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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
VOLUME 53
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1917
ADVERTISEMENT.
The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two
series—Proceedings and Bulletins.
The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are
intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers
based on the collections of the National Museum, setting forth newly
acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there-
from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of lim-
ited groups. LEULNETOGACLYLILS MLCOTO Ieee eRe ee eC eee e eee eee 261
Fras. 8-12. Jeleutherodactylus curieatitss 02.64. Se ee ee 262
igs. 13-17, -Lleutherodactylus dimidiatussccc< 5220 ee eee 262
Hugs. 18-22. .2leutherodactylus varians .:2 2025250 a ee 263
Bas. 23-26. Hyla-sepbentrionalisa <<< 0.tc2t2% nt. csecs fotoe edeae oe eosee eens 263
Bras.'27=29. . Tarentola cubanassss aoe Wa ae ae ee eee 266
Fies. 30-33. Sphaerodactylus cinereus. Lepidosis of middle of back..-.......-.- 267
Fias. 35-36. Chamaeleolis chamaeleonides. 37 represents the side of the tail at
about the fifth verticil; 38, the lepidosis of the side of back..............-- 267
Fras. 39-40. Deiropteryx vermiculata. 41, side of tail of same at about the fifth
WEFLICH wes ocencevscact set srt Ghee Pos Sea ee ce ee eee 268
Fies. 42-43. Anolis equestris. 44 represents the side of tail at about the fifth
verticil; 45, part of dorsal crest and lepidosis........-......---------------- 268
Fias. 46-47. Anolis homolechis. 48 represents side of tail at about the fifth
WEL CU osc seenc ussic cove nsuiy acs cc saecehe cade teeessstateeeee ee aoe eee 269
Fies. 49-50. Anolis argenteolus. 51 represents the lepidosis of the side of the
tail. at about the fifth: vertacilt 225s feeb tee soe mee ee seen aac 270
Fies. 52-53. Anolis sagrei. 54 represents side of tail at about the fifth verticil. 271
Fies. 55-56. Anolis porcatus. 57 represents side of tailat about the fifth verticil. 272
Fies. 58-59. Norops ophiolepis. 60 represents side of tail at about the fifth ver-
MACH. wc avaetec Sarees decinde sda sade ce os sad eee eee ee net oe oa Seen 213
Fia. 61. Leiocephalus carinatus. 62 represents a head length of scales on the
middie of, back of the same individual :.:222202.. Use s- 42 - se os ee eee 273
Fras. 63-64. Leiocephalus cubensis. 65 represents a head length of scales on the
mirtddleof. back of .same individual.s.4:sssi2saste eer see ee eee 2 ane 274
Fie. 66. Leiocephalus macropus. 67 represents a head length of scales on mid-
ale of back. of-sameindividualt..-...222 ses eee eee oe een 275
Bias. 68-70) Celestusvdelatwagnaes22). 25.8. See SE ee ee ne eels 275
Frias. 71-75. Ameiva auberi. 76, throat of another specimen................- 276
IGS: 77-60; | Cadea-bDlanoides ¢ 25.9 ee ee eee sche ae 277
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xI
HELGA EB L-842) AMPNIIOGENG CUBGNE (0 <6 <5 oc conic woken cccecevesdececccesvcccee 278
Fias. 85-86. Epicrates angulifer. 87, same species..........-...-...------... 278
Fias. 88-90. Tropidophis pardalis. 91-92, same species; 90 represents the color
pattern and shape of tail viewed from the side; 91 shows the color pattern
across the middle of the body; 92 shows the cross section of the body at
Bes EpEECRENCEMeet este 7 oes Soe eee Ce Dae fe) RS Tee eae he 8 280
Figs. 93-95. Tropidophis semicinctus. 96-97 represent color pattern and
section through middle of body of same specimen..................--.--... 281
Fias. 98-101. Tretanorhinus variabilis. 101 shows the color pattern at about
eM enan une WOM VCR 20st auto ene sts kat ne ere Ae ae 282
ste) 2 Lt ANG RIS AngUlape? s2.J5.46 Pe one c Sueded ote a.c. ccs 282
Bis. lO5—107- “Levmadophis andrege...<- 2... <2. once coe cnc ccc eles 284
Fries. 108-111. Arrhyton taeniatum. 108 represents color pattern at about the
middle of the body. 112-115, same species. 112 represents color pattern
eieano rented lev Od yarns sete ek ee en es ee 287
SPEER OMHADOC see esate vere oe ers ee EEN to ee 8 ee ae 288
oo Delncmuno same THGIVIO UAL. 2... ta ne eee bee ee 289
Fie. 123. Crocodylus rhombifer. Represents anterior portion of dorsal scuta.. 290
Hires 24-125. “Peeudemye palustris... 9.0.02. 02.0.0) ..00 2020 290
acs 9126-128, Pseudemys paliatris.. 00.2220. s.2.6es0e0-ledecec cle dl 291
Fies. 1-11.—1. Dorsal view of skull of Desmognathus fusca 3 X nat. size. A,
Atlas; ExO, Exoccipital bone (the occipito-petrosal of Wiedersheim); F,
Frontal bone; M, Maxillary bone; NA, Nares; NV, Nasal bone; P, Parietal
bone; P if, Premaxillary bone; P MF, Premaxillary fontanelle; Q, Quadrate
bone; Sg, Squamosal bone. 2. Ventral view of same, 3 X nat. size (teeth
somewhat diagrammatic); Os, Orbitosphenoid bone; PaS, Parasphenoid bone;
St, Stapes; V, Vomer; other letters as before. 3. Lateral view of same,
3 X nat. size; lettersas before. 4. A section of the skull of Desmognathus
quadramaculata taken just anterior to the internal nares, 3.5 X nat. size.
f, Frontal; m, Maxillary; n, Nasal; na, Nasal passage, which is indicated by
shading; p, Pre-maxillary; 2, Vomero-palatine. 5. Dorsal view of a female
Leurognathus marmorata, 3.2 X< nat. size. 6. Ventral view of same,
3.2 X nat. size. The internal nares are blackened, and the position of the
* actual choanae in the entire head is indicated by a ring of dots. 7. Lateral
view of same, 3.2 X nat. size. 8. A section of the skull of the same taken just
anterior to the internal nares, 3.5 X nat. size. Letters as in fig. 4. 9. Dor-
sal view of skull of Spelerpes ruber, 3 X nat. size. Od, Odontoid process of
atlas; P¥’, Prefrontal bone; other lettersas before. 10. Ventral view of same,
3 X nat. size. Letters as before. (Teeth somewhat diagrammatic.) 11.
Lateral view of same, 3 X nat. size. Letters as before.................... 396
Range of Desmognathus quadrimaculata. . . 2... 2.020022 cececececee cece eee... 402
Ranges of 1, Desmognathus fusca Jusca; 2, D.f. auriculata; 3, Leurognathus mar-
BTML eter at ct ate Ue ole fate yey Serer ey ee Peta SA cy ay, fapnior a erator terra eases te cise Renee Ie ae 405
Ranges of Desmognathus brimleyorum; 2, D. Jusca auriculatc; 3, D. fusca fusca;
tine ‘a
é they tales
NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS BELONGING
TO THE LERNAEIDAE WITH A REVISION OF THE
ENTIRE FAMILY.
By Crartes Brancir Wiison,
Department of Biology, State Normal School, Westfield, Afassachusetts.
INTRODUCTION.
The present is the thirteenth? paper in the series dealing with the
parasitic copepods in the collection of the United States National
Museum, and comprises the family of the Lernaeidae.
This is the oldest family of the parasitic copepods and includes
some of the most eccentric and bizarre forms. The genera compos-
ing the family have often been wrongly interpreted, and _ their
systematic position and arrangement have been mere conjectures.
This was largely because they were imperfectly understood and
nothing was known of the male sex or of the life history.
The development of Pennella consists of a broken series of larval
forms described by different authors—Steenstrup and Liitken (1861),
Lubbock (1860), Wierzejski (1877), Brady (1883), Liitken (1893),
and M. T. Thompson (1905).
The development of Lernacocera (Lernaea) was worked out in
admirable shape by Pedaschenko in 1898 and by A. Scott in 1901.
That of Sarcotretes was published by Jungersen in 1911, and the life
history of Lernaea (Lernaeoccra) has just been completed by the
present author. We thus have now a life history for each of the
four subfamilies. These have all been included in a condensed form
1The 12 preceding papers, all of which were published in the Proceedings of the
United States National Museum, are: 1. The Argulidae, vol. 25, pp. 6385-742, pls. S-27,
2. Descriptions of Argulidie, vol. 27, pp. 627-655, 38 text figures. 3. The Catiginae,
vol. 28, pp. 479-672, pls. 5-29. +4. The Trebinae and Euryphorinae, vol. 31, pp. 669-
720, pls. 15-20. 5. Additional Notes on the Argulidae, vol. 32, pp. 411-424, pls. 29-32.
6. The Pandarinae and Cecropinae, vol. 33. pp. 323-490, pls. 17-43. 7. New Species
of Caliginae, vol. 33, pp. 593-627, pls. 49-56. 8. I’arasitic Copepods from the Il'acifie
Coast, vol. 35, pp. 431-481, pls. G6-S3. 9. Development of Achtheres ambloplitis
Kellicott, vol. 39, pp. 189-226, pls. 29-36. 10. The Ergasilidae, vol. 39, pp. 263-400,
pls. 41-60. 11. Descriptions of New Genera and Species, vol. 39, pp. 625-634, pls.
65-68. 12. The Lernacopodidae, vol. 47, pp. 565-729, pls. 25-56.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2194,
77403—Proc.N.M.vol.53—17——1 ]
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53-
in the present paper, because of the opportunity thus afforded for
comparison and inference.
A. Scott (1901) and Sir William Turner (1905) are the only
authors who have verified the internal anatomy of the species they
described by means of sections; the others have relied entirely upon
what could be seen through the body walls. Scott described Ler-
naeocera branchialis, while Turner portrayed Pennella balaenopterae,
representatives of two of the four subfamilies. In the preparation
of the present paper various species of the genera Lernaea, Ler-
naeenicus, Peniculus, and Collipravus have been studied by means
of serial sections, thus supplementing and completing the work of
Scott and Turner.
Tt was further found after trial with various reagents that if
specimens were properly dehydrated in absolute alcohol and entirely
cleared in clove oil, they became so transparent that the internal
anatomy in all its details was clearly visible without sectioning.
Nearly every species described in the present paper has been treated
in this manner, and the internal specific and generic characters have
been thus determined.
Hence the systematization here proposed is the result of a careful
study of the life history and of both external and internal mor-
phology, and is substantiated by serial sections.
Much of the work was done at the laboratory of the Bureau of
Fisheries at Fairport, Iowa, during the summers of 1914, 1915, and
1916.
That portion of the work which concerned the genus Lernaea,
which is parasitic upon fresh-water fishes, and the material for which
was collected at Fairport, has already been reported to the United
States Bureau of Fisheries. The remainder of the work is incor-
porated in the present paper, and as here constituted the family
Lernaeidae includes 17 genera, three of which—Cardiodectes, Colli-
pravus, and 7rifur—are new to science, and 80 species, of which 15
are new. There are seven generic names which have been intro-
duced into this family, each of which is composed of the name
Lernaea or the corresponding adjective Zernaios and some other
word. Two of these compound names, Lernacopoda and Lernaeomy-
zon, belong in the family Lernaeopodidae; two others, Lernaeonema
and Lernaeopenna, are synonyms; the remaining three, Lernaeenicus,
Lernaeocera, and Lernaeolophus, are still valid genera in the present
family. In the author’s opinion, the first part of all these names
should be spelled alike, since each represents the same word which
was in existence and whose spelling had been determined long before
any of the compounds were formed.
= ee
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. b
HISTORY,
Early literature and natural history.—Most of the genera and spe-
cies belonging to this family are buried in the flesh of their host,
with the posterior portion of the body and the egg tubes hanging
free in the surrounding water so as to be readily seen when the fish
are handled. Many of the species also are of exceptionally large
size, reaching 4 and sometimes even 6 inches in length. Such remark-
able size and prominence called them to the attention of fishermen
at a very early date, and we find mention of these parasites in several!
of the classical writers, the stories about them doubtless being de-
rived from the fishermen.
Aristotle, Pliny, Oppianus, and Athenaeus all described the suffer-
ings of the tunny and swordfish in the Mediterranean in consequence
of the irritation caused by these pests. Two of the early natural
histories, Aquatilium Animalium Historiae by Salviani (1554, p. 126)
and Libri de piscibus marinis by Rondelet (1554, p. 249), répeated
these accounts, and the latter author gave a figure of a tunny with
one of the copepods fastened near the pectoral fin. Conrad Gesner,
in his Historia Animalium—De Aquatilibus (1560, p. 112), gave a
more extended account of the parasite, described its structure and
appearance, and presented an enlarged figure of it, besides repeating
the figure given by Rondelet. But his description and figure resemble
a Lernaeopod far more than they do a Lernaean. Boccone, in his
- Recherches et Observations naturelles (1671, p. 284), tells us that
the fishermen on the coast of Messina knew of another parasite which
they called “ Sanguisuca,” and which buried itself in the flesh of
the swordfish; and he adds with reference toit . . . “This sang-
sue appears to be tormented by a louse which I have never seen on
any other animal. It is of the size of a pea and attaches itself firmly
to the animal” (p. 292). Boccone considered his species the same
as that of Gesner, but the figures he gave proved it to be a Pennella,
while the “louse” on it was doubtless a goose barnacie similar to
those shown in figure 147.
Lernaea and Lernaeocera—Linnaeus obtained from a European
carp, to which he gave the name “ Cyprinus carassius,” a parasite
upon which he established the genus Zernea in 1746, calling the
species simply “ Lernea tentaculis quatuor.” In the following year
he described another species, from the gills of a Gadus, under the
designation “ ZLernea cauda duplici tereti.”* In the tenth edition of
his Systema Naturae (1758, p. 655) he designated the first of these
species as Lernea cyprinacea, the second one as ZL. asellina, and he
transferred to this genus Lernaea a third species, salmonea, which
1Fauna Suecica, p. 367, fig. 1282.
2Iter Westrogotha, 1747, p. 171, pl. 3, fig. 4, a and Db.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
had been described by Gissler under the name Pediculus salmonis,*
arranging the three species in the order named.
Accordingly the species cypinacea, upon which the genus was
originally founded, and which stands first in this tenth edition, be-
comes the oldest species in the family. It was the ostensible genus
type for nearly a century, and it may well be restored to that posi-
tion. '
The second species, asellina, is a typical Chondracanthid, while the
third, salmonea, is as typical a Lernaeopod, so that neither of them
can be even retained in the family.
In the twelfth edition another new species, branchialis, was added
to the genus and was placed first, but the gentis diagnosis remained
unchanged.
For many years every newly discovered parasite, whatever its
structure might be, was referred to the genus Lernaca, which thus
came to include a large number of heterogeneous species. Many of
these have since been established as distinct genera. The first to be
thus established was the species branchialis, which was made the type
of a genus called “Zerneocera” by Blainville in 1822 (p. 376).
Blainville included in his genus, besides the species branchialis,
Miiller’s Lernaea cyclopterina, a new species which he named sur-
ripaiis, and unfortunately Linnaeus’s Lernaea cyprinacea. Ti he had
only omitted this last species, which of course he had not the
slightest excuse for including, since it was Linnaeus’s type species,
the two genera would never have been exchanged, but, as it was, his
mistake was copied by Desmarest (1825), Nordmann (1832), Bur-
meister (1833), Krg¢yer (1837), and Milne Edwards (1840). The
latter explained that Nordmann, Burmeister, and Krgyer had re-
stricted Blainville’s generic name to such species as had soft sym-
metric horns on the head and straight multiseriate egg strings, and
he adopted their restriction. Blainville, however, distinctly stated
in his genus diagnosis that Lernacocera had three immovable and
branched chitin horns, two lateral and one dorsal (p. 375). And
under the type species he said, “The egg sacks arise from just in
front of the posterior extremity of the body and are much twisted
or coiled” (p. 316). Furthermore, he stated plainly that he had
never seen the species cyprinacea, but only the figure published by
Linnaeus, which did not show the egg sacks.
Tn other words, the authors above quoted deliberately exchanged
the two genus names to suit their own fancy, took away from Lin-
naeus’s genus Lernaca the species which had served as its type for 90
years, and substituted for it the species which Blainville had made
the type of his genus Zernaeocera, and forced upon Blainville, as a
‘ Kongl. Svensk. Vetensk. Acad. Dlandlingar, 1751, vol. 12, p. 185, pl. 6, figs. 1 to 5.
a ae weet eS a eI ee
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—s Te
no. 2194. NORTII AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. D
substitute type, a species which did not agree with his genus diag-
nosis and which he had never seen.
In such a dilemma only one course is possible, and that is to re-
store the two genera to their proper places, in spite of the great incon-
venience which will result, and this has been done. The author sin-
cerely regrets the necessity for such a change, especially when the
genera are so widely known and so often quoted, but the evidence is
so convincing as to leave no choice in the matter, and both Linnzus
and Blainville have claims for justice which far outweigh any tem-
porary embarrassment.
Location of the Lernacans.—The early Lernaeans were so eccentric
and apparently lacked so many of the usual crustacean appendages
that Linnaeus did not suspect them of being crustacea, and placed
them amongst the worms, characterizing them by the softness of their
body and the absence of a shell. Hans Strém in the first part of his
Physisk og Oeconomisk Beskrivelse (1762, p. 167), under the head-
ing of insects, described both sexes of “ Lernaca salmonis” and the
females of “ Z. uncinata.” On page 209 he described Lernaea corpore
tereti flecuosa, which Linneus afterward identified as L. branchialis
and placed with his other species among the worms.
O. I. Miller, in Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus (1776, p. 226),
gave 11 species of Lernaea; Fabricius, in Fauna Groenlandica (1780,
p- 336), gave 7 species; Hermann (1783), Schrank (1786), Lamarti-
niere (1787), Brugitres (1792), and Holten (1802) all added species
of Lernaca and all adopted Linnaeus’s system of classification. Cu-
vier, in his Tableau elementaire (1798, p. 389), placed the Lernaeans
under “ Mollusques gasteropods” in the division of those having
free motion in water. Lamarck, in his Systéme des Animaux sans
vertébres (1801), also placed them under the mollusks but under
“ Mollusques cephales.”
Bose published an Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés in 1802, but
although he gave an excellent historical summary and a good account
to date of Caligus, Argulus, Cecrops, Dichelestium, etc., he included
none of the Lernaeans, which was equivalent to saying that he did
not consider them as crustaceans. In an Historia Vermium (n. d.)
published shortly afterwards he described (p. 51) 15 Lernaean species,
placing them among the mollusks, but stating that they approached
the intestinal worms. Lamarck, dissatisfied with his first attempt,
removed the Lernaeans from the mollusks in his Philosophie Zo-
clogie, 1809, and placed them among the annelids. Three years
later, in Extrait du Cours de Zoologie and again in Histoire Naturelle
des Animaux sans Vertébres (1816), he showed the need of forming a
separate class to receive these animals, which he named “ Epizoaires,”
and which, he said, “ may properly fill up the great veid which exists
between insects and worms.”
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
In 1815-16 Oken published a Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, in
which he placed the Lernaeans as the third family in the order of
* Erdleche oder Geschlechtsleche,” and in this family were included
all the parasitic copepods then known (p. 181). Later, in the same
book (p. 857), he revised his classification, which contained many
errors and called the group “Armwurmer,” dividing it into two
tribes, the Lernaeans containing four genera, Awine, Clavella, Pen-
nella, and Lernaea, and the Argulids, containing also four genera,
Anops, Dichelestium, Caligus, and Argulus. Thus was shown for
the first time the relations between the Lernaeans and the other
copepod parasites. In 1817 Cuvier, in his Regne Animal, adopted
the view taken by Bosc, placing the Lernaeans among the intestinal
worms, while he located the other parasitic copepods among the
crustacea.
Soon afterwards Surriray made the important discovery that the
long filaments suspended from the body of these animals contained
eggs and that the young when hatched bore no resemblance to the
adults, but were very similar to the young of Cyclops—that is, they
were crustaceans and not worms.
Blainville, in his Mémoire sur les Lernées (1822), admitted the
truth of Surriray’s statement and fully established the Lernaeans
among the crustacea, where they have remained ever since.
ECOLOGY.
Sexual dimorphism —The females of the Lernaeidae are fixed
parasites, and consequently there is a complete loss of the power of
locomotion, although the swimming legs are usually retained, and
there is great diversity in the means of prehension. Since the male
does not finally become a fixed parasite, but remains upon his first
host or swims about freely until his death, there is not the sexual
dimorphism which was seen in the Lernaeopodidae. Indeed, it can
not be said that there is any real dimorphism at all, because so long
as the two sexes remain together and during the period of sexual
union they are of the same size, and it is only after the female has
become a fixed parasite for the second time and the male has perished,
that the former increases enormously and becomes misshapen.
The body. of the female is always a little longer than that of the
male, and just before as well as for some time after fertilization the
genital segment increases greatly in length, but remains of the same
width, thus giving the female larva an exceptionally elongated form.
A considerable portion of this increase takes place during the sec-
ond free-swimming period, so that by the close of this period there
is 2 marked difference in the length of the fused genital segment
and abdomen between the female and such males as still survive;
but in other respects the two sexes are alike.
.
xo. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 21
naeenicus, end Lernaca,; and in Peroderma it is conical. Further-
more, in this latter genus the head and neck are attached at right
angles to the trunk, while in other genera the head alone stands at
an angle with the neck.
In Pennella the anterior surface and often the entire cephalothorax
is covered with small globular or irregular processes which help to
anchor the parasite firmly in position. In Peroderma and Car-
diodectes branched processes are developed from ihe front of the
head alone, while in Phrizocephalus these anterior processes take the
form of small lobed and chitinous horns.
Again in most of the genera processes, flattened dorso-ventrally,
are sent out from the lateral and sometimes from the dorsal margins
of the head and anterior thorax segment. These afterwards develop
into horns, which complete the anchorage of the parasite to its host.
There are no horns on Peniculus, aemobaphes, Cardiodectes, or
Peroderma, the anchorage being accomplished by the strong claws
on the second antennae, by the frontal processes, or by a flexure of
the neck.
In Lernaeocera and Lernaeolophus the horns are well developed
and often branched dichotomously; in the other genera they are
nearly always simple.
These horns are outgrowths of the epidermal tissues and at first
are short and wide and soft in texture; subsequently they elongate,
become more or less cylindrical, and are gradualiy hardened into
chitin.
Too much systematic value must not be given either to the number
or the arrangement of the horns in any genus or species, although a
certain number and arrangement may be typical in each species; for
example, the five radiating horns in Lernacenicus radiatus. But
there is always so much variation that no dependence can be placed
upon negative evidence; positive evidence is more conclusive. No
specimen of any other species has thus far been found which possesses
five horns radiately arranged, but there are many specimens of
Lernacenicus radiatus which do not show them. The number and
arrangement of the horns depend more upon the difficulties enecoun-
tered by the parasite in attaching itself to its host, and upon the
kind of configuration of the tissue of the host surrounding the point
of attachment, than upon any specific inheritance in the parasite
itself. When the head of Z. radiatus is buried in the muscles of the
menhaden there is no trouble in developing five radiating horns, but
the result is very different when the head is wedged between two of
the bony plates of the operculum. The horns, therefore, must be
given an insignificant place in the determination of the species, and
it would be extremely rash to establish a new genus simply upon the
possession of two extra horns, as Fowler has done.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
The neck or free thorax is usually cylindrical and much narrower
than the other two regions; it is sometimes straight (Lernaeenicus
and Lernaea) and sometimes flexed (Lernaeolophus and Haemoba-
phes).
In Peniculus it is short and flattened dorsoventrally, while in
some species of Pennella it is 100 mm. or more in length. Its length
is largely determined by the thickness of the skin and underlying
tissue that must be penetrated in order to bring the mouth of the
parasite into close contact with some large blood vessel. Even the
same species will have a longer neck on a thick-skinned and thick-
muscled fish like the sunfish and a shorter neck on a thinner-skinned
and thinner-muscled fish like the swordfish. The neck often becomes
hardened into chitin like the horns and is always much firmer in
texture than the following region, especially at the point where it
emerges from the skin of the host. |
Usually it is not segmented, the moniliform appearance of such
species as Lernaeenicus sprattae being something very distinct from
segmentation.
In Lernaea the neck and body are the same width where they
come together, and the point of union is indistinguishable; but the
segments ure indicated by the attachment of the swimming legs.
From these it can readily be seen that all the thorax segments have
shared in the elongation of the body. In Pentculus the neck is very
much narrower than the body, where the two come together, and is
distinctly segmented, with a pair of legs attached to each segment.
These show us that while all the thorax segments share in the elonga-
tion of the body the size of the shares increases rapidly from in
irent backwards.
In Lernaeocera and Pennella the swimming legs are found at the
anterior end of the neck, packed together as closely as possible just
behind the head. This may possibly be a real migration in some of
the genera—that is, the legs may have moved from the segment
where they originally appeared onto preceding segments, as happens
io the maxillipeds in the Lernaeopodidae. But the lengthening of
the genital segment during the second free-swimming larval period
indicates that the anterior thorax segments contribute very little to
ihe neck and that the great bulk of the latter is made up of the ante-
rior end of the fused fifth and genital segments.
The swollen trunk is made up of the fifth and genital segments
and the abdomen, and is much softer in texture than the preceding
regions. It is usually greatly elongated as well as swollen, but is
rarely short and stout. In Zernaeocera and its close relatives it is
also convoluted or bent in the form of the letter S. The abdomen is
the portion behind the attachment of the egg strings, it is always
ae Se
A)
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEHPODS—WILSON. 23
narrower than the genital segment, and is often reduced to a mere
knob. To this abdomen are attached various kinds of appendages
in some of the genera. In Pennella and Pegesimallus there are very
long rows of branched barbules, from which the former and better
known genus derives its name. In Lernacolophus there are similar
appendages massed together closely, so that they bear more resem-
blance to a yarn mop than to the barbules of a feather. In Waemo-
baphes and Haemobaphoides there are two or three large knobs or
processes along either side. In the other genera the abdomen is with-
out appendages.
The egg strings vary greatly in the different genera, not only
in their general makeup, but also in the arrangement of the eggs in-
side the string. In the Lernaeinae the cases are sacklike and the
eggs are multiseriate; in all the other genera the cases are thread-
like and the eggs are uniseriate. The multiseriate egg strings are
shorter than the body and straight, while the uniseriate egg strings
are often many times the length of the body, and are either cylin-
drical and straight, or coiled into a loose snarl, or flattened laterally
and curled into a tight spiral.
The appendages.—These are the same as those of the Lernaeopo-
didae, namely, two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, two pairs
of maxillae, a pair of maxillipeds, and four or five pairs of swim-
ming legs. These are all present in the sexually ripe male, but some
of them are usually wanting in the female.
The first or anterior antennae are simple jointed cylinders, well
armed with short setae, and are evidently tactile sense organs. The
second or posterior antennae are also simple jointed cylinders, short,
stout, and strongly chelate. They serve as the principal organs of
prehension during the larval stages and often maintain that func-
tion in the matured female (Peniculus, etc.).
The proboscis is made up of a fusion of the upper and under
lips, often combined with a considerable portion of the ventral sur-
face of the head.
In this latter form it is very extensile and may be protruded a
considerable distance from the head and moved about freely, the
movements being controlled by numerous powerful muscles. When
strongly retracted, as sometimes happens during preservation, it is
drawn in so far as to produce a saucer-shaped or bowl-shaped
depression of the ventral surface of the head. When protracted
the maxillae are carried along with it and are then found near the
tip of the proboscis, a considerable distance from the ventral surface
of the head. In those genera (Lernaeolophus) where the ventral
surface of the head is chitinized and takes no part in the movements
of the mouth tube. the latter is alwavs withdrawn in preservation
~~
24 PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
and forms a pit or shallow depression. In //aemobaphes the pro-
boscis is apparently confined to the mouth tube proper and the max-,
allae are attached to the ventral surface of the head at its base.
The mandibles are simply curved claws or spines, one-jointed and
entirely devoid of teeth. The first maxillae are also one-jointed and
armed with short setae; the second maxillae are two or three jointed
and terminate in one or two stout claws. There is also usually a
stout spine on the inner or outer margin of the basal joint. ‘These
appendages are important organs of prehension in the copepodid
larvae, and doubtless assist in the burrowing of the female into the
flesh of her final host.
The maxillipeds are found in both sexes of Lernaea, but so far as
known only in the males of other genera, and are made up of a
large swollen basal joint, a smaller distal joint, and from one to
five terminal claws.
The swimming legs, as Claus pointed out, do not increase in size
from the larval condition and, therefore, appear rudimentary and
degenerate upon the greatly enlarged body of the adult. There is,
however, no actual degeneration or retrogression in their structure,
but it often, perhaps usually, happens that the rami or even the
entire legs get broken off. This may result either from the move-
ments of the parasite itself or during its removal from its host
and subsequent separation from the cyst which envelops it. But
in such cases there is always left the scar at either end of the chitin
rib which connected the legs or the stumps of the rami. We can not,
therefore, regard the swimming legs as having actually degenerated
or retrogressed, but simply as having failed to increase in size with
the rest of the body. And we must not conclude from an examina-
tion of one or two specimens that the legs are destitute of rami, when
further search will likely yield a specimen on which they are still
retained.
In general we may say that the genus Zernaea possesses five pairs
of swimming legs, of which the first four pairs are biramose with.
three-jointed rami, while the fifth pair is uniramose and unseg-
mented.
In most of the other genera there are but four pairs, even in the
larval form—the first two pairs biramose, the third and fourth pairs
uniramose, all the rami two-jointed. In Peroderma and Sarcotretes
there are but three pairs—the first two pairs biramose, the third pair
uniramose, and all the rami two-jointed. In l7aemobaphoides there
are only two pairs of legs, both biramose with two-jointed rami.
The copepodid larvae of Sarcotretes possess only three pairs of
swimming legs in contrast to the four pairs found in the larvae of
Lernacocera and Pennella, and the five pairs in the larvae of Lernaca.
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 25
It will be of great interest to find the larvae of Peroderma and
Taemobaphoides and ascertain if they also show a reduction in the
number of legs, the latter genus having only two pairs.
INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY.
The body wall.—The body wall is composed of two layers—an
outer transparent layer, which may or may not become chitinous,
and an inner opaque and cellular layer, the chitinogen membrane
of Claus and other authors.
The outer layer is made up of thin lamellae, lying one upon
another, with no intervening spaces. In Lernaca barnimii Hartmann
described quite a complicated pattern of raised sculpture on the ex-
ternal surface of the outer layer. This may be seen on fresh and liv-
ing specimens but usually disappears during preservation. Through
this outer layer run pore canals, which vary in proximity in different
parts of the body, being closest together along the center of the
body and farthest apart on the antennae, swimming legs, and furca.
These canals are connected more or less intimately with the soft
inner layer of the wall and probably function in excretion.
The inner layer of the body wall is softer than the outer and is
never hardened into chitin. It is composed of polyhedral cells, which
vary greatly in thickness, those lining the posterior body and abdo-
men being much thicker than those found in the anterior body and
arms. The cells are not much flattened but are more or less inflated
and filled with a fine-grained brownish substance, glandular in
nature, and having spherical nuclei with small nucleoli. This layer
normally lies in contact with the inside surface of the outer layer,
but in alcoholic specimens the two layers are often separated. In
the living animal the cells of the inner layer undergo certain
changes, thus described by Hartmann: “Some cells break loose,
stretch out, become narrower, take on the appearance of threads,
anastomose with one another, and send out many irregular processes ”
(p. 736). This wandering of the cells takes place in all parts of
the body, in the horns, and in the appendages. As a result they form
a meshwork of active protoplasm over the inside surface of the inner
layer and fill such spaces as the inside of the abdomen around the
intestine.
This meshwork is particularly thick inside the posterior body of
the copepodid larva and probably contributes greatly to the nour-
ishment and increase of that part of the body during its rapid
development.
The muscular system.—In the copepodid stages the muscular sys-
tem is well developed and very closely resembles that of the Caligidae,
thus furnishing another evidence of the close relationship of the two
families. But as soon as the female has fastened herself to her final
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 53.
host and has begun her retrogressive metamorphosis the muscles
share in the changes produced. As the body fuses and becomes
swollen and tumid and the appendages cease to be used the muscles
also fuse and disappear until there is nothing left in the adult female
but a simple network between the integument and the alimentary
canal to be noted under the digestive system (p. 27).
There are still the usual muscles connected with the antennae,
especially the second pair, with such of the mouth parts as are still
used, with the swimming legs of those genera in which they are bet-
ter preserved, and with the anal papillae in Lernaea, Peniculus, ete.,
and in even the most retrogressive genera there are still muscles con-
nected with the external openings of the oviducts, which control the
passage of the eggs into the external sacks. But the other muscles,
including all those which flexed or moved the body of the copepodid
larva, entirely disappear. In Lernacenicus the proboscis is highly
developed and possesses a complicated system of muscles whereby each
part of it, as well as the mouth parts connected with it, can be moved
independently.
But the swimming legs are less well preserved and their muscula-
ture is correspondingly reduced. In Peniculus the jointed thorax
retains more or less of its capability of motion, and with this most
of the muscles.
The alimentary canal—-The mouth opens into a short esophagus,
which is usually straight or but slightly curved, and is inclined to
the axis of the head. It opens into the stomach on the ventral sur-
face of the latter, near or at the anterior end, and the opening is
guarded by a powerful sphincter muscle. In those genera (Ler-
naeenicus, Peniculus, etc.) in which there is a protrusible proboscis
the extension and retraction take place principally in the mouth
tube, and are shared only incidentally by the esophagus and at its
anterior end. The muscles, which control these movements, are at-
tached chiefly to the base of the mouth tube (fig. 69) and draw it
in or push it out without affecting the esophagus very much.
When the proboscis is protruded the stomach is drawn forward by
the muscles at its anterior end, and this shifts the position of the
esophagus and allows it to follow the movement of the mouth tube
without itself undergoing much change of length or diameter. Its
walls, however, are einstic and are probably stretched a little dur-
ing the extension of the proboscis and recover their normal form
when it is retracted.
The stomach is abruptly enlarged behind the sphincter muscle
and is sometimes straight and sometimes convoluted. In the genus
Lernaea it also sends out a lobe on either side, but these lobes are
not connected in any way with the horns, nor can they be said to
enter the base of the horns, as Claus, Hartmann, and some others have
a
no, 2194. NORT'H AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 27
declared. There are always two of them, no matter what the num-
ber of the horns may be, and sometimes they are not opposite the
base of the horns. Furthermore, they are present in the larva long
before the horns have started to grow. The stomach is lined with
a digestive epithelium of very irregular thickness, from which
scattering spherical cells project into the central cavity. ‘These
contain the digestive fluids and also a large nucleus with distinct
nucleoli.
The stomach passes insensibly into the intestine, which, in most
of the genera, is narrowed to a mere thread where it passes through
the neck and then widens again in the trunk. Sometimes (ZLer-
nacolophus) the intestine is convoluted in the lower portion of the
neck, but it is usually straight. In the trunk it lies nearer the
dorsal surface, between the ovaries and the oviduct, and is sometimes
flattened dorsoventrally (Sarcotretes), again laterally (Lernae-
olophus), or may even assume a three-cornered shape (Pennella
tridentata), but is usually cylindrical.
In species like Phrixocephalus triangulus, where the trunk is short
and wide, the intestine becomes baglike, and in the new genus (/olli-
pravus it is looped and folded back on itself, owing to the misplace-
ment of the neck. The intestine passes into the abdomen in those
genera (Lernacolophus, Pennella, etc.) which have a comparatively
large abdomen, and is bluntly rounded near the posterior end of the
latter. In the genera (Sarcotretes, Peniculus, etc.) with a small
abdomen it does not leave the trunk, but is bluntly rounded just in
front of the vulvae, and the rectum is given off from its upper pos-
terior corner. The rectum is very narrow and threadlike, and is
connected with the side walls of the abdomen by numerous muscles.
It is straight when the abdomen is large, but in the other genera is
inclined dorsally.
In every genus thus far examined there is an anal lamina on
either side of the external opening of the rectum, sometimes fair
sized and armed with setae, sometimes minute and destitute of setae.
But no matter how small the lamina may be there is an opening
through the body wall into its interior that shows its real nature
(fig. 57).
The anterior end of the stomach is suspended from the dorsal wall
of the head by two long and narrow muscles, and in the genus Ler-
naea there are additional sets of muscles on each of the lateral lobes.
The posterior end of the intestine is similarly connected with the
dorsal wall of the abdomen or trunk. The alternate contraction and
expansion of these muscles produce a forward and backward move-
ment of the entire digestive canal. This is most marked in the cope-
podid larvae, but persists to some extent in those adults whose bodies
are straight and not bent into a sigmoid loop. In addition to these
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
muscles the digestive canal is suspended by connective tissue from
the dorsal or lateral walls of the various regions of the body through
which it passes.
The walls of the stomach and intestine also contain both longitu-
dinal and transverse muscle fibers, which produce strong peristaltic
movements, so that the food is moved about and pushed back and
forth over every portion of the digestive epithelium.
The nervous system.—The copepodid larva has a nervous system
almost the same as that of the Caligidae, which has been described
in detail elsewhere; but, like the muscular system, this, too, gradu-
ally disappears, and but little of it can be found in the adult female.
There is enough of it left, however, to control such movements as
persist, and especially the working of the reproductive organs.
In a median section of the head (fig. 69) the remains of the supra
and the infra esophageal ganglia can still be seen, with scattered
nuclei representing the nerve centers. Even the nerves themselves
may be detected, but only those leading to muscles and organs which
are active in the adult. Of the other nerves and even of the ventral
chain of ganglia only traces are left, which are difficult to detect.
In all the genera the tripartite eye of the larva persists in the
adult, and there is usually a more or less distinct nerve connecting
it with the supra-esophageal ganglion. But it is buried deeply in
the tissues over the base ofthe esophagus and has evidently been
covered with the surrounding tissues during the growth of the
various horns and cephalic processes. The lenses are usually no
longer visible and, indeed, the eye itself can not be seen except in
specimens which have been cleared in oil or some similar medium.
The nervous system, therefore, shows the greatest retrogression of
any portion of the body; it not only fails to increase proportionally
to the growth of the body, like the various appendages, but it really
diminishes and partially disappears.
The male reproductive organs.—The male reaches sexual maturity
during the fourth copepodid stage, and the sex organs consist of a
pair of testes situated in the posterior part of the cephalothorax
and separated some little distance from each other, a pair of straight
vasa deferentia, and a pair of sperm receptacles, containing the
spermatophores and located in the genital segment. Each testis is
an ovoid or ellipsoid and is somewhat flattened dorsoventrally; the
vas deferens leads from the testis directly back alongside the intes-
tine and into the genital segment, where it is enlarged into a recep-
tacle to hold the spermatophores. In the fifth segment the vas def-
erens is convoluted once, and this fold has glandular walls which
supply the cement material for the outside covering of the spermato-
phores. The opening through which the latter are extruded is on
the ventral surface of the genital seement.
a ee ee es a eas!
ee Pee ae
xo. 2194. NORTIT AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 29
UMMA SU ERM Latienn eck ee sere he
The female reproductive organs.—In the copepodid stage, when
fertilization takes place, the ovaries of the female are ovoids or
ellipsoids, like the testes of the male, and are similarly situated in
the posterior portion of the cephalothorax, near the dorsal surface.
The oviducts correspond in every particular with the vasa deferentia,
leading back alongside the intestine to an enlargement in the genital
segment, which is to receive the sperms from the spermatophores
deposited on the outside of the segment by the male; and in the
genus Lernaea the posterior portion of the oviduct secretes cement
substance, like the vasa deferentia.
During the retrogressive metamorphosis which follows the fixa-
tion of the female to her final host a great change takes place in
both the location and structure of the reproductive organs. The
ovary migrates from the cephalothorax through the entire length of
the free thorax into the genital segment, where it assumes a position
near the dorsal surface at the anterior end of the segment, except in
the new genus Collipravus, where it is near the posterior end at the
base of the abdomen. In most of the genera the ovary also reverses
its position, the anterior end becoming posterior and the posterior
end anterior, so that the oviducts in the adult always arise from
the anterior end. Furthermore, in some genera (Lernacocera, Pen-
nella, etc.) the two ovaries move inward toward the midline and
finally come together and fuse, leaving only a pair of anterior and
posterior horns to mark their dual origin.
The oviducts now pass down around the intestine to the ventral
surface and strait back to the vulvae without convolutions, except
in Pennella, where there is a single fold just as they leave the ovaries.
A pair of cement glands is also formed, whose anterior glandular
portion originates at the anterior end of the genital segment at the
base of the neck and ventral to the oviducts. Each gland is cylin-
drical and without convolutions, and the two lie side by side along
the midline. At about its center each gland is contracted and passes
into a duct which empties into the oviduct of the same side just inside
the vulva. These ducts are also without convolutions in all the
genera except Lernaecolophus and Lernaeocera, in which they are
vertically convoluted.
In the genus Zernaea the cells at the posterior end of the ovary
gradually loosen themselves from the epithelium and become asso-
ciated in longer or shorter filaments or strings, each of which is
made up of many cells flattened together like a row of coins and
which increase in size toward the anterior end of the ovary and there
break up into separate eggs as they pass into the oviducts, the con-
ditions being thus similar to those found in the Lernaeopodidae.
In all the other genera thus far studied the ovary consists of a
mass of tiny nucleated cells, with no arrangement into filaments or
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
strings but with all the eggs separate and in close contact one with
another. Those near the opening of the oviduct are about twice the
size of those at the center and these in turn are much larger than
those at the posterior end. The increase in size is accomplished by
the absorption of food material or yolk, which goes on with much
greater rapidity at the anterior end just as the eggs pass out into
the oviducts. In the latter the eggs are arranged in a single row
and are strongly flattened, so that they look like coins standing on
edge. °
The external egg sacks are short and bag-shaped in the Lernaeinae,
and the eggs are piled loosely into them, with almost no flattening
and without definite arrangement. In the oviducts also of this sub-
family the eggs are spherical instead of being flattened, and they do
not quite touch one another. In the other genera the egg sacks are
filiform and very long, reaching 12 to 15 inches in the genus Pen-
nella, and the eggs are arranged in a single row and flattened as they
were in the oviducts; but there is this difference: In the oviducts the.
eggs are in actual contact, while here in the external sacks each is
separated from its neighbor on either side by a partition formed of
the egg membranes.
In the Lernaeinae the developing larvae are not arranged in any
order with reference to the walls of the egg sacks, but in the other
subfamilies there is the same arrangement as in the Caligidae—
namely, the body of the nauplius appears on one of the flattened sides
of the egg, with the head on the edge of the egg that is nearest the
outer lateral margin of the sack. The long axes of the nauplii are
usually parallel, but occasionally one is reversed in position; and,
similarly, while most of the nauplii are on the proximal surface of
each egg, occasionally one will be found on the distal surface.
Fertilization, as already stated, occurs during the last copepodid
stage; the spermatophores are attached by the male in pairs to the
ventral surface of the genital segment of the female, their openings
being brought into contact with the vulvae. The contents of the
spermatophore then pass into the enlarged end of the oviduct inside
the vulva and the emptied sack drops off. According to A. Scott in
Lernaeocera branchialis the first pair of spermatophores are re-
placed by others in succession until the receptacula are filled, each
receptaculum holding the contents of four spermatophores. At
first the four lots remain separate in the oviduct, but they soon mix
and become one homogeneous mass.
A. Scott concluded that in Lernaeocera “the spermatozoa at once
pass up the rudimentary oviduct to the ovary and fertilize the
eggs.” (1901, p. 43.) But there are several considerations which
render such an action highly improbable:
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. OL
1. The eggs are not ripe at the time the spermatozoa are intro-
duced into the oviduct, and it requires at least four to six weeks for
them to reach maturity. It is hardly possible for an egg to be fer-
tilized so long before it is fully developed.
2. Segmentation does not begin until the eggs pass out into the ex-
ternal sacks; consequently if they were fertilized in the copepodid
stage they must then lie dormant during the four to six weeks
before they could begin to segment—an extremely improbable pro-
cedure. ;
3. If the spermatozoa swarmed up the rudimentary oviduct they
would go in sufficient numbers to fertilize every egg and leave a
considerable surplus.
We could hardly concede to the spermatozoa that were left after
fertilization the ability to pass back down the oviduct, and they
would have to remain in the ovary; but an ovary filled with dead
spermatozoa, or for that matter with living ones, would hardly be
a favorable place for egg development.
4. The fact that no sperm receptacle can be definitely made out
in the adult is what would naturally be expected. It has already
been stated that the spermatozoa pass out of the spermatophores
into the enlarged end of the oviduct when the copepodid female is
fertilized. There is never, therefore, any separate sperm receptacle
and none ought to be expected in the adult. Again, this enlarged
end of the oviduct in a larva only 1 or 2 millimeters in length is of
necessity very small, and it could easily persist in the adult and still
escape detection.
In every genus examined there are convolutions in the oviduct,
where it is narrowed before passing out of the vulva, that are
posterior to the last egg. Any one of these convolutions is large
enough to hold several sperm receptacles the size of the one in the
copepodid larva, and it would seem more reasonable to conclude that
one of them serves such a purpose.
5. But we are not confined wholly to negative evidence. Im a
young Pennella filosa, examined by the present author, the ovaries
have already migrated from the cephalothorax into the genital seg-
ment, although the larva was only 18 mm. in length. But at the
posterior end of this segment, a short distance inside of the vulve,
there is an enlargement in each oviduct filled with a mass of some-
thing that has every appearance of being spermatozoa. This speci-
men could not be sectioned to complete the proof, but there would
seem to be but little doubt that this is the same enlargement into
which the spermatozoa were originally introduced, and, if so, they
did not pass up into the ovary.
Consequently we can only conclude that the spermatozoa remain
near the vulva, and that each egg is fertilized not in the ovary
Sos PROCEEDINGS OF TIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
EE I ES eg Ce
when it is immature but after it has acquired its yolk material and
become fully ripe, just before it passes out into the external sack.
SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT.
Family LERNAEIDAE.
Family characters of female.—The largest of the parasitic cope-
pods, sometimes reaching a length of 200 to 250 mm., exclusive of
the egg strings. Body more or less cylindrical, elongate, and unseg-
mented; separable into three regions—a cephalothorax furnished
with horns or processes, a free thorax in the form of a narrow cylin-
drical neck, and a trunk comprising the rest of the body, more or less
swollen and either straight or sigmoid; anal laminae present but
often minute; egg strings paired, either short club-shaped sacks or
long threads, straight, coiled into loose masses, or twisted into regu-
lar spirals. Antennae distinctly dorsal, second pair chelate; mouth
in the form of a sucking tube, more or less protrusible; a tripartite
eye buried in the tissues above the esophagus; mandibles and two
pairs of maxillae, but no maxillipeds except in Zernaea; three, four,
or five pairs of swimming legs; at least the first two pairs biramose,
rami two or three jointed, the others uniramose with jointed rami.
Adult female with the head and part of the neck buried in the
tissues of the host and firmly anchored in such a way as to bring the
mouth in contact with some copious blood supply.
Family characters of male-—Not developed beyond the fourth
copepodid stage, at which time it becomes sexually mature. Body
like that of Cyclops, comprising a cephalcthorax covered dorsally
with a carapace, a free thorax, a genital segment, and a jointed abdo-
men armed with a pair of large anal laminae; antennae and mouth
parts like those of the female; proboscis also more or less protrusible;
sometimes a sixth pair of rudimentary legs on the genital segment;
a pair of large prehensile maxillipeds a little distance behind the
mouth tube. d
The male never bores into the tissues of its host nor becomes perma-
nently anchored in any way, nor is it ever found attached to or in
company with the adult female.
KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA.
1. Trunk straight; swimming legs widely separated, the posterior pair close to
the vulvae; egg cases sacklike; eggs multiseriate____________ Lernacinae 2
1. Trunk straight; first two pairs of swimming legs close together and near the
head, the others at short intervals; egg cases filiform and straight or
coiled into regular spirals; eggs uniseriate_________---__ Lernacenicinue 3
1. Trunk with sigmoid curve; all the swimming legs close together and near
the head; egg cases filiform and convolute or coiled into spirals; eggs uni-
seriate and veryinumerous2 =. 5 22. eee Lernacocerinae 8
Ko. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 83
1. Trunk straight; all the swimming legs close together and near the head;
egg cases filiform, straight, and very long; eggs uniseriate; abdomen with
a row of feather-like processes on either side_______-_______ Pennellinae 11
. Head with 2, 3, or 4 soft and swollen horns symmetrically arranged; neck
and trunk smooth and without transverse grooves, the one passing grad-
TAIN GOL tNe OUNCT aces ere eer ee ee Lernaca Linnaeus, 1758, p. 36.
. Head with irregular protuberances; neck and trunk transversely wrinkled,
the one passing into the other abruptly with a great difference in di-
PUI eee ek ae EE nd try reeds Sed oS ee Leptotrachelus Brian, 1903, p. 40.
Dorsal portion of head extended straight forward, longer than the body, and
bearing on its swollen tip the antennae; head and trunk the same diame-
Fernwicnout done 22 aa Le Se Therodamus Kr¢yer, 1863, p. 41.
. Head and thorax smooth, without processes or horns, and in line with the
SEEISOL CheMtEUD kei es LEh: ieee eS Peniculus Nordmann, 1832, p. 44,
. Cephalothorax with horns or processes, or both, and often bent at an angle
Nth GN OP NEG 228 25s Se ee ee es a FS ee 4
4. Bilateral symmetry perfect; branched frontal processes covering the ante-
rior head, but no horns or lateral processes; egg strings straight--______ 5
4. Bilateral symmetry perfect; lateral horns or cushion-like processes, but no
£LOnEAL processes!:esey strings straight tess Le Es eee ees 6
4, Bilateral symmetry considerably distorted; head and neck attached to the
side of ‘the trunk; egg strings coiled into spirals.__._.__.--__.-~_-_ 7
5. Cephalothorax and neck straight and attached at right angles to the side of
the trunk some distance behind the anterior end.
Peraderma Heller, 1865, p. 49.
5. Cephalothorax and neck with a sigmoid curve and attached to the anterior
endvrofs they tims 22s Beek eke ek 5S Cardiodectes, new genus, p. 50.
6. Two to ten chitinous horns, or two or three small posterior knobs on the
cephalothorax; neck not enlarged behind the swimming legs; one pair of
past ee = ee eee Lernacenicus Le Sueur, 1824, p. 56.
6. Two lateral horns on the cephalothorax, soft and unbranched; neck enlarged
behind the swimming legs; two pairs of maxillae,
Sarcotretes Jungersen, 1911, p. 69.
7 Neck attached to a lateral anterior corner of the trunk; abdomen minute and
Hemispheric yee ee ees we ee Se Phrizocephalus Wilson, 1908S, p. 74.
. Neck attached to the center of the dorsal surface of. the trunk, abdomen as
long as the trunk and turned sidewise_______ Collipravus, new genus, p. 78.
US Stine ST OOPeU, 1NtOy LOOSE \MASSES =25 =e eee Ao oY 9
webeeestrines coiled into recular tight spiralso22 2 eS ee es 10
. No abdominal processes; trunk soft and fleshy; cephalic horns very irregular.
Lernacocera Blainville, 1822, p. 83.
. Five or six branched processes along either side of the abdomen; integu-
ment of every part of the body thick and chitinized; cephalic horns regu-
Ey E TONG. ae ee eee Lernacolophus Heller, 1865, p. 89.
10. Head and neck with lateral processes, simple and soft; neck reflexed upon
itself; abdomen two-thirds as long as the trunk and regularly tapered.
