 16 | 26 26 U.S. Nat., 96124..) Blakist., 2850 .| ¢ ad-|.--- Ci eer ers pepe (ieee a 103 |°53' | 14 9S S2c ieee Wes. 9612->| sp laKIst.. 20002 |. Bde] see One pee ee ceccina es May 24, 1882 |107 | 51 | 15.5) 26 29 U.S.Nat., 15863..| Heine, 19...-.- Q ad.| Hakodate, Yezo....) May —, 1854 |109 | 52 | 14 |....|...-.. U.S. Nat., 15862..| Heine, 56.-....-. Ose dO eile ete eres ee ee meer! 106 | 49 |....-. ‘oleae U.S. Nat., 96126..| Blakist., 2856..) ¢ ad-| South Yezo -...---- May 24, 1882 |105 | 48 | 14.5) 25 25 U.S. Nat., 120491.| Henson, 23.-.-..| & juv) Hakodate, Yezo-....| Aug. 6, 1883 |/101 | 48 | 14.5) 26 26 Wen Nats, 1204922) Henson: 522222] G) JUM| 22 -GOnacs-e oan ne Aug. 14,1883 |107 | 52 | 15 | 26 25 OS Nats 1204937! Meliensom 640024) quedelta-005..5.-se 524s May 30, 1885 |108 | 51 | 15 25 25 U.S. Nat., 120494.| Henson, 255...| 9 ad- a SOO sstukicrcesteee May 29, 1885 |105 | 49 | 14 25 24 MWeSUNat.120495 3) senson, 113.-5|) Qjuivo- =) dOreces- onan see Aug. 21, 1883 | 99 | 49 | 14 25 25 U.S. Nat., 120496.) Henson, 19.... JILY,| wate OO nactesteeie ace nies Aug, 6, 1883 |100 | 47 | 14.5) 24 25 Acridotheres cineraceus (TEMM.). (201) Three 9 @. No. 111, ad., Hakodate, November 10, 1883; No. 32, ad., Hakodate, June 2, 1883; No. 176, juv., Hakodate, September 11, 1884. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Nos. 12048-90. ; It is strange that most authors, even those who recognize Pastor, ~ Sturnia, Temenuchus, Acridotheres, etc., as distinct genera, or subgenera, should persist in placing the present species in the genus Sturnus along- side its type, the European starling, with which, in fact, it has nothing in common that is not shared also by the members of the groups men- tioned above. In style of coloration it is as strikingly different from the starling as any, wearing, as it does, the plumage of a typical Hill Myna; its bill is essentially that of Acridotheres (though slightly longer than in the typical species), the gently curved culmen, the lateral com- pression, and the very pronounced notch atthe tip of the upper mandi- ble being characters which at once separate it from Sturnus, with its Straight, flattened, and unnotched beak, while the complete feathering of the nasal groove and the comparatively narrow opening of the nostrils in the former is identical with the corresponding parts in Acridotheres as contrasted with the open nostrils and naked operculum of the Star- ling. ‘The tail is not so rounded as in true Acridotheres, but this seems to be the chief difference. I am therefore not prepared to go so far as Mr. Sharpe, who separates this species generically under the name of Spodiopsar. One of Mr. Henson’s specimens is of particular interest, viz, No. 176, being a young female in transition from the first plumage to that of the first winter. This specimen is in full molt all over. The new feathers have already supplanted the old ones on lower back and rump; the upper lesser wing-coverts, as well as the greater ones, are also new and — fully out, besides a few of the inner primary coverts. But most inter-_ “ . We wi it ar ai a nis: thine n zee pe, 0 ct a Ltn gilt aie gthinh mae Arctamennteeis'is ae ik one mings +2 i 0 aA CI ania OE alll is Pod ae ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 353 esting is the fact that the five inner primaries also are molting, and that the central pair of the new tail-feathers are just emerging from the sheaths, thus proving that the regular molt of the rectrices and remiges in the first autumn is not confined to the European Starling. Nor are these two species unique in this respect, for, as has been shown under Sturnia violacea, this unusual molt is quite as normal in the latter species. I have always believed that the Old World Sturnine are closely re- lated to the American Jcterine, notwithstanding the difference in the number of primaries. Mr. Ridgway and I at once set to work examin- ing the large material in the national collection, and found that the young of the American Jcterine molt their quills and tail-feathers dur- ing the first autumnal molt exactly as do the true starlings. Of course, the material was not sufficient to prove it in every species and genus, but we found it in all cases in the genera Quwiscalus, Scolecophagus, Agelaius, Sturnella, Molothrus, Dolichonyax. This fact seems to add evidence of great importance in support of the opinion that Jcterine and Sturnine are next kin. Garrulus brandtii EversM. (198) Two specimens, ¢ and 9 ad.; Henson coll., Nos. 185, 132, Hakodate, September 18 and October 11, 1884; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120486-7. English ornithologists assert that they can discover no difference be- tween Japanese specimens and those from Altai, Siberia, whence came the type. Itis curious to note that many authors recognize the present form as a distinct species while treating of G. japonicus as a mere geographical variety of G. glandarius. True, the latter are quite similar in the gen- eral coloration, but the loral region, the primaries, and the tertiaries are quite differently colored without any trace of intergradation or variation. In all these points G. brandtii agrees with G. glandarius, the chief difference between them consisting in the strong wash of cinna- mon-rufous, which suffuses the head in G@. brandtii. In eastern Russia, moreover, there seems to exist a somewhat intermediate form, G. sever- zowi BOGDAN. Pyrrhula griseiventris LArr. (296) Nos. 242, ¢ ad., Hakodate, November 25, 1883; No. 243, 9 ad., Hakodate, Novem- ber 20, 1884; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120497-8. Being winter specimens, this pair does not add much towards tinally settling the status of P. rosacea. The male is quite typical of the latter phase, being nearly identical with No. 3 of my list (U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 107), from Kiusiu.* | * Sharpe, in his Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xu, p. 832, enumerates three P. rosacea, two males and one female, as collected by C. MeVean in ‘“ Yezo.” This is evidently a mistake which is repéated in all the birds enumerated as coming from the same source. The locality in each case should be ‘“‘ Yedo,” the former name of Tokio, and the birds consequently came from the middle island and not from Yezo, Proc. N, M. 92 23 354 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. The female is the first Yezo specimen of that sex which I have had an opportunity to examine. It differs in no way from specimens from _ the other two islands. Uragus sanguinolentus (TEMM. and Scut.). (289) A female collected at Hakodate, November 9, 1883, and a male col- lected six days later are in the collection (Nos. 115 and 114; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120500 and 120499). They agree with other specimens before me in every particular. Acanthis linaria holboellii (BREHM). (286-7) I have stated on several occasions (Auk, 1887, pp. 33-39, and Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 487) that the only subspecies of Red-poll belonging to the Japanese fauna is the long-billed coast form, named as above.* Henson’s specimen (No. 241; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 120501), which was collected at Hakodate, March 27, 1883, belongs eminently to this form. It is a male, without red on throat and breast, meas- uring as follows: Wing, 75™™; bill, from nostril, 9™™. All the tail-feathers are molting and still in their sheaths. Leucosticte brunneonucha (BRANDT). (288) A pair was collected by Henson near Hakodate in November, 1885 (Henson, Nos. 87,88; U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120501-2), agreeing in every respect with other winter birds from Yezo and from Hondo, fourteen specimens of which are now before me. A comparison of these with five from Kamtchatka, and four from Ussuri, on the mainland, show no per- ceptible differences. There is no record of this species having been observed in Japan proper during the breeding season, all the specimens hitherto obtained having been collected during the winter months, if we except a single specimen ¢ (No. 1951), shot by Capt. Blakiston at Hakodate, on May 5, 1876. On the other hand, it has repeatedly been found in summer on the Kurile Islands. However, it may confidently be looked for during the breeding season along the seashore of Yezo, where there must be plenty of wild and precipitous rocks to suit the taste of these birds. During the summer the brown on the nape wears off and this part becomes a silvery white, more or less shaded with buff. The light *At the same time I was careful to remark that ‘it is reasonable to expect that : | both A. linaria and exilipes in winter may visit the northern island.” Since that was written Mr. Sharpe, in his Cat. B, Brit. Mus., XII, p. 249, refers two specimens from — “Japan” to typical A. linaria, with a wing 2.75 inches long, and in the synonymy — he refers Blak. and Pryer’s No. 287 to this form. The identification of the specimens in question is probably correct, but the quotation certainly refers to A. holboellii, — as [have already shown. This remark refers also to Sharpe’s quotation of Blak. | & Pryer’s 286 under 4. exilipes. me bi hey PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 355 edges to the dorsal feathers also wear off and the whole upper surface consequently looks darker than in wiuter, features nicely illustrated by a fine 3, with black bill, collected in Ussuri, March 27, 1881 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 111358). The gray nape of this bird explains the cor- responding portion of Pallas’s deseription of the “variety 6 1.” from the Kurile Islands, ‘“‘vertice nigricante; cervice cano-albido.” The ab- sence of rosy color, which in Pallas’s bird seems to be replaced by cin- namon, is not so easily accounted for, though I have before me a speci- men from Kamtchatka (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 21126, Wm. Stimpson’s coll.) which, in every respect, agrees with Pallas’s description, but this bird has apparently originally been preserved in alcohol, which seems to have extracted the rosy color. The fact that the nape of J. brunneo- nucha becomes gray in summer may possibly have misled Prof. Lich- tenstein to determine two birds in the Berlin Museum said to have come from the Kurile Islands as L. griseonucha (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, p. 47), though “ Kurile Islands” may be a lapsus for ‘“‘Aleu- tian Islands.” Atany rate, L. griseonucha does not occur in the former. Chloris kawarahiba (TrMM.). (283) Two specimens of the larger Japanese Green Finch, viz, Nos. 224 and 225, 6 and 2, Hakodate, November 11 and October 18, 1883 (U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120506-7). For dimensions, etc., see the following species. Chloris kawarahiba minor (TEMM. and SCHLEG.). (284) The Eastern Green Finches are still in a state of confusion, and though having quite a number of specimens before me I have not been able to solve all the questions or clear all the doubts. I have satisfied myself as to the correctness of a few conclusions, which differ somewhat from the opinion generally accepted. In the first place the smaller Japanese Green Finch is not identical with the Chinese Chloris sinica (LiN.). They agree in size, but differ con- siderably in coloration. In the last-mentioned bird there is very little, if any green in the yellow that spreads over the under surface from the chest backward. On the contrary, the yellow is strongly suffused with atawny brown. In Ch. sinica, furthermore, the great upper wing- coverts are brown, while in Ch. kawarahiba minor they are olive-green, more or less suffused with yellow; and, finally, in the Chinese bird the pale margins to the inner secondaries and the tertiaries are con- siderably wider than in the smaller Japanese form. Whether specifi- cally or only subspecifically distinct is impossible for me to say at present, but this question is comparatively unimportant. The essential thing at the present stage is the fact that the two forms are separable. Strange to say, although the smaller Japanese form is almost uni- versally called Ch. sinica, and nearly all authors admit the distinctness of a smaller and a larger species in Japan proper, the two latter forms are much more difficult to separate and are much more closely allied. 1 wits 356 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. In fact, I was long in doubt whether they could be separated at all, and still more so as to where to draw the line. The two Japanese forms were originally separated by Schlegel in Fauna Japonica, the characters ascribed to them being the smaller size and the deeper and brighter colors.of Ch. kawarahiba minor, Sharpe (Cat. B. Br. Mus., x1, pp. 26-28), who accepts Swinhoe’s identification of the latter with Ch. sinica, gives the same characteristic of the two forms which he regards as species. Schlegel gives the following di- mensions of the wing: kawarahiba major, 90™™; k. minor, T77™™ to 81™™, Sharpe’s measurements are respectively: 86™™ to 59™™ and 76™™ to 85™™, the larger dimensions being in every instance that of the male, the smaller that of the female. Whitely (Ibis, 1867, p. 202) gives also some measurements, viz, 82.5™" and 89™™, the latter being, however, that of a female bird only. Thus these authors allow a gap of about 10™™ between the males of the two forms. Capt. Blakiston, however, has already shown that there is no such gap (Chrysanth., 1882, p. 474), and a glance at the tables below shows conclusively that they run into each other as far as size expressed by length of wing is concerned. According to the authors quoted above, the smaller size is accompa- nied by deeper and brighter colors. A glance at my series would con- vince any one that this does not hold good. My Kamtchatkan* male, one of the largest, is quite as brightly colored as any one in the whole collection. Capt. Blakiston (loc. cit.) has called attention to the greater size of the bill of Ch. kawarahiba as a more reliable character than the length of body or wing; but even in this respect no hard and fast line can be drawn. There is a regular gradation between the heaviest and longest bills to the shortest and most slender, and it will be seen that generally the bigger bill is associated with the longest wing. Size of bill, there- fore, is no more absolute character than length of wing. An inspection of my series, however, convinces me that there is a character which, taken in conjunction with those of size, makes it pos- sible to distinguish in most cases between the two forms, for I find that the larger birds have the secondaries and tertiaries, particularly the former, much more broadly edged with light than the smaller speci- mens, in which, moreover, the edges are grayer, while in the former they are nearly pure white. This character is most beautifully illus- trated in the two breeding females, No. 88680, from Fiji, Hondo, and No. 92626, from Petropaulski, Kamtchatka, for although the latter is in a more abraded plumage than the former, the pure white edges to the secondaries form a very conspicuous white longitudinal bar on the folded wing; in the former there is hardly a trace of light edges. This, fortunately, gives us a fixed basis for determining the range of the two forms. Defining, as I do, Chloris kawarahiba as the larger form *The Kamtchatkan habitat of Ch. kawarahiba and the reference to this species in my ‘Results of Ornithol. Explorations in Kamtschatka, ete.,” have been entirely f overlooked by Sharpe (loc. cit.). t Pt PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 357 with the broader white edges to the secondaries, we have now ascer- tained that it breeds in Kamtchatka; and as the smaller form has not at all been found in that country, it is safe to assume that this penin- sula is its home par excellence. On the other hand, it is certain that the smaller form, with the edges to the secondaries narrower and grayer, Chloris kawarahiba minor,* breeds in the middle island of Japan. That it also breeds in Yezo is probable from the fact that Henson’s speci- men No. 226 was taken at Hakodate on May 10, and seems also to be indicated by Whitely. The larger form is migratory in Kamtchatka. It has never been taken on the mainland of Asia. Consequently, it is pretty safe to con- clude that its only way of migration is to Japan in winter, where it is found numerous all through the cold season as far south as Nagasaki. It may breed in Yezo and in the mountains of northern Hondo, but we have no evidence of it, and, on the whole, I think it rather improbable. The results of this investigation consequently indicate that there are two separable forms, Ch. kawarahiba, inhabiting Kamtchatka in summer, migrating south to southern Japan in winter, though occa- sionally wintering as far north as Hakodate, and Ch. k. minor, a resi- dent of Japan, which is stationary at least in the southern provinces of that empire. Ch. sinica does not occur in Japan at all. I.—Measurements of Chloris kawarahiba. | : z= a = S Ge Wee ) pex a a . Museum and No. Collector and Locality. Date. aia # E and No. He] te: Silat age C2 ro) 3 n\|o? wis) 8 | 8 | e\3| 8 | els Fla|a la A ee ee ee eee eee = | U.S. Nat., 89017..| Stejn.,1205....| ¢ ad.| Between Bering I. | June13,1882} 88 | 53 | 12 |---.|..... and Kamtchatka. U.S. Nat., 92626...) Stejn., 2302 ..- ayaa: Petropaulski, Kam... July—, L883) i SSisl| Asal Beets U.S. Nat. 96360..| Blak., 1587.-..! ¢* ad.| Hakodate, Yezo...... 5 SZ Ol le sleet U.S. Nat., 96365..) Blak., 2842....| § ad.| Nikap, Yezo......... May—, —— | 86 | 55) 12 | 18 20 U.S. Nat., 91542..| Blak., 3210. .-.-1. (¢) SPEEDED, Wez0)seeee Oct. —,—— | 84 | 54] 11 |....]...-. eS Nat. 96369: +) Blak-,.32020.-2| (o¢')) |----d0.-...--s00-..20: Oct. —,—— | 85.) 57) 11 [oo e.|c see. West, 96068-.| Blak. 3073....| jutv. |.---doO....-.-.+-.---. Oct. —,—— | 81 | 50 | 11.5)..-..|..... U.S. Nat., 96366..| Blak., 2843....| 9 Nikap, MeZ0b. 2-2-2: May —,-—— ! 84 | 52 | 12 |..-.|....-. U.S. Nat., 96362..] Owst., 390 ....| (¢) | Yokohama, Hondo...|.....-....-..- S85 Sarilern | oweleaaee Christiania ...... Peters., 41....! ¢ ad.) Tokitsu, Kiusiu...... Mar:29, 1886) | 85. | 52) 1. 5/22 -). 55- Christiania ..-..-. Peters:, 29..=-| ¢ ad.| Urakami, Kiusiu ....| Heb.15,1886 | 85° |) 55°} 11. 5).-- |e 2.2 Christiania -.- ..-. Peters., 98..-.| Q ad.| Nagasaki, Kiusiu-.--..| Dec. —, 1886 | 84 | 51 | 12 |.-.-..|..-..- U.S. Nat., 120506.) Henson, 224... fof Hakodate, Yezo -.... Nov.11, 1883 | 88 | 55 3 19 20 Wace Nat, 120507.|| Henson, 225552| Ql... -dO .cceecccecectece Oct.\18;1883) |) S£)|).535)-12) |e See ssee verage measurements: of 14 specimens -.--..--s2<.-s--2-c- ee pose og eoceseses SS oor dl vel eats an *T should state here that the distinction between the two forms here pointed out is very well shown in the beautiful plates of these birds in Fauna Japonica (Ayes, pls. xlviii and xlix), though not mentioned in the text. 858 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN—STEJNEGER. Il.— Measurements of Chloris k. minor. d = ARE BEANE: Te 1 Sex 5 5 be! U.S. Nat.| Collector and Locality. Date. Shes £2 | Remarks. Mus.No;| and No. ae : 2 — : x ge. 7 $3 = n oo 2 ee frat a feisty Fe Flealaljals 96367. | Blak.;3070.--| || Sapporo, Yezo -.-|'Oct.. —, ———)| 18" hens) Wile eee pees Molting. 96359 | Blak.,1158--| (4) | Hakodate, Yezo-.-| Mar. —,——| 83 | 52 | 11.5)..--- [estceecs 96364 | Blak., 1264.-| 9 ad.|....do......-..--- May —, = (‘or iaa tong. eezea ei 88680 | Jouy, 506 ---) 2 ad.| Fuji, Hondo ..-... duly 13,1883 78) | 53)) 10. |seeeste anes 91489 | Jouy, 938 --- oh Yokohama, Hondo} Jan. 10,1883 | 79 | 49 | 11 16: 5/cecoee 85784 | Jouy, 10 .---| ¢ ad.| Yokoska, Hondo .| May 10,1881 | 79 | 51 | 11 |.-.--..]-.---. RB 7eb) | AlOny, 12s scs/o0 cad.|. Serio oss Peers Mayt= =| 75 a"| Taal soe ees 96363 | Owst.,408.-.| (¢) | Yokohama,Hondo}...------.---- +S a fr te aU Ce PRR Bene 96361 | Ringer, 3& -. ref Nagasaki, Kiusiu, Dec. 17, 1876 | 79 | 50 | 10.5).....|.----. 114738 | Ringer, 30 ..| ¢ Aso- yama, Kiusiu| Jan. —, 1887 | 79 | 51 | 11 |.--.-|...--- | 120504 | Henson, 226-| ¢ Hakodate, Yezo..| May 10,1886] 80 | 51} 11 {17.5} 18 | 120505 | Henson, 227 - Or Nee SCO steniewsaacn Oct. 22; 1884 |).80.) HOU Le |S esl aera Average measurements of 12 specimens......-..-.--------------- EOP Ge aU) Oe aciieoss = Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonica (TEMM. AND SCHL.). (292) A pair. For particulars see “measurements” given below. The Hawfinch is one of the few birds which do not follow the rule that the representative forms in Japan are brighter and purer colored than the corresponding forms in Europe, for in the series of twenty-four birds before me it is easy enough to pick out the European specimens from those of eastern Asia by their brighter general coloration, with the exception of one (¢, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 102932, Vosges, France, January, 1877, Mougel coll.), which can hardly be told apart from some Japanese specimens by color alone. True, Mr. R. B. Sharpe (Cat. B. Br. Mus., xu, p. 40) gives as a distinguishing character between the two forms, that in C. japonica the wing coverts are ‘ashy whitish or pale drab at the ends instead of whitish” in the typical western form, but this character does not hold at all, as two European males, the one referred to above and No. 114695 (Talamone, Italy, April, 1880), have these light tips quite as dingy as in the average Japanese bird, while - one of the latter (¢, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 109372, Suruga, Hondo, Novem- ber 21,1884, Namiye coll.) has them purer white than any of the European examples at hand. And as with the males so with the females, some are indistinguishable by color alone, while in these also the European birds are, on the whole, somewhat brighter colored. There is one character, however, which seems to hold when others fail, viz, the greater height and bulk of the bill of typical C. cocco- thraustes. As will be seen from the tables of measurements given below, the two forms are identical in general size,* but the bills of the European birds are considerably larger. The lower mandible is par- ticularly strong, as shown by the measurements which are taken on the side of the mandible at the base where the feather S s join the horny sheath. : The mi: fies are aii ehey in ger than the femles’ The Gisapnemene of the Japan- ese form given by Sharpe (loc, cit.) are therefore misleading. sere PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bog ; On the whole the two forms are fairly separable, and as the eastern subspecies was originally described under a trinominal appellation, I see no reason for changing it into a binominal. A male specimen collected by Mr. Jouy at Matsumoto, Hondo (No. 91437, November 5, 1882), is very remarkable for its unusually dark and saturated coloration. The back is a dark blackish brown, still blacker on the scapulars, while the tertials are wholly black with a delicate green silky gloss; the longest of the upper tail-coverts are of a deep burnt umber. It looks so different from all the other specimens, eastern and western, that at first I was tempted to regard it as a special form, but I am now convinced that it is only a case of excessive individual variation. I.