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Ne BY 5 DUR BR) ree AN eee aly: a None i " i oe) pen ss a ra Cec ua ith) ly aye nt As OY ee Watt atin Maye Aa RC A ati ' eK ana PM ah hae eet PC i On QS ra ,\ es ny Beth OKs n Ny NAAN pen vi : MU iio Aas i Ott DAP Pa PPA 7 Raat us Ms Nt ae Th Ss eerie rc aut et) CuK HC a Ure hiaNindty X at ; ne Pee ay Ant shy ht Tens ma i ae Cit y Tet AY CCL enka PEE at nN Daas te a a 4 (\ Ne Wreath vata Para Rare mena Se KN CN easton Bk) pe a a on ss. eke oe int eit brain eo ae ‘i, ce ae . aie seottets Ae Cae be Mapes RON Baton 1S yan Pak ANC HH ) A oa Fe iat ata Ns u it ani ar et ti ee * f oe re Me Ky ee is su x i is bt hn ne i St ba a ee " \ - ip \ ” on oo a ne im Nh cial Neate oy i Py aie Aine ni hi te oh SBN Aen G ae) hee “Bete phys SA AMO Atel eee Rea ie Wott Hh \ f ay cen Wiad A a We Piles ee nd PPAR Ke a y \ pia Wh Cy cou arth Kn ee iat pv Musa ah he ey HORNER a st 4) { eh f) Me ie ytd whan da ae DP AnD ; Ah Vy hi at a 23 ih RON Pada} CN Shy A) Nhe NY, iti ya iy) 5 ba yh al Ws aie DC Ua AWA Mh RA NES) ¥ oi we wa AER Peri Ro ANE PETG Mii vedi Cua Ny coi Oh} oa Srone id he Asi a ne % he M a i) nD abd es , re 0 soe yi Ne + Pe if ah A iy . ms ie sit nye hs ey Bata a a Hi Bio Oc oD "i cht re Hes fie th a Ran Ket se atk oe - c ent ci ho hee he, re Maks me ee Ret Hs Co Wn: Y se ‘ aay Cant \" 0 le Wid aM Neat fi SMELESONIAN INSTITU TION: UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Noolume- XV EET ae Prod: ( NG. 215 515 4 cat ~ F Miry- rat ; eA HIURAL Niue’ - PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. Foo )G; ADVERTISEMENT. The extension of the scope of the National Museum during recent years and the activity of the collectors employed in its interest have ‘aused a great increase in the amount of material in its possession. Many of the objects gathered are of a novel and important character, and serve to throw a new light upon the study of nature and of man. The importance to science of prompt publication of descriptions of this material led to the establishment, in 1878, of the present series of publications, entitled “ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,” the distinguishing peculiarity of which is that the articles are published in pamphlet form as fast as completed and in advance of the bound volume. The present volume constitutes the eighteenth of the series. The articles in this series consist: First, of papers prepared by the scientific corps of the National Museum; secondly, of papers by others, founded upon the collections in the National Museum; and, finally, ot facts and memoranda from the correspondence of the Smithsonian Institution. The Bulletin of the National Museum, the publication of which was commenced in 1875, consists of elaborate papers based upon the collec- tions of the Museum, reports of expeditions, etc., while the Proceedings facilitate the prompt publication of freshly-acquired facts relating to biology, anthropology and geology, descriptions of restricted groups of animals and plants, the discussion of particular questions relative to the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditions. Other papers of more general popular interest are printed in the Appendix to the Annual Report. Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletin of the National Museum are referred to the Advisory Committee on Pub- lications, composed as follows: Frederick W. True (chairman), Marcus Benjamin (editor), James E. Benedict, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, and Lester F: Ward. S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. III TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. ALLEN, HARRISON. Description of a new Species of Bat of the Genus Glossophaga.—No. 1100, October 27, 18961... _. 779-781 New species: Glossophaga villosa. Notes on the Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), with special reference to its Relationships with Desmodus rufus.— Not go se Metoberecl, 1S9Gss> see ace ele Seo oe eee es 769-177 ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H. On some Reared Parasitic Hymen- opterous Insects from Ceylon.—No. 1092. August 12,1896. 633-645 (See also under Howard, L. O.) BENEDICT, JAMES EH. Preliminary Descriptions of a new Genus and three new Species of Crustaceans from an Artesian Well at San Marcos, Tex.—No. 1087. August 12, 1896.... 615-617 New genus: Cirolanides. New species: Paiwmonetes antrorum, Cirolanides texensis, Crangonyxr flagellatus. CALVERT, PHinip P. East African Odonata collected by Dr. WeluerDbott.— No; W046. “April:23:-1896. 0.2... os 121-142 New species: Orthetrum truncatum, O. abbottii, dschna rileyi, Disparo- neura abbotti. Notes on the Odonata from East Africa, collected by the Chanler Expedition.—No. 1047. April 16,1896........ 143-145 CHITTENDEN, F. H. Two new Species of Beetles of the Tene- brionid Genus Echocerus.—No. 1041. April 23, 1896... ..-- 79-80 New species: Hchocerus dentiger, E. recurvatus. Cook, O. F. An Arrangement of the Geophilida, a Family of Ciilopoda,-—No,1039;- April 23, 18962 so. | 222s... 2. - 63-75 New families: Gonibregmatide, Oryide, Disargide, Ballophilida, Schendylidw, Dignathodontide. New genera: Disargus, Ballophilus, Ctenophilus, Schizotenia, Piesto- philus. 1 Date of publication. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Cook, O. F. Kast African Diplopoda of the Suborder Poly- desmoidea, collected by Mr. William Astor Chanler.—No. POA aN pril: 23, L896 26% ai 1 Se eee eee ene as, raceme New genera: Astrodesmus, Marptodesmus, Orodesmus. New species: Astrodesmus stellifer, Marptodesmus chanleri, Orodesmus forceps, O. bicolor, O. unicolor, On Geophilus attenuatis, Say, of the Class Chilopoda.— WO S1038. "A pril.235 1696) see eee a oe Se ee Priodesmus, anew Genus of Diplopoda from Surinam.— INOS LOST. . AjpEilee TSO eee eects Mees ener te eet ee eee New genus: Priodesmus. New species: Priodesmus acus, P. parw. Two new Diplopod Myriapoda ot the Genus O.crydesmus from the Congo.—No. 1036. April 23,1896...............- New species: Oxydesmus campii, O. flabellatus. CoQuILLETtT, D.W. Revision of the North American Empi- da—A Tamily of Two-winged Insects.—No. 1073. May 25, TSG Gis 7 Peet: Sehr ok SEE Se eV ERR ea ee. <2 na gee New genera: Neoplasla, Empimorpha, Neocota, Luhybus. : New species: Hemerodromia captus, H. rogatoris, Mantipeza palloris, Brachystoma robertsonii, Hilara johnsoni, H. cana, H, viridis, Empi- morpha comantis, Hmpis loripedis, B. clausa, E. comantis, 2, valentis, E. humile, FE. ravida, 1. tenebrosa, E. tersa, EF. captus, E. compta, E. avida, [. levicula, EF. manca, 1’. oliosa, I. qulosa, EF. virgata, Microph- orus ravidus, Mythicomyia tibialis, Rhamphomyia ravida, R. loripedis, R. californica, R. pectoris, R. colorata, R. arcuata, R. amplipedis, RL. tersa, R. compta, R. nasoni, R. duplicis, Rh. bifilata, R. avida, R. oti- osa, R. setosa, R. insecta, R. effera, R. manca, I. valga, I. ciliata, R. scutellaris, R. fimbriata, R. abdita, R. virgata, R. sudigeronis, R. amplicella, R, stylata, @. piligeronis, R. flexuosa, R. parva, R. gilvipilosa, Neocota weedii, Meghyperus occidens, .Leptopeza compta, Syneches debilis, S. hyalinus, Hybos slossone, Platypalpus tersus, P. incultus, Tachydromia schwarzii. Dai, W.H. Diagnoses of new Species of Mollusks from the West Coast of America 1054..% April 25.1896ee.2.. 223 New species: Calliostoma iridium, C.turbinum, Anaplocamus borealis, Solariella nuda, S. ceratophora, Rimula(?) expansa, Emarginula flabel- lum, Choristes carpenteri, Benthodolium pacificum, Phos cocosensis, Cominella brunneocincta, Fusus (?) rufocaudatus, Tractolira sparta, Scaphella benthalis, Cancellaria centrota, C.io, Pleurotoma (Steir- axis) dulaca, Pleurotomella castanea, Nucula iphigenia, Limopsis compressis, Philobrya atlantica, Callocardia lepta, C. ovalis, C. gigas, Callogonia angulata, Periploma stearnsii, P. carpenteri. Diagnoses of new Mollusks from the Survey of the Mex- ican Boundary.—No. 1033. April 23,1896...-............- New species: Epiphragmophora arizonensis, E. hachitana, Polygyra . chiricahuana, P. mearnsii, Holospira ( Metastoma) crossei, H. (M.) pilsbryi, H. (Distomospira) bilamellata, H. (Haplostemma) mearnsii, H. (Bostrichocentrum) veracruziana, Unio mitchelli, Cerion (May- nardia) pineria. 59-62 53-97 387-440 7-20 1-6 ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS. DAL, W. H. Diagnoses of new Tertiary Fossils from the Southern United States.—No. 1035. April 23, 1896.....-. New species: Carolia( Wakullina) floridana, Ostrea podagrina, O. falco, Turritella alcida, Actwon chipolanus, A. (Rictaxis) fusulus, A. myak- kanus, Ringicula semilimata, R. chipolana, Tornatina incisula, 7. myrmecoin, T. persimilis, T. fischeri, Retusa chipolana, Scaphander langdoni, Atys ademata, A. (Acrostemma) gracilis, A, (A.) salina, A. obscurata, Retusa (Cylichnina) decapitata, R, (C.) quercinensis, I. (C.) duplinensis, R. (C.) microtrema, Bullina (Abderospira) chipolana, Haminea pompholyx, Terebra (Hastula) houstonia, T. (H.) inornata, T. haitensis, T. (Acus) curvilineata, T. (A.) curvilirata, T. (A.) sincera, T. (4.) amitra, T. (A.) langdoni, T. (A.) chipolana, Conus chipolanus, C. isomitratus, C. demiurgus, Pteropurpura postti, Gy- rodes (Gyrodisca) duplinensis, Umbonium (Solariorbis). floridanum, U.S.) undula, U. (S.) duplinense. EICHHOFF, THE LATE WILLIAM. Remarks on the Synonymy of some North American Scolytid Beetles.—No. 1085. Au- Brash OOO e ee pene ee ce oc i = Se EvERMANN, Barton W., AND KENDALL, WILLIAM ©. De- scription of a new Species of Pipefish (Siphostona scovelli) from Corpus Christi, Tex.—No. 1043. April 16,1596. _....- New species: Siphostoma scovelli. GILL. THEODORE. On the Application of the name Teuthis to a Genus of Fishes.—No. 1052. April 23, 1896........----- On the proper Name of the Gunnels or Butterfishes.— Nal] SameApril 2551 S9Gr sem: 220222 a See ee Note on Plectroplites and Hypoplectrodes, Genera of Ser- ranoid Fishes.—No. 1082. July 24, 1896.......-.--------- Note on the Nomenclature of the Poecilioid Fishes.— Now OGOiecApril Jon SOG 2026 222. 2 ace 2 8-2 ee aS Notes on Characinoid Fishes with Ctenoid Seales, with a Description of a new Psectrogaster.—No. 1090. May 27, i ee eer ete Pin Las oe AUS soe kee ees Notes on Orectolobus or Crossorhinus, a Genus of Sharks — No: 1000. April 16,1896. -...-22---<.-22.-=--:--- Note on the Fishes of the Genus Characinus.—No. HOD SSA IEM MON GOGar eas =. os (ess ee = Notes on the Genus Cephaleutherus of Rafinesque, and other Rays with aberrant pectoral Fins (Propterygia and _ Hieroptera).—No. 1054. April 23, 1896. --.....----------- Notes on the Nomenclature of Scymnus or Seymnorhinus, a Genus of. Sharks.—No. 1053. May 27, 1896....-.-------- 21-46 605-610 115-115 179-189 147-151 567-568 221-224 199-203 911-212 913-215 195-195 191-195 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. GILL, THEODORE. Notes on the Synonymy of the Torpedinida or Narcobatide.—No. 1050. April 23,1896................ * ——— The differential Characters of the Syngnathid and Hip- pocampid Fishes.—No. 1049. April 23, 1896...........-.. The differential Characters of Characinoid and Erythri- noid Fishes.—No. 1056;- A7pril@s51896: .- 2.2 ee ee The Nomenclature of Rachicentron or Elacate, a Genus of Acanthopterygian Fishes.—No. 1059. April 23, 1896... The Families of Synentognathous Fishes and their Nomenclature.—No. 1051. April 23, 1896. .......:........ ——— The Nomenclature of the Fishes of the Characinoid Genus Tetragonopterus.—No. 1061. April 23, 1896........ HouuANpd, W. J. List of the Lepidoptera Collected in East Africa, 1894, by Mr. William Astor Chanler and Lieut. Lud- wig von Hohnel.—No. 1098. October 7, 1896 ........-.... New genus: Metajana. New species or variety: MWylothris. New species: Yphthima hahneli, Acrwa hoehneli, Planema chanleri, Pieris mahoboides, P. agrippinides, Teracolus metagone, Fagris astoria, Metajana chanleri. List of the Lepidoptera Collected in Eastern Africa by Dr. W. L. Abbott, with descriptions of some apparently new Species:—=No, 1062." May 27, 18963... 2: 220 S222 ee New genus: Ogovia. New variety: Lachnoptera ayresit var. abbottii. New species: dAcrawa pharsaloides, A. minima, A. abbottii, Lycwna perpulchra, Chrysophanus abbottii, Terias mandarinulus, Sozuza sle- vensii, Spilaretia abbottii, Alpenus, trifasciata, Teracotona clara, Metarctia inconspicua, Leucoma tavetensis, Stibolepis atomaria, Co- suma marginata, Duomitus kilimanjarensis, Hepialus kenia, Gorgopis abbottii, Conservula minor, Calliodes pretiosissima, Ogovia tavetensis, Gonodela kilimanjarensis, G. rhabdophora. List of the Lepidoptera Collected in Kashmir by Dr. W. L. Abbott.—No, 106). May 27,1896... - 22% be it cee —— List of the Lepidoptera collected in Somali-land, East Africa, by Mr. William Astor Chanler and Lieutenant von EHeehnel:.— No. 1063... May 21, [896i <9 (Geer es oe ae New species: Yphthima chanleri, Charaxes chanleri. : —— List of the Lepidoptera from Aldabra, Seychelles, and other Hast African Islands, Collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott.— No. SOn4 May i27,- T8962.2i2 2) 0 eee eee eee ee | New species: 22D=221 741-767 229-258 259-264 265-273 TABLE OF CONTENTS. HowarpD, L. O., AND ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H. Onsome Reared Parasitic Hymenopterous Insects from Ceylon.—No. 1092. Pannen OC seis eee eee Se aOR New genera: dAnagyrus, Anicetus, Anthemus, Aphrustobracon. New species: Coccophagus orientalis, U. flavescens, Encarsia planchoniw, E. aonidia, Encyrtus lichtensiw, EF. chionaspidis, 2. planchoniw, LP. tachardiw, EH. solidus, Anagyrus greeni, Anicetus ceylonensis, Aphycus lichtensiw, Anastatus tachardiw, Euplectrus ceylonensis, Anthemus chionaspidis, Litus enocki, Charops erythrogaster, Hemiteles brachy- eyttari, Polysphincta ceylonica, Bracon greeni, Aphrastobracon flavi- pennis, Apanteles pratapa, A. tivachola. JUDD, SYLVESTER D. Descriptions of Three Species of Sand Fleas (Amphipods) collected at Newport, R. I.—No. 1084. TLS SED NSN) OE eee n= oe rr New species: Byblis agassizi. KENDALL, WILLIAMC©, Description of a new Species of Pipe- fish (Siphostoma scovellt) from Corpus Christi, Tex.—No. 1045. April 16, 1896 . EERE rev as ei Sts X hehnce | (See also fader Everman AW) Ee | Description of a new Stickleback, Gasterosteus gladi unculus, from the Coast of Maine.—No. 1089. August 12, FES an en eee ee eS New species: Gasterosteus gladiunculus. LINELL, MARTIN L. Description of a new Species of Golden Beetle from Costa Rica.—No. 1040, April 23, 1896........ New species: Plusiotis keithi. List of Coleoptera Collected on the Tana River and on the Jombene Range, East Africa, by Mr. William Astor Chanler and Lieut. Ludwig von Hoéhnel, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species.—No. 1094. August 12, 1596. . New genera: Paraphosphorus, Pseudomacetes, Meracanthoides, Cyphoi- des. New species: Polyhirma chanleri, Psephus hoehneli, Placocerus fulvus, Orphnus thoracicus, Serica consimilis, S. nitidirostris, Trochalus sub- rotundus, Pegylis rufomaculatus, Schizonycha longitarsis, Anomala crassa, A. chanleri, Adoretus parallelus, Paraphosphorus hololeucis, Prosopocera hoehneli, Alphitopola chanleri, Melixanthus immaculatus, Pseudomacetes aneus, Chrysomela scutellaris, Aspidomorpha maculicol- lis, Laccoptera ferruginea, Epistictia quadripunctata, Derosphwrus carbonatus, Achrostus cylindricornis, Dichotymus minor, Meracan- thoides cupreolineatus, Strongylium mirabile, Praogena tibialis, P. sub- viridis, Mylabris atricornis, M. unicincta, Thylacites tana, Tanymecus aureosquamosus, Cyphoides impressifrons, C. foveicollis. 633-648 593-603 113-115 623-624 687-716 Xx TABLE OF CONTENTS. LINELL, MARTIN L. New Species of North American Coleop tera of the Family Scarabedia—No. 1096. October 7, 1896. 721-731 New genus: Gymnopyge. New species: Psammodius schwarzi, Aphodius coquilletti, Ochodaus mandibularis, Bradycinetus minor, Gymnopyge hoplieformis, G. pyg- mea, G. coquilletti, Diplotaxis rufa, Lachnosterna elongata, L. parva, L. grandior, L. rugosioides, L. minor, Phytalus cavifrons, Listroche- lus pulcher. Lucas, FREDERIC A. Contributions to the Natural History of the Commander Islands. XI. The Cranium of Pallas’s Cormorant.—No. 1095. October 7, 1896........-.. eo reas 717-719 — Osteological and Pterylographical Characters of the Procniatide.—No. 1077. June 24, 1896...........-..-.... 305-507 MEARNS, EDGAR A. Preliminary Description of a new Sub- genus and six new Species and Subspecies of Hares from the Mexican Border of the United States.—No. 1081. June DALI SOG No act eee Bieee erhs ee iiee Go 18 ce ee 551-565 New species: Lepus gaillardi. New subspecies: Lepus sylvaticus holzneri, L. arizone major, L. a. minor, L. texianus griseus, L. t. deserticola. -— Preliminary Diagnoses of new Mammals from the Mexi- can Border of the United States. No. 1075. May 23,1896. 443-447 New species: Lepus merriami, Peromyscus canus, P. tornillo. New subspecies: Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens, S. harrisi saxi- colus, Peromyscus texanus medius, P. t. clementis. MERRILL, GEORGE P. Notes on Asbestos and Asbestiform Minerals—No, 1066; “April 23, 139672 2 ee ere 281-299 MuRBACH, Louis. Observations on the Development and Migration of the Urticating Organs of Sea Nettles, Crida- rid. —No. 1097.; October. 1.4896 2 2. sean eo eee 735-740 OBERHOLSER, HARRY C. Descriptions of two new Subspe- cies of the Downy Woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens (Lin- neius).—No./ L080 dune 24 PSI6 =. ree ee cee 547-550 New subspecies: Dryobates pubescens meridionalis, D. p. nelsoni. RATHBUN, MARY J. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh- water Crabs from Costa Rica.—No. 1071. July 8, 1896.... 377-379 New species: Pseudothelphusa magna, P. tristani. — The Genus Callinectes.—No. 1070. July 8, 1896...... 349-3 New name: Callinectes sapidus. New subspecies: Callinectes sapidus acutidens. =~) 5 RICHMOND, CHARLES W. Catalogne of a Collection of Birds made by Dr. W. L. Abbott in Eastern Turkistan, the Thian Shan Mountains, and Tagdumbash Pamir, Central Asia, with Notes on some of the Species.—No. 1083. July 25, 1896... 569-591 New species: .dgialitis pamirensis. New subspecies: Passer montanus dilutus, Merula inerula intermedia. _ TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI RICHMOND, CHARLES W. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made by Dr. W. L. Abbott in Kashmir, Baltistan, and Ladak, with Notes on some of the Species, and a Description of a new Species of Cyanecula.—No. 1078. June 24,1896....... 451-503 New species: Cyanecula abbotti. - Description of a new Species of Ant Thrush from Nica- ragua.—No. 1090. August 1%, 1896..-.. Ser eS SOR .--. 625-626 New species: Phlegopsis saturata. ——— Partial List of Birds Collected at Alta Mira, Mexico, by Mr. Frank B. Armstrong.—No. 1091. August 12, 1896,... 627-632 RiwGway, RoBERT. Characters of a new American Family of Passerine Birds.—No: 1076. June 24, 1896............ 449-450 New family: Procniatida. Description of a new Species of Ground Warbler from astern, Mexico.— No. 1045. “April 16, 1896 ............-- 119-120 New species: Geothlypis flavovelatus. Description of a new Subspecies of the Genus Peuce- dramus, Coues.—No. 107. May 21,1896............---.-- 441 New subspecies: Peucedramus olivaceus aurantiacus ——-— On Birds Collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Sey- chelles, Amirantes, Gloriosa, Assumption, Aldabra, and Adjacent Islands, with Notes on Habits, etc., by the Col- LOCeOE—— NO. MOO Me 24. NOUG 7. we 2 oe es a= 5 509-546 Ropinson, WiRT. An annotated List of Birds Observed on MargaritaIsland,and at Guanta and Laguayra, Venezuela.— NOmtOUoa eA CUSh IZ, tS96r 5.22222. ng oat oes an 649-685 New species: Butorides robinsoni, Eupsychortyx pallidus, Leptotila insularis, Scardafella ridgwayi, Speotyto brachyptera, Dendroplex longirostris, Quiscalus insularis, Hylophilus griseipes. SmPson, CHARLES T. Description of four new Triassic Unios from the Staked Plains of Texas.—No. 1072. May HONaDSOG pea ee ea 6 SRR ka. ute ae fh yee i 2 2 881-385 New species: Unio subplanatus, U. dumblei, U. graciliratus, U. docku- MeENSUS. ____— The Classification and Geographical Distribution of the pearly Fresh-water Mussels.—No. 1068. May 19, 1896... . 295-343 New genus: Lepidodesma. STEINEGER, LEONHARD. Description of a new Genus and Species of Blind-tailed Batrachians from the Subterranean Waters of Texas.—No. 1088. August 12, 1896.......--.-.- 619-621 New genus: Typhlomolge. New species: Typhlomolge rathbuni. —--- Or ee a st Sa ——— SSS Se si XII TABLE OF CONTENTS. STEJNEGER, LEONARD. Description of a new Species of Snake ( Tantilla eisent) from California.—No. 1044. April 16, MRO. fe SES bs Dae a ai ate eae 117-118 New species: Tantilla eiseni. TRUE, FREDERICK W. Note on the Occurrence of an Arma- dillo of the Genus Xenurus in Honduras.—No. 1069. July 8, ren ere Ae are koe ek 2 345-347 WoLcoTt, CHARLES D. Fossil Jelly Fishes from the Middle Cambrian Terrane.—No. 1086. August 12,1896........... 611-614 New genera: Brooksella, Laotira. New species: Brooksella alternata, B. confusa, Laotira cambria. Sy Orr IP esa nh S* Facing page HOM CRON CHNULSEACIUA TIN All Ofgre tee tae asa velct a= 2 ea aactiss Site sac hn Soe See Ppamopecies of Diplopoda from Bast Affica....22 222... .22522 2.2255 2-25 epee eee Seas beAiriCAny Ve pl MOPUCLAmesanr alos sc ea atoee esl a alee es 22d aoe ss cee eee 9. Map showing the distribution of pearly fresh-water mussels...--.-..------ MOD OrarMacll oO; female epee aac ence a eee eco s Sees sees ce eee Rea EO MEP ACCT TURE RUS UALS ieee nia ee soe oe se ne ane senses s cece + oeeee PMO UULCIDECLESYS DLC USA Omer ee ee) Tene oie SoS) eS else Lees emacs Soe eee Ham ULINEGLES SU Pts CWAENs MAlCrs ae ee eke a2 sees aoe Senet ees too des eee sas 14. Callinectes sapidus, varying toward acutidens, male ..._.-..--.--..---------- IOCULLUNC CLCSIOM NOLS me ea eee Een aii see chs + asec ae eee = om G LUTE CLESTCONC@ OIL Ow MC emer eee ie aes hase ts 2c See So ees ese noes oes Wien CHULUIECCCCSHLOTUGIIES PIA Osea cere ee eo aes = ee hE Se ee Bele neces ct ene CoPECOCULUL ILC GLCANUUTIULC US MIRNA O mete Se ee a ee Sols iis olson ees se eee Sees Shee NIA CHLLURCCLCS FOO COLI; CLs Qe) Ill a Oe mete ne ces orci ey. 2.5 Sr neen 2 SS Sos sehen es seers Se COLLUNLCCLESEOMCUCLILS IN al Creer OR ee re bee ce cies tate Ges See toe PREC CLULULECLES TLOMOLES STOMA Orsay teeta Noe oo ctiee eae e neous soe eee 22, COMPETED WANKCORIE SUCH See en” Bees er se en 23. Callinectes arcuatus, male, and deformed claws of Callinectes sapidus ...__..- Pam RONbAleouulines) Ole OMUlneCleste a ee esioase seas 2-8 S22 ces ncicss sn ese ses seek DP ASCUCOURCL PINUS RNC NC Tiich] Omer penta tee el Ie See) ee eae h ee, anc Sos ee 30. Fresh-water crabs of the genus Pseudothelphusa ........-----.------------- Fels eee NEL DOSS Ile MENUS ere eee Sete ecient. jes wine w arerc ere oneal cece oe pomp lnewslandiot Mancarita, Venezuelac: <== - 2.2.5.2 -sc0 cc 25 oc ces ese Sees =e Se Or UOMO hike asa CORMOLAMb sete eis se = ccs so staics gos sicise sie oe.eetse cess Poem at Oise a LABKCORMOLAIM sie 2822 Sclc ce tec cee fae o cc cece cee eee see terese oon t or Ot v ~}) =) =) =] =] =) Or oC or ot C2 0) SG) GO GO OH SG Le CO OO ~l or or or oo SUG) Cr Co So o Co OO & Ja Hd aa asl sl sl Ste Get Ot © LIST OF CORRECTIONS. Page 119, erase first dash in Alta-Mira Yellow- Throat. Page 779, for Glossophaga villosa, new species, read Glossophaga true, new species. |Since this description was prepared I have become acquainted with the fact that the name Glossophaga villosa was used in 1830 by Reng- ger (Naturgeschichte d. Siugeth. Paraguay, p. 30) for a species of bat, which, however, is not a member of the genus Glossophaga as now restricted. Wagner (Suppl. Schreber’s Siugeth., p. 620) places Reng- ger’s species under Cheronycteris, with which genus it agrees in possessing three premolars in both jaws. But in other respects the description is distinct from any form now known. H. Allen. | XIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOLUME XVIII. aes 1895, DIAGNOSES OF NEW MOLLUSKS FROM THE SURVEY OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. By W. H. Datu, Honorary Curator of the Department of Mollusks. THE International Boundary Commission for the Survey of the line between the United States and Mexico was accompanied by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. A., who, with his associates, collected objects of natu- ral history both along the line and from the ocean near its western ter- minus. Habitat.——Chipola beds. (2211, 2212, 2213), Florida, where 1% is abundant. ’ Types.—No. 113867, U. S. N. M.; and in the collection of T. H. Aldrich. This species is more slender than 7. canaliculata, Say, and has the spire so coiled as to be invisible, and the sutural channel extremely deep and sharp-edged. TORNATINA MYRMECOON, new species. Shell small, long-ovate, of three and a half whorls beside the minute globular nucleus; surface smooth or marked only by faint incremental lines and microscopic spiral strive; aperture slightly shorter than the 26 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL, VOL. XVIII. spire; suture narrow, deeply channeled; spire just visible above the sutural margin, toward which the posterior part of the last whorl is evenly rounded over; aperture narrow behind, with a deep sutural notch, the outer lip gently arched in the middle, thin and sharp, then receding and gentiy rounded into the broad, conspicuous pillar, which is obliquely arched and chiefly constituted by a single broad plait; the body whorl is covered at the aperture by a thin layer of callus; there is no noteh or chink behind the pillar; the anterior end of the shell is rounded and attenuated in the same degree as the other end. Longi- tude of shell, 6; maximum diameter, 3 mm. Habitat.—Duplin County, North Carolina (2279, 2280), at the Natural Welland elsewhere. Types.—Nos. 113874, 113875, U.S. N. M. This pretty species is recognizable by the evenly rounded ends and ob ARRAN 6 BLO ENE TS 0 gently inflated form, which are not duplicated in any other of our — Miocene species. TORNATINA PERSIMILIS, new species. Shell small, short, subeylindrical, of about three whorls beside the nucleus, the spire moderately prominent, somewhat variable as usual in this group, the suture distinct, bordered by a narrow, shallow chan- nel; aperture narrow behind, wider in front; outer lip thin, prominently arched, and very slightly constricted in the middle; in front, rounding gently into the pillar, which has a groove behind it, and is chiefly com- posed of a single not much arched nor very prominent plait. Longitude of largest specimen, 3; maximum diameter, 1.25 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2213), Calhoun County, Florida; a young specimen from Oak Grove, Santa Rosa County, Florida, also probably belongs to this species. Types.—No. 112607, U. S. N. M., and in the collection of Mr. Aldrich This species is the precursor and probably the ancestor of T. canali- culata, Say, which appears in the Chesapeake Miocene and persists to the present day. It differs from it in its smaller size and by its (on the average) more cylindrical shape, most of the specimens of canaliculata showing a tendency to be widest at the shoulder of the whorl. The Chipola specimens are more uniform than the ordinary canaliculata, yet if they occurred in the same faunal horizon might fairly be regarded as a dwarf race of that species. TORNATINA FISCHERI, new species. Shell small, ovate, rounded at both ends, spire almost concealed, of two and a half whorls; body slightly wider behind the middle of the shell; aperture as long as the shell, deeply notched at the suture, which is channeled, but whose outer margins arch over and nearly conceal the spire, probably closing altogether in some specimens; aperture narrow, rather contracted in front, the outer lip thin, arched in the direction of 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ai its growth and slightly incurved in the middle, sharp, anteriorly round- ing into the short, spirally twisted pillar, which has a groove behind it and also a sharp, shallow groove on the plait, making it look double, though the distal end is single; the body shows a thin wash of callus; surface of the shell when perfect, brilliantly polished. smooth. Lon- gitude, 2.5; maximum diameter, 1.25 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2215), Chipola River, Florida. . Types.—No. 113871, U. S. N. M., and in the collection of Mr. Aldrich. The groove on the plait is a characteristic feature. This species is named in honor of Dr. Pan] Fischer, the distinguished author of the Manuel de Conchyliologie. TORNATINA (CYLICHNELLA) GABBI, Dall. Cylichnella ovum-lacerti, DALL, Trans, Wagner Inst., III, p. 15, 1890, ex parte. Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie beds, Dall. The reception by the National Museum of Mr. Guppy’s collection of West Indian fossils has enabled a critical comparison to be made between the North American and Antillean fossils, which had been referred to his species. The result shows that the Pliocene shell differs from its Miocene forerunner, being larger, proportionately more slender, and somewhat more flaring at the base than the 7. (C.) bidentata, Gabb and Orbigny. For this reason I propose for it the name of Tornatina (Cylichnella) gabbi. It reaches a length of 4.75 mm., and a maximum diameter of 2.5 mm. TORNATINA (CYLICHNELLA) OVUM-LACERTI, Guppy. Cylichna ovum-lacerti, Guppy, Geol. Mag., I, p. 437, pl. xv, fig. 22, 1874. Cylichnella bidentata, GABB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 273 (not pl. 10, fig. 2); Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., XV, p. 246, 1873. Cylichnelia bidentata, DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 46, 1889, ex parte. Cylichnella ovum-lacerti, DALL, Trans. Wagn. Inst., III, p. 15, 1890, ex parte. Not Bulla bidentata, ORBIGNY, Moll. Cuba, p. 125, pl. Iv, figs. 15-16, 1841. In my Blake report I followed Gabb in referring his Santo Domingo Cylichnella bidentata to the Bulla bidentata of Orbigny. It appears, however, that Gabb’s Santo Domingo fossils are not identical with the species described by Orbigny, though the latter are also found fossil in our Miocene and Pliocene, both in the Chesapeake Miocene of Virginia, where it was described under the name of Bulla biplicata by Lea, and in the Chipola Miocene of the Alum Bluff beds, on the Yellow River at ~ Oak Grove, Santa Rosa County, Florida. The Santo Domingo fossil is a much larger and proportionately stouter shell and more distinetly spirally grooved all over, Orbigny’s shell being often grooved only near the base. Gabb’s shell measures 4mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter; Orbigny’s 3 mm. long by 1.25 mm. indiameter. For the former, Guppy’s name must be adopted. Gabb’s types are in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia; the National Museum possesses specimens (No. 113746) from Potrero, Rio . 28 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL. vou xvin. Amina, Santo Domingo, and the types of Mr. Guppy. It may be added that the figure given by Gabb in 1872 is not taken from one of his own specimens, but is a bad copy of one of Orbigny’s figures, with the spiral striation drawn as if it ran obliquely. The Pliocene specimen referred to CO. ovum-lacerti by me in 1890, when compared with Guppy’s original, © proves to be a larger and more slender shell, which will require a sepa- rate name. RETUSA CHIPOLANA, new species. Shell elongate-pyriform, posteriorly attenuated, smooth, except for‘ lines of growth; spire sunken, with a small perforation over it ; aper- ture very narrow, except in front, as long as the shell, produced behind the suture at the margin of the apical pit; outer lip thin, straight, rounded insensibly into the pillar in front; pillar lip simple, thin, reflected, with a groove behind it; body with little or no callus. Lon- gitude, 5.5; maximum diameter, 2.25 mm, Habitat.—Chipola beds (2213), on the Chattahoochee, and also at Oak Grove, on the Yellow River. Types.—No. 113879 U.S. N. M., and in the collection of Mr. Aldrich. SCAPHANDER LANGDONI, new species. Shell small, rather slender for the genus, with the spire concealed and covered by a small, rather shallow pit; aperture wide, as long as the shell, with a wide sutural sinus, a straight outer lip, gradually rounded into the pillar in front; pillar simple, solid; body with little or no callus; surface polished, transversely marked by lines of growth and frequently by small, narrow, parallel waves, stronger toward the mid- dle of the whorl; spiral sculpture of fine, rather distant, punctate, incised lines, uniformly disposed, but varying somewhat in different specimens; there is no constriction of the whorl] in front of the sutural keel and no groove behind the pillar, the axis is widely pervious, reveal- ing the spire. Longitude, 13; maximum diameter 6.5 mm. | Habitat.—Chipola beds (2211, 2213). Types.—Nos. 113883, 113884, U.S. N. M.; also in the collection of Mr. Aldrich. This species is more attenuated behind than S. primus, Aldrich, and less so than the recent S. watsoni, Dall; in proportions and seulpture and combination of characters this little species does not appear to agree closely with any of those previously known from the region. Tt is named in honor of Mr. D. W. Langdon, lately of the State survey of Alabama, and to whom are due the first section of the Alum Bluff locality and the discrimination of the Chattahoochee group of rocks. ATYS CZ2DEMATA, new species. Shell small, inflated, rapidly attenuated in front and behind, peri:h- ery vrominenut; aperture as long as the shell, extending behind the 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29 inner lip and descending, with a twist, upon the apical region of the concealed spire; the shell is sharply constricted just in front of the apex, and the vortex thus included is swollen and strongly transversely wrinkled; surface of the shell polished, spirally grooved toward each end, smooth toward the periphery; aperture rather narrow, somewhat angulated at both apices; pillar straight, reflected, with a narrow groove behind it; outer lip thin, simple. Longitude, 4.5: maximum diameter, 2.5 min. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2213), Chipola River, Florida. Types.—No. 113889, U.S. N. M., and in the collection of Mr. Aldrich. It is probable that all the specimens which have served for this de- scription are immature, but it 1s quite certain they are not the young of any species of Atys now known from our Tertiary. ATYS (ACROSTEMMA) GRACILIS, new species. Shell small, slender, with the aperture longer than the body, which is obscurely enlarged about the middle, slopes biconically from this girdle above to the apex aud below to the region just behind the upper end of the pillar, from whence it is more rapidly attenuated to the ante- rior end of. the shell; spire sunken, the pit varying in size in different specimens, the margin slightly thickened and transversely striated; middle of the whorl smooth, but the distal portions more or less dis- tinetly spirally grooved; the lines of growth are feeble; aperture nar- row, especially behind, where it is a good deal produced above the apex, with its inner lip slightly twisted; in front the pillar is twisted and faintly grooved, with a shallow chink behind it; in front it is obscurely obliquely truncate where it joins the anterior curve of the outer lip. Longitude 5; maximum diameter, 2 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2211, 2213). Types. —No. 113892, U. 8. N. M., and in the collection of Mr. Aldrich. M. Cossmann notes that this section forms a passage, as it were, from Cylichna to Atys, but it would seem to the writer that it is more nearly related to the latter, and should rank as a section of Atys rather than of Cylichna. ATYS (ACROSTEMMA SALINA, new species. Shell small, rather slender, involved, with-a polished surface, and the aperture produced in a point behind the spire; body of the shell wider anteriorly; sculpture of fine incised lines, closer and more numerous anteriorly, becoming sparse about the middle of the shell, and nearly absent toward the spire, except at the extreme end; surface other- wise smooth, except at the posterior end, where close-set, straight, sharp, rather deep axially directed grooves extend from the apex for- ward about one-fifth the length of the shell; aperture narrowest in the middle; outer lip axially straight, incrementally somewhat arched, behind produced beyond the spire to a rather narrow point, whence it returns with a twist on the body, covering the apical region with a rather 30 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL. vou. xvi. thick mass of callus, which is much thinned anteriorly; pillar thin, solid, arched, with a narrow, long chink behind it; aperture rounded in front; outer lip thin, sharp-edged, simple. Longitude of shell, 4.5: maximum diameter, 1.5 1m. Habitat.—Lower Eocene, Lisbon horizon, at the head of Saline Bayou, St. Maurice. Winn Parish, Louisiana, collected by Johnson (station 2005). Type.—No. 106971, U.S. N. M.; received from U.S. Geological Survey. This species is remarkable for the combination of characters ordina- rily regarded as subgeneric or sectional. It has the form of Bullinella, but the posterior extension of the aperture is narrowed to a rounded point, the spire is concealed, not marked by any pit or perforation, but covered by a short, thick mass of callus; finally, the shell is very nar- rowly umbilicate, with a slender, arched, unplicate pillar, twisted, but without the short, strong twist of typical Atys. When fully developed the fringe-like grooved area at the apical end is a strongly marked character. ATYS OBSCURATA, new species. Shell small, wider than A. gracilis, and differing from it in having the lateral profile evenly curved, so that no indication of theequatorial — swelling is visible in it; the aperture is proportionately wider and less produced behind, the inner lip above the spire is more strongly twisted; there is a shallow pit, but no perforation, at the spire, nor is there any thickened striated rim at the margin of the pit; the spiral grooving, though similarly distributed, is rather sharper than in A. gracilis, and the pillar less obviously twisted; it is obliquely truncate, narrow, and. has behind it a narrow but obvious groove. Longitude, 4; maximum diameter, 2 mm. Habitat.—Lower bed at Alum Bluff (2211) and the Miocene marl of Bowden, Jamaica (Bland). Types.—Nos. 61563, 113893, U.S. N. M. Only two specimens were obtained at Alum Bluff, but the species does not seem to stand in with any of the others. It is a typical Atys, and not an Acrostemma. RETUSA (CYLICHNINA) DECAPITATA, new species. Shell small, subeylindrical, smooth, except for lines of growth, gen- erally polished, with a few revolving striz on the base; spire sunken, perforate, below a very shallow pit with the edge more or less rounded over; aperture as long as the shell, narrow; the outer lip sharp, simple, straight, with a deep sutural sinus and anteriorly receding and then rounding imperceptibly into the pillar; pillar twisted, obscurely ridged, with a minute chink behind it; the body with a thin wash of eallus. Longitude, 5.25; maximum diameter, 2 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2213). Types.—Nos. 113886, U. 8S. N. M., and in Mr. Aldrich’s collection. | 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 31 This species is very close to the recent Cylichna verrillii, Dall, from which it is only distinguished by having the posterior commissure of the aperture more produced and the shell a trifle more evenly cylin- drical toward the apex. RETUSA (CYLICHNINA) QUERCINENSIS, new species. Shell small, resembling C. decapitata, but smaller, more solid than C. decapitata of the same size, and proportionately a good deal shorter, the apical pit wider, the posterior commissure of the aperture less produced, the pillar shorter and more oblique and twisted, and with a more distinet furrow behind it; the young C. decapitata is attenuated anteriorly, but the C. quercinensis, which is evidently adult, is not so; the anterior spiral striation is barely perceptible with a glass. Longi- tude, 2.5; maximum diameter, 1.25 mm. Habitat.—Alum Blutf beds, at Oak Grove, Yellow River, Santa. Rosa County, Florida, L. C. Johnson. Type.—No. 131528, U. 8S. N. M. This species is small, but can not be referred to the young of any of the other species known from the region. RETUSA (CYLICHNINA) DUPLINENSIS, new species. Shell cylindrical, surface marked with lines of growth, which are slightly elevated where they pass over the ridge into the apical perfo- ration, and with fine spiral strie, which on and near the base are alternated with sharper grooves; aperture narrow, as long as the shell; the outer lip straight, behind but little produced, and moderately receding to the suture; in front the outer lip recedes and joins the pillar evenly; pillar very oblique, strong, with an obscure plait, a small chink behind the anterior end; body short, with a little wash of callus; apex of the shell gently rounded over to a cylindrical perforation, with little or no funicular border. Longitude, 6.75; maximum diameter, 2.5 mm. Habitat.—Carolinian marl, at the Natural Well, Duplin County, North Carolina (2279), Buins. Type.—No. 113876, U.S. N. M. This species differs from C. decapitata by its greater stoutness, the absence of a funicle on the spire and most obviously by its stronger, more oblique, and differently plaited pillar. The latter character also separates it from C. verrillii, which differs further in having a well- marked funicle around a proportionally small perforation. RETUSA (CYLICHNINA) MICROTREMA, new species. Shell small, slender, somewhat roundly pointed at both ends, smooth except for lines of growth; body whorl, except distally, quite cylin- drical; aperture narrow, little produced behind, recurved directly into the apical perforation without funicular fasciole or decided notch; bedy with a slight wash of callus; pillar nearly straight, not twisted, 32 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL, vou. xvut. without perceptible keel or plait, and with only the merest trace of a eroove behind it; outer lip straight. Longitude, 3.2; maximum diame- ter, 1 mm. Habitat.—Natural Well, Duplin County, North Carolina (2279). Type. —No. 113887, U. 8S. N. M. This species only fails of beng a Volvula by having a subeylindrical perforation in the place of a projecting point. I have not seen any- thing like it in the recent fauna. Genus BULLINA, Férussae. Bullinula, Beck; type, Bullina scabra, GMELIN + lineata, GRAY. Section ABDEROSPIRA, Dall. In the typical Bullina the spire is exposed or even elevated; in the fossil about to be described the apex of the spire is hidden, as in Bulla, and marked only by a perforation. This difference seems worthy of sectional discrimination. Type b. (A.) chipolana, Dall. BULLINA (ABDEROSPIRA) CHIPOLANA, new species. Shell small, ovate, strongly sculptured, umbilicated, with a perfo- rate apex and hidden spire; surface sculptured with numerous sharp spiral grooves with wider polished interspaces, crossed by distinct, equally spaced incremental lines, more feeble on the interspaces, but reticulating or punctuating the grooves; aperture as long as the shell; outer lip axially nearly straight, incrementally slightly arched, aun with a simple edge and smooth internal surface; posterior sinus with a moderate notch, anterior end rounded; pillar thin, emarginate, with a deep groove behind it, outside of which is a well-marked ridge bound- ing anarrow, but deep umbilicus; body with a thin wash of calius; apex perforate, much as in Bulla striata. Longitude, 4.5; maximum diam- eter, 3 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2213), Chipola River, Florida, collected by Burns; and near Gatun, cna of Darien, by Rowell. Types.— No. 1138894, U.S. N. M.; and in Mr. Aldrich’s collection. HAMINEA POMPHOLYX, new species. Shell small, thin, subglobular; widest behind the middle; surface marked with fine incremental lines and spiral striz, hardly visible except under a glass; apex impressed, aperture wide, outer lip thin, arched axially and incrementally, receding in front and imperceptibly merging with the oblique, slightly thickened, twisted pillar, which from below is pervious; body with a thin wash of callus; shell emenely nar- rowed in its anterior third. Longitude, 6.5; maximum diameter, 5.5 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2211, 2213), Blorida. Types.—Nos. 113895-113897, U.S. N. M.; and in the Aldrich collection. This species is shorter and more globose than any of the recent forms of the coast. 1895, . PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 33 Genus EERE BRA Bruguicre. This genus is one of the most difficult to handle from the inexhausti- ble tendency to variation the species exhibit, and which renders it frequently almost impossible to come to any satisfactory conclusion as to the relative rank and permanency of the mutations exhibited. Our east American fossil species may be arranged in three series; Terebra proper, with large, strong shells, the pillar with a single strong anterior keel; Hastula, Adams, with the pillar smooth, the eanal straight, and the subsutural band absent, feeble, or not set off by a suleus; Acus Adams, with the band and sulcus more or less distinet, a tendency to reticulated sculpture, and the pillar with a flat callus at the aperture, which usually bears farther back two more or less distinet plaits or keels. The two latter may be regarded as subgenera. It is proper to observe that nearly all the diagnoses of the groups in Terebridie contain a proportion of error in matters of fact.. This is especially the case with Hastula and Acus, Adams, whose arrangement is so generally followed. In the Eocene we have T. (Hastula) venusta, Lea, of whieh T. perlata, Conrad, T. mitis, de Gregorio, and 7. inula, de Gregorio, are synonyms or mutations; 7. houstonia (Harris, MS.), new species; and 7. (Acus) polygyra, Conrad, of which T. andrega and T. wgnara, de Gregorio, are mutations. These species are all Claibornian, or older. In the later Kocene of Vicksburg we have 7. (Acus) divisura, Conrad, and its vari- ety or mutation 7. mirula, de Gregorio, and T, (Acus) tantula, Conrad, which extends up into the older Miocene of Haiti, the Orthaulax bed at Tampa, Florida, and the Alum Bluff beds at De Funiak Springs. In the Miocene the genus is more numerously represented. Typical Terebra appears in the Haitian old Miocene, which contains 7. gabbii, Dall (robusta, Gabb, not of Hinds), and 7. haitensis, Dall, new species. In the Chesapeake Miocene we have the 7. wnilineata, Conrad, a well- marked species. Acus is represented in the old or Chipola Miocene by 7. curvilineata, new species, from Shiloh, New Jersey, and Haston, Maryland; 7. bipar- tita, Sowerby (1849, not of Deshayes, 1859), 7. sulcifera, Sowerby, T. tmequalis, Sowerby, and T. langdoni, Dall, new species, all of whieh are common to Haiti and the Floridian Chipola beds; also 7. perpunctata, Dall, new species, and 7. chipolana, Dall, new species, of the Chipola beds. Later species of Acus are. T. dislocata, Say (indenta, Conrad, ex parte, indentata, Meek, by a typographical error, and ziga, de Gregorio), which extends from the Chesapeake Miocene to the recent fauna; T. carolinensis, Conrad, of the newer Miocene, at the Duplin Natural Well, North Carolina; 7. emmonsi, Dall (neglecta, Emmons, 1858, not of Mich- elotti, 1847), of the Carolinas; 7. concava, Say, ranging from the newer Chesapeake Miocene to the recent fauna, and 7. proterta, Conrad, from the Pliocene to the recent fauna; 7. curvilirata, Conrad, and 7. poly- Proc. N. M. 95——3 34 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL. vot. xvut. gonata, new species. j Hastula, both fossil and recent, has few American species. 7. evansi, Gabb, in the older Miocene of Chiriqui, Central America, seems to be an analogue of T. simplex, Conrad, of the Chesa- peake Miocene of Maryland. The latter is abundant in the beds of St. Mary’s River, where it is accompanied by a variety altior, Dall, and by a small, smooth species common to the older beds at Shiloh. New Jersey, for which the name inornata is proposed. In early publications. on our Tertiary, species were sometimes de- seribed as Terebra which should now be referred to other families. Such are 7. costata, I. Lea, 1833 (not of Borson, 1823, + leai, de Gre- gorio), 7. gracilis and T. multiplicata, I. Lea; and also 7. clavula and constricta, H. C. Lea, which belong to the Cerithiacea. There are also a number of catalogue names or synonyms, such as 7. perlata, Con- rad (= venusta, Lea); T. petitii, Kiener (= coarse var. of T. dislocata) ; T. loconema, Conrad (probably intended for one of the varieties of T. simplex, but never described or figured); 7. sublirata, Conrad (a catalogue name here revived), and 7. tuberculosa, Nelson (unfigured, 1870) which is not the twberculosa of Hinds (1843). TEREBRA (HASTULA) HOUSTONIA, Harris, new species. This species differs from 7. venusta by its less rectilinear sides, its more inflated whorls, and drawn-out spire of somewhat pupiform ap- pearance, its straight and simple pillar, its more arched longitudinal riblets, which are usually obsolete on the last whorl, and by its feebler spiral striation. Longitude, 29; maximum diameter, 5 mm., in a speci- men having ten whorls beside the smooth, small, pointed nucleus of three and one-half whorls. Types.—No. 6034, U.S. N. M.; Claiborne, Alabama. The species will be fully described and illustrated by Mr. G. D. Harris in his report on the Texas Tertiary fauna, It is found in the lower bed (Lisbon horizon) at Claiborne Bluff, and also in the Texas Eocene. TEREBRA GABBI, Dall. Terebra robusta, GABB, Geol. Santo Domingo, p. 224, 1873; not of Hinps, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., p. 149, 1843. Shell large, strong, with a slender, strongly sculptured spire, and later smoother, rapidly enlarging whorls, with a nearly peripheral, nar- row, spiral color band, which, even in the fossil, sometimes is clearly per- ceptible; on the earlier whorls the upper half is occupied by a wider sutural and an anterior narrower elevated band, separated from each other by a well-marked sulcus; they are crossed obliquely by fine, sharp, regularly spaced elevated lines with wider interspaces, which on the rest of the whorl have a vertical or axial direction to the suture; in the specimen before me about a dozen (partly decollate) whorls exhibit this sculpture, the whole shell being microscopically spirally striated ; the sculpture then becomes obsolete, the following four whorls being Fe re nS ee eee ee Eo i ~ 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 35 nearly smooth, except for incremental lines, while they rapidly become more rounded; suture distinct; aperture with the outer lip somewhat receding in the middle; inner lip moderately callous; pillar half a turn inside the aperture showing a prominent basal keel; canal twisted, with a distinct fasciole. Diameter of spire at decollation, 2.75; maximum diameter of twelfth subsequent whorl, 24; longitude of (decollate) shell, 70 mm. Habitat.—Older Miocene of Santo Domingo at the Potrero, River Amina, Bland; Gabb, various localities on the same island. Types.—No. 113751, U. S. N. M.; and in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. This species has hardly more in common with the Pacific 7. robusta, Hinds, than the fact that the sculpture is obsolete on the later whorls. It grows much larger than the dimensions given above, and the last whorls become much swollen. TEREBRA HAITENSIS, new species. Shell slender, acute, all the whorls sculptured, the early whorls with a double subsutural band, as in the last species, but with the riblets crossing the wider band vertically, becoming oblique on the anterior band, where they are almost nodulous, and forming arched waves on the rest of the whorl to the suture, but becoming suddenly obsolete at about the line of revolution of the suture and thence over the base to the canal; aperture rather short; pillar short, twisted, with a single basal keel, which falls short of the aperture; canal short, sharply re- curved; spiral striation obsolete or none. In a specimen of 24 whorls, excluding the nucleus, the total length is 62, the maximum diameter 11.5 mm. Habitat.—Older Miocene of Santo Domingo at the Potrero, River Amina, Bland; Gabb, various localities on the same island. Type.—No. 113753, U. S. N. M. This species differs from the preceding by not losing its slender form, by preserving its sculpture, by details of the sculpture, and by its more numerous whorls in the same length. TEREBRA (HASTULA) INORNATA, new species. Shell small, slender, nearly smooth, without any sutural band or spiral sculpture, and with about a dozen whorls; early whorls with a few obso- lete transverse riblets, other whorls with no sculpture except the some- what irregular incremental lines; whorls rather flat, suture distinct, closely appressed; aperture longer than wide; ovter lip thin, nearly straight, simple; pillar short, simple, twisted; the canal moderately wide; base rounded, without acarina. Longitude, 18; maximum diam- eter, 4 mm. Habitat.—Older Miocene of Shiloh, New Jersey, and St. Mary’s River, Maryland; collected by Burns and others. Types.—Nos. 106953-106955, U.S. N. M. 36 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL. vou. xvm. A single specimen was found with the fossils from the lower bed at Alum Bluff (2211), but as some St. Mary’s fossils had been standing close by on the same table before sorting I believe that this single specimen is probably an estray. The species is readily recognizable and most nearly allied to the slender form of 7. simpler, Conrad, found in the same bed at St. Mary’s River, but which may be distinguished by its more conical form and larger size when adult. The name of inor- nata was applied by Professor Whitfield to the New Jersey form in his report on the Gastropods of the Miocene marls of New Jersey.' It is still more abundant in Maryland, and as the specimens do not appear to differ in any essential way, I adopt Professsor Whitfield’s name for the species. TEREBRA (ACUS) POLYGYRA, Conrad. Terebra polygyra, CONRAD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, p. 156, 1834. This form, described from Claiborne by Conrad, was not figured by him, and seems to have been forgotten both by Conrad and Meek in making up their check lists. It has since been redescribed by de Gre- gorio, who has figured it as 7. andrega, and probably as T. ignara. It is a small shell, prefiguring 7. divisura, Conrad, from the young of which it can hardly be distinguished, except as more slender. I have thought it well to direct attention to it, as it is clearly distinct from T. venusta. TEREBRA (ACUS) TANTULA, Conrad. This species, described from the Vicksburgian Eocene, appears also in the older Miocene of Santo Domingo, of the Tampa Orthaulax bed, and of the Alum Bluff beds at De Funiak Springs, Florida. It may be distinguished from 7. polygyra and other similar species by its spiral striation. TEREBRA (ACUS) CURVILINEATA, new species. Shell acute-conie, solid, with 12 to 14 moderately convex whorls; early whorls more flatsided, with numerous narrow, transverse, slightly waved riblets, extending from suture to suture, with about equai inter- Spaces; suture very distinct; sutural band formed by a vaguely limited constriction, not a groove; a short distance in front of the suture the ends of the ribs thus delimited from the rest have a tendency to coro- nate the whorl; on the later whorls the ribs become less regular and somewhat less prominent; aperture longer than wide; outer lip sim- ple; pillar elongated, twisted, smooth; siphonal fasciole very distinct. Longitude, 27; maximum diameter, 9.5 mm. in a specimen of 14 whorls. Habitat.—Older Miocene of Jericho, New Jersey, and Easton, Mary- land, Burns and Harris. The specimens from Maryland are larger and in better preservation than those found in New Jersey. Types.—Nos. 106952, 111648, U. S. N. M. 1 Moll. and Crust. Mioe. N. J., p. 114, pl. xx, figs. 11-13, 1894, il tan PG oe | Bt The name curvilineata, by a typographical error, appears in Meek’s Miocene check list for 7. curvilirata, Conrad, a species from St. Mary’s River, Maryland; but it has never been applied to any described spe- cies from our Tertiary heretofore. The species has something in com- mon with the more rugose specimens of 7. (Hastula) simplex, Conrad, but is perfectly distinct. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. TEREBRA (ACUS) CURVILIRATA, Conrad. Terebra curvilirata, CONRAD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 327, 1843. This is an old species of Conrad’s, which does not appear to have been figured. The shell is small, not exceeding 30 mm. in length, with rather swollen whorls constricted narrowly above, much as in Pleuro- toma of the section Cymatosyrinx. The ribs are about 12 to the whorl and most prominent at the periphery; their posterior ends are con- stricted off near the suture without any distinct groove or incised line; they are strongly curved in front of the constriction; the surface has extremely faint, obsolete spiral sculpture, only visible with the aid of a lens; the pillar thin, simple, and twisted, rather short; the nucleus is conical, of four smooth whorls like a small, very much elevated Callios- toma, except that the whorls are rounded. A specimen 15 mm. long had ten whorls, exclusive of the nucleus, and a maximum diameter of 4.75 mm. Habitat.—Miocene of St. Mary’s River, Maryland. Types in Acad- emy of Natural Sciences; specimens in U.S. National Museum (Nos. 106956, 106957). TEREBRA (ACUS) SINCERA, new species. Shell small, thin, acute-conic, flat-whorled, with feeble sculpture; whorls ten, without the nucleus; anterior half of the whorls, with fine, feeble, spiral threading overrunning the ribs, posterior half without spirals, but divided into two equal parts by a spiral groove visible between the ribs; transverse sculpture of fine, low, even, narrow, arched riblets, with wider interspaces, extending clear across the whorls; suture distinct, sutural band obscure, not swollen; aperture longer than wide, outer lip thin, arched in harmony with the ribs; pillar short, smooth, or faintly excavated; canal recurved, not contracted. Longi- tude, 22; maximum diameter, 5 mm. * Habitat.—Miocene of St. Mary’s River. Maryland. Types.—No. 11873 a, U.S. N. M. This species is quite distinct from the others of the St. Mary’s hori- zon, and when perfect is easily recognized, When superficially eroded the ribs are more prominent, as is the succeeding whorl at the suture, and the whorls may have a slightly turrited appearance. 38 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES=DALL. vot. xvm. TEREBRA (ACUS) BIPARTITA, Sowerby. Terebra bipartita, SowERBY, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, VI, pt. 1, p. 47, 1849. Not= 7. bipartita, DESHAYES, 1859. Habitat.—Old Miocene of Santo Domingo, at Ponton, and in the Chip- ola beds (2213), Calhoun County, Florida. Specimens in the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences and the U.S. National Museum (Nos. 113653, 113910). Variety bipariita, s. s—Shellacute, with the sutural sulcus prominent and set off by a deep suleus, which cuts ribs and all, from the rest of the whorl, where the spiral threading is remarkably clear-cut, uniform, and elegant, not overriding the narrow, sharp-edged ribs. Santo Do- mingo and Chipola. Longitude, 23; maximum diameter, 5.5 mm. The pillar of this form seems to be simple and smooth in all the specimens I have seen. Variety spirifera, Dall.—Shell with the ribs feeble, the spiral seulp- ture more prominent than the ribs, especially two rather narrow spirals just in front of the sutural band, and overriding the ribs with close- set, even, distinct, coarse, rounded threads, which fail on the canal; pillar distinetly grooved or biplicate. Longitude, 30; maximum diam- eter, 8mm. Ponton, Santo Domingo. This form is larger, and the shell increases in diameter more rapidly than in the type. It may prove to be worthy of specific rank with more material, in which case the varietal may be used as a specific mame. No. 113654, U.S. N. M. It recalls, in its relation to the type, the relation of 7. indenta, Con- rad, to T. dislocata, Say. Variety oligomitra, Dall.—Shell slender, with 12 or more whorls, erossed by numerous very sharp, thin, sigmoid ribs, with wider inter- spaces, over which lie (between the sutures four and on the base four smaller) strap-like, flat spirals, with much wider interspaces, failing on ; the pillar; the whole surface is also finely spirally striate; the pillar — long, twisted, biplicate; the suture very distinct. Longitude. 38; max- imum diameter, 8.5mm. River Amina, Santo Domingo. This form is more slender, the spirals are sparse and _ strap-like, instead of crowded and rounded; the fine spiral striation is not seen on the previously mentioned forms. No. 113756, U.S. N. M. Variety cirrus, Dall.—Shell much smaller and proportionally more slender; spirals flat, strap-like, irregular, with narrower interspaces, overrunning very low and narrow sharp ribs with wider interspaces; whorls, 12 or more, flattish; pillar sharply biplicate. Longitude, 25; maximum diameter, 5.5mm. River Amina, Santo Domingo. No. 113752, UASs No . This bears to the variety oligomitra much such arelation as 7. protexta, Conrad, does to the more delicate types of JT. dislocata, Say. It may prove to be worthy of specific rank. ae ee Boe he ARP te te et eT ee 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 39 The preceding varieties would by most writers be regarded (and with some reason) as species, but the differences they exhibit are for the most part such as I find between the different races of 7. dislocata, when a sufficient geographic series is compared. In the absence of large suites of the Santo Domingo fossils, it seems more prudent for the pres- ent to assign them varietal rank. TEREBRA (ACUS) AMITRA, new species. Shell small, acute, slender, of 10 whorls without the nucleus: whorls flattish, crossed by about 17 prominent, straight, rounded, even ribs with slightly wider interspaces; spiral sculpture of sparse, sharp, 1n- cised lines, more numerous and closer on the base, eight or nine in all; sutural band absent, or not set off by sulcus or constriction; aperture longer than wide, outer lip straight incrementally; canal wide; pillar straight, smooth, with its anterior edge prominent; canal short, wide; siphonal fasciole distinct. Longitude, 9.5; maximum diameter, 2.0 min. Habitat.—Potrero, River Amina, Santo Domingo. Type.—No. 113755, U. 8. N. M. This little species, though represented by only a single specimen, seems clearly distinct. TEREBRA (ACUS) LANGDONI, new species. Shell small, slender, of 13 whorls beside the nucleus, which is small, conical, and of three whorls; sculpture reticulated transversely by 16 low, narrow, rounded, slightly flexuous ribs, with wider interspaces, the posterior ends of the ribs not cut off by the deep sulcus which defines the sutural band in front; transverse sculpture of this sulcus visible between the ribs, and four flattish spirals, separated by narrower grooves, between the sulcus and the next suture, and seven or eight narrower spirals on the base; aperture longer than wide; pillar simple, smooth; canal rather long, twisted and recurved. Longitude, 20; max- imum diameter, 4 min. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2211, 2212, 2215), Calhoun County, Florida, Burns. Type.—No. 113913, U.S. N. M. Variety perpunctata, Dall. Shell with the spiral sculpture replaced by fine spiral strize, obsolete or irregular, except the sulcus in front of the sutural band, which is represented between the ends of each pair of ribs near the suture by a deep, generally rounded, puncture or pit. Found with the type in the Chipola beds (2213). This well-marked and rather abundant little species is dedicated to Mr. D. F. Langdon, late of the Alabama State geological survey. TEREBRA (ACUS) CHIPOLANA, new species. Shell small, slender, obsoletely sculptured, with a pupoid nucleus of four whorls and about a dozen subsequent whorls, the earlier of which 40 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALI. VOL. XVIII are slightly smaller. than the last two nuclear turns; sides flattish, suture distinct; sutural band conspicuous, set off by a deep suleaee the band is without nodules or marked sculpture, except on the last whorl; the whorls are feebly transversely wrinkled by obsolete riblets, which on the last whorl in the type specimen take a more definite shape, but fade out on the periphery; spiral sculpture of obsolete grooves on the anterior half of the whorl, two of which on the base are more distinct than the others; aperture longer than wide; pillar simple, smooth, twisted, little recurved; siphonal fasciole with a sharp posterior keel. Longitude, 12; maximum diameter, 2.5 mm, Habitat.—Chipola beds (2213). A single specimen (No. 113912) in the National Museum. This little species is sufficiently unlike the others to require but lit- tle in the way of comparison. A dwarf 7. langdoni var. perpunctata, with the ribs almost wholly obsolete and the sulcus continuous instead of broken into punctures, would be something like it. TEREBRA (ACUS) NEGLECTA, Emmons. : Terebra neglecta, EMMONS, N. C. Geol, Surv., p. 258, 1858. This unfigured species appears to have been lost sight of, though apparently well characterized. At first sight it would recall T. dislo- cata, but on inspection it 1s found to differ materially. The sutural band is marked in front by a constriction, not a sulcus, toward which the transverse sculpture becomes obsolete, while the front part of each whorl is Somewhat swollen, with the ribs strongest on the periphery. In many specimens the ribbing on the sutural band alternates with that on the whorl, The posterior half of the whorl is smooth or only faintly spirally striated; on the anterior half the spirals, though fine and close, are well marked. The pillar is smooth and without plaits, while in T. dislocata it is biplicate. The shell reaches about 32 mm. in length and 7.5 in maximum diameter, with 15 whorls, The taper of the tip of the spire is more rapid than the rest, instead of being uniformly conical. It was described by Emmons from the Miocene of North Carolina, but was not found by Burns in the Duplin beds. We have it in the Na- tional Museum (No, 11461) from the Chesapeake Miocene (1521) of South Carolina, on the authority of Whitfield. TEREBRA (ACUS) DISLOCATA, Say; var. INDENTA, Conrad, Terebra dislocata (SAY) CONRAD, Sill. Am. Journ. Sci. XLI, p. 343, 1841. Terebra indenta, CONRAD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 565, 1863. Terebra indentata, MrEk, Miocene check list, p. 18, No. 603, 1864. Habitat.—Duplin beds at the Natural Well, Duplin County, North Carolina. The species 7. dislocata in the Miocene has some varieties which are not reproduced in the recent fauna, as well as some that are. Of the former, 7. indenta, Conrad (indentata of Meek by a typographical error), is the mostmarked. It differs from the typical T. dislocata by its feebler and closer transverse sculpture, and its stronger, close-set, cord-like ons see AES LIES tet tae HI ete Sa SS rr a a 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONALE MUSEUM. Al spirals, which are more conspicuous than the riblets which they over- run. In full-grown specimens the diameter of the base is proportion- ately greater than in 7. dislocata, and the surface 1s less polished. The young 7. indenta resemble an exceptionally stout 7, proterta, Conrad. The variety, which, when well developed, often seems perfectly distinet from typical 7. dislocata, nevertheless grades insensibly ito the latter in a large collection from one locality, and it can not be regarded as a mutation of more than v: rietal rank. yenus CONUS, Linneus. The species of this genus are separated when belonging to the recent fauna largely by their color-pattern, and in the absence of this aid they are doubly difficult to discriminate. In general the rule that local faunz are derived from preexisting faune of the same general region is a good guide, and a careful comparison of the fossils with the recent types will often assist materially in determining the rela- tions of fossil forms. The identifications which travel to distant faunz for representatives—as, for instance, the Indo-Pacifie fauna for Haitian fossils—are usually wrong, and all Gabdb’s identifications of this sort will be modified by farther and more careful study, Analogous characteristics are often purely dynamic in forms of different lineage, subjected to similar conditions in widely distant localities. Where modern faun differ in the races of any genus which they contain, the antecedent fossils in the same regions are not likely to be much more nearly related. The Mediterranean and African cones belong to groups which are not effectively represented in American waters; hence it is probable that none of the identifications of American with European Tertiary cones have the weight of probability in their favor. The same type may be represented in both faunz, but this 1s only exceptionally the case, and is not to be taken for granted. In de Gregorio’s useful but rather slipshod work on the Alabama Kocene fossils the common Conus sauridens of Conrad is referred to C. divers‘formis of Deshayes, an Eocene cone of the Parisian basin. They are in fact very similar species, but if identical, C. sauridens, being the older name, must be applied to the French species and not the French name to the American species. I think, however, the two species are not identical. C. diversiformis is a much thinner and lighter shell, with a proportionaily wider aperture, and does not show the remarkable plait at the end of the pillar, the formation of which announces maturity in C. suuridens. The latter species, though rather rare at Claiborne, is only varietally separated from the Jacksonian C. tortitis and the Vicksburgian (. alveatus, while the old Miocene C. planiceps, Heiiprin, forms the culmination of the series. Very young C. sauridens (like many other immature cones) show small nodules at the Shoulder or just below it; these are the C. parvus, H.C. Lea. (C. pro- tractus, Meyer, and C. pulcherrimus, Heiiprin, with a probably new 42 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL. VOL. XVIII but Pra entca eo fon Vicksbure , complete the list OF our eae Eocene cones. CO. gyratus, Morton, anit C. claibornensis, Lea, are unrec- ognizable, and should be dropped. C, subsauridens does not appear to— differ from QO. sauridens, Conrad. C. granopsis, de Gregorio, appears to be identical with C. protractus, Meyer, but the type of C. granopsis is only 4 mm. long, and it may be a young C. sauridens. C. improvidus, | de Gregorio, from an unmentioned (American?) locality, is not like anything known from Claiborne in American collections. Only three species of cones are yet known from the Chesapeake Miocene: C. adversarius, Conrad; C. diluvianus, Green, and C. mary- landicus, Green, The original locality of the latter is not known, and — it has not recently been collected in Maryland, but occurs in Duplin County, North Carolina, and has by some accident been figured by Tuomey and Holmes, under the name of C. diluvianus, from South Carolina. The cones of the old Miocene of Florida do not inelude any of the Antillean species described from the equivalent horizon, which is rather a surprise, but we find the three forms here described, with several well-marked varieties. la an mil eg CONUS CHIPOLANUS, new species. Shell double-conic, with a rather elevated spire of nine normal and ~ about three lucid nuclear whorls; profile of the spire somewhat con- cave, turrited shoulder of the whoris sharply keeled, concave between the keel and the suture, without spiral grooving, but showing faint microscopic spiral scratches, the prominent sculpture of this area being the delicately arched lines of the anal fasciole, which are sometimes very conspicuous; the keel is wholly without nodules; sides in front of © the keel straight, slightly concave toward the canal, smooth, except — for incremental lines, polished anteriorly, with about nine sharp, chan- — neled spiral grooves, besides some striations on the canal; the grooves are separated by wider interspaces and crossed by numerous elevated lines of growth, which only appear in the ehannels; each channel in the fully adult shell has a spirai row of faint, round tubercles close to its anterior margin; in the young the grooves sometimes cover the whole shell before the keel, and the nodules are often absent; in the adult the grooves cover somewhat less than half the whorl, while on — the smooth part traces of five narrow, revolving color bands are some- times visible, with wider interspaces; anal notch only moderately deep; outer lip thin, only moderately arched; aperture narrow, with nearly parallel sides; the pillar straight, thin, slightly twisted. Longitude of shell, 32; of spire, 7.5; maximum diameter, 15.5 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2213), Chipola River, Florida. Types.—No. 113985, U.S. N.M.; and in the collection of Mr. Aldrich. This species recalls C. interstinctus, Guppy, of the Haitian Miocene, but is a smaller, more slender, and more delicate shell, without any — grooving in the sutural fasciole. It is more nearly related to C. mary- 1895, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43 landicus of the newer Moco: ei Coe: Flor idunus, Plivcenc and recent, than to any of the Antillean fossils with which | i e compared it. CONUS ISOMITRATUS, new gpecies. Shell small, solid, short, stout, with a rather low spire of eight or nine whorls beside the nucleus; a single elevated thread runs at the shoulder, on which the suture is laid; between the sutures, which are deep and distinct, the whorl is convex, turgid, with only incremental lines; in front of the shoulder the sides are slightly swollen, the posterior half obsoletely spirally striate or smooth, anteriorly with distinet spiral threads and equal interspaces crossed by conspicuous lines of growth; the siphonal fasciole distinct, swollen, showing as a rounded ridge; outer lip straight, thin, sharp; anal notch shallow, aperture narrow, siphonal notch deep; pillar with the edge thickened and twisted, form- ing in well-developed specimens with the siphonal fasciole two obscure plaits; body with little or no callus. Longitude of shell, 28; of spire, 5; Maximum diameter, 13 mm. Habitat.—Chipola beds (2212, 2213), Chipola River, Florida, and Alum Bluff beds near De Banik Springs (2238), Types.— No. 113980, U.S. N. M.; and in the collection of Mr. Aldrich. The young of this species have nine or ten deep grooves, with nar- rower interspaces, covering a little more than the anterior half of the shell. These grooves during growth become gradually modified to the adult sculpture. CONUS ISOMITRATUS var. SULCULUS, Dall. Shell resembling the type, except that the sutural border or shoulder of the shell is flattened or excavated with a few or numerous spiral grooves upon its surface. It is also larger. Longitude of spire, 5; of Shell, 38; diameter, 24 mm. Habitat. —Chipola beds (2212, 2213), Chipola River, Florida. Types. 9274U...8:. Ne M. The transition from a concave to a turgid sutural border, from smooth to spirally grooved, is quite gradual, though the extremes have a very different aspect, and would, by some writers, be put in different sections of the genus. This species recalls C. mus of the recent fauna as much aS any species. It is much shorter and stouter than the line which begins with C. sauridens et al., and is represented in the present fauna by C. daucus. CONUS DEMIURGUS, new species. Shell large, elongate, with a large, somewhat bulbous, nucleus, and about 10 eeeddeae whorls; spire low, in the young nearly flat, with a distinct but not channeled suture; shoulder of the whorl angular , the space between the sutures flattish or feebly excavated, sculptured with obvious lines of growth, crossed by few, faint, obsolete, spiral, traces; 44 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL. vou. xvm. sides of the whorl smooth, except for obsolete spiral lines, rather wide aud irregularly spaced; in the anterior third they are stronger, but even there not very marked; some specimens seem to indicate a faded color- pattern of continuous, narrow, spiral lines, rather evenly and uniformly spaced; aperture narrow, of equal width, or nearly so; the anal notch moderately deep, the pillar straight, with a narrow callous part not showing any ridge or plait. Longitude of spire, 5; of shell, 65; diam- eter, 35; width of aperture, 6 mm, Habitat.—Chipola beds (2211-2213), Florida. Types.—No. 113920, U. 8. N. M.; and in the Aldrich collection. This species is the largest yet found in these beds, and among recent species finds its nearest analogue in 0. papilionaceus, Hwass. It is a more slender shell than the latter, with more flattened spire and larger nucleus. It is a shell without striking characteristics, yet which will not fit in with any of the other forms of this horizon. PTEROPURPURA POSTII, new species. Shell of moderate size, with five whorls, beside the (decollate) nucleus, with three sharp, continuous varices extending down the spire and a single prominent intervarical nodule on the interspaces of the whorls; the last varix broader than any of the others, with a posterior angle, the front sculptured with fine crenulate imbricated lamelli, the back smooth, except for the ends of the spiral ribbing; spiral sculpture of (about 15 on the last whorl) low spiral ribs most prominent on the varices and on the intervarical nodules, the rather wide interspaces finely spirally striate; aperture small, subovate, the outer lip with about seven strong teeth; the body with a thin, smooth callus; suture appressed, obscure; canal open, narrow, not quite as jong as the aper- ture; on the siphonal fasciole a single projecting remnant of an earlier canal is visible. Length, 38; of last whorl, 28; of aperture, 14; diam eter of shell, 20 mm. Habitat.—Ballast Point, Tampa, Florida, old Miocene silex beds: a single specimen collected by E. J. Post. Type.—No, 130349, U. S. N. M. It is possible this should be referred to Pterorhytis rather than Pteropurpura, but there does not appear to be any long tooth on the edge of the outer lip as usual in the former genus. Genus GYRODES, Conrad. Subgenus GYRODISCA, Dall. Shell like Gyrodes, but small, without any channel in front of the suture, the umbilical angle crenate by the transverse lamellar or fibrous sculpture: the nucleus small, prominent, glassy, the shell otherwise el Ra te Nie A ei tS al S, SE ee ee ee 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A5 earthy or porcelanous; the operculum like that of Sigaretus. Type, Adeorbis depressus, Jeffreys.! Sigaretus problematicus and Gibbula mitis of Deshayes, from the Paris basin Eocene, appear from the figures to be referable here. The Cretaceous species, upon which Gyrodes was founded, are considerably larger, and the suturai sulcus, though not absolutely constant, gives them a different aspect. There are several Tertiary and one or two ‘recent species which belong to the subgenus as restricted. GYRODES (GYRODISCA) DUPLINENSIS, new species. Shell small, with a small glassy nucleus and somewhat more than three whorls, the last much the largest; the nucleus prominent above the rather depressed spire; whorls rounded, suture very deep; base rounded; umbilicus wide, its border hardly angular; sculpture of numerous, flexuous, subequal, regular, transverse, lamellar riblets, with wider, faintly spirally striate interspaces; aperture large, very oblique, pointed above, rounded below, not nterrupted by the preceding whorl; lip simple, sharp, rather flexuous, the inner one receding. Width, 3.6; height, 2.75 mm. Upper .Chesapeake Miocene of Magnolia, Duplin County, North Carolina, Burns. Type.—No. 114430, U.S. N. M. This species differs from most of those belonging to the subgenus by the obsolescence of the umbilical angle, though this may be, and prob- ably is, an individual rather than a specific characteristic. Genus UMBONIUM, Link. UMBONIUM (SOLARIORBIS) FLORIDANUM, new species. Shell small, depressed, three-whorled, with a smooth, glossy nucleus, the subsequent whorls depressed and tricarinate; one carina is at the periphery, one on the base, and the least prominent between the suture and the periphery; the latter fails on the last part of the last whorl, and is more or less nodulous or undulated by faintly elevated but dis- tinct radiating ridges, which begin weak, are strongest on the keel, and die out before reaching the periphery; the base shows radiating ridges, rather stronger than those on the spire, but which do not crenulate the strong basal keel; umbilicus moderate, with a single spiral thread above the angular margin; aperture entire, oblique, the edge simple, but modified by the intersection of the keels. Diameter, 1.6; height, 1 mm. Habitat.—Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie beds, Dall. Type.—No. 113596, U. 8. N. M. This very small species appears adult, and has a rather solid and strong shell. ' Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 41, pl. 1v, figs. 8, 8a; Dall, Blake Gastr., p. 298, 1889. 46 FOSSILS FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES—DALL. vot. xvm. UMBONIUM (SOLARIORBIS) UNDULA, new species. Shell small, solid, of three and a half whorls, depressed, dome-like, strongly keeled at the periphery, with a round-edged, broad carina, above and below which the whorl is more or less compressed; trans- verse sculpture of about a dozen rounded ripples between the suture and the periphery, the nucleus and the last half of the last whorl being free from them; these ripples cross the whorl ina flexuous manner, and differ in strength in different specimens; the base also shows radiating flexuous sculpture, but more feeble and obscure; the spiral sculpture consists of the peripheral carina, and of oblique incised lines, which are absent near the suture and umbilicus, but sharp and distinet periph- erally; they cut the surface at a slight angle with the plane of the periphery; base flattish, slightly rounded in the middle, the umbilicus moderate, without any well-marked angle or internal sculpture; aper- — ture oblique, nearly circular, produced at the upper angle; peristome simple, entire. Diameter, 2.5; height, 1 mm. $ Habitat.—Miocene of the Natural Well, Duplin County, North Caro- lina; Burns, collector. . Type.—No. 114446, U.S. N. M. : v aces Wb eiabate as iste Sitar Week UMBONIUM (SOLARIORBIS) DUPLINENSE, new species. Shell small, solid, of three and a half whorls, rather depressed; sculp- ture on the spire of rather even, rounded, oblique, subequal, transverse riblets, with narrower interspaces, crossed by fine, sharp, close-set, spiral striz; an incised line in front of the suture cuts off a narrow border, except on the smooth nuclear whorls; the periphery is formed by a strong, blunt-edged keel; the base is rather full, with two more rather _ strong keels with reticulate sculpture between them, the spirals pre- dominating near the umbilicus and the radials near the periphery; umbilicus small, with an angular border and a single spiral thread within; aperture rounded, oblique, produced on the body whorl, entire. Diameter, 2; height, 0.75 mm. Habitat.—Mioceue of the Natural Well, Duplin County, North Caro- | ‘ lina; Burns, collector. | Type.—No. 114445, U. S. N. M. | Though so small, the sculpture is very elegant. t TWO NEW DIPLOPOD MYRIAPODA OF THE GENUS OXYDESMUS FROM THE CONGO, By O. F. Cook. NEARLY two years ago, I received from the U.S. National Museum a small collection of Myriapoda, sent in by Rey. J. H. Camp, of the American Baptist Missionary Union. The Polydesmidie were repre- sented by the two species of Oxydesmus here described. Since the specimens have been in my hands I have had opportu- nity of comparing them with the types of O. afer (Gray) and O. grayt (Newport), in the British Museum, and with those of O. tricuspidatus (Peters) in the Berlin Museum, with none of which are they identical or closely related. As far as may be judged from the insufficient descrip- tions of the other species, these Congo Valley forms offer a new character in the great width of the apex of the last segment. This, however, can hardly form the basis of generic distinction, for the other characters, including those drawn from the copulatory legs of the male, offer nerely specific differences from the other species of Oxydesmus. Indeed, the characters of the copulatory legs in the present genus are of compara- tively little use in separating the species, the differences being so slight as to be very difficult of definition, even between species strikingly dis- tinct in color, sculpture, and form. The genera of Polydesmide have in very few cases been adequately described, so that their characters and aflinities must be inferred mostly from what may be known of the typical species. In the case of Oxydes- mus the species differ little in structural characters, and while the type species, O. flavomarginatus, is not sufficiently known, it was said by its author to differ only in color from O. tricuspidatus, so that a generic description is apparently practicable. Genus OXYDESMUS (Humbert and Saussure). Oxudesmus (HUMBERT and SaussuRE), Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 671. Diagnosis.—Body large. Antenne with four olfactory cones. Seg- meuts dorsally with three transverse rows of rounded granules or tubercles. Segments 1-4 without specially enlarged tubercles. Lateral carine large, the lateral edge thin and sharp, even, or nearly so. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol, XVITI—No. 1036. 47 48 NEW DIPLOPODA OF THE GENUS OXYDESMUS—COOK, Vou. Xvi. Repugnatorial pores 11, dorsal on the outer slope of the intramarg- inal ridge of segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-19. Penultimate segment exceeding segment 18, Last segment broad, or very broad, the apex more or less evidently emarginate; superior lateral tubercle usually not large. Sterna without special structures. Male legs somewhat crassate. Male genitalia flexed, and inserted under the edge of the aperture. Description.—Body large, about six times as long as broad; cavity nearly circular. Vertex prominent, rough; sulcus very deep. Antenne scarcely clavate; third joint nearly as long as the second, or subequal; joints in order of length 6, 2, 3, 4=5, 1, 7. Mandibulary stipe with exposed surface divided by sutures into six areas, two triangular, four trapezoidal. Masticatory plate lunate, oblong, the surface crossed by eight to ten transverse ridges, alter- nating with grooves. Dentate lamella with three to four broad, rounded teeth. Pectinate lamellie, six. Mentum triangular-cordate, slightly broader than long, broadly emarginate posteriorly, anterior angle sharp or rounded. Cardo small, pointed distad. Lingual lobes with one small cone concealed on the dorsal face; median lobes with styliform processes long and simple. First segment semi-elliptical, with the lateral corners produced and somewhat recurved, much broader than the head, longer and somewhat narrower than the second segment. Lateral carine broad (one-half as wide as the body cavity), inserted near the top of the body-cylinder; sharp and thin at the entire or slightly sinuate edge, with a prominent, smooth and shining submar- ginal ridge. Anterior carine laterally curved forward, the posterior with corners produced caudad; dorsal surface finely granular, divided by furrows into three transverse rows of more or less evident quad- ‘ate areas, usually with one large, smooth granule in each. Below the carine the segments are rough with conic warts; a rounded prominence just above the front pair of legs, larger in the male. Repugnatorial pores opening dorsally on the outer slope of the sub- marginal ridge of segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; pores sur- rounded by a raised rin. Anterior subsegments finely wrinkled longitudinally, sometimes very obscurely. Supplementary margin long, membranous, very finely striate longitudinally, not pectinate. Anal segment finely granular, posteriorly transversely wrinkled and slightly decurved; the apex broad, rounded-truncate; on the margin three pairs of setigerous punctations, two pairs located on tubercles; the upper surface with two pairs and the under with one pair of setig- erous punctations, more or less elevated. Anal valves with two setigerous tubercles, the upper placed on the raised margin, the lower somewhat removed from it. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 49 Preanal scale semi-elliptic triangular, tricuspidate, the middle pro- jection usually flat and thin; the others long conic-eylindric papille, with a setigerous cavity at apex. Legs of male larger and stronger than those of female, without special modification for copulatory purposes, except that the claw of the male legs is short and stout; second joint with a short, sharp spine at apex below; joints in order of length 3, 6,5,2=4,1; surface of joints not tuberculate nor papillate in either sex. First and second pairs of legs free in both sexes; first pair much smaller than second and succeeding pairs, the two basal joints propor- tionately longer. Second pair of legs of male with the coxal joint produced ventrally into a sharp cone, on the median face of which is the opening of the spermatic duct. Genitalia of female internal, protrusible. Genitalia of male apically of two parts, one of which is distally spatulate, trans- versely wrinkled, and with a decurved edge forming a groove which serves as a Sheath for the other, styliform, ramus. Basal joint not expanded; apical joint inserted under the projecting edge of the aper- ture in which the genitalia lie. Segments of adult, 20. Distribution.—The west coast of Tropieal Africa. OXYDESMUS CAMPII, new species. Vertex prominent, granular-rugulose; sulcus very distinct. Clypeus medianly prominent, nearly smooth or finely striate-rugulose, excavate below the antennie; also a broad, oblique fossa midway be- tween the antenna and the lateral margin. First segment somewhat longer and narrower than the second, lat- erally decurved, especially in front; distinctly and broadly emarginate in front on each side of the prominent middle; a fine, smooth, raised margin runs entirely around; submarginal ridge smooth, very promi- neut, rather remote from the margin and incurved anteriorly. Surface of segment finely and evenly granular, obliquely rugulose on the anterior lateral portions; medianly in front there is a distinet promi- nent area; behind this a broad depression. Tubereles scarcely evi- dent, areas wanting. Two tubercles representing the anterior row are located on the raised area; the second row is represented by two located considerably behind the middle, while of the third several are evident, the median coalesced with the posterior marginal ridge, the others very near it. Subsequent segments gradually broader to the sixth or seventh, thence subequal to the seventeenth; second segment shortest, the others gradually longer to about the sixteenth. Anterior corner gradually less rounded, so that the middle segments have their lateral margins nearly straight, though the anterior corner is never as square as the posterior. Surface distinctly, though finely and evenly, granu- lar, the tubercles gradually more prominent than on the first segment, Proc. N. M. 95 4 50 NEW DIPLOPODA OF THE GENUS OXYDESMUS—COOK, Vou. Xvi. scarcely distinguishable with the naked eye; posterior row more and more remote from the posterior margin. Areas and transverse depres- sion behind the first row of tubercles not distinguishable except on middie segments. Carine with edges faintly sinuate under magnification; submarginal ridge evident, straight, longitudinal, close to the margin, nearly smooth, shining. tepugnatorial pores opening nearly laterad in the rather abrupt outer slope of the submarginal ridge. Above the pore the ridge is somewhat higher if viewed from the side, and the margin is somewhat decurved below the pore, causing the lateral margins of poriferous segments to appear much thicker than the others; around the pore is the usual exeavation and raised rim, though not so pronounced as in some species. Near the middle of the carine of poriferous segments is a slight though evident elevation, showing the probable location of the repug- natorial gland; the duct leading out to the pore may sometimes be seen. Below the carine the surface is granular, the granules coarser below and toward the posterior margin; no large tubercles. Densely hirsute with long hairs along the margin. Anterior subsegments longitudinally rugulose; sulcus between sub- segments abrupt, deep, nearly smooth. Penultimate segment with the large granules not distinct; surface uneven. Last segment transversely rugulose, the posterior half abruptly thinner. Apex broad subquadrate, the twelve marginal and apical bristles located on or near the posterior margin. Anal valves very finely granular, vertically somewhat rugulose; mar- gins very prominent, thick; superior setigerous tubercle located on the margin; the inferior distinct, large. Preanal scale prominent in the anterior portion; setigerous tubercles long, mamillate, subequal to the broader median process. Sterna granular, without hairs between the bases of the legs, but hirsute in front and behind. Male legs hirsute, the hairs rising from small tubercles, especially on the distal joints; femora distinctly spined. Color in aleohol dull brown to nearly black, the submarginal ridge, legs, and antenne, reddish; also a triangular median spot on the ante- rior subsegments. The apex of the triangle is directed caudad; soime- times it is produced a short distance upon the posterior subsegment. Length, about 60 mm.; width, 11.5 mm. Locality.— Near Leopoldville, Congo Free State, four males, collected by Rey. J. H. Camp, for whom the species is named, in the National Museum collection. No. 758 of the Berlin Museum, collected at Chinchoxo, by Dr. Falken- stein, is a male of this species. J+ 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. OXYDESMUS FLABELLATUS, new species. Head as described for O. campii, and somewhat more hirsute. First segment not so decurved as in O. campii; anterior emargina- tions not evident; raised margin not distinct posteriorly; surface of segment finely granular, uneven, but the granulation not nearly so pronounced as in O. campti, so that the surface appears smooth except in the depressions; tubercles very minute, the anterior median pair very close to the anterior margin; posterior row indistinguishable, sug- gested only by slight unevenness of the posterior margin. Subsequent segments very similar to those of O. campti, but not so long; the carine are evidently shorter, the posterior margin of the anterior and middle ones being directed slightly cephalad from the horizontal, instead of slightly caudad, as is the case with the middle segments of O. campii. The difference in the length of the segments is, however, still more evident on the posterior segments, the posterior corners of which are more extended caudad in O. flabellatus. Surface somewhat smoother than in O. campii, and the tubercles less distinct; the arched median portion more convex and somewhat shining; tubercles visible to the naked eye on median segments, the areas obsolete, and the transverse sulcus very nearly so. Below the carine the surface is less granular than in O. campii, but above the bases of the legs are two clusters of coarse papilliform tubercles; that opposite the anterior leg has the tubercles more crowded and shorter, and is placed on a rounded, cushion-like elevation. Anterior subsegments somewhat more finely rugulose-striate longi- tudinally. Last segment somewhat flabellate, the lateral margins evidently divergent caudad; posterior marginal tubercle much larger than the anterior, instead of subequal. Anal valves distinctly granular and vertically rugulose, the margins also granular. Preanal scale with the median prominence of the same shape as the setigerous tubercles, but much larger and longer. Sterna hirsute between the bases of the legs, the hairs rather scat- tering, rising from small tubercles. Color in alcohol nearly black, with a slight brownish-vinous tinge, concolorous; legs scarcely paler. Length, 65 mm.; width, 11.5 mm. Locality.—One male specimen from the vicinity of Stanley Pool, Congo Free State, collected by Rev. J. H. Camp, in the National Museum collection. As may be judged from the description, this species is evidently related to O. campii, from which it seems distinct in the characters noted. The description was drawn with specimens of both species in hand, and that of O. campii may be supposed to apply to O. flabellatus, except where modified in the description of the latter. 52 NEW DIPLOPODA OF THE GENUS OXYDESMUS—COOK, VOL. XVIII. The shorter carine are also more distant from each other, and this, with the slight actual difference in length, makes the present species appear more slender. The differences in color, especially of the legs and antennz, are striking, while the shape of the last segment and pre- anal scale are unique and diagnostic. The differences are thus along lines which in other species do not appear subject to much variation, though their constancy in the present case must be shown by further collection. 34 PRIODESMUS, A NEW GENUS OF DIPLOPODA FROM SURINAM, THE specimen on which this description is based came into my pos- session about two years ago, and seems to represent a new generic type. That the species is also new, I have not the same degree of confidence, for there are a large number of very poorly described South American Polydesmoidea in the literature of the Diplopoda. However, none of the descriptions seem to accord with the present form, nor even to approximate it. I noticed nothing closely comparable among the older types in the British Museum, nor is there anything of the kind among the Petersian types of the Berlin Museum. There is, however, in the Berlin Museum an undetermined female specimen from Para which is certainly generically the same, and may possibly prove to be-specifically identical, for a satisfactory knowledge of the secondary sexual charac- ters of the genus is impossible until more specimens have been obtained. PRIODESMUS, new genus. Rhachidomorpha, PETERS, pro parte, not of SAUSSURE. Body rather small. Antenne with four olfactory cones. Segments dorsally thickly beset with small and large granules. Lateral carine of moderate width, the margins deeply incised-dentate. Repugnatorial pores 11, dorso-lateral, on capitate processes of seg- ments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-19. Penultimate segment not specially shortened. Last segment triangular, the apex rounded. Sterna of legs 3-6 of males, each with two conic processes; other sterna unmodified. Male legs slightly crassate, the third joint of legs 4-7 inflated on the ventral side. The tollowing more detailed description is given: Body rather small, about nine times as long as broad, sides parallel to near the ends; cavity circular. Vertex granular, sulcus evident; post-antennal depression moderate; Sense organ large; margin not excised. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIII— No. 1037. 53 09 54 PRIODESMUS, A NEW DIPLOPOD FROM SURINAM—COOK. Vou. xvut. Labrum slightly emarginate, with three distinct teeth. Antenne subclavate, joints in order of length 2, 3, 4,5—6, 1, 7, beset with piliferous granules. Mandibulary stipe with exposed surface granular, divided into the usual five areas. Hypostoma strongly arcuate, deeply and broadly emarginate in front. Cardo present, in situ perpendicular to the stipes. Mentum subtri- angular, broader than long, pointed in front, very broadly emarginate behind, densely granular-pilose. Stipes three times as long as broad, granular-pilose, a deep sulcus near the lateral margin. Lingual laminz three times as long as broad, granular-hirsute. Lingual and median lobes distinct. First segment less than three times as broad as long (13:7); anterior and posterior margins convex; posterior corners acute; lateral margins dentate. The segment is subequal in width to the head, and distinetly — narrower aud longer than the second segment. Segments with dorsal surface slightly convex, densely beset with granules of two sizes, the smaller very numerous and without order, the larger more or less evidently arranged in three transverse rows. Fourth and subsequent segments with a distinct transverse furrow. Lateral carine moderately broad, about one-fourth as wide as the body cavity, inserted nearly on a level with the dorsum; margin thick- ened and deeply excised into coarse teeth, longer on posterior segments and directed caudad. Repugnatorial pores of medium size, directed laterad, located on a large capitate horizontal process rising from near the middle of the carine of segments 5, 7,9, 10, 12, 13,15-19, Below the carinie the seg- ments are densely granular. Inferior carina interrupted, represented by an anterior and a posterior dentate process, both large and distinct. Anterior subsegments distinctly, though very minutely, granular. Supplementary margin rather long, irregularly striate longitudinally, the free edge entire. Last segment as long as the preceding, with twelve setiferous tuber- cles and four apical sete. Eight of the setiferous tubercles are located in the apical portion of the segment; the other two pairs on the sides below the level of the carine. Anal valves with moderately elevated, compressed margins and two setigerous tubercles, the upper located on the margin, the lower con- siderably removed from it. * Preanal scale triangular, pointed; two setigerous tubercles toward the apex. Sterna sparsely and minutely granular, a very small conical spine at the base of each leg (in the male only?); spiracles large, the margins tumid, Sterna of legs 5-6 of male, with a large conical spine at the base of each leg. Legs of male slightly crassate; the ventral face of the third joint of legs 4-7 inflated. Psa 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 55 Second legs of male with coxe stout, produced ventrad into a rounded-conic process, in the median face of which is the opening of the seminal duct. Male genitalia with the basal joint large and bulbous; second joint very short, with two processes of subequal length, the larger toothed at apex, the smaller simple, needle-like. Priodesmus is a type strikingly different from any of the related genera, and although the differences are mostly quantitative, the new form shows, as far as is yet known, the extreme of development and specialization in the line it represents. Indeed, the aspect of the ani- mal is so bizarre and peculiarly different from evidently related genera as to warrant the suspicion that it will be found explainable by some unusual local condition. The affinities of this genus are with species described under Rhachido- morpha, such as R. nodosa, Peters, which appears to be nearer to the present form than to R. tarasca, Saussure, the type of that genus, and may, at least provisionally, stand as a species of Priodesmus. PRIODESMUS ACUS,! new species. (Plate I, figs. 1-19.) Body oblong, the sides parallel, the segments of nearly equal width to near the extremities; dorsum slightly convex, the carine horizontal. Vertex prominent, especially above; densely granular, without hairs; sulcus deep, extending below the antenne, but there very indistinct. Between the antennie it meets an indistinct suleus from each antennal socket, the two converging caudad at the point where the vertical suleus ceases to be distinct. Clypeus smooth and shining, with a few distinct granules: no hairs, though these may have been rubbed off. The surface is granular immediately below the antennae, but smooth farther down and in the middle. Antenne moderately pilose, the hairs rising from conie granules; length, 5mm.; joints 2-6 subequal, second joint longest, the sixth much the thickest. Mandibulary stipes rather large, the sutures appearing as fine, smooth lines in the granular surface. First segment somewhat lenticular in outline; a fine anterior raised margin; traces of four transverse rows of large granules. Lateral edge somewhat irregularly quadridentate, the posterior tooth some- what produced obliquely backward. Somewhat removed from the lateral margin is an oblique sulcus. Subsequent segments shorter than the first; large granules in three distinct rows, the third of which is close to the posterior margin; the four marginal teeth more or less distinet, the posterior increasing in 1The generic name alludes to the coarsely serrate segments; the specific to the slender process of the male genitalia. 56 PRIODESMUS, A NEW DIPLOPOD FROM SURINAM—COOK, Vot. xvm. length. The whole surface of the segments is thickly granular, except the apices of the marginal teeth and the large granules, which are smooth and shining; anterior margin of carine raised on anterior segments. Fourth and subsequent segments to the eighteenth with a transverse furrow, very indistinet on the fourth and eighteenth; on some of the segments the transverse furrow divides, the branches turning to the anterior and posterior margins. Repugnatorial pores located near the middle of an oval smooth area which faces obliquely upward, laterad and cephalad; pore immediately surrounded by a very minute rin, Lateral carinz coarsely dentate as above, and with a fine raised ante- rior margin. On posterior segments, the whole carina is more curved caudad and produced. Last segment with finer granules than the preceding. Anal valves finely granular-rugulose. Preanal scale with surface evenly convex and with scattering granules. Legs moderately pilose, the surface scarcely granular. The promi- nence of the ventral face of the male legs is somewhat more densely pilose. The process of the coxa of the second male legs is smooth and shining, but with a long bristle at apex. Male genitalia with apex of larger branch deeply bidentate; the smaller tooth simple, pointed; the larger flattened at right angles to the smaller, and with several small teeth. Color dull reddish-brown, rather dark; legs and antennz lighter, tending to yellowish; ventral surface and basal joints of legs sordid brownish. Length, about 27 mm. (the specimen was broken); width, 3 mm. Locality One male specimen in the National Museum collection, obtained in Surinam, May, 1893 (Beyer). PRIODESMUS PARZ, new species. The species differs from P. acus, as here described and figured (PI. I, figs. 1-19), in the following details: Dorsum distinctly, though not strongly, convex. Vertex densely granular-rugulose. Antenne somewhat more slender. First segment distinctly narrower and slightly longer than in P. acus ; the posterier corners not prominent and spiniform as in that species. Dorsal surface about as densely granular as in the figure of P. acus ; the large granules of the anterior and posterior rows more distinct, those of the other rows less so. Anterior raised margin not evident. Subsequent segments somewhat more densely granular, as above; the anterior and posterior rows of large granules larger, the middle inconspicuous. f | | * 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 57 Lateral carine not as broad as in P. acus, a usual sexual difference, but the posterior corner is in all cases less produced than in that spe- cies, and the large tooth of the posterior corner is rounded and not prominent, while the next mesad on the posterior margin is conspicu- ously enlarged, on the anterior segments more especially. Repugnatorial pores located as in P. acus, but the poriferous process shorter and less distinctly capitate. Last segment distinctly shorter than in P. acus; the superior lateral tubercle smaller. Preanal scale regularly semicircular, medianly abruptly mucronate; the setigerous tubercles distinctly less prominent than in P. acus. Legs much shorter, a usual sexual difference. Genitalia oblong, large, and very prominent, with the ventro-caudal aspect showing three distinct teeth on each side. Color in alcohol bright brown, darkest on anterior segments and in the sutures and transverse sulci of the dorsal surface of the segments; ventral surface, legs, antenne, and margins of carinze nearly white. The color is almost exactly the same as in P. acus, but the shades are much lighter. Length, 28 mm.; width, 3.3 mm. Locality.— Para (Schulz), System der Myriapoden, p. 180, 1847; Die Myriapoden, II, p. 59, fig. 181. 3 Verzeichniss der von Herrn E. v. Oertzen in den Jahren 1884 und 1885 in Griechen- land und auf Kreta gesammelten Myriapoden. Berliner Entom. Zeitschr., XXXII, p. 220 (1888). 4*Naturh. Tidsskr., VII, p. 32, 1879. i 1895, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 69 Genus CHOMATOBIUS, Humbert and Saussure. Chomatobius, HUMBERT and SAUSSURE, Revue et Mag. d. Zool., p. 205, 1870. Type.—Chomatobius mexicanus (Saussure).! Distribution.—Mexico. DISARGIDAL, new family. Antenne filiform or crassate, not attenuate; frontal lamina distinct (or coalesced ?); cephalic lamina concealing the prehensors; prebasal lamina obsolete; basal plate broad; mouth parts unknown; prehen- sorial sternum very broad; supra-scutella wanting; ventral pores in two areas, a.circular anterior and a broad, transverse posterior; anal pleure inflated, with numerous pores; anal pores wanting; genital palpi two-jointed; anal legs five or six jointed, with a claw. Pairs of legs, 59-99. DISARGUS, new genus. Type.—Himantarium (2) striatum (Pocock).’ Distribution.— Madras. Genus HIMANTOSOMA, Pocoek. Himantosoma, Pocock, Ann. d. Mus. Civ. di Genova, 2 ser., X, p. 428, 1891. Type.— Himantosoma typicum, Pocock. Distribution.—Mergui Archipelago, Burmah. Besides these genera there are probably two or more others in the oriental region represented by species described by Meinert and Pocock under Himantarium, but evidently very little related to gabrielis. The characters now known are not sufficient, however, to give much base for an estimate of affinities. The present family has been recognized on account of the unique combination of characters which make affini- ties with the other families very improbable, though much must depend on the mouth parts. BALLOPHILID A, new family. Antenne geniculate, subclavate; frontal lamina not distinct; ce- phalic lamina concealing the prehensors; prebasal lamina obsolete; basal very broad; labrum entire, not chitinous; mandibles with one pectinate and one dentate lamella; labial sternum entire, simple; labial palpus two-jointed; interior labial process distinet; maxillary sternum divided; claw of maxillary palpus excavate, the margin pectinate; prehensorial sternum very broad, chitinous lines wanting; suprascu- tella wanting; ventral pores in an oval posterior area, consisting of a raised, perforated, chitinous plate; anal pleure not inflated, with two ' Essai @une Faune d. Myr. d. Mex., p. 132, 1860. 2Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) V, p. 248, pl. xu, fig. 4. 70 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GEOPHILID.B—COOK. VOL. XVIII. large pores more or less concealed; anal pores present; genital palpi; anal legs strongly crassate, six-jointed, without claw. Pairs of legs, 63-73 (87-91 in Mesocanthus). BALLOPHILUS, new genus. Type.—Ballophilus clavicornis, Cook, new species, in the National Mu- seum collection. Distribution.—Upper Guinea. Genus MESOCANTHUS, Meinert. Mesocanthus, MEINERT, Nat. Tidsskr., VII, p. 34, 1870. Type.—Mesocanthus albus, Meinert. Distribution.—Tunis. This genus is assigned to the present family provisionally, and the family description was not arranged to contain it. According to Meinert’s description and plates, there is great similarity with Ballo- philus in the labrum, The mandibles are strikingly different from those of Orya and Orphneus, the other forms with several pectinate lamellee, and the ventral pores are in a single area. Seliwanoff has described a species with pleural pores. Genus TAZ:NIOLINUM, Pocoek. Teniolinum, Pocock, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXIV, p. 471, 1893. Type.—Teniolinum setosum, Pocock. Distribution.—St. Vincent. SCHENDYLID Aj, new family. Antenne filiform; frontal lamina coalesced; cephalic lamina not con- cealing the prehensors; prebasal lamina evident or concealed; basal lamina narrow; labrum entire, free or coalesced; mandibles with one pectinate and 1-3 dentate lamellie; labial sternum entire, simple, or with a process; labial palpus two-jointed, with a process; interior labial process distinct or united with palpusat base; maxillary sternum entire; claw of maxillary palpus simple or pectinate; prehensorial sternum moderately broad; chitinous lines present or wanting; suprascutella wanting; ventral pores in a median area or wanting; anal pleurz not much infiated, with few or many pores; anal pores wanting; genital palpi entire ; sae legs five or six jointed, with or without claw. Pairs of legs, 39-71. Genus SCHENDYLA, Bergsoe and Meinert. Schendyla, BERGSOE and MEIner?T, Naturh. Tidsskr., IV, p. 108, 1866. Type—Schendyla nemorensis (C. L. Koch).! Distr ibution.— Europe; North Africa; Eastern North America. ——— 1 Deutschl. ce u. moe “Hft. 9, t. 4, 1837. ibid care not Dit Nal a dean ae BC gel side 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 71 Genus PECTINIUNGUIS, Bollman. Pectiniunquis, BOLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XII, p. 212, 1889. Type.—Pectiniunguis americanus, Bollman. | Distribution.—Lower California. Genus ESCARYUS, Cook and Collins. | Escaryus, COOK and COLuins, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 391, 1890. | Type.—Escaryus phyllophilus, Cook and Collins. Distribution.—Central New York. Genus NANNOPHILUS, new name. Nannopus (BOLLMAN), Cook and CoLtins, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 389, 1890- Type.—Nannophilus eximius (Meinert).! Distribution.—North Africa. CTENOPHILUS, new genus. Type.—Ctenophilus africanus, pew species, Cook, in the National Museum collection. Distribution.—Liberia. DIGNATHODONTID &, new family. Antenne filiform or subclavate; frontal lamina distinct or coalesced ; cephalic lamina concealing the prehensors; prebasal lamina present or obsolete; basal lamina broad; labrum tripartite, the lateral parts greatly reduced; mandibles with a single pectinate lamella; labial ster- num deeply bilobed, simple; labial palpus one-jointed, simple; interior labial process present or obsolete; maxillary sternum entire; claw of maxillary palpus rudimentary; prehensorial sternum not broad; chiti- nous lines present; suprascutella wanting; ventral pores in a median area or wanting; anal pleure not greatly enlarged, pores few or many; anal pores present or wanting; genital palpi simple, or two-jointed. Pairs of legs, 55-154. Genus DIGNATHODON, Meinert. Dignathodon, MEINERT, Naturh. Tidsskr., VII, p. 36, tab. 2, figs. 13-22, 1870. Type.— Dignathodon microcephalum (Lucas).” Distribution.—South Europe; North Africa. Genus HENIA, C.b. Koeh. Henia, C. L. Kocnu, System der Myriap., p. 83, 1847. Type.— Henia devia, ©. Li. Koch. Distribution.—Greece. The genus Scotophilus, Meinert, was described without reference to Henia. Pocock has pointed out that the two genera are the same, and INaturh. Tidsskr., VII, p. 57, 1870. 2?Explor. Scient. d. ’Algérie, p. 349, pl. 1, fig. 10. TZ ARRANGEMENT OF THE GEOPHILIDA—COOK. VOL. XVIII. that Scotophilus is preoccupied. Bollman has proposed the generic name Meinertia to take the place of Scotophilus, but this can not be used unless devia, the type of Henia, and bicarinatus, the type of Scoto- plilus, prove not to be congeneric. This is not impossible, for Koch’s species is credited with 154 pairs of legs, while bicarinatus has only about half as many. Genus CHAT EBCHELYNE;. Meinert. Chetechelyne, MEINERYT, Naturh. Tidsskr., VII, p. 44, 1870. Type.—Chetechelyne vesuviana (Newport).' Distribution—South Kurope; North Africa. Family GEOPHILID_E, Leach. Geophilidw, Leacu, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XI, pt. 1, p. 384, 1814. Antenne filiform; frontal lamina distinct or coalesced; cephalic lamina not concealing the prehensors; prebasal lamina present or obsolete; basal lamina narrow; labrum tripartite. Mandibles with a single pectinate lamella; labial sternum entire or bifid, simple or with a process; labial palpus two-jointed, simple, or with a process; interior labial process usually distinct; maxillary sternum entire or divided; claw of maxillary palpus not excavate or pectinate; prehensorial sternum narrow, chitinous lines present or wanting; suprascutella want- ing; ventral pores on posterior half of segments, not in a definite area; anal pleurz more or less inflated, pores few or many; anal pores present or wanting; genital palpi two-jointed. Pairs of legs, 51-109. Genus GEOPHILUS, Leach. Geophilus, LEACH, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, XI, pt. 11, p. 384, 1814. Type.—Geophilus carpophagus, Leach. Distribution.—Europe; North Africa. Genus MECISTOCEPHALUS, Newport. Mecistocephalus, NEwrPort, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, p. 178, 1842. Type.—Mecistocephalus attenuatus (Say).? Distribution.—Eastern North America; Europe; North Africa. Genus ORINOPHILUS, new name. Orinomus, ATTEMS, Sitzungsb. d. Kais. Akad. d. Wissens. Wien, CIV, p. 166, 1895. Type.—Orinophilus oligopus (Attems)." Distribution.—Austria. 1Trans. Linn. Soc., XIX, p. 435. 2 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., II, p. 114. 3Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CIV, p. 167, pl. 1, fig. 11. St ee a ea, ts FN 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 73 SCHIZOTAZINIA, new genus. Type.—Schizotenia prognatha, new species, in the National Museum collection. Distribution.—Liberia. PIESTOPHILUS, new genus. Type.—Piestophilus tenuitarsis (Pocock). ! Distribution.— Dominica, Genus LINOTANIA, C. L. Koch. Linotenia, C. L. Kocu, System der Myriapoden, p. 86, 1847. Type.—Linotenia crassipes (C. lL. Koch)? Distribution.—Europe. Genus TOMOTAZNIA, Cook. Tomotenia, Cook, American Naturalist, XXIX, p. 866, 1895. Type.—Tomotania parviceps (Wood).’ Distribution.—California. Genus AGATHOTHUS, Bollman. Agathothus, BOLLMAN, Bull. 46, U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 166, 1893. Type.—Agathothus gracilis (Bollman).* Distribution.—Tennessee. Of the affinities of this genus little can be asserted. It is placed here mostly because Bollman originally described the species as a Scolioplanes. Family DICELLOPHILID, Cook. Dicellophilide, CooK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 61, 1895. Antenne filiform or subattenuate; frontal lamina always distinct; cephalic lamina narrow, not concealing the prehensors; prebasal lam- ina obsolete; basal lamina very narrow; labrum tripartite, entirely free; mandibles with several pectinate lamelle; labial sternum divided, sim- ple; labial palpus and interior labial process similar in shape, distinct, apically spatulate; maxillary sternum entire; maxillary palpus slender; claw simple; prehensorial sternum very narrow, without chitinous lines; suprascutella wanting; ventral pores wanting; anal pleure inflated, with numerous pores; anal pores present; genital palpi usually two- jointed; anal legs slender, six-jointed, without claw. Pairs of legs con- stant for each species; in the different species, 45-101. 1Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6 ser., II, No. 12, p. 472, 1888. ?Deutschl. Crust. und Myriap., Pt. 3, tab. 3, 1835. 3Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, p. 49, 1863. 4Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., p. 110, 1887. Genus DICELLOPHILUS, Cook. Dicellophilus, Cook, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 61, 1895. Type.—Dicellophilus limatus (Wood).! Distribution.—California. 12 AREA ENT OEE ee ARRANGEMENT OF THE GEOPHILIDA—COOK. VOL. XVIII. Genus LAMNON YX, Cook. Lamnonyx, Cook, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 61, 1895. Type.—Lamnonyx leonensis, Cook. Distribution.—Sierra Leone. Genus MEGETHMUS, Cook. Megethmus, Cook, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 61, 1895. Type.—Megethmus microporus (Haase).? Distribution.—Philippine Islands. GENERA NOT NOW RECOGNIZED AS VALID. | ARTHRONOMALUS, Newport. 4 Type.—Arthronomalus longicornis (Leach) = Geophilus longicornis, i Leach. CLINGPODES,"C. i. Moeh: 7 Type.—Clinopodes flavidus, C. L. Koch = Geophilus flavidus (C. L. ; GEOPHILUS, Newport (not Leach): Type.—Geophilus acuminatus, Leach = Linotzenia acuminata (Leach). — MECISTOCEPHALUS, Meinert (not Newport). Type.—Meeistocephalus carniolensis (C. L. Koch) = Lamnonyx carni-— olensis (C. L. Koch). MEINERTIA, Bollman = SCOTOPHILUS, Meinert. NECROPHLG:OPHAGUS, Newport. Type.—Necrophleophagus longicornis (Leach) = Geophilus longicornis, — Leach. NOTE RTE US CE Koch: Type.—Notiphilus teniatus, C. L. Koch = Bothriogaster tzeniatus (C. L. Koch). PACHYMERIUM,C. L. Koch. Type.—Pachymerium ferrugineum (C. L. Koch) = Mecistocephalus— attenuatus (Say). POABIUS; C.4:.e0en. Type.—Poabius niteus, C. L. Koch = Geophilus flavidus (C. L. Koch). | oe ae Seat, Sci. aie , p. 42, 1863. 2 Abh. u. Ber. d. K. Zool. u. Anth. as Mus., Dresden, 1886-87, No. 5, p. 106. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. oy POLYVGRICUS: Saussure and Humbert. | Described as a subgenus of Geophilus. SCNIPAUS, Bergsoe and Meinert. Type.—Scnipeus foveolatus, Bergsoe and Meinert = Geophilus foveo- latus (Bergsoe and Meinert). | SCOLIOPLANES, Bergsoe and Meinert. Tupe.—Scolioplanes maritimus (Leach) = Linotenia maritima (Leach). SCOTOPHILUS, Meinert: Type.—Scotophilus bicarinatus, Meinert = Henia bicarinata (Meinert). STENOTAENIA, CGC. L. Koch. Type.—stenotenia linearis, C. LL. Koeh = Geophilus linearis (C. L. Koch). SPRIGAMITASGray—GROPHILU Ss; Leach: STRIGAMIA, Wood. Type.—Strigamia acuminatus (Leach) = Linotzenia acuminata (Leach). STRIGAMIA, Seliwanoff. Type.—Strigamia parviceps, Wood = Tomotenia parviceps (Wood). DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GOLDEN BEETLE FROM COSTA RICA. By MARTIN L, LINELL, Aid, Department of Insects. AMONG a small lot of Costa Rican Coleoptera recently presented to the United States National Museum by Mr. John Keith, of San Jose, Costa Rica, through Capt. G. P. Seriven, U. 8. A., there were three specimens of the magnificent golden and silvery beetles from that locality. One of these I have identified as Plusiotis resplendens of Boucard, a true Plusiotis; the second one as P. chrysargyrea of Sallé, a species intermediate between Plusiotis and Pelidnota as regards the mandibles, the only structural character separating these two genera. The third specimen, which is described below, strictly belongs to Pelid- nota, since it has the mandibles as distinctly bidentate as in the majority of species of this genus, but it would evidently be wrong to separate it from association with the species of Plusiotis inhabiting the same region, which it resembles so much in form and coloration. Its near- est ally seems to be the above-mentioned Plusiotis chrysargyrea, which it approaches in form, although having a still broader thorax. The species is readily distinguished from any form of the group hitherto described, both in coloration and elytral sculpture. PLUSIOTIS KEITHI, new species. Oblong, parallel, somewhat convex, above splendidly golden colored. Clypeus, front and a broad side margin of thorax, pinkish brown. A large purple spot at inner margin of eyes, and a line of same color on the thorax, separating the golden color of the disk from that of the side margin. Head rather coarsely punctured, with finer punctures intermixed. Clypeus rugose, almost semicircular, with strongly reflexed margin. Mandibles distinctly bidentate. Thorax at base nearly as broad as the elytra, sparsely and finely punctured at the middle, more densely at the sides. Elytra without striz; sparsely covered with large, shallow, somewhat rugose punctures. Apical callus prominent. Sutu- ral striz impressed toward the apex. The finely rugose pygidium, the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XVIII—No. 1040. [Advance sheets of this paper were published January 12, 1895.] 18 NEW GOLDEN BEETLE FROM COSTA RICA—LINELL, Vou. XVul. whole under-surface and the legs, of a pinkish brown with silvery reflec- tions; all sutures shining cupreous. Baron de Selys arranges the species of Disparoneura in two divisions, of which the first is characterized by the “median sector arising from the vein of the nodus, the subnodal a little after. The rudiment of the lower sector of the triangle parting from the posterior border a little more remote than the basal postcostal nervule and ending at the middle of the vein which terminates the space under the quadrilateral.” The second division has the ‘“subnodal sector arising from the vein of the nodus, the median ® a little in front of this vein.” The first division embraces but one species, D. subnodalis, Selys; the second, twenty-two (includ- ing D. delia, Karsch, 1891). D. abbotti belongs to the first division, whose characters must be modified as‘follows: Median sector arising from the vein of the nodus, the subnodal a little after. Lower sector of the triangle.arising from the hind margin of the wing farther from the base than the basal posteostal cross vein. a. Lower sector of the triangle ending at the middle of the vein which terminates the space under the quadrilateral............----...---. D. subnodalis, SELYs. b. Lower sector of the triangle ending near the middle of the vein one cell after that which terminates the space under the quadrilateral...D. abbotti, new species. D. subnodalis is also described as having a blue band on each side of the head between the epistoma and the eye (apparently not uninter- rupted from eye to eye as in abbotti), and on each side of the thorax two small pale juxtahumeral spots placed one above the other (wanting in D. abbotti). : DISPARONEURA MUTATA, Selys (?). Disparoneura mutata, SELYS, Rev. Syn. Agr., p. 164, 1886.—Kirpy, Cat. Odon., p. 133, 1890. Locality—One male in the National Museum collection, ‘“Taviite, Zanzibar, January, 1889.” 1In the left front wing of one male, the lower sector of the triangle ends at the vein which terminates the space under the quadrilateral. 2Mem. Cour. Acad. R. Belg., XX XVIII, 4, 1886, p. 162. 5The original has ‘‘sous-nodal” instead of ‘‘médian”—an evident misprint. 142 EAST AFRICAN ODONATA—CALVERT. VOL. XVIII. I would have no hesitation in referring this male to D. mutata, Selys, were it not that his description of the appendages as seen in profile (‘‘de profil on les voit dilatés en dessous en une dent médiane triangulaire”) does not mention the two teeth shown in my figure ae (Fig. 15). The question arises: Can the appendages pisparoneura uu. Of the type be partly retracted within the last TATA (?), Male. segment so as to hide the more basal of the two Side view of abdominal ap- teeth ) pendages. AGRION INSULARE, Selys (?). Agrion insulare, SELYS, Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 179, 1872; Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), XLI, p- 1288, 1876. Cenagrion insulare, KIRBY, Cat. Odon., p. 150, 1890. One male in the National Museum collection, from the Seychelles, collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott, may belong to this species. The last three abdominal segments are wanting. It differs from the description of Baron de Selys' as follows: Pterostigma covers one and a half cells on front wings, two cells on hind wings; 14-15 posteubitals. No black marks on labrum. Solenostomi, BLEEKER, Enum. Sp. Pisce. Archip. Ind., p. xiv, 1859.2 >Syngnathi, BLEEKER, Enum. Sp. Pisce. Archip. Ind., p. xv, 1859. =Prostomides, DUMERIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, p. 495, 1870. —Lophobranchii, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VIII, pp. 150, 186, 1870. —=Lophobranchii, Copr, Proc. Am. Assoc. Ady. Sci., XX, p.°330, 1872. =Lophobranchii, FITZINGER, Sitzungsber. k. Akad. der Wissensch., Wien, LXVII, 1, Abth., p. 49, 1873. ? Synonym as Subclass. Lophobranches, DUMERIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, pp. 473, 488, 1870 (sous-classe). Suborder SYNGNATHI. Synonym as Order. =Syngnathi, BLEEKER, Enum. Sp. Pisce. Archip. Ind., p. xv, 1859. 'The “Sectio 2. Lophobranchii (Syngnathi)” of Bonaparte (op. cit.) is coequal with the ‘‘ Ordo III. Osteodermi.”’ °*The ‘‘series Hyperostomi” of the ‘‘sublegio Lophobranchii seu Dactylodermi,” Bleeker, Enum. Sp. Pisce. Arc. Ind., p. xiv, 1859, is coequal with the order Lopho- branchii as here accepted. r 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 157 Synonym as Suborder. € =Syngnathi, Giti, Arrangement Families Fishes, p. 2, 1872. Family SYNGNATHID 5. Synonymy. Hippocampida, OWEN, Lect. Comp. Anat. Vert. An., I, p. 50, 1846. > Hippocampide, Batrp, Icon. Encyel., I, p. 282, 1850. > Hippocampide, ADAMS, Man. Nat. Hist., p. 94, 1854. > Hippocampide, GIRARD, Expl. and Sury. for R. R. Route to Pacific Oc., X, | Fishes, p. 342, 1858. (Incl. Hippocampus only.) =Hippocampide, Cope, Proc. Am. Assoc. Ady. Sci., XX, p. 339, 1872. =Hippocampide, GILL, Arr. Fam. Fishes, p. 2, 1872. =Hippocampi, F1rziInGER, Sitzungsber., k. Akad. der Wissensch. Wien, LX VII, 1. Abth., p. 49, 1873. =Hippocampide, JORDAN and GILBERT, Syn. Fishes N, Am., pp. 80, 385, 1882. —=Hippocampidi, Pony, Repert. Hist. Nat. Cuba, II. Syngnathi with rhombiform quadrangular, or irregular plates with extensions buttressed against corresponding ones of the preceding and succeeding plates, thus prohibiting any lateral movement; tail more or less prehensile or curved downward; proscapular plates large and mammilated, and antepectoral plate wide. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 159 Subfamily SOLHGNATHIN 2%. Synonyms. Torpedinini, BONAPARTE, Nuovi Annali delle Sci. Nat., I, p. 130, 1838; IV, p. 183, 1840. > Torpedina, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. and Class. Fishes, ete., II, pp. 192, 321, 1839. > Torpedinina, GRAY, List. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, p. 99, 1851. =Torpedinine, GILL, Cat. Fishes E. Coast N. America, p. 63, 1861. =WNarcaciontine, GILL, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 387, 1861. Genus NARCOBATUS. >Narcacion, KLEIN, Historize Piscium Promovend# missus tertius de Piscibus per branchias occultas spirantibus, p. 31, 1742. > Torpedo, DUMERIL, Zoologie Analytique, p. 102, 1806. > Narcobatus, BLAINVILLE, Journal de Physique, ete., LXAXXIII, p. 263, 1816; Bull. Soc, Philom., 1816, p. 121. > Torpedo, MULLER and HENLE, Syst. Beschreib. der Plagiostomen, p. 126, 1844. >Narcacion, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, App. (Cat. Fishes E. Coast N. America), p. 63, 1861. =Narcacion, GILL, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 386, 1861. > Torpedo, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VIII, p. 448, 1870. —VFimbriotorpedo, Frirscu, Archiv. Anat. Phys., p. 365, 1886. Genus TETRANARCE. —Tetronarce, GILL, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VII, p. 386, 186i. —Gymnotorpedo, FrirscH, Archiv. Anat. Phys., 565, 1886. Torpedo sp., AUCT. Narcine sp., GIRARD. Narcacion sp., GILL. Subfamily NARCININ 2. —Narcinine, GILL, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 387, 1861. Genus NARCINE. —Narcine, HENLE, Uber Narcine, p. 31, 1834. >Syrraxis (JOURDAN), BONAPARTE, Fauna Ital. sub Torpedo narce. =Narcine, MULLER and HENLE, Archiv Naturgesch. 1837, I, p. 400; Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostomen, p. 129, 1841. >WNarcine, GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 387, 1861. >Cyclonarce, GILL, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 387, 1861. >Gonionarce, GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 387, 1861. ae 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 165 Genus NARKE. =Narke, KaupP, Isis, XVIII, p. 88, 1826. =Astrape, MULLER and HENLE, Archiv Naturgesch., 1837, I, p. 400. (‘*7. capensis und T, dipterygia aut.” named only.) Genus TEMERA, —=Temera, GRAY, Zool. Miscel., p. 7, 1831. Subfamily DISCOPY GIN A+. Genus DISCOPYGE. =Discopyge, TscHupi, Unters. Fauna Peruana, Ich., p. 32, 1845. Subfamily HY PNIN A —=Hypnine, GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 386, 1861, Genus HYPNOS. . . =Hypnos, A. DUMERIL, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (2), IV, p. 277, 1852. | THE FAMILIES OF SYNENTOGNATHOUS FISHES AND THEIR NOMENCLATURE. By THEODORE GILL, LL.-D. In 1872 I recognized two families of Synentognathous fishes and designated them as Belonide and Scomberesocidie, establishing the former for Belone as generally understood,' and restricting the latter to the Exoceetine, Hemirhamphine and Scomberesocine types.” The constituents were thus indicated, but the families themselves were not defined. To complete this delayed task, as well as to present the opinion of others, 1s the object of the present communication. i The genus EHsox was adopted by Linneus from Artedi, and its eardi- nal character was the backward position of the dorsal and anal fins, and their opposition to each other, The other points noted were second- ary and sometimes ignored in practice. The artificial character of the genus will be evident from a consideration of the species referred to it in the last edition of the Systema Nature.* Species of the Linnwan genus Esox. Linnean species. | Modern genera to which referred. ai : Eellevaiins Sete' SPSL OIL em clateletn nn eiettae teense sissies eicisieities coe | Sphyrcena SRE SSEES ete etete are ete telteta a aie teeta ote elt tore into relate ictaie efeietei teas ieee | Lepisosteus. RUMMLAE OCS retntoere micete rare mine ale ier sieieisieleiataisie siete ae sicinieeie sme | Albula. PERM ALO OULS -tetctateistara alas orelatalsiicinraiclerey= == siavein's simiaia sims lajelsteta/e'e\cieie | Synodus. BPEL CUS pamoten ce eicoec cae a ale iaincin ene clne cteras ccimeise clam e ere’ | Lucius (= Esox, Cuvier). RPPRELO TEC einen efacanias) na lafeicteraeratee ciacia ais nvetele eine aleieie t= w/eicla sve | E'sox (= Belone, Cuvier). MET OUSCLUS ee ert totale Seri este als ines sls ein iar- bens Se eles BUC EUSLUCCTESTS payer ta\,! and that name, signifying ‘“‘ without mucosity,” would be especially applicable to the pipefish and not to the gar. Still another synonym of 246.7 was fagiz. The Rhaphis, according to Aristotle, was toothless, thus contrasting with the formidably toothed gar and agreeing with the edentulous pipefishes. The synonymy of Rhaphis with Belone was declared by Dorio, according to Athenzus,? who said that the #YNENTOGNATHI. =Pharyngognathi malacopterygit, MULLER, Archiv Naturgesch., 9. Jahrg., I, p. 310, 1843; 16. Jahrg., I, p. 103, 1845; Abhandl. Akad. Wiss., 1842, p. 170. (Suborder. ) r =Esoces, BONAPARTE, Consp. Syst. Piscium, Ordo 14, 1850. (Order. ) =Soft-finned Pharyngeal Fishes (Walacopterygii), ADAMS, Man. Nat. Hist., p. 106, 1854. (Suborder.) —Synpharyngodontes, BLEEKER, Enum. Spec. Piscium Arch. Ind., p. xxx, 1859. (Tribus of Ordo Esoces. ) =Synentognathi, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, p. 148 (1859). (Sub- order. ) =Malacopteryaiit pharyngognathi, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, p. 1, 1865. (Suborder. Abandoned, and family Scomberesocidw only recognized, VI, p. 233.) =Synentognathi, CoprE, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1871, XX, pp. 335, 338 (1872). (Order. ) =Scombrésoces, BLEEKER, Atlas Ich. Indes Néerland., VI, p. 40, 1866-72. =Synentognathi, JORDAN and GILBERT, Syn. Fishes N. Am., pp. 367, 371, 1882. (Order. ) Family EXOCC:&TIDA4, Sairidini, RAFINESQUE, Indice I ttiolog. Siciliana, p. 33, 1810. Exocetidw, BONAPARTE, Catalogo Metodica dei Pesci Europei, pp. 8, 80, 1846. > Erocetide, BONAPARTE, Consp. Syst. Ich., fam. 69, 1850. xX Belonidw, BONAPARTE, Consp. Syst. Ich , fam. 68, 1850. LExocetoide, GILL, Cat. Fishes E. Coast N. America, p. 38, 1851. Acanthurus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. and Class. Fishes, ete., II, pp. 255, 1839. > Teuthys, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. and Class. Fishes, etc., II, pp. 255, 1839. x Ctenodon, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. and Class. Fishes, ete., II, pp. 255, 1839. =Acronurus, GRONOW, Cat. of fish collected and described, p. 142, 1854. —=Acanthurus \ 1, GiNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II], pp. 325, 327, 1861. =Acronurus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., III, p. 345 (young). 9 = qeeeeeilecis alee eae ee ei ncieeeeieces S. oramin. i pihopunctata (Sen) ase wees aainasaciaciswaaoneseees sons i Barer eme tals: . striolata eR eee eee ene eran Ie merece ete per ae te S. striolatus. ihe hexagonata (BIGGKe) Resse ena taeni se se Sema cmee eats eae S. hexagonatus. BRO RELE CUE 4 OES Ua) ee state tape lem iekase oleate otetelalslere aie totele earls S. guttatus. PRE LELULE A UHOLS kK: eaccets = sas esas Nom els oes seemmismicicie cea saicie | S. stellatus. EE POLOSLICLON URI CHALG SOM) se ae = Se mciere Seicinsate scene nts Meters clase ae S. notostictus. IEMUESCOSCEN GAC ELOU bs) nn att cae coseckiowee =| s2c-e|een--=|>enl1 = | 1884 48 | Gasteropelecus sternicla. Bulb bOSUBt s== > |25--228 jp cold i £9 518 | 20] 1384) 20 | Characinus gibbosus (2). INO LAGS re = «5-251 2:2!sI=\c)at = = = ieee 513] 21 1385 | 21 | Tetragonopterus 2 Bimaculatus-..-....--.- | 311 20} 513 22 | 1385 22 | Tetragonopterus bimaculatus. Immaculatus....-.---- | 312 2AM 513 23 1385 23 | (2) USTONIS= se feem abies se =) en ee losenee 513 24 | 1385 | 24) Synodus fcetens (4). Cyprinoides --.....---- tone eee (amans 514 25 1385 25 | Curimata eyprinoides. Niloticus ...-.--.------ 312 22 | 514 26 1386 26 | Myletes niloticus (1). pppeius 3 Scene boa qlandeéoleoneqalcoLboe | eremcrare | 13886 | 49 Distichodus egyptius (6). Pulverulentus-.----..--. |} 312) 238) 514) 27 1386 27 | Tetragonopterus ——? (7). PUNOMPSUS: - = <2 sons =~ See eine 514 28 1386 28 | Serrasalmus rhombeus. FAMOSbOMUS ..--.=--- 05 | 312 24 514 29 1387 29. Anostomus anostomus. a Myletes niloticus = Salmo niloticus = Cyprinus dentex, Linueus 8. N., 10. ed., p. 825; Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 108, 1764. Many would therefore prefer Jf. niloticus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VITI—No. 105s. 213 214 FISHES OF THE GENUS CHARACINUS—GILL. VOL. XVII. It is to be remembered that Gmelin intercalated the species he added to the ‘Systema Nature” according to their supposed affinities, but with the numbers continued from the highest of Linnus. The species with numbers after the accepted names require some consideration. 1. The Myletes niloticus or denter is the Alestes kotschyi (not dente) of Giinther, and as it was the only described species for which Cuvier originally! framed the genus, it should retain the former generic name. The South American species referred to JMJyletes should take the name Myleus of Miiller and Troschel. This genus has been divided into two subgenera, Myletes and Myleus. For the former, Myloplus may be taken as a substitute. The classical form Jylites (dentex) has beenused for the typical form by Minding’, and perhaps will be accepted by purists. The S. dentex of Hasselquist, or S. niloticus of Forskal, is a different species—M. hasselquistii, Cuvier. 2. The Characinus gibbosus is Alestes gibbosus, Giinther, as already indicated. 3. The Salmo (Characinus) immaculatus is at present unidentifiable. 4. The Synodus fotensis Saurus fetens of Giinther, and of course has no affinity to the Characinids. 5. The Curimata cyprinoides must take that name, as Curimata was the first Latin form of the name given. 6. The Distichodus egyptius is D. niloticus, Giinther. Dr. Giinther takes the name from Hasselquist, whose work was published in 1757, but if the precepts of the British and American Associations for the Advancement of Science and other biological societies are adopted, no names behind the tenth edition can be accepted. Dr. Giinther, in his synonymy t quotes “ Salmo egyptiacus, Linneus, GMELIN, I, p. 1386,” but the form used by Linnzeus and Gmelin was S. egyptius. As Agyp- tius was the older and more classical form, it is not obvious why any one should have wished to alter the name to gyptiacus. 7. The Salmo (Characinus) pulverulentus has never been identified, but was probably a Tetragonopterus. Inasmuch as Linnzeus really derived the conception of the genus, as well as the basis of this name, from Gronovius, we should take one of the two species originally referred by that author to his genus Chara. Swainson, as early as 1839, revived the Linnean designation (Characi- nus) for the C. gibbosus, and Valenciennes was inclined to adopt the Gronovian name (Charax) for the genus, to which he nevertheless 'Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1,115, 1815; Regne Animal, IJ, 66, 1817. Dr. Giinther went back for Myletes only to Cuvier, Mém. Mus., IV, p. 444, when the South American species attributed to it were first described. 2 Lehrbuch, p. 121, 1852, 3 Cloquet, Dict. Hist. Nat., XII, p. 240, 1818. 4Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.. V, p. 360. 7 v 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 215 applied the name Hpicyrtus.' For that genus, therefore, Characinus may be revived.? Thespecies of the tenth edition of the “Systema Naturve” were referred to new genera in the following sequence: 77. Anostomus, SCOPOLI (ex GRON.). 1815. Telragonoptere, CUVIER,. 1815. Myletes, CUVIER. 1817. Les Tetragonopteres ( Tetragonopterus, ARTEDI)® CUVIER. 1845. Distichodus, MULLER and TROSCHEL. 1845. Alestes, MULLER and TROSCHEL = Characinus restricted. Thus by successive eliminations the genus was finally restricted to OC. gibbosus. Its synonyms are as follows: Genus CHARACINUS. Pre-binomial synonyms. < Charax, GRONOVIUS, Mus. Ichth., I, p. 19 (?), 1754. Binomial synonyms. For synonymy, see Trimen, S. Afr. Butt., III, p. 24. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 269 _ the extremity of vein 2 toward the end of the cell, and serves to delimit the orange-red apical patch from the white inner area of the wing along the lower half of its inner margin. There is a short, pale orange, transverse bar at the end of the cell. The secondaries have the ends of the nervules lightly tipped with black. On the under side the primaries are white, with the orange red of the apical patch faintly showing through from the upper side. There is a minute black spot at the end of the cell. The costa and the apical area are laved with pale yellow, and profusely irrorated with pale-brown spots and strigve. The secondaries on the under side are pale yellow, profusely covered throughout with pale brown spots and strige like those on the prima- ries. The body is blackish above and pale yellow below. The antennze are black. Female.—Like the male, but the black subapical transverse line delimiting the orange-red apical patch on its inner side is in this sex continued across the wing to the costa, instead of terminating, as in the inale, before reaching the end of the cell, and there is a black spot at the end of the cell on both the primaries and the secondaries. Expanse of wings, 28-38 mm. There are seven males and one female in the National Museum col- lection, all from Aldabra. Two of the males are very greatly dwarfed. - Genus TERACOLUS, Swainson. TERACOLUS ALDABRENSIS, new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 7, 8.) Matle.-—The body is grayish above and white below. The wings are white on both sides. The primaries are narrowly edged with gray on the costa, and are also narked on the costa just before the apex with a small black spot. The secondaries on the under side have the costa laved with yellow near the base. Female.—The female has the wings broader and not so acute at the apex as the male. The apical area on the upper side is broadly black, inclosing six white hastate spots, of which the second from the costal margin is the largest and those below it regularly diminish in size. The sixth in the descending series located between the extremities of veins 2 and 3 is separated from the inner white portions of the wing by an obsolescent grayish shade, which in some specimens is wholly wanting, thus reducing the number of white hastate spots to five. On the under side the secondaries are pale yellow throughout, and the primaries have the costal margin and the apical area of the same color. There is a subapical transverse series of three obscure grayish spots upou the primaries. Expanse of wings, male and female, 35 mm. There are five males and four females in the National Museum collee- tion, all labeled as from Aldabra. One of the males is aberrant, dis- playing a conspicuous black spot at the end of the cell of one of the secondaries on the lower side. 270 LEPIDOPTERA FROM EAST AFRICAN ISLANDS—HOLLAND., VoL. xvi. 7 Family HESPERIID. Genus GEGENES, Hubner. GEGENES GEMELLA (Mabille). Pamphila gemella, MABILLE, C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXVIII, p. elxxxviii. The collection contains eight specimens: one from Alphonse Island, four from Platte Isiand, and three from Mahe. GEGENES POUTIERI (Boisduval). Hesperia poutieri, BOISDUVAL, Faune Ent. Madgr., p. 65. The collection contains one most wretched specimen, from Mahé, There is just enough of the creature upon the pin to make the identi- fication certain. Suborder HETEROCERA. Family LITHOSHD. Genus. UTETHEISA, Hubner UTETHEISA PULCHELLA (Linnzus). Tinea pulchella, LINN-EUS, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 534, No, 238 (1758). There are fourteen specimens in the collection, distributed as follows: Mahé, 2; Gloriosa, 1; Poivre Island (Amirante Group), 3; Aldabra, 4; Platte Island, 4. . Family SPHINGID 2. Genus CEPHENODES, Hubner. CEPHENODES HYLAS (Linnezus). Sphinx hylas, LiINN-©US, Mant. Plant., p. 539 (1771). There is one specimen from Mahe. Genus PHLEGETHONTIUS, Hutibner. PHLEGETHONTIUS CONVOLVULI (Linnzus). Sphinx convolvuli, LINN=US, Syst. Nat., I, p. 490, No. 6 (1758). One very poor specimen from Mahé. Genus ACHERONTIA, Ochsenheimer. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS (Linnzus). Sphinx atropos, LINN-£US, Syst. Nat., I, p. 490, No. 8 (1758). Two specimens from Mahé. Group NOCTUZ. Family LEUCANIID A. Genus PRODENIA, Guénée. PRODENIA LITTORALIS (Boisduval). Hadena littoralis, BoIspuvAL, Faune Ent. Madgr., p. 91, pl. x11, fig. 8 (1833). One rubbed specimen from Mahé which I think, from what remains of the insect, is correctly referable to this widely distributed species. tar ery 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 271 Family CARADRINID 4%. Genus ILATTIA, Walker. ILATTIA OCTO, Guénée. Perigea octo, GUENKEE, Noct., I, p. 233 (1852). There is one specimen, from Providence Island, of this wretched little creature, which has been located in no less than nine different genera by systematists, and described under fourteen different names. It is known to North American students as Chytoryza tecta, Grote. For full synonymy, the student is referred to the excellent paper by my honored friend, Dr. Butler, of the British Museum.! Family PLUSIID/. Genus PLUSIA, Ochsenheimer. PLUSIA CHALCYTES, Esper, Noctua chalcytes, ESPER, Schmett., IV, p. 447, pl. Cx Lt, fig. 3 (1789). There are two specimens from Mahé which I refer to this species, and which seem to differ from specimens from the south of Europe in my collection, only by being somewhat paler upon the under side of the wings, and destitute of any trace of the fuscous shade which, in the specimens I refer to, is found at the end of the cell and on the outer margins of the wings. Family OMMATOPHORID.®. Genus CYLIGRAMMA, Boisduval. CYLIGRAMMA LATONA (Cramer). Phalena latona, CRAMER, Pap. Exot., I, 20, pl. x11, fig. B. One specimen from Gloriosa Island, Family OPHIUSID 4%, Genus GRAMMODES, Guénée. GRAMMODES STOLIDA (Fabricius), Noctua stolida, Fasricivus, Ent. Syst., p. 599. Three examples, all from Platte Island. Family DYSGONIID. Genus SPHINGOMORPHA, Guénée. SPHINGOMORPHA CHLOREA (Cramer). Phalena noctua chlorea, CRAMER, Pap. Exot., II, p. 12, pl. crv, fig. C (1779). Two specimens from Gloriosa. ‘Proc. Entom. Soc. London, XX XVIII, p. 690. 272 LEPIDOPTERA FROM EAST AFRICAN ISLANDS—HOLLAND, Vou. xvut. Genus ACHAZA, Hubner. ACHZA SEYCHELLARUM, new species. (Plate VIII, fig. 10.) Male.—Palpi, front, patagia, and upper side of thorax fawn color. The upper side of the abdomen is slightly paler fawn. The under side of the thorax and the abdomen is pale fawn, with the anterior legs outwardly darker brown. The fore wings on the upper side are fawn, marked by an incomplete basal black line succeeded by a heavy zigzag basal transverse line, beyond which in the cell is a small black spot, and at the end of the cell a moderately large ocelliform spot. Beyond the cell, the wing is crossed by a broad black band curving outwardly opposite the end of the cell, and interrupted more or less on the nerv- ules by narrow, pale lines. Beyond this broad band, there are some submarginal cloudings in a double series, succeeded by minute pale marginal spots. The fringes are white. The hind wings on the upper side are pale gray, with the outer half broadly black. The basal area is separated from the black outer area by an obscurely defined trans- verse whitish line. On the outer margin near the outer angle, at the middle, and just before the anal angle, are conspicuous white spots, of which that on the middle is the largest. On the under side both wings are pale gray. The primaries have the inner margin broadly shining stramineous. There is a conspicuous black spot at the end of the cell, followed by a curved black band running from the costa to vein 2, and succeeded outwardly near its lower end by a broad black shade. The apical area is slightly darker than the rest of the wing. The outer margin is very pale gray. The secondaries have a minute spot at the end of the cell, followed toward the outer margin by three obscure and incomplete curved transverse bands of brown, which are lost in a pale brown clouding, which is most conspicuous near the outer and the anal angles. Expanse of wings, 55 mm. Type in the National Museum collection. ACHAZA SEYCHELLARUM, var. IMMUNDA, new variety. This variety only differs from the type in the total absence, on the upper side, of the primaries, of all the transverse dark markings, and the somewhat paler tint of the under side, and the effacement of most of the less conspicuous markings of the under surface. It is well known that in this genus there is great diversity in the markings upon the upper side of the wings, and I have no hesitafion in referring the two forms before me to the same species. There are three specimens of the typical form before me in the collection, all males, and all labeled as coming fram Aldabra. There are four speci- mens of the variety, three males and one damaged female, from the same locality. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 273 ; Family REMIGIID., Genus REMIGIA, Guénée. REMIGIA CONVENIENS, Walker. Remigia conveniens, WALKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., XIV, p. 1507. One injured specimen apparently belonging to this species. It is labeled as from Mahé, Seychelles. Group PYRALES. Genus HYMENIA, Hiibner. HYMENIA RECURVALIS, Fabricius. Phalena recurvalis, FABRICIUS, Ent. Syst., III, 2, 237, 407. Several damaged specimens, one from Aldabra, one from Platte Isla nd, and one from Doros (Amirante Group). BOTYS, sp. (?) There are a couple of specimens in rather inferior condition which may be referred possibly to B. otreusalis, Walker, but I am not sure of the identification, BODYS((@),.sp-(2) There is a dark-colored species of some pyralid genus, probably Pleon- ectusa, represented by a specimen on a pin with a specimen of H. reeur- valis from Platte Island, and another by itself from the same island, which I can not well determine. They have a wonderfully familiar look, but after grubbing through nearly one thousand species of pyralids in my collection in quest of a name, I give up the task as not worth the time it will take. ‘The species may be new. Proc. N. M. 95 18 te + tN a " ; é a LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN KASHMIR : BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT. By W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D. THE small collection of lepidoptera transinitted to me for determina- tion by the authorities of the United States National Museum is inter- esting mainly because it adds slightly to our knowledge of the range of two or three species, which, while belonging to the region of which Kashmir forms a part, have not been hitherto distinctly recorded as found there. Suborder RHOPALOCERA. Subfamily DANAIN 4. Genus DANAIS, Latreille. DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS, Linnzus. Four typical specimens. Below 5,000 feet. DANAIS LIMNIACE, Cramer. Two examples. Below 5,000 feet. Subfamily SATY RIN 4. Genus MANIOLA, Schrank. MANIOLA KASHMIRICA, Moore. Maniola kashmirica, Moone, Lep. Ind., I, p. 51, pl. 104, fig. 2. One mutilated specimen. Below 5,000 feet. Genus CALLEREBIA, Butler. CALLEREBIA DAKSHA, Moore. Callerebia daksha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 266, pl. xii, fig. ave and sli al aii Gost 25 2a. Three specimens. Below 5,000 feet. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XV I1I—No. 1065. 27 a 276 LEPIDOPTERA FROM KASHMIR—HOLLAND. VOL. XVII. Family NYMPHALINA. Genus MELITAAA, Fabricius. MELITAA BALBITA, Moore. Melitewa balbita, MooRE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 268, pl. xLut, fig. 5, One broken specimen. Below 5,000 feet. Genus ARGYNNIS, Fabricius. ARGYNNIS CHILDRENI, Gray. One specimen taken below 5,000 feet. ARGYNNIS KAMALA, Moore. Two specimens. Below 5,000 feet. ARGYNNIS JAINADEVA, Moore. A male and a female. Below 5,000 feet. ARGYNNIS JERDONI, Lang. Nine specimens. Below 5,000 feet. Genus PYRAMEIS, Hubner. PYRAMEIS CARDUI, Linnzus. Three examples. 5,000-10,000 feet. Genus VANESSA, Fabricius. VANESSA KASCHMIRENSIS, Kollar. Five examples. Below 5,000 feet. VANESSA CANACE, Linneus. One specimen. Above 5,000 feet. Saerany LIBY TH AIN 2. Genus LIBYTHEA, Fabricius. LIBYTHEA LEPITA, Moore. Three specimens. Below 5,000 feet. Family LYCAINID. Genus LYCAINA, Fabricius. LYCANA MEDON, Hibner. One example, female. Over 5,000 feet. LYCAENA ARIANA, Moore. A male and a female. 5,000-10,000 feet. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, OU LYCAENA OMPHISSA, Moore. There are two examples, a male and apparently a female, which I refer with some doubt to this species. They appear to correspond in most particulars with the description given by Moore, and with what is recorded in reference to the species by De Niceville in his work upon the Butterflies of India.' Below 5,000 feet. LYCA-NA GALATHEA, Blanchard, Four males and one female. Below 5,000 feet. Genus CYANIRIS, Dalman. CYANIRIS COELESTINA, Kollar. Two examples. 5,000-10,000 feet. Genus THECLA, Fabricius. THECLA SASSANIDES, Kollar. Six specimens. Below 5,000 feet. Genus CHRYSOPHANUS, Hubner. CHRYSOPHANUS PHLA®AS, Linnzus. One specimen. Below 5,000 feet. Subfamily PIKRIN 4». Genus PIERIS, Sehrank. PIERIS DAPLIDICE, Linnezus. Seven specimens. From below 5,000-10,000 feet. PIERIS BRASSICZA, Linnzus. Four specimens. From below 5,000-10,000 feet. PIERIS CANIDIA, Sparrmann. Nine examples. Below 5,000 feet. Genus COLIAS, Fabricius. COLIAS EDUSA, var, MYRMIDONE, Esper. There are two males and two females in the lot sent me for determi- nation. They were mixed with the specimens of the following species by the curator of the Museum, who evidently regarded them as belong- ing to the same. Below 5,000-10,000 feet. 1Vol. Lil. 278 LEPIDOPTERA FROM KASHMIR—HOLLAND. VOL. XVIII. COLIAS HYALE, Linneus. There are one male and four females in the lot sent me. From 5,000-10,000 feet. Eighteen specimens of Colias were sent home by Dr. Abbott. Genus GONEPTERYX, Leach. GONEPTERYX NEPALENSIS, Doubleday. One male specimen. Below 5,000 feet. Subfamily PAPILIONIN As. Genus PAPILIO, Linnzus. PAPILIO MACHAON, Linnzus. Two examples and a fragment of another. Below 5,000 feet. PAPILIO PARIS, Linnzus. Six specimens. Below 5,000 feet. Suborder HETEROCERA. Family SPHINGID A. Genus CEPHENODES, Hubner. CEPHENODES HYLAS, Linnzus. Three specimens. Below 5,000 feet. Family ARCTIIDA. Genus ARCTIA, Schrank. ARCTIA PERORNATA, Moore. One damaged specimen. Below 5,000 feet. Genus CALLIMORPHA, Latreille. CALLIMORPHA PRINCIPALIS, Kollar. Three specimens. 5,000-10,000 feet. Family GEOMETRIDA. Genus URAPTERYX, Leach. URAPTERYX EBULEATA, Guénée. . One example. Over 5,000 feet. Group PYRALES. Genus NOTARCHA, Meyrick. NOTARCHA AURANTIACALIS, Fischer von Roslerstamm. One specimen. Over 5,000 feet. i A 4 2 Fig. No Re =“) qa Ol & GO <> 90 os rr EXPLANATION OF PLATES, PLATE VII. . Acrea abbottii, Holland. . Areynnis hanningtoni, Elwes. . Acriea pharsalioides, Holland. . Chrysophanus abbottii, Holland. . Terias mandarinulus, Holland. . Hepialus keniw, Holland. . Lyeena perpulchra, Holland. . Duomitus kilimanjarensis, Holland. . Gorgopis abbottii, Holland. . Alpenus trifasciata, Holland. . Cosuma marginata, Holland. 12. LS: 14. Teracotona clara, Holland. Ogovia tavetensis, Holland. Sozuza stevensil, Holland. PLATE VIII. . Conservula minor, Holland. . Calliodes pretiosissima, Holland. . Metaretia inconspieua, Holland. . Gonodela kilimanjarensis, Holland. . Gonodela rhabdophora, Holland. . Euplea mitra, Moore. . Teracolus aldabrensis, Holland, male. Teracolus aldabrensis, Holland, female. . Callosune evanthides, Holland, male. 10. . Atella seychellarum, Holland. Achea seychellarum, Holland. 279 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII PL. VII EAST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA Reduced one-tenth FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 279 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. XVIII PL. VIII ——— OD Setter XX East AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA Reduced one-tenth FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 279 NOTES ON ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIFORM MINERALS. By GEORGE P. MERRILL, Curator of the Department of Geology. The investigations detailed below are an outgrowth of an attempt at classifying and Jabeling the ‘‘asbestos” collections in the economic series of the geological department of the National Museum. The results seem of sufficient interest to warrant immediate publication, as the final handbook' of which they were designed to form a part may yet be delayed some months. Without going too deeply into a discussion of the origin of the name “asbestos,” and the causes which led to its present loosely-defined min- eralogical significance,’ it may be said that as commercially used the name now covers at least four distinct minerals, having in common only a fibrous structure and more or less fire- and acid-proof properties. These minerals are (1) monoclinic amphibole (tremolite), (2) serpentine (amianthus), (5) anthophyllite, and (4) crocidolite. Of these, tremolite and serpentine have long been recognized in fibrous forms, and are as a rule readily distinguishable from one another by the silky fiber and greater flexibility of the last named. Asbestiform crecidolite is well known to most mineralogists, though, so far as the present writer is aware, the South African locality is the only source of the mineral in commercial quantities. That the fibrous form of anthophyllite is also sufficiently common to be commercially used as asbestos, seems not so well understood, though the leading text-books on the subject? all mention the mineral as sometimes occurring in fibrous forms resembling asbestos. That a lack of discrimination between fibrous anthophyllite and the true tremolite asbestos should exist is not strange, since to the unaided eye they are often in every way alike, and it is only by microscopic or chemical means that the true nature of the mineral can be made out. 'The Nonmetallic Minerals, now in process of preparation. 2See ‘‘Some Misconceptions concerning Asbestus,” by J. T. Donald and A. H. Chester, in the Eng, and Min. Journal for March 18, April 1, and June 10, 1893. 3See Dana’s System of Mineralogy, latest edition, and Hintze’s Handbuch der Mineralogie. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIITI—Noe. 1066. 281 282 ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIFORM MINERALS—MERRILL, vot. xv. all the analyses of the above noted asbestiform minerals that have been made either by R. L. Packard or myself in the department laboratory, as well as such others as can be compiled from available literature. It will be seen that out of the 24 analyses made by our- selves, 12 are anthophyllite, 7 asbestiform tremolite, and 2 uralitic augite. This statement must not, however, be accepted as conveying the idea that anything like the same proportions would hold in another series, since only such samples were selected for our analyses as had not been already satisfactorily determined. In all cases the optical and chemical determinations agree, the mineral giving extinctions parallel with the axis of elongation proving to be anthophyllite, and that with inclined extinctions, tremolite (asbestos) or uralitic augite. This result was not wholly expected, since it was thought that possibly some might be amphibole anthophyllite, ¢. e., a mineral with the com- position of anthophyllite, but monoclinic in crystallization. The angle of extinction given, is that obtained by measuring against the axis of elongation of the fibers, which is doubtless the vertical crystallographic AXIS. The size and shape of the fibers in both asbestos proper and antho- phyllite is found to be quite variable, but I can not discover that there is any constant difference. The Salls Mountain material (No. 61357, U.S. N. M.) oceurs in the form of a massive aggregate of bundles of short radiating fibers, rarely 20 mm. in length. The mineral is soft, of a somewhat brittle nature, but in small fibers very flexible, though searcely elastic. Under the microscope the interference colors are very faint, scarcely discernible in the smaller fibers; extinction is always parallel with the axis of elongation. The composition is that of a hydrated anthophyllite. The Nacoochee (White County) material (No. 60842, U.S. N. M.) is of a beautiful snow-white color in the mass, but colorless in single fibers. The fibers are long, smooth, of very uniform diameter throughout, flex- ible, but breaking with rectangular cross fractures. The fibers not infrequently show a cross parting at right angles to the axis of elonga- tion. The mineral is not at all pleochroic, and the fibers always extin- euish parallel with the axis of elongation. The outline of the fiber is polygonal. Other materials from Cleveland, in this same county, are precisely stmilar, both in physical and chemical properties. The Rabun County (Georgia) material (No. 56351, U. S. N. M.) is colored brownish by oxidation, and, on casual inspection, is coarse-fibered. The fibers are long, somewhat stiff, but flexible, though not elastic. The ultimate product of fibration, obtained by rolling the material between the thumb and fingers, has a somewhat splintery look under tbe micro- scope, the thin fibers, some 0.002 mm. in diameter, running out to a point at the end. Extinction parallel with axis of elongation. $e 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 283 The material from Alberton, Maryland (No. 62604, U.S. N. M.), is quite similar in general appearance to that from Cleveland, occurring in the form of fibrous bundles 12 to 18 inches in length. The individual fibers are very smooth and polygonal in outline, and give parallel extinctions. The ultimate composition, 1f will be observed, is essen- tially the same as that of Nacoochee. Another variety, occurring in the limestone just above Alberton, is pure white in color, finely fibrous, and when wet is easily reduced to a condition that can only be deseribed as pulpy, like wet paper. The fibers extinguish always parallel with the axis of elongation, but its exact mineral nature has not been as yet worked out (see Analysis 40 in accompanying table). The Carbon County (Wyoming) material (No. 62090, U.S. N. M.) is of the same general nature as No. 62604, The material from Mitchell County, North Carolina (No. 50876, U.S. N. M.), isin the form of bundles of parallel-lying, long, soft and silky fibers, white in color, and easily reduced to a fine, silky powder, without appre-_ ciable grit, by rubbing be- tween the thumb and finger. The extinction colors are very faint, but always parallel with the axis of elongation. No ap- preciable pleochroism. The fibers show occasional cross partings, causing them to break with sharp, straight fractures. The actual size of 1 the fibers—that is, the diame- ter—is indefinite, since there Seer teenie | seems no limit to further sub- division. The smallest actually measured was 0.002 mm. Down toa diameter of 0.004 mm. the fibers are of quite uniform diameter through- out their length and in the form of square or slightly compressed prisms (see Figs. 1 and 2). The smaller sizes frequently taper off to wedge-shaped forms, as shown in Fig. 3. All show extinctions and plane of optic axis parallel with the axis of elongation. Two samples were examined, labeled as from Franklin County, North Carolina. The first, from the Brush collection at New Haven, kindly submitted by S. L. Penfield, was in the form of somewhat stiff and brittle bundles of a slight brownish color. The material was easily reduced to fibrous form by thumb and fingers, but the fibers were quite brittle. Its composition is that of normal anthophyllite, closely resembling that of Mitchell County, above noted. The second sample (No. 44252, U.S. N. M.), concerning the identity of which there at first seemedL some doubt, proved microscopically identical and was not analyzed. 4 284 ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIFORM MINERALS—MERRILL. vou. xvm. A sample marked as from Tallapoosa County (?), Alabama, was received from Prof. Albert H. Chester, of Rutgers College, New Jersey. It resembles very closely that of Mitchell County, North Carolina, and occurs in fibrous bundles ten or more inches in length. This is also anthophyllite, as shown by its chemical and optical properties. Material received from Warrenton, Warren County, the same State, is of pure white color, excepting where stained externally by iron oxide. It is reduced readily by the thumb and fingers to fine, soft and silky fibers, which do not differ materially from others mentioned. The San Diego material occurs in the form of hard, compact bundles, somewhat difficult to reduce to a fibrous condition, but capable of almost indefinite subdivision. Under the microscope the fibers, either singly or in bundles, give parallel extinctions. The bundles, even though containing thousands of individual fibers, conduct themselves as crystal units, the entire bundle behaving optically as a single fiber. The larger fibers, although clear and compact, without indication of having in themselves a fibrous structure, yet manifest their capability of further subdivision by steplike ends, as in Fig. 4, where the rise of each step represents the diameter of a fiber which has been separated from it. As above noted, I fail to find any certain means of discrimination between the anthophyllite and asbestos fibers by their shape alone. Optically there is, of course, a well-defined distinction, the asbestos fibers giving extinction angles from 0° to 20°, according to their orien- tation. These fibers, like those of anthophyllite, are angular in outline, often compressed, at times of a very uniform diameter throughout their entire length, or again tapering very gradually to a triangular point, as shown in Fig. 5, which is drawn from a fiber of asbestos (No. 62550, U.S. N. M.) found in the “soapstone” quarries of Alberene, Virginia. The asbestos from Chester, South Carolina (No. 73462, U. S. N. M.), is of a gray color, short-fibered, and rather brittle. The individual fibers often show the cross partings, but have frequently acute terminations and a splintery appearance. The material in Analysis 20 (see accom- panying table), marked as from Cow Flats, New South Wales, it will be observed, differs radically from that of the ‘ asbest-forminge mineral” from the same locality as given by Hintze (Analysis 26). Our material is of a beautiful white, silky appearance, very finely fibered, and show- ing under the microscope clear, colorless, straight fibers of very uni- form size throughout, ranging from 0.008 down to 0.002 mm. or even smaller, and giving extinction angles varying from 0° to 17°. The Corsican material is very similar, as is also that of Pylesville, in Har- ford County, Maryland (noted later), excepting that the last is a trifle more brittle and of a grayish hue. That from Aston, Delaware County (obtained from the Boston Socei- ety of Natural History, through the kindness of Prof. W. O. Crosby), occurs in short, beautifully silky forms, sometimes almost feltlike, or edna 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 285 again in the form of compact bundles of flat fibers of a grayish hue, several inches in length. The larger bundles found at this locality fre- quently show rude cross partings, indicative of a rupturing through shearing agencies, the clefts thus formed being filled by other second- ary minerals. The significance of this fact is noted later. The mate- rial from Idaho (Analysis 32) can scarcely be considered a true mineral species, being partially decomposed by cold dilute hydrochloric acid, the solution reacting for alumina and magnesia, while the insoluble resi- due consists of pure white, brittle fibers, in the form of flat bundles, show- ing to the naked eye a peculiar crimping extending diagonally across the plates. The twosamples from Nahant and Malden, Massachusetts, received from Prof. W. O. Crosby, occur in diabase, the fibers running oblique or parallel with the walls of the “vein.” That from Nahant is a dull, light-green-gray, platy mineral, shredding up readily into flat- tened bundles of fibers which lie with their greatest diameters in one general plane. The fibers, under the microscope, are very uneven in diameter and splinterlike, terminating in acute points. There seems almost no limit to fibration, bundles not over 0.004 mm. in diameter being made up of a large number of short, splinterlike fibers, with free ends frequently projecting like the broken strands in an old rope. Fibers were measured down to 0.001 mm. in diameter, but smaller exist. Small flattened fibers, the fraction of a millimeter in diameter, give extinction angles, measured against the edge, of 7°, and show indis- tinctly the emergence of a bisectrix a little to one side, facts at once suggestive of cleavage splinters parallel to the prismatic faces. Meas- urements on anumber of small individual fibers show extinction angles ranging from 0° to 17°. The Malden material is very similar, but the fibers are longer and more unitorm in diameter. The composition and optical properties of both are such as to relegate them to the ‘uralites” cather than to true asbestos, though their fibrous structure is none the less suggestive from our present standpoint. A platy, dull greenish, soft, and rather brittle mineral found at Rox- bury, Massachusetts, under similar conditions, shows under the micro- scope stout, faintly yellowish, and pleochroie columns, with frequent cross partings which give extinction angles as high as 22°, The material is doubtless actinolite, and was not analyzed. Concerning the possible cause of the fibrous structure of these min- erals, existing literature is strangely silent, though there are numerous references to the occurrence of asbestos as a secondary mineral. Thus Blum describes! the conversion (“umwandlung”) of an augite from Pitkaranda, in the Ladoga-See, into an asbestos-like hornblende, the process being evidently akin to uralitization. He finds also a fibrous intermediate product having the following composition: SiQ,, 45.57 per cent; Al,O;, 3.00 per cent; Fe,O;, 19.73 per cent; CaO, 4.40 per cent; MgO, 23.40 per cent; H,O, 2.00 percent. In the augites from the Brozza- 1 Die Pseudomorphosen des Mineralreiches, 1843. 286 ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIFORM MINERALS—MERRILL, VOU. Xvut. Thal of Piedmont he also finds all transition stages between compact augite and asbestos. The first stages of the transformation are indi- cated by a tissue of fine fibrous material on the terminal planes, whereby the crystal form becomes obscured, the whole ultimately becoming con- verted into a bundle of flexible fibers with a silky luster. Unfortu- nately he gives no analyses to show how this “ asbestus ” differs, if at all, from the original augite. E. Schumacher also describes! the alteration of diopside into asbestos in a manner quite analogous to that of augite into uralite. The secondary asbestos thus sometimes forms parallel- lying fibers a decimeter in length, or ‘“‘ verworren faserigen” masses. The material occurs in a granular limestone. No analyses are given, the determinations being based on optical properties; nor is there given any suggestion as to the cause of the transformation. Before going further, the writer should state that the idea that the fibrous structure might’ be but an extreme phase of uralitization, pro- duced by shearing, was adopted very early in the work of this investiga- tion, and in perusing the literature and making his own observation, it has always been with this in mind. Both literature and observation support this idea to a limited extent, as will be noted as we proceed. In his work on the Mineralogy of Scotland, Professor Heddle de- seribes? an “amianthus” of unusual if not unrivaled excellence as occur- ring in the deep-cut “goes” on the eastern coast of the Balta Sound, in the Shetland Islands. The length of the fiber varies from 4 to 12 inches, and the mineral is sufficiently soft to be readily rubbed down to an unctuous pulp between the thumb and fingers. It occurs in thin rifts in gabbro, and though not definitely so stated, the descriptions are sueh as to lead one to infer that the fibration may be but a phase of schistosity. Indeed, he describes a highly fissile schistose mineral of essentially the same chemical composition, which is convertible into a fibrous form by beating, and which passes into the asbestos on exposure, or, as he expresses it, the “amianthus” seems to “ grow out of the solid and fissile stone.” This is almost precisely the relative condition of the fibrous and compact anthophyllite at Alberton, Maryland, to be described later. The composition of this ““amianthus” is given in Analysis 34, showing it to be a true asbestos. A second occurrence at Portsoy, described by this same authority, is of interest as showing the mineral in veins an inch in width in a gabbro passing into serpentine, and with fibers lying transversely to the veins, an unusual. thing, he says, ‘as regards asbestus.” Although oceurring in serpentinous rocks, this also is a true asbestos, as indicated by Analysis 36. The “hydrous anthophyllite” first noted by Jameson, and afterwards by Professor Heddle, as occurring at the Free Church of Milltown, in Glen Urquhart, Scotland, is described as an alteration product after asbestos. The 1 Zeit. der Deutschen Geol. Gesell., XL, 1878, p. 494. 2 Mineralogical Magazine, II, 1878; also Trans. Royal Society of Edinburgh, XXVIII, 1877-78, p. 502. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dd fibers were some 4 or 5 inches in n length, of a green- brown color, silky luster, and great toughness. These also ran transversely to the walls of the vein. The mineral was subsequently shown by Lacroix to be monoclinic in erystallization, and hence tremolite, rather than antho- phyllite, although the analysis as given! (No. 33) shows it to be very low in lime. F. von Sandberger describes” asbestos and epidote, so associated as to indicate that they result from the alteration of horn- blende and augite, in South Tyrol, in Nassau near Hof, and in Pribram. The above enumerated obser ee it will be observed, throw little light upon the subject, other than indicating that the mineral is a secondary product after augite or hornblende. My own observations in the field are limited to three localities, in all of which indications as to the secondary nature of the mineral, as well as to the probable efficacy of shearing, were unmistakable. These localities are at the well-known “Soapstone” quarries of Alberene, in Albemarle County, Virginia, and near Alberton, in Howard County, Maryland. The “soapstone” at the first-named locality is not a pure steatite, but rather an admixture of various alteration products, among which a colorless tremolite and light-green tale are most conspicuous. What the original rock may have been is not apparent from a study of thin sections, but the appearance in the field is such as to suggest it to have been a pyroxenite. It occurs in the form cf a broad dike or sheet, parallel and dipping with the gneiss (?) in which it is inclosed, and, as displayed in the quarry opening, is traversed by numerous irregular veins of coarsely crystalline calcite. The rock is very massive, in gen- eral appearance eminently suggestive of an eruptive pyroxenite which has undergone extensive hy dration and carbonatization, whereby ¢ considerable portion of its calcium has separated out in the form of calcite. As is almost invariably the case in rocks of this class, the mass is traversed by numerous joint planes, some of which are pro- nouncedly slickensided. Asbestos, as found, is always along these slickensided zones, with fibers parallel to line of movement. The mate- rial is, aS a rule, in the form of thin plates or sheets, rarely over 10 mm. in thickness, but perhaps several feet in breadth, which bear every evidence of compression, accompanied by a Shearing movement whereby the material is drawn out into a series of lamin and the lamin again into fibers. In one instance the material was fibrous (asbesti- form) only where it had been subjected to a sharp crimping process, such as would result from the impinging of the end of one block against another at a considerable angle, accompanied by a slight lateral move- ment. The physical and chemical properties of the fibrous mineral are those of true asbestos (Analysis Wee mee Bova Bocibes of Banibacen XXV II, 1877-78, p. 531. “Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., etc., 1888, I, pt. 3, Dp: 208. %A chemical analysis of the stone, by R. F;: Packard, yielded SiO», 39.06 per cent; Al,O3, 12.84 per cent; FeO, 12.93 per cent; CaO, 5.98 per cent; MgO, 22.76 per cent; ignition, 6.56 per cent. Total, 100.13. All iron caleulated as F eQ. 288 ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIFORM MINERALS—MERRILL, Vou. xvii. At the second locality above mentioned, the asbestos (fibrous anthophyllite, Analysis 9) occurs along a slickensided zone between a schistose actinolite rock on the north, and a dark, massive, impure ser- pentine on the south. Soil and decomposition products obscure the outcrops, so that observations are limited to an abandoned shaft and a few shallow prospect holes. The evidences of movement are every- where abundant in the form of slickensided, pinched-out masses of serpentine, sometimes more or less fibrous. The anthophyllite occurs only along the line of disturbance, and in two forms—the one fibrous, asbestos-like, and of a white coler; the other also fibrous, but in com- pact masses, with sharp cross fracture, so that the material as taken out bears a striking resemblance to a fine-grained hard wood, sawed and split for the fire. The color of this variety 1s a dull yellowish brown; translucent. By beating, it is readily reduced to a fibrous condition, though the fibers are brittle. On weathering it appears to undergo a spontaneous fibration quite suggestive of the Balta ‘‘amianthus” described by Professor Heddle (ante, p. 286). What the origin of this serpentinous rock may have been, is not here apparent, but from its locality it seems safe to assume it to be an altered form of the gabbros or peridotites described by Williams.' This being the case, the closing remark made by Dr. Williams in his paper, though referring to a different locality, is at least suggestive. He says: ‘“ It seems possible that the asbestos deposits of Baltimore County (e. g., like the one near Elysville) may likewise be the results of the alteration of original pyroxenic masses.” Just below the western edge of the lower bridge of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the Patapseo, at this same place, is another, the third deposit, which has come under the writer’s observation. This, though small, offers some interesting distinctive features. The rock here is a granular, micaceous, magnesian limestone, oceur- ring in narrow beds intercalated in the gneiss, and standing nearly on edge, with an approximately east and west strike. As exposed, the rock is locally traversed at varying angles across the bedding with sharp joint planes, in some eases so fine as to be scarcely distinguish- able, the walls being in almost perfect contact, or again separated from one another by a slight space, so far as observed never exceeding an inch, and usually much less. The walls of these joint planes are ver- tically grooved and striated, indicative of a relative movement in this direction, which was, however, presumably slight. In nearly every case noted, the walls of these joint planes are sporadically coated with thin films of a pure white asbestos-like mineral, which fills the entire space, and is always arranged with its fibers lying in a direction parallel with the striations, or line of movement. Optical examination shows the mineral to be orthorhombic. Chemical analysis (No. 40) shows it to be a mineral of somewhat anomalous composition, and 1 Bull. No. 28, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 59. e 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 289 needing more study. It is mentioned here only on ‘account of its bear- ing upon the subject in hand. The writer has elsewhere noted! the efficacy of pressure and shearing in the production of fibrous serpentine (as well as calcite). The fibrous serpentine used as asbestos occurs, however, under such conditions as to preclude any such possibility of origin. As is well known, this mineral is found in what are simply cracks rather than true veins, with fibers standing at right angles with the walls, and under such conditions that any lateral movement on the part of the walls themselves was simply impossible. The material is doubtless a reproduction on a large scale of the process so frequently seen in thin sections, where olivines and other magnesian silicates undergo serpentinization. The remarks made here have only a shght bearing upon this mineral. Résumé.—The points brought out in this paper and the suggestions advanced are (1) that a very considerable proportion of the mineral in commercial use, and labeled as asbestos in mineral cabinets, is in reality anthophyllite,’ and (2) that the fibrous structure in this case, and that of the true asbestos as well, is due, in many instances at least, to a process of shearing—is, in fact, an exaggerated form of the process of uralitization. The fibers are drawn out along the plane of the vertical axis only, the parting or line of separation between individual fibers taking place mainly along cleavage lines, each one being, therefore, an elongated prism bounded by cleavage faces, but with form somewhat compressed or otherwise distorted by pressure. The broad faces on the fibers will therefore correspond to the faces of the unit prism.’ The fact that the fibers do not in all cases run even approximately parallel to the walls of the inclosing rock is not necessa- rily opposed to the view. Owing to a lack of homogeneity in a rock mass subjected to a compressive force, there may be developed at an early stage, a series of short, step-like folds bordering closely upon, or perhaps passing into faults, in which the materials forming the yielding portion of the mass may be ground to powder, crimped, puckered, or even rendered fissile, or fibrous, according to their individual qualities. In such cases, the fibers may stand, relative to the inclosing, more resisting rock masses, in all positions short of at right angles. ‘On the Beoeniie of Monnaie. New Toten: Proce. U. S. Nat. eee XI, 1888, p-105. 2Penfield states (Am. Jour. Sci., XL, Nov., 1890, p. 394), in Sonia of the occurrence of anthophyllite, ‘‘Many specimens which may be seen in collections labeled anthophyllite will be found, when examined with the microscope, to be fine fibrous or radiated varieties of hornblende.” My own observations, as here noted, are quite to the contrary, it being much more common to find fibrous anthophyllite labeled asbestos than the reverse. 3 See description of Nahant material, p. 285. ProueN, Mi. 95 19 290) ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIFORM MINERALS—MERRILL. Vou.xvim. If the foregoing is correct, it may seem, on first thought, that we should find asbestiform augites, enstatites,! and other members of the pyroxene eroup. This does not necessarily follow, since these minerals, as is well known, are peculiarly subject to alteration under conditions of strain, giving rise to actinolitic, tremolitic, and talcose products. These may or may not be asbestiform, according to local conditions. It is my present belief that the asbestos form is never a result of original crys- tallization, but is always secondary, the original mineral doubtless being an orthorhombic or monoclinic pyroxene, or perhaps an amphibole. The references made to the works of Blum, Heddle, Sandberger and others, in the earlier parts of this paper, seem to point to this conclu- sion. It is possible in such cases that the mineral derived from the rhombic magnesian pyroxenes may take the form of anthophyllite, and those from monoclinic lime-magnesian pyroxenes that of tremolite. Such a rule can scarcely be considered as universal, since in many cases the mineral undergoes more or less chemical as well as molecular alter- ation under these conditions. The absence of appreciable quantities of alumina in the asbestos proper is perhaps the strongest argument against its derivation from augite or other aluminous pyroxenes, though it is doubtless to such an origin that we can trace the uralites from Nahant and Malden. There is ample field here for further observation, and should this paper be effective in causing collectors to note more carefully than heretofore, not merely where the mineral occurs, but how it occurs and with what associations, it will serve at least one good purpose. 1 Dana, on p. 389 of his “System of Mineralogy,” latest edition, mentions the possi- bility that ‘‘some asbestus may properly belong to the pyroxene group.” It is evident that, with the possible exception of the uralites from Malden and Nahant, none of the samples examined by the writer can be referred to the monoclinic pyroxenes, though on strictly chemical grounds many of those called anthophyllite might equally well be called enstatite. : 3 “POULUTIdZAP JONa, 291 "CEST ‘dd ‘ozquTyy | ¢¢'‘ooT Rs acres | aoe eae £3 ‘3G L¥'OT CONG alin net = alee Gear ae ORSSCHl ee aecwnn |Saecewae rage cn O) 1) ohana pcre ota e nin SEA ‘Moyo LZ . ‘ . emt eee . . | ASS. 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By ROBERT RIDGWAY, Curator of the Department of Birds. DuRInNG the final elaboration of my monograph of the birds of the Galapagos Archipelago,' the necessity of again examining some of Dr. Baur’s specimens became evident. These were kindly lent me by Dr. Baur, and have been most carefully compared. As a result I find myself compelled to describe the following as new, it being impossible to identify them with any of the forms already named. GEOSPIZA PACHYRHYNCHA, new species. Specific characters.—Similar to G. strenua, Gould, but bill much thicker and broader at the base than in that form, in this respect nearly or quite equaling G. magnirostris, Gould. Exposed culmen, plus 0.90 inch; depth of bill at base, 0.88; width of mandible at base (across chin), 0.70; gonys, 0.40, Range.—Galapagos Archipelago (Tower Island, collected by Baur and Adams. Type in Dr. Baur’s collection). GEOSPIZA FATIGATA, new species. Specific characters.—Similar to G. intermedia, Ridgway, of Charles Island, but slightly larger, with the bill, legs, and toes decidedly longer. Wing, 2.65-2.82 inches; tail, 1.65-1.73; culmen, 0.82-0.89; depth of bill at base, 0.40; width of mandible at base (across chin), 0.35-0.39; tarsus, 0.85-0.90. Range.—Galapagus Archipelago (Indefatigable Island, collected by Habel, Townsend, Baur and Adams; ?? Chatham Island, collected by Townsend). Type.—No. 116048, U. S. N. M., male adult, Indefatigable Island, April 12, 1888; collected by C. H. Townsend. 1S$ee Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894, p. 357. 2The measurements here given are taken from a drawing, the specimens having been returned to Dr. Baur. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XVIII—No. 1067. 293 294 BIRDS FROM GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO—RIDGWAY. VOL. XVII. The specific name is suggested by the tedious character of the work involved in discriminating the forms of this extremely difficult group of birds. CAMARHYNCHUS BINDLOEI, new species. Specific characters.—Similar to OC. habeli, Sclater and Salvin, of Abing- don Island, but rather larger, with decidedly larger bill, the latter with culmen much less compressed. Adult, male (type): Wing, 2.92 inches; tail, 1.82; culmen, 0.68; depth of bill at base, 0.31; gonys, 0.33; width of mandible at base, 0.45; tarsus, 0.85; middle toe, 0.60. Range.—Galapagos Archipelago (Bindloe Island). Type in collection of Dr. G. Baur. CAMARHYNCHUS COMPRESSIROSTRIS, new species. Specific characters.— Adult male unknown. Adult female similar to that of C. psittaculus, Gould, but smaller, with the bill much narrower, more compressed, and with straighter culmen; basal width of mandible (across chin) less than length of gonys, instead of greater, and basal depth of bill less than length of maxilla from nostril. Measurements of type: Wing, 2.57 inches; tail defective; culmen, 0.60; basal depth of bill, 0.40; gonys, 0.32; basal width of mandible, 0.29; ta:sus, 0.90; middle toe, 0.60, Range.—Galapagos Archipelago (Jervis Island). Type No. 471, collection of Dr. G. Baur, Jervis Island, August 8, 1891, CAMARHYNCHUS INCERTUS, new species. Specific characters.—(Adult male unknown.) Adult female most like that of C. compressirostris, of Jervis Island, but smaller (the bill especially), with upper parts brighter olivaceous and under parts distinetly yellowish buff. Similar in color to C. salvini, Ridgway,' of Chatham Island, but much larger. Measurements of the type: Wing, 2.50 inches; tail, 1.50; culmen, 0.53; gonys, 0.29; basal width of mandible, 0.29; tarsus, 0.82; middle toe, 0.57. Range.—Galapagos Archipelago (James Island). Type No. 521, collection of Dr. G. Baur, James Island, August 13, 1891. 1Camarhynchus salvini, Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, No. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, p. 364. THE CLASSIFICATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBU- TION OF THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. By CHARLES TT. SIMPSON, Aid, Department of Mollusks. THE NAIADES, or pearly fresh-water mussels, have a universal distribu- tion throughout the ponds, lakes, and streams of the world, not only on the continents, but on most of the larger and some of the smaller islands. Some of the genera have probably extended back with but little change to the beginning of Mesozoic or possibly wellinto Paleozoic time; hence their study is an extremely interesting one, which may help us in obtaining a knowledge of the distribution of other life, and the muta- tions of land and sea in time past. I. CLASSIFICATION OF THE NAIADES. In 1806! and 1812? Lamarck established the family of Nayades, which he afterwards changed to Naiades,* and in which he placed two genera, Unio and Anodonta. In 1819 he added the genera Hyria and Iridina, but placed Castalia wrongly in the family Trigoniacea, an error which was rectified by Ferussac in 1822, by Latrielle in 1825, by Blainville in the same year, and by Menke in 1828, In 1820 Rafinesque* created the family Pediferia for Unio, Anodonta, and several related genera, includ- ing Cyclas. Blainville in 1825° refused to accept the classification of Lamarck, and made a family Submytilacea, with the genera Anodonta, Unio, and Cardita, thus returning to the errors of Poli, who in 1795® gave the name Limnea to animals inhabiting the shells belonging to the genera Unio, Anodonta, and Cardita. . The name Unionidz was created in 1828 by Fleming,’ and adopted afterwards by Gray,’ Swainson,’ and other modern authors.'° 1 Philosophie Zoologique, p. 328, 1805. ? Extrait du Cours de Zool., p. 106, 1812. 3 Phil. Zoologique, I, p. 318, 1830. 4 Ann. Génér. Sciences Physiques, p. 290, 1820. 5 Man. de Malacol. et Conchyliol., p. 537, 1825. ° Testacea Utriusque Sicilia, II, p. 253, 1795. 7 Hist. British Animals, p. 408, 1828. ‘In Turton, A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells, p. 288, 1840. ° Treatise on Malacology, p. 259, 1840. ‘\ The names of Lamarck, Rafinesque and Blainville can not be considered, since it is arule in nomenclature that a family or subfamily name must be founded on one of its principal genera. Hence Unionidw must take precedence. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIII—No. 1068. 9G 296 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. Vow. xvutt. Swainson in 1840! divided the Unionide into five subfamilies, from a study of the shell: First, Unionine (Unio, Lamarck; dA?glia, Swain- son; Mysca, Turton); Second, Hyriane (Iridea, Swainson; Castalia, Lamarck; Hyria, Lamarck; Hyridella, Swainson); Third, Iridinine (Tridina, Lamarck; Calliscapha, Swainson; Mycetopus, A. @Orbigny); Fourth, Anodontine (subgenera Anodon, Lamarck, ete.); Fifth, Alas- modontine (Alasmodon, Say). Gray in 1847,’ following the anatomical papers of A. d’Orbigny and other authors, proposed to form a new family, Mutelidxe, with the genera Mutela, Leila, Pleiodon, and a part of Paxyodon of Schumacher. These genera differ from Unio by the presence of two distinct siphons, and were separated from the Unionide for that reason. Previously Gray, in 1842,° had made a family Mycetopodide for the genus Myce- topoda, V’Orbigny, on account of the foot presenting a remarkable con- formation. The views of Gray have been adopted by many authors, who have admitted among the Naiades of Lamarck two or three families; others an equal number of subfamilies. Thus H. and A. Adams* admit two families: Unionidie (subfamilies Unionine and Mycetopine) and Mute- lide. Chenu® enumerates three subfamilies: Unionine, Mycetopine, and Iridine; Gill,° three families: Unionidie, Iridinide, and Mycetopo- did; Clessin,’ two subfamilies, to which he gave the names generally adopted for the families—Unionide and Mutelide; Tryon,’ three fami- lies: Unionide, iridinidie, and Mycetopodide; and Fischer,’? two sub- families: Unioninz and Muteline. -We see, then, that all the authors agree to make two grand divisions among the Naiades of Lamarck, based upon the fact of the siphons being more or less complete. The other organs of the animals, which to a lesser extent serve for purposes of classification, have been exam- ined by Troschel!® and characterize the nine genera which are known in the family Unionide. The anatomical classification of Agassiz" is not applicable to these mollusks in North America. Isaac Lea” at- tempted to classify the Unionide by the external characters of the shell, the hinge (dorsal border symphynote or non-symphynote), the sculp- ture and the form. This classification is, of course, largely artificial, 1Treatise on Malacology, p. 377, 1840. 2Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 197, 1847. 2Syn. Brit. Mus., pp. 81, 92, 1842. 4The Genera of Recent Mollusks, I, p. 505, 1857. 5Manuel Conchyl. et Paléont. Conch., I, pp. 136, 147, 1862. 6Arrang. Families of Mollusks, p. 20, 1871. 7Malakozool. Blatt, XXII, p. 12, 1875. 8Struc. and Syst. Conch., III, p. 237, 1884. ®* Manuel de Conchyliol., p. 998. 10 Wiegmann’s Archiv, XII, 1847. 11In W. Stimpson, The Shells of New England, 1851. See also Archiv fiir Naturg., 1852, p. 41. 2 A Synopsis of the Family Unionide, pp. xxiv, xxv, 1870, and in earlier editions. ——— 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 297 since it brings together many unrelated species and widely separates others that have strong affinities. In justice to Dr. Lea it should be said that he regarded it as merely a temporary expedient, to be super- seded by a more natural method when a better knowledge of the soft parts could be obtained. H. von Ihering has recently proposed a new classification’ of the Naiades, taking the form of their larvie asa distinctive character. While the species of Europe and North America have a larva (Glochidium) furnished with a bivalve shell, which can completely inclose it, a cer- tain number of forms of South America pass through a peculiar stage, named Lasidium by v. Ihering, in which the larva is formed of three segments, carrying only a small single shell on the middle part. The same stage is probably passed through by the young of several Afri- can genera. In consequence he divides the Naiades into two famt- lies—the Mutelidee (genera Leila, Gray; Fossula, Lea; Mycetopus, A. WOrbigny; Glabaris, Gray; Aplodon, Spix; Plagiodon, Lea; Solenaia, Conrad; Mutela, Scopoli; Tridina, Lamarck; Spatha, Lea) and the Unionide (genera Hyria, Lamarck; Castalia, Lamarck; ¢ lastalina, V. Ihering; Unio, Philipsson; Margaritana, Schumacher ; Cristaria, Sehu- macher; Pseudodon, Gould, and Anodonta, Lamarck). The foregoing sketch of the classification of the Naiades is taken in part from the admirable work of Fischer and Crosse on Mexican and Central American mollusks.” In the present state of our limited, and in some cases total lack of knowledge of the anatomy of severalof the genera of Naiades, any classi- fication must be more or less tentative. The division of these mollusks by most authors into two families, Unionidie and Mutelid, or two sub- families, Unioninz and Muteline, founded upon the incompleteness or completeness of the development of siphons, can not stand. This has been shown by the researches of Lea and @’Orbigny into the anatomy of Glabaris many years ago; for while some species of this genus have the mantle closed posteriorly so as to form siphons, in others, which are evidently closely related, the mantle is free. More recently v. Ihering has shown? that a given species of his genus Castalina may have an animal which has the two siphons completely developed, thus placing it with the Mutelide, or it may be that of a perfect Unio, having no siphons at all, thus belonging with the Unionidee. The same thing is true to some extent in the well-known genus Castalia, and it is quite probable that this character will be found to vary in other genera of Naiades. So far as conchological characters are concerned, Castalia (and with it Castalina, which has been separated from it) and Hyria, though hitherto placed with the Mutelidie, are evidently members of the \ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, p. 52, 1893. 2Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans VAmerique Centrale, 7th part, II, p. 505, 1894. 3 Zeol. Anzeiger, Nos. 380 and 381, 1891-92, pp. 1-14. 998 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. Vou. xvi. Unionide.! The Castalias, Castalinas and Hyrias have the radial beak sculpture which is found on every species of South American Unio, but on none of the other Naiades. The hinge teeth consist of cardinals and laterals, the former being more divided than is usual in Unio, though there are some species in the latter genus which have the car- dinals separated into several parts. The laterals are Unionoid, but are more or less vertically striated in Castalia and Castalina, and some- times, to a certain extent, in Hyria. This latter character, however, is not generic or even specific. The hinge teeth in the bivalves were undoubtedly developed in order to lock the valves of such species as were subject to shock, and prevent them from being twisted out of place. I believe it will be found that in most, if not all cases where they are needed, the shell never opens so far but what they lock one valve with the other. The mantle is carried as a thin, tough, elastic sheet between the hinge plates and over the teeth in the Naiades, and it will be readily seen that any unusual roughening, such as the development of granules or vertical striation, would render them much less liable to slip than if they were smooth. Hence, in many solid-shelled Unionids, especially in elongated species, the character of vertical teeth stria- tion will be found. It is especially developed in many of the heavy Chi- nese Unios, and I have noticed it in Unio parallelopipedon of South America, in Unio shepardianus, ligamentinus, crassus, luteolus, anodon- toides, and others, of the United States.’ Unio kraussi, Lea, of Surinam, of which the type is in the National Museum (No. 84379), seems to stand about midway, conchologically, between Unio and Castalia, but in a different direction from Castalina. It has the strong radial beak sculpture of Castalia, especially near the posterior ridge, where it extends more than one-third of the distance from the beaks to the periphery. It is much inflated, and has a form more circular than that of Castalia, a brown epidermis and strong con- centric sculpture. The teeth stand about midway between those of ‘Thering believes that Hyria wiil be found to vary in the character of its mantle openings in the same way that Castalina and Castalia do. (Zool. Anzeiger, Nos. 380 and 381, 1891-92, p. 5.) 2The characters of the teeth of the four genera Unio, Hyria, Castalia and Castalina, are veryvariable. Unio charruanus, d’Orbigny, has about 4 strong cardinals and sey- eral minor teeth in each valve, besides the ordinary laterals, which, with quite a number of not closely related species from Brazil, show traces of vertical striation. Unio acutirostris, Lea, from southern South America, has about 12 denticles in the cardinal area of each valve. In the younger shells there are usually the ordinary compressed cardinals, one in the left valve and two in theright, and as the specimens become adult they split up and assume a very different appearance. Unio pata- gonicus, d’Orbigny, shows this transition finely. In Unio gibbosus, Barnes, of the United States, the laterals are quite often somewhat vertically striated, and some- times have oblique strie pointing anteriorly or posteriorly. Specimens of Castalina martensi, v. Ihering, in the National Museum (No. 125736), plainly show both vertical and oblique strie on the laterals in the same hinge, the oblique lines being finer and partly laid over the vertical ridges. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 299 Unio and Castalia, the cardinals being somewhat elongated and broken; and these, with the laterals, are more or less corrugated, and show traces of vertical striation. It was named Castalia sulcata by Krauss, but was placed in Unio by Lea, and as its specific name was preoccupied in the latter genus, he changed it to kraussi. Castalia duprei, Lea, shows characters in the teeth which approach Hyria. Itisasmooth, light yellowish green shell of thin texture, trian- gular in outline, and much inflated, with an excessively high, sharp keel running from the beaks to the posterior basal margin. The eardi- nals are much elongated and sometimes broken, as in Hyria. The arch of the hinge plate under the beaks is high and sharp. There is no radiating sculpture, and there appears to be none of any kind on the beaks. I agree with von Ihering that this should quite probably be placed in a new genus. Hyria, on the other hand, seems to be equally connected with Unio. In U. stevensi, Lea, from northern South America, the form, sculpture, and external appearance are decidedly like that of Hyria corrugata, it being furnished with quite a distinct anterior dorsal wing and a slight hint at one posteriorly. This species of Hyria is sometimes destitute of a wing behind, and this part of the shell occasionally ends in asome- what obtuse angle. The hinge teeth of Unio stevensi partake, to some extent, of the characters of both genera, though they are more Union- oid than Hyrioid. The species should probably, however, be placed in Alyria. Unio ortoni, Lea, of which the type—a single left valve, and the only specimen I have seen—is in the Museum collection (No. 25430, U.S. N. M.), approaches the form of Unio somewhat, but its sculpture is very much like that of Hyria, and its cardinals are multifid. It is very doubtful which genus should receive it, and it quite probably should have a new generic name. I think there can be little doubt that the relation between these four genera, Unio, Hyria, Castalia and Castalina, is a close one anatomically and conchologically, and that they must all be placed in one family in any natural arrangement. Yet in a classification based upon the devel- opment or want of development of the siphons, the former has been made the type of one family, the Unionide, and the other three have been placed in another, the Mutelide. Glabaris, which, as l have shown, may have either perfect siphons or an open mantle, has generally been placed in the genus Anodonta, in the Unionidie, though some authors give it a place in the other family. Mycetopus, which has an open mantle, has generally been put in the Unionidw, but it is, as I expect to show farther on, more likely a member of the Mutelide. So far as I am aware, nothing is known of the larval state of any of the African Naiades, so that the character of the embryo, on which von Ihering bases his classification, can not yet be used in determining the relationships of the peculiarly African genera. 300 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. Vou. Xvi. Genus UNIO, Retzius. It seems to be impossible to ascertain with certainty who is the author of this genus. In 1788 Laurentius Miinter Philipsson described it in athesis delivered under the presidency of his master, Retzius.! at the University of Lund, in Sweden, at a public examination fora doctor’s degree. Whether Philipsson or Retzius should be credited with the genus can not be positively known, as it is believed by some that the master was the author of the dissertation, which the student merely defended. Jam inclined to take this view of the matter, for the reason that Retzius was an author of repute, while it is not known that Philipsson ever gave any attention to natural history or was the author of any genera or species before or since. There was no special desig- nation of any type, but the species were mentioned in the following order: Unio margaritiferus, U. crassus, U. tumidus, U. pictorum, U. ovalis, and U. corrugatus. We can not consider the genus Margaritana, founded on the absence of lateral teeth, a valid one, because the first species which is mentioned in this list is the type of the genus Unio (and also of Margaritana, founded many years later), and this is placed by itself in a section which is designated as lacking lamellar teeth,’ while the other five spe- cies are put in a second section, characterized by lateral teeth. There- fore, in case of a generic separation, founded on the presence or absence of lamellar teeth, the species wanting them would have to be placed in the genus Unio, and another name given to the forms having both sets of teeth. But, as I shall show farther on—I think satisfactorily—that the different species usually placed in Margaritana are merely Unios with ordinarily imperfect teeth, we can use Retzius’ generic name to include all the forms that are commonly placed in the two genera. The genus Unio is by far the most numerous in species, and is the most widely distributed of any of the Naiades, as well as the most variable in its characters. It is found in the fresh waters of all the continents, especially in the rivers and streams, while the nearly related Anodonta is more commonly an inhabitant of lakes and ponds. In the East Indian Archipelago it is met with in perhaps all the larger islands, extending east into the Solomon group; it is abundant in Aus- tralia, New Zealand, Tasmania, the Philippines and Japan. It is found in Ceylon, Madagascar, the British Isles, and in Cuba. The only considerable continental areas in which it is believed not to occur are that part of North America lying south of the fortieth parallel of north latitude, having a drainage into the Pacific; the extreme arctic regions, and a considerable area of the Sahara and Gobi deserts. ‘Dissertatio historico-naturalis, sistens nova testaceorum genera, p. 16. The fol- lowing is the original diagnosis: ‘‘ Unio.—Animal ascidia. Testa bivalvis, «equi- valvis, «quilatera.—Cardo. Dens ani in valyula dextra solidus, subintrusus, in sinistra duplex; omnes crenulati. In plurimus dens vulve longitudinalis lamel- laris intra sinistre valvule bilamellarem. 2 Dente vulvie nullo, sed margo horizoutalis. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 301 On account of the great variability of characters of the shell and animal of many of the different species, a number of conchologists, among whom are Rafinesque,! Swainson,’ Agassiz® and others, have attempted to divide the genus into other genera and subgenera. These groups are, I believe, unworthy of any scientific standing on account of the absolute blending of conchological characters in many cases and the great variability of the soft parts. Ihering has stated‘ that the South American Unios, so far as his knowledge goes, develop the embryos in the inner branchie and not in the outer. Sutor has examined a munber of the New Zealand Unios in order to determine whether they were closely related anatomically to those of South America, and he states® that he found nearly all the embryos in the inner branchize. Conchologically there is a very close relation between the Unios of New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania and South America, and there can be little doubt that the species throughout have this anatomical peculiarity. In addition to this, the embryos of the austral species seem to be mostly destitute of hooks, and von Ihering believes that they do not pass a part of their larval stage encysted on the fins and gills of fishes, as do many of those of the northern hemi- sphere.® On the other hand, the Unios of the northern hemisphere, so far as is known, bear their embryos in the outer gills, and a considerable pro- portion of them have hooks. Lea found these appendages in a large number of embryos of Unios and Anodontas, but absent in others. In those of U.luteolus he found no hooks, but the nearly related U. radiatus was furnished with four small ones, while in some specimens of Ano- donta ovata, Lea, they were present and in others absent.’ It is possible that hooks may be in some cases developed on the embryo at one stage of its existence, and become broken off or obsolete at another, as Lea found some examples in which they were imperfectly developed. Some of the species of Europe have been actually observed attached to the gills and fins of fishes by these hooks, and it is quite probable that many of those of North America have similar habits- During this period of attachment, which occupies two months or more, the larvie become encysted, and the organs develop, though the shell does not increase greatly in size So far as I know, all the Unios of South America, south of the Isth- ‘Mon. des Coq. Biv. Fluv. de la Riv. Ohio, 1820. Ann. Gén. des Sci. Phys., Brux., p. 291. 2A Treatise on Malacology, 1840, p. 266. 8 Archiv fiir Nat., 1852, p. 42. ‘New Zealand Journal of Science, I, No. 4 (n. s.), p. 152, 1891. 5New Zealand Journal of Science, I, No. 6 (n. 8.), p- 250, 1891. ‘Lea found hooks on the embryos of Unio peculiaris and U. firmus, two well- known South American species. (Obs., XI, pp. 26,28.) He also states that Unio mul- tiplicatus, Lea, U. rubiginosus, Lea, U. kleinianus, Lea, and U. subrotundus, Lea, bear the embryos in all four leaves of the branchice. 7 Obs. on the Genus Unio, VI, p. 49, X, p. 89. 302 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. vou. xvut. mus of Panama, have radial beak sculpture, which sometimes extends well over the body of the shell. I know of no others having this char- acter except Unio rotundatus, Lamarck, of Texas and Louisiana, which occasionally exhibits this peculiarity in a slight degree, and which, singularly enough, by its form resembles many of those of South Amer- ica. The Unios of New Zealand and Australia have, so far as I have been able to observe, curved or imperfectly radial beak sculpture, approaching somewhat that of several of the species of South America. Nearly all the austral forms (excepting those of Africa) have peculiarly compressed cardinal teeth, there being a single one in the right and two in the left valve, sometimes slightly multifid, and between those of the latter valve there is a parallel-sided pit, into which the cardinal of the right valve fits. I believe that these characters of the shell and embryo, which seem to be reasonably constant, will justify the separation of the Unios of South America, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania into a subgenus, for which may be used the name Diplodon, applied by Spix to Unio ellipticus and U. rotundus of Brazil.' There can be but little doubt that these belong to a different and perhaps older phylum than the species of Europe, Asia, Africa and North America.’ The writer has proposed for the American species* a subdivision into groups, which should contain species evidently allied by conchological, anatomical and embryological characters. Each group he proposed to call after some widely distributed, abundant and characteristic species belonging to it. Thus an assemblage of solid, oval forms with radiating stripes, common in the Mississippi Valley, is fairly typified by the well- known Unio ligamentinus of Lamarck; another of large, rather light, inflated forms from the same region, is represented by U. ventricosus, Barnes; a third, consisting of compressed, rhomboid species of the Atlantic drainage, by U. complanatus; and to speak of these different divisions as the group of Unio ligamentinus, U. occidens, or U. compla- natus group, at once conveys to the mind of the merest novice just what is meant. The arrangement is not at all a new one, having been used more or less by Lea, Lewis, Call, Marsh, and other conchologists. Recently Fischer and Crosse‘ in monographing the Mexican and Central Ameri- can Anodontas and Unios, group them in the same way, but apply spe- cial names to the sections. It seems to me that such names merely tend to cumber the literature, and uselessly add to the labor of the conchologist in committing them to memory. In arranging the Naiades of the National Museum, I have become convinced that this system of grouping, as I have outlined it, is practi- 1Test, Fluv. Bras., p. 33, 1827. ?Lea believed that a natural classification would be founded on the development of the embryos in the internal or external branchiae. 3’Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XV, 1892, p. 405, and Amer. Nat., XX VII, No. 316, p. 353. *Miss. Sci. aux Mex. dans |’Am. Cent., 7th part, I, pp. 517, 555, 1894. - 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 303 cal, and may be applied to every genus, and that we may thus refer to certain species as belonging to the group of Unio littoralis, the group of Anodonta cygnea, the group of Spatha rubens, and the like. In 1817 Schumacher’ subdivided Unio, and established the genus Mar- garitana for the U. (Mya) margaritiferus of Linneus, on account of the fact that it lacked the lateral teeth of the other species. Since that time a number of North American forms have been added to this genus, which has been quite generally accepted as such by modern authors, among whom is Tryon; and asa subgenus by Lea*® and Fischer. * After a good deal of study of the animal and shell, I am forced to the belief that the different Margaritanas are merely a number of generally not at all closely related species of Unios, in which the lateral teeth— perhaps from various causes to be mentioned hereafter—have become either more or less blurred or depauperated. Some of these, by the characters of the shell and soft parts, evidently group with species of Unios in which the teeth are nearly or quite perfect. In such species as Margaritana rugosa, Barnes, M. confragosa, Say, M. complanata, Barnes, and MM. calceola, Lea, there are almost always more or less perfectly developed laterals which look as though they were diseased, and have a blurred appearance, the normally single or double lamelle being divided into several irregularly developed, elongated ridges. Nearly all the species occasionally have as perfect teeth as any Unio. The National Museum possesses a series of young shells of I. margari- tifera (No. 60878) from the State of “Vashington, in which most of the specimens have fairly good laterals, and another specimen (No. 86286, U.S. N.M.) in the Lea collection from Massachusetts has cardinals and laterals as perfect as those of any Unio. The same is true of many specimens of this species from Europe and northern Asia. The group which this species typifies is a remarkable one, not only because it shows great variation in the development of the hinge teeth, but for its wide and somewhat peculiar geographical distribution. I place in it the following species, beginning with those which have the laterals least developed and proceeding to forms in which they are perfect: UNIO MARGARITIFERUS, Linnezus. All Europe; all northern Asia, including Japan; northwestern North America south to latitude 40° north; Upper Missouri River; Canada and eastern United States south to latitude 40° north, in streams draining into the Atlantic. Cardinals sometimes stump-like and imperfect; iaterals generally wanting. ' Essai dun nouveau syst. des habit. des vers testacés, p. 137, 1817. * Structural and Systematic Conchology, p. 240. 5 Synopsis of the Unionidie, p. 67 et seq. 4Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 1001. 304 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. vou. xvi. UNIO MONODONTUS, Say. Central part of the Mississippi Valley. The teeth are very variable. Cardinals usually quite imperfect, or even rudimentary, though some- times well developed. Laterals present or absent, and showing every possible degree of development. On account of this great variation the species has been placed about as often in Unio as Margaritana. UNIO DECUMBENS, Lea. Northern Alabama and possibly adjoining States. Shell somewhat resembling U’. monodontus, but shorter, wider, and with rather better developed teeth. UNIO HEMBELI, Conrad. Louisiana. Very closely resembles Unio margaritiferus, but is ocea- sionally slightly plicate on the posterior slope. The hinge is very much like that of the latter species, but in all the specimens I have seen the somewhat feeble laterals are always present. UNIO LAOSENSIS, Lea. Southeastern Asia. A somewhat smaller species than U. margarit- iferus, but closely resembling it. The teeth are generally quite well developed. UNIO CRASSUS, Retzius. Southern Europe. A large, very heavy species, often becoming arcuate when old, with very strong, well-developed cardinals and laterals. Conchologically and anatomically, so far as is known, the above species form a very natural group. All the shells are elongated, rounded before and behind; arcuate when old, without angles or sculpture, except in the case of U. hembeli; with uniform, rayless, thick, dark epidermis; a curved hinge line, and a hinge plate which is nar- rowed and rounded just back of the cardinals. The fact of the presence or absence of lateral or cardinal teeth in certain of the Naiades can not be taken as a proof of generic distine- tion. In Java, the Philippines, and perhaps certain other islands of the East Indian Archipelago, there is found a group of Naiades having moderate sized, thin shells, of a peculiar lurid purplish or reddish tex- ture, in which the prismatic layer forms a rather wide border.! These species, all of which have greatly compressed teeth, exhibit the most remarkable variation in the degree of their development. Some of them have perfect cardinals and laterals, others to the naked eye are destitute of either, but with a glass show traces of one or both, and 'The group is typified by Unio bengalensis, Lea, but it is doubtful whether any of the species are found on the continent. According to Hanley and Theobald (Conch. Indica, p. 62), U. bengalensis does not come from India, but from the Philippines. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 305 these edentulous forms have been generally called Anodontas. But it often happens that in a lot of individuals of a single species taken from one locality, there will be found every variation from perfect teeth to the merest vestiges. For this reason, and on account of the fact that most of the shells of the group have beautiful, delicate, chevron-shaped beak sculpture, which often extends well on to the body of the shell, of a form quite characteristic of many Oriental Unios, I have no doubt, although we know nothing of the soft parts of the members of this group, that they must be placed with Unio. Some of the Margaritanas evidently belong with well-known groups of Unios. Inthe group of U. margaritiferus, | have given examples. Margaritana rugosa, Barnes, sometimes approaches so closely in external appearance to Unio pressus, Lea, that one is labeled with the name of the other by competent stu- dents. It has the same compressed, elongate-rhomboid form, and both are rayed alike; the only essential difference in appearance being that the former is usually somewhat corrugated on the posterior slope, while the latter is without sculpture. Immediately under the beak in the right valve in either species, the hinge plate is almost or entirely eut away. Just before this is a single cardinal, usually somewhat com- ‘pressed, and on the posterior part of the hinge plate is a more or less perfectly developed lateral. It is usually considerably blurred, even in the Unio. In the left valve there is a triangular, compressed tooth directly opposite the missing portion of the hinge plate in the left valve, which _ is generally curved backward, and fits into the gap almost perfectly. Just before this is a slightly developed, compressed cardinal, and behind it in the Unio two not very perfect, elongated laterals. In the Margaritana the laterals of the left valve are generally blurred; some- times in old shells they are shown as a sort of rounded ridge, but frequently they run more or less diagonally across the hinge plate and point downward posteriorly, as they do in other species of the genus. In a specimen of Unio pressus before me, from White River, Indiana, the same direction is taken by the laterals of the left vaive; the lower one running out and ending at the ventral edge of the plate, attaining only a little more than half the length of -the other. In rare instances the laterals of the Margaritana are nearly perfect, and those of the Unio quite blurred. The sculpture of the beaks in both species is much alike, that of the Unio being finer. In both, it has a tendency to fall in two loops from points on either side of the beaks. The soft parts of these species are singularly alike. Proc. N. M. 95——2 306 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL. XVIII. COMPARISON OF DESCRIPTIONS OF UNIO PRESSUS AND MARGARITANA RUGOSA. Unio pressus, LEA. Branchie large, rounded below, free nearly the whole length of the abdom- inal sac. Palpi small, subangular, united half- way down the posterior edges. Mantle thin, slightly thickened on the margins. Branchial opening large, blackish on the edge, and with numerous papille. Anal opening rather small, blackish, and without papillee. Superanal opening rather large, united for some distance below, blackish on the edges. Color of the mass, dirty white. Margaritana rugosa, BARNES. Branchie very large, rounded below, the inner ones much the larger, free the whole length of the abdominal sac. Palpi rather small, subangular, united nearly halfway down the posterior edges. Mantle rather thin, much thicker on the margins, blackish on posterior, basal edge. Branchial opening rather large, with small- brown papille. Anal opening rather large, without papille. Superanal opening very large, with a dark brown line within, united below. Color of the mass, salmon. Embryonic shell subtriangular, light | brown; with hooks. Embryonic shell triangular, brown; with hooks. In Margaritana complanata, Barnes, which has a beak sculpture quite like that of Unio pressus, but coarser, a similar arrangement of teeth is seen, though the shell is heavier, more rounded, and the hinge plate is broader. In many specimens the hinge of the right valve is completely cut away at the beaks, and the cavity is filled by a corre- sponding tooth in the left valve. Unio charlottensis, Lea, from North Carolina, an undoubted member of this group, has a form approach- - ing that of Margaritana complanata, but it is rather more elongated. Margaritana holstonia sometimes exhibits laterals, and in general form, size and texture so closely resembles some of the species of the group of Unio nashvillensis, that even Dr. Lea occasionally labeled them wrongly. MM. confragosa, Say, resembles no other Margaritana at all, but approaches more nearly in form to the Unios of the Lachrymosus group, and the animal is remarkably close to those of that assemblage. Unio biesianus, Hende, of China, has the same kind of blurred laterals as the American Margaritanas, but it appears from conchological char- acters to be a member of the group of Unios typified by U. sinensis, Lea. I have dwelt at length on this part of the subject because the partial or total want of lateral teeth in the species of Margaritana is a very curious feature. I can only believe that they are all true Unios whose teeth have been modified or injured by conditions of water, food, bottom, or some other element of environment. In some of them, where the laterals have merely become obsolete, such as those of the Margarit- ifera group, I think the explanation is easy. J. monodonta and hildreth- jana are found in running water under stones, buried slightly in the mud, and U.hembeli lives in the nearly stagnant bayous of Louisiana, so that a strong, toothed hinge is not required to hold the valves in place. The heavy-shelled species that live in running water have blurred laterals which appear as if diseased, and it seems not improbable that they may 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 307 have been subjected to injurious influences in the matter of food, dele- terious water, or the like, until these characters have become more or less fixed. In every group of Unios to which these Margaritanas seem to belong, there are species in which the lateral teeth are more or less imperfect, which seems to show that they have been somewhat suscep- tible to these injurious influences. In view of the facts I have presented, and many others that might be brought forward, I am forced to the conclusion that the so-called genus Margaritana consists of a number of species of Unios with depauperate cardinal or lateral teeth, or both, and that they will have to be placed in the genus Unio. In southeastern Asia and some of the islands of the Kast Indian Archipelago there is apeculiar group of Naiades with greatly compressed, somewhat elongated shells, having slightly concentric sculpture, the Species of which are almost or quite destitute of teeth, and have won- derfully brilliant, silvery, soft-tinted nacre. This group consists of probably but two or three species, though they have received a large number of names, and is fairly typified by a form which Deshayes and Julien called Anodonta sempervivens. Nearly all the specimens of the different species show, when examined with a glass, long, delicate, rudimentary laterals, and often vestiges of cardinals in the shape of a smooth, compressed elevation. One of these Lea named Monocondylwa compressa. They do not in any way approach any Anodonta I know of, though most of the so-called species have been placed in that genus. Deshayes and Julien! state that the animal is pure, milky white, but that they ‘‘cannot give a detailed description of it, though it resembles in its characters generally that of the species (of Anodonta) common in streams and ponds.” They appear to be most nearly related to Unio semialatus, Deshayes, and others of the Marginalis group. Rochebrune in 1882? gave the generic name Harmandia to Unio som- boriensis, Rochebrune. It is merely a peculiar Unio, having the surface covered with somewhat radiating, sometimes slightly zigzag ribs, those of the posteriorrunning nearly horizontal, the remainder moreor less radiant from the umbonal region. Near the center of the disk, two or three of these irregular ribs before, and as many behind, curve toward each other and join, somewhat after the manner of several South American species. Sculpture approaching this, but not so strongly developed, is often found in U. ceruleus and other Indian Unios. The laterals are double in each valve, and a small, thin lamella curves upward from the upper lateral near its posterior end. A vestige of this third, upper, curving tooth is found in U. fluctiger, Lea, said to come from Guiana, but undoubtedly an Hast Indian species, and the same character is found in U. crispatus ot Gould. 1Mollusques Nouveaux du Cambodge. Nouv. Arch. du Muséum, Bull. IX, pp. 122, 123. 2 Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), VI, pp. 45, 46, pl. 1, 1882. 308 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. vot. xvi. Grandidieria, Bourguignat, erected by that author into a genus, and placed by him in the family Corbiculidie,' is merely a section of small, rather solid, inflated Central African Unios, often having compressed, reflected, dentate cardinal teeth, much like those of Unio parvus and its allies of the United States. In 1888 Bourguignat claimed to know twenty-five species of this genus in Lake Tanganyika, and believed that if its waters were to be fully explored the number would be increased to one hundred. No further comment is needed on the work of the great master of the new school of French conchologists. Pharaonia, Bourguignat,’ is another of this author’s African genera, which includes a few thin-shelled Unios, with compressed, elongated cardinals and laterals. Reneus, Jousseaume,’ is still another so-called genus, consisting of a few small, thin-shelled, concentrically-striated tropical African Unios. Microdontia, Tapperone Canefri,* was established for Unio anodonti- formis, Tapperone Canefri, from the Fly River, New Guinea, and is probably only a section of Unio. The very brief Latin description is wholly inadequate for its proper determination. The characters of the shell and soft parts of the genus Unio may be summed up as follows: Shell variable in form, usually equivalve and inequilateral, rounded, elongated, angular or symphynote; with tubercular, zigzag, or con- centric sculpture; beaks variously sculptured or smooth, and oceasion- ally showing vestiges of a glochidium; epidermis thick, hinge line ineurved in front of the beaks; hinge having normally one cardinal and one lateral tooth in the right valve, and two cardinals and two laterals in the left, or they may be almost wholly lacking or greatly varied in arrangement: pallial line entire; interior nacreous. Animal dicecious; mantle open; branchial opening oblong, fringed with numerous papille; anal opening with or without papille, usually separated from the superanal opening; labial palpi generally wider than long, with free points, more or less united posteriorly; branchiw large, the embryos being borne in the outer or inner pair, or rarely in all four of them. Genus BURTONIA, Bourguignat.® I am inclined to believe that the species of this genus, of whose anatomy nothing whatever is known, are merely peculiar, compressed, somewhat symphynote Unios. In such species as I have been able to examine, there are vestiges of cardinal and lateral teeth; the anterior cicatrices are united, and the nacre is of a peculiarly rich, usually red- dish tint. 1 Bull. Soc. Malac. France, II, pp. i-12, 1885. 2 Bull. Soe. Zool. France, XI, pp. 471-502, pl. x11-x1v, 1894. 3 Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XI, pp. 481, 482, pl. xu, fig. 4, 1894. +Ann. Mus. Genova, XIV, p. 229, pl. x1, figs. 3-5, 1883. 5 Moll. Fluv. Nyanza, pp. 20-23, 1883. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 309 From the region of the beaks in the interior, there springs a series of slight, radiating, irregular ridges, and between the outer ends of these are three curious dorsal cicatrices. These are like the posterior cicatrices of an ordinary Unio, being rounded or semicirewar, and not impressed. The posterior muscle scars are very indistinct. The beaks are sculptured with somewhat scattered nodules, which are seen very plainly in B. tanganyicensis, Smith, but not so clearly in B. elongata, Bourguignat. Two specimens of the latter in the National Museum collection (No. 127190), seem to show the remains of a glo- chidium quite distinctly; and this character, the beak sculpture, and the rudimentary cardinal and lateral teeth, induce me to place the group in the Unionid instead of the Mutelid, to which it has been assigned. The shells frequently have the posterior end, turned to the left or right like those of Tellina. Genus ANODONTA, (Bruguiére em.) Lamarek.! In 1792 Bruguiere” applied the name Anodontites to certain edentu- lous mollusks, properly describing the genus, mentioning Mytilus cyg- neus and M. anatinus of Linnzeus, as belonging to it, and describing a new species, A. crispata of Guiana, which is now believed to have no generic relation to either of the other species. In 1797 he figured, with- out text, a large number of species.’ This generic name was adopted by Cuvier, Poiret, Deshayes and others. In 1799 Lamarck changed the name to Anodonta,’ describing the genus, and citing A. cygnea, Linneus, as the type. In 1805 Roissy ® explained that the genus was due to Bruguicre, but that Lamarck changed the termination, because in the nomenclature as then regu- lated, the termination ites indicated that the genus included only extinct species. Dr. Dall has worked out the above puzzling synonymy with a great deal of care, and believes that under the rules of nomenclature 23 they then existed Lamarck was justified in making the change in termination—that Anodonta is synonymous with Anodontites, and that the former should be retained. ; The Anodontites crispata of Bruguiére, from northern South America, is fairly typical of a large group of the genus Glabaris of Gray, which is now placed by v. Ihering and others in the family Mutelide. The genus Anodonta, as now restricted, consists of Naiades with gen- erally thin, inflated shells, for the most part without sharp angles, and free from sculpture except on the region of the beaks. The hinge line is a regular curve and is not indented in front of the beaks as is that of Unio, and this seems to be about the best distinguishing character 1 Prodrome Class. Coq., p. 87, 1799. 2 Journ. Hist. Nat., I, p. 131, 1792. 3Encycl. Meth., pls. 201-205, 1797. 4Prodrome Class. Coq., p. 87, 1799. 5 Hist. Nat. Moll., VI, p. 312, 1805. 310 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON,. VOL. XVIII. between the two genera. The hinge is either destitute of teeth or exhibits them only in a rudimentary condition, and the nacre is less brilliant, as a rule, than it is in the Unios. Anodonta implicata, Say, and A. fenoulli, Heude, are greatly thickened usually in the anterior region, often becoming as solid as some of the heavier Unios. A. angu- lata, Lea, is also quite a solid shell, and is generally strongly inflated and sharply angled on the posterior slope. According to Hemphill,! it was found in hard, clayey gravel, in the Snake River, burrowing so that only the solid, angled posterior end came to a level with the surface. This is no doubt a modification of the shell in order to enable it to resist the shock of the currents, as specimens of the same species taken from still waters are thinner, more compressed, and almost entirely destitute of the posterior angle. This species has usually rudimentary teeth, and in the young both cardinals and laterals are often perfect. The shell is ineurved in front of the beaks and it may be a true Unio. The animal of Anodonta is essentially the same as that of Unio, and there can be but little doubt that the two genera are very closely related. Whether Anodonta or Unio is the older it is impossible in the present state of our knowledge to tell, as it is quite probable that some of the more ancient forms referred to the former genus are not Anodon- tas at all. There can be, I think, little doubt that the thick shells and hinge teeth of the Unios were developed in order to enable them to live in currents, as they are generally inhabitants of streams; while the thin, edentulous shell of Anodonta is caused by its living in still water; the genus belonging, for the most part, to ponds, lakes, and canals. The distribution of the true Anodontas is confined to the northern hemisphere—for the most part north of the Tropic of Cancer, the so-called species of South America being Glabaris, and those of trop- ical Africa belonging to Spatha and Mutela, all genera of the family Mutelide. ‘he Anodontas are found throughout North America as far south as southern Mexico; innortheastern Asia; in Japan and China, and in the great region north and west of the Himalayas; also throughout all Europe and northern Africa to the Desert of Sahara, excepting in the Nile, which is peopled with Spathas and Mutelas. The embryo isa glochidium, and probably attaches itself to fishes as does that of Unio. It is very difficult to draw the line between the genera Unio and Ano- donta. Inthe United States there occurs a small group of species, some of which have been placed with Margaritana, such as M, elliotti, Lea, M. tombigbeensis, Lea, and M. elliptica, Lea; and others with Anodonta, such as A. edentula, Say. These species are, with some others, closely related by characters of the shell and soft parts, and all undoubtedly belong to a single group of one genus. In many cases in this group, even in A. edentula, there are fairly developed cardinals and even rudi- mentary laterals, and this, with the general character of the shells, leads me to place the species in Unio. Anodonta ferussaciana, Lea, and 1 Zoe, I, No. 11, p. 326. ot Aha lt 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ole afew forms grouping with it, appear to be nearly allied and to stand on the borderland between the two genera. In these species the hinge line is generally incurved at or near the beaks, and quite a distinct vestige of a cardinal is often found, and occasionally rudimentary laterals. LEPIDODESMA, new genus. In China there are found a couple of species of remarkable fresh- water bivalves of large size, thin structure, and greatly inflated form, with slightly nacreous interiors and triangular outlines. These mollusks were placed by Heude in the genus Unio, and by him were named U. languilati and U. aligerus, the latter of which he makes a variety of the former, but which seems to me quite distinct. The shell has a strong, elevated, sharp ridge running from the beaks to the posterior ventral portion, and another more faintly developed behind this, which ends on the edge of the dorsal slope, thus making it strongly biangulate behind. The young shell, until it is half grown, is sculptured into exceedingly strong, concentric ridges, which follow the growth lines, and which, in the later growth, become more crowded and less elevated, and are covered with a thick lamellar epidermis. The ligament is enormous; wide, elevated, and rather short, dark brown and shining, and composed of concentric scales, which lap over each other in a posterior direction, the whole looking like the back of a short, stout myriapod. The hinge line in a general way makes a rounded sweep, conforming to the high arch of the beaks, but directly under them it is incurved. In the left valve are two elevations which probably stand for cardinals, the anterior being elongated, running inwardly in a diagonal manner across the narrow hinge plate, and ending abruptly at the anterior muscle scar. Behind this is a vestige of another, much shorter and fainter, but running parallel with the first, this being on the incurved part of the hinge plate, and just forward of the beaks. Beneath the ligament are two strong lamellar laterals, the inner much the higher, and with its upper portion strongly curved out- yard. Just beneath the posterior part of the ligament this tooth is suddenly truneated, but the base extends some distance farther on. Rising from the dorsal slope of this large tooth, and growing partly out of it, is a smaller, lamellar tooth, truncated abruptly behind, and having its upper edge curved outward. In the right valve there is a single large lateral, truncated behind, curving out at its upper edge, and fitting between the two laterals of the left valve. Anteriorly its hinge plate slopes inward, and bears at its inner edge a low, somewhat elongated cardinal, running nearly par- allel with the outer edge of the shell. From the beaks to a considerable distance in front of them is a kind of scaly, folded growth, of modified epidermis perhaps, which extends from the outside of the shell half- way across the hinge plate, which, in life, no doubt, keeps the dorsal Se THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. you. xv. part of the valves a little way apart, and this probably prevents the teeth from coming in contact. Bull. Soc. Philomathique, 7th Serie, VII, p. 1. 6 Mal. Blitt., XXII, p. 129. 7Testacea Fluviatilia Braziliana, 1827, p. 32, pl. xxv, figs. 3, 4. 2 ence 4 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. 315 not stand, as it was preoccupied in Vermes by Savigny in 1817. The name Prisodon of Schumacher, which is sometimes given to this genus, will have to be used, I think, for the symphynote forms belonging to the group commonly called Hyria. The systematic position and rela- tionships of this group have been discussed in this paper under the head of general classification, and the genus undoubtedly should be placed with the Unionide. According to Orbigny,' the animals examined by him had the mantle free the whole length, except in the anal region, where it was developed into two short distinct tubes, of which the bran- chial was the larger and furnished with cirri. The branchie were large and slightly unequal, and the rounded palpi were very large. The Adams Brothers state that the outer gill is united to the mantle as far as its extremity, which does not agree with the observations of y. Ihering. According to this observer, Tetraplodon quadrilatera has a rounded triangular glochidium without hooks, the embryos being developed in the inner gills. Genus CASTALINA, v. Ihering.’ This genus, of which certain characters have already been discussed, was founded by its author for a few species of South American Naiades which have a somewhat triangular outline and appear to stand about midway between Unio and Tetraplodon. The fact, as vy. Ihering declares, that shells of certain species of the group may contain animals with an open mantle which are perfect Unios, and that others have soft parts with closed siphons, and are therefore Tetraplodons, shows that there is a very close relation between Unio and Tetraplodon, and that this isa transition group, which, from the characters of the animal alone, would not be worthy of generic rank; but the shells are sufficiently distinct from both the above genera to be separated without great difficulty. Their cardinals are much like those of Unio, only more numerous, and the laterals often have traces of vertical or oblique striation, while the posterior ridge is less strong than it is in Castalia, and the shells are more compressed. Genus PRISODON, Schumacher.’ The genus Prisodon included under Section A, P. obliquus, Schu- macher, which is a species that has since been placed in Lamarck’s genus Hyria; and under Section B, P. truncatus, Schumacher, a mem- ber of another genus, which is now more commonly put in Lamarek’s Castalia. The excellent figures and descriptions of these species leave no doubt that the above conclusion is correct, while the generic descrip- tion fairly covers the first species, and it seems to me, notwithstanding ! Voy. Am. Mér., p. 597. 2 Zool. Anzeiger, 1891, p. 478. 3 Essai Nouv. Systeme des Habit. vers Testacés, 1817, p. 138, pl. XI, fig. 2. 316 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL. XVill. the fact that authors generally have based this genus on P. truncatus, it must be established on P. obliquus, the first-deseribed species.! The corrugated species of this genus have somewhat radiately sculp- tured beaks, while the smooth forms seem to be destitute of beak sculpture. Genus SOLENATA, Conrad.? In southeastern Asia and possibly Australia there is a group of remarkable fresh-water bivalves, having a greatly elongated shell and foot, and bearing some resemblance to JMycetopus of South America. Lea placed these forms with this genus,* but in 1869 Conrad called attention to the fact that the shells had a long rudimentary lateral, and gave them a generic name, as above. Fischer, in a carefully written paper,’ places the oriental forms in Mycetopus. The foot of the latter genus is enormously developed, cylindrical, and enlarged at its extremity like a mushroom. This remarkable configuration of the shell and foot are to enable the animal to burrow in the sand or mud, where it lives in a vertical position. Fischer communicated with Heude in China, who had described a large number of species, and at his request the latter gathered all the information possible concerning the species of that country. They, too, have a greatly elongated foot, enlarged into a button at its extremity, and burrow in the mud in shallow water. Fischer was no doubt deceived by the fact that similar environment had produced similar modifications in two unrelated groups. Unio dehiscens, Say, of the United States, has an elongated shell and a greatly lengthened club-shaped foot, and it also burrows; and I have mentioned the case of Anodonta angulata, Lea, which buries itself in the bottoms of rivers and closely resembles one of Heude’s species. Unio anodontoides, Lea, a well-known form of the Mississippi Valley, was found by Mr. John B. Henderson, jr., in burrows from nine to twelve inches deep, in soft mud in the Maramec River, Missouri, with the foot greatly distended. Yet none of these are Mycetopus, or at all closely related to it. The South American species differ considerably in form from those of Asia, being generally more rounded posteriorly, their shells smooth and of a delicate texture, and having interiorly a wonderfully soft, pearly nacre, while the oriental forms are rather rough, often concen- trically sculptured, and covered with a heavy epidermis; the nacre, 1Lea applied Schumacher’s name Prisodon to the P. truncatus of that author (Syn- opsis of the Unionide, p. 27, 1870), stating that this name (Prisodon) could not be used for his first species (P. obliquus) because Klein, in 1753, had given the name Triquetra to these symphynote Naiades. As Klein was not a binomial author, Tri- quetra can not stand, and the generic name Prisodon will have to be given to P. obli- quus and the species of that group. Schumacher’s Paxyodon, described on page 139 of the Essai, is also a Prisodon. ?Amer. Journ. Conch., IV, pt. 4, p. 249, 1869. *Synopsis of the Unionide, p. 90. 4Journ. de Conch., XX XVIII, p. 93, 1890. (Observations on the genera Mycetopus and Solenaia. Second note.) 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 317 though slightly pearly, is dull, and their beaks are plicately sculptured so far as I have been able to observe, while those of Mycetopus are smooth. All of these Old World forms have a vestige of a lateral usually in each valve, while the South American species are either abso- lutely edentulous or present slight traces cf taxodont teeth. These are sometimes so faint and so concealed under the external layers of nacre that they can only be seen with a strong glass and a good light, but I have observed them in several specimens. Besides this the two groups are separated by half the diameter of the globe, and I know of none found fossil at any intermediate points. There is a shell described by Higgins as Mycetopus faleatus,' which he states came from the Upper Amazon, but which I am inclined to believe is oriental. It has the dull color of the recognized species of Solenaia,and the anterior basal portion of the shell is drawn down into a curious projecting lobe. MM. faleatus might be almost taken for a dimin- nutive form of Solenaia soleniformis, Lea, from South: astern Asia. Some of the species of Solenaia closely resemble Anodonta angulata of California, and it would not surprise me if the young of the former might sometimes be found with rudimentary cardinal teeth, or that this so-called Anodonta, which seems to be an aberrant form with a strongly developed foot, should prove to be a Solenaia. Sowerby credits to Australia one species of the genus under considera. tion. This is the Wycetopus rugatus of Sowerby, described in the Con- chologia Iconica.? It is irregularly, concentrically wrinkled, and the anterior basal portion is somewhat produced, like that of Lea’s J. emarginatus, while the posterior part is wide and obliquely truncated, after the manner of Lea’s species, to which it is no doubt closely related. If these two genera are separated, Solenaia, which is oriental, being placed in the Unionide, and Mycetopus, a strictly occidental group, in the Mutelidie, as I believe they must be, they do not support the theory of a connecting antarctic continent, or render it necessary to account for their distribution. Ihering has separated the genera as I do, but places them both in the Mutelide.* The following genera have been referred to the Unionide, but their rank and position are extremely doubtful, or they belong elsewhere. Australiella, Tennison Woods,‘ has concentrically sculptured valves, but is not nacreous and therefore not a Naiad. Jolya, Bourguignat,° has been placed near Mutela by its author, but is probably a marine or brackish water form. Byssanodonta, VOrbigny,® of the Parana River, has been often put in the Unionide near Anodonta, but it belongs in the Mytilide. 1 Proce. Zool. Soe., London, 1869, p. 179. 2 Volume XVI, Mycetopus, No. 7, 1868. 3 Archiv fiir Naturg., 1893, p. 52. 4Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., XVII, 1881, 1882, p. 82. 5 Lettres Malacologiques, pp. 42-44, 1877. 6 Voy. Am. Mér., p. 621, 1846. 318 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL. XVII. Gabillotia, Servain,' is typified by G. pseudopsis, Locard, of Lake Antioch, Syria. I do not know its position. Zairia, Rochebrune,’ proposed for Z. discrepans, Rochebrune, etc., from the Congo. Coltotopterum, Bourguignat,* proposed for C. preclarum, Bourguignat, is probably a form of Anodonta cygnea. The publications containing the last three genera are not accessible to me. From the foregoing descriptions of genera, I am able to deduce a diag- nosis of the family Unionidie, which [ think will contain all the valid genera heretofore described, and which will have to be, in our present state of knowledge of the anatomy, founded largely on shell characters. These, I think, when understood, are sufficiently distinct and constant for use in separating the two families Unionide and Mutelide. The force of this statement is added to when it is considered that the arrangement I propose, which is founded so largely on shell characters, fully agrees with what we know of the facts of geographical distribu- tion, of the paleontology of the Naiades, and the classification of v. Ihering, based on the characters of the embryos. Family UNIONIDA. Shell usually equivalve and inequilateral, smooth or variously sculp- tured, angular or rounded, symphynote or non-symphynote, covered with a thick epidermis, which may be green, brown, yellowish, black, rayed, or variously painted; beaks usually sculptured with concentric ridges, corrugations, chevron-shaped or radial patterns, or pustules, often show- ing remains of the nuclear shell; ligament opisthodetic, well-developed, external except when the shell issymphynote, Interior nacreous; with or without hinge teeth, but showing vestiges of them in every genus; when present alicays schizodont and arranged as cardinals, laterals (pseudocar- dinals and pseudolaterals), or both; adductor scars generally distinct, the anterior commonly impressed; pallial line simple and generally well marked; prismatic border usually narrow and not conspicuous. Animal: Labial palpi almost always wider than long, having the wpper parts of the posterior margins united; anal opening usually separated from the superanal. Mantle either free or closed posteriorly to form a bran- chial opening. Embryo a glochidium, the soft parts being inclosed in a pouch-shaped bivalve shell, either with or without hooks, and borne in the inner or outer, or in all four leaves of the branchi, which are modified to form a marsupium.? 1Bull. Soc. Mal. France, VII, p. 296, 1890. 2 Bull. Soc. Mal. France, III, pp. 1-14, pl.1, 1886. °’Bourguignat, Lettres Malacologiques, pp. 45-48, 1882. 4In the above description I have italicized the most important characters, and those which contrast most strongly with the same in the Mutelide. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 319 EE The following is a list of genera which I place in this family: Unio, Retzius. Arconaia, Conrad. Anodonta, (Bruguiére em.) Lamarck. Cristaria, Schumacher. Prisodon, Schumacher. Lepidodesma, Simpson. Tetraplodon, Spix. Pseudodon, Gould. Castalina, v. Ihering. Leguminaia, Conrad. Burtonia, Bourguignat. | Solenaia, Conrad. Family MUTELID 2. Genus MUTELA, Scopoli.! As yet, we know very little of the anatomy of this or several other groups of African Naiades, and upon shell characters alone it seems difficult to decide whether this should be united with Spatha or kept separate. Typically the shells are quite distinct; those of Mutela being thin, elongated, and often furnished with quite well-developed taxodont teeth; while those of Spatha are solid, oval or oblong in out- line, and have only a low, compressed tubercle or short ridge on the hinge line. But there are species which are so completely intermediate that it is very difficult to say to which group they belong. Most of them have unusually soft, brilliant nacre, generally inclining to bluish in the characteristic Mutelas, and to coppery in the Spathas. According to Clessin,” the mantle lobe of Mutela is united as far as the middle of the ventral margin; the animal has two stout siphons, and the shell gapes in front. Fischer states* that the palpi are long, curved and rounded at their extremities, and that the external branchie are united to the mantle throughout. Adams Brothers‘ say that in Mutela the inner gill is entirely united to the foot, while in Spatha it is free. If this distine- tion could be proved to be good throughout, it would be a sufficient character on which to base the two genera, but in Unio it is well known that the union of the inner gill with, or its separation from the foot, or the connection of the outer gill with the mantle, is very variable. Mutela dubia, Gmelin, shows two or more slightly compressed eleva- tions on the hinge line, especially in the left valve, and sometimes smaller denticles, while in M. exotica, Lamarck, the whole hinge line is often strongly crenulated. The name Mutelina, which was proposed by Bourguignat? as a genus to include Anodonta senegalensis, Lea, and Mutela rostrata, Rang, is synonymous with Mutela and Spatha. 1Intr. Hist. Nat., p. 397, 1777. 2Kuster, Conch. Cabinet, IX, 1. Abth., p. 191. * Man. de Conch., p. 1004. 4The Genera of Recent Mollusca, II, pp. 505-507. 5 Esp. nouv. et gen. nouy. des grands Lacs Africains, p. 488, 1885. 320 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL. XVIII. Genus CHELIDONOPSIS, Aneey.! In 1886 Rochebrune? established the generic name Chelidoneura for Mutela arietina, Rochebrune. The name having been used previously for a mollusk of the family Philinidee, Ancey changed it to that given above. IT have not seen C. arietina, but a fine specimen of C. hirundo, v. Martens (which Rochebrune included in his genus), is in the National Museum collection, and is certainly a peculiar shell. It has the anterior dor- sal part developed into a sharp point like a Prisodon or Arconaia, and a curious, elevated wing-like carina running from the beaks to about the middle of the posterior end, which most decidedly gapes, with a sort of diamond-shaped opening. Just in front of the posterior end each ridge is developed into a tubular spine, which, in the specimen I have seen, is nearly half an inch in height. One of these, in the shell examined, is closed by shelly matter; the other opens into the interior. The whole is covered with a thin, smooth epidermis, and in texture and color strongly recalls Mutela. Genus SPATHA, Lea.’ This genus has been discussed under the head of Mutela. While most of the shells have a rich coppery nacre and are smooth externally, one species, which may perhaps be placed here, Spatha vignoniana, Bernardi, is of a greenish lurid texture throughout, and has the sur- face sculptured into a sort of reticulated and zigzag pattern, the only instance I know in which a Mutelid is truly sculptured. There is a low groove running down along the dorsal slope in this species, and the posterior end is somewhat angulated. I believe that the African Naiads, which were referred by the older authors to Anodonta, belong in this group or in Mutela, and that no true members of the former genus are found south of the Sahara. While most authors agree that Spatha has the mantle developed into siphons, yet in S. (Anodonta) chaiziana, Rang, the branchial opening is not closed.* According to Clessin,® the laminz of the gills are united in perpen- dicular rows. The shell of S. alata, Lea, shows slight nodules in certain specimens embedded under the external nacre along the hinge line, which are no doubt vestiges of taxodont teeth. Moncetia, Bourguignat,® is quite likely a group of compressed Spathas, which may possibly be worthy of subgeneric rank. Its author states that the beaks are smooth; that there is a tubercular eminence on the hinge line of the right valve in the cardinal region, without a cor- 1 Conchologist’s Exchange, II, p. 22, 1887. 2S. B. Nat. Fr., 1886, pp. 3-5, pl.1, figs. 1-4. 3 Trans. Phil. Soc., VI (n.s.), 1858, p. 141, footnote. Type, S. rwbens, Lea. 4 See Lea’s Synopsis of the Unionide, p. 79, 1870. >Kuster, Conch. Cab., part 234, p. 184. 6 Esp. nouy. et gen. nouy. des Lacs Africains, pp. 34-36, 1885. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 321 responding one in the left, and a smooth lateral lamella as in Margari- tana; that it has two ligaments, both internal, and three groups of mus- cular impressions. The figures represent what seem to be diseased or stunted specimens, and [can not say where the group should be placed, never having seen shells of it. It may not be a Mutelid, or even a Naiad. Genus PLEIODON, Conrad.! This genus, consisting of a few African species, has been much econ- founded in time past. Conrad gave it the above name in 1834, and it seems to me to be perfectly distinct from all others. In 1871 Gill placed the species with the genus /ridina (which is synonymous with Mutela) in a separate family,’ which he called Iridinide, while Fischer® makes Pleiodon a mere section of the genus Jutela. The shells are solid, ovate in outline and inflated, with smooth, shining, greenish epidermis, and the teeth, which are irregularly taxodont, are strong, usually somewhat oblique anteriorly, and more or less perfectly V-shaped posteriorly, their bases pointing forward. In the middle of the hinge they are often broken and blurred, sometimes crossing the hinge plate in zigzag lines. The teeth in young shells are often quite oblique. Pelseneer,*in an able paper on the anatomy of Pleiodon, states that the labial palpi are semilunar, with a long, straight attachment; that the gills divide the pallial chamber into two quite distinct spaces, so that there are three openings into the mantle cavity—pedal, branchial, and anal. It has a closed branchial siphon, and the mantle border is united for some distance forward. Caumeronia of Bourguignat?’ is based on characters which, according to the above writer, vary much in different individuals, and I doubt whether it is a valid genus. The shells are solid, inflated, with a heavy hinge plate, in which the teeth are somewhat taxodont, as in Pleiodon. Bourguignat claims distinction on account of its having elongated anterior teeth, a character which is not shown in many of the specimens he figures. In the shells I have seen, the hinge seems to be diseased, the teeth are blurred, and the plate is somewhat split up anteriorly, but crenulated, and I should hesitate before calling these ridges lamellar teeth. Ishould not give the group, at most, more than subgeneric rank Genus BRAZZA*A, Bourguignat.® Inflated, thin, shining, toothless shells, with smooth beaks, having a purplish interior, and numerous (4 or more) deep dorsal cicatrices. There is a strong, triangular eseutcheon at the end of the ligament, and +} ‘S > 1 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1834, p. 178. ? Arrangement of the Families of Mollusks, Smith. Misc. Coll., 227, p. 20. * Manuel de Conch., p. 1004. *Bull. Mus. Belg., IV, pp. 116-128. ®Moll. Nyanza Ouk., p. 19, 1883. Esp. nouv. et gen. nouv. des Laces Africains, pp. 32-34, 1885. Proc: N. M. 95——21 aS THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL. XVII. the left valve. is dorsally winged, while the right is not. I have not seen any of these singular shells, but from the figures and descriptions IT should think the genus was a valid one, and that it belonged with the Mutelidze. It was proposed tor B. anceyi, by Bourguignat. Chambardia of Bourguignat, a new name for the Egyptian Iridinas,' probably contains nothing which can not be satisfactorily placed in other genera. The publication in which the genus is proposed is not accessible to me. All the foregoing genera of Mutelide are from Africa south of the Sahara desert, with the exception of the Nile, which is peopled with these forms to the Mediterranean. Some of the species extend south into the Cape region. Genus GLABARIS, Gray.’ This generic name has been adopted by the Adams Brothers, von Ihering, and others, for South American Naiades with edentulous hinges, which had until 1847 been placed in Anodonta. So far as I know, no true Anodontas are found south of Mexico, all the Central and South American forms I have seen being undoubtedly members of the genus Glabaris. The shells of this group, though resembling those of Ano- donta in the fact that they are without teeth, are really quite distinct, and when once the differences are understood, there need be no diffi- culty in distinguishing them. The shells of Glabaris are usually of more solid structure than those of Anodonta, and some of them are covered with the peculiar clothlike epidermis which is found on a number of the Monocondyleas. The nacre is of a peculiarly soft, often brilliant and iridescent texture, in strong contrast to the lusterless interiors of most of the Anodontas. In a few of the species typified by G. tenebricosa, it is a sort of lurid greenish hue, but in these its tints are soft and rich. Frequently slightly ele- vated rays reach out from the cavity of the beaks, especially in those with the brightest nacre. There is in nearly all cases a well-defined and tolerably broad border of the prismatic layer shown around the inside of the shell, which is generally darker in tint than the nacre, and often semi-transparent. In the G. lato-marginata group this is especially dark and broad, being often as much as a quarter of an inch in width. It is ‘-aused by the fact that the mantle does not deposit nacre to the border of the shell. Traces of taxodont teeth have been noticed in some of the South American species by v. [Ihering and the writer, and these are sometimes present in G. granadensis of Nicaragua. According to @Orbigny,’ [ridina (Glabaris) trapezialis, Lamarck, and other allied species, are characterized by having distinct siphons, while in G. membranacea, Orbigny, which probably is the same as G. lato- eS Lea, the borders of the mantle are free at the siphonal 1 Bourguignat, in Servain, Bull. Soe Mal. France, VII, pp. 304-315, 1890. ?Proc. Zoo). Soc., London, 1847, p. 197. 3-Voy. Amer, Mérid., pp. 596, 617. —— a eo 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 323 region. The embryo, as v. Ihering has shown, is a lasidium. By the characters of the shell most of the Glabaris are closely related, and vy. Ihering has placed these two species in the same group. Here, then, in another genus, is an example of the great variation of siphonal development in closely related forms, which helps to prove that the character is not constant. Dr. Lea found that in G. wymani, Lea, and G. lato-marginata, Lea, the branchix were united their whole length to the abdominal sac, and the palpi of both were rounded, and he stated that in this latter respect they differed from all North American Anodontas he had examined. The superanal opening was not united below. And in Glabaris strebeli, Lea, of Mexico, which is closely allied to the South American forms, he found the same kind of rounded palpi which were united only above. The genus is distributed from central Mexico all through Central and South America to Patagonia, but has not been found west of the Andes, though a number of Unios are met with in that region. Genus LEILA, Gray.! Conchologically Leila is very close to Glabaris. The color, form and texture of the shells are the same as in species of the Trapezialis group of Glabaris, and, like most of those forms, they gape more or less in the anterior ventralregion. According to von Lhering Leila has siphons,” and the pallial line in most specimens is quite deeply and broadly indented in the siphonal region. But the latter character is often found in a less degree in the shells of Glabaris trapezialis and its allies, espec- lally G. sinuata and G. anserina. Both Leila esula and L. blainvilleana occasionally show vestiges of taxodont teeth near the beaks. The range of the genus is much the same as that of Glabaris, but I do not know of its having been found in North America. Genus MONOCONDYLAAA, d’Orbigny.* This group was first described as a subgenus of Unio, and was afterwards given generic rank in the author’s great work on the mol- lusks of South America. Spix’s name, Aplodon,* was preoccupied by Rafinesque, in Heliacea in 1819, and therefore it must be relegated to the synonymy. The shells of this group are generally solid, with a rather rough, brownish or greenish, cloth-like epidermis. The right valve has a large tooth opposite the beak, and a smaller one some distance forward of it. The large tooth of the left valve fits the space between, and there are occasionally small scattered denticles on the hinge plate. According to d’Orbigny,’ Monocondylea guarayana, VOrbigny, has long, rounded 1Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, p. 142. 2Zool. Anzeiger, Nos. 380, 381, p. 2, 1891. See also Fischer, Man. de Conch., p. 1005. 3Guer. Mag. Zool. Cl., V, No. 62, p. 37, 1835. 4Test. Fluv. Braz., pl. xxv, figs. 1, 2, 1827. Voy. Amer. Mér., pl. LX vill, fig. 7. 324 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. Vou. xvut. labial palpi, which are attached in a curved line above, and which are not united posterierly. Otherwise the animal does not seem to differ greatly from that of Unio. Genus FOSsU EA, leat In 1870, Lea separated Monocondylea fossiculifera, @Orbigny, from the genus in which it had been formerly placed, and gave it the above generic name. The shell is solid, and externally quite closely resembles that of Glabaris lato-marginata, Lea, but the hingeis peculiar. In that of the left valve there are two distinct humps, with a depression between, which latter is opposite the beak. In the right there is a large, blunt elevation which fits into this depression of the left valve; then behind this is a pit, and still behind it a smaller hump. Frequently a smaller set of denticles are seen above one or more of the pits, which project into a sort of ligament in the upper part of the hinge. This latter character is shown more plainly in a species recently named F. balzanit by v. Ihering. The animal is said by this author to scarcely differ from that of Glabaris. Genus IHERINGELLA, Pilsbry.® In 1859, Lea applied the name Plagiodon* to Monocondylea isocardi- oides, Lea, but as that name had been preoccupied by Dumeril in rep- tilia (1835), Pilsbry proposed the name Lheringella for it, in honor of the eminent biologist von Ihering, who has done such excellent work among the Naiades. The type, P. isocardioides, Lea, resembles in form an Isocardia. The hinge appears as if injured, like thatof a Margaritana. In the right valve are two irregular teeth under the beak, and a broken, saddle-shaped tooth in the left valve fits in between them. In each valve there are pseudolaterals which start under the beak and slope downward across the plate, and the whole surface of the hinge is cov- ered—teeth and all—with irregular wrinkles and pustules. Concho- logically it seems most closely related to Monocondylaa. The nacre has a peculiarly soft, greenish hue. The animal is unknown. Genus MYCETOPODA, d’Orbigny.® Orbigny first applied the above name to M. Soleniformis, Orbigny, and M. Siliquosus, Orbigny, characterizing the genus in a proper man- ner, and afterwarcs, in the “‘ Voyage Amerique Méridionale,” changed the name without explanation to Mycetopus, by which it is generally known. The former name will, | am sorry to say, have to supersede the latter. 1 Synopsis of the Unionid, p. 72, 1870. 2 Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, I, pt. 1, p. a 1893. 3Nautilus, VII, No. 3, p. 30, 1893. 4Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIIE sp. 79: 5Guer. Mag. Zool. Cl., V, Ne. 62, p. 41, 1835. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 325 I have discussed the genus somewhat at length under the head of Solenaia in this paper, and nothing more need be said regarding the shell. The palpi, as in other genera of the Mutelidi, are longer than wide. The mantle is open all around, there being no distinct branchial siphon, The anal siphon is only indicated by an oval aperture with a low border, and it is separated from the branchial opening by a sort of bridge. The branchie are very large, and the Adams Brothers state that the outer ones are entirely grown together.! The foot is an enormous and greatly modified organ, very long and cylindrical, and near the lower part contracted like the neck of a bot- tle. From this the base swells out into a large button, which d’Orbigny, ‘in the magnificent figure in his great work on South American mol- lusks, has represented as covered with low, rounded protuberances. The wall of the burrow corresponds to the shape of the animal, being narrowed in near the button and expanded above and below, and the foot could not be withdrawn unless its lower end was contracted. The unionoid characters of the animal have induced some authors to place it in the Unionidee; by others it has been considered the type of a sep- arate family, Mycetopodide.? But as it is known that other unrelated Naiades burrow in the same way, some of which have a strikingly similar foot, and that the shell has a wonderfully soft, silvery nacre, and that it never has a vestige of cardinal or lateral teeth, but sometimes faint traces of taxodont denticles, I think it may be safely placed in the Mutelide. The genus is found from southern Brazil northward to Central America. It may be here remarked that all the members of the Mutelidie as herein classified are confined to Africa and South America, with the exception of a few Glabaris, which go up as far north as southern Mexico, and a single Central American Mycetopoda. From the foregoing characters of the different genera placed in the Mutelidze, we may deduce the following family description: Shell generally without sculpture or angularities, smooth or rarely slightly suleate, covered with a thick epidermis; beaks nearly or quite destitute of sculpture, and never exhibiting the remains of an embryonic shell; nacre of a peculiarly soft, rich texture, silvery, coppery, lurid or greenish, generally surrounded by a wide, distinet prismatic border; hinge with or without teeth, which, when present, are always irregularly taxo- dont, and showing vestiges of this kind of dentition in occasional specimens in all the genera; escutcheon large, triangular, and distinctly marked; muscular impressions variable; pallial line usually simple, but in some cases more or less inflected into a sinus posteriorly. Animal: Labial palpi large, oval or rounded below, and usually with- out free points, scarcely united posteriorly; outer gills attached firmly on each side to the mantle and abdomen, so that the suprabranchial cham- ‘Genera of Recent Mollusks, II, p. 504. 2Gray bestowed this name in the “Synopsis of the British Museum” in 1840. 326 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOU. xvm. ber ending in the anal siphon is completely separated from the mantle cavity; anal and superanal cavity united, continuing backward over the adductor muscle into a superanal chamber. Mantle open or closed into more or less perfect siphons, sometimes united for some distance forward. Embryo a lasidium, composed of three segments, the anterior head-like, the median bearing a single shell, the posterior tail-like. It will be seen from the above that the characters of the soft parts are quite variable, and I have italicized those in both shell and animal ~ which seem to most constantly differ from the same in the Unionide. It is very probable that with a more thorough anatomical knowledge of the Naiades the descriptions will have to be a good deal modified.! e The following is a list of the genera I place in this family: ¢ & ee Pu ato et aR? “gee wks Mutela, Scopoli. | Glabaris, Gray. Chelidonopsis, Ancey. | Iheringella, Pilsbry. | ~ . Spatha, Lea. | Monocondylaa, @Orbigny. Pleiodon, Conrad, | Fossula, Lea. Brazzwa, Bourguignat. Mycetopoda, VOrbigny. Although in time past the Naiades or pearly fresh-water mussels have often been placed in a single family, and though even v. Ihering, whose recent classification of the genera is, I believe, a natural one, has placed the two groups, Unionide and Mutelid, in one super- family, and notwithstanding the fact that there are a few genera whose position on account of our lack of knowledge is doubtful, yet I think it quite probable that the relationship between these two great groups is not a very close one. It is true that the animals themselves do not seem to altogether bear out this assertion. The character of the presence or absence of siphons, on which the families have generally been founded is, as I think I have conclusively shown, utterly variable and worthless. There is usually some distinction in the form and the union or nonunion of the labial palps, but these characters are not perfectly constant, and even if they always held good, they would be of little importance. Ihering is authority for the statement that in all the South American and Afri- can Mutelide (and all the genera belong in these two continents) the outer gill-leaves on each side are firmly attached both to the mantle and abdomen, thus completely separating the suprabranchial cavity from that of the mantle back to the anal opening.. This, however, according to that most excellent authority, occasionally occurs in the Unionidee of the northern hemisphere. ‘There will doubtless be found great variation in the matter of union of the mantle and gills in many other Pelecypods. Jackson observed in some specimens of Perna . ephippium that the two pairs of gills were separated from one another throughout- their length, whereas in other specimens the two median gills were connected by con- erescence at their dorsal border, thus uniting the two pairs as in Ostrea. The degree of union varied in different specimens, the gills being united for their whole extent, or only posteriorly. (Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., TV, No: vill, p. 326, 1390;) en 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 327 It is in the characters of the embryo and the shell that we find the great vital distinctions between these families. In the Unionid:e the embryo, perhaps without exception, is a glochidiwm, which is probably characteristic of the nepionic stage of all the genera in the family. The embryo of the South American Mutelide has, wherever examined by vy. Ihering, proved to be a lasidiwm, and, although perhaps the relation of the African mutelid groups may not be so close to those of South America as is that of the latter among themselves, yet J have no doubt that their embryos will prove to be something very much like a lasidium. This peculiar stage is, so far as I know, entirely unique among Pelecypods, and though by the character of taxodont teeth the mutelids show aftinities for Nucula, Arca, Pectuneulus, and the like, yet by the evidence of their embryos they seem wholly unre- lated to any other lamellibranchs. The irregularly taxodont teeth which characterize the Mutelid are totally different from the schizodont teeth, which are found more or less developed in every genus of the Unionidew. ‘The peculiar cartilage pits of Fossula resemble to some extent those in Perna, and suggest a possible distant relationship with this and allied genera. On the other hand, it would seem reasonable to suppose that the unionids had their closest affinity with other schizodont families. Il. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE NATADES. In mapping out the general distribution of the Naiades, although they are all confined to the fresh waters of the globe, it will be found. that they fall into provinces something in the same way as do the other members of the animal kingdom. So nearly do these areas coincide in a number of cases with those of generally recognized regions of animal life, that in several instances | have applied the same names to them. To a considerable extent, as would be expected, these divisions of Naiad life are bounded by the sea, by deserts, and mountain chains which act as watersheds for different river systems. Yet none of these in all cases effectually restrict the distribution of the fresh-water mus- sels; and it is true that in several instances the borders of a Naiad region are not marked by any tangible natural barriers. The Palearctic Region.—This, the largest region of Naiad life, includes in a general way the whole of Europe, Africa (excepting the Nile), north of the Desert of Sahara; all of Asia north of the Stanovoi and Altai Mountains, including, probably, the greater part of Afghanistan and Beloochistan, Persia, Arabia, and Asia Minor; and all of North America that is drained into the Pacific. This vast region, covering an area of perhaps 16,000,000 square miles, is inhabited by a single and remark- ably homogeneous Naiad fauna. One species characteristic of this province, Unio margaritiferus, Linnzeus, is found in all parts of Europe except the region along the Mediterranean; also throughout Siberia; in northern Japan, wiich stands on the border between this and the Oriental region, and in that part of this province in North America 328 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL. XVIII. lying north of about 40°; occupying in all an area in the palearctic region of something like 9,000,000 square miles. The Amoor River, which takes its rise in Siberia and Mongolia south of the Stanovoi range, has a mixed Naiad fauna whose characters partake of the Palearctic and Oriental provinces. Unio pictorum, a species common to all Europe and Siberia, is found at Khabarovka, in the Amoor Valley, as well as Anodonta magnifica, Lea, A. cellensis, Schroeter, and A. plicata, Solander, which is synonymous with Cristaria discoideus of Lea, the latter three being common to China.! According to Middendorf,? Anodonta herculea, Middendorf, a Japan- ese species, which is a Cristaria; Unio mongolicus, Middendorf (=Unio margaritiferus, Linnzeus?), and Anodonta cellensis, Schroeter, are found in the Amoor region. His Unio complanatus, Solander, a common New Engiand species, which he credits to Siberia, is, according to his figures, without lateral teeth, and appears to be a stunted form of Unio mar- garitiferus. Schrenck® gives the following list of species of the Amoor Valley :* Unio grayanus, Lea. | *Unio mongolicus, Middendorf. *U, pictorum, Linnzeus. *U. (Marg.) dahuricus, Middendorf. *Unio (Marg.) margaritiferus, Linneus. * Anodonta anatina, Linneus. Anodonta plicata, Solander. *A. cellensis, Schroeter. A. magnifica, Lea. His Unio grayanus is certainly not that species, but a shorter, heavier shell, belonging, however, to an Oriental group; and the Unio mongo- licus is most likely a form of Unio margaritiferus with imperfect laterals. The southern limit of the Palearctic Region in North America can not be accurately given, but it probably extends to near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, as one of the common Californian Anodontas has been found in Oaxaca. In all this vast area there are perhaps not more than 50 valid species of Naiades, which belong to the genera Unio, Leguminaia, Anodonta, and the species of Cristaria alluded to, though the new school of conchologists have considerably multiplied the genera and have run the specific names up into the thousands. The species are, for the most part, small to medium in size, without conspicuous sculpture or angles, or, as a rule, any bright patterns of coloring. The group of Anodontas typified by the well-known A. cygnea, Lin- neus, is distributed over this entire region, all the forms found in the Pacific drainage of North America either belonging to it or being, I think, closely related. One species, A. yuwkonensis, Lea, from the Yukon River, Alaska, is absolutely identical with specimens of Ano- 1On the authority of Mousson (Journ. de Conch., XX VII, p. 26). 2Malacoz. Rossica, Sib. Reise, 1847-1851, p. 273. 3Reisen und Forsch. im Amur-Lande, 1854-1856, p. 694. 4Those belonging properly to the palearctic region I have characterized by an *; the others are Oriental species. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 329 donta beringiana, Middendort, collected by Dr. Dall at Petropauloyski, Kamchatka. This I have verified by comparing the types with Dr. Dall’s shells. Unio ravistissus, Kobelt, of Afghanistan, appears to be a member of one of the great European groups. Two Unios have been credited to Oregon, U. famelicus of Gould, and U. oregonensis of Lea. The types of both of these species are in the National Museum collection, and I can say without hesitation that the former is a young shell of U. multi- striatus, Lea, of Brazil, while the latter is only an old, rather large and solid U. rowelli, Lea, of Central America. Unio margaritiferus, Linneus, is the only species of the genus known at present in the Pacific drainage of North America. Although there is a slight mingling of the forms of this and the Oriental regions in the Amoor Valley and northern Japan, I only know of one group, represented by a single species, belonging to the Pale- arctic province which is extralimital, this being Unio margaritiferus, Linneeus, which is found in the Upper Missouri of the Mississippi area, and in eastern Canada and New England of the Atlantic drainage. Of its distribution, more will hereafter be said. On the other hand, I do not know of a single Naiad belonging to any other province, which is found within this great region. The Ethiopian Region.—All the continent of Africa lying south of the Desert of Sahara, including the Nile to its mouth, is peopled by a common assemblage of Naiad life. The only genera of the Unionide rep- resented in this region are Unio, which is distributed over the whole territory, and Burtonia (if it be a valid genus), with a few species con- fined, so far as is known, to the region of the Great Lakes. All the Unios are small to medium in size, and are not particularly striking in any way. A large proportion of them are more or less covered with slight zigzag or reticulated delicate sculpture, and in this particular, as well as in form and texture, they recall the Unios of India. This is especially true of the forms known from the Cape region. aod a Spl eta eS + “oo 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 331 -pustulous species, in which one valve appears as if it had been pushed downward when in a plastic state, and is always less inflated than the opposite one. These peculiarities are not characteristic of entire groups, as they may be met with in one species and absent in closely related forms. The Australian Region.—Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand are peopled with a very distinct set of Naiades, consisting, with the excep- tion of the single Solenaia which has been referred to the former island, of Unios only. It may be possible that when New Guinea is thoroughly explored, some of the peculiar species of Unios found in Australia may be discovered, as it is believed that these two islands were connected during Tertiary time. Only a moderate number of species are found in this region, as Australia has few streams, and all, or nearly all, of them either go dry or are reduced to mere disconnected pools in time of drought. In general, the shells of this region are oval in outline, smooth, of a dull greenish olive or brownish tint, and without other patterns of color marking. Some of the forms have a slight development of concentric ridges, and only two species are known which have any other sculpture: U. cweumoides, Lea, which is some- what tuberculous, and U. napeanensis, Conrad, which has rather sharp, pointed knobs or corrugations, extending out for some distance from the beaks. Unio dorsuosus, Gould, the type of which is in the Museum collection (No. 5925), is, I have no doubt, a young U. napeanensis, and is said to have come from the Fiji Islands.! At the beaks of this shell the sculpture is imperfectly radial, much resembling that of the South American species. The very few perfect beaks of Unios of this region which I have seen, have a somewhat zig- zag or curved radial sculpture, indicating, as do the form and color of the shells and the similarity of the soft parts, a close relationship with the South American species. The so-called Alasmodonta stuarti, from Australia, is merely a Unio with compressed, feebly developed teeth. No species of this region is known to be extralimital, and the Solenaia, if really from Australia, is the only member of a foreign group reUEG sented in this region. The Mississippi Region.—All the waters that are carried to the Gulf of Mexico through the Mississippi River are filled with a common assemblage of Naiades, consisting of Unios and Anodontas. In fact, this fauna occupies almost exclusively all the streams emptying into the Gulf, from the Rio Grande on the west to the Chattahoochee River on the east, and beyond this either the species of this region or those belonging to its groups are scattered from Central America to North Carolina. To the northward, other species or members of groups poepeing here have passed into New England and extended down to 1Gould says (U. 8. Rear Boe XII, Detail) isc This mie 11 was m: cake d Fiji et ade probably by some accident, as I neue not that it came from eastern Asia.” It is no doubt an Australian, and not an Asiatic or Polynesian species. 52 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL. XVIII. southern Virginia and even into Georgia. The Red River of the North, the Mackenzie, the Great Lakes, most of the lower peninsula of Michi- gan, and the southernmost portion of Canada are, for the most part, peopled with Mississippi Valley species. No equal area on earth has such a diversity of Naiad life or such magnificent shells. Here are found the largest species in the world; here are forms with knobs, pustules, angles, lobes, and concentric sculp- ture. The nacre of many of them is wonderfully rich in tints of silver, pink, purple, salmon or red, and it is equaled in beauty by the elegant patterns of external painting, in stripes and mottlings and delicate hair lines. Perhaps twenty or more species of this region are extralimital, and about half as many from other areas occur within its borders. The Atlantic Region.—Kast of the Appalachian chain, and occupying all the rivers and streams from Florida to Labrador that drain into the Atlantic, there is a set of Unionids, consisting of Unios and Ano- dontas, generally moderate in size, thin in structure, and for the most part without strong angles, sculpture, or brilliant coloring. Toward the southern part of this region the forms are immensely variable and puzzling, and I do not know of any other area in the world in which it is so difficult to satisfactorily separate species and groups. Although both in the southern and northern part of this province the forms of the Mississippi Valley have entered freely, until they have met and over- lapped, yet there are perhaps not more than one or two species which belong in this region or members of any of its groups that appear in the waters of the Mississippi drainage proper. Anodonta fragilis, Lamarck, a form characteristic of the Atlantic province, is found in several places in the Mississippi area, notably in Minnesota; and Unio radiatus, Lamarck, is doubtfully reported from the St. Croix River, Wisconsin. The specimens of Anodonta footiana, Lea (another northern form), said to come from the Ilinots River, are no doubt Anodonta ovata, Lea. There are scarcely a dozen Mississippi drainage species found within this region. The Neotropical Region.—The entire continent of South America forms a single region of Naiad life, containing four genera of Unionide (Unio, Prisodon, Tetraplodon and Castalina) and six of Mutelide (Glabaris, Leila, Monocondylea, Fossula, Iheringella and Mycetopoda). The Unios are generally oval or rounded, moderate in size, usually slightly sulcate, and covered with a uniform brownish or greenish brown epidermis. All have radial beak sculpture, and very few have any other than what I have mentioned. The genus Unio is represented throughout the entire area, and strangely enough the great Andean chain does not form a barrier between groups. The assemblage typified by the well-known oval, compressed Unio ellipticus, Spix, seems to be scattered over this whole area, and species belonging to this group in Peru and Chile on the Pacific Slope of the continent can scarcely be said to differ from forms 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 333 on the other side. I do not t know that any other group of Unios is rep- resented on the western slope, and so far as I am aware, none of the other genera have as yet been met with in the rathe r limited drainage of that region. The great group of Glabaris typified by G. trapezialis, Lamarck, a very natural and closely related assemblage, is well represented, no doubt, throughout all the eastern and southeastern drainage of South Ponerica, from well down in Argentina to Central America and even southern Mexico. Indeed, the typical species is in the Museum collee- tion from the streams of Argentina to Lake Maynos in the interior of Peru, the San Francisco River, Brazil, and the Rio Negro on the north. The group is well represented in Central America and southern Mexico by G. bridgesi, Lea, and allied forms. | | | — =) |= — -|| — = ———— = es Unio pliciferus ........-. U. crassidens. | Unio scutulatus ......-. | U.alatus. Unio mexicanus .....--. | U. crassidens. Wimlopopele---ae2=-n-- | U. monodontus. WimatGiro wells ase => | U. Inteolus. } Unio usumasinte..-.---- | U. trigonus. Wmnic cuprinus)---..--..- U. alatus. || Unio usumasinte..-..-- U. lachrymosus. The group of Central Ainerican Unios, typified by U. aratus, does not seem to have a parallel in any assemblage of Mississippi Valley forms, but is undoubtedly related in a general way. The Unios of this region Attention may me ealled to the curious ae Pat a mance of ie South rene an species of Unios are imitated by certain Glabaris which very strongly resemble them externally. Thus the orbicular Unios typified by U. nocturnus have their parallel in Glabaris in a section typified by G. lato-marainata, and the elliptical Unios of the Casablance group are balanced by G. puelchana, ete. Unio delodontus and its allies are offset by G. wymanit and others, and the elongated solid U. parallelopipedon and a few others have their counterpart in G. ensiformis, which sometimes so closely resem- bles the members of this group that anyone would at once place it with them unless the hinve was examined. There is no relation whatever between the genera. Their resemblances are probably adaptive. 334 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. Vou. xvu. below the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, as well as those of Cuba, are remark- able for their suleate sculpture. This character is noticeable even in species which are pustulous or otherwise sculptured, and is seen in groups, the members of which in Mexico are smooth or nearly so. Second.—A considerable number of Unios and Anodontas, some of which extend down into Central America, which are either absolutely identical with well-known forms in the Mississippi Valley or belong with the assemblages of that region. The following groups of the latter province are represented. The group of Unio plicatus is represented by Unio eightsi, Lea, which is found south to Vera Cruz, and is merely a synonym of U. multiplicatus, Lea, a common form in the central United States. There are one or two other species of this group which range south into Central America. Quite a number of species of the group of Unio alatus, such as Unio tecomatensis, Lea, U. umbrosium, Lea, U. pur- puratus, Lamarck, and the like, are found in Mexico, and one species something like Unio tenuissimus (U. delphinulus, Morelet), is found in Honduras. The group of Unio gibbosus is represented by Unio discus, Lea, a compressed, ponderous species in Central America; that of Unio luteolus by a nearly typical species U. hydianus, Lea, and that of Unio anodontoides by the form of the same name, all of which species extend across the Rio Grande River. Unio couchianus, Lea, of the Lachrymosus group, is a Mexican species, and it is probable that representatives of other northern groups will be found in thisregion. Anodonta henryana, Lea, of Mexico, is scarcely distinct from A. imbecillis, Say, of the Mis- sissippi Valley; and the group of Anodontas, of which A. grandis, Say, may be considered the type, has several representatives in the northern part of the province. Third.—The few Glabaris and the Mycetopoda heretofore mentioned, which are found in the southern part of this area. Only about a half dozen species of this region are found in the United States, and perhaps as many belonging to that country extend into Mexico, though these numbers will probably be increased with more thorough exploration. DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. Unio and Anodonta have been believed by some authors to extend well back into the Paleozoic, and, while this may quite probably be true, yet I do not think the evidence is sufficient to denionstrate it. Two or three species of Unios were collected by Professor Cope in the valley of Gallinas Creek, New Mexico, from strata which he regarded as of Triassic age.! These shells were so broken as to be hardly recognizable, though they are no doubt Unios. One of them, however, was described by Meek under the name of Unio cristonensis,” but it may be as well to state 1 Ann. Rept. Expl. and Sur. west of the one-hundredth meridian, 1875, p. 81. 2 Ann. Rept. Expl. and Sur. west of the one-hundredth meridian, 1875, p. 83. i a ee 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 335 that there is some little doubt as to whether the strata in which they were found is Triassic or Jurassic. Something like a year ago a half dozen species of fossil Unios were sent to the writer by Mr. E. T. Dumble, of the Geological Survey of Texas, which came from what are believed to be fresh-water Triassic beds in that State. Numerous valves of one of the species show per- fect cardinal and lateral teeth, which do not seem to differ from those of many recent species.! These six forms, though not particularly striking in outline or appearance, belong to at least as many different groups, and do not show any more relation to each other than a half dozen specimens would if taken at random from different parts of the world. One of them is somewhat triangular in outline and compressed, with cardinal teeth much like those of the South American forms; another has slight, radiating striz on the posterior part, and a third species, which resembles some of the forms of U. pictorum of Europe, has strongly developed, radial beak sculpture! The fact of this diversity would go to show that the genus had been, in all probability, a long time established at the time these were living. A few species have been found in the Jurassic beds of the western United States, some of which seem to be prophetic of groups which are living to-day in the Mississippi Valley, and the forms which are known to be Cretaceous from that region bear out this prophecy. But when we come to the lacustrine or estuary strata of the Laramie group in this same terri- tory, we find a most astonishing resemblance to forms now occupying the central United States. These beds are believed by some to be Upper Cretaceous; by others they are referred to the Lower Eocene, and Dr. White, whose labors in this field are so well known, believes that the waters in which they were deposited were slightly brackish; and in fact the Unios and other fresh-water shells of that region are often found associated with Cyrena, Ostrea and Anomia, genera which now live in estuaries. ; In the Laramie beds, species are found evidently belonging to such groups as that of Unio plicatus, U. perplexus, U. gibbosus, U. clavus, U. metanever, U. securis, U. alatus, and Anodonta grandis, and there are forms from these strata which could hardly be separated from living species if the latter were fossilized. Dr. White has called attention to the fact” that the anterior portion of many of the elongated species of these beds is greatly shortened, and this character is observable in a number of species in China. Whether the Naiades originated in North America or the Old World is not now known. At any rate, I do not think any careful student can examine a good series of species trom the ‘These species were sent to the writer to be named and described, and a paper was prepared with descriptions and figures, to be published in the report of the Geolog- ical Survey of Texas. On account of the lack of appropriations for continuing the work, the paper was not published by the Survey. The National Museum has under- taken its publication, and it will shortly appear in the present volume of Proceed- ings (pp. 379-383). 2Third Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv., p. 401. 336 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. vou. xvm. Oriental region, without being convinced that the Unione fauna of that area is somewhat closely related to that of the Laramie beds and the Mississippi Valley, and the conclusion seems reasonable that a migration took place, perhaps during or shortly after the Laramie epoch, over an old, now submerged, landway, either from Asia to North America or vice versa. It is, L believe, more probable that this fauna developed in the western continent than the eastern, for, as we have seen, a few prophetic types of it appeared in the North American Jurassic, while the earliest recorded existence in the Old World of species which seem intimately related to it is in the later Cretaceous or earlier Tertiary. While some eight or ten groups of Unios and Ano- dontas now living in the Oriental region bear such a strong resem- blance to similar assemblages in the United States that at first sight they seem to be the same, I believe every one of them to be distinct, and it seems probable, when it is taken into consideration how slowly the Naiades change, and the fact that the forms of the Laramie groups have scarcely altered specifically in our own country, that if any such migration and separation took place, it occurred a long time ago. It is quite likely that about this time members of some of the Lara- mie groups found their way into Mexico, Central America and Cuba. It is very probable that this area was separated from South America at that time, and for a considerable period since, as no interchange of Naiades is known to have taken place between the continents until per- haps during the Pliocene, or at least since the last union of land areas took place. No North American form is found in South America, and the few Glabaris and the Mycetopoda that have entered the Central American province from the south, have scarcely changed specifically. This Laramie Unio fauna in Mexico and Central America has every appearance of having been in some way isolated from the rest of North America, as if it had developed under insular conditions. Almost all of the older groups of the Central American region have their analogues in the Mississippi Valley to-day, yet very few species of these Mexican groups come north of the Rio Grande River; and while there is a slight mingling of forms of the two provinces, yet the eroups can be separated, and the southern Naiad fauna has a distinct- ive appearance, notably in the much softer, more silvery, nacre, and an indefinable difference in the epidermis. I should say that these older Central American fauna groups bore about the same relation to those of the Mississippi Valley as do many of those of the oriental region. Judging from the apparent evidence of the Naiades, one would suppose that after the migration of these old forms into Mexico and Central America, they were isolated from the rest of North America long enough to take on certain peculiarities, and that after this the two areas were connected again, and that since the connection a few species of Unios and Anodontas of the present Mississippi Valley groups had migrated southward. I am aware that what is known of the geology 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 337 of this region does not seem to support the idea of any separation of Mexico from the rest of North America during Tertiary time, but I simply give what appears to be the evidence of the Naiades.! It is possible that at some time during the occupation of this region by the older Naiad fauna there may have been a strait through the present Isthmus of Tehuantepec, which separated Central America from Mexico. The strongly suleate sculpture of most of the Unios of this lower region may have developed under insular conditions, or it is possible that it is wholly due to climate. The Naiad fauna of the Atlantic area, while consisting generally of moderate-sized Unios and Anodontas, without, as a rule, any striking characters, was, I believe, developed from that of the Mississippi Valley, but it has long been separated by the Appalachian chain. Unio (Ano- donta) undulatus, Say, of the Northeastern States, is only a mere variety at best of the U., (Anodonta) edentulus, Say, of the Mississippi drainage. Unio (Margaritana) marginatus, Say, found in the former region, though smaller and more delicate, is identica] with the western species. Unio radiatus of New England belongs to the western Luteolus group, and in some cases approaches so close to the type that the two cannot be satisfactorily separated. Unio ochraceus, Say, aud U. cariosus, Say, belong to the Mississippi group of U. ventricosus, while the groups of Unio (Margaritana) calceolus and Unio pressus are about equally developed in the two regions. The migration of these forms has no doubt been made around to the northward of the Appalachian chain, as the species belonging to these groups in the Atlantic drainage are abundant in New England, but gradually vanish as we go southward. South of the dividing range, the relationship is still more apparent. The great Mississippi Valley groups of Unio tetralasmus, U. subrostratus, U. crassidens, U. parvus, and U. ventricosus are all well represented in the Atlantic drainage of Georgia, Florida, and in some cases as far north as North Carolina, though there seems to be a slight separation of the two areas between the Ocmulgee River, which drains into the 1T quote from a letter received from Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, regarding the evidence of the land and fresh-water snails in this connection: ‘‘Now as to Mexico, we have there in the south a ‘tincture’ of South American types, evidently of recent origin. The Solariopsis and Labyrinthus very likely came north in or since the Pliocene eleva- tion of the isthmus. The Melanians of Mexico are distinctly South American. Besides, Mexico has in the Eucalodium, Holospira, Glandina, etc., element a distinct fauna, suggesting insular conditions both from the West Indies and North America, but nearer the former. At all events, it looks as if the fauna of nerthern Texas and New Mexico is a recent mingling of the two faunas, the Polygyras moving south, and Holospira, Bulimulus, ete., moving north. How much this appearance is due to mere isotherms, I am not prepared to say; but still, without having any tabula- tion of the faunas before me, it looks as if to a peculiar nucleus of genera which evolved their differential features on Mexican soil had been added lately an ele- ment from South America, another from the West Indies, a third from the United States, these introduced factors being still far stronger toward their respective points of ingress.” Proc. N. M. 95 Oo ae 338 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. VOL, XVIII. Atlantic, and the Flint River, which empties into the Gulf. The great group of Unio buckleyi, which is so characteristic of Florida, the coast region of Georgia, and South Carolina, is so closely related to that of Unio crassidens on the one hand and Unio complanatus on the other, that the systematic position of many of their species is wholly uncertain. Again, the group of Unio jisherianus, also characteristic of the Atlantic region, almost insensibly merges into that of U. buckleyi, through such forms as U. aheneus, Lea, U. oscari, B. H. Wright, and U. hazelhurstianus, Lea; and the small group typified by U. downiei, Lea, inhabiting Georgia and Florida, shows about equal relationship to those of U. crassidens, U. buckleyi, and U. complanatus. In 1868 Lea described a number of fossil Naiades' from a marl bed near Camden, New Jersey. He believed this bed to belong to the Greensand of the Cretaceous, and noticing the strong resemblance of the forms to many now living in the United States, gave them names indicating this resemblance. The age of these beds is uncertain, but is probably more recent than what Lea supposed. The fossils are all casts of a somewhat ferruginous marl, and are quite imperfect, but among them are forms strikingly like Unio anodontoides, U. rectus, U. complanatus, and Anodonta corpulenta, and I think it not unlikely that they are in most cases the remains of living species, and that the beds are not older than the Pliocene. At any rate, they seem to show a much more intimate mingling of Atlantic and Mississippi forms at the time they lived than is now known to exist anywhere in either of the two regions. As [ have shswn before, many of the species of the Mississippi Val- ley extend into Canada; they occupy almost exclusively the southern peninsula of Michigan, the Great Lakes, the Red River of the North, and the drainage system of the Mackenzie. This migration, which is entirely distinct from the earlier mingling of eastern and western species, is due, no doubt, entirely to the influence of the Glacial epoch. It is now generally admitted that during this time a vast cap of ice covered a greater or less extent of the Arctic and North Temperate regions of North America, and that at the close of the Ice age the southern edge of this cap gradually melted back for some distance from its extreme limit. North of the Height of Land in British North Amelica great lakes were formed, which could only drain into the Mississippi Valley, since the wall of ice on the north and east formed a barrier in that direction. Several of these ancient drainage beds have been discovered; one near Chicago, another at the western end of Lake Superior, by which the water flowed down the St. Croix River; a third down the Minnesota River by way of the Red River of the North, and still another along the Maumee across to the Wabash.? It is probable there was an. overtlow down the Missouri River, as Unio margaritiferus is found in the upper waters of this stream—the only point where it is known to occur in the Mississipp1 basin. 1Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XX, pp. 162-164, 1868. *See Popular Science Monthly, XLVI, No. 2, p. 217. 1895, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 339 Numerous species of Naiades no doubt pushed up from the Missis- Sippi basin into these lakes, and when the ice cap finally melted they occupied much of the area of the Mackenzie and St. Lawrence systems. Unio margaritiferus, Which is cireumboreal, is not known to exist in the central British American region, but is found in eastern Canada and New England. It is quite probable, as has been suggested by Wetherby,' that this species may have extended across this whole area in pre-Glacial times; that the onward movement of the ice cap exter- minated it in this central area, and that it was driven southward to the east of the Appalachian chain, where it still survives. This ice cap may have also driven out and destroyed much of the Atlantic drainage fauna, which was afterwards replaced by the more vigorous Missis- sippi Valley forms.” The Atlantic drainage group of Anodontas typified by A. fluviatilis seems to be closely related to the Cygnea group, and may have been separated from the latter by the ice sheet. In the Old World, Unio and Anodonta are believed by Ludwig’ to date back to the Carboniferous. The forms which he refers to these genera are from Rhenish Westphalia, and are small, oval, oblong shells, one of which has suleations on the beaks. From the figures of the hinges, I greatly doubt whether the species referred to Unio belong to that genus. The few Unionide known from the Old World Jurassic and Cretaceous strata do not seem to show decided relationships with any other Naiad fauna. Spatha galloprovincialis, Matheron, which was described by its author as a Unio, is believed by Sandberger to belong to the former genus. In the figures of this species given by the author, the shell bears some resemblance to a Spatha, but is very different from any species I know of belonging to that genus, in the character of the beak sculpture. In Spatha, the umboes are smooth or nearly so, as are the shells of the Mutelid in general. Thisspecies has strongly concentrically seulptured beaks, the ridges ending in a very sharp angle posteriorly. It may possibly be a Leguminaia. Several fossil Unios are known from Siberia and India, from what are believed to be Tertiary strata. These resemble the solid forms of China and the Mississippi Valley, and Unio bituberculatus, v. Martens, from the former country, is very much like Unio perplexus, Lea, from the Ohio River.° In examining the fossil Tertiary Naiades of eastern Europe, one can not help noticing the wonderful resemblance of certain forms to well- known groups in the Mississippi Valley. Regarding these species and ' Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., July, 1881, p. 7. 2See paper by the writer in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, pp. 991-995. 3Paleontogr., VIII. Die Najiiden der Rheinisch-Westphalischen Steinkohlen- Formation. +Land und Siisswasser Conch. der Vorwelt, p. 95. °See Abdr. d. Zeitsch. deut. geol. Gesellschaft, 1874, p. 743. 340 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. vou.xvut. their relationship to North American forms, I can not do better than to quote from Dr. C. A. White:! a It has already been shown that the living Unionide of all Europe depart compara- tively little from the primary, typical, oval form, and smooth or plain surface. These are the characteristics, so far as I am aware, of all the fossil species, save one, that are found in the strata of western Europe, including those from the Wealden and Cretaceous rocks. The exception referred to is Unio toulouzaniti, Matheron, from the Lignite strata of the department of the mouths of the Rhone, which, while differing but little in form from the other fossil and living Unionidz of western Europe, is marked by small plications upon its postero-dorsal surface. In Slavonia, Croatia, Dalmatia, and other parts of southeastern Europe, however, the fossil Tertiary spe- cies of Unio are much more numerous than the living species of the family are in the whole continent. Furthermore a large proportion of the types of these fossil species of southeastern Europe are as distinctively ‘‘ North American” in character as those are which now live in the Mississippi River and its tributaries. From these facts the inference seems to be a natural one that the living Unionidse of all Europe are descended from those which are represented by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil species of the western part of that continent; while the line of descent of the fossil species of southeastern Europe has evidently been cut off by disastrous changes of the physical conditions necessary for its perpetuity. The fact that these last-mentioned fossil species are identical in type with those of North America pre- sumably indicates, though it does not necessarily prove, a community of origin; in which case they must have reached their present separated regions by some ancient continental connection now destroyed. Among the Pliocene Unios from Slavonia there are many which almost absolutely agree with species living in the United States, belonging to the groups of U. clavus, U. trigonus, U. perplevus, U. pustulosus, and other well-known Mississippi Valley assemblages; and U. sibinensis, Tenecke, is almost exactly like U. houstonensis, Lea, of Texas; U. newmayri, Tenecke, is the counterpartof U. modicus, Lea,of Alabama; U. stolitzkai, Neumayr, isa nearly perfect reproduction of U. wsopus, Green, from the Ohio River, and U. novskalensis, Tenecke, is like a slightly roughened U. pyramidatus, Lea, from the same stream. Other species from the Pliocene beds of Slavonia almost as closely resemble U. leai, Gray, and. U. osbecki, Lea, of China. It seems not unreasonable, no matter where these striking types of Unios and Anodontas may have originated, whether in North America or the Old World, that they afterwards spread so that they occupied the greater part of Asia, Europe, except its western part, and possibly Africa, whose Unione fauna is, by the characters of the shells, apparently closely related to the Tertiary fauna of Europe, and that of India at the present time. It may be that the extreme cold of the glaciers exter- minated or drove these forms to the region south of the Himalayas in Asia, and that the simple and probably more hardy species of western Europe spread rapidly to the eastward and southward after the Glacial epoch until they peopled the vast Palearctic region. But it seems probable that the European and northern Asiatic Anodontas, whose descendants now inhabit North America west of the Rocky Mountains, crossed over during the iate Tertiary, as some of the forms now found 1Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., III, Art. 23, p. 621, 1877. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 341 in the latter region have inhabited it long enough to change specifically from their oriental ancestors. J. G. Cooper believes that he found a form of Anodonta nuttaliana, Lea, one of the Cygnea group, in the Pliocene beds of Kettleman Lake, California,! and in other localities, but these formations may be of more recent date. It is probable that Unio (Margaritana) margaritiferus, Linnzeus, is the type of a group which for a long time has been distributed around the boreal regions, as it seems to be very closely related to a number of widely scattered forms. The theory of a comparatively recent land connection between north- ern Asia and North America is further confirmed by the fact that some fifteen species of land snails, and about five or six more fresh-water forms, are common to the entire boreal regions of the globe; and Dr. Asa Gray has shown’ that there are very many species of plants belong- ing to China and Japan which are identical with those found in eastern North America, and for others there are exceedingly close representa- tive species in the New World. The Unione faunas of the Australian and Neotropical regions may be considered together, as they are evidently closely related. The theory of an antarctic land connection between these regions is not at alla new one, and recently Mr. Charles Hedley, in a paper on “The faunal regions of Australia,”* brings forward some strong arguments in favor of such a connection, as he believes it necessary in order to explain certain relationships between the life of the two regions. The Mutelid fauna of South America is also, no doubt, related more closely to that of Africa than to anything else at present existing, and von Ihering! suggests a probable land connection between South America and Africa across the Atlantic during the Mesozoic, to account for its present dis- tribution. It does not seem to me that it is necessary to bring in any such immense and violent changes of land and sea to account for the presence either of the Mutelide in Africa and South America or the nearly related Unios in the Australian and Neotropical regions. It must be remem- bered that changes take place in the fresh-water mussels very slowly; that species are living to-day that scarcely differ from those found at the close of the Cretaceous or the beginning of the Tertiary periods; and that the relation between the Mutelide of Africa and South Amer- ica is not a very close one, so that it is not necessary in either case to prove any recent mingling of these faunas, either by a land way or other means. I believe it is far more probable that the Unios of South America and the Australian region are the remnants of earlier types that may have had a wide distribution throughout the northern hemi- 1Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., IV, part 1, p. 168. 2Address before Am. Assn. Adv. Sci., August, 1872, p. 10. SRead at the Adelaide meeting of the Australasian Assn. Ady. Sci., September, 1893. 4Zool. Anzeiger, Nos. 380 and 381, p. 14, 1891, 1892. 342 THE PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS—SIMPSON. vou. xvim. sphere. ‘The presence ee a species in what are -e probably ‘Pringsic strata in Texas, with strongly radial beak sculpture, a character now confined to the Unionids of the two areas in question, is evidence in this direc- tion. The forms with variously sculptured beaks which bear the embryos in the outer gills may be a more recent, vigorous stock, and it is pos- sible that they have taken possession of the lakes and streams of the northern hemisphere and driven these older types to the southward. The same thing may be true with the Mutelidee, whose northernmost limit in the Old World is the lower Nile, and in the New, southern Mex- ico. And if the Cretaceous fossil now known as Spatha galloprovin- cialis, Matheron, from the mouths of the Rhone, is really a member of that genus, it would give color to this theory, which necessitates no vio- lent changes of land and sea to account for present Naiad distribution. To briefly sum up: The old arrangement of the families Mutelide and Unionide based upon the presence of siphons in the former and their absence in the latter can not stand, as this character may be developed or wanting in a single genus or even species. Ihering’s redefinition of the families, in which the former is founded on the fact that the embryo is a three-parted lasidiwm, and that of the latter a glochidium, with the animal inclosed in a bivalve shell, agrees essen- tially with the characters of the hinge and shell generally. Those forms which would seem to belong to the Mutelide have irregularly taxodont teeth or vestiges of them, while the Unionide have schizodont teeth, which are arranged as cardinals or laterals, or both, though they may be merely rudimentary or even sometimes absent. The Naiades seem to be capable of being grouped into assemblages of related forms which have a more immediate common ancestry, and on the basis of this grouping we find them distributed into eight provinces, four of which are in the Old World and essentially agree with the regions of animal life of Wallace and Sclater. These may be tabulated as follows: AREAS OF THE NAIAD REGIONS.! Europe. Northern and western Asia. North Africa to the Desert. Pacific drainage of North America, Ethiopian. --- =... Africa south of the Sahara. ( Asia south of the Himalayas. Palearetics. 22-2. Oriental -.-.-... ? East Indies to the Solomon Islands. r ¢ Australia. Australian ....-. Mi Tasmania. ) New Zealand. Neotropical -...-.. South America. Central America. Central American, Mexico east of the Cordillera. Cuba. Entire Mississippi Valley and the Gulf drainage from west Florida to the Rio Grande. Mississippian.... { Mackenzie River system. Red River of the North. teat Lakes. { Lower St. Lawrence and rivers of eastern Canada. e Atlantic drainage of the United States. AGlanbien.= eee Spor map of Naiad Regions see Plate IX. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 343 - The Unios undoubtedly date back well into the Jurassic; probably into the Triassic. The post-Cretaceous Unio fauna of the Northwestern States is evidently closely related to the fauna of the Mississippi Val- ley, and this seems to be related to that of Mexico, to the oriental fauna, and more distantly to that of tropical Africa, as well as to the Tertiary forms of eastern Europe and Siberia. The Unios of Australia and South America are apparently closely related to those of the Australian region. There seems to be, too, a general relationship between the Mutelide of Africa and South America. These Mutelids and the Unios which bear the embryos in the inner gills have perhaps formerly occupied extensive areas in the northern hemisphere, and may have been supplanted by more modern forms. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 SCS SOY (oa ae LA ee ~ ) a a a WN eZ Pree wrettane Peewee PALAARCTIC REGION. NEOTROPICAL REGION. ee PO eee etoece ne ee 60 CENTRAL AMERICAN REGION, ORIENTAL REGION. AUSTRALIAN REGION. MISSISSIPPI 4 ATLANTIC ZLIZLLLELZ ZZZZLLL Z| REGION. 160 140 120 {00 80 60 40 20. D MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION}? IX Pies PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 C V 60 é, } i i 2 my rat \ 0 Dp 0 0 80 40 6 PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AN ARMADILLO OF THE GENUS XENURUS IN HONDURAS. By FREDERICK W. TRUE, Curator of the Department of Mammals. AxpoutT four years ago the National Museum received from Chameli- con, Honduras, with other mammals, an armadillo of the genus Xenurus. This is the first instance, so far as I am aware, in which any representa- tive of this genus has been found in Central America. The species is presumably the XY. hispidus of Burmeister, but to this I will refer again presently. The specimen (No. 19464, U.S.N.M.) is a female, and was obtained at Chamelicon, Honduras, January 8, 1891. Mr. Wittkiigel, the collector, states that the native name of the species is “Tumbo.” He gives the following dimensions: Total length, 1 foot 5 inches; tail, 64 inches; hind foot, 4 inches.! The skin, from which the skull was extracted, has been mounted, and I have measured it, with the following result: Total length, along curves, 510 mm.; head and body, 362 mm.; head, 73.5 mm.; tail, 150 mm. ; ear from crown, 27 mm.; hind foot and claw, 66.5 mm.; longest claw of fore foot (straight), 38.5 mm. As but few specimens of the smaller Yenuri have been examined, I will describe this individual (Plate X) somewhat in detail. The head is short and blunt, and the extremity of the snout entirely naked for a distance of 16mm. The cephalic shield consists of about 38 comparatively large plates. There are two short rows of plates in front of the scapular shield, of which the first contains 6 plates and the second 8 plates. The scapular shield consists of 8 antero-posterior rows of plates, including an anterior, narrow, marginal row, and the posterior row which resem- bles a thoracic ring. These rings are 11 in number, each with from 25 to 31 plates. The pelvic shield has 10 antero-posterior rows of plates. The plates of the scapular and pelvic shields are large and quadrate, with rounded edges; those of the thoracic rings are rectangular, with 1This is probably a measurement of the hind Jeg. The foot with claw measures 22 inches. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VILII— No. 1069. 345 346 ARMADILLO OF THE GENUS XENURUS—TRUE. VOL. XVIII. straight edges. The marginal plates are smaller than the others and rounded. Between each pair of plates on the thoracic rings one hair only is exserted. The ears are margined with a row of small rounded scales, but other- wise are entirely naked. The feet and outer sides of the legs are covered with somewhat scattered, flat, orbicular scales. The tail has similar flat seales, about 1.5 mm. in diameter, embedded in the skin at regular intervals. From the posterior margin of each scale one hair is exserted. The terminal portion of the tail for about 40 mm. is entirely naked on the upper side. On the belly the hairs are in tufts, which are arranged in regular transverse rows. There are about twenty of these rows between the insertion of the fore and hind legs. The relative size and length of the claws is the same as in the large species, Y. unicinetus. Theskull (Plate XI) indicates that the individual is rather young. The nasals are narrowest in the middle, and expanded at the anterior end and also behind. Their posterior terminations are oblique, the frontal extending forward in an angle between them. ‘The frontal itself is greatly swollen and the interorbital constriction is pronounced. The supraoccipital is flat. The posterior half of the jugal is much broader than in_Y. wnicinetus, and its lower margin turns up sharply to meet the squamosal, making nearly a right angle with the anterior half. The basioecipital is narrow between the tympanic bullae. The palate is short, its length behind the tooth row in the median line not more than that of the last two dental alveole and half of the third, while in XY. wnicinetus it extends backward a distance greater than the length of the last four dental alveole. The lower border of the mandible is not concave posteriorly. The coronoid process is small, but well formed and somewhat curved. The condyle is concave. Dental formula, ?. Dimensions of the skull. | 25962°5)) 35382 Measurements. female, Measurements. female. ——— oe ————— | = mm. | mm. | Length from upper margin of fora- Breadth of nasals at anterior extremity; 10.5 | men magnum to end of nasals --.| 80 Breadth of nasals at posterior extremity 9.5 areatest zy gomatic preadths=- cease | 41 Leneth of palate.-.-.---.-.--- aia 46 Mastoid breadth 2-2 -m = = < Zz Oo = < z 9) > PL. XIX PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PZé 3° JV Wd 34S 3LV1d 4O NOILVNV1dx3 YO (2) ILUNODOE SALOSNINAVD U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII PL. XX ALE ARCUATUS S uw = CALLINEC U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII PL. XXlI CALLINECTES TOXOTES, FEmate 374 FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XViIl PL. XXII E MALE D = dD O C i = ud a D uJ = O uw z. = = < O U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII Pl CALLINECTES ARCUATUS, Mate, AND DEFORMED CLAWS OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 374 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Rives ie ie lean PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII 2 t>/)—— ye ; Ae oe FRONTAL OUTLINES OF CALLINECTES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 374 PL. XXIV ae Oo Ue Ny U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XViIl PL. XKV ABDOMINAL OUTLINES OF CALLINECTES, MALE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 374 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII PL. XXVII ABDOMINAL OUTLINES OF CALLINECTES, Femate FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 375 NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII PL. XXVIII Fossil CALLINECTES. ee DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER CRABS FROM COSTA RICA. By Mary J. RATHBUN, Second Assistant Curator, Department of Marine Invertebrates. THE Museo Nacional de Costa Rica has recently sent, through Mr. J. Fid. Tristan, a number of crabs and shrimps to the United States National Museum for identification. Among them were found two new species of Pseudothelphusa., PSEUDOTHELPHUSA MAGNA, new species. (Plates XXIX; XXX, figs. 7-10.) Closely allied to P. richmondi, Rathbun.! Carapace wider than in _£. richmondi, branchial region more swollen, cervical suture sinuous. The surface is covered with flattened granules, some of which on the rated by. a broad and deep notch; margin uneven, oa ae ae ee in P.richmondi. The eyes also are much smaller than the maxilliped shows beneath the front. The front P. richmondi and the outer margins more oblique the orbit is nearly as advanced as the front, while in PP. richmond itis much less so. The spines or spinules PSEUDOTHELPHUSA anterior half of the carapace are large and dark- colored, looking like scales, but almost smooth to the touch. The frontal lobes seen from above are sepa- more advanced in its inner portion, passing gradually into the orbital margin; the curve is much less abrupt than in P. richmondi. In Plate XXIX a portion of seen from before is much wider and less deep than in (Plate XXX, figs. 6 and 7). The external angle of OUTER MAXILLIPED OF of the lateral margin are proportionally smaller than ae ae Natural size. in P, richmondi and do not fill one-half the depth of the orbit. The _" first abdominal appendage of the male is similar in character to that of P.richmondi. It has three teeth at the extremity on the upper side. (See upper left-hand portion of fig. 9.) The longitudinal plate on the ‘ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, p. 654, pl. Lx xv, figs. 6-10. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIII—No. 1071. at 377 378 FRESH-WATER CRABS FROM COSTA RICA—M. J. RATHBUN, VOL. xv. inner side of the lower portion, shown i in n Figure 10, is much longer than the corresponding part in P. richmondi, The merus of the outer maxil- lipeds is longer and narrower in this species.’ Chelipeds unequal, large and strong. The merus has a row of very stout conical teeth on its inner margin, as a rule becoming smaller proximally and continued on the ischium; the lower edge has a row of small tubercles;' the outer margin has ‘a wide band of sae prominent squamose tuber- IP? eles, which, toward the ecar- yee pus, become rugose lines. OAT ge ch eee The palmar portion of the manus is longer than in Fi 9 “. i) P. richmondi, the margins of its surface less convex. The outer surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus is covered with a network of dark brown, and numerous granules of still darker color. The teeth of the fingers have a dark band across their bases and a lighter line around their cutting edges. Ambulatory legs thick, meri with edges rough or slightly sjinu- lous. Inner lower margin of meri of first pair with prominent tubercles. This margin is smooth in P. richmondi. Dimensions.—Largest male, length 84 mm., width 135 mm. Color.—Yellowish brown. Habitat——Pozo Azul, 800 or 1,000 feet above the sea, two males (Nos. 19048, 19049, type, U.S. N. M.) collected by J.C. Zeledon, April 4, 1888; Rio Maria Aguilar, one male, collected by A. Lizano, May 29,1891; also one female (No. 19050, U.S. N. M.) collected by J. Fid. Tristan; Rio Torres, one male, collected by J. Fid. Tristan. This species is the largest of the known Pseudo- thelphuside. LARGE HAND OF PSEUDOTHELPHUSA MAGNA, About three-eighths natural size. PSEUDOTHELPHUSA TRISTANI, new species. (Plate XXX, figs. 1-5.) Carapace smooth and shining, inconspicuously granulate near the lateral margins; grooves deep; Queen waxmirep oF branchial region much swollen in its anterior half. — rsevpormeiruvusa Front with a well-marked crest, which is rough with = *®*"4S* puncte but not tuberculate, and terminates at the “""°"""™=™™™ orbital border just behind the insertion of the eye. Lower and outer margins with a prominent punctate ridge. Outer half of the superior orbital border finely crenulate; inferior border crenulate. Antero-lateral margin denticulate, and with two well-marked teeth behind the orbit. Fig. 3. 1 Compare fig. 1 in text with fig. 9, pl. Lxxv, Vol. XVI, Proceedings U.S. National Museum. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 379 The sixth segment of the abdomen in the male is shorter than the seventh; the seventh is very broad and obtuse. The appendages of the first segment (Plate XXX, figs. 3 and 4) are very different from those of any other species that I have seen. The character of the chelipeds is shown in Plate XXX, figs. 1 and 2, The carpus, propodus and dactylus are granulate. The ambulatory legs are spinulous above; the propodal joints are spinulous below. Dimensions.—Length of male, 18.7 mm.; width, 30.8mm. Length of female, 18 mm.; width, 29.9 mm. Color.—Very dark brown; lower side and legs lighter. Habitat.—“‘La Mina,” Rio Torres, north of San José, 1,150 meters above the sea. One male (No. 19047, U.S.N.M.) and one female, col- lected by J. Fid. Tristan, August 7, 1894. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE XXIX. Pseudothelphusa magna, male. Less than one-half natural size. PLATE XXX. . Pseudothelphusa tristani, male. Natural size. . Pseudothelphusa tristani, male, large hand. Slightly enlarged. . Pseudothelphusa tristani, male, right abdominal appendages, outer side. Three and one-half times natural size. Fig. eo be 4. Pseudothelphusa tristani, male, left abdominal appendages, lower side. Four times natural size. 5. Pseudothelphusa tristani, front. About two and one-half times natural size. 6. Pseudothelphusa richmondi, front. About two and two-thirds natural size. 7. Pseudothelphusa magna, front. About one and one-third natural size. 8. Pseudothelphusa magna, abdomen of male. Slightly reduced. 9. Pseudothelphusa magna, male, first abdominal appendage of right side, outer view. One and one-half times natural size. 10. Pseudothelphusa magna, male, first abdominal appendage of right side, lower view. One and one-half times natural size. © x XIX PL XVIII VOL. PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 6ZE 39vd 3aS ALWid J JIVA VNDVAW sia VSNH NOILVNW1dx3 YO d13SHL oanasd U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVII| PL. XXX FRESH-WATER CRABS OF THE GENUS PSEUDOTHELPHUSA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 379 DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW TRIASSIC UNIOS FROM THE STAKED PLAINS OF TEXAS. By CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON, Aid, Department of Mollusks. THE MATERIAL on which this paper is based was sent to the writer for examination by Prof. E. T. Dumble, State geologist of Texas.’ It was obtained from the Dockum beds, an extensive formation which underlies all or nearly all the Staked Plains of Texas, and southeast- ern New Mexico, reaching farther back into that Territory northwest of the Plains, and having some extension under the Cretaceous area south of them in Texas. The limit of the plains on the east, north and west is marked by an escarpment, which is usually from 100 to 200, and sometimes 300 or 400 feet high. The basal portion and occa- sionally nearly all of this escarpment is composed of what are believed to be Triassic beds. They usually extend some 6 or 7 miles beyond the base of the great plain.” These beds are composed of horizontal strata of sandstone, conglom- erate and clay; and are overlaid in some places by Cretaceous, but more generally Tertiary strata, and underlaid by the rocks of the Permian period, whose lithological characters are so different from those believed to be Triassic that the latter can usually be recognized without trouble. The slight difference in dip, and the sudden change in lithological characters from the Triassic to the Permian, point conclu- sively toa break in the sedimentation of the two deposits. According to the evidence of the fossils and the characteristic material forming them, the Dockum beds seem to have been deposited in an inland, fresh-water basin. The vertebrates, as determined by Prof. E.D.Cope, were shallow fresh-water animals. A few fragments of bivalve shells were collected by Professor Cope in the valley of: Gallinas Creek, New Mexico, associated with vertebrate remains, which latter led their discoverer to believe the formation was 1The paper and the accompanying figures were prepared for the report of the Texas Geological Survey, but on account of the failure of the legislature of that State to provide funds for carrying on the investigation, the work of the Survey has come to a standstill. Through the kindness of Professor Dumble, I am permitted to publish the paper in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 2?Third Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey of Texas, p. 227, 1891. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIII—No. 1072. 981 | 382 NEW TRIASSIC UNIOS FROM TEXAS—SIMPSON. vou. xvi. | Triassic. Some of these fragments were described by Meek as Unios,}! but they were in such bad condition that even a generic determination could hardly be considered certain. As the shells on which this paper is based are, I believe, undoubted Unios, and as it seems to be pretty well | established that the strata in which they were found are Triassic, I | think I need have little hesitation in saying that these are the earliest | authentic specimens known of this common and widely distributed genus. I may further add that in the opinion of Dr. Charles A. White? ! it is quite probable that the Gallinas Creek fossils belong to the | Jurassic. ; Taken as a whole, these Unios closely resemble in form and are appar- | ently nearly related to those of the Jurassic beds of North America, and to certain species of our Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. They can hardly be said to be very near relatives of any species at present living | in the New World, though Unio anodontoides and one or two other allied | species from the Mississippi basin have characters in common with | some of them. In Europe, however, the well-known Unio pictorum and other somewhat similar species, as well as most of the forms found in | Asia Minor, show a considerable resemblance to some of these species. It is remarkable that there has been so little change in the species |} of this genus from the time when they lived in this great Triassic lake | to the present day. In some eases specific descriptions of these fossils, whose age probably dates back well toward the beginning of the Meso- zoic, so far as all the characters which remain are concerned, would | apply almost without change to species living in the Kuro-Asiatic region to-day. And Dr. White has shown that the same persistency of char- | acters is true of a number of the forms of the Laramie group of the Cretaceous, which in all probability are the ancestors of some of our | characteristic recent Mississippi Valley species, and which can hardly be separated from them.’ As he has pertinently remarked, these earliest types of Unios have | continued almost unchanged until the present, while to-day there is | not a single family of vertebrates in existence that lived in Triassic | times. This wonderful persistence of Unio forms, and the variety of characters displayed in the species herein described, go to show that | the genus must have been well established at the time the Dockum— beds were deposited, and that it undoubtedly had its origin at a much |} earlier period, thus tending to overthrow the theory of Neumayr,* that the Unionidze were derived from the genus Trigonia, which probably does not date back to a period earlier than that of the shells under consideration. 1 Unio cristonensis, Meek, Ann. Rept. Expl. and Surv. West of One Hundredth Merid- | ian, 1875, p. 83. 2A Review of the Non-marine Fossil Mollusca of North America, p, 425, 1883. 3A Review of the Non-marine Fossil Mollusca of North America, p. 428, 1883. 4Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturwiss. Cl., XCVIII, 1889, Heft 1-3, 1. Abth., p. 5. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 383 _ The theory advanced by W. Amalsky,' that the Naiades descended from the Anthracosidz, seems the more reasonable one, as the two fami- lies agree in many essential points of shell structure, and the latter were probably inhabitants of the fresh waters of the Carboniferous and Permian periods. UNIO SUBPLANATUS, new spe- cies. Shell rather large, somewhat triangular and compressed; growth lines strong andelevated ; dorsal region and posterior slope rounded; beaks not very promi- nent; area of the lateral teeth strongly curved; cardinals UNIO SUBPLANATUS, NEW SPECIES. rather wide, parallel, separated Intersaliview/ofj right valye: by anarrow socket. Length,85 mm.; height, 57 mm.; diameter, 25 mm. Locality.x—Duck Creek, Dickens County, Texas. Of this fine species only a single cast of a right valve of ferruginous clay conglomerate, and what is probably a right valve of the same, badly incrusted and buried in a limestone matrix, were received. The latter, on being carefully cleaned, shows the shell to have been of moderate thick- ness, and to have the curious, par- allel, cardinal teeth that charac- terize most of the Unios of the southern hemisphere to-day. The Fig. 2. lateral teeth are shown plainly at eo SUB EUANA TUS New eevee: their posterior end, but the hinge Cast from outside of right valve. plate is so worn away and in- jured that thoy are not visible along the rest of it. UNIO DUMBLEI, new species. Shell elongated oval, widest at the region of the beaks, rounded before and behind; anterior end very short; posterior and anterior slopes ele- vated and almost ridgelike, with a flattened or slightly excavated area in the middle of the disc; dorsal margin rounded; base of the shell nearly straight or sometimes a little emarginate; beaks rather promi- nent; ligament small, but elongated; growth lines rather strong. Length, 55 mm.; height, 25 aE diameter, 185 mm. REaiceaereniee, XXXIX, p. 198, Soneeeere. 1892. 384 NEW TRIASSIC UNIOS FROM TEXAS— SIMPSON. - VOL, XVII. Locality—Five miles northeast of Dockum, head of Duck Creek, © Dickens County. Five pairs, more or less perfect, were sent irom a gray sandstone near Dockum, and what are probably three or four heavily incrusted valves of the same, from clayey conglomerate from Duck Creek. They recall quite strongly from Assyria, and U. pictorum and Fig. 3. 5 : Set tats Sarees the allied simple forms of Europe. UNIO GRACILIRATUS, new species. Shell small, oblong oval, rounded before and slightly biangular behind; dorsal region more curved than the base; growth lines mod- erate; surface generally, but especially the posterior region, more or or less sculptured with delicate, somewhat broken, and wavy narrow lire. Length, 40 mm.; height, 23 mm.; diameter, 16 mm. Locality.—South of spur, Headquarters 21, Dickens County, Texas; head of Duck Creek, Dickens County. Four left valves in a limestone matrix were sent from the former locality, and two left valves embedded in coarse granulated limestone from the latter. One right valve of what is probably this species was sent from the Dockum beds, at the southeast corner of Crosby County, Texas, with a number of U. dockumensis. Six rather imperfect specimens from the Dockum beds, in the southeast corner of Garza County, Texas, I am inclined to refer to this species, though they are less elongated and nearly all of them destitute of the peculiar sculpture of the type. In some of the specimens of this spe- cies, the lire are quite distinct and regularly developed; in others the surface is nearly smooth; while others show slight, somewhat elongated radiating nodules. UNIO GRACILIRATUS, NEW SPECIES. UNIO DOCKUMENSIS, new species. Shell, oblong-oval, rounded before, somewhat pointed posteriorly; umbonal region quite prominent, sculptured with distinct, radiating ridges; sides rather flattened; ventral line straight or slightiy incurved about the middle of the shell; ventral region rather prominent poster- iorly; growth lines strong; valves solid; pallial line deeply impressed; interior bearing a ridge running diagonally from the cardinals toward the posterior basal portion, in front of which the shell is much thicker; cardinal teeth short and rather stout, laterals solid. Length, 60 mm.; height, 35 mm.; diameter, 25 mm. . § vo ee SN nik tates Siete oung specimens of Unio dignatus — a) oe Se a tee = PRR 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 385 Some of the specimens are considerably smaller than the above measurements, a few are a little larger, and a number seem to have been somewhat distorted by pressure. Specimens which I believe to be females are fuller in the posterior part of the ventral region than others which may be males. Two casts were found the first year in which collee- tions were made from the Staked Plains, at a windmill three miles north of Dockum, and the name dockumensis was applied to these by Mr. Cummins, though he did not describe the species. On making clay casts of some of the valves sent, I was convinced that these types were the same as the more perfect specimens, and I have accordingly described the species from some of the latter. Locality.—Southeast corner of Garza County, Texas; windmill 3 miles north of Dockum; tank north of Double Mountain River; head of Duck Creek, Dickens County, Texas. An abundant and well-distributed as well as quite variable species, of which a large number of examples were sent, generally in fair con- dition, and composed for the most part of crystallized calcium carbonate. In form, the species very strongly resembles the European and west- ern Asiatic Unios of to-day, but it is remarkable in being sculptured with strong, radiating ridges on the umbonal area—a character pos- sessed by all the recent South American species, and somewhat imper- fectly by those of Australasia. The teeth, however, are very different from the teeth of these southern forms, and more nearly resemble those of the North American Jurassic and Cretaceous Unios. Specimens of what are perhaps two other species were sent, but they are not sufficiently well preserved to describe. To sum up, then, these Triassic Unios are evidently not the earliest members of the genus, since they show divergent characters, which are dominant in widely distributed and prominent groups of this genus found living at the present day. Thus Unio graciliratus in its some- what broken and radiating lines possesses characters now found in an assemblage of peculiarly sculptured species of eastern Asia, and the teeth of U. subplanatus have characters like those of all or nearly all the species of the southern hemisphere. The radial beak sculpture is unknown at the present day outside of South America and Australa- sia, while the forms of at least three of these species, as well as their interiors, where exhibited, bring to mind most strongly the species which now inhabit Europe and western Asia, and a small group belong- ing to the Mississippi area. Proc. N. M. 95 25 Fig. 5. UNIO DOCKUMENSIS, NEW SPECIES. REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDA—A FAMILY OF TWO-WINGED INSECTS. By D. W. CoQuimLLEtt, Honorary Custodian of the Collection of Diptera. THE PRESENT paper, which is entirely preliminary in its character, is based upon a study of the rich material contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, supplemented by my own collee- tion and the specimens received from several correspondents, notably from Dr. W. A. Nason, of Algonquin, Hlinois; Annie Trumbull Slosson, of New York City; Mr. Charles Robertson, of Carlinville, Illinois, and Prof. Howard Evarts Weed, of Agricultural College, Mississippi. I desire in this place to thank all of those who by the gift or loan of specimens or in other ways have aided in the preparation of this paper, and especially the authorities of the United States National Museum, for the privilege of studying the fine series of specimens in the collection of that institution. Types of the new species, not previously possessed by the Museum, have been deposited with it. With all this material before me, however, there are stil several spe- cies of which I have seen no representative, and in the tables which accompany this paper I have in several instances been compelled to make use of only those characters mentioned in the existing descrip- tions. ‘These tables, despite these imperfections, have been very use- ful to me in identifying the species, and they are given in the hope that other students may find them equally helpful. Only those genera in which new species are herewith described are tabulated in the present paper, which deals only with the North American forms. In Osten Sacken’s Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North America, twenty-four genera of Empide are credited to our fauna. The following observations on some of them may not be out of place here: Tachydromia.—The species catalogued under this genus belong to Platypalpus. Tachypeza.—The species placed under this genus belong to Tachydro- mia. Macquart restricted the latter name to the present group and applied the name Platypalpus to the preceding group three years before Meigen proposed the name Tachypeza for the present group; conse- quently Macquart’s name, being the earlier, must be retained. This Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIII—No. 1073. OF 0o/ 388 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDE—COQUILLETT. — vou.xvut. course has already been adopted by Dr. Schiner and the British ento- mologists. Synamphotera.—This genus is not as yet known to occur in our fauna; in the single species, S. bicolor, referred to it by Loew, the third vein is simple, and not forked; judging from the description, this species apparently belongs to the genus Sciodromia, Haliday, not heretofore reported as occurring in our fauna, Hemerodromia.