Haemobaphes Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 93.
10. Cephalothorax with branched chitin horns; neck very short and not re-
flexed; abdomen as long as the trunk and expanded at the tip.
Iaemobaphoides T. and A. Scott, 1913, p. 100.
77403 —Proc.N.M.vol.583—17—— 3
wo ro to
wo
a
oo oe “A
©
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
10. Cephalothorax with three simple chitin horns, two lateral, one dorsal;
neck much longer than the trunk, not reflexed; abdomen half the length
of the genital segment, without processes_____-_- Trifur, new genus, p. 101.
11. Abdomen with a row of feathery processes along either side; cephalotho-
rax with numerous frontal processes and two or three horns, chitinous
and asually.simp) Gee =e es ae eee eee Pennella Oken, 1816, p. 105.
11. Abdomen twisted spirally and covered with papilliform villi; neck with
small excrescences attached by threads; no horns or frontal processes,
Pegesimallus Krgyer, 1868, p. 126.
Remarks.—At first the genus Lernaca was the only one in the en-
tire group of parasitic copepods, and everything that was parasitic
and that seemed likely to be, or even to become, a copepod was placed
in this genus by the early investigators. One after another of these
species have been removed and made the types of new genera, until
all that are left are those included in the present paper. Dut even
after they began to separate new genera investigators still placed
them all with Zernaea in the family Lernaeidae, which thus became
the final dumping ground for everything that was bizarre in form
and that could not be located elsewhere. Many of these genera have
already been removed and correctly located elsewhere, and it is pro-
posed now to remove all the others that do not show sufficient rela-
tionship in morphology and development. Accordingly the five
genera, Sphyrion, Strabax, Trypaphylum, Opimia, and Lebellula,
which have heretofore been included in the Lernaeidae, must be
dropped for the following reasons: The adult females of these genera
have processes at the posterior end of the genital segment in addi-
tion to the egg strings, from a single pair (Opimia) up to large
bunches (Sphyrion); the second antennae are neither dorsal nor
chelate; there are no swimming legs or anal laminae, and the female
carries a pigmy male attached to the posterior end of her body. This
Jast proves at once that the life history is entirely different from
that here set forth for the Lernaeidae. These genera will be taken
up in a future paper.
The genus /ve which was provisionally placed in the Lernaeidae
by its founder, Mayer (1879), can not possibly be left there, since it
is not a fixed parasite at all and the two sexes are found together
moving about freely, with the male 5 mm. in length, or half the size
of the female.
The genus Zernaca presents so many differences from the other
genera that it might seem a question whether it ought to be in-
cluded with them or established in a family by itself. But from the
account of that genus already given (see Bibliography under Wilson)
it will be found that the resemblances far overbalance the differ-
ences, especially in the matter of the peculiar life history, and the
genus is accordingly retained in the present family.
Ko. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 35
LERNAEINABE, new subfamily.
Subfamily characters of female-—Cephalothorax armed with soft
horns or processes, two, three, or four in number and unbranched;
trunk straight without a sigmoid curve; genital segment enlarged
on the ventral surface, just in front of the vulvae, into a pregenital
prominence; egg cases short and sacklike, eggs multiseriate. Two
pairs of antennae, second pair uncinate; a pair of curved and spine-
like mandibles; two
pairs of maxillae; one
pair of mavillipeds;
swimming legs widely
separated with a fifth
pair close to the vulvae.
Subfamily characters
of male (genus Ler-
naca).—Body like that
of Cyclops, composed
of a cephalothorax cov-
ered with a dorsal cara-
pace, three free thorax
seoments, a genital seg-
ment, and a three-joint-
ed abdomen; anal Jami-
nae each armed with a
single jointed seta, more
than half the length of
the whole body. Anten-
nae and mouth parts
like those of the female;
a fifth and often a sixth
par of swimming legs
on the genital segment.
Parasites of fresh-water Fic. A—THE MALE (LEFT) AND FEMALE (RIGHT) COPE-
A ih PODID LARVAE OF LERNAEA VARIABILIS : ACTUAL LENGTH
fishes exclusiy ely. OF FEMALE, 1.50 MM., INCLUDING THE LONG ANAL SETAE,
Ontogeny of genus
Lernaca.—The genital protoplasm at the posterior end of the ovary
gradually forms onto long threads or filaments, transversely seg-
mented into cells. These increase in size toward the anterior end of
the ovary, and as they pass into the oviduct the filaments break up
into their separate cells, each of which forms an egg. The eggs pass
down the oviduct to its posterior portion, which serves as a cement
gland. Just before entering this portion they are fertilized. and
after entering they are covered with an egg membrane composed of
the cement substance.
AAG
TZ
\ a 07
CY
Ges
ue
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
In the external egg sacks development takes place up to the
nauplius stage. The larva hatches as a typical nauplius with the
usual three pairs of appendages and one pair of balancers. It swims
about freely in the plankton during the nauplius and metanauplius
stages, undergoing several molts. On reaching the first copepodid
stage it seeks as a temporary host some fish other than the one
which is to serve as the final hcst of the female, and both sexes cling
to the gill filament by means of their second antennae and max-
illipeds, and feed on the fish’s blood.
Four copepodid stages are passed here on the gills, the genital
segment and abdomen becoming gradually perfected, the reproduc-
tive organs being developed, and the swimming legs increasing in
number and in the number of segments in the rami. During the
fourth copepodid stage both sexes become sexually mature and fer-
tilization occurs. After fertilization the female leaves the gills and
swims about freely again in the plankton in search of a final or per-
manent fish host. She fastens to the skin on the outside of the fish’s
body by means of her second antennae and maxillipeds, and bur-
rows into the underlying tissues with the aid of these organs and
the powerful maxillae. Soft horns or processes then develop from
the sides of the cephalothorax, the body is greatly elongated and
enlarged, the ovaries migrate back into the genital segment, and the
mature adult stage is reached, in which she continues until death.
The male remains upon the gills of the first fish host until death,
without further increase in size or other transformation, or he may
sometimes leave and swim about freely in ‘the plankton; but he never
attains a length of more than a millimeter and a half, does not seek
another host, undergoes no changes corresponding to those of the
female, and is never found subsequently in the company of the
female.
Genus LERNAEA Linnaeus.
Lernaea LINNAEUS, Fauna Suecica, 1746, p. 367.
Lernaca LINNAEUS, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 1758, p. 655.
Schisturus (part) OkeEN, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, 1816, p. 182.
Lerneocera (part) BLAINvILLe, Journ. de Physique, vol. 95, 1822, p. 375.
Lernacoccra (part) NorpMANN, Mikrograpische Beitriige, 1832, p. 123.
Lernacocera BurMEIsTER, Acta Acad, Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., vol. 17,
1833, p. 309.
Lernacocera (part) Mitne Epwarps, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, vol.
3, 1840, p. 526.
Lernacocera, all subsequent authors.
External generic characters of female—Head a rounded knob
projecting from the anterior margin of the cephalothorax and
placed nearly at right angles to the body axis, with a deeply buried,
tripartite eye near the center of the dorsal surface; one or two pairs
of horns, simple or forked, on the lateral margins of the cephalo-
thorax; sometimes an unpaired horn on the center of the dorsal
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 87
margin; all the horns conical and soft; neck soft, slender, and
cylindrical, enlarging gradually into the trunk which is also cylin-
drical; trunk with a pregenital prominence in front of the vulvae;
abdomen short and bluntly rounded, terminating in a pair of minute
anal laminae; egg strings elongate-conical or ovoid, eggs multi-
seriate.
Two pairs of antennae, second pair uncinate; proboscis conical
and very short; mandibles claw-shaped and without teeth; two
pairs of maxillae; one pair of maxillipeds; four pairs of biramose
swimming legs, first pair just behind the head, others at increasing
distances posteriorly; a fifth pair of one-jointed stumps just in front
of the vulvae.
Internal generic characters of female—Esophagus short, nearly
straight, and diagonal to the body axis; anterior stomach with
lateral lobes and more or less convoluted; posterior stomach passing
insensibly into the intestine, which is straight, of the same diameter
throughout, and abruptly contracted into a short rectum; ovaries
paired, close to the dorsal surface and near the posterior end of the
trunk; matured oviducts with two long posterior and two shorter
anterior loops; eggs remaining spherical and never flattened antero-
posteriorly; no separate cement glands, the thickened glandular
walls of the posterior oviducts serving that purpose.
No separate excretory glands, the chitinogen layer of the skin
apparently serving for excretion through the pore canals.
Genus habitat—This genus fastens to the outside surface of the
fish’s body, usually in the vicinity of the fins, and bores into the
underlying tissues a short distance until it finds an adequate blood
supply without seeking any particular organ or blood vessel.
Generic characters of the copepodid male.—The external generic
characters have already been given under the subfamily. Inter-
nally the esophagus is long and nearly parallel with the body axis;
stomach passing insensibly into the intestine and that into the ree-
tum, the entire tube lined with digestive cells filled with black gran-
ules; supra ganglion comparatively small, infra ganglion very large
and stout and extending back into the genital segment; testes paired,
but not always side by side, situated in the head and anterior thorax
above the stomach and intestine, spindle-shaped with the sperm
ducts leading from their anterior ends back to the large spermato-
phore receptacles in the genital segment.
Type of the genus.—Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, first species.
(Lernaea, Aépyn, a fabled abode of the hydra.)
Remarks.—In a monograph of this genus by the present author,
submitted to the United States Bureau of Fisheries and soon to be
published, will be found the complete morphology and life history.
together with a full revision of all the known species.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
KEY TO THR SPECIES OF LERNAKA,
i Ewo) cephalothoraciesnorhs: a) lateral (pair22 22 eee 2
1. Three cephalothoracic horns, a lateral pair and one dorsal and unpaired_-_3
J. Four cephalothoracic horns, a dorsal pair and a ventral pair_—2—----—- = 5
2. Horns directed laterally at right angles to body axis; trunk not much wider
than neck; pregenital prominence inconspicuous (8.40 mm.)*
diceracephala (Cunnington), 1914.
2. Horns diagonal to body axis, directed posterodorsally; trunk suddenly en-
larged to four times the diameter of neck; pregenital prominence very
larce (Sanit) ae ek bk ee aie ae a ee a aie new species*.
8. Lateral and dorsal horns all dichotomously branched___-______________ 4
3. Lateral horns simple, dorsal one bified at apex; pregenital prominence incon-
Spicuous; abdomen short (G0 mm ))a 222 ee eee ee new species”,
Lateral horns three or four pronged, dorsal horn bifid at apex; pregenital
prominence conspicuous; body clubshaped; abdomen long and wide (7.50
VAIY IE) ees sata See ae er ae eee a pectoralis (I orcs Chondracanthus...| radiatus.
Balmoned......--..- INMAeUS, iOle estes Salmincola....... salmonea,
BUA Mee) e = [1a Sowerby, 1806.......... Lernacenicus....-- sprattae,
tentaculis quatuor...| Linnaeus, 1746........ Lernaed.< cn~ ines cyprinacea,
RETEE ERIC a eo e's | LLICE L1G, sein deta ciate Clinelleren: acces uncinata.
In addition to the above species, which can be located with reason-
able certainty, there are also others which have never been described
with suflicient accuracy to enable one to locate them with any cer-
tainty, nor even with any probability.
LERNAEA BASTERI Blainville, 1822, p. 437.
“The body is white and divided into two parts by a constriction;
the abdomen is very large and oval; the cephalic enlargement is
globular; the mouth is inferior and provided with a double pair of
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vob. 53.
hooks, by means of which the animal fastens itself. I know this spe-
cies only through Baster, who observed that this animal bore consid-
erable resemblance to that figured by Gissler. (Acta Holmiae, 1751,
p. 90; pl. 6, figs. 1-5.)”
This is the only description ever given, and while it shows that the
creature can not belong to the genus Lernaea, it does not tell us where
it can be placed.
LERNAEA GADUS-MINUTUS Hesse, 1891, p. 191.
In the text Hesse spoke of this “ Lernée du Gade petit” as though
it were a new species, but in the explanation of the plate (pl. 7, figs.
1-9) he distinctly called it the larva of “ Lernaea branchialis du
Gade petit,” which seems to be what it really was.
LERNAEA LOTAE Hermann, 1783.
Oken in 1816 separated the genus Schisturus, in which the body
was soft, from the genus Zernaea, in which it was covered with a
horny skin. He placed the species Zofae in this new genus and gave
for it the following description: “ Vier ungleiche Eierschniire, am
Mund zwei Hikschen.”
This was probably some genus that possessed paired posterior
processes, since none of the copepod parasites have four egg strings.
At all events it was not a Lernaean.
LERNAEA MULTICORNIS Cavier, 1830, p. 256.
“T] y en a une a cornes petites, inegales et tres nombreuses (L. mul-
ticornis, Cuv.) sur les ouies d’un serran des Indes.” This has never
been seen or mentioned by any other author, and its attachment to
the eye renders it highly improbable that it belongs to the genus
Lernaea.
Genus LEPTOTRACHELUS Brian.
Silvestria Brian, Atti del Soe. Ligustica di Scienze, vol. 13, 1903, 6 pp.
fe tect he.
Leptotrachclus Brian, Zool. Anz., vol. 26, 1903, p. 547.
External generic characters of female-—Cephalothorax with two
or three soft, cushionlike protuberances or horns, varying in size
and shape; head considerably swollen; neck long, straight, and
slender, or sometimes bent into a U-shape, covered anteriorly with a
cutaneous sheath, monilliform posteriorly; trunk abruptly enlarged.
subcylindrical, thickest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, with nu-
merous transverse wrinkles but without a pregenital prominence,
straight or slightly curved; no abdomen; egg strings, antennae,
mouth parts, and swimming legs unknown; male also unknown.
—
no. 2194. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 41
Type of the genus.—Leptotrachelus truchae Brian, monotypic.
(Leptotrachelus, \errés, slender and rpaxndos, neck.)
Remarks.—Brian established this odd genus upon several speci-
mens sent to him by the Italian investigator, Filippo Silvestri, and
obtained from “ Percichtys trucha,” taken in the Santa Cruz River,
Patagonia. He first named the genus Si/vestria, but this name being
preoccupied he changed it to Leptotrachelus. It apparently bears
more resemblance to the Lernaeinae than to the other subfamilies,
and, as it came from fresh water, we may leave it here until further
data are obtained.
Genus THERODAMAS KErfgyer.
Therodamas Kr¢éyER, Bidrag til Kundskab om Snyltekrebsene, 1863, p. 316,
pl. 15, fig. 4, a—f.
External generic characters of female—Body divided into two
parts, the anterior one resembling a slender neck ending in a swollen
spherical head, the posterior one considerably wider, distinctly seg-
mented, and tapering backwards. Anterior portion really a median
dorsal process, but carrying on its swollen tip a pair of stout
uncinate second antennae. First segment of the posterior portion the
true head, bearing the proboscis and mouth-parts on its ventral
surface. First, second, third, and fourth thorax segments the same
width as the head and each bearing a pair of swimming legs.
Genital segment strongly tapered posteriorly; abdomen short and
deeply parted in the center; anal laminae small and armed with
stout setae; egg strings spindle-shaped; eggs small, multiseriate, and
not definitely arranged. First antennae unknown; second pair stout
and uncinate; proboscis short and blunt; one pair of mandibles, two
pairs of maxillae, no maxillipeds; swimming legs well separated, all
four pairs biramose, rami 3-jointed and armed with plumose setae.
Type of the genus.—Therodamas serranit Kr¢yer, monotypic.
(Therodamas, O 23 dicerocephala.....!- 05. 38
Appendaves) 2362. ee ee: 23 diodontisi/!. 2a aeeen 39, 113
Eb ors sos ty ee Less 5 elonpata..wils 7... ase ae 39
IAINGSs Hee sees See Mes 6 enerasichols! 215. asl: 39, 57
Baculus te: ais tyeed es ee Re 105 EXOCOCH SIE: Sal cee 39, 115
SOG LOT 2 oars. 3m: 5d Reese's 20 PACING: «ois ainisnicninisys cemmeeie 39
ES OY NUD co akinisib ao aeyaie ns elnie ae 25 gadus minutus. .......... 40
PSOTCOWEND 8 otic nn 2s ye metas es 9 pobing. 5.28. tesco eae 39
UT: ee ae ee ee ae 5,6 hemirhamphi. ..........- 39
Coiretonec team tjctc(. ot Jehan ee aes 50 hiichonis!® 23. 30 ee 39
bellotiaies..-263. 2. 51, 55 lavaretiiossc¢ 22 ee Oe 39
medusaeus.........- 52 lotae 4528's. a alee 40
MPPEXODG nae ais x cle 2 ciety ee 47
Pst uae cb caters ee ae 46
Ronnatulasucetssecsccs season 105
bocconil.o..- eee eee 110
SAOUCLA= otis eee 113
pettiera..5<. 126. eee 113
Rennellse ss. seca sees ee! Oe 7, 81
development of.........- 104
antarctics. ssa... eee 116
balanopterae..........- 113
Charcotis.cscee seen eee 113
eqstale ys eee eee 111
CYAaSsiCOmMmis=.>.5-5- cee 113
diodontis. 225235 s2eee 111, 113
CXOCOCl=.c.-5.c2- Ree Ee
flOsaeacesecens 119
gracilis. ).2c.3.502 eee 11
histiophori ss . ie. sesseae 113
instructa..-22s..- see 122
AN(HICAtA eae 2 oe ee aoe an
liouvalleiee ss eae 116
OFthaeOriscl./..- os. cteee 124
plumoses. es. 252-5- nee 111
pustulosa::.....:2-4.--ee ee
TEMOMAC. 352.2 S255 Jose 11]
TUDTassschn Gees 112, 119
Mgitta-_. 75... Js see 113
sultanaiss sce seae eee 91, 112
tridentatassc.s2ec-ceeee 113
VOPR). C2. a:
BRennellinaetse-52 2222545 cae eee 103
Rerogdermaas, oc crice cece. ose eee 49
bellottiits 4. hee 50
branchiata: .. ..22s<.% ~ 50
cylindricum........... 50
peteral-: ae eae: 50
Phrixocephalus:), 2.2).2% a.2-ena ss 74
cincinnatus......- 75
Giversus. ..scsces 77
triangulus........ 76
IPrehenaton’ oo eeees se oiioc chert ree zk
Rebellulaeess tea. sciatic we eeetee 34
Reproductive organs, female... ... 29
Male@ser see 28
DaTCOLMOles se ease eee eects 7, 69
development of....... 43
eristaliformis........- 72
PPMP YE wcrc wei ee 7]
150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Page. Page.
Sarcotretes inflexus..............- 71 | Taphrobis pilchardis..: 7.0. Uoe5: 49
lObaWMIS. osc kce cea e 72 |: Therodamas. io. csee eee eee 41
NOGLCOFNIS.2 2c cceee eee 58 serrani.2-4 oe ote 41
SCopeli cs -nuec ew sce 16;43;71 | Torsion... 1. c-ochecwemeeceee 10
SCHISUUTUS: o2150 5 cceccesteioaees cle 36 CASO) Ol. csc ste eee teenies 16
cyclopterina........... 95 | Trifur... 2.0.00. oe aoeeeeoeeacusiea 101
SUIVORITIA. --ocelsccuce ete eee es ve 40 tortuosus....... aveew sens 102
PM YEIOR goon dincacewicinw a snlelemtelai< 15,34 | Trypaphylum. . .....<.2...cewers 34
Strabaxcc.csecccsciccncisievecmecet 34 munstelice. si. ost6. 5. 34
Swinney Jers... ....s0dessessees 24 |
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 17
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FEMALE OF HAEMOBAPHES DICERAUS.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 147.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 20
FEMALES OF HAEMOBAPHES DICERAUS, H. ENODIS, AND TRIFUR TORTUOSUS.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 147.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-ONE NEW SPECIES OF
HYMENOPTERA.
By S. A. Ronwer,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The following paper, which is a contribution from the Branch of
Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology, contains the description of
31 new Hymenoptera, most of which have been reared as parasites of
forest insects. The types of all the new species are in the United
States National Museum collection.
Suborder Chalastogastra.
Superfamily TENTHREDINOIDEA.
TENTHREDELLA BIRMENSIS, new name.
Tenthredo gribodoi Konow, Ent. Nachr., vol. 24, 1898, p. 89, not Tenthredo
gribodoi Costa, Rend. Acc. Napoli (2), vol. 3, 1894, p. 87.
MACROPHYA CASTANEAE, new species.
This species is related to cassandra Kirby, but may be separated
from that species by the more coarsely punctured head and thorax
and by the pale hind tarsi. It also resembles dejectus Norton, but
differs from Norton’s species in the black clypeus and in having the
anterior margin of the cylpeus subsquarely emarginate with obtuse
lobes. (The clypeus of dejectus is subsquarely emarginate with tri-
angularly shaped pointed lobes.)
Male.—Length 8.5 mm. Labrum well exserted, apex subtruncate;
clypeus shining with a few large, separate punctures, anterior mar-
gin deeply, subsquarely emarginate, the lobes at base half as broad
as the emargination, their apices broadly rounded; supraclypeal area
flat; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; middle fovea, ocellar
basin and the antennal furrows obsolete; head with large, close,
sometimes confluent punctures which are more widely separated on
the vertex and posterior orbits; posterior orbits with a sharp carina
to the top of the eye; postocellar furrow poorly defined but complete;
le — ——————— nents
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSsEuM, VOL. 53—2195.
151
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. yok, 53.
postocellar area bounded laterally by line-like furrows, one and
three-fourths times as wide as long; postocellar line one-third shorter
than the ocellocular line; antennae rather long, tapering apically,
third joint one-fourth longer than the fourth, the apical three joints
sharply differentiated ; scutum and prescutum shining but with large,
distinct punctures which are very close along the sutures; scutellum
with large punctures which are close and dense posteriorly ; scutellar
appendage punctured like the posterior part of the scutellum, with a
median carina: mespeisternum coarsely punctured, confluently so
dorsally; stigma regularly rounded below, truncate apically; trans-
verse radius strongly curved before it joins the radius at the apical
third of the third cubital; third cubital cell one-fourth shorter than
the second on both radius and cubitus, one-fifth wider apically and
slightly longer on the cubitus than on the radius, receiving the second
recurrent vein at the basal fifth; abdomen shining, almost impunce-
tate; hypopygidium subtruncate. Black; two spots on the clypeus,
labrum, mandibles except apices, palpi, anterior femora beneath, the
four anterior tibiae and tarsi beneath, trochanters, and the posterior
tarsi yellowish white; wings uniformly hyaline, venation dark brown ;
the apex of the stigma paler.
Type-locality—Vienna, Virginia. Described from one male re-
corded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 10161. This
specimen was reared from a larva which was collected on Castanea
dentata by R. A. Cushman; adult emerged May 29, 1913. The larva
is an edge eater; in the last feeding stage it is yellow with black
lateral spots; it is about 20 mm. long; in the prepupal condition it
is pinkish with black stigmatal spots and a faint, small blackish
subdorsal spot on each segment; head pale.
Type.—Cat. No. 19047, U.S.N.M.
EMPHYTUS MELLIPES, variety ALBOLABRIS, new variety.
Female.—Length, 9 mm. This variety is very like mellipes melli-
pes, but may be separated by the white labrum.
Described from one female collected at Departure Bay, Vancouver
Island, July 5, 1918, by E. M. Walker.
Type.—Cat. No. 19212, U.S.N.M.
F ERIOCAMPOIDES CASTANEAE, new species.
This species is related to Junata MacGillivray but differs from the
original description of that species in the following characters: The
hind tarsi are mostly black; the third antennal joint is not “ consid-
erably more than one and a half times as long as the fourth”; the
third transverse cubitus is not about twice the length of the second
transverse cubitus and is not bowed; the second joint of the hind
tarsus is much longer than the third; abdomen is deep black; the
wo. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROUWER, 153
sheath is parallel-sided, not convex above and below, gradually round-
ing to a point at apex.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus
broadly, arcuately emarginate, the surface shining, very sparsely
punctured; the supraclypeal area flat, rectangular in outline; middle
fovea transverse, deep; frontal fovea deep, punctiform, above the
middle fovea; frontal crest well developed, broken in the middle;
antennal foveae poorly defined; ocellar basin U-shaped, opened be-
low; a very faint, shallow depression in front of the anterior ocellus;
postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; postocellar furrow
wanting; postocellar area subconvex, about two and one-half times
as wide as the cephalcaudad length; third antennal joint one and
one-third times as long as the fourth; thorax shining; stigma
slightly tapering to the transverse radius, then sharply oblique to
the apex; the second and third transverse cubiti subequal in length;
the transverse radius in the apical third of the cell; second joint of
the hind tarsi much longer than the third, almost as long as the
third and fourth combined; inner tooth of the claw shorter than the
outer; sheath approximately parallel-sided; the lower side gradu-
ally rounds to the acute upper apex. Black; the four anterior legs
below the tips of the femora, the basal half of the posterior tibiae,
and the basal third of the posterior basitarsus white; wings hyaline,
faintly dusky; venation black.
Type-locality.—East Falls Church, Virginia. Described from two
females recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S.
11307a, material collected as larvae July 18, 1913, by William Middle-
ton. Adults emerging August 5 (type) and 13, 1913.
Type.—Cat. No. 15486, U.S.N.M.
The larva of this species is a typical greenish-white Eriocampoides
larva, feeding on the ventral surface of the leaves of Castanea den-
tata. The head is pale ferruginous.
Genus PERICLISTA Konow.
Syn.: Jsodyctium ASHMEAD.
Ashmead separated his genus /sodyctiwm from Periclista Konow
by the sessile anal cell in the hind wings. This character is not of
specific importance, it is subject to both individual and specific varia-
tion. In diluta Cresson there is a variation in seven female speci-
mens from the same rearing of larvae, from sessile to distinctly petio-
late. In some species (Jineolata) the petiole is long; in others (car-
yicola) it is short, while in still others it is of intermediate length.
From the standpoint of the genotypes no difference could be found
except the relative length of the petiole of the hind anal cell. The
genus /sodyctium is therefore considered as synonymous with Peri-
clista. ;
154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
—_—_—_——————————— eee es
PERICLISTA DILUTA (Cresson).
Selandria (Monophadnus) diluta Cresson, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol 8,
1880, p. 12.
Isodyctium subgregarium Dyar, Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1898,
p. 134. ;
A comparison of the type of subgregarium Dyar with the homo-
type of diluta Cresson revealed no specific differences. The two.
species are therefore considered as synonymous.
PERICLISTA CALIFORNICA, new species.
Periclista mutabilis Roawer, Can. Ent., vol. 41, 1909, p. 398. (Not Konow.)-
In the pale inner orbits this species is related to rileyi (Cresson),
but may be separated from that species by having the postocellar
furrow angulate anteriorly and by the acuminate sheath.
Female.—Length 4 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus deeply,
arcuately emarginate, the lobes obtusely rounded apically; supra-
clypeal area uniformly convex; supraclypeal foveae deep, puncti-
form, not connected with the antennal foveae; middle fovea elongate,
open above; frontal foveae obsolete; antennal furrows complete;
ocellar area uniformly convex; ocellar basin obsolete; postocellar
furrow angulate anteriorly; postocellar area narrowing posteriorly,
its anterior width subequal with its length; postocellar line slightly
longer than the ocellocular line; lateral ocelli well below the supra-
orbital line; antennae filiform, fourth and fifth joints subequal;
stigma long, straight below, sharply oblique apically; anal cell of
the hind wings with a long petiole; sheath straight above, oblique
apically, slightly convex below. Yellowish; antennae except the
scape beneath, head above the antennae inside of the antennal fur-
rows and to the supraorbital line, spot on the prescutum, scutum,.
metanotum and six basal tergites medianly, black; wings hyaline,
iridescent, venation pale brown; costa and stigma yellowish.
Lype-locality.—Claremont, California. Described from one fe-
male collected by C. F. Baker.
Type.—Cat. No. 19040, U.S.N.M.
PERICLISTA HICORIAE, new species.
This species is closely allied to murtfeldtae Dyar, but may be dis-
tinguished from that species by having the apical margin of the
clypeus depressed.
Female.—Length, 5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus arcu-
ately emarginate, the lobes obtusely rounded, the apical margin.
depressed, the basal portion convex; supraclypea] area rectangular
in outline, uniformly convex; supraclypeal foveae elongate, deep,
NO, 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 155:
not connected with the antennal foveae; middle fovea represented
by a large, shallow, slopping-walled depression; antennal furrows
nearly complete; frontal foveae punctiform, obscure; ocellar basin
triangular in outline, open below, the lateral walls sharply defined
and meeting on the postocellar furrow; postocellar furrow straight;
postocellar area two and one-half times as wide as long; the lateral
furrows curved, complete, the area uniformly convex; postocellar
line subequal with the ocellocular line; antennae filiform, the fourth
joint slightly longer than the fifth; vertex shining; thorax shining;
anal cell of the hind wings with a very short petiole; stigma long,
broader at base, gradually tapering to the transverse radius, then
sharply oblique; sheath strongly concave above, apex acute, gradu-
ally tapering to the base. Black; clypeus, labrum, spot on the man-
dibles, legs, and abdomen, except the two basal tergites and median
spots on the following tergites, yellowish; the upper part of the
mesepisternum, the margin of the prescutum, margin of the scutum,
scutellum, and scutellar appendage, ferruginous; posterior margin
of the pronotum and tegulae pallid; wings hyaline, venation brown,
costa and stigma yellowish.
Male—Length 5 mm. The depressed portion of the clypeus is
narrower than in the female; otherwise the head characters are the
same; hypopygidium obtusely pointed apically. Black; clypeus,
labrum, spot on the mandibles, palpi, angles of the pronotum,
tegulae, most of the tergites, sternites, and legs yellowish white;
wings as in female.
Type-locality—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from two
females (one type) and one male recorded under Bureau of Ento-
mology No. Hopk. U. 8. 11364. The larvae of this species feed on
Hicoria glabra. Material collected by T. E. Snyder and reared
May 7, 1914, by William Middleton.
Type.—Cat. No. 19041, U.S.N.M.
PERICLISTA SIMILARIS, new species.
This species is closely allied to albicollis Norton, but may be dif-
ferentiated from that species by the better defined ocellar basin,
which is nearly triangular in outline, and by having the lower wall
of the basin well defined. (The ocellar basin of albicollis is pentag-
onal in outline, the walls are rounded, and the lower walls poorly
defined. )
Female.—Length, 5 mm. Clypeus flat, the apical margin broadly,
subangulately emarginate, lobes obtusely rounded; supraclypeal area
rectangular in outline, uniformly convex; supraclypeal foveae rather
shallow, indistinctly connected with the antennal foveae; middle
fovea represented by a shallow, sloping-walled, elongate depression ;
156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSHUM. VOL. 53.
frontal foveae nearly obsolete, punctiform; antennal furrows com-
plate; ocellar basin triangular in outline, well defined, the lower
wall distinct; postocellar furrow straight; postocellar area convex,
about two and one-quarter times as wide as long; postocellar line
subequal with the ocellocular line; antennae slightly tapering apl-
cally, the fourth joint distinctly longer than the third; stigma nar-
row, subangulate at base, tapering to the transverse radius, then
gently oblique; anal cell of the hind wings with a long petiole; sheath
broad, straight above, gradually rounding to base. Black; posterior
margin of the pronotum, tegulae, and legs, except the brownish
femora and coxae and the infuscate apical joints of the posterior
tarsi, yellowish; the narrow apical margins and apical tergites fer-
ruginous; wings hyaline, venation, including costa and stigma, black.
T ype-locality.—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from one
female recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 11363.
Material collected by T. E. Snyder and reared May 7, 1914, by Wil-
liam Middleton. The larvae of this species feed on Quercus alba,
and it may be that the larva recorded under the name albicollis from
Quercus alba should properly be referred to this species. There
are no specimens in the Dyar collection of albicollis which were
reared from larvae on Quercus alba. All the reared specimens came
from larvae feeding on Quercus tinctoria.
Type.—Cat. No. 19048, U.S.N.M.
PERICLISTA XANTHOGNATHA, new species.
In the general shape of the sheath and the pale mandibles this
species resembles occidentalis Rohwer, from which it may be sepa-
rated by the distinctly emarginate cylpeus.
Female.—Length,6mm. Robust. Labrum long, obstusely rounded
apically; clypeus shining, flat, the apical margin distinctly arcu-
ately emarginate, the lobes broad, rounded; supraclypeal area trape-
zoidal in outline, gently convex; supreclypeal foveae deep, puncti-
form, not connected with the antennal fover; middle fovea repre-
sented by a shallow depressed area; ocellar basin sharply defined
above, open below; postocellar furrow straight; postocellar area
convex, a little more than twice as wide as long, the lateral margin
rounded; postocellar line distinctly longer than the ocellocular line;
head shining, almost impunctate except the frontal area between the
ocelli and the base of the antennae; antennae filliform, fourth joint
very slightly longer than the fifth; thorax shining; stigma straight
below, sharply oblique beyond the transverse radius; anal cell in
the hind wings sessile; sheath straight above, the apex narrow,
truncate, and very slightly upturned, from this projecting apex
gradually rounded to base. Black; clypeus, labrum, spot on the
mandibles, posterior margin of the pronotum, tegulae, legs, abdomen
——
;
4
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 157
except the middle of tergites one to eight (broader basally), yel-
lowish; the margin of the prescutum, lateral margin of the scutum,
part of the scutellum and upper part of the mesepisternum, ferrugi-
nous; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation pale brown, costa and
stigma yellowish. .
Lype-locality.—Ithaca, New York. Described from one female
labeled “from the Chittenden collection.”
Type.—Cat. No. 19045, U.S.N.M.
ACORDULECERA HICORIAE, new species.
From caryae Rohwer, to which this new species seems to be most
nearly allied, it may be separated by the black clypeus.
Female.—Length, 3.5 mm. Clypeus truncate; antennal foveae
rather large, extending to the supraclypeal foveae; supraclypeal area
slightly convex; middle fovea wanting; ocellar basin wanting; an-
tennal furrows complete to the lateral ocelli; postocellar area not
indicated ; postocellar line distinctly longer than the ocelocular line;
first joint of the flagellum markedly longer than the second; front
sparsely clothed with short gray hair; stigma broadest at base,
tapering rapidly toward the apex. Black; palpi, labrum and legs
below the coxae yellowish; antennae piceous; wings dusky hyaline,
venation dark brown.
Type-locality—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from
three females (one type) recorded under Bureau of Entomology No.
Hopk. U. S. 113640, larvae collected feeding on Hicoria, by T. E.
Snyder; adults, which were reared by William Middleton, emerged
May 20, 1914.
Type.—Cat. No. 18314, U.S.N.M.
Suborder Clistogastra.
Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA.
Family EVANIIDAE.
PRISTAULACUS STRANGALIAE, new species.
Female.—Length 11.5 mm. Compared with the metatype of Pris-
taulacus flavicrurus Bradley from the Agricultural College, Michi-
gan, this species differs as follows: The front impunctate; the hind
coxe hardly aciculate; posterior femora black; the upper part of
the mesepisternum shining, sparsely punctured; metapleurae shining,
below irregularly recticulate, above with a few strong, irregular
carinae; the first tergite has a strong spine at the lateral middle.
This last-mentioned character, if constant, will separate strangaliae
from all other species of Pristaulacus.
158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Type-locality—Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Described from one
female recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk. U. 5S.
118120, which refers to a note stating that this species is a parasite of
Strangalia lutetcornis in Carpinus caroliniana. Material collected
and reared May 26, 1913, by F. C. Craighead.
Type.—Cat. No. 19387, U.S.N.M.
Family ICHNEUMONOIDAKE.
CRYPTUS KOEBELEI, new name.
Cryptus ferrugineus ASHMEAD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, 1889, p. 412
(not Smith 1879 or 1861). -
ODONTOMERUS STRANGALIAE, new species.
This species may be separated from dichrous Rohwer, its closest
-ally, by the basal area being almost completely closed, by the poste-
rior lateral bases of the scutellum and the depression of the metano-
tum being without rugae, different venation, smaller size, etc.
Female.—Length 7 mm.; length of ovipositor 8 mm. Head below
the antennae shining, with sparse, irregular punctures, in addition
the median portion finely granular; above the antennae to the poste-
rior orbits shining, impunctate; ocelli in a little less than an equilat-
-eral triangle; the postocellar line distinctly shorter than the ocellocu-
lar line; third antennal joint distinctly longer than the fourth, the
joints not nodose apically; scutum shining, with a few well-defined
punctures; the notauli not foveolate; posterior portion of the pres-
cutum with five rugae, the median one being more prominent; dorsal
aspect of the scutellum sculptured like the scutum; the lateral pos-
terior aspect of the scutellum and the depressed area of the meta-
notum with a few very weak and poorly defined raised lines; dorsal
aspect of the propodeum shining, the basal area with sides and basal
width subequal, almost completely closed; the areola hexagonal; the
anterior lateral legs one-fourth longer than the posterior lateral legs,
the posterior margin less by one-fifth than the length of the posterior
lateral legs; the angles of the propodeum on the dorsal lateral
corners; sides of the propodeum practically impunctate; second re-
current vein much more than the length of the transverse cubitus
beyond the transverse cubitus. Black; palpi yellowish; legs and
abdomen, except two apical tergites which are piceous, rufous; head,
thorax, and legs with long, white hair; wings hyaline, iridescent;
venation brown. :
Type-locality—Ballston (Veitch), Virginia. Described from
-one female recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk. U. S.
12280x, which refers to a note which indicates that this species is
ih Se D
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 159
parasitic on Strangalia luteicornis breeding in grape. Specimen
reared by H. B. Kirk, emerging March 17, 1914, material collected
by F. C. Craighead.
Type.—Cat. No. 18999, U.S.N.M.
PYRACMON CONOCOLA, new species.
Female.—Length 7.5 mm.; length of ovipositor beyond the tip of
the abdomen 2.5 mm. Lower tooth of mandibles slightly longer than
the upper; clypeus slightly rounded; malar space slightly shorter
than the width of the mandibles at base; head except the shining
posterior orbits, finely shagreened ; posterior orbits straight; ocellocu-
lar line subequal with the interocular line; mesepisternum shining
with sparce well defined punctures; propodeum shining with strong
well defined carinae; areola and petiolar areas confluent, transversely
rugose; abdomen shining, smooth; lateral carinae of the petiole strong
and rather high; no carinae from the spiracles to the apex of the first
tergite; second tergite shorter than the two following, its apical
width one-fourth greater than its basal width; spiracle in middle; an
indistinct gastrocoelus near the base; radius obtusely angulate, second
abscissa one-third longer than the first; nervellus broken a little be-
low the middle. Black; body clothed with short gray pubescence
which is denser on the face; palpi and tegulae white; spot on the
mandibles and scape beneath piceous; legs red; coxae and first joint
of hind trochanters black; the apex of the posterior tibiae and their
tarsi brownish. Wings hyaline, iridescent; venation black; lower
margin of stigma dark brown.
Male—Length 7 mm. Except that the mandibles are almost en-
triely white and that the second joint of the hind trochanters and
hind tibae and tarsi are strongly infuscated, the male does not differ
essentially from the female.
Type-locality.—Colestin, Oregon, and Julian, California. De-
scribed from two females, (one type) recorded under Bureau of En-
tomology No. Hopk. U. S. 125352’, and from one female and one male
recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. 8S. 13278f.
These numbers refer to notes stating that the species is parasitic on
Pinipestis, species living in the cones of Pinus coulteri, and probably
a parasite of Hvetria tavifoliella in cones of Pseudotsuga taxifolia,
Material collected by F. P. Keen and P. D. Sargent.
Type.—Cat.-No. 20181, U.S.N.M.
ANGITIA MILLERI, new species.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm.; length of ovipositor beyond the tip of the
abdomen, 2.5 mm.; length of antennae, 4.5 mm. Teeth of the mandi-
bles subequal; anterior margin of the clypeus gently rounded; head
160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 53.
shagreened; scutum shagreened, convex, anterior middle somewhat
shining and with a number of large, poorly defined punctures;
mesepisternum shagreened with a number of large, poorly defined.
punctures; propodeum shagreened; carinae weak, obsolete posteri-
orly, so the middle basal area is the only area completely definei,
the costulae are present; abdomen shagreened; petiole and post-
petiole shining; spiracles of first tergite rather prominent, no carinae
from them to apex of segment; second tergite shorter than two fol-
lowing, its posterior width twice as great as the anterior width;
spiracle at the middle, a small lanulae midway between the spiracles
and base; radius obtusely angulate; first abscissa one-half as long
as second; areolet petiolate; petiole (in wing) as long as cell; nervel-
lus broken below the middle. Black; mandibles, palpi, scape -be-
neath, tegulae, four anterior coxae, and trochanters whitish; legs fer-
ruginous; posterior coxae, spot on intermediate pair, apex of the pos-
terior femora, four anterior tibiae, and tarsi dark brown or black.
Wings hyaline, iridescent; venation black.
Type-locality—Ashland, Oregon. Described from one female
recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 10833d°,.
which refers to note stating that the species was reared from cones
of sugar pine infested with Dioryctria abietella. Material collected
by P. D. Sargent, reared by J. M. Miller, for whom the species is
named.
Type.—Cat. No. 20178, U.S.N.M.
ANGITIA TINEAVORA, new species.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm.; length of ovipositor beyond the tip of
the abdomen, 1.75 mm. Teeth of the mandibles subequal; clypeus
nearly truncate; face shagreened; mesonotum shagreened and with
a few distinct punctures; middle basal area triangular; areola and
petiolar areas transversely striate on a granular surface; carinae of
propodeum strong; mesepisternum and sternum granular with a
number of large, not especially distinct, punctures; no carinae from
the spiracle to the end of first tergite; second tergite as long as
the two following combined, granular, the spiracles slightly beyond
the middle, no lanulae; radius obtusely angulate, first abscissa one-
fourth shorter than the second; areolet small, petiolate, petiole as.
long as the cell (in some wings the areolet is wanting); discoidal
cell at base narrower than length of nervulus; nervellus broken
below the middle. Black; clypeus, palpi, scape, pedicel, and tegulae
whitish; legs ferruginous to rufo-ferruginous; four anterior tarsi
paler; the spot on the posterior coxae and apices of posterior tibiae
and their tarsi brownish. Wings hyaline, iridescent; venation dark
brown.
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 161
Male—Length, 5 mm. Ditters from female in having scape and
pedicel black above; anterior coxae and trochanters are whitish; the
usual silvery pubescence on the face is more pronounced.
Type-locality Mistletoe, Oregon. Described from two females
and one male. Recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk.
U. S. 142100, which refers to a note stating that this species is
parasitic on Tineid moths infesting the fruit body of Polyporus
dryophilus. Material collected and reared by J. M. Miller.
Type.—Cat. No. 20177, U.S.N.M.
MELEBORUS LASPEYRESIAE, new species.
Female.—Length, 7.5 mm.; length of the ovipositor beyond the
end of the abdomen, 1.25 mm. Teeth of the mandibles equal; ante-
rior margin of the clypeus rounded; malar space less than the width
of the mandibles at the base; head shagreened; ocellocular line
slightly less than the broadest diameter of the lateral ocellus; poste-
rior orbits nearly straight, two-thirds of the cephala-caudad diameter
of the eyes; mesothorax shagreened in addition to distinct, well-
defined rather close punctures; propodeum with well-defined strong
carine; basal lateral areas with punctures in addition to shagreen-
ing, posterior areas without punctures; petiole with a few irregular
lines above; postpetiole shagreened; no carinae from spiracle of first
tergite to apex; second tergite subeaual in length to two following,
its posterior width one-third greater than its anterior; its entire sur-
face shagreened; the spiracles distinctly beyond the middle with a
small tubercle nearer the spiracle than the base; radius obtusely
angulate, the second abscissa one-third longer than the first; discoidal
cell distinctly narrower posteriorly than the length of the nervulus;
second intercubitus entirely wanting; nervellus slightly broken at
about the middle. Black; mandibles, palpi, scape, pedicelum be-
neath, teguilae, four anterior trochanters, the second posterior tro-
chanters and anterior tarsi yellowish white; legs below the trochan-
ters rufous, posterior femora and apices of the posterior tibiae and
posterior tarsi somewhat brownish, the color being more intense on
the tarsi. Wings hyaline, irridescent; venation dark brown.
Type-locality.—Talent, Oregon. Described from two females
recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. 11492e, which refers to a
note stating that the species is parasitic on Laspeyresia toruta living
in the cones of Pinus ponderosa. Material collected by P. D. Sargent
and reared by J. M. Miller.
Type.—Cat. No. 20180, U.S.N.M.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—-17——-11
162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
PHADROCTONUS ARGYRESTHIAE, new species.
This species is easily distinguished from minutus Ashmead, by the
short ovipositor.
Female.—Length, 4.5 mm; length of ovipositor beyond the end of
the abdomen, 0.75 mm. Teeth of the mandibles equal; clypeus trun-
cate; head shagreened; ocellocular line subequal with the shortest
diameter of the lateral ocellus; thorax shagreened in addition to
some scattered, poorly-defined punctures; carinae of the propodeum
strong; middle basal area practically obsolete because the carinae
parallel each other; petiolar area transversely striate; petiole and
postpetiole shining; no carinae from spiracles to apex of first segment;
second tergite longer than the two following, twice as wide poste-
riorly as basally; the spiracles beyond the middle, the small lanulae
slightly nearer the spiracles than the base of the segment; radius
obtusely angulate; second abscissa slightly more than twice as long
as first; nervellus not broken. Black; mandibles, palpi, scape, pedi-
cel underneath, tegulae, anterior coxae, four anterior trochanters and
spot on intermediate coxae beneath, yellowish white; apical margin
of the second and following tergites, apical sternites, fulvo-ferru-
ginous; legs fulvo-ferruginous; coxae, except where mentioned,
black; posterior femora slightly brownish base and apices of the
posterior tibiae blackish; posterior tarsi and apical joint of the inter-
mediate pair blackish. Wings hyaline, irridescent; venation black.
Male—Length, 5 mm. Except that the pale color is more yellow
it does not differ essentially from the female.
Type-locality—Ashland, Oregon. Described from 3 females and .
3 males recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk. U. S.
12565d°, which refers to a note stating that this species is a parasite
on a species of Argyresthia living on Libocedrus decurrents.
Type.—Cat. No. 20179, U.S.N.M.
BOETHUS SCHIZOCERI (Howard).
Eubadizon schizoceri Howarp, Insect Life, vol. 1, p. 44, fig.
Bocthus howardi Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 290.
Boethus daeckei ViEREcK, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 11, 1909, p. 210.
It was unnecessary for Davis to propose a new name for this
species. His own reference proves that he had the material which
Doctor Howard figured. The specimen from which the drawing was
made is in the United States National Museum, and it is one of the
types of Boethus howardi. Boethus daeckei is the male of schizoceri.
Rearings from the host of this species indicate that the color of the
fore legs may vary from brownish to yellowish.
NO, 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 163
Family BRACONIDAE.
COSMOPHORUS PITYOPHTHORI, new species.
This species is closely allied to but may be readily separated from
hopkinst Ashmead by the sculpturing of the first tergite, the darker
and shorter first abscissa of radius.
Female—Length 2.5 mm; length of ovipositor .75 mm. Head shin-
ing; antennae slender, 14-jointed, the third and fourth joints sub-
equal; mesoscutum shining; propodeum granular with the faint ca-
rina separating the dorsal and posterior aspects; discocubitus joining
the radius so near base that there is no real first abscissa of radius;
first tergite striato-granular; remaining tergites shining impunctate.
Black; legs and abdomen beyond first segment dark piceous; wings
hyaline, faintly dusky, venation pale brown.
Male.—Length 1.75 mm. Differs from the female in having a few
striae at the base of the second tergite; and in the 13-jointed anten-
nae.
Type-locality— Moraga Ridge, Oakland, California. Described
from three females (one type) and one male (allotype) reared from
twigs of Pinus tuberculata infested by Pityophthorus, species. Ma-
terial collected by F. P. Keen.
Type.—Cat. No. 19951, U.S.N.M.
Genus DIOSPILUS Haliday.
As used here the genus Diospilus agrees with the characterization
given by Szepligetti. However, the last two species described are
not typical in venation and might be the types of a new group, but
it seems to the author that the characters offered for the genera of
this subfamily are not such that they may be expected to hold for a
large number of species. He has therefore considered it advisable to
place californicus and neoclyti in the genus Diospilus.
A, CLYPEUS NOT SHARPLY DEFINED LATERALLY; WIDTH FULLY THREE
TIMES AS GREAT AS THE MEDIAN LENGTH; FIRST ABSCISSA ON
THE RADIUS LESS THAN ONE-FIFTH THE LENGTH OF THE SECOND.
DIOSPILUS WASHINGTONENSIS, new species.
">
Female.—Length 6 mm.; length of the ovipositor 7 mm.; length
of the antennae 4mm. Clypeus shining, with large separate punc-
tures; head immediately below the antennae transversely striato-
punctate, rest of the head below the antennae with sparse, well sepa-
rated punctures; head above the antennae and posterior orbits shin-
ing, impunctate; ocelli in an equilateral triangle; third antennal
joint slightly longer than the fourth; prescutum, scutellum, and
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
scutum shining, nearly impunctate; suture between the scutum and
the scutellum with three strong rugae; the posterior lateral aspects
of the scutellum and a depressed area of the metanotum with rugae;
the metanotum medianly with two prominent carinae which con-
verge until they meet in the form of a rounded tubercle at the apical
middle margin; propodeum reticulate, basal median area more finely
so, the basal lateral areas finely punctured; mesepisternum sculp-
tured like the scutum except for the obliquely foveolate depression;
first abscissa of the radius about one-sixth or less than the length
of the second; second cubital cell slightly narrowed below; recurrent
vein basad of the first transverse cubitus by about one-third the
length of the first transverse cubitus; nervulus interstitial; first ter-
gite longitudinally striate; extreme base of the second tergite finely,
irregularly aciculate; the apex of the second and all of the following
tergites shining, impunctate. Black; clypeus, mandibles except
apices and scape beneath rufo-piceous; palpi-and tegulae pale yellow;
legs rufous, apical fourth of the posterior tibiae dusky; wings hya-
line, venation pale brown; body with short, gray hair.
Type-locality.— Easton, Washington. Described from one female
collected by Koebele.
Type.—Cat. No. 19003, U.S.N.M.
B. CLYPEUS SHARPLY DEFINED LATERALLY; ABOUT TWO AND ONE-
HALF TIMES AS WIDE AS LONG; FIRST ABSCISSA ON THE RADIUS
BUT LITTLE SHORTER THAN THE SECOND.
a. First two tergites red, the second completely sculptured.
DIOSPILUS CALIFORNICUS, new species.
Female—Length 5 mm.; length of the ovipositor 4.5 mm.; length
of the antennae 3.75 mm. Apical margin of the clypeus narrowly
depressed, the surface shining, sparsely punctured; head below the
antennae with separate, well-defined punctures, which are more
widely separated medianly and laterally; head above the antennae
and posterior orbits shining, practically impunctate; ocelli in a
little less than an equilateral triangle; latrad or each lateral ocellus
is a narrow, elongate, crescent-shaped fovea; third and fourth an-
tennal joints subequal; prescutum depressed posteriorly, reticulate;
notauli strongly foveolate; scutum, prescutum, and most of the mes-
episternum shining, impunctate; sides of the pronotum coarsely
reticulate; suture between the scutum and scutellum with one ruga;
posterior lateral aspects of the scutellum and depressed area of the
pronotum with rather weak rugae; metanotum medianly with two
carinae, which converge posteriorly and meet in the form of an elon-
gate flattened area in the apical middle; propodeum coarsely reticu-
NO. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 165
late, dorsal middle with median carina; dorsal lateral areas shining,
impunctate; second cubital cell slightly narrower above; first re-
current vein shortly antifurcal; nervulus interstitial; first two ter-
gites longitudinally striato-reticulate; lateral margins of the second
tergite and all of the following tergites shining, impunctate. Black;
palpi and tegulae pale yellowish; legs and first two tergites rufous;
wings hyaline, iridescent, venation pale brown; stigma darker.