—Measurements of Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonica. dle S ae Collector | Se | a) ele. te lee Museum and No. Ey and Locality. Date. Bis | 2 Fis jas and No. age e120] un 2 0 ly i ¢ =e = J ° + a jes Sop decal os nD oj} |e Aa hei a oS = He | fle|e/2/2|e/2e° ia oS ial eS i} ra ae) I-~|S iA l/Bl/ael/a\aee U.S. Nat., 109372.| Namiye..... o ad.| Suruga,Hon-; Nov. 21. g4_.| 100) ai ee Aes at FV ef a do. | | U.S. Nat., 91568..| Jouy, 1023 .-|f ad.-| Yokohama,| Mar. 26, "83..| 100! 54 | AQ) | 14.) 22/4 24 |... 4.5 , Hondo. | | | U.S. Nat., 91487..| Jouy, 769 ...|/f ad.| Matsumoto, Nov, 5, 1g9._| 105) 52 | LSS Lorn 2eu eos 4.8 Hondo. | | U.S. Nat., 96382..! Blak., 1046..|¢ ad.| Hakodate,| Jan. 5, °73..| 103) 54 | 19 | 15 | 22 |..../7im.] 4.5 | Yezo. | | | U.S. Nat., 120508 .| Henson, 222./' ad.| Hakodate, | Nov. 22,’84..| 99) 54 | 19 |..../.2.. See ere | 22 | Yezo. | Christiania ..-.--- Petersen, 48./$ ad.| Tokitsu, Ki-; Apr. 16,’86..; 104, 58 | 20 | 15 |.-..}.-..|---.1 4.8 usiu. | | | 10 OS SS apa Petersen, 118\(¢)ad) Kaiusio..--.-|..-------2-.<- 100) 55 | 19 | 15 |----|----|----| 4.5 U.S. Nat., 96383...) Blak., 3148..|¢juv.| Sapporo, | : Yezo. Oct. 14,’82..| 99) 54 | 17 | 18 | 22} 22 | 180).-.. U.S. Nat., 91527..| Jouy, 976 ...|9 ad.| Yokohama, | | | Hondo. Mar. 1,'83.-| 101) 51 | 17) 14) 22°) 24 4.0 U.S. Nat., 91438..; Jouy, 857 ...|9 ad.) Tate Yama,| _ ; | | Hondo. Dec. 9,'82..| 100)....| 19 | 14 | 22 | 24 |~--- 4.8 U.S. Nat., 96384../ Blak., 3199..|9 ad.| Sapporo, | _ Name ieee Lee alata Yezo. | Oct. 19, ’82..| 102) 53 | 18 | 14 | 22 | 24 | 174) 4.0 U.S, Nat., 120509 .| Henson, 223.|9 ad.| Hakodate, | | : ' Yezo. | Nov. 20, ’84..! 102 oe ye J----)---0|----[----| 4.5 Average measurements of 7 adult males...........---.------------ NGPA ay a Sa se ata Se |e Se Average measurements of 4 adult females......-...---.--..----.-- MO O28 Bs Uae ra aber oral mretate feSeted | Il.—Measurements of Coccothraustes coccothraustes. lg ia 4a iss meal ea - |EBA Sex | \elel@e g2l_s eS. nee Collpator and | ond Locality. Water la} oss SE oe us, NO. Oo. age. ; iS | 5 ae B cic) eis speed ian n |S eo seit etapa em A l= |S | Plejaia |S ja joe SS eels eae Pe 56657 | Schliiter,776..| f ad.| Germany .....-. ene 5 Oye wae HOG W560 200 elfen lees 2 - lactee 5.5 18597 | Mus. Cop. enh.| ¢' ad.| Denmark -......| Feb. 24, — | 105 | 56 | 20/17 | 22 |..--. 6.0 113771 | Gitke ........ of ad.| Heligoland...... May, 1887 | 100 | 54 | 19} 16 |-.-...-|...-- 6.0 102932 | Mougel .....-.. dad.| Vosges, France .| Jan., 1887} 103 | 55 | 20) 17 |..-.--|-.--- 5.8 114695 | ——, 2770.....-. gf ad.| Talamone, Ttaly-| April, 1880 | 105 | 57 | 21 | 16 |.....|.. eel, Mth 69970 | Soph. Burch -..| 9 ad.| Rostock, Germ’y}...-.-.-------- 100 | 53 | 19 | 15.5) 21 | 22 5.0 13051 | Drexler....-... Q ad.| Germany -.----.- \preeeesoceece 102 | 58 |....| 15 |.----|----- 5.0 700s Dronete am. -.| O-ad.| France %...22- ..|-2--<--ccemac- 102 | 53 | 19 | 15 | 21.5) 22 5.0 102931 | Mougel -...-.. 9 ad.!| Vosges, France .! Mar., 1877 | 100 | 55 | 20 | 17 |-.---.|----- 5.0 Average measurements of 5 adult males. ..........-...----------- LOLS 56, 12208 |G. Gls elena 5.9 Average measurements of 4 adult females ........-...------------ LOD Wb, |1923)" 156 G\ acc |awe te 5.0 Tater J ie acl dA pane 66a “ is . FY OOH TE turk fet ants Ae ee Ges . are ; ais Se ets ae Ss Bas? (ob eee AV yin; ark bal ek PER v he one Aas eevee oes IP Le 06 Wd cata Ds males hh ee i (ee EE | Ce Se a? nn sl on oe 7 Bie se oboe. ining! teat a fide kone WEA bce bane: Aes joa fas Taig delat ie aeD Mets ete = i ae eed) dg hotayy Brvtrs eR ~ ’ = ¥ = mt Ae) eas ‘ink Pet bent) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLV y, is Nes Nea H a Wg WING-FEATHERS OF MOTACILLA LUGENS; NATURAL SIZE. Fig. 1. Secondary next to longest tertiary (juv., U. S. National Museum, No. 96205 ; Yezo ; July; Blakiston collection, No. 1561). Fig. 2, Secondary next to longest tertiary (2 after molt, second autumn ; U.S. National Museum, No. 96205 ; Yezo ; September ; Blakiston collection, No. 2959). Fig. 3. Fifth primary of same. Fig. 4. Secondary next to longest tertiary (¢ after molt, second autumn ; U.S. National Museum, No. 96209 ; Yezo ; September; Blakiston collection, No. 2957). Fig. 5. Fifth primaryof same. Fig. 6. a, left wing ; b, right wing; fifth primary (U. 8S. National Museum, No. 96197; Yezo; March ; Blakiston collection, No. 1154.) INSECTS OF THE SUBFAMILY ENCYRTINA WITH BRANCHED AN- TENN. BY L. O. Howarp. (With Plates XLVI-XLVI. ) In a paper entitled “A new and remarkable Eneyrtid,” published in 1890 (Insect Life, vol. 111, pp. 145-148), I showed that up to 1889 West- wood’s single specimen of Tetracnemus diversicornis, captured in 1835, was the only acknowledged encyrtine with branched antenne ever found. It is true that in 1885 Mr. Ashmead had described his Tetrae- nemus floridanus, but he had placed it in the subfamily Eulophine, not recognizing its encyrtine affinities. In 1889, however (Proc. Kntom. Soc., Washington, 1, 503), Mr. Ashmead announced that his species was a true encyrtine, and since that recent date five additional species, be- longing to four new genera, have been found, while Tetracnemus flori- danus has been shown to belong to still another new genus, making five in all. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the new forms and to bring the groups together to facilitate the characterization of additional genera and species which I feel sure will be discovered in the near future. Although the forms to be described in this paper agree in the abnor- mal branching of the antenne of the male sex, they can not be said to form a natural group. Tetracladia, Calocerinus and probably Tetrac- nemus seem closely allied, and, were tribal divisions necessary in the subfamily, these three genera would be grouped together. Heaacladia, Tanaostigma, and Pentacnemus, however, all of which we fortunately know in both sexes, differ widely from the other three genera. Pentacne- mus would plainly belong near Copidosoma in any natural arrangement of the known genera, but Hevacladia and Tanaostigma introduce new features into the encyrtine system and would form tribes by themselves. There exists, however, in the National Museum collection anew genus, reared in large series by Messrs. Coquillett and Koebele in California from a gall on mesquit, which plainly possesses strong affinities with Tanaostigma, but of which unfortunately we know only the female sex. The male may prove to have branched antenne. With this understanding of the diversity of the forms, the use of a purely provisional tribal name, Tetracnemini, may not be objected to. For the presentit may include all Encyrtinze whose males have branched Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 905. 961 362 INSECTS OF SUBFAMILY ENCYRTINZ—HOWARD. antenne, but may later be restricted to Tetracnemus, Tetracladia, Cal- ocerinus, and allied forms. The host relations of these insects may prove as variable as their structure. As yet we know with certainty the habits of but one—Pen- tacnemus bucculatricis—which was reared in large numbers from the overwintered cocoons of Bucculatrix thujella Pack., which had been sent to Dr. Riley from Cadet, Washington County, Mo., by Mr. J. G. Barlow. All of the specimens of Tanaostigma coursetie were extracted from the swollen ovaries of dry herbarium specimens of Willardia mex- icana, a rare legimunous plant, which was supposed to belong to the genus Coursetia at the time the description was drawn up, but which was subsequently made the type of the new genus Willardia. The most careful dissection shows no trace of any insect other than the Tanaostigma, but as we can not but suppose that this insect is para- sitic, the swollen ovaries must have originally been damaged by some = i} other insect, perhaps by some small rhyneophorus beetle. The other i! five species were all captured, Tetracnemus diversicornis on oak, Tetra- | cladia texana by sweeping grass, and Calocerinus floridanus upon oak. ih Concerning Hexacladia smithit and Tetracladia gracilis we have no further information than that they were collected, the former at Cha- pada, Brazil, by Mr. H. H. Smith, and the latter at Jacksonville, Fla, | by Mr. Ashmead. | The genera may be separated by the following artificial key: 4 Provisional tribe Tetracnemint. MALES. ; Antenne with four branches. i Mesoscutum with a transverse oblique impressed line. .....---.. Tanaostigma How. Mesoscutum normal. Scapule widely separated at tips; antennae 10-jointed......Tetracnemus Westw. Scapule meeting at tips; antenne 11-jointed. Sixth funicle-joint of the antennie more than twice as long as the other five together... 22205522. . cee lo Gace eee eee eee eee oe eee Calocerinus n. &. Sixth funicle-joint shorter than fifth. ...............-....---. Tetracladia n. g. AMibenniee awl bh sve LAN CHES, 2222.5 ede eee ete aie eee Pentacnemus n. g. Antenne with six branches)....2../.. .-sa)- cee 4s sen oka eae Hexacladia Ashm, FEMALES. Antennal scape with a leaf-like expansion below........-...-.-.--Zanaostigma How. Antennal scape subcylindrical. Antenne arising at cly peal margin: 2.2.2. .oesenens -eeeeeeaeee Pentacnemus n. g. Antenne arising from above clypeus..............--.---s---- Hexacladia Ashin. TETRACNEMUS Westwood. Westwood’s original description of this genus and its single species was published in Magazine of Natural History, 1837, Vol. 1, new series, pp. 257-259, under the title ““A new genus of British parasitic Hymen- optera,” and is here copied: “Genus quasi intermedium inter Hneyrtum et Hulophum. Corpus . cr e ‘ voG02.. | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 363 oblongam, minutun. Caputthorace paullo angustius. Ocelli distantes Antenne capite cum thorace longiores; 8-articulatw; articulo Imo, elongato; 2do, parvo, obconico; stio, 4to, et 5to, minimis, singulo ramum elongatum supra emittenti; 6to longo, tenui, apice supra ramum emittenti; Tmo, paullo breviori; ultimo, magno, oblongo-ovato. Thorax ut in Encyrtis formatus, scutello magno subrotundato. Ale antic nervo subcostali, cum costa spatio parvo conjuncto, et ad apicem ramum parvum clavyatum et curvatum emittente. Pedes sat longi atque graciles, intermedii ut in Kneyrto formati. Tarsi 5-artieu- lati pulvillo magno. Abdomen parvun, ovatum, subdepressum; apice subacuminatum. Mas. “Species unica mili adhue cognita. “ Tetrachemus diversicornis Westw. “ Caput nigro-eeneum, vertico tenuissime et transverserugosum. 390 BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES—HAY. The ribbon-snake, HF. sawrita, appears to be wholly similar in its breeding habits to its relative just considered, although it probably does not bring forth so many young at each birth. Prof. Putnam in- forms* us that a female, taken in Massachusetts on July 13, had nine eges, each three-fourths inch long and containing an embryo 24 inches in length. Another, taken July 51, contained but four eggs, and these are ready to be burst by the young. The eggs containing the coiled embryos were then an inch and a quarter long, while the extended young had a length of 55 inches. Dr. Goode has quoted? a note from Herman Strecker, of Reading, Pa., who states that some years pre- viously he had found and caged a female of this species which soon produced thirty or more young ones. He supposed that the little snakes had been hidden in the mother’s stomach. There is possibly some con- fusion here with F. sirtalis, judging merely from the number of the young. Prof. S. 1. Smith, of the Sheffield Scientifie School, is quoted § by Dr. Goode as having seen two young snakes, each Jor 4 inches long, run down the mother’s throat. The statement is no doubt incorrect, so far as regards the size of the young. ° In a female (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17965) of the variety fairey?, taken probably in Mississippi, I find nine eggs, the hindermost three of which are in the left oviduct. The eggs are about three-quarters of an inch long and a third of an inch in the short diameter. The development of the embryo had just begun. In a female (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17952) of faireyi, 28 inches long, taken at Veedersburg, Ind., are twelve ovarian eges of the same size as those just mentioned. The hinder four are in the left ovary. At what time of the year the two specimens last de- seribed were killed, Ido not know. In aspecimen of /aireyi, 40 inches long (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17958), captured at Vicksburg, Miss., about the 4th of July, there are twenty young snakes, each close to 9 inches in length. The hindermost nine of these are in the left oviduct. ATI were evidently ready to be expelled. They did not appear to be con- tained in any egg-covering, and the egg-tooth was not found in any of the three which were examined. While this date is not quite so late as that given by Dr. Abbott for the finding of the eggs of this species in New Jersey, we must take into account the difference in the climate, and especially the difference in the size of the young snakes, The species of the related genus Tropidonotus are also ovoviviparous. T. sipedon, our water-snake, is the commonest species of the genus in the eastern United States. It is extremely variable and reaches a large size. Prof. Putnam has a note regarding the breeding habits of this species.* He states that twenty-two of the young belonging to one family were found. Each of them was 8 inches long. Dr. Heilprin mentions? a large specimen from which thirty-three young were taken. * Amer. Nat. Vol. 11, p. 134. t Proc. A. A. A. S., 1873, p. 18. ¢ Proc. Phil. Acad. Sei., 1887, p. 121. a : a + bi - t 5 4 4 aS bes 68" PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 891 "These were in different stages of development. Some of the larger ones had absorbed all the yolk, while to others a considerable mass of this was attached. In a specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17962) from some point in northern Indiana I find sixteen eggs, eight in each oviduct. The young are 7sinches long, and each is provided with a well-developed ege-tooth. This is curved upward like a short horn, and tapers grad- ually to near the point, where it rounds off rapidly. The egg-mem- branes are thin. I have some reasons for believing that the larger specimens of this species will be found to produce a considerably larger number of young than the above observations indicate. Lhave met with no statements regarding the breeding habits of either Tropidonotus grahamii or T. leberis, except that made by Miss Hopley,* to the effect that a specimen of the last-mentioned species in the Zodlog- ical Gardens produced in August five young and at the same time some eggs. What the state of development of these eggs was, and what be- caine of them, we are not informed. [ have a female specimen (No. 26) taken somewhere in Indiana, and in this I find eight eggs, of which three are in the left oviduct. There are no signs of beginning development- A gravid female (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17970), captured on July 15, and sent ine by Mr. W. O. Wallace, of Wabash, Ind., is 24 inches long. There are eight eggs, two of which are in the left oviduct. The eggs are of different shapes, on account of pressure. A considerable amount of yolk is still present, an indication that the embryos are not yet com- pletely developed. A measurement of one of these shows it to be 63 inches long. The longitudinal bands of the upper surface are suffi- ciently well-displayed to enable one easily to determine the species, but the longitudinal brown ventral bands are not seen. I find no indications of the presence of the egg-tooth, although it is probably present. Some years ago I killed a specimen of a female of 7. grahamii in Bu- reau county, Hil. Of the specimen the skin and a few eggs (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17954) were preserved. The time of capture was about the middle of July or later. The mother snake was of such a rusty color that the species to which she belonged could not then be determined. One of the eggs measures an inch and a half in the long diameter by three-quarters transversely. A considerable mass of yolk is present, into one side of which an embryo snake is sunken. This embryo is 7 inches long; and, although thus immature, has its scales and its colors so perfect that there is no difficulty in assigning it to the proper species. The embryo is surrounded by a very thin egg-covering. No indications of the presence of the egg-tooth were seen until a series of sections through the snout were examined, when it appeared. Tropidonotus kirtlandi is a rather common snake in central Indiana, One specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17957) taken at Irvington contains three eggs in @ach ovary. Hach egg is a little less than half an inch in length. Another specimen ee S. Nat. Mus., No. 17953) from Winchester, aennices: an Pree C. Hopley, p. 437. Be BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES—HAY. Randolph county, has eight eggsin the ovaries. Wach egg is seven-six- teenths of anineh in length. This species is in all probability ovovivi- parous. _ The species of Storeria are stated by Dr. Goode* to be oviparous; but Prof. Copet regards them as ovoviviparous, and he is quite certainly correct in his conclusion. One female (No. 27) of S. dekayt sent me from Winchester, Ind., contains thirteen eggs, five of which are in the left ovary, theremainder in the right. The eggs have apparently not attained their full ovarian size. Another specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17966) of this species, taken by Dr. D. S. Jordan, at Cumberland Gap, Tenn., about midsummer, is a foot long, and has in it eleven eggs, the hinder- most three of anion are in the left oviduct. Hach egg is about three- eighths of anineh in length by one-quarter in short diameter. Another specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17967), which was taken at Irvington, contains eight eggs in the oviducts, each including a very immature embryo an inch and a half in length. The eggs are about half an inch long. ‘The membranes are extremely thin. I tind a few notes on the breeding habits of Heterodon platirhinos, the hog- nosed snake, viper, or spreading adder, as it is popularly known. Some of these contain statements which, to me, appear exaggerated. Dr. J. Schneck, of Mount Carmel, Il., reportst that eighty-seven “ young spotted spre: ane adders” were taken from the body of a wounded fe- male. The author of the note did not see this done, but got his infor- mation from persons who did see it. I am strongly inclined to believe that the reptile was a Tropidonotus sipedon. Another writer§ in Penn- sylvania gives an account of over one hundred young snakes issuing from a wound in the side of a female spreading adder. These young were each from 6 to 8 inches in length, and all were active and blowing vigorously. Neither did the author of this note see the eseape of the snake, although he did see sixty-three of the young in aleohol. There may easily have been an error in the determination of the species to which these young snakes belonged. One who has examined the eggs of this species can not easily believe that so many young snakes could, with such readiness, escape from a wound in the mother’s side. More- over, these snakes deposit their eggs in the earth some time before the young are ready to lead an independent existence. Dr. Bumpus (op. cit., p. 354) states that a female Heterodon in the National Museum brought forth one hundred and eleven young; but Dr. Bumpus kindly informs me that he did not himself observe this. Prof. F. W. Cragin reports || the finding, on September 10, of twenty-two eggs of this species. They were buried in the sand at Bast Hampton, Long tsland. Two of the eggs, which he had in his possession, hatched fourdays afterwards. Troost appears to have dissected a black specimen, in which he found Jee se eggs. Dr. C. C. Abbott Saran that he IPTOC AS AG a S., 1873, p. 184. iH ee ane var. TH, ap ..o a. t Proe. Phil. eee Sci., 1874, p. 116. || Amer. aes Viol exRrT, putes fAmer, Nat., Vol. Xvi, p. 1008. 4] Rambles, ete., p. 289. ee rco3, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. a90 has frequently in May found the eggs of the hog-nosed snake in con- siderable numbers, a few inches below the surface of the ground; and in early July he once found a family of 17 very small, and apparently just hatched, young, These resented all interference, snapped, hissed, and flattened their heads precisely as an older snake would do. The size of the young is not given, but in another place (op. cit. p. 295) he implies that they were less than 4 inches in length. I think that this species, like most other species, produce their young rather later in the season; but I see no reason for not believing that some individuals may bear their eggs over the winter and lay them in the spring. A. female (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17951), sent me from Veedersburg, Fountain county, Ind., contained fifteen eggs, the posterior four of which lay in the left oviduct. 1 could discover no signs of embryos. Hach egg was covered by a thick, tough. yellowish coat, inside of which was a thimer and more delicate membrane. Through the kindness of Mr. L. Stejneger, curator of the department of reptiles in the National Museum, I have been enabled to make some observations on the eggs and living young of this Heterodon. On the olst day of last August, there were brought into the laboratory of the Department, for some point in Maryland not far from Washington, a lot of twenty-seven eggs, which the finder said were the eges of the copperhead. It was reported that the eggs were thrown up out of the ground by the plow, and that the mother snake was near by and had resented the disturbing of her treasures. She had been killed, but had not been sent along with the eggs. Since it was supposed that the copperhead produces living young, the occupants of the laboratory were anxious to learn if this opinion were erroneous. Accordingly one of the eggs was opened, and in it was found a young hog-nosed snake, fully developed, and ready to assist himself on the stage of action. This Heterodon quite closely resembles the copperhead, and most peo- ple are not accustomed to make nice distinctions among snakes. This close resemblance may account for some of the statements of the large number of young produced by the copperheads.