—The species catalogued under this name are very heterogeneous, and in the present paper they are separated into three genera, viz: Mantipeza, Rondani, Hemerodromia, Meigen, and a new genus for which the name of Neoplasta is proposed. I have followed Rondani in restricting the genus Hemerodromia to those forms in which the discal cell is united with one of the other cells, since this author appears to have been the first to dismember the old genus. Since the publication of the above-mentioned catalogue, three new | genera of Empidie have been proposed, viz, Mythicomyia, described by | the writer,! and Hnoplempis and Megacyttarus, published by Bigot.” Enoplempis was known to the author in the male sex only. Specimens | of what is evidently the species described by him as Enoplempis cinerea® were collected by the writer in southern California. The females do | not differ in any respect from typical species of Hmpis, and therefore should not be separated from it. Both Loew and Schiner have described | under Hmpis forms structurally identical with Hnoplempis. | The genus Megacittarus, Bigot, was founded on a single female speci- | men without antenne; this is evidently the female of Rhamphomyia | limbata, Loew, specimens of which are in the National Museum collec- | tion from the same locality (Colorado) as the type of Megacittarus, and | were evidently from the same collector (Morrison). As the male of | Rk. limbata does not differ in any respect from a typical Rhamphomyia, , this proposed new genus must be regarded as being synonymous with | the latter. In the following pages four new genera are established, viz: Neoplasta, | Empimorpha, Euhybus and Neocota; and two or three genera not here- | tofore known to occur in our fauna have been recognized, viz: Manti- peza, Rondani, Sciodromia, Haliday (probably), and Meghyperus, Loew. The genus Hilarimorpha, Schiner, has by some authors been placed | in the present family, but it has much more affinity with the Leptide, _ to which family it has already been referred by Osten Sacken. Besides the analogies mentioned by this author as existing between Hilarimor- | pha and the other genera of Leptide,* may be mentioned as a common | character the entire eyes, as opposed to the eyes deeply emarginate opposite the antennie, as they are in the Empide. ' Entomological News, IV, June, 1893, p. 209. ? Bulletin des Séances de la Société Entomologique de France, 1880, p. 47. 3 Loe. cit., 1882, p. 91. 4 Berliner Entomol. Zeitschrift, 1890, XXXV, p. 303. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 389 The following tanies ease all the gener “a OL: Empide at present known to oceur in North America: ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA OF EMPIDA. Peeurdglonomudimealavenn forked esa. ees seces as ce eee sce sel Ren ss te 2 winrdvlonoeubiudinalvermysimple; mou forked nsseekscs. see sss 222. oes 2 16 PA ISCORGEesNTEsenu (COMpPlOlewaaase.ne saci one ec ee ets Ses iee ee el 4 Discal’cell united withione of the other cells*::. 52-22. +22_-2 222-22 3 3. With only two veins issuing from the discal cell, the Bate one fonieed Hemerodromia (p. 391). With three veins issuing from the discal cell, the anterior one simple, not fOTIC Mera a cetera ta caer Salts ald als sce Regn e nea Neoplasta (p. 392). Pa hneep veins: issue; irom: apex of discalicelll@ 22. 22-222 - ss 22).2 sence cs coos 5 Two veins issue from discal cell, fourth vein forked, proboscis perpendicular Mantipeza (p. 392). 5. Anterior branch of the third vein terminates in the costa (except in some SPECLCSNO LLDCS) eerie ate Ce ee Seysa te oA ee ole eee a tna 6 Anterior branch of the third vein terminates in the second vein; anal cell as long as the second basal, the vein at its apex perpendicular to hind MAT MOtebh emo ene eee eae eee ee se mae eee eee ee Blepharoprocta. 6. Proboscis shorter or but slightly longer than height of head................ 7 Proboscis much longer than height of head; vein at apex of anal cell nearly parallelewabh the hind=marcinvots tholwinGe sso. 4.6 s-<2- 2622 see. sons 2 12 7. Vein closing the anal cell nearly perpendicular to the hind margin of the WU OU Enea see eel asi eit ce me rsstna a tee emit sek ie eee en teas oo See 8 Vein closing the anal cell nearly parallel with the hind margin of the wing. 9 8. Anterior branch of third vein connected with the second by a cross vein; veins 2 and 3 undulating; wings dotted over their entire surface Ardoptera. Anterior branch of third vein not connected with the second; veins never undulating; wings not dotted over their entire surfacc; alulee well or CLEMO lop ern tele Be ome eon ae os ects c eiaiermet ema Brachystoma (p. 393). PP AGALE LIN Comune n] OLN be G camera ae ars emincte wares eh Sete nee ee epic ce Seka eech oe 10 Antenne one-fifth as long as the head, apparently only two jointed, last joint oval; style thick, nearly half as long as the antenn; proboscis WG THVA SIMO TRU ie ce sre tege es tune= sents nena tae ea ediay peed ries MOR ere fee ava Hormopeza. 10. Antennal style nearly twice as long as the third joint; proboscis soft, much SHORE UNAM UNO MNC A sm ere a ae er Ss ee ee ee ee eee a Antennal style scarcely longer or shorter than the third joint; proboscis | LUS Ua My aTeT Gr Cl cesiere rect cet cia Peet 3 Se eT I OES Sins Hilara (p. 394). See sulaswellidoveloped= s-. 5. -5. 22205. eee Bs eS ce Gloma. PATHE mV LvAS UNA eet ee see re alam te Ik tela ie een Senne ches ee Le Clinocera. $12. Proboscis directed downward or backward. ............ 2222-22-22. e000 eee eee 15 i Proboscis directed forward; arista of antenn:e very short...---...... Iteaphila. ETB] 2 COMMAS Ugri srt ers st tars arate oie Poe Shea se ke oe ae ee be ea en ee eS 14. Maceclotheduvaithepristly hairs! 222. sees > eee ees oe oe Empimorpha (p. 396). 14, Hind legs longer than the others, hind femora searcely or not at all thick- GG Caesar ite eae aye Ar Oe eens Soars oN are We ee AS Sekai Sicte 15 i Hind legs not longer than the others, hind femora greatly thickened, eyes in G4 bothisexestwidely separated! 252. 5---seueean-- = a2 Sere ces =e. Pachymeria. 15. Proboscis not or scarcely longer than height of head ........--. Hilara (p. 394). * Proboscis considerably longer than height of head .........---. Empis (p. 397). Bes 390 THE NORTH AMERICAN EEE Hg UILLETT. VOL. XVIII. 16. iene cell ne ae vein never aeons SWv cua Lh O* pe! yee eee tee eee 178 Anal cell wholly wanting, only the vein at its apex sometimes preseut, sixth vein wholly wanting, discal cell united with one of the other Cells! 22 See Pos oe sainiciate cae e Foie Siete eae e tater see a 31 Ge Discal cells presen.) COMM LSUC haere tet a eee a etree eee tere eee ets 18 Diseal cell united! withvonevofthewothercellss sess. 92a eee 30 18. Three veins issue from the discal cell, fourth vein always simple, never POPE: 2 okies ale separa eee e She Se eee 19 Mwo veins issue trom) tle) dis calweelle es. =p eter ae eee ee eee 23 19. Vein at apex of anal cell nearly parallel with the hind margin of the wing, anal cell much shorter than the second basal .....-..-.......---.--:- 20 Vein at apex of anal cell not parallel with the hind margin of the wing, anal cell almost as long as or longer than the second basal cell .....-..-.-- 22 20. Proboscis as long as or longer than height of head, antenne distinctly three jointed: :.:22252 G22 2es 3s osha dae see ete esc een See eee ae eee ee 21 Proboscis shorter than height of head, antenne apparently two jointed Microphorus (p. 409). 21...Face naked. 225. ssh 42 Asan Bisse ce Se gee eee eeiee es Rhamphomyia (p. 409). Face clothed with bristly hairs -..-.-- a2 s5es0 2-2 Neocota.@p. 434) 5 22, Second vein terminates in the costa, onal cell See far from the wing MALCLY | Sees a ahaa e aeons Sey Se Sep elon ae ee ee ere Sciodromia. Second vein terminates in the first, anal cell reaches the wing margin Mythicomyia (p. 409). 23, Fourth vein/simple; mobsowcegy: pase ese a eet ere erie te a aie eee 24. Fourth vein forked, anal cell as long as or longer than the second basal, the vein at its apex nearly perpendicular to the hind margin of the WING .co5 dasintin Doe -ats Bea eee Sa ete eae ree Meghyperus (p. 435). 24. Vein at apex of anal cell nearly perpendicular to the hind margin of the WIM sso Sattegtinws see 2k See ASE Seale oe oe eee ere aerate ee 25. Vein at apex of anal cell nearly parallel with the hind margin of the wing Some females of Rhamphomyia (p. 409). 25. Antennal arista apical: oo. bccces 2... 4k ce eee eee eee ee eee 26 Antennal arista subdorsal, third antennal joint oval, anal cell shorter than the:sécond basal sage secs tos ee ee Se tee ee eae: Soe Ocydromia. 26. Anal cell as long as or longer than the second basal ---_.2 2.2222 22- 222-2222. 27 Anal cell shorter than the second basal, origin of second vein from the first nearer to the humeral than to the small cross vein. Leptopeza (p. 435). 27. Origin of the second vein nearer the small cross vein than to the humeral, or midway between them 2.2. .2-.J2e-e4-<- Soh ee eee eee 28. Origin of the second vein nearer the humeral than to the small cross vein Syneches (p. 436). 28. Vein between first and second basal cells present. -..-2-2..-2-2- 2222+. -2 22 29 Vein between first and second basal cells wanting. .......---..-...---- Syndyas. 29. Eyes in both sexes widely separated on the face, under side of first two joints of hind tarsi bearing short black spines .......---- Hybos (p. 487). Eyes in both sexes contiguous on the face, under side of hind tarsi destitute of stout black spimest 5-5 oe en eee ee 8 8. Palpi yellow, stigma: blackish.” 22: 22222 < is(.2 S28 Soe ee eee eee 9 Palprblack, stioma Obsolete n> =a]. er eess ees re eee macroptera. 9, Pile of thorax in rows, front metatarsi thickened, ovate...-....-..----- seriata. Pile not in rows, front metatarsi not thickened, antenne of male eight times asilonc as the heads asset tases eee eee aceee johnsoni (p. 395). 10: Knob of halteres! blacke see. oe se cae aan ete eae ee ee ee eee 12 iKnobiof halteres yellowish palipi black sees es gee tae ence sae ears 11 1a Stiona brownish black, leneesy ellow(: <= -- 22a en = eee trivittata. Silgma, obsolete, knees whitish. —- > 22-9 <= tee ee elses leucoptera. ADEs G1 Osman ea NTO syye TNT Sg 19) cas eee eee ee eee 13 Stigma obsolete, palpi black, front femora in both sexes very thick, knees, tips of front tibiw and their tarsi yellow ~-.--=......22-22-4 22. Semorata. 13: Thorax pray ish=black meverivelvieby2s2= see eee nee eee eae 14 Thorax and head velvet black, scutellum and abdomen shining, palpi black, Coxcojand lecsy aw boll yb ae k= ose ra eo re ae eae velutina. 14° Abdomen shinins or subshininessse 2 ss -.e sae = asses ae ee i eee LT Abdomen opaque, palpi, coxie, and legs, excepting the knees, wholly black.. 15 15. Pront velvet black-“wines blackishs.2 2-2. === sess ee = tei tristis. Front grayish, not velvety; wings hyaline or pale grayish ............---.. 16 16. Pile of abdomen largely yellowish, thorax marked with three blackish vitte cana (p. 395). Pile of abdomen black, thorax not vittate .-...--.-.------------------ wmcolon. Ax He alpit yellow: xe oss salsa a rae eae eet ae te ae ain a ee eee 19 Palpi black, coxz and legs, excepting the knees, black.....-.........--.-=- 18 18. Chorax shining; mot vitttate:s. 22.2235 o6- sec! s esate aoe ee atra. Thorax opaque gray pollinose, marked with three black vittwe.-.....- mutabilis. 19. Front coxe and base of front femora yellow, wings pale grayish.... nigriventris. Front coxe and base of femora black, wings hyaline .-...------ Scena brevipila. Hilara transfuga, Walker, is too imperfectly described to admit of giving it a place in this table. 1895, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 395 HILARA JOHNSONI, new species. Male and female.—Black; the palpi, halteres, coxe, femora and tibice yellow. Eyes of male separated over twice the width of the lowest ocellus. Head, thorax, and scutellum opaque gray pollinose, that on the thorax somewhat yellowish, their short pile and bristles black; scutellum bearing four bristles; abdomen subshining, its pile rather long, black. Wings hyaline, stigma dark brown. Proboscis of male slightly over one-half as long as, in the female fully as long as, height of head. Antenne of female three times as long as the head, but in the male excessively long, being fully eight times as long as the head, the third joint five times as long as the first, the style three-fourths as long as the third joint and coiled spirally toward its tip, a character not occurring in any other impid known to me. Types.—Nos. 3156 and 3157, U.S.N.M. Three males and one female; length, 3.5 to4 mm. Collected by Mr. C. W. Johnson, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after whom I take pleasure in naming this remarkable species, Locality.—Kufanla, Alabama. HILARA CANA, new species. Matle.-—Wholly black, including the palpi and knees. Head opaque, gray pollinose, the pile black. First two antennal joints subequal in length, the third three times as long as the second, style nearly as long as the third joint. Proboseis as long as height of head. Eyes widely separated. Thorax opaque gray poilinose, marked with three brownish- black vitte, pile and bristles black; pleura naked. Scutellum bearing four black bristles. Abdomen and hypopygium opaque gray pollinose, the pile largely yellowish. Legs bearing rather long scattered pile, none of the femora unusually robust, front tibize more robust than the middle ones, front metatarsi greatly enlarged. Wings hyaline, stigma grayish-black. Female.—tLike the male, except that the front tibiz are not thicker than the middle ones, and the front metatarsi are not enlarged. Types.—Nos. 3158 and 3159, U.S.N.M.; length, 3 to 4 mm. Twelve males and seven females collected by the writer in February and March. Locality.—Southern California. HILARA VIRIDIS, new species. Male.—Shining metallic green, the pleura largely black, antenne, proboscis, hypopygium, and legs yellowish brown; eyes separated width of lower ocellus; proboscis slightly shorter than height of head; halteres black; pile and bristles of entire body black; scutellum bearing only two bristles; wings hyaline, veins yellowish, anterior branch of third vein perpendicular to that vein. Type.—No. 3160, U.S.N.M., a single specimen; length, 2.5 mm. Col- lected by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, November 3, 1892. Locality—Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies. 396 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDE—COQUILLETT, Vou. xvi. EMPIMORPHA, new genus. Same as Hmpis, except that the face is covered with long bristly hairs; antennal style apical, proboscis directed downward, longer than height of head; third vein forked; discal cell perfect, sending three veins to the wing margin; anal cell shorter than the second basal, the vein at its apex nearly parallel with the hind margin of the wing. Type.—Empimorpha comantis, new species, described below. Two species, both from California, occur in our fauna. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EMPIMORPHA. Wings brown, costal cell reddish, pile in front of halteres and on sides of abdo- men ‘black 242.2. 222) bssces sneces gacsie esse sce sseeeeereeerc barbata. Wings, including the costal cell, hyaline or grayish, pile in front of halteres and onseides of abdomen whibisheasce.i 2-2 ss eee ae oe ee comantis. EMPIMORPHA COMANTIS, new species. Male.—Head black, gray pollinose; pile of face mixed black and white; eyes narrowly separated, the space between them being narrower than width of lowest ocellus, the upper facets noticeably larger than the lower ones; antennie black, the second joint reddish, slightly over one-third as long as the first; third joint subequal with the first, twice as long as broad; style slender, as long as the third joint; proboscis two and one-half times as long as height of head, projecting obliquely down- ward and backward; palpi slender, curving upward, yellowish, the base brown, the pile black and white. Thorax black, shining, three vitt and the broad lateral margins opaque gray pollinose; pile of thorax very abundant, whitish, two longitudinal stripes of largely black pile on the dorsum; pleura black, gray pollinose, its pile whitish. Seutel- luin black, thickly whitish pilose, destitute of stout bristles. Abdomen shining black, depressed, twice as long as wide; its pile very abundant, on the first two segments and sides of the others largely whitish, on dorsum of remaining segments mostly black; hypopygium small, cen- tral filament hidden except at base. Legs rather robust, reddish yellow; coxie, under side of each femur, apex of each tibia, and of each tarsal joint, blackish; legs simple, the pileabundant. Knob of halteres black. Wings hyaline, grayish toward the apex; veins, stigma, and a spot above fureation of second and third veins, dark brown. Female.—Same as the male, except that the first abdominal segment and the bases of the second and third are opaque gray pollinose. Types.—Nos. 3161 and 3162, U.S.N.M.; length,11 mm. A male and female were received from Mr, Charles Fuchs, of San Francisco, Cali- fornia. — Locality.—Northern California. 1895, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 397 Genus EMPIS, Linneeus. As stated on a preceding page, Hnoplempis mira, Bigot, and HE. cin- erea, Bigot, both belong to Hmpis. However, as the name Hmpis cinerea iS preoccupied for a European species, Bigot’s description of E. cinerea should be canceled. Empis geniculata, Kirby, is evidently a synonym of . luctuosa, Kirby. Empis sociabilis, Williston, is described in the Kansas University Quarterly.' Empis agasthus, Walker, is too imperfectly described to be admitted in the table given below; it is from Hudsons Bay; is black, the halteres and legs yellowish, apices of femora, of tibize,and of tarsi blackish, the wings colorless; length, 3 mm. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EMPIS, ieelhorax. aneludine:the pleura) whollysblackes. 25-22 -- see. coe e ocean te eee 16 Thorax, or at least the pleura, and also the femora, largely or wholly yel- TO wat S eayerre tise ree are ler teen aoe Nae eae son ae gee ao saree Ace em eee 2 PmeKUOp ois alverespyellowishoesse ses sea oo coe Sa ee woe Soe Sate Meee ce se 3 Knob of halteres blackish, head black, thorax with a medio-dorsal black avis claret sporty seatc ape sata or stm sae tae Ie -.---.--.. leptogastra. 3. Thorax yellowish, marked with fan or aaee pleco ie BS oite cere ete ae 4 Thorax not vittate, or with a medio-dorsal vitta, or the entire dorsum gray- RS nly acl aceaic sae tea ese eine iain ia ee cacti memos oes bot 8 Pepe AO Pe ha VINE 6 ACen See Pelee Nee emi te tne css e ate s-'osas cca 5 Head and abdomen yellow; hind femora black vittate, and in the male fur- nished with teeth-like processes on the under side near the apex; hind tibiz furnished with similar processes near the base...........--.. mira. 5. Abdomen, except sometimes at apex, wholly black, cox black............. 6 Abdomen yellow, base of each segment blackish, cox yellow, femora not vittate, hind femora and tibiw of male simple ................... sordida. 6. Front and middle femora black vittate, antenne yellow except at tip, pro- boscis as long as the thorax .- Be eee ater Ne Sten Sam ele eudamides. Front and middle femora destitute GE pings BVEUbLG) meee 2 eee oe G 7. Proboscis shorter than the body, antennz wholly black, dorsum of thorax NOVEL LAYS hwill ese LO WNIS Mieer tary ees eee ae an pee te oe ollius. Proboscis nearly as long as the body, first two joints of antenn yellowish, dorsum of thorax grayish, wings hyaline....................-... abcirus. Bepileaieye LON Heer as theta a ors acieie eee eee oe oa eee se koe he eee 9 Ca GIS ce ata a ane see eens oc Sek aimee cae 6 A neoe oct 12 OrmeAbdomengye!l ows shpeummarke deme yeep seers = sees Meare iaiistneee este 10 Abdomen blackish, sides and hind margin of each segment yellow, eyes of male separated, hind legs furnished with teeth-like processes .... ..armipes. 10. First two joints of antenne yellow; length, 4 mm............:............- 11 First two joints of antenne black; length, 6 mm-.......--...-......... colonica. 11. Anterior branch of third vein connected with the second by a cross vein, all cross veins bordered with brown. ..-.-...........---...-..--. peciloptera. Anterior branch not connected with the second vein, cross veins not bor- OLE ier eet reieeeee ee eee ee oe eee meee ecicterorca ela cer pallida. 1 Vol. II, p. 76 (1893). 398 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDE—COQUILLETT. VOL. XVII. 412. 14. 20. 21. Apne seaepi sometimes the sides, wholly blackish; antennie black ...-- 14 Abdomen yellowish; apex of each segment, and ee a median vitta, blackish; dorsumiof thorax erayishblack@ see. ec aceon eee eee 13 Abdomen and thorax yellow, unmarked; eyes of male subcontiguous; fila- ment of hypopygium free, slender, arcuate .......-...-...---.. rufescens. . Abdomen with a medio dorsal black vitta, first two joints of antenne black, poo cure alr eae ei longipes. Abdomen destitute of a medio-dorsal vitta, first two joints of antenne yellow, pleura marked with black, seutellum bearing four bris- teases SACs cian os io ioesdede cles MMomile (pp. 403) Sides of thorax and ai Vi router eae ackIy ileal J ain RS Soe a ee oe 15 Sides of thorax and of venter covered with long, abundant yellow pile. laniventris. 5. (Mibiceuwhollty, yellow Jnindslems|isimp legs saree eee amytis. Tibia black on apical part, hind femora near the apex and hind tibiw near the base furnished with teeth-like processes in the male; eyes widely separated, scutellum bearing two bristles.....-.-..---.- loripedis (p. 400). - Femora; black or veryi dank sbrowmiisseos c= eos ee ee eet 42 Femora dargely or whiolly yellowish)... fas. S\eee nee eae eerie en eee My : Knob‘of halteres yellowish) 22 s.ac- sie a cea cee a et eee eis arene 22 Knob‘of ‘haltéres:blackish~-.2 = 22 a22a2 some seis eee 2s See Aiea 18 - Kront and -middile:coxs black 2.2.00. o-t lame et ease eee eee eee ee 19 Front and middle coxe yellow, anterior branch of third vein usually ending in the second, eyes of male contiguous, filament of hypopygium slen- der, hidden except on basal part; both sides of each femur and tibia, and upper side of front and hind metatarsi in the female ciliate with BC BGS a ee ck Sree echt ee tara area Ie ae ates eae clausa (p. 401). . Pile of abdomen black, sparse; that of thorax sparse......-...-.-.--------- 20 Pile on sides of abdomen white, abundant, thorax thickly pilose, scutellum pilose and bearing twelve marginal bristles, hind femora twice as thick as their tibiwe, antennal style as long as the third joint.. comantis (p. 402). aul tesye Lo swags Mera Ostia ere OO) NUNN ete ee stat eee 21 Palpi black, apices of tibixe blackish, wings brownish, eyes of male contig- nous, filament of hypopygium hidden; length, 4 mm .-..-...---- spiloptera. Seutellum bearing ten marginal bristles, abdomen on first four segments opaque gray pollinose, wings hyaline.........-....--... valentis (p. 402). Seutellum bearing only four bristles, abdomen shining, wings brownish gray, eyes of male separated, filament of hypopygium filiform.. hwmile (p.403). MA V MIR Sp Egy UeLUN © COSTS UTA NTS cee ee 24 Wines DPOWIs 2 o8.c 265. - Ssh coe alate Sacto foe cc betes resi ele eee see ae eee eee 23 . Antennal style almost one-half as long as the broad third joint, eyes of male widely separated .. 25.2 2..¢2hsetae 2 aoe eee es tenebrosa (p. 404). Antennal style less than one-fourth as long as the elongated third joint, eyes Of male conbiCwOUs .—— = pice tees esta eee see ee eee spectabilis. ~ Abdomen black ordark brownish. ...-sso24-o5 6 ose oa eee 27 Abdomen yellowish, sometimes marked with black.-..................--..--- 25 5. Dorsum of abdomen not marked with black in the middle.-.......--.------ 26 Dorsum of abdomen more or less black in the middle, eyes of male widely separated, filament of hypopygium very thick at base, then suddenly auienumabed:;: Lengths Gs MM sone eee loripedis (p. 400). 26. With a long bristle on costa near its base, pile of abdomen black, stigma dis- iinet: leno thiG mm <5 ee. sarge eee oe ee eee tersa (p. 404). Without such a bristle, pile of abdomen whitish, stigma wanting; length, SACO Fehete cSt ce cee ae eiele wisajals oc eyS alee eee See ee aes compta (p.405). 2, bile invtirontiot halteresyblack 22sec ost eee eens ee tee ate aera reer 30 Pile in front of halteres whitish; length, 6 to 7 mm...-.--..-.--.---......--- 28 4 q 4q | 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 399 28. Scutellum ee ine least six bristles, Le ae oe apical half of hind femora of femalerciliatenwithiscalege soo. osce sce cey-5-4:5-5 2 c=: ravida (p. 403 Scutellum bearing only two bristles, both sides of middle and hind femora and tibiz of female ciliate with scales....-....-.......... captus (p. 405). Scutellum bearing four bristles, legs of female not ciliate. ....-.....22...... 29 Zornes oravish, Shiga QISHNCh .- oe nice eens ate aisle ats Selaniaice ot Sueiaes avida (p. 405). WAN SS Wihitish Stigma wanting 22 << cie cnc en cneess ose ace sate levicula (p. 406). eae eh Oeil Sted oirets oe re eitaeloinictet oes meee sto nis Sd 6 sss WaclalSae ovelnee 31 BRNIIMLOS Sierras cscs ss ee mater, pease as at Sent he SAS as.) Gs Asencio aeysid st oo .2 36 31. Filament of hypopygium free, at least on lower half................2...... 32 Filament hidden, eyes widely separated; hind femora on under side near the tip, and hind tibiw near the base, bearing teeth-like processes... poplitea. 32. Hind femora near the tip and hind tibisw near the base destitute of teeth- DCR ROC CSB ES Ector emia ohn aai sy eicevney 2c Poo e stick oan crace nies Ase 33 Hind femora and tibiwe bearing such processes, eyes separated.... manca (p. 406). SPO MONI COe AMM INNO cre. era ie La o's wis aia bie oie 9s ee Doe esse Semarsdase 4 ose a eeis dee o4 Abdomen opaque, eyes widely separated, hind trochanters produced at apex and ciliate with black spines; filament of hypopygium unusually CE Cha a UL DASS 25. 2e2 <1 ace Styt es aia see Rega as He ae eaten Aan aee 35 34. Front coxie black, eyes widely separated, scutellum bearing four bristles, wing veins brown; length, 5mm.; antennal style one-third as long as the CRTC VOUN se cee aatsteucnteie Seer ok a meierse ene eaiaee Oars oe otiosa (p. 407). Front cox black, veins brown, antennal style over one-half as long as third QUO ee rea eae Coe e era ae eae oe ee Seis eS Rese humile (p. 403). Front cox yellow, wing veins white; length, 3mm ................... varipes. Front coxe brown, scutellum bearing only two bristles, all femora not fur- nished with black spines on the under side, wing veins blackish; length, ASU ate teres See a Naa Ines s tae oe a oR cis Ur hey SE SSS Le distans. 35. Hypopygium with a backwardly curving, lunate process on its under side, wings pure hyaline, pollen of abdomen light gray .............. reciproca, Hypopygium destitute of such a process, wings grayish, pollen of abdomen SEO WAMIS IS de erctereteSein enrie were ere aang teapot Psat nuda. Baer MISCLOMIOM AO ACM Cee ctjee se ap es oh cg Ociala eater ale oo cya ais Ss aciepai cil nic ioticd wae 38 COM ONS MUL. 2 cats eR oe ohne tse hes Aen item ioa.e ta te bke awe ee acide 37 aie rony COX yOuoWw; LON Sth, S4. MM. < fo. os eicc oes e ve wadercctm anid sce varipes. Front cox black; length, 6mm-.-...............-...-+.+------ otiosa (p. 407). 38. Costa destitute of a long bristle near its base.................-......2-2---- 39 Costa bearing such a bristle, which equals the second joint of the front tarsi in length; front and hind metatarsi subequal in length.... manca (p. 406). BRN Meer sty OU WASH set ck =n ean ee seis ee cee meee: occ Set heat hod hen 40 Metatarsi black, pollen of abdomen brownish..-.....................---. nuda. i) hirdiantennal: jot slender; elongate... 5.5.2 0.2.. 005. 250502222 ce 41 Third joint broad, short, scarcely twice as long as the style; second segment of Pidawieni ene a fringe of long black bristles toward the sides near the hind margin .. Saree eee ee ane eae - gulosa (p. 408). 41. Eastern species (New Hampshire) tele tetatetene treet ste eee atolls asia eee reciproca, Nestermapecies (Colorado, to Alaska); s22- 2. --)< 2 22 ween 5 cde enistoeee poplitea. Be IenOnLOl, Hel LOren) preekashe vs AU sey amen e ies te es nee Menge halieresny ello wishes. fea aacere oes 5 ore eo gk we eh he 43 eam WIGUL CR gs eects Cece cre ns aks cere ieee ene Sar een ine e MeegLNe otek ate et mn t 44 MeMales.-;eissos8. Mei po aha arate SIs eae Sree olay Re ee a 50 44, Eyes contiguous, or nearly 8 SOPs appear le ae oia= etree at ta ae eae ate ide Maciek 46 BIOs Cah Het PYAR ED ARQLOGL «21552 ci ae aes oe pe es oe A) eS ie each Eyl aace 45 45. Legs very slender, filament of hypopygium hidden, abdomen opaque; length, AWMIMNCE sitcte ce Sori << Sa sey oe ----.-.--. stenopterda. Legs very robust, filament frdeh abdomen Sinise? the last peoment destitute of white nailer soferateletnisterelclelersisioiticinisine sieicieiete ues ceescces cs otiosa (p. 407). 400 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDA—COQUILLETT. VOL. XVIII. 46. Venter destitute of a bristly process in front of the hypopygium ......----- AT Venter furnished with two curved, black, bristly processes in front of the hypopygium; filament of the latter hidden; length, over 6 mm. .lwvigata. Venter with a single large process bristly at the posterior end; thorax sub- opaque gray pollinose, with three subshining black vitte .-virgata (p. 408). 47. Wings brownish; length, 3 mm..-.....-.-------.-----.------ ------------- 48 Wines byalime 22222525256 seis sale eae mae reel rte ee 49 48. Anterior branch of third vein straight and nearly perpendicular, fourth vein NOE LEACH IM Gl] ww LW NN ATLA pe eta ate alee labiata. Anterior branch very oblique, filament of hypopygium very thick......... obesa. 49. Fourth vein reaches the wing margin; anterior branch of the third vein curved and very oblique, scutellum bearing four bristles; length, 5 to pr rae ee Pare een oe ete ee ea ree sociabilis. Fourth vein reaches the wing margin, scutellum bearing six or more bristles; length, 6 to8 mm....-.--.---------..----------------------- ravida (p. 403). Fourth vein not reaching the wing margin; anterior branch of third vein straight and nearly perpendicular; length, nearly 4 mm..-..-...-..distans. 50. Posterior femora not ciliate with scales -.---..---...----..--2-.-.-2-22-._-. 52 Posterior femora ciliate with nearly erect scales........-...--.-------.----- 51 51. Anterior tibie ciliate with Seales. sss. a =i er = see oe eee ala re relate distans. Aaa OGTO LLL 10 VO ti CLM ati ete = aes eee sla tm aC ee labiata. 55 Dy ANP GLC EVV gS Fara na Teg SLUSH ST a 53 Abdomen opaque, light gray pollinose, legs slender, base of femora and of tibies) yellow: so lermb hy 4s eee orale eo eee stenoptera. 53. Abdomen depressed, very robust, hind femora furnished with stout black spines on the under side; length, 6 to 7 mm........-.----------..---- 54 Abdomen compressed, slender, hind femora destitute of spines on the under side; legs slender; length, 5 to 6 mm..---..........--.--------- sociabilis. 54. Thorax opaque, costa of wing bearing a long bristle near its base, contact of the fourth posterior cell with the discal equal to the contact of sec- ond basal cell with the fourth posterior...........-.-..--.-otiosa (p.407)- Thorax wholly shining, costa of wings destitute of a long bristle, contact of fourth posterior cell with the discal nearly twice as long as the con- tact of the second basal cell with the fourth posterior. .........-levigata. Thorax shining except four pollinose vitte ......---...---.--..- virgata (p. 408). 55. Anterior branch of third vein terminates in the costa........-...-.-.------ 56 Anterior branch of third vein usually terminates in the second, this branch and the small and posterior cross veins bordered with brown, all femora and tibie of female ciliate with nearly erect scales.clausa (p. 401). 56. Legs of female not ciliate with scales...........-.-...----.-----.---------- 57 Legs of female ciliate with nearly erect scales; scutellum bearing only two bristles; Jonoth, 3'to4 mm). 223i acces elses eines eae ee ne eee ae UsLaNS. bi. Wanesicolorless;sleniethiy4 mm -e.or eae eee eer eee eee eee cormus. Wings brownish; scutellum bearing about twenty bristles, length 5 mm. .luctuosa. EMPIS LORIPEDIS, new species. Male.—Head black, gray pollinose; eyes separated as widely as the posterior ocelli, facets of a uniform size; antenne black, third joint somewhat over twice as long as the first, slender, tapering gradually to the middle, thence of an equal breadth; style nearly one-third as long as the third joint; proboscis one and one-half times as long as height of head, palpi yellow. Thorax black, opaque gray pollinose, marked with eee 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. AOL four dark-brownish vitte, almost destitute of pile, the bristles black: pleura black, sometimes partly yellowish, bluish gray pollinose, pile im front of halteres black; scutellum black, gray pollinose, bear- ing two bristles. Abdomen compressed, shining, black; the broad hind margin of each segment laterally yellow, sometimes extending to the anterior edges of the segment, dividing the black color into three pr a2, vitts, medio-dorsal and lateral; pile of abdomen sparse, black; venter yellow; hypopygium rather large, ascending, abundant black pilose, middle lamelle yellow, broadening to the tip; filament very thick at base, then suddenly attenuated and bristle-like, arcuate. Legs, includ- ing the cox, light yellow; apical half of front tibize and extreme apex of the others, front tarsi wholly, apex of first two joints and the whole of the remaining joints on the middle and hind tarsi, usually but not always dark brown; all tibie and tarsi furnished with numerous long black pile; on the under side of each hind femur before its apex is an irregular, three-pronged process, and on the inner side of each hind tibia near its base are two processes, one behind the other; just before the basal process the tibia is hollowed out; front metatarsi nearly twice as long and three times as thick as the middle ones, hind metatarsi one- half thicker and one-third longer than the middle ones. Knob of hal- teres light yellow. Wings dark gray, stigma slightly darker, veins dark brown. Female.—Like the male, except that the hind femora and tibiz are destitute of processes, the front metatarsi are not thicker than the middle ones, while the hind metatarsi are much thicker than and fully as long as the front ones; abdomen tapering to the apex. Types.—Nos. 3163 and 3164, U.S.N.M.; length, 6 to 7 mm. Five males and five females were received from Mr. Charles Robertson and Prof. H. E. Weed. Locality.—Ilinois and Ohio. EMPIS CLAUSA, new species. Male.—Head black, subshining, eyes contiguous, upper facets much larger than the lower ones; antenne black, the third joint quite short, rather broad at base; style two-thirds as long as the third joint; pro- boscis two and one-half to four times as long as height of head, palpi brown. Thorax, pleura, and scutellum black, opaque, gray pollinose, pile in front of halteres black; scutellum bearing two bristles. Abdo- men black, subshining, toward the base more or less tinged with yel- lowish, its pile black; hypopygium very small, porrect; filament slender, yellow, hidden except on basal half. Legs simple, slender, the middle and hind femora and all the tibise furnished with many very long black pile; cox yellow, the hind ones brown; femora yellow, the hind ones, except at base, blackish; tibiz and tarsi blackish, extreme base of each tibia yellowish; hind tibice greatly dilated toward the tip, bowing inward at the middle; front metatarsi nearly twice as thick as the Proc. N. M. 95——26 A402 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDE—COQUILLETT. vot. xvi. middle ones, hind metatarsi nearly as thick and slightly longer than the front ones. Knob of halteres blackish. Wings hyaline, stigma and a broad border to the anterior branch of the third vein and on the small and the posterior cross veins, dark brown; veins brown, fourth — vein obliterated before reaching the wing margin, anterior branch of third vein usually ending in the second vein, closing the first submar- ginal cell; contact of discal and fourth posterior cells much longer than that of the third and fourth posterior cells. Female.—Difters from the male in that the legs are wholly brown, compressed, and the upper and under sides of all the femora, outer and inner sides of all the tibiz, and upper sides of the front and hind metatarsi, ciliate with long, nearly erect scales. Base of abdomen never tinged with yellow. Types.—Nos. 3165 and 3166, U.S.N.M.; length, 4 mm. Five males and five females captured by Mr. Charles Robertson. Locality.—MWinois. EMPIS COMANTIS, new species. Male.-—Black; apex of palpi, proboscis except the base and the lower lip, femora except a large portion of the under side, tibiz and tarsi except at apex, yellowish red. First antennal joint twice as long as the second; the third, one and a half times as long as the first; style slender, as long as the third joint; frontal triangle naked; eyes nar- rowly separated; proboscis three times as long as height of head. Thorax opaque gray pollinose, marked with four blackish vitte, thickly white and black pilose, the bristles black; pile on each end of pleura, on coxee and abdomen, mixed black and white; that on venter and sides of abdomen abundant, white. Scutellum white pilose and bearing twelve marginal black bristles. Abdomen shining, nearly des- titute of pollen; hypopygium large, ascending; central filament largely yellow, double, free, arcuate. Legs simple, femora thickened, the hind ones over twice as thick as their tibiw; pile and bristles of femora rather numerous and long. Wings slightly brownish, stigma and a spot above base of second vein, dark brown, anterior branch of third vein very oblique and much curved. Type.—No. 3167, U.S.N.M.; length, 9 mm. Male, collected by Mr. | O. T. Baron. Locality—Northern California. EMPIS VALENTIS, new species. Female.—Ditffers from EH. comantis as follows: Femora entirely yellow- ish, apices of tibie and whole of tarsi black, third antennal joint twice as long as the first, style less than one-half as long as the third joint. Pile of thorax sparse, black; on each end of pleura, coxe, abdomen, and venter wholly black; on venter and sides of abdomen very short and sparse. Scutellum destitute of white pile, naked except for the 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 403 ten marginal bristles. Abdomen opaque, light gray pollinose, hind margins of the fifth and sixth, and the following segments, wholly shin- ing. Femora not thickened, the hind ones scarcely thicker than their tibiz; pile and bristles of femora minute. Wings hyaline, anterior branch of third vein straight and nearly perpendicular. Type.—No. 3168, U.S.N.M.; female; length, 9 mm. Locality.—N orthern California. EMPIS HUMILE, new species. Male.—Head black, gray pollinose except on oral margin; eyes sepa- rated a less distance than width of the lowest ocellus, facets of a uni- form size; antenne having the two basal joints brownish yellow, the third black, rather narrow, gradually tapering to the tip, style over one-half as long as the third joint; proboscis from two to three times as long as height of head, palpilight yellow. Thorax, pleura, and scutel- lum black, opaque grayish pollinose, the rather long pile of thorax and pleura black; thorax with two blackish vitte, scutellum bearing four bristles. Abdomen black, shining, the pile rather long and abundant, black; hypopygium large, lamelle largely yellow, middle ones oblong, Slightly tapering to the tip, not longer than the broad upper ones; fila- ment slender, almost bristle-like, arcuate. Legs simple, rather robust; cox black, femora brownish-yellow, lighter yellow at the base, tibiz and tarsi light yellow, tarsi brownish toward apex; middle and hind legs provided with rather long, stout, black bristles; front and hind metatarsi subequal in size, the middle metatarsi considerably slen- derer and only two-thirds as long as either of these. Knob of halteres yellow. Wings brownish-gray, costal cell and border to some of the veins yellowish; stigma and veins dark brown. Female.-—Same as the male, with these exceptions: Prothorax, the lateral margins of the thorax, the scutellum, metanotum, pleura and abdomen yellowish, a black spot above the middle and hind cox, a transverse one on lower part of the metanotum and sometimes a brown- ish fascia near or on the hind margin of each abdominal segment except. the first. Coxe and legs yellow, hind metatarsi much thicker than the front ones. Types.—Nos. 3169 and 3170, U.S.N.M.; length, 7mm. Four males and four females were collected by Mr. Charles Robertson, who writes me that he has repeatedly taken these two forms together ‘on the Same flowers,” and believes that they are the opposite sexes of the same species. Locality.—Ilinois. EMPIS RAVIDA, new species. Male.—Black, the palpi and halteres yellow, the proboscis (except the lower lip), hypopygium, coxz (largely or wholly), femora, tibiz, and tarsi, reddish yellow. Eyes contiguous, frontal triangle bare. 404 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDZ—COQUILLETT. VOL. XVIII. First antennal joint two and a half times as long as the second, the third joint one and a half times as long as the first, sublanceolate, the style rather slender, nearly half as long as the third joint. Proboscis twice as long as height of head. Thorax opaque, gray pollinose, marked with four brownish black vitte, the shorter pile whitish, the longer pile and bristles black. Pile on each end of pleura, on coxe, venter, and sides of abdomen whitish; middle and hind coxe bearing black bristles. Secutellum bearing from six to eight black bristles. Abdomen opaque, white pollinose, the short pile of the dorsum black. Hypo- pygium moderately large, obliquely ascending, the central filament not disengaged; no projections on venter in front of hypopygium; coxze and legs simple, femora destitute of stout spines below, the bristles very short; wings dark gray, stigma very elongated, dark brown, ante- rior branch of third vein oblique and curved. Female.—Same as the male with these exceptions: Eyes widely sepa- rated; abdominal segments beyond the fifth, shining; apical half of under side of hind femora ciliate with rather short scales and spines. Types.—Nos. 3171 and 3172, U.S.N.M.; length, 6 to8mm. Eleven males and four females in the Museum collection. Locality —New Hampshire. EMPIS TENEBROSA, new species. Male.—Differs from the female of H. ravida only as follows: Eyes as widely separated as the posterior ocelli. First two antennal joints reddish, the first scarcely longer than the second, the third twice as long as the first. Entire pile of thorax, pleura, coxe, venter and abdomen, black. All femora robust, twice as thick as their tibix, the middle and hind ones bearing numerous, rather long bristles on their under side. Type.—No. 3173, U.S.N.M.; length, 6 mm. Three males in the Mu- seum collection. Locality.—Texas. EMPIS TERSA, new species. Male.—Differs from the male of EH. ravida only as follows: Abdomen shining reddish yellow; cox, femora, and tibiv lighter yellowish; first — antennal joint twice as long as the second, the third joint twice as long as the first; proboscis three times as long as height of head; thorax destitute of whitish pile, that at each end of the pleura black, each coxe bearing several black bristles; pile and long bristles of abdomen and venter wholly black. Scutellum bearing four bristles. Abdomen shining, destitute of pollen. Hypopygium small, porrect; the central filament free, filiform, arcuate. Bristles of middle and hind femora rather long. Female.—Ditters from the male in that the proboscis is six times_ as longas height of head, when bent backward almost reaching the tip: of the abdomen. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 405 Types.—Nos. 3174 and 3175, U.S.N.M.; male and female; length, 6 mm. Locality.—N orth Carolina. EMPIS CAPTUS, new species. Male.—Ditters from the male of 2. ravida only as follows: First two antennal joints reddish; first joint only slightly longer than the second, the third three times as long as the first, tapering very gradually to the apex; scutellum bearing only two bristles; dorsum of abdomen brownish pollinose. Hypopygium very large, the filament robust, dis- engaged, arcuate, compressed and dilated near its apex; on base of upper side of each upper lamella is a low wart-like process, and just outside of this isa backwardly projecting fleshy process bearing on the middle of its under side a backwardly directed black spine, whose tip is even with that of the process from which it springs; below this process is asecond, yellow, fleshy, upwardly directed process. Wings hyaline. Female.—Differs from the male in that the proboscis varies from two to four times as long as height of head; femora and tibize of middle and hind legs ciliate on each side with rather short black seales and bris- tles, the scales sparsest on the middle tibiz. Types. —Nos. 3176 and 3177, U.S.N.M.; length, 5 to 7 mm. Three males and four females in the Museum collection. Locality.—North Carolina and Georgia. EMPIS COMPTA, new species. Female.—Head black, gray pollinose; antenne on two basal joints brown, the third black, narrow, elongate, style one-sixth as long as the third joint; proboscis over twice as long as height of head, palpi brown. Thorax and pleura black, opaque, gray pollinose, thorax marked with four blackish-brown vitt; pile in front of halteres black; scutellum blackish, its apex brown, bearing four bristles. Abdomen on base of segments yellowish-brown, on apex broadly light yellow, seventh and eighth segments and the two anal lamellie, wholly brown; pile of abdomen sparse, yellowish, no fringe of long black bristles near hind margin of any of the segments. Legs slender, destitute of a fringe of scales, yellow, including the coxe; tarsi toward the apex brown; meta- tarsi of nearly an equal thickness, the hind ones slightly longer than the others. Knob of halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, stigma wanting, veins light brown, no stout bristle on costa near its base (first submarginal cell closed in one wing, broadly open in the other). Type.—No. 3178, U.S.N.M.; length, 35 mm. A female received from Mr, Charles Robertson. Locality.—Ulinois. EMPIS AVIDA, new species. Female.—Head black, bluish gray pollinose; antenne brown on the two basal joints, the third black, short, broad, tapering gradually to the tip, style over one-half as long as the third joint; proboscis three A406 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPID4—COQUILLETT. VOL, XVII. times as long as height of head, palpi yellow. Thorax, pleura and scutellum black, opaque, bluish-gray pollinose; thorax marked with four blackish-brown vittse, its pile rather numerous but quite short, black; pile in front of halteres white, abundant, fine; scutellum bear- ing four bristles. Abdomen black, opaque, light bluish-gray pollinose, its pile white, that on sides near base rather long and abundant; no fringe of long black bristles near hind margin of any of the segments. Legs slender, simple, femora destitute of long bristles; coxz brownish yellow, the hind ones largely blackish; femora, tibiz, and tarsi brown- ish-yellow, apices of tarsal joints and last joint wholly blackish; middle metatarsi scarcely thicker than the front ones, hind metatarsi nearly twice as thick but scarcely longer than the front ones. Knob of hal- teres yellowish-white. Wings grayish hyaline, stigma and veins dark brown, no long bristle on costa near its base. Type.—No. 3179, U.S.N.M.; length,7 mm. A single female collected by Mr. Charles Robertson. Locality.—Minois. EMPIS LEVICULA, new species. Male.—Head black, bluish gray pollinose, eyes contiguous; antenne black, the two basal joints yellow, style over one-half as long as the third joint; proboscis yellowish, black at the apex, over three times as long as height of head, palpi yellow. Thorax, pleura, and scutellum black, opaque gray pollinose; thorax with four brown vitte, its sparse pile and bristles black; pile of pleura white, scutellum bearing four bristles, the two outer ones very short. Abdomen black, opaque brown pollinose, its sparse pile white; hypopygium small, the filament hidden. Legs slender, destitute of long bristles, dark yellowish, including the coxe; the tarsi toward the apex black; front metatarsi nearly as long, but only about one-half as thick as the hind ones. Wings whitish hyaline, veins brownish, stigma wanting. Halteres yellow. Female—Same as the male, except that the thorax and abdomen are wholly bluish white pollinose. Types.—Nos. 3180 and 3181, U.S.N.M.; length, 6to 7mm. Two males and three females collected by Mr. Charles Robertson. Locality.—IMnois. EMPIS MANCA, new species. Male—Head black, gray pollinose, eyes separated the width of the lowest ocellus, facets of a uniform size; antenne black, third joint narrow, elongate, style one-third as long as the third joint; proboscis one and one-half times as long as height of head, palpi yellow. Thorax black, opaque gray pollinose, marked with four black pollinose vitte, its sparse pile and bristles black; pleura black, light gray pollinose, | its pile black; scutellum black, gray pollinose, bearing four black — bristles. Abdomen dark brown, hind margin of each segment whitish, 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. AQT opaque whitish poliinose, its pile or bristles along hind margins of the segments long, black; hypopygium yellowish brown, very large, erect, its pile black; central filament very robust, arcuate, free except toward the apex, its extreme tip dilated. Legs slender, yellow, including the coxie; on under side of hind femora before the apex is a low swelling, in front of which is a robust, backwardly directed hook, while between the swelling and the apex of the femur on the inner side is a black conical projection fringed near the base behind with one large and two small teeth-like projections; on the front and also on the hind side of the hind tibiw near the base is a fringe of short black bristles, below which on the inner side of the tibia is a conical projection, at which point the tibia is rather suddenly bent outward; hind metatarsi slightly thicker, but shorter, than the front ones. Halteres yellow. Wings grayish hyaline, stigma and veins brown, a long bristle on costa near its base. Female.-—Same as the male, except that the front is slightly broader, the abdomen blackish, light gray pollinose, and the hind legs simple, but much thicker than the others. Types.—Nos. 3182 and 3183,U.8S.N.M.; length, 4 to 5 mm. Five males and eight females, taken by the writer in March. Locality.—Southern California. EMPIS OTIOSA, new species. Male.—Head black, gray pollinose, eyes separated as widely as the posterior ocelli, facets of a uniform size; antenne black, third joint two and one-half times as long as the first, rather narrow, style one-third as long as the third joint; proboscis two and a half times as long as height of head, palpi yellow. Thorax black, opaque gray pollinose, marked with two darker vitti, its sparse pile and bristles black; pleura black, gray pollinose, its pile black; scutellum gray pollinose, bearing four bristles. Abdomen black, depressed except toward the apex, sub- shining, its pile rather abundant and long, black; hypopygium rather small, middle lamella longer than the upper, rounded on the lower side; filament slender, arcuate, yellow. Legs simple, very robust, femora nearly twice as thick as their tibiz, hind femora one-third longer than the middle ones; coxe black, femora dark brown, yellowish at base and apex, the hind ones sometimes wholly yellowish, tibie and tarsi ight yellow, apex of the latter brown; front metatarsi unusually large, nearly twice as long and as thick as the middle ones, one-half thicker and one- third longer than the hind metatarsi. Knob of halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, stigma pale brownish, veins dark brown. Female.—Same as the male, except that the tibie and tarsi are darker, the yellow being replaced with reddish; the femora are usually reddish and are more slender; the hind ones are nearly twice as long as the middle ones; front metatarsi more slender and one-half longer than the middle ones, also more slender and slightly longer than the hind ones; wings brownish gray. AOS THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDE—COQUILLETT. VOL. XVIII. Types.—Nos. 3184 and 3185, U.S.N.M.; length, 6 to 7 mm. Four males and three females were received from Mrs. A. T. Slosson and Mr. Charles Robertson. Locality—Wlinois and Connecticut. EMPIS GULOSA, new species. Female.—Head black, bluish gray pollinose; antenne black, third joint broad at base, rapidly tapering to the apex, style slender, more than one-half as long as the third joint; proboscis one-half longer than height of head, palpi brown. Thorax black, opaque gray pollinose, marked with four dark brownish vitte; its very short, sparse pile black; pleura black, bluish gray pollinose, pile in front of halteres black; seuteUum black, gray pollinose, bearing four bristles. Abdo- men black, opaque brownish pollinose, that on the hind and lateral margins of the segments light gray: on the hind margins of the first three segments toward the sides is a fringe of rather long black bristles, most developed on the second segment. Legs slender, simple, yellow, including the coxie; tarsi toward the apex brown; femora destitute of long bristles; middle metatarsi slightly thicker but shorter than the front ones; hind metatarsi much thicker than the middle ones, sub- equal in length to the front ones. Knob of halteres yellowish-white. Wings grayish, stigma nearly obsolete, veins dark brown, no long bristles on costa near its base. Type.—No. 3186, U.S.N.M.; length, 7 mm. A single female speci- men collected by Mr. Charles Robertson. Locality.—Wlinois. EMPIS VIRGATA, new species. Male.—Black in all its parts except the whitish knob of halteres and pulvilli; all pile and bristles also black. Eyes separated by an interval narrower than the lowest ocellus; third joint of antennze sublanceolate; the style nearly one-fourth as long as that joint. Proboscis slightly over twice as long as height of head. Thorax subshining, lightly gray pollinose and marked with three shining black vitte; pleura grayish black pollinose; seutellum shining, bare except the six marginal bristles and a few marginal hairs. Abdomen depressed, shining; hypopygium rather small, central filament hidden; on the under side of the fifth segment is a large, ovoid process, extending the entire length of the seg- ment, its posterior end rather thickly beset with short, stout black bristles. Legs slender, front metatarsi one-half thicker and one-half longer than the middle ones, noticeably longer and thicker than the hind ones. Wings pale brown, stigma darker brown, all the veins perfect. Type.—No. 3187, U.S.N.M.; length, 8 mm. A single specimen col- lected by Prof. O. B. Johnson. Locality— Washington. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 409 Genus MICROPHORUS, Maequart. MICROPHORUS RAVIDUS, new species. Male.—Black, only the halteres whitish. Eyes contiguous, third antennal joint elongate, conical, the apical style slightly longer than the third joint; proboscis nearly perpendicular, from two-thirds as long to as long as height of head. Thorax, pleura, scutellum, and abdomen opaque gray pollinose, the bristles black, scutellum bearing four bris- tles; hypopygium rather large, bent around against the right side of the abdomen. Wings grayish hyaline, slightly smoky along the veins, stigma and veins brown, no vein issues from the anal cell: this cell is nearly as long as the second basal, the vein at its apex arcuate and not parallel with the hind margin of the wing. Female.—Eyes broadly separated; abdomen very blunt at apex; otherwise as in the male. Types.— Nos. 3188 and 3189, U.S.N.M.; length, 2 mm. Nine males and twelve females collected by the writer in March and April. Locality.—Southern California. Differs from the description of Microphorus drapetoides, Walker (the only other described North American species), by its hyaline instead of dark brown wings. Genus My tae OMYTA: Coquillett. ANALYTICAL KEY TQ THE SPECIES OF MYTHICOMYIA. Tibiz, halteres, first vein and second section of costa, yellow............--.-- rileyt. Tibiz, except at base, black; upper side of knob of halteres also black, first vein PM AUCOS HAND LOW URNS ee cee es eae es re ee at isn a ce tibialis (p. 409). MYTHICOMYIA TIBIALIS, new species. Male.—Black, the frontal triangle, face, cheeks, humeri, and each hind corner of thorax, whitish; halteres, except upper side of the knob, hypopygium largely, knees and base of hind metatarsi, yellowish. Head, sides of thorax, pleura and scutellum, gray pollinose, abdomen deep velvet black; pile of head and body whitish. Wings wholly hya- line, veins black, the auxiliary and bases of the other veins yellowish. On the under side of the hind metatarsi, before its middle, is a rounded notch, in front of which is a rounded process. Type.—No. 3190, U.S.N.M.; length, 34 mm. A single male specimen captured by the writer in July. Locality.— Los Angeles County, California. Genus RHAMPHOMYIA, Meigen. Rhamphomyia crassinervis, Loew, is the other sex of R. sordida, Loew; and his Rk. ungulata is the other sex of R. wmbilicata, Loew. The following have not been recognized by me, and the descriptions A410 THE NORTH AMERICAN EMPIDA—COQUILLETT. VOL. XVIII. are too brief to permit of giving them a place in the accompanying table: agasicles, anaxo, cilipes, cophas, dana, daria, ecetra, ficana, flavi- rostris, nigrita, scolopacea, and tristis. Since the publication of Osten Sacken’s Catalogue, Bigot! has pub- lished descriptions of four North American species belonging to the present genus. His R. morrisoni appears to be synonymous with R. rava, Loew; R. pachymera, Bigot, is too imperfectly described to admit — it in the table given below; the names nigrita and geniculata, which he uses for two of his species, are preoccupied, and Bigot’s descriptions had therefore better be canceled. RHAMPHOMYIA RAVA, Loew. Dr. Loew describes the wings in both sexes of this species as being somewhat reddish brown. In a large series of specimens that I have examined, captured in the same locality, the males agree in all respects with Dr. Loew’s description of R. rava, but the females invariably have the wings much lighter colored at the base than at the apex. Istrongly suspect that Loew founded his description on males of A. rava and females of my new species Rk. ravida, which closely resembles R. rava, differing chiefly in the male genitalia and the uniformly brown wings of the female. RHAMPHOMYIA BASALIS, Loew Dr. Loew describes the female only. The National Museum contaims six males and as many females from the White Mountains, New Famp- Shire, all of them taken by the same coilector (Morrison), and evidently belonging to this species. In size, structure of antenne, and general coloring, the two sexes are alike, but they differ widely in the shape and color of the wings and in the structure of the legs; in the female the wings are unusually broad, brownish, the base hyaline; while in the male they are narrow and wholly hyaline. In the female the legs are destitute of processes and excisions; in the male each hind femur is hollowed out on the under side just before the apex, and before this hollow is a rather large rounded process; each hind tibia is also hol- lowed out on the inner side at a point opposite that in the femur; thus when the leg is folded, a hollow space is formed between each femur and its tibia; the outer edge of the hollow in the tibia is fringed with flattened setie. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RHAMPHOMYIA. 1. Thorax, including the-pleura, wholly blacks: 522 ss.- 2-ss-e6el=- soe oslo 9 Thorax, or at least the pleura, more or less yellow or reddish........--..--- 2 2. Dorsumofthorax marked with black =. 2 Si2eesce eee ee oa eee ee eee 4 Dorsum of thorax wholly yellowish, destitute of black markings.-.--.....-... 3 1 Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1887, pp. 141-142. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1889, pp. 132-134. nif 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A Abdomen, tibize, and knob of halteres yellow, legs of female ciliate with 3 TG ae AVEO ROG ti] 8 CLS reat et ote tela fay ale teeta erate tetas etal e rele) aiala\=l sialn\= sale =’ /= testacea. Abdomen, tibiw, and knob of halteres black..........-.---... pectoris (p. 420). 4. Thorax marked with three black vitte (median and lateral); wings, abdomen and knob of halteres blackish, legs of female not ciliate with scales... 8 Thorax marked with only one black vitta (median)-.-......-.-..2....-.... 5 Thorax marked with two black vittie, abdomen largely black, legs of female MOH CMM ALOmMNUNASe UL Osa eaee chests miciioie at) nevcie mie, suede since sare = cleats viltata. BRON LAT yest ENT LT et greeenpro aye efare aoe tela 6 Thorax opaque, hypopygium of male searcely longer than the preceding segment; under side of middle and hind femora of female, and both sides of middle and hind tibia, ciliate with scales...... colorata (p. 420). 6. Wings, abdomen and knob of halteres blackish, hypopygium of male erect, nearly one-half as long as the abdomen ......-.....-.--......-------- 7 Wings hyaline, abdomen yellow, hypopygium small, porrect ..........-. sellata. 7. Hypopygium of male bearing a tooth and notch on hind margin of lower lamella; both sides of all femora and tibize of female, and upper side of all metatarsi, ciliate with scales ............-.-.----+----0.e-- fumosa. Hypopygium destitute of a tooth and notch on the lower lamella, both sides of all femora and tibie of female, and upper side of only the hind metatarsi, ciliate with scales.........--....-....--..-.....--- longicauda, 8. Pleura and venter partly blackish; length, 4mm-_.......-............. pulchra. Pleura and venter wholly yellowish; length,6mm...................... glabra. 2), Termnonhy nleyelieie @ bale yy Rohyaty So Se cos codes pacaee cece ay cacemocesesess oodene 49 Hemoralancelyor wholly yellowish. - 2-26. Hoos corel d= os noes oe es 10 10. Middle, or at least the hind coxe, black or dark brown.................-..- Z Mid dlerandthindecoxcenye lows hese caer mae ape teet te eee emer ite eee 22 SUN NPeme Nea Sere ola ate eres Pore aia tenia oe See AEN eri a See eestor eae reste etn arene iey era ees 1G HOA VESCOMbIOT ONS OL MCALhyy SOM me lsseeinia ioe = ees slseense om cceicle sess cee. 13 Eyes distinctly separated, abdomen wholly black or brown; knob of halteres men retbinbin s romecnes 4 shOL Os ere nieiciate aa iare r= eels ieee cla lee Se See = ate en 15 13. Central filament of hypopygium free, very flexuous toward the apex........ 14 14. 15. 16. is Central filament free except at apex, not flexuous nor fractured; middle lamelle yellow, not produced upward in along conical process beyond apex of the black upper lamellw; length, 8mm-.-..-....... rava (p. 410). Central filament hidden except on its lower one-third; abdomen depressed, opaque; middle lamelle# of hypopygium beyond apex of the upper one not produced in a conical process; length, 8 mm ......... ravida (p. 418). Abdomen wholly black, shining, central filament not fractured; length, 6 TEC ete sts een Cal tad at aetna et terrae to tatae ee pulla, Abdomen more or less yellow, compressed, shining, central filament fractured toward the base, a brown cloud near forking of second and third veins, hind) femora thickened; length, omm--cee- =. - = 4. cece ce ee ce rustica. Hind tibize with a large swelling near the base, central filament of hypo- pygium with a U-shaped flexure near its base; inhabits California loripedis (p. 419). Hind tibiz destitute of swellings; inhabits Illinois................-. mutabilis. Abdomen opaque, knob of halteres yellowish....-..---..---. 2.220.222. e00e 17 BSAC CEE RS BBA TW ete feta for areata ted emt ee eT ena hee ae Peto) ee oo cic via 18 Length, 84 mm.; antennal style about one-third as long as the third joint, WHATS SD LOW HIB y= Ao male wr clas era Pee slo an Nid: =) sin Slaice s ravida (p. 418). Length, 5 mm.; antennal style one-fifth as long as the third joint, wings AE ER HEY Ornette stat och s) | | | | | Inches. Inches.| Inches. | Inches. 125680 | Femalead.| Western Kashmir........- July 2 13.12 8. 50 2.10 | 2. 20 125681 | Male ad...|.-..- On eee resettle er July 8) 13.60) 9.30 Dione 2hae 125679 | Male ad...) Central Kashmir.--.-.--.- Aug, 2] 13.90} 9.75 2.19 | 2.35 125678 | Male im...) Pir Panjalrange, Kashmir.| Ang. 22 | 12.62| 8.10 2:30. |" 2530 126864 | Male ad...| Indus Valley, Kashmir ...| Nov. 15 | 13.00 | 9.00 2.25 | 2.15 126860 | Male ad...| Shigar Valley, Baltistan ..| Nov. 23} 138.50| 9.10 2.7 2. 30 126861 | Femalead.|..--- GONa-e5- cn aatene Soo 2200) ae} 1800 | 29520 2.10} 2.11 126865 | Male ad. ..|.--.- OO neater ene Jan. 14 13.85 9.10 2.31 2.39 126863 | Femalead.|}.--.- One se eee eee eee Oneal eee tO en SOD 2.08 | 2.08 126862 | Male ad...| Haramosh, Baltistan...... Feb. 26 | 13.30! 9.00 | 218) 2.31 Eee Se eee = | | Averagel ugk esc eeeae: | 13.26 | 8.96 | 2.20 2.25 | | 21. PICA PICA (Linnzus). Male, adult, Dras, Kashmir, November 10, 1891; 10,000 feet. “‘ Length, 202 inches. Not observed in Kashmir proper, but noticed as soon as we crossed to Ladak side of Zogi-bul Pass.” Adult, Indus Valley, Baltistan, November 18, 1891; 8,000 feet. +‘ Bill and feet black; irides dark brown; length, 182 inches. Common about all the villages, and very tame.” Female, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 26, 1891; 9,000 feet. “Length, 19 inches.” The Dras specimen is not at all typical, being, in fact, much nearer P. p. leuconotos than to the present form. The white on the primaries extends from within a half to a quarter of an inch of the tips of the feathers. The Indus Valley specimen is somewhat aberrant in having the three central pairs of rectrices conspicuously tipped with white! 22. UROCISSA FLAVIROSTRIS CUCULLATA (Gould). { Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. “Bill yellow; feet orange.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir (western part), April 13, 1892. “Bill yellow; feet orange red; length, 224 inches.” Judging from descriptions alone, and having in mind Dr. Sharpe’s comments on the bird, I believe this to be a good subspecies of U. flavirostris. The latter is said to be “very dark and gray in shade below”! in its typical state, while the form U. f. cucullata is described as 1 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., III, p. 73. - 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 459 « very pale, almost white, below. The case seems to be similar to one on our Mexican border, where the Green Jay, Yanthoura luxuosa, passes eradually into another form, XY. l. cyanocapilla, in Guatemala and Hon- duras. The under parts vary from green in the first case, to bright yellow in the last. 23. NUCIFRAGA MULTIPUNCTATA, Gould. Male, adult, western Kashmir, July 5, 1891; 9,000 feet. Male, adult, western Kashmir, July 5, 1891; 9,000 feet. Female, adult, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. Female, adult, Nowboog Valley, eastern Kashmir, August 16, 1891; 7,000 feet. ‘‘ Length, 144 inches.” Male, adult, Nowboog Valley, eastern Kashmir, August 16, 1891; 7,000 feet. Male, adult, Nowboog Valley, eastern Kashmir, August 16, 1891; 7,000 feet. ‘ Bill and feet black; irides dark brown; length, 144 inches.” Male, adult, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 50, 1891; 8,000 feet. “Length, 144 inches.” Female, adult, Sind Valley, Kashmir, November 8, 1891; 9,000 feet. ‘Feeding on seeds from pine cones, when shot.” 24. GRACULUS GRACULUS (Linnezus). Female, adult, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 27, 1891; 12,000 feet. ‘Bill and feet coral red; irides dark brown.” Female, adult, Sonamarg, Sind Valley, Kashmir, November 7, 1891; 8,500 feet. ‘Bill and feet deep red. Numerous in this marg, feeding on the wheat stubble in company with Corvus macrorhynchus.” Female, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, November 24, 1891; 8,500 feet. ‘Bill and feet coral red; length, 164 inches.” Male, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 25, 1891; 10,000 feet. ‘Bill and feet dark red; length, 17 inches.” 25. PYRRHOCORAX PYRRHOCORAX (Linnzus). Female, adult, Indus Valley, Kashmir, November 14, 1891; 9,000 feet. ‘* Bill yellow; irides dark brown; feet bright red. Very common in these barren mountains, in some localities.” Female, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, January 3, 1892; 9,000 feet. “ Bill yellow; feet bright red; irides dark brown; length, 154 inches.” Male, adult, Shigar, Baltistan, January 24, 1892; 8,000 feet. ‘ Bill yellow; feet red; irides dark brown; length, 153 inches.” Family ORIOLIDZE. 26. ORIOLUS KUNDOO, Sykes. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 25, 1891. Female, immature, Vale of Kashmir, June 25, 1891. Immature, Vale of Kashmir, May, 1892. A460 BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND. VOL. XVIIL Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May, 1892. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, May 13, 1893; 6,000 feet. “Length, 93 inches.” Family DICRURID®. 27, DICRURUS ATER (Hermann). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 25, 1891. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 25, 1891. Male, immature, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June1, 1893. ‘Bill and feet black; irides red; length, 11 inches.” Family STURNIDA. 28. STURNUS HUMII, Brooks. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 25, 1891. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 28, 1891. Female, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 8, 1891. Male, immature, three specimens, same locality and date as last. Male, adult, Gunderbal, Vale of Kashmir, April 2, 1892. ‘ Bill yel- . low, lower mandible gray at base; feet reddish brown; irides brown; length, 84 inches.” Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, May 11, 1893; 6,000 feet. ‘Bill yellow, base dirty white; feet reddish brown; irides reddish brown; length, 84 inches.” 29. ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS (Linnzus). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 22, 1891. Female, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 13, 1891. Male, adult, eastern Kashmir, August 14, 1891; 6,000 feet. ‘ Bill and feet yellow; lower mandible greenish; bare skin around eyes orange.” Family FRINGILLIDZ. 30. PYCNORHAMPHUS ICTEROIDES (Vigors). Male, adult, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 30, 1891; 8,000 feet. ‘ Bill green; feet pale flesh color; irides dark brown; length, 94 inches.” Male, immature, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 30, 1891; 8,000 feet. ‘ Bill green; feet brownish flesh color; irides dark brown; length, $3 inches.” Male, immature, central Kashmir, September 17, 1891; 10,000 feet. Female, adult, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. ‘Bill light green; feet pale.” Female, immature, western Kashmir, September 11, 1891; 9,000 feet. The immature female differs from the adult chiefly in having a 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 461 brownish wash to the gray of the upper parts, middle pair of tail feathers, throat and breast, and in having the rump pale brownish buff like the abdomen. 31. PYCNORHAMPHUS CARNEIPES (Hodgson), Female, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, November 30, 1891; 11,000 feet. ‘‘ Bill dark horn brown, blackening at tip; lower mandible pale at base; irides hair brown; length, 9} inches. Shot in one of the few and small jungles to be found in this desolate region.” 32. CARDUELIS CARDUELIS CANICEPS (Vigors) _ Male, adult, four specimens, Vale of Kashmir, June, 1891, and May, 913892. Female, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 12, 1891. 33. CALLACANTHIS BURTONI (Gould). Male, aduit, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 29, 1891; 9,000 feet. “ Bill yellow; feet light brown; length, 7 inches.” Female, adult, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 29, 1891; 9,000 feet. ‘‘ Bill yellow; feet brownish flesh.” Male, adult, central Kashmir, September 13, 1891; 10,000 feet. “ Bill orange yellow; feet brownish flesh. Common in the pine woods at this elevation, going about in flocks of ten or a dozen. Feed mostly upon the ground. Note resembles that of our American Goldfinch.” Male, immature, central Kashmir, September 13, 1891; 10,000 feet. Female, adult, central Kashmir, September 13, 1891; 10,000 feet. * Bill horn yellow; feet dirty fiesh color.” The immature male in the collection differs from the adult of that ‘sex in having no trace of crimson in the plumage, and otherwise as fol- lows: Top of head sepia, the feathers with concealed blackish bases, passing into wood brown on the nape and forehead; back brown (between raw umber and sepia), with a tinge of burnt umber on the ‘Scapulars; rump and upper tail-coverts raw umber; entire under parts dark cinnamon, lighter on abdomen, and with a tinge of russet on the throat; a russet band over the eye; lower part of cheeks, malar stripe ‘aud a line on each side of the throat dull blackish. Wing as in the adult, but white terminal spots on outer webs of tertials with a buffy edging; lesser wing-coverts brown; middle coverts with terminal buff ‘Spots to the feathers; tail as in the adult, with buffy edgings to the three central pairs of feathers instead of white tips. 34. ACANTHIS CANNABINA FRINGILLIROSTRIS (Bonaparte and Schlegel). _ Male, adult, Shigar, Baltistan, January 24, 1892; 8,000 feet. “* Upper mandible pale horn brown; lower mandible pale leaden, becoming yel- lowish at gouys; irides brown; feet dark brownish flesh color; length, 6 inches.” et ; 462 - BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND. VOL. XVIII. 35. MONTIFRINGILLA ADAMSI, Moore. Male, adult, Fotu-la Pass, Ladak, June 27, 1893; 12,000 feet. ‘ Bill and feet black; length, 7} inches.” Male, adult, Fotu-la Pass, Ladak, June 27, 1893; 12,000 feet. ‘ Bill and feet black; irides pale brown; length, 63 inches.” Male, immature, Namika-la Pass, Kashmir, June 26, 1893; 11,000 feet. ‘ Bill brownish yellow; feet dark fleshy brown; culmen dark! brown; length, 63 inches.” ; 36. MONTIFRINGILLA SORDIDA (Stoliczka). Male, adult, central Kashmir, July 26, 1891; 11,000 feet. Female, adult, central Kashmir, July 28, 1891; 12,000 feet. ‘ Bill dark horn brown; feet dark brown; irides light brown.” Female, adult, central Kashmir, July 29, 1891; 12,000 feet. “ Upper. mandible and feet dull dark brown; base of lower mandible light, brown; irides ight brown.” Female, adult, central Kashmir, July 29, 1891; 12,000 feet. Female, adult, central Kashmir, July 29, 1891; 15,000 feet. Male, immature, Sind Valley, Kashmir, November 8, 1891; 9,000. feet. ‘‘In great flocks in the Zogi-bul Pass (11,300 feet), leading into Ladak.” Female, immature, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 29, 1891; 9,000 feet. ‘* Upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible pale; irides clear brown; feet dark fleshy brown; length, 6 inches.” Male, adult, Haramosh, Baltistan, February 16, 1892; 5,500 feet. ‘¢ Bill horn brown, pale at base; feet dark brown; irides orange brown; length, 64 inches.” | 1 37. LEUCOSTICTE BRANDTI, Bonaparte. Male, adult, Khardong, Ladak, June 14, 1893; 13,000 feet. ‘ Bill and feet black; irides brown; length, 74 inches.” Male, adult, Sasser Pass, Ladak, July 22, 1893; 16,000 feet. ‘Bill and feet black; irides brown; length, 7} inches.” Female, adult, Sasser Pass, Ladak, July 22, 1893; 16,000 feet. ‘‘ Bill and feet black; length, 6% inches.” 38. BUCANETES MONGOLICUS (Swinhoe.) Male, adult, Shigar Valley, Baltistan, November 22, 1891; 7,500 feet. Female, adult, Shigar Valley, Baltistan, November 22, 1891; 8,000. feet. ‘‘ Length, 54 inches.” 39. PASSER DOMESTICUS INDICUS (Jardine and Selby). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891. Two specimens. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 12, 1891. - 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 463 Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, November 4, 1891; 5,000 feet. Female, adult, Shigar Valley, Baltistan, January 13, 1892; 8,000 feet. “Feet brownish flesh; length, 6 inches; bill horn brown, yellowish at base.” Male, adult, Shigar, Baltistan, January 19, 1892; 8,000 feet. “ Bill pale horn brown, becoming yellowish at gape; irides hair brown; length, 64 inches.” Male, adult, Shigar, Baltistan, January 19, 1892; 8,000 feet. “Length, 6. inches.” Male, adult, Shigar, Baltistan, January 19, 1892; 8,000 feet. “Length, 64 inches.” Female, adult, Shigar, Baltistan, January 19, 1892; 8,000 feet. “ Length, 6 inches.” 40 PASSER CINNAMOMEUS (Gould). Male, adult, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, adult, western Kashmir, July 6, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, adult, Baltal, Sind Valley, Kashmir, March 30, 1892; 9,000 feet. “Bill black; feet fleshy brown; irides brown; length, 53 inches.” Male, adult, Baltal, Kashmir, March 30, 1892; 9,000 feet. ‘Bill black; feet brownish black; irides brown; length, 53 inches.” Male, adult, Baltal, Kashmir, March 30, 1892; 9,000 feet. ‘Length, 54 inches.” Male, adult, Bandipoor Nullah, Kashmir, July 14, 1891; 6,000 feet. 41, METOPONIA PUSILLA (Pallas.) Female, adult, Dras Valley, Kashmir, November 12, 1891; 9,000 feet. Male, immature, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, November 24, 1891; 8,000 feet. ‘Bill and feet black; lower mandible slightly paler at base.” Male, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 2, 1891; 11,000 feet. “Bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is pale brown; feet black.” Male, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 2, 1891; 11,000 feet. “Bill black, except base of lower mandible, where pale; feet black; length, 54 inches.” Male, immature, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 2, 1891; 11,000 feet. ‘Bill dark horn, except base of lower mandible, which is pale; length, 4% inches.” Female, adult, Rondu, Baltistan, March 14, 1892; 6,500 feet. ‘+ Bill blackish horn; irides dark brown; feet black; length, 5 inches.” Male, adult, Rondu, Baltistan, March 14,1892; 6,500 feet.‘ Bill and feet black; length, 51 inches.” Male, adult, Rondu, Baltistan, March 14, 1892; 6,500 feet. ‘* Bill horn black; feet black; irides dark brown; length, 5 inches.” Female, immature, Rondu, Baltistan, March 14, 1892; 6,500 feet. “ Bill and feet black; length, 5 inches.” 464 BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND. VOL. XVII. 42, CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS (Pallas). Male, Krishnagunga Valley, Kashmir, May 7, 1893; 6,000 feet. ‘ Bill dark horn brown; feet dark fleshy brown.” Male, adult, Dras, Ae TUDE 23, 1893; 10,000 feet. ‘Bill yel lowish brown; feet dark brown. Male, adult, Namika-la Pass, Kashmir, June 26, 1895; itt 000 feetl ‘“¢ Upper ae Cae k horn brown; lower encnate ier brown; feet dark fleshy brown.’ Male, adult, Zogi-bul Pass, feet. ‘ Bill piace: feet pale brownish flesh; fence 53 inches Family PYCNONOTID4. 130. HYPSIPETES PSAROIDES, Vigors. Female, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. “Bill dark red; feet red.” Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 12, 1891; 6,000 feet. Female, adult, north slope of Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 22, 1891; 7,000 feet. ‘Bill coral red; feet orange red; irides dark brown.” 131. MOLPASTES LEUCOGENYS (Gray). Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 1, 1891. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 10, 1891; 6,000 feet. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891. Family CAMPOPHAGID A. 132. PERICROCOTUS BREVIROSTRIS (Vigors). Female, adult, western Kashmir, July 7,1891; 8,000 feet. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 11, 1891; 6,000 feet. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 12, 1891. Female, immature, Lolab, Kashmir, September 10, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, adult, central Kashmir, August 2,1891; 9,000 feet. ‘Length, 7% inches.” 4805. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 493 Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 14,1891. “Length, 8 inches.” Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, north slope of Pir Panjal Range, August 21, 1891; 6,000 feet. ‘Length, 7? inches.” Family MUSCICAPID. 133. HEMICHELIDON SIBIRICA (Gmelin). Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 1, 1891. Female, adult, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. Female, adult, central Kashmir, July 26, 1891; 11,000 feet. Female, immature, western Kashmir, September 11, 1891; 9,000 feet. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May 29, 1893. ‘ Bill brownish black; lower mandible yellowish brown at base; feet black; irides dark brown; length, 43 inches.” Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, May 13, 1894; 7,000 feet. “‘ Length, 43 inches.” 134. SIPHIA HYPERYTHRA, Cabanis. Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. Male, young, Lolab, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, May 12, 1893; 6,000 feet. “Upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible brownish yellow: feet dark fleshy brown; length, 43 inches.” Young, Vale of Kashmir, August 20, 1891; 6,000 feet. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, April 27, 1892; 6,000 feet. ‘‘ Upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible yellowish brown; irides clear brown; feet blackish brown; length, 54 inches.” Female, adult, north slope of Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 22, 1891; 7,000 fect. 135. CYORNIS SUPERCILIARIS (Jerdon). Male, adult, western Kashmir, July 2, 1891; 7,000 feet. Male, adult, western Kashmir, July 3, 1891; 7,000 feet. Male, adult, Kaj Nag Mountains, Kashmir, April 25, 1892; 9,000 feet. *‘ Bill and feet black; irides blackish brown; length, 4¢ inches.” Female, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, April 20, 1893. ‘ Bill and feet black; irides dark brown.” Female, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, May 12, 1893; 6,000 feet. “ Bill and feet black.” 136. CYORNIS LEUCOMELANURUS (Hodgson). Male, immature, Nowboog Valley, eastern Kashmir, May 29, 1592; 7,000 feet. ‘Bill black; irides blackish brown; length, 4} inches; feet blackish brown.” Male, adult, Nowboog Valley, Kashmir, May 31, 1892; 7,000 feet. “Bill black; irides dark brown; feet dark fleshy brown; length, 43 inches ” ‘ 494 BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND. VoL. Xvu Male, adult, Krishnagunga Valley, northwest Kashmir, May 5, 1893; 7,000 feet. ‘Bill black; feet brownish black; length, 43 inches.” 137. STOPAROLA MELANOPS (Vigors). Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, May 12, 1893; 6,000 feet. ‘ Bill and feet black; irides dark brown; length, 6 inches.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May 29, 1893. ‘Bill and feet black; irides dark brown; length, 64 inches.” 138. ALSEONAX RUFICAUDUS (Swainson). Female, adult, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, adult, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, May 14, 1893;~ 6,000 feet. “Upper mandible black; lower mandible yellowish brown; feet dark fleshy brown; length, 52 inches.” Male, adult, Nowboog Valley, eastern Kashmir, May 29, 1892; 7,000 feet. ‘Upper mandible dark brown; lower mandible pale brown; feet very dark brown; length, 5? inches.” Male, adult, Krishnagunga Valley, Kashmir, May 6, 1893; 6,000 feet. “Upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible yellowish brown; feet dark fleshy brown; length, 54 inches.” Male, adult, Krishnagunga Valley, Kashmir, May 6, 1893; 6,000 feet. “Upper mandible black; lower mandible pale brownish horn; feet dark fleshy brown; length, 5? inches.” 139. TERPSIPHONE PARADISI (Linnzus). Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 9, 1891. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 8, 1891. Adult, Vale of Kashmir, May, 1892. Three specimens. Family HIRUNDINID 2. 140. HIRUNDO URBICA, Linnzus. Female, adult, Kharbu, Kashmir, June 26, 1893; 12,000 feet. ‘+ Bill black; length, 53 inches.” Male, adult, Indus Valley, Ladak, June 28, 1893; 10,000 feet. “ Bill black; irides brown; claws pale brown; length, 55 inches. Common along the Indus.” 141. HIRUNDO CASHMERIENSIS (Gould). Female, adult, Atchibal, Vale of Kashmir, May 26, 1892. 142, PTYONOPROGNE RUPESTRIS (Scopoli). Male, adult, Khartaksho, Indus Valley, Baltistan, March 23, 1892; 8,000 feet. ‘Bill horn black; feet pale brownish flesh; irides dark brown; length, 53 inches.” 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 495 Female, adult, Khartaksho, Indus Valley, Baltistan, March 23, 1892; 8,000 feet.‘ Billhorn black; feet pale fleshy brown; irides dark brown; length, 52 inches.” Temale, adult, Dras Valley, Kashmir, June 21, 1893; 10,000 feet. “Bill black; feet flesh color; length, 6} inches.” 143. CHELIDON RUSTICA (Linneus. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891. Female, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 4, 1891. Male, aduit, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891. Male, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891 Male, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 24, 1891. Female, adult, Gunderbal, Vale of Kashmir, April 2, 1892. “ Bill and feet black; irides brown; length, 74 inches.” Male, adult, Gunderbal, Vale of Kashmir, April 2, 1892. “ Bill and feet black; irides brown; length, 74 inches.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May, 1892. Female, adult, Srinagar, Kashmir, April 3, 1892. “ Bill and feet black; irides dark brown; length, 74 inches.” 144. CHELIDON ERYTHROPYGIA (Sykes). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May 18, 1893; 6,000 feet.‘ Bill black; feet dark fleshy brown; irides dark brown; length, 74 inches.” Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May 18, 1893; 6,000 feet. ‘ Bill black; feet dark fleshy brown; irides dark brown; length, 63 inches.” Family PICID. 145. GECINUS SQUAMATUS (Vigors). Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 12, 1891. Male, adult, Haramosh, Baltistan, February 22, 1892; 6,000 feet. “Bill yellow, base of culmen horn color; feet greenish leaden; irides carmine, with a paler circle; length, 14; extent, 203 inches. Only one pair observed. Kashmir name il ka kur (literally, tree popper).” 146. DRYOBATES HIMALAYENSIS (Jardine and Selby). Female, immature, western Kashinir, July 6, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, immature, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, western Kashmir, July 7, 1891; 8,000 feet. Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. Female, immature, central Kashmir, August 2, 1891; 9,000 feet. Immature, central Kashmir, August 2, 1891; 9,000 feet. Female. immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 12, 1891. Female, adult, Nowboog Valley, eastern Kashmir, August 15, 1591; 7,000 feet. Male, adult, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 27, 1891; 8,000 feet. 496 BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND. VOL. XVIIL Female, adult, Haramosh, Baltistan, February 15, 1892; 9,000 feet. ‘“‘ Bill black, base of lower mandible slaty; feet slaty; length, 93 inches. Only specimen observed in this region.” The specimens marked immature females, all have red crowns, like the immature males, but in one of them the crown is almost black, only a few scattered red feathers being present. 147. DRYOBATES AURICEPS (Vigors), Female, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 12, 1891. Female, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, April 20, 1893. “Feet green- ish slate; bill horn black.” 148. JYNX TORQUILLA, Linneus. Female, adult, eastern Kashmir, August 15, 1891; 7,000 feet. * Bill brown; feet dark greenish flesh color; irides ight orange brown.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir (western part), April 13, 1892.“ Bill horn brown; feet slaty, with greenish tinge; length, 72 inches.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, western part, April 13, 1892; 5,500 feet. ‘Bill horn brown; feet dirty yellow, claws brown; irides pale brown.