Type-locality—Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Described
from two females (one, type) from the collection of Ashmead.
Type—Cat. No. 19004, U.S.N.M.
b. Tergites black, second sculptured at base only.
DIOSPILUS NEOCLYTI, new species.
Male—Length, 6.5 mm.; length of the antennae, about 4 mm.
Anterior margin of the clypeus scarcely depressed, the surface shin-
ing, almost impunctate; dorsal margins sharply defined by puncti-
form foveae; head below the antennae shining, with separate, uni-
form, well-defined punctures; head above the antennae and posterior
orbits shining, practically impunctate; ocelli in a low triangle, with-
out well-defined depressions laterally; third antennal joint slightly
shorter than the fourth; prescutum reticulate posteriorly; notauli
strongly foveolate; suture between the scutum and scutellum with
one ruga; prescutum, scutum, scutellum and mesepisternum shining,
practically impunctate; sides of the pronotum recticulate; metanotum,
propodeum, and venation as in californicus, the first tergite and the
base of the second longitudinally striato-reticulate, the reticulations
predominating on the second tergite, the striations on the first; the
apical margin of the second and all of the following tergites shining,
impunctate. Black; palpi yellowish; legs rufous; posterior tibiae
and tarsi dusky; tegulae yellowish; wings hyaline, venation pale
brown; body with short gray pile.
Type-locality—North Cheyenne Canon, Colorado. Described
from one male recorded under Bureau of Entomology, No. Hopk.
U.S.11924, which refers to a note stating that this is a parasite of
Neoclytus caprae Say breeding in Quercus gambelli, material col-
lected by A. B. Champlain and reared by H. B. Kirk, adult emerging
April 6, 1914.
Type—Cat. No. 19005, U.S.N.M.
This may possibly be the male of californicus, but as there is dif-
ference in the sculpturation and color it seems advisable to con-
sider it as a distant species.
166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
PHANEROTOMA ERYTHROCEPHALA, new species.
In structure this species falls near ¢ibéalis Haldeman, but may
readily be distinguished by the sides of the propodeum being more
coarsely sculptured than the mesepisternum and by the reddish head
and black thorax and abdomen.
Female—Length, 5 mm. Head rounded behind the eyes, the
cephal caudad length of the posterior orbits about two-thirds the
diameter of the eye; eyes strongly convex, oval; malar space slightly
longer than the width of the mandibles at base but much less than
the length of the eye; clypeus shining, more convex basally, the
apical margin tridentate; supraclypeal fovea poorly defined, the
interfoveal line shorter than the length of the clypeus; face rather
coarsely sculptured with irregular lines and granulations; frons and
vertex with irregular (mostly transverse) lines; ocelli in an equi-
lateral triangle; notauli obsolete; scutum granular with a few scat-
tered punctures, the posterior middle reticulate; scutellum pune-
tured on a granular surface; dorsal surface of propodeum irregu-
larly punctured and with a few irregular lines; mesepisternum
granular, with a few punctures posteriorly; sides of propodeum
more coarsely scnIptured than mesepisternum; carapace nearly uni-
formly coarsely reticulate; recurrent interstitial; nervulus and
second abscissa of discoideus forming an acute angle; first and
second abscissa of radius subequal. Black; head, except interocellar
area, scape, pedicellum, prothorax, tegulae, ferruginous; legs ferrugi-
nous, apices of hind femora and tibiae blackish; wings hyaline with-
out bands, costa, subcosta and stigma black; rest of venation pale
brown.
Male—Length 5 mm. Characters as in female.
This species varies in the amount of ferruginous on the prothorax
and in having the first abscissa of radius slightly shorter than the
second.
Type-locality —Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Described from two
females and one male (allotype) with Bureau of Entomology number
Hopk. U.S.10857/, which refers to note stating that this species is
probably a parasite of Laspeyresia toruta living in the cones of Pinus
ponderosa. Material collected by J. J. Lowell and reared by J. M.
Miller.
Type.—Cat. No. 20174, U.S.N.M.
MACRONEURA URICHII, new species.
This species is apparently closely allied to /acroneura consobrinus
(Szépligéti), from which it can be easily distinguished by the longer
ovipositor and pale four anterior legs.
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 167
Female.—Length of body 18 mm.; length of ovipositor 42 mm.;
length of antennae 18 mm. Face reticulate; front and posterior
orbits smooth; ocelli surrounded by a furrow which extends to be-
tween bases of antennae; third antennal joint distinctly longer than
the fourth; thorax smooth, shining; posterior coxae more than half as
long as their femora; longer spur of the posterior tibiae one-third the
length of the hind basitarsus; abdomen smooth and shining. Black;
four anterior legs, the hind trochantine and base of hind tibiae fulvo-
ferruginous; first three tergites rufo-ferruginous; wings yellow, the
anterior pair with two broad black bands (i. e. behind stigma and
apex of wing), the hind pair black beyond middle.
Male—Length 12.5 mm.; length of antennae 12.5 mm. Agrees
with female,except the fourth abdominal segment isrufo-ferruginous.
Type-locality—Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies.
Described from five females (one type) and one male collected by
F. W. Urich, for whom the species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 19662, U.S.N.M.
ODONTOBRACON OEMEOVORUS, new species.
Female.—Length 8 mm.; length of the ovipositor 2 mm.; length of
the antennae 7 mm. Head below the antennae coarsely reticulate,
with a poorly defined median carina; head above the antennae and
posterior orbits shining, impunctate; no fovea outside of the lateral
ocelli; antennae hairy, third and fourth joints subequal; scutum,
prescutum, and scutellum shining, practically impunctate; posterior
portion of the prescutum with longitudinal carinae, which form two
Vs, the posterior one attaining the posterior margin of the scutum;
anterior portion of the notauli finely foveolate; suture between the
scutum and scutellum with six strong rugae; posterior lateral aspects
of the scutellum and the depression of the metanotum with strong
rugae; episternauli broad, reticulate; sternauli foveolate; suture and
posterior margin of the mesepisternum strongly foveolate; mese-
pisternum shining; lateral aspects of the pronotum irregularly stri-
ato-reticulate; dorsal and lateral aspects of the propodeum reticulate;
dorsal middle of the propodeum shining except a median carina
along the sides of which are foveolations; first tergite longitudinally
striate, the striae more sharply defined medianly and with two pre-
dominating carinae on the base, which extend almost to the middle
of the tergite; second tergite with an oval median area which is
about twice as wide as long, the apical margin of which is not striate,
remaining portion of the embossed area strongly striate: sides of
the second tergite reticulate; extreme base of the third tergite me-
dianly with fine longitudinal striae; most of the third and all of the
following segments shining, impunctate; third, fourth, and fifth
tergites at about middle with an indistinct suture; first abscissa on
168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
the radius one-fourth shorter than the second; recurrent vein re-
ceived two-thirds the length of the first abscissa on the radius, basad
of the first transverse cubitus. Black; propodeum dorsally and ab-
domen rufous; wings dark brown, venation dark brown; body with
long, sparse gray hair.
Type-locality—F lorida; Louisiana. Described from one female
(type) from Appalachicola, Florida, recorded under Bureau of
Entomology No. Hopk. U. S. 33819, which refers to a note stating
that this is parasitic on Oeme rigida, material collected and reared
by W. F. Fiske; and one female (paratype) from Morgan City,
Louisiana, recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. S.
3398d, which refers to a note stating that it is a parasite of Oeme
rigida, material collected and reared by W. F. Fiske.
Type.—Cat. No. 19001, U.S.N.M.
Paratype has the sides of the propodeum rufous.
ODONTOBRACON ELAPHIDIOVORUS, new species.
Female.—Length, 11 mm.; length of ovipositor, 5 mm.; length of
antennae, 9.5mm. Face below the antennae coarsely punctato-reticu-
late, with a median carina, which becomes broader below; head above
the antennae and the entire posterior orbits shining, impunctate;
latrad of each lateral ocellus is a curved furrow; antennae hairy, the
third and fourth joints subequal; scutum, prescutum, and scutellum
shining, with a few widely scattered punctures; the posterior part of
prescutum and the scutum medianly reticulate; notauli finely foveo-
late; suture between the scutum and scutellum with five strong rugae;
posterior lateral bases of the scutellum and the depression of the
metanotum with rugae; propodeum reticulate, the basal middle with-
out sculpture except a median longitudinal carina; sides of the pro-
notum with dorsad-ventrad or slightly oblique rugae; the epister-
nauli broad, irregularly reticulate; mesepisternum shining, impunc-
tate; sternauli nearly completely foveolate; sides of the propodeum
shining, with well-separated, distinct punctures; first tergite longi-
tudinally striate or striato-reticulate, with two strong carinae, which
extend half its length; the second tergite with an oval-shaped em-
bossed area, which is longitudinally striate; sides of the second ter-
gite punctato-reticulate; the base of the third tergite medianly stri-
ate, laterally punctato-reticulate; the apex of the third and the fol-
folwing tergites shining, impunctate; first abscissa on the radius one-
third shorter than the second; recurrent vein almost the length of the
first abscissa on the radius basad of the first transverse cubitus.
Black; body with sparse, long, white hairs; scutellum, propedeum,
metothorax, and abdomen rufous; wings brownish, venation pale
brown.
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 169
Male—Length, 10 mm. Agrees well with the above characteriza-
tion of the female.
Type-locality.—United States. Described from three specimens
from Texas, one female type, a male allotype, and a female paratype;
a single female from Camden, New Jersey, collected June 30; a single
female from Jackson, Florida; one specimen from Mount Vernon,
Virginia, recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk. U. 5.
11845d, which refers to a note stating that this species is parasitic on
Elaphidion vitiorum, material collected by F. C. Craighead, adult
emerging February 16, 1914; one female from the Catalina Moun-
tains, Arizona, recorded under Bureau of Entomology No. Hopk.
U. S. 12679a, which refers to a note indicating that this is a parasite
of a species of Elaphidion which works in Quercus emory?.
Type.—Cat. No. 19000, U.S.N.M.
ODONTOBRACON CALIFORNICUS, new species.
Female—Length 7 mm.; length of ovipositor 3.5 mm.; length of
antennae 6 mm. Head below the antennae reticulate, with a strong
medium carina which is represented immediately above the clypeus
by a shining area; head above the antennae and posterior orbits
shining, impunctate; behind each lateral ocellus is a small depressed
area; antennae hairy, third and fourth joints subequal, oblique api-
cally; scutum, prescutum and scutellum shining, practically impunc-
tate; posterior portion of the prescutum with two longitudinal striae,
which attain the apical margin of the scutum; notauli feebly foveolate
posteriorly; suture between the scutum and the scutellum with nine
rugae; anterior portion of the notauli very finely foveolate; epister-
nauli not sculptured; sternauli foveolate; episternum shining, im-
punctate, posterior margin foveolate; lateral aspect of the pronotum
with oblique rugae ventrally, sparsely reticulate dorsally ; lower por-
tion of the lateral aspect of the propodeum shining, sparsely punc-
tured; dorsal aspect and dorsal lateral aspect of the propodeum
reticulate; median area reticulate with strong median carina which
divides at the top of the postericr face into two poorly defined
carinae which extend to the ventral margin of the posterior face;
first tergite striate with two prominent carinae basally, which are al-
most half the length of the tergite and converge apically; second
tergite with an oval-shaped median area which is three times as wide
as long; sides of the second tergite reticulate; extreme base of the
third tergite finely reticulate; most of the third and the entire fol-
lowing segments shining, impunctate; at the apical third of the third
and fourth tergites is a transverse furrow; first abscissa of the radius
half the length of the second recurrent, about the length of the first
abscissa of the radius basad of the first transverse cubitus. Rufous;
head, antennae, legs, tegulae, pronotum and a spot on the mesepis-
170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ VoL. 53.
terum anteriorly; black; body with sparse long gray hairs; wings
dark brown, venation the same color.
Male—Length 5 mm.; length of the antennae 4mm. Agrees well
with the above description of the female except for the abdomen,
where the following differences may be noted: First tergite anteriorly
is reticulate; the embossed area of the second tergite is one and one-
half times as wide as long; the entire third, fourth, and fifth tergites
are longitudinally striate and there are no transverse sutures. Color
as in female. ;
Type-locality—Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Described
from one female (type) and three males, one allotype.
Type.—Cat. No. 19002, U.S.N.M.
Superfamily SERPHOIDEA.
POLYGNOTUS BURKEI, new species.
In Ashmead’s table to the species of Polygnotus this species will
go to diplosidis Ashmead, from which it may be separated by the
ei distinct furrow from the anterior
/ a ocellus.
| IX F emale.—Length 1 mm. Head
He oer shing impunctate; vertex finely
j Fi Wee } transversely aciculate; a distinct
eas Peake ¥ pi oS elongate depression below the an-
op’ daevatins 5 Fils terior ocellus; intraocellar line dis-
“Fre. 1.—Potyenorus surker, new tinctly shorter than the ocellocular
SPECIES. “ANTENNA OF FEMALE. line; pedicellum,siiehtly Jongerehan
the two following joints; mesoscutum slightly opaque anteriorly,
shining posteriorly; notauli obsolete; mesopleurae shining, without
sculpture; metapleurae feebly sculptured; petiole longitudinally
striate; base of second tergite longitudinally aciculate, rest of the
abdomen shining, without sculpture. Black; four anterior tibiae and
tarsi and the posterior tarsi brownish; wings hyaline.
Male—Length 1 mm. Agrees with the female.
Type-locality.—Placerville. California. Described from four
females (one type) and four males (one allotype) recorded under
Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U. S. 12703a, which refers to
a note stating that this species is parasitic on a Cecidomyid which
lives under the bark at the base of the needles of Pinus ponderosa.
The eggs of the parasite are laid in the eggs of the host, and the adult
parasite emerges from the cocoen of the host. Material collected and
reared by H. E. Burke, for whom the species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 19638, U.S.N.M.
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 171
Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA.
TRIGONURA CALIFORNICA, new species.
This species runs directly to Zrigonura in Ashmead’s classifica-
tion, but differs from Ashmead’s description in the 12-jointed anten-
nae and seems to differ from Sichel’s description, and figures in the
length of the prothorax and the shape of the scutellum. Superfi-
cially it resembles closely Phasgonophora sulcata, but is immediately
separated from that by the absence of a transverse carina and trun-
cation on the first tergite.
Female—Length 7 mm. Head coarsely reticulate; ocelli in a
curved line, the lateral ocelli touching the posterior dorsal margin
of the head; interocellar line about one-fifth shorter than the ocel-
locular line; scape subequal in length with the first three fiagellar
joints; antennae with a small ring-joint so there are 12 joints, the
first two flagellar joint subequal; prothorax sloping anteriorly, the
anterior face transversely striato-reticulate medianly; dorsally the
prothorax is depressed medianly; thorax coarsely reticulate; the
mesopleural fovea striate; lower posterior margin of scutellum with
a foveolate furrow; metanotum foveolate; propodeum coarsely retic-
ulate; four anterior femora swollen beyond middle; posterior femora
with seven teeth, the basal one the largest ; abdomen shining, the first
segment subequal in length with the six following, the second to fifth
tergite with setignous punctures apically, the sixth with reticulations,
the seventh with reticulations basally. Black, clothed with white
pubescence; tegulae pale picious; four anterior legs beyond troch-
anters, posterior legs beyond femora and the seventh segment rufous;
the posterior femora basally and the sides of the abdomen are rufo-
piceous; wings hyaline, dusky beyond middle; venation black.
Male—Length 6.25 mm. Except for the sexual characters, agrees
with the female.
T'ype-locality—FPlacerville, California. Described from four
females (one type) and one male (allotype) recorded under Bureau
of Entomology number Hopk. U. S. 1161le, which refers to a note
stating these specimens were reared from sections of willow infested
by larvae of Chrysobotheris, on which they were probably parasitic
Material collected and reared by H. FE. Burke.
Type.—Cat. No. 19636, U.S.N.M.
EUSANDALUM ACMAEORERAE, new species.
This species may be separated from the other described North
American species by the color, by having the posterior margin of
the pronotum depressed and less sculptured, and by the arrange-
ment and number of spines on the anterior tibiae.
172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Female.—Length 1.75 mm. Face reticulate; frontal elevations
transversely striato-reticulate; vertex granular; head posteriorly
and posterior orbits striato-granular; pronotum reticulate with a
tendency to striation; notauli complete; scutum and prescutum re-
ticulate; scutellum more finely reticulate and with a decided tend-
ency to longitudinal striation; prepectus sculptured like the scutum;
mesepisternum reticulate, the posterior and ventral part striato-reticu-
late; mesosternum laterally striate; the upper face of the anterior
tibia with six small spines which are widely separated so they begin
at the basal third and extend to near apex of tibia; abdomen re-
ticulate. Cupreous with greenish reflections; legs below trochnaters
testaceous, the femora, especially the posterior pair, more or less
dusky; wings dusky kyaline; venation dark brown.
Type-locality.—Placerville, California. Described from two fe-
males (one type), recorded under Bureau of Entomology number
Hopk. U. S. 11675d. Specimens bred from a pupal cell of Acemaeo-
dera in Ceanothus integerrimus by H. E. Burke.
Type.—Cat. No. 19637, U.S.N.M.
Superfamily SPHECOIDEA.
Genus DICRANORHINA Shuckard.
Syn.: Piagetia RITsEMA.
In the Proceedings of the United States National Museum? it
is erroneously stated that Turner was in error in reinstating
Shuckard’s name for this genus. The error was on part of the
author and he wishes to apologize for the mistake and for criti-
cising Mr. Turner. The spelling by Hope was Dicronorhina, which
was amended to Dicranorrhina, while the spelling by Shuckard was
Dicranorhina.
TACHYSPHEX WASHINGTONI, new species.
This species is related to tenuipunctus Fox but may be readily
separated from that species by the character of the clypeus.
Female—Length 9 mm. Clypeus convex medianly, the apical
margin depressed, medianly with a shallow emargination, sublater-
ally with two obtuse teeth; the anterior portion of the median con-
vexity shining, impunctate, the basal portion sculptured like the
front; front opaque, finely rather sparsely punctured; frontal fovea
distinct, complete; intraocellar area convex, parted by a deep fur-
row; postocellar depression angulate posteriorly and with a deep
furrow extending almost to the occiput; head behind the ocelli
shining, very sparsely punctured; the distance between the eyes at
the vertex slightly greater than the length of the second and third
2Vol, 49, 1915, p. 245.
NO, 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 1738
antennal joints, but decidedly shorter than the length of the third
and fourth antennal joints; antennae slightly tapering apically, the
third joint about one-fourth shorter than the fourth; mesoscutum
shining with sparse distinct punctures; scutellum sculptured like
the scutum but more finely so, not impressed; mesepisternum shin-
ing, reticulate, practically impunctate; mesepimeron sculptured like
the mesepisternum; sides of the propodeum finely, longitudinally
aciculate; dorsal aspect of the propodeum rather coarsely, uniformly
granular, without an impressed line; dorsal and posterior aspects
not sharply separated; third cubital on the radius subequal in
length with the second on the same vein; legs rather feebly spined,
the longer calcaria on the posterior tibiae subequal in length with
the posterior basitarsus; pygidium one and one-fourth times as Jong
as the basal width, shining, with a few large, well-separated punc-
tures, truncate apically. Black; the first two abdominal segments
except the extreme base of the first rufous; calcaria and spines of
the legs ferruginous; wings hyaline, venation ferruginous; head
and thorax with dense gray pile; abdominal tergites one to four
with narrow apical band of silvery pubescence.
Type-locality—Grand Coulee, Columbia River, Washington.
Described from one female collected July 12, 1902.
Type.—Cat. No. 18995, U.S.N.M.
LARROPSIS GREENEI, new species.
This species is related to divisa Patton, but may readily be sep-
arated from that species by the sculpture of the dorsal aspect of the
propodeum.
Female.——Length 13 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus rounded
medianly, emarginate laterally with two obscure teeth, the outer one
larger apically, margin hardly depressed, gently, evenly, convex me-
dianly; the anterior portion of the median convexity shining with
large, well-separated punctures; sides of the posterior portion of the
median convexity finely, closely punctured; front finely, very closely
punctured except the median area from the anterior ocellus to the
bases of the antennae which has large, sometimes confluent punc-
tures; intraocellar area uniformly convex, without a median furrow;
postocellar depression reduced to a curved furrow; vertex with
large, separate punctures; posterior orbits punctured like the front;
space between the eyes at the vertex subequal with the length of the
second, third, and fourth antennal joints; antennae slender, scarcely
tapering apically, longer than the head and thorax; third and fourth
joints subequal; anterior face of the pronotum finely granular;
scutum so closely punctured as to appear granular; scutellum slightly
convex, with a median furrow and with distinct, close, well-defined
174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
punctures; metanotum closely striato-granular; dorsal aspect of the
propodeum irregularly transversely reticulate with striae especially
prominent in the median area; the base with a short, sharply defined
median keel; dorsal middle with a circular fovea which is surrounded
by two rings of striation; posterior face oblique with a deep median
furrow which is broader posteriorly and transversely striate, dorsally
the striae are somewhat oblique tending to meet at the top of the
median furrow; sides of the propodeum finely granular, dorsally
with a tendency to an oblique aciculation; mesepisternum opaque,
finely granular; legs rather feebly spined, the longer calcaria of the
posterior tibiae about one-sixth shorter than the posterior basitarsus;
third cubital cell on the radius distinctly longer than the second;
pygidium sharply defined, about two and one-half times as long as
its basal width, with sparse, well-defined punctures apically with a
few coarse hairs, the apical margin truncate, angles rounded. Black,
the first and second tergites obscurely rufous; wings dark brownish,
venation dark brown; body almost without pubescence.
Type-locality—Riverton, New Jersey. Described from one fe-
male collected September 22, 1907, by C. T. Greene, for whom the
species is named.
Type.—Cat. No. 18996, U.S.N.M.
It is not unlikely that other specimens of this species will have the
abdomen entirely black or that some of them will have the first two
segments rufous.
XYLOCELIA BEULAHENSIS, new species.
Close to nigritus (Fox) but may be distinguished from that species
by the finer sculptured head and by the yellow spot on the tubercles.
Female.—Length 5.25 mm, Clypeus polished, with a few setiger-
ous punctures; the apical margin with three large teeth, the part
between the lateral teeth somewhat depressed; supraclypeal area
polished; front reticulate and with rather close, well defined, dis-
tinct punctures in addition; vertex and posterior orbits reticulate
but much more sparsely punctured than the front; ocelli in a low
triangle, the postocellar line slightly shorter than the ocellocular
line; third antennal joint a very little longer than the fourth; mesos-
cutum very finely granular, the anterior part with distinct, rather
close, well-defined punctures in addition; scutellum shining, nearly
impunctate; dorsal aspect of propodeum reticulate, posterior aspect
shining, almost without sculpture, a rather large punctiform fovea
at dorsal middle of posterior aspect from which a carina extends to
abdominal fossa; sides of propodeum shining, almost without sculp-
ture; pygidium rather well defined, one and one-fourth times as
long as basal width, granular, with a few irregular punctures basally.
Black; posterior half of tubercles yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent,
venation dark brown, stigma black.
De
No. 2195. NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA—ROHWER. 175
Type-locality.—Beulah, New Mexico. Described from one female
collected by T. D. A. Cockerell in August.
Type.—Cat. No. 18994, U.S.N.M.
XYLOCELIA VIRGINIANA, new species.
In Mickel’s key to the species of Xylocelia' this species runs to
vallicolae salicis (Rohwer) but it is quite different from that species,
being much larger and has the mesoscutum shining. It is something
like what the male of americana (Packard) would be expected to
resemble, but it does not agree sufficiently well with that species to
be considered as its male,
Male.—Length 5.5 mm, Anterior margin of the clypeus with a
median notch; front opaque, closely granular, with confluent punc-
tures in addition which at first sight give the impression that it is
irregularly striato-punctate; vertex shining, sparsely punctured; pos-
terior orbits shining, finely irregularly striato-punctate; ocelli large,
in a low triangle; the postocellar line a trifle longer than the ocello-
cular line; third antennal joint shghtly longer than the fourth;
eleventh and twelfth joints feebly spined beneath; mesoscutum
polished, very sparsely punctured posteriorly but anteriorly the
punctures become closer, with four raised longitudinal lines on the
posterior part; scutellum shining with a few setigerous punctures
and a faint impressed median line; dorsal aspect of the propodeum
reticulate, separated from the posterior aspect by a broad foveolate
furrow; the posterior aspect coarsely reticulate with a triangular
shaped area in the dorsal middle; sides of propodeum coarsely reticu-
late, stigmatal groove broad and well defined; mesepisternum reticu-
late anteriorly with a few irregularly raised lines posteriorly; abdo-
men polished. Black; palpi yellowish white; tibiae and _ tarsi
ferruginous, the tibiae with a dusky spot above; wings hyaline,
iridescent, venation dark brown, stigma black; clypeus and supra-
clypeal area with dense white pubescence; a small yellow spot on
the anterior margin of the tegulae.
Type-locality—F alls Church, Virginia. Described from seven
males (one type) collected June 7, 1914, by William Middleton.
Type.—Cat. No. 21397, U.S.N.M. .
XYLOCELIA METATHORACICUS MICKEL.
Xylocelia metathoracicus MicxeL, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, No. 4, 1916,
p. 349.
A series of males and females from St. Louis, Missouri, collected
by Mr. Phil Kau extend the distribution of this species.
The male runs to crassicornis in Mickel’s table and has the antennal
joints eight to twelve spinate beneath.
1 Ann, Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, No. 4, 1916, p. 345.
176 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
NYSSON (HYPONYSSON) RAUL, new species,
In both Cresson’s and Fox’s keys this species goes to bicolor
Cresson, but the sculpture of the prothorax easily separates it from
that species.
Female.—Length 4 mm. Clypeus convex, the apical margin de-
pressed, rounded, the apical part of the convex portion polished,
the basal part with large and small punctures; front opaque with
close, fine punctures; vertex and posterior orbits more sparsely
punctured; postocellar line distinctly shorter than the ocellocular
line; the interocellar area not tuberculate; antennae short, stout, not
extending beyond the tegulae, the second and third joints subequal in
length, the third distinctly longer than the fourth; pronotum
rounded, opaque, finely punctured; mesoscutum opaque, the punc-
tures somewhat larger than those of the prothorax; scutellum not
margined, punctured like the scutum; metanotum fiat, propodeal
inclosure longitudinally reticulate; angle of propodeum with a
feeble, sharp spine; posterior aspect of propodeum granular,
margined laterally and with two feeble longitudinal carinae medi-
anly; sides of propodeum granular; legs rather stout, the longer
ealcarium of the hind tibiae half as long as the basitarsis; hind
basitarsis curved near base; abdomen subopaque with fine close punc-
tures; pygidium well defined and rounded apically, fully twice as -
long as basal width. Black; mandibles piceous; tubercules and
small lateral spots on apical margins of first three tergites whitish,
first and side of second abdominal segments-rufous; body clothed
with dense appressed silvery pile. Wings dusky hyaline, venation
black. Third intercubitus wanting; nervellus fully three times its
leneth before cubitella.
Type-locality —St. Louis, Missouri. Described from one female
collected by Phil Rau, for whom the species is named, and sent under
his number 2479. |
Type.—Cat. No. 21406, U.S.N.M.
Although most authors have suppressed Cresson’s name Hypo-
nysson the finding of this second species would seem to indicate that
it can conveniently be used at least as a subgenus.
.
SOME EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND HABIT ON
CAPTIVE LIONS.
By N. Ho tuister,
Superintendent, National Zoological Park, Washington.
INTRODUCTION.
The series of over 100 East African lions now in the collection
of the United States National Museum was recently spread out for
study. Marked differences between wild-killed specimens and those
which had died in the National Zoological Park in Washington were
at once apparent. These differences involved both the skins and
skulls, and from the fact that five of the park lions were of known
history and were from a locality abundantly represented by wild-
killed specimens, the uniform differences between the two lots, wild
and park-reared, seemed more significant than would otherwise have
been the case.
The 11 Zoological Park lions preserved in the collection agree
among themselves in all essential details and differ uniformly from
wild-killed lions. In the following remarks, however, the notes pre-
sented, unless otherwise stated, refer to the restricted subspecies
Felis leo massaica,: represented in the collection by 59 specimens,
54 wild-killed and 5 park-reared. The five park-reared animals
have definite and complete records. They were captured near
Nairobi, British East Africa, and comparisons of skins and skulls
are made with specimens of equal age, killed in the same vicinity.
All chance of error from the use of park animals of unknown origin,
which might be crosses of different subspecies bred in captivity
or specimens of wild forms not represented in the Museum collection,
is thus eliminated.
1In 1910, when reporting on the mammals collected in British East Africa by John
Jay White (Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 2, p. 11), I referred the Nairobi
lion to Felis leo sabakiensis Linnberg, described from Kilimanjaro. After working over
the much more abundant material since received at the Museum I am unable to recognize
this race, and now refer these lions to the earlier-named Felis leo massaica Neumann,
described from Kibaya, German East Africa.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53—2196.
77403—Proe. N. M vo).538—17———12 177
178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
The wild-killed material was collected chiefly by Dr. W. L. Abbott,
John Jay White, Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Kermit Roosevelt, Paul
J. Rainey, and Edmund Heller.
The histories of the five Zoological Park specimens of Felis leo
massaica have been given me by Mr. A. B. Baker, assistant super-
intendent of the National Zoological Park. It seems important to
give his account in complete detail.
The history of the five lions from East Africa, so far as we know it, is as
follows:
In May, 1909, while the Smithsonian expedition was at Nairobi, Mr. W. N.
MeMillan offered the lions and several other animals to the National Zoo-
logical Park, through Dr. EB. A. Mearns, who reported the offer here by letter.
He was authorized by cable to accept the animals on behalf of the park.
I first saw the lions September 19, 1909. They were then at Mr. McMillan’s
* Juja Farm,” some 23 miles northeast from Nairobi. There were two males,
said to be then about 20 months old, and three females, one of which was said
to be about 19 months old and the other two about 27 months. Ail were said
to be from the region about the Nairobi, but I was able to get the exact
locality of only one—a male which was captured by Mr. G. L. Langridge in
the Mua Hills, out some 25 miles from Machakos station. When captured it
was a little larger than a house cat. I was told that all of the others were
caught while small cubs. The lions were put into shipping boxes October 15
and 16, left Juja Farm on a big freighting wagon at noon October 18, and ar-
rived at Nairobi late on the 19th. The boxes were put under a shed in the
railroad freight yard there until the morning of October 26, when they were
shipped by rail, and should have reached Mombasa early in the morning of
the 27th, but did not arrive there until noon of the 28th, because of the
derailing of the train, which made it necessary to transfer all the boxes to
other cars. They were transferred to the steamship Melbourne shortly after
noon on the 28th and arrived at Port Said at 8 p. m. November 8. They
were kept on a lighter in the harbor there until November 21, when they were
transferred to the “tramp” steamer Molikefels sailing that day. The ship
spent the night of November 25-26 at Malta, and arrived at Philadelphia
December 17. The lions were forwarded from Philadelphia December 18,
reached Washington early on the 19th, and were transferred to cages in the
lion house at the park about noon of that day.
At Juja Farm the five lions were kept together in a stone building, perhaps
25 feet long, 15 feet from front to back, and 8 feet high. This was divided by
a partition running from front to back, into two compartments, perhaps 15
and 10 feet wide. The roof was of galvanized iron. The floor was of con-
crete, with good drainage so that it could be washed out with a hose. All sides
were tight, except the front, which was closed with an iron grating. The
place was poorly lighted and the animals had little chance to get into the direct
sunlight. There were low wooden shelves in the corners, which the animals
seemed to occupy most of the time when not walking. The three younger lions
were good tempered, but the two older females were quite savage, probably
from having been teased. The shipping crates were about 38 feet wide, 5 feet
jong from front to back, and 3 feet 6 inches high, inside measurements. There
was a Steel grating in the front, with stout wire netting over it, so that a paw
could not be put out. A space was left at the bottom wide enough to admit
food and pan for water. This space was closed except when food or water
was given. There was a ventilating opening, about 8 inches square, in the
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 179
rear end of the box fitted with a grating. This opening was covered over when
the animals were shipped from Port Said to protect them from the colder
weather that would come during the remainder of the journey. At the park
the lions were put into cages 10 feet wide, 8 feet deep from front to back, and
7 feet high. They were kept in these for about two years and then transferred
to cages 12 feet 6 inches wide, 12 feet deep from front to back, and 9 feet high.
These latter cages connect with outdoor cages 20 feet wide, 383 feet deep from
front to back, and 10 feet high. The lions had free access to these outside
eages during the day, whenever the weather was suitable.
While they were at Juja Farm the lions were fed mainly on zebra and kon-
goni (Coke’s hartebeest), which usually were to be had for the shooting within
a mile of the house. The whole dressed carcass was used and the lions were
given sectious from any part of it. They were liberally fed and apparently
had a fair proportion of bone with the meat. I gave them zebra meat till
October 20, then beef, mostly neck and shoulder, till November 1. Owing to
an accident on the railroad it was impossible to give them either food or water
from 6 a. m. of October 26 io noon of October 28, although during the first day
they were exposed to the hot sun on an open car. From November 8 to 7, three
sheep, bought at Djibouti, were fed them. November 9 to 22 they had beef,
and the 23d and 24th a goat each day. From November 26 to 30 beef from
Malta was fed. This was hind quarter, largely “ round,” as I found that beef
from any part of the body was priced the same, and hind quarter gave the most
meat for the money. From December 1 to 16 the lions were fed on goat meat,
one goat being butchered each day, or one every second day, as the supply
dwindled. From December 17 they were fed on beef. At the park the lions
were given cuts of beef from brisket, shoulder blade, and short ribs, with, ocea-
sionally, upper shin or shoulder cut. At first they were given 8 pounds daily,
which was increased, as they grew, to 10, 12, and finally a maximum of 14
pounds during the winter months to the two males. Most of this was cold-
storage beef, and occasionally it was necessary to use some that had been frozen,
All of the lions appeared to be in perfect health when shipped and when they
reached the park, except that the male (No. 2297) had a small abscess in one
cheek, and that all were infested with roundworm and tapeworm. The tape-
worm was probably acquired from the kongoni, the meat of which I was told is
generally “ measly.”
The male lion No. 2297 (U.S.N.M., No. 197944) died March 1, 1914, of
chronic gastroenteritis. He had been ill for about 10 months, could not prop-
erly digest his food, and was emaciated. He became blind about 18 months
after his arrival at the park and remained so for about three months, then
began to recover his sight, the pupil, which had been fully expanded, gradu-
ally contracting as the eye responded to the light.”
Male No. 2367 (U.S.N.M., No. 199707) was shot July 1, 1915, as he was unfit
for exhibition. Autopsy showed considerable softening at the base of the brain,
but other organs appeared to be practically normal. This lion became blind
about 15 months after arrival and did not regain sight. The effects of the
brain iesion were first noticed about two years before death and increased until
the animal was finally killed. He always ate well and was in good flesh.
Female No. 2209 (U.S.N.M., No. 176201) died March 22, 1913, from choking.
She was a hasty eater, bolting her food, and this time a large piece of meat
lodged in her throat and she died before help could be given. She kept in
17This is the only skull among the five which shows pathological conditions in the
bone. The shape and general characters of the skull are exactly as in the others, but
the bone is very light and flaky.—N. H.
180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53
excellent flesh, although fed only 10 pounds of beef, but sometimes, after bolting
her own portion, she would rob another lioness of part of its food. She was
heavily infested with ascaris worms. She was the youngest of the three lion-
esses. She was bred several times, but never became pregnant.
Female No. 2276 (U.S.N.M., No. 197137) was shot December 25, 1913, as she
was unfit for exhibition. In November, 1912, she was removed to a hospital
cage on account of her difficulty in walking. She ate well and remained in
excellent flesh, but the trouble continued to increase until she was killed. The
autopsy did not show any serious lesions. She was given but 10 pounds of
beef per day. She came in heat several times, but would not allow the male to
approach her.
Female No. 2360 (U.S.N.M., No. 199524) died of pericarditis February 14, 1915,
about six weeks after the first symptoms of illness were noticed. She was the
largest of the lionesses, and her daily ration was 11 pounds of beef. She was
bred several times, but did not become pregnant.
Not knowing just what data you might want, I have given the history with
much detail.
The conspicuous external characteristics which distinguish these
McMillan lions (as the five park-reared specimens will hereafter be
called) from wild-killed animals of the same age and from the same
region are much darker color, more luxuriant mane, and much longer
hair tufts on back of elbows. The skulls are very different in gen-
eral proportions. Those of the McMillan lions are much shorter
and broader than in wild animals; their zygomatic arches are more
wide-spreading, and the bones of the arches are much thicker and
more cylindrical. (See pls. 22-25.) These skulls have further-
more a greater rostral and mastoid breadth and numereus minor
distinguishing characters. Only one of the McMillan skulls shows
evidence through pathological changes of the life in captivity, and
this condition has affected the quality of the bone and not the shape,
as the skull agrees in all the relative dimensions with those of other
park lions in perfect condition.
COMPARISON OF McMILLAN LIONS WITH WILD-KILLED SPECIMENS
FROM VICINITY OF NAIROBI.
CoLoR AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS.
At the time of their arrival in Washington the McMillan lions
were the subject of remark on account of their exceedingly pale
coloration. Most of us had been accustomed to the much darker
park lions, usually seen in captivity, and these new arrivals seemed
particularly beautiful animals because of the strange pale grayish
buff coloration, which was, as a matter of fact, the normal coloration
of the subspecies to which they belonged. When, after the death
of the animals, the skins reached the museum, the great darkening
of the general color since their arrival was at once noted. The
degree of color change is in direct relation to the period of life in
Washington. In the following notes on-color the skins have been
xo. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 181]
observed from in front; they present a somewhat darker aspect when
viewed from the rear.
Males.—Wild-killed adult males of Felis leo massaica are all of
a very uniform color. The general appearance is that of grayish
buff animal, a very light-colored lion with virtually no deep ochra-
ceous or dark brown in the hue of the skin. The general body color
is the effect of pinkish buff hairs tipped with blackish, the dark tips
considerably grizzling the otherwise general pure buff coloration.
The hairs of the belly, throat, and insides of limbs lack the black
tips and these parts are, as a consequence, almost pure pinkish buff
in color. The tufts at the back of the elbows are comparatively
short, mixed buff and brown. The mane varies greatly in different
animals, but averages much shorter than in captive lions, is rather
coarse haired, and comparatively light in color. It is preduced on
the withers in a narrow line and is almost entirely wanting on the
shoulders. The tail is more gray, less buff than the body, but lacks
any suggestion of ochraceous.
The first male McMillan lion to die in the park was No. 197944,
March 1, 1914. He had been in Washington a little over four years
and was, according to Mr. Baker’s records, about six years of age at
the time of death. The skull shows a fully adult animal with basi-
sphenoid suture obliterated and with a fully developed sagittal crest.
The skin is considerably darker, more ochraceous buff or cinnamon
buff, than in wild-killed males of the same age. The general color
of the back is more cinnamon buff; the black hair tips, though
present, are less conspicuous against the darker ground color and the
general appearance is therefore less grizzled, more reddish. The
belly, throat, and inner sides of limbs are decidedly pinkish cinnamon
instead of pinkish buff, as in all wild-killed males. The tufts at the
back of elbows are long, luxuriant, and silky, mixed deep black and
buff—much longer and fuller than in any wild-killed animal. There
is a supplemental tuft of dark brown hair on each side of the lower
belly. The mane is longer, more silky, and more cinnamon buff in
color than in wild-killed lions. It extends far back on the withers
and laterally onto the foreparts of the shoulders in curly masses.
The tail is decidedly more ochraceous and black, instead of buff and
blackish as normal in the subspecies.
The second male McMillan lion (No. 199707) died in the Zoo
July 1, 1915, at an age of about seven and one-half years, five and
one-half years of which had been spent in Washington. The skin of
this lion is decidedly darker than any other East African specimen.
The appearance of the animal has been greatly changed—from a pale
grayish buff to a dark brownish ochraceous. The general color of the
upper parts and sides of the body is dark tawny olive; of the belly,
throat, and insides of limbs cinnamon to pale ochraceous tawny. The
»
182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
tufts at backs of elbows are extraordinarily long, thick, and silky of
rich black and buff hairs. Whereas in wild lions of equal age the
hairs of these tufts average about 60 millimeters in length and are
rarely over 80, in this specimen they are 200 millimeters in length.
The mane is remarkably full and is not approached in this respect
nor in its deep coloration by those of wild-killed lions. It is full and
wide on the withers and luxuriant on the lower neck and anterior
shoulders. The whole head, face, and mane are richly tinged with
deep tawny and ochraceous. The tail is rich and dark in color, the
black tip offering little contrast in shade from the general color of
its upper side.
Females.—The wild lioness of Felis leo massaica averages some-
what darker in color than the male, but the coloration in its essential
elements is the same—a grayish buff general color, the effect of a
pale pinkish buff ground color mixed with the blackish of the hair
tips. Except in very rare cases there is little or no indication of
real tawny or ochraceous in the general coloration.
The first of the three McMillan lionesses to die was No. 176201,
March 22, 19138. The skin is much darker than the average wild-
killed massaica and is very much darker than when the animal
reached the Washington Zoo in 1909.
The second female (No. 1971387) died December 25, 1913. The
skin of this lioness is somewhat darker than the wild animal and is
conspicuously cinnamon colored, not at all the grayish buff of a nor-
mal massaica. The belly is pure cinnamon color, not buff as in all
the wild lionesses of this form. The coat is long and full.
The last female of the McMillan lions died February 14, 1915,
after over five years in the Washington Zoo. The skin is very dark
and has been greatly changed since its arrival. It is very much
darker than any skin of a wild-killed female massaica in a large
series, and at a short distance looks like a tawny blackish animal.
It represents the extreme of change in color in the lioness as No.
199707 does in the lion. The back is dark brownish tawny olive, rich
and glossy.
From the above facts it is evident that life in Washington con-
siderably darkened the color of these McMillan lions. Young wild
lions are much darker and richer colored than adults, quite the re-
verse of the condition in the McMillan lions. From Mr. Baker’s
notes it is seen that while the captive lions were kept during their
stay in Africa in a virtually sunless and rather dark den, in Wash-
ington they had abundant access to out-of-doors yards. In view of
the success of Mr. Beebe’s experiments in increasing the pigmenta-
tion in birds by confinement in superhumid atmosphere,’ it would
1 Zoologica, vol. 1, No. 1. New York, 1907.
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 183
perhaps seem unnecessary to go beyond the theory that the humid
climate of Washington has acted in a similar manner on these lions
from the highlands of East Africa. The effect has been to change
the color of living examples of Felis leo massaica to a darker color
very much resembling that of Felis leo nyanzq, the lion of the more
humid Victoria Nyanza region.
While the data available do not show very great difference in inean
relative humidity between the weather station at Machakos, British
East Africa (near where the lions were captured), and Washing-
ton, District of Columbia, the average monthly precipitation at
Washington for a term of years is considerably greater. At En-
tebbe, Uganda (near the type-locality of Felis leo nyanzew), both
mean relative humidity and monthly precipitation are higher than
in Washington or in the British East African range of Felis leo
massaica. The problem is so complex and there are so many possi-
ble factors which are little understood, that it seems unwise to hazard
a positive opinion on the cause of the great color change in the
MeMillan lions. Alterations in the quality of light to which the
animals were exposed, as well as the changes in the conditions of
metabolism due to a life in captivity under abnormal treatment and
diet, are factors that must be considered.
Mr. F. C. Selous, after writing of the variability of the mane in
lions apparently adult, says:
Quite recently there was a fine lion in the Zoological Society’s Gardens at
Regent’s Park which was presented by Messrs. Grogan and Sharpe. This
animal was caught near the Pungwe River, in southeast Africa, and brought
to England by these gentlemen when quite 2 small cub. When full grown
it developed a very much finer mane than I believe has ever been seen in a wild
lion that has come to maturity in the part of Africa from which it was
brought. Similarly, some 80 years ago there was a very fine lion in the So-
ciety’s Gardens which was brought by Colonel Knox from the Soudan. Colonel
IXnox took me to the Gardens to see this animal, and pointed out to me the
fact that it had developed a far finer mane (extending much farther back over
the shoulders and under the belly) than any man had ever seen in a wild lion
in the country from which it came. Lion cubs brought to this country from
India also grow fine manes, though I do not think that there is any record of a
lion ever having been shot in India with anything more than a fairly good
mane. The fact that lion cubs captured in any part of Africa or Asia, and
brought up in the comparatively cool and damp climate of western Europe,
always—or nearly always—grow fine nianes, which usually cover the whole
shoulders and often extend all over the undersurface of the body, and the
further fact that in the hotter parts of Africa lions always have very scanty
manes, but on the high, cold plateaus often develop good, and occasionally very
luxuriant manes, appears to me to show that a heavily maned lion is a reversion
to an ancient ancestral type, first evolved in Pleistocene times in a ecoid and
inclement climate.
1 African Nature Notes and Reminiscences, pp. 83, 84. 1908.
184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ___ Vou. 63.
Mr. Selous has noted that while the eyes of wild lions are of a
“ flaming yellow ” in color, those of animals reared in captivity are
often brownish. x
SKULL CHARACTERISTICS.
The greatest interest in the study of the McMillan lions compared
with wild examples from the same region lies in the skull. The
skulls of the captive animals are of a definite, uniform shape and
differ from all the skulls of wild-killed lions in the Museum col-
lection in a number of conspicuous characters. They are broader
and shorter, more massive and bulky, and exhibit abundant relative
differences which would be instantly accepted as of “specific” value
in wild animals. The obvious reason for these great differences is
that the principal muscles operating the jaws and neck (those
muscles used by a wild lion in mauling and killing game, biting,
gripping, and shaking) have had little influence on the shape of the
bones during development. In a wild-reared lion these powerful
muscles naturally and in a normal way mold the growing skull, par-
ticularly in the regions of their attachment.
The most conspicuous peculiarities of the McMillan lion skulls
are the greater (relative and actual) zygomatic breadth, the large
rostra, and the great distance across the base of the skull at the mas-
toids. While actually measuring less in condylobasal or greatest
length than many of the wild massaica skulls of equal age, they
have a far greater zygomatic breadth than any, averaging about 30
millimeters more in males and 20 millimeters more in females. (See
detailed measurements, p. 192; and pl. 24.)
All five of the McMillan lions, male and female, are, as already noted,
fully adult, the skulls with basal sutures obliterated. All agree in
most particulars in the differentiating characteristics, and compari-
sons may be made with wild-killed skulls of Felis leo massaica from
the same vicinity and of equal age, without special designation of
specimens by number. The differences are sometimes most pro-
nounced in males.
Regions of attachment of the masseter muscle-——Contrary to the
usual textbook definition of its function, the masseter muscle un-
questionably furnishes the chief gripping power; it is the one most
exercised during use of the canine and incisor teeth. Aided by the
1In this connection see Keith, The Antiquity of Man, 1915, pp. 462-463. The lion,
like all cats, is a biting animal of the highest type. While there is intimate relationship
between the functions of the masseter and temporal muscles, and the two masses are
- actually connected, each nevertheless is the prime power in the definite mechanical action
of separate parts of the dental row. The masseter, as stated above, has primarily to
do with the front teeth (the canines and incisors), while the temporal is chiefly con-
cerned with the molar-premolar row, and the process of cutting and chewing rather
than biting and gripping.
xo, 2196. HF FECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 185
temporal and internal pterygoid muscles, it locks the jaw and makes
the grip firm. The region of its origin in the McMillan skulls is
greatly changed from the wild type. The malar and the zygomatic
process of the temporal bone? have been almost uninfluenced by the
muscle and have to a certain degree retained distinctive characters
of juvenility. In wild lions this muscle has exercised very great
influence on the bones of the zygomatie arch. The following char-
acters, which appear to be largely
due to the nonaction of this
muscle, separate easily the Mec-
Millan lion skulls of either sex
from wild skulls of equal age:
Zygoma more spreading ante-
riorly; malar very thick and
wide; squamosal arm _ subterete
and heavy, almost rounded in
cross section and not at all con-
cave on inner surface, with no
Soe oe ens for ene EAUSs Fics, 1-2.—CROss SECTIONS OF ZYGOMATA OF WILD-
cle attachment [in skulls of wild- KILLED AND PARK-REARED LION SKULLS, MADE
killed specimens the squamosal 4 won ronn or, momar, retro
arm of the Zygoma 18 thin and British East AFRICA); (2) PARK-REARED (No.
light, but strong; it is greatly oe SS aie eee ADORE MAE Oz
hollowed out on inner surface
and has a sharp superior margin]. The region of insertion, the
outer lateral face of the ascending mandibular ramus, is also greatly
modified. In the McMillan skulls it is comparatively heavy and
thick, but is smooth and poorly fitted for muscle attachment. The
margin is smooth and rounded. The great zygomatic breadth of the
skull of the captive lion is partly due to the rounded squamosal arm.
Some measurements of two old adult male skulls of equal age are
as follows:
Wild lion MeMillan
from Nairobi lion
(No. 155443). | (No.199707).
Mm. Mm.
Sd lOMaswenOUN as oor k oma a eok ida goa ea ee 335 325
PEOMGUNE IL CAM UMS se. cies « soveie so vie alsin Daten ieee cians mieiein mails 234 264
Greatest thickness of zygoma at middle..............-.------ 9.3 14.8
Actual thickness of bone at middle of zygoma...............- 4.0 11.5
Thickness at inferior zygomatico-temporal suture.........-.-- 14. 4 29.1
Height of arch at middle, across malar and zygomatic process of
Ms OAc atcteta craks ae eos! aim se feieie ewe eae ereetaets See ee eee 31.9 36. 9
1The masseter is attached to almost the entire length of the inner side of the
vygoma, from just back of the molar tooth to the pit on the upper side of the squamosal
root, and to the ventral half of the outer surface from near the maxillary tuberosity
to near the glenoid surface,
186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Regions of attachment of the temporal muscle—The temporal
muscles, chiefly concerned with the cheek teeth rather than with the
front teeth,’ have had less influence in changing the type of skull of
the captive lion, than have the masseters. The lion in captivity has,
as a matter of fact, used his temporal muscles in much the normal
way of a wild lion, whereas the natural function of the masseter is
almost entirely discontinued in a captive animal which does not kill
its own prey. As a precaution against the natural tendency of the
animals to bolt their food without mastication, the lions in the
Zoological Park are regularly fed pieces of meat with large bones.
The region of origin, the entire side of the skull posteriorly, is
somewhat modified. The brain case has been less subjected to pressure
by these powerful muscles than in the wild lion; the muscles have had
less to do with moulding its shape during the process of absorption
and ossification; and it, as a consequence, is less compressed laterally.
Wild lion skulls of equal age have smaller braincases, more sharply
marked sagittal and lambdoidal crests. The region of insertion, the
inner surface of the ascending ramus, is slightly smoother in the
McMillan lions, but is little modified.
Capacity of the braincase—As stated above, external measure-
ments of the braincase in wild lions are less than in park-reared
animals of equal age. The capacity of the braincase, however, is
considerably greater. Young adults of each, as usual among carni-
vores, have greater braincase capacity than old or aged adults. The
bones forming the cranium of the Zoo lion are thicker, and the
actual size of the brain is less than in wild-killed examples. In the
case of the McMillan lions the capacity is about 50 cubic centimeters
less in males and about 40 less in females, than in wild-killed ex-
amples of equal age from the same locality.