* The eges referred to were between an inch and a quarter and an inch and a half long, and about seven-eighths inch in short diameter. The ege-covering was thick, tough, and flexible, resembling a piece of parchment. There is little if any deposit of lime in it. Of these eggs, some were found to have hatched during the night of September 6. Others, which were buried somewhat deeper in some clay, escaped from the eggs later; but all were out by the afternoon of the 8th. The lengthof such as were measured varied between 7 and 8 inches. From the moment of escape from the egg all were quite active, and mani- fested many of the characteristics of the adults. Some of the little fel- lows were quite Raney, and would make a pretense of striking at the approaching finger; but their efforts in that line were rather feeble. A * Amer, Nat. VOL, SEV ps L235 > ‘ ote ee Se Ooo ae oe ee : 5, One tet” PAD Brg el a 394 — BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES—HAY. faint hiss was sometimes uttered, but that may not have been voluntary. — One would sometimes flatten its head and body and rear up with the | anterior third of its length free from the ground. If one did not know. well their inoffensive natures, one would be exeused for fearing to handle them. An extremely singular habit possessed by the adults is — that of feigning death. On being struck or teased they will roll over and over, as if in the intensest agony, and then throw themselves on the back and lie there as if dead. Out of some fifteen of the young experimented with, I succeeded in getting only two or three to go through with this performance, but these did it to perfection. On be- ing lightly struck a few times, they would turn over on the back, writhe about awhile, and then lie perfectly still. If turned right side up, they would again turn on the back. If left undisturbed for a little while | they would turn over and creep slyly away. The others of the young would not act in this way, however much they were teased. It would be interesting to know whether all the adults possess this odd habit, or only a portion of them. The cuticle of the young Heterodons is shed very shortly after their escape from the egg-coverings. Within a few minutes after one had left its prison the skin was observed to be broken about the head. It had left the egg at half-past 1 and by 4 o’clock the skin was pushed back half the length of the body. The next morning the skin was wholly shed, revealing the brighter colors of the new skin. While get- ting rid of the cuticle the little reptile kept crawling over the clay and among the roots of grass. The opportunity was embraced to observe the use which is made of the egg-tooth. The tooth itself is easily seen in the just-hatched snake. Its lateral borders are more nearly parallel than those of the tooth of Bascanion, as figured by Weinland. Seen from the side, the anterior or upper outline is concave, the posterior outline convex. Thus, the tooth projects forward and is turned slightly up. The anterior face is also concave from side to side, so that there is, on each side, a distinct cutting edge. The tip is eut off square. The tooth appears to have a ligamentous attachment, and may be lifted a little, but not much de- pressed. It seems quite evident that the tooth is first engaged in the ege-covering and then made to do its work by a forward push of the head. An examination of the covering, after the snake has left it, gives ample proof that it has been eut and not merely torn. The edges are as smooth as if they had been slashed with a razor. fo2 cota e save eco says ane See ee Se eee 125 The hairs of the under surface of the tail in the older skin are nearly uniform red throughout, but in the younger skin they are annulated throughout with black, except at the base of the tail. The dimensions of the skulls are as follows: Measurements. oe oe mm mm Dimer et ab Liner yastatereyeeyetenjal ales alaiaia/ aia a sjaraiainiain'a\ets(elaiorsiatava\aialoiais ateistele siesta cieisizta a)a Maine ae nalaraatsic ee 46.5 47 LP RLU TA Pe Sp Se eR eS a A a oe 26 31 Pe TOES Soe ee ar este ee ears Reet ey eae eae Ae Se eee eam ee ee ee 23 24 Penutoineaing: =meca ston 5-2 Maccaons canis oan erie ste aewieie aa sieaee oe eee uate ene eee 16.5 16.5 OP SCTE TIE CATERER |e RAE PRR SCAR A el eee eI aes rie ym nT eee 16 15.5 Pee OU ANIEAID RIN lusts, ciate ciccies cccisiesciniaic.c uieescereie cera t einie Orel arete aim Stet dla ele area tc oboe Mera eae * For convenience of comparison I use here and in Herpestes the measurements given by Mr. Old- field Thomas in his paper on the African Mongooses. (Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1882, p. 65.) “Length "—Distance from front of premaxillw to most posterior point of either occipital condyle. t Greatest breadth across zygomata. { From front of premaxillz to end of bony palate. § Between the points at which the last premolar and first molar touch each other at the outer edges. || From front of premaxille to a point midway between those mentioned under last heading. {] From central point of post. edge of basi-occipital to anterior edge of lower surface of preesphenoid. The ratio between the breadth of the last premolar and last molar teeth, measured according to Mr. Thomas’s system, is 72 per cent. for the adult skull (No. 35095), and 66 per cent. for the young skull (No. 35094). The difference is due to the wearing away of the last premolar in the older skull, which is here absolutely smaller than in the younger skull. Dr. Abbott remarks that this species is common, living in holes in ant-hills. ye004- Female, young. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro, July, 1889. e092. Female, adult. Taveta. Herpestes gracilis Riippell. The single specimen collected by Dr. Abbott appears unquestionably to belong to this species, although it agrees exactly with neither the descriptions nor the figures of the typical and other varieties. This is due probably to the indefiniteness of the terms used in the several 452 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. descriptions. The skin before me can scarcely be called gray, because the two colors apparent in the hairs do not mingle to form a tint. It is rather to be called grizzled. The grizzling is produced by the annu- lations of the longer hairs, which are alternately black and ¢ream. colored, or pale buff. The hairs of the back have two or three light- colored rings, but about the base of the tail they have as many as five or six light rings. Besides these long hairs there is an underfur which is buff-colored in the upper half and dusky at the base. The tail is col- ored on both sides like the back, except in the terminal 3 inches, where itis black. The under surfaces of the body are buff-colored, with in- conspicuous dusky annulations. The feet are like the back, but with more buff and less black. The dimensions of the skull are as follows: Dimensions of skull No. #485% 2 ad. mm. LY 1a 1 Ne en eins Saeisees an to eee SAE AGS OS MAR Sst ol sie a dec geeaeatccss 64.5 Breadth: - 22. 222 200-082 oso + eee tase ae ee So eee qs Palateength:... . 22222 a-aen + ceiae nae = oe ime ee en ea 34.5 Palate? breadth . 2.0.2. 2.5.56 -.es ou Seen wenn eee ee oes ee eee 19.0 Imersors’ tor Cross-line =< =. 3. < + 52. = Sect igs oe ee ee ee 23.0 Basi-cranial axts 5552255404505 Gens ee ces eee cae oe ee ee 25.0 The ratio of the breadth of the last premolar to that of the last molar is 47.2 per cent. 39236. Female, adult. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro, June, 1889. (The mam- mez contained milk.) Herpestes caffer (Gmelin). One adult specimen was obtained on Mount Kilima-Njaro, at an ele- vation of 5,000 feet. It agrees with normal specimens, except that the subterminal light rings of the hairs are yellowish rather than pure ~ white, which gives the general color a yellowish tinge. 49348, Adult female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, September, 1889; 5,000 feet. 35 Herpestes galera (Erxl.); var. robustus. Two specimens were collected by Dr. Abbott on Mount Kilima-Njaro, an adult and a young individual. They are almost identical in color, except that the younger specimen has rather lighter underfur. The | hairs are annulated throughout. There is no white to be seen on any part of the body, the annulations being light brown, of the same shade as the underfur, or paler, and the mark at the mouth also light brown. The younger individual, which has the milk premolars in position, and the first true molar just appearing in the lower jaw, has a total length of 30 inches (752 millimeters), of which the tail is 10 inches (254 — millimeters). * These measurements are defined on p. 451, footnote to table. ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 453 Dimensions of the skulls. Z Measurements.} a a a mm. mm BRE STRESU Tere ete ayes eta aa nL sisian = ata ia "al ghz ant ploie os n/atae(atasa/cjaia:ataqerelslevalc-a. ciclo ejefnialcisi e's aieiSe sine alaleicrs 104,95 Soscecer oP RTOUHD 5-188 GEE SE clr eS Sea REE BRD ae FO = Go 56:2 ose Beet eSLO MU Nererre sialola «ctor alae ce se sara mate sea naan Seen Hameo eee emcee cee pauermm one 60. 8 48.0 1? piEthip-] WET acto oe eae eas PA EEO AS 92S od Sp conan Sie See ae eS 84.4 | 26.8 RR RRET NeLONCROSS 10 Gers ay-n5 cee See Ma eign = as aim Oetarcla oe eae aoe teios soot aoe se benee eee 37.8 | 26. 2 $3354. Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro; November 8, 1889; 4,000 feet. yaoe. Female, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro; October, 1889; 5,000 feet. Crossarchus mungo (Gmelin). Dr. Abbott obtained a very large specimen of this striped mongoose. It is larger than any specimen thus far recorded, so far as I am aware. The head and body measure 18.5 inches (470 millimeters) along the curves, and the tail, with the hairs, 11.1 inches (282 millimeters.) These measurements are in the same proportion as those of the smaller speci- mens recorded by Mr. Thomas,* and probably, therefore, the greater size of the individual under consideration does not indicate specific distinctness. It is true that the relative size of superior premolar 4 and of molar 2 is not the same as in the specimens cited by Mr. Thomas, but the great range of variation in other species of Cross- archus in this particular, as shown by Mr. Thomas’s measurements, t renders the character unreliable. The teeth are very considerably worn in our specimen, which would appear to be past maturity. The coloration agrees with Mr. Thomas’s description, except that the under surfaces of the body are tinged with yellow. The dimensions of the skull is as follows: mm. 0 EN Lee ee eee eee es eae Ae, ce Sees a ee eee Se Marae E 74.5 Re hone Sais evn 9S Ue eee Ao wate anloten ne kehe Ss A 40.0 (PBs ELGG AS be ae eS yi a! me a a a a Eg 41.0 bbe STRETCH Sa ali RTS A Pe ee SR RR Es le 23. 0 eer tarovesionsabiniee so: o.. 5 PLE St. eis a a te et ee 24.5 ERG 0 ee ee, a 2). oe es one ee ead 27.5 sens 5 Se oe ee ge ee AE Sea ae aN Let NMR MIASE NE oc i ood oa sin oa PR ER Cen Dl are Sei cae ae 5. $ gies, Female, adult. Taveta. *Proc. Zobl. Soc., London, 1882, p. 90. TALC. peo {These measurements are defined on p. 451, footnote to table. 454 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Genetta pardina I. Geoff. Dr. Abbott collected the skins of six genets, which appear to belong to this species. Taken together they agree in nearly every particular with St. Hilaire’s original description of this species and with F. Cuvier’s figure.* They present, however, certain extraordinary differences in color- ation among themselves. No. 18939, from Taveta, and No. 19736, fe- male, from Mount Kilima-Njaro (September, 1889, 5,000 feet), represent the two extremes. In the former the markings of the body and the dark rings of the tail are chestnut colored, and there is a tinge of this color over all the upper surfaces. The under surfaces of the body and of the light rings of the tail are nearly pure white. The lower legs and feet are isabelline, or pale buff, fading to white on the toes and the in- side of the hind feet. Ten white rings can be counted on the lower side of the tail, the last being within half an inch of the tip. In No. 19736 only the larger spots have chestnut centers, the rest being entirely black. The dark rings of the tail are also entirely black, and are joined together by narrow black lines, which extend across the light rings. The general color of the body is pale tawny, of about the same shade above and below. The outside of the lower legs and the feet, except the toes, are dusky brown, approaching black. Only seven light rings can be counted on the lower side of the tail and its terminal _ third is entirely black. The remaining four skins present different intermediate conditions. Although the light-colored specimen described above is younger than the dark one, there is another light one quite as old as the latter, so that the difference does not appear to depend upon age. Itis apparently a matter of individual variation. The length of the six skins in their present dry condition is as fol- lows: | 197379 | 197369 | 197359 i a eC 18938, jr'2) 18939.! | 18940." Mt. Mt. Mt. es emens: Taveta. | Taveta. | Taveta. | Kilima- | Kilima- | Kilima- Njaro.? | Njaro.¢ | Njaro.? mm, mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Length of head and body..-.--.-.------- 475 505 580 535 580 5s LuGsTVau) Rat aS Oe Geis Soccnccanaodes 405 435 450 465 430 455 ! Light colored. This great work is extremely defective from a bibliographical point of view. plates are unnumbered and the pagination begins anew with every article. The ~The dimensions of three skulls, all from Taveta, are as follows: 7) v) o 35096. 35097 3509. Measurements. pa pa © anes 18938)""] 18939 18940 ‘ ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 455 ; z | mm, mm. mm, Total length from front of premaxilla to occipital condyle ............+: 82.5 88. 0 88.0 Basi- cranial Percuhr(HeHSel)) 2.52 i. cee are sienna petastye hore a tetateiarera’als 75.5 82.0 81.0 Zygomatic [SeSC ln, e ed RS eec = PINSS REA oel UP eee Geeeee 42.0 44.0 45.5 Length of the palate from its post. margin to post. margin of incisors 36. 0 38. 0 39.0 Length of nasal bones in median line........-.-.2-.61--.20..----: = 25222522 eee 40.0 Length of superior molar and premolar series; 2. s52 soe eee eee eee 35. 0 Length of lower molar and ‘premolar series2. ...-<..2--.ee ¢52-6 shee ee 40.0 Depth of mandible at coronoid process (at right angles with axis of ramus).. 38.0 The fourth superior molar is absent in this skull. In the proportions, Shape, and position of the coronoid process, angle, and lobule of the mandible it differs from that figured by Prof. Huxley, and resembles more closely the skull figured by DeBlainville. These differences may be due to disparity in age. The occurrence of this species in the Kilima-Njaro region is a matter “Monogr. of the Canidie, P1. 45. t Proc. Zool. Soe., London, 1880, p. 259. ooaingf PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A457 of considerable interest, since, so far as I am aware, it has hitherto been found only in South Africa. _ Dr. Abbott states that the native Kichaga name is Kipara. 19725. Female. Arusha Wa-cini, October, 1889, 2,500 feet. 19724. Male. Arusha Wa-cini, December, 1889, 2,500 feet 48442, Taveta. Dendrohyrax validus True. ”* PLATE LXXV. Eight specimens appear to represent a distinct species of Dendro- hyrax, which I have described for the first time in the place cited above. Dr. Abbott states that the native name of this animal is Mha. The following is a repetition of the description: Size large, form robust, muzzle hairy as far as the upper angle of the nostrils. The space between the nostrils, a narrow border external to them, and a line from them to the margin of the lip, are naked. The ears are of moderate size, rounded, and nearly concealed by the fur in the dry skins. Fur dense, soft, and crenulate. Color of the upper surfaces cinnamon-brown, strongly shaded with dusky brown or black, especially on the head. Feet dusky brown. Under surfaces pale, clear cinnamon. Dorsal spot russet-brown. Vhe majority of the hairs of the back are grayish chocolate-brown at the base, with a subterminal ring of bright cinnamon color, and tips dusky brown or black. Mingled with these are numerous longer, straight, shining hairs of a dusky brown or black color throughout. The subterminal rings of the hairs of the forehead and cheeks are paler than on the back, and these parts have therefore a grayish tint. Around the nostrils and eye and on the feet the hairs are dusky brown. The ears are dusky brown externally, and have a tuft of yellowish white hairs on the upper part of the conch internally. | Hairs of the under surfaces grayish chocolate-brown in the basal half; terminal portion clear cinnamon-brown, varying to yellowish- white in some specimens, especially between the hind legs. Skull depressed, muzzle elongate, nasal bones rectangular, slightly expanded posteriorly. Orbit completed behind by the union of the pro- cesses of the malar and frontal bones. Coronoid process of the mandible rectangular, inclined forward, form- ing an angle of 45 degrees with the molars; its upper margin nearly in a line with the margin of the ramus posterior to the condyle. Its nearest ally is Dendrohyrax arboreus, from which it differs in the color of the dorsal spot and of the under surfaces of the body. The skull appears to differ in many respects. Compared with the skull of D. arboreus figured by Gray,t that of * Proc, | U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIU, 1890, pp. 297-229, tGray. Hand-list of Edentate, Thick-skinned and Ruminant Mammals, 1873, Pl. 13, Fig. 2. A58 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. D. validus has the orbit more elongate. The postorbital processes, completing the orbit, are inclined forward rather than backward. The postero-external projection of the nasal nearly or quite separates the frontal from the maxillary, and thus usually touches the lachrymal. The — portion of the malar forming the anterior rim of the orbit does not reach the lachrymal. The exoccipital process projects vertically down: — ward and is hollowed out externally. In the younger skulls a large irregularly pentagonal interparietal bone is apparent. The skins present almost no differences of color among themselves, _ except that some are a little paler throughout. The young individual — has very soft wavy fur, of the appearance of underfur, pale yellowish brown except at the ends. A small number of long black hairs are intermingled. The dorsal spot is very pale yellow-brown, not very different from the general color of the fur. Dimensions of the body.* Head . Ear Cat. No. Locality. Sex. and ane pee from the body. : i occiput. mm. mm. mm. mm. 18986+ | Mount Kilima-Njaro.........2-2sseseeeee- o 513 45 64 | 14.5 18987 Rare bal feces wns 2 ome Sane aris eee sees seal see ernee 588 46 59 | 1255 18989 AVC UG o\-\s215) = share mice hee jainl (mjaseleteiavare,cte nie efe/o lelemeremr aia 470 42 : 58 | 15.5 18988 MAN Ota... cnt ties same enirote re animrejaelae eine Sse ie aie eee 520 48 64 13.5 HSS9O | PR ave Ac ses sec. = on dias ore bree cis sc eiticla mies etter ye ate ares 500 42 59 13.0 i) *Taken from the dry skins, and therefore only approximately correct. + Colleeted June 17, 1888. Dimensions of skulls. 34721, 34972 34969 , 34971, Measure-nents. 18986 18987 18988 * 18990* Mt. K. ‘Vaveta. | Taveta. | Taveta. i mm. } mm. mm. mm. Greatest length from premaxilla to occipital crest .......---- 95. 0 95. 0 95.5 98.0 Basilar length, from premaxilla to occipital condy] 89.5 87.0 90.0 93.5 Premaxilla to posterior end of palate. 49. 0 47.5 50. 0 50.5 Greatest breadth of skull..-...--.--- 51.0 48. 0 52.0 52.5 Greatest lengthiof nasals....--.....2.-..-2.<.2-- 25.0 25. 5 26.5 28.0 Breadth of nasals (taken together) at « 12.0 10.6 13.0 1238 Breadth of nasals at proximal end.-.-........-....- eee 19.0 20.5 20.0 19.5 Distance between extremities of postorbital processes of frontalsns2 9 AS pac ae ese ee ee Sere eS a ee 2 42.0 39. 2 44.7 42.0 Tenethio£ molarse 2 inis. O24 wc camok te eee ee eater fe etere sae ee 34. 0 338.0 34.0 34.0 * Last molar just in position. t Last molar below the gum. { Last molar in position and considerably worn. gi72i- Male adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 17, 1888. (Type.) L293. Adult. Taveta. eas, Adult. -Taveta. 18989. Adult. Taveta. Leao0, Adult. Taveta. 19726. Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 7, 1889. 6,000 feet. 19722. Female, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 7, 1889. 6,000 feet. 19727. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 23, 1889. 5,000 feet. ot ee ee 3 eae PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 459 Procavia brucei Gray. (?) A single skin of a true Procavia, collected by Dr. Abbott, appears to belong to this species. In the skull the elements of the occipital bone have not coalesced, but Dr. Abbott notes on the label that the uterus contains one nearly mature foetus. The upper surfaces of the body are rather pale yellowish gray, and the under surfaces white. The hairs of the back are black at tip, be- low which is pale yellow ring, succeeded in turn by a second black ring. The remaining portion of the hairs is pale brownish gray. The hairs of the under surfaces are pure white to the roots. The feet are pale silvery brown. The ears are similar, but grayer, and have a tuft of yellowish white hairs near the upper margin within. There is a similar light area over the eye. The skull, as already stated, indicates that the individual is young. The last molar, both above and below, has not pierced the gum. “The uterus contained one fetus nearly at term. Placenta zonary. Stomach contained chewed leaves and bark, and had thick, muscular walls. “The specimen was shot among the lava blocks of an ancient lava stream. Several others were seen.”—Abbott. 48934. Female. Foot of Kyalu Mountains, near Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 24, 1889. Eliomys murinus (Desmarest). Of this species three skins and four specimens in alcohol (Nos. 19761- 64) were obtained. Dr. Abbott remarks on one of the labels: ‘Male and female taken froma nest containing four young ones. Nest globu- lar, about 5 inches in diameter, with a hole in the inside. It was situ- ated in a bush five feet from the ground. The nest was made of grass and strips of banana fronds, and lined with fine grass.” The following measurements are given by Dr. Abbott: Inches. mm. RMESUAENG ITC) LMI OCI Vpeeaete steve eat atat= Sy 'ay a a's \0 'so\auclalnciatataje eres yejeie aves Sean ee 3g 98.40 SoHo T Ott alco end Of halts”. a2 ao sass, c2 coco sine emcees cera see eee 4 101.60 PAEAEO NPOLM OU Vile ck ace cs = = 325 ao Semis era aes ae eee 3h 98.40 eno iota torend. Of Maisto... 2-2) 2522. e ae) nar se wceleam clan e 4% 104.80 MEST eCHMN ENE DOC rete eles 756 (on ate sina a oharmalhy encore ace) (ale 2a ein wie win eel = ahoiatar= 3B 95.25 Peaocoh or tail corendsop harsh. 22 2.222.) seca ee setem 5 ao simin aaa 32 95.25 Mus arborarius Peters. Three skins and a number of alcoholics from Kilima-Njaro appear to represent this species. The under surfaces are entirely white, the upper surfaces tawny, and the ears rust-colored. The tawny-tipped hairs of the back are of two kinds, the one soft and fine, the other coarse and pre- *19730. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, Noy. 16, 1889, 5,000 feet. t42324. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, No. 16, 1889, 5,000 feet. $19731. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, Noy. 16, 1889, 5,000 feet. A460 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE, ‘ senting the appearance of grooved bristles when examined with a lens. Mingled with these hairs are numerous longer on — of a black color. The extremity of the tail is sufficiently covered with hairs to hide the seales. The skins agree in every respect with Peters’s description,* except that the feet appear to be somewhat shorter, measuring about 21 milli- meters. 19718. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 26, 1889, 5,000 feet. 12716) Kemale. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 14, 1889, 4,000 feet. 19717. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889, 5,000 feet. 19756. Female Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19757. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19758. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic. ) 19759. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) Mus barbarus Linné. These specimens present a singular general resemblance to those of M. arborarius. The tail, feet, and ears are of the same color as in that species, and the fur is partly made up of fine channeled bristles. They are conspicuously different in the color of the back, which has the rows of light spots characteristic of M. barbarus. The median dark line is — nearly or quite without the rusty-tipped hairs by which the color of the lateral dark bands is varied. The thumb and fifth finger are rudimentary. Dr. Abbott notes on one of the labels that the species is common. Dimensions of a specimen preserved in alcohol. No. 18996. mm. Length of head and lodly. -..2. 2.22. cee ~2 2 ean ee ee 82. 0 Ween ath Of tailiccG fo: ese -e is ae ey are ee ee 94.5 Length of hind foot (with claw)s.-: Jo. 52). 5.2225 eo ee = ee ee 27.0 Hei€ht of ear f¥om crown of head! ...2-. 2222) -ee eae ere eee eee 2.0 49311 Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889, 5,000 feet. 19712. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 14, 1889, 5,000 feet. 18996. Female. Taveta. (Alcoholic). 19738. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic. ) 19739. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic. ) 19740. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro. (Alcoholic.) Mus aquilus sp. nov. The collection contains a single apparently adult specimen of a medium-sized mouse, with the dentition of the typica subgenus Mus, — but of rather peculiar general appearance. According to the label, the mouse was procured on Mount Kilima-Njaro at an elevation of 8,000 feet. It had been killed by a hawk. I have been unable to associate it with any recognized species, and will therefore describe it under the name of Mus aquilus. *Reisc nach Mossambique, 1852, p. 152, P1. 36, Fig. 2; Pl. 35, Fig. 7. aerervrne ye oe tide Aaa 8 FE... PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 461 ‘ ys os Description. Size intermediate between Mus musculus and Mus decumanus. Bars moderate, broad; toes 5-5. Fore feet with long, slender, little-curved claws. The thumb is armed with a short, stout claw—not with a nail, as is usual in this genus. Palms with five large tubercles. Hind feet moderate, with rather large, stout claws. Soles naked. Second, third, and fourth toes subequal and longest; first and fifth much shorter. Tail shorter than the body,* not sufficiently well clothed with hairs to conceal the scales. Naked portion of the muzzle confined to a small area between the nostrils; the two halves of the same divided by a line of hairs. Fur of the throat and chin directed forward; in all other parts, back- ward. The fur is moderately harsh. When examined with a lens it is seen to be composed almost exclusively of | coarse, flat hairs, with a few fine ones ‘ intermingled. General color above dusky brown and below cinnamon. Feet and tail dusky. All the hairs are pale sepia brown at the base. Those of the upper surfaces are dusky at the tip, with a single sub- terminal ring of cinnamon, except on the rump and muzzle, where the sub- terminal ring is wanting. Fie. 1.—Mus aquilus True. Skull, enlarged; leet, ears, and tail dusky brown. a ee Type, Hairs of the under surfaces through- out tipped with clear, pale cinnamon. There is a tinge of this color on the inner side of the hind feet proximally. Skull slender (Fig. 1); muzzle depressed, elongate; zygomatic arch Straight, not curved downward in the center. Infraorbital foramen large; the anterior margin of the root of the malar inclined outward. Incisive foramina long, expanded in the center. Palate ending in a projection, or tubercle, below the general level. Coronoid process of mandible moderate. Angle short and directed obliquely downward. Dimensions of the dry skin. t Inm. Preiroivicadnamriubody 22.2.5 Sve... osatias aoe SS See a ae ee 102.0 EMRE LRU AE rors Peveinfs 8 523 ow Ac Yate cd ee es eee =e aes Be ee Coe eee 55. 0 eee Le 1000 ANG Cla w.~-... 2... -/- acjonteeng ones ea nee = See sees ee 23.0 See eicur trom tne OCCiput....-. -.-5.- 62 ones se a sew ese eee 13.0 Renee Most sent TOTO CLAW <2 28. att lw pines eee pee ee ee eens ee eee ee 4.6 Seer orionugest hairs of the back ....-...-.)l3 ..422. 2 5e20. 2-322 Ske eke 13:5 *From the uneven appearance of the extremity of the tail it is possible that a sinall portion is missing. t These dimensions must, of course, be considered only approximately correct. > A62 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Dimensions of the skull, No. 384723 $. * Zygomatic breadth ....------.---------------- 22-22 2-22 eee ee eee eee eee eee 15.0 Length from post. margin of alveolus of incisor to end of palate... .-...----- 12.6 Length of incisive foramina -.-.--.-.----.----------------+ 2-22 2-22 ee2eee---e- 6.6 Greatest breadth of incisive foramina taken together ........--....---..----- 2.6 Length of nasals........------------------ ---+ +--+ ++ +--+ --- 2 222 eee --- 2 =e 1198 [seb oesce sty Gli ehyeee See Soe ses aaSct bess odes esodeses ses ss- 2.6 Lenpth’of upper molars --.2--..0-22. 23-20. S520 tees cee eee 4.8 Length of lower molars ---: ~..----. == --<- «-2 pes S925 os oan geese eee 4.4 Depth of mandible at coronoid provess --..~+---- ---<--+s---- -s-62-/---0e2 we-e es 48997. Young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, April 11, 1888, 8,000 feet. (Type.) ? Mus minimus Peters. A single alcoholic specimen belonging to the subgenus Nannomys is in the collection. It appears to represent this species, although the dimen- sions of the body are not exactly the same. It is not in a good state of preservation. I have made the following measurements: inm. Length of head and body .- -----.-.-.-- --2+ ---- --2---00--2- = 202 Soto nee es one 55.6 Length of tail vertebre . ... 62 2-.-- ctw - eee ane asa se 45.4 Length of hind foot (with claw) ------ 4.223222 02 26 0-2-0 ee ee 12.6 eneth of ear fromthe ocenpultiecac c= a ee = ore = oe eee ae eee 7.0 19750. Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) Mus sp. There are specimens of two additional species of true rats in the col- lection which I have been unable to identify. One species resembles an overgrown house mouse, M. musculus. The other is smaller and is of a clear-gray color, with a pale yellow lateral line, and the tips of the hairs below pure white. The feet are also white and the tail dark and almost without hairs. The dimensions of an alcoholic specimen of *his latter species are as follows: Measurements, g, No. 19760. Length of head and body -...---.---------+ ---- 2222 oes ee =e eee 82.8 Length of tail (with hairs) ..-.--2.<- 2-22. 325 - sem ae eee ee 103. 2 Length of hind foot (with. claw) ...-..-. -.-.-.-5 222 -- 2-2-2 ones anes =eee 24.49 Length of; ear from the occiput. 2.2.57 2< se.8 eoaes Bec ee eee ae ee 16.4 19313. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 24, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19714. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 24, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19715. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 10, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin. ) 19760. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro. (Alcoholic.) Dendromys nigrifrons sp. nov. The collection contains several specimens of a very small Dendromys, which does not appear to have been described hitherto. The most striking difference between this animal and the species described by Smith and Heuglin consists in the presence of a large black spot on the forehead, and I have therefore chosen for it the name of Dendromys 4 nigrifrons. i — * The skull is defective below and the total length cannot, therefore, be given. eS: ee ‘ e _ YOU. xv, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 463 Description. Form stout. Muzzle broad. Ears broad and rounded; more than half as long asthe head. Tail longer than the head and body,* slender, scaly; sparsely clothed with short hairs, which are not sufficiently numerous to conceal the scales. Legs slender. Fore feet moderate; second, third, and fourth toes subequal, the third being the longest. Thumb and fifth finger rudimentary, reduced to mere tubercles and furnished with nails; the other toes furnished with moderate claws. Hind feet long and slender, Third and fourth toes equal and longest; second slightly Shorter; first very short, reaching only to the base of the second; fifth reaching to the proximal end of the terminal phalange of the fourth; first and fifth toes furnished with nails, the others with moderate. claws. Soles naked and smooth, except at the base of the toes, where they are granular. The under surface of the toes is also granular, especially that of the hallux. Mammie: Two pairs inguinal; one pair pectoral. Color aboverusty brown, strongly shaded with black. A broad black spinal band from the nape to the root of the tail. A large black area on the forehead, not continuous with the spinal band. Under surfaces white, tinged with yellowish brown. Hairs of the back dark plumbeous at the base, with a broad subterminal ring of yellowish brown, and black tips. Those of the spinal band and dark area of the forehead without the sub- terminal brown ring. Hairs of the under surfaces light plumbeous at the base, with long yellow- ish-white tips. Those of the throat and chin ‘7; TSuutt atleseet ee entirely white. ical specimen. A white spot is situated at the base of the ears. A dusky ring ‘encircles the eyes, and from thence a broad dusky band extends to the nose on each side. Kars black, with a narrow fringe of white. Feet white. Tail dusky | brown, unicolor, sparsely clothed with dusky brown hairs. Dimensions of two alcoholic specimens. Measurements. 19783. 9 | 19782. ¢ | | mm. mm BERN LAURA FAN DOU Y = = oie arate sixin o'nie oa'a,e t vic wie tialalw Sajaiejns sa Seton “on baldes slealateaites ace 63. 2 58. 4 BSCR Ofertas ey a ae cate aia se o/s oie 5 nadie oleic a.e6 ss anietic eoniae sis cecctbeteee oe eine ceeas 69. 0 v9. 0 Re UDOtiina OO Land: ClAW teat a ere ee 292. 0 | 315.0 PEP OT Et Of CAN AON UIC) OCC UP UE aerate carat elm tee ae mie eee 6.5 6.5 Length of fore foot and claw from the posterior tubercle....---..-.--.----..------ 27.5 29.0 enethiot Ming Mont and Claws. «acco ee mie eo eee eee ee ee 52.0 47.0 eneth of hairs of the Gall) Has — =.= eee ol ee ee see nee ee 50.0) | -(- .c ae Length oflonrest hairs of the back. ~~ 2 2.--es. 6. eee ee ee ee ee 28.0.) 32.52.25 mm. | Greatest length ...0 22. 2.2 2 Je gik wb te Oa seb eee ae = eee 53.4 Basilar length (Hensel) -- 2. . 2.2. 2.2/f2250-2'5-2'5 bee Onis soe 40.6 Length from posterior margin of alveolus of incisor to end of palate... -.-.-.--.-- 21.5 Greatest. zygomatic breadth. ...<2.--.2 a... e- enn eee Pep eose cos nade csc: 30.8 Length of uppér molar series: 2-..\..2- 22 2 2= Soce eae see pee eee 10.8 Length of lower molar series ..2.- 4-25. 10-15 525 ih dienes Boos oe = ee 10.8 Depth*toimandrble at coronoid process! =o5= s-es== == se eee ee eee 18.9 Length‘of nasalg2. Js.$). 2 seisce- facets Gee etlee es ee ee eee eee eee 15.4 Breadth of nasals at the distal extremity taken together. -.........---.-.---- 7.8 This skull has only the second superior premolar on one side, but on the other side there is a very slender, rudimentary first premolar. This tooth is not present in the skull of the female, and it may be considered that the species has normally but one premolar. “As these are taken from the dry skins they are, of course, only approximately correct. The body has been somewhat elongated in No. 19006, and is crushed together in the type, so that the proper length is probably between the two measuremen given g - | 892." PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. “67 This species appears to resemble S. annulatus and S. punctatus, as 4 described in Dr. Jentinck’s monograph of the African squirrels,* but I am unable to associate it with either. 34932. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 12, 1888. 6,000 feet. (Type.) 19006. Female. Kahé, south of Mount Kilima-Njaro, September 6, 1888. (Type.) Sciurus poensis A. Smith. There are five specimens of a small squirrel in the collection which appear to represent this species. The greenish color of the back is not strongly marked, however, and all the under surfaces are clear fawn color, the hairs here being uniform from base to extremity. The feet are ocher-yellow. One specimen (No. 19008) is much clearer gray than the others, the ocher-yellow rings of the hairs being replaced by dull white. The long hairs at the extremity of the tail in this specimen are for the most part white, not black and ocher, as in the others. A young specimen (No, 19009) is intermediate in color between this gray individual and the normal adults. The dimensions of four dry skins of adults are as follows: == oa Measurements. 19008. ? | 19719. 9 | 19772. ¢ 19007. Meneiiothead and bOGY- = +: cece <2 cece oveecew sec cr dene | 165 167 169 141 em nioiatatwith: hairs to ge¢ai- Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889. 5,000 feet. 42772, Male. Taveta. Xerus rutilus Cretzschmar. The collection contains a single female specimen of this species, from Taveta. A2otl, Female. Taveta. * Notes from the Leyden Museum, rv, 1882, pp. 21 and 23, 468 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMAILS—TRUE. Aulacodus swinderianus Temminck. A single specimen (No. 12232) from Taveta is included in the collee- — tion.* ? Lepus capensis Linn. : The collection contains two rabbits which I assign to this species with some hesitation. They agree very closely with Wagner’s descrip- tion of Lepus ochropus,t but this species is considered synonymous with L. capensis by Waterhouse, Trouessart, and other authors. They agree . also with Waterhouse’st description of DL. capensis, except in the follow- ing particulars: The sides of the body and the lower portions of the legs and the feet are bright ocher-yellow. The light area on the nape is of exactly the same color. It appears probable that these specimens represent a geographical race of LZ. capensis, but as I have not material with which to compare them I am unable to decide this point. 19014. Female. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro. September 20, 1888. 49013, Male. Usari River, Kilima-Njaro plains. August 27, 1888 one ening Fic. 4.—Megaderma cor. Head; natural size. Fia. 5.—Megaderma cor. U.S. Nat. Mus., No, 18994, 6. Sa meee size. . 5S. Nat. Mus, No. 35276. ; Megaderma cor Peters. ; : : . - The collection contains two male specimens of this rare species. They agree in every particular with Peters’s description. The dimen- — sions of the body of one of these specimens are as follows: . “This skin, after being immersed in water, shows extremely brilliant iridescent — colors in reflected light. + Wagner. Schreber’s Siiugethiere, Supplementband, 4te Abth., 1844, p. 96. } Waterhouse, Natural History of Mammalia; Vol. 1, 1848, p. 95. vee. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 469 “iy Fa Megaderma cor, g, 18994. nm. eC Otenead Alem DOU Y= = .0 <= 5. otc So o-e Sach ceca aos ewes Shwe Sha nate cee 71.5 RIE Oia steers Se eG, ke eg se eee LEG ee ee ge ee 28.4 Meeneth of ear from occiput -........... -........-2.. Fe Blas ea eee Sore eee tee 30.0 melueneth of earfrom: base of outer margin... .-..-...---...2...--.----5- 52+ --sece 39.4 a TEMS eS ee ei eee nee te eer ae eye es Sn eR ee) | a 18.4 Length of thumb and font A PR ee eet ee = A OREN pe he aes 2 15.6 NI ECE MMI CHINMOL 22 28. wos oe ata te SS eae owe oe ee 48.0 PePeMHERO Teg ATG O OL tors 0. << oo oo hc ticlare cui, ecln ears IE! coc es See eee 94.0 PREC ROetOUM Meee, 44. 252,202 2 oe 2 sae acess ese ote en Se ee 73.6 Sere SUELO ten NINO TY Mis) 28,3. oo Scio Jke be kee ee me See ae eee 75.8 men MMC Teatro ore 5 ol os, ate eels avase Setele eee aaa ee ee 32.6 Pe nipote him cderOOtano law 2... <2. oes coms aciceosineeee | sees eeee Sas 21.0 4337%. Male. Taveta. (Alcoholic.) 19755. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) Megaderma frons Geoffroy St.Hilaire. The color of the fur in the dry skin is plumibeous, washed with dull yellow. The latter color is especially strong on the breast, head, and ears, giving the fur a soiled appearance. The minor division of the tragus is not shaped as represented in Dr. Dobson’s monograph of the Chiroptera,* but is broadest opposite the point of its attachment to the major division, and has an irregularly but conspicuously serrated an- terior margin. This form of the tragus is represented Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s figure of the species.| A specimen from Sierra Leone, pre- sented to the Museum by Dr. Dobson, has the linear form of minor division without conspicuous serrations. The differences in this par- ticular may be due to age. 18992. Taveta. (Skin.) 18993. Male. Taveta. (Alcoholic.) Nycteris thebaica Geoffroy St. Hilaire. The collection contains four specimens of this species, as follows: 19751. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19752. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19753. Young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic. ) 19754. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) Erinaceus albiventris Wagner. The Hedgehogs are represented by a single immature individual, 75 millimeters long, from Taveta. It appears to belong to this species. The hallux is absent. The face and feet are brown. A. broad frontal band, all the under surfaces, the legs, and the tail are pure white. ta77s. Young. Taveta. * Plate x,»Fig. 3 tAnn. du Museum, xx, Pl. 1. > 470 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Crocidura sp. ? The collection contains several specimens of a small Crocidura, which I am unable to identify. In the present state of the literature, the determination of any but the commonest species in this genus is impos- sible without actual comparison with the types. Connochetes taurinus albojubatus Thomas. Brindled Gnu. Dr. Abbott collected one young individual. It is of a dull gray color, with a narrow black mane reaching to the middle of the back, where it stops abruptly and is succeeded by a dark line which reaches to the base of the tail. The mane of the neck is whitish and the tufts at the angles of the jaw entirely white. The long hairs of the tail are entirely black; the legs dirty brownish gray. No transverse dorsal stripes are visible. The backs of the ears are black. The horns are 95 inches long, measured in a straight line; 123 inches around the longest curve. They are lyrate and straight at the points. The superior milk premolars and the first molar are in position. 49242. Young. Taveta. Oryx callotis Thomas. Pencil-eared Oryx. PLATE LXXVI. Two skins which I believe to belong to this species are in the collee- tion—that of an adult female and that of a very young individual. These I regarded at first as representing 0. beisa, though my attention was attracted to the long pencils at the tips of the ears, which I could not find mentioned in any description of that species. I have recently received, through the kindness of Dr. Sclater, an imperfect skin of Oryx beisa from Berbera, Somali, collected by Capt. Swayne. Compared with this the adult female of O. callotis is less tawny. The color is almost uniform, being only somewhat lighter (not white) on the belly and inside of the legs. The muzzle and the base and internal fringe of the ears, however, are soiled white. The mane begins a little behind the middle of the back (not near the tail as in O. beisa) and is of the same gray color as the back, though the hairs are black at the roots. There is no dark marking below the knee, but the false hoofs are surrounded by a narrow ring of black. The dark mark- ings of the head and chest are well shown in the accompanying plate. The tip of the ear, the pencil, and the external margins half way to the base, are black. The young specimen resembles the figure of a young O. beisa pub- lished by Dr. Sclater,* but is a little paler in color. The horns of the adult are 293 inches long, and 84 inches apart at the tips. Those of the young individual are but 34 inches long. The skull of this specimen has only the three milk premolars in position in the upper jaw. sig. Adult female. Taveta. foe8. Young. Taveta. 1 346088 * Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1881, pl. 54, . oes | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 471 Alcelaphus cokii Gunther. Coke’s Hartebeest. Four skins of this singular antelope were preserved. They are en- tirely of a dull tawny brown color. The tail is crested; pale brown in the proximal third and black distally, with some brown hairs inter- mingled. The ears are brown without, white within. The horns of the female are smaller than those of the male, and differ in having the points directed backward exactly in the plane of the forehead, and slightly approximated. In the male the extremities of the horns are directed downward as well as backward and are parallel or slightly divergent. The horns of four individuals are of the following dimensions: 34689 : i 34690 | 34691 Measurements. dad. dad. djv. Inches. | Faled Inches. | Inches. } 113 3 SSTEGUNUI Me SULA ONG ING we Jo's cw actais waicisistoiate oo sale degas made sies sees 103 10% gi Menouh around the’ curves infront... 2-2. ss.2.0-5-.22c2 5 ees cece 143 164 13} 12 Dastance between the extremities -....:-.-.------.. 006+ -scesecceeees 14 123 17 103 All have the permanent dentition, except the young male (54691), which has the superior milk premolars and the three molars. g3ge5- Taveta. (Skin and skull.) 34690. Taveta. (Skull.) 34691. Taveta. (Skull.) 34692. Taveta. (Skull.) 18947. Taveta. (Skin.) 18948. Taveta. (Skin.) 19706. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby). Water buck. Three males—an adult, a half-grown and a young individual—make up the series of this species. The largest male has horns 194 inches long in a Straight line, 222 inches around the posterior curve, and the tips are Sinches apart. This individual has the entire permanent dentition, with the last molar unworn. The second male has horns 10 inches ° long, measured in a straight line; 11 inches, if measured around the posterior curve. The tips are 83 inches apart. In this case the last true molar has not appeared, and the premolars are those of the milk- dentition. The third specimen has only the milk premolars in position. The youngish male is more dusky throughout than the adult. riees- Male, adult. Taveta. 49262. Male, young. Taveta. sigos- Male, very young. Taveta. Tragelaphus scriptus roualeynii (Gordon-Cumming). Bosch-bok. Skins of a male and a female of this subspecies, according to Mr. _Thomas’s revision of the genus, were preserved. The male is much darker than the female. No transverse white lateral bands are visible 47? ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. and the spots are about 25 in number on each side, irregularly placed. The horns of the male are 114 inches long, measured in a straight line, and have the tips 43 inches apart. 8§%- Male, adult. Taveta. 5. Female, adult. Taveta Ziipyceros melampus (Lichtenstein). Pallah Antelope. Five skins and five skulls of this graceful antelope, together with skins of two heads, are included in the collection. The upper third of the backs of the ears is black in all these specimens, a disposition of color which I have not noted in the figures that I have examined. The mamme are four in number—not two, as stated by Harris and Gray. In the largest male the horns are 18 inches (457 millimeters) long in a Straight line, and the tips are 104 inches (260 millimeters) apart; ina smaller male they are 154 inches (394 millimeters) long, with tips 7 inches (178 millimeters) apart. Both are thoroughly adult animals. 