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, April 14, 1893. “Feet pale fleshy brown, with greenish tinge, claws horn color; bill horn color, dark at tip; irides pale brown; length, 72 inches.” Family UPUPIDA. 149. UPUPA EPOPS, Linnzus. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 22, 1891. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 10, 1891. Female, adult, eastern Kashmir, August 18, 1891; 6,000 feet. Family CUCULID®. 150. CUCULUS CANORUS TELEPHONUS (Heine). Male, immature, Vale of Kashmir, September 1, 1891. ‘Feet pale yellow; length, 134 inches. Extremely fat.” Female, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 10, 1891. “Bill black; base of lower mandible yellowish green; irides pale brownish; feet yellow; length, 12 inches.” Male, adult, Vaie of Kashmir, April 27, 1892; 6,000 feet. ‘ Bill black; base of lower mandible greenish yellow; orbital skin orange; irides orange; length, 134 inches.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, April 27,1892; 6,000 feet. ‘‘ Bill black; lower mandible greenish yellow at base; orbital skin orange; irides orange; feet bright yellow; length, 133 inches.” sea eye AS erring 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 497 151. CUCULUS POLIOCEPHALUS, Latham. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashinir, May 15, 1893; 6,000 feet.“ Bill black; base of lower mandible yellowish brown; orbital skin lemon yellow; irides brown; feet lemon yellow; length, 107 inches.” 152. COCCYSTES JACOBINUS (Boddaert). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 12, 1891. “Length, 123 inches.” Female, immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 13, 1891. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 24,1891. ‘‘ Feet leaden blue; bill black; irides dark brown; length, 124 inches.” Male, immature, Vale of Kashmir, September 1, 1891. “+ Feet leaden blue; irides brown; upper mandible black; lower mandible yellowish brown.” Family ALCEDINIDA. 153. ALCEDO ISPIDA BENGALENSIS (Gmelin). Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 1, 1891. Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 9, 1891. Male, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. Male, adult, Srinagar, Kashmir, August 4, 1891. “ Length, inches.” Adult, no data. ~l th 154. CERYLE RUDIS VARIA (Strickland). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 13, 1891. Three specimens. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 15, 1891, Family MICROPODID_E. 155. MICROPUS APUS PEKINENSIS (Swinhoe). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 2, 1893. ‘ Bill and claws black; feet dark fleshy brown; length, 7 inches.” Male, adult, Dras, Kashmir, June 22, 1893; 10,000 feet.“ Bill black; length, 7 inches.” Family CORACIID 4. 156. CORACIAS GARRULA, Linnzus. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 28, 1891. Female, adult, Lolab, Kashmir, July 10, 1891; 6,000 feet. Male, immature, eastern Kashmir, Angust 18, 1891; 6,000 feet. Family MEROPID§, 157. MEROPS APIASTER, Linnzus. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 9, 1891. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 10, 1891. ‘Bill black; feet leaden; irides brown.” Proc. N>M. 95——32 498 BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND. VOL. XVI, Family PSITTACID. 158. PALAZFORNIS SCHISTICEPS, Hodgson. Male, immature, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 1, 1891. Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 10, 1891; 6,000 feet. “Upper mandible red, yellow at tip; lower mandible yellow; feet slate; irides white.” Male, adult, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 10, 1891. Male, immature, Lolab Valley, Kashmir, July 12, 1891. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 22, 1891; 6,000 feet. “ Upper mandible red at base, yellow at tip, as is lower mandible; cere orange; irides yellowish white; feet dirty yellowish brown; length, 194 inches.” Immature, Vale of Kashmir, August 23, 1891; 6,000 feet. ‘ Bill yellow; feet greenish brown.” Family COLUMBID. 159. COLUMBA INTERMEDIA, Strickland. Male, adult, Dras Valley, Kashmir, November 9, 1891; 10,000 feet. ‘‘Trides orange; feet pinkish red; length, 14 inches.” Female, adult, Dras Valley, Kashmir, November 9, 1891; 10,000 feet. “ Leneth, 13 inches.” Male, adult, Dras Valley, Kashmir, March 27,1892; 9,000 feet. ‘ Bill black; feet red; irides orange red; cere white; length, 133 inches.” Male, adult, Dras, Kashmir, June 21, 1893; 10,000 feet. ‘‘ Bill black; cere white; feet red, claws black; irides brownish yellow; length, 13 inches.” Female, adult, Haramosh, Baltistan, February 16, 1892; 5,500 feet. ‘Bill black; cere grayish white; feet red; irides yellowish brown; length, 12% inches.” Male, adult, Haramosh, Baltistan, March 8, 1892; 7,000 feet. ‘+ Bill black; cere gray; feet dull pink; irides orange, paler near pupil; length, 132 inches.” The female from Haramosh has the rump gray, similar to the back; the male, on the other hand, has a very pale gray rump, the lower part being almost white. The four Dras birds show considerable grayish white on the rump, the color being in rather marked contrast with the gray of the back. 160. COLUMBA RUPESTRIS (Pallas). Male, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 23, 1891; 10,000 feet. ‘Bill black; feet dull red; irides orange; length, 134 inches.” Male, adult, Namika-la Pass, Kashmir, June 26, 1893; 12,000 feet. ‘Bill black; cere white; rrides red; feet pink, claws black; length, 133 inches.” 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 499 161. COLUMBA LEUCONOTA, Vigors. Male, adult, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 23, 1891; 10,000 feet. “Bill black; cere dusty gray; feet bright red; irides yellow; length, 133 inches.” 162. TURTUR FERRAGO (Eversmann). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 25, 1891; 6,000 feet. ‘Bill black at tip, dusky purple at base; feet dark purple; irides orange; length, 123 inches.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, September 1, 1891. ‘Feet dull purple; irides orange; bill dull purple at base, leaden blue at tip.” Male, immature, central Kashmir, September 12, 1891. “Feet dull purple; base of bill dusky purple, tip dull leaden blue; irides orange; length, 134 inches.” Male, adult, Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, August 29, 1891; 9,000 feet. “Length, 123 inches.” 163. TURTUR DOURACA, Hodgson. ’ Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 12, 1891. ‘Feet dark purple; irides red.” Male, adult,-Vale of Kashmir, August 12, 1891. “Feet purple; inides red.” : Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 24, 1891. ‘ Feet dull purple; bill black.” Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 10, 1891. 164. TURTUR HUMILIS (Temminck). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 25, 1891. Family PHASIANID. 165. TETRAOGALLUS HIMALAYANUS, Gray. Female, immature, central Kashmir, September 30, 1891; 11,000 feet. ““Naked skin behind eye yellow; front of tarsus and top of toes orange brown, rest of feet dull brown; irides light brown; length, 224 inches; weight, 33 pounds.” 166. CACCABIS SAXATILIS CHUCAR (Gray). Male, adult, central Kashmir, September 21,1891; 11,000 feet.‘ Bill vermilion; feet dull red; length, 154 inches; weight, 20 ounces.” Female, adult, central Kashmir, October 1, 1893; 11,000 feet.‘ Bill dark red; feet red; irides pale brown; length, 154 inches; weight, 14 ounces.” Male, adult, Rondu, Baltistan, February 4, 1892; 6,000 feet.“ Bill red; feet red; irides brown; length, 14% inches; weight, 20 ounces.” Male, adult, Haramosh, Baltistan, March 8, 1892; .7,000 feet. “ Bill and feet red; irides clear brown; length, 14 inches; weight, 17 ounces.” 5OO BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND, VOL. XVUI Male, adult, Leh, Ladak, July 1, 1895; 11,000 feet. ‘Bill dark red; irides brown.” The Ladak specimen is somewhat lighter than the rest of the series, but this is due in part to the worn condition of its plumage. I presume this individual represents the form described by Hume and Henderson as Caccabis pallescens. 167. LOPHOPHORUS REFULGENS, Temminck Male, adult, central Kashmir, October 16, 1891; 9,000 feet. ‘Length, 284 inches; weight, 65 pounds; feet greenish brown; bill dark brown, paler below and along gape.” Female, adult, central Kashmir, October 15, 1891; 9,000 feet. ‘Irides brownish gray; feet greenish; length, 24 inches; weight, 35 pounds.” Family ARDEID. 168. ARDETTA MINUTA (Linnzus). Male, adult, Dal Lake, Vale of Kashmir, May 25, 1893. “Feet and legs pale green; claws horn brown; bill horn black above, greenish yellow beneath; irides brownish yellow; length, 14? inches.” Female, adult, Dal Lake, Vale of Kashmir, May 25, 1893. “Feet and legs green; bill brownish horn above, brownish yellow beneath; irides brownish yellow; length, 133 inches.” Female, adult, Dal Lake, Vale of Kashmir, May 25, 1893. ‘Bill horn black above, greenish yellow beneath; feet green; irides brownish yellow; length, 15 inches.” 169. NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX (Linnzus). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 3, 1893. Family ANATIDA. 170. ANAS BOSCHAS, Linnezus. Male, Braldu Valley, Baltistan, December 6, 1891. 171. ANAS CRECCA, Linnzus. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, winter of 1891~’92. Female, adult, Shigar Valley, Baltistan, November 22, 1891; 8,000 feet. ‘Length, 142 inches.” 172. NYROCA NYROCA (Giildenstadt). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May 27, 1893. ‘Bill, feet, and legs leaden; webs black; irides dirty gray; length, 164 inches.” 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5O1 Family LARUD AS. 173. LARUS RIDIBUNDUS, Linnezus. Female, adult, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 27, 1891; 5,000 feet. “Bill red; feet dull red.” Female, immature, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 27, 1891; 5,000 feet. ‘Feet brownish flesh color.” Female, immature, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 27, 1891; 5,000 feet. “Feet brownish yellow.” 174. HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPAREIA (Temminck). Male, adult, Woolar Lake, Kashinir, August 4, 1891.“ Bill and feet dark carmine; length, 104 inches.” Female, adult, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, August 4, 1891. Male, immature, Vale of Kashmir, September 4, 1891, Family JACANID AS. 175. HYDROPHASIANUS CHIRURGUS (Scopoli). Male, adult, Woolar Lake, Vale of Kashinir, June 23, 1891. Male, adult, Woolar Lake, Vale of Kashmir, June 23, 1891. Female, adult, Woolar Lake, Vale of Kashmir, June 25, 1891. ‘“ Fe- male is much the larger of the sexes.” Male, adult, Woolar Lake, Vale of Kashmir, August 4, 1891. Female, adult, Woolar Lake, Vale of Kashmir, August 4, 1891. © Bill and feet pale leaden blue; imdes dark brown; length, 21? inches.” Female, immature, Woolar Lake, Vale of Kashmir, October 27, 1891; 5,000 feet. Family CHARADRIIDAS. 176. AEGIALITIS DUBIA (Scopoli). Male, immature, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 27, 1891; 5,000 feet. 177. ASGIALITIS DUBIA JERDONI (Legge). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, April 12, 1892; 5,200 feet. ‘ Bill black, yellow at base; feet slaty; irides very dark brown; length, 64 inches.” The wing of this specimen measures 3.90 inches, 178. VANELLUS VANELLUS (Linnezus), Male, immature, Woolar Lake, Kashinir, October 27,1891; 5,000 feet. “ Peet brown,” Male, ummature, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 27,1591; 5,000 feet. 502 BIRDS FROM KASHMIR—RICHMOND. : VOL xvini 179. SARCOGRAMMUS INDICUS (Boddzert). Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, September 1, 1891. “ Feet yellow; base of bill and cere dark crimson, tip of bill black; irides reddish brown.” Family SCOLOPACID 2. 180. CALIDRIS ARENARIA (Linnzus). Female, adult, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 27, 1891; 5,000 feet. 181. TOTANUS OCHROPUS (Linnezus). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, August 13, 1891. Male, immature, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 26, 1891; 5,000 feet. Male, immature, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 26, 1891; 5,000 feet. “Feet greenish slate color.” Male, immature, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, October 28, 1891; 5,000 feet. ‘‘ Bill greenish at base, becoming black at tip; feet greenish; length, 94 inches. Very common.” 182. ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS (Linnzus). Female, adult, Nowboog Valley, eastern Kashmir, May 30, 1892; 6,500 feet.‘ Bill brown, black at tip; feet greenish slate; irides dark brown; length, 8} inches.” 183. ROSTRATULA BENGHALENSIS (Linnzus). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May 27, 1893. ‘“ Feet and legs leaden, with greenish tinge; bill dull reddish, olivaceous near base; claws brown; length, 92 inches. Contained a mature egg.” Family RALLID A. 184. FULICA ATRA, Linnzus. Female, adult, Woolar Lake, Kashmir, April 11, 1892. ‘Feet pale leaden, soles dark leaden; irides blood red; bill and frontal plate white; length, 153 inches.” 185. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (Linnzus). Adult, Vale of Kashmir, May, 1892. Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 3, 1893. “Feet and legs green; bill and frontal plate red, point of bill greenish yellow; irides brown; length, 124 inches.” 186. AMAURORNIS AKQOL (Sykes). Male, young, Vale of Kashmir, September 5, 1891. This specimen is very young, just leaving the downy stage, and L have some slight misgivings about the correctness of the identification. AY ee 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 503 The back is uniform rich brown (between bistre and vandyke brown); lower throat, lores, and ear coverts gray (between drab and smoke gray); middle of breast pale buff, passing laterally into deep wood brown, this color much deeper on flanks; median line of abdomen white; sides of abdomen and thighs drab gray; throat and chin white, mingled with black down. All of these color patches are sharply defined, and narrowly separated from each other by lines of the black down which had evidently a short time previously covered the bird. Tarsus, 1.52 inches; culmen, 0.89. 187. LIMNOB4ZNUS FUSCUS, (Linnzus). Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, May 30, 1893.‘ Bill black above, greenish beneath; legs and feet vermilion, claws horny brown; irides red; orbital skin red; length, 74 inches.” Family PODICIPID 4. 188. COLYMBUS FLUVIATILIS, Tunstall. Male, adult, Vale of Kashmir, April 8, 1893.“ Bill black, tip white; bare skin at base of bill and gular patch pale green; outsides of feet and soles black; inner sides of tarsi and tip of toes greenish slate; irides brownish green; length, 10 inches.” Female, adult, Vale of Kashmir, June 2, 1893. ‘‘ Feet greenish slate; bill black; skin at base of lower mandible pale yellowish green; irides yellowish brown.” OSTEOLOGICAL AND PTERYLOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERS ; OF THE PROCNIATIDA. By F. A. Lucas, Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. THE striking characters of the skull of Procnias are the total absence of the transpalatine processes, the small size of the interpalatines, and the slenderness and outward curvature of the prepalatine bars, which makes the interpalatine vacuity almost oval in shape. I do not recall any other passerine in which the transpalatine process is totally absent, a condition which exists in such distant relatives of the Passeres as Thinocorus and Turnix. In the skull of a “half-ripe” embryo of a Fig. 3. Fig. 2. PALATAL REGIONS. (1) Petrochelidon lunifrons; (2) Proenias tersa; (3) Piranga erythromelas. Slightly enlarged. swallow,! the transpalatine processes are seen to ossify from separate centers, so that the condition found in Proenias may be considered as due to lack of development. : The maxillopalatines are long, slender, scarcely expanded at their free ends, and slightly pneumatic. There is a stout palatomaxillary ! Parker, ‘Skull of Agithognathous Birds,” Part II, pl. uu, fig. 4. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XVIII, No. 1077. DOD process, whether or not developed from a separate center is not known. The vomer is characteristically passerine, with the edges of the anterior extremity much upturned, instead of flattened, as in swallows and tanagers.' In the approximation of the pterygoids to the basitemporal region, there is a suggestion of such forms as MJieropus, this being noticeable in many so-called picarian birds. The jaw possesses no salient characters, but in spite of its broad, swallow-like shape, its general characteristics are suggestive of tana- erine rather than of hirundine affinities, and the same is true of the shape of the narial openings, although from the width of the cranium it might be thought that the reverse would be the case. The ventral portion of the ectoethmoid is narrow, as in tanagers, instead of being — expanded, as in swallows, and the postpalatines are produced over the © pterygoids, which again does not happen in swallows. The hyoid bones are short, the tongue itself hirundine in pattern, — with its posterior portion covered with short, backwardly directed . | 506 CHARACTERS OF THE PROCNIATIDA—LUCAS. VOL. J ! | | papille. The same style of tongue occurs among the swifts, and will probably be found in other insectivorous birds, in which the tongue is capable of but little protrusion. The manus is strictly passerine, as is also the hypotarsus, which has five tendinal!l perforations, whereof the postero-outermost is closed by cartilage, as in some swallows, although this is a comparatively unimportant particular. The skull of Chlorophonia, although not typi- cally tanagrine, bears no close resemblance to that of Procnias, although the two are usually placed near one another. Résumé.—The skull, in spite of its superficial resemblance to that of a swallow, is structur- ally more nearly like that of such a typical tanager as Piranga erythro- melas; but in the characters of the palate, Procnias departs so widely, not only from the tanagers, but from the large majority of passerine birds, .as to warrant the establishment of a separate family for the members of the genus. Iam indebted to Mr. Hubert L. Clark, who compared the pterylosis of Proenias with that of a number of tanagers, for the appended notes. Unfortunately the only specimen of Procnias available was a dried skin, and this at first sight appeared to show a dorsal apterium, although close examination showed that, in all probability, this was due to loss of feathers in making up the skin. “The ninth primary is the longest and the others follow in regular succession, eighth, seventh, sixth, etc., but the eighth is practically equal to the ninth. While this arrangement is by no means rare among the Passeres, it is not the rule, as the nimth is usually shorter than the Fig. 4. HEAD OF PROCNIAS TERSA. Natural size. ' Comparison is made with the swallows, because superficially the skull of Procnias ; y =e : strongly suggests that of a swallow. : | 1805. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 507 eighth or seventh. In the specimens of Rhamphocalus passerini, Tan- agra darwini, and Tanagra palmarum, which were examined with Proc- nias for comparison, the arrangement was quite different, Ahamphocelus having the ninth about equal to the first and second, and much shorter than the sixth, which was the longest; the two Tanagras had the sixth, seventh and eighth about equal, the ninth shorter and about equal to the fifth. ‘In the arrangement of the feathers of the head, Procnias differs from most Passeres by having several of the rows on the posterior part of the erown on each side widely sepa- rated, thus forming a peculiarly marked longitudinal pattern. This arrangement is, however, probably due to the increased width of the head, which is much the shape of a swallow’s; the same arrangement, due to proba- bly the same cause, is carried to the extreme in the Caprimulgi. ‘The form of the dorsal tract is very different from that of Rham- phocelus or Tanagra, all of which are figured to show the variations. Fig. 5. Tt is a little like 7. palmarum, or Ras sa Ree ea es Certhiola as figured by jnucas;! (a) Procnias tersa; (b) Tanagra darwini; (¢) ‘ana- but the diamond-shaped dorsal gra palimarom id) Bhamphcelus passer tract is longer and nearer the middle of the back. The ventral and femoral tracts were destroyed in making the skin, and no proper conception could be formed of the cervi- eal or sternal tracts, as they were twisted and crowded all out of shape. “There is nothing in the ptervlosis of Chlorophonia to indicate any relationship to Procnias, but on the other hand there is a decided resemblance to Tanagra palmarum. In faet, the only difierence from that species worth noting is the smaller size of the dorsal tract, the shape being apparently the same. “The pterylosis of Procnias is evidently passerine, but shows no par- ticular leaning toward any group, and seems to differ slightly from the tanagers, with which it has hitherto beenclassed. As far as pterylosis alone is concerned, it may be placed anywhere among the Passeres, but not too far from the warblers, finches, or swallows.” = a b Two-thirds natural size. 1 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 303. ON BIRDS COLLECTED BY DOCTOR W. L. ABBOTT IN THE SEYCHELLES, AMIRANTES, GLORIOSA, ASSUMPTION, ALDABRA, AND ADJACENT ISLANDS, WITH NOTES ON HABITS, ETC., BY THE COLLECTOR. By ROBERT RIDGWAY, Curator of the Department of Birds. THE present paper is based upon two collections made by Dr. W. L. Abbott, of Philadelphia; one, of 59 specimens, on the Seychelles, dur- ing March, April, and May, 1890; the other, of 205 specimens, on Alda- bra, Assumption, the Amirante group, He Glorieuse, and other islands northwest of Madagascar, during the period extending from July, 1892, to January, 1893, inclusive. The representation of species, including several accidental visitants, is believed by Dr. Abbott to be very nearly complete, as the following extract from a letter received from him, written at Mahé, Seychelles, March 10, 1893, will more fully explain: “T have now visited nearly all the small islands in this neighborhood, and think the collection of birds which has been sent is nearly compicte. ... L think almost all the sea birds frequenting these seas are con- tained in this collection and the one sent three years ago. The only land birds of the Seyehelles which I failed to obtain were Gymnoscops insularis, Tristram, and Paleornis wardi, E. Newton, but of the latter I obtained a specimen a few days since. It is on the verge of extine- tion here, but is said to be still fairly common in the neighboring island of Silhouette. “No land bird exists (unless introduced) on any of the Aimirantes or other islands between the Seychellesand Cosmoledo and Aldabra. This is probably due to the fact that these islands are extremely small, and consequently any small bird would be sooner or later blown to sea during the occasional (though rare) hurricanes. “Aldabra proved quite interesting. I remained there three and a half months. and obtained specimens of all resident species. There are fourteen land birds resident, and I picked up six others that were evidently ‘passers-by.’ Also obtained nests and eggs of most of them. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VITI—No. 1079. 509 510 BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY, Vou. xvut. Am sending you (in another letter) a full account of their habits, which may prove interesting. Of the fourteen residents at least eleven will prove new to science, I think.’ The barn owl [undetermined form, pos- sibly new] and the fruit pigeon [Alectrwnas sganzini| seem similar to those of Madagasear. The Tinnunculus appears different. The ‘flight- less bird’ proves to be a rail, as I anticipated. It is confined to the islands of Aldabra, Assumption, Astove, and Cosmoledo, though, as the last two were not visited, I only know by hearsay.? The most con- spicuous water bird of Aldabra, which may be identical with that of Madagasear and Africa, is the flamingo. “After leaving Aldabra I visited, and got wrecked upon, Gloriosa Island, near Madagasear, where I found three of the five land birds to be entirely different from those of Aldabra, and expect they may turn out to be new. Was unable to get to Cosmoledo and Astove, although three attempts were made; feel certain that they contain something interesting.” I.—BIRDS FROM THE SEYCHELLES. Family LARIDE. 1. STERNA BERNSTEINI, Schlegel. One specimen; Flat Island, August 7. 2. STERNA MINUTA, Linnzus. (ne specimen; Mahé, April 2. 3. STERNA ANAZZTHETUS, Scopoli. Two specimens; Mahé, April 1, the other, without locality, August. 4. ANOUS STOLIDUS (Linnzus). Three specimens; Seche, April 3. 5. GYGIS ALBA (Sparrmann), Two specimens; Mahé, March 30, Family STERCORARIID A, 6. MEGALESTRIS ANTARCTICUS (Lesson). One specimen, without special locality, August 5. 1'The number of new forms from Aldabra which I have been able to make out is only seven, but several others doubtfully referred to forms already known may prove to be really distinct when actually compared, our collection lacking the necessary material for making satisfactory comparisons.—h. R. ‘The Aldabra and Assumption birds prove to be different, however, the latter new to science. Both forms are related to, but quite distinct from, the Madagascar species, Dryolimnas cuviert (Pucheran).—R. R. iliac cies ane iar te Ol KO. at pe 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 51l Family PROCELLARIID. 7. PUFFINUS TENEBROSUS, Pelzeln? Puffinus tenebrosus, PELZELN, Ibis, 1873, 47 (King George’s Sound; Vienna Imp. Mus.). Three specimens; Ile Cousin, May 7. Specific characters.—Similar to P.auduboni, Finseh,’ but smaller (wing slightly shorter, other measurements, except length of nasal tube, very much less), tail much less graduated, and under tail-coverts more exten- sively dusky; no trace of whitish spot over anterior angle of eye; lores and ear-coverts almost wholly dusky; outer side of tarsus Rane a eholle dusky (nearly the lower half quite black), and outer side of middle toe also chiefly dusky; anterior margin of webs dusky. Trefer this bird, which is obviously distinet from P. auduboni, though nearly related, to Pelzeln’s P. tenebrosus with much doubt. The latter, according to tite original description, lacks the dusky anterior margin to the webs, and there are certain other discrepancies; but unless it is P. tenebrosus, | do not know what to call it. According to Finsch,? P. obscurus (Ginelin) ‘may be distinguished at once by the uniform pure white under tail-coverts,” while the present bird has these feathers even more extensively dusky, as well as rather darker in color than in P. auduboni. It seems, however, that My, Sal vin differently interprets or identifies P. obscurus, since, in making comparison between different specimens of what he calls that species, he mentions,* as exceptional, a specimen from Sainoa, in which “the crissum is white in the middle to its extremity, the sides alone being dusky,” while in another Samoan bird ‘‘the central feathers of the cris- sui are dusky, tipped with white.” F Possibly the present bird may be P. obscurus, according to Mr. S$ Sal- vin’s view as to what constitutes that species; but, lacking specimens for comparison, | can not make a satisfactory determination of the question. Measurements * of Pufinus tenebrosus (2) from the Seychelles. ieee mc Eo eee - Ed] |% Cata- | a) | a 8 tee logue Collee- Sex and Sone ee : 5 | iecoay eae g ao tion. | age. Locality. Date. S| sj)5 lee] .|+ ber. | | le) (2/213 eel 2/2 | | \fla lel 81a leg eis | JF JA |S/O/A Ate | = . Perit. 3 ; ale eae Bee ees aes el a ae 119756 | U.S.N.M.| Female ad-.! [le Cousin, | May 7, 1890 |7. 20:3. 00/0. 48 1. 02/0. 38)... .|1.451.5 | | Seychelles. | | | | 119757 )..--do'..-.| Female:ad'.|....- (ye esean jaecae GOtse ne 7. 70,2.95| . 48.1. 05} . 25)0. 25)1. 41/1. 60 119758 |..--do .~..-| Male ad .-.|----.. Wo ees peer dotsctac 7.503.05) .52.1.00| .27)....|1.40)1.58 | Nay rcp a! baer ct Oe 7.473. 00| .49 1.02) .30| .251.423.57 \ 1 *The measurements in this table are 1m inches. PPufinus auduboni, FINscu, Proc. 760k Soe. Lond., 872, 111, (Atlantic Ocean). P. obscurus, Audubon et Auctorum, nee Procellaria Be Gmelin. 2Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 111. SIbis, July, 1888, p. 357. ree BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY,. Vou. xvi. a : q Measurements * of Puffinus auduboni, { . 1 | | | oleobe ee : | | sa | ja BI Cata- | = \ mn tea p logue Collec- Sex and Tigcalstes | Date: | 6 | 2 Le é num- tion. age. ¥ | 5 ae ole = ber. | on eae jeeOug nese cee | 3 = | \2/a/2/4/2 |e) 2) = ; eo |W | S|] 8 los] @ | ex et |e cy ere I a or (SNe ey Fai aS | Fico wv a eG has (oe 11949 | U.S.N.M.| Male ad .... Bahamas...) Apr. 1, 1859 |7. 90'3. 85/1. 10)1. 20:0. 28/0. 22/1. 45 1. 75 11950 |....do ....| Female ad-}.-..- Oger ees [pee 7.65 3.50! . 751.25 . 30) . 26/1. 401.70 110651 |....do ....| Male ad...) Green Key, | Apr. 4, 1884 §.15'3. 60] .90)1. 18) .30) . a aes 75 | Bahamas. | HiOG54415- aol. = | Male ad... Washerwo- | May 7, 1884 8.003. = Fa 22Ir. 30) 28/1. 65/1. 85 man Key, | | | | | Bahamas. | | | | IMO655i\\s2 5-00". - =| Male adl- leo eee Ozer aa eater domerce 8. 05:3. 60} . 8U'1. 12) . 28) . 25'1. 58)1. 85 110626 |..-.do ....| Malead... -...- Gane see Gosoe dower 8. 003.50} .90)1. 12] . 27) . 28/1. 60/1. 80 | 10657 |5---doy_--| Memaleado.—- =. don oos4 | se doarssa-- 7.923. 65) .85)1. 12] .28) . 27/1. 6011.80 | 110658 |....do ..-.| Female ad.| Green Key, | Apr. 4, 1884 |7.503. 45) .85)/1. 20) .27| . 27/1. 58/1. 75 _ Bahamas. | | lee SO978u pat aed ore=-.2| Male adie ce) tocibaes NVES UN) =esms se eee 7.95.3. 40)... -|1.18) ..30 eae OTL 77 | Indies. | | | 0070, |. edo’ S.22| Memileads|/2--sdo.2 0 2)|-2scee eat ee 8.253.55 .801.15| .32| . 2811. 65/1. 85 114978 |....do ....] Femalead. Grenada, | Apr.2, 1888 |7, 823. 62) .92/1.08) .25]_...1.60)1. 90 | West In- | | | dies. 2 | | a ee I (Paes AST OTANCS| $23 e-cceceise 7. 93/3. 58 0. 86/1. 17| . 29] . 271. 58/1. 80 | | | es * The measuremeuts in this table are in inches. Family RALLID. 8. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (Linnzus), Two specimens; La Digue, April 10, Family ARDEID A. 9, BUBULCUS BUBULCUS (Savigny). One specimen; Ile Coétivy, August 10. 10. BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLUS (Afzelius). Two specimens; Mahe, April 4, and La Digue, April 10. Family PHAETONTID2. 11. PHAETON CANDIDUS (Drapiez). Three specimens; Mahé, March 29, 30, Family COLUMBIDZ. 12. TURTUR PICTURATUS (Temminck) (2). One specimen; Mahé, July 19. This specimen, an adult female, differs so decidedly in coloration from an adult male of true 7. picturatus, from Madagascar, that very much | doubt whether the two birds are identical. The Mahé specimen is ali 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 513 altogether paler in coloration, the back and lesser wing- “coverts being light rusty chocolate, instead of deep violet-bay, and the under parts dull vinaceous-buff, instead of deep vinaceous, There are also other minor differences. According to Dr. Sclater? this bird was “certainly” introduced into the Seychelles; but whether from Madagascar or Mauritius is not stated. The bird found in Mauritius is ‘“‘ believed by Professor Newton to have been originally introduced there from Madagasear,* and Dr. Sclater says‘ that a Seychelles skin examined by him did not differ from Mauritius examples. Dr. Abbott, however, is positive that the Seychelles bird is not an introduced species, but a native of the islands, It remains to be seen whether adult males from the Seychelles differ as much from Madagascar specimens of the same sex as does the female from a Madagascar male. From the nature of the differences observed, noted above, I am inclined to think that there are sufficient differences existing to warrant their separation; and should this surmise prove correct, and there be no mistake concerning the alleged introduction of the Seycheiles bird from Mauritius, then the logical conclusion would be that the birds of the last-mentioned island are indigenous, and not introduced from Madagascar, as Professor Newton believed. In view of the above facts, I propose for the Seychelles bird the name Turtur abbotti. 13. TURTUR ROSTRATUS, Bonaparte, Two specimens; Mahé, March 19 and 29. 14. ALECTRGENAS PULCHERRIMA (Scopoli), Five specimens; Mahé, March 30 and July 22. Family FALCONID. 15. TINNUNCULUS GRACILIS (Lesson). Two specimens; Mahé, March 28 and April 4. Family PSITTACID A. 16. CORACOPSIS BARKLYI, E. Newton. Two specimens; Ile Praslin, May 6. 17. PALAXKORNIS WARDI, E. Newton. One eecmen; ae) March. ‘Its measurements are as Bie Wing, 6.40 inches; tail, 4.55; culmen, 0.75; tarsus, 0.68. ?Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 693. ’Sclater, loc. cit. 4Loc. cit. Proc. N. M. 95 3d 514 BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY. vow.xvm. Family CUCULIDA. 18. CUCULUS Sp?. No specimens sent, but Dr. Abbott writes that a gray cuckoo, rather larger than the one found in Madagascar, occurs on Mahé. He saw 2 fragmentary specimen in the possession of an English druggist at Port Victoria. Family MICROPODID®. i9. COLLOCALIA FRANCICA (Gmelin). Two specimens; Mahé, April 17. Family “TIMELIIDA.” 20. IXOCINCLA CRASSIROSTRIS (E. Newton). Four specimens; Mahé, Mareh 28, 29. ) 9 9 21. COPSYCHUS SECHELLARUM, A. Newton. Two specimens; Marianne, April 11. Family MUSCICAPID. 22. TERPSIPHONE CORVINA (E. Newton). Six specimens; La Digue, April 9, 10; Marianne, April 11. Family NECTARINIID A. 23. CINNYRIS DUSSUMIERI (Hartlaub). Seven specimens; La Digue, April 9; Félicite, April 12; He Cousin, May 7; Mahé, March 28. Family MELIPHAGIDA. 24. ZOSTEROPS SEMIFLAVA, E. Newton. One specimen;. Marianne, April 11. 25. ZOSTEROPS MODESTA, E. Newton. Three specimens; Mahe, March 28. Family PLOCEIDZ&. 26. NESACANTHUS SECHELLARUM (E. Newton). Four specimens; Le Cousin, May 7; Marianne, April 11. 27. FOUDIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linnzus). Two specimens; Mahé, March 28, 31. 1898. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 515 II. BIRDS OF THE AMIRANTE GROUP. Family LARID. 1, STERNA BERNSTEINI, Schlegel. lle Poivre; no specimens. 2. GYGIS ALBA (Sparrmann). Iles Alphonse, Des Roches, Poivre, St. Joseph, and D’Arros; no specimens. 3. ANOUS STOLIDUS (Linnzus). le Poivre; no specimens. Family PROCELLARIID A. 4. PUFFINUS SPHENURUS, Gould. Two specimens; Ile Poivre, August 29. Creole name Fouquet. (Abbott, MS.) Family DROMADIDA. 5. DROMAS ARDEOLA, Paykull, Ile Poivre; no specimens. Family ARENARIID 2. 6. ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linneus). Nes Poivre, St. Joseph, and D’Arros; no specimens. Family SCOLOPACIDE. 7. NUMENIUS ARQUATUS MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linnzus). One specimen; Ile Poivre, August 27. 8. NUMENIUS PHAOPUS (Linnezus),. Iles Alphonse, Des Roches, Poivre, St. Joseph, and D’Arros; no specimens. ; 9. TOTANUS NEBULARIUS (Gunnerus), One specimen, Ile St. Joseph, August 29. Family ARDEIDZ. 10. ARDEA CINEREA, Linnezus. Iles Alphonse, Poivre, and St. Joseph; no specimens. 11. BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLA (Afzelius). Ne Alphonse, August 24; one specimen. Also found on Hes Des Roches, Poivre, St. Joseph, and D’Arros, fide Abbott, MS. * a ‘ 516 BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY. Vou. xvi. { 12. BUBULCUS BUBULCUS (Savigny). Hes Alphonse, Des Roches, Poivre, St. Joseph, and D’Arros; no specimens. Family PELECANIDA. 13. PELECANUS RUFESCENS, Gmelin. One specimen; Ile St. Joseph, August 29. ‘A small colony—perhaps one hundred individuals”—said by Dr. Abbott to inhabit Ile St. Joseph, and noteworthy “as being the only colony of pelicans in these seas.” Family SULID. 14. SULA PISCATOR (Linnzus). 4 One specimen; Le St. Joseph, August 29. Also found on Ne D’Arros. (Abbott, MS.) 15. SULA LEUCOGASTRA (Boddaert). Three specimens; lle D’Arros, August 30. Also found on Le Poivre and St. Joseph. ‘Creole name, ‘Capucin” Only a few pairs live in Aldabra. Breeds in considerable number in Gloriosa; also in the Amirantes.” (Abbott, MS.) It seems that Dr. Abbott confounded this species with the gray phase of S. piscator; atleast the only specimens which he sent of S. lewcogaster are the three from Isle D’Arros, Amirantes, mentioned above. Family FREGATID. 16. FREGATA ARIEL (Gould). One specimen; Ile St. Joseph, August 29. The name ariel, Gould, having been quite generally cited as a syno- nym of minor, Gmelin, it is proper that I state here my reasons for reinstating it as a specific name: A reference to Gmelin’s diagnosis and the descriptions and figures upon which it is based proves beyond question that the name minor be- longs to the small intertropical form of F.aquila. The bird under consid- eration is unquestionably a distinct species from /’. aquila, being readily distinguished from the small form to which the name minor belongs by several very positive characters, involving not only differences of color- ation, butof form and dimensions also. That the name F, ariel( Gould) belongs to this distinct species I have been able to determine positively by the assistance of Mr. Witmer Stone, conservator of the ornitholog- ical section of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, who, at my request, kindly examined Gould’s types in the collection of that institution. The characters of F. ariel are as follows: Specific characters.—Much smaller than F. aquila minor, with very 7 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ary much shorter and slenderer bill and smaller feet. Adult male with a transverse patch of white on each flank. Adult male.—No. 128775, U.S.N.M., [le St. Joseph, Amirante group, Indian Ocean, August 29, 1892; Dr. W. L. Abbott: Plumage black, duller, and inclining to dark grayish brown on tertials and under parts, the lanceolate feathers of the top of the head, hind neck, back, and scapulars, as well as some of the smaller wing-coverts, very slightly glossed with dull greenish and purplish (the former prevailing); outer webs of rectrices faintly glossed with purple. A conspicuous trans- verse, somewhat crescentic, patch of white on each flank. Shafts of rectrices pale brown or brownish white on under surface. ‘* Bill brown- ish horn; gular pouch red; feet black; irides brown.” (Abbott, MS.) Total length (before skinning), 30.50 inches; wing, 20; tail, 13; middle feathers, 5.70; culmen, 3.30; greatest width of bill at base, 0.92; depth at base, 0.95; depth through narrowest part, 0.42; middle toe, 1.80. Family PERDICID A. is SPAR TRID GES? Introduced from Madagascar, via Mauritius, into [es des Roches, Poivre, and D’Arros. (Abbott, MS.) Family COLUMBID 4. 18. TURTUR SATURATUS, Ridgway. Turtur saturatus, RipGway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XVI, No. 953, Advance sheet, August 16, 1893, p. 4. Specific characters.—Similar to T. aldabranus, Sclater, but much darker; the whole back rich purplish chocolate, the head, neck, and chest similar, but slightly paler; light-colored tips to rectrices more restricted and more tinged with gray (wholly gray in adult female); adult male with sides of neck distinctly glossed with green. Habitat.——Anmirante group (Ile Poivre; [le Alphonse’). Type.—No. 128725, U.S.N.M., male adult, Ile Poivre, August 22, 1892; Dr. W. L. Abbott. ‘ Bill whitish horn at tip, cere and base livid purple; feet livid purple in front, leaden behind.” (Abbott, MS.) Not having any adult male from [le Alphonse, 1 am somewhat doubtful regarding the question of whether the birds of that island and Ile Poivre are identical. An adult female from Ile Alphonse is in general characters similar to the male from ile Poivre, but has the wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle tail feathers much browner (very nearly Prout’s brown on upper tail-coverts), while the terminal- spaces of the tail feathers are wholly gray or else tinged with brown, there being no white whatever. ‘There is only a trace of green gloss on the sides of the neck, and this is observable only in certain lights. The dimensions are considerably smaller than in the lle Poivre bird, 518 BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY. vou. xvm. but not being greater than between males and females of 7. aldabranus, the difference is undoubtedly merely sexual. A young female from [le Alphonse is similar to the adult but still browner, the upper tail-coverts, etc., approaching chestnut, the wing- coverts and some of the remiges tipped with chestnut, and the terminal tail spaces largely rusty brown. Family “TIMELIIDA.” 19. IXOCINCLA CRASSIROSTRIS (E. Newton). One specimen; [le Poivre, August 27. 20. COPSYCHUS SECHELLARUM (E. Newton). One specimen; Ile Alphonse, August 24. (Introduced, fide Abbott, — MS.) | Family PLOCEID A. 21. FOUDIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linnzus). Two specimens; Ile des Roches, August 26. (Introduced, fide Abbott, MS.) 22. ESTRELDA ASTRILD (Linnzus). Two specimens; lle Alphonse, August 24. (Introduced, fide Abbott, MS.) : Family FRINGILLID. 23. PASSER INDICUS, Jardine and Selby. Iles des Roches, Poivre, St. Joseph, and D’Arros; no specimens. (Introduced, fide Abbott, MS.) 24. SERINUS ICTERUS (Bonnaterre). One specimen; Ile des Roches, August 26. (Introduced, fide Abbott, MS.) III.—BIRDS FROM FLAT ISLAND. Family LARID/®. 1. STERNA MINUTA (Linnzus). Creole name, ‘‘Fanchon.” (Abbott, MS.) 2. GYGIS ALBA (Sparrmann). Family SCOLOPACID &. 3. NUMENIUS PHAZOPUS (Linneus). a 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 519 Family ARDEID. 4, BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLUS (Afzelius). No specimens of any of these species were received from Flat Island. V.—BIRDS FROM COETIVY. Family LARID/4. 1. GYGIS ALBA (Sparrmann). Family SCOLOPACID 4. 2, NUMENIUS PHAOPUS (Linnzus). Family ARDEID. 3. BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLUS (Afzelius). 4. BUBULCUS BUBULCUS (Savigny). Family FREGATID 2. 5. FREGATA ARIEL, Gould? (Possibly F. aquila minor, since Dr. Abbott did not distinguish the two species. ) Family PHASIANID 4. 6. “PARTRIDGE.” (Introduced, fide Abbott, MS.) None of the species found on Coétivy were collected by Dr. Abbott. VI.—BIRDS FROM PROVIDENCE ISLAND. Family LARID. 1. STERNA BERNSTEINI, Schlegel. Two specimens, August 17. 2, STERNA MELANAUCHEN, Temminck. Three specimens, August 17. 3. ANOUS STOLIDUS (Linnezus). One specimen, August 14. 4. GYGIS ALBA (Sparrmann), No specimens. Family DROMADID 4. 5. DROMAS ARDEOLA, Paykull. Three specimens, August 18. 520 BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY. vow. xvi. Family ARENARITD A. 6. ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linnzus). One specimen, August 14. Family CHARADRITD®. 7. ZEGIALITIS GEOFFROYI, Waegler. No specimens. VII.—BIRDS FROM ASSUMPTION ISLAND. Family LARIDA. 1. GYGIS ALBA (Sparrmann). No specimens and no notes. Family SCOLOPACID. 2. NUMENIUS PHAOPUS (Linnezus), No specimens. Family RALLIDZ. 3. DRYOLIMNAS ABBOTTI, Ridgway. Rougetius abbotti, Ridgway, The Auk, XI, January, 1894, 74 (Assumption Island; U.S.N.M.). Specific characters.—Simiiar to D. cuvieri (Pucheran), but upper parts very much lighter and grayer, black streaks on back narrower, and size less, the wing especially. Differs from D. aldabranus (Giinther) in the streaked back and scapulars. Type.—N 0. 128826, U.S.N.M.; Assumption Island, September 18, 1892; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Four specimens, September 18. Family SULIDZ. 4. SULA PISCATOR (Linnzus). No specimens. 5. SULA CYANOPS, Sundevall. One specimen, September 18. “Creole name, ‘Fou general.’ A few breed in Assumption, laying a single egg on bare ground on sand dunes. Common in Gloriosa Island and Tle Lise, and also found in several of the Amirantes.” (Abbott, MS.) 6. SULA ABBOTTI, Ridgway. Sula abbotti, RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1890, p- 599 (Assumption Island; WSSENeME): Specific characters.—Most like S. cyanops, Sundevall, but bill much more robust, and coloration different, the prevailing color of the wings 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 521 and tail deep black instead of grayish brown, the wing feathers (both remiges and coverts) with inner webs and bases largely and abruptly pure white, and the upper tail-coverts and flanks marked with euttate or wedge-shaped spots of black. Type.—No, 128761, U.S.N.M., adult male, Assumption Island, Indian Ocean, September 18, 1892; Dr. W. L. Abbott: Head, neck, back. rump, upper tail-coverts, and entire under parts pure white; scapulars and wing-coverts pure white basally, grayish black terminally, the former mostly concealed, but frequently exposed as angular spots or streaks, particularly on the lesser and middle wing-coverts; greater coverts with inner webs pure white, except at tip; remiges and primary coverts black superficially, but inner webs of secondaries chiefly (those of innermost feathers wholly) pure white, and those of the primaries also largely pure white, this color reaching to the shaft on the basal portion of the first quill, which also has the outer web white, and the shaft yellowish white, at base; on the innermost primary the white forms a broad edging which extends nearly to the tip, gradually running out to the edge, but at the base occupying the entire width of the web. Tail deep black, the feath- ers (except middle pair) sharply tipped with pure white, and broadly edged with the same at the base. Each of the upper tail-coverts has a large wedge-shaped median spot of black, and many of the feathers of the flanks are similarly marked. “Iris dark brown; feet leaden gray, lower parts of webs black; tip of bill [for about 1 inch] black; [rest of | bill fleshy white; orbital skin black; gular pouch light green.” (Abbott, MS.) Total length (skin), about 28 inches; wing, 18; tail, 5.40, outer feath- ers 3.20 shorter; culmen, 4.40; depth of bill at base (in front of lores), 1.65, width at same point, 1.22; tarsus, 2; middle toe, 3.50. This fine species is a little larger than S. cyanops, and of similar gen- eral appearance, but differs very much both in form and coloration. The bill is much heavier than in that species, for while but little longer it is altogether deeper and broader through the base. The serrations of the tomia are also much coarser. The tarsus is decidedly shorter, but the toes much longer, than in S. eyanops, and the covering of both legs and feet is far rougher than in that or any other species of the genus. As to coloration, the most conspicuous features are the sharply defined wedged-shaped black markings on a pure white ground, on the upper tail-coverts and flanks, the extensively white inner webs of the remiges, and the positively black, instead of brown, general color of wings and tail. Wherever the white and the black come into juxtapo- sition there is always a bold line of junction, and in no case a gradual shading together of the two colors. “Creole name, ‘ Fou beuf’ A few breed on Assumption. Said not to be found on any other island in these seas.” (Abbott, MS.) Judging from the description in Taczanowski’s Ornithologie du Pérou,! 1Vol. Il, p. 433. 522 BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY, VOU. Xvii S. variegata, Tschudi, of the coast of Peru, somewhat resembles this species in coloration, having, like it, the flanks (also the back) spotted with black, and the inner webs of the remiges and rectrices white— basally; but 8S. variegata is a bird of very different proportions, having avery slender bill (like that of S. nebowr?) and proportionally more graduated tail, with much narrower and more pointed feathers, besides being considerably smaller in all its dimensions. q Just what differences of coloration exist between adults of the two species I am not able to state, since the single specimen of S. variegata 4 which I have been able to examine is an immature bird, Comparative measurements of Sula abbotti, S. cyanops, S. nebouri, and 8. variegata. Middle toe. Width | Depth | of bill | of bill at base. at base. r | Rete te Vumber of specimens . r_$ ert Species. | aur end Wing.| Tail. (Culmen.'Tarsus. | wi i ZF flip 1c hte aes ee eae | | | Inches. Inches. Tnehes.| Inches. Inches. Tnches.| Inches. | Shapbotti..9| Onetliacies an eee | 18.00) 55 ,| 440] 200) 850) 1.22) 1.65 | ee | S. eyanops- - | Light (average) ------- | 16.92 f 5 3.96 2.19 | 3. O1 1. 07 | 1.45 | S. nebouxi-. | Seven (average). .----- | 16.73 | ae 4. 20 | 0.07| 9.87] .941 1.25 | S. variegata. | One (immature, but 14. 50 . = 3. 58 | 1. 90 2. 40 . 82 | 1.15 | full grown). 1 The second measurement indicates the difference in length between the longest and shortest rec- trices. Family FREGATID 2. 7. FREGATA AQUILA MINOR (Gmelin). No specimens. Family PHAETONTID &. 8. PHAETON RUBRICAUDUS, Boddaert. One specimen, September 18. ‘‘ Breeds on Assumption and Gloriosa. Nests on the ground in dense thickets or under a bush.” (Abbott, MS.) Family COLUMBID 4. 9, TURTUR ALDABRANUS, Sclater? No specimens. Family CUCULID2. 10. CENTROPUS INSULARIS, Ridgway. b. d ‘ Centropus insularis, RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVil, 1894, p. 373 (Assump- tion Island; U.S.N.M_ ). Specific characters.—Quite identical in nuptial plumage with C. toulow (Miiller); in other plumages, however, very much paler, the posterior — under parts bavred with pale brownish buff and dusky, in nearly equal quantity (uniform greenish dusky in corresponding plumage of oC: toulou). * " tf mt 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 23 _ Habitat.—Aldabra and Assumption islands. (Type, No. 128715, — U.S.N.M., female, adult, Aldabra, October, 1892. “Upper mandible horny brown; lower pale horny; irides red; feet bluish black.” (Abbott, MS.) Measurements vary so, both in this form and in C. towlou, that I have been unable to derive any satisfactory character from them. The pres- ent bird appears, however, to have almost invariably smaller feet than , toulou, as the following measurements show: Measurements of Centropus toulou. Museum | Sex and Tocalver: Date. | Wing.| Tail. Cul- Depth Tar- | Outer number. age. : Sait men. of bill.| sus. toe. | | | Tnehes.|Inehes. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. | UAC IN| : | xm | eat Pi Amous stolidas) (lin US) in. :¢ Dromas ardeola, Paykel S22 Sema sesemenia ae eee eee fore ae SE |e eS eerie eee Family ARENARIIDZ. | 30. Arenaria-interpres (Linnwus). 5.2. 2. < cclcecccees one Boa te. oal U anlfesoal lo-co IhsQa D> alle | > ol set-in | Family CHARADRIID®. 31. Squatarola squatarola (Linneeus)..-..-..-.--.------- x |x x Sites Seale sschost lage So An MAlIHIS PP COTONI, WAP lel aoa soeceh see ea eer cee Sx x xe li-= 5K Sepa eae 33.) Aepialitis: varius! (Vaeillot) =. 2-2... <2 ac emcee noes or x |x S beeiets ee eee eee Family GLAREOLID®. lea | | | n4éS Glarcola ocularis) Vierleaie sso. ascen. coset eens eee “eee | "| sz le wa es Ses a ete ees ee | Family SCOLOPACIDE. 35. Lrinoa minuta, Weisler --3..----.--.-6-5 tecseetasen-|---|--. aS SRE ike 2 Sell eae tee ces eal eae ir fee Jo eLrin Saal pinay Wales US| mia ee eee ances ee eerie 115 Poe tillceents pele ioe oll heen ee Reeernems I eee jess Se LEIN o LeLPU SING nO LENT CH. seca c= see eae see Yr fos | SK [| re Stee | mere eee Scan eae a ed 38. Calidris arenaria (Linnwus).---.---.-.....----------- Saat ay coe acer = =f haf ied A ag eee lars 39. Actitis: hypoleucos (immeeus)---.-<-.225-2---50e- 2 - SX RS |r | ea ee ere ey ec 40. Terekia cinerea (Giildenstadt)............-..-.--.-.- =o ol SS Te ae | ae eee ters joes Ai; Rotanus: glareola(hinnesus)- o5--- -22--e see cee ene ole aclses| (set ice teel Bes ann eee ae a 42. Totanus: nebularius (Gunnerus).------.-.-2222---2<- Bee see ce EX aI exX x i ec eea ee hans 43. Numenius arquata madagascariensis (Linnzus)..--- S| ren a ear ee 44. Numenius phzeopus (Linnzus) -.-.-------..------.-- xe | cal) age Ss eke ae sxe die eee -| x Family RALLID. | 45: Aphanapteryx broeckii (Schlegel)...........-....-.-- Ao eae cl nal So dl ae lee [eee se a eee ee 46. Erythromachus leguati (A. Milne-Edwards) ......2--|..-}...] = |..-]..-]_--]---}--. [02155 .!2-- aicil ss 47. Hy potsenidea pectoralis (Lesson).----...----..---ce-}--- X ose oel ese cclesetasesce ae ee 43. Dryvolimnas cuyien: (Pucheran):---222-.c--« aeacoceee Nia Nea nei eee all eee ea PR fot pales like 49. Dryolimnas aldabranus (Giinther) .-.--- Seon eee Jewell ee cre] Set sell sett Sal Screed a eran ee te 50. Dryolimnas abbotti, Ridgway ..-....-.-....-.-.....<- ase celles laa dl escleres| eae |e 5 ne bl Gallinularchloropus, (binnens). 2-2... 00. scccenece = aha) fe all eoye| OOH mal ected epee le rl ti lee er lees 52. (?) Gallinula pyrrhorhoa (Grandidier)............--- |S Herel Seater ef eke eta epee re ea Hoa GallnUlaspsimaege- tac ce Seeaasec sca. sooce ae eee Sealey. teeter Perel Pees Este artes 54. Porphyrio. porphyrio (Linneaus) .--...-..-2...---2-.- KA Se dea leR Sones Salts See eee Seale sales aikics 55. Porphyriola allen (Thompson) .-.....-..-....-.....- Seal] Nasco Eee | et eae oe Meret bee eee Ree 56. Fulica newtoni, Milne-Edwards ............-.----..- ce | HE |e oral canal eee eee eh ena eer OA eel Beel sae Family ANATID®. | (Sf. Amasganelleria(Sclaten)esesee- tees ooo + - sens coc seeme XX: /ae sco OP ea eee Seals ealeecieme (58. Dendrocygna viduata (Linnzeus).)....-....-..--..---|--- aloe lias fesaloce Cuatae shane lee st ooal ap alsipa 1 At sea, between Mauritius and Madagascar. 2St. Denys. A.—CATALOGUE OF BIRDS ASCERTAINED TO OCCUR AMONG THE ISLANDS NORTII 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. KAST OF MADAGASCAR, ETC.—Continuei. 541 AND ale 4 | | A a | Wt Neat whee g ay ees Nese esa ee) Ifese lcs Wiese Wh ae fen sen thea lhe S\e Mle Sisal Sis |eiSisisls BIE IB SSE 18/213 (2 (2/813 SIS IEE (SE ls (alalalalsle eee = 2 sees : | Family PHOSNICOPTERID.. | | | | | 59. Phoenicopterus erythreus, J. Verreaux ?:...-....---|... SS yexslieee x ae 60. Pheenicopterus minor Geoffroy St.-Hillaire.......---!)...).-2!... x? el See Family IBIDID 2. | | | Mimelibys bernienry, BONaApaALte. ----.<- - <2 see cen ne= nae So Roe le ere) reel eel esl Sof oe el bee ee lee tee Pp ST LUO LL MENLO WEL Vie ae a am anno nie mm ol= tn 'vleis/eaeimeysis microm ese |e iaie | Be | aed sea eae rae nese gst | Bits Nae See Family ARDEID, | | | allstar HOA ea | | | | 63. Ardea cinerea, Linnwus.--......-----60.0006 areata aera ees eee Ex So se ese tees ex se 64. Demigretta gularis (Bose) ---.- wee eee eee eee eee eee pee |oee eee --|--- X |---|--- x |x 65. Garzetta garzetta (Linneus) -...-...-.-------------- 2 a5 Fol se He eee Gs Bd 66. Bubulcus bubuleus (Savigny) .--..--.--------------- 2 | 2 SoH exeu| exe lieral eee Sc fg ee ek Pamerdecolarcomatan (Ee allas) sees cc sco cscccte-ssterseeccecel colonel ese Me IE ce ae x 68. Ardeola leacoptera (Boddaert) ---.------- a eee ee eecee esc Xe eee be ellie SPSS RANE es [aye oer ere et 69; Butorides atricapillus (Aizelius)..-....-----..--..--2|--- all Peeiec4 ls eife anes ae Wes eal beseatleseaee 70. Nyeticorax megacephala (A. Milne-Edwards)-------.)... -.. lex | eee Resa sa | Ok | ae iiepardestaisinensis (Gmelin) 2-5 sc. -2.5 scmwemeveiseecine-|ee0| sc). -- |x Sa] oa Se Ieee eae ome Family PELECANIDZ. | | | | | f2, Pelecanus rufescens, Gmelin.-.---..--..-...---.---.- ee |e eee x alle | Soe | eee | Family SULID. | | | feo sulacyanops, sundevall--—-- =~. ne cece eenoee---= sealers eos sealer Se (ox Ne eS LC CODOLUIs FRAC OW re = ie mofo =) ln owe wine ee sleleimesias oe | yal Beet es eae Wee | Cen (ae 75. Sula leucogastra (Boudaert).--.---....-------------- Seq] Pol oe Cael| 2 Silica eee an 76. Sula piseator (Linnwus)-.----. Pe aswale 2clietcleiviciciele ei foretell ball | hes |X | ESE | eR a oc | aaa ae | Family FREGATID2. | 77. Fregata aquila minor (Gmelin) ........---.---------- x3)x |x |x |..Ix |x] x |x fel... fombrecata ariel (GOUId) <2 6.22 n0--250ccmeenc=- mses See emiayae CoS dees onal en leper eb coe A Family PHAETONTID. | 79), Phaéton rubricaudus, Boddaert. .....2-...---=--.---|---|---|-.- [oe se 5K |Salad eal 80. Phaéton candidus, Drapiez............--------22---. EX ec lex ees | seat ee Se ape eee Family PHASIANIDZ, (8!. Gallus gallus (Linnzeus).) ....-.-.--------+« alaaieeeeiee [rarer Stews ope ay SX ey ever |eveya eee ae (82. Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin).) -.-.-----------|X X |x Hewaal eae peal ee |e oa ee (83. Francolinus chinensis (Osbeck).)....---------------- Ex ER tae | ee Sl Aeclleaicler| fee 84. Margaroperdix madagascariensis (Scopoli) ....-..-- [yes | De Ere reels lees Me (85. Perdicula argoondah (Sykes) ) ---------------------- [eal Beal Koc [see See calle eee Ne (86. Excalfactoria chinensis (Linneus).) .-.------------- eae EM etree ge | ee ell aye ep ell eae | lege (8% Coturnix coturnix (Linnzus).)....--+.--.--0.s00--<- See eee meal eae x |x IE | | Family NUMIDID&. | | | | | | (Soe Namad sani trata sballas) c= see nomlsits a= = see aa eae sce | re | a Nb | caalioe | = | | Family DIDIDA. | 89: Didus ineptus, Linnweus...... 2-5. cee s 2-25 --s-s ela | elec ey eel eel aye ee |. - 90. Didus borbonicus (Bonaparte).........-------------- Seal | | es eee [a 22 Soeaee |e oa les 91. Pezophaps solitarius (Gmelin) -....----.-----..--.-- en fae se | le a foal ae 3 Woe lees ecco oes r a Family COLUMBIDZ. | | | 92. Alectroenas rodericana (Milne-Edwards) ----...--.-- Bates, SSS Is | reali oh Meat ee ae f eS 93. Alectrenas pulcherrima (Seopoli) ..----.--.---..---- Bete | Mees eters |X| eal coe 3 [etre Se Ree ec oe ee 94. Alectreenas sganzini (Verreaux) ..-.-----------+----- aoe |e aM | Sera (ote x x |x |= 95. Aleetroonas nitidissima (Scopoli) .:..---.------------ en |p en aA Beal ee = 2d} So-) es |eateee 96. Columba polleni, Schlegel ..-..-.--.------ eerie ete etetete= fal eiayel eisai sl's.- Eee x | ee 97. Neseenas mayert (Marchal)..............-....-.--..- See ee lealscals sfeco)| a2 = ere eevee 98. Turtur picturatus (Vemminck) ..............---..-- || xi|!o x =| soelieie alee ashes sore lore ee 99. Turtur aldabranus, Sclater .....0..see+--e0- a aeewaealonGes cele ievissal = xf] x ele 542 BIRDS FROM SEYCHELLES AND VICINITY—RIDGWAY, You. Xvut. A,.—CATALOGUE OF BIRDS ASCERTAINED TO OCCUR AMONG THE ISLANDS NORTH AND EAST OF MADAGASCAR, ETC.—Continued. ; # & S 1S eed) ae 3 a/Sia/e/3} |g 8 5/2) 8) Scan aes trae lems a eeu ess 8/2 (5/3) 8/8/2/ B/E )4/8|S/3 Vay NPE eal SES | cet es el ee % S\sisl\Pla|SiS\ajSlslaia/s Balai (ala loi4didliai4jala Family COLUMBID&— Continued. | 100. Turtur comorensis, E. Newton...-.-..... ania ne MO lbw salle |(eatall ster ae fsreral| eee overs fatal ata |e sca | eal 101. Lurtur coppingert, Sharpe.-..-.-.----<.---- Seeniten pale sett i]! Sad eel ee eee 102) Purturrostratus, Bonaparte... ---ess---------c-see Scie) aoe ee alee) | 55 see lees Seal Sere vers ees | eee eae 103. Turtur saturatus, Ridgway.......---------------- Rreleerl= Bea aed eee ete ool =eiliemel| ere | See (104. Turtur semitorquatus (Riippell).) .-..-.------------ : a rere oe sl eee See SEE ose ob|| 2s) scll~ (105: Rurtur capicola(Sundevall):)--si..o--0s-2---ceee ene ees Se chase Se] Salhi cle eel teel lees eee aes (1065) Rurturichinensis)(Scopoli)) -os-.s2--e-= ee ener sso) Kilsos|ece|soalees| =e 4] a=] exe tee eee eel eee (107. Geopelia striata (Linnzeus).) -.--..----.------------ BA Nee | rat ne ee ale = ail wall crore er te ae eee (108. Tympanistria tympanistria (Temminck & Knip),)..|..- cena csese| feteyell mite rare | siete (eters Peers eR eR Family BUTEONID. 109. Cireus maillardi (J. Verreaux)..... iat faai(oyaotn'e(n iaimtmrateie| eR eee] ase eel atae Sao col aah 2-5||=5<\'555 110. Circus eruginosus (Linneus)...---.----------.---. Bis ol etre el ee ells See A ee ee 111. Circus macroscelis, A. Newton .....-.---..-----.... Ses 2 2h ol ST ee Bales ee | Fes] ee es Accipiter. pusillas. Gurney a= sense esse = eee Sct | epee eect ee eevee ere fea Evel ee | a | ee WSS ACcipiterdrancesiiy mMlG hes cre ete ee abl elm ae male sPoeelt 2s Sy Srere eel Steet KS ese eee 14. Aeccipiter-brutis (Pollen)) " 188. Zosterops modesta, KE. Newton ....-.......-..--..--- Pee eal ee Seles a cec|eer 189. Zosterops mauritiana (Gmelin).....-.----..--...---- Eel poetion See ee ee 190. Zosterops borbonica (Gmelin) ........-----.--.0=--<- SH Nh sess Stes | cake feel aH at Pel pe 191. Zosterops e. newtont, Hartlaub...-..-...--....--...--- | Sp | =P [ee ml ms fate alee ete aay ef ene ates eed 192. Zosterops kirki, Shelley ..-.-.....-- ae eeeacie Pecew eaten |S a| oe Se elias |e | ere De Family CORVIDZ. | 193. Corvus scapulatus, Daudin 2. -.2--22 ~~. eecen-ce|o5- joo oes 7a) OR] ae ere pea eee eee Family STURNID. (ae (194. Acridotheres tristis (Linnéeus).).....--.---.... .-.- |S Hee EP ee See ee ce eee eee 195. Fregilupus varius (Boddaert).-...-...--.-------..--. | co esa Seach tei sal | Sse Tree eke fees 4 196. Necropsar rodericanus (Gunther & E. Newton).....)...)...| x |... Sice ace Baye \- alerets| Sara Family PLOCEID&. | | . | | (197. Spermestes cucullata (Swainson).).......c0...--022-)...)..- of ehoeal rae ot Hiecore feel | Siena ie (198. Sporzeginthus amandava (Linnaeus).) .---..-....-..- x(x el a ete a Be Sd eee ae Wee tal eters (199. Padda oryzivora(Linnus).).-....-...-..........--- XK. | Se eeclee sl seas Seve a MS Se cea eae ees (200. Munia punctulata (Linnzeus).)..-...--....-......--. Noell een eel Sea el alee c| sec lee een eee (20l) Histrilda.astrildan(innseus).)2-cescaseseese ssc e amen Ki, Hex aleesaloe ta ex | r ng fl Se | ee en (202. Foudia madagascariensis (Linnzeus).) ------.------- x | BK rane | ee rer shone |S | Bcaloae lee 203. Foudia aldabrana, Ridgway -..---.-----.-.--------- HORNE ens painter Bea) Gina eee sete 204. Foudia flavicans, EB. Newton ...--..-----------.----- fener x ieee Se alee bbe lak cae ee 205. Nesacanthus bruante (Miiller).........-..---..-..... Kal setae zd] sc tes alte ee Rees Sees ee 206. Nesacanthus eminentissima (Bonaparte)-....... Saree eral ee | oWete Sel ecole ors ae |x: |e || oe 207. Nesacanthus rubra (Gmelin) .-......--=----<--..s0-0 on | x ace elon Slt Al Las a eee 208. Nesacanthus sechellarum, E, Newton ..........+-+---|---|--- BS Se | tera) sete |e = tee ein oral arate tee Family FRINGILLID. | | (209. Passer domesticus (Linnzus).) ......-...--.-------- eet es Luis sot ee a3 oo otal eT eealiate et Ge etait x (210. Passer indicus, Jardine & Selby) ..-.-...---.---.--- SH ||| PE Faye oe | | Soreipaere | sees (211. Serinus canicollis (Swainson).) ..-..---------------- SC isa yah ela Spe Sencha lle) oll Seo oe ste: sateen ote (212° Serinusicterus) (Bonnaterre):) ...-------5----- cS } ~ NN ¢ So 4 Ne i >, : ~ —) , = SD : \\ “aS ~~ Fig. 9. BYBLIS AGASSIZI, Male. By studying the sexual differences exhibited by the type species of the genus, b. gaimardi, we shall be better prepared to state whether Wi} = " d gi Fig. 10. BYBLIS AGASSIZI, Male. (a) First and (4) second maxille of Jeft side, ventro-lateral aspect; (e) grinder in profile; (@) right mandible, median face of cutting edge ; (¢) palpus, median face; ( f) maxilliped, ventral view. or not a given difference is probably to be included under the category of sexual peculiarities. 1895. a To render the comparison follows: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. -asier, 601 I have tabulated the conditions, as Sexual differences of Byblis gaimardii. FEMALE. Length, 15 mm. Superior antenne one-third length of body. Peduncle: Hairs not in tufts. No fringe of long hairs at base of tlagellum. Inferior antenne three-fourths length of body. Peduncle: Four-fifths of ventral side; no tufts of hairs; third joint not swollen. hairs on the Incubatory pouch present. Last three segments of pleon separated from the pereion by a shght annular constriction. Rami of last pleopodos bear no long hairs. Telson as long as broad. A comparison of the preceding | MALE, Length, 13.5 mm. Superior antenne one-half length of body. Peduncle: Brush-like tufts of hairs. | Fringe of long hairs at base of flagellum. Inferior antenne 1} length of body. Peduncle: Four-fifths of hairs on the dorsal side; brush-like tufts of hairs; third joint much swollen. Ineubatory pouch absent. Last three segments of pleon separated from the pereion by a deep annular constriction. Inner ramus of last pleopodos has long hairs on outer edge. Telson longer than broad. table with that of the two sexes of Byblis serrata (p. 599) will further illustrate the nature of the characters that are. subject to sexual dimorphism. It will now be instructive to assume that the Newport specimens are males of Byblis longicornis, and to construct a provisional table exhibit- ing the differences between the two animals. The table is as follows: Sexual differences of Byblis longicornis. FEMALE. Length, 8 mm. Superior antenne two-thirds length of body. Peduncle: Hairs not in tufts. No fringe of long hairs at base of flagellum. Inferior antenne 14 length of body. Peduncle: Four-fifths of hairs on ventral side; no tufts of hairs; third joint not swollen. Nine-tenths hairs on ventral side of flagellum, Ineubatory pouch present. Last three segmen s of pleon separated from pe- reion by a slight annular constriction. Rami of last pleopodos bear no long hairs. Telson broader than long. MALE. Length, 8.5 mm. Superior antenn two-fifths length of body. Peduncle: Hairs in brush-hke tufts. Fringe of long hairs at base of flagellum. Inferior antenne 14 length of body. Peduncle: Nine-tenths of hairs on dorsal side; brush-like tufts of hairs; third joint verymuch swollen. Nine-tenths hairs on dorsal! side of flagellum. Inecubatory pouch absent. Last three segments of pleon separated from pe- reion by a deep annular constriction. Two ramiof last pleopodos bear long hairs on both edges. Telson twice as long as broad. 602 SAND FLEAS FROM RHODE ISLAND—JUDD. VOL. XVIII. This table is evidently inconsistent with the condition which obtains in Bb, gaimardii and other members of the family, for in this family the — males should be smaller than the females and have longer antenne. The following is a table of other differences, which are sexual, if my Specimens are males of Bb. longicornis; but if they are simply sexual differences, then this species exhibits by far the most exaggerated case of sexual dimorphism known in the family. Byblis longicornis. FEMALE, Dorsum a continuous curve. Segmentation in both pairs of antennie equally distinct. Ocular pigment ‘‘ well defined.”’! Posterior margins of first four cox rounded. Segments 5 and 6 of pleon have dorsal peaks. Lyblis, new species. MALE. | Dorsum showing toothed appearance just behing the cephaton. Segmentation much less distinct in inferior pair of antenne. Ocular pigment absent. first four cox# not so rounded. rather truneated. Posterior margins of Segments 5 and 6 of pleon have no peaks. The following is a table of differences which affect parts not usually subject to sexual dimorphism in this family: Byblis longicornis. FEMALE. Length, 8 mm. Superior antenne two-thirds length of body. Diameter of dorsal lens of eyes equal to diameter of ventral lens. corner well marked and sharp;’? inuch longer than broad. Cephalon: ‘: Lower Anterior periopoda: ‘ Propodal joint little longer than carpal; dactylus equals propodos. No division between second and third last seg- ments of pleon. Last pleopodos: ‘‘ Opposite edges ’ of rami ‘‘ finely serrated ;”’ rami with no long hairs. Telson cleft one-fifth its length. ! Sars’ Crustacea ot Norway, I, Pt. 9, p. 185. * Loc. eit. | Length, 8 Byblis, new species. MALE. 0mm. Superior antennie two-fifths length of body. Diameter of dorsal leus of eyes two-thirds diam- eter of ventral lens. Cephalon: Lower corner not slightly longer than broad. sharp; Anterior periopoda: Twice as long as the carpal; dactylus longer than propodos. A V-shaped division area between last three seg- ments of pleon. Last pleopodos: Opposite edges of rami not ser- rated; two rami bear on both edges long hairs. Telson cleft three-fourths its length. ey oe 2 we +4 es: & PA eaten « 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 603 The differences in the above table are so numerous and important as to warrant the belief that these specimens are the males of a new spe- cies of Byblis, for whieh I would suggest the name Byblis agassizi. The following anatomical characters separate the new species from B. longicornis: It is larger, and has shorter superior antenne (Fig.9); the lower corner of the cephalon (Fig. 11 ¢) is not well marked. In alcoholic speci- mens no ocular pigment is found. The propodal joint of the anterior pereiopoda (fig. 9) is twice as long as the carpal. ‘ Each ramus of the last pleo- podos (Fig. 11 a) bears d long hairs on both a edges. On the oppos- ing edges of the rami no fine serration occurs. The telson is twice as longas broad,and bears a par of ininute hairs (a) Three last pleopods and telson, dorsal ; spect: (4) inferior antenna, four basal joints at its tip (Fig. 11 (). of peduncle; (c) cephalon. Fie 11. Cc BYBLIS AGASSIZI, Male. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bate and Wrestwoop. “Sessile-Eyed Crustacea of Great Britain,’ 1863-1868, London. Bats, C. SPENCE. Catalogue of the specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the collection of the British Museum, 162. Sars, G.O. Crustacea of Norway, Christiania and Kjobenhavn, publishing firm of Alb. Cammermeyer, 1893. Suir, 8. I. U.S. Fish Commission Report (1871-72). ™ REMARKS ON THE SYNONYMY OF SOME NORTH AMEK- ICAN SCOLYTID BEETLES. By the late WILLIAM EICHHOFF, Of Strasburg, Germany. (Translated and annotated by E. A. Schwarz.) DURING the year 1892, Professor C. V. Riley entered into correspond- ence with William Eichhoff, of Strasburg, Germany, the well-known authority on Seolytidw, with a view of getting this rather difficult family of Coleoptera properly identified for the U. S. National Museum collection. The correspondence resulted in exchange of specimens, and a series of our North American species was sent to Mr. Hichhoff by the Museum, care being taken to select such species as, 1pon comparison, with the types, would throw light on the confusion in synonymy between the North American species described by Chapuis and Eichhoft on the one hand and Zimmermann and Le Conte on the other. Some time before his death, Mr. Eichhoff sent an exchange series, partly composed of exotie species, which form a valuable addition to the Museum collec- tion, and partly of North American species, mostly of his own types. The correspondence included very full synonymical remarks on many species, and these Professor Riley deemed of sufficient importance to justify publication. I have, therefore, at his special request, trans- lated the substance of Dr. Hichhoft’s determinations and comments, and added in brackets some notes of my own.—E. A. 5S. HYLASTES RUFIPES, Eichhoff. Hylastes pinifex, Fitch, and H. rufipes, Hichhott, while both of them belong to the genus Hylurgops, Le Conte, are specifically quite distinct, differing more especially in the form of the antennal club. Quite char- acteristic is the form of the epistoma in H. rufipes, and your Hylesinus opaculus, as figured in the Annual Report of the Commissioner of gt L- culture for the year 1878! and is probably referable to Hylastes rufipes. Quite recently I have received from Mr. A. D. Hopkins two specimens of a Seolytid which have the same formation of the epistoma and which no doubt belong also to Hylastes rufipes. Finally, I would suggest 1 Plate v, fig. 3 a. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, VOL. XVIII—No. 1085. 605 606 NORTH AMERICAN SCOLYTID BEETLES—EICHHOFF. vow.xvur that the three species Hylesinus opaculus, sericeus, and trifolii are more properly placed in Hylastes or Hylurgops than in Hylesinus. [A typical specimen of Hylastes rufipes sent by Eichhoft proves to be identical with Hylesinus opaculus, Le Conte, the former name having priority. | HYLURGUS SUBCOSTULATUS, Mannerheim. Hylurgus subcostulatus, Mannerheim, is undoubtedly synonymous with Hylastes alternans, Chapuis, the former name being the older one. HYLASTES PORCULUS, Erichson, and others. When Erichson, in 1836,! established the new hylesinid genus Hylastes, he described, in connection with « large number of European species, but a single species from North America under the name of H. por- culus, the typical specimen having been sent him by Zimmermann, from Pennsylvania. More than half a century has now elapsed, but the North American and European entomologists lave not yet agreed about Erichson’s species. It has been asserted by Le Conte that Hylurgus scabripennis, Zimmermann (described in 1568), is “certainly” identical with porculus, Erichson, but I have to dissent from this opin- ion for the following reasons: Erichson says in his description: ‘Thorax dense ruditerque puncta- tus; elytra linearia, dorso subdepressa, punctis grossis striata, interstitiis angustis, granulaio-rugosis, interioribus elevatis, carinatis, sutura vero depressa.” Not one of these characters is to be seen in H. scabripennis, but just the opposite: Disk of elytra strongly convex, fine punctures at the bottom of the narrow elytral strive, coarsely transversely-rugose interstices, which are wider than in the allied species. HH. cuvernosus, Zimmermann, on the contrary, agrees word for word with Erichson’s description of H. porculus—densely and coarsely punctate thorax, nar- row elytra with coarsely punctate strive and narrow granulately pune- tate interstices. The first stria near the suture is much wider and more deeply excavated than the following, and this causes the disk of the elytra to be perceptibly deplanated, with the suture depressed and the following interstices somewhat carinately-convex. It appears to be beyond question that H. poreulus, Erichson, is identical with H. caver- NOSUS, Zimmermann, but not with H. scabripennis, Zimmermann. H. granosus, Chapuis, is also identical with H. porculus, Evichson—a fact ascertained by me from the three specimens in my collection, which are the types of Chapuis. One of these I herewith send you. Iurther, 7. salebrosus, Kichhoft, is unquestionably identical with 11. scabripennis, Zimmermann, the former name having priority. Finally, H. scobinosus, Hichhoff, is yery closely allied to H. salebrosus. However, the form of the thorax, with its nearly straight sides which ‘Wiegmann’s Archiv, I, p. 49. * Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1868, p. 146. | i = 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 607 gradually narrow from base to apex, is so characteristic that this differ- ence can be perceived even with the naked eye. I have only two speci- mens of H. scobinosus, but I send you one of them. If you succeed in collecting more specimens, you will be able to ascertain whether we have to deal here with a good species or merely with a variety. The synonymy of the species here discussed is as follows: 1. Hylastes porculus, Erichson (1836) = carbonarius, Fitch (1851) = cavernosus, Zimmermann (1868) = granosus, Chapuis (1869), 2, Hylastes salebrosus, Kichhott (spring of 1868) = seabripennis, Zim- mermann (fall of 1863), 3. Hylastes scobinosus, Kichhott (1863). [After a careful study of Erichson’s description of H. porculus, I have come to theconclusion that Eichhoft’s proposed synonymy will have to be adopted; Zimmermann probably never saw Erichson’s description, and Dr. Le Conte misinterpreted it. Fitel’s description of H. carbonarius is altogether too indefinite to permit any identification, but since H. porculus is the common species in the Northeastern States and //, sale- brosus more southern in its distribution, the probability is that Iiteh’s species is H. porculus. Of H. scobinosus 1 only saw the single type specimen sent by Eichhoff to Professor Riley, and can only say that it represents a species distinct from H. salebrosus. | DENDROSINUS GLOBOSUS, Eichhoff. Of this species I received about twenty-five years ago two specimens from Dr. G. Kraatz, labeled “North America.” Whether or not the locality is correct I am unable to say. I lave never seen other speci- mens, but Chapuis must have received it also from South America. One of my specimens is herewith sent you. (This is such a remarkable and easily recognizable insect that if it really belonged to our fauna it would have been rediscovered long ago. Dr. Le Conte was quite right in rejecting it from our lists. | Genus, bb YiIiLE SEN US, Habrrerus: From the specimens of H. aculeatus, Say, sent me by you, I have fully convinced myself that Chapuis erroneously considered and described as H. aculeatus specimens of H. imperialis, which I had submitted to him. These are undoubtedly two quite different species. But at the same time I have been confirmed in my old supposition that H. pruino- sus, Kichhoff, of which I possess only a single specimen, constitutes a third North American species with variegated color of the upper side. Vinally, I have in my collection a specimen said to be from North America which I am unable to separate from the European H. fraxini. | H. aculeatus is quite variable in the coloration of the upper side, and it is by no means apparent upon what reasons Mr. Eichhott considers his H. pruinosus as distinct from H. aculeatus. H. Jravini is readily distinguished from H. aculeatus or H. imperialis, but I have never seen specimens from North America. | 608 NORTH AMERICAN SCOLYTID BEETLES—EICHHOFF, vou. xvmt- Genus PHLCOSINUS, Chapuis. Phiwosinus graniger, Chapuis, is undoubtedly identical with dentatus of Say, whose name has priority. But P. haagii, Eichhoff, seems to be unknown to American entomologists unless it be the female of P. punc- tatus. One of my two typical specimens of P. haagii is herewith sent to you. Genus PHLCG@OTRIBUS, Latreille. That P. granicollis is identical with P. frontalis, Olivier, has already been recorded, but the Texan specimens of the latter you sent me are much smaller than my P. granicollis, of which I send you two specimens. My P. setulosus and dubius, however, are quite distinct from P. fron- talis; the first-named species has on the first antennal joint a brush of hairs, as in the genus Thysanoes. [The Texan specimens of P. frontalis were collected under bark of Celtis and are possibly specifically distinct from our Eastern specimens which infest Morus. The brush of hair on the first antennal joint has no specifie value, but is merely a sexual character. | Genera STEPHANODERES, Bichhof and HYPO? EE NE MUS, Westwood. I concede that a large majority, if not all, of the species described by me as Stephanoderes are congeneric with Hypothenemus eruditus, Westwood, as already intimated by me,' where I speak of S. arecce, Hornung, as a probable synonym of Hypothenemus eruditus. But the question is whether Westwood’s genus as originally described’ can be considered as a valid one. Westwood gives as the only generic charac- ter the three-jointed antennal funicle; but this is erroneous, for I believe Lhave convinced myself that in H. eruditus the funicle is five-jointed. I consider, therefore, Westwood’s name Hypothenemus as quite untenable, because founded upon a character that does not exist, and the name NStephanoderes has to take its place. The North American specimens sent me by yourself as H. eruditus do not agree in many characters with Westwood’s and Erichson’s descriptions of this species, and I am inclined to consider your species as identical with Stephanoderes crudie, which was well described and figured as Bostrychus crudie by Panzer in 1791, from specimens found in some West Indian seed. Of Stephanoderes rotundicollis, Kichhotf, | possess only a single speci- men; S. chapuisi, Eichhoftf (1871), is identical with S. dissimilis, Zim- mermann (1868); and St. sculpturatus, Eichhoff (1879), is identical with the species you sent me as H. erectus, Le Conte. ‘Ratio Ac. Tom., pp. 165, 166. 2 Trans. Ent. Soc., London, I, p. 34. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 609 Genusve lin OPHMTHORU'S, Eichhoff. Of the species sent by you, P. pullus, Zimmermann, is synonymous with P. cribripennis, Kichhoft; P. hirticeps, Le Conte, is extremely close to and perhaps identical with P. pulchellus, Kiehhott; P. concentralis from Floridais correctly determined and does not differ in the least from my typical specimen from Cuba; P. querciperda, Schwarz, is identical with my P. pruinosus. {Typical specimens of Pityophthorus infans, Eichhoff, prove to be identical with P. puberulus, Le Conte. | Genus PITYOGENE'S, Bedel. Tomicus sparsus, Le Conte, 7. plagiatus, Le Conte, and 7. carinulatus, Le Conte, as well as their European allies, 7. bidentatus and 7. chalcogra- phus, belong to Bedel’s recently established genus Pityogenus. My statement! that 7. chalcographus oceurs also in North America is erro- neous, since a renewed examination shows that the specimen is a female of T. sparsus, Le Conte, which has a most deceptive 1esemblance to 7. chaleographus. T. plagiatus, Le Conte, is a good species and not iden- tical with bidentatus, Herbst, as erroneously indicated by me. [To Pityogenes also belongs Pityophthorus fossifrons, Le Conte, which is evidently the female of a species, the male of which has hooked pro- cesses at the elytral declivity. From specimens recently submitted to me by Prof. A. D. Hopkins, I find that Yyleborus punctipennis, Le Conte, is also referable to Pityogenes, and that Tomicus balsameus, Le Conte, is the male of the same species. | Genus XYLEBORUS, Eichhoff. > There can not be the slightest doubt that the species you sent me as Ayleborus xylographus, Say, and of which I had previously seen unde- termined North American specimens, is identical with the European _Y. saxeseni, Ratzeburg. It is certainly remarkable that this synonymy comes to light only now, and that Ratzeburg’s name has to be sup- pressed after it had been in use for more than fifty years. Y. pini, Hichhoff, considered by Le Conte as synonymous with YY. xylographus, must now again take its rank as a distinct species. What _Y. pubescens, Zimmermann, is, remains for the present unknown to me, since among the specimens which you send me as such I believe I can distinguish three species, viz, X. affinis, Eichhoff, XY. inermis, Eichhoff, and a third one. These species of Xyleborus are extremely difficult to distinguish in the female sex,and I have no doubt that in this particular group still other species will be distinguished as soon as the males are discovered. These are wingless and can only be found within the galleries during the winter or in midsummer; very rarely also they may be seen near 'Die Europ. Borkenkdafer, p. 23, 2 Ratio Tom., p. 280. Proc. N. M. 95. 39 610 NORTH AMERICAN SCOLYTID BEETLES—EICHHOFF. Vou. xvin. the. entre ce a fhe palleries, ieee only shortly before the females are swarming. i [Say’s orginal description of Bostrichus xylographus is very clear but — greatly vitiated by the paragraph describing the galleries; for it is — evident that a Scolytid excavating “immediately beneath the bark, on the wood, a rectilinear groove, with short, equal, lateral grooves at | right angles with the preceding.” can not be referred to any species of Ayleborus. This discrepancy can, however, be explained: The Scoly- tids described by Say! were sent to him by the younger Rev. J. F. Melsheimer from the old Melsheimer collection with the manuscript names” and notes by the elder Rev. F. V. Melsheimer. Among them were Bostrichus xylographus*® and another species (No. 155), B. wantho- graphus. A description of the latter was either drawn up by Say or at — Jeast intended by him; but, at any rate, in Say’s published paper the description itself is omitted and the paragraph referring to the gallery of B. wxanthographus (which evidently is a species of Pityophthorus) became attached to the description of B. xylographus. Dr. E. F. Mels- heimer was aware of this confusion and attempted to straighten it out? by quoting Tomicus ranthographus as a species distinct from 7. xylo-. gruphus. Ue also added, in his own copy of the old Melsheimer cata- logue, the following manuscript note to Bb. xanthographus: ‘ Differs from xrylographus Say in baving the posterior declivity slightly trun- cated, and in being somewhat less.” | | The following isa summary of the synonymy discussed in these notes: iid Sie Sel! a Hylastes rufipes, EICHHOFY = Hylesinus opaculus, LE CONTE. 1 Hylastes porculus, ERICHSON = carernosus, ZIMMERMANN, LE CONTE { CHAPMAN. ' Hylastes salebrosus, EICHHOLrE — scabripennis, ZIMMERMANN, LE CONTE. Hylastes scobinosus, E1ICHHOFY, is to be added to our list. : Phlewosinus dentatus, SAY = graniger, ema = haagii, EICHHOFF. ’ Hypothenemus crudiw, PANZER E CONTE ; Hypothenemus dissimilis, rappers — seme Hae HHOFF. j Aypothenemus erectus, LE CONTE= sculpturatus, ELCHHOFF. : Pityophthorus cribripennis, EICHHOFF = pullus, ZIMMERMANN. 4 Tityophthorus pruimosus, EICHHOFF = querciperda, SCHWARZ. 4 Pityophthorus pulchellus, EICHHOFE probably = hirticeps, LE CONTE. Lityophthorus puberulus, L& CONTE= infans, EICHHOFF. 3 Ayleborus xylographus, SAY = saveseni, RATZEBURG. Nyleborus punctipennis, Le CONTE, is the female of Tomicus balsameus, LE CONTE, aud belongs to the genus P es O Nareaigbalhy ! Jour. Acé aN Nat. Sei. P ae 1826, v EDD 317-31! * Catalogue of Insects of Pennsylvania, 1806 5 No. 148 of the Catalogue, *Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the United States, p. 87, 1853. FOSSIL JELLY FISHES FROM THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN TERRANE. By CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Honorary Curator of the Department of Paleontology. DURING the past nine years large collections of fossils have been made from the Middle Cambrian shales and limestones of the Coosa Valley. Alabama. At two horizons silicious concretions occur in the fossilifer- ous shale and, associated with them, what have locally been known as ‘‘star cobbles.” Some of the latter suggest the sea-urchin, and others that are spread out on flat nodules resemble starfish. It was not until 1893 that I felt assured that the so-called “star cobbles” were fossil Medusz. There are now more than 8,000 specimens in the collections of the United States Geological Survey. From this ample material two types have been separated that are allied to the recent Discomeduse. Numerous fragments of trilobites, etc., of Middle Cambrian age occur in the shale, and they are also attached to and embedded in many of the flattened nodules, and more rarely attached to specimens of the Medusve. From the large number of specimens that have been found over a relatively sinall area, it is evident that they were gregarious and very much like the modern Rhizostome (Polyclonia frondosa) in their habits. Two genera and three species have been recognized, namely: Brook- sella, new genus, Bb. alternata, new species, B. confusa, new species, Laotira, new genus, and L. cambria, new species. These forms, with Dactyloidites asteroides of the Lower Cambrian, may be grouped together in the family Brooksellidie. Family BROOKSELLID A. Discomeduse with a lobate umbrella; without tentacles and central oral opening in the adult; with a radial canal in each lobe of the exum- brella, and a central stomach; oral arms central or represented by interradial arms or lobes attached to the central axis or to the sub- umbrella surface; reproduction sexual or by fission. The following genera are included in the family: Brooksella, Laotira, and Dactyloidites. BROOKSELLA, new genus. Discomeduse with a lobate umbrella, 6, 7, to 12 or more lobes; with- out tentacles and without (?) central oral opening; with a simple radial Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIITI—No, 1086. 