The “ Richardson lion,” from the New York Zoological Park, cele-
brated as the record skull for greatest breadth,? and the Menelik lion,
the type-specimen of Felis leo roosevelti, are both park-reared ani-
mals of uncertain history but they show the skull characters of cap-
tive lions to a marked degree. Even the skulls of these enormous
lions, although the animals represent forms unquestionably larger in
a wild state than Felis leo massaica, have less braincase capacity than
any wild-killed examples of the East African lion.
1A fox skull, in the Vienna Museum, with a defective left lower carnassial tooth,
exhibits an asymmetrical condition because the animal used its right temporal muscle
to such a degree as to develop this muscle far above the normal strength, while the
left temporal muscle was very weak from little use. The right temporal ridge on the
skull was pushed up almost to the sagittal line while the left temporal ridge remained
below its normal elevation for that age. The occipital crest is likewise asymmetrical.
(Toldt, Zool. Anz., vol. 39, pp. 176-191, figs. 1-4. July 4, 1905.)
2See Roosevelt and Heller, Life-Histories of African Game Animals, vol. 1, 1914,
p. 225.
i i i i i te ee
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 187
TFollowing are some measurements of the capacity of the brain-
ease in fully adult lions:
MALES.
No. Ce.
Wilde killed oe sot: nie ,nher0.< 155443 | Felis leo massaica..... Nairobiseaceee: 265
WOeeneme erect. ss. 5 182297 [occ = - AOce nanan pe ee Gs KADItL vs, ot qs 265
Donen Pent e S23520 lene GOSS eee ee See Gost iaste 285
Rarksreared. ce eit. 2-0) A O9T0T icc. GO Syncs er eee NairoDincesseee 215
DQ eee ee cc 13197944 |..... COS ae ster rate rere eae GO:neee eee: 220
DOP SER et35 Ake 38246) |< oRichardson Vion’% 2. |G2ees eee 250
POO eo tele lS hie an es 144054 | ‘‘Menelik lion’’....... [Abyssinia]..... 255
|
FEMALES.
Wald =killed)--sc..crics.sic 5 182309 | Felis leo massaica..... Wlusgee ee 245
WW Ghe staan aces cn css 1823520 |... =. La ai ga te Api e s eee 255
WO sae ress 23): PSQ4AA te) 28 do: ei. Seto PREV e Caepae Gores ase s 245
Pank-reanede sees ce ants Ta al 7 | ert GOs os ck ee Nairobi: saoeces 190
WORN ee ees. ce W995 24" |S. See GO ASR apse See Drea ener GO" concede 215
1 McMillan lions. These are the only park-reared skulls strictly comparable with wild-killed F. 1.
MaASsaica.
The mastoid and occipital regions—These regions are, except for
the squamosal arm of the zygoma, the most modified parts of the
park-reared lion skulls. The change from the uniform type found
in the wild lion is very great. The mastoid breadth in the McMillan
lions is far greater than is usual in wild skulls of equal age; the
mastoids are broad and spreading, with the large, smooth, postero-
external surfaces next to the paroccipital process only slightly turned
forward from the general occipital plane, and without sharply
marked marginal ridges [in wild lions the mastoid breadth is
usually much less, the sides are drawn in and forward, so that the
postero-external surfaces of the mastoids lie in a position at a much
greater angle from the general occipital plane; marginal ridges
sharply recurved; paroccipital process longer and more angular].
(See pl. 25.)
Nondevelopment of the muscles chiefly used in lifting and shaking
prey and the consequent lack of necessity for strong attachments is
clearly responsible for this difference in the park-reared animals.
The splenius, complexus, rhomboideus capitis, cleido-mastoid, sterno
mastoid, rectus capitis posticus major, and rectus capitis posticus
minor all attach to the affected parts. A powerful splenius is neces-
sary in the wild lion, as the beast commonly carries heavy prey for
long distances; the well-developed rhomboideus capitis aids in this
work. The complexus and mastoid muscles are of great power in the
shaking process and are, like the splenius and other closely related
188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. — vou. 83.
muscles, naturally less developed in the animal reared in captivity.
The digastric muscle, of quite another function, but powerfully
developed in the cat, and having its origin on the paroccipital process
and inward, bordering the posterior margin of the auditory bulle,
is no doubt somewhat responsible for the development of shape in
this part of the skull as well. After a preliminary movement of the
hyoid muscles, it is the chief agent for depressing the jaw. The
cephalo-humeral and other muscles and the ligamentum nuche attach
to the base of the skull but, in this problem, are of little importance.
The mastoid breadth in a wild-killed adult male lion from Nairobi
(No. 155448) is 185 millimeters; in a McMillan lion of the same age
(No. 199707) it is 152.
The lambdoidal ridge and occipital bones are broader in the Mc-
Millan skulls than in any skulls of wild lions. Here again the
splenius and complexus muscles, through nondevelopment, have
failed to influence the bone as in a normal wild lion whose life is
one of tearing and shaking of strong prey.
The development of powerful neck muscles evidently begins in the
wild lion at an early age. Roosevelt and Heller write of the young
lion:?
When the cubs are three months or so old, they habitually travel with the
mother; then, instead of eating her fill at a kill and afterward returning to
the cubs, the latter run up to the kill and feed at it with their mother. We
found flesh and hair in the stomachs of two cubs; for they begin to eat flesh
long before they stop suckling. While still very young they try, in clumsy
fashion, to kill birds and small animals. By the time they are four or five
months old they sometimes endeavor to assist the mother when she has pulled
down some game which is not formidable, but has not killed it outright before
they come up; and soon afterward they begin to try regularly to help her in
killing, and they speedily begin to help her in hunting and to attempt to hunt
for themselves. Evidently in their first attempts they claw and bite their prey
everywhere; for we found carcasses of zebra and hartebeest thus killed by
family parties which were scarred all over.
REMARKS ON OTHER PARK-REARED CARNIVORES.
Park lions in the museum collection recorded as from Abyssinia,
Sudan, and Somaliland, and cthers without definite history, agree
in all essential details with the McMillan animals. The Menelik
lion, which has been made the type-specimen of a new subspecies,*
is virtually inseparable by any character, so far as the skull is con-
cerned, from the McMillan lions. The differentiating characters as
given in the description are exactly those separating park-reared
from wild-killed specimens of the East African massaica; the speci-
men was compared with wild examples. This animal was presented
1 Life-Histories of African Game Animals, vol. 1, 1914, pp. 165, 166.
2 Felis leo roosevelti HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p. 2. November
8, 1913.
no. 2196. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 189
to President Roosevelt by Emperor Menelik of Abyssinia and died
in the Washington Zoo. All the characters of skin and skull point
to a life-long captivity. The skin shows a long, full mane which
connects from the neck with the elbow tuft. The colors are almost
exactly as in the McMillan male longest in captivity, except that the
mane is slightly darker and is curly instead of straight haired.
Black manes and curly manes are individual variations found in
males of equal age from one locality. One male massaica collected
by Dr. W- L. Abbott has a much blacker mane than the Menelik
lion. ‘
An old male lion from Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, Omdurman,
Sudan, which died in the Washington Zoo, is of the same type and
shows all the characteristic evidence of a long life in captivity. The
mane extends in a curly mass from the withers on to the shoulders,
but does not connect between the neck and elbow tuft; it is largely
black. This skin exhibits small tufts of hair on each side of the
lower belly, like the McMillan male number 197944.
In a large series of leopard skulls in the collection a single speci-
men is from a park-reared animal. It can instantly be selected from
the series by a blindfolded person familiar with the characteristic
shape of the bone in the zygomatic arch of the McMillan lions.
Wolves born and reared in the Washington Zoo from parents of
known history show the same characteristic shapes of these bones
when compared with wild-killed animals of the same subspecies.
The differences are much less in the wolf, however, than in the great
cats.
No changes in the teeth have been noted in the park-reared animals
of any species, although the teeth of the McMillan lions do actually
average slightly less in size than in wild-killed animals. The varia-
tion, shown in the following table, is so slight as to be of little con-
sequence without further data:
Dental measurements of adult Felis leo massaica.
iene tak U | Second
Locality. Number. “upper oa eciad: US Lower molar.
canine.
Wild-killed males. |
mm. mm. mm. mm.
Kapiti Stations cchs- oe 182297 27.8 | 40.0 X 19.9 | 27.5 K 13.5 28.6 X 15.3
IOP soe. ee |} 182332 2Q85 lol OC Lo a Lee OC Out 28.7 X 14.5
Wihttstanion. 2.5. 2h oSsS3 182307 24.5 | 37.8 X18.8 | 26.7 X13.9 | 28.5 14.2
Ulukenia Hills.......... | 182313 26.9 | 41.5% 21.1 | 28.5 X 15.4 28.9 X 15.3
INSITODL Se sci cs oa wces 5 155443 27.8 | 39.3 X18.9 | 27.3 X 14.0 28.8 K 14.5
Laikipia Plateau.......-. 163328 24.4 | 38.0 «19.1 | Dac Oeil: 21h ees 8.
|
McMillan males.
| 197944 | 2320) 185.8 X 18.1 | 24.0: x 13.4 28:2 20 Loo
| 199707 25.2 | 37.9X19.7 | 25.8X13.0 | 27.6 X14.7
190
Dental measurements of adult Felis leo massaica—Continued.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
VOL. 53.
Alveolar
Locality. Number. ae aU PRe See Lower molar.
| canine.
Wild-killed females.
mm, mm. mm, mm.
DA StOtlOW so 5 2a nie cinta 182308 2356) |§S04 OL oh eos O des a eos eal ced
ORL, Sars ee ec e 182309 24.9 | 38.5 X 19.4 | 27.7X14.1 | 28.4 X14.6
Doss ot este Be oy 182311 20:7 \'33.6 X15.9) | 22:3 15s) 24:6) K 1S:2
Kapiti Station.........-. 182293 21.9 | Sos L 237 2:9 2s
Worst aco aoe er 182324 20.9 | 33.9 X 16:8 | 23:6 X17 | 25:2°K 1274
Dosesaie ss ee be 3 ee 182326 19; 4yi33:2)5< 15 | P22 Oa:
DORs ee cas ees 182421 | 21.91 |, 32.0% 16.3) | 23:1 22s le eaonaliced
DosySt See. ee 182423 | 22 S38. 0 2S 2a 2G ae
Wreaths FU i ee cise nia? 161914 | Qe Ha) S8c4 MG el ADIs T2422 Seal
PSS RTI ie Sona a oe oar 182315 23:2) ||| S0.0< LO. Dal eerie 2.00) sepeO aan
Mc Millan females.
197137 19.1} 3326 615.2) 5| 2259 Ord opted
199524 192) |PS220 << LOLA eS 2229 ae.
|
SUMMARY.
Specimens of the exceedingly pale Felis leo massaica brought from
the British East African highlands to Washington change from the
normal pale grayish buff color of the race to a darker color, re-
sembling that of Felis leo nyanze of the Victoria Nyanza re-
gion. The color deepens with each successive moult for five years
at least. The cause of this color change is unknown, though humidity
is probably a factor of some importance.
The skulls of lions and other large carnivores which habitually
kill quantities of heavy game are greatly influenced in a definite
way by the development of the principal muscles used in gripping,
holding, tearing, biting, and shaking. If the animals are captured
when young and reared in confinement these particular muscles are
little developed and the bone at the region of origin or insertion is
little changed by their influence. The bones then retain certain
characteristics of juvenility and develop along wholly different but
uniform lines from that of the wild-reared animal.
Changes in the skull which would be accepted as of “ specific” or
possibly of “generic” value in wild animals from different regions
are thus produced in the life of a single individual within from five
to seven or eight years, almost as rapidly as if by “ mutation.”
The primary object of this paper is to call attention to a definite
case of structural modification by habit.1. No idea of extensive specu-
1The value of evidence derived from this case over that furnished by experimental
mutilation of young animals can easily be appreciated. Nevertheless experiments such
as those recorded by Anthony and others, like the removal of the greater part of the
no. 2196. HFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON LIONS—HOLLISTER. 191
lation on its meaning or the possible value of the records in the study
of evolution is contemplated. The opportunity for such speculation,
however, is unlimited, and the temptation is great. This remark-
able change has taken place in the lions under artificial treatment.
Might some such a change not happen in a state of nature? At
numerous times in geologic history whole groups of animals have
become extinct. In fact, this is the rule, and only a few of the types
known from fossil remains have left living descendants. If all the
ungulate mammals of Africa or in some one extensive region were
swept away in a few years by a plague like the rinderpest, would
the lion die out, or would he completely change his habits in one
generation and become a feeder on mice, squirrels, birds, and fruit ?
In the latter case, would not the enforced disuse of the powerful
mechanism for the destruction of zebras, hartebeest, and larger game
produce in one generation, as with the park lions, a type of skull
wholly different from that now known in a state of nature?
One can easily believe that if the ordinary wild lion skulls were
known only from Miocene deposits and the specimens were com-
pared with the McMillan lion skulls, they might be regarded as rep-
resenting the ancestor of the latter. The great change would natu-
rally be regarded as the result of slow variation continued over that
long period of time.
The use of zoological park material in the description of new forms
of mammals should be discouraged. New names should never be
based on animals in parks or on skins and skulls of specimens which
have lived long in captivity.
Relative dimensions (ratio of length to breadth) of skulls is shown
by the McMillan lions to be easily changed by habit or environment.
Great weight has often been placed on the ratio of length to breadth,
as a deep-seated character. Paleontologists, especially, value such
differences much higher than do workers in recent mammals who
have access to large series of closely related subspecies and are fa-
miliar with the variations they exhibit in this respect. The surpris-
ing and uniform differences in this regard between the McMillan
lion skulls and the skulls of wild-reared examples of Felis Jeo mas-
saica are, nevertheless, a revelation to all mammalogists who have
seen the specimens.
left temporal muscle of a puppy at birth and the subsequent dissection of the animal
at or near maturity, have shown the importance of the study of the action and growth
of the muscles, exercised by peculiar habit, in the formation of species. (See especially
Anthony, Bull. Sci. Anthr. Paris, ser. 5, vol. 4, 1903, pp. 119-145, figs. 1-11. Anthony
and Pietkiewicz, C. R. Acad. Sci., vol. 149, 1909, p. 870, and other papers by the same
authors.)
192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, von. 53.
Measurements of skulls of lions.
MALES,
meednkaly | | ¢ [3 lg_lsslz
| . a <1 OCS hg SS) | hel o
| : a n@|2 oe g n a
=| |]. (8 (Biselezle [2/4
Deu dap Bu! Sion pe SoReal aa
Locality or history. (St Pe) 8 eats) See Se §
Seip TS ier Bae leg SS cat eye res eas
[2/8/8138 12 |eblegleeic lala
. | 2/3/8/ 818 (se g2 25/8 | 3 |%
=} ihe ba pm Ss = a SB Se | Bs o
2S Po Sata ie re ea ee a) eet
Wild-killed massaica. | |
| |
Kapiti Stations 202. S22. 182297 322} 373| 248) 135) 71) 8.6] 8.0.15. 8/35. 8) 112) 257
DOre co ete eR pee 182332) 328) 372 228) 38! 70) 7.3 5. 5/11. 2/80. 0| 111} 253
Wilunstagionec.s.2-scne. ok 182307) 324/....| 230) 142) 71] 8.7 6.514. 231. 3]...- 249
Ulukenia Hills........... TEZZUSN Slee ss | ZaGlrecel: Cal he OT Oe aioe ees
IN GIRO Iii base Lm eS 155443) 335) 373; 234) 135; 70) 9.3) 4.014. 4/31. 9] 107] 256
WAIEA DIA. Soke ots eee casi t 163328; 316} 337| 233) 133) 75) 8.2! 6.0)16. 0/33. 2} 108) 235
Park-reared. |
“*McMillan lion’’......... 197944| 309) 345) 261 146| 78/12. 4/10. 5|25. 7/31. 4] 116) 248
DD Oise ee
ee
~/
PLL
WY
SS
SS
iS
Zu
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ow
Figs. 63-64.—-LEIOCEPHALUS CUBENSIS. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27375, U.S.N.M. PINAR DEL RIO.—65.
REPRESENTS A HEAD LENGTH OF SCALES ON THE MIDDLE OF BACK OF THE SAME INDIVIDUAL. 4 X NAT
SIZE.
two, the posterior pair being exceedingly large. Moreover, L
raviceps is distinguished by much smaller scales, about 20 corre-
sponding to a head length against about 12 in L. cubensis. It is
related to L. lorogrammus, but not to L. cubensis.
The latter is widely distributed and was collected by Palmer and
Riley at San Diego de los Bafios, at Pinar del Rio, El] Guam4, Caimito,
Marianao, and on the Isle of Pines at Nueva Gerona. Also by
Palmer in 1902 at Moro.
LEIOCEPHALUS MACROPUS Cope.
Figs. 66 to 67.
According to the old label in the bottle containing the types of
this species in the United States National Museum, they came from
Monte Verde in Eastern Cuba. The species seems to be confined
to that portion of the island, as it was not collected by Palmer and
1 Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1885, p. 163.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 215
Riley. It was found by Doctor’Richmond and myself at Santiago
de Cuba in 1900, and Palmer, in 1902, collected it at San Luis and
Baracoa.
The colors of aspecimen collected at Santiago de Cuba
(No. 26769, U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9078) are as fol-
lows: Upper side vinaceus cinnamon with a coppery
gloss; head more cinnamon; tail with blackish cross-
bars narrowly edged with white posteri-
orly; from nostrils through eye along sides
of neck and body to above and behind in-
sertion of hind leg a broad blackish-brown
band narrowly edged with pale above and
below; upper labials, suboculars, and lower
temporals to ear white; below whitish;
throat and fore neck with numerous gray
dots; lower labials dusky.
Fic. 66.—LEIOCEPHALUS MACROPUS.
CELESTUS DE LA SAGRA (Cocteau). 2X NAT. SIZE. No. 26769, U.S.N.M.
SANTIAGO DE CUBA.—67 REPRESENTS
Figs. 68 to 70. A HEAD LENGTH OF SCALES ON MID-
DLE OF BACK OF SAME INDIVIDUAL,
The portion of de la Sagra’s great work ** %4™ 8?
on Cuba, which treated of the lizards was published before the end
of the year 1838. On the other hand, the fifth volume of Duméril
and Bibron’s Erpétologie
Générale did not appear
until late in 1839 (the
“Avertissement”’ is dated
Oct. 1, 1839), and Coc-
teau’s name for this spe-
cies has a year’s priority
over their emendation of
it.
OS i
Ye Only one specimen of
KES this slippery species was
brought home by Palmer
and Riley. It was taken
Fics. 68-70.—CELESTUS DE LASAGRA. 2 X NAT.SIZE. No. 27647, =
U.S.N.M. CaBaNas. at Cabafias, on May 15,
1900. The museum,
about the same time obtained a specimen from Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr.,
collected at Matanzas.
AMEIVA AUBERI Cocteau.
Figs. 71 to 76.
This species is usually described as having the gular scales uniform
and minutely granular. ‘This is also the condition in a large number
276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
of specimens. However, in most ‘of them there is a tendency to a
slight enlargement of the median granules and in quite a few there
is a well-pronounced median patch, as shown, for instance, in No.
27370 (fig. 76). This feature in several of our specimens, coupled
with the difference in the relation of the first pair of chin-shields as
shown in figures 73 and 76, and certain color differences which I
Figs. 71-75.—AMEIVA AUBERI. 2X NAT. SIZE. No. 26765, U.S.N.M. SANTIAGO DE CUBA.—76 THROAT
OF ANOTHER SPECIMEN, 13 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27370; EL GuAMA, PINAR DEL RIO.
noted, at one time induced me to believe that there might be two
species of Ameiva in Cuba. Upon closer examination, however, it
appears that no line can be drawn and that we have to do with a
considerable degree of individual variation only.
Specimens collected by myself at Santiago de Cuba, April 23, 1900,
were much more brilliantly colored than Cocteau’s plate 6.1 A
male (No. 26765 U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9075) had top of head and
a broad stripe on each side of the middle of the back tawny olive,
the limbs above of the same color with blackish-brown marblings;
from the interparietal to the base of the tail on the median line of
the back a strongly defined whitish line which is slightly washed with
greenish anteriorly and bluish on the sacrum, where it 1s gradually
1 Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, vol. 4.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. Pee |
widening; on each side of the tawny olive dorsal band a narrow clay-
colored line beginning at the posterior superciliaries and ending above
insertion of hind legs; a similar line beginning at the posterior corner
of eye over upper edge of ear to hind limb; between these lines a
broad brownish-black band, which, however, is tawney olive like
the dorsal band in front of the anterior legs; flanks above pale tawnv
olive dappled with pale dots, below colored like the underside and
similarly dotted; tip of snout, chin and labials pale Indian red, under-
side whitish, belly strongly washed with turquoise blue becoming
darker on tail toward the end; throat and foreneck inky black;
tail clear turquoise blue in continuation of the median dorsal stripe;
the dorsal tawney olive band and the lateral brownish-black band
continue on each side of the tail as a dusky stripe tapering off and
disappearing about the middle of the tail and bordered below by a
similarly tapering and disappearing pure white stripe beginning at
the posterior insertion of the femur and basally margined below by
dusky; iris dark brown with an outer pale brown ring.
Another specimen (No. 26766, U.S.N.M., collector’s No. 9076),
same date and locality, was exactly like the above except that the
underside of the body instead of being washed with bluish was suf-
fused with flesh color, and the inky threat spot was absent.
CADEA BLANOIDES Stejneger.
Figs. 77 to 80.
This is the species usually known as Amphisbaena punctata Bell,
1828, a name preoccupied by Prince Max von Wied four years
mn
(LN
fi
hi}
Bee
79
7
80
Figs. 77-80.—CADEA BLANOIDES. 2 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27845,U.S.N.M. San DigGo DE Los BANos.
earlier for a Brazilian species. Finding, moreover, that Gray was
correct in considering the Cuban species as the type of a distinct genus,
I changed the name to Cadea blanoides.'
Palmer and Riley secured specimens at San Diego de los Bafios
and at Guanajay.
AMPHISBAENA CUBANA Peters.
Figs. 81 to 84.
Unlike the foregoing species, this one is closely allied to others
inhabiting Haiti, Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and eastern South
1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, Apr. 4, 1916, p. 85.
278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
America, and the chief difference from these is the unique and curious
fusion of the ocular shield with the second supralabial, a character
which not only holds good in the types and the two specimens here
82
Figs. 81-84.—AMPHISBAENA CUBANA. 4 X NAT. SIZE. No. 26364, U.S.N.M. MATANZAS.
recorded, but also in 26 specimens from near Cienfuegos collected
by and reported on by Doctor Barbour.!
Two specimens were collected by Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., at Matanzas
on February 10, 1899, and presented to the United States National
Museum.
SERPENTES.
EPICRATES ANGULIFER Bibron.
Figs. 85 to 87.
Epicrates stratus, of Haiti, differs from HE. angulifer, of Cuba,
normally and most conspicuously by the absence of a complete ring
ee a es
RES
Sse. 22 =.
LU eres
oa
WY
PES S.
WR REESE
SESS SSS
———
85
Fics, 85-86.--EPICRATES ANGULIFER, % X NAT. SIZE. No. 27498, U.S.N.M. SAN DIEGO DE Los
BANos.—87. SAME SPECIES, 3 X NAT. SIZE. No. 10416, U.S.N.M. CuBA.
of scales around the eye, two labials as a rule touching the eye.
Usually it has only one scale intercalated between the supralabials
1 Mem, Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 44, No. 2, March, 1914, p. 317.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 279
and the loreal while /. angulifer, as a rule, has two. Moreover, in
the latter species three suboculars touch the eye.
None of these conditions, however, are without exceptions. Thus .
a true L£. striatus figured by Jan ' has two scales between loreal and
labials, and one of our specimens of FE. angulifer, the one here figured
(fig. 87), has only one; but in the former the labials touch the eye,
and in the latter they are excluded by three suboculars. On the
strength of a young specimen in the Hamburg Museum, Doctor
Zenneck ? would unite the two species because it has two suboculars
shutting out the labials from the eye. This specimen (Hamburg
Mus., No. 1410a) I have been able to examine, thanks to Doctor
Pfeffer’s kindness. I can affirm that it is only a shghtly abnormal
E. siriatus. The suboculars are very narrow and only two in number,
and there is only one intercalated shield between loreal and labials.
The characters distinguishing /. siriatus and F. angulifer are not
limited to the above, however, for FE. angulifer has a marked depres-
sion on the upper portion of the supralabials behind the eyes; the
occipital and temporal shields as well as those on the snout are larger ;
and there are also differences in the color pattern.
Palmer and Riley collected specimens at San Diego de los Bajios
and at Guanajay.
TROPIDOPHIS MELANURA (Schlegel).
One specimen was collected at El Guamé, Pinar del Rio, on
March 26, 1900, by Palmer and Riley, and another by Bowdish on
January 11, 1902, at Guama.
I am inclined to regard Tropidophis bucculenta (Cope), from
Navassa Island, as belonging near T. melanura rather than to T. macu-
lata, though forming a distinct species. I have examined the type
material (No. 12377, U.S.N.M.) and find the scale formulas of the
three specimens to be as follows:
Scale rows. Ventrals. Caudals. Supralabials.
27 186 27 10
25 180 30 10
29 183 29 10
I would call attention to the number of caudals, which is less than
in any specimen of 7. melanura or maculata which I have examined.
The brownish stripes seen in 7. melanura are plainly visible in all
three specimens.
In this connection it may be well to call attention to the fact that
in these snakes the characters supplied by the head-shields can not
be expected to be without exceptions. A convincing demonstration
JIcon. Ophid., livr. 6, pl. 6. 1Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 64, 1898, p. 60.
280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
of this truth has been made above in the case of the Cuban and
Haitian species of Epicrates, and I believe that the same holds good
to some extent in the case of the Cuban Tropidophis maculatus (Bib-
ron) and the Haitian T. haetianus (Cope). The museum has recently
received two specimens of the latter collected by Dr. A. Busck in San
Francisco Mountain, Santo Domingo (Nos. 35979, 35980).. They
both have 27 scale rows and lack interparietals. They thus mate-
rially strengthen the position taken by me in my paper on the Bahama
reptiles (in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, 1905, p. 336).
TROPIDOPHIS PARDALIS (Gundlach).
Figs. 88 to 92.
This species is easily characterized by the low number of ventrals.
In the Cuban specimens in the United States National Museum they
F-as. 88-90.—TROPIDOPHIS PARDALIS. 23 X NAT. SIZE. No. 27392, U.S.N.M. Et GuaMA, PINAR DEL
R1I0.—91-92, SAME SPECIES. 14 X NAT. SIZE. NO. 26360, U.S.N.M. MATANZAS.—90 REPRESENTS THE
COLOR PATTERN AND SHAPE OF TAIL VIEWED FROM THE SIDE.—91 SHOWS THE COLOR PATTERN ACROSS
THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY.—92 SHOWS THE CROSS SECTION OF THE BODY AT THE MIDDLE.
vary between 142 and 158, caudals between 24 and 30, scale rows
between 21 and 25. The character of the vertebral row of scales is a
very uncertain one in these snakes and apparently of no fundamental
importance. In one of the specimens collected by Palmer and Riley
at San Diego de los Bafios (No. 27849, U.S.N.M.) it is distinctly
enlarged. They also obtained a specimen at El Guama (No. 27392)
which has only 21 scale rows. Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., presented the
United States National Museum with a specimen taken at Matanzas,
February 10, 1899.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 281
TROPIDOPHIS SEMICINCTUS (Gundlach and Peters).
Figs. 93 to 97.
A specimen of this very distinct species (No. 26361 U.S.N.M.) was
collected by Mr. J. W. Daniel, jr., at Matanzas, in 1899. It has 25
scale rows, 209 ventrals, and 30 caudals.
This species is very closely allied to if not identical with Bocourt’s
Tropidophis moreletii.!1 The color pattern is very much alike and
the scale formula nearly identical (type of T. moreletii has 25 scale
rows, 208 ventrals, and 34 caudals) with that of the above specimen.
The special characteristic of T. moreletii is said to be the ‘‘tectiform”
shape of the scales, but even in this particular our Cuban specimen
\
Ny
YY
i
me)
CRALDAR) >) RE
RE oy
2
OS
MEA AMR
EA AS
96 97
FIGs. 93-95.—TROPIDOPHIS SEMICINCTUS. 2% X NAT. SIZE. No. 26361, U.S.N.M. MATANZAS.—96-97
14 X NAT. SIZE, REPRESENT COLOR PATTERN AND SECTION THROUGH MIDDLE OF BODY OF SAME
SPECIMEN.
matches it, for the scales of the latter show a decided ridge sometimes
approaching a faint keel. The type of 7. moreletii is said to have
been collected by A. Morelet at Vera Paz, Guatemala, but there is
no other record from the mainland that I am aware of. However,
some mistake may have crept in, for Morelet, as we know, collected
alsoin Cuba. In part confirmation of my doubt as to the correctness
f the locality, I may mention that in A. Duméril’s Catalogue Métho-
dique de la Collection des Reptiles du Muséum d’Historie Naturelle
de Paris (1851, p. 216), there is listed a Tropidophis maculatus col-
lected by Morelet in Cuba, and I suspect that this may be the same
specimen which afterwards served as the type of 7. moreleti.
1 Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7), vol. 9, 1885, p. 113; Miss. Sei. Mexique, Zool., Rept., livr. 11, 1888, pl. 42,
figs. 5-5f.
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
TRETANORHINUS VARIABILIS Dumé6ril and Bibron.
Figs. 98 to 101.
Palmer and Riley got thisspecies at Guanajay, San Diego delos Baiios,
and El Guama in 1900, and in 1902 Mr. Palmer collected it at El Cobre.
ee eS
ey
ye ee
Os
D
V/
ee
COS
{7
ZR
So x]
Ty
CS
SF
s
omy
Cae
——
Sa
oS
Z
a)
—
es
we
a
aX
=
eae
“
F
Le
a
y
Kz
xe
LA
ae
LA
Q
S
LB
K<lidilalalalo
U.S. Nat. 29584..| Adult...; Guam4,Cuba..| Nov. 19,1901 B.S HOW 17| 153} 2) 110) 8/142/142
| 1s
U.S. Nat. 29754. .} Adult...]..... do... 4 sy NOV. 30) 1901 |e =2- do....2.| 17) 154; 2)....) 8/14+2/14+2
U.S. Nat. 29756..} Adult...]..... dota Dee. 25,1901 ese: do......} 17) 158 2) 121) +814 2/142
U.S. Nat. 29780..} Adult...]....- 0: -2 5. -~5.-| Sane, 6, 1902) e ws: dors. oe: 17| 153} 2) 105} 3 8/14 2/142
U.S. Nat. 29850. .| Adult...) Baracoa, Cuba .| Jan. 30,1902 | Wm. Palm-| 17} 153) 2) 106)....]....|...-
er. |
U.S. Nat. 26764. .| Young..| Santiago, Cuba.|............... i Par- | 17; 150} 2) 108) 8/14+2/14+2
er.
U.S. Nat. 27394..| Adult...) El1Guam4,Cuba} Mar. 6,1900 Peer and| 17 145) 2) 111) 8142/142
iley.
U.S. Nat. 27395..| Adult...}..... dose sss sa.. Se G0: 2552. == 1. SdOssc2 501 07) WAS Poe SIP olieee
U.S. Nat. 27896..| Hal f]....- do2e5.5.52.| Mar. 26519007). 5: 5 do......| 17) 138] 2) 106; 8/14+2/142
grown. | |
U.S. Nat. 27649..| Adult ..| Cabafias,Cuba.| May 15,1900 |..... do......| 17, 144, 2) 91) 8-9/142/14+2
U.S. Nat. 27641..| Adult...}..... Ores assess |enees do........|.-..-d0......| 17) 153) 2} 106) 8/14+-2)14+-2
U.S. Nat. 27853..} H a 1 {| San Diegodelos| Apr. 14,1900 |..... do.....-| 17) 146) 2/....| 8)1+2)1+2
grown. Bafios, Cuba. |
Was. Nat.27854. -) soiva ot). a G ER aa Be eMien GO se | cee conse 17; 147; 2) 109; 9 81+42/1+2
grown. |
U.S. Nat. 27855..| H al f|..... Ox i XO Naor ;
a AO Be.
CRON
& i > =
age a OS
Nos
r Wes ~ ©, > <
oF WAND.
Ai De na 4 >
HO,
dj
A
t)
j
oe
Wy DW, Pa
SOO ty Vi TT WBN RY AWoR oh
“Wie BYE Y if | i { hy OB ND) j
mp ia WES Bh IPA , LA Or
DN NT
SOB GTM RY RRS
PSNI IEEE SD SAD DX
123
Fic. 123.—CROCODYLUS RHOMBIFER. 4 X NAT. SIZE. No. 13578. CUBA. REPRESENTS ANTERIOR POR-
TION OF DORSAL SCUTA.
(fig. 122). The two species may be distinguished by this character
alone as follows:
a', Dorsal scutes in two median longitudinal regular rows with an interrupted
and irregular row of contiguous scutes on each side of the median rows, the
keels of the latter being lower than the adjacent ones............ C. acutus.
a’?, Dorsal scutes (except anterior and posterior transverse rows) in six longi-
tudinal regular and adjacent rows, the keels of which are of the same
BLGU NG oie otto adeoBicis chen niente Oe Mates © yo Sicl hs, em loa 5 ayer eno ee C. rhombifer.
Figs. 124-125.—PSEUDEMYS PALUSTRIS.—} NAT. SIZE. No. 27639, U.S.N.M. CABANAS.
no. 2205. CUBAN AMPHIPIANS AND REPTILES—STEJNEGER. 291
TESTUDINATA.
PSEUDEMYS PALUSTRIS (Gmelin).
Figs. 124 to 128.
Two specimens of this, the only fresh-water turtle found in Cuba,
were collected at Cabaiias on May 17, 1900, by Palmer and Riley.
V1GS. 126-128.—PSEUDEMYS PALUSTRIS, 126—} X NAT.SIZE. 127-128.—NAT. SIZE. NO,» 27639, U.S.NoM.
CABANAS,
AN AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE HYMENOPTEROUS GENUS
WESMAELIA OF FOERSTER.
By P. R. Myers,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The description of this species adds an American representative
to this rare and little known genus which has hitherto been unrepre-
sented by an American species. The species is apparently a very
close relative of Wesmaelia cremasta Marshall.
WESMAELIA AMERICANA, new species.
Type-locality Hagerstown, Maryland, May 15, 1915, W. R.
McConnell, collector.
Type.—Cat. No. 21134, U.S.N.M.
Female.——Length, 4 mm.; reddish testaceous except propodeum
and metanotum, which are black; front and vertex shinning, pubes-
_ cent, rather finely and closely punctured; occiput and cheeks pol-
ished, nearly bare and almost impunctate; face below antennae and
clypeus pale, finely punctured, sparsely clothed with white pubes-
cence; mandibles pale, dark reddish testaceous at apex; eyes black;
ocelli dark brown margined with black; antennae 26 jointed, pubes-
cent, pale reddish testaceous at base to fuscus at apex, joints of flagel
cylindrical at base to granose at apex; scape pale, shining, pubescent,
indistinctly punctured; carina between antennae; mesonotum shin-
ing, closely and irregularly punctured, pubescent; scutellum shin-
ing, sparsely pubescent, with sparse indistinct, fine punctures, para-
sidal furrows broad and rugose; mesopleurae shining with coarse
irregular punctures, also rugose areas beneath wings and near base
just. above the venter; metanotum with distmct, widely separated,
longitudinal carinae; propodeum coarsely rugose; abdomen, when
viewed dorsally, elliptical, laterally pyriform, slightly darker than
mesonotum, smooth and polished, petiole smooth and polished at
base and apex, aciculated laterally and indistinctly dorsally at the
middle, a little more than the apical half fuscus, the remainder hya-
line; ovipositor black, about one-fourth the length of second abdo-
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2206,
293
294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
minal segment; legs pale testaceous, last joint of tarsi fuscus; wings,
hyaline, nervures and stigma, pale testaceous.
Allotype essentially the same as type except in the shape of the
abdomen, which is elliptical when viewed dorsally or laterally;
second segment much longer but not compressed laterally; propo-
deum and metanotum not quite as dark; apex of petiole only fuscus
above; antennae not so quite dark toward the apex; eyes, dark
brown; antennae, 27 jointed.
Allotype collected at Ithaca, New York. Paratype female at
Beltsville, Maryland, June 15, 1913, by Mr. J. R. Malloch, and para-
type male at Ottawa, Canada.
A MONOGRAPH OF WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOL-
LUSKS.
By Pau Bartscn,
Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates, United States National Museum.
The present monograph completes the discussion of the West
American Mollusks of the superfamily Pyramidelloideae, the Gym-
noglossa, of Malacological Manuals. The superfamily consists of the
families Pyramidellidae, which has been previously treated,’ and the
Melanellidae, here considered.
All the members of the superfamily are small mollusks, the largest
attaining a size but little more than an inch in length. By far the
greater number are elongate conic, but there are some which are
quite rotund and others that range between these two extremes. In
sculpture they vary from smooth to axially ribbed, to spirally striate
or lirate, and combinations of these elements. Anatomically the
members of this superfamily are differentiated from the other Proso-
branchiate mollusks by the absence or extreme depauperation of the
radula.
Ther members of the family Pyramidellidae are readily distin-
guished from those of the Melanellidae by the fact that the nepionic
whorls are sinistral and tilted; the axis of the early whorls usually
1 The Pyramidellidae of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Deposits of California, William H. Dall
and Paul Bartsch, Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1903, pp. 269-285.
Synopsis of the Genera, Subgenera, and section of the Family Pyramidellidae, William H. Dall and
Paul Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 17, 1904, pp. 1-16.
Notes on Japanese, Indo-Pacific, and American Pyramidellidae, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, pp. 321-369, pls. 17-26, May 9, 1906.
The Pyramidellid Mollusks of the Oregonian Faunal Area, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, pp. 491-534, pl. 44-48, Washington, December, 1907.
Pyramidellidae of New England and the adjacent Region, Paul Bartsch, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
vol. 24, pp. 67-113, pls. 11-14, February, 1909.
A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid Mollusks, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Bull,
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 68, pp. I-XII and 1-258, pls. 1-30, Washington, Nov. 10, 1609.
More Notes on the Family Pyramidellidae, Pav] Bartsch, The Nautilus, vol. 23, 1909, pp. 54-59.
New species of Shells collected by Mr. John Macoun, at Barclay Sound, Vancouver Islands, British
Columbia, William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, Canada Dept. of Mines, Memoir No. 14-N, 1910.
Additions to West American Pyramidellid Mollusk Fauna, with descriptions of new species, Paul
Bartsch, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, May 17, 1912, pp. 261-289, pl. 35-38.
A Zoogeographic Study hased on the Pyramidellid Mollusks of the West Coast of America, Paul Bartsch,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, pp. 297-349. r
New species of Mollusks from the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of Canada, William H. Dall and Paul
Bartsch, Bull. No. 1, Victoria Memorial Museum, pp. 139-146, Oct. 23, 1913.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2207.
295
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 63.
being at right angles to that of the succeeding turns, in the first of
which the nuclear whorls are frequently quite strongly embedded.
In the Melanellidae, on the other hand, the early whorls are dextral
and never tilted or immersed. By far the greater number of the
Pyramidellid mollusks are highly sculptured, a feature almost absent
in the Melanellidae, where varices mark the strongest axial sculp-
tural element and the spiral sculpture scarcely exceeds that of finely
incised lines.
The first Melanellid to be reported from the west coast of America
was Stilifer astericolus Broderip, a mollusk collected on starfish at
Hood Island of the Galapagos group by Hugh Cuming. This is not
only described here by Broderip' as a new species, but constitutes
the type of the genus Stilifer there characterized.
Two years after this appeared G. B. Sowerby’s paper on the
“ Rulimas,”’ collected by Hugh Cuming and this describes seven
new West American forms”. These are:
Eulima splendidula Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima inierrupta Sowerby, from the Gulf of Nocoiyo.
Eulima wmbricata Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima hastata Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima pusilla Sowerby, from Sancta Elena.
Eulima varians Sowerby, from Xipixapi.
Eulima acuta Sowerby, from Montiji Bay.
Hight years later (1852), C. B. Adams published his catalogue of
shells collected at Panama, in which he described? Eulima iota,
Eulima recta, Eulima solitaria.
Two years after this Arthur Adams’s Monographs of the Genera
Eulima, Niso and Leiostraca were published.t Here we find the
previously described species redescribed and figured, and some of
them referred to other genera than those under which they were
originally described:
Eulima hasiata Sowerby, page 794, plate 169, figures 7, 8.
Eulima pusilla Sowerby, page 794, plate 169, figures 9, 10, 21.
Eulima icta C. B. Adams, page 798, plate 169, figure 19.
Niso interrupta Sowerby, page 801, plate 170, figure 9.
Niso splendidula Sowerby, page S801, plate 170, figure 8.
Niso imbricata Sowerby, page 802, plate 170, figure 10.
Leiostraca acuta Sowerby, page 803, plate 170, figure 11.
Leiostraca varians Sowerby, page 804, plate 170, figures 23, 24.
Levostraca recta C. B. Adams, page 804, plate 170, figure 25.
The next to make contributions to the west coast members of this
family was Philip P. Carpenter, who devotes pages 438-442 of his
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832, p. 60.
3 Idem, 1834, pp. 6-8.
8 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1852, pp. 198-199.
4 Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., 1854.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 297
Catalogue of Mazatlan Shells, published in 1857, to it. Here we find
the following listed:
Eulima? hastata Sowerby, page 438.
Eulima sp. ind. (a), page 438.
Eulima sp. ind. (6), page 438.
Leiostraca? recta C. B. Adams, page 439.
Leiostraca? solitaria C. B. Adams, page 439.
Leiostraca sp. ind. (a), page 439.
Leiostraca sp. ind. (0), page 440.
Leiostraca linearis Carpenter, page 440.
Levostraca? iota, var. retexta Carpenter.
Levostraca? distorta, var. yod Carpenter.
All of the forms attributed to C. B. Adams were later found to be
distinct by Carpenter and given names by him.
In 1860 O. A. L. Modrch, in his Beitrige zur Molluskenfauna
Central-Amerika’s, reached the genus Hulima on page 120' and de-
scribed Eulima bipartita Mérch, from Sonsonate, Mexico, and dis-
cussed Eulima distorta Sowerby and Eulima recta C. B. Adams.
_ The next publication dealing with West American Melanellidae is
P. P. Carpenter’s Review of Prof. C. B. Adams’s Catalogue of the
Shells of Panama, from the Type Specimens.? Here he discusses on
pages 356 and 357 the shells described by C. B. Adams and his own
efforts in the Mazatlan Catalogue.
He here raises the name Leiostraca? iota retexta Carpenter, pre-
viously given to his Mazatlan shell? to specific rank. He also
separates the Mazatlan shells which he listed under the name
Leiostraca recta C. B. Adams ‘ from the true M. recta C. B. Adams, a
Panamic species, and gives to the Mazatlanic species the name
Leiostraca involuta Carpenter, but it will be found that this has a tilted
nucleus which places it in the genus Odostomia. The shell which he
described as Leiostraca solitaria he now considers distinct from C. B.
Adams Lulima solitaria, and he gives it the name Levostraca producta.
The next paper to deal with these shells was also published by
P. P. Carpenter. It was his Supplementary Report on the Present
State of our Knowledge with Regard to the Mollusca of the West
Coast of America.’ Here, on page 659, we find the following species
listed as—
Eulima micans? new species.
Eulima compacta? new species.
Eulima rutila? new species.
Eulima thersites new species.
There are only a few words of description, which would not enable
even a specialist to determine the species these names were intended
for. They are, however, more fully described later.
1 Malak. Blit., vol. 6, pp. 120-121. 4 Mazatlan Catalogue, 1857, p. 439.
2 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863. 6 Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1863 (1864).
§ Mazatlan Catalogue, 1857, pp. 440-441.
298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
In the following year Doctor Carpenter published his Diagnoses of
New Forms of Mollusks Collected at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. J. Xantus.!
On pages 47 and 48 is his Lulima fuscostrigata described as new.
The next effort was also by Carpenter. In his paper Diagnoses
Specierum et Varietatum novarum Molluscorum, prope Sinum
Pugetianum a Kennerlio Doctore, nuper decesso, collectorium,? on
page 63, there is a complete description of Eulima micans Carpe ter.
In the same year Carpenter published a paper Diagnoses of New
Forms of Mollusks from the West Coast of North America first col-
lected by Col. E. Jewett.2 On pages 396 and 397, Eulima thersites
Carpenter is fully described.
Still another paper by the same author, Descriptions of New
Marine Shells from the Coast of California, appeared the same year.‘
On page 221 of this paper we find Eulima (? var.) compacta Carpenter
and Fulima (? var.) ruta Carpenter more fully diagnosed.
In 1866 the Monographs on the genera Leiostraca, Eulima, and
Niso appeared in Lovell Augustus Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica,
and while there is only a single new species, Hulima parva Reeve,
described here, some of the previously described species are here
figured. We find:
Lewstraca varians Sowerby, plate 1, figures, la, 1b.
Leiostraca recta C. B. Adams, plate 1, figure 3.
Leiostraca acuta Sowerby, plate 2, figure 7.
Fulima hastata Sowerby, plate 2, figure 9.
Lulima pusilla Sowerby, plate 3, figure 25.
Kulima micans Carpenter, plate 3, figure 33.
Fulima iota C. B. Adams, plate 5, figure 34.
Kulima ruiila Carpenter, plate 5, figure 37.
Eulima parva Sowerby, plate 5, figure 41.
Niso imbricata Sowerby, plate 1, figure 3.
Niso splendiduia Sowerby, plate 1, figure 7.
Niso interrupta Sowerby, plate 1, figures 8a, 8b.
The next year De Folin published his paper Les Meleagrinicoles,
in which the following Melanellids are described:
Chemnitzia rangu De Folin.
Eulima adamantina De Folin.
Euluma proca De Folin.
Eutima gibba De Folin.
Kulima elegantissima De Folin.
Kulima elodia De Folin.
Hulima opalina De Folin.
1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 14, 1864.
2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 17, 1865.
5 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15, 1865.
4 Proc. Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 1865.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 299
De Folin unfortunately cites as type-locality for all the shells
described in this paper two places—one the environs of Negritos
(which may mean Negros Island, Philippines), and the other Isle
aux Perles—i. e., Margarita Island, Bay of Panama. In order not
to miss any West American members, I have quoted all the described
forms.
In 1878 G. B. Sowerby published his Monograph on the genus
Stylifer.' In this he redescribes and figures plate 1, figure 3, Stylifer
astericola Broderip.
Six years later G. B. Sowerby’s Monograph on the genus Stylifer
appeared.? In this we find Stylifer astericolus Broderip described
on page 159 and figured on plate 479, figures 4 and 5.
Two years later Tryon, in his Manual, reached our family.?
Besides giving a treatment of the superspecific groups he describes
and figures ail those previously figured. He also gives figures of
such as he had represented in his collection and he cites all those
known to him to date. From the West Coast of America the follow-
ing are listed:
Eulima macans Carpenter, page 272, plate 69, figures 29, 30.
Eulima elodia De Folin, page 272.
Eulima parva Sowerby, page 272, plate 69, figures 32, 33.
Eulima adamantina De Folin, page 272. :
Eulima gibba De Folin, page 272, plate 69, figure 34.
Fulima opalina De Folin, page 273, plate 69, figure 37.
Eulima proca De Folin, page 273, plate 69, figure 38.
Eulima hastata Sowerby, page 273, plate 69, figure 39.
Eulima iota C. B. Adams, page 274, plate 69, figure 42.
Fulima compacia Carpenter, page 278.
Eulima thersites Carpenter, page 278.
Fulima fuscostrigata, Carpenter, page 278.
Eulima bipartita Morch, page 278.
Eulima varians Sowerby, page 278, plate 70, figures 65, 67.
Eulima rutila Carpenter, page 279, plate 70, figure 68.
Eulima elegantissima De Folin, page 279, plate 70, figure 69.
Eulima recta C. B. Adams, page 280, plate 70, figure S1.
Fulima acuta Sowerby, page 280, plate 70, figure 82.
Eulima rangii De Folin, page 287, plate 70, figure 20.
Niso splendidula Sowerby, page 287, plate 71, figure 24.
Niso interrupta Sowerby, page 288, plate 71, figures 22, 23.
Niso imbricata Sowerby, page 289, plate 71, figure 31.
Stylifer astericola Broderip, page 290, plate 71, figure 38.
1 Reeve’s Conch. Icon., vol. 20, 1878.
3 Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., 1884.
® Tryon’s Man. Conch., vol. 8, 1886.
800 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The next Melanellid to be cited is one referred to but not named by
von C. Hartlaub, who in his Report on the Dredging Operations off
the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West
Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander
Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross
during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N., commanding,!
calls attention (p. 147, pl. 4, fig. 25) to a “Stylifer ( Mucronalia) para-
sitic upon a crinoid found in the Gulf of Panama.’ This is named by
Dr. W. H. Dall in 1908.
In 1899 Edward G. Vanatta published a paper on West American
Eulimidae? in which he described the following:
Eulima lowei Vanatta, page 254, plate 11, figures 9, 10.
Eulima bistorta Vanatta, pages 254-5, plate 11, figures 7, 8.
Eulima compacta Carpenter, pages 255-6, plate 11, figures 11, 12.
Eulima randolphi Vanatta, page 256, plate 11, figures 13, 14.
Eulima micans Carpenter, pages 256-7, plate 11, figures 1, 2.
Eulima rutila Carpenter, plate 11, figures 5, 6.
Nine years later the present writer published A New Parasitic
Mollusk of the Genus Eulima.’ In this Eulima ptilocrinicola Bartsch
is characterized.
The year following Dr. William H. Dall‘ bestowed the name
Stilifer (Mucronalia) bathymetrae upon the mollusk mentioned by
Hartlaub in 1895.
In the same year he published his Descriptions of New Species of
Mollusks from the Pacific Coast of the United States with Notes on
other Mollusks from the same Region.2 On page 253 of this paper
he describes Hulima (?) lomana Dall.
The year following William H. Dall and the present writer published
A Monograph of West American Pyramidellid Mollusks.* On page
230, Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangit De Folin is described and
figured. This is now transferred to the family Melanellidae.
In 1912 the present writer referred to Odostomia (Scalenostoma)
rangit De Folin on page 342; he also described and figured Odostomia
(Scalenostoma) babylonia Bartsch (pp. 287-288, pl. 38, fig. 3) of his
paper on Additions to the West American Pyramidellid Mollusk
Fauna, with Descriptions of New Species,’ which must now be
referred to the family here discussed.
The last paper dealing with West American Melanellids was pub-
lished by Frank M. Anderson and Bruce Martin on Neocene Record
1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, vol. 27, No. 4, 1893.
2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1908, pp. 254, 257, pl. 11.
3 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, 1907, pp. 255-256, pl. 33.
4 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, vol. 43, 1908, pp. 317-318.
6 Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908.
§ Bull. 68, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1909.
7 Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912.
No. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 301
in the Temblor Basin, California, and Neocene Deposits of the San
Juan District, San Louis Obispo County.! Here the following are
described and figured: Miso (%) antiselli Anderson and Martin, p.
65, pl. 7, fig. 22, and Hulima gabhiana Anderson and Martin, p. 68,
pl. 7, fig. 20, the last being a Melanella.