48236, Male. Taveta. (Skin and skull.) siege. Female. Taveta. (Skin and skull.) 18957. Male. Taveta. (Skin.) 18956. (?) Taveta. (Skin.) 19707. (?) Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. 3539. (2) Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Skin of head.) 49740. (?) Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Skin of head.) 34777. Male. Taveta. (Skull.} ? Bleotragus arundinaceus Gray. Reedbuck. Dr. Abbott collected two young male antelopes belonging to this genus, but whether they represent this or some other species I am unable to determine. An examination and comparison of the various nominal species would be necessary before a decision could be reached. The general color of the back (in No. 18958) is ocher-yellow. The hairs are pale chocolate-brown at the base, with a subterminal ring of ocher-yellow and short, black tip. On the sides, the base of the hairs is paler and the black tips are less conspicuous. The upper surface of the tail and the legs externally are like the back. The front of the fore legs is dusky, owing to an increased amount of black at the extremity of the hairs. The face is like the back, but somewhat darker in the median line and paler on the cheeks. There is a white spot in front of the eye, and the hair between the eye and ear is short and of a yellowish-white color. There is a naked spot beneath the ear. The ears are white within, ocher-yellow without. The chin and throat, the inside of the legs, and the belly are white. The naked muffle scarcely extends backward to a line joining the posterior angle of the nostrils. ; The greatest length of the skull in this individual is 9 inches. The — horns measured around the curve, posteriorly, 7.25 insbes. The ears ces| PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A473 are 5.4 inches long, and the tail, with the hairs, 8.5 inches. The first and second permanent premolars and the third milk premolar are in position in the upper jaw. 48958, Male, young. Taveta 48959, Male, young. Taveta. Gazella grantii. Grant’s Gazelle. This fine antelope is represented by the skins of three adult females and two adult males, together with the skin of the head of a male. The horns are as follows: 18960 | 18961 | 18962 | 18963 Measurements. 34702 | 34703 | 34704 | 34705 ¢ Ss ? 2 Inches.| Inches.| Inches. | Inches. ienoth of horns inistraieht line... 2... 6620. eww ne ennecssese >= 193 193 12 132 Gength of horns around the curves .........-....---.--------------+- 213 203 124 14 1 DSTA CG ERTS GEN TH) GSB AS ar cepeees sb eearesaGeepee sano s abeneeeonsedsc 103 84 5 5¢ 48969. Male, adult. Taveta. 43361, Male, adult. Taveta. 48902. Female, adult. Taveta. 49962, Female, adult. Taveta. g3233- Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (?) 42798, Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Skin of head.) Gazella thomsonii Giinther. Thomson’s Gazelle. Plate LXXVII. A single adult male of this small but handsome species is in the col- lection. As the species is imperfectly known, a description of the skin may not be without value. Back bright tawny brown. Sides abruptly paler. A broad black lateral band. Belly pure white. Face brown, with a broad white band on each side of the median line, which extends back to and en- circles the eye. Front of upper lip and all the under parts pure white. Legs brown externally, white within. The tail is hairy and is dusky throughout, with some brown hairs intermingled. The ears are pale brown without and white within. The knees are conspicuously tufted. The horns are 12$ inches long, measured in a straight line, and the tips are 4 inches apart. 48964, Male, adult. Taveta. Cephalophus spadix True. Abbott’s Antelope. Plates LXXVIII and LXXIX. This singular antelope is the central figure in Dr. Abbott’s extensive collection. He obtained the unique type specimen high up in Mount Kilima-Njaro. Noother specimens have been obtained before or since, unless the species described by Gray under the name of Cephalophus 474 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. niger is to be regarded as identical. To this question I shall refer again presently. I have already described Abbott’s antelope in an earlier part of this journal,* but, for convenience of reference, will repeat the description in this place: (Adult male, No. 18965.)—Size large. Naked rhinarium broadly tr- angular, rugose, completely encircling the nostrils. The portion exter- nal to the nostrils is broadest at their inferior external angle. A narrow band bordering the lip is sparsely covered with hairs, which are not sufficiently numerous to conceal the rugose integument. Ears moderate, broad, obtuse; naked within, except on the margin and along two or three narrow lines. Hoofs of the fore and hind feet equal. Each moiety less than twice as long as broad at the base. False hoofs moderate, slightly less than one-third as long as the true hoofs. Tail short, well haired on both sides, except a small triangular area at the base, which is naked. Hair short, dense, appressed, and shining. Color throughout dusky chestnut-brown, without spots or bands, and not lighter on the belly. Face, chin, and throat pale grayish brown. Hairs of the frontal crest bright chestnut at the base and tipped with black. Mingled with them are some hairs which are dusky throughout and others pure white. Anterior surfaces of the legs somewhat lighter than the posterior surfaces. A few white hairs above the hoofs and also on the rump. ‘Tail dusky, except at the tip, where the hairs are nearly pure white throughout. Skull elongate. Muzzle slender. Premaxille directed backward, touching the nasals by their superior rather than their posterior mar- gin. Nasals very long, much produced anteriorly. Frontal region strongly convex. Suborbital pit nearly circular, as large as the orbit. Horns 44 inches (114.3 millimeters) long; slender, straight, not thick- ened at the base in front. They are directed backward and lie below the plane of the upper surface of the skull. : Lower incisors separated by a wide space in the median line. Crowns long, inclined outward. . Outer incisor more than half as broad as the middle incisor. — Haprrar: High altitudes on Mount Kilima-Njaro, frequenting the highest points.—; A bbott.) DIMENSIONS. t Inches. mm. Head/and: body 222... ..2. 2... 236202 ee ee eee 38 965. 2 Mal with hairsss. - - 2-5 3... She 2 Say Be ee ee 44 114.3 Fore lee “hoof-totkmee)... =. 2... 2 Sete ae eee eras 64 158.7 Hind leo hoof thovhock . 5.52.2 i2as5. Wace eee ane ee 94 241.3 Heicht;ofvear arom occrputt=. - 2 <5. ee ee ee 44 107.9 *Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1890, p. 227. t From the dry skin. oe | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A475 $ € Skull _ mm, BEEMETA LOST LOM MEN aa esto oat. os eae noo ce assess ncisiee es clselee Sale wes ce Paste se 2OOeO Basilar length, from occipital condyle to end of intermaxillwe.........--.---- 216.0 RMR EL OA SR RSE Se ook Ss IS pala lara arm min em eee cine whee einer e Selele Sas Tne bw alee 95.0 SEES ERRCHCE AT DOORN es ona 2 Se ow So eae eee ease oN = wets Enis cen eae 67.0 | Pe ER GrSith TOE SEO LaDy TSI Seo hp aa EA nt eS ea ae 104. 0 © ty sGP HAY COE, OTH SITIERS UG 2 aE RNP ie oe ee es CE SON UR Pe eee ae Pee ars ie 40. 0 Sees lene cheat mang le 320. ris 8 ocr ome ie cee oars Noes tos sys Sele cee 184. 0 Preacinyoteleth lower incisors and Canine: 4522 4a2-- sse S22 fees coe eee eee ee 13.0 Br Ne Ole OMS Est 2 aye cella seo nec Soe ee aa ee ee ats eee eee oe 114.3 BPP eMTELOUCe Ol MON: Whi ASG. cnn. 22 oan ot een eee pee eee eee Eee 1Spi0) The specimen has been mounted since this description was first pub- lished, and is in a much better condition for study than it then was. I find no necessity, however, to materially alter the description. The hairs of the frontal crest should be described as chestnut red, rather than bright chestnut. The forehead is dusky brown, like the body, rather than pale grey brown. like the face. The mounted skin was examined by Dr. Abbott while it was in the taxidermist’s shop, and several corrections of the shape were made at his suggestion. He pronounced it when finished as conveying a good idea of the species in life. The only species to which Abbott’s antelope appears to be closely re- lated is, as already stated, the Cephalophus niger of Gray. This was originally described in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (18, 1846, pp. 165, 166). The description is as follows: Black Bush Buck, Cephalophus niger. Antelope niger, Mus. Leyden. Sooty black, grayer in the front half of the body; chin, throat, abdomen, and inside of thighs, gray; forehead, crown dark bay and black mixed; cheeks pale brown and black varied; tail end whitish. Inhab. Guinea. In the British Museum there is a male from the Leyden Museum nearly as large as the former. There is at Knowsley, a bush buck which is now shiny black with a reddish brown crest; when young it was red on the sides; it is perhaps the same as the above.* In a general way this description is applicable to our specimen, but the latter cannot be called black: it is a dark brown. The abdomen and inside of thighs are also dark brown, not gray, as stated in Gray’s description. There is a spirited drawing of Gray’s C. niger in the “ Gleanings from the Knowsley Menagerie.” It probably represents the individual mentioned in the second paragraph of the deseription quoted above. There is much more light color on the posterior part of the fore leg description is varied, as follows: ‘‘ Hair of cheeks and neck very short, sooty black,” 476 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS —TRUE. than in Abbott’s antelope. The tail is represented as slender, with a large white tuft at the end, and apparently as being white underneath, In Abbott’s antelope the tail is equally broad throughout and is dark brown on both sides, with only a few white hairs at the tip. Jonsidering the common inaccuracy of descriptions, it is posite I presume, that the two species may be identical, but until a detailed description of C. niger, with measurements of the exterior and skulls, _ has been published, the question must remain open. i 48965 Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro. Type. Cephalophus nigrifrons Gray. Black-fronted antelope. The collection contains a single male from Taveta. Gray’s figure* of the species is in some respects inadequate, and in others does not agree exactly with the specimen under consideration. The size is not indicated. Compared with the figure, our specimen has shorter and thicker compressed horns. The horns are stout at the base and dimin- ish abruptly from about the middle toward the tip. The muzzle is entirely dusky brown, not rufous, with a median dark band, as repre- sented in the figure. The broad black frontal band continues with undiminished breadth to the base of the horns, and the slight crest between the horns, as well as the median line of the nape, are black. The fore legs, within and without, are entirely dusky, not rufous above the knee, as represented in the figure. The specimen, as mounted, gives the following dimensions: Dimensions of body. mm. Length from tip of nose to base of tail (along the curves)......-...---..----- 856. 0 Length of head ...-....----4---- 2-06-2502 2 s22 sess Sees 5 See eee eee 5 197.0 Length of tail, with hairs .......-.-.------+-------------------------- 2 eee 127.0 Height at shoulder...-....---- ------ s 22-02 22225 een oe 2 = ns nn ee es 442.0 hength of ears (from. behind) .-...2...52-5-22,). 252-9 eitere oo 65. 0 iuegeth of horns =... -22.-< 6. ioe = ese tae 85. 0 Girth: of horns at base: --: 2.45 ..0it ies ces ao ee ee a ee 70.0 Skull. mm. Greatest length. 2.2: 12 ---3i22. s.00 2s. Shi Seeaeee ee Sone oleae 182.0 Basi-cranial length, from tip of premaxille to front of foramen magnum. ..-. 160.0 — Lenvth of palate... 22.2. 102222205 sna eee ee 95.08 Leneth of nasals. 20.52 je. os 0 ses ees ae 56. 0 j 18966 Male adult. Taveta. * Proc. Zobl. Soe., London, 1871, pl. 46. ( co” | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 477 Neotragus damarensis Giinther. Damara-land Pygmy Antelope. Plate LXXX. This beautiful little antelope is represented by four specimens, two males and two females. Dr. Giinther’s description of the species is very brief, but the most important statement is that it is almost iden- tical in external appearance with JN. saltiana, which is the case with - these specimens*. The older male and female have a strong tinge of rusty yellow on the back, which is less apparent in the younger speci- mens. In one of the adult females the rust-red hairs of the crest are tipped with black, but in the others this does not occur. The rump is clear gray. The tail is extremely short and is of the same color as the adjacent parts. An examination of the skulls of the two males indicates that N. Kirkii, described by Dr. Gunther with V. damarensis, may be the young of the latter. The comparisons of cranial characters are unfortunately made between N. Kirkit and N. saltianus, which are much less closely allied than NV. Kirkii and N. damarensis. Of the five characters brought forward the first, second, and fifth are common to NV. Kirkii and N. damarensis. The third relates to the shape and size of the nasal bones. In WN. Kirkii, “their posterior margins form an almost straight transverse line,” while in N. damarensis they form an acute angle as in N. saltianus. I find that in our younger skull the posterior angle is very obtuse, approximating, therefore, to the condition of NV. Kirkii, while in the older skull the angle is very acute, as much so as represented in Dr. Giinther’s figure of N. saltianus. In this older skull the nasals extend backward to the line of the anterior margin of the orbits, while the younger skull represents an intermediate condition between this and that of NV. Hirkii. It would appear that the size and shape of the nasals are not to be relied upon, since they are so largely affected by age. One character only remains. The angle of the mandible is repre- sented as very prominent in N. Kirkii. It is much more so than in either of our skulls, which should not be the case if the skull figured by Dr. Giinther were merely a younger individual of the same species as our specimens. It is possible that this character is of some value in distinguishing N. Kirkii from N. damarensis. An examination of the subjoined measurements of the skulls will bring out the differences in the size and position of nasal bones and other characters dependent upon age: * A skin of N. saltiana from Somali, which Dr. Sclater has recently sent to the Museum, confirms this fact. The only differences which I can detect are that in NV. saltiana the cheeks and back of the neck are clear gray instead of tawny, while the tawny color of the flanks is darker and stronger than in N. damarensis. 478 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Dimensions. Measurements. 34709 gf. | 347804%. mm. mm. Greatest length.....2..2000--.0c0csccneanacnadaccenecsancesnandmoan salsa mie 105.0 110.6 Basicranial length from end of premaxille to front of foramen magnum.......--. 91.0 97.0. Extremity of premaxillx to first premolar...---..-------------.------------------ 22.6 25.7, Extremity to end of palate in mediam line-.-..--.-...-.--------------------...-..- 51.0 57.0 Length of nasal ssinimed 1am in @= este mae a aes ot ee 20.3 24.2 Greatest) breadth of nasalee oer a- ea = 2 a eee eee ee eee eee 19.0 20.0. Posterior extremity of nasals to fronto-parietal suture.-....-...-----.----------.- 32. 2 33.0— Breadth of premaxille at the extremity ---.-- 2-22-22. see oe ee aD ee! hengthioh OLrpitiee. os occ e oon eens seek aor eee ee eee ree ee eee eee 25.5 25.6 Depth of orbit (vertical).-.-.-.--.--------------------------------+---+-+---------- 22.0 23.0 Tene thot Molar SOMES seme mer fame eal ee ee ee eee ee 36.5 37.5 Length of coronoid process of mandible from base of posterior margin. a 18.5 17.6 Length OM OLN OLOS pis are ert hole eel fe tere oe ae ee ee oe ete eee 46.0) | ..20 eee ID Si ey Way Bl tl) ths See Sen Seep See Coes asus eS SaeeS oes ESO tse ss se Sse-canave trons: 64.5 60. Greatest diameter of horns ab Dase=. sce 52 = so connie = Selle eee ele eee ee 14.6 15 43967, Malé. ‘Taveta. 18968. Male. Taveta. 18969. Female. Taveta. 18970. Female. Taveta. Nanotragus moschatus (Sundevall). Zanzibar Pygmy Antelope, The collection includes the skin of a young male antelope of very small size, which may be this species. It agrees well with Sundevall’s description. The length of the flat skin (head and body) is 20 inches. The individual is quite young, as is indicated by the entire absence of horns and by the condition of the teeth. Only four molars and pre- molars are in position in each side the mouth, above and below; the premolars belong to the milk dentition. Dr. Abbott remarks on i“ label: “ Brought alive by natives, who say that the adult male is a little larger and has small horns.” The native Kichaga name of the species is Suni. : i 325%). Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 9, 1889, about 6,000 feet. Bubalis caffer (Sparrm.). Cape Buffalo. The heads of two males and two females of this species were brought home by Dr. Abbott. The larger male is a remarkably fine specimen, with very large horns. The dimensions of the skulls and horns are as follows: Sr Se oy a Pe ele : — Measurements. 34710, #. | 34711, of, | 34712, 2. | 34713, 9 a em. em. en. em. Basilar length of skull, from surface of occipital condyle to : entiof-promaxillse: 222 e cece cen vee eee ee eee * 48.0 50.0 45, 2 49. Length of horn around the outer curve ...............-.---. 63.5 61.5 63.5 62. Greatest breadth of horn at the base ..............---..----- 23.0 21.0 11.5 10. Least distance between bases of horns ...-...-------- By 3.) 16.0 18. Distance between tips of horns.........5...-.22----s-e0c---- 62.5 63.0 33.5 47. * The ¢ ones les are wanting; about 3 centimeters J ehoate be added to the length. S237). Male, adult. Taveta. (Skull and skin of head.) 3277t. Male, adult. Taveta. (Skull and skin of head.) 32348. Female, adult. Taveta. (Skull and skin of head.) 32374. Female, adult. Taveta, (Skull and skin of head.) Saag PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 479 Potamochecerus africanus (Schreber). A single river-hog is included among the skins. It is from Mount Kilima-Njaro. 19704. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889 (7). Phacocheerus elianii (Riippell). Dr. Abbott collected three wart-hogs at Taveta, one of which is a fine male with very large tusks. 18975. Taveta. 18979. Taveta. 18980. Taveta. Rhinoceros bicornis (Linné). The two-horned rhinoceros is represented by four heads from Taveta in different stages of growth. 18981. Fetal. Taveta. 18982. Young. Taveta. 18985. Female, young. Tavetw. 18983. Female. Taveta. 18984. Female. Taveta. The following list comprises all the species included in Dr. Abbott?s collection: Colobus caudatus. Kahé. Cercopithecus albogularis. Taveta. Cercopithecus sabeus. Taveta, | Galago crassicaudatus. Taveta; Arusha Wacini. Helogale undulata. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro; Taveta. Herpestes gracilis, Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro. Herpestes caffer. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Herpestes galera robustus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 4,000 and 5,000 feet. Crossarchus mungo. Taveta. Genetta pardina. Taveta; Mount Kilima-Njaro, 6,000 feet. Mellivora capensis. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Canis mesomelas. Taveta. Otocyon megalotis. Arusha Wacini, 2,500 feet; Taveta. Dendrohyrax validus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000-6,000 feet; Taveta. Procavia brucei. Foot of Kyalu mountains, near Mount Kilima-Njaro. Eliomys murinus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Mus arborarius. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 4,000-5,000 feet. Mus barbarus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet; Taveta. Mus aquilus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 8,000 feet (killed by a hawk). Mus? minimus. Mount Kilima-Njaro. Mus sp.? Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Dendromys nigrifrons. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet; Taveta. Otomys irroratus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 4,000-5,000 feet. Khizomys splendens. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Sciurus undulatus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 6,000 feet; Kahé. Sciurus poensis. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet; Taveta. Xerus rutilus. Taveta. Aulacodus swinderianus. Tavyeta. A80 ABBOTT’S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS.—TRUE. Lepus? capensis. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro; Usari River. Megaderma frons. Taveta. Megaderma cor. Taveta. Nycteris thebaica. Mount Kilima-Njaro. Erinaceus albiventris. Taveta. Crocidura sp. Connochetes taurinus albojubatus. 'Taveta. Oryx callotis. Taveta. Alcelaphus cokii. Taveta. Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Taveta. Tragelaphus scriptus roualeynii. 'Taveta. Apyceros melampus. Taveta. Eleotragus? arundinaceus. ‘Taveta. Gazella grantti. Taveta. Gazella thomsonit. Taveta. Cephalophus spadix. Mount Kilima-Njaro; high altitudes, 8,000 feet. Cephalophus nigrifrons. Taveta. Neotragus damarensis. Taveta. Nanotragus moschatus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, about 6,000 feet. Bubalus caffer. Taveta. Potamocherus africanus. Mount Kilima-Njars. Phacocherus elianii. Taveta. ' Rhinoceros bicornis. Taveta. o wba U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXV TREE DAMAN, Dendrohyrax validus True. Skull; alittle larger than life. U.S. National Museum, No. 34972. wo U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXVI PENCIL-EARED ORYX, Oryx callotis Thomas. U.S. National Museum, No. 18944. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXVII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM > cet Tig SIE OE Ree 13 sat v= VIO5t ON UllYSU, [BUONBN °S “—) ‘OTIUNY) 2Wosmoy? DyeazMyH ‘AWAZVO S:NOSWOH L PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXVIII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘od AT, ‘AVI "S968 “ON ‘UInesny TeUOTeN 'S “1 ‘ona, wypods snydoynydag ‘AdOIALNY S:LLOasy tent aN EN kati U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXIX ABBOTT’S ANTELOPE, Cephalophus spadix True. Skull ; a little less than one-half natural size. U.S. National Museum, No. 34707. Type. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXX DAMARA=LAND PYGMY ANTELOPE, Neotragus damarensis Giinther. Skull ; slightly smaller than natural size. U.S. National Museum, No. 34709. Male. A DESCRIPTION OF THE GOLDEN TROUT OF KERN RIVER, CALI- FORNIA, SALMO MYKISS AGUA-BONITA. By David STaRR JORDAN. I-have lately received from Mr. W. H. Shockley, of San Francisco, _ three specimens, each about 7 inches in length, of the Golden Trout of Kern River. These specimens were taken by Mr. Harvey, of Lone _ Pine, Cal., in a stream called by him Whitney Creek (more correctly — Voleano can on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mount Whitney. The specimens were sent in ice to Mr. George T. Mills, fish - commissioner of the State of Nevada, who forwarded them to Mr. Shock- ley. The following is a detailed description: Salmo mykiss agua-bonita, new subspecies. | Head,3? inlength; depth, 4%. D.2,12. A. 1,10. Scales, 180 to 200 -TOWS; 121 to 124 pores. Length, 7 ones _ Body formed about the same as usual in Salmo mykiss and its varie- ties. Head rather long, bluntish at tip; mouth moder ate, the max- illary extending a little beyond the eye, 14 in head; hyoid teeth not _ evident; opercle moderate, its greatest length 44 in head, its posterior _ mInmargin moderately convex; eye, 4% in head; snout, 44; gill rakers not _very short, X + 11 or 12 in number. Seales extremely small, smaller than in any other species of Salmo. || Fins moderate; the anal high; the caudal moderately emarginate. |) Pectoral, 14 in head; ventral, 2; caudal, 12. Olive above; sides and ally light golden. About twelve dark cross- | bars on middle of sides; these the usual parr-marks. Middle of sides : along lateral line with a deep scarlet lateral stripe, broadest under the | dorsal, where it is about as wide as the eye; thence narrowing to either end and not reaching either head or caudal. Middle line of belly with _ abroad scarlet band, extending from chin to anal fin, equally bright all the way; a fainter shade along lower side from anal fin to tip of caudal. No crimson dash at fardat between branches of lower jaw; the whole region uniform bright orange. Opercle largely orange. Dark spots chiefly posterior as in S. spilurus and pleuriticus; large and well marked, some on tail and posterior part of body as large as pupil; | Smaller and well marked on dorsal; a few small ones scattered along _ forward to the head in two specimens; none on body before adipose fin in the other. | Upper anterior angle of dorsal abruptly yellowish white; this color | edged by a dark oblique streak, made by coalescent spots; the rest of Proceedings of the National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 916. 481 Proc. N. M. 92——31 482 GOLDEN TROUT OF CALIFORNIA—JORDAN. the fin light olive with four or five rows of small black spots; pectorals | light orange; ventrals deep orange, with a faint blackish tip; the an- terior edge of the fin conspicuously and abruptly whitish, as in Sal- velinus fontinalis. Anal dusky orange, the tips of the last rays black- ish, the outer anterior corner abruptly white, the white stripe wider than the pupil and separated from the color of the fin by a dusky shade. Caudal olive, tinged with orange on its lower edge, and profusely spotted with black. Inside of mouth pink; of gill cavity, light orange. Of the three typical specimens two have been sent to the U.S. Na- tional Museum and one remains in the museum of the Leland Stanford — Junior University. This trout is evidently an off-shoot or descendant of the widely dis- tributed Cut-Throat Trout, Salmo mykiss, which is found in all the rivers suitable for trout between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. It differs, however, from any known specimens of any of the many varieties of Salmo mykiss in its pattern of coloration and the absence of the deep red patch between the branches of the lower jaw, from which Salmo mykiss receives its common name—the Cut-Throat Trout—and in the small size of its scales, which are more numerous than in any of the forms of Salmo mykiss. Matters of less importance, which are, however, comparatively distinct, are the presence of white. and black edges to ae fins, and in the ieee: of teeth on the hyoid — bone. The name agua-bonita, suggested for the species, is that of — Agua Bonita Falls, the cataract in Voleano Creek, near which these specimens were found. The earliest record of this trout is that of Jordan and Henshaw in Appendix NN of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1878, p. 199. The specimen collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, in 1875, frou the south fork of the Kern River, and No. 17107 in the Watiowal Mu- seum collection, are referred to Salmo plewriticus Cope. With this . reference is the remark that “the extension of its range west of the — Sierra Nevada is rather unexpected. The prevalent theory that most ; of the species of trout have a narrow local range is hardly supported by a study of our western forms.” This trout, Mr. Henshaw says, was : ot innate one a ome ‘abundant in the South Fork of the Kern inven, beyond which state- ment nothing can be said of its distribution on the western coast, or of its abundance as compared witn S. irideus, the distinctness of the ia ms not having been recognized at the time of the collection.” On page 195 of the same paper is a reference by Mr. Henshaw to the ** Golden Trout” which apparently belongs to the species here described, although Mr. Henshaw identifies his specimens taken from near Mountil Whitney with the Salmo irideus. Mr. Henshaw says: This is the common ‘Brook Trout” of the small mountain streams of the Pacific slope, and up to an altitude of 9,000 feet it is the rare exception to find a suitable stream that is not well stocked with it. Upon many of them, as the tributaries of the South Fork of the Kern River, these trout are found in very great abundance, each pool and rapid numbering its finny denizens by the score. They may be taken in any sort of weather, at any hour of the day, by almost any kind of bait. During Breen | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 483 the heat of the day they frequent almost entirely the deeper pools, lying under overshadowing rocks or in the shade of some convenient log. In early morning or i late afternoon they come out and run more into the shallows and rapids, under which _ circumstances they bite best and furnish the finest sport. Like the average brook | trout, the species rarely attains any considerable size, ranging from 4 to 8 or more & ? inches inlength. Their colors are usually very bright, and for beauty this species takes rank among the foremost of its kind, and has been well called the “Golden Trout.” In this respect, however, it is subject to the usual variations obtaining in the family, the change of color not only accompanying a difference in locality, but being plainly discernible in individuals taken in different parts of the same stream not far distant. In fact, as a specific character, color in this family seems to be at its lowest value. The character of the bottom and water itself has much to do with this, and I remember to have fished in a small rivulet on one of the subalpine meadows not far from Mount Whitney, whose sluggish waters flowed over a bottom _ of dark mud, in which the color of the trout simulated very ¢losely its hue; they had lost nearly all the flashing iridescent tints characterizing the same species caught but a few hours before in another stream, and had become dull and somber hued. Accompanying this change of color was a correspondingly noticeable difference in habits and motions, and the several dozen trout caught that evening for supper were taken out with the hook with the display of very little more gameness than would be noticed in so many Horned Pout. On the contrary, in the clear rapid current of the mountain stream, a flash of sunlight is scarcely quicker than the gleam of gold and.silver seen for a single instant as the whirling waters are cut by one of these trout as he makes a rush from his lurking place for some chance morsel which is -_ being borne past him. The western trout are rarely as shy as their relatives of east- ern waters, and because of their numbers and the consequent scarcity of food are apt to be less fastidious; yet, even when most abundant, due caution must be used if one would be successful, and not every one can catch trout, even in the West. With the proper care in concealing one’s self, a pool may be almost decimated ere tbe alarm will be taken, and I have seen fifteen fair-sized trout taken from a single small pool in quick succession. During the present year other specimens have been sent to themuseum of the Leland Stanford Junior University, but in such very bad condi- tion that nothing could be made of them, except that they were evidently small-scaled trout of the mykiss type, nearest to the subspecies pleuriticus of the Colorado River, and not in any way related to the Rainbow trout, which inhabits most of the streams of the basin of Cali- | fornia. . The question of the relation of this trout to others in Kern River must be settled by further investigations, as also the question whether the Salmo agua-bonita itself is confined, as has been asserted, to the space in Volcano Creek between the two waterfalls, or whether in that part of the stream is found a variety different from the ordinary form. a oo _ ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE SPINY BOXFISH (GENUS CHILO- MYCTERUS) ON THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. BY CarL H. EIGENMANN, Professor of Zoblogy, Indiana University. (With Plate LXxxtI.) During the summer of 1891 a fisherman captured a specimen of a Chilomycterus near San Pedro, Cal. He preserved it in alcohol and _ offered it for sale. The price asked was so unreasonably high that ui merely took some notes of it. Since then it has been procured by the National Museum, and I am able to redescribe it. This is apparently the first notice of a Chilomycterus on the Pacific coast of North America. The specimen is in good condition, and is but slightly shorter than when first seen. Chilomycterus californiensis Kigenmann. American Naturalist, 1891, p. 1133. Type, No. 43860, one specimen 260" long, San Pedro, Cal., July, 1891. Much inflatable. Face narrow, distance between eyes in front 35™™; mouth narrow, 23" (33"™ in CO. schoepfi of same size), protruding; margins of upper jaw making a decided angle in front; eye small, 12™™ in diameter (17™™ in schoepfi), superciliary edge not raised, but pro- jecting out over the eye; interorbital very little concave. Spines of back all low, highest between pectoral and dorsal; their anterior roots strong and raised; the spines forming the termination of these roots, giving the spines the appearance of being depressed. Spines of the belly much larger than those of back, the roots differing but little in size. Spines lowest on head, one above the upper anterior angle of the eye, another above the posterior angle. Two spines on head between those‘above the posterior margins of the eyes. A small spine midway between dorsal and caudal. Pectoral small, its base 22™™ high (30™™ in schoepfi of same size). Pectorals, dorsal and caudal, with numerous dark spots except at their margins; anal with a few spots at its base. Back steel-blue merging into the white of the belly; front and sides of head with many small black spots, caudal peduncle with somewhat larger spots. Back densely covered with short streaks or bars. Sides with round spots, some as large as the eye. A black spot in center of belly, a series‘of three spots along the sides of the belly and a few about the anus; breast white. BLOoMINGTON, IND., April 25, 1892. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No. 917. 485 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXXI. HM a Niall CHILOMYCTERUS CALIFORNIENSIS. DESCRIPTION OF SOME FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE GREAT FALLS COAL FIELD OF MONTANA. BY Wittiam M. FonrtraIne. (With Plates LXXXII—LXxXxXIV.) In July, 1890, Mr. F. H. Knowlton and Dr. A. C. Peale made a smal collection of fossil plants from the Kootanie group of Great Falls, Mont. In July, 1891, Mr. W.H. Weed made an additional small collection from the same locality. These plants have been placed in my hands for determination and description. Thé object of this paper is to give an account of them. Both collections can be contained in a box of moderate size, so that they can not pretend to be exhaustive. The specimens show nothing but ferns, conifers, and one Equisetum. The conifers have but few species, and the specimens illustrating each Species are few and poorly presezved. They indicate considerable maceration, as if they had been floated in water a long while before they were covered with sediment. The ferns predominate in the number of species, while the specimens illustrating the species are in several cases very numerous. They are usually well preserved and appear to have been speedily entombed in sediment. Both Mr. Knowlton and Mr. Weed seem to have failed to find eyeads, the other constituent of a typical Mesozoic flora. They, however, exist at the Great Falls locality, for Dr. Newberry, in his excellent paper on the flora of this group, * has mentioned and described several. Besides these a beautiful impression of a eyead, obtained by Mr. R. 8. Williams from this field, is figured and described in this paper. The cycads, however, so far as I can learn, are rare in this flora. Perhaps this is accounted for by the localities in which they grow and by the accidents of preservation. The condition of the fossil conifers found in this field, and their small proportion in the sum total of the Great Falls plants, indicate that the inhabitants of the higher and drier regions were not favored in preservation so much as the ferns, which presumably lived in the marshes and near to the water receiving sediment. Then, too, itis quite possible that additional discoveries may add largely to both the conifers and cyeads. Negative conclusions, March, 1891, p. 191. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV—No, 918. 487 488 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA—FONTAINE. based on the presumed absence of groups of plants, can not be fairly drawn until it is made certain that no further discoveries can be looked for. With regard to the age and affinities of this flora, my investigations add nothing to the conclusions arrived at by Dr. Newberry in the paper before cited. These conclusions, which I fully indorse, are that the Potomac group, the Great Falls group, the Kootanie group of Can- ada, and the Kome group of Greenland are all of the same general age. Dr. Newberry expresses the opinion that the Great Falls strata are somewhat older than those of the Potomac, this being indicated by the absence of angiosperms in the former. This opinion is justified if we take into consideration only the plants found in the Great Falls strata up to this time. But it is possible that, if these beds have not been exhaustively explored, angiosperms may yet be found in them. The strata seem to some extent to show an isolation of forms, and a confinement of them to particular horizons. This would seem to be the case with the cyeads. As stated before they do exist in the strata at a particular horizon, or at a particular locality, while in the two col- lections before me not a single imprint is found. In my collecting from the Potomac beds, I did not discover the angiosperms of modern type that they yield until towards the close of my explorations, long after large collections of plants of older types had been made. The more modern angiosperms of the Potomac are found in the upper beds of the formation, which have been in most places carried away by erosion There are localities in the Potomac of Virginia which show good expo sures of thick beds, that abound in impressions of ferns and conifers, but contain no angiosperms. The two near Potomac Run described in Monograph xv of the U.S. Geological Survey; as “Roadside” and ‘¢ Hillside,” have this character. It is noteworthy that Osmunda dick- sonioides, a plant that. seems to be abundant at a certain horizon in the Great Falls field, is found at one of these localities and nowhere else in the Potomac beds. If the ageof the Potomac strata had been deter- mined from the fossils of these localities, it would, from the absence of angiosperms, appear older than it is. With regard to the age of the Potomac itself perhaps a word may be allowed here. It is to be understood that by Potomac is meant the lower member of that formation, as shown chiefly in Virginia. I do not regard this member as all of Wealden age. The period of its depo- sition seems, if we are to judge by the progress made by the plants, to have extended through the Wealden into the Urgonian, and perhaps to a somewhat later time. It was probably extended throughout the Neocomian. The very remarkable isolation and grouping of the plants of the Virginia Potomac, which seems in a measure to exist in the Great Falls field, and the great differences in the relative abundance of the different types, appear to indicate unstable conditions in the different elements of the flora, and also rapid changes. It is quite possible, then, ad PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 489 that higher types of plants were reached in these strata than in any synchronous with them in Europe. Returning to the consideration of the constituent groups of plants in | the Great Falls flora, we find the ferns decidedly dominant, but differ- ent species are by no means equally represented. At the head of the list in number of specimens stands Aspidiwm montanense, a new species. Next to this, and in about the order of naming, come Aspidium mono- -carpum, also a new species, Thyrsopteris rarinervis Font., and Osmunda dicksonioides Font. These were all apparently abundant. To judge _ from the character of the rock which bears the imprints, these did not ~ all occur on the same horizon. Osmunda dicksonioides, for example, - occurs in a material very different from that which shows the imprints | of Aspidium montanense. In this connection I will repeat an opinion expressed before. In determining the age of an unknown group of fossil plants, greater - weight as evidence of age ought to be assigned to some plants than _ to others. These are the plants whose fossils have marked and salient features that permit them to be identified without danger of error. An example of this kind of plant is Frenelopsis, especially /. parceramosa, | _ of the Potomac flora. When these are fully established and at home | in a formation, as would be shown by their general distribution and the abundance of the fossil specimens that they afford, they ought not to be counted simply as units in a sum total to establish a percentage. 1 Their evidence would thus be neutralized by that of other units which | are newcomers or belated survivors. This is especially true of floras in a critical stage of evolution, and which contain considerable numbers of newcomers and survivors. The Potomac flora was one of this char- acter, in which Jurassic types were being cast out and Cretaceous ones ; introduced. If the era of deposition of the Great Falls beds was nearly | that of the Potomac, as is most probable, then the flora of the time _ must have been likewise in an unstable condition. | So far as yet made out, the ferns seem to be the most common plants in the Great Falls flora. The above remarks, owing to the character of this type of vegetation, and to its long persistence with but little - change, do not apply to them so well as to many of the forms found in the Potomac flora. Thyrsopteris rarinervis, however, is a fern that has a well-marked facies, which is not possessed by many ferns. Its abun- dance in the Great Falls strata gives it great weight in establishing a resemblance between the Potomac and Great Falls floras. Equiseta appear to have been very rare in the flora now in question. The few imprints that are found are very poorly preserved, and seem to have been made by fragments that had floated a long time in water. The two collections yield the following species: Equisetum Lyelli? Mantell. . Only one imprint was seen that was clearly that of an Equisetum. It occurs in a ferruginous, sandy shale. It is too poorly preserved to 490 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA—FONTAINE. 4 permit positive determination. In size and general character it is 50 close to Equisetum Lyelli that the identification with that species is quite probable. Two or three other imprints of stems occur that may be those of Equisetum, but they are too obscure to be determined even generically. ; Aspidium montanense, nov. sp. Pl. xxxxu1, Figs. 1-3; Pl. uxxxxin, Figs. 2, 33, 3a. Plant probably arborescent. Fronds large, probably attaining the dimensions of several feet, tripinnatifid or tripinnate. Pinne alternate, sometimes nearly opposite. Rachises of all orders strong and rigid. Leaf substance thick and durable. Normal pinnules, or those of the middle portion of the fronds and pinne, oblong, slightly faleate, obtuse to subacute, attached by a somewhat widened base, united at the base, inserted under an angle of 45° to 50°. Mid nerves of the pinnules dis- | tinet, continued to near their tip, and forking at the summit. Lateral nerves slender, single, arching towards the summit of the pinnules with the basal ones sometimes once forked. The pinnules of the lower part | of the frond are lobed or toothed, with lobes and teeth similar in shape to the normal pinnules. Towards the upper or terminal portion of the frond the ultimate pinne pass, by continued diminution, through lobed and toothed pinnules into entire ones. Soriin two rows, one on each side of the midrib of the pinnules, obovate in form, attached to the summit of lateral nerve and placed midway in the lamina of the pinnule. This fern is represented in the collections by numerous well-preserved — specimens, which show all parts of the frond. Pl. LXXxttl, Fig. 2, repre-— sents the normal pinnules. Pl. LXxx1l1, Fig.1, gives the pinnules from the lower part of the frond. Fig.3 shows dentate pinne, passing into pin-— nules, fromthe upper part of the frond. Pl. LX xxi, Fig. 3, shows lobed pinne from the upper part of the frond, and Pl. Lxxxtl, Fig. 2, gives _ fragments of a fructified compound pinna. This plant shows considerable variation in the ultimate pinne and pinnules taken from different parts of the frond. In the general char- acter of its pinnules it stands midway between two ferns from the Po- tomac of Virginia. These are Aspidium fredericksburgense Font., and Pecopteris strictinervis Fout. Some of the specimens, taken by them- selves, might easily be mistaken for the one or the other of these species. I think that the fern that I reported to Dr. Newberry as Aspidium fre- dericksburgense (see p. 193 of his paper) is a form of the species now de- scribed. The fructification is much like that of Aspidium pinnatifi- dum.