611 bie CAMBRIAN JELLY FISHES—WALCOTT. VOL. XVII. canal in each lobe of the umbrella and in each interradial lobe, when the latter is present. Oral plate quadripartite, with four oral. arms starting out from it, but whether these branch or not is unknown. A second type of oral arms may be represented by the interradial lobes. Type, Brooksella alternata. BROOKSELLA ALTERNATA, new species. (Plate XXXI, figs. 1-5.) The general form of the umbrella as now known varies from sub- spherical to a somewhat depressed convex disk. Following Heckel, the dorsal surface will be called the erwmbrella; the ventral surface, the subumbrella; the central section of the umbrella inclosing the stomach and oral organs, the umbrella disk. In its original form the lobation of the exumbrella was more or less clearly defined and varied. Individuals occur of nearly the same size, with from six to twelve lobes; in some the lobation starts from the center of the umbrella, while. in others a secondary system of lobes appears from beneath the upper lobes and gives great irregularity to the surface. The lobation of the umbrella is rarely, if ever, lost; it is the dominant character in all specimens. The subumbrella varies to nearly as great a degree as the exum- brella; strong ridges or ribs radiate from the center to each of the — principal lobes of the exumbrella. Sometimes the lobes separate above, so that there is little more than the central umbrella disk with a series of attached plates, like broad spokes in a wheel. The least compressed specimen is illustrated by Plate XX XI, figs.2,2a,and 2b. This, with Figs. 1, la, 3, and 3a, may be considered the types of the genus and species. The gastrovascular system consists, as far as known, of a central stomach and a radial canal, which passes from it to each exumbrella lobe and interradial lobe. No traces of an oral opening have been seen. In a few specimens a circular depression is seen at the base of the central axis, which was probably the locality of the mouth at an early stage in the evolution of the species and the development of the individual. One specimen shows the presence of four oral arms, which form an oral plate where they unite at the center. It is possible that the free interradial lobes or arms, attached to the central axis beneath or between the umbrella lobes, may have served the purpose of oral arms by carrying food to the ceutralstomach. This certainly appears to have been the case in Brooks- ella confusa, where there is no evidence of the presence of regular oral arms. BROOKSELLA CONFUSA, new species. (Plate XXXI, figs. 7, Ta, 7b.) In the external form and appearance of the exumbrella this species is similar to B. alternata, but differs materially in the arrangement of the lobes of the subumbrella. This is shown by the accompanying figure. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 613 The interlobes vary greatly in number and position, as shown by Plate XXXI, fig.7a. The exumbrella surface is shown by Fig. 7). There does not appear to be a true central oral opening; and a careful study of the specimens leads to the view that the free inter and basal lobes or arms served as the oral arms and conveyed food directly to the intestine or stomach in the central axis. LAOTIRA, new genus. Discomeduse with a lobate umbrella, 4, 5, 6, 7, to 12 or more lobes in the simple forms, and with a larger number in the complex forms; without tentacles and without (?) central oral openings; with a simple radial canal in each lobe of the umbrella and in the interradial lobes, attached to the central axis, when they are present; oral arms rep- resented by interradial lobes attached to the central axis and to the subumbrella lobes; reproduction sexual or by fission. Type, Laotira cambria. LAOTIRA CAMBRIA, new species. (Plate XXXII, figs. 1-8.) The range of variation in this species is much greater than that of Brooksella alternata. Its general characteristics are shown by the fig- ures illustrating it. In the simpler forms it has a radiating structure, very nuch like that of B. alternata (Plate XXXII, figs. 1, 2,and 3). A departure from this is shown in the subumbrella surface of Fig. 5a, and still more in Figs. 4 and 4a. This is carried still farther in Fig.5,. The tendency of the species to reproduce by fission is shown by Fig. 6. This species possesses radiating canals in the exumbrella lobes in the simple forms and irregular canals in the complex forms, as shown by Plate XXX, fig. 8. No central oral openings have been seen, but there is an unusual development of the oral arms in the simple type; and in the complex type, the variation of which is almost endless, the oral arms appear to be numerous and attached irregularly to the subumbrella surface. This is partly shown by Fig. 4a. This announcement is preliminary to a full illustration and descrip- tion, which will appear as a monograph of the U.S. Geological Sur- vey. A description will then be given of the mode of occurrence, conditions of preservation, and other facts which may be of interest in connection with this remarkable group of fossil Medusze. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE XXXI. Brooksella alternata. Fie. 1. Anexumbrella with nine lobes, and preserving a trace of the corona furrow in the ring about the central disk. la. View of the under orsubumbrella side of fig. 1. The narrow subumbrella lobes are well shown, and also what appears to be the oral arms, & 2. A slight circular depression at the center (2) may indicate the position of an oral aperture. 614 y. 2. Exumbrella view of an unusually rotund specimen. A projecting interra- dial lobe or arm is shown at @. 2a. Subumbrella view of fig.2. The interradial lobe or arm is shown at a, and a broken subumbrella lobe at b. The interradial lobe at a did not con- nect with an exumbrella lobe. 2b. Side view of 2 and 2a. What is considered to be an interradial lobe is CAMBRIAN JELLY FISHES—WALCOTT. VOL. XVIII. shown at a. 3. An exumbrella in which the interumbrella lobes are a prominent feature. The appearance is as though one medusa was resting upon and clasping the one beneath. The exumbrella lobes (a to f), however, merge into the subumbrella lobes, a to f of fig. 3a. 3a. Subumbrella view of fig. 3. 4. View of a specimen worn by erosion so as to show the radial canals of the exumbrella lobes. 5. Transverse section, cut so as to show the radial canals of the six umbrella lobes and the centrai stomach of the umbrella disk. 6. Side view of a specimen in which the subumbrella lobes are shown beneath the broader exumbrella lobes. Brooksella confusa, Fics. 7, 7a. Views of the exumbrella and several of the interradial lobes. The rela- tions of the two sets of lobes are shown by the side view, fig. 7a. 7b. Subumbrella surface of fig.7. The irregular arrangement of the lobes and the oral arms is well shown. Laotira cambria. Fic. 8. Transverse section of an irreguiarly lobed specimen, showing the arrange- ment of the exumbrella canals. PLATE XXXII. Laotira cambria. Fic. 1. Subumbrella view of a small specimen with four lobes. 2. Exumbrella view of a small specimen with six lobes. In both figures, 1 and 2, the original form has been obscured by a deposit of silicious matter about the lobes. ; . A typical illustration of the regular variety of the species. It has five prin- cipal exumbrella lobes and two small interradial lobes. 3a. Subumbrella view of fig. 3. The five subumbrella lobes are united at the center, but not with the same regularity as in Brooksella alternata. (See Plate XXXI, fig. 1a.) 4. Exumbrella view of an irregularly lobed specimen. 4a, Subumbrella view of fig. 4. Theslight irregularity of arrangement of fig. 3a has increased, and two centers united by a transverse lobe are shown. One of the oral arms is shown at 2. 5. Dorsal surface of an elongate specimen, in which three centers are connected by lobes radiating from one to the other. 6. A worn specimen in which fission has proceeded so far as to leave but one lobe connecting what are otherwise two individual specimens. ! ~~ oO ' For fission in Meduse, see Dr. Arnold Lang’s memoir on Gastroblasta raffaeli. . U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII PL. XXXI RS my wk My fl “Meet caccd CAMBRIAN Fossil MEDUS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 613-614 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM \\\ vs \ NAN \ X Way A WA NY wish \ AW "Ls 9e, My PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XVIII CAMBRIAN FOSSIL MEDUS FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 614 PL. XXXII PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF CRUSTACEANS FROM AN ARTESIAN WELL AT SAN MARCOS, TEXAS. 3y JAMES KE. BENEDICT, Assistant Curator, Department of Marine Invertebrates. ON JANUARY 18,1896, the United States Fish Commission com- pleted an artesian well at San Marcos, Texas. The depth of the well is 188 feet. The flow of water obtained amounts to more than 1,000 gallons per minute. The water is pure and of excellent quality, and has a temperature of 75° Fahrenheit.! Since the completion of the well, there have been taken from the water several specimens of a tailed batrachian, numerous shrimps of the genus Palamonetes, a lesser number of [sopods of a new genus, and a very few Amphipods. All are blind. PALAZMONETES ANTRORUM, new species. As might be expected, the eye-stalks of the specimens are without pigment spots of any kind, nor does clearing the stalk in glycerine show lens structures. The rostrum is short and deep, with from ten to twelve sharp teeth on the upper margin and none on the lower. The point of the rostrum is sharp and very short. The antennal scale extends beyond the rostrum one-half of its length. The fiagella of the antennz are 350 mm. in length, in specimens 18 and 20 mm. lone. The flagella of the antennule are elongated, the longer ones equaling the length of the body. The feet are all very long and slender, reaching far beyond the antennal scale. Type.—No. 19326, U.S.N.M. CIROLANIDES, new genus. Eyes none. Pedunele of antennulie with three segments and an elon- gated flagellum. Peduncle of antenne with five segments. Peduncle of uropods not produced at the inner posterior angle. Lacinia of the ' From a note by Prof. B. W. Evermann accompanying the specimens Vroceedings of the United States National Musewn, Vol. X VILI—No. 1087. [Advance sheets of this paper were published April 14, 1896.] . 615 616 CRUSTACEANS FROM SAN MA RCOS, TEXAS—BENEDICT, vow. xvm. second article of the maxillipeds armed with a single hook. The first pair of legs are strongly prehensile. The six following pairs are pro- portionally much more slender and are ambulatory in character. The maxillipeds and mouth-parts are distinctively those of the Cirolanidie. CIROLANIDES TEXENSIS, new species. The body is subovate, about 25 times as long as broad. The head is well rounded behind and a little flattened in front. The antennule extend around the sides nearly to the posterior margins of the second segment of the pereion. The basal article of the peduncle is nearly spherical; the two following articles are elongated and nearly equal in length. The flagella are composed of about fifteen segments, of which the first is very short, the next is about twice as long as broad, and the following segments are about equal in length and breadth. The basal article of the autennw is very short and broad, the second and third articles are a little longer than broad, the fourth and fifth articles are much more elongated, the fifth being the longer. The flagellum is com- posed of about thirty segments, of which the first is the longest, and the second or third the shortest, in proportion to the breadth. A very Sharp rostral spine extends beyond the basal article of the peduncles of the inferior antenne. The first pair of feet are short and stout and Strongly prehensile. The six following pairs are ambulatory and much longer and more slender than usual in the family. The segments of the pleon are produced at the sides to sharp points conspicuous from above. The telson is wide, rounded on the posterior margin, and completely covers the articulation of the uropods. Length, about 14mm. Color of alcoholic specimens, white. Type.—No. 19327, U.S.N.M. CRANGONYX FLAGELLATUS, new species. This blind species is more closely related to C. mucronatus, Forbes, than to any other American species. It is, however, much stouter, and ‘an be distinguished from it at sight. The head is a little longer than the first segment of the pereion. It is proportionally narrower and more concave at the insertion of the upper antennze than in (. m ucro- natus. The peduncle of the upper antenne has about the same pro- portions as in C. mucronatus. The flagella of a large specimen are as long as the body, numbering 61 segments on one side and 59 on the other; the flagella of some small specimens have but 40 segments. The peduncles of the lower antenne are longer than those of the upper. The flagellum on one side is composed of 19 segments, on the other side of but 12; in small specimens the segments are from 8 to 12 in number. The first and second pairs of legs are about equal in length; the dactyls close down between two rows of bifurcate spines. C. mucronatus has about 15 such spines to the row, while this species 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 617 has 24. In a specimen about 14 min. _long, the first and second pairs of legs are 4mm. in length; the third, fourth, and fifth about 5 mm.; and the sixth and seventh, 11 mm. The telson is about three times as Jong as broad at the base, is much flattened, and tapers slightly to its ‘subtruneate extremity. The first and second pairs of uropods extend far beyond the tip of the third pair; in C. mucronatus the first and second pairs extend but little beyond the third pair. Color of alcoholic specimens, white. Type.—No. 19328, U.S.N.M. be ¥ sits ; ere . -¢ eo CRO n ats ¥ aa SPAS ; Pata tel ‘“ o7* ma t DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF BLIND TAILED BATRACHIANS FROM THE SUBTERRANEAN WATERS OF TEXAS. By LEONHARD STEJNEGER, Curator of the Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. FOUR YEARS AGO it was my good fortune to announce the discovery of a blind cave salamander (Typhlotriton spelwus) on our continent, which I then characterized as “one of the most important and interest- ing herpetological events of recent years.” ' The animal to be described now is also a blind salamander-like batrachian, and its discovery is even more important and interesting than the former. From an artesian well, 188” feet deep, recently bored at San Marcos, Texas, by the United States Fish Commission, more than a dozen speci- mens of a most remarkable tailed batrachian have been expelled, together with numerous crustaceans, no less remarkable, which will be described by Mr. Benedict in these “ Proceedings.” These animals, by their want of external eyes and their white color, at once proclaimed themselves as cave-dwellers, but their extraordinai y proportions, absolutely unique in the order to which they belong, sug- gest unusual conditions of life, which alone can have produced such profound differences. The most startling external feature is the length and slenderness of the legs, like which there is nothing among the tailed batrachians thus far known. While the normal number of fingers and toes is present (4 and 5), it is worthy of note that not only is. there a great variation in the relative length of these members, but even the length of the legs in the same animal may differ as much as two milli- meters. Viewed in connection with the well-developed, finned swim- ming-tail, if can be safely assumed that these extraordinarily slender and elongated legs are not used for locomotion, and the conviction is irresistible that in the inky darkness of the subterranean waters they serve the animal as feelers, their development being thus parallel to ‘Preliminary Description of a New Genus and Species of Blind Cave Salamander from North America, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XV, pp. 115-117, pl. 1x. 2The depth of this well in the Advance Sheet, April 15, 1896, was given as 181 feet, which has since been found to be ineorrect. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VITI—No. 1088. {Advance sheets of this paper were published April 15, 1896 619 620 NEW BLIND TAILED BATRACHIANS—STEJNEGER. VOL. XVIII. the excessive elongation Re the eee of the crustaceans, of which I have been informed by Mr. Benedict. The external gills at once suggested that these animals might be only larve. The fact that one of them contained large eggs, and that another | expelled three eggs after being caught, was no positive proof to the contrary, but in conjunction with the affinity of the species to other forms known to have persistent gills throughout life, it makes it abso- lutely certain that we have to do with an adult and final animal. A rough skeleton has been made, and studied as well as the short time since its preparation would allow. It is the intention of the writer later to present, in conjunction with Mr, F, A. Lucas, a detailed descrip- tion of the anatomy, and an elaborate comparison with allied forms. So far as our studies have proceeded, they indicate that the animal belongs to the superfamily Proteoidexe, which embraces the Pr oteus, the elon- gated, eel-shaped, but likewise lias cave species, from the sabterracen waters of the region at the head of the Adriatic Sea, and the water- dog or mud-puppy (Necturus), with functional eyes and less elongate body, of our own continent. Suffice it to say at the present time, that Mr. Lucas and I have made out the presence of what appears to be the intercalary bone: maxillaries are apparently w anting; intermaxillaries and mandible are toothed. In addition, it may be asserted that the new genus here introduced is more nearly allied to Necturus than to Proteus, though between it and the former there is a vast gap. valet LOMOLGE,' new genus. Tongue moderate, anterior border free; vomero- palatine teeth in a strong series; limbs excessively elongated; fingers four, toes five; eyes entirely concealed under the skin; gill rami long, sani fimbrive long and slender, Type.— Typhlomolge rathbuni, Stejneger. TYPHLOMOLGE RATHBUNI, new species. Diagnosis.—Head large, nearly as long as distance between axilla and groin; snout greatly depressed, nearly square anteriorly; limbs excessively slender and elongated, hand overlapping knee and foot overlapping elbow when adpressed to the side of the body; tail com- pressed, finned, pointed; color nearly white. Habitat,—Subterranean waters near San Marcos, Texas. Type.—No. 22686, U.S.N.M.; San Marcos, Texas; end of February, 1896. Description of type specimen.—Head excessively large and broad, the distance from tip of snout to base of upper gill branch but slightly less than distance between axilla and groin, its width equal to one-half the latter distance; snout very much depressed, broad, oes nearly ' Typhlos, blind, and mplae. the name of a ‘galanaanenea renus, i g 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 621 square anteriorly; nostrils widely separated at the corners of the trun- cated snout, their distance greater than that between the eyes, which are deeply hidden under the skin and only visible as two small dark spots; mouth comparatively small, with strongly developed labial lobes; body short and slender, the distance between axilla and groin being but slightly greater than length of head and only one-half the length of the tail, its width being much less than that of the head and even less than that of the snout; limbs excessively slender and long, of nearly even length, about one-fifth of the total length; fingers overlap- ping knee and toes overlapping elbow when adpressed to the sides of the body; fingers four, toes five; short, slender, free, with rounded tips, their relative length variable; tail comparatively long, nearly one- half the total length, much compressed, finned below and particularly strongly above, the end pointed. Skin smooth; a very strongly marked gular fold; a well marked ver- tebral groove; eleven costal grooves. ‘Teeth on intermaxillaries and mandible small; the vomero-palatine teeth large, decreasing in size at both ends. Gill branches long and slender, the middle one longer; fimbrive long and slender, not bushy. Color nearly white, semitransparent, the upper surfaces densely sprinkled with minute pale gray dots. Dimensions.—Total length, 102 mm.; from snout to anus, 53; from snout to gular fold, 16; from snout to beginning of upper gill branch, 22; width of head, 15; width of snout, 9; distance between nostrils, 7; distance between eyes, 6; distance between axilla and groin, 25; fore limb, 20; hind limb, 20; longest finger, 2.3; longest toe, 2.5; width of limbs, 1.7; tail, 11. I take great pleasure in dedicating this most interesting novelty to Mr. Richard Rathbun, in recognition of his eminent services to science, both as a naturalist and as the head of the scientific staff of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. ets, ate ce GL etapa pes - i ; , ma 4 q pa) . “Ws r Wy on, +5 ee np ESReS hee ie Le x. ot 4 cS +4 ve = ieee a x re * DESCRIPTION OF A NEW STICKLEBACK, GASTEROSTEUS GLADIUNCULUS, FROM THE COAST OF MAINE. By W. C. KENDALL, A. M., Assistant, United States Fish Commission WHILE eruising on the Maine coast, on the United States Fish Com- mission schooner Grampus, during the mackerel investigation of the summer of 1895, the writer caught in surface and scoop nets a number of sticklebacks which differed widely from Gasterosteus bispinosus, many of which were caught in the same localities and under the same con- ditions. While G. bispinosus was abundant all along the coast, the form now described was apparently confined to am area within a few miles of Seguin Island. They were found under floating rock-weed (Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus), large quantities of which were encountered on the coast this summer. Often associated with the two kinds of sticklebacks mentioned were young hake (Phycis chuss or P. tenuis), young lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus), and pipefish (Siphostoma Juscum). The stickleback here described seems to differ considerably from the description of any other stickleback known from the western Atlantic Coast. It is related, however, to G. bispinosus, approaching more or less closely the variety atkinsti of Schoodic Lakes. Although Dr. 3oulenger of the British Museum finds wide variations in the dermal armature of G. aculeatus, as also does Mr. Cloudsiey Rutter, in the stick- lebacks of the Pacific Coast, there seem to be sufficient other differ- ences to establish this form as a distinct species. The main points in which it differs from-G. bispinosus are the deeper body, fewer fin rays, fewer dermal plates, unkeeled caudal peduncle, ventral spines serrated above and below, and a strong cusp at the base of each ventral spine, both above and below. In identifying and describing this stickleback I am greatly indebted to Prof. B. W. Evermann for kindly allowing ne free use of proof sheets of Jordan and Evermann’s Fishes of North and Middle America. The following is a description of the heretofore undescribed form, together with measurements and observations on the cotypes: GASTEROSTEUS GLADIUNCULUS,' new species. Description.—Head, 33; depth, 34; D. LI—I, 10; A. I.,8. Head rather long; eye about three times in head; opercle not striate; body deep, 1 @ladiuneulus, little sword; sticklebacks being called by the boys about Port- land, Me., ‘‘ Little swordfish.” Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Vol. XVIII- No. 1089 ’ 623 624 A NEW STICKLEBACK—KENDALL. VoL. XVII compressed, with five lateral dermal plates anteriorly counting from pectoral fin, none posteriorly; caudal peduncle short, naked, not keeled; innominate bone lanceolate, its width about three times in length; ven- tral spines rather long, about one and three-fifths times in head, ser- rated above and below, a strong cusp at base on both upper and lower edge. Color in life grass green, mottled and finely punctated with black on top of head and back; sides of head and body golden, with dark blotches; breast silvery, ventrals scarlet. In aleohol the back becomes smoky black, the mottling and black dots more distinet, the golden hue of the sides fades, becoming more or less silvery, the dark blotches more pronounced. % Type.—No.47589, U.S.N.M.; a specimen 1,3; inches long, caught about 4 miles off Seguin Island, Maine, September 9, (895; cotypes Nos. 47590 and 47591, U.S.N.M. Measurements of Gasterosteus gladiunculus. | Loéality. | | | | ss £ ___|Length| Head | Depth = : (eireeneal Date. a way I Ren ela) TD een orsal fin. Anal fin. | a Ee inches. length. length. | plates. | | | | 1895. gt a aOR | Aug. 5 43 29 30) 69 57 30 1 3h | 34 IT-I, 9 I, 8 | 5 | Aug. 5 3 29 30 69 57 30 13 34 34 II-J,9 I, 8 | 5 | Aug. 7 43 30 00 69 45 00 1,3; 33 34 II-I,9 Tesi 6 Sept. 6! 43 28 45] 69 42 45 14 33 4 Tes 18 8 | Sept. 6 43 28 45 69 42 45 135 33 | 33 ILI, 10 I,8 5 | Sept. 6| 43 28 45 | 69 42 45 13 34 | 34 II-I, 10 | Tei 5 | Sept. 6| 43 28 45| 69 42 45 12 34 | 4 ats On iter 124 Sept. 6| 43 29 30| 69 41 15 12 3% | 34 II-I, 10 | ra 6 Sept. 7 43 oll eeion Go et O0n) 13 32 | 4 II-1,9 | ves 4 For purposes of comparison, measurements of G@. bispinosus taken in the same locality at the same time are here given: Measurements of Gasterosteus bispinosus, Locahty. Length Head | Depth tier Date. 7a pane = 5 in im. |). in Dorsal fin. Anal fin. | ermal Nene Ny ue inches. | length. | length. Eee | 1895, Oeil: Spe oad Ey | | [Asa 6510 83 21 15 270) A ab fers 3k | 42 5 ee) eee Br 31 (epAtoos 6 1 74559211915.) 97015 14 38 43 II-I, 13 1,9 31 eaves 6)° 343 P1615) 70" 2 245 12 32 4t T= Iate 1,8 31 | Sept. 6| 43 28 45| 69 42 45| 2 i 4 TEVA 9 32 Sept. 6| 48 28 45| 69 42 45 1Z 33 4h Tse 1,8 31 Sept a 43 28 45 69 42 45 2 32 43 Tels I, 10 33 Sept. 6| 43 28 45| 69 42 45 12 4h 4i Meare 1,8 31 Sept. 6| 43 28 45| 69 42 45 14 43 43 Tea) tes 28 'This specimen differs somewhat from the typical form and approaches G. bispinosus in having lateral dermal plates the whole length of the body (the last 12, however, being very small), and hav- ing a very slight keel on the caudal peduncle. In other respects it is hike the typical form. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANT THRUSH FROM NICARAGUA. By CHARLES W. RICHMOND, Assistant Curator of the Department of Birds. SEVERAL SPECIMENS of an Ant Thrush of the genus Phlegopsis formed part of a collection made by the writer in eastern Nicaragua during the year 1892. These, when compared with Panama examples of ~ P. macleannani, were found to be quite aberrant in coloration, but the series at that time available in the U.S. National Museum collection was not thought sufficient to warrant their separation as a distinct species. The Museum has since received many additions to its series of neotrop- ical birds, among them three or four examples of the Panama form of Phlegopsis, which prove conclusively the distinetness of the Nicaraguan bird, a description of which is presented herewith. PHLEGOPSIS SATURATA, new species. NICARAGUAN OCELLATED ANT THRUSH. Type.—No. 128351, U.S.N.M.; male adult, Escondido River, 50 miles from Bluefields, Nicaragua, August 31, 1892; Charles W. Richmond, collector. Crown and occiput brown (between clove brown and bister), some- what lighter on forehead; nape and breast rich dark hazel, passing gradually on underparts into deep orange rufous on center of abdomen, and into mummy brown on sides of body, flanks, and thighs; lower breast, abdomen (except center), and sides of body with subterminal black disks, the feathers mostly with narrow black edgings; under tail- coverts mummy brown, tipped with deep orange rufous, with subtermi- nal black markings. Throat, malar stripe, and sides of neck black, the latter narrowly bordered posteriorly with deep hazel, and connect- ing the same color of the nape with that of the breast. Back, scapu- lars, and wing-coverts (except primary coverts), cinnamon, with more or less circular subterminal black spots, those on the back larger than those of the lower parts; rump, upper tail-coverts and lower back mummy brown, with traces of black spots and lighter edgings to the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, VOL. X VIII—No. 1090. 625 Proc. N. M. 95 40 626 NEW SPECIES OF ANT THRUSH—RICHMOND. VOL, XVIII. feathers on the two latter. Wing feathers blackish brown, pale mummy brown on outer webs, the secondaries edged on the outer webs with buff. Tail black, the outer pair of feathers narrowly tipped with white. Auricular region, lores, and supraorbital line unfeathered, except a small patch of black feathers over eye, and another lesser one on the lower eyelid. Wing, 3.65 inches; tail, 3.45; culmen, 0.83; tarsus, 1.30. ‘Bill, black; tarsi, feet, and claws, pinkish vinaceous; irides, reddish brown; naked skin on head, azure blue; around ears and along lower jaw, campanula blue.” This species is similar to P. macleannani of Panama and Veragua, but is considerably brighter and richer in color on the underparts, back, rump, and wings. The edges of the black-spotted feathers of abdomen, under tail-coverts, back, ete., are similar in color to the sur- rounding parts, instead of pale, buffy white, as in P. macleannani. There seems to be no difference in size between the two forms, The series examined consists of eleven specimens, five of P. saturata, and six of P. macleannanit. The former are from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the latter from Veragua and Panama. = PARTIAL LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED AT ALTA MIRA, MEXICO, BY MR. FRANK B. ARMSTRONG. By CHARLES W. RIcHMOND, Assistant Curator of the Department of Birds. THE BRIEF list here given represents some of the species collected by Mr. Frank B. Armstrong at Alta Mira, a small town not far from Tampico, on the east coast of Mexico. The list is, of course, only fragmentary as regards the total number of species found in this vicin- ity and contains only those sent to the U.S. National Museum by Mr. Armstrong at intervals during the winter of 1894-95 for identifica- tion. Specimens of most of the species were retained for the National Museum collection. Quite a number of birds previously known only from southern Mex- ico southward have been recently recorded! from Tampico and points north of that place, and in some cases even to the Rio Grande. Mr. Armstrong has forwarded several of these, also some additional species not heretofore mentioned from this part of Mexico, and a few interesting winter records of North American species are included. The number of specimens mentioned under a species indicates the number sent for identification, and does not give a very correct impres- sion of the abundance or scarcity of a species, as Mr. Armstrong for- warded only a portion of the specimens collected by him. 1. CRYPTURUS MEXICANUS, Salvadori. MEXICAN TINAMOU. Three specimens (October and November). 2, COCHLEARIUS ZELEDONI (Ridgway). CENTRAL AMERICAN BOAT-BILL. A specimen in fresh plumage (November 15, 1894). 3. ARAMIDES ALBIVENTRIS, Lawrence. ; WHITE-THROATED WOOD-HEN. One specimen. 1Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, pp. 232-243; also in Cat. Birds, Brit. Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XVIII—No. 1091. 627 628 BIRDS FROM ALTA MIRA, MEXICO—RICHMOND. VOL. XVIII. q 4. JACANA SPINOSA (Linneus). MEXICAN JACANA. Several specimens (October). 5. SCARDAFELLA INCA (Lesson). INCA DOVE. Two specimens (October). 6. GERANOSPIZA NIGRA (Du Bus). BLACK FROG HAWK. Two or three specimens. 7. MICRASTUR MELANOLEUCUS (Vieillot). BLACK AND BUFF MICRASTUR. One specimen. 8. URUBITINGA ANTHRACINA (Lichtenstein). MEXICAN BLACK HAWK. One specimen. 9, RUPORNIS MAGNIROSTRIS GRISEOCAUDA, Ridgway. GRAY-TAILED HAWK. One specimen. 10. FALCO ALBIGULARIS, Daudin. WHITE-THROATED FALCON. One specimen. 11. FALCO FUSCO-CASRULESCENS, Vieillot. APLOMADO FALCON. One specimen. 12. GLAUCIDIUM PHALAENOIDES, Daudin. FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL. Several specimens. 13. AMAZONA VIRIDIGENALIS (Cassin). CRIMSON-CROWNED PARROT. One specimen. 14. AMAZONA AUTUMNALIS (Linnzus). f AUTUMNAL PARROT. Severa. specimens. 15. CONURUS ASTEC, Souance. E AZTEC PARAKEET. Several specimens. 16. PIAYA CAYANA THERMOPHILA (Sclater). CENTRAL AMERICAN SQUIRREL CUCKOO. One specimen (February 15). 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 629 17. COCCYZUS MINOR (Gmelin). MANGROVE CUCKOO. One specimen. 18. TROGON AMBIGUUS, Gould. COPPERY-TAILED TROGON. Several specimens. 19. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould. BLACK-HEADED TROGON, Several specimens. 20. CERYLE TORQUATA (Linnzus). RINGED KINGFISHER. One specimen. 21. CAMPEPHILUS GUATEMALENSIS (Hartlaub). : GUATEMALAN IVORY-BILL. One specimen. 22. CEOPHL@US SCAPULARIS (Vigors). DELATTRE’S WOODPECKER. One specimen. 23. CHLORONERPES A2RUGINOSUS, Lichtenstein. MEXICAN GREEN WOODPECKER. Several specimens. 24, CHLOROSTILBON CANIVETI (Lesson). CANIVET’S EMERALD. Two specimens. 25. PLATYPSARIS AGLAI (Lafresnaye). ROSE-THROATED BECARD. Several specimens. 26. TITYRA PERSONATA (Jardine and Selby). MASKED TITYRA. One specimen. 27. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS COUCHI (Baird). COUCH’S KINGBIRD. One specimen. 28. PITANGUS DERBIANUS (Kaup). DERBY FLYCATCHER; KISKADEE. Several specimens. 29, MYIOZETETES TEXENSIS (Giraud. ) GIRAUD’S FLYCATCHER; LITTLE KISKADEE. Several specimens. 630 BIRDS FROM ALTA MIRA, MEXICO—RICHMOND. 30. MEGARHYNCHUS PITANGUA (Linnezus). ; BROAD-BILLED KISKADEE., One specimen. dl. MYIARCHUS LAWRENCEII (Giraud). i LAWRENCE’S FLYCATCHER. One specimen. 32. ORNITHION IMBERBE (Sclater). BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER. Two specimens (January 18, 1895). 33. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS MEXICANUS, Allen. MEXICAN ANT THRUSH. One specimen. 34. DENDRORNIS FLAVIGASTER (Swainson). IVORY-BILLED WOODHEWER. Twenty some specimens. 35. PSILORHINUS MORIO (Wagler). BROWN JAY. One specimen, 36. CORVUS MEXICANUS, Gmelin. MEXICAN CROW. Two specimens. 37. GYMNOSTINOPS MONTEZUM£ (Lesson). MONTEZUMA YELLOW-TAIL. One specimen. 38. AMBLYCERCUS HOLOSERICEUS (Lichtenstein). PLANTATION CASSIQUE. Several specimens. 39. ICTERUS GULARIS (Wagler). LESSON’S ORIOLE. Several specimens. 40, SPINUS PSALTRIA MEXICANUS (Swainson). MEXICAN GOLDFINCH. Two specimens. 41. PASSERINA PARELLINA (Bonaparte). BLUE BUNTING. Several specimens. 42, EUETHEIA OLIVACEA PUSILLA (Swainson). MEXICAN GRASSQUIT. Several specimens. VOL. XVIII. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. O11 43. PITYLUS CELAINO (Lichtenstein). MEXICAN PITYLUS. Twelve or more specimens. 4. SALTATOR ATRICEPS, Lesson. BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR. Four specimens. 45. SALTATOR GRANDIS (Lichtenstein). GRAY-BACKED SALTATOR. One immature male (February 22). 46. PHCGENICOTHRAUPIS FUSCICAUDA SALVINI (Berlepsch)- SALVIN’S ANT TANAGER, Two specimens. 47. PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wilson). LOUISIANA TANAGER. Numerous specimens (January and February). Some of them molting. 48. TANAGRA ABBAS, Lichtenstein. NORTHERN PALM TANAGER. Two specimens (February 23), not different from Guatemalan birds. 49, EVUPHONIA HIRUNDINACEA, Bonaparte. SWALLOW-BILLED EUPHONIA. Several specimens. 50. EUPHONIA AFFINIS, Lesson. ALLIED EUPHONIA. Numerous specimens. 51. VIREO SOLITARIUS (Wilson) BLUE-HEADED VIREO. One specimen (October). 52. HELMITHEROS VERMIVORUS (Gmelin). WORM-EATING WARBLER. One specimen (January 26), 53. COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA (Linnezus). PARULA WARBLER. One specimen (February 16). 54. GEOTHLYPIS FLAVOVELATUS, Ridgway. ALTA MIRA YELLOW-THROAT. Geothlypis flavorelatus, RipbGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 119. One adult male (December 5, 159+). 632 BIRDS FROM ALTA MIRA, MEXICO—RICHMOND, HOODED WARBLER. VOL. XVIII. 55. SYLVANIA MITRATA (Gmelin). | One specimen (November 20). Wi ntootahtht toned oo 8 ee 56. SYLVANIA PUSILLA (Wilson). WILSON’S WARBLER. Several specimens. ' 57. BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS (Lichtenstein). BRASHER’S WARBLER. | Several specimens. o8. THRYOTHORUS MACULIPECTUS, Lafresnaye. | SPOTTED-BREASTED WREN, Two or three specimens. 59. HEMIURA LEUCOGASTRA (Gould). SHORT-TAILED WREN. Uropsila leucogaster, SCLATER and SALVIN, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., 1873, p. 155. Hemiura (leucogastra), Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 18 } eigen oul. One specimen (February 10), 60. MERULA GRAYI (Bonaparte). GRAY’S ROBIN. One specimen. ON SOME REARED PARASITIC HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS FROM CEYLON. By iO HowArD;, PH. 1D: Honorary Curator of Insects, and Wms. H. ASHMEAD, Custodian of the Hymenoptera. Mr. E. ERNEST GREEN, of Punduloya, Ceylon, has long been study- ing the Coccidx of that interesting region, and has in preparation a large work in parts entitled The Coccidie of Ceylon.! In the course of his studies of the Coccide, he has reared certain hymenopterous para- sites from them. ‘These he has sent to the U. S. National Museum for names, sending with them a few parasites of lepidopterous larvie which he has incidentally reared. The parasitic Hymenoptera of Ceylon are not well known. A few species have been described by Walker and a number of others by Motschulsky. It is not surprising, therefore, that the majority of the species sent by Mr. Green proved to be new, and the material is of additional interest for the reason that in every case the parasite is associated with its host insect. The most striking feature of the send- ing is the number of parasites reared from one of the lac inseets—Tach- ardia albizzie. It will be interesting to state that Mr. Green has found several other insects associated with this economically important Coecid, among them a Phlewothrips which feeds on the excretion of the bark- louse, and a Tineid larva which preys upon the Coccid itself. Of the insects here reported upon, Dr. Howard has studied the Chal- cididee and Mymaridz and Mr. Ashmead the Ichneumonide and Braconidee. Family CHALCIDID 4%. Subfamily APHHLININ A. Genus COCCOPHAGUS, Westwood. Coccophagus, WESTWOOD, Phil. Mag., III, 1833. COCCOPHAGUS ORIENTALIS, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 1.2 mm.; expanse, 2.5 mm. Antenne with scape somewhat flattened from side, appearing from this view large and heavy; bulla distinet, strongly notched from below, scape equal in 1 Shortly to be published by Dulau & Co., of London. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XVIL[I—No. 1092. 633 4 634 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS—HOWARD AND ASHMEAD, Vou. xvut. length to pedicel and first two funicle joints, pedicel a little longer than wide, triangular, first funicle joint longer than pedicel and longer than second funicle joint, second and third joints each successively shorter, but all of the same width, as also the two basal joints of club; the longitudinal elevations of funicle joints and club very strong and numerous, funicle joints with stout bristles in addition. Head and thorax with short and rather close black hairs, very faintly shagreened, but shining; hind thighs somewhat thickened, spur of middle tibizx unusually long but slender. General color black with strong purplish reflections; all tarsi nearly white, tips of front and middle tibiz also whitish, middle tibial spur white; fore wings infusecated to stigma, nearly hyaline at extreme base, tip perfectly hyaline. Type.—No, 3248, U.S.N.M. Thirteen specimens, reared by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon, from Ceroplastes actiniformis, Lecaniwn viride, Lecanium coffee, and Dactylopius adonidum. Seems to be an abundant and general scale insect parasite in Ceylon. Differs radically from all other species of Coccophagus known to me with the exception of C. purpureus, Ashmead, described from a specimen captured in Florida. The description of the latter species is short, but the wings are said to be entirely fuscous. In color, in the presence of more or less infuscation of the wings, and in the absence of a scutellar spot, the two forms agree, COCCOPHAGUS FLAVESCENS, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 1.2 mm.; expanse, 2.6 mm. Eyes hairy, well sepa- rated, ocelli forming a right-angled triangle; antenne long, scape reach- ing nearly to tip of head; first funicle joint twice as long as pedicel and three times as long as wide; second funicle joint two-thirds as long as first, and three-fourths as long as second; all subequalin width. Club not swollen, as long as two preceding funicle joints together. Thorax well rounded and furnished with sparse, rather long, brown pile; the two apical bristles of the mesoscutellum long, white, each arising from a minute black spot. General surface almost smooth; no shagreening can be discovered. General color dark honey yellow; antenne brown- ish, a little lighter at joints; dorsal surface of abdomen dusky; the fore wings slightly infuscated. Male.—What is apparently the male of this species differs radically in color from the female, but in no other important particulars. It is uniformly black witli the exception of the tarsi and the tips of middle tibiw, which are dirty white. Types.—No. 3249, U.S.N.M.; four female and three male specimens reared from Lecanium coffee, by EK. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. Genus PHYSCUS, Howard. Physcus, HOWARD, Revis. Aphelinine N. A., Techn. Ser. No. 1,U. 8. Dept. Acric., Div. Entom., 1895, p. 43. | | 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 635 PHYSCUS VARICORNIS, Howard. Coccophagus varicornis, HOWARD, Ann. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 360. Physcus varicornis, HOWARD, Revis. Aphelinine N. A., Techn. Ser. No. 1, U. S. Dept. Agrie., Div. Entom., 1895, p. 43. This species, hitherto found only at Washington, District of Columbia; Alameda, California, and Champaign, Illinois, at which points it has been reared respectively from Aspidiotus ancylus, Chionaspis quercus, and Chionaspis americana, has been reared by Mr. Green in Ceylon from Chionaspis eleagni. Genus ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS, Howard. Aspidiotiphagus, HOWARD, Insect Life, VI, 1894, p. 230. ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS CITRINUS, (Craw). Coccophagus citrinus, CRAW, Destructive Insects, Sacramento, California, 1891. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, Howarp, Insect Life, VI, 1891, p. 231. This common and widespread parasite of armored scales in the United States and southern Europe was reared by Mr. Green from Diaspis lanatus. Genus APHELINUS, Dalman. Aphelinus, DALMAN, Svensk. Akad. Handl., p. 181, 1820. APHELINUS MYTILASPIDIS, LeBaron. Aphelinus mytilaspidis, LEBARON, Amer. Ent., II, 1870, p. 360. This species, commonly reared in the United States from Mytilaspis pomorum, Chionaspis pinifolti, and Diaspis carueli, has been reared by Mr. Green from Chionaspis permutans and Chionaspis graminis. Genus ENCARSIA, Feerster. Encarsia, F@Rrster, Kleine Monographien, 1878, pp. 65-66. The two species which follow differ in some degree from the species described under this genus in the writer’s * Revision ‘of the A phelininee of North America,” but the assemblage of characters brings them so close to Encarsia that it is not considered advisable to erect a new genus for them. ENCARSIA PLANCHONIZ, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 0.56 mm.; expanse, 1.16 mm. Funicle joint 1 as long as pedicel; joint 2 considerably longer than 1, and with 3, 4, and 5, subequal in length and breadth: the two terminal joints not so closely united as with other species of this genus, the first one equal- ing the fourth funicle joint in length and breadth, and the last one pointed at apex and somewhat shorter. All funicle joints with close longitudinal carinwe, as with Coccophagus. Cephalic border of meso- 636 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS—HOWARD AND ASHMEAD, vou. XVIII. scutellum convex, stigmal vein of fore wings short and nearly par- allel with costa, marginal vein with five bristles on costal border, these Lristles shorter than costal bristles which begin at end of marginal. Hind wings with a single row of discal cilia on apical fourth, this row near costal margin of wing. General color golden yellow, eyes dark, ocelli reddish, abdomen more or less suffused with brown, joints between segments accentuated mesoscutum brownish; legs and antenne lighter in color than body. Type.—N 0. 3250, U.S.N.M.; two female specimens reared by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon, from Planchonia delicata. ? ENCARSIA AONIDIA, new species (Howard). Female.—Lenegth, 0.51 mm.; expanse, 114mm. Funicle joint 1 much longer than pedicel, the following joints subequal in length, the termi- nal joint as with preceding species. Funicle with Sparser longitudinal carine, but two observable from dorsal aspect. Funicle and elub clothed with sparse, short, nearly erect bristles—an unique character among the Aphelinine. Cephalic border of mesoscutellum not convex, Straight in one specimen and with two slight reenteving angles in the other. Stigmal vein of fore wings as with preceding species; marginal vein with nine bristles on costal border, these bristles longer than costal cilia beginning at end of marginal. Hind Wings on outer fourth with two rows of discal cilia, one row near costal margin and the other near hind margin. Color as with preceding species, except that the abdomen is darker. Lype.—No. 3251, U.S.N.M.; two female specimens reared by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon, from Aonidia corn iger. Subfamily HNCYRTIN As. Genus ENCYRTUS, Latreille. Encyrtus, LATREILLE, Gen. Crust. et In SeelOV a eoleel SO: ENCYRTUS FLAVUS, Howard. Encyrtus flavus, Howarp, Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 367. This species was first found at Los Angeles, California, where it is parasitic upon Lecanium hesperidum. Some years later it was reared at Columbus, Ohio, on the same scale on greenhouse plants. Mr. Green has reared it from Lecaniwm piperis. ENCYRTUS LICHTENSIA, new species (Howard). Female.—Lenegth, 3.3 mm.: expanse, 5.4mm. Rather closely related to the European LE. cyanifrons, Dalman. Antennal scape rather strongly widened below; pedicel somewhat longer than first funicle joint; first funicle joint one-half longer than wide, succeeding funicle joints increasing slightly in width but subequal in length; club flat- tened, as long as two preceding funicle joints together, broader from ' | 195. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. O36 side, somewhat truncate, attenuate from above. Head rather triangu- lar from side, eyes proximate, naked, ocelli forming an acute-angled triangle. Mesoscutum with sparse, rather fine punctures, very deli- cately shagreened, shining; mesoscutellum more coarsely shagreened, without punctures and with a few long hairs at tip, not forming a tuft. Marginal vein short, stigmal and postmarginal long. General color metallic blue-green, mesoscutum somewhat coppery. Pronotum, head, tegule, and legs dark honey yellow; mesopleura brown; antennal scayre and club black, seape brownish near tip; pedicel and funicle joints 1 to 4 infuseated, 5 and 6 white; fore wings almost uniformly infuscate+1, lighter at base and tip. Type.—No. 3252, U.S.N.M. Five female specimens reared from Lich- tensia koebelei by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. ENCYRTUS CHIONASPIDIS, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 1.2 mm.; expanse, 2mm. Antenne inserted near mouth, scape slender, pedicel as long as three succeeding funicle joints together; funicle joints 1 to 4 subequal in length but inereasing in width; joint 5 twice as long as 4, joint 6 longer than 5 but about as wide. Club swollen at base, pointed at tip, nearly as long as entire funicle. Head with protruding front, eyes well separated, ocelii forming an obtuse-angled triangle; thorax flat, the wide axille meet- ing at tips; ovipositor slightly protruding. General surface glistening, punctation almost imperceptible. Abdomen as long as thorax, subo- vate, acute at tip; marginal, postmarginal, and stigmal veins subequal inlength. General color black,with metallic reflections; antenne brown, all legs except coxe pallid; wings hyaline. Type.—No. 3253, U.S.N.M. Four female specimens reared from Chiv- naspis graminis by BE. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. ENCYRTUS PLANCHONIZA, new species (Howard.) Female.—Length, 1.2 mm.; expanse, 2.8 mm. Body short, stout ; thorax nearly plane above; head elongate, subtriangular, when seer from above; eyes nearly as much dorsal as lateral; ocelli forming an acute-angled triangle. Scape inserted near middle of face, slender ; pedicel minute; funicle joints as wide as long, club ovate, a little longer than two preceding antennal joints together. Scapulie meeting at tips; mesonotum smooth, slightly glistening, submarginal vein short. General color honey-yellow; anterior edge of mesoscutum dark and slightly metallic; sides of mesoscutum and tip of abdomen concolorous with this. Type.—No. 3254, U.S.N.M. One female specimen reared from Plan- chonia delicata by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. ENCYRTUS TACHARDIZ, new species (Howard). Male.—Length, 1.5 mm.; expanse, 3.6mm. Body stout, thorax well rounded, axille meeting at tip; antenne inserted at middle of face, 638 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS—HOWARD AND ASHMEAD. vou. xvm. seape not widened; funicle joints subeylindrical, well separated, each with regular, close-set hairs not separated into whorls and not espe- cially long; eyes distant, marginal vein very short, postmarginal and stigmal subequal; mesonotum very finely shagreened, shining. Gen. eral color metallic blue-green, scutellum with coppery reflections, outer edge of mesoscutum brownish, all legs, tegulw, and mesopleura concol- orous, tibie a little darker, antenne dark brown, scape and pedicel blackish above, wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Type.—No. 3255, U.S.N.M. Two male specimens reared from Tach- ardia albizzie by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. It is undesirable to describe species of Eneyrtine from the male sex alone, but on account of the economic importance of the host insect the writer has considered it advisable to give this insect a name. ENCYRTUS SOLIDUS, new species (Howard). Male.—Length, 1.5 mm.; expanse, 3.4mm. Form robust, compact; abdomen short, triangular, somewhat compressed from sides; axillee separated at tips; antenne inserted slightly below middle of face, scape short, not widened, funicle joints thick and closely united, pubes- cence extremely short and very dense; joints 2 to 5 subequal in length, joint 5 rather shorter, joint 1 considerably longer; club short, less than four and five in length. Head faintly granulate, meso- notum faintly shagreened. General color black, faintly glistening; antennal scape brownish, pedicel nearly black: flagellum light brown; all coxee and femora nearly black, the femora lighter at tips; front and hind tibiw brown, yellowish at tips; middle tibie light yellowish-brown; tegule brownish; wings hyaline, wing veins dark brown; marginal vein thickened, nearly black. Type.—No. 3256, U.S.N.M. One male Specimen reared from LHrio- coccus rhodomyrti by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. ANAGYRUS, new genus (Howard). Female.—Mandibles bidentate; antenne inserted below middle of face, scape greatly widened below; flagellum slender, cylindrical; ped- icel cylindrical, shorter than first funicle joint; funicle joints 1 to 6 subequal in length and width, each one-half longer than pedicel; club somewhat flattened laterally, oval, not quite as long as two preceding funicle joints; eyes distant, faintly hairy, ocelli forming a right-angled triangle; head and mesonotum opaque; scapulwe slightly separated at tips; wings with extremely short marginal cilia; marginal vein very Short; stigmal moderately long, slightly curved; postmarginal very Short; ovipositor slightly protruded. Male.— Antennal scape mode ‘ately swollen; pedicel triangular, nearly as wide as long; funicle joints with moderately long, rather thick, pubescence, not growing in whorls; joints subeylindrical, attached to each other at lower border; joint 1 longest, four times as long as : { = 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 639 pedicel; remaining joints gradually decreasing in length; axille mect- ing at tips; genitalia half as long as abdomen. Resembles in many respects Huscapus, Dalhlbom (= Dinocarsis, Fars ter); but differs in position of ocelli, in the unlengthened stigmal vein, in the somewhat smaller but not expanded male scape, and in other lesser details. ANAGYRUS GREENI, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 2 mm.; expanse, 4.1 mm. Head and mesonotum strongly shagreened and furnished with very short, close pile; meso- pleura with a distinct longitudinal striation. General color dull red- dish-yellow; scape black, whitish at tip; pedicel black, whitish at tip; first funicle joint black, remaining funicle joints and elub silvery white; club with a yellowish shade at tip; cheeks behind eyes black; mandi- bles black at tip; metanotum and abdomen dusky or nearly black; legs pallid; wings hyaline. Male.—Resembles female in sculpturing. Color black; mesopleura dark fuscous; legs a little darker than female. Types.—No. 3257, U.S.N.M. Five females and four males, reared from Maskellia zonata by EK. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. ANICETUS, new genus (Howard). Female.—Belongs to the group of genera characterized by enormous laterally developed antenne, viz, Cerapterocerus, Husemion, Mira, Anu- sia, and Rileya. Eyes dorsal, rather close together, ocelli at the angles of aright-angled triangle; face strongly concave, with a very marked transverse dorsally arched carina at front of eyes; antennal scape reaches frontal arch, gradually widened and exfoliated, inserted slightly below middle of face; the six funicle joints all short and rapidly widen- ing from the narrow pedicel, all subequal in length and all together shorter than club; club itself obliquely truncate from tip to base; eyes hairy; mesonotum slightly rounded; axille narrow, meeting at tips; ovipositor just showing; wings nearly uniformly cloudy; marginal vein shorter than stigmal, somewhat thickened; the cilia below bend of sub- marginal vein longer than elsewhere; all tarsi short and rather stout; spur of middle tibiw.stout and a trifle longer than first tarsal joint. ANICETUS CEYLONENSIS, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 1.8mm; expanse,4mm. Face below carina densely shagreened, with a well-rounded longitudinal intra-antennal carina; antennal scape faintly shagreened, with faint brownish pile; mesono- tum very delicately shagreened, somewhat lustrous, especially on meso- scutum; pile faint and brownish. General color dark honey-yellow, with faint purplish luster on mesoscutum, vertex, and sides of first seg- ment of abdomen. Antenne brownish toward tip, middle and hind tibiee with a dark-brown dot on outer middle and another at base; first tarsal joint of hind legs brownish; middle tibize with distinct bristles 640 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS—HOWARD AND ASHMEAD. vou.xvin. on outer margin; spiracular hairs of third abdominal segment long and distinet. Type.—No. 3258, U.S.N.M. One female specimen reared from Vin- sonia stellifera, Punduloya, Ceylon, by E. Ernest Green. Genus COMYS, Ferster. Comys, Fa:RSTER, Hymenop. Stud., II, 1856, p. 144. COMYS RUFESCENS (Motschulsky). Chiloneurus rufescens, MOTSCHULSKY, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose., XXXVI, 1863, p. 53. This is the only one of the Motschulsky species recognized. The Russian author’s specimens were taken by Nietner on the summit of Mount Patannas, and those received from Mr. Green were reared by him from Lecanium coffee. Genus HOMALOPODA, Howard. Homalopoda, Howard, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., XXV, 1894, p. 90. HOMALOPODA CRISTATA, Howard. Homalopoda cristata, Howarp, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., XXV, 1894, p. 91. The type specimens of this monotypieal genus were collected by Mr. H. H. Smith on the Island of St. Vincent, British West Indies. A sin- gle female was received from Mr. Green, reared from Aspidiotus secretus. The insect has an Asiatie facies and may have been carried to the West Indies from the East Indies under scale insects on certain plants which were being imported. Genus APHYCUS, Mayr. Aphycus, MAyR, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1875, p. 695. APHYCUS LICHTENSIA, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 1.3 mm.; expanse, 3 mm. General color reddish yellow; abdomen black, antennal scape black, whitish at tip; pedicel black, white at tip; funicle joints 1 to 4 black, fourth whitish above, 5 and 6 yellowish-white; club black; metaseutellum blackish, tegule dark at tip, mesoscutum with two curved transverse narrow black lines, one on each side, reaching nearly to middle; ail tibize with three black bands more or less interrupted. Antennal scape moderately widened below; pedicel twice as long as wide, as long as three first funicle joints together; funicle joints gradually increasing in width from 1 to 4; 5 and 6 suddenly wider and longer. Club flattened, obliquely truncate, as long as funicle joints 5 and 6 together. Type.— No. 3259, U.S.N.M. Eight female Specimens reared from Lich- tensia koebelet by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. Genus ARRHENOPHAGUS, Aurivillius. Arrhenophagus, AURIVILLIUS, Ent. Tidsk. IX, 1888, pp. 144-145. te 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 641 ARRHENOPHAGUS CHIONASPIDIS, Aurivillius. Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, AURIVILLIUS, Ent. Tidsk. IX, 1888, p. 146. This remarkable encyrtine, reared by Aurivillius in Sweden from Chionaspis salicis, has been reared in the United States from Diaspis rose at Kirkwood, Missouri, by Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, and from the same host at Champaign, Illinois, by Mr. W. G. Johnson. Mr. Green reared it in Ceylon from Fiorinia saprosome, Subfamily HUPEHELMIN ®. Genus ANASTATUS, Motsehulsky. Anastatus, MOTSCHULSKY, Etud. entom., 8th ann., 1859, p. 116. Antigaster, WALSH, Amer. Ent., IT, 368 (1870). ANASTATUS TACHARDIZ, new species (Howard). Male.—Length, 1.5mm. Dark blue or blue-black; mandibles, tips of palpi, sutures of trochanters, tips of anterior tibiwe, and their tarsi, except last joint, pale; basal joint of hind tarsi and tibial spurs white; abdomen beneath piceous, with the sutures 1 and 2 whitish. Head and thorax above finely shagreened; antenne filiform, pubescent, the flagellum brown-black, the funicle joints subequal, a little longer than thick, 4,5, and 6 somewhat shorter than 1, 2, and 3, the seape short, not extending to middle ocellus, blue-black, pedicel rounded, blue- black. Thorax with complete, but not sharply defined, parapsidal grooves. Wings hyaline, the veins brown, the marginal vein as long as the submarginal, the stigmal and postmarginal veins short, equal in length, the stigmal slightly curved, ending in a short knob, Abdo- men oblong, as long as the thorax. Habitat—Punduloya, Ceylon. Type.—No. 3260, U.S.N.M. One male specimen, supposed by Mr. E. Ernest Green to have been reared from Tachardia albizzie. For the suggestion as to the synonymy of Walsl’s genus Antigaster with Anastatus the writer is indebted to Mr, Ashmead. Subfamily HLACHISTIN 4. Genus EUPLECTRUS, Westwood. Euplectrus, WestTwoop, Lond. Edin. Pbil. Mag., I, 1832, p. 128. EUPLECTRUS CEYLONENSIS, new species (Howard). 2 oO Female.—Length, 2.8 mm.; expanse, 6.3 mm. Resembles closely /. Jurnius, Walker (British West Indies). Stout, shining, bristly; pedi- cel of antenne with a pair of long, stout bristles at base, and another pair, longer and stouter, at tip; mesonotum strongly shagreened, with two strong elongate longitudinal depressions just anterior to tip of scutellum; axillee with strong and very broad depressions at artieu- lation with seutellum; scutellum nearly smooth, very faintly aciculate ; nearly all of thoracic bristles whitish, the pair next the tegule black. Proc. N. M. 95 41 642 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS HOWARD AND ASHMEAD, vVou.xvm. Color black; antennal scape and pedicel honey-yellow, flagellum brown; tegule and mouth parts and all legs, including cox, honey-yellow; a large honey-yellow spot on venter of abdomen; indications of a corres ponding dorsal spot, which is fainter in some specimens than in others; wings hyaline. The male does not differ, except sexually, from the female. Differs from FH. furnius mainly in the more pronounced sculpturing of the mesonotum, in the greater size and depth of the notal impressions, and in the greater length and strength of the bristles. Types.—No. 3261, U.S.N.M. Many male and female specimens reared from the larva of Huproctis fraterna by EK. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. Subfamily EKNTHDONIN 4. Genus HOLCOPEL@E, Forster: Holcopelte, FORSTER, Hymen. Stud., II, 78, 1856. A species of this genus, in almost unrecognizable condition, labeled as having been reared from Tachardia albizzia, was among the parasites received. Allof the species of this genus are hyperparasites, and this species may have for its host one of the foregoing insects described as parasitic upon Lachardia. Subfamily TH’CTCRASTICHIN &. Genus WE deEveAS mie US Eleuliiclany: Tetrastichus, HALLIDAY, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., III, 297, 1843. Several specimens of an unrecognizable species of this genus were also found in this collection, also labeled as having been reared from Tachardia albizzie. The species of this genus are also hyperparasites without exception, so far as known, and the true host of Mr. Green’s forms to be found among the larger parasites which he reared from the lac insect. Family MYMARIDE. Adnitting family rank for this interesting group of extremely minute parasitic Hymenoptera, as originally proposed by Haliday and later adopted by Ashmead, it is deemed advisable at the present time to establish two subfamilies, the first of which, called the Mymarine, including those forms which have 4-jointed tarsi, will contain the genera Mymar, Dustochus, Doriclytus, Cosmocoma, Caraphractus, Stictothria, Anaphes, Anagrus, and Polynema; while the second, which may be called the Gonatocerine, and contains those forms which have 5-jointed tarsi, will include the genera Gonatocerus, Camptoptera, Ooctonus, Limacis, Alaptus, and Litas. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 643 Subfamily MYMARIN A£. ANTHEMUS, new genus (Howard). Male.—Antenne, 9-jointed; scape and bulla plainly differentiated, pedicel longer and broader than first funicle joint; funicle joints sub- equal in length and breadth, about twice as long as broad, each with a single whorl of very long hairs. Club attenuate at tip, as long as three preceding funicle joints together, undivided, and furnished with long hairs like the funicle joints—the hairs, however, being irregularly placed. Eyes distant, naked; ocelli large, placed in a nearly straight line; abdomen sessile, tarsi 4-jointed, wings as with Anagyrus. Female.—Antenne 8-jointed, pedicel swollen, two and a half times as long as wide, first funicle joint one-third as long as pedicel, much nar- rower, subeylindrical; second, third, fourth, and fifth funicle joints increasing gradually in length and width; club long ovate, longer than three preceding funicle joints together, slightly wider than fifth funicle joint, undivided; funicle and club with very sparse and short hairs; ovipositor slightly extruded; in other respects resembles male. | ANTHEMUS CHIONASPIDIS, new species (Howard). Male and female.—Length, 0.536 mm.; expanse to tip of wings, 1.35 mm.; expanse to tips of cilia, 1.72 mm. General color yellow brown; darker at sides and base of abdomen and at sides of metanotum; eyes dark purple, ocelli lighter, reddish. Legs honey-yellow, hind femora darker. Funicle joints of male antennie somewhat flask-shaped, the swelling of each joint at the insertion of the whorl of hairs giving a slightly constricted appearance to the distal half of the joint; hind wings with no discal cilia, except a single row of about six, extending from the end of the vein halfway to tip of wing; discal cilia of fore wings dense and strong. Types.—No. 3262, U.S.N.M. Many male and female specimens reared by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon, from Chionaspis graminis. Subfamily GONATOCE RIN 2A. Genus LITUS, Haliday. Titus, HALIDAY, Ent. Mag., I, 269, 1833. LITUS ENOCKI, new species (Howard). Female.—Length, 0.279 mm.; expanse to tip of wings, 0.79 mm.; expanse to tips of cilia 1.02 mm. Scape and pedicel swollen, funicle joints attenuate, first and second subequal in length, each about as long as pedicel; third and fourth a little shorter, fifth and sixth still Shorter, slightly swollen; club longer than three preceding joints together, slightly broader, elongate ovate in shape. Color dark brown, legs, antennal scape, and pedicel lighter, abdomen lighter near base 644 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS—HOWARD AND ASHMEAD, Vo. xvut. below. Wings faintly infuscated, especially near base. Body stout, compact, abdomen sessile, thorax rather strongly arched. Type.—No. 3263, U.S.N.M. Two female specimens reared by Mr. E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon, from LHriococcus. Named for Mr. Fred. Enock, of London, who has devoted considerable attention to the Mymaridie and has made the most beautiful slide mounts of these minute creatures which I have seen. Family ICHNEUMONIDA. Subfamily OPHIONIN A. Genus CHAROPS, Holmgren. Charops, HOLMGREN, Svensk. Akad. Hand1., 1858, n. 8, 39. CHAROPS ERYTHROGASTER, new species (Ashmead). Female.—Length, 6.5 mm. Head, thorax, and antenn, except scape beneath, black, clothed with a fine grayish pubescence; scape beneath, legs, except middle and hind coxe, and abdomen, except petiole, rufous; middle and hind cox and petiole black, first joint of hind trochanters, extreme base of hind femora, and tarsi more or less dusky; mandibles, palpi, and tegule whitish. The head, antero-posteriorly, is thin, with the vertex acute; eyes subreniform; antennie filiform, extending to the second abdominal segment, with several of the ante-penultimate joints transverse, about three times wider than long. Thorax short ovate, closely, opaquely punctate, without parapsidal furrows, the metathorax abrupt, without carinwe, the spiracles oval. Wings hyaline, the veins brown-black, the stigma narrow, lanceolate, the third discoidal cell longer than the first, the second recurrent nervure joining the cubitus behind the transverse cubital nervure. Abdomen, with the petiole, twice as long as the thorax, compressed, the petiole as long as the middle femur, the body of abdomen more than twice as long as the petiole, the ovipositor hardly projecting, with black sheaths. Male.—Length, 6mm. Agrees with the female, except that all coxe are black, the middle legs are more or less piceous, the hind legs black, while the abdomen, except the ventral membranous part, is entirely black. Habitat.—Punduloya, Ceylon, Type.—No. 3264, U.S.N.M. One female and one male, bred by Mr. E. Ernest Green, from the larva of Huterota, sp. Subfamily CRY PTIN 4%. Genus HEMITELES, Gravenhorst. Hemiteles, GRAVENHORST, Ichn. Eur., II, p. 780, 1829. HEMITELES BRACHYCYTTARI, new species (Ashmead). Female.—Length, 5 mm.; ovipositor about one third the length of abdomen. Head and thorax black, minutely, closely punctate; clypeus polished, impunctate; mandibles, palpi, annulus on antenne, superior 4 :. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 645 margin of scape, anterior and middle coxie, annulus at base of hind tibiz, and the apical margins of first, second, third, fourth, and sixth segments of abdomen white; rest of legs, except hind tibiw and tarsi, reddish yellow. Head with the occiput concave, polished, the eyes very large, occupying the whole side of the head; antennie very slightly thickened toward apex, 26-jointed, the flagellar joints 1 to 3 long, cylindrical, subequal, the fourth about two-thirds as long as the third, the fifth and beyond gradually becoming shorter and shorter so that the terminal joints are not longer than wide. Thorax with parapsidal grooves, the metathorax areolated but with the lateral longitudinal carine wanting. Abdomen, except petiole and the apical margins of segments, as before mentioned, black, the petiole, except the white apical margin, reddish yellow, the second and third segments, except the white apical bands, are closely, opaquely shagreened, while the petiole and the rest of the segments are smooth and shining. Habitat.—Punduloya, Ceylon. Type.—No. 3265, U.S.N.M. One female, reared by Mr. E. Ernest Green from the larva of Brachycyttarus subteralbatus, Hampson. Subfamily PIMPLIN 4+. Genus POLYSPHINCTA, Gravenhorst. Polysphincta, GRAVENHORST, Hymen. Eur., III, 1829, p. 112. POLYSPHINCTA CEYLONICA, new species (Ashmead). Female.—Length,4 mm. Polished black; scape beneath, esopleura and seutellum red; mandibles, palpi, tegule, and legs, except a spot at apex of hind tibiz, and hind tarsi, except first joint toward base, which are fuscous, white. Wings hyaline, the stigma and veins brown. Metanotum with two median carine. Habitat.—Punduloya, Ceylon. Type.—No. 3266, U.S.N.M. One female, reared by Mr. E. Ernest Green from an unknown spider. Family BRACONID 5. Subfamily BRACONIN 2. Genus BRACON, Fabricius. Bracon, FABRICIUS, Syst. Piez., p. 102, 1804. BRACON GREENI, new species (Ashmead). Female.—Length, 2.5 to 3 mm.; ovipositor two-thirds length of abdomen. Brownish yellow; disk of metathorax, extreme apex of sec- ond abdominal segment and large dorsal blotches on third and fourth segments black. Head and thorax subopaque, almost smooth; antennie 24-jointed, brown-black, and nearly as long as the body. Wings hya- line, the stigwa and veins brown, the second branch of the radius 646 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS—HOWARD AND ASHMEAD, vou. xvi. about three times as long as the first, the second submarginal cell | being a little longer than the first; the recurrent nervure joins the first | submarginal cell a little beyond its apical third. Abdomen broadly — ovate and shagreened, the segments 2 to 4 subequal. the following ag little shorter. j Male.—Length, 2 to 2.5 mm. Agrees with the female, except that the antenne are 25-jointed, longer than the body, while segments 3 to 5 above are black. i Habitat.—Punduloya, Ceylon. Types.—No. 3267, U.S.N.M. Three females and two males, reported by Mr. E. Ernest Green as having been bred from Tachardia albizzie. It is likely, however, that he was deceived in this, and that the tineid © larva mentioned in the introduction as preying upon the Tachardia is — in reality the host of this Bracon. | | | APHRASTOBRACON, new genus (Ashmeadgd). Wings ample, the transverse median nervure received by the median cell before its apex, the submedian cell on the externo-medial nervure therefore distinctly shorter than the median; marginal cell extending to tip of wing; wings with the submedian cell very short, iess than one-third the length of the median. Head transverse, the occiput immargined; eyes very large, occupying the whole side of the head, the face in consequence very narrow; maxillary palpi 5-jointed, labial palpi 3-jointed; otherwise as in typical species of Bracon. It is extremely difficult, according to our present classification, to decide to which subfamily of the Braconidie this remarkable genus belongs. It belongs to Wesmael’s division Cyclostomi, and on account of the immargined occiput is allied to the subfamilies Braconine and Exothecinie, but on account of the shortness of the submedian cell, which readily distinguishes the genus from all others yet described, it will not fit into either of these; the former has tie submedian anid median cells equal, while in the latter the submedian cell is the longer. It may therefore represent a new subfamily if the length of these cells is still to be considered of primary importance. At present I prefer to place it in the subfamily Braconine, since Jam inclined to believe that too much importance has been given to the length of the basal cells. APHRASTOBRACON FLAVIPENNIS, new species (Ashmead). Mate.—Length, 4.5 tam. Brownish-yellow; eyes black, very large. occupying the whole side of the head and leaving the face very narrow. Antenne about 48-jointed, as long as body, brown-black, the scape and pedicel beneath brownish-yellow; the scape is about three times as long as thick, the pedicel very small, the first joint of flagellum longer than wide and the longest flagellar joint, the others all being a little wider than long. The head and thorax, except the face, which is 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 647 finely shagreened, are smooth and shining, the parapsidal furrows complete. The abdomen is oblong, the second segment with a basal triangular elevation, the first being grooved at the sides and forming wu wedge-shaped plate; the third and fourth segments are delicately sculptured. Wings large, yellowish-hyaline; the costa, stigma, and _ veins yellow. The submedian cell is shorter than the median, the | recurrent nervure joins the first submarginal cell at its apical fifth, the | second abscissa of radius is about two and one-half times as long as the first, the second transverse cubitus being.scarcely longer than the first abscissa of the radius, making the second submarginal cell very me NATTOW. ; Habitat.—Punduloya, Ceylon. Type.—No. 3268, U.S.N.M. One male specimen bred from Tachardia albizzie by Mr. K. Ernest Green. Subfamily MICROGASTERIN 2. Genus APANTELES, Forster. Apanteles, FORSTER, Verh. pr. Rheinl. Natur. Ver., p. 245, 1862. APANTELES PRATAPAZ, new species (Ashmead). Female.—Length, 2.5 mm. Black, shining, the head and thorax rather densely, confluently punctate; scape, pedicel, and flagellum beneath for two-thirds its length, and legs, except hind coxze, brownish- yellow, the extreme tip of hind tibie and hind tarsi subfuscous; palpi and tegule white; abdomen, except plate on first segment, and apex brownish-yellow. Face subconvex, with a slight median ridge; antenne a little longer than the body; postscutellum with two foveole; meta- thorax rugulose, without carine. Wings hyaline, the stigma and veins brown, the upper side of the areolet open, two-thirds the length of the first branch of radius, the submedian cell as much longer than the median cell as the length of the second discoidal cell. Abdomen short, hardly as long as the thorax, the ovipositor very short, not projecting beyond the tip of abdomen, plate of first segment twice as long as wide, sparsely punctate, the sides parallel; second segment more than twice as long as the third, with a median carina. Habitat.—Punduloya, Ceylon. Types.—No. 3269, U.S.N.M. Five female specimens bred by M>. E. Ernest Green, from larva of Pratapa deva. APANTELES TIVACHOLA, new species (Ashmead). 9 Female.—Length, 2.5 to 3 mm. Agrees well with the preceding species, except that only the two basal joints of antenne are brownish- yellow. The legs.are brownish-yellow, but all the cox are black, while the apex of hind femora, apex of their tibizw and their tarsi are fuscous; the scutellum is smoother; the abdomen is as long as the thorax and, 648 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS—HOWARD AND ASHMEAD., VOU. xvi. except venter, the membranous margins of first and second segments and lateral dorsal spots on third and fourth segments, which are yellow and sometimes confluent, is black; the plate of first segment is long trapezoidal, more than twice as long as wide at apex and shagreened apically; the second segmentis as long as the fourth, feebly shagreened ; the third is very short. Male.—Length, 2.5 mm. Agrees well with female, except that the antennze are longer, entirely black, while the abdomen is smaller, nar- rower and except the basal half of venter and lateral margins of basal segment, wholly black; the second segment, as well as the following, smooth and polished. Habitat.—Punduloya, Ceylon. Types.—No. 3270, U.S.N.M. Thirty-six females and fourteen males ‘bred by Mr. E. Ernest Green from larva of Tivachola plagiata, Walker. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED ON THE ISLAND OF MARGARITA, AND AT GUANTA AND LAGUAYRA, VENEZUELA. By Wirt ROBINSON, First Lieutenant, Fourth U.S, Artillery, With critical notes and descriptions of new species, By CHARLES W. RICHMOND. Assistant Curator, Department of Birds. I. BIRDS OF THE ISLAND OF MARGARITA, VENEZUELA. During the winter of 1594-1595, in anticipation of a vacation in the following summer, I was casting about in my mind for a suitable loeal- ity to visit, when I received a note from Mr. C. W. Richmond, of the J. S. National Museum, calling my attention to a brief notice in the Ibis for January, 1895, in which Dr. P. L. Sclater suggested to orni- thologists the advisability of turning their attention to the Island of Margarita, off the coast of Venezuela, as a field hitherto unworked, That this suggestion was justified, the results of my visit fully demon- strate. Margarita can be reached from Laguayra or from Trinidad. Plying fortnightly between these points, and touching at many small interme- diate ports, are two little steamers of the Carenero Railway and Navi- gation Company’s line. These leave passengers and mails at Porlamar, the only town of importance on the south shore of the island. Many. steamers bound westward from Trinidad touch at Cartiipano on the Venezuelan coast, from which port small vessels are constantly crossing to Margarita. Larrived at Laguayra on June 20, but could not get a steamer to Margarita until the 27th, so spent the week collecting in the vicinity of the town. I found all of the birds molting and in very poor plumage, so after the first two days I confined my attention to butterflies and reptiles, getting some 700 of the former and 40 of the latter. On the morning of Sunday, June 30, my little steamer anchored about a mile froin the beach at Porlamar and I was shortly taken ashore ina sinall boat, landed at 8 o’clock, secured quarters, and within half an hour was shooting birds in the scrub. The Island of Margarita lies about midway between Laguayra and Proceedings of the United States National Museum, VOL. X VIII—No. 1093. 649 650 BIRDS FROM MARGARITA—ROBINSON. VoL. = a Trinidad, and only some 17 miles distant from the nearest point of the Venezuelan coast. Its greatest length from east to west is 42 miles, and its greatest breadth from north to south 204 miles. It consists of two portions connected by a narrow isthmus 12 miles in length; the western being an irregular quadrilateral 12 miles long by 9 miles broad, and the eastern a pentagon some 20 miles across. In the western por- tion some almost barren peaks rise to a height of 2,300 feet. Porlamar (formerly Pueblo de la Mar) is on the southern shore of the eastern portion. The adjacent country along the coast and for some three miles back is flat or gently rolling; the vegetation much like that of Curacao, with sinall, scrubby, thorn trees, several species of post cacti (Cereus), which are now and then laden with a deliciously scented orchid (Epidendrum, sp.), thickets of the detestable prickly tuna (Opuntia tuna), whose pain-producing thorns are ever ready to enter the flesh, and other irritating plants of the pineapple and nettle families. At points along the beach, shallow salt lagoons occur, which are fringed with a scant growth of mangroves. About 3 miles inland foothills begin, which rise by leaps to a central peak, 3,240 feet in height. Its summitis constantly enveloped in clouds, whose condensed moisture drips and trickles from every leaf and branch, and collecting, tumbles down its precipitous sides in beautifully limpid streams, abounding in large crayfish. The streams on the southern slope unite and pass seaward down a fertile valley—‘ El Valie del Espiritu Santo”—by a tortuous channel which enters the sea a short distance east of Porlamar. During the rainy season the water reaches quite to the sea, but at the time of my visit the demands of the ‘“acé- quias,” or irrigation ditches, and the thirsty soil of the flat coast region empty the bed several miles back and only a few stagnant pools oceur here and there, filled with multitudes of small gasping minnows, much like the little mummichogs of our tide-water brooks. Porlamar has an excellent supply of water piped from the mountain slopes in rear of El] Vaile, but at other points on the island water is extremely scarce. Three miles west of Porlamar in a desert of cactus is a Solitary water hole, or ‘‘posa,” a spot which we would designate as ‘‘mud puddle,” a scant supply of foul-looking water at the bottom of a crater like depression, whose slopes are trodden smooth by the feet of the goats that come for water. To this place during the heat of the day came hordes of doves and pigeons to drink. By the aid of irrigation, quantities of fruits, plantains, cassava, sugar cane, and corn are raised in El Valle; there are many groves of man- goes and cocoanut palms. The stream is thickly bordered with trees, and the mountain slopes in rear are covered with heavy forests. The prineipal occupations of the inhabitants of the interior are the conversion of the sugar cane into rum and the manufacture of pottery and roofing tiles. Those who live near the coast are mainly engaged in fishing, and with nets, seines, and hooks capture an astonishing variety of fish, many being of remarkable shape and brilliant color. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 651 The population of the island, according to the census of 1873, was 31,000, and was increasing, so that it is now estimated at 40,000, I found the inhabitants most kind and hospitable. Lying between Margarita and the mainland are two small islands, Cubagua and Coche, which for want of water are practically desert. The mainland, which isin plain sight from Margarita, is a long chain of waterless, barren, and desolate mountains. I collected in the vicinity of Porlamar during the eight days from June 30 to July 7, then moved to El] Valle, where I spent a week, returning to Porlamar on July 15, and leaving the island on the 20th. During the latter part of my stay I was hourly expecting my steamer, so could not go any distance from the town. I lost one day by being lamed by the prick of the thorn of a melon cactus. In sixteen days’ collecting I obtained two hundred skins, getting specimens of every land bird that I observed in a state of freedom except the two common vultures and a caracara eagle. } ‘ lone. both series compressed and projecting downwardly much as in =) * ‘ : ‘ the genus Jana. The tegule are moderately long, covering the inser- e > e c > tion of the primaries and the secondaries. Abdomen robust, projecting beyond the anal angle of the secondaries for one-fourth of its length, The femora and tibize of all of the legs are densely covered with long = v > hairs. The primaries have the costa nearly straight for three-fourths of their length from the base and slightly curved before the apex; the 766 EAST AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA—HOLLAND. VOL. XVIII. outer: margin i broadly convex, Seventy scalloped between the extremities of the nervules; the inner margin straight from the outer angle to near the base, where it is sharply curved inwardly and upwardly; the cell short and narrow, its upper margin somewhat widely removed from the costa; veins 3 and 4 spring from the lower outer angle of the cell; veins 5, 6, and 7 spring from the upper outer angle of the cell; veins 7 and 8 spring from a common stalk arising before the upper outer angle of the cell; vein 12 is slightly curved beyond the base and anastomoses at its extremity on the costa with vein 11 and with vein 12a, which springs from the base and extends along the extreme outer ae costal margin for about one-fourth of its distance from the base. In the secondaries the cellis open; vein 2 has its origin approximately equidistant between the base and vein 3; veins 3, 4, and 5 spring from a common point repre- senting the lower outer fale of the cell; veius 6 and 7 spring from a common point representing the upper outer angle of the cell; vein 8 is stoutly curved at its inner extremity and anastomoses before its basal origin with the upper discocellular. Type.—M. chanleri, Male, Holland. METAJANA CHANLERI, new species. Palpi, front, and collar dark reddish brown. Tegule and thorax gray, sprinkled with dark-brown seales. Upper side of abdomen pale reddish brown, becoming darker toward the anal extremity. The legs and the lower ae of the abdomen and thorax are dark reddish brown. The antenne are black. The primaries are e grayish white, profusely sprinkled with dark-brown scales. An obseure dark- Seen clouded line runs from the base out rardly through the cell and is slightly interrupt d just beyond the extremity of the cell. This longitudinal band fuses with the obscure transverse band which runs from near the apex to the middle of the inner margin, its outer mar gin being exceed- ingly irregularly indeuted. Between the indentations are some obscure whitish sagittate markings, with their points toward the base. The secondaries are pale reddish on the inner margin, of the same color as the base of the abdomen. The costal a:.d outer ma-gins are of tle saine color as the primaries, obscurely and profusely mottled with dark brown aud crossed by obscure curved submarginal and diseal bands, and by a narrow median curved band, which is sharply defined on the costa, where it is black, and vaguely defined on the reddish inner area of fie wing. On the under side both wings are pale reddish brown, profusely mottled, especially on the costal and outer areas » bye mal dark-brown cone most numerous on the costa of the scuoniame Expanse, 100 mm. Type.—No. 64, U.S.N.M., male. Mr. Linell reports, in his note accompanying the sending of the specimens to me, two other specimens of this Species reserved in the collection. { | } / PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 767 1895. Group NOCTU 4. Family OMMATOPHORID-E, Genus CYLIGRAMMA, Boisduval. CYLIGRAMMA LATONA, Cramer. Piatena latona, CRAMER, Pap. Exot., I, 20, pl. x1u1, fig. B. Mr. Linell reports three specimens of this species. Family OPHIDERID2. Genus OPHIDERES, Boisduvai. Ophideres chaleogramma, WALKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., XX XIII, p. 937 (1865). Two specimens. Family DYSGONIID 4. Genus ACHAA, Hubner. ACHAEA Sp. (?). A damaged example of a species unknown to me, and which I hesi- tate to describe as new, without better material. In addition to these there are two specimens of geometers, which I can not now take the time to determine. Both are small and obscure. NOTES ON THE VAMPIRE BAT (DIPHYLLA ECAUDATA), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH DESMODUS RUFUS. By Harrison ALLEN, M. D. I HAVE had the privilege of studying two specimens of Diphylla ecaudata' belonging to the National Museum (No. 2442, from Sta. Efi- genia, Tehuantepec, Mexico, and No. 6990, from Orizaba, Mexico), both collected by F. Sumichrast. The dried skins contained fragments of skulls in which the teeth were preserved. Upon a casual examination Iwas struck with the fact that the coloration was different from that given by Dobson in his catalogue of the Chiroptera of the 3sritish Mvseum, and that four incisors instead of two were present in the upper jaw. Since Dobson states that the muzzle and ears in Diphylla are as in Desmodus, and that the skull is very similar to that of D. rufus, I was not prepared to find marked contrasts when I came to compare Diphylla with that genus. I also noted that the original description of Spix gave an account in some respects more in harmony with the Mexican individuals than was Dobson’s, and I received the impression that either the single specimen on which Dobson’s account was based was not a specimen of Diphylla, or that the condition of the specimen did not permit of a critical comparison being made. The text of Spix is herewith given, since the work in which it appeared” is rare and can not be readily consulted by the student. DIPH YUL AS Spix Naso bifoliate; cauda et membrana interfemorali nullis. Descriptio: Corpus mediocre; caput breve, apice subobtusum ; auricule oblongo-rotundatie, perbreves, quasi truncate, basin versus omnino deficientes; tragus lanceolatus, integer, hand reconditus; vexilla duo supra nasum juxta seposita, quasi truncata, ad latera non prolongata perbrevia, priecipue posterius; dentes canini supra infraque duo, vix ISprx, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil., p. 68, pl. XXXVI, fig. 7, 1823.