The group covered by the present monograph is by far the most
difficult one that I have thus far treated; the characters are few and
confined in the different groups chiefly to differences in outline,
flexure, size, weight, and in addition to these, in the case of Strombi-
formis and Niso, to color patterns. Whatever there may be of merit
in this study, I feel that the credit for it should fall upon the collectors
and institutions that have placed all their material in my hands, for
without this abundance of material, it would have been entirely
impossible to reach the positive conclusions expressed in these pages.
Foremost among these I wish to express my thanks to Dr. H. A.
Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, for the
loan of types, and to Prof. F. B. Loomis of Amherst College, for the
loan of C. B. Adams’s types from Panama. Also to the California
Academy of Sciences for similar favors and the Stanford University
for the loan of specimens. Of the private collectors, the material
submitted by Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd leads easily, both as far as
number of species and specimens are concerned. These collections
are followed by those of Miss J. M. Cooke; Mrs. Kate Stephens; Dr.
Frank Baker; Dr. Ralph Arnold, whose collection is particularly rich
in fossil material; Dr. S. S. Berry; Prof. F. W. Kelsey; Mr. F. L.
Button; Mrs. Elizabeth E. Johnston; Mr. H. N. Lowe; Mrs. Paula
Ball; Mrs. W. H. Eshnaur; and Mrs. Maria Baldridge. It should
also be here stated that the splendid collections made by the late
Mr. Henry Hemphill and the late Mr. C. W. Gripp, now in other
hands, have materially added to the knowledge of these forms.
This paper would be incomplete, did I fail to express my apprecia-
tion to Dr. William H. Dall, honorary curator of the section of
Mollusks, for his kindly counsel and encouragement while working on
this difficult problem.
The photographs used in the illustrations were mostly made by Mr.
T. W. Smillie, of the United States National Museum. Cooke succeed. coon leaees eee Magdalena Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia.
TSU ese Viireolina Monterosato, Nom. Conch. Medit., 1884, p. 100. Type Eulima
incurva (Renier) (= Melania distorta Jeffreys, see Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and
Dollfus, Mar. Rous., vol. 2, 1887, p. 769.
Melanellas with flexed shells.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) DRACONIS, new species.
Plate 39, fig. 2.
Shell short, very broadly conic, milk-white, flexed in one direction
only. The tip of our shell is broken. The first two whorls remain-
ing are slightly rounded, the rest almost flat. Suture well marked.
Last whorl rather stout. Periphery decidedly angulated. Base
short, somewhat tumid anteriorly, well rounded. Aperture broadly
oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly sinuous, strongly
protracted in the middle, to form a decidedly claw-like element;
inner lip stout, strongly reflected over and appressed to the base;
parictal wall covered by a rather thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 215766 U.S.N.M.) comes from Dead Man’s
Island, California. It has seven and a half whorls remaining, and
measures—length, 6.1 mm.; diameter, 2.7mm. This fossil species
is the stoutest of the single curved Eulimellas known from the west
coast of America.
320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yor. 53.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) MONTEREYENSIS, new species.
Plate 39, fig. 6.
Shell broadly conic, falcate, flexed to the right, bluish-white, with a
series of opaque areas, marking varicial streaks. Early whorls well
rounded, the later ones slightly rounded, a little more so on the
convex than the concave side. Sutures scarcely marked. The
posterior determination on the inside of the turns, shines through the
substance of the shell and appears as a conspicuous false suture.
Periphery weakly angulated. Base short, very strongly curved on
the left side. Aperture short, broadly oval; posterior angle acute;
outer lip quite strongly protracted at the periphery, inner lip oblique,
curved, reflected and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered by
a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 176623, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by Dr. 5S. S.
Berry, at Pacific Grove, California. It has lost probably the first
three turns. The eight remaining measure—length, 5 mm.; diam-
eter, 2.2 mm.
Cat. No. 181307, U.S.N.M., contains a young specimen, collected
by Mrs. Merrihew, at Monterey, California.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) PENINSULARIS, new species.
Plate 39, fig. 4.
Shell elongate-conic, very slightly curved, polished, surface marked
by exceedingly fine lines of growth and exceedingly regular, very fine,
microscopic, spiral striations; bluish-white, except where the animal
shines through the substance of the shell, when it appears brown.
Whorls separated by a very poorly defined suture, which is incon-
spicuous compared to the false suture caused by the base of the pre-
ceding whorl shining through the substance of the succeeding turn.
The whorls are marked at irregular intervals by thickened varices,
which are very prominent. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded.
Base short, slightly rounded, the left sides sloping very obliquely.
Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute, outer lip decidedly
protracted half way between the posterior angle and the base; inner
lip very oblique, moderately strong, slightly curved, reflected over
and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick callus.
The type (Cat. No. 251264, U.S.N.M.) comes from Lower Cali-
fornia. It has 11 whorls and measures—length, 5.2 mm.; diameter,
2.2 mm.
No. 2207. WHST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 321
The following additional specimens have been examined:
Number of speci- Collection of= Catalogue
mens. number. Locality. Remarks.
251264 | Lower California...........-
215763) |) SanDiero-eee a. esc 228 5
273993 |..--. GDS ciatnints toms anes mane n=
127543 | San Hipolito Point..........
130613 |..... Osean ee eee eens On Haliotis.
Mins cctseuese. poedatiecee iapdaidda Bayeee ae ee
268583 | Lower California............
Peace scam ecsasecs SALVE (on ee RL (A a nel | ae DOsc. nen eoccere sccm eum
Boe eee sa oe scams Oldroy dias. A=. sass fee sone saheet =. doses 2... ese aoe
1 Type.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) LASTRA, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 3.
Shell small, conic, only very slightly flexed; bluish-white, semi-
translucent; polished, marked by exceedingly fine lines of growth
only. The first three whorls well rounded, separated by a well-
impressed suture, the rest very slightly rounded, with a scarcely
defined suture. Periphery well rounded. Base short, well rounded.
Aperture very broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip decidedly
protracted a little anterior to the middle; inner lip short, curved,
reflected over-and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a
thick callus.
This species is similar to M. peninsularis, but is uniformly more
slender, with the varices much less conspicuously marked.
The type and three specimens (Cat. No. 105519, U.S.N.M.) were
collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill at Point Abreojos, Lower California.
The type, an adult shell, which has lost probably the first two whorls.
“retaining eight, measures—length, 4.1 mm.; diameter, 1.6 mm,
Another, an immature specimen of nine whorls, measures—length |
2.6 mm.; diameter, 1 mm.
The following additional specimens have been examined:
|
|
Number of speci- . Catalogue 5
riers Collection of— to. Locality. Remarks.
105519 | Point Abreojos..............
San Pedro Emeasicceee moe nsces of DEAR Renee: off stones.
-| Berry....-- eed cleat ake San Hipolito Point 2
UES Nemes eens 105577 | Point Abreojos, Lower Cali-
| ornia.
Weep een tacnceccaces I COOKG iowa, ceneseuc| seo ese eewe Magdalena Bay.............
|
. 1 Type.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 538—17 Di:
3822 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) ARNOLDI, new species. ‘
Plate 40, fig. 8.
Shell broadly conic, with very slight flexure; milk-white. Early
whorls well rounded, separated by a well-constricted suture, later
ones almost flattened, appressed at the summit with a very poorly
defined suture. Periphery weakly angulated. Base short, well
rounded. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip
protracted in the middle; inner lip short, slightly sinuous, reflected
over and appressed to the base; parietal wall covered with a thick
callus.
The type (Cat. No. 215765, U.S.N.M.) was collected at Sand Rock,
Lower San Pedro Series, Dead Man’s Island, California. It has 11
whorls and measures—length, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 2.1mm. Another
specimen from the same locality is in Mr. Arnold’s collection; still
another from San Pedro is also in Mr. Arnold’s collection.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) COSMIA, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 6.
Shell very small, broadly conic, flexed to the right; bluish-white;
semitranslucent; polished. The first three whorls well rounded,
separated by a moderately well-constricted suture; the rest slightly
rounded, with scarcely defined suture. Periphery of the last whorl
weakly angulated. Base short, well rounded. Aperture very broadly
ovate; posterior angle acute; outer lip strongly protracted a little
anterior to the middle; inner lip curved, reflected over and appres-
sed to the base; parietal wall covered with a moderately thick callus.
The type and three specimens of this species (Cat. No. 105580,
U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill at Point Abreojos.
The type has nine whorls and measures—length, 2.7 mm.; diameter,
1 mm. Mr. Kelsey’s collection contains two from the same place,
while Mrs. Oldroyd’s collection has two from the same locality and
two labeled Lower California, without specific locality.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) HALIA, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 2.
Shell very minute, translucent, showing the entire internal struc-
ture within, slightly flexed in one direction at the tip. Whorls very
evenly rounded, separated by a rather strongly marked suture, pol-
ished, without sculpture excepting slightly impressed varicial streaks
at irregular intervals. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded.
Base short, slightly inflated, well rounded. Aperture small, oval;
posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, slightly protracted in the mid-
dle; inner lip short, slightly curved, reflected over and appressed to
the base; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick callus.
no. 2207. WEST AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 323
The type (Cat. No. 215767, Le S. N.M. ) was collected by Mr. Hemp-
hill at Point Abreojos, Lower California. It has eight whorls and
measures—length, 1.8 mm.; diameter, 0.7 mm. Another specimen
from the same locality is in Mr. Kelsey’s collection, while a third, in
Mrs. Oldroyd’s collection, comes also from the same place.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) TOWNSENDI, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 1
Shell small, straight, excepting the tip, which is flexed in one direc-
tion, semitranslucent, bluish-white. The first three whorls well
rounded, separated by a well-impressed suture. The rest almost
flat, with inconspicuous suture. Periphery of the last whorl rounded.
Base rather protracted, somewhat flat on the left side, sightly tumid
anteriorly. Aperture broadly oval; posterior angle acute; outer lip
thick at the edge, decidedly protracted in the middle; inner lip short,
curved, reflected over and appressed to the base; parietal wall cov-
ered by a moderately thick callus.
The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 267812a, U.S.N.M.) were
collected by the author in shallow water at Pichilinque Ee Gulf of
California. The type has 13 whorls and measures—length, 3.8 mm.;
diameter, 1.1 mm.
MELANELLA (BALCIS) THERSITES Carpenter.
Plate 41, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Eulima thersites CARPENTER, Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. (1863) 1864, p. 659; Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15, 1865, pp. 396-7.
Eulima lowei Vanatra, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 254, pl. 11, figs. 9, 10.
Eulima bistorta VANATTA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, pp. 254-5, pl. 11,
figs. 7, 8.
Shell broadly conic, rather stout and heavy, polished, shining,
usually flexed in one direction only, though sometimes in two.
Whorls rather strongly rounded, marked by exceedingly fine incre-
mental lines and irregularly scattered varices only. Sutures strongly
marked. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat inflated, well rounded.
Base short, well rounded. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute;
outer lip thick within, sharp at the edge, and decidedly protracted a
little anterior to the middle; inner lip stout, slightly curved, the
posterior half reflected over and appressed to the base. Parietal wall
covered by a very thick callus which renders the peritreme complete.
Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 11795 U.S.N.M.) comes from Santa
Barbara, California. It has lost the early whorls. The six and a
half remaining measure—length, 5.1 mm.; diameter, 2.6 mm. An
absolutely perfect specimen of 12 whorls measures—length, 6.3 mm. ;
diameter, 2.3 mm.
In addition to the figure of the type, we are also giving figures of
Doctor Vanatta’s two species, Melanella bistorta, and Melanella lowet.
324
The large amount of material which we have seen of this species
makes it impossible for us to consider these distinct forms.
I have seen the following species:
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Number of . Catalogue
specimens. Collection of— cine Locality Remarks.
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FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 356
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 47
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 48
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 49
West AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 356.
THE TYPE-SPECIES OF THE GENERA OF THE CYNI-
POIDEA, OR THE GALL WASPS AND PARASITIC
CYNIPOIDS.
By S. A. Romwer and Marcarer M. Facan,
Of the Burcau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculiure.
PREFACE.
In recent years there has been considerable agitation, especially
among economic and biological students, for the conservation of
well-known generic names, but, if we can judge from the published
expression of opinions, there is almost a balance between zoologists
who favor conservation and those whe favor strict priority. One
of the first steps toward stability in generic nomenclature is the
determination and designation of the genotypes. In the following
paper, which is a contribution from the Branch of Forest Insects,
Bureau of Entomology, prepared under the writer’s direction, the
genotypes of the Cynipoid genera are designated. All of the bib-
hographical and clerical work connected with this paper has been
done by Miss Margaret M. Fagan, but the writer has examined,
assisted, and approved the nomenclatorial details. The nomencla-
ture is based on the rules of the International Commission of
Zoological Nomenclature, and it is believed that the decisions as
to genotypes will be supported, according to available evidence,
by these rulings. Certain few questions concerning type fixation
are not clearly covered by the International Code, and in these
cases the decisions reached have been guided by the A. O. U. Code
and consultation with Dr. Leonhard Stejneger and students in
the Division of Insects of the United States National Museum.
The restriction of the two oldest generic names in the Cyni-
poidea, Cynips and Diplolepis, has heretofore never been satisfac-
torily determined. With Diplolepis especially has there been much
uncertainty, as may be illustrated by the fact that in Catalogus
Hymenopterorum Dalla Torre considers it a Chalcidoid, while in
Das Tierreich, in conjunction with Kieffer, he places it among the
gall-making Cynipoids. The literature on these two genera has
been very carefully studied and it is believed that the decisions
concerning them are correct. .That these and the other changes
are necessary is regrettable.
S. A. Ronwen.
357
PROCEEDINGS U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2208.
358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 63.
INTRODUCTION.
The following is an alphabetical catalogue of the 255 genera of
the Cynipoidea with the type-species of each genus. The original
references to all the genera have been examined and it is believed
that the list as here given is correct, and complete up to July 1,
1916, according to the literature received in the libraries at Wash-
ington, District of Columbia.
The first attempt to fix genotypes of the genera of the Cynipoidea
was made by Latreille in 1810, but as, unfortunately, he chose
species not originally included, his type fixations are invalid. The
next author to designate genotypes was Westwood, who, in 1840,
designated types of the common British genera. Forster, in 1869,
in his tabulation of the genera and species of gall-wasps, designated
types for all the genera of Cynipoidea then known. In most cases
of the older genera of the Cynipoidea his designation was correct,
but in some cases, as Cynips, he chose as the type a species not
originally included, so, according to present rulings, these designa-
tions cannot be accepted. Ashmead, in his classification, 1903, chose
types for most of the genera and most of his designations are valid.
Dalla Torre and Kieffer, in 1910, give a list of the genera of the
Cynipoidea with the species which were originally included and
also the type designations which were given by the original
describers. The present paper is, however, the first. comprehensive
study of all the genera of the Cynipcidea with the idea of fixing
the types from the purely nomenclatorial standpoint.
Up to the present Hartig’s first paper on the classification of
the Cynipoidea’ has been given the date 1840. There is evidence,
however, that Hartig finished the paper in May, 1839, and that it
was reviewed by Erichson in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir 1840,? in con-
nection with other entomological literature for the year 1839. It
should, therefore, be given the date 1839. In the following list
all of the new genera described in this paper are cited as 1839 in
parentheses, followed by 1840, which indicates that 1840 is the date
on the title page of the volume in which they appear.
The words “monobasic,” “ isogenotypic,” etc., have the same con-
ception as that indicated in Bulletin 83, United States National
Museum.
The method of treatment is as follows: First, the generic name;
second, the author; third, the reference; fourth, the number of
species originally included (unless monobasic); fifth, the type;
sixth, synonymy (if genera are isogenotypic) ; seventh, the authority
4 Ueber die Famille der Gallwespen, Germar’s Entomologie, vol. 2, pp. 176-209.
*Vol. 2, p. 272.
50. 2208. T'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 359
for the type designation; eighth, a list of subsequent or erroneous
designations, in brackets. We have placed in the paper all refer-
ences to type fixation which we know and will welcome any addi-
‘tional designations. When the genotype is placed by Dalla Torre
and Kieffer, 1910, in some genus other than the one of which it is
the type, a reference to this position has been added.
Throughout the paper the following abbreviations of the more
important papers dealing with type fixations are used :
Westwood, 1840.
For Westwoop, J. O., Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, 1840,
published as an appendix to An Introduction to the Modern Classifica-
tion of Insects, vol. 2, London, 1840.
Forster, 1869.
For F6rster, ARNOLD, Ueber die Gallwespen.—Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien,
vol. 19, 18G9, pp. 327-370.
Ashmead, 1903.
For AsHMEAD, W. H., Classification of the Gall-Wasps and the Parasitic
Cynipoids, of the Superfamily Cynipoidea, Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, pp. 7-13,
59-73, 140-155.
Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910.
For Daria Torre, Kk. W. von, and Kierrer, J. J., Das Tierreich, 24 Lief-
erung, Berlin, 1910.
CATALOGUE OF GENERA.
Acanthaegilips ASHMEAD.
Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67.
Type —Acanthacgilips braziliensis AsSHwEAD. {Monobasic.)}
Acantheucoela ASIHMEAD.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1900, p. 333.
Type.—Cynips armatus Cresson. (Monobasic and designated by Ash-
mead, 19038, p. 67.)
Acothyreus ASIIMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 157.
Type.—Acothyreus osceola ASHMEAD. (Monobasic, original designation
and 1903.)
Acraspis Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 2, 29. (Two
species.)
Type—Cynips pezomachoides OSTEN-SACKEN. (Present designation.)
Adieris FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 357.
Type.—Adieris reclusa YOrsteER. (Monobasie and original designation.)
Adleria, new name=(Cynips AuTiors, not LINNAEUS.
Type.—Cynips kollari Harta.
(See discussion under Cynips and Diplolepis.)
Aegilips (Haliday) WALKER.
Entom. Magaz., vol. 3, 1835, p. 160. Three species.
Type.—Cynips nitidula Datman. (Designated by Westwood, 1840, Synop-
sis, p. 5G, and Forster, 1869, p. 362) [Anacharis rufipes Westwood, des-
ignated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 12, a subsequent designation. ]
860 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 63
Aglaotoma TGrster=(Crypteucoela Kirrrer).
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 384, 354.
Type.—Cothonaspis codrina Hartic. (Monobasie and original designa-
tion.) Fdrster misidentified Hartig’s species and Kieffer proposed to
restrict the genus Aglaotome to the species which Idrster had before
him, which has been renamed as férsteri by Kieffer. This is not in accord
with the rulings of the International Commission of Nomenclature (see
Opinions 85). . (Aglaotoma Wieffer)=Aglaotomidea, n.n.
Aglaotomidea, new name (—Aglaotoma KIEFFER, not FORSTER).
Type.—Aglaotoma forsteri IK1EF¥FER (=codrina YOrster not Hartic). (See
remarks under Agliaotoma Yorster.)
Agroscopa FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1S69, pp. 348, 352.
Type.—Agroscopa helgolandica Forster. (Monobasie and original desig-
nation. )
{Genotype placed in Aphyoptera FoOrsTeER by Dalla Torre and Kieffer,
1910, p. 198.]
Allocynips KIEFFER.
Phil. Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 185.
Type.—Allocynips ruficeps K1er¥rer. (Original designation and monobasic.)
(Allotria WeEstTwoop, not Hinner, 181G)=Charips Hatipay.
Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494.
Type.—Allotria victriz WrEsTWoop. ({Monobasic.)
Alloxysta FORSTER.
Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 338, 340.
Type.—Xystus macrophadnus Hartic. (Monobasie and original desig-
tion.)
(Amblynotus Hartic) (=Scytodes Harric, not WALCKENAER, 1805) =Melanips
(WALKER) GIRAUD.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 4, 1843, p. 419. =New name for Scytodes Harrie,
1840. not WALCKENAER, 1805.)
Type—Scytodes opacus Hartic. (Present designation.)
{Type.—Scytodes granulatus Hartig, teste Ashmead, 1903, p. 9; not one
of the originally included species of Scytodes (included in vol. 3, 1841),
but in the genus when new name was proposed, but can not be type
because a new name takes type of old genus which must be an originally
included species. ]
Isogenotypie with Melanips (Walker) Giraud.
(Ameristus FOrster)=Neuroterus Harric.
Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 333. (Two species.)
Type.—Necuroterus -politus Hartic. (Present designation.) Isogenotypic
with Neurolerus Hartig.
Amphibolips REINHARD.
Berlin Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 9, 1865, p. 10. (Three species.)
Type.—Cynips spongifica OSTEN-SACKEN. (Original designation).
Amphithectus HanrtTic.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (18389) 1840, p. 203.
Type.—(Amphithectus dahlbohmii Hartic.) (Monobasic.) =Sarothrus
areolatus HARrtTic.
{Genotype placed in Sarothrus Hartic by Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910,
p. 74.]
Anacharis DALMAN.
Anal. Entom., 1823, p. 96.
Type.—Cynips ecucharioides DALMAN. (Monobasic.)
no. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 861
Pe ae ne a ere ee reson ee
Anacharoides CAMERON,
Ree. Albany Museum, vol. 1, 1903-06, p. 160.
Type.—Anacharoides striaticeps CAMERON, (Monobasic.)
Andricus Harric. ;
Zeitschr, f. Entom., vol. 2 (1889), 1840, pp. 185, 190. Nine species.
Type.—(Andricus noduli Haptic.) (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 330.) =
Andricus trilincatus Hanria.
Anectoclis FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 345, 359. Two species,
Type.—Anccioclis indagatriz Forster. (Original designation.) [Mucocla
filicornis Thomson, designated by Cameron 1889.]
Anolytus IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 363, 365.
Type.—Anolytus rujipes F6rster. (Monobasie and original designation.)
[Type—Onychia biusta Haliday, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 11, a
subsequent designation. ]
Antistrophus WALSH.
Amer. Entomol., vol. 2, 1869, p. 74.
Type.—Antistrophus ligodesmiac-pisum Wasa. (Monobasic.)
Aphelonyx Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 5, 29.
Type.—Cynips cerricola Grraup, (Monobasic.)
Aphiloptera FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 348, 351. Two species,
Type.—Aphiloptera anisomera Forster. (Original designation. }
Aphilothrix FOrsTErR.
Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 336.
Type.—Cynips corticis LINNAEUS. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Andricus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 477.]
Aphyoptera IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 348, 351.
Type.—Aphyoptera inustipennis Forster. (Monobasic and original desig-
nation. }
(Apistophyza FGrster)=Glauraspidia THOMSON.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 351.
Type.—(Coihonaspis microptcra Hartic.) (Monobasie and original desig-
nation.) = Glauraspidia subtilis DAnHLBoM. Isogenotypic through syn-
onymy with Glauraspidia Thomson.
(Apophyllus Hartic)=Biorhiza WrEstwoop.
Zeitschr. f, Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 185.
Type.—Cynips aptera Fasrictus. (Monobasic.)
Isogenotypie with Biorhiza Westwood.
Aporeucoela IXIEFFER.
Ann. Soe. Sci. Brux., vol. 32, 1908, p. 49.
Type.—A poreucocla fuscipes KIEFFER. (Monobasic.)
Arhoptra WIerrer.
Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 161. (Two species.)
Type.—LEucoila mclanopoda Cameron. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903,
p. 62.)
Asclepiadiphila ASMMEAD.
Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 263.
Type.—Ascicpiadiphila stephanotidis ASHMEAD. (Monobasic)
[Genotype placed in Aylar by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. G77.)
~~
362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Aspicera DAHLBOM (—Onychia (Haripay) WALKER, not Hiener, 1816) (=Bellona
GIRAUD. )
Onychia and Callaspidia, 1842, p. 6.
Type.—(Cynips ediogaster Panzer) =(Tenthredo) Aspicera scutellata (Vu-
LERS).
{A new name for Onychia (Haliday, Walker), not Hiibner, and takes same
type as genus for which it was proposed.] Isogenotypic with Bellona
Giraud.
Aulacidea ASHMEAD.
Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. GS. Many species, only one named.
Type.—Aulaz nuulgediicola ASHMEAD. (Present designation.)
Auloxysta THOMSON.
Opuse. entom., P. 8, 1877, p. 811. Seven species.
Type.—Aulorysta stricta THomSoN. (Present designation.)
{Genotype placed in Phaenoglyphis Forster by Dalla Torre and Kieffer,
1910, p. 294.]
Aylax THartTIic.
Zeitschr. f. Ent., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, pp. 195-G. Eight species.
Type.—Cynips riocados BoucHt. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 213.)
{Dalla Torre and NWieffer treat this as questionably the same as papaveria
(Perris) .]
Balna CAMERON.
Biol. Centr.-Amer., P. 27, 1883, p. 74, Hymen. I.
Type.—Balna nigriceps CAMERON. (Monobasic.)
Bassettia ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 146. Two species.
Type.—Basseittia floridana ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903. p.
155.)
(Bathyaspis I'OrstTEr) =Pediaspis TISCHBEIN.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 332.
Type.—(Bathyaspis accris Forster.) (Monobasie and original designa-
tion.) =(Cynips) Pediaspis accris (GMELIN). Isogenotypic through
synonymy with Pediaspis Tischbein.
Belenocnema Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, p. 4, 16.
Type.—Belenocnema treatae Mayr. (Monobasic.)
{Bellona Grraup)=Aspicera DANLBOM.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 10, 1860, p. 156 (not Rechb. 1852, Birds).
Type.—(Cynips ediogaster PanzErR)=ASpicera scutcllata (VILLERS). An
uncalled for new name for Onychia Westwood, not Hiibner. Isogenotypic
with Aspiccra Dahlbom.
Biorhiza Wesrwoop=(Apophyllus Hartic—Heterobius Gufrin).
Introd. Mod. Classific. Insect. II, Synopsis, 1840, p. 56.
Type.—Cynips aptera Farricius. (Monobasiec and original designation. )
According to our present knowledge of the date of publication of Biorhiza
it would be necessary to consider it a synonym of Apophyllus. This we
hesitate to do because of Erichson’s statement (Wiegmann’s Archiv Naturg.,
vol. 2, 1840, p. 274), which quotes Apophyllus as a synonym of Biorhiza
and indicates that the name was proposed prior to the Synopsis. We there-
fore prefer to leave the date of publication of Biorhiza open to future
investigations.
Bothrioxysta IXIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz (2), vol. 10, 1901, p. 9. Five species
Type.—Aulorysta nigripes THomson. (Present designation.)
xo. 2208. T7YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & HAGAN. 363
Bothrochacis CAMERON.
Records Albany Museum, vol. 1, 1903-06, p. 163.
Type.—Bothrochacis erythropoda CAMERON. (Monobasic.)
Caleucoela ISiEFFER.
Bull. Soe. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 62.
Type.—Caleucoela striatipennis KieErrer. (Monobasic.)
Callaspidia DAHLBOM.
Onychia and Callaspidia, 1842, p. 10. Two species.
Type.—Callaspidia de fonscolombei DAHLBOM. (Present designation.)
Callirhytis FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 335.
Type.-—Calliriytis hartigi Forster. (Monobasie and original designation.}
Calofigites KIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 93.
Type.—Calojigites nitidus KieEFrFER. (Monobasic.)
Cecconia WIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 22, 1902, pp. 7, 93.
Type.—Aulaz valerianellae THomson. (Monobasie and original designa-
tions. )
Ceroptres Harric.
Zeitschr, f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186. Two species.
Type.—Ceroptres clavicornis Hantic. (Designated by Férster, 1869, p. 364.)
Charips (HaLipAy) MarsHaLtt=(Allotria Werstwoop, not Hipner, 1816).
Entom. Mon. Mag., vol. 6, 1870, p. 181.
Type.—Charips microcera (HaALIpAY) MarsHALt. (Monobasic.)
Chilaspis Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 6, 32.
Type.—Andricus nitida Grraup. (Monobasic.)
Chrestosema IFOrSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 355.
Type.—Chrestosema erythropa Forster. (Monobasic and original desig
nation.)
Cliditoma FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 348. Five species.
Type.—Cothonaspis geniculatus Hartia. (Original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Kleidotoma by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 205.}
Coelonychia KIEFFER.
Wiss. Ergebn, Deutschr. Zentr. Afr. Exped. 1907-08, vol. 3, 1910, p. 19.
Type.—Coclonychia spinosipes IKiEFFER. (Monobasic.)
Compsodryoxenus ASHMEAD.
Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, 1896, p. 128. Two species.
Type.—Compsodryoxrenus maculipennis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashb-
mead, 1903, p. 155.) —
Coneucoela JXIEFFER.
Reise in Ostafrika v. A. Voeltzk, vol. 2, 1910, p. 534.
Type.—Concucoela gracilicornis Kirrrer. (Monobasic.)
Coptereucoila ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 151.
Type.—Coptereucoila americana AsuMEAD. (Monobasic.) =(Kleidotome
ashmeadi KIEFFER.)
{Genotype placed in Kleidotoma by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 208.]
364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Cothonaspis Harrie.
Zeitschr. f, Entom., vol. 2, (1889) 1840, p. 186. Fourteen species.
Type.—Cothonaspis pentatoma Hartic. (Designated by Forster, 1869,
p. 348.)
{Type.—Cothonaspis scutellaris Hartig, designated by Ashmead, 1903,
p. 67.]
[Genotype placed in Pentamerocera by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910,
p. 148.]
(Crypteucoela Kirrrer)=Aglaotoma TGRsTeER.
Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur., vol. 7, pl. 2, 1904, p. 618. Two species.
Type.—Cothonaspis codrina Hartic. (Present designation.)
Isogenotypie with Aglaotoma Forster.
Cynips LINNAEUS=(Dryophanta TGrRsTER).
Syst. Nat., ed. 10a, vol. 1, p. 348, No. 12; p. 553, No. 213.
Type.—Cynips quercus-folii LINNAEUS. (Designated by Westwood, 1840,
Synopsis, p. 56.) Morice and Durrant 1915 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p.
431, state that Lamarck in 1801 chose quercus-folii Linnaeus as type of
Cynips. With this we can not agree as we do not believe that Lamarck or
most of the other old writers’ examples are any more than illustrations
of the various genera. They therefore can not be accepted as type desig-
nations by the International Code, which says, “The meaning of the
expression ‘ select a type’ is to be rigidly construed. Mention of a species
as an illustration or example of 2 genus does not constitute a selection
of a type.”
{Cynips tinctoria Linnaeus (Forster, 1869) ; Cynips quereus-radicis Fabri-
cius (Curtis, 1838); Cynips argentata Hartig (Ashmead, 1908); Dip-
lolepis bedeguaris Fabricius (Latreille, 1810). None of these originally
included. Cynips quercus-gemmae Linnaeus (Iarsch 1880). It is doubt-
ful if this is type designation.] Isogenotypiec with Dryophanta Forster.
(Cynips AuTHoRS)=Adleria, new name.
Dallatorrella IXIErrer.
Bull. Soe. Ent. Ital., vol. 41, 1909, p. 244.
Type.—Dallatorrella rubriventris KiEFFER. (Monobasic.)
Diastrophus Harrie.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, p. 1S6.
Type.—Diastrophus rubi Hartic. (Monobasic.)
Diceraea IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 364, 367.
Type.—Tligites urticcti DAHLBoM. Monobasic and original designation.)
Dicerataspis ASIIMEAD.
Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1895, p. 744.
Type.—Diccrataspis grenadensis ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.)
Didictyum RILey.
Amer. Entomol., vol. 3, 1880, pp. 52, 293.
Type—Didictyum sigzag Rirey. (Monobasic.)
[Genotype placed in Hezaplasta by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 117.)
Dieucoila ASHMEAD. ;
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1903, p. 222.
Type.—Dicucoila subopaca ASHMEAD. (Monobasic and original desig-
nation. )
Diglyphosema FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 345.
Type.—Diglyphosema ecupetorit Pérster. (Monobasic.)
no. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 365
Diholocynips, new name =—(Holocynips Wierrer, 1916, not 1910).
Phil. Journ. Sci., vol. 11, 1916, p. 284-285.
Type.—Holocynips nigra IXIErFER. (A new name takes same species for
type.)
Dilyta TOrsTeR.
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 33S, 340.
Type.—Dilyta subclavata Forster. (Monobasie and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Allorysta by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 255.]
Dimicrostrophis ASHMEAD.
Provancher, 1886, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., p. 160, 172.
Type. — Dinicrostrophis ruficornis ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Genotype
placed in Lucocla by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 177.]
Diplolepis Gorrrroy (—Rhodites Hartic).
Hist. Ins., vol. 2, 1762, p. 308. (Six species by number, the second is in
bibliography by reference mentioned by name.)
Fourcroy, 1785, Ent. Paris, p. 391. (Gives names to Geofiroy’s six species.)
Type.—Cynips rosae LINNAEUS. (Designated by Karsch, 1880.) [Cynips
quercus-folii Fabricius, designated by Latreille, 1810, p. 486, not origi-
nally included. ]
Note.—Karsch, 1880, Zeit. Gam. Naturh., p. 288, contends that Geoffroy
fixed Cynips rosac Linnaeus, as the type of Dipiolepis and in his (IKarsch’s)
discussion he indicates that he approves of this designation. Geoffroy does
not, in our opinion, designate the type. We consider that “C'est ce qui
nous a porté 4 distinguer cet insect et 4 en former un genre separé” refers
to the characters rather than a species. There is also some slight doubt
whether the implied approval by Karseh of the supposed designation of
type by Geoffroy can be considered as type designation for Diplolepis.
Therefore, inasmuch as there is no other type designation for Diplolepis
we chose as the type of this genus Cynips rosae Linnaeus. This designa-
tion can also be supported by the fact that rosae is, through the bibliography
of species No. 2, the only species in the original description of Diplolepis
which is mentioned by name. Westwood (Zool Journ., vol. 55 (4182S),
1829, pp. 9-16) gives many reasons for suppressing Geoffroy’s name, and,
as with many authors, even Latreille considers Diploicpis Geoffroy a
synonym of Cynips Linnaeus. It is much to be regretted that these authors
did not designate types so it would have been possible to follow their con-
clusions. We regret very much that Karsch’s paper makes it impossible for
us to agree with the restriction of Diplolepis used by Dalla Torre and
Kieffer in Das Tierreich. Isogenotypie with Rhodites Hartig.
Diranchis IFORSTER.
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 360.
Type.—Diranchis copulata Forster. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Cothonaspis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p.
124.)
Disholcaspis DALLA TorrRE and KiEFFER=(Holeaspis Mayr, 1881, not Cmaupore,
186- a}
Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 371.
Type.—Callaspidia quercus-globulus VFiTcnH.
Disorygma I ORSTER.
Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 346. Two species.
Type.—Disorygma divulgata Forster. (Original designation.)
Dissodontaspis KIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 59.
Type.——Dissodontaspis flavipes IXte¥FERX. (Monobasic.)
366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Ditrupaspis KIEFFER.
Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Zentr. Afr. Exped., 1907-8, vol. 3, 1910, p. 18.
Type.—Ditrupaspis semirufa KIEFFER. (Monobasic.)
Dolichostrophus ASHMEAD.
Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol 14, 1887, p. 129, nota.
Type.—Cynips quercus-irregularis OSTEN-SACKEN. (Monobasie and originai
designation.) [Cynips quercus-majalis Bassett, designated by Ashmead,
1903, p. 151.] [Genotype placed in Newroterus by Dalla Torre and
Kieffer, 1910, p. 335.]
Dryocosmus GIRAUD.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 9, 1859, p. 353.
Type.—Dryocosmus cerriphilus GirauD. (Monobasie.)
(Dryophanta IlORSTER)=Cynips LINNAEUS.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 335.
Type.—Cynips quercus-folii LINNAEUS. (Monobasic and original designa-
tion.) Isogenotypic with Cynips Linnaeus,
Dryorrhizoxenus ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 9, 1881, p. xxv.
Type.—(Dryorrhizorenus floridanus ASHMEAD.) (Monobasic.) =Belenoc-
nema treatae Mayr. [Genotype placed in Belenocnema by Dalla Torre
and Wieffer, 1910, p. 724.]
Dryoteras FOrsTER=(Teras Harrtic, 1839, not TREITSCHKE, 1829).
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 334.
Type.—(Cynips terminalis Yasricus.) (Original designation.) =Diplolepis
pallida Oxrivier. [Genotype placed in Biorhiza by Dalla Torre and Wieffer,
1910, p. 398.)
Ectolyta FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 347.
Type.—Cothonaspis incrassata THomson. (Monobasic and original desig-
nation.)
Entropha IGRSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 334.
Type.—Hntropha lissonota Forster. (Monobasiec and original designation. }
[Genotype placed in Dryccosmus by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p
381.]
Episoda IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 353.
Type.—Hpisoda xanthoneura Worster. (Monobasie and origina) designa
tion.)
Erisphagia FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1569, pp. 342, 347. Two species.
Type—Hucoela depilis Giraup. (Original designation.) [Hucoela curte
Giraud, designated by ASHMEAD, 1903, p. 61.]
Eschatocerus MAYR.
29 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez, Wien, 1881, pp. 3, 9, 13.
Type.— Eschatocerus acaciae Mayr. {Monobasic.)
(Eubothrus IlOrsTER)=Isocolus FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19,. 1869, pp. 331, 336.
Type.—Diastrophus scabiosae GirauD. (Monobasie and original designa
tion.) [Genotype placed in Aylax by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p
665.] Isogenotypice with Jsecolus YWoérster.
Euceroptres ASIUMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, 1896, p. 187.
Type.—Euceroptres primus ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed tn
Ceroptres by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 645.]
xo. 2208, TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 3867
Eucoela WESTWOOD.
Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494.
Type.—Lucocla crassinervis Westwoop. (Monobasic.) [Cothonaspis cubt-
talis Hartig, designated by FérsteEx, 1869, p. 357.)
Eucoilidea ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 154. Two species.
Type.—LEucoilidea canadensis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903,
p. 60.)
Eumayria ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 147.
Type.—LEumayria floridana ASHMEAD, (Monobasic.)
Eutrias FORSTER.
Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1SG9, pp. 344, 357.
Type.—Zucocla tritoma Tuomson, (Monobasic and original designation.)
Figites LATREILLE.
Hist. Nat. Crust. et Insect. vol. 3, 1802, p. 307. Three species.
Type.—Cynips scutellaris Rossi. (Designated by Latreille, 1810, p. 436.)
Figitodes ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 150. No species.
ASHMEAD, Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, p. 11. One species.
Type.—Diplolepis quinquelineatus Say. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903,
p. 11.) [Genotype placed in Aspicera by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910,
p. 57.]
(Fioria KIeErFer, not SitvestTri, 1S9S)=Fioriella NieFFer.
Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1903, p. 31.
Type.—Callirhytis marianit IKTEFFER (agamie form.) Callirhytis meunieri
KIXIEFFER (sexual form.) (Original designation.)
Fioriella Kierrer=(Fioria KIgrFer, not SrtLvestTri, 1898).
Buil. Soe. Ent. France, 1903, p. 95.
Type —Callirhytis marianii Kierrern (agamic form.) Callirlytis meuniers
IXIEFFER (sexual form), (Original designation.)
Frireniella KIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, 1909, p. 64.
Type.—lrireniclla bisulcata KiYEFFER. (Monobasic.)
Ganaspis IORSTER.
Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges, Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 355.
Type.—Ganaspis mundata F6rstErR. (Monobasic and original designation. }
Gillettea ASUMEAD.
Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 69.
Type.—Gillctica tarazaci ASHMEAD. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[ Genotype placed in Aylaz by Dalla Torre ond Kieffer, 1910, p. G65.
Glauraspidia THomMson=(Apistophyza FORSTER).
Ofvers. Svensk, Vet.-Akad. Férh., vol. 18, 1861, pp. 307 and 401.
Type.—Lucoela subtilis DAHLBoM. (Monobasic.) (Designated by Forster,
1869, p. 351. ([Glauraspidia parva Thomson, designated by Ashmead,
1903, p. 63, not original?y included.] Isogenotypic with Aspistophjza
Forster.
Glyptoxysta THOMSON.
Opuse. entom. P. 8, 1877, p. 811. Two species.
Type.—Glyptorysta sranthocephala THomson. (Present designation.)
Gonaspis ASHMEAD,
Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 68. Two species.
Type.—Diastrophius scutellaris Giirerre. (Original designation.)
368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Gonieucoela KIEFFER.
Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 113.
Type.—Gonicucoela bilobata KieEFFER. (Monobasic.)}
Gronotoma IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 346. Two species.
Type.—Gronotoma sculpturata Forster. (Original designation.)
Hemicrisis IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 838, 3389.
Type.—Hemicrisis ruficornis Forster. (Monobasie and original designa-
tion.)
Heptameris lORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 350.
Type.—Eucocla pygmaca DaHLBomM. (Monobasic and original designation.)
Heptamerocera ASHMEAD.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, pp. 7, 60. Seven species.
Type.—Heptameroccra robusta ASHMEAD. (Original designation.) [{Geno-
type placed in Rhoptromeris by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 163.]
Heptaplasta IX1EFFER.
Feuille Jeune Natural., vol. 81, 1901, p. 173. Two species.
Type.—Heptamerocera aliena ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903,
p. 67.)
(Heterobius GuERIN)=Biorhiza WeEsTWoop.
Rev. Mag. Zool. (ser. 2), vol. 18, 1865, p. 188.
Type.—Cynips aptera Bosc. (Monobasiec, as Cynips aptcra Bose is the
same as aptera Fabricius. _ lsogenotypic with Biorhiza Westwood.
Heterocynips KIEFFER.
Boll. Soe. Ent. Ital., vol. 41, 1909, pp. 247 and 252.
Type.—Hcterocynips rujipes IWiEFFER. (Monobasic.)
Hexacharis NIEFFER.
Entomol. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 142.
Type.—Hexacharis flavipes IIEFFER. (Monobasic.)
Hexacola FGrster. (=—Hexaplasta lOrsTeEr.)
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 342, 349.
Type.—LEucocla picicrus Girraup. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[Kleidotoma hexatoma Thomson was chosen by Ashmead, 1903, p. 62,
as the type of Hezacola and is apparently the species which Fdérster had
under the name Eucoela picicrus Giraud, but this can not be used as
the type, because Forster definitely chose Hucoela picicrus Giraud and
not Eucocla picicrus, as determined by himself. Hexacoia of Forster's
description and of subsequent authors is to be known as Kleidotomidea,
which see.]
Hexamerocera KIEFFER.
Feuille Jeune Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 175. Fifteen species.
Type.—Eucoela rufiventris Giraup. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 66.)
(Hexaplasta FOrsTER) =Hexacola FOrsTER, genotype, not description.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 845, 359. Two species,
Type.—Cothonaspis heratoma Hartic. (Original designation.) [C. hexa-
toma Hartig is, according to Das Tierreich, p. 114, congeneric with
Eucocla picicrus Giraud, the genotype of Hexacola Forster.]
(Holeaspis Mayr, not CHauporm, 18G6-, Col.)=Disholeaspis Darra Torre and
ISIEFFER.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 18S1, p. 35. Three species.
Type.—Cynips quercus-globulus Wircu. (Designated by Asbmead, 1903,
p. 153.)
wo. 2208. 7'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 369
SPE ee Se A ee eee
Holocynips KIEFFER.
Boll. Lab. Portici, vol. 4, 1910, p. 114.
Type.—Holocynips emarginata KrerFer. (Monobasic.)
(Holocynips Kirrrer, 1916, not 1910)=Diholocynips, new name.
Phil. Journ. Sci., vol. 11, 1916, p. 284-5.
Type.—Holocynips nigra Wierrer. (Original designation and monobasic.)
Hololexis lORsTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 333.
Type.—Hololexis rujipes Forster. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Rhodites by Dalla Torre ond Kieffer, 1910, p. 714.1]
Homorus FOrstTer.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 363, 366.
Type.—Figitcs abnormis Giraup. (Monobasie and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Figites by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 83.)
Hypodiranchus ASHMEAD.
Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 1, 1901, p. 303. Two species.
Type.—Hypodiranchis hawaiiensis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead,
1903, p. 67.)
Hypolethria IOrsTer.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 355.
Type.—Cothonaspis mclanoptera Hanrtia. (Monobasic and original desig-
nation.)
Thalia LATREILLE= (Sagaris PANZER).
Hist. Nat. Crust. et Insect., vol. 3, 1802, p. 306.
Type.—(Ophion culteliator Fasricius.) (Monobasic.) =Ichneumon leuco-
spoides HOCHENWARTH. Isogenotypic with Sagaris Panzer.
Idiomorpha TF OrstTEr.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 353.
Type.—Idiomorpha mclanocera Forster. (Monobasic and original desig
nation.)
{socolus FirsteER=(Eubothrus FOrstTer).
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 330, 334.
Type.—Diastrophus scabiosac Giraup. (Monobasic and original desig-
nation.) [Genotype placed in Aylag by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910,
p. 65]. Isogenotypie with Lubothrus Yorster.
(Kiefferia AsirMEaApD, not Mix, 1895)=Kiefferiella ASHMEAD.
Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, p. 10.
Type.—Kiefferia rugosa ASHMEAD. (Original designation.)
Kiefferiella ASHMEAD=(Kiefferia ASHMEAD, not MIK).
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 221.
Type.—Nicfferia rugosa ASHMEAD. (Monobasic and original designation.)
Kleidotoma WESTWoopD.
Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494.
Type.—Klcidotoma psildides Westwoop. (Monobasic.)
Kleidotomidea, new name. (=—Hexacola Tirsrer description and Authors, but
not of Genotype.)
Type.—Klecidotoma hexatoma Tuomson. See Remarks under Texacols
and Iieraplasta.
Lambertonia KIEFFER.
Bull. Soe. Ent. France, 1901, pp. 158, 159. Three species.
Type.—Lambertonia abnormis WKierrer. (Designated by Ashmend, 1903,
p. 215.)
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——24
370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Leptopilina FOrsTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 348.
Type.—Cothonaspis longipes Hartic. (Monobasic and original designa-
tion.)
Liebelia IK1EFFER.
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1903, p. 31. No species.
Zeitschr. Hym. Dipt., vol. 3, 1908, p. 110. Redescribed as new genus and
species.
Type.—Licbelia cavarac WieFFEr. (Monobasic.)
Liodora FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 334.
Type.—Liodora sulcata YoOrstTeR. (Monobasie and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Diplolepis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 342.]
Liopteron PErRTY.
Delect. anim. artic. Brazil, 1833, p. 140.
Type.—Liopteron compressum PErRtTy. (Monobasic.)
Liposthenes IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 331, 336.
Type—(Aulaxz glechomae WHartic.) (Monobasic and original designa-
tion.) =Aulasx latreillci IIEFFER.
In designating glechomae as the type of aguerh eae Forster fortunately
chose to follow the interpretation of this species as used by Hartig, which
has been renamed latreillei by Kieffer, which makes it possible to use this
name as Forster’s characters indicate he intended it should be used, but
Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. G68, have placed the genotype in Aulaz.
Lonchidia THOMSON.
Ofvers. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férh., vol. 18, 1861, p. 418. Three species.
Type.—Figiics maculipennis DaHLbom. (Designated by Férster, 1869, p.
364.)
Loxaulus Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1SS1, pp. 8, 12, 33.
Type.—Cynips quercus-mammula BAssreTr. (Monobasic.)
Lytorhodites IXIEFrer.
Bull. Soe. Hist. Nat. Metz, (2) vol. 10, p. 96. Six species.
Type.—Rhodites arcfactus GILLETTE. (Present designation.)
Lytosema KIEFFER.
Feuille Jeunes Natural, vol. 31, 1901, p. 162. Three species.
Type.—LHucoela guerinti DAHLBoM. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 67.)
Lytoxysta KIEFFER.
Nat. Zeitschr. Forst.-Landw. Jahrg. 7, 1909, p. 479. One species, one
variety.
Type.—Lytoxrysta brevipalpis KteErrer. (Present designation.)
Macrocereucoila ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1SS7, p. 153.
Type.—Aacrocereucoila longicornis ASHMEAD, (Monobasic.)
Manderstjernia RaposzKowskI.
Bull. Soe., natural. Mosceu, vol. 39, 1886, p. 304.
Type.—(Manderstjernia paradoxra Raposzkowski.). (Monobasic.) =Cynips
albopunctata SCHLECHTENDAL. [Genotype placed in Andricus by Dalla
Torre and Iieffer, 1910, p. 490.1]
xo. 2208. T’YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER «& FAGAN, 371
Megapelmus Harric.
Zeitsechr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, p. 186.
Type.—(Mcgapelmus spheciformis Hartic.) (Monobasic.) =Anacharis typica
Waker. [Type.—IMJegapelmus ensifer Walker. (Designated by Forster,
1869, p. 861.)] [Genotype placed in Anacharis by Dalla Torre and
Kieffer, 1910, p. 3S.]
Melanips (WALKER) Grraup=(Amblynotus Harrie).
WaLkeErR, Entom. Magaz., vol. 3, 1835, p. 161. No species, Giraub, Verh.
Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 10, 1860, p. 168. Seven species.
Type.—Scytodes opacus Hartic. (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 367.)
Isogenotypie with Amblynotus Hartig.
Mesocynips CAMERON.
Journ. Royal Asiat. Soc., 1903, p. 91.
Type.—Mesocynips insignis CAMERON. (Monobasic.)
Microstilba FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 346. Three species.
Type.—Microstilba bidenitata FOrstTER. (Original designation. )
Miomoera FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 3438, 352.
Type.—AJlioncctis aberrans F6Orster. (Monobasic and original designation.)
Miteucoela KIEFFER.
Entom. ZeitSchr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 113. Four species.
Type.—Aliteucoela nigriceps WiEFFER. (Present designation.)
Moneucoela DALLA ToRRE and KIEFFER.
Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 103. Two species.
Type.—Diranchis grenadcensis ASHMEAD. (Present designation.)
Nedinoptera FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 343, 359.
Type.—Kleidotoma halophila TuHomson. (Monobasic and original desig-
nation.)
Nephycta TOxrstTer.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 338, 339.
Type—Nephiycta discreta Forster. (Morobasic and original description.)
Neralsia CAMERON.
Biol. Centr.-Amer., P. 27, Hymen. I, 1883, p. 74.
Type.—Neralsia rufipes CAMERON. (Moncbasic.)
Nesodiranchis PERKINS.
Fauna Hawaiiensis, Hym. Suppl., 1910, p. 668.
Type.—Cothonaspis (Nesodiranchis) ashmeadi Perkins. (Monobasic.)
Neuroterus Hartic=(Ameristus I°OrRSTER).
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1889), 1840, pp. 185, 192. Five species.
Type.—Neuroterus politus Hartic. (Designated by Beutenmiiller, 1910.)
Isogenotypie with Ameristus Forster.
Oberthirella SAUSSURE.
Hist. Madagascar, vol. 20, pl. 20, fig. 8, 1890.
Type.—Obcrihiirella lenticularis SaAussctre. (Monobasic.)
Odonteucoila ASHMEAD.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222.
Type.—Odontcucoila chapadac ASHMEAD, (Monobasic.)
Odontocynips KIEFFER.
Boll. Lab. Portici, vol. 4, 1910, p. 112.
Type.—Odontocynips nebulosa Kierrer. (Monobasic.)
.
372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Odontosema KIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, vol. 26, 1909, p. 5S.
Type.—Odontosema albinerve Krerrer._ (Monobasic.)
Omalaspis GIRAUD.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 10, 1860, p. 155.
Type.—Omalaspis noricus Grraup. (Monobasic.)
[Type.—Figites niger Hartig, designated by Forster, 1869.]
Omalaspoides HEDICKE.
Entomol. Mitteilungen, vol. 2, 1913, p. 146. Two species.
Type.—Omalaspoides Ictzneri HepicKe. (Original designation.)
Onychia (Hatmay) Westwoop (not Hiner, 1816)—Aspicera DAHLBOM.
Magaz. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, 1833, p. 494.
Type.—(Cynips ediogaster Panzer.) (Monobasic.)=Aspicera scuteliata
(VittERS). Isogenotypic with Aspicera Dahlbom.
Panteliella KIEFFER.