* Aspidium monocarpum, sp. nov. Pl. LXXxu1I, Figs, 4-6, 6a; Pl. LXxxIv, Fig. 3, 3a. Frond tripinnate. Pinne alternate. Pinnules of the lower part of the frond attached by a much widened base, inclined strongly forward, “U.S. Geol. Survey, Monograph xv, Pl. xx1, Fig. 15a. cis | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A491 i very slightly faleate, united to a considerable distance from the base, acute to subacute. Mid nerve slender but distinct, splitting into branches at the summit. Lateral nerves single. The ultimate pinnae, in ascending toward the summit of the frond, pass through pinne with ovate acute lobes into those with serrate toothing, and finally into en- _ tire pinnules. Sori, seen only on serrately toothed pmne, are very large, single in each segment or tooth, globose or subreniform in shape, attached to a _ ¢lub-shaped receptacle that is borne on the summit of a basal lateral ; nerve, which is directed obliquely upwards. They occupy the greater portion of the upper half of each segment or tooth. Nerves of the fer- - tile pinne in a bundle in each segment or tooth, and splitting up flabel- ~ lately into branches. _ This fern, as shown in the fructification, isa new species. There are _ numerous good imprints of it, so that its character can be made out pretty well. It occurs in the same yellowish gray sandy shale that car- ries Aspidium montanense. Some of the sterile forms approach so near tosome of Aspidium montanense that they can with difficulty be dis- _ tinguished. The fructification, however, is entirely different. The _ pinnules and segments of this fern have more of the aspect of Clado- phlebis than any form of A. montanense. They are more acute, more inclined forward, and have a broader base than those of the last-named ~ fossil. ‘Pi. uxxxim, Fig. 6, shows a fragment of a compound pinna from the _ lower part of the frond, and Fig. 6*a portion of the same enlarged. Fig. 4 gives the ovately eid serrately toothed pinne or pinnules from the _ upper part of the frond. Fig. 5 gives the termination of a compound pinna. Pl. Lxxxtv, Fig. 3, gives a portion of a fertile compound pinna, and Fig. 3* a fertile fragment enlarged to show sori and nerves. _ Different portions of this fern, if taken alone, could be with difficulty _ distinguished from several Potomac plants. Some of the serrate toothed ; forms are exactly like some of the forms of- Pecopteris virginiensis; _ Some of the ovately lobed pinne much resemble some of the forms of _ Aspidium heterophyllum. In size and structure the sori are like those ; of Polypodium fadyenioides of the Potomac strata. The mode of at- ; tachment of the sori and the nervation of the fructified forms of Poly- podium dentatum of the Potomac resemble those features in this fern, but the sori of the Potomac plant are smaller and of different shape. Aspidium angustipinnatum Font., var. montanense, var. nov. Pl; LEXI, ims: ela: This fern is represented by six imprints, some of which are well pre- served and well characterized. Although somewhat different, it agrees in all essentials so, well with Aspidium angustipinnatum Font., of the Virginia formation, that I do not think that they should be considered * 492 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA—FONTAINE. | as distinct species. Fig. 1 shows the normal forms of the specimens, These differ from the Virginia plant perhaps enough to make the Great Falls forms a variety. They do not, however, show any fructification. Most of the specimens are in a ferruginous ee which is the material carrying the imprints of Osmunda dicksonioides. This appears to come from a different horizon from that yielding Aspidiwm montanense. Some | of the forms approach pretty closely to some of those of the last-named — plant, but the toothing of the pinnules is different. The normal pin- nules are long and slender, rather remote, somewhat constricted at base, with the lower side decurrent by a narrow wing, which, in most of the — pinnules, unites with the base of the next lower one. The margins — show a shallow crenate toothing. The nerves are in the main like those of the Potomac plant. They are single in each crenate lobe, | forking about midway their length, and diverging widely in the lobes. | Pecopteris montanensis, sp. nov. PLEX, Re ae Frond bipinnate to bipinnatifid. Leaf substance thick, ultimate pin- | ne alternate and subopposite. Rachises of different orders strong. — Lower pinnules small, united at: base for some distance up, spatulate to broadly elliptical in form, subacute,. strongly convex in outline on | the upper outer margin. Pinnules of the upper part of the frond and © terminal portions of the ultimate pinne still more united, narrowly | ellipticalin form. Nerves single in each pinnule and lobe, strong, once forking, with branches widely diverging, the anterior branch ending in the tip of the pinnule or lobe and the posterior one in the upper outer — margin. This small fern is well characterized and seems to be new. Asit © shows only two specimens its full character can not be made out. For — this reason I place the plant provisionally in the genus Pecopteris, as in foliage it is most nearly connected with it. In the form of its pin- nules it is much like Pachypteris ovata Brongn., but the leaf substance | is much thinner and the nerves are different. Fig. 1 gives pinne from — the lower part of the frond and 1a gives several pinnules enlarged to show nervation. Pecopteris Browniana ? Dunker. ‘i Five imprints of small fragments of a fern very near te Pecopteris | Browniana, and most probably identical with it, occur in the collections. Most of them are in a ferruginous sandy aeaie of reddish color, which | is the material that carries the impressions of Osmunda dickaoniosdal : These differ slightly from those that occur in grayish shale, which are | nearer the typical forms. They are, however, imprints of the terminal portions of compound pinne, a part of the frond that usually shows much variation in the shape of the pinnules. The pinnules of these a + & mos | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 493 | broader and proportionally somewhat shorter than the normal ones of this fern. All the forms, however, are near enough to Pecopteris | Browniana to permit their assignment to that species with a high de- "gree of probability. & | Fronds bipinnate. Rachises stout and rigid. Pinne alternate, the basal ones much reduced in size, forming pinnules with a few broad, . ounded and shallow lobes. Pinnules united at base, the lower ones of. the pinn orbicular in shape, the others subquadrilateral, attached by a much broadened base, united at base, faleate, usually very obtuse “and remote. Basal inferior pinnule of each pinna larger than the ‘ _ rest, showing three shallow rounded lobes, the lobation becoming less ' distinct in the upper part of the frond. Nerves not seen distinctly, ‘but apparently forming a bundle that splits up flabellately into branches. Fig. 2 gives the largest specimen of this fern. The basal inferior ‘pinnules of the pinne are quite different from the rest. They are much larger and approximate in form the basal pinne, although much smaller than these. The general plan of the nervation, so far as it could be “made out, is similar to that of the Acrostichides of the older Mesozoic of Virginia. The shape, and size of the pinnules are like those of | Acrostichides microphyllum of that formation. In the general character | of the pinnules it may be compared also with Cladophlebis parva of the ' Potomac formation. | {think that this is the plant reported by me to Dr. Newberry as | Cladophlebis parva, but the additional specimens show differences enough to separate them. In the absence of fructification, it would go more ppaturally into the genus Cladophlebis. In size and the form of its pinnules, it resembles some of the small % Bicichenias given by Heer from the Kome beds, and it is quite possible _ that fructification may be found that will show it to belong to that 4 genus. Only two specimens were found, and its full character, even ' for the sterile forms, can not be regarded as made out. i Cladophlebis heterophylla sp. nove Pl], LXxxIv, Fig. 2. ‘' Osmunda dicksonioides Font. Numerous specimens of this fern occur. The imprints are in a ferru- -ginous, indurated shale. They coincide exactly with the Potomac plant. This fossil, to judge from the character of the rock which con- tains it, occurs at a different horizon from Aspidiwum montanense. It “must es been abundant in the Great Falls flora. The fructified form “was not seen. ' Thyrsopteris microloba? var. alata Fort. i — Twosmall specimens of a fern closely resembling the Potomac plant, i Thyrsopteris microloba, var. alata, were seen in the collections. The ; : > 494 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA—FONTAINE. amount of material is not sufficient to permit positive identification, but in any case this fern is very near the Potomac plant and is of the same type. 4 Thyrsopteris rarinervis Font. oe This fern shows numerous imprints. Some of them are very fine, being much better than any from the Potomac beds. Some of the forms _ approach more nearly Heer’s Asplenium dicksonianum than do those of the Potomac fossils. The resemblance was seen in the latter fossils — but, as stated, it was not so marked as in some of the Great Falls im- prints. i Sequoia ambigua? Heer. The collections contain three small and poorly preserved fragments — . of a conifer which is most probably Sequoia ambigua. Some of the leaves are preserved and are identical with those of that species. The amount of material does not permit a positive determination. Sequoia rigida Heer. There are in the collections four pretty well preserved impressions— of a conifer that can not be distinguished from Sequoia rigida. Sphenolepidium virginicum, Font. Eight impressions of a conifer identical with Sphenolepidium virgin-- icwm of the Potomac formation were obtained. Most of them are poorly ~ preserved and show a good deal of maceration, as if they had been | floated long in water. To judge from the number of impressions ot this plant that were found it must have been somewhat common in the 7 Great Falls flora, standing next to Taxodium ramosum. Taxodium (Glyptostrobus) ramosum Font. This conifer shows twelve specimens. They are the best preserved of the coniferous fossils, giving in most cases the character of the plant quite distinctly. The specimens of it are more numerous than those of any other conifer of the Great Falls flora. It occurs along with me two preceding conifers and with Tha oe rarinervis and Aspid- — ium montanense, in a sandy shale. . | . Zamites montanensis sp. nov. Pl. LXXxIVv, Fig. 4. Mr. R. 8. Williams, of Great Falls, loaned Mr. Knowlton a beautiful imprint of a cyead which seems to be new. A drawing of it was made and is given in Pl. Lxxxtv, Fig. 4, of this paper. I have not seen the original, ha the drawing gives the character a distinctly that a description can be given from it. The description is as follows: The leaf (compound) is narrowly elliptical in outline and small. Itis abruptly pinnate, with a stout rigid midrib. The lowe leaflets are lancet-shaped, short, remote, and stand at right angles with coon PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A495 the midrib. In ascending towards the tip of the compound leaf, the leaflets become linear in shape and are more closely approximate, until are obliquely attached to the midrib. The leaflets of the central part of the leaf are longest, giving the elliptical outline. Nerves, three in _nunber, strong, parallel with each other and the margins of the leaf- lets. _ The imprint shows the under side of the leaf uppermost, so that the midrib conceals the insertions of the leaflets. Taking as correct Heer’s © distinction between Zamites and Pterophyllum,* this imprint does not a. positively which of the two it is. It seems, however, to agree best with Zamites and may provisionally be put in that genus. In the form of its leaflets it is quite near Zamites speciosus Heer,t agreeing pretty well with some of the features of the smaller forms of that species, but the leaflets are proportionately broader. The basal leaflets also are quite different, and the gradation from these into those higher up is not seen in Heer’s plant. ; As stated before, it is somewhat singular that neither Mr. Knowlton 2 nor Mr. Weed seems to have discovered cycads. This certainly indi- z cates that they are not generally distributed in the Great Falls strata, _ but are limited to particular horizons. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, February 10, 1892. PLATE LXXXII. ie .1. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Pinnules from the lower part of the frond. 2. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Fragments of a fructified compound pinna. . 3. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Detached pinne from the upper part of the frond. eege dee de PLATE LXXXIII. Fig. 1. Pecopteris montanensis, n. sp. Fig. la. Magnified portion of Fig. 1. 2. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Normal pinnules. Fig. 3. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Lobed pinnie from the upper part of the frond. Fig. 3a. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Enlarged portion of Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Serrate toothed pinne or pinnules from the upper part of the frond. Fig. 5. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. The termination of a compound pinna. Fig. 6. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Pinnules from lower part of the frond. Fig. 6a. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Enlarged portion of Fig. 6. PLATE LXXXIV. SRG GVO PEON 52 PEELE PEI INL SELLE MELLIN I GEA Og MCE | — oS ie Fig. 1. Aspidium angustipinnatum Font., var. montanense, n. var. Fig. la. Enlarged portion of Fig. 1. 2. Cladophlebis heterophylla, n. sp. Fig. 3. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Showing fertile portion of frond. Fig. 3a. Enlarged portion of Fig. 3. . Fig. 4. Zamites montanensis, n. sp. *Flor. foss. arct., vol. 111, p. 62. tFlor. foss. arct., vol. 11 Die Kreideflora de arctischen Zone, Pl. xiv, Fig. 11. UU. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXXII Aspidium montanense, new species. + a ae ose 2 peed i Bf ert Corte &] PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXXIll U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 1. Pecopteris montanense, new species. 2, 3. Aspidium montanense, new species. 4,5, 6. Aspidiwm monocarpum, new species. WIN: ie eh - ‘ ¢ pi iy ayy ‘ ‘ < +? - pee ¥ —— \ ow Ow \\\ 8 \ SA, = Mliiex8 vw \) \\ MM \ gr a NN ae? y \ = \\ P SS PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXXIV ar. montanense, new variety. 2. Cladophlebis heterophylla, new species. al . . . . 1. Aspidium angustipinnatum, v U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 3. Aspidium monocarpum, new species. 4. Zamites montanensis, new species. A. Page. PGE BUOU Saar erences te -' swe siele =< Sn.2 - 198 Abbott, Dr. C. C., on eggs of garter snake. 388 (Oi iol RAS ee Se 392 Abbott, Dr. W. L., African mammals col- (OPEL Seoen ane ape aee ce caer enpseeemtae 445 Abbott's antelope from East Africa. ....-.- 473 _Abeona minima.......--------------------- 155 Acanthis linaria holbeellii.---....--------- 354 Acanthopleuride, California species of --.. 196 Acanthopnenste ijimz, new species of... .. 372 *Acara bartoni, new species .-----.--------- 286 TPCT AW ENGL dboe eee aoe aan oe 287 Acmeid, California species of ...---.----- 197 -Acmza, California species of.......------- 197 Pemetlee SMO SONUS ooo ='s ai = oem eincnw view ciminiirvin= 192 Acridotheres cineraceus ...---------------- 352 Actaeonide, California species ------------ 195 ‘Actaeon (Rictaxis) punctocelatus.-......-. 195 mAdnia, subgenus.....-.--.------2-2-------- 192 ‘Aigithalos caudatus .....------------------- 345 _Zpyceros melampus.....-----.--+--------- 472 Africa, collection of mammals from. --.---- 445 Agassiz, Louis, cited ....-.---------------+ 380 _ Agkistrodon piscivorus, breeding habits of 386 Agonide, California species of -..-.---..--. alpAn Alaska, Chinese relics from.--....------.--- 221 corystoid crabs from...-.......... 223 hermit crabs from...----..-....--- 1 Alauda blakistoni, measurements of-..-.--- 304 japonica, measurements of..-.-..-- 302 _ Albatross, steamer, explorations by. -8, 23, 121, 223 Andrews, Mrs. George, unios collected by .406, 410 Proc. N. M. 92——32 Be aoV UPON ceeiane acess m2 ~ amon enane eee = 135 Albulidie, California species of .....------- 135 | BIEL NTIS CORAM = tie cain wie cininie ca van aan weenie 471 Aleutian Islands, hermit crabs from.....-- 3 “Algansea dugési, new species.-.....-.----- 283, 287 Allen, Dr. Harrison,on new genus of bats... 441 new subfamilyofbats 437 Temminck’s bat-. --. 443 UWE MAG C0 eee ae 386 RPMI DIAS WUNDOS sano ecinoe--n vamnaaecaencesees 134 -Alopidw, California species of.....--.----- 134 ~Amalthea, California species of.-.-..------- 204 _Amaltheidw, California species of .--...-.-- 204 Amphissa, California species of ..-.-.-.---- 213 Amphissa bicolor, new species ....-------- 213 Amphistichus argenteus..........-...--.-- 156 Anatinide, California speeies of..-..-..--. 184 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. ™ Anisotremus davidsoni.....-- 53 eee Anodonta Couperiana, -.5.6.55--sss00 eee imbecillis 6 < oasin cee ccieeatee se hs Amir Tan ami pe seca ere ees eee ete ee ae Anomiide, California species of ...---..... Antelope; Abbott's 2... te. cee as Dleck-trontedy 25.5. 225 sss08 = Damara-land pygmy.-.----------- New, Species Of..5--52---.--seaceee Pallahi.’. .2.i5 sesac.ccb-ssemes shaw Zanzibar pygmy --------------.- -Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holm on.-..---- ficure, of..=.. <= Anthus maculatus..........2.-2222--eeeees “Area, California species of....------------- _Arcide, California species of.-....-..------ “Ardea herodias, parasites of........------- Aggonauta pacifier 2.2. -c5---gecencceees Argonautide, California species of.--....-.. Arizona, Wolpai maiden of ..--.:.-.----=.- Ascari spicwlisera.. -canc-c. cence a's Smet Ascaris serrata, figure of .......-----..---- Ashmead, W. H., on Encyrtine.-.........- Aspidium angustipinnatum montanense, new. Variety ---s6/22. 2.225222. montanense, new species -..---- monocarpum, new species ...-.- ‘Asaimines californica... --+--ccwese -seeHee Atherinide, California species of.....--..-. Ai thetinops afinis..--c--<=-aeseense ne >= Atherinopsis californiensis. -..-.--.-------- Auchenopterus integripinnis ..-.-----.--..-- Auckland Island, crabs from.------------- | Aulacodus swinderianus...-...-----.-----.- Auriculide, California species of ..--.------ Avian entozoa, Linton on----.--...--.-.--- A-vicula peruviana. |<. -2. 5065 -nieme css a==-= Aviculide, California species of ..-.------- AXiINBDS IWMEYMEDIA . 5c nu6 tres esse ewase-e=s~ Bahama Islands, crabs from ......--------- Baldwin, A. H., drawings by...----------- Bandfish*im Californ@® .<-..--<.6---np-sacu- Barlow, J. G., insects collected by..--.---- Barracuda in California...-.......:.--..--- Barretijcioa becas se seden sone near anomie Bascanion constrictor, breeding habits of. - 497 231 232 173 367 147 411 396 Hee 498 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. a Page. Page » Basileuterus rufifrons, new species. .....-- 119 | California, fishes of ..... pene nests ee ecrraneee 123 dugési, new sub- golden trout of --........--.-.-- 481 Species: —..-.=5.=- 119 gulf of, crabs from.....--..--.-. 5 jouyi, new sub- Lower, crabs from. .-..--.------ 238 HPCCles sea seen 119 marine shells‘of_ 225. >-2-s4=s 179 Bass, black sea, in California .........-.-.- 151 new hermit crabs from ..-...-. 22 kelp, in California.-.........-.---..-. 150 Spiny. boxtish Of f2e.os.seeeeeeee 485 rock, im California-2-2-.5s-seu=se-=-=\- 150 | Caecide, California species of....--..--..-- 204 Bat. Temminck's.. 22225 soso eee eee 443 | Call, “Re E., unio collection ot. 2----- seuss 406 Batrachide, California species of. --...-.--- 171 }*Calliostoma, California species of.....----- 201 Batrachians and reptiles, new species of... 115 |*Callista, California species of.---..--.---.-- 187 Bats) Mew Pens Obsa-e see ee -s meee eaerer 441 | Calocerinus floridanus --.-..-...-.------.... 368 new subfamily of phyllostome ------- 437 new insect genus. .-...-.---.-. 368 Baur, Dr. G., turtles described by --------- 379 | Calyptraeidie, California species of .--..--. 203 Bean, Tarleton H., on new species of star- Cancellaria cooperi-- <2 -- 2255-2 eeeenee 211 gamer. SRE Ae 121 | Cancellariidex, California species of........ 211 on new species of fishes Canis mesomelas.\-. 22 sec Jo282. eee weeemes 455 from Mexico.....--.- 283 | Cantharidus pupoideus -.-.-.--...--------- 202 Beauvois, M. Palisot, cited .----------.---- 387 |-Caprimulgus jotaka, measurements of .-..- 293 Belonide, California species of .....-.----- 143 aranx cChrysus caballus........----------- 149 Benedict, James E., on new species of her- * Carcharhinus claucus..--2-2:-.--ess---"a5" 133 mit crabs.....-.-. 1 lantiella:-2\. eee eee ees 133 corystoid crabs. ..223-230 | Cardiide, California species of......-..--.- 189 Bering Sea, crabs from........----.------- 18 | Carditide, California species of..-.---.---- 190 Bermuda Islands, crabs from....--..--.--- 249 |“Cardium, California species of..-...-...--- 189 Birds, collection of, from Japan..........- 289 | Catablemella brachychir........----------- 142 new Japanese species of .---------- 342,371 | Cathetostoma albigutta, new species-..--.- 121 species of .--.------.------+----- 27,119 /SCaulolatilus princeps ....---.. -------+-+++ 158 BubsSpecices Of----- se s-- a5 s-a= 347 | Cavolinia tridentata’...---2.-.-.:-.--=----- 194 parasites of -..--.--.---------------- 87 | Cavoiiniide, California species of anes elelel 194 Bittium, California species of..-.-..-..---- 205 | Central America, birds from ...------------ 27 Bivonia compacta. ....--.------------------ 204 | Cephalophus niger...-...------------------ 475 Blasius, Dr. Wilh., quoted -.-.......-.---- 349 nigrifrons, dimensions of -..-. 476 Blatehley, eroten Wie estes cee eee eee eee 395 spadix, new species..--.-..--- 473 Blenniidex, California species of..-----.---- 171 | Cephalopoda, California species of ..-.-.--- 217 Blind fishes of California ..-.-...-..-----.- 160 | Cercopithecus albogulabris ....------------ 448 | Blood ejected from eyes of toad...--..---.- 7 gabieus)s occ. .eecee cee 449 Bok, bosch, of East Africa .........--.---- ATI neeathia dea: CalifORNIGRl. ts aeseee eee eee 205 Bolles, Lieut. T. Dix, on Chinese relics in Cerithiide, California species of -..--.-.--. 205 Alaska.....------ +--+ +--+ sees seen ee eee eee 221 | Cerithiopside, California species of...----. 210 Boreal America, noctuidw of..-.---..------ 33 Cerithiopsis, California species of.......--- 210 Boreotrophon, subgenus...--...----------- 216 Ceryle guttulata, measurements Of ce neae ae 295 Boulenger, Dr. G. A., cited.-......-------- 379 lugubris, measurements of. -.---.--- 294 Bourke, Capt., quoted ....--....-.----.--.- 29 | Gestoda from Yellowstone Park.-.--------- 99 Brachiopoda, California species of.......-. 182 +. Cheetodipterus faber zonatus -....-.----+- 158 Brachyistius frenatus .----.--------------- 155 | Gheetopletira, California species of ......-- ~-, 196 Bragg, L. C..--------++---+ 2-22-2222 eee 161 Challenger expedition, crabs collected by-.. 248 ‘Branchiostoma elongatum......--.--------- 132 Schama, California species of...------------- 189 Branchiostomidx, California species of. - -- - 132 | Chamide, California species of...--.------- 189 Brazil, crabs from...--.---------------++-+- 265 NScharacodon vavintus....-----.-seeeessseses 286 Bristol Bay, hermit crabs from --.-....--.--- 16 Cherrie, George K.,on new species of fly- ; British Columbia, crabs from ..-....-..---- 18 Gatohers sca ences Se ee 27 sega uate ia setae hE = 202502 55 ae “Chilomycterus ealiforniensis dee teneelene mais 175, 485 Brook trout of California .--........------. 482 | Chinese relics from Alaska,.2-...--s Citharichthys sordidus ....-+-++eeeese-ee-= 174 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 499° Page. Page. ladophlebis heterophylla, new species .-.. 493 | Cucullia montanw.............-......---e- 40 Clangula albeola, parasites of -..--..--..-.. 87 obscurior, new species........... 41 Clevelandia longipinnis..-.-.--..---------- 159 postera ......-..-..----++---+---- 43 Clidiophora punctata .-...------.---------- 183 revision of the genus............. 33 ( ides ....