—WaGNER, Schreb. Siiugethier, Suppl. V, p. 615, 1855.—Dosson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus., 1878, p. 500.— Aston, Biol. Centrali-Americana, 1879-1882, p. 1853, pl. 111, fig. 6. 2Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium Species Nove, 1823-1863, p. 68, pl. ROR ONS VAlige Oven tie Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X VIII—No. 1099. Proc, N, M. 95-——49 | are 770 NOTES ON THE VAMPIRE BAT—ALLEN. VOL. XVIII. exserti; incisivi supra infraque quatuor, superiores medii lateralibus postpositi, maiores, apice sexdentati, semicirculariter collocati, largi, caninis contigui; molares supra infraque octo, breves apice crenulati, inferiores a caninis distantes, lingua subverrucosa, apice nonnihil lata et obtusa; labia non verrucosa, fere uti in Molosso pilosa; membrana alaris augustata, lumbis aduata, versus apicem digitorum valde elongata, tenuis, recurva, versus tibie basinexcavato-decurrens ; pollex manus solum- modo unguiculatus, cumradio et digito indice membrana vix ulla conjunctus; pedes posteriores radium brachii fere «equantes, membrana interfemoralis deficiente omnino liberi; planta pedis longior; digiti pedis posterioris omnes unguiculati; calcaneus extus vix conspicuus; cauda nulla. DIPHYLLA ECAUDATA. Corpore villoso-piloso; dorso fusco-brunneo; capite et abdomine subtus brunneo- canescentibus; alis nigricantibus, nudiusculis; facie versus aures villoso-pilosa, nudiuscula; cauda et membrana interfemorali nullis; calcaneo extus vix conspicuo. Longitudo trunci a nasi apice usque ad caude innitium 3”, capitis #’’, humeri }”, radii 1#/’, pollicis 5’, digiti indicis 1’ 4’’, medii 23’, minimi 2” 1’, femoris }’, tibie 7’, plantie 8’, auricularum 3’, tragi #/’; latitudo occipitis ultra 4’, auricularum 41/’, intersecapulas 11’’, alarum extensarum 10}. There is a slight lack of harmony between the figure and the descrip- tion. The calecaneum is said to be present (vix conspicuus), while it is not visible at all in the figure.! The molars are erroneously given, since four are counted on each side of both upper and lower jaws. One fails to understand how the exceed- ingly minute lateral incisor was detected when the larger teeth mak- ing up the premolar and molar series were miscounted. The coloration given by Dobson—‘ above, reddish brown; below, yellowish white ”—is unlike that of the National Museum specimens. The language of Spix, however, agrees so far as I translate the phrases “dorsus fuscus-brunneo, subtus brunneo-canescentibus” (back, clear brown to obscure brown; below, obscure brown gray and white)—as we would say, ‘* hoary brown”. It is difficult to account, except on the ground that this specimen was immature, for the description of Wagner. According to this writer, Diphylla possesses six incisors in the upper jaw, only two molars (pre- molars and molars?) in the upper and three in the lower jaw. The interfemoral membrane is absent. Above, the hair is red brown and unicolored; below, of a dirty yellowish white, the hairs being brown at their bases. The account would be quite unrecognizable were the characteristic pectination of the lower incisors not given, a peculiarity, indeed, which creates for the species the name of “ Der Kammzahn.” Ki. R. Alston states that Diphylla is distinguished from Desmodus 'Spix’s name Diphylla is detined in the first words of his description ‘‘naso bifoli- ata.” The nose may be said to be bifoliate in Diphylla, Desmodus, Brachyphylla, Mormops, Chilonycteris and Natalus. The posterior “leaf” appears to be a glandu- Jar mass, the sides of which are constant in all the Phyllostomide. In the usual forms (naso monofoliata) the lance-shaped appendage to the muzzle appears to take the place of the posterior ‘‘leaf.” 1895, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tat by possessing a shorter caleaneum;! by the breadth of the lower incisors; by the fur being reddish-brown above and yellowish white beneath. The figure he presents is a copy of the specimen in the Ber- lin Museum, and is based on an original drawing made under the super- vision of Peters. The specimen would appear to have been a dried skin. The tragus is not erect, but deflected in a manner not deseribed by any writer. The chinplate is very large. The muzzle is concave both at the sides and at the upper margin. The transverse ridge across the face vertex is as thick in the center as at the sides, thus differing from Dobson’s description. The auricle is hairy on the interior. The standard for comparison accepted by Dobson is a correct one. There is no form with which Diphylla can be compared so profitably as Desmodus. On page 775 [have grouped a number of cranial characters which the genera have in common. To these many others in the skel- eton and the superficial parts may be added, a partial list of which is here given: Plan of elbow joint the same, viz., a simple middle convexity playing on two external flanges; epitrochlea transverse, massive. A caleaneum (without calear) constituting the projection at ankle for the attachment ot the interfemoral membrane; a lower lip more or less eleft in the middle line;” absence of the tail; the small size of the second inter- digital space; the greatly shortened face axis, and teeth specialized for cutting and piercing. I have thought it desirable to revise the description of Diphylla by the aid of the two dried specimens already noted. The following is an account of the fur: The tips of the hair covering the back and sides of the neck, of a dark fawn, the shafts nearly white. The effect on the eye is of the mingling of the white and dark fawn colors. It is dis- tinct from that of the hair over the back, where the tips are dark brown, and, while the shafts are white, they are not seen, owing to the adpressed arrangement of the hair. Toward the rump the hair is more woolly. The arm and forearm are closely furred almost to the wrist. A fine growth of hair covers the thumb. The thigh, leg and foot are also hairy, but the fur is here woolly and sparse. The skin to the outer side of the leg, the hem and margin of the endopatagium (wing membrane from body and posterior extremity to the fifth digit) is hairy. The prevalent color of the under surface of the body is gray. ‘The white color on the hair is confined to the base. The wing membranes are covered, by a broad triangular field of gray hair, whose base is at the side of the body and whose apex reaches to within an inch of the 1Tn three specimens of Desmodus studied, the caleaneum was found shorter than in Diphylla. Indeed, in Desmodus the caleaneum is a mere tubercle, scarcely measur- able, while in Diphyllait constitutes a rod 4 millimeters long. ?This assertion is made advisedly, notwithstanding the statement of Dobson that the lower lip is ‘‘not grooved,” and the figure of Peters (vide Alston) in which a very large individual truncate labial plate is seen. Unfortunately the plate is not repre- sented as divided in figure 1, U2, NOTES ON THE VAMPIRE BAT—ALLEN, VOL. XVI. wrist. The anterior. surfaces oF the inferior caieonutioal: are covered with woolly gray hair as far as the ankles. The face is nearly naked, but a conspicuous pencil of hair occupies the space between the eye and the nose leaf. The description of the fur by Dobson is as follows: “Fur above, reddish brown; beneath, yellowish white, darker at the base of the hairs.” The inadequateness of this description when compared with the above account is evident. In the National Museum specimens, the base of the hair is everywhere white, and the hair of the crown and back of the neck is for the greater part of its length pure white. The shades of brown are nowhere to be interpreted as reddish brown. The general scheme of fur distribution is of interest. As a whole, the genus is more hirsute than Desmodus. The hairiness of the thumb and back of the foot, and the extension of hair on the endopatagium, are unusual characters. The appropriation of hair by the wing mem- brane to the outer side of the leg is also unusual. In Artibeus I have noted how the skin in the at Heth oe region of the fibular side of Ey Ne Rabe yi the leg is differentiated ‘ NN tf Lh ie . a 2 * ei Mata le from the rest of the wing fayi ahs Uy , / en Waals Shae membrane. In Diphylla this tendency is carried to a yet higher degree—the region named being coy- ered with hair. The sepa- ration of the fur of head gt and neck from that of the aa Deo Ooh trunk is as conspicuous in Diphylla as elsewhere in the order. The great length and richness of the fur on the side of the neck (extending as far as the shoulder) is remarkable. The muzzle is flat and square, without excavations or incisions on the upper border, and is not separated inferiorly from the lip. - Con- tinuous with the lower outer angle is a ridge leading to the great cres- centic gland-mass, constituting a coarsely setose ridge. The space directly back of the muzzle is occupied in one specimen (No. 6990, Us: N. M.) by slight extension from the right side of the gland-mass. The left side is without such occupation. In the other specimen (No. 9440, U.S. N.M.) the space is filled with a minute elevated mass of glands, which extends across and unites the two great crescentic gland-masses. Dobson states that ‘a raised (?) glandular ridge forms a semicircle between and behind the eyes, somewhat broader on the sides, but not thickened in the center.” This “center” answers to the transverse ridve back of the muzzle in specimen No. 9440, U.S. N. M., and which is seen to be imperfect in No. 6990, U.S.N.M Alston figures the head with this transverse crest well developed, Front view of face and head. Twice natural size. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. to The lower lip, as already mentioned, does not present a square-sided naked surface but is indistinetly cleft. See figure in Alston’s account. Auricle subrounded, entire, with obscurely developed, internal basal and external basal lobes. Tragus erect, broad, naked, abruptly acumi- nate, thickened on surface near apex. The outer border not spinose or amine: external basal lobe small, external basal notch shallow. The membranes do not present any noteworthy features, The 1 ‘adius exhibits a humeral trochlea which is much deeper than in Desmodus. The ulna ends at the distal end of the middle third of the radius by anchylosis with that bone, but no flange extends its line toward the wrist asis thecase with Desmodus. The radius is articulate with the humerus by a surface which is concave in the middle and convex on the borders. The distal end of the humerus exhibits anteriorly a rounded convexity inthe middle and concave borders; the epicondyle is of great size (equal to two-thirds of the articular surface), and projects horizontally. The interfemoral membrane is rudimental and is confined to a mere hem on the inside of the thigh and leg. In Desmodus the membrane extends across the interfemoral space as an apron, 12 min. wide. These contrasts lead me to conclude that the two genera exhibit peculiarities in wing movements which correlate with wing characters, but the material at hand is insufficient to establish them. The following con- trasts with Desmodus are tabulated : COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERS OF DIPHYLLA AND DESMODUS. Diphylla. Desmodus. Humeral trochlea deep. Humeral trochlea shallow. Radius without ridge distal to ulna, Radius with ridge distal to ulna. Prebrachium membrane extends to Prebrachium membrane extends to mid- wrist. dle of radius. Interfemoral membrane confined to ine Interfemoral membrane crosses space ferior extremities as a hem. between inferior extremities. Gland-masses at sides of muzzle scarcely Gland-masses at sides of muzzle meet meet across face-vertex or not at all. across face-vertex in a high subconical skin fold. Tragus naked. Tragus hairy. One-third length of thumb occupied by One-half the length of thumb occupied the metacarpal bone, whose base does not by the metacarpal bone, whose base re- retain a conical callosity. tains a conical eallosity. 9) A cesypilit utr Ih ie» Dental formula—t ¢ €, PZ My | 2=34, Upper teeth.—The enormous central incisors larger than the canines. They are trenchant, opposed for the one-third their length, the lanceo- late points being distinct. The posterior concave surfaces are almost contiguous to the canines. The very minute nodular lateral incisors lie to the inside of the canines. The premolars compressed with knife- like edges, obscurely pointed—the first with a simple, the see cond with 1 Biol. Centrali-Americana, 1879- 1882 , p- 53, pl. 101, fig. 6. 774 a wavy contour suggesting the presence of a trilobed cuttingedge. The single molar is a minute conoid nodule. Lower tecth.—The incisors large, pectinate, the central twice the size of the lateral. The centrals are apparently with scarcely any alveolie, being seen in their entire length in the pit back of the mentum, NOTES ON THE VAMPIRE BAT—ALLEN. VOL. XVIII. ot Fig. 2. SKULLS OF DIPHYLLA AND DESMODUs. Anterior portion of skull of (a) Diphylla ecaudata and (b) Desmodus rufus ; viewed tromabove. More than twice natural size. while but little of the socket-wall is visible from in front. The canines exhibit small heels, which give at first sight the impression that an interval exists between the canines and the first premolars, but close inspection shows that the teeth are contiguous. The premolars com- pressed laterally with sharp knife-like edges; first premolar twice the ~ Fig. 3. PALATES OF DIPHYLLA AND DESMODUS., Hard palate and teeth of upper jaw of (a) Diphylla ecaudata and (b) Desmodus rufus ; viewed from below. Five times natural size. size of the second, and the third more than twice the size of the first. Thus the four teeth are alternated in size, the first being larger than the second, the third larger than the fourth. The third premolar is obscurely trilobed; the others are simple. Palatal rugie six. Fig. 4. LOWER JAWS OF DIPHYLLA AND DESMODUS. Horizontal ramus of lower jaw and teeth of (a) Diphylla ecaudata and (b ) Desmodus rufus; viewed fromabove. Six times natural size. Skulii—Neither of the skulls: of the specimens examined were com- plete; one, indeed, was in fragments The following notes haye been made in comparison with the skull of Desmodus. It will be seen that the statement of Dobson that the skull of Diphylla resembles Desmodus is not sustained. 1895. COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERS OF Diphylla. Anterior nasal aperture as high as wide. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. THE Distance between anterior ends of the | pretemporal crests equal to length of the convex face-vertex. Nasal bones marked at the side by a vessel groove. The pretemporal crests do not unite to form sagitta. The incisive foramina one-fourth the length of the flat hard palate, which is searcely narrowed posteriorly. The skull subrounded. The margin of the palate bone beyond hard palate with spine. The fronto-maxillary inflation conspic- uous, the entire orbital margin swollen. The infraorbital canal simple and opening on the face immediately at orbital rim. The zygoma narrow, scarcely high in middle; arch well sprung from the side of the head. Coronoid process greatly inclined back- ward, much higher than condyloid proc- ess. Length of sigmoid notch scarcely ex- ceeding distance from condyloid process to the angle. Masseteric impression on lower jaw ex- tends to the free margin of the mandible. The symphysal suture of the lower jaw closed. Within cranium, ethmoid region and body of sphenoid flat. Inner wall of orbit uniformly concave. | 775 SKULLS OF DIPHYLLA AND DESMODUS. Desmodus. Anterior nasal aperture higher than wide. Distance between anterior ends of the pretemporal crests greater than that of the length of the concave face-vertex. Nasal bones without groove, but with fouir foramina at naso-frontal suture. The pretemporal crests unite to form a small] sagitta. The incisive foramina over one-third the length of the acutely vaulted hard palate, which is narrowed posteriorly. The skull subpyramidal. The margin of the palate bone beyond hard palate without spine. The fronto-maxillary inflation incon- spicuous. The infraorbital canal double and opening a distance beyond the orbital rim in a depression caused by a thicken- ing of the alveolar border. The zygoma wide, conspicuously high at the middle; arch searcely at all sprung from the head. Coronoid almost vertical, almost on level with condyloid process. Length of sigmoid notch twice the distance between the condyloid process and the angle. Masseteric impression does not reach the lower margin of the mandible. Symphysal suture of lower jaw open. process Within cranium, ethmoid region and body of sphenoid greatly elevated. Inner wall of orbit convex over region of ethmoid bone. The face axis in the two forms being of the same length, and the eth- moid being wider maxillary inflations are and deeper in Desmodus, while the nasals and naso- larger in Diphylla, gives the impression that the uses of the nasal chambers must differ in the two forms. Ad Measurements of skulls of Diphylla and Desmodus. Diphylla | Desmodus Measurements. No. 6990, No. 13202, U.S.N.M. | U.S. N.M. nevi. mim. Goreatentilen others cee oc eac he risie~saesiaenaemnicn sein cena ao eae ac aaa ieee 93) Woucn en aeecer (ree EGS Cevy i CLL eo ee mt ara anna ool ciate aia ao sen eae 11 12 Tere ri dine eo altace ric clni aor ine eco al cee Soe 8 6 Reanath of face fo) Orbit :: ----2-2- =e sean ao nasa 3 4 Meuethiok masal, DONes=> << --26- - i -nlee 2 o> ngceer yess areata || 4 3 Morpihlorepilavers ser c+ 0c ese: Senne Seems aor aye pes oe 5 9 Width of mesopterygoid fossa posteriorly ...-.--------------2+-22525°" } 4 3 Pei ED GEUG WEE AW. oa 2 aa ens eee ee aceon or Tr toe 14 15 Distance from tip of coronoid to the basal line of ramus. .------------- 4 7 ieafortonialidistance:.-.---- =p 9-- =e - ~~ =2 erect) “cae ose 10 9 776 NOTES ON THE VAMPIRE BAT—ALLEN. VOL. XVIII. After this rather striking contrast, it is of interest to note the follow- ing points which the two genera possess in common, showing a close alliance between them. ; Interval between the maxillary canines occupied by the enormous central incisors. Length of central incisors equal to height of anterior. nasal aperture. Pterygoid process produced posteriorly in a sharp Fig. 5. LOWER JAW GF DIPHYLLA AND DESMODUS. Ascending ramus ot lower jaw of (a) Diphylla ecaudata and (b) Desmodus rufus; viewed from side. Four times natural size. spine. Tympanic bones inflated, large, nearly of same size, firmly anchylosed to the temporal bone; the opening for membrane small. Mesopterygoid fossa narrowed anteriorly and progressively widened posteriorly. Ascending ramus of the lower jaw high, with shallow sig- moid notch and rudimental angular process. The lewer jaw back of Fig. 6. WING MEMBRANE OF DIPHYLLA’ ECAUDATA. Anterior view. One-half natural size. mentum provided with deep pit in which during articulation the max- iNary central incisors are received, All teeth sectorial; lower incisors and canines pass well in frout of upper incisors in closure of jaws. Diphylla is more generalized than Desmodus. The face axis is longer, the nasal chambers more ample, the maxillary incisors and canines weaker, while the teeth are less reduced in number. Diphylla is, on the whole, a less specially adapted form than Desmodus. The proportion of first metacarpal bone and phalanges are as is the 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 14 order, while in Desmodus the metacarpal is nearly as long as the phalanges and furnished with a tactile pad at base; a similar but smaller pad is seen on the foot. The teeth in Diphylla are more numer- ous than in Desmodus, but are less powerful. The projection of the lower jaw beyond the upper is less marked in Diphylla. The claws, on the other hand, are more curved and prehensile than in that genus, It is correct to assume that in Diphylla the thumb and foot are employed in a manner like the rest of the order, but that in Desmodus the use to which the parts are put is distinctive; and further, that Diphylla, while known to take blood from animals, can make but a weak attack as com- pared to Desmodus. This is due not only to the smaller teeth, but to the lower jaw being less protruding and the animal not being able to breathe therefore so freely when feeding as is the case with Desmodus. In the phyllum of the Chiroptera, Diphylla and Desmodus are on a branch of the Stenodermata, Diphylla being near the base of the branch, while Desmodus arises from near the free end. While these pages were going through the press, I wrote to Dr. Paul Matschie of the Konigliche Museum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin, request- ing that he examine the specimen of Diphylla in that institution, espe- cially as to the number of the upper incisors. He courteously responded, and I am glad to reafiirm the accuracy of the description and enumera- tion as given by Dobson. Under all the circumstances Diphylla is correctly described by Spix (with the exception of the number of the molars), and therefore the Berlin form is either anomalous as to the number of the upper incisors or is a type of a separate genus. It is most likely the former. I have in my possession a specimen of Chilo- nycteris macleayi which has but two incisors in the upper jaw. I, however, comparisons should not sustain this reference, the name Hwmatonycteris may be assigned the form described by Dobson. Dimensions of two specimens of Diphylla ecaudata. mal | Cat. No. | Cat. No. Measurements. U.S.N.M.| U.S.N.M. 6990. 9440. Ngenodhmotmhend seen ae cee eae nian alee mince cele eastern 18 Head and body (from crown of head to base of tail)......------------- 75 10 Length of forearm. .-----------------+------+-022-s02 200822" eee ne 55 | 50 | | Wirst digit: | Length of first metacarpal bone..--..------------------+++5777077+ 4 | 4 | Length of phalanges --..-------------2-----=-2< 920-222 c nose roe 9 | 9 | | Second digit: | | Length of second metacarpal bone .-..---------------+-----+++00+77° 45 | 45 | | Lensth of first phalanx .......-.----------------02 2-2 oer rr tert | 7 6 | | Third digit: | Length of third metacarpal bone .--.------------+---+ +-+++++7777" | 51 50 Length of first phalamx ......------------------0- 2-22 5--c2sn soe == 11 | 12 Length of secoud phalanx...-..-----------+++-+--2+2rerr scree 29 25 Length of third phalanx....-.---+--------+ee-eeer er ert etter 15 | 18 Fourth digit: Length of fourth metacarpal bone..--------------+--+-57+05 707077 51 50 Length of first phalanx .-..---.---22------2-022 2-2 errr on err neces 10 10 Length of second phalanx...-.--.---------+-----2-serreecr reste 22 20 Fifth digit: Length of fifth metacarpal bone 51 50 Leneth of first phalanx ..-----------+2-------=-----02-22227-52 800" 12 3 Length of second phalaux..--.----------------- Foal oee ties aietaing 17 Pelerehii MG aT sae see eae fe sei n= nmi ae manera ooo nine a | LO eee eatecanete Height of tragus .--------- ORS he i See memes cetennakhia aay | 5 ie acec ose meee Mencihpobnuhipiscs= 45 cee so cmise- ase = <= -eienn cmon ool 15 15 Length of tibia ....-..--------------------+--- 188 Page. Acanthurus triostegus. --.------------ Aid 188 and ulatiseecs-6s- =e === 188 virgatuS...-..--------------- 188 TODA ae ee aistsmisia leases = aia 188 Accentor collaris rufilatus -.--.----------- 489 himalayanus .-----.------------ 490 Accentorid® ...---------------+--s------: 489, 586 Accipiter brutus....--------------------- 542 Transl o- se - cs se acces = 542 MS USieese cee eee alee eee 453 pusillus -....-..----- 22s-=----- 542 Acentronura..-.-------++2-+-s----<=s==—- 159 MCW ai sees ae oe ciclo ele aa letetsteetni=Vaiatalere=leleneisis 272, 767 seychellarum, new species..------ 272, 279 var. immunda, new ViALIObY:= o)aro0 -eies==1= 72 SA CHenontlae sees sce eels elere ise =m ieie'= ie lm12 = llores 270 atropos ...-------------------- 270 Achrostus cylindricornis, new species. --. 657, 713 Acmmodera grandis-.-------------------- 705 IANCY SR Gn oe se ence sine wie e=isie'o invaiere 231, 260, 744 abbottii, new species..-------- 238, 279, 745 COL aioe sats on ala alee emacl=!=tebinla= aie 748 CALA eoacsetee cles cts ce se = arate serie 745 TT eee ee cease eens teeta 746, 747 balbina 2c. -cc- cee eves latte = 231, 745 DUXLONIE see ee eso 231, 260, 261, 745 Gabibaees=2 oe eses == oe nae 232, 233, 261, 746 GALE Aten oaetce sale eis enie caleeterla earn 745 GOLASD ..---00 eee e ee ene e ne ee oes 231 doubledayt.--..------------------- TAT CGiNa .-.-.---0----20-2----- 2-2 233 encedon .-------------+------------- 745 €BODLIa > soon soos s sae ene selon 261 hoehueli, new species..---.-------- 746 LRG, Soe Rent uoroens Some coobUSesCoer 744 insignis ...---..--:--------------- 231, 745 johnstoni........----------------- 233, 260 Vicia tia. some \a-ie/-- == = =e 261 minima, new species.------------- 232, 260 MALAWI: secs ee = 2 === 5~a == 746 NAGA CAs seemed aa sees — 233, 745 perenna..-..-------------+--------- 748 pharsalia.....---.---------------- 748 pharsaloides, new species-.--- 232, 279, 747 pharsaius ...--------------------- 232, 748 planesium ..-.-....----------------- 233 pudorina ....-.-----------++++++-- 746 BOLTON 2 2----c ccc cceccwenceesessece 231 BD (2) 220-20 cen e ence nee concen eens 261 BZANZID1 ...--eeeeeccceeccceeee Zl, 260, 745 783 784 INDEX. Page. Page. Atereea Usa rane ee eerecee eee neem 745 | Africa, South, crocidolite from..-.-...-..-- 292 USUAL). -i5 soe sewiasse ene eee 231,260 African islands, East, lepidoptera from. -. 265 A CRa@R8~..5 225-6 s sec Soe ee eee eee 742 | nagiades:. 5. Sos acse eee eeeeeees 299 JA CTeBIN Base eee ee eieremne ee 231, 260, 744 | A PAPOLNis CANA <2- == o--=— ees ae alae 542 Acridotheres tristis.---=- s-5--= === = 460,544 | A garistid@: oc. cscs ecae ne aaa 247, 764 A-crocephalus aericolass-.-s-e== asco a 581 Aigathothus’<.5..25+scsecs. tae eee eee 73° am) stentoriusss-e ese eee 474 gracilis sce seee eee eer 73 7 SA GTONMEUS sche eee oe eee eee 184,187 | Agile vireo........--- ALR SS eS See eee 678 3 Coernleatis)...<- >. eee 188' | Aigrion) insulare: == =22o2c.-5-ssee eee ee 142 7 fORMOSUS Hess ae cee eee 188 | Agrypnus parallelicollis --....------.-.-.- 705 migniculas-4------2)-- sate 188°) Agrytria viridissima.o=-e22-ssse.eeeeeeee 682 IA CrOSsteMmma pees eee eens Beas wee eee 30 Alabama, anthophyllite from ..-...-.---- 291 ; gracilis, new species....-.-. 29 fossils frome =- soe ecsseene nee 22 @ salina, new species....--.--- 29) | -Alaptus ce 02 sesh anes eae ee eee eee 642 : Acton chipolanus, new species .-..---. 23° ||) Mlasnrad ones 3225245 eee eee eee 296 i: fusulus, new species .-..-------- 23;24°| Adasniddonts: bonelli-= 225-20. 22> -e eee -= 314 } myakkanus, new species --.----- 24 Suan ee eee eee 331 ' punctostriatus!.-s=s-8e-5-2- ee == 23, || Adasmodontinee)scee-s-ee a= a 296 AChINN = cise ene tesa ance neeeeee T3t,hoo, 740) || VAIAtOS! 2 = soca iste We oe ct eee ee 330 : Actitus hypoleucos:. <2-2--+2s2=- 2-2-2 50285275400) Ai did er a2 .c one eeee eeeeneee eee eee 466, 578 Acutlavidisy. 22 aces. seca eete 653 | Alauda arvensis cantarella......-....-.-- 466 AUQUSMRS sss oc cera See are alae ee oa eee 33, 154 INtEMMeCIsee eee eee 467 amiiray NGW SPeCles:- 5-5-4 Se 39 Alaudula pispoletta seebohmi. ---...-- 579 bipartital:=-c22--ecss- 2. seen 38 Albatross. mollusks collected by.--....--- 7 chipolana, new species.....---.---- 30: Allbullay s2 25 sass cinsatece sae eee 167, 168 curvilineata, new species .-....-..- 36; |, Aleatraz::: <= 22225262. ohaesece reer eeeeee 654 Curviliratia)) staat os ee 37, | Adcedinids ? s-. 2220 as.ec- cee cece ences 497, 543 dislocata var. indenta ....---..--..- 40 | Alcedo ispida bengalensis.-........-....-- 497 Givisura:. AsSsaeee eee eee 33° | Alcippus:=23-4-2-= 2-42 jeacqas-<= 671 AMStODRUS iE sceree ee cbereeeer = «ion = eeee eee 195 LOLI ee aaa eee eee 671, 682, 654 AGtOHMbUS I S- pee: eee eee nee heen mee eeee es 195 tobach2= 3:25 671 Africa, diplopoda from ....-..-----..-...- 49 | Ammazonane cose sos Noe cee ae eens ee 651 East, diplopoda from .........-.-. 81 aMazonica «2.222 ees se eeeeeee see 664 Eastern, lepidoptera collected in.. 229,259 | autummnglisic.-=2=--ee eee eee 628 East, odonata from.-..-.-..----.-.- 143 | Wiridigenalis!: 2. ---cateeeeee- 628 North, chilopoda from .61, 66, 67, 68,70, 71,72 | Amazonian parrot...-...---.- eerie 664 INDEX. 785 * Page. Page. Amblycercus holosericeus ...........---- C305 p_snodonta;planagensa\jaccscsnsonsces eee eees 330 America, West Coast of, mollusks from. - 7 PCRS) osccs aes ceeded Joes 312, 328 American thick-knee .....-.....--.----<- 656 SOMPervivens ........---.s--=« 307 BAU UWeierstel arsine m cicle ei sctiocisccele wat SocieS 162 senegalensisecess sioner a 539 | CON retsrerseslatetein em ata arate releereets 322 collected by Dr. Abbott..-..--.---- HOO DLONUNIC ise ceciscaeceece sss ese ase 716 from Aldabra Island.......-------- 509 | IBrevAPONNIS: 25.7. seeeeee ace sole nesses 673 Alta; Mira: MiexiC0- <<. --= 00m - 627 | British Columbia, amianthus from......- 292 Assumption Island-.-..-----. 509 | serpentine from... ..--- 292 Coétivy Island.-....-....----. 519 | Brochets ou lucioides...... ----..-.-... 178 Hates Ce os ere min ctcsawiaes<'= <5 2 518 | Brooksella, new genus ..-.---.---------.. 611 Gloniosaslande~-- toes =- = 524 | alternata, new species -..-.-.- 612, 613 GAN hay ns oe Snot ce fe, 649 confusa, new species..-.-...-. 612, 614 A SWAY TS - cone == ---nn=-- == GAO Pe Brooksellidiate.--a5-=e==s esq oases wee 611 Margarita. ...---------------- GOR MP BrO wap OliC Ase ae misioe access aeiealaie= re 654 Providence Island.....------- HLOMMBrmhils BaGruseeasscsacesseseeceesescses se 173 Seychelles, Amirantes, Glori- Srv Ophilasaseec ce scene ee eee eee 17 osa, Assumption, Aldabra, ‘Bubo! buboiturcomanus, -----------------. 455 and adjacent islands. -...--- 509m Ra hOMid we occe. coe ea eee eee 542, 662 new, from Galapagos Archipelago - 293 3ubuleus bubuleus..-..----- 512, 516, 519, 531, 541 species of.-..----------------- 619 | Bucanetes mongolicus ....-..------------ 462, 574 passerine, new American family of- 4290 SBueco bicinctusscc-ce.- cece oeccc ate eeeees 665 Black-billed petchary..-.---------------- CSM PP acconidse cose ocean soc eaeeeeneeeeee 665 and white tanager..----.---------- 677 | Buchanga aldabrana ..-----.....--------- 537, 543 vulture. .---------------------+----- 661 | WALlGONt! /25<5cccecs sme eecseecee 543 skimmer ..-..----------+++-------- Goss Budiytesrcitreolaje--s2e-e 4-25 -snaeeeeeee 580 -winged palm tanager..----------- 677 Giireoloideseeesce ae ose ee eee 469 Blennius.-..-...------------------------- 149 | Buff-breasted humming bird...-...--..--- 668 gunnellus ...-.--------+-+------- STA OS EB limit G20) aoa le amlee =o eee oitmelnett area 5 MUTceNOMESs = == sso +1 — 1H Oe OB lim UU Seem esos asc ccna. sa elses eee 5 polyactocephalus---.---.-.---.. 150 SEtEMESI9 = ose 6-sse os seeee 5 TUN} aot CooosSeeeseensseceeees 150 Deldingssscoe con osc aenee 5 eS tee etree ears sees stata ee l= 150 COOD GV ease) ase saainacenn ee ae 5 SB GW eee = oeiaeiate anes =a aelei= minim 150, 151 iN SCON AGN Seems ser tee elo 5 Blennioides”----=--------.--------------=-= 221 ibeldin ieee see eee 5 Blepharoprocta ....-.-------------------- 393 Levisesss se ean ise rion 1 7m RON ATACIC SS eee een ede amine an a marae nae 205, 206 Wentroblonnioidelkssse. 4=-2-6s-524~ ----- - 1500 m@haracinal accaccses ese oe ess oan ac no oeee 206 Centrogaster. ...-..-------------+---++--- [SSelMODALACN eee aac eloaa= ss oe ea 205, 206, 207, 213, 215 @WontronoO tine ses. - = =.= =e) -~ === == 150m MO haracinid aecee esse a cee =eieeianem er mieetar 206 G@entronotis).-.-.----------66ee--=--n c= = Te MO DAL ACINIC Oy ae\sioeeesem eae iam i= 205, 206, 207, 213 @ontronovusee eee sees eee = 147, 149, 150,218 | Characiniden.....-------.---------------- 206 alectrolophus..-------------- 150) RCharacinineeesssseeesesete =r oer eae 206 MPUS ee aaa = me ce 754 torquata ..-----------2------------ 629 mahallokos#na ...--.--.-------+- 754 UNC aie wee eee oes aoc o ene sen cnna' = 658 | Chilonycteris macleayi-. ------------------ 777 Cheetechelyne..--.--------------+--+0---- 72 | Chilopoda, a family of. ------------------- 63 vesuviala .....------------ 72 | Chiloscyllium ...---.---------------+----- 211 Whrstodonees: =e -ssc~ = asco ww ~ ne 180, 182,226 | Chionaspis americana. --.---------------- 635 lineatus..--..---.-------------- 180 eleagni ..---------------- Sees 635 nigricans ...-.----------------- 180 | graminis -.------------------- 635, 643 triostegus- --..----------------- 180 permutans -.----------------- 635 Chietura, Sp.-.....------+- Papers ee cass 684 pinifolii.......--------------- 635 790 INDEX. Page. Page. ChionaspisiquerGusee-seseeeseeeeeeeeee ee 635:4|'Clinusjafinis <=-ee.s-sees see ser eee ee anee 150 Chiguiai2. tocessec ee eee nee eee eens G27 4) (Clivd colammipamian s=-2sees2> 5 ae ee 526, 536, 543 Chirocentrusse see eee ee eee 167;-| Clapeidwese set fsee2 estes ote eee 207 Chirolophus polyactocephalus--.-....-..- 105 | Clupeoides -...-.-...... Eki eee sees ee 221 Chironvkelleriss---- secre econ eee ener 207. (| Clusia rosea -tetee=ese eee eee eee 664 Chinoxiphiiaie. coos sss2 ener soe e eee 651 | CnemodesmuUs fee - eae pease eee eee 97 lanceolatas--—= sess eneeeesee 672, 684 | thysanopuse--essse season 97 Chittenden, F. H., on new beetles of genus | Cnidaria. sc. secce ses Pee ee 733, 736, 739, 740 ES CHOCGRUS=: cee eee ee ee ee oe eee 79 | Coccide 225 22. 2c hse Soe ee 633 Chizenivisidiscopictuslees]-es-s-e oneness 703 | Coceinellida eee s-e. see ee eee 704 Chloronerpes wruginosts .......-.---.--- 629' | (Coccophagus -scescecnne near eee oree eee 633, 634, 635 Chlorophonia, 22212 -eeeses2 sane seen eee 506 | flavescens, new species -.... 634 Chlorostilbon caniveti :-.:-..--2::::----- 629 | orientalis, new species..-.-.- 633 earibbza:-..-22-- 669, 672, 682, 684 | PULDULCUS? pee eee eee 634 @homatobins s-oe-sse eee eee 69 | Coceystes jacobinus........-......------- 497 MeXICANAS 2 - case ee eee 69 | Coceyzus melanocoryphus.-.............- 684 Chordeiles acutipennis.-.-.......-...---.-- 668 | IID OF -o2 ae eae eee ene meee 629 Chorepone.. 2222 tes- cece cones eee ee ee 203 | Cochlearins)zeledoni.s-2s5e-ss25 55.92 eee 627 Choristes carpenteri, new species -----.-. 10 | Coelocentrom ss. es eee ee 3 @hriodorus=<2s-sc.e2 2-2 ssn sect eee ee eaee 177 | irregulare.- 2-4. See eee 3 Chrysobothrys dorsata.-......-.--.-.--.- 705 | Coelostemmar 2225.52.50 e ee eee ee 3 ChrysodoOmus ee—smeneeeeee eee ee eee ee 15") ¢Coereba luteolas.ss25552s eee eee 679, 685 Chrysomela sansibarica --......--~-.----- MLL! |NGoerebidast-eys55- 40a 679 scutellaris, new species ---.- 695, 711 | ‘Coétivy Island, birds from............... 519 Chirrysemelida n= e—-e-aae eee 710 | Colasposoma gibbicolle............--..--. 711 Chrysophanus)j=-- sea ee os eee see 229, 240,277 | Coleoptera from Costa Rica........-..-.. q7 abbottii, new species--..... 240, 279 | the Jombene Range..... 687 HOMME) Soscosesdssoocencs = 240 Tanavwiversseee ee 687 phleas\s—- eee eee eee 240, 277 North American, new species thersamons.--2. -sos2-26-< 240 Of 2a eee 721 Ghnysory chiapas see ee eee 241 | North American scolytid...... 605 harnpax:stte esis eens DAT | MCOllASS <2 nee pinnae eee 243, 244, 263, 277 Chytoryz7a tectal. 2. eee eee 271 edusa var. myrmidone Settee ee 277 Gicindelatclathratac-ae-- asco eee eee eee 702 ele trae. sees eee 243, 244, 263 iMbermediawsereaese se eee 702 | LW rie yapseenessesosseeesues so sce-0 278 TOPALIS eee Oe oe ee 702; eCollocalia= = sa. stn-e cece st ee eee ee 535 Cicindelids-.e--e ato ae nee ee 702 PAN CICA 5 /5-15= \-) 52,5 cee eae 514, 543 Cinclidses 3 eee ene ee 488° 586) | Cololabisc- 2-2. -eaema-- ees ese ee eee 176 Cinclusyasiaticus-----e eee eee ee eee 4988 /-Coltotopterum=-- 22-5 s—- see eae eee 318 cinclus cashmirienses.-.....---.-- 488 | preeclanumens==-.2-s-eeees 318 leucofastense sacs ee eee eee 586). Golumba.- <22. 2-6 3a52 eee ee eee eee 651 @inerascens/20o- oh cce cae ee ne eee eee 244 gymnophthalma_--+-------42-—- 658 Cimmy ris abbottises-- eee eee eee eee 523, 543. | intermedia=..-5-3-ss0e-2-eeees 498 aildabrensise=s---ee eee ee 536, 543 | leuconota ss. cane ee eens 499 COMOLENSIS 35200 se ee eee eee 543 | pollenie.. 553522582 ce peer ee ee 541 coquerellit- c= =. "eee aero ee 543 | DUD CS UMS yee ese eee 498, 587 dussumieris 2s otas seen aes 514" 543) | (Columbide>eseas-sa=e= == eee ee eee 498, NOtatazoascast soe oe eee ere 543 | 512, 517, 522, 525, 532,541, 542, 587, 658 Souimanta 23. Sa soso seecens 526, 543 | Columbigallina bahamensis..-..-..--...-- 659 Circusecueinosus sosse5seeess see 542, 570 passerine eee eee 659, 682 CV ANOUSH aL eo. cache uae. aoe ae 570 | perpallidac: .a3 ose eee 659 huds omits oessec sae eee ee 559 | PULA EDU S eee eee 651, 660 MACTOSCOlIS\S cso see scene ee cee 542 Colommna,Tramentosac.-—-5---4-= ae eee eoree 5 MACPOUTUS tse oe swe eee eee see 571) | Colymbusiimviailis tee. =e see eee 503 maillardi® sccsaccsstene. esos eo eee 542) MC Omi-tOLO oe ean. aa a - > ia eee eeeeee 672 Cirolanides,méw genug))-2--e-2s22-se- see 615 | Cominella brunneocincta, new species. -- 11 texensis, new species ---..--- 616 Commander Islands, contributions to Cigharinile: 20 ce eee eae ey: 206/207, | matural history of-ce-. 20. -2-5-5- oe 717 Citharinide(222scanccscsscecse ees oc5 nee 207 | Compsomera elegantissima..-....-------. 709 Citharininwts2 ese e eee saees eee 209 | Compsothlypis americana. --...-.-------. 631 Mitharinus:.<5-c2e22-2-ness aso ae eee eee 207) MCom ystese-c)-Sen sae eee eae 640 PeOMLO yi... -es ese eae 209 | TuTescens.-<-= 2522-2 oee eee eee 640 @leridae: - 2) 2 5cces 28 Sa eee 706 | Congo, diplopod myriapoda from. .-.--.-.--. 47 Clinopodes'222223 s2teccees ee eo eee 74 Conservula,..-cs22 sesso se ees eee 253 Havidus soc sessere cose eee 74 minor, new species---.------- 253, 279 INDEX. 791 Page. | Page. Conurus, 8p-.------++--++----+22222222220- 682 | Corvus scapulatus ....----------- 523, 526, 537, 544 wTUgiMOSUS .. -.------+--------- 664, 682 Bharpileee=seseasss- ose oeemeeeea= 457, 572 asteC.-...----------+++-+----22-- 628 splehdense=-2s2ss4co-s=--= 22-92 oe 457 Conus..------------+----+-----+--222--+--- 41 | Coryna ambigua --....------------------- 714 adversarius .-.-.------------------ 42 eereteuite cL eet. tee ee oe 714 OAL Sie ee etriscle= == == lela |= <== 41 | Corythornis cristata .--.---------- eee ee 543 chipolanus, new species.---------- JDM COSMOCOMM: esedeccssestssssesecas se === 642 claibornemsis ...--..--..----------- Adele OORSIOS= ae ccieseeseaee eae hes ee ona 252 @OMOOE cascssesos5 couSenodaDSoOSLEDS 43 | Costa Rica, fresh-water crabs from...----- 377 demiurgus, new species ..----.---- 43 | new species of golden beetle Giluvianus +.22--.2-----6--.06------ 42 | COT eo Lie ek ee 77 diversiformis..---.-.--------------- AN Cos Uine ies aese ee aoe aes So lace ne occas 251 floridanus ..-----------------+++--- 43 marginata, new species. ..-------- 251, 279 gramopsis- -------------------+--+--- 42 Gotorras fet eee cae ee ase en eee oie eeae 664 gyratus .-.-------------------+---- 42 | Cottontail, greater desert....---.--------- 557 improvidus.----------------------- 42 Holzner's\-2 s4ee eee ee eos 554 interstinctus ..-------------------- 42 Tenaomidesenth teense 557 isomitratus, new species .--------- Calan ean ee ere meee ee seen ecsane 654 var. sulculus..-.----- 43) @oturmux COUOLDIX=-+-6ce+s22se=222-=~1e == 541, 588 marylandicus ..------------------- 42 | Crabs, fresh-water, two new species. ----- 377 MUS ..-----.-------- 2220222222220 -- AD aI pacidaites eas ee ces oe eee eee eee 658 papilionaceus. -----------------+--- 44 | Crangonyx flagellatus, new species. ------ 616 DUELS poeta i-ieielercin oni) h-Isicinii=cii= 41 | TMUCKONAtISE 24 -eeesee ea eee 616 planiceps ---.-----------+------+---- 41 | Craspedodonta..-..-------------+-------- 313 protractus..-.----------+22--2+---- 41,42 | Craspedophorus eustalactus .-.---------- 702 pulcherrimus.--..----------------- AWAY Gene AC OM cee ee eee eee 296 sauridens ....-----+-----+---7-+77- 41,43 | Crisiaria........-------+----- 297, 312, 313, 314, 330 subsauridens.----.---------------- 42) discoideaye-cseseesce seas eee 312 tortilis ---.-----------++------+---- 41 | @iscoldeUS's-. 222 sees. eee eeeee 328 Cook, O. F., on Fast African diplopoda . - 81 | herculentetess nee ee 313 \ Geophilide, a family of plicatuss ss. 622s-se-ee see eee 212 Chilopoda .-..---------- 63 | Spatiosaasss 60 Coraciidw ..--.------------+++++++- 497, 525,534,542 | Crypturus mexicanus..-.------------+--- 627 Coracopsis barklyi..-.-------------+----- 5Bl3542" | Ctenoldel usecase eee ey ne a 185 comoremsis ---.--------------- 542)’ Gtenodon-. ese teee aero eee eee ee = 183, 187 @prbiculidesmes a eecra- seeas ore 308 | Ctenolates ..----+----------=-27--"----=- 567 Gord Wlinaeereee sent e as aciecicinn---—e--- = 123 | Ctenolucius..--.-------------~-+-+=-+----- 199 Cordylomera annulicornis. --------------- 709 | Ctenophilus africanus, new species ------ 71 Coregonus .--.----.----------+----------- 203 new genus .-------------+--- 71 SD ee reeeeaeer ere eee == 297 | Cuckoo, Central American squirrel ------ 628 amboinensis..--.-.------------ 227 | mangrove ...-------------+------ 629 COLMOLAn TEE Er eer iscoe se a= ee cia. === 654 | Cuculid#.... ....-------- 496, 514, 522, 533, 542, 665 @onmocanteerecer seeceeree ss secre eee 651 | Cuculus, sp .----------=+---2-- 92-020 07 97" 514, 542 Won iee paces 456, 523, 526, 537, 544, 71 canorus telephonus .------------ 496 WornvUs|COraxe eee ce oe aes === -- "= 456, 572 | holiocephalus .-..--------------- 497 PrEouiter nee reso sl sacs re< sees 457, 572 | FOC se son ceee nena oa eee eee 542 frugilegus....---.---------+------ 456, 571 | Cumingi ..---.---.------------299---2+-°° 312 macrorhynchus levaillantii. ---.-- 457 | Curculionidae --...-...--------------+------ 715 MOI GAMUS eee aise = =m inici= ie = iai= 630 | Guarimatale-esseenemec cheese ees= essa 201, 202, 203 monedula collaris ...-.----------- 457, 572 cyprinoides ....-------+.--- 203, 213, 214 192 INDEX. Page. Page. Curimatayusice. sc -4-ees eee eee 611 @urimabineee eee sere eee 199, 207, 209 asteroides 2.52. 2-55- escssess 611 Curimatines, toothless .----.-..---------- 201 | Dactylopius adonidum ..-.-...--.-------- 634 Gnrimatopsisy- eee ae eee eee eee ee 202.) Dachylopterus =.= ose-6s= ees eeeaee 171 Gurimatusi-e-nee eee eee 199} 2023203) || sDalatianal.....--c2eeoe-ee ==. s ese eeeeer 193 euisiits sees sae eee eater 199) || Dallatias = 22555 cc: 22 54 ans ee oe eee 192 edentulacess-- er -esoe-e= ee 203 DOC bUERUS | 3---eaee eae 191 Cyanecula abbotti, new species ---------- 484 sparophagus':-2- 2.4.0. -5- 22sec" 191 new species of ...-.-.--------- 451 | Dalatiide -.....-..--- ey at eee 193 SUCCICA Rte noe eee ee eee 483,585 | Dall, W. H., on new species of mollusks ; Cyaminisie--5ss- eee ee 277 from west coast of Coplestinaas qaeeem saat eee 277 AMECYiICR ices if Cybister binotatus -------.--------------- 703 new mollusks from the immarginatus ......------------ 703 Survey of the Mexican CEIPUNCLAbOS nee ee eee eee 703 Boundary ....--------- 1 Cy claseeeree reas eee eee 295 tertiary fossils from Gy cloid Glee eeee eee eee ae eer 185 Southern United (yom Dee eee eee ene ioe ee 339 States «2s: S2seee aoe 21 (Gry CLOT AC Geeta eee GSD aman tees eo ee aoe ieee eet 259, 265, 275 Cy clopid@s = ==es==a anaes er eaeee 246) | Damn aise ocaes cess bie eee 229, 259, 265, 275, 742 Me@tISt cee aaa eae eee eee 246 ChEYSIpPUS eos = eee ease 237, 259, 265, 275 Cyclopterus lumpus.--.-----.------------- 623 | War alcippus.s-seess = 259 Oy Clostouie == ene eres eee ee ae reer 646 Viale te pees 229, 259, 742 Cydligramma latona.......-----.--------- TAL | TOM OSA. 62 52 Se ner sceee ee eae 742 sotien renee Scere eee 339 | eluglivos2 +b. eeees eee meee 741 @ylas DRUM Ne Rs esessise =e ee 716 | leonora, sasce sees ene eee eee 230, 742 Gylichnares.= aeseepe ea eRe 29 Limnjiace oe see eee eee 275, 742 OWN AC Ont a= eee eee 27 | var. petiverana .-..-.---- 230 Cylichnella bidentata ........--.-.-.-.--- 27 | MIA WAS oe eeee ee eee ee eee 230 CoD beens eee eee 27 | petiverana....-..--.------ 230, 259, 741, 742 Ovjamn-laceril=--e--e pee eee 27 | yaillantiana.cosss-es see aeeeeee 743 Cylichnina decapitata, new species-.---.--. 30)3) 0) Daption! capensis ease. == see ee ee 540 duplinensis, new species-.--. 31 | SDelatias: coscenee een eee nee ese hee eee 191 microtrema, new species -.--- 31 | Demigretta gularis...----..-------------- 530, 541 quercinensis, new species. - -. 31. | Dendrocolaptidee--_2222-2 2262s a= eee 674 SVQ SEH LOU ete tet ete ee ee SL) SDendrocyenarsp ease eee ee eee 655 Cy lioramimam esses eee eee ate ee ners 254, 271, 767 WICUAta ee eek neenaetmases 540 iGO desea earners 254, 271,767 | Dendrornis flavigaster -....---.--.------- 630 @ylindrosomataes-e--e + eee eee ee Seat 223 | Dendroplex --.----- See Sele ee ee erm 651 Cymatodera cingulata-......-..-..-.---.- 706 | longirostris, new species -.-. 674 Oyimabosy Tink nck ese ereesperere a= ee 37 | Plcirostris 22s esas ee eee G74 Cymodroma melanogaster. -...----------. 540 | Dendrosinus globosus.....--.------------ 607 Cynopotamus) 42. 2-2 ae- senses ase ee 215. |, Dentex sftsseaea ce Oe een cee oe eee 213 Cyornis leucomelanurus ..-...-----.-.--- 493” | “Dermatomeniy Ste -me-sseee ee ante eee 177 SUpeLCiliaMShe. epee a eee eee 493 | Dermogenys --------- ---eeeeeer eee eee 177 yD HI GS eee een ete eee ee 701: |Dermopteresi:------2--- =e seee = eee eer 205 Cyphoidestoveicollis ss -o-2s.seee se. 22 = 02:15" SDermepteria 2sesssseces= ce a= ae ee ee 205 impressifrons, new species.--- 701,715 | Derosphrus carbonatus, new species-...- 697,713 Mew GENUS: .s.- 2-22-52 - =p e 701.| Desmodus. ......- 769, 770, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777 Gy PRIN Diese ee reo see 207 TUPASue ds sete seco ee pote eee 697 Cy prinoldie ~ 22. = a5 init Eater tea eee 2219222 | Deudorise tesceose sce seee cee eee eee 755 Cy prinoidel:= 22-22-22. - Saceete ooo: wee 223 MUMGANUS) Soho ose ee aes eee 755 Cyprinoldess4--eaea-— te eee eee 213,221 | Diadema wahlbergii..-....-..------------- 751 Cyprinod Onis = onesies os oe eee eee || DIAS DIS Gale lees a. aa ee eee eee eee 635 P28 C1AU UG eee eee 222 | Diastocera reticulata-.---...---+--------- 710 Cy prin odontesas ssesss sees eae ee 222: | Wicellg fa2:5) a ese ee ee eee ee 64 C@yprinodontinee. .-. ~~~ --- ~~. <2 3 =2-2->- 223 | Dichotymus minor, new species-.-.------- 698, 713 Cy prinodontinigs 5-4-5 ee eee 223 | Siniatipennises-sesessseeeeee 713 Cyprinus dentex--.-5..95-0-255 4-4 e 213, | Dicellophailidiss.2. sssee= soot ee eee 62, 66, 73 TILANORCO MUS] ase ae eee ee eee 221 Dicellophilus 66 | Blachistinw....--.------------+---++-+7-- 641 new family .--..------------- 69 | Elaterids ..-.,-.---..-------------------- 705 Disargus, new genus. -------------------- 69 | Bligma.-....-------------------------2-"° 765 Discomeduse .....----------------------- 611 letepicta ...-.-.----------+------- 765 Discopygin® ....-.-----------+----+++---- 165 Elliptosomata....---- Seneca ee Ree ae 223 Discopyne -.----------------++++2----7--- 165 | Ellisia longicaudata ..------------------- 543 Disparoneura .----------+---------++------ 141 | Elopomorphus ...----------------+--+-+-- 202 abbotti, new species... 121,140,141 | Emberiza Cia...-.-----------+---+-++-------- 465 deligness ase ee saan 141 stracheyi ------------------- 465 MUbatar-s.2- sn -ec-- =o - = 141 fucata.. = --c--c <== === one 465 Subnodalisie.s- 2c. =~ -1- 141 godlewskii ...--.--------+----- 578 Distichodontineg .....-------------------- 199, 209 leucocephala .-.--------------- 466, 578 MIB ChOdUGe ste teeeee eee chee eee 199, 215 | Nuteolases feces eee eee 578 segyptius....-.---------- 209, 218, 214 scheeniclus .------------+++---- 578 APATITE TS slate ayatelatete fats spa =Fal=i-)=1 209 | BLO WALG: cess sce so ete ce amma 466 TilGbiClsWec tects Se ce tee mes 209,214 | Emerald, Canivet’s..-.---.--------++-+--- 629 Distomospira ..-------------------------- 3 | Empetrichthys-....--------------+------- 224 bilamellata, new species - - - 4 | Empide, North American, revision of..-- 387 Doleromya..-.---------------++---+------ 657 | Empimorpha....------------------------- 388 fall geese eeeer cele rer aati 670 | new genus...--------------- 396 pallida ....---------.---.- 662, 668, 670 | comantis, new species. ----- 396 Moriolyitnsieseee ae == sees se ae ana == G49) Wmipisss.se cee ces cee =~ sere ass sea 397 MOLSBISe secs ce oe lcincio= a neere <5 se ceeen 148 agasthus ...-.-.--------------+---- 397 Doryhamphine .....-------------+++------ 158 | avida, new species. --.------------- 405 Doryhamphini ..-.-..--------------+------- 158 | captus, new species. ---.----------- 405 Move, inca:.....----.-------------2+2----- 628 clausa, new species.-..------------- 401 Dreata flavinata.......-.---------------:- 252 | comantis, new species. .-.--------- 402 Wromadidsieeee- <= . -22---peee eee 630 Geranospiza nipran—- esses ae = 628" SGOlondrinae-.-es-- eer eee =e eee 678 Gilbertias 329.2. 225-2 eeeeetee seeees aac 567) |) Gomphodesmid=<--.-- -- eee ee eee 83 Gibbon, Lieutenant, fish collected by -. --- 201 |Gonmphodesmus/s-—-sesseeeeee eee eee 83 GabbosiSiecs senses n-ne meee een seca 213 Castaneuss-o-eeeeeeeere 82, 83 Gal Dw ean Sete ae te ee 45 || (Gomphusicofnatus'==--- eee see == eee 136 Gill, Theodore, notes on Cephalentherus. . 195) | GOM a COCO RAN CS oar aa tatale ee tee ateiee ett 643 on application of name | GOmatocerus) 2-2 a eee eee 642 TewthiS soe asses eer 179)|, Gonepteryx-o2-esees ee eee eee eee 278 characinoid and ery- MepalenSis jee eee 278 thrinoid fisbes.-....- 905) | «Gonibresmatide =--osse- soe eee 65 eharacinoid fishes with MLO WAAR yest 66 ctenoid scales._...--. 199) |), Gonibresmatus 222 -- serene 66 fishes of genus Chara- | Coming seeeee eee 66 CANN S eee eee eee OT Sn GORIONaTCGse eee «eee e see eee 164 Hypoplectrodes........ BBs )| "GOnO0G)l ae sees aaa aeel eee eer 256 nomenclature of pecili- kilimanjarensis, new species. --. 256,279 oid“fishes\-eseeeecn-=- 221 macglosdeecse “aes e eee eee 257 nomenclature of Rachi- rhabdophora, new species. ------ 256, 279 Gentron ss o-s-n eee 217 Spleen ee eee ee een ee eee eee 257 nomenclature of Scym- | Gorgopis..----..------ Ses ae eee ances 253 MPs ecegeesscascusso5 191 abbottii, new species-.-.-..----- 283. 279 nomenclature of Tetra- | Graceful mocking bird....--------------- 639 gonopterns .-..-..--. 295 | Graculus graculus ..-----:------------=-- 459, 572 Orectolobus or Crosso- Gray-footed hylophilus -.--.-...---------. 678 DAS eee eee O11 aGraye cin bind esses — ane ee eee 672 Plectroplites|-_------ 567 |eGrammiconotus.-- ss. =ae = ee eee 176 proper name of Gun- Grammod6sis-s222-5 2cceee oe eee eee 255, 271 nels, or butterfishes.. 147 sbolida) 3-2 ee =e ne eee 255, 271 serranoid fishes. -....-- 567 | Grandidieria .......-..--------------.---- 308 torpedinide or narcoba- Grassquit, Mexican ...-.-----.--.--.----. 630 tide’ ose 161) |) Ground) doveres ss. = sen eee ee 659 synentognathous fishes 167 | warbler from eastern Mexico.... 119 syngnathid and hippo- let Gorse GS ere tee stele alate eto 208 campid fishes. --.-..- 153 | Guacharacam sss] assess ocean ane eet 658 Ginglymostoma cirratum ..----.--------- 20) laGuanaenanarej sss ssa aee eee Eee 653 Glabaris ...-. 297, 309, 310, 322, 325, 326, 332, 334, 336 | Guanta, birds observed at -..-. eer 681 { INDEX. TO Page. Page Gitar aeee eae oeceniceecnnwesee sees == <2 === 656 tawihks rray-tailed! 2. scccescssascensceese 628 (pasa PUA ee eee ae eae ie = wine wen ino 661 Memxiecaniblacksscsce-cccerseeeae-' 628 RGR ERETGSUER. erates otal a aici etc iatnicta wyelaain oe ce tate nina 658))|| Eeleodiyvtes; nuchalis\2--------------=»=-- 682 Giayamate -.-.-2-----.-------c22----- == GTOM | EVOLICIC ota ctor netaetato tate c) nfs ctatalacintcla sale cies 1 KGAA tee setae cla elelere eel sie sini = Qeod Dy | MEVOIICOMIRE Sa se Sate od ie citcialettalatere ante 683 Gurl eerie sees ara = = clelnlein~ime 651 | Helmitheros vermivorus-..........--..--- 631 Gunellus crassispina..-......------------- 1505 elemerodromiaees.- sates ecmeeet a ce 388 macrocephalus'----..--.....---- 150 analytical key to species of 391 See Lhe ere siom se ae tial a= || He MOd US {no sc ce ts eee tase a aterd aja wasters 207 Gygis alba..-.---..-- 510, 515, 518, 519, 520, 527,539 | Hemirhamphiformes .-....-...------------ 177 Gymnelis imberbis-..-------------------- 151) |, Lemirhamphin). ss2-.22s=5--s-a==—-— Al S 177 Gymnopleurus Hhalassimus=<-- nec ~csse-=- TOW sevemirhamphodonl. =. s==- n= oa = sa eeernto 7 RAR BL SEEN eens k eee 707) emirhamphust seo eee eee 167, 172 Gymnopy ge coquilletti, new species...--- 724 C) Dace aces oeecoscod sae ses 177 MON eNOS se eases oe se sae a. TOS Hoemiteleshss-aa2 soe ean oe ee eel 644 hoplizwformis, new species... 724 | brachycyttari, new species... -. 644 pyama, new species-.----- 724 || Hemiuraileucocastra---: --.2--- --e2--e ne 632 Gymnoscops insularis...----------------- 509854 2h imElenia a= sectteen saree ee senor ace fil Gymnostinops montezume.-.------------ 630 Dicarinatams-cc. esos ceecoea eter 75 Gymnotorpedo ..--------------------+---- 163, 164 Oeyilaecna se sccee sce a= seit eee ee 71 Grom nniS Meee ae sna se sic sacle = aia 251 | Henshall, J. A, fishes collected by.....--- 115 Y GT See eee eee omnes a= Opies LOM ALUS| sees nee tele eiianae mae 179, 180, 181, 184, 187 Gypaétus barbatus. .-----------+------:--- 454,571 | cauda fronteque inermibus..---.- 179 GroN ge esse se ance Soma oceans === 703 | mucronereflexo utrinque prope ee Seeks Baus sese cease 44 | caudam = soeecescos. eee ae eee 179 duplinensis, new species. --.---- 45 | Hepialidw.....---.---.--------++--+++++-- 252 Gyrodisca.-..--..---------+-----++---+--- 4Ad||| Pepialusts sce s-hppssscese eae ce ae ee 9252 Gyps himalayensis..--.----.------------- 453 | kenia, new species.-..-.---.---- 252, 279 Merodias tallbalesersecels eae etal a aiala lentes 589 HGEO NS seer eee see paces ae aa ale eee 651 Hien pre nigeeers ssh eeeeaes eae - ee a= =a 263 Habrodesmus .-..---------+----+-------++-- 97 ériphia...-0ssee sae. seeeeneee ow 263 aculeatus ------------------ OS MH espar aristhe --. cess = = seer eee ee 247 hartmanni-.--------------- 98 interl6ctas-s=-=--ss--s= eer 247 leetus ---------------------- Off Hesperia. ss. s-sssee sterner eae aera 764 Hadena littoralis ....-------------------- 270 agyillase nsec ees ens see aees 764 Hadenidw.....-.--.-------------+---+---- 253 | Dorbonicar see eeeeeese oes 246 Halizetus leacoryphus -.-.--------------- 454 galenus)=2-cd=-s6e- oes ee eee eee 246 vociferoides.-....-------------- 542 hottentotaenccssese eee eee eee ee 246 Haliichthys..-.--------------------------- 159 philippus!sess= esse -seee eee 241 Halocypselus ..-..---------- See eee 176 | Poubieri.-s-..a-. see erate 270 iamaniamid ae sseca----2=-<= == : eee sae ee 606 BULA OS loan. ee eC eae eee 605 259, 741 salebrosus:.- seen > -ace eeee 606 SCODINOSUS sss ee eee ee nee 606 BS bya hs eeeaee sere eR 607 687 aculenbus... ccc scene ee eee 607 642 OLOCEUS i «<5 rice cea ee ee 608 rain 3 es See eee 607 TAL UMD OATS ee eae ee 607 Opaculus’. <2-er cass) seen 605 265 PLUINOSUS Pee eee eee 607 SONICOUS# . oe tance eee eee 606 299 Gritoluts.t econ ee eee 606 Hylophilus ferrugineifrons............... 679 275 Havipes (ss saes4e ee ee 679 gris@ipes, new species..._._.. 678 259 lutetirons).- 96 - eee ee 679 Hylurgus|scabripennis:-s-9-e see eee 606 259 subcostulatus)--2----e- eee 606 3, || ELY IM Gia cemec eae ce ce eee eae eee 258, 278 3 fASCIBlis oskack =. cee eee 258 or TOCULVAliS|- -Wce8.- Se ae eee 273 4) JHiymenopteraiess-ca-e sees see tee eee 633 3) bly panera eee see er ee 235 3,4 hippomenes-2=-=.- ee eee 235 3.) Eypantis 235 Sessee 9 ee eee 236, 262, 751 3,4 ilithyia 2s. see eece ne 236, 262, 741, 751 45) Ey penaie Acca sosee ae eee 256 3 SP aee eres nss See ees eee 256 49) cHy pent die eases e ese eee eee 256 - 3) Ely pning reenter esec ese eee ae eee 165 3.4. || (eiyppnossceee aes aa oa ae ole 165 3, 45), EXiypolimmasieeeeee sects scree 237, 262, 267, 71 mea anthedons “4.2.20 eae eee 262 6410 misippus.... 237, 262, 265, 267, 741, 751 640 | wahllbergicce seus 5252 7-eee eee GoTo 345 | Hy polyermnag. see ess eceae eee eee 241, 268 208 Dhilippus}--ss-eho eee 241, 268 713°) Jey popyra sc... -ee eee eee eee eee 254 713+) Ely popy rides): -cese se aeeeenene eee ee 254 289))| Hiypoplectrodestcs sess = sen eens ae eee 567, 568 265°) Eiyporhamp US| esse 3 eee eee 177 479 | Hypotenidea pectoralis...........-.....- 540 246 5 “Hy pothonemus.-t seas see eee eee eee 608 INDEX. toe Page. | Page. Hypothenemus eruditus ........... bess 608 | Jackrabbit, Rio Grande...........--.---- 558 BETSY U0) 0 ete teste toleteralaefeleieloralsia ste aielaie 765 | western desert.........-.-,--- 564 iy psipetes psaroides ..--..---....--.-.-- BO 2G RAMUS acter nc saeoss « bsneesdetes Tasos 180 Ey PUTO pola DWM. s66-64--cee se eee G8uhGS4G har buOwMee-—acene anes sees sacs seen eee 630 Eyal Meets erases iee cc. See Bees 200,206 scorn om Mdollystighese a: sesec= seco esen ee eee eee 733 COS a eter taa ae =e Po alain melts 299 fossil, from Middle Cambrian PEST TSR AM Cesta eete elaie late am aia eleliala tinea = 296 | COLTANG Ok siace teens aewsece 611 SEAICIEL G ll iene eretetate alain oeim mmo) = slain tereielelniela == 2968 |S JenyNSiND ses. seeee cee ses ccece sees ae 223 SEIT QU Seat eee one elm nie eye am aime OR Re OLY Sere retaatemateiatn ees tee ee eet 317 LOTS ES eretereceterstcieisletainisisinisiris’steicta orale 755 | Jombene Range, coleoptera from...-..-.. 687 Judd, Sylvester D., on three species of sand fleas (amphipods)-......-..-....--- 593 Martha rurilata cess. ccsotaccceeoe ss coe: ASG) |mOMPUlares eee mate teeta ae 147 Nipididwaeeaacce epee esos ee oe acess oS 580 e541 || ollodis hoehmeli- os ce cseto ae ae eee 705 ibidorhyncha;struthersiil .--...-.......-- BON) |maunoniagn-soe <== eee Saat 235, 261, 267, 749 Ibis abbotti.........- BR MSS tae eee 530, 541 | ALMAN Biers a oisinca aise wees oi etaaislele ars 750 emNenlee ss sores ese Se icce oe crae 2 541 ASLELIO) secs cose ae asm es aces oe 750 TeHNeUMONIC BE aaaces oo < = ioc asics seeieasloe 633, 644 | DOO DIS 2 sew isencns cn ceetseee 235, 741, 750 MGheeuAS esses soniocecscesace a Secsscet se 198 | CODICN Clee ses erceeseseneeee™ 235, 741, 749 MG teri d epee ayaa codes cit =.daseevooces 674 Cleliaeemnacensasse es 235, 261, 267, 741, 750 Meterus CuLasOCNSIS=..-.------co0--scce-- 675 Olgivaisscsas cesses ss ease eee 236, 750 OU UIs Meee rie ces oe ae ia ee 630 | @alninal \eonsocce sabeoeGsHaac 235, 261, 749 IGUOLUS asecie ein Sedo ocas ct ceeneeee 674) | diymxstorquillay. oc cccms acicic oe Secaeieeetas 496 NCU GH OPINITS esse ses aoa eee 675 | curasdensis..--.....- 675 Idmais Cele cata sr oem gn aa aha | 243, i Kashmir, birds collected in..............- 451 iS BESS = mutatis ¢-teae Seer re ~ = ul : lepidoptera from -.............- 275 Theringella me RUS 5 Mia a aaa 5 ane 324, 326, ce | Kendall, W.C., ie new pipefish.........- 113 Si hihepeetecteeietatee aia ae aia eee alc 271 Sai ees fol aa Re a a a a 265,271 | a Re stickleback, from coastof Maine. 623 MMM ACU AGUS esac ce Sas ei ciaa eee cae ens 213 | ; = " Keith, John, coleoptera presented by.--.- 77 ee gases ne See een tens ane Kilimanjaro, lepidoptera from. .-.-.--- 232, 236, 239 Insects, reared parasitic hymenopterous, | ; “i ‘ aw odonatasfrom.----—--s-2-5--— 121 eon Banca OE Sa og tas sm fo Keng bird Couchisissssses-ereeceeeeeereee 629 LWO=WED 2Od eee pce aces ose slo SBT e ee é Kon gfishery=+=25< sss ot see aek eee seats 169 Intermediate AMUAWHON! i252 = sci=i5 os sea= 673 | rinmeds oo etr oe a cake 629 Iphigenia brasilianare. soso cesecssscass 15 Keingsheses a Pi treo iar ay Ob 170 rid edeee steer he sons Oh aeals nam srex See nce oot 2965 anes ; ae a és li) Kaskadee, bread-billede-s-s- oe soe eee 630 Tridina:---=-- scncececeecece cece 295, 296, 297, 321 | TO tee es ee 567 trapeZlaliss oe cc.s osc cce ssesseee ee 322 ein Poste ase elaine isianinas seme seen een 291 Mirren ates sae alae eee. ee oi a woes 296, 321 SIT OTIC ese see ie ne 8 ee PI 247 | Laccoptera ferruginea, new species ....-- 696, 711 Ch alivib Ose esse ec ote nes Sawsbe mae 9477) oachnocnemat= -- sa... sos scenes ee ees 754 OLES GAT eR ELS = oe ed een oe 247 Dib GUS Ses ee ee ene 754 TRO GARG Ares sl ee Dmego4s |) Wachnopleraen nea miewce asec nie -lelel- ale eee 234 Ksechroueburneizutta -.--..---+-------< 765 BVTCSie ss areae eee eee 234 TRO CLOSINIUB rae ee niseisees nore ooo e eee 99 var. abbottii, new va- TOMAR NAGS) as ae ieee 99 MIGUY/ see ata eens ae 234 WIS ORAS eae wre 21 Sis yaictm ers stoi eicinisiele evils ielowe Sint Sins 68h |poaachn Osternaieceasees caesar oase acces 728 Italy, amianthus from.-...-..-.------.-.- 292 al pingien so eeeisat ee eeara= 726 BELPEMbINOfLOM =.= ==, a sles se =l.-<<.-cee eee ee tenes 551 AS ee eer eee 61 | arizone major, new subspecies. --. 557 PUNCHATONS ssa se ae ee 61 | minor, new subspecies ... 554, 557 punctilabrum's--7s--sea-es= 61 bachmani 2 2226. 2-44 se eee 556 SPISS USte eee eels aerator 61 brasiliensis se eee-ee esos eee 651 tenuienlusss-ers-eeee-eeeeer 61 Californicustassceose see eee 562 SG eR DUD YoU C20 eee eel tee e 706 Callotis; joo ea sone nee eee eee 444, 558 Iance-talledomanalnnes.s-ss-ess4s920--66 672 | CINGLaSCeNns = 2-0 eee ae ee eee eee 551, 556 Wantideessssseceas- icisa se fact Gane Se 473, 543, 581 | gaillardi, new species .--...-.-.-- 560 Lanius erythronotus -.---.-.------------- 473 | melanotis)5-5.2s2550= esses" saee 562, 565 MG Els 8 Sasso senseesencsss 581 | merriami, new species.--..-.-..-- 444, 558 isabellinus!s-.=-.-4seesece=s =e aee 581 DINCHS) see. see eae eee 187 Weebiasiminte-| Mueucosticte*brandtie-=--<-5--2-ss2--242-e-22205 5. 673 Mo hniadinieleiss ote ss2ca~ coscnls oe 15 lawrentericset oso ae en 630 NOISES Tare ceee cio alm coe oS cn sac ne 221 byrannDlng 2s. ceoe ota 673 Mollusks from Mexican Boundary 1 | Myiozetetes texensis..................%.. 629 new, from west coastof America 7 | Mylabris amplectens..................... 714 MolOtNTUSHaAL@ te saci aie) atelaie 2 es crclc : 676 atricornis, new species ......... 700 714 Molpastes leucogenys...-.-......-.-- 492 Calllicendmeaesem era oe ene ee 714 EMIONACUYNIAT csc s\clan/-1> =i eee eee 150 MaVICOTMIS) fos scce ashes eran 700,714 PMOnGOt ane cess. Se 314 MILOPICUS | cleats ee ene eee eee 213, 214 Monticolasaxaiilis: .c<.2 cic 200) TN aad ester eee eee e eee 304, 329, 330, 331 Miv GAleSismrmr tint citric a\sacclelsie\w's's Seteaia ae 230, 743 Glagsinecablomorfeee. ss esse sae oeeee 295 GWEN GE jaseocadcocuaacss 230 distributionofee-. os) ss ceee ee 327 perspicua .-..----...--...-... 231, 743 Nanzthiops uniteniatus......-..------.- 199 SALE eee = tatatat alain’ =/ alate mlotm sieve 230,743 | Nannophilus eximius .............-...--- 71 var. evenus 231 NOW. DAMEL: cone cn seces 71 Sanaos.......------------ 231 ING CING [Shee nese eee eee al teas 16k EMEY COLO DIN y= [eyaie ao). «)miniainin n'a) min n= is 296) lNiarcininee soe aece eee si Sse-eks 16t Mycetopoda ......-... W9Grsed, SLUT ooe Ooo TOoeasO! HON ALCACION, SP iecrleciam laces om esas 162, 163, 16-4 soleniformis:-- =... =---. S24) | PeNaTCa CLON UNS. pec e ocr sence ee eee a 163, 164 SULLA OS US eee oat area) naiainiere S24 WEN ATCACIONTOIGG mance eaten ee ee aie 163, 164 IMiy CQtOPOULGrs ta a cclrinice scree viawscc- =) 290,020) || NATCODATIC@? .. once msn mise canine eee e wee 163 804 INDEX. Page. Page. Warcobatids synonymy of..-...--:-.---- 161 Numenius pheopus -. 515, 518, 519, 520. 524, 528, 540 Niarcobatine 4. seeecse- oe eee eee G2 |) Nati danmitrataece=—eo-=asee ears eee 541. Nancobatusie-ceeectesee noe eee 163, 164 | Neem didaa.2 is soda eae eemclee ne one ee 541 SP Toe ee 163/))) Niupserhaelobicepssesce =a cesar 710 BINGE S US ee te ee 183"! Nv ehemerac226 2 0c i0e om te ae aaa ere 765. Na CRATES MIG CT a. = see se eee inane 219 | lewconoese=. See eee 765 Wecrophloophagus?.2.-+2--=2----=-=----- (4: | Nivetemeridcs*ce.-2- sae eee 765 longicornis---.------- 74 | Nycticorax megacephala..........----.- 541 WNecropsar rodericanus ---:---=-2-=------- 544 My ChICOLAS = ocean 500 Necropsittacus rodericanus...--..------- 542 | Nye, jr., Willard, notes on crabs by..-... 372 INGCLALIMI Ges eee eee aa 514, 523, 526, 536,543 | Nymphalide...-..........-.---- he Eee 299, 742 NG CAUTUSS. oop eaters eesti sae aee 620 | Nymphalinz.........-.------ 234, 261, 266, 276, 749 Neglectus ..--.-----------++---++-----+----- 667 | Nymphalis etesippe......---------------- 753 Weoccwenyra duplex. -—~ 9 - = e aa ae 744 | ZOOL a ee ee ee 753 Neocota ..---.--------+--++++++++22+-++-- 388 | Nivrocatnyrocae ste ccce see eee ee eeeee 500, 589 BE iW TE ELS ea eae eee alate err 434 weedii, new species ..--------.-. 434 | Weoplasta, new genus.-..-...-...----.... 388, 392 | EN SG LOTR Ae eee ee eee SS 559 | Oberea zanzibarica...--....-------------- 710 MEPs 22a cee Le eee 237, 752 | Oberholser, Harry C., on two new subspe- a SALIVA Nate Seo comes ee ae 752 cies of Dryobates pubescens. .--...---- 547 fhatpieaaa ree on 752 , Oceanites oceanicus...-.......-.--------- 540 ST RA Gona hee ee eee 937 | Ochodzeus frontalis..------.-------------- 723 Neptunus marrinatus-csceds=seesseee eee 359 | mandibularis, new species. ... 723 Nerophingd.~ 2-24 -).cec- clea eee 15g | (Edicnemidw...---....------------------- 656 Worophinie: 2. A. thse eee 45g | (Edicnemus bistriatus...-..-..----.------ 656 Ierophia: o.\-cee ee ee 154 | Odonata, East African..-.---..---.....-- 121, 143 aNesacanthus bruante-- cess. sescee seen ee 544 | Ogovia, new genus -.-------------------- 204 SCI Ties ints eee 544 tavetensis, new species .....-.-.. 254, 279 Tab ga ee ee ae ee 4a WOO; beetles iitomiee eee eee 79 sechoellarumics.ooote-ceeceee 514, 544 | Oides typographica....--.--.-.-----.-.-- 711 Wese@nas mayeri)-.-.2-45.62-o- = see nese 541 | Olaya ..------------++++ 2-2-2 seer ee eee 661 Newport sand fleas collected at.......-.. 593 | Ommatophorid® ..------..-++-------- 254, 271, 167 New South Wales, asbestos from........- 991 | Onthophagus gerstaeckeri......--------- 707 New York, asbestos from .--...-.-------- 291 nigricornis -.....------..-- 707 Nicaraguan ocellated Ant Thrush....--.- 625 | ovulum...------+----++-+-- 707 Nitocris abdominalis........--...----:-.- 710 | tuberculifrons...-...-.-.-- 707 NG OGG US eee eee oe ee 213 | Onychogomphus cognatus...--..-----.-- 136 Noctua, chaleytessesa-e- sae essa eee D7) | OO CLONE = ase tere pte eee 612 MAUNA easecieecemeeCeae meee 250s) Oodes lnci@ussses see ee sees eee 703 BtOlida 2. sets emcee sees eee eee > 255,271 | Pint desea eee see eee eee 703 NOCUI cane --eeecceea ae eeeeaeeeett 253, 270,767 | Opatrum virgatum..-..---.--------------- 712 Nomenclature of Peecilioid fishes ....---- 221 | Ophide@res = sass ates = se ee ea ee 767 Rachicentron or Ela- | chalcogramma ..-.---.-------- 767 Cate 2 csccnsececceecees 217 Ophideridpiee- pes ae eae ete 767 Scymnus or Scymnorhi- (OPHidiONn eee e acne a= eee eee eet 147, 149 MUS «a5 sess sew oases 191 LM DOLD Oe se se eee te eet 148 synentognathous fishes- 167 macrophthalma.---.--.-2 222.22. 148 Nonyma, dubious species. .-..-.--..------ LO \O) pd GM aes eee ee ee aerate 147, 148, 149 North Carolina, anthophylhte from --.---. 291 barbatus ssa e ees 147 IN ofr Cha? ~~ ens -scecseweinn esses eesas= 278 imberbe .=-s.s¢60.s-<. soeee eee 151 auramtiacalis!=.s-.J--=-=— ee 278 MATT CLOM AGU ia aoa al-ieletaloi le er 150 INOUE SoS aS sacs dogs adas sane secegbasens 2i13)s| SO PHINTR ese ener erase eae ane eee G44 BN Oto brane tin ste ee eee ae sete eee 22:30) 8@ DNISOMIN Beem ne cee eee ame eee ements 150 Nothocerus cylindricornis .......-..-...-- 7l2s| ROpHISOMMSss = seeene== eases Seen ae eee eee 149 BANG a En GL ee eet GL 67, |(Ophinsidesea- ess =-4--5ee ese eae 255, 271 Noni phivlideseeaee ees ee eee meee eee en 674 (Opidion):a-= 5 se eee sasha eee eee 148 MaxI Moan eee eee ae G7 1) (Oreetolobid 222-525-265 eee eee 212 NOt philis =) - ene e ease eee eee eee eee 01,74 || (Orectolobing.. == pees see ee ceemeenerts 212 teniatus: -~25. 6.5. Se encceaeeee 68.1745) (Orectolobuse=----+- 4-4-2 eee eee eee 211 Nucifraga multipunctata.....-...--.---.- 459 | Oregon, mollusks from ......-.-.--------- 18 DMG pees sei osoneSsjoncaasossosossn2 327.) Oreicolaterve sien == cme een eee 480 iphigenia, new species....--.----- 15)|*Oreocincla daumase=- 5-6-0 a- See 488 Numenius arquata madagascariensis -... 527,540 | Orestiadinw.....-.....--.-.-------------- 224 arquatus madagascariensis. - - Bb) || (Orestiasine aca. --eeeere eens ee =eeaee 223 | . | . as. Tv. «ens. —_~ es ee INDEX. 805 Page. | Page. ONGSIAGING aaa scaos enon sae ce ceeccesss 224 | Oxydesmus togoensis .................--- 109 MOTOS time vaccrinsicssspiscielee azaoeece ene cns 22: tricuspidatus.-.-......:..... 47 ORION pees cece ocak acces etercmeteses ani mOxyporbamplusts-ss.-hs-scenses ne enon 177 Orinophilus, new name ......-..-....-.-. 72 | SDisee osc fee eee 177 Ollimopus eae secee ce se- sees amt MM IMONSLCKSI sete ks secceeeeeessadces tas) 23 OriolewUessOn!S\s5. 55-0 ses cieeccn-esjce -'< 630 | MIO OMe eee en ease oo ames ceicicicia orice 459, 573. | Onrolusicomd Odes sicc sees + cee nclscccsiassc- 459. 573. | Rachiymerimi.-~eraterete aa sacs neces 60, 74 Ormiihionsimperbeicss2-<\asaess acccccs 131, 132 | NOLCONUOLA sae cl eee 246 quadraplate se ecccticce sen ssons 132 | SD ee eteeas-ral-t stir eee ae 246 OUT ACI Byatt tare oe aves Ha) 5)< 145 | BONO’ s Sea che seein etacoetn se 246, 764 truncatum, new species... 121,128,135 | Pantala flavescens ................--.---- 121 WEL OMG Desa ears = o> =| late laeioreralaic| ais 134 | Panurus biarmicus sibiricus ....-..------ 581 OrPHOMOL DN Meiers elec ia= sleieini= stem os 97 | Pany pila Cay ennensis: -..--.-.-osee=eeee 682 COanGialaae saan] ssc eansce Sian OE Su 1 Ot etait etree eee 245, 264, 278, 762 NACA antec tia serene come rae 111 achine? 2222o-sassce ges ose 762 Op Tay Meters yore presetat a atate stein (ss -fain= sini= 63, 64, 66, 67, 70 Ao abn sre eerie eee 752 Sy sino Sur C ysis cena ope a cers Sey Sralerneie.c hoi ahs 66 | aleestaiis.csss2aaiccies so oce.o emcee 242, 755 Oryctes'senepalensis:-—-.. 2.32. .-2---< 66 709 | besticts! 2c. nee see eee 239, 755 Oryida; new family---.---.--2..-.---9--- 65, 66 | Dibulus ssa5-coense Seca eee eee 7o4 Ossitraga gigantea... ..-------..--.0----- 540 brigitta osss2 eo sceree a aeeeeenen 212 Qsteodenmit=cmamcccer 2. cr ste oe sesisscle 154, 156 brutus! .. 2 .c--00 sere eee eee eee 753 OSE OOS SIME maiaerattatet atest ersiain elie) = =ia/a/o= 173 Calais. 23 -52eisjnsesae se oeeenteeere 243, 759 NOS Um Gaeta ene ent as wince eysisiclo calsianis- sees 335 Car Quist tiga cee see ese 235 falco,;mew species--.----.-------<-- 22 | CONEA io Ne, nite sas os siecinex sone eelse 245, 264 podagrina, new species .....-..... 22 | CHES: SIP PUB sites teen ie eee 265 Oniormhynchidesenjccp ce -- 22+ oo tose == 715 Glelidcs ssaceteo ncaa sn oewee eee 235, 267, 750 Otocoris longirostris........-.....--. Baraieye 466 cloanthassaqs-- = ssece seco eceeeeeee 235, 750 Ol WieSlssci-cin tne es 578 COLON AE an ceca cae nsne nee eee 762 Meni eiMabaesaaceke ete esa cis =e 6 466 COTINNCUSS cmcoasele seeeta = oss ee 245, 264 dilntaees ss see 578 dedalus asec odes a= cence 237, 752 Owl, ferruginouspygmy...-..------------ 628 demoleus\seaeertemens---- see == 245, 741, 763 Oxy dest d ees e tase ere ain cece sins 55 83 ny OpOre prea srescaseeaeae=eeeeees 236, 751 xs COSINUB RS ease et nme since cn. 99, 100, 104, 109 @CHOVIG o-oo ne enemenital sna sian ioe 743 LG Te eee Ne 47 OCHELIOIU OS ame wietterem sewn ceeimce 743, 763 campii, new species .........- 49, 51 OGiNA .---- 2-2-0202 sane se sewn n eee 233 BinNleONS eeeacceewecs tse ectas 109 Ole Chikara eee eee a oe eee 244 TISCheTiMe tees ee fe 108 encedonlas-eae eee te cerca 745 from the Congo Ee A SS ne eet 47 ONCEd ONieeser ert se esate 745 flabellatus, new species -..--- 51 CUpEI GOs sepoce candscooscocebsosees 753 flavomarginatus .....-.----- 47, 83, 99 HOrellasseSwaw so swoawere some Saco 245, 762 Raye meee Seis = ste ATEN 47 LOPEStAN: ooo cone a eat aenioayoe 247 TIS GOD NORILS teieisitee ein i= mia 105 YAN YO i eet etateie elas etere opera ste alent 241 POC MN AUS epee lalate alee eles == 107 DIAL DAS wore se were ee ioe mils Serre ok 236, 751 806 INDEX. Page. Page. SPApiio OVE seas eee sae eee (44> |S Peditenialeecs ome sees see iite aise see eee 295 Ligh yale ee eae eee ee eeeeee 230; hod) He e@asT doe ern a eet anne er teae nee ete 154, 155, 158 Ted ah eteee shateewes ase 230, 266; 743, "| Pegasini <2 .ccwacclssecate olson = see 153, 154 leonidas oct se mene ese oeee eee 264740762;) TPO@aSUSi-2 oases ere ene aise toate ee 154 UN GBS): chs Seo ceoeeosnscsoesesss55o% 245 | Perylis tufomaculatusss- sss ssese- == ee 708 Iv C lasses een eee eee eee ee 745 | Pélachytacca. (2s. - sess acacee eee 250 MaAChAOC <= ae5—-cs soe oases 278 MAUL Sse eee eee eer 250 MEL CET bases <)- aca=e\soc os seesenee'- 237 | “Pelecanidwscesssssee se aoe ee eee eee 516, 541, 654 MERONLINA ya eee oes ee ee ee 243° 157. | Eelecanus tuscasscs.---s- eee -eeeeee 654, 682 683 MNOLIS Hen ea Nee Reena eeee 246 | NOfescens-.-e eee eee eee 516.541 MISIPPUS se-\-- eee eee 237, 267, 751 | Pélecypods2.5 =: sisasce sere Soe eee 327 MITGUS See ane eee eee 245-74) 76a) ebicans. oe -caewcces=aeet eee ees eee 651 ophidicephalus\-------+--ses~s-== 763: | Relidnota ss2scace=ecsseeatiae eon eee 77 Ophvone..052-.ya.2oee oes 286, Tol! || Peltoraster (oss. c.20<0-- cess ee ee 367 Palemen?-=ss.ccs se cecees see sneee 239 | Pennsylvania, asbestos from ...---.-----. 291 PAPIS. 4 sss schee beseasecereesnesas DiGi etl 101 ee ete ea eee eer 517 PATSIMON soses- so sce eee see eee 238 eR elel Geer amen aa ane erat LoSae neers 568 phalartavesscsees se Sense stenees 266')| Percoides) 2 <<; asacgn-ene cates aoe oe eee 221 policenes)=.2-2--4s< Jsceoresesaeee 762 | Perdicula,arzoondah--=<..--~4--s5-5 eee 541 POR rs ae eee ae re 742 | Peribrotus pustulosus .................-- 715 SOLTONA 2522-5 scce ccs seccewesneuscee O31 VAR GLICO saccsce sec ane ce ese coset EOE nee 664 BOVOLID AG ssc atc ce eedeeecaoteeeeee 243,757 | Pericrocotus brevirostris.............-.-- 492 Solandrascssccnete essences soaeee 930;\743' sl Perigea OCtOsscaaa-ce acces se ecos se eee 271 sophia; 2 sscs=- +s saasiswelecmesamae 236 | Periploma carpenteri, new species..-..--- 20 telicanas.sssce. csaceeseceee ences 238, 755 GUSOWE) dopssocsconsaousoSgaccor 19 VATANES ae Seat see seme eee 237, 752 stearnsii, new species..-....-.. 19, 20 Eipharess-s2.--ssdepeesscoacsenes 754) 0|| SE CLS ere eer ements eae eee 327 Papilionid-.--4---2=-mee== = Cees eee 242.755 ||| Peromyscus anrlzonge=- == 25 ss eee 445 WAP NLOMING -sacas ae cceicceeerecene 245, 264, 278, 762 canus, new species.---....-- 445 Warad Ons oo 2s~ sawecaneaneoee see eee eeee 207 MOATNSIL SS. = 4 cieweeee pes 445 Parakeet: Aztecs oc oc~s pe aee ee oe conor eeee 628 TOXANUS 2 = sos eae eee 445 Paraphosphorus hololeucus, new species. 693,710 clementis, new sub- new genus...-..---..--. 692 EINHAG! socoocosbos 446 Waranlata-.o- cscs sawaceeten ese aeneeeee 680 medius, new _ sub- Pardaleodes, .c-2-.- 22 -- oe ccataceseeeeeees 246 BPOCICS) seen 446 palenus sosccs-suseosceeeneee 246 tornillo, new species ....-.-. 445 PWATOROCOHLUS Shee cee eee pose Ore ee eee 176 || Pe@SPeS otee- == 159) |PPitirine case seceese esas eee eee aaa eseer 672 Phyilopseustesatinis). = 2-- <2. 00-.<-1-=- 475 | Pitthoasncscossee tec ee eee cea weeponact 247 INUIT ele aereaie eee cas.sa cia 476, 582 fritascigtwreresss acsssee aaa ene 247 GHOIGOS oases saw clece a 582 Pitylus celwno...... Sragiwenscewacsanaes 631 MOPICCUUS) << === -ss5sec5se 476 | Me6xiCantenassseee = scene n= ce as 631 MTLOLO MUMS! aiseleate a= ois'ai 477 | Pityogenes......-.------------+----------- 609 SIN CUANS pace ssec esos = 476 | chaleographus ...--.--------- 609 superciliosus --...---...- 476 | Pityogenus ....--.----------+-----++----- 609 PODS UB eretea eerie lo eel imie inte == 475 | Pityophthorus -.--..----- Somat s seer 609, 610 trochiluseess=s ee aiia= 476 | CONCEDtrALlIS\ ss s0s-s6esawne 609 tristis var. sindiana.. --.- 476 | CribripenNis! s=-5.-<.ss-s556 609 GV Tole eeerste a teietetalaiatel imi 475 | FOSSULONS eee seas aes 609 by WoOpteny ke mescsi aes sciences ee 154, 155, 159 hirticepssces | SProcellariidie 2 5.s-ee seer estes eeeeeee 449 505 fischeri2as*te=seussetoveeseeee 108 | COLSa 2c SS Peet eee aecice cee 505 mastophorus!ss-s-ss-2=- sees 105; ‘|: (Procriatides: 2.222 o22.50 aac eee 449 MOSSAMDICUS sss eee eee 88 the osteological and pterylo- pectinatns oe eee seca ee 107 | graphical characters of... 505 Polygyra chiricahuana, new species. -...- >) | Prodenia /sas42-rn5: S542e sn 270 *levettei nthe ete eee cee 2 littoralis:=-:t<*teie Joes seeeeeee 270 mearusii, new species..-.....-. 2) |, Progne chalybea cs222-0-ceeee ase a eee 678, 685 Polyhirmaalternnatas=sese-eeeee cesses 688 | Proper name of gunnels or buttertishes -. 147 chanleri, new species.......... 687, 703 | 195 Propterypiassases access cease eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ey ee eee _ & INDEX. R09 Page Page. Propterygia hyposticta ..........-.------ LOG evmamMOlS GALOMU eita.< 0c n'a/sc1sloeel b= 235, 276, 741, 749 Prosopocera hoehueli, new species ------ - 693,710 | Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax..........-.---- 459, 572 aM SUOMI CS sere ele wim ais a= aleilniei = eee === Ibs PEwmhOspizal cesses /.2- eects eesece noes eee aoe 577 Proteoidex..-..---.-------------+-------- 620 lOnPIrOStrigeees eee eesen sees 464, 576 Proteus .....-----------------------+------ G20E Meyrnbhul a aurantiaCa..cecss~- 175 Saurus feetens.----------+-+---+2-20 770 214 | Scombresox, 8p-----------------+-777 7-7 >> 176 Saxicola isabellina .--------------+---++++- 589 || Scopas.---------=-2-==+-----=2=-07" --2-"= 183 montana -=.--.------s-++--eseee 480,584 | Scotland, asbestos {rem asssssceeasce-s==l= 292 picata..----------2-------------- 480 | Scotophilus -------------------------- 71, 72, 74, 75 pleschanka..-----------+--------- 480, 583 bicarinatus ..---------------- 72,75 Saxony, asbestos from.------------++--++-- 991 | Scyllium .---------+-+s+---222---+-25+7-7- 211 Seignisseeeen le -rriner m= eco: 176 canicula...--------++-----+----- 211 Scapanea..--.-------2-------2---- 920-007" 194 | Seymni .-.--=-=--=- 2-2-0 2-2 -2= 20ers o-- 192, 193 Seaphander langdoni, new species ------- 28 | Scymnidw....--------------++22-20 220007 192 primus .---------+-++-++----- 98 | Scymmini-.-----------+---+--+2222222227-- 193 watsoni ....--------------+-- 28 | Scymnoid@..-------------------7-7 70777" 193 Scaphella ...-----------++---+--2777+ eee 13 | Seymnoidei ..----.-------+----222 +7277 77" 192 benthalis, new species -.------- 13 | Scymnorhinine ...----------------+-+-->- 193 magellanica --.---------------- 13 | Seymnorhinus, a Otientinte T6.Ofeeesea ss 191 Scapularis ceophl@us .-------+-+---++++- 629 | Scymnus, nomenclature Oftseeee se oes 191 Scarabwid@...-.----------eeeeeee rrr ceee 706,721 | Scyphini---.--------+-----++r22277-°° 153, 154, 158 Scardafella....--------------2eereeee ret? 682 | Scytodesmus..-----------------++-27"-->> 99 TOM So Se asp oSODOOESSHEOOCN SS 628 konibletees eee ee eee ae 99 ridgwayi, new species -------- 660 | Scytonotus. .------------------2257 707077" 95 SQuamoSa .-------------2--2+- 661 | Sea anemones -.--.-----------------------*" 733 Roamuderocseores sere eae = nem 171.181 | Sea-horses -------------------=---------"" 155 TivillauuSeeeee sees crises ase === 182 | Sea-nettles, the urtic ating organs of--.--- 733 SigaNUs .--.--------2e+eee reese eee 183 | Semipalmated plover. .--------------+---- 656 stellatus ....-.-------------+-+e*-- SDM SON tI ee erates amis meester ee 665 Schendyla .-..------------+---+---+-*->- 63, 64,70 | Sepidium furciferum...------------------ 712 nemorensisS ------------------- TOMI GOL Ce anata ena = eee = ae are otc aa arcs 258 Schendylide ...--.---------+--++--+220077°- 65 | Serica consimilis, new species. ---.------- 689, 708 new family...-------------- 70 nitidirostris, new species. --.------ 689, 708 Schizonycha longitarsis, new species... -- 691,708 | Serinus canicollis .-.--------------+--7--" 544 THIN Utssoe eee ceiie ae ool = 708 {eteruS 22222222 2s-2s2 2 2=se=soc= 518, 544 DC eee ee reemecee crs a 70g | Serpentine .---.-------2--20ss20s-esoocsa- 281, 292 SchizonyX..----------------eeeeeseeet 193° [pa ||) SeErasal MO. -=--=-c22e cops 5c s aaa 208 NIGtifonMeeececeesccn aeec ai 122, 124 piraya .--------+-----2220°"- -+ 208 Schizostoma megalotes ------------------ 65] | Serrasalmonine ----------------+--77-77>" 208 Schizotenia, new genus .----------------- 73 | Serrasalmus rhombeus..----------------- 213 prognatha, new species -.--- 73 | Seychelles Tsland, birds from .-.---------- 510 Schuchert, Charles, fossils collected by. -- 22, | lepidoptera from. ------------- 265 printers eases. 22 -nse--se--Se~= ~~ ggg | Sharks, genus of .--.-------------+++-77- 191, 211 Sciurus mexicanus. --..------------------ 443 | Short-winged burrowing Owl eee ee eee 663 eestuans hoffmanni...----------- 651,682 | Siagonotes .-----------------2----------"" 175, 177 Scnipseus --------------------2222000-- °° ADM SIAC OLa saree stetatetetaeiet tattoos oo 177 foveolatus .-------------+--++--- 75. | Siaponia <.-~-2-------+- ~~ en - === 5 --oom 175 Scolioplanes...----------------+22--000077 AE Sion ae cee eee eee tena ee eae ae 257 maritimus .------------------ 75 | Spuecece eee er eeer ees eee a 257 Scolodesmus -.----------------"-+--77777> 97,98 | Siganus..---------------- 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187 grallator ....---------------- 97 abhortani ..---------+-----------7" 189 Scolopacid@ ..---.---------+--+--02 070077 502, albopunctatus ------------------- 189 515, 518, 519, 520, 524, 527, 540, 591, 656 argenteuS .-----------+--++-77777 189 Scolopax rusticola --------------+--------- 591 canaliculatus ..---.-------------- 189 Seolopendride ..--.-----------++-+--7---- 63, 65 | concatenatus...--.--------------- 189 Scolopocry ptops- --------------++-----7°77- 59 | corallinus ----------+<+-+--------" 189 Stolytidessss=-=-6---c= = -=---2-- <9 =o 605 | doliatus ...------.-+--+---+----+---> 189 Scolytides .----2------2-2-------27257----- 605 dorsalis .-~-<- ~~ --*=-~---2==-5"- 189° Scomber-Esoces.-----------------+7770 7777 175 HaAvuUs oslo oeeeee en eee sama 189 DIGEL «02. c0---- cece serene eee 218 | fuscesCenS ..--------+-2-+2207°77- 189 812 INDEX. Page. | Page. SiLANUS PIDDOSUS wa- eam a0 ame lal= mime miele = 189) |S Solegnathugu-ce- as. e se eaea ae eee eeaeee Pula is eee aes e apes 189) Solenocenathust << on -e---eee ssa eee NeExaACONAtOS ese ee eee eae LBS. MS OLONOSbOMIa een cee seem eee eee JaAVUS cee seco se Sebleceeneeneeens T89in | SGlEN OSEOUUIN ee amt lee te tele 153, 1549 labyninthodes-eessess-o-esesee ese 18Oe) SOnIM Cileee senses ee eee ees Hoses tagsece Vint eat See eee ee ee eee eet 189) | “Sommiesidie---- 32-22 eae oleae eee ate Wroed Sees retailer Ne Sena 189: | MSOMOMeNSIS eae aka ee aeieee eee MAaTParitiferUs <. oe ee ee SO SA inie 263, 268, 756 ASU eo CUISINES etree ta} 7ala age 28.) | sLernocera rey Ole se se aera eer TOL var. oligomitra......... 88) Perng 22 eat oes ee ae eer 651 Var. spiniferd .---.- ---- 38 | Terpsiphone bourbonnensis.....-.------- 543 Garolinensis eter nse rake 33 | COLVING &s Se ee 514, 543 chipolana, new species..-...-----. 33, 39 miutatas sss score ese Cee 543 Clayullans. 2 statssacsccccseescccezcs 34 Panadisices eee sees 494 COUCAV A resem ie ele 33 CViLL Lng sree ele ele eee 543 | ! INDEX, 815 Page. Page. Tertiary fossils from southern United SROUGHIA | AVIA rs carer micaemcae catenin 189 USCS oie eel etateresteeeeete anise e eine cise 21 SUIS roti aaah ator ate eal ee oer eee 179 PREUEACIS PR sccc-ics cc Je oot bcwast ce ccecese 256 LaDYVTINGNOdOS saeco eee eee 189 ES eee tetera ot eter catai ree 256 1SWCOSTELN ON - seeecen eens 188 BRGL YAP ONOPLOTOl e= 23 OCHTOPUSS= seteete sae ese ee eae 502, 591 alcida, new species.......----- 23 totanus'scacteceneecceseaeeeees 591 | Lurtuxriabbottissecsesces wae onl eam a aeereete 513 INDEX. 817 Page. Page. Turtur aldabranus ......--.-.:-- 517,522, 532, 541 | Unio decumbens ...............-s..-00-- 304 Capicolaeer see Leeasmaceheeeee ee 542 MehISCeNnS 2.2 xenon we seceeeeseaeee 316 CHIMENSIS hase cass mae see icicen ese 542 delaponth.5 so. 2sess eek wcse see eee 312 COMOTCRSIGS -oceeemer rset eae cee 542 delphimulus tore eee eeerec eee ee ees 334 COP DE RUNG ease mieten aetna an 525, 542 déelphinus* ss -eitesaae sees sec’ ae 312 GOUTACR an nae sess nema scenes 499 CISCUS P< .-5=sneseeecasaaceee ee aoeee 334 Suclicez lee see ane ialel= 588 dockumensis, new species. --..----- 384 Re O eee sae aie m= Sear 499 | COTSMOSNSc ere aeincot Mea aoe ee 331 MIT Spee Seiten -eseeeeee 276 | She eS Wolella-—cecstecheden ss eeeee. aeons 738 Dees cata Peet ee Wenezuela, birds arom: .2---46-. oes 649 LU eter cies te 2S Venezuelan fiycatcher ..--.<---..+-- hae 673 Sec eee Bean Sates, ‘ : Xylopertha castaneipennis..-...--------- POLES CUNY erererte ee oe seee eee 679 A honey creeper -..£-2=-=4----=- 679 Dae Cane a SOT t ae ean : : Kystrocera, marginalis-.---. 2-22. 2--e-— = Vesicomya venusta --<-ro-2-ee-=-2=- == 17 : eee Vesperugo parvulus <<. --c-ees-<2-55 255 651 ee teres os eee Vilaceous:doversnc ress sete ee octet 658 Vieta protens22-—- eee =e epee eee ee cere eee 712 Vainsonia stellifera-eeceeoseece-eee cee cee 640 | Yellow-billed thrush.-.........-.....-..- Vireo! 5 eee 651 | Mellow: oriole: 2-22 -sc2seq= =eae aan eeciiete blue-headed) ......--cocnmecassesee ces 631 | Yellow-tail, montezuma ...........-...--- Chivilapiliscoc. cess neeeoumee ceacerice 678,685 | Yellow-throat, alta mira..........---..-.-- SOlitanIGS esc secoen ene eo noentemee 631 warblerenac. ssoeseies secs Vireonidiessss.sdiwwesccgeeceeeccheencee 678. 1) Wiphthimay = seoe. sees eel en eee eee 260, 743 INDEX. : S19 Page. Page. Yphthima asterope ..............-.---- aC 743 | Zizera pyfZMMa......2...0000 marniaints Seer 238 chanleri, new species......... 260 Palka once ease oman eae eee ee 754 heehneh, new species. .-------- 744 | Zophosis agaboides ...............-..---- 712 WAN SO MMe tacieisminisnieinie wereieic Deletes 260 | Zosterops aldabrensis ............-..--.-- 537 ALARDTANUS iste cca eee esa eee 544 anjuanensis.............-...... 544 DOLDOMCAee se sece ease ee eee 544 2 SUNNY O Retetobie alataleie eininie'at='sie'= (ataiaic(aiiele saneee 661 ChHlOrvrOnOtSoet oneness D44 Zanzibar, lepidoptera from..-............ 229 Oy NOWLONU! <2 ses ease week ee 544 odonata from .....---.. 121, 132, 140, 141 Rei ee aS Ac eee ee 544 Zaivia .---------.--+++++-+ 22-22-2222 eee. 318 madagascariensis gloriose .... 526, 544 Gescrepans ~ssscee cise ce cins oss aee 318 MBULItIANG s-s.ncc cease sec ceeee 544 EEA PUN Nee ete tee leleleelal= |=) -i-ersalaisie 171 May OvleNsis ices aciee seme O44 ACNAIAA VINACCO-LOLA: «o> scieccaseanss05 658 MOMOSta\en --ceseccee ee cee eaee 514, 544 ZONAL OUBOPLOLUS epeaccicic occ sssc ences ccinc.- 177 Oliva ears s.aascns chiee fo ciocel~ 544 iphMassemeoncecocseSacsseeccce sedis sects 347 Semiflavals.c.nssh.sneteces chee 544 lugubris ....... ia cictaters Sosotcatescvess BET SOY LONY KX. ae oj 2 oat seeemensoonee ss eeeeEe 124 LUZON Mere ietelelataiatsiciciel= pinieatalaiaietninistalatslamie sata 754 luctifera.cssiccscic cee st sic eens 122 ° a TG Re vy Ait ft we oh op i ‘4 nee eA Pee fee i nT an nt 4 ‘ ' 5 ! 1 i ‘ : fh Ci \ i ' f \ | pn ty f b A 1 A a b 7 j j nt . f i ‘ t ’ $e tt i " ‘ . ¥ L ‘4 if i tou ~ fi | / Ht T * 5 . i ni ' 4 ey "ey hi aN M hy MI i i ; i ' t . "i i ' yh y j y ee iv A } d Hi Ai a V on : Ti oh, i ar Levit SVM nN ANT : . ; j May , 4 ia t i 7 ; i i ii } { ' J ! j Viney 1 y wit : } ie ; »! t ( / | 1 f = a j ‘ i ( : 1 “ ih : A fl ty i ie i uae Le at : bd ALT hy hey 4 i " Vato hy te ae une | i aA UA une Heady 8 wa sh NU ——a