ANDRE, 1902, Spec. Hym. Eur., Algeria, vol. 7, p. 324.
Type.—Aulagx fedtschenkoi (RttsaaMEN). (Monobasic.)
Peramblynotus CAMERON.
The Entom., vol. 41, 1908, p. 299. ‘Two species.
Type.—Paramblynotus punctulatus Casreron. (Present designation.)
Paramiomoea ASIMEAD.
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, pp. 751, TT4, T78.
Type.—Paramiomoeca heptatoma ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.)
[Genotype placed in Miomoera Forster, by Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910,
p. 183.)
Parandricus KIEFFER.
Marcellia, vol. 5, 1906, p. 102.
Type.—Parandricus mairet KrerFer. (Monobasic.)
Paraspicera IXIEFFER.
Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 152.
Type.—Paraspicera bakeri Kierrer. (Monobasic.)
Parateras ASHMEAD.
Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 262.
Type.—Parateras hubbardi AsHmrap. {(Monobasic.)
Paraulax KIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Nat. Metz, vol. 11, 1904, p. 59.
Type.—Paraulaz perplezus WKierrer. (Monobasic.)
Pediaspis TiscuBeInN=(Bathyaspis FORSTER).
Stettin. entom. Zeitg., vol. 13, 1852, p. 141.
Type.—Pediaspis sorbi TiscHBEIN. (Monobasic.)
Isogenotypic with Bathyaspis Wérster through synonymy.
Pentacrita IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 349. Four species.
Type.—Cothonaspis retusa Hartic. (Original designation.)
[Type.—Fucoela cordeta Giraud, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 62.}
Pentamerocera ASHMEAD.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 774. Seven species.
Type.—Pentamerocera angularis ASHMEAD. (Original designation.)
Pentaplasta KIEFFER.
Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 160.
Type.—-Pentacrita cozalis AsHMEAD. (Monobasic.)
xo. 2208. T'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 378
Pentarhoptra KIEFFER.
Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol, 31, 1901, pp. 172, 173. ‘Two species,
Type.—LHucocla tomentosa Giraup. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 68.)
Peras WESTWOOD.
Mag. de Zool., vol. 7, 1837, pl. 179, Classe IX.
Type.—Peras nigra Wrstwoop. (Monobasic.)
Periclistus FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot Ges. Wien, vol, 19, 1869, pp. 332, 337.
Type.—Aular ceninae Harrie. (Monobasic and original designation. }
Pezophycta FORSTER.
Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 338, 339.
Type.—Xystus brachypterus Harrie. (Monobasic and original designa-
tion.)
Phaenoglyphis OxsTeER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges, Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 338.
Type.—Phaenoglyphis cvanthochroa Worster. (Monobasic and original
designation.)
Phanacis FORSTER.
Verh, naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheini., vol. 17, 1860, p. 145.
Type.—Phanacis centaureae Forster. (Moncbasic.)
Philonyx IitcH.
5th Report Insects of New York, 1859, p. 783. Two species.
Type.—Philonys fulvicollis Fircw. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p.
148.) [Genotype placed in Biorhiza by Dalla Torre ond Wieffer, 1910,
p. 402.)
Phylloteras ASHMEAD,
Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67.
Type.—Biorhiza rubinus GruterrE. (Monobasic and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Trigonaspis by Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 393.}
Piezobria WORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 358.
Type.—Piezobria bicuspidata Forster. (Monobasic and original designa-
tion.)
Pilinothrix FORsTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 345, 358. ‘Two species.
Type.—Pilinothric designata Forster. (Original designation. }
Plagiotrochus Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, pp. 8, 12. T'wo species.
Type.—Cynips quercus-ilicis Farricros. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903,
p. 151.)
Piastibalia KIEFFER.
Boll. Soe. Ent. Ttal., vol. 41, 1909, pp. 246 and 249.
Type.—Plastibaha violaceipennis WieF¥eR. (Monobasic.)
Poncyla KIEFFER.
Marceilia, vol. 2, 1903, p. 86.
Type.—Poncyia ferruginea Kierrer, (Monobasic.}
Promiomera ASHMEAD,
Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 221,
Type.—Promiomera filicornis ASUMEAD. (Monobasic and original desigua-
tion.)
Prosaspicera IXiEFFER.
Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 153. Two species.
Type.—Prosaspicera ensifera Kirrrmr. (Present designation.)
374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
Prosynapsis DALLA TorkE and KieFFER=(Synapsis FGrsTer, 1869, not BATEs,
1868).
Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 45.
Type.—Synapsis aquisgrancnsis Forster. (A new name takes same species
for type.)
Protoibalia BRuEs.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, 1910, p. 15.
Type.—Protoibalia connexiva Brues. (Original designation and moeono-
basic. )
Pseudeucoila ASHMEAD.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222.
Type.—Eucocla (Cothonaspis) trichopsila Hartic. (Monobasie and orig-
inal designation.)
Pseudibalia KIEFFER.
Boll. Soe. Ent. Ital., vol. 41, 1909, pp. 246 and 247.
Type.—Pseudibalia fasciatipennvis Krerrer. (Monobasic.)
Psichacra IORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 356.
Type.—Cothonaspis longicornis Hartic. _(Monobasie and original designa-
tion. )
Psilodora FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 348, 354. Two species.
Type.—Cothonaspis boyeniti Hartic. (Original designation.)
Psilodoropsis HEDICKE.
Deutseh. Ent. Zeitschr., 1913, p. 4438.
Type.—Psilodoropsis conradti Hepicke. (Original designation and mono-
basic. )
Psilogaster Harta.
Zeitschr. f. Entom,, vol. 2, (18389) 1840, p. 187. Three species.
Type.—Psilogaster anthyomyiarum Hartic. (Present designation.) [Geno-
type placed in Figites by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 87.J
Psilosema KIEFFER.
Feuille Jeunes Natural, vol. 31, 1901, p. 160. Seven species.
Type—Psilosema giraudi DAtra Torre and Wierrer. (Present designa-
tion.) (=Cothonaspis peniaioma Giraup and ‘THOMSON, not Harri.)
Inasmuch as it is doubtful that Ashmead’s designation, 1903, p. 62, of
Cothonaspis pentatoma Thomson as the type of Psilosema is valid, be-
cause C. pentatoma Thomson was not included, we designate as the type
of Psilosema, Cothonaspis pentatoma Giraud, which is the same as
C. pentatoma Thomson. The C. pentatoma Giraud is different from
C. pentatoma Hartig, and has been renamed giraudi by Dalla Torre and
Kieffer.
Pycnostigmus CAMERON.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 21, 1905, p. 20.
Type.—Pycnostigmus rostratus CAMERON. (Monobasic.)
Pycnotrichia IORSTER..
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 363, 866. Three species. _
Type.—Pycnotrichia erythropa Forster. (Original designation.) [Type—
Figites urticarum Dahlbom, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 10.] [Geno-
type placed in Figites by Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910, p. 86.]
Bhabdeucoela KIEFFER.
Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 70. Six species.
Type.—Rhabdcucoela nitidifrons K1EFFER. (Original designation.)
Ko. 2208. T'YPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER ¢& FAGAN. $75
(Bhodites Hartic)=Diplolepis GroFrrrRoy.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839) 1840, p. 186. Three species.
Type.—Cynips rosae LINNAEUS. (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 352.)
Isogenotypie with Diplolepis Geoffroy.
Rhoophilus Mayr.
20 Jahresber. Comm. Oberrealsch. I, Bez. Wien, 1881, p. 6, 11, 22.
Type.—Rhoophilus loewi Mayr. (Monobasic.)
Rhoptromeris FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 344, 356. Six species.
Type.—Cothonaspis eucera Hartia. (Original designation.)
Rhynchacis FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 349.
Type.—Cothonaspis nigra Hartia. (Monobasic and original designation.)
(Sagaris Panzer) =Ibalia LATREILLE.
Krit. Revis., vol. 2, 1806, p. 91.
Type.—(Ophion culicllator Fapricius). (Monobasic.) =Ichneumon leuco-
spoides HOCHENWARTH.
Isogenotypic with Jhalia Latreille.
Sapholytus FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.—Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 332, 337.
Type—Synergus apicalis Hartic. (Monobasie and original designation.)
[Genotype placed in Synergus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 608.)
Saphonecrus DALLA TorRE and KIEFFER.
Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 605. Six species.
Type.—Synergus connatus Hartic. (Original designation.)
Sarothrus Harric.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2, (1839), 1840, p. 187. Three species.
Type.—(Sarothrus canaliculatus Hartic.) (Designated by Forster, 1869,
p. 3867) =Cynips tibialis ZerrERSTEDT teste Dalla Torre and Nieffer, 1910,
p. 75. [Type—Sarothrus areolatus Hartig, designated by Ashmead,
1903, p. 9.]
Schizosema IXIEFFER.
Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 161. Two species.
Type.—Hucocla emarginatus Hartric. (Designated by Ashmead, 1905,
p. 62.)
(Scytodes Hartic, not WALCKENAER, 1805)=Melanips (WALKER) GIRAUD.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 187. Two species.
Type.—Scytodcs opacus Hartic. (Present designation. )
(Solenaspis ASHMEAD, not OSTEN-SACKEN, 1881, in Diptera) =Xyalosema DALLA
Torre and I1EFFeER.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 155.
Type—Solenaspis hyalinipennis ASHMEAD. ({(Monobasic.)
Solenozopheria ASHMEAD.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 149.
Type.—Solenozopheria vacciniti ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.)
Spathegaster Hartia.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186.
Type.—Spathegaster petioliventris Hartic. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed
in Neuroterus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 327.1
Sphaeroteras ASHMEAD.
Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67.
Type.—Biorhiza mellea ASHMEAD. (Monobasie and original designation.)
{Genotype placed in Biorhiza by Dalla Torre and Wieifer, 1910, p. 398.)
876 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 55.
Steleucoela KIEFFER.
Ann. Soc. Sci. Brux., vol. 32, 1908, p. 48.
Type.—Stcleucoele piriformis Kierrer. (Monobasic.}
Stirencoela CAMERON.
The Entom., vol. 43, 1910, p. 180.
Type.—Stirencoela striaticoliis CAMERON. (Monobasic.)
(Synapsis Forster, not Bates, 186S)—Prosynapsis Daita TokBE and KIEFFER.
Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 361.
Type.—Synapsis aquisgranensis FORSTER. (Monobasic and original designa-
tion.)
Synergus Harrie.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1889), 1840, p. 186. Fourteen species.
Type.—Synergus vulgaris Harria. (Designated by Forster, 1869, p. 338.)
Synophromorpha ASHMEAD,
Psyche, vol. 10, 1903, p. 145.
Type.—Synophromorpha salicis AsHMEAD. (Monohbasic and original desig-
nation.)
Synophrus Harria.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 4, 1843, p. 411.
Type.—Synophrus politus Haxrtic. (Monobasic. }
Tavaresia IKIEFFER.
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1901, pp. 158, 160. Five species.
Type.—Tavaresia carinute Kierrer. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903, p
215.)
(Teras Hartic, not TREITSCHKE, 1829)=Dryoteras FORSTER.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 185.
Type.—(Teras terminalis Fasricius.) (Monobasic.)=Diplolepis pallida
Oxivier. teste Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 398.
Tessmannella HEDICKE.
Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1912, p. 303. Two species.
Type.—Tessmannella spinosa Hepickr. (Original designation.)
Tetramerocera ASHMEAD.
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 778.
Type.—Tetramerocera veriabilig AsHMeaAn. (Monobasie and original desig-
nation. )
Tetraplasta ASHMEAD.
Psyche, 1903, p. 68.
Type.—Tetraplasta unica ASHMEAD. (Original) designation.)
Tetrarhoptra FORSTER.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 342, 349. Two species.
Type.—Cliditoma heterotoma THomson. (Original designation.) [Type—
Tetrarhopira tetratome Foérster, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p 62.1
(Tetratoma CAMERON, not Fapricius)=Tetrarhoptra FORSTER.
Monogr. Brit. Phytoph. Hymen., vol. 3, 1890, p. 223. Four species.
Type.—Aleditoma heteroioma THomson. (Present designation.) Isogenjm
typie with Tetrarhoptra Forster.
Thyreocera ASHMEAD.
Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 154.
Type.—(Thyreocera nigrifemora ASHMEAD.) (Monobasic. ) = ( Figites)
Thyreocera laeviscutum PROVANCHER, teste Ashmead, 1903, p. 10.
Timaspis Mayr.
20 Jahresber, Comm, Oberrealsch. I Bez. Wien, 1881, p. 18.
Type.—Timaspis lampsanae (TeRRIs) WKarscm. (Monobsasiec.) [Type.—
Timaspis phaenizopodus Mayr, designated by Ashmead. 1903, p. 214.}
xo. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES GF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN. 877
Tribalia WaALSsH. s
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol, 2, 1864, p. 470.
Type.—Tribalia batatorum WatsH. (Monobasic,)
Trichagalma Mayr.
Marcellia, vol. 6, 1907, p. 8.
Type.—Trichagalna drouardi Mayr, (Monobasic.)
Trichoteras ASIIMEAD.
Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 67.
Type.—Trichotcras coquilietti ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.)
Trigonaspis Harria.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186.
Type.—(Trigonaspis crustalis Hargtia.) (Monobasic.)=(Cyntps) Trigonas-
pis megaptera PANZER,
Triplasta KIEFFER.
Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, 1901, p. 160. Three species.
Type.—Aleidotoma atrocoralis ASHMEAD. (Designated by Ashmead, 1903,
p. 61.)
Trirhoptrasema KIEFFER.
Bull. Soe. Ent. France, 1901, p. 344.
Type.—(Kiecidotoma americana ASHMEAD.) (Monobasic.) = (Kleidotoma}
Trirhoptrasema ashmeadi, new pame.*
Trischiza FOrstTer.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 364, 367.
Type.—figites agaricolarum Danisom. {Monobasic and original desig-
nation. )
(Trisolenia ASHMEAD, not ERRENBERG, 1861)—Trisoleniella, new name.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, 1887, p. 142.
Type.—Andricus ({Trisolenia) saltatus ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Geno
type placed in Andricus by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 453.)
Trisoleniella, new name=(Trisolenia ASHMEAD, 1887, not EuReneerc, 1861).
Type—Andricus (Trisolenia) saltatus ASHMEAD,
Trissandricus KIEFFER.
Boll. Lab. Portici, voi. 4, 1910, p. 115.
Type.—Trissandricus maculipennis Kierrer. (Monobasic.}
Trisseucoela KIEFFER.
Entomol. Zeitschr., vol. 21, 1907, p. 92. Three species.
Type.—Trisseucoela fulvotincta Kierrer. (Present designation. )
Trissodontaspis ASHMEAD.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222.
Type.—Trisscdontaspis rufipes ASHMEAD. {Monobasic and original desig-
nation. }
Tropideucoila ASHMEAD.
Proce. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 221.
Type.—Tropidcucoila rufipes ASHMEAD. {Monobasic and original desig.
nation.)
Trybliographa FOrsTER.
Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, p. 359. Ten species.
Type.—Cothonaspis scutellaris Harrie. (Original designation.) [Geno-
type placed in Cothonaspis by Dalla Terre and Kieffer, 1910, p. 125, as
a species without a name.]
1Since Coptereucoela Ashmead is a synonym of Kleidotoma, Kleidotema americana
Ashmead, 1887, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 152, line 6, needs a new name, belng
preoccupied by (Coptereucoela) Kleidotoma americana Ashmead, same reference top line.
For this we propose ashmeadi. (Kieffer, 1901, Feuille Jeunes Natural., vol. 31, p. 161,
erroneously renames (Coptereucoela) Kleidotoma americana Ashmead 1887, Trans. Amer
Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 152, top line, as ashmcadi).
378 PROCEEDINGS OF TITE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tylosema KIEFFER.
Bull. Soe. Nat. Metz, vol. 12, 1905, p. 112.
Type —Tylosema nigerrimus KIEFFER.
tion.)
Xanthoteras ASHMEAD.
Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 262.
Type.—Biorhiza forticornis WatsH. (Monobasic and original designa-
tion.)
Xenocynips KIEFFER.
Boll, Lab. Zool. Portici, vol. 4, 1910, p. 340.
-Type—Xenocynips subsquamata KIEFFER.
Xestophanes FORSTER.
Verh. Zool._Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 332, 337.
Type.—Cynips potentillae DE VILLERS.
tion.)
Xyalaspis Harrie.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 4, 1843, p. 416.
Type.—X yalaspis laevigatus Harrie.
vor. 53.
(Monobasie and original designa-
(Monobasic. )
(Monobasie and original designa-
(Monobasic. }
[Type.—Cynips nitidula Dalman, designated by Ashmead, 1903, p. 12.)
Xyalophora KIEFFER.
Bull. Soe. Ent. France, 1901, p. 344. Three species.
Type.—ligites clavatus Giraup. (Original designation.)
Xyalosema Datta TorRE and KIEFFER (=Solenaspis ASIHMEAD, not OSTEN-
SAckEN, 1881.)
Das Tierreich, 1910, p. 94.
Type.—Solenaspis hyalinipennis ASUMEAD.
Xystoteras ASHMEAD,
Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 260.
Type.—XAystoteras volutellae ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.)
(Xystus Harrie, not Scu6nmerrR, 182G6)—Charips Hatipay.
Zeitschr. f. Entom., vol. 2 (1839), 1840, p. 186. Ten species.
Type.—‘Yystus erythrocephalus Hartric.
Zaeucoila ASHMEAD.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 1903, p. 222
made
Type.—Zaeucoila unicarinata ASHMEAD.
nation. )
Zamischus ASHMEAD.
Proce. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 5, 19038, p. 221.
Type.—Zamischus brasiliensis ASHMEAD.
nation. )
Zopheroteras ASHMEAD.
Can. Ent., vol. 29, 1897, p. 261.
Type.—Acraspis vaccinii ASHMEAD. (Monobasic.) [Genotype placed in
Trigonaspis by Dalla Torre and Wieffer, 1910, p. 393.]
Zygosis FORSTER.
Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 19, 1869, pp. 863, 365.
Type.—Psilogaster heteropterus Harria.
nation.)
(A new bame takes same type.)
(Present designation.)
(Monobasie and original desig-
(Monobasie and original desig:
(Monobasie and original desig-
In the preceding pages the following new generic and specific names, which
should be accredited to Rohwer and Fagan, are proposed:
MOULCTE Se Ler Taub Bh) DOOR ON DP. 359\s|\"leidotomiden” 2. 2s ree ee He SG69
AGICOLOMMGCI an ee ee p. 360 | Trirhoptrasema ashmeadi______ p. 377
Diholocynips —.-_-
oe DO TSS aOlentelld va eae a eS oe Se ae
no. 2208. TYPE-SPECIES OF CYNIPOIDEA—ROHWER & FAGAN.
INDEX.
379
In this specific index, where the name is followed by two generic names, the first
(given in parenthesis) is the genus in which the species was described, and the second is
the genus of which it is the type; where only one generic names is given, the species
was described in and is the type of that genus.
Page.
aberrans Férster, (Mionectis) Miomoera...... 371
abnormis Giraud (Figites), Homorus.......- 369
Kieffer, Lambertonia.....-.. SeeEM. 369
acaciae Mayr, Wschatocerus.........--------- 366
aceris Férster, Bathyaspis.....-. Beataebeoenes 362
Gmelin (Cynips), Pediaspis. ..-.- ascee 362
agaricolarum Dahlbom (Figites), Trischiza.. 377
albinerve Kieffer, Odontosema...........-.- 371
albopunctata Schlechtendal (Cynips) Man-
MDUSUOER A ecisieisticiawisi cloaca sine acleiete sie = 370
aliena Ashmead (Heptamerocera), Hepta-
lestoeeere heeme esas ce sian sini)-
americana Ashmead, Coptereucoila :
(Kleidotoma), Trirhop-
TRASOIIA sc eitiele coals =r 377
angularis Ashmead, Pentamerocera.........- 372
anisomera Forster, Aphiloptera.........--.-. 361
anthomyiarum Hartig, Psilogaster........... 374
apicalis Hartig (Synergus), Sapholytus...... 375
aptera Fabricius (Cynips), Apophyllus...... 361
: BIOLHIZa Stes 2-1 = 362
aptera Bose (Cynips), Heterobius..........-.. 368
aquisgranensis Forster, Synapsis..........-.. 376
(Synapsis), Prosyn-
APSISM Sac seein eects 373
arefactus Gillette (Rhodites), Lytorhodites.. 370
areolatus Hartig, Sarothrus.................- 375
arpentata Hartic, Cynips. S285: ce c.-'ciesle oe 369
armata Cresson (Cynips), Acantheuccela..... 359
ashmeadi Kieffer (Kleidotoma), Coptereu-
COMB ose cd eesae aac meee cits te eeme a 363
ashmeadi, new name, Trirhoptrasema....... 377
Perkins, Nesodiranchis........... 371
atrocoxalis Ashmead (Kleidotoma), Trip-
MASE Sasiss aa sae ete eatels aseceeises Soe we ae 376
bakeri Kieffer, Paraspicera.................- 372
batatorum Walsh, Tribalia....2..2.....022 376
bedeguaris Fabricius (Diplolepis), Cynips... 369
bicuspidata Forster, Piezobria..............- 373
bidentata Forster, Microstilba............... 371
bilobata Kieffer, Gonievcoela...............- 368
bisulcata Kieffer, Frireniella................. 367
biusta Haliday (Onychia), Anolytus........- 361
boyenii Hartig (Cothonaspis), Psilodora..... 374
brachypterus Hartig (Xystus), Pezophycta.. 373
brasiliensis Ashmead, Zamischus............ 378
breziliensis Ashmead, Acanthaegilips........ 359
brevipalpis Kieffer, Lytoxysta............... 37
canadensis Ashmead, fucoilidea............ 367
canaliculatus Hartiz, Sarothrus.............. 375
caninae Hartig (Aulax), Periclistus.......... 373
carinata Kieffer, Tavaresia.................- 376
cavarae Kieffer, Liebelia...................-- 370
centaureae Forster, Phanacis................ 373
cerricola Giraud (Cynips), Aphelonyx....... 361
cerrinhilus Giraud, Drvocosmiis............. 366
chapadae Ashmead, Odonteucoila..........- 371
clavatus Giraud (Fizites), Xyalophora...... 378
clavicornis Hartig, (ero; tres................. 363
codrina Férster (Aglaotoma), Aglaotomidea. 360
Hartig (Cothonas; is), Aglaotoma.... 360
Crypteucoela. 364
compressum Yerty, Liopteron............... 370
connatus Hartig (Synergus), Saphonecrus... 375
connexiva Brues, Protoibalia................ 374
conraiti Hedicke, Isilodoroysis............. 374
copulata Forster, Diranchis.................. 365
coquilletti Ashmead, Trichoteras............ 377
cordata Giraud (tucoela), Pentacrita........ 372
corticis Linnaeus (Cyni; s), Aphilothrix..... 361
coxalis Ashmead (Pentacrita), Pentaylasta.. 372
crassinervis Westwood, Kucoela............. 367
Page.
crustalis Hartig, Trigonaspis................. 377
cubitalis Hartig (Cothonasy is), Eucoela..... 367
cultellator Fabricius (Ophion), Ibalia........ 369
Sagaris.....- 375
curta Giraud (Eucoela), Erisphayia.......... 366
dahlbohmii Hartig, Amphithectus.......... 360
depilis Giraud (Eucoela), Erisphagia........ 366
designata JGrster, Pilinothrix............... 373
discreta Forster, Nephycta...........-..--.. 371
divulgata Forster, Disorygma............... 365
drouardi Mayr, Trichagalma.......... 377
ediogaster Panzer (Cynips), Asricera 3h2
Bello 362
Onychia........ 372
emarginata Kieffer, Holocynips.............- 369
emarginatum Hartig (Kucoela), Schizosema. 37
ensifer Walker (Anacharis), Megapelmus.... 371
ensifera Kieffer, Prosaspicera ............... 373
erythrocephalus Hartig, Xystus............. 378
erythropa Forster, ‘ hrestosema.............-. 363
Pycnotrichia..:.......... 374
erythropoda Cameron, Bothrochacis........- 363
eucera Hartig (Cothonaspis), Rhoptromeris.. 375
eucharioides Dalman, Anacharis............. 360
eupatorii Forster, Digly; hosema............. 364
fasciatipennis Kieffer, Pseudibalia.........-.. 374
fedtschenkoi Rubsaamen (Aulax), Panteliella 372
ferruginesa Kieffer, Poncyia.................. 373
filicornis Ashmead, Promiomera........-...- 373
flavipes Kieffer, Dissodontaspis.............. 365
flavipes Kieffer, Hexacharis................. 368
floridana Ashmead, Bassettia...............- 362
BUMB yrs sos scenes. 367
floridanus Ashmead, Dryorrhizoxenus....... 366
fonscolombei Dahlbom, Callaspidia.......... 363
forsteri iieffer (Aglaotoma) Aglaotomidea... 360
forticornis Walsh (Biorhiza), Xanthoteras... 37
fulvicollis: Fitch, Philonyx seo. sos: see eee 373
fulvotincta Kieffer, Trisseucoela............. 377
fuseipes Kieffer, Aporeucoela................ 361
feniculata Hartig (Cothonaspis), Cliditoma.. 363
giraudi Dalla Torre and Kiefier, Psilosema.. 374
glechomae Hartig (Aulax), Liposthenes..... 370
gracilicornis Kieffer, Coneucoela............. 363
granulatus Hartig (Seytodes), Amblynotus.. 360
grenadensis Ashmead, Dicerataspis.......... 364
(Diranchis) Moneucoe-
Lis 25 SOR 371
guerinii DahIbom (ucoela), Lytosema.....- 370
halophila Thomson (Kleidotoma) Nedinop-
WOT Dasa aie Cra siete Fee oie claro ate aieeis eis oe 371
hartici Forster, Callirhytis................-.. 363
hawaiiensis Ashmead, Kypodiranchis........ 369
heleolandica Forster, Agroscopa....-..-....- 360
heptatoma Ashmead, Paramiomoea......... 372
heteropterus Hartig (Psilozaster), Zygosis.... 378
heterotoma Thomson (Cliditoma) Tetrarhop-
UR oe = aeitianiaes oe eee 37
(Kleditoma) Tetra-
OMAR 6 cee cece 376
hexatoma Hartig(Cothonaspis), Hexaplasta.. 368
Thomson (Kleidotoma), Kleidoto-
midea le: ees See eee 369
hubbardi Ashmead, Parateras..............- 372
hyalinipennis Ashmead, Solenaspis.......... 375
(Solenaspis) Xyalo-
Seite atic oscee 37)
incrassata Thomson (Cothonaspis), Ectolyta. 366
indagatrix Forster, Anectoclis.............-- 361
insignis Cameron, Mesocynips............-.- 371
inustipennis Férster, Aphyoptera....../.... 351
kollari Hartig (Cynips), Adleria............. 359
380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
. Page. Page
jaevigatus Hartig, Xyalaspis................ 378 | quercus-irregularis Osten-Sacken (C
laeviscutum Provancher (Figites), Thyreo- Dolichostrophus, ................. ee
OT oye ceria a aye ee eo ee walt circ cine 376 | quercus-mammula Bassett (Cynips), Loxau-
jampsanae (Perris) Karsch (Aulax),Timaspis. 376 DS eee Ae Reece ee eel Soe ee
latreillei Kioffer (Aulax), Liposthenes........ 370 | quercus-radicis Fabricius, Cynips........... 364
lenticularis Saussure, Oberthbiirella.......... 371 | quinquelineatus Say (Diplolepis), Figitodes. 367
Jetzneri Hedicke, Omalaspoides............. 372 | reclusa Forster, Adieris 5) 4 359
leucospoides Hochenwarth (Ichneumon), retusa Hartig (Cothonaspis), Pentacrita. 37.
Thaligsee ae ee a es Boe 369 | rhoeados Bouché (Cynips), Aylax... 362
ligodesmiae-pisum Walsh, Antistrophus. 361 | robusta Ashmead, Heptamerocera... 368
lissonota Forster, Entropha........-.... e 366 | rosae Linnaeus (Cynips), Diplolepis......... 365
loewi Mayr, Rhoophilus.................-.-- 375 OdItES Sacceneecs 374
longicornis Hartig (Cothonaspis) Psichacra... 374 | rostratus Cameron, Pycnostigmus........... 374
Ashmead, Macrocereucoila....... 37 rubi Hartig, Diastrophus...................- 364
longipes Hartig (Cothonaspis), Leptopilina.. 370 | rubinus Gillette (Biorhiza), Phylloteras...... 373
macrophadnus Hartiz (Xystus), Alloxysta.. 360 | rubriventris Kieffer, Dallatorrella........... 364
maculipennis Ashmead, Compsodryoxenus.. 333 | ruficeps Kieffer, Allocynips................. 360
Dahibom (Fizites), Lonchidia. 370 | ruficornis Ashmead, Dimicrostrophis........ 365
Kiefier, Trissandricus ........ 377 Forster, Temicrisis................ 368
mairei Kieffer, Parandricus................-. 372 | rufipes Ashmead, Trissodontaspis........... 377
majalis Bassett (Cynips), Dolichostrophus... 356 Tropideucoila .........2..6 377
marianii Kieffer (Callirhytis), Fioria......... 367 Cameron, Neralsia.. occ.) cc. cceeatens 371
marianii Kieffer (Callirhytis), Fioriella...... 367 Forster; Anolytusisesc5t es teteesn ee 36L
mezgaptera Panzer (Cynips), Trigonaspis..... 377 Hololexiss.2ysi eis, cee 369
melanocera Forster, Idiormorpha............- 369 Kieffer, Heterocynips.............. -- 368
melanopoda Cameron (Eucoela), ees 361 Westwood (Anacharis), Aegilips..... 359
melanoptera Hartig (Cothonaspis), Hypo- rufiventris Giraud (Eucoela), Hexamerocera. 368
NGENTIR. = of ocn nm SUR AnE Mncaccmasccecsiccasce 369 | rugosa Ashmead (Kiefferia), Kiefferiella..... 369
mellea Ashmead (Biorhiza), Sphaeroteras.... 375 | salicis Ashmead, Synophromorpha.......... _ 376
Meunisri Kieffer (Callirhytis), Fioria......... 267 | saltatus Ashmead, Trisolenia................ 377
Fioriella...... 367 (Trisolenia), Trisoleniella. 377
microcera (MWaliday), Charips............ ---- 363 | scabiosae Giraud (Diastrophus), Eubothrus.. 366
Mmicroptera Hartig (Cothonaspis), Apisto- Isocolus..... 369
PAV 2a ee esige nas saaceee eee Sees 361 | sculpturata Forster, Gronotoma............. 368
mulgediicola Ashmead (Aulax), Aulacidea.. 362 | scutellaris Gilletie (Diastrophus), Gonaspis.. 367
mundata Forster, Ganaspis............-...6 367 Hartig, Cothonaspis...........-... 364
pnebulosa Kieffer, Odontocynips... wer datt | (Cothonaspis), Tryblio-
niger Hartig ( Figites), Omalaspis............ 372 graphas:. case soos Soseeee 377
nigerrimum Kieffer, Tylosema..............- 378 Rossi (Cynips), Figites ........... 367
nigra Slartig (Cothonaspis), Rhynchacis..... 375 | scutellata Villers (Tenthredo), Aspicera..... 362
nigra Kieffer (Holocynips), Diholocynips.... 365 Bellona...... 362
nigra Westwood, Peras.............-----.+-- 373 : i Onychia..... 372
nigriceps Cameron, Balna.............-.--.0- 362 | semirufa Kieffer, Ditrupaspis................ 366
Kieffer, Miteucoela..............-.. 373 | sorbi Tischbein, Pediaspis..........-.....--- 372
nigrifemora Ashmead, phpreacers a e's 376 | spheciformis Hartiz, Megapelmus............ 371
nigripes Thomson (Auloxysta), Bothrio- spinosa Hedicke, Tessmannella.............. 376
RUSUB oe sateen Sale or anisole oes eee ae 352 | spinosipes Kieffer Coclonychia.............. 363
nitida Giraud (Andricus), Chilaspis.......... 363 | sponzifica Osten-Sacken (Cynips), Amphibo-
nitidifrons Kieffer, Rhabdeucoela............ 374 IPS! Sabb sR eRe ROSS. See mee 360
nitidula Dalman (Cynips), Aegilips.......... 359 | stephanotidis Ashmead, Asclepiadiphila..... 361
Xyalaspis ....... 378 | striaticeps Cameron, Anacharoides.......... 361
nitidus Kieffer, Calofigites................... 363 | striaticollis Cameron, Stirencoela............ 376
moduli Hartig, Andricus... sj /2c0-b scccscecce 361 | striatipennis Kieffer, Caleucoela............. 363
noricus Giraud, Omalaspis.............-..-<6 372 | stricta Thomson, Auloxysta..........-.....- 362
opacus Martig, Scytodes..................... 375 | subclavata Forster, Dilyta...............-.. 365
(Seytodes), Ambiynotus..... 360 | subopaca Ashmead, Dicucoila............... 364
Melanips......... 371 | subsquamata Kieffer, Xenocynips.......... - 378
osceola Ashmead, Acothyreus..............- 359 | subtilis Dahlbom (Eucoela), Glauraspidia... 367
pallida Olivier (Diplolepis), Dryoteras....... 366 | suleata Forster, Liodora.............sccccece 376
papaveris Perris (Diplolepis), Aylax......... 352 | taraxaci Ashmead, Gillettea................. 367
paradoxa Radoskovsky, Manderstjernia..... 370 | terminalis Fabricius (Cynips), Dryoteras.... 366
parva Thomson, Glauraspidia..............-. 367 Perase22 cece 376
pentatoma Iartig, Cothonaspis-............. 364 | tetratoma Thomson (Cliditoma), Tetrarhop-
Giraud (Cothonaspis), Psilosema. 374 GUD oes cain ceeacinctin eat meme eames 376
perplexus Kieffer, Paraulax...............-. 372 | tibialis Zetterstedt (Cynips), Sarothrus...... 375
petioliventris Hartig, Spathegaster.......... 375 | tinctoria Linnaeus, Cynips. -................ 364
pezomachoides Osten-Sacken (Cynips), tomentosa Giraud (Eucoela), Pentarhoptra.. 372
PACTASP NS sen efeks nee oe nictolt elaine niaie ete es esos 309 | treatae Mayr, Belenocnema...............-.. 362
phaenixopodus Mayr, Timaspis.............. 376 | trichopsila Hartig (Cothonaspis), Pseudeu-
picicrus Giraud (Eucoela), Hexacola........- 368 COU 26 ee Ae eee 374
piriformis Kieffer, S*cleucoela..............- 375 | tritoma Thomson (Eucoela), Eutrias........ 367
politus Hartig, Neur.;erus..-......-....-..2< 371 ; typica Walker (Anacharis), Megapelmus..... 371
(New. .erus) Ameristus...... 360 | unica Ashmead, Tetraplasta................. 376
SyNopernsisets. ccs cet cece as 376 | unicarinata Ashmead, Zaeucoila............. 378
potentillae Retzius (Cynips), Xestophanes... 378 | urticarum Dahlbom (Figites), Pycnotrichia.. 374
primus Ashmead, Euceroptres........-.....- 366 | vaccinii Ashmead (Acraspis), Zopheroteras.. 378
psildides Westwood, Kleidotoma............ 369 Solenozopheria ........... 375
punctulatus Cameron Eau DUee -.. 372 | valerianellae Thomson (Aulax), Cecconia.... 363
pygmaea Dahibom (Eucoela), Ueptameris... 368 | variabilis Ashmead, Tetramerocera.......... 376
quercus-folii Linnaeus (Cynips), Diplolepis.. 365 | victrix Westwood, Allotria.................. 360
Dryophanta... 366 | violaceipennis Kieffer, Plastibalia........... 373
quercus-globulus Fitch (Callaspidia), Holeas- voluteliae Ashmead, Nystoteras...........-. 378
BAS wrelorts a sino mints sien aeise ovion coe shia cela tame 368 | vulgaris Hartig, Synergus. .................. 376
quercus-globulus Fitch (Callaspidia), Dishol- xanthocephala Thomson, Glyptoxysta...... 367
CASDIS oenn ewe so- saan ea tem aac eee ce 365 | xanthochroa Férster, Phaenoglyphis........ 373
quereis-ilicis Fabricius (Cynips), Plagio- xanthoneura Forster, Episoda .......-.....-. 366 -
ATOCHUS oo oO ed iisekiae oe aceon keen 873. | zigzag Riley, Didictyum)... 2.222. ....-....-- 364
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN
FRESH-WATER MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON.
By Wiiuram B. Marsnatt,
Assistant Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates, United States National Museum.
The new Diplodon herein described under the name felipponet was
received in 1915 from Dr. Florentino Felippone, of Montevideo,
Uruguay. The one described under the name fortis was received from
the same donor about three years ago and has been in the collection
of the United States National Muscum under the name of
D. delodontus.
Illustrations are given of six other species of Diplodon described by
Mr. C. T. Simpson from material in the collection of the United
States National Museum. Hitherto these species have not been
figured.
DIPLODON FELIPPONEI, new species.
Plate 50, figs. 1-3; plate 51, fig. 1.
Shell thick, heavy and moderately swollen, elliptic in outline, valves
greatly thickened in front. Gaping slightly front and back. Surface
nearly evenly rounded and lacking a clearly defined posterior ridge.
Anterior and posterior portions rounding up gently into the middle
portion of the shell. Middle of the posterior area with a low, rounded,
radial rib, other parts of shell obscurely radiately striated. On the
middle portion the striae become more pronounced and partake of
the nature of obsolete ribs. Rest periods about seven, indicated by
a concentric elevating of the surface above the succeeding growth.
Color light yellowish chestnut at the beaks, deepening regularly
toward the margins, where it becomes dark chestnut. Periostracum
shining, paper-like, tending to peel and curl at the posterior margin.
Nacre silvery white, slightly iridescent at the posterior end, obsoletely
thimble-pitted or granular. Anterior adductor scar deep, especially
at its upper part, posterior adductor scar nearly superficial. Other
muscle scars deeply punched. Pseudocardinal teeth large and heavy
and much split up. Right valve with a large lateral tooth which is
granular on both its surfaces. Left valve with two lateral teeth
which are granular on their inner faces. Sinulus long, narrow,
slightly bowed and ending in a sharp point.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2209.
38)
882 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The type, Cat. No. 322291, U.S.N.M., comes.from Maldonado,
Uruguay. It measures—length, 83 mm.; height, 59 mm.; diam-
eter, 38mm. It was donated to the United States Mational Museum
by Dr. F. Felippone, of Montevideo, Uruguay, in whose honor I take
pleasure in naming the species.
In richness and warmth of coloring, regularity of form and outline
and in its appearance of exuberant health and prosperity this is one
of the handsomest of the Diplodons. Externally it mimics some of
the forms of Anodontites wymani and might pass for that shell if
mixed in with a series of that species.
Its relationships point in two directions—namely, toward D. rudus
Lea and D. paranensis Lea. Both of these species show the obsolete
radiating ribs noted in the description of felipponet. From D. rudus
it differs in outline, in not having a compressed posterior area and in
being nearly straight instead of sinuate along the hinge line, and espe-
cially in the character of the pseudocardinals which, in D. rudus, are
long and thin and placed parallel to the hinge line. From D. para-
nensis it can be distinguished at once by the elliptic outline, lack of the
inflated ventral margin and by the character of pseudocardinals.
Another specimen of this same species is Cat. No. 180782, which
measures—length, 77 mm.; height, 54 mm.; diameter, 31 mm. It
comes from Arroyo Sarandi Grande, Uruguay, and was received from
Mr. S. Olea. It is an exact duplicate of the type in every detail
except size and state of preservation. The ratios of its length to
height and to diameter are almost exactly the same as those of the
type. This specimen has been in the collection since 1904 without
specific name.
Since the above was written I have identified for 3)>ztor Felippone
five specimens of this species. One of these (lis No. 593) from
Arroyo Maciel, Florida, Uruguay, is, in some respects, superior to
the type, especially in size. It measures—length, 94 mm.; height,
68 mm.; diameter, 40 mm. His numbers 606, 609, 610, and 611
each include a single valve in a poor state of preservation. They
come from Rio Yi, Durazno, Uruguay.
DIPLODON FORTIS, new species.
Plate 52, figs. 1-4.
Shell thick, heavy, and much swollen. Outline clongately sub-
quadrate, regularly rounded in front, prolonged into a blunt point
behind, resembling in general form many specimens of Unio tetralas-
mus Say. Posterior dorsal ridge full, high, and rounded. A faint
rib traverses the posterior area from the beak to a point just above the
posterior angle. Ventral and dorsal margins nearly parallel. Sur-
face with indistinct concentric fine lines, the rest periods indicated
by dark lines. Anterior and middle portion with obscure radial
sculpture. Color chestnut brown, darker posteriorly. Beaks eroded.
xo. 2209. NEW MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON—MARSHALL. 883
Nacre silvery white, tending to bluish white and iridescence pos-
teriorly. Right valve with one small and one large pseudocardinal
tooth, the latter grooved lengthwise; and a winglike lateral tooth.
Left valve with a large anterior pseudocardinal, a deeply sunken
linear mid-tooth, and a small posterior tooth. Lateral teeth of left
valve two, very strong. Anterior muscle scars deeply impressed,
posterior scars superficial. Anterior portion of shell much thickened,
especially between the pallial line and the ventral margin. Shell
gaping slightly front and back, enough to insert a slip of thick paper.
Sinulus long, narrow, and pointed.
The type, Cat. No. 270899, U.S.N.M., measures—length, 66
mm.; height, 37 mm.; diameter, 27 mm. It comes from Rio Negro,
Tacuarembo, Uruguay. It was presented to the museum several
years ago by Dr. Florentino Felippone, and has been here
under the name delodontus Lamarck. ‘This species is related to
Diplodon charruanus Orbigny, but is more nasute, having the ventral
margin nearly straight and more nearly parallel to the dorsal
margin. The pseudocardinal teeth of charruanus are largely divided
into sharp points with corresponding sockets in the opposing teeth.
Compared with these the teeth of fortis are much more simple.
Authentic specimens of charruanus, from Orbigny show that its beaks
are heavily sculptured and that this sculpture covers a considerable
area. The beaks of fortis are eroded but the area eroded is less than
the area sculptured in charruanus, and yet there is no indication of
sculpture. From this it may be inferred that the sculptured area in
fortis would be less than that in charruanus. Although of but mod-
erate size, its compact, chunky form, its weight, and the thickening
of the shelly matter, conveys an idea of strength and this has sug-
gested the specific name fortis.
THE TYPES OF SIX LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN
DIPLODON.
The following six species were described by Mr. Charles T. Simp-
son in A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water
Mussels, published in 1914. His descriptions were based upon mate-
rial in the collection of the United States National Museum, but no
figures were given. The following descriptions and illustrations of
the types will help more clearly to define the various species:
DIPLODON MIMUS Simpson.
Plate 51, figs. 3-6.
Diplodon mimus Simrson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly
Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1249.
Shell small, solid, obliquely rhomboid, somewhat inflated along
the posterior ridge, which is low, rounded, and widely biangulate.
384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou, 5%.
Dorsa] and ventral margins nearly parallel. Growth lines numer-
ous, fine. Rest periods not sharply defined. Periostracum thin,
closely adhering, slightly ruffled along the ventral margin, light
chestnut in color, somewhat tawney in the center of the disk. Beaks
much eroded. Pseudocardinals two in the right valve, the upper
very small, the lower thick, high, and much crenulated. Pseudo-
cardinals of left valve two, widely separated, the rear one small,
the front one larger and much crenulated. Lateral tooth of right
valve high, granulous. Lateral teeth of left valve subequal, crenu-
lated. Nacre lurid, purplish-white, thickened in front.
The type (pl. 51, figs. 3-6) is one of two specimens of United States
National Museum, Cat. No. 162425. It measures—length, 45 mm.;
height, 27 mm.; diameter, 15 mm.; and comes from Iguape, Brazil,
from Dr. H. von Ihering.
‘“‘A small, solid, rhomboid species which almost exactly mimics in
external appearance some of the varieties of Unio complanatus.”—
Simpson.
DIPLODON PERPLEXUS Simpson.
Plate 52, fig. 5; plate 53, figs. 1-4.
Diplodon perplerus Srurson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly
Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1248.
Shell moderately thin, subrhomboidal, regularly rounded in front,
obtusely pointed behind; posterior margin oblique. Ventral and
dorsal margins subparalle!. Posterior ridge low, rounded. Beaks
but little elevated, located one-quarter of the length of the shell from
the anterior margin. Surface of the shell with many fine growth
lines. Rest periods feebly marked, except the last which is indi-
cated by a dark line and a shallow groove. Periostracum thin,
shining, closely adhering, olivaccous, darkening to chestnut anteriorly
and posteriorly, slightly ruffled on the posterior dorsal area. An-
terior half of shell with numerous, well-marked radiating striae.
Nacre milky white and thickened anteriorly, moderately iridescent
and thin posteriorly. Pseudocardinals of right valve unequal, the
upper one small, the lower one three times as high, crenulated, set
at an angle of about fifty degrees with the lateral. Pseudocardinal of
rignt valve obliquely flattened and somewhat excavated, its upper
margin sharply crenulated. Lateral tooth of right valve thin, high,
slightly arcuate, its margin crenulated. Laterals of left valve two,
the upper one low, the lower one hizh, the groove between them
deep and narrow.
The type (pl. 53, figs. 1-4) is one of four specimens in the United
States National Museum (Cat. No. 150389), and measures—length,
77 m.; height, 43 mm.; diameter, 26 mm. lt comes from Lake
Portrero, near Maldonado, Uruguay, and was collected and pre-
sented by Dr. William Rush, U. S. N. Four other specimens and
No. 22092. NEW MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON—MARSHALL. 885
one odd valve (Cat. No. 150390 U.S.N.M.) were sent by Doctor Rush
from the same place.
A lot of South American naiades just identified for Doctor Felippone
includes 27 specimens of this species, of various ages, from localities
in Uruguay. The two largest and oldest specimens measure, re-
spectively—length, 91 mm.; height, 47 mm.; diameter, 27 mm.; and
length, 86 mm.; height, 46 mm.; diameter, 29 mm. The old speci-
mens retain all the typical characters, and vary from the younger
specimens only in the thickening and enlarging of the pseudocardinal
teeth. As is well known, a similar thicking and enlarging of these
teeth is a common, almost a usual, occurrence in old specimens of
the naiades in general.
DIPLODON SUPPOSITUS Simpson.
Plate 51, fig. 2; plate 54, figs. 1-4.
Diplodon suppositus Smmpson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly
Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1245.
Diplodon piceus (part) Suapson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 877.
Shell moderately thin to subsolid, thinner posteriorly, slightly
thickened anteriorly. Outline subrhomboidal, regularly rounded in
front, bluntly round-pointed behind. Dorsai and ventral margins
nearly parallel, the ventral margin slightly arcuate. Posterior dorsal
ridge nearly wanting and, hence, the posterior dorsal area not dis-
tinctly marked off from the general surface of the shell. Beaks low,
eroded in the type. Surface of shell with many poorly marked
growth lines, obscurely showing four rest periods. Anterior portion
with faint radial striae. Epidermis chestnut, bronzy. Nacre bluish
white or livid, nearly dull anteriorly, brilliant posteriorly. Radiating
striae show through the nacre at the posterior third. Pseudo-
cardinals of right valve two, thin, parallel, set at an angle of about
sixty degrees with the lateral. In the left valve the pseudocar-
dinals are not sharply defined into two. Lateral teeth two in the
left valve, one in the right valve.
The type (pl. 54, figs. 1-4) measures—length, 49 mm.; height, 26
mm.; diameter, 14 mm. It came from Parana, Brazil, and is one
of four specimens bearing Cat. No. 162374, U.S.N.M.
Plate 51, fig. 2, represents the beak of this species, enlarged three
diameters. The specimen figured comes from Rio Tiete, Brazil,
and is one of three specimens in the United States National Museum
(Cat. No. 128824). Both the specimens figured were received from
Dr. H. von Lhering.
In addition to the specimens mentioned above the coliection con-
tains twelve other lots including 26 specimens, all from localities in
Southern Brazil. All these were identified by Simpson as belonging
to D. suppositus.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 538—17
25
386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
DIPLODON TRIVIALIS Simpson.
Plate 54, figs. 5-8.
Diplodon trivialis Stupson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly
Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1250.
Shell obovate, moderately inflated, subsolid, evenly rounded before
and behind, narrower in front. Dorsal and ventral margins curving.
Posterior ridge rounded, scarcely developed. Beaks moderately ele-
vated, somewhat eroded, but showing that the sculpture consisted of
about 20 radiating bars. Surface with a number of feebly marked
growth lines, with four rest periods, indicated by dark lines. Faint
indications of radiating striae on nearly the whole surface. Perios-
tracum scarcely shining, clothlike, very dark olivaceous chestnut,
closely adhering. Nacre bluish-white, somewhat iridescent, thickened
along part of the ventral margin. Pseudocardinals of right valve
parallel to each other, the upper one low, small and linear. The lower
one thick, triangular, set at an angle of about 50 degrees with the
lateral. Pseudocardinals of left valve distinctly two, subequal, set at
an angle with each other. Lateral of right valve thin and high.
Laterals of left valve subequal, the groove between them rather deep
and wide.
The type (pl. 54, figs. 5-8), Cat. No. 162409, U.S.N.M., measures—
length, 51 mm.; height, 33 mm.; diameter, 19 mm. It comes from
Taboticabal, Sio Paulo, Brazil, and was received from Dr. H. von
thering. Cat. No. 162406 includes two specimens and Cat. No. 162411
includes one specimen, all from the same source as the type. Cat.
Nos. 125739, 162407, and 162408 each include one specimen from
Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from Dr. von Ihering. Cat. No. 125703
includes one specimen from Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
from Mr. B. H. Wright.
Mr. Simpson at first identified all of the above as Diplodon peculiaris
Lea, but later came to the conclusion that they belonged to a new
species. The collection contains the type of peculiaris, with which I
have compared the type of trivialis, and I believe the two are distinct.
Figure 6 shows the sculpture of the beaks. The rays are finer, more
numerous, occupy a smaller area, and are more nearly parallel than
those of peculiaris.
Two of the eight specimens in the collection have two lateral teeth
in each valve. The other six specimens have a single lateral in the
right valve and two laterals in the left valve.
DIPLODON SANTA MARIAE Simpson.
Plate 52, fig. 6; plate 55, figs. 1-4.
Diplodon sania mariae Smirson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly
Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1270.
Shell oblong, rhomboid, nearly twice as long as wide, moderately
thin. Ventral and dorsal margins nearly parallel. Posterior ridge
low, rounded, biangulate. Posterior margin biangulate. Beaks low,
No. 220. NEW MUSSELS OF THE GENUS DIPLODON—MARSHALL. 387
much eroded. Surface with many fine lines of growth and with four
rest periods indicated by dark lines. Numerous well-marked striae
radiate from the beaks to the ventral margin. Periostracum dark
brown, somewhat bronzy, scarcely shining, darker at the posterior
end. Nacre livid in the upper portion, white below, brilliant pos-
teriorly, thickened anteriorly, iridescently radiately striate. Pseudo-
cardinals of right valve long, low, the upper the smaller, the groove
between them slightly curved. Pseudocardinal of the left valve plate
like, standing on a narrow shelf, thin at its upper end, thickened at
the lower end. Lateral tooth of right valve long, low, and granulous.
Laterals of the left valve nearly equal, the groove between them
widening at the rear.
The type (pl. 55, figs. 1-4) is one of three specimens of Cat. No.
162383, U.S.N.M., from Rio Itapoca, Brazil, received from Dr. H. von
Ihering. It measures—length, 63 mm., height, 33 mm., diameter
18mm. Plate 52, figure 6, shows the beak (enlarged three diameters)
of a specimen from the same locality and with the same catalogue
number.
DIPLODON SEMIGRANOSUS Simpson.
Plate 55, figs. 5-8.
Diplodon semigranosus Stupson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly
Fresh-water Mussels, 1914, p. 1252.
Shell rather small, irregularly long elliptical, sharply rounded in
front, somewhat nasute behind. Ventral margin regularly curved.
Posterior ridge rounded, scarcely developed. Beaks apparently low,
eroded, retaining vestiges of radial, somewhat granular, sculpture.
Surface with feeble growth lines and three or four rest periods indi-
cated by dark lines. Numerous faint, slightly granular striae radiate
from the beaks, giving the surface a semigranulous appearance,
especially anteriorly.
Periostracum thin, closely adhering. olivaceous, tinged with
greenish, somewhat glossy. Nacre dirty bluish-white, iaceened
along the forward portion of the ventral margin, thin and iridescent
posteriorly. Pseudocardinals of right valve moderately thick,
parallel, the groove between them wide and deep. Pseudocardinal
of left valve thin and plate-like. Lateral tooth of right valve mod-
erately high. The upper lateral of the left valve low and weak, the
lower one higher and moderately strong.
The type (pl. 55, figs. 5-8) is one of 11 specimens of Cat. No. 128790,
U.S.N.M., from Rio Tiete, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from Dr. H. von lhering.
It eee een 47 mm.; height, 26 mm.; diameter, 15 mm.
Cat. No. 162414 includes two and No. 162415 one specimen from
Ponte Grande, Sio Paulo, No. 162413 one specimen from Os Perus,
Sio Paulo; No. 162412 six specimens from Ponta Grossa, Parana.
All these localities are in southern Brazil and all the specimens were
received from Dr. von Ithering.
388
Fias.
Fia.
Fias.
Figs.
Fies.
Fias.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE 50.
1-3. Diplodon felipponei Marshall. Natural size.
Puate 51.
1. Diplodon felipponei Marshall. Natural size.
2. Diplodon suppositus Simpson. Beak xX 3.
3-6. Diplodon mimus Simpson. Natural size.
Puate 52.
144. Diplodon fortis Marshall. Natural size.
5. Diplodon perplecus Simpson. Beak X 3.
6. Diplodon santa mariae Simpson. Beak xX 3.
PuatTE 53.
1-4. Diplodon perplexus Simpson. Natural size.
PLATE 54,
1-4. Diplodon suppositus Simpson. Natural size.
5-8. Diplodon trivialis Simpson. Natural size.
Puate 55.
1-4. Diplodon santa mariae Simpson. Natural size.
5-8. Diplodon semigranosus Simpson. Natural size.
vot. 53. |
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 50
SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODONS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 51
SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODONS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 53
i a |
SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODONS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388,
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 54
SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODONS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 55
-
SOUTH AMERICAN DIPLODONS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 388,
SOME FOSSIL INSECTS FROM FLORISSANT, COLORADO.
By T. D. A. CockeEreE11,
Of the University of Colorado, Boulder.
The new species described below are in the collection of the United
States National Museum. The three Hymenoptera are sawflies,
bringing the total of Florissant fossil sawflies up to 42. The new
Plecia brings the list of Florissant Bibionide to six, and the Dioctria
is the thirteenth fossil Asilid from that locality. None of the genera
are new to Florissant.
HYMENOPTERA.
TENTHREDELLA OBLITA, new species.
Length, about 12 mm.; width of head, 3 mm.; length of anterior
wing, about 11 mm.; head, thorax, and antenna, black; abdomen,
dark, with the sutures pallid; wings. slightly dusky; nervures, fus-
cous. Venation normal for the genus; interradial vein strongly
arched (much more so than in 7’. savorum) ; second cubital cell long,
receiving first recurrent vein near its middle; third cubital cell about
twice as broad on apical side as on basal; lanceolate (anal) cell con-
tracted, at the narrowest part a straight cross-nervure. In the hind
wing the anal cell is broadly truncate, not at all petiolate, at the
end.
The following measurements are in microns: First radial cell on
third cubital, 832 (1136 in 7. savorum) ; second radial on third cubi-
tal, 336 (192 in 7’. saxorum) ; second cubital on first discoidal, 704
(560 in 7. sarorum) ; second cubital on second (third, of authors,)
discoidal, 736 (800 in 7’. saxorum) ; first discoidal on submedian, 336
(352 in 7. saxorum) ; length of cross-vein of anal, about 160; width
(depth) of anal at level of end of submedian cell, 480. The basal and
first recurrent veins are parallel. Most nearly allied to 7’. saroruwm
Rohwer, but distinct by the quite different pattern of the abdomen
and the details of the venation. Also allied to 7. avia Brues, but the
color-pattern is quite different, the veins are dark, and the anal cell is
contracted at the cross-vein. 7. savorum has the apical part of the
abdomen black, as in the living Allantus unicinctus Norton; while
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53-2210.
389
3890 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
the segments before the black are brown or ferruginous, each with a
large black central spot, pointed posteriorly.
Miocene shales at Florissant (George Wilson.)
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63455, U.S.N.M.
PALEOTAXONUS VETUS, new species.
Length, 12 mm.; anterior wing, 9 mm.; width of abdomen, 3.25
mm.; head and thorax dark; legs apparently ferruginous; abdomen
pallid, each segment with a median dusky patch and one at each side;
wings perfectly clear, with ferruginous stigma and veins. Venation
normal for the genus, with the characteristically formed first dis-
coidal (which separates it at once from H'riocampa), the basal nerv-
ure meeting transversomedial, anal cell with oblique cross-vein, etc.
The cubitellan cell is remarkably long.
The following measurements are in microns: Stigma beyond origin
of interradial vein, 160; first radial cell on third cubital, 832; first
radial on second cubital, 1200; second radial on third cubital, 352;
second cubital on first discoidal, 240; second cubital on second dis-
coidal, 1200; lower side of second discoidal, 1728. Hind wing: Up-
per side of cubitellan cell, 1680; cubitellan on discoidellan, 720; dis-
coidellan on submediellan, 400; discoidellan on brachiellan, 800.
T hesitated to separate this from P. trivittatus Rohwer, but it seems
to be a distinct species, being larger, with the interradial vein placed
as in P. typicus Brues. There is an intercostal vein. The very long
cubitellan cell appears to be quite distinctive.
Miocene shales at Florissant (George Wilson). The specimen first
studied lacked the ends of wings and abdomen, but these are present
in the reverse, later noticed in the collection.
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63456, U.S.N.M.
ERIOCAMPOIDES MIMUS, new species.
Length, a little over 7 mm.; anterior wing, about 5.75 mm.; abdo-
men, 4.9 mm. long. Head black; thorax brown; the mesothorax pale;
abdomen pallid, the apical 1.4 mm., dark fuscous; wings hyaline;
stigma and nervures ferruginous; structure of wings nearly as in the
living /. aethiops. Stigma truncate at end, hardly produced beyond
origin of interradius, which is nearly vertical; interanal very
oblique; anal cell contracted as usual. Measurements in microns:
Third cubital cell on first radial, 448; first discoidal on median cell,
880; first discoidal on submedian, 368; first discoidal on first brachial,
592; lower side of first brachial, about 1280; submedian on second
anal, 752; submediellan on brachiellan, 672. This looks like #. mi-
crarche Cockerell, but the wing-measurements (e. g., the long first
brachial cell) are very different.
Miocene shales at Florissant (George Wilson).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63457, U.S.N.M.
NO. 2210. FOSSIL INSECTS FROM FLORISSANT—COCKERELL. 891
NEUROPTERA.
INOCELLIA TUMULATA Scudder.
A specimen collected at Florissant (Miocene shales) by Mr. George
Wilson shows the ovipositor, which is about 6 mm. long. The an-
terior wings are 9.5 mm. long; the venation agrees in the main-with
Scudder’s figure, but there are some differences, partly to be ascribed
to variation and partly, I think, to error in Scudder’s figure. The
principal difference is that the cell in the first fork of the radial
sector is relatively short, closed before the base of the cell in the
fork of the upper branchlet.
HEMIPTHRA.
METROBATES AETERNALIS Scudder.
A specimen from Florissant (George Wilson) shows the antennae,
not described by Scudder. They are quite long and 175 p thick
near the base. ‘The eyes are prominent.
DIPTERA.
PLECIA DECAPITATA, new species (Bibionidae).
Length about 10.5 mm.; thorax and legs dark; wings dusky but
not very dark, the costal region not darker than the rest; abdomen
2.4 mm. wide, dark brown with narrow hyaline sutural bands, which
are less than half as wide as the alternating dark ones. Separation
of third vein from first about 3 mm. from base of wing and 5 from
apex, the wings being 8 mm. long. The following measurements
are in microns: Separation of third vein to anterior cross-vein about
1,600; depth of marginal cell at level of cross-vein, 480; origin of
third vein to its fork (in a straight line), 2,560; end of first vein to
end of second (upper branch of third), 720; end of first vein to end
of lower branch of third, 2,240; depth of submarginal cell at level
of end of second vein, 368.
Miocene shales of Florissant (George Wilson).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 68458, U.S.N.M.
This may be separated from the previously known species of Plecia
from Florissant as follows:
STEM Re WV LTD CoS URT IN cy LOYD Sos se a ces ce ce melanderi Cockerell.
Mercer: Winer ormiM: OL OVER ss ak eee ee nk ee ee ene ee ds
1. Wing long and narrow; marginal cell narrow, its greatest depth less than
Ay fuse. 2 Or a es SB Regs Bs ee ee Sah ea explanata Cockerell.
Wing, ordinary; marginal cell broader, its greatest depth over 450 w_____ 2.
2. Abdomen with the light bands wider than the dark; submarginal cell
SUDO SA aah en ee ee ene azeliana Cockerell.
Abdomen with the dark bands much wider than the light; submarginal cell
MNAPTOW er eo 4 = Nate oS a oe eae ee ee eee decapitata Cockerell.
Soe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
DIOCTRIA (7) PULVERIS, new species (Asilidae).
Length, 10.7 mm.; wings, 8 mm. long; hind femora, 2.5 mm., nar-
row basally, regularly enlarging to a stout apex; hind tibiae about
2.5 mm.; legs not bristly; head and thorax dark; abdomen long and
slender, light reddish; thorax little elevated in profile; antennae
poorly preserved, but third joint thick, much stouter than in modern
Dioctria; wings, hyaline with light brown veins, no trace of a stig-
matic spot. The venation is essentially as in Dioctria(?) floris-
santina Cockerell, and the insect appears to be certainly congeneric.
The general appearance and the spineless legs suggest a Leptid, and
the venation is close to that of the Leptid Ptiolina, though in other
respects the insect is very different. Compared with D. florissantina
the new species is larger, with a much broader (higher) second sub-
marginal cell and paler veins, but the two are very similar. The
base of the second posterior cell is not produced. The following
wing measurments are in microns: End of first vein to end of sec-
ond on margin, 1,280; end of first vein to vertical level of tip of
wing, 2,048; depth of marginal cell at end of first vein, 320; depth
of first submarginal cell at level of basal corner of second, 512; depth
of second submarginal cell near end, 608; length of praefurca, 880;
first submarginal on first basal, 832; first submarginal on first pos-
terior, 2,400; second marginal on first posterior, about 2,080; first
basal on discal, 736; first posterior on discal, 1,409; second posterior
on discal, 176; third posterior on discal, about 336; second basal
on discal, 336; second basal on fourth posterior, 176; second basal on
fifth posterior, 384. The anal is closed not far from margin. Some
of the corresponding measurements of DP. florissantina are: First
submarginal on first posterior, 1,632; first basal on discal, 672; first
posterior on discal, 960.
Miocene shales of Florissant (George Wilson).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63459, U.S.N.M.
THE SALAMANDERS OF THE GENERA DESMOGNATHUS
AND LEUROGNATHUS.
By Emmett R. Dunn,
Of Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
INTRODUCTION.
Although one of the species of Desmognathus is the commonest of
the eastern salamanders, it was not observed by scientists until 1818,
when Green described Salamandra fusca. This name was preoccu-
pied by a name of Laurenti’s. In the same paper Green described
Salamandra nigra, which name has been used for a species of Des-
mognathus that Green probably never saw. In 1820 Rafinesque
described Triturus fuscus, which is the earliest tenable name for a
species of Desmognathus. This name of Rafinesque’s remained un-
noticed until 1849, the names picta (Harlan 1825), negra (Green 1818),
and intermizta (Green 1825), all being applied to the species now
known as fusca. In 1838 Holbrook described auriculata, and in 1840
quadramaculata, He was the first to apply Green’s nigra to the large
black adult of quadramaculata. In 1849 Baird described the genus
Desmognathus recognizing three species: D. fusca (Rafinesque), D.
auriculata (Holbrook), and D. nigra (Green).! He placed quadra-
maculata in the synonomy of fusca where it stayed until Stejneger
resurrected it in 1903.
Cope described ochrophaca in 1859. In 1866 he created a family,
Desmognathidae, with only one genus. In 1868 he made auriculata
a subspecies of fusca. In 1882 Boulenger added the genus Thorius
Cope to the Desmognathinae. In 1892 Stejneger described Typhlo-
triton placing it in this family. So also in 1893 Cope in deserbing
Hayptoglossa included it in the Desmognathidae. Stejneger described
D. brimleyorum in 1895. In 1899 Moore described Leurognathus as
of the family Desmognathidae. In 1900 Moore showed clearly that
this family had no standing if based on the opisthocoelous vertebrae.
In 1901 Allen claimed that ochrophaea should be a synonym of
fusca and Fowler in 1906 supported his claim. In 1903 Stejneger
1 The “only”? specimen of nigra seen-by Baird was No. 14001 in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. It was presented by Holbrook and the locality is given as ‘‘Penn.”’
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 538—No. 2211. 393
394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
redescribed quadramaculata as distinct from the form long known as
D. nigra (Green). In 1908 Brown designated D. fusca (Rafinesque)
as the type of Desmognathus. In preparing this revision | described
monticola and carolinensis.
Passing from the systematic history of the group, one is struck by
the number of papers on the anatomy and physiology of one form:
jSusca. This species, so easily obtamable throughout the East, has
served as the basis for the researches of the Wilder's on the peculiarities
of lungless salamanders. Mrs. Wilder has carefully worked out its life-
history. Others have studied various phases of its morphology and
embryology, so that this animal is by far the best known of the
Plethodontidae.
MATERIAL.
Of Leurognathus marmorata I have seen six specimens. The type
and one collected by S. N. Rhoads, in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia; and two cotypes, an alcoholic and a skele-
ton, and an additional specimen in the University of Pennsylvania;
and a larva in the American Museum of Natural History.
Of Desmognathus 1 have examined the following specimens: 1,093
in the United States National Museum; 1,105 in the Academy of
Natural Sciences; 526 in the American Museum of Natural History;
56 in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy; 52 in the Museum of the
University of Pennsylvania; 144 in the Museum of Cornell University;
and 194 in my private collection, making a total of 3,170.
The United States National Museum contains all the existing types
of species of Desmognathus, i. e., of D. brimleyorum Stejneger, D.
monticola Dunn and D. ochrophaea carolinensis Dunn.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
I desire to express my gratitude to Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, who
suggested this research to me, for his kind advice and assistance, and
for permission to study the collection of the United States National
Museum; to Mr. R. G. Paine and Mr. H. A. O’Dwyer, of the Division
of Reptiles, for help in studying the collection; to Dr. H. W. Fowler,
who allowed me to study the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences in Philadelphia, for his interest and suggestions; to Miss
Mary C. Dickerson, who gave me the opportunity to study the North
Carolina fauna in life, and who lent me the collection of the American
Museum of Natural History, in New York City; to Dr. Thomas
Barbour, who lent me specimens from the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, in Cambridge, Massachusetts; to Dr. Percy Moore, who gave
me the opportunity to study his specimens of Leurognathus and Des-
mognaihus in the University of Pennsylvania Museum, and who
permitted me to use his drawings of Leurognathus; to Dr. A. H.
Wright, of Cornell University, for the loan of specimens; to Dr. and
NO. 2211. GHNERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 395
Mrs. Wilder, of Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, for advice
and specimens; and finally to Dr. H. S. Pratt, of Haverford College,
under whom I studied, who has shown great interest in this work,
and allowed me to use the resources of the college laboratory with
the greatest freedom, especially in the matter of procuring specimens
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENERA.
Cope established a family Desmognathidae on the strength of the
opisthocoelous vertebrae of Desmognathus. Thorvus, Haptoglossa,
Typhlotriton, and Leurognathus, were added at various times to the
family chiefly on this character. Moore (1900) showed that opis-
thocoelous vertebrae are in many salamanders concomitant with
age, and that old specimens of various species of Spelerpes, Gyrino-
philus, and Autodaz have vertebrae quite as opistocoelous as has
Desmognathus. Consequently the family can not stand.
Thorius Cope, with a boletoid tongue and prefrontal bones, tends
to Spelerpes.
Typhlotriton according to Cope (1893a) has the same peculiar
structure of the atlas found in Desmognathus and Leurognathus.
However, it has prefrontal bones and a premaxillary fontanelle.
The tongue is attached in front, although according to Hilton (19090),
it is in the larval state more like the tongue of Spelerpes than that of
Desmognathus.
Its position, then, would be between these two genera.
Leurognathus Moore seems closely related to Desmognathus in
structure of tongue and skull. The prefrontal bones are lacking in
both. The peculiar structure of the atlas is alike in both. Leurogna-
thus so far as known never has vomerine teeth. In this it is unique
save that the males of some species of Desmognathus lose the vomerine
teeth on arriving at sexual maturity.
The cranial structure of Haptoglossa Cope is unknown.
Batrachoseps Bonaparte has no prefrontal bones, but this has been
shown by Cope to be an independent loss and the genus tends to
Plethodon. Stereochilus Cope is not well known. Cope says that in
the only skull he examined the prefrontal bone was present on one
side and absent on the other. Besides Leurognathus, Stereochilus is,
according to Cope, the only other genus of Plethodontidae without
premaxillary fontanelle. This may or may not indicate relationship.
Therefore Desmognathus and Leurognathus form a closely related
group, which is apparently isolated from other genera of Plethod-
ontidae.
However, the cranial structure of Haptoglossa and Stereochilus
should be examined for possible relationships.
396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Fic. 1.—DoRSAL VIEW OF SKULL OF DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA, 3 X NAT.SIZE. A, ATLAS; ExO, EXOCCIPITAL
BONE (THE OCCIPITO-PETROSAL OF WIEDERSHEIM); F, FRONTAL BONE; M, MAXILLARY BONE: NA,
Nares; N, NASAL BONE; P, PARIETAL BONE; PM, PREMAXILLARY BONE; P MF, PREMAXILLARY
FONTANELLE; Q, QUADRATE BONE; Sq, SQUAMOSAL BONE.
Fic. 2.—VENTRAL VIEW OF SAME, 3 X NAT. SIZE (TEETH SOMEWHAT DIAGRAMMATIC): Os, ORBITO-
SPHENOID BONE; PaS, PARASPHENOID BONE; St, STAPES; V, VOMER; OTHER LETTERS AS BEFORE.
Fic. 3.—LATERAL VIEW OF SAME, 3 X NAT. SIZE: LETTERS AS BEFORE.
Fic. 4.—A SECTION OF THE SKULL OF DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA TAKEN JUST ANTERIOR TO THE
INTERNAL NARES, 3.5 X NAT. SIZE. f, FRONTAL; m, MAXILLARY; 7, NASAL; na, NASALPASSAGE, WHICH
IS INDICATED BY SHADING; p, PREMAXILLARY; v, VOMERO-PALATINE.
Fic. 5.—DoRSAL VIEW OF A FEMALE LEUROGNATHUS MARMORATA, 3.2 X NAT. SIZE.
Fic. 6.—VENTRAL VIEW OF SAME, 3.2 X NAT. SIZE. THE INTERNAL NARES ARE BLACKENED, AND THE
POSITION OF THE ACTUAL CHOANAE IN THE ENTIRE HEAD IS INDICATED BY A RING OF DOTS.
Fic. 7.—LATERAL VIEW OF SAME, 3.2 X NAT. SIZE.
Fic. 8.—A SECTION OF THE SKULL OF THE SAME TAKEN JUST ANTERIOR TO THE INTERNAL NARES, 3.5 X
NAT. SIZE. LETTERS AS IN Fic. 4.
Fic 9.—DORSAL* VIEW OF SKULL OF SPELERPES RUBER, 3 X NAT. SIZE. Od, ODONTOM PROCESS OF
ATLAS; P F, PREFRONTAL BONE; OTHER LETTERS AS BEFORE.
Fic. 10.—VENTRAL VIEW OF SAME,3 X NAT.SIZE. LETTERS ASBEFORE. (TEETH SOMEWHAT DIAGRAMMATIC.)
Fig. 11.—LATERAL VIEW OF SAME, 3 X NAT. SIZE. LETTERS AS BEFORE.
(Figs. 1-3 and 9-11 by the author; figs. 4-8 are here reproduced by the kind permission of Dr. Moore.}
No. 2211, GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 89%
VARIATION OF THE CHARACTERS.
Dentition.—This has been studied chiefly by taking impressions of
teeth on thin shavings of a preparation of beeswax and lampblack.
The shape and presence of the vomerine teeth are quite constant
in the various forms. The females always have them, but the males
of all species save qguadramaculata and monticola lose them at sexual
maturity. Some, but not all, old male monticola lack the vomerines.
In some specimens of fusca and in most of ochrophaea and caro-
linensis the vomerine teeth are on a bony ridge which often persists
after the teeth themselves are lost.
The parasphenoid patches change somewhat in shape with age and
are slightly different in male and female. Aside from this they are
variable and must be used only in connection with other characters.
The mandibular dentition of male ochrophaea is merely an exag-
geration of that seen in male fusca, but it is marked and constant.
The shape of the tongue is subject to so much variation, which is
probably due to differences of preparation, that I have been unable
to use it as a diagnostic character.
Tail and limbs.—The shape of the tail is constant and not subject
to sexual or seasonal changes. I have found no seasonal changes in
these salamanders, save that “in the breeding season the lips of the
cloaca are somewhat everted”’ (Mrs. Wilder). The absence of the
dorsal fold is characteristic of the ochrophaea group.
The relative length of the tail is also fairly constant. The tails are
frequently broken and regenerated, so that it is impossible to tell
the normal. Results of maximum tail-lengths range the species in
the same order as average tail-lengths so that any error resulting
from mutilation is of no consequence.
The size of the legs is quite constant in specimens of the same age.
The distance between the appressed toes is less in youth than in age.
But the change is not the same for all forms. Thus young monticola
have two intercostal spaces between the appressed limbs and old
monticola three; while young fusca have three and a half and old ones
four. The larvae, young, and adult of guadramaculata have two and
a half to three quite constantly.
Head.—The skin of the head is sometimes very rugose. This is
very noticeable in specimens of guadramaculata and monticola.
While the majority of specimens possess it, I have been able to find
no other character accompanying it and am inclined to set its absence
down to an artifact of preservation or an individual or local variation.
It is not usually found, however, in old and black specimens of
quadramaculata.
The size of the head is a constant but hard to use, as it has to be
relative and the limits of variation are small.
398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 63.
Size.—Adult size is subject to some local variation, but is other-
wise constant. In the fusca and ochrophaea groups males are larger
than females.
The disparity in size is greater than the total length measurement
would show, as the tails of females are larger than the tails of males.
Similarly the much greater size of quadramaculata is better shown
when measurements of head and body are compared as the shortness
of the tail in this form obscures the difference when total lengths are
compared.
Costal grooves.—The costal grooves are not of much use in separat-
ing forms of this genus. They vary from a minimum of 12 in quadra-
maculata to & maximum of a possible 15 in brimleyorum. Fourteen
is normal, counting the axillary and inguinal. The inguinal in
specimens with 14 may be either a distinct groove or a fork of the
thirteenth. Where there are only 12 this fork is lacking and No. 1
does not quite reach into the axilla. To quote from Cope (1889)
speaking of ochrophaea: ‘The costal folds are 13, but 14 if that which
is immediately above the groin be counted. The first falls im-
mediately into the axilla. This is the characteristic arrangement in
D. fusca also, while in D. nigra the fold above the groin usually
extends to it and is the twelfth, while that which corresponds to the
first of the species last named falls just in advance of the axilla.
Though this is typical of D. nigra, occasionally another plica appears
above the groin and the twelfth is slightly in front of it.”’
It will be seen from this that the number of costal grooves in this
genus can not be used as a character of any great value.
The tubercle canthus oculi is present in all forms save typical
ochrophaea. I have been unable to use the lateral pores as diagnostic
characters. This is largely because the distinctness of these pores is
so dependent on the preservation. In some specimens they are
quite evident. In others of the same species they are scarcely to be
observed at all.
Color—The shades are extremely variable, but I have found the
general markings to be quite constant. In all of the forms there is a
marked tendency for the dorsal surface to become black with age.
In quadramaculata the ventral surface also becomes dark with
age, and carolinensis aud monticola show a tendency in this direction.
In the other species the belly assumes its permanent coloration
shortly after transformation.
Measurements.—In measurements the head length is taken from
the tip of the snout to the middle of the gular fold. The head width
is taken at the angle of the jaws. The tail is taken as beginning at
the posterior angle of the vent.
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 399
Subfamily DISMOGNATHINAE.
Key to the genera.
a Internal nares conspicuous, about as far apart as nostrils...... Desmognathus.
a’ Internal nares very inconspicuous, twice as far apart as nostrils. Lewrognathus.
Genus DESMOGNATHUS Baird.
1849. Desmognathus Barro, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (n. s.), vol. 1,
p. 82.
1854. Cylindrosoma (part) DumMérit and Brspron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9,
p. 81.
1854, Plethodon (part) Dumérit and Bisron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 85.
1854. Ambystoma (part) DumMErm and Brsron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 105.
1856. Plethodon (part) HatLowe.t, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 6-11,
Type-species.— Triturus fuscus Rafinesque.
Diagnosis.—General characters of the Plethodontidae. Tongue
attached, except by its lateral margins. Prefrontal bone wanting.
Premaxillaries united, embracing a fontanelle. Structure of internal
nares as in Spelerpes; that is, a notch in the vomer.
Vertebrae opisthocoelous in the adult. Atlas without odontoid
process and with a transverse dorsal ridge on which the temporal
muscles originate.
Occipital condyles on cylindric pedestals. Vomerine teeth usually
present, but wanting in adult males of some species. A light line
from the eye to the angle of the jaw.
There seems to be three groups of nearly equal value. These are:
1. quadramaculata; 2. monticola, fusca, auriculata, and brimleyorum;
3. carolinensis and ochrophaea.
Distribution—The forms of Desmognathus occur all over the
eastern United States. Two specimens show that the genus is
represented in New Brunswick. There is also a record for the Gaspe
peninsula, but as this refers to larvae it is extremely doubtful.
Nash’s records for D. fusca and D. nigra in southwest Ontario are
also doubtful. It can be affirmed with considerable positiveness
that guadramaculata does not occur in Canada, and from the known
distribution of fusca it seems scarcely probable that it either is found
in Ontario.
Specimens and records are lacking from northwestern Ohio, north-
ern Indiana, northern Illinois, western Kentucky, western Ten-
nessee, and northern Mississippi. In Arkansas, brimleyorum from
two neighboring localities is the only representative. Beyer (1900)
records fusca as common all over Louisiana. I have seen specimens
from only the southeastern corner and these were auriculata. It is
very doubtful whether typical fusca occurs in Louisiana.
In mapping the ranges of the various forms one is struck by the
agreements with the maps in Transeau’s paper on the Forest Centers
400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
of Eastern North America. Thus the distribution of fusca is roughly
the eastern deciduous forest; ochrophaea the northern coniferous
forest; carolinensis the southern extension of the same; and aun-
culata the southern coniferous forest.
LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES WITH TYPE-LOCALITIES.
Desmognathus quadramaculata (Holbrook), Carolina.
Desmognathus monticola Dunn, Brevard, North Carolina.
Desmognathus fusca fusca (Rafinesque), northern New York.
Desmognathus fusca auriculata (Holbrook), Riceboro, Georgia.
Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Desmognathus ochrophaea ochrophaea Cope, Susquehanna County,
Pennsylvania.
Desmognathus ochrophaea carolinensis Dunn, Mount Mitchell
North Carolina.
Key to adults of Desmognathus.
a!, Tail not keeled, cylindrical. Small species.
b!, No tubercle in the anterior angle of the eye; belly light.................-
D. ochrophaea ochrophaea,
b?, A tubercle in the anterior angle of theeye; belly dark.................-..
D., ochrophaea carolinensis.
a*, Tail keeled above. Large and medium species.
b!. Belly uniformly colored.
c’. Belly black; large and stout; tail short...............D. quadramaculata.
c?, Belly light; tail long; no light spots on sides.........-...... D. monticola,
b'. Belly mottled.
C. NO USHE SPOS OR SIDES)... ses siniccin neoan asa Gamera seca D. fusca fusca.
c.2 A row of light spots on sides.
d's Belly dark 00529034 Weornc. 15. PE. Be D. fusca auriculata.
a; ;hrkaness: Delly lightissssec. 053 J-. see ee See D. brimleyorum.
IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAE,
From the larvae of other genera of Plethodontidae (except only
Leurognathus marmorata, q. v.) larvae of Desmognathus may be told by
their glistening white gills, which are never so long or so large as the
gills of Spelerpes, etc., larvae. The legs are stout, especially the
hind pair. The whole outline of the body and the markings are very
like those of the adult. I have seen larva of guadramaculata and
fusca. These may be distinguished by the larger size and uniform
pigmentation of guadramaculata. Larvae of fusca, monticola, or
carolinensis are not found during July and August, but larvae of
quadramaculata are found throughout the summer.
Larvae of fusca are found among leaves and débris in very shallow
water near the surface. Larvae of qguadramaculata are found under
rocks in the mountain brooks where the adult is also found.
Spelerpes larvae, on the other hand, are usually found on the bottom
of springs and small streams.
no. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 401
DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA Holbrook.
1840. Salamandra quadramaculata Houtproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 1, vol.
4, pl. 27.
1840. Salamandra maculo-quadrata Hotproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, vol. 4,
p. 121.
1842. Salamandra quadrimaculata Hotsproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 2, vol.
5, p. 49, pl. 13.
1842. Triton niger (part) HoLtproox, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 81
(not of Green).
1849. Desmognathus niger Barrp, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (n. s.)
vol. 1, p. 285.
1854. Ambystoma nigrum DumrErit and Bisron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9,
p. 125.
1903. Desmognathus quadrimaculata SreJNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26,
p. 557.
Type.—So far as known there is none.
Type-locality— Holbrook (1840) says “I first found it in the
Carolinas.”
Disiribution.—From Wytheville and Giles County, Virginia, south-
ward in the Alleghenies into Georgia and South Carolina. Zonal
range Transition and Canadian. Vertical range, 2,000-6,000 (Roan
Mountain).
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth always present. Parasphenoid series
confluent anteriorly. Legs stout. Two and a half to three costal
interspaces between appressed toes. Tail flattened, keeled, and
finned above. Head very large. Size large. No distinct color
pattern. Belly black. Larvae: Total length to 79 mm. Trans-
formed specimens: Total length 49-164 mm. Head and body
27-100 mm.
Description.—The vomerine teeth are always present and form
two arched series which extend nearly to the nares and approach
each other posteriorly within one-fourth of their own length. When
complete there are are 8-9 teeth in each series. The parasphenoid
series are very long narrow patches, confluent anteriorly, which
approach the vomeries from one-third to two-thirds the length of the
vomerine series.
The tongue seems usually small and round, but it is variable.
The tail is always shorter than the head and body, and is usually
flattened and finned.
The legs are very large and stout. The number of costal spaces
between the appressed toes is two and a half to three.
The head length is from three and two-thirds to four and a half
in the length of head and body. The head width is about five in the
length of-head and body.
This is the largest species in the genus, with a long head, long
body, short tail, and long legs.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17——26
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
The skin of the head is often rugose, resembling, as Stejneger says,
“‘orain leather.” This character is present in monticola and to some
degree in carolinensis. Old and black specimens of quadramaculata
do not, as a rule, have it. In nine specimens from Giles County,
Virginia, five had the head perfectly smooth, in two it was very rough,
and two were intermediate. The tubercle canthus occuli is always
present.
The X-shaped groove on top of the head, between and in front
of the eyes, is lacking in this species. It is present in all the other
aba aia
coetalats
vate
mi ce ay
RS
Fic. 12.—RANGE OF DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA.
forms of the genus. This is useful in separating this form from dark
monticola.
In this form the costal grooves are at a Minimum, Some speci-
mens have only 12; others have 13 and 14.
The color of this form is very characteristic. The dorsal surface
shows a lack of pattern not found in any other species. The larva
is almost uniform brownish above and uncolored below. The young
are at first like the larvae, but the dorsal color becomes gradually
darker until it is black in old specimens. The color of the head is,
in most specimens, much lighter than that of the body. The belly,
no. 2211. GHNERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 408
white in the young, soon begins to blacken in an area laterally very
definitely defined by a line between the ventral insertion of the
legs. Medium-sized specimens have the back dark, the sides light,
and the belly dark. The dorsal surface is never lighter than the
sides as it is in all the other forms of the genus. Old specimens
become uniformly black save for the head and feet which remain
brownish and whitish.
In view of the lack of definite color pattern, question may arise
as to the applicability of Holbrook’s name to this species. The
proportions and ventral coloration of Holbrook’s plate are those of
this form. The dorsal spots are more distinct in Holbrook’s figure
than in any specimen I have seen. But, as Stejneger says, some
specimens approach it and the other characters agree exactly with
this form and with no other.
I can find no sexual differences in this form. The testes are not
pigmented, as are those of fusca and ochrophaea.
Habits —According to my own experience, this is by far the most
aquatic species of the genus. I have found them swimming about
in streams as large as the Linville River. They are extremely
active and hard to catch or hold. It is a surprising sight to see
one of these big black salamanders run down a sloping bank into
the water for all the world like a water snake..
On several occasions captured specimens attempted biting.
Around Brevard, North Carolina, they came down to 2,100 feet
in large streams, to which they seemed practically confined. At
Linville, North Carolina, where the valley was 3,800 feet, they inhab-
ited large and small streams, irrespectively.
The explanation seems to be that D. monticola inhabits small
streams which rise at or below 4,000 feet, while D. guadramaculata
follows down streams which rise above that line. This is not an
absolute rule, but it holds in most cases, and a stream in which
qguadramaculata is common usually contains few monticola, and the
opposite.
The food seems not definitely known.
Nothing has been published on the breeding habits. The condi-
tion of the ovaries in females would indicate September as the
beginning of the egg-laying period. Specimens have been seen
which were taken in May, July, and September. In May the eggs
were not developed. In July the eggs were in all cases well devel-
oped. In September the eggs were developed in some cases and
not in others. This would show that some of the September females
had spawned and others had not.
The larvae reach a much larger size than in any of the other
species. The smallest transformed example seen was 52 mm. long,
and the largest larva was 79 mm. long. Females appear to be
404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
sexually mature at a total length of 107 mm. with head and body
57 mm.
Remarks.—This seems the most primitive form in the genus
Its larvae are the largest. The male never loses its vomerine teeth.
There is no difference between male and female in size or hooking
of the jaws.
In these characters it leans away from the other species of Des-
mognathus and toward the majority of salamanders. Two other
points of interest are that its size is the largest of the genus and that
it is strikingly similar externally to Leurognathus marmorata, the
only species of the only closely allied genus.
There are several specimens of this form with doubtful locality
records. These are: No. 183 Mus. Comp. Zoél., presented by Doctor
Holbrook, locality Charleston, South Carolina; No. 14001 Acad. Nat.
Sci., presented by Doctor Holbrook, locality Pennsylvania; No. 3883
U.S.N.M. Meadville, Pennsylvania; No. 3823 U.S.N.M. Cook County,
Illinois; No. 8802 U.S.N.M. Augusta, Georgia. Aside from these the
specimens are all within the distribution given. No modern speci-
mens of this unmistakable form are known from outside this range.
Green’s Salamandra ngra (1818) is not this form. Holbrook’s two
specimens are the oldest ones known and hence it is doubtful if Green
ever saw a specimen of what has been called Desmognathus nigra
(Green).
Specimens examined: 213, from the following localities:
Illinois. —Cook County (%) 1.
Pennsylvania.—1 (%); Meadville (%), 1.
Virginia.—W ytheville, 1; Giles County, 9.
North Carolina.—Cherokee, 1; Bald and Sampson Mountains, 1;
Haywood County, 3; Pink Beds, 3; Brevard, 61; Blantyre, 5; Mount
Mitchell, 3; Spruce Pine-Micaville, 1; Henderson County,.3; Pineola-
Mortimer, 7; Linville, 43; Blowing Rock, 49; Grandfather Mountain,
3; Roan Mountain, 4.
Tennessee.—1; Roan Mountain, 1.
South Carolina.—Abbeville, 2; Charleston (%), 1.
Georgia.—1; Augusta (%), 1.
No locality.—Three.
DESMOGNATHUS MONTICOLA Dunn.
1916. Desmognathus monticola Dunn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, p. 73.
Type.—No. 38313 U.S.N.M., adult male.
Type-locality— Elk Lodge Lake, near Brevard, North Carolina;
altitude about 2,500 feet. Type collected by Ronald and Emeline
Tipping, July 13, 1908.
Distribution.—From Clarke County, Virginia, and Greenbrier
County, West Virginia, south in the mountains to Toccoa, Georgia.
——
No. 2211. GENHRA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 405
Zonal range transition. Vertical range: 500 feet (Clarke County,
Virginia), 4,500 feet (Tatula Mountain, North Carolina).
|
y
)
Uy
Uff}
WY), Thy 4 a r #
1. D. fusca. YY ~~ Ip f
2. D. auriculata. Mf : re
3. L. marmorata. | Ag A ee
rhe y \
| 5
Fia. 13.—RANGES OF 1, DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA FUSCA; 2, D. FUSCA AURICULATA; 8, LEUROGNATHUS
MARMORATA, (DOTTED AREA SHOWS INTERGRADATION.)
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth not lost by males on reaching sexual
maturity. (The largest and probably the oldest males lack these
teeth. Others, however, many as large as the largest fusca and un-
doubtedly sexually mature, have these teeth. When lost it is a
senile change.) Parasphenoids confluent anteriorly. Legs stout.
406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Three costal interspaces between appressed toes of adult. Tail
keeled above. A distinct color pattern. Belly uniform, pale. Trans-
formed specimens: Total length 30-135 mm. ; head and body 17-64mm.
Description.—The vomerines form two short slightly arched series
which approximate each other in the median line. The parasphe-
noids are usually confluent anteriorly. They are long narrow series
and are well separated from each other save in front. Their distance
from the vomerines is about equal to the length of one of the vomerine
series. The shape of the tail is about as in fusca. The relative
length is greater. It is not as flattened as in guadramaculata.
The legs are stout. In young specimens the appressed toes are
separated by two costal interspaces, in adults by three.
The length of the head is from four to four and a half in the length
of head and body. The head is from five to six in the length of head
and body.
This is the second largest form in the genus with medium head and
body, long tail, and medium legs.
The skin of the head is often rugose as in quadramaculata. The
costal grooves are 13 or 14 in number. There is always a tubercle
in the anterior angle of the eye.
The color of this form is much like that of fusca, but shows certain
differences. The light dorsal spots are smaller and more heavily out-
lined with dark. They do not break up until the animal is practi-
cally mature; whereas in fusca it is seldom, even in the smallest trans-
formed specimens, that they have not coalesced into a light dorsal
band. When these spots do coalesce in monticola portions of the
dark outline are left as conspicuous dark spots on the generally pale
dorsal band. The ventral coloration is practically uniform and lacks
all trace of the mottling so conspicuous in fusca. The sides are not
mottled as in fusca, but the dark lateral band merges gradually into
pale ventral surface. In the young the belly is white. A uniform
pigmentation gradually encroaches on the belly from the sides in-
ward and from behind forward, so that the last unpigmented part
of the ventral surface is between the fore legs. Eventually the whole
belly is uniformly and lightly pigmented. In a few specimens this
pigmentation is fairly dark, never, however, becoming as dark as in
quadramaculata. In comparing monticola with the latter, it should
be remarked that monticola usually retains traces of the dorsal pat-
tern and never has the light lateral band so characteristic of young
and medium quadramaculata.
The only sexual difference discernible is the very slightly more
flexuous outline of the male jaw. The testes are unpigmented as in
quadramaculata.
Habits.—-This species resembles fusca very closely in its habitat
relations. Jt is not nearly so aquatic as quadramaculata, and is
tound only in small streams. The rocky edges of the mountain
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 407
brooks and the springs along the sides of the roads simply teem with
this species. It wanders more openly than do the otlier species of
the genus. I once sat on the side of a road under a tree during a
rain and four or five large examples crossed the road in half an hour.
While we were climbing Grandmother Mountain early one morning,
one ran across our path with a partially swallowed earthworm in its
mouth. In this roaming tendency it resembles guadramaculata,
which is also frequently seen in action, but which is confined to
streams.
The vertical range of those observed by me was from 2,200 to
4,000 feet. This applies only to the North Carolina mountains. In
Virginia it comes down to 500 feet.
No larvae have been seen. The breeding habits are not known,
but they are probably similar to those of fusca. Transformed speci-
mens have been seen as small as 30 mm. Females seem to be sexu-
ally mature at a total length of 105 mm.; head and body, 51 mm.
Remarks.—This animal is intermediate between fusca and quadra-
maculata, with which two species it was confused. It is the only
species of the genus besides guadramaculata in which the male retains
the vomerine teeth past sexual maturity.
It is apparently distinct from both of the others, as no specimens
of an intermediate nature have been seen, and as it occurs with
guadramaculata in North Carolina, and with fusca in Virginia.
Specimens examined, 173, from localities as follows:
Virginia.—Delaplane, 2; Clarke County, 1; Berry’s Ferry, Clarke
County, 1; Hanging Rock, Clarke County, 8; Stony Man, 1; Augusta
County, 2.
West Virginia.—Greenbrier County, 2; Baileysville, 2; Star Creek,
2; Horsepen Creek, 1; Big Stony Creek, near Barger’s Spring, 1.
North Carolina.—Brevard (type-locality), 90; Pink Beds, 9;
Blantyre, 4; Sunburst, 3; Joanna Bald, near Andrews, 1; Burns-
ville, 1; Cane River, 3; Spruce Pine-Micaville, 1; Linville, 18; Blow-
ing Rock, 2; Pineola-Mortimer, 1; Tatula Mountain, near Highlands, 1.
Georgia.—Clayton, 1; Tallulah Falls, 4; Toccoa, 1.
DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA FUSCA (Rafinesque).
1818. Salamandra fusca GREEN, Journ. Acad. Philadelphia, vol. 1, pp. 348-359
(not of Laurenti, 1768).
1820. Triturus fuscus RAFINESQUE, Annals of Nature, vol. 1, p. 4.
1825. Salamandra intermixta GREEN, Hall’s Portfolio, vol. 20, p. 159.
1842. Triton niger (part) HotBroox, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, vol. 5.
1849. Desmognathus fuscus Batrp, Journ. Acad. Philadelphia (n.s.). vol. 1, p. 285.
1854. Plethodon fuscum DumeEnrtit and Brsron, Erpétologie Générale, vol. 9, p. 85.
1856. Plethodon niger HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 6-11.
Type.—Not known to exist.
Type-locality.—Northern New York.
Distribution.—From St. John’s River, New Brunswick, and Range-
ley, Maine, to Raleigh, North Carolina; Dayton, Alabama; David-
408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
son County, Tennessee; Edmondson County, Kentucky; and Normal,
Illinois.
It occurs as far up the French Broad River as Asheville, but is not
otherwise known from the mountains of North Carolina.
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth lost in male on attainment of sexual
maturity. Parasphenoids never confluent. Appressed toes sepa-
rated by four intercostal spaces. Tail keeled above. A distinct
color pattern. Belly mottled, light. No row of light spots on sides.
Larvae: total length to44mm. Transformed specimens: Total length
29-100 mm., females, 128 mm., males; head and body 20-67 mm.,
males, 52 mm., females.!
Description.—Vomerine teeth always present in females; lost in
males at sexual maturity. They form two arched series, which,
when complete, are composed of five to six teeth. The series is
separated by one and a half its length from the parasphenoids. They
do not extend beyond the nares, but approach each other within
one-fourth their own length.
The parasphenoid teeth form two rather short, thick, completely
separated series.
The tail in the adult is trigonal in cross-section near the base, the
distal half has a dorsal keel which is a simple fold of skin. This
sometimes extends to the anus but usually only in young specimens.
The tail is larger in females than in males. In aseries of 23 females
from Haverford, Pennsylvania, 5 had the tail longer than the head
and body, 2 had the tail equal to the head and body, and in 16 it
was shorter. In 39 males from the same locality 1 had a tail larger,
1 had a tail of the same length as, and 37 had a tail shorter than the
head and body.
The legs are not especially stout. There are four intercostal
spaces between the appressed toes.
The length of the head is four and a half to five and a half in the
length of head and body. The head width is five to six in the length
of head and body.
I have seen no specimens of this form with the skin of the head
rugose. The fact that I have seen no specimens from the North
Carolina mountains may have some bearing on this point.
The tubercle canthus oculi is uniformly present. The male man-
dible is evenly and fully provided with teeth, but the outline of the
jaw is strongly flexuous and serves as a very certain and easy means
of distinguishing the sexes when adult.
The costal grooves are usually 14 in number.
The color of this species had best be described from the standpoint
of development. The larval coloration is the key to that of the
1 These measurements apply to specimens from southeastern Pennsylvania, from which region over 250
specimens have been available. The species averages smaller in the north and largest in North Carolina.
NO. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 409
§
Ny SLL os 3
“| Re | wo Us : 3 2 3
| ft a Se :
atone EB ot
HHI ARRAS
Mt SK i
ge area in the North Carolina mountains.
is absent from a lar;
usca
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oda
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tergr
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ting shows area of {n
and monticola overla
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a Var
a aa ‘
“ tt |
Fic. 14.—RANGES OF 1, DESMOGNATHUS BRIMLEYORUM; 2, D. FUSCA AURICULATA; 3, D. FUSCA FUSCA; 4, D. MONTICOLA,
(Note that in Virginia and West Virginia the ranges of fusca
410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
adult. The ventral surface of the larva is unpigmented. The dorsal
pigmentation is uniform save for a row of uncolored areas on each
side of the middorsal line. These are the larval areas of Banta and
McAtee (1906) and are quite as significant in the development of the
color pattern of Desmognathus fusca as they are in that of Spelerpes
maculicaudus.
These pigmentless areas are in pairs on the body. They are con-
fluent on the tail. At about the time of transformation the areas
on the body become confluent and the result is a light dorsal band
with crenulate edges. The sides below the crenulates are mottled
and the mottling, shortly after metamorphosis extends over the ven-
tral surface. The ground color which is not present in the larvae
appears at metamorphosis.. It is extremely variable, becomes darker
with age and appears to be chiefly responsible for the blackness of
the whole upper surface in the old specimens. In young examples it
may be yellow orred. ‘The sides of the tail are mottled much as are
the sides of the body. |
The sexual differences in dentition, proportions of tail, and outlines
of jaw have already been treated. Aside from this the male is larger
than the female. The disparity in size is great. The largest male
seen, from Raleigh, North Carolina, was 134 mm. totallength. Head
and body, 68 mm. The largest female seen, from Nelson County,
Virginia, was 107 mm. total length. Head and body, 52 mm.
Habits.—The habits of fusca have received much attention and are
quite well known. They seem to rarely enter the water, although
they live in its immediate proximity. They take advntage of holes
and burrows of other animals, but are able to make their own. They
lie in these burrows with the head toward the entrance.
Mrs. Wilder (1913) says, ‘‘The ideal environmental conditions for
Desmognathus fusca, as deduced from a study of those localities in
which they occur in the greatest abundance, are those afforded by
the banks of well shaded streams of shallow, perennially running
water.”’
Surface (1913) and Mrs. Wilder (1913) give accounts of the food
of fusca; Surface tabulating the contents of 235 stomachs, Mrs.
Wilder of 18.
The food is composed of insects, arachnids, earthworms, snails, and
isopods. Mrs. Wilder shows that cannibalism is occasionally re-
dulged in, and that they eat their own moulted skin, as do toads and
frogs. Surface found nematodes in two stomachs, but does not say’
whether they were parasites or not. I have found mites encysted
under the epidermis in some specimens.
The life history has been thoroughly worked out by Mrs. Wilder
(1913). The mating is on land, fertilization is internal and the eggs
are laid on land. She gives the total number of eggs as 20, there
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 411
being usually 10 in each ovary. Her specimens were from near North-
ampton, Massachusetts. In a series from Haverford, Pennsylvania,
females just matured at a length of 80 mm., had usually 28 eggs,
while larger females up to 100 mm. had as many as 40 eggs. Cope
states that 18 to 30 eggs may be found on one side.
The act of pairing has been observed in captivity on May 13. The
eggs are laid from the first of June to the end of August, most being
laid during July.
The eggs are guarded by the mother, who keeps herself in contact
with them probably to keep them moist. They are joined together
by the external membrane. The period from laying to hatching is
about five weeks. When hatched the larvae measure 15mm. There
is a terrestial larval stage of 15 to 16 days. At the expiration of this
period the length is about 20 mm. and the larvae enter the water.
Mrs. Wilder gives the length of 15 aquatic larvae, collected in Massa-
chusetts during November and December, as ranging between 17 and
25.5mm. Seventeen larvae collected November 28, in Nelson County
Virginia, ranged from 21 to 29 mm.
The aquatic larval period lasts about nine months. They trans-
form during May and June. Thus during July and August, as a rule,
no larval fusca will be found.
Mrs. Wilder gives the largest larva seen as 33 mm., and the smallest
transformed specimen as 27.75 mm. This is at Northampton, Mas-
sachusetts. At Haverford, Pennsylvania, I have found larvae as
large as 44 mm., and transformed specimens as small as 32 mm.
Mrs. Wilder says: “‘Specimens of 68 mm. and over of both sexes
are sexually mature, apparently after three years of adult life. At
Haverford they reach a larger size before maturity, although the
age is probably the same. Females with developed eggs are not
found smaller than 75 to 80 mm. The males lose the vomerine
teeth at about 85 mm. This would be coincident with sexual
maturity.
Remarks.—This is the most widespread form of the genus. With
its subspecies auriculata it covers the whole East with the exception
of the mountains of North Carolina.
Specimens intermediate between fusca and auriculata have been
seen from Raleigh, Magnolia, and Kinston, North Carolina, Lake
Drummond, Virginia, and Columbia, South Carolina. The Lake
Drummond specimen is closer to auriculata, the others to fusca.
Specimens examined: 1,925, from localities as follows:
New Brunswick.—St. John’s River, 1.
Maine.—Brooklin, 5; Westbrook, 1; Rangeley, 8.
Vermont.—St. Johnsburg, 2.
Massachusetts —Berkshire Hills, 4; Springfield, 2; Northampton, 25.
New Hampshire.-—Amherst, 3.
412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 63.
Connecticut.—N orfolk, 2; Redding, 1.
Rhode Island.—Providence, 1.
New York.—Adirondack, 1; Westport, 36; Ithaca, 21; Orange
County, 1; Catskills, 15; Highland Falls, 16; Shokan, 8; Fort Lee, 16;
Garrison, 12; Van Cortlandt Park, 1; Staten Island, 24; Long Island,
43; Tupper Lake, 1; Utica, 5; Hamburg, 6; Auburn, 3; Haines Falls,
Catskills, 4.
New Jersey —Orange, 11; Trenton, 1; Schwarzwood Lake, 2;
Big Timber Creek, 1; Morristown, 15; Clement’s Bridge, 10; Penns-
ville, Salem County, 111; Montclair, 4; Scotch Plains, 6; Maplewood, 2.
Pennsylvania.—39; Philadelphia County, 208; Delaware County, 6;
Haverford, 74; Montgomery County, 55; Conshohocken, 10; Chester
County, 14; Waynesburg, 3; Monocacy, 3; York County, 1; Lan-
caster County, 71; Altoona, 2; Indiana County, 17; Tuscarora, 1;
Mifflin County, 8; Perry County, 3; Lehigh Gap, 8; Northampton
County, 2; Warren County, 3; Port Allegheny, 3; Brooklyn, 1;
Seven Bridges, 4; Pittsburgh, 13; Clinton County, 1; Broad Top
Mountain, 14; Susquehanna County, 1; Carlisle, 473; Columbia
County, 1; Meadville, 30; Centerville, 1.
Delaware.—Brandywine County, 2; Greenville, 4.
Maryland.—Gloucester, 2; Brookville, 1; Laurel, 1; Great Falls,
3; Cecil County, 3; Jennings, Garrett County, 1; Mount City Gap, 1.
Virginia.—Bailey’s X-rvads, 2; Fort Myer, 5; Munson’s Hill, 1;
Four-mile Run, 5; Fairfax County, 10; Stony Man Mountain, 21; Clarke
County, 2; Berry’s Ferry, Clarke County, 27; Giles County, 9; Somer-
set Beach, 1; Rockbridge County, 1; Bedford County, 3; Augusta
County, 11; Newport News, 2; Nelson County, 33.
Ohio.—Cincinnati, 15; Columbus, 10; Highlands County, 4.
Indiana.—Richmond, 14; Brookville, 1; Jefferson County, 18.
Illinois —Normal, 3.
West Virginia.—Kegley, 6; Big Spring Run, 1; Rich Mountain,
near Beverly, 3.
Kentucky.—Morgan County, 3; Edmonson County, 1.
North Carolina.—Salem, 10; Kinston, 5; Magnolia, 2; Raleigh,
43; unknown locality, 1; French Broad River, 1; Ahbseville, 9.
Tennessee.—1; Franklin County, 3; Knoxville, 3; Greenville, 1;
Clearbon, 1; Athens, 1; Hamilton County, 6.
South Carolina.—Abbeville, 11; Columbia, 14.
Georgia.—Thompson’s Mills, 1; unknown locality, 1.
Alabama.—Kutaw, 5; Dayton, 1; Auburn, 1.
No locality.—125.
DESMOGNATHUS FUSCA AURICULATA (Holbrook).
1838. Salamandra auriculata Houtsroox, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, vol. 3, p. 115,
pl. 28.
1849. Desmognathus auriculatus Batrp, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia
(n.s.), vol. 1, p. 286.
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 4138
1854, Cylindrosoma auriculatum Dumiérw and Bisron, Erpétologie Générale,
vol. 9, p. 81.
1858. Plethodon auriculatum HatLoweE Lu, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,
(n. 8s.) vol. 3, p. 344.
1869. Desmognathus fusca var. auriculata Cork, Proc. Acad.Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,
p- 116.
Type.—Not known to exist.
Type-locality— Riceboro, Georgia.
Distribution.—From the Atlantic coast south of Dismal Swamp to
Miami, Florida, and Washington, Mississippi. Zonal range: Lower
Austral. Vertical range: Sea level to between 100 and 500 feet.
Diagnosis.—Similar to fusca, but a TOW of hight spots on sides,
slimmer, belly mottled, dark.
Description.—Vomerine teeth as in fusca. Parasphenoid patches
shorter, separated from the vomerines by twice the length of one
of the vomerine series. ‘Tail similar to that of fusca, but slightly
longer. The appressed toes fail to meet by four to four and a half
intercostal spaces. The head length is from four to four and a half
in the length of head and body. The head width is five and two-
thirds to six in the length of head and body. The size is smaller
than in fusca. The legs are weak and the tail is long. The head is
narrower than in fusca.
The color is like that of fusca, but generally darker, especially
ventrally. The belly, however, is always mottled. There is a line
of light spots along the sides just above the insertion of the legs.
This line is continued into the tail. The light spot between the eye
and the angle of the jaw is especially noticeable in this form. It
is said that these light spots are red in life. I have seen only alco-
holics in which the color had faded.
Habits.—Nothing has been published on the habitat, food, or life
history of this form save Lénnberg’s (1894) statement that he found
one in Florida “‘under a log in a wet hammock.”
Its habits are probably similar to those of fusca. No larvae have
been seen. The males lose the vomerine teeth at a length of about
90 mm., head and body 45 mm.
Remarks. —Intergrades with fusca. Its relationships with fusca
have been discussed under that form.
Specimens examined: 74, from the following localities:
Virginia.—Lake Drummond, 1.
North Carolina.—Wilmington, 3; Lake Waccamaw, 5; Beau-
fort, 10.
South Carolina.—Unknown locality, 2; Manning, 1; Oakley, 9
Georgia.—Unknown locality, 14; Savannah, 2; Nashville, 1; Rice-
boro (type-locality), 12.
Florida.—Jacksonville, 3; Green Cove Springs, 2; Miami, 1
Alabama.—Coden 1; Mobile, 3.
414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Mississippi.cUnknown locality, 2; Washington, 1.
Louisiana.—Covington, 3; Clinton, 1; Mandeville, 1.
No locality.—Kight.
DESMOGNATHUS BRIMLEYORUM Stejneger.
1895. Desmognathus brimleyorum STEJNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, p.
598.
Type.—Cat. No. 22157, U.S.N.M. Collected by B. L. Combs, in 1894,
Type-locality.—Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Distribution—Known only from the type-locality and Little
Rock, Arkansas, Lower Austral Zone; altitude 500 to 1,000 feet.
Diagnosis.—Similar to fusca, but larger and much slimmer, with a
row of light spots on sides as in auriculata, and belly mottled very
pale. Tail keeled above. Vomerine teeth lacking in mature males.
Transformed specimens: Total length 42-129 mm., females, 134 mm.
males; head and body 27-71 mm., females, 82 mm., males.
Description.—Vomerine teeth lacking in mature males. When
present they form two arched series, which contain 6 to 7 teeth
each.
The parasphenoid series are quite variable. Long and narrow in
small specimens; in adults they are usually short and thick and
sometimes confluent anteriorly.
The tail is like that of fusca, but flatter and more finned above.
The tail is always a good deal shorter than the head and body.
The head length is from 4 to 44 in the length of head and body.
The head width is from 5 to 6 in the length of head and body. The
absence of the gular fold and the grooves of the face are noticeable
only in the type series and are due to faulty preservation. More
recent specimens show the gular fold and the facial grooves as well
as any of the other species.
The mandibular dentition is as in fusca. The outline of the lower
jaw is not so flexuous in the male and the glandular prolongation
of the lower jaw is very weak. There is a noticeable difference in
size between the males and females. There is always a tubercle
canthus oculi. The costal grooves are 14 and rarely 15. There are
4 to 44 intercostal spaces between the appressed toes.
This form has a narrow head, long slim body, short tail, and weak
legs.
The color is much like that of auriculata on the dorsal surface.
The lateral series of light spots are, however, heavily outlined with
dark. The belly is mottled, but is paler than the belly of fusca. |
' Habits—Strecker (1908) gives the following on brimleyorum,
taken chiefly from the notes of B. L. Combs, who first collected them:
““Combs’s first specimens were found under the edges of flat rocks
in the middle of a rather sluggish stream. Afterwards others were
no. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 415
found under planks, logs, and rocks, in damp woods in close prox-
imity to water.” They ‘‘would run at the slightest alarm.”
Hurter and Strecker (1909) speak of brimleyorum eating speci-
mens of Spelerpes multiplicatus with which they were confined.
No larvae have been seen. Strecker (1908) quotes from Combs’s
notes on the breeding habits: ‘In the latter part of August or early
in September the female triton deposits her eggs, which are from 30
to 36 in number, and attached together in strings, in a crevice in the
under side of a rotten log, or in a mass of decaying wood near some
small stream. The eggs are about an eighth of an inch in diameter.
The female is much attached to her eggs and seldom goes far away
from them. During a dry spell she will carry them down into her
hole with her, and if it rains again before they are hatched will bring
them again to the surface.’ The life history is probably closely
similar to that of fusca. The males lose the vomerine teeth at a
length of about 95 mm.
Remarks.—This species and auriculata are the only forms of the
genus that possess the lateral row of light spots. They are also the
two slimmest forms with the weakest limbs. These facts and the
geographical probabilities indicate that brimleyorum is a distinct,
isolated, offshoot of auriculata.
Specimens examined.—37, from the following localities:
Arkansas.—Hot Springs (type-locality), 24; Little Rock, 12.
No locality.—1.
DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA OCHROPHAEA Cope.
1859 Desmognathus ochrophaea Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,
. 124,
1870 Desmognathus haldemanni! Straucu, Mém., Acad. Sci., St. Pétersbourg (7),
vol. 14, p. 204.
1901 Desmognathus fusca ALLEN, Proc. Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 29, pp. 73-74.
Type.—According to Stejneger, Cope’s type of ochrophaea is cata-
logued in the United States National Museum as 4539. This entry
bears in Baird’s handwriting ‘‘type of supposed new species, D.
ochrophaea Cope” and also in Cope’s handwriting the one word
‘*Destroyed.”
Type-locality.— Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.
Distribution.—From St. Johns River, New Brunswick and Adiron-
dack Mountains, New York, south in the mountains to Garrett
County, Maryland. Canadian zone.
Diagnosis.—Vomerine teeth lost in adult male. Parasphenoid
patches separated. Tail cylindrical, without dorsal keel. A dis-
tinct color pattern. Belly, uniform, light. No tubercle canthus
oculi. Transformed specimens: Total length, 22.5 to94mm. Head
and body, 15 to 48 mm.
1 Salamandra haldemanni Holbrook is judging from the platea specimen of Spelerpes bislineatus in some
stage of the metamorphosis. The gills are lacking, but in color and proportions it is an exact duplicate of
certain metamorphosing larvae of bislineatus collected in August.
416 PROCEEDINGS OF THB NATIONAL MUSEUM, vou. 53.
Description.—Vomerine teeth in a scarcely arched series, their base
on a bony ridge. Parasphenoid series long, narrow, and entirely
separate.
Mandibular dentition of adult male as follows: The teeth are large
and confined to the part of the jaw anterior to the eye. The outline
of the jaw is very strongly flexuous.
The tail usually shows no trace of a dorsal keel, but is cylindrical
throughout and marked by strong segmental grooves as in the tail
of Plethodon erythronotus. The tail is quite long proportionally, being
frequently longer than the head and body. The tail of the female is
longer than that of the male. Males reach a larger size than do
females. The number of costal interspaces between the appressed
toes is four.
The head length is from four to four and a half in the length of
head and body. The head width is from five and a half to six in the
length of head and body. The skin of the head is smooth. There is
usually no tubercle in the anterior angle of the eye. By far the great
majority of specimens seen lack it, but it is present in four specimens
from Shokan, New York. The costal grooves are regularly fourteen.
The color of this form is quite constant. The belly is always very
light. The dorsal surface in old and large specimens is black. In
all specimens in which the markings can be made out the dorsal
surface is very light and there is a very dark, broad lateral band.
The upper edge of this lateral band is straight and definite. The
lower edge is indefinite, as the band gradually merges into the pale
color of the ventral surface. Sometimes there are a few small spots
along the median dorsal line. This occurs in medium and large
specimens. Young specimens have the dorsal area immaculate and
the color of it may be pink or yellow.
There is never any trace of the dorsal spots so conspicuous in the
young of most other species of the genus. The black lateral band
extends the length of the tail as does the light dorsal band, and the
color of the tail is quite as characteristic of this species as is the
shape of the tail.
Habits.—Cope (1889) claims that ochrophaea is strictly terrestrial,
being found ‘‘under the bark of every fallen log of hemlock (Altes
canadensis) and in the débris of the dark, damp forests of the North.
I never saw one in the water of streams and river banks, the habitat
of the other species of the genus.”
Fowler (1906) gives an account of the habits of this species. Unfor-
tunately he did not distinguish between this species and fusca, but
of the 316 specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences, collected by
him in Potter and McKean Counties, Pennsylvania, 308 are ochrophaea
and 8 are fusca. He says: ‘‘It was found everywhere in the valleys,
about and in streams, and on the comparatively dry mountain tops,
No. 2211. a DESMOGNATHUS AND eee i ee 417
though there less numerous and more solitary.” Thus while ochro-
phaea can not be said to be strictly terrestrial, it seems more so than
the other forms.
Cope says that the eggs are 6 to 10 in each oviduct. A large female
from Potter County, Pennsylvania, had 10 on one side and 14 on the
other. No larvae have been seen. Judging by the more terrestrial
habitat, and the lack of the light dorsal spots, which are a larval
character, the life history should differ from that of fusca. The
males lose the vomerine teeth at a length of 65 to 75mm. Females
the same size have developed eggs.
Remarks.—This seems to be a northern offshoot of the next form.
It is the only form in the genus which lacks the tubercle canthus oculi.
Records and specimens from Ohio seem open to doubt. There are
four very old specimens in the United States National Museum, num-
bered 3896, from Columbus, Ohio. Morse (1904) records it from Sugar
Grove, Ohio. U.S. National Museum specimen 15634 from “S. Ari-
zona and Texas,’ is even more open to doubt.
Specimens examined, 480, from localities as follows:
New Brunsuick.—St. Johns River, 1.
New York.—Westport, 4; Catskills, 1; Allegheny County, 5;
Shokan, 4; Hamburg, 8; Ithaca, 18; Haines Falls, Catskills, 12;
Clinton County, 6.
Pennsylvania.—Meadville, 24; Indiana County, 12; Clinton
County, 4; Broad Top Mountain, 3; Luzerne County, 17; Eagles-
mere, 4; Susquehanna County (type-locality), 5; Potter County,
253; McKean County,55; Warren County, 11; unknown locality, 24.
New Jersey— Greenwood Lake, 1.
Maryland.—Garrett County, 11.
Ohio.—Columbus (7%), 4.
“S. Arizona and Texas’’ (2), 1.
No locality.—3.
DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA’ CAROLINENSIS Dunn.
1916. Desmognathus ochrophaea carolinensis DuNN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. 29, p. 74.
Type.—Cat. No. 31135, U.S.N.M. Male adult. Collected by Brim-
ley and Sherman, October 5, 1902.
Type-locality—Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, spring near top,
altitude “over 6,500 feet.”
Distribution.—From Beverly, West Virginia, south in mountains to
Gwinnett County, Georgia. Zonal range: Canadian zone. Vertical
range: 2,200 to 6,500 feet.
Diagnosis.—Similar to ochrophaea, but with dark belly, and with
a tubercle canthus oculi. Larger. Transformed specimens: Total
length 25 to 113 mm; head and body, 54 mm.
77
418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Description.—The vomerines are always present in the female.
They are lost by the male at maturity. Their shape and position
as well as those of the parasphenoid series is as in ochrophaea.
The mandibular dentition is as in ochrophaea, save that the female
has a more flexuous outline of the jaw than does the female in that
Bay |
pe
SERCO EE TO
Fia. 15.—RANGES oF 1, DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEA OCHROPHAEA; 2, D. OCHROPHAEA CAROLI-
NENSIS. DOTTING SHOWS AREA OF INTERGRADATION.
species. The shape and proportions of the tail are just as in ochro-
phaea. There are 14 costal grooves. The proportions of the head
are those of ochrophaea. There is always a tubercle canthus oculi.
The skin of the head is usually finely rugose as in specimens of
quadrimaculata and monticola from the North Carolina mountains.
The color is variable. Old specimens are uniformly black. As
a rule the dorsal color is intermediate between that of ochrophaea and
that of the fusca group. Thus there is a very dark lateral band
NO. 2211. GHNURA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 419
with sharply defined dorsal edges, but the back shows traces of an
original series of light dorsal spots. The blackness of the sides of
the tail is as characteristic of this form as of ochrophaea. Unlike
ochrophaea the belly of carolinensis becomes black with age.
Remarks.—Although close to ochrophaea and undoubtedly inter-
grading with it in the mountains of northern West Virginia, this form
tends toward the other species of the genus, with its dark belly and
tubercle in the anterior angle of the eye.
This is a very variable and puzzling form. Some specimens are
exactly like Northern ochrophaea in color; others are spotted. In
these the dorsal coloration may be red or yellow. Most of the larger
specimens are uniform purplish.
There is an unmistakable trend toward fusca in specimens from
the French Broad Valley at Brevard. This is doubtless correlated
with the difference in habitat from mountain specimens mentioned
below. At Asheville in the French Broad Valley, fusca occurs.
It is quite possible that intergradation takes place, but until it is
proved, I think it best to let carolinensis stand as a subspecies of
ochrophaea because I believe ochrophaea to be derived from caroli-
nensis rather than from fusca. At any rate the form carolinensis is
between the form fusca and the form ochrophaea in characters.
Brevard carolinensis are much smaller than fusca; their coloration
is like that of the mountain specimens in frequently having the
immaculate dorsal stripe which fusca does not have; the tails of
about half the specimens are cylindrical, half have the tail somewhat
flattened, and a few of the smallest have a dorsal keel on the tail.
Typical fusca has a decidedly flattened tail with an evident dorsal
keel. Asheville specimens are like ordinary fusca, but seem slightly
smaller.
Cope (1889) mentions this form as a variety of ochrophaea.
Habits.—In the low grounds of the French Broad River at Bre-
vard, North Carolina, I found them in such places as monticola or
fusca would frequent, but they rarely occurred with monticola, as the
latter did not range into the low grounds. Higher up in the moun-
tains, at Pink Beds and Linville carolinensis is almost wholly terres-
trial. But occasional exceptions were found. Thus at Linville they
were found everywhere from under a rock in water to under the bark
of a treo five feet from the ground. By far the greater number, how-
ever, were under logs on the ground.
I found two females with eggs in July. They had 10 to 15 eggs
apiece, a very small batch compared with the 30 eggs of average
fusca.
No larvae have been seen and it is somewhat doubtful whether
there is any definite aquatic larval stage.
The males lose the vomerine teeth at a length of 65 to 75 mm.
490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
The largest specimen in the list of measurements must be a veri-
table giant, for out of a series of 213 which I got myself, the largest
was 96 mm. in length.
Specimens examined: 296, from localities as follows:
Georgia.—Gwinnett County, 1; Tallulah Falls, 1.
North Carolina.—Mount Mitchell (type-locality), 19; Blantyre, 3;
Highlands, 2; Brevard, 40; Pink Beds, 28; Tatula Mountain, 2;
Andrews, 1; Wayah Bald, 2; Henderson County, 1; Haywood
County, 11; Bald Mountain, Macon County, 1; Black Mountains, 8;
Yancey County, 1; Cane River, 7; Pineola, 1; Linville, 135; Blowing
Rock, 1; Roan Mountain, 8.
Tennessee.—Roan Mountain, 15.
West Virgima.—Star Creek, 1; Big Spring Run, 3; Rich Moun-
tain, near Beverly, 1.
Genus LEUROGNATHUS Moore.
1899. Leurognathus Moors, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 316.
Type-species.—Leurognathus marmorata Moore.
Diagnosis.—General characters of the Plethodontidae. Tongue
attached, except by its lateral and posterior margins. Prefrontal
bone wanting. Premaxillaries united, no fontanelle. Internal nares
a foramen inclosed by the united vomers and maxillaries. Verte-
brae opisthocoelous in the adult. Atlas without odontoid process
and with a transverse dorsal ridge on which the temporal muscles
origmate. Occipital condyles on cylindric pedestals. Vomerine
teeth not present. No light line from the eye to the angle of the
jaw.
Distribuiion.—Same as that of the type-species.
LEUROGNATHUS MARMORATA Moore.
1899. Leurognathus marmorata Moore, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1899, p. 316.
Type.—Academy of Natural Sciences. Young male. Collected
by Doctor Moore.
Type-locality— Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina, stream
between Linville and Blowing Rock, elevation about 3,500 feet.
Distribution —Known only from the type-locality and from Roan
Mountain, North Carolina.
Dagnosis—No vomerine teeth. Legs stout. Two and a half to
three intercostal spaces between appressed toes. Tail flattened,
keeled and finned above. Head very large. Size large. No dis-
tinct color pattern. Belly black in old specimens. The total length
of the five known specimens ranges from 98 to 128 mm. The length
of head and body from 55 to 75 mm.
No. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 42]
Description.—No vomerine teeth. The parasphenoid teeth form
two leaf-shaped series which touch at the anterior end and are poste-
riorly distant.
The tail is shorter than the head and body, flattened and finned
above and to a less extent below.
The head length is about four and a half in the length of head and
body. The head width is about five and a half in the length of the
head and body. In the Roan Mountain specimen the head is rugose
like grain leather. In the type the head is quitesmooth. The legs are
stout. In the four from Grandfather Mountain there are two and a half
intercostal spaces between the appressed toes. In the Roan Moun-
tain specimen there are three. ‘The costal grooves are 13, counting
the axillary and inguinal. They are as in most quadramaculata.
The color is much like that of guadramaculata, save that the dorsal
coloration is lighter. The pattern is confused, but usually there is
a double dorsal row of light spots without any definite borders.
This coloration is intermediate between that of D. quadramaculata
and that of D. monticola. The three smaller ones have the belly light
while the two larger ones have it black. No sexual differences are
evident.
I refer one larva caught in Grandmother Creek just below the lake
to this species.
Moore’s statement that L. marmorata is more aquatic than Des-
mognathus quadramaculata, the absence of adults or larvae in small
streams near Linville which we searched thoroughly, and this larva
from Grandmother Creek, all go to show that this species inhabits
large streams. On several occasions we noticed salamanders in the
Linville River. All those we could catch, however, turned out to be
Desmognathus quadramaculata.
The larva shows Desmognathine affinities in its stout hind legs,
glistening white gills, and dorsal fin only on the tail. No larvae
known have all these characters save those of Desmognathus. It is
much too large (63 mm.) for monticola, which transforms at 30 mm.,
or carolinensis which is even smaller.
In size and general appearance it agrees with larvae of quadra-
maculata collected at Brevard and Linville. It differs, however, in the
much longer tail, the shorter and slimmer head, and the slimmer body.
Compare the proportions of several larvae:
ae pare
Paneth toneeic tna | Tail.
PPA DOT ALVUS ITIL MOT AUE anim <'<'a) oe 2 alee nna ones as ana eeacint ne 8 24 31
Desmognathus quadramaculata.......-...-2+-+-+-02 eee nee eeeee | 48 6 22 20
Deena dese case os actos n ates ae ca eRe nas ose 52 8 23 21
DIO Gam ete ac cok era cumes et won tele iaais gown ec cee eae oe eae ete | 50 8 | 24 21
DEG ee i cA er Me ae Se oa ee eee 59 9 95 | 25
BIEL uct cis cxts eve Ose ne ton dae a eRW Ree Tee SaaS 63 0 26 | 27
1 0 1
|
422 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
The eyes are larger and farther apart. The head of a quadra-
maculata larva bears more resmblance to that of a pig, while this
unique larva rather resembles a squid with its great staring eyes.
The color is much darker, although the pattern seems about the
same. There is no lhght line from the eye to the angle of the jaw
which line is quite evident in both larval and adult quadramaculata.
Finally, the under side of the throat is pigmented, reminding one of
the larva of Gyrinophilus danielsi. The throat of quadramaculata
larvae is unpigmented.
While I think there can be no doubt that this larva is distinct from
D. quadramaculata, 1 hesitated for some time before referring it to
Leurognathus marmorata. L. marmorata differs very slightly in
proportions from D. quadramaculata, and the color is usually lighter,
especially in young specimens. ‘Thus the larva would seem to differ
from marmorata more than quadramaculata does. However there
are only two possibilities; either this is the larva of L. marmorata,
an animal known only from five specimens, four of which are from the
Atlantic drainage on the slopes of Grandfather Mountain; or there
exist in the Atlantic drainage on the slopes of Grandfather Mountain,
two rather aquatic salamanders, much resembling D. guadramaculata,
and known only from four adults and one larva, respectively.
Habits.—Nothing is known of their breeding habits. Doctor Moore
says of them: ‘‘They seem to be essentially aquatic, remaining in the
deeper parts of the pool and not burrowing beneath stones in places
merely wet, as does the D. nigra, which occurs in great numbers in the
same region. LL. marmorata is much less active than the latter species
and swims rather sluggishly, but with an easy gliding motion. The
individuals seen seemed rather shy, and when alarmed quickly took
refuge under the large rocks scattered through the pool, from beneath
which, however, they were easily induced to emerge by the attrac-
tion of pieces of meat thrown into the water.”
Remarks.—This species is externally very similar to D. guadrama-
culata, especially the two larger specimens, which are black. The
flatness of the head is a very noticeable external character. [ was
looking over the specimens of Desmognathus in the collection of the
academy, and one looked as if its head had been stepped on. It
proved to be the Roan Mountain specimen of Leurognathus. This
species is excessively rare and has had a rather curious history, as
two out of the six known specimens have passed the time since the late
nineties, when they were collected, under the name of D. nigra.
Rhoads’s specimen from Roan Mountain was collected in 1895, four
years before the genus was described. Doctor Moore, who described
the genus from three specimens, had four in his collection, but the
resemblance of the adult to D. quadramaculata deceived him, as it
had Rhoads.
NO. 2211. GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 428
Specimens examined from localities as follows:
North Carolina.—Stream between Linville and Blowing Rock,
about 10 miles from the latter (type locality), 3; Blowing Rock, 1;
Roan Mountain, 1; Pineola, 1.
DISCUSSION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE VARIOUS FORMS.
Adams (1902) gives 10 criteria for determining the center of dispersal
of arelated group of animals. These are:
1. Location of greatest differentiation of a type.
. Location of dominance or great abundance of individuals.
. Location of synthetic or closely related forms.
. Location of maximum size of individuals.
. Location of greatest productiveness and its relative stability.
. Continuity and convergence of lines of dispersal.
. Location of least dependence upon a restricted habitat.
. Continuity and directness of individual variations or modifica-
tions radiating from the center of origin along the highways of dis-
persal.
9. Direction indicated by biogeographical affinities.
10. Direction indicated by the annual migration routes in birds.
The last is, of course, inapplicable in this instance.
In regard to the first criterion it has been shown that the three
groups of Desmognathus occur together only in the southern Alle-
ghenies.
In regard to abundance, Moore’s already quoted remarks on quadra-
maculata apply, and Brimley (1912) says of carolinensis, ‘abundant
throughout the regions collected in, particularly at the high alti-
tudes” and of guadramaculata (with which he included monticola),
“abundant, the most characteristic salamander of the rocky, moun-
tain streams.”
As to the third criterion, monticola and carolinensis are closer to
quadramaculata than are any other members of their groups. Quad-
ramaculata is the largest species in the genus, and monticola and
carolinensis are the largest in their groups.
It has been shown that productiveness, judged by the number of
eggs, is, in fusca, dependent on size. The largest fusca seen are from
North Carolina, and in the mountains of that State occurs monticola,
a close relative of fusca, and still larger.
The sixth and ninth criteria are closely similar and may be treated
together. The dispersal of the ochrophaea group seems to have been
northward along the mountains. The fusca group took the plains
route radiating from the mountains as fusca and southward along
the coast as auriculata. An isolated trans-Mississippi form of the
latter has developed into brimleyorum. In Virginia and northward
fusca has invaded the mountains into the range of monticola. It
CONT OS CrP C LO
424 PROCEEDINGS OF THH NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
seems to have originated eastward and gone around the mountains
in Georgia and across them in northern Virginia and Pennsylvania.
This convergence from two sides may account for the apparent
absence of fusca in western Kentucky, western Tennessee, and
northern Mississippi.
As to the seventh criterion, Desmognathus is found in the moun-
tains of North Carolina in all situations; from far out in streams as
large as the Linville River to under the bark of dead trees 5 feet
from the ground.
The eighth criterion is satisfied by the southward increase in the
size of fusca already referred to. If we arrange the species in the
following order:
auriculata—brimleyorum,
quadramaculata—monticola— uscal 3
carolinensis—ochrophaea,
we shall get by starting with guadramaculata definite and continuous
variation in several characters; in size and importance of the dorsal
larval areas, ending with the striped ochrophaea; in the size and
importance of the lateral larval areas, ending with brimleyorum; in
the hooking of the male mandible, ending with ochrophaea; in the
shortening of the parasphenoid patches ending with brimleyorum; in
the loss of the male vomerines and the shortening of the series in
both sexes (not much change in this character or in that of discrep-
ancy in size between the sexes takes place after fusca is reached) ; in
the weakening of the limbs and the lengthening of the body, ending
with brimleyorum,; in terrestrialism, ending with ochrophaea.
In the series ending with brimleyorum there is geographic continuity
from the southern Alleghenies to Arkansas, but in the series ending
with ochrophaea we apparentiy leave the mountains to develop fusca
and enter them again to obtain carolinensis.
As an hypothesis to account for this peculiar distribution the fol-
lowing is put forward with considerable diffidence, as it rests on no
fossil evidence: ;
C. C. Adams states that during the last glaciation there existed
south of the ice first a tundra belt, then a coniferous forest, and lastly
a deciduous forest. Now monticola and fusca are in general restricted
to deciduous forests. We may place their glacial distribution as the
glacial deciduous forest—monticola in the uplands and fusca in the
lower land.
Possibly at this time auriculata and brimleyorum were developed
in the extreme south, but more probably their differentiation is post-
glacial.
During the last glaciation specimens of fusca invaded the glacial
coniferous forest, acquiring less aquatic habits and an adaptation
to a lower temperature, thereby or therewith being converted into
carolinensis.
No. 2211, GENERA DESMOGNATHUS AND LEUROGNATHUS—DUNN. 425
Morphologically, as I have shown, carolinensis is derived from
fusca. Ecologically, while fusca and monticola have apparently simi-
lar habitats, actually the climate of the range of monticola is more
humid that that of the range of fusca. Consequently, in degree of
aquatic habitat, fusca is between monticola and carolinensis.
With the retreat of the ice carolinensis followed the coniferous
forest to the southern mountains, where they both remain. Northern
representatives of the form have developed into ochrophaea.
Monticola also retreated to the mountains because of the greater
humidity. It now occupies the deciduous forest in the transition
zone in the southern mountains.
Postglacially also occurred the overlapping of the ranges of fusca
and monticola. It matters not whether we assign the differentiation
of these two closely related, ecologically similar, forms to the period
preceding the last glaciation or to that of the ice itself. At any rate,
we are compelled to hypothesize for them ranges originally adjacent
but distinct, differing in that the range of monticola was more humid.
Perhaps it will best suit the facts of differentiation to suppose that
prior to the last glaciation monticola occupied the mountains and
fusca the piedmont and coastal plain.
It is highly probable that the entire extension of the genus west of
the Appalachian Valley is postglacial, as neither monticola nor quadra-
maculata are known from the Cumberlands.
There are indications, such as the apparent isolation of brimleyorum
in Arkansas and the rarity and disconnected range of fusca in Indiana
and Illmois, that in early postglacial times forms of Desmognathus
extended farther west than now. In this connection the remarks of
Gaines (1895) on the recent extinetion of fusca near Vincennes,
Indiana; of McAtee (1907) on its former presence in Monroe County,
Indiana; and Hahn’s (1908) failure to find it in Lawrence County,
Indiana, are of interest. It should be noted that failure to find
fusca is of much greater significance than failure to find most other
species of reptiles and amphibians, for where it is present it is much
the commonest salamander.
For the differentiation of monticola from quadramaculata we do
not need to assume a distinct geographic range, as they are ecolog-
ically different. But we are compelled to place the time of differ-
entiation at a more remote period than that of any of the other forms,
because quadramaculata is the most primitive as well as the most
distinct form in the genus.
The above is only a hypothesis, and only in so far as it accounts
for the known facts of distribution and relationship is it worthy of
consideration. If it cites discussion and criticism the author will °
be well pleased.
Besides these arguments drawn from the species of Desmognathus,
it is significant that in the southern Alleghenies occurs the only
49 6 VOL. 53.
species of the only closely allied genus, Lewrognathus marmorata. I
think I am justified by the above evidence in locating the center of
dispersal of Desmognathus in the southern Alleghenies.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS.
DESMOGNATHUS QUADRAMACULATA (HOLBROOK).
Vo- | Spaces rhea
: -, | mer- e- ocality.
Specimen. Sex. |Length.| Head.| Body.| Tail.| “ing | tween y
teeth. | toes.2
U.S.N.M. 3923.... Male... LBL ep cas3 1100 90} scene cc] eme. af Sera LES ot Ee ates ie ae SS ee es 14
MO} Silene pi sp ee. as en tah SOE Ae bea eA ee 24.4
AA I El ne ROO IE ah a ON Cok aN eel at elt et rt 27
DTOLOCOM CL tet aoe PE ee ee le SO 16
IME Vern cts Be Sg SR an SN a a 27
FC eee eee ee ee eRe eee eRe eg ee eee ee ee 24.5
Protocomen Ss ace vires el Ses ee yas St 2 Pe ee ee 19
Measurements of the lower teeth.
Length of premolar: Series) 2. sede ea a a 83
TENS the Of MOAR S SSPIGS ee ea eee ee ee ons ee Re ee 80
Pine Ven sts a eS ae ee) BE es eh A eden Vo Re a Sah aren eae ane 31
SUV MUI saa he eal a a ae ale eal tale ca Dae
DEA 0 0 il 2) 02 0 Ye ehh ae ee an i LENT CR Ue 26. 5
WiLL ER Sse ree, Sy ras a saa Ds ile ne eg A ee A dee a ee es eee |
Mig Ore Gy ste ea PS ee ee NS SAR ae 26.5
WL G i= Sr Ss SS EAS Je NORE dea ee Og 18.8
DUR eV eer oe as wae ncn tee a a eae each an Bre 22.5
WAGER ho Ee ses Ob TEN A HOOT LAD. (TIE ee eerie eee 16.5
MCE ene etek 20) ee a ie a Be SE en anes ee ee Oe 26
Widthy=_ 2.02520 22. ewe ee Be en eee eee 16.5
My; length. = — = al ere oo 32
NO. 2212, A NEW SPECIES OF BXTINCT HORSH—HAY. 439
The measurements of these teeth may be compared with those of
Equus hatcheri, £. niobrarensis, E. caballus; EF. francisci,? E. lauren-
tius® #. complicatus, EF’. scotti, E'. niobrarensis, E'. laurentius; LF.
niobrarensis alaskae.®
The teeth are remarkable on account of their relatively large size
and on account of the great breadth of the grinding surface as com-
pared with its length. As shown in the table on page 437, the whole
upper tooth line is equal to 37.4 per cent of the basilar length, while
in the other species there considered, and in #. caballus, it lies be-
tween 33 per cent and about 34 per cent. The following tables show,
in various species, the widths of the premolars and molars as com-
pared with the length taken as 100:
Table of indices of crowns of upper teeth of extinct horses.
Teeth. BE. lambel, | ¥ lauren- | : Naechert.*|" Boplore | | \ Bs nso. jr wai acoee:
|
mite osnse esses toa 70.Q | 70.0 71.1 67.9 73.8
Pmt, 322.52 109. 8 94.2 101.6 93. 3 93. 3 94.3
Pinte esos ashes. 111.5 100. 0 100. 0 93.1 100. 0 100. 0
eS onic creche om 120. 0 106. 8 101.8 103. 7 107.8 100. 0
MEA ee oto ae Sty 110.6 102. 2 | 98. 2 92.6 100. 0 93. 5
Meh oo Seine < 90. 7 73.3 80. 0 81.0 92.5 83.3
Table of indices of crowns of upper teeth of domestic horses.
No. 16274 No. 14131 No. 289 No. 16277, No. 843 No. 5044
Teeth. i M.N. H.,|A.M.N.H.,|A.M.N.H.,|A. MN. H:, |U.8.N.M., |U.S.N. ML,
| 5 years. 8 years. 15 years. 20 years. | 8 years. 20 years.
i | 67.5 69.9 59.7 | 66. 7 | 7 YT 66. 6
Prete eee, | 89.1 96. 2 93. 2 101.9 | 93.3 105. 5
nite Pee ery ccc: 91.7 | 96.4 98. 2 108. 0 93.1 103.7
Eee ae 90.0! 103.9) 108.3 116. 2 103. 7 | 120. 9
Patented CLI | 88.3 | 101.9 102.8 116.3| 92.6 111.0
i Le ei | 74.1 | 74. 6 | 75.0 75.0 81.0 82.2
From the table showing the relation of the width of the crowns
to their lengths in the extinct species it is seen that the teeth of the
Yukon horse are much broader. It is known, however, that as the
upper teeth are worn down the fore-and-aft length of the crown
diminishes more rapidly than the width, with the result that the
index rises. The Yukon horse is older than any of the other extinct
species used in comparison. In the next table the upper teeth of the
Yukon horse are compared with those of domestic horses of various
ages. The indices of the horses in the American Museum of Natural
1Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, vol. 48, 1915, p. 531.
2Idem, p. 539.
Idem, vol. 44, 1918, p. 584.
“Iowa Geol Surv., vol. 23, pp. 160-208.
5 Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 2, p. 1.
440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
History are derived from measurements furnished by Gidley. Not
even in the horse supposed to be 20 years old are the teeth as broad
relatively to the length as in the Yukon fossil. However, in a horse
in the U. S. National Museum (No. 5044), the first and second
molars exceed very slightly in relative breadth those of the Yukon
horse; but that horse is evidently much older; or, at least, the
teeth are much more worn. The cups are gone from the upper in-
cisors and the last premolar is worn down to a height of only
26 mm.
When we come to compare the lower teeth with those of the sev-
eral extinct species, with those of a large horse about 8 years old,
and with the old horse just mentioned, it is found that none of them
approach in width the teeth of the Yukon horse.
Table of indices of crowns of lower teeth of horses.
E. lauren- ; | E. ntobrar- ; | £.caballus| F. caballus
Teeth. E. lambet. tius. E. hatcheri. Grates E. scotti. No. 174960.| No. 5044.
ni 5. Seats 3.2 46.9 40.0 42.8 48.6 43.1 46.9
11 a ee 58.9 60.0 57.1 53.0 60.0 60. 4
Pee eons 70.9 55.2 56.7 | 53.3 54.5 58.3 61.3
Meera es. abe 75.6 60.0 62.1 50.9 57.6 55. 7 60.9
Meron cee 65.4 53.9 56.1 50.0 48.4 54.6 61.5
Meio es aemnce 48.4 46.7 | 42.8 43.3 44.1 40.6 42.2
The grinding faces of the upper teeth (pl. 57) present various
peculiarities. The outer styles are only moderately developed. As
compared with the domestic horse, the outer face of the paracone
is shallow and flat. The fossettes are extremely narrow. This is
not due wholly to age, for those of older horses are wider. As a result
of this narrowness the areas representing the other elements of the
teeth are broader than usual. The protocones are unusually long
and they are thin from side to side? Their lengths are given among
the measurements of the upper teeth. In some cases the anterior
end comes into contact with the enamel of the next tooth in front.
The post-protoconal valley is directed strongly forward; and it lacks
much of attaining the center of the crown. In each premolar there
is an indication of a reentrant fold near the head of the valley, but
none in the molars. Probably at an earlier stage of wear this fold
was deeper, but in the premolars of a much older domestic horse the
valley has the fold very distinct.
The enamel surrounding the fossettes is extremely simple (pl. 57,
figs. 2,3); but here again it is necessary to make some, but not too
much, allowance for age. Even the very old domestic horse referred
to has the enamel more plicated.
As shown in a table given above, the lower teeth (pl. 58, fig. 2)
likewise are unusually broad. The outer valley does not in any of
1 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 98.
2
NO. 2212. A NEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT HORSHE—HAY. 441
the teeth push itself in between the longitudinally directed portions
of the valleys entering from the inner side of the tooth. On the inner
side of the tooth the groove between the metaconid and the metas-
tylid is very deep and it is angular at its inner end. The longitudinal
expansion of the hinder of the two inner valleys of the molars and
last premolar is directed obliquely to the long axis of the tooth.
In the same mining claim, and apparently at the same depth, Mr.
Morrison found the right ramus of the lower jaw of another horse.
The ascending portion is missing. All the cheek teeth are present,
a large canine, and five of the incisors. The teeth show that the
animal was a male about 5 years old. The catalogue number in the
U. S. National Museum is 8427.
That portion of the jaw which is preserved resembles consider-
ably that of #. lambei in form and dimensions. It differs from the
latter and from all other equine jaws examined in having on the
outer face a strongly developed ridge, which, beginning at pm.,,
runs downward and backward, reaching the lower border below
the penultimate molar. The thickness of the jaw at the last pre-
molar is 34 mm.
The length of the premolar-molar series is 172 mm.; of the pre-
molar series, 90 mm.; of the molar series, 83 mm.
Measurements of lower teeth in millimeters.
Length. Width. Index.
Teeth. | Height. |
Se ee eee ee
Fee a ge Aan ae RA | 35.0 16.2 46.3
pet ee Feri: Seer deh MGA 60 27.8 17.8 64.0
(Esa et eget lk eh icles gst geal 75 28.2 19.5 69.2
RIE ae 60 26.5 17.0 64.2
1 a A 3) ae RS nc a 69 26.0 16.0 | 61.5
ba is NE eh Ae ide ae. dete was 69 30.0 16.0 | 53.3
1
A comparison of these measurements and indices with those ob-
tained from the lower jaw of the type of Z. lambei shows that the
two sets of teeth agree in many respects. The differences might be
attributed to different stages of wear. It is not, however, certain
that the relations of length and width vary greatly with the stages
of wear in the lower teeth.
When the structure of the teeth of the jaws of the two horses is
compared there appear various differences which seem to be im-
portant. The groove between the metaconid and the metastylid is
not so deep and angular in the odd jaw as it is in the type of £.
lambei. In the third and fourth premolars of the odd jaw the longi-
tudinal portions of the anterior valley is broader and has a shallow
infolding of the enamel which does not appear in the other jaw. In
the molars the longitudinal portion of the hinder valley is not
449 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
obliquely directed forward and outward, as in £. lambei, but has
its anterior end turned inward so strongly that the metastylid is
nearly cut off from the metaconid. The hinder end of the loop is
likewise turned more or less outward.
The outer incisor tooth of the jaw here described appears to have
been quite different from that of the type of Z. lambei. Although
this incisor in the type is worn until the bottom of the cup has
passed, there are yet indications of its former presence. In this in-
cisor of the odd jaw the cup is replaced by a broad groove on the
hinder face of the crown.
It is believed that this odd jaw belongs to a species distinct from
the type Z. lambei, but it is perhaps better to await further dis-
coveries before giving it a name.
In any studies of the animals found in Alaska and Yukon it is
important that we consider carefully the related species which are
tound in northeastern Asia.
In 18931 J. Tscherski described a well-preserved skull of a horse
which had been obtained at Liakhof Island, in the Arctic Ocean.
This skull he referred to Equus caballus. Many measurements taken
from this skull are given on pages 333 and 334 of Tscherski’s paper.
The basilar length was 502 mm.; the facial width, 216 mm.; the dis-
tance from the rear of the orbit to the incisive border, 381.5 mm.;
the width of the face at the maxillo-malar suture (width of cheeks),
191 mm.; the length of the upper tooth line, 175 mm.
The cephalic index of this skull is therefore 43. The facial length
may be estimated from the right angled triangle formed by the half
of the frontal width and the distance from the incisive border to the
rear of the orbit. Itis365.8mm. The facio-cephalic index is there-
fore 72.6. On account of injury done to the occipital crest the vertex
length and the cranial length could not be obtained. Hence the
cranio-cephalic index can not be determined. The index of the tooth
line (molar-premolar length X 100 ~ basilar length) is 34.9. If
these fundamental measurements and the indices of this Siberian
skull and that from Yukon are brought together they may be easily
compared.
Table of measurements and indices.
4 - = Facio-
S t Cephali F 1 Tooth Tooth
Horse. pasth, Wrath ee. serene oe line. ex.
Scns
NAVI eds a ae ee ee 446 198 44.4 | 343 76.9 : AGT, 35.2
iperianins sos = oe oes 502 216 43 365.8 Weds 175 34.9
|
1Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., vol. 40, p. 335, pl. 5; pl. 6, fig. 5.
NO. 2212. ANEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT HORSE—HAY. 443
It will be seen that the Yukon horse is quite distinct from the
one described by Tscherski. It is smaller, and had a head somewhat
broader relatively to the length, and a considerably longer face.
The teeth of the Siberian horse are relatively broad and the proto-
cone approaches in width that of #. dambei; but in many important
features the teeth are quite different. |
A careful examination of Tscherski’s figure 4 of his plate 5
shows that the part of the maxilla behind the infraorbital foramen
in the Siberian horse was not swollen as it is in the Yukon species;
but was, rather, considerably excavated.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE 56.
Hquus lambei. Type.
’ Fie. 1. View of left side of skull. X .318.
2. View of lower premolars and molars. X 1.
PLATE 57.
Equus lambei. Type.
Fie. 1. View of lower surface of skull. X .33.
2. View of grinding faces of premolars. X 1.
3. View of grinding faces of molars. X 1.
PLATE 58.
Equus lambei. Type.
Fia. 1. View of upper surface of skull. X 4.
2. View of grinding faces of lower premolars and molars. X 1.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 56
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 57
SKULL AND TEETH OF EQuusS LAMBEI.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 443,
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wz U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 58
SKULL AND TEETH OF EQUUS LAMBEI.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 443.
NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MISCELLANEOUS CHALCID-
FLIES (HYMENOPTERA).
By A. A. GrRav_Lt,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The types of all the new forms described beneath have been de-
posited in the United States National Museum.
TUMIDISCAPUS OOPHAGUS, new species.
Female.—Length, 0.75 mm., excluding the ovipositor, which is
extruded for a length equal to about half that of the abdomen.
Scutum and scutellum with a narrow median sulcus.
Dull honey yellow, the wings a little yellowish under and across
from the marginal vein, the abdomen black except the disk; ovi-
positor valves black. Body very finely scaly. Antennae dusky;
. pedicel twice longer than wide at apex, a little shorter than club 1;
funicles 1-2 a little unequal, 2 quadrate, 1 a little shorter, 2 distinctly
less than half the length of club 1, the latter two-thirds the length
of the second club joint which is about thrice longer than wide. Fore
wings finely ciliate, the six lines proximad of the hairless line of a
size about three times that of the main ciliation. Middle tibial spur
long, moderately slender. Antennae inserted at the mouth border.
Mandibles tridentate. Hind wings with about nine lines of fine discal
ciliation where widest. Scape slender.
The male is smaller and differs principally in having the pedicel
shorter, the two funicle joimts wider than long, the two club joints
subequal, each over twice the length of the pedicel, which is much
longer than thefunicle. Malescape much dilated.
From many specimen of both sexes reared from eggs of Oxya veloz,
Coimbatore, Southern India, December 3, 1915 (Y. R. Row).
Types.—Cat. No. 20734, U.S.N.M., many females and a few males
on two tags and a slide.
ABBELLA AMERICANA, new species.
Female.—Similar to acuminata, but the abdomen bears five com-
plete cross stripes, of which the first two near the base are very narrow,
the third and fourth are broadest, the third a little distad of middle;
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuUsEuM, VOL. 53—No. 2213,
445
446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53
5 just before apex. Also the substigmal spot is faintly complete,
some of the lines of discal cilia regular and there is a short (but 2-3
setae) line of cilia leading back from the stigmal vein. Hind wings
with only two lines of discal cilia, these cephalad. The male is
similar, but the abdomen is more blunt at apex.
Many specimens reared from jassid eggs in Elymus, Salt Lake City,
Utah, August 1911 (C. N. Ainslie).
Types.—Cat. No. 20727, U.S.N.M., two males, four females on a
slide (with specimens of an Oligosita).
GONATOCERUS UTAHENSIS, new species.
Female.—Runs to koebeler Perkins, but the forewings are uniformly
infuscated except out from base widely (distal half or more), the coxae
are black broadly at base, the scape so above and below, the pedicel is
pale while funicle 2 is longest, somewhat longer than the pedicel, 3
slightly shorter, 1 equal to 4, 5, 7, or 8; 6 shortest, subglobular, half
the length of 2.
Four females with the Abbelia.
Types.—Cat. No. 20728, U.S.N.M., the specimens on two slides.
CIRROSPILUS OCELLATUS, new species.
Female.—Similar in stature to flavicinctus. Dark metallic green,
the wings hyaline, the legs lemon yellow except the coxae, hind-
femur, and distal tarsal joint. Lateral margin of vertex against
the eye broadly bright yellow, the colormg extending along the eye
margin narrowly to the face and occiput; a triangle in middle of upper
face, base against the vertex and a broad oblique mark nearly to apex
of the head from each antennal fossa, pale yellow. Apex of hind
femur yellow, also of pedicel beneath. Funicle 2 quadrate, a half
shorter than 1, which is a little longer than the pedicel. Mandibles
5-dentate. Club with a terminal spine, its jomts wider than long,
the region as long as the funicle or longer. Thorax and abdomen
scaly, the propodeum with a narrow median carina and no others,
subglabrous, its very short neck also carinated.
One female, Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason).
Type.—Cat. No. 20696, U.S.N.M., the female on a tag, the head
and a hind leg on a slide.
Eulophus pictus Nees is a Pseudiglyphomyia, which is thus probably
a synonym of Cirrospilus. This specimen, which is in the United
States National Museum, however, does not agree with Nees’ de-
scription.
EULOPHUS CALIFORNICUS, new species.
Female.—Length, 1mm. Dark metallic purple, the tips of tibiae
and the tarsi brown, the hind tibiae brown except for a broad cinctus
between apex and middle. Forewings with a broad smoky band across
NO. 2213. DESCRIPTIONS OF CHALCID-FLIES—GIRAULT. 447
them from the whole of the marginal vein. Funicle 1 slender,
twice longer than wide, a little longer than the pedicel; 2 and 3
quadrate, a little longer than any club joint; second ring-joint large,
distinct, the first very thin; club with a short terminal nipple. Head,
abdomen, and thorax finely scaly, the scutellum with the scaliness
lined longitudinally. Parapsidal furrows a third complete. Axillae
advanced. Propodeum with a delicate median carina and no others
nor sulci, the spiracle minute, round, over its own diameter from
cephalic margin. Abdomen with a very transverse petiole, de-
pressed, wider than the thorax and a little longer. Stigmal and post-
marginal ves subequal, long, half the length of the marginal, the
latter shorter than the submarginal. (One wing with thickened
venation.) Mandibles, 5-dentate.
A female in the United States National Museum from Los Angeles
County, California, April 5, 1886 (Coquillett).
Type.—Cat. No. 20733, U.S.N.M., the female minutien-mounted,
the head, wings, and hind legs on a slide.
CHRYSOPOPHAGUS KANSENSIS, new species.
Female.—Similar to banksi Howard, but differs in not having the
legs uniformly concolorous, the hind tibiae being purple except at
base, the hind femora: purplish above, while the first and last pairs
of coxae are silvery white. Moreover, the forewings are much
more deeply infuscated (from base of marginal vein nearly to apex).
From amplicornis Gahan in not having the abdomen purplish distad,
its greater size, longer pedicel, and funicle 1.
One female on a slide, Manhattan, Kansas (C. N. Ainslie).
Type.—Cat. No. 20736, U.S.N.M., the above specimen.
APHELINOIDEA PLUTELLA Girault.
One female, swept from green oats, July 14, 1909, Cimarron, New
Mexico (C. N