-------------------------- 173 Serrahicornis. sos eeeess es eee 50 fpes mirabilis’... --2------<------~----=- 135 similaris, new species............ 41 ween eee tence eee eee eee ee 36 solidaginis=.-2c22s-setc oer eee Cupeide, California species of .---.--..---- 135 SPOVELi. 5: waa eee eee 46 -Coccothraustes japonica, measurements of. 358 [‘cucutus elt Pensis. .o2.ceoceee peace 293 meiod: rock; of California. -.-...--.........- 165 |*Cumingia californica .............--.2---- 186 molobus caudatus..--------.-.------/.----- AAT Cyanopbilavbellatesc: sete. o) 45. eee eee eee 328 guereza, measurements of skuliof 448 | Cyclostrematidw, California species of .... 202 Coluber, breeding habits of..-..--.--.-.----- 395 /SCynoscion parvipinne. .........----...----. 154 olumbella, California species of --.--..-.- ALS Cupra spadica. snase see et oe ee aces 207 Columbellide, California species of.....--- 213 | Cyprwide, California species of ........--- 207 molymbus: holbeellii-.---:.--------.2.-.-.-. 289 | Cyprinide, California species of..........- 135 Conidx, California species of.-...-.....--. 208 | Cymatogaster aggregatus.......-...---..-- 155 Connecticut, crabs from ..---..--.---..--. 236-275 | Cymbuliide, California species of.......... 194 Connochetes taurinus albojubatus..-..-.. 270\-~ Gynosdion Nabileys- esse cece eee eee 154 Conus, California species of..........-..--. 208 | Cyprinodontidx, California species of ..... 142 BIOL OO) Create ah em Sa ecinisin sins =e = 179,217 | Cythara; subbenus.....2.s.s2--+.c0scev- ces 208 pCooperella, subgenus.....-----.------.---. 186 Mope, 1. D., cited: /.- 2.267 .--- 326.2222. 380 D. Copipanolis, characteristics of.........---- 61 | Dall, Williams H., Alaskan crabs collected Copperhead snakes, breeding habits of... - - - 386 Dy ise ee 223 Copipanolis borealis, new species Secor eae 62 on new species of shells cubilis -.---------------------- 63 from San Pedro Bay-. 179 fasciata, new species..--...-.-- 62 | Damalichthys argyrosomus..............-- 157 RUE TE No odes Bag enoctanic ae Oonaee 63 | Dasybatide, California species of.......... 134 orbula luteola -....-..---.---------------- 183) |“Dasybatis dipterura .....---2..---..-.--s00 135 Corbulidx, California species of...--.....-- 183 | Dead Man’s Island, shells at............... 180 Corolla spectabilis.-..--....-- ee eeeeeeee eee 194 | Dean, Rev. A., unios collected by ......... 406, 416 Coronado Islands, fishes of.....-.-.--..-..- 123 | Delphinulidz, California species of........ 199 mortes: Banks, tishes of------.-...-....-..- 123 | Dendrohyrax validus, dimensions of...... 457, 458 Corystoid crabs, Benedict on.....-.--...... 223 figure of shell of.... 480 Costa Rica, new species of birds from...-. 27 | Dendromys nigrifrons, new species........ 462 ‘Cottid, California species of.............. 168 |*Dentalium, California species of ........... 194 BE MOT hCLUOU = asters slale'Jiae a Seeleias wats i = 389 | Denton, S. F., on horned toads...........-. 377 Couper, J. H., unios collected by.-...--..-. 413 | Desmognathidz, new genus of...-.--...... 115 Pome erOt. Wir Os Clbed < oo en bots seein BHO) | MEAD MS GNC TA ate a acle cies a wlete wis tela «eee 140 Crabs collected by North Pacific Exploring Dibothriam cordiceps: --..2.--2)-2se-\.sseeae 99, 112 Pps U Olle eee aiaial sae wiaicia w wi='> 232 exile, new specics.........-... 100 Corystoid, Benedict on.....---.----- 223 | Dicopine, revision of ...-..-.-..2--..-ecce 53 FIG We SPOCLOS Ole ein-. cic ann we ios 1,231 | Dicopis, characteristics of .../..../.5...... 54 of the family Periceridze, Miss Rath- Dicopistelectilis icc sn cmos ease ce sea 57 PTH Ee eae oes = 5 sede nico s aac 231 POLO act eee so nniae deme seelsareer 55 Pracin,. Prot, Ps WW, €ited.:-...------.....- 392 Ghaxteriauussstosces+ss es esee see 58 Crepidula, California species of.-.....------ 203 NITIUOSCOUS. c2c xfs cee Sone eee os 56 Crocidura from East Africa.........-....-- 470 |~Diodon JEAULUig coc Bee BemONE EE Oh sSemice sees 175 -Crossarchus mungo, dimensions of skullof. 453 | Diodontidsw, California species of .......... 175 Crotalidee, breeding habits of...........--. 386 |/“Diplodonta orbella. ........2.ssse0esceeeee- 190 “Crotalophorus miliarius, eggs of...-....... 388 | Diplodontidx, California species of......-. 190 rucibulum, California species of....-..--.- 203 | Distomum flexum, new species...........-. 98, 112 » Cryptomya californica. ..............-....- 183 verrucosum, new species......-. 96, 111 ‘ LG OMEN ey seer iots lat mise telaina amine 42 | Dobson, Dr., megaderma collected by ..-..-. 469 bistriga, new species..........--- 48)| Dolichotoma; section®...-.¢-5-sa->--> seen. 207 RNATACTERISHICSIO‘ ss... soso ccusne 33 [’Donax, California species -.---............- 186 cinderella, new species ....-...--.- 49 | Doubleday, E., insect from ............-.-. 56 CONVOXIPEDNIS <5525- s.ceceas~ ine 38 | Dow, Capt. John, crabs collected by ...-... 272 dorsalis, new species....--...---- 47 | Downie, T. C., unios coilected by ........-. 413 TTT a Se eee 44 \.Drillia, California species of ...-.-.....- ont Oe geographical distribution of ..... 33 \ Dryobates japonicus .........-...--.6-.-.-- 299 illustrations of génitalia of ...-..- 52 AU Kee gto Seer Sebertincnnmoeerooer 299 IC HEERILOD NN ete lo co's a\sic)as a amie mee wt 48 ee LEED hag 5G pce BORDEN AICOCOne 301 PATNA ge siecle > dcenesecessmeldc 45 | Duges, Prof. Alfredo, fishes collected by... 283 ~ 500 E. Page. East Africa, mammals from........-------- 445 Echeneididx, California species of. ..------ 148 Echinorhynchus rectus, new species. .----- 91, 110 BULIRDUGINS. See ese ee ae 92,111 Ecetophylla, new genus of bats ----.-----.--- 441 alba, new species of bats ------ 442 Eggs of California fishes-.--.-.-.---------- 127 snakes, Hay on. ---2--- minutus, new species..--.---- 14 munitns, new species ....----- 19% ’ neweombei, new species. ------ 17 parvus, new species -.......--. 26 patagoniensis, new species. --- 3 purpuratus, new species .----.- 15 rathbuni, new species --------- 140 roseus, new species......------ 22 setosus, new species..--------- 199 smithi, new species. --.-------- - splendeseéns 2.2. -Seneseaee ee 2 ; tanneri, new species. --.------- 10° tenuiMmAnvs: 455... *-a.2oeeeeeee 14 townsendi, new species......-- 13 trigonocheirus. .22---a---4 = la unidosus, new species..-.--.-- 18 varians, new species ----------- 2i) Eury norhyne hus pygmeeus-...-.---<--5.--- 292 — Eutainia, breeding habits of.......---.- .. Boom Eutolype, characteristics of ...---..-------- 58 bombyciformis, new species. .... 59 damalis: 2-22 — essen =eemer eee 61 depilis’ .....2-<.s-\ee68 oes soe eine 60 rolandics.5-2- Sn- aemenine eee nee 60 | Exoceetus californicus.........------ section 143 a. : “Walco rusticolus-: =.» 2-2. -sss0me-ee =e 292 False Bay, California, fishes of...-.-------- 124 Fasciolariida, California species of -----.-- 2179 , Fernald, Prof., insect collection of ......... L Fierasfer dubius ...-...----------+---++-++- 173° | Fierasferid, California species of ........- 173 ; | Filaria serrata, new species .-....-.--.----- 88, 110 : | Fish Commission, crabs collected by ------ 223, 231 expeditions by. .8, 23, 87, 121, — Fishes, blind, in California and Indiana.-.. 160 embryology Of --.=.<5.------ ees 178 of San Diego, Cal., Eigenmannon.. 123 new species of ....---.-.---.--<-s-=5- 12, 283 Hisstirellavoleano: 2-2... 4--4eaceee eee eae 197 Fissurellida, California species of ....-.--- 197 Fissuridea, California species of ....-...--. 197 Flora of Great Falls coal field..--..---..--. 489 Florida, crabs from... 222-2 aeseemns =m 236-275 new species of crabs from ...-...--- 5 Simpson on Unionide of -.---.-..-- 405 — Flycatchers, new species of .-.....--------- 27° Fontaine, William M., on fossil plants from Montana: -- 2 oc as see= ces eee ea 487 Food of Wolpai Indians........-.--.------- 30 Fossaridie, California species of......----- 206 | Fossil shells in California..---..---------- 180 Fuligula vallisneria, parasites of-.----..--- 87, 108 Fundulus parvipinnis ...-....------------- 142 robustus, new species-..-------- 285 Fusus, California species of..... weiweian mais 278 G. : | Gabb, William M., collected bats....-. Pig t 8: Gadide, California species of........------ 174 i ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 501 Page. Page. MGadinia roticulata.................,...---- 196 | Harris, George E., salamanders collected by 115 Gadiniidw, California species of..--....... 196 | Hartt Explorations, collection of...-....-.- 273 Galago crassicaudatus ...-...-..-.-.-.----- 450 | Harvey, Mr., collects golden trout. -...-.--.- 481 Galapagos Islands, new crabs from...-..--- 16 | Hay, O. P., on breeding habits of snakes... 385 crabs from..-.-..--..--- 273 ejection of blood from eyes of mGaleus californicus..:....--.--.-.-.---.--: 133 COAdE.- sce oe esate 375 SAlETUS MamMMmMUlanis.—-- .. 6525 2-.j.0---255- 203 turtles of genus Malaclemys. 379 - Galeorhinid, California species of......-. LRG; s\" Hae Wisk 35 (CULO Maa «cia eee eee eae 395 Galeorhinus zyoptertis...2......-.......... 133 | Hedgehogs from East Africa.........-.--.. 469 Gorman, Prof. Harry, on Malaclemys......- 382) (|: etl prin’ Drs, Cited 7: Sats cease eee 390 Merarrnlis Prandtit.- 52-2 ..--.-20--2se.cs.eee 353 | Helogale undulata, measurements of..----- 451 iarter snake, fs Of..---..--..-..-..--:.- 388 | Hemichelidon griseisticta.........-.....--- 337 Gasterosteida, California species of.-.-.... 144 | Hemicardium, subgenus .........-.----.--- 190 Gastropoda, California species of.-.....-.-. 195 Gmirham pHUS OSs a2. csos ai Se eee ee 143 \Gasterosteus microcephalus.-......---.---- 144 | Hemphill, Henry, crabs collected by ---.---- 259 Beiiicom aria Eee Cites esa dewds)s--<2 50. 308°| Henshaw, Mir, quoted. .--c.s---.eas--e05- = 482 RerpmGll vee Mel So easaleialsialvlanm nieve sine = aan == 473 | Henson, Harry V., Japanese birds collected FORO NOL emetic cen sescmeem tess == 473 MMe coed boonies aa maaerbe nati Sass] 289 Gazelle, Grant’s, of East Africa............ 473 | Hermit crabs, new species of.........-..-.- 1 Thomson's, of East Africa........ ATS «| Herpestes. Caner ac -mssniaeem~ oeeneta ene 452 Thomson’s figure of...............- 480 galera, dimensions of skulls of .. 453 Genetta pardina, measurements of. .-.---.-- 454 gracilis, dimensions of skull of.. 452 PP AMOLS AUN CONUS ss cc cn wom. onsen ==---—- 207 | Heterodon platirhinos......-.-....-----.-.. 392 ™Genyonemus lineatus. ----- stn cot URS Aaes 153 | Heterodonax, California species of........- 187 Geographical distribution of eucullia...-.- 33’ |“Heterodontus frameiset- amcor 2 s'-eenaieo 132 unionidw .... 406 | Heterodontide, California species of .-..--- 132 COLCA, CTAVSLLOM 2.0. .50 05 cee een e nn 244 | Heterostichus rostratus ............----..- 173 TULOHI0 GS Ole ec'o cain as ccien sic aa nl 406 | Hexacladia Smithii, figure of ............-- 369 BRUreNTesiCINGROUSG 92 - tne 2 cae nen Saeco 0 154 description of. .......- 365 Gerridz, California species of....-.....-.. 154 Hinnites cigamteus .-...0.... nse encase es 193 Gapbulaicanticldiy.-------..-<2--0-5-<-20-- 201 |“Hippoglossina stomata. ...-.-..-....++.--+. 174 PGillichthys mirabilis .........-.......-...- 159 |“Hippocampus ingens ...........0..0eee-00- 144 » Girella ENCE. sini aiaisia (aie) aia) ac 152 [ Hirundo dasypus -...........0.0-s0e-eesee- 338 MEST NOLES LIARS | ie o:s siawinie/s -wineitina wens ann i | Holbrooks Dry Clted: 3 ccewmacmawanure sik sence 279 Glycimieris generdSa ......--.....---.------ 183 }\Holconotus rhodoterus.......-....--.------ 156 Gobiide, California species of....-...-...--- 159 | Holm, Theo., onmorphology of grass-flower. 399 Scobius PIIG HEISE ete ts Pe ania totam im amie 159 | Holostomum variabile ........-.....--.---- 93 Gobiesocide, Californiaspecies of........-- 171 | Holostomum variabile, figure of............ 111 f Gobiesox eigenmanni .....-...........-.... 17) | Hopley, Miss'C)C:\ cited. > ~~~. 2. -ene =n 391 MROSHOGOMEE = cei avis see sle walle 171 | Houses of Navajo Indians, Dr. Shufeldt on. 279 Goode, Dr. G. Brown, cited. - - 887, 388, 390, 392, 395 | Howard, L. O., on Encyrtine .....--.-.---- 361 Grampus, schooner, crabs collected by..-.. 236 | Hudson, Mr., insects from .....-...--.... a 72 Graptemys lesuererii -.--....---........-.. S121) Upel $v teepnrls) GARR AR ese sooe agen ose esos 284 Grass flower, morphology of ...-.-.------.- 399e | eamie: Al. MOG tre ecm pene wrceietntelntawetelon 349 Gray, Dr., antelope described by.......-..- 475 | Hyperprosopon argenteum......----------- 156 RAN Pew EN, PCTLCO oe oie me mc cma wan ole wae win 379 NHypsipetes amaurotis hensoni, new sub- Grayson, A., Mexican birds from ..-......-- 119 SPRCVES eo oats alee teste a)stabaistal eta sicietaala oat 347 Great Falls coal field, fossils from .-.-..---.- 488 | Hyspopsetta guttulata.....-...-.-..-.----- 175 Green, Miss Eleanor ...........-.---.------ 183" | (Hy psurus Canyi<. 20-5 - vase ccs em smear =: = 156 Grote, Mr-,on Dicopin®..........--...0..- 53 Guaymas, Mexico, parasites from ..--..--. 89,90 | ATE Gulf of Mexico, hermit crabs from......... 8. ‘ new species of fish from... 121 Tanthia CYADUTA «+0 0.22020 - ee eee eese sees eee 321 “eyveet Licey 102 Con T ee a 378, 477 Teelinus australis ......- Ca ale Sa a Te 170 Gymnosarda pelamys ..........2.22seee-++- 149 | ima, Dr. I., Japanese birds from’... ==: 371 Indiana, map tortoise from ................ 379 HH. Indian maiden of Arizona........----...... 30 Indians, marriage customs of .........--..- 31 fae Kellam GMEG 2. esas es cc0 02a alana ~ en 400 Navajo, house-building by ---.---- 279 Haldea striatula, breeding habits of .----.-- 397 | Insects, new species of...........---.---.-- 33 Haliotidx, California species of .--...-.---- 198 genera and species of . . .366, 367, 368 ™ Haliotis, California species of.....--------- 198 | Invertebrates, marine, new species of ------ 1 PptlenpeC ke Gibands = 2 ode aos... oss e nec aa 412 SAPISHENESECALHN coc Use aes orien se nacnaen 206 Hall, Rev. A. M., snakes collected by -...386,387 | Ischnochitonidi, California species of..--- 196 ~Haminea, California species.....-...------- 195° |Nisestheseilberthn.c-c2e-ataav. cess. .ce rss 171 Hargith, Howard, cited .....cccsesssecceess 299 PENUNG occ Sesal te Noceet ss mahesss) meek 502 J. Page. ||~ima oriontalises seas. see eee eee Jameson, Dr, Alexander ...-..--..---.----- 389 | Limide, California species of ......-..----- Janira, section of..---.-.---.-.------------- 193 Lingulide, California species of -..-.--..-. Janthinide, California species of -.---.-.--- 210 | Lintner, Dr.J.S...----- TED LA ee ee Janthina exigua ..---------------------+++- 210 | Tinton, Edwin, on avian entozoa ........-- n | Japan, collection of birds from ..--..--.---- 289 iocardium, subgenus.......-..--...--s++- 190 a corystoid crabs from. ..------------- 228 Liotia, California species of---.....---.--.. 199 ’ Jeffreysia, California species of-..-.-..---- 206 | Little grebe from Japan ........--------++: 290 Jeflreysiide, California species of. ---.----- 205 Littorina, California species of -...-...---- 205, Johnson, C. W., unios collected OY festa meiacs 415, 421 Littorinidw, California species of....------ 205, Johnston, H. H.,on East Africanmammals 446 Lithophagus plumula......-...-..0--+---++ 192 Jones, Dr. W. H., crabs collected by- ------- 273 Long Island, crabs from........-..------- 936-275. Jordan and Gilbert on California fishes. ... 125 | Tottia wienritea .,42. 2)c ey ey eee 197 Jordan, David Starr, on golden trout of Lucapinella callomarginate..-...-...-.---- 198 Kern river ..-.---- 481 Lucapina erenulata: oo, -s-s0eeesesaseeeee 193 cited .....-...------- 392 “Lucina, California Speciesiofe =e sree so e- 10m Jouy, P. L., birds collected by.-.-.--------- 326° | Tucinide, California species of...-.------- 190, Mexican birds!collected y= -- 919 ier rene lacunae eee ee eee 186 parasites collected by ----.- 89, 91, 102 Ww Lyonsia californica: -¢--cece sess ae sere ee 184 ™ Jynx torquilla, measurements of.......---- 296 ae : K. ™ . . . } Macoma, California species of .....--..---- 185 Kilima-njaro, mammals from......-.-.----- 445 ||) McConnell, Ad hy css seae ese eee ae eee 223° DSi Mags ebimirite stele sam mt orseia enon ls iets 184,198 | McDonald, Hon. Marshall.....-.--.--.---. 87° Kane let di apanese je e-- oes a aa =e 346 new species in Kellia, California species of....-......----. 191 honor of..-.--- 240— Kellidx, California species of ..-...-..----- 191 | Macrocceloma camptocera ...-.----------- 249, 277 Kelpfish in California. -......)225...22..221 173 diplacantiia ..-2.e eee 250 Kendall, W. C., crabs collected by..-..------ 261 enthecs, 2-2-2 6 oe eeeeenee 2518 Knowlton, F. H., fossil plants collected by.. 487 septemspinosa ..-...-------- 250 Kobusiellinsipry minus -ceeeess ee seeee ce 471 subparallela.. .--seneeeeeeeee 250 tenuirostra, new'species. - ..252, 277 : | L. ae + LTS PINOSAle =e ces = eee 249 (abiosa undulataj.-2 5-59-62 ce eee seee 187 ||“ MacronJividus eto--> sss eee eee 216 Labridz, California species of........-..--. 157 | Mactra, California species of .......-....-- 187 : ~ Lacuna, California species of.........-..-.. 205 | Mactridze, California species of.-..--.----- 187 _ Lake Maxinkuckee, turtles from...----.-.. 383 | Malaclemys, O. P. Hay on genus ..-...-.-. 379” ‘Gamellaria Stearnsil.:-.2---.2-=-55--.s6o-0 211 | Malacoclemys lesuerii-.-..-.--.--.-----=-- 380 Lamellariidz, California species of.......-. 211 | Mammals, True on African...-.....-.-.--. 445. - Lampetra spadicea---2--- 5... -- 22. e we 283 | Mangilia, California species of..........--- 208 ie auanins Si perewiOsus---soseee noses eee 348. PSManta biOstris.=-3-=- 5-225 -<= eS eeer eee 135 “Larus californicus, parasites of....-...-...- 87,97 | Mantide, California species of.......------ 135 Larvivora cyane, measurements of......-... 321} Miap fOntoise.-neee= seco eee eee ee 379 Biases TULA «622 ee eee eee eee 191 \Margarita, California species of.....-.-.-.. 201 — Latilidx, California species of .......-... » Scorpmna cattata @-.................. -aay LOB GI Soli topess tessa este alee samen seen 146 . Scorprenichthys marmoratus..............- 171 | Smith, Herbert H., insects collected by.-.. 366 Scorpenide, California species of-.......-- 162 | Smith, JohnB.,revision of Dicopine......- 53 Scotophilus temminckii .......-...-....---- 443 genus Cucullia. 33-52 Scyllidie, California species of ............- 132 on Xylomiges and Morrisonia 65 506 Page. Smith, Rosa, on California fishes ......--.- 125 Smith) (Proris; ds eited's. cn -eesasee eee 390 Snakes, Hay on breeding habits of..-.-.-.. 385 * Solariella, California species of........----- 202 ™ Solen, species of, in San Pedro Bay .--..--- 184 Solenidz, California species of -.-.-.--..--- 184 South Carolina, crabs from. ....-.-...----- 236-275 Sparidz, California species of.......------- 152 PS Sphwroides politus;.- 2-242 ase 175 Spinacide, California species of -..-...----- 132 Spiny boxfish of California.........-....--. 485 Spiroglyphus lituella -.--..--2-:..-.---.--- 204 Sphenolepidium virginicum..-.-.-..-------- 494 “Sphyrena argentea ..../-.......2-----+--++ 147 PeSphyriazy cpus secon ee ee ee 134 Sphyrznide, California species of ..--.---- 147 Sphyrnid, California species of....--.-.--. 134 Squalus ACtHbhIaSs so en nee ee ee ee 132 Squabina squabinay: sls cec ess ones as aie semta 134 Squatinide, California species of ..-....--. 134 Star-gazer, new species of..........---..--- 121 Stearns; (Dr.-Robert Bui@: 2-22 2-22. essa. 181 Cited: soem ese 407 Stearns, Frederick, crabs collected by - --.231, 268 Sbtejnerer; Leonhard!) 2222-22200 cee -2--e5 378, 393 on new blind cave sala- mandere- 2 cose ease 115 on birds from Yezo, Papas 2. - os sae 239 on new species of Japa- nese birds........--. 371 Stenobrachius leucopsarum ...---..----.--- 142 Stimpson; Dzr:-Williamiics2 255-222. 54> ee 232 on crustacea..-..--- 276 Stolephoride, California species of......--- 137 Stolephorus, development of eggs of. ..---- 138 COMIPLesSus=\--osn> seen eee 140 delicatissimus........--.----- 138 TIPENS 2-526 l-va shone eee 137 Stonechat, eastern 2 2os0-2.-och css sceece see 323 Strecker, Herman) cited'<.. 3-22.-22-ssee-- 390 Streets, Dr: T. H., crabs collected by ....-- 225 Steredlepis migassce 2.2. eon ceee mei tate 151 Stromateidz, California species of -.-...--. 150 Stromateus simillimus -.............-....-. 150 Stultz, W. H., insects from ..........--.--- 57 Sturmia vi0lacea-. 2-2 mee. e eoeee eee eee 349 Swordfish in California... <0. i2--<02en5-=0 143 Symphurus atricanda.--.....-..:.--.-...-- 175 Syngnathidex, California species of.......-- 144 _ Synodontide, California species of..-...--- 140 PSyNOAGSUUCIOCOPS! + .--c2-\ccee ease cee een 140 an. Tenia compressa, new species....----...- 108, 113 PUI ooo aun ates oe Seat os ae eee 106, 113 fasus, igure! off .o5-o-seee sees 112 macrocantha, new species...-...-. 107, 113 DOVOS A acme mows eit eee ee 103, 112 Tagelus, California species of....-..-....-. 184 Tanaostigma coursetiz, description of..... 364 Firare Ofc se sesec 369 ™Tapes, California species of ..........-....- 188 Tarletonbesnia tena 2... 552525. kaer sees 141 Taxodium (Glyptostrobus) ramuosm ...... 494 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Page. Telmessus, Alaskan species of .......------ 223, / cheiragonus, figure of --...-.--. 224 ie and Erimacrus, Benedict on.... 228 | “Tellina, California species of.......-.------ 195 Paellimyantumidacs--- os «niceee cals acm seen sie 430 JT ELAL Air one ie SIRES Orgs nee 417 CAIMMUGUON a. Sec ssc. see ct sececer se 427, 432 BENUE ANTUNIG) oo s.- = 22s ccicteisid me elseivic 411 ETL RS USD CRS se eesnur Doce OSD esoecce 416 OEE SA EEO CON Cee SID ODS GISELE AOE ES 419 BPASHIUB Sits Gone owe Me eae ween. 410 Cunningham =< o.-2sadecncssess ono oma = ccc dss sap aente meee 429 SUIVETLLT, ~ GRapRGnRDpee Gare Seaemcst 432 subluridus, new species.......-...--. 432 TONG Regs. {ae —pmesceec cacti ares 416 Mpeieny tite w= ee 2 cooks 421 GMONSULOAG aio cate’. 'aanie ce ae woman eae 427 Page mio vesiemlarin('. a .'sis\a20 a aiisme Pema tiasac 425 IW BLCON tea cee eee tan ans oer 451 Umbraculid, California species of...-.--.- 195 ‘Uimnbmina: roncagdor’. ssc. -222e ne eee ese se 154 Wnderwoods Ca 2s. 22 -.cae nd aeteee acess 27 Underwood, Prof. L. M., on horned toads... 377 Unionide, classification of................. 408 of Florida, Simpson on ......-... 405 geographical distribution of.... 406 Union College Museum, crabs in .....----- 231 | Uragus sanguinolentus .......-.-.....-..-- 354 PUninator pacihous: )22- 4-02 see a. ee eee 291 Urolophus halleri2225e5-esce a eee 134 Urophlexis ussuriana.......... BpAeacoctises 341 Vv. Venericardia ventricosa .........-.---.s00« 190 Venerid, California species of..-.......... 187 ViGTWS COSTIMA.'=\<.cin0.a2 s'nie'e aciare sae were oe 188 Vermetide, California species of .-.-..-.-. 204 Viper) breeding habits Of <2. <5 5-5 sees 236-275 Vitrimella; Williamsont -2 >. .-----4225-heee= 202 Volvula, California species of.........-...- 195 We Wallace, Ar R.ckted. 2 5...c 389 | Zanthopygia narcissina --.-..............-- 334 Yellowstone Park, parasitism of trout at..- 87 | Zanzibar pygmy antelope.................-. 478 Mellow tail. 2-2 --o- 2. sete eae an ea 149 irphea erispata..- J..<- 25s Secon eee reenee 182 Re Yezo, collection of birds from. .-.......-..-- 289 |~Zosterops japonica. - = 2...224. 2. ssss7.25552- 342 Yoldia cooperi ..........- = Soosc ose speccccs 192 | Zuni Indians, marriage customs of.,....... 31 o) 8 7 : > ISONIAN INSTITUTION SMITH 3 LIBRARIES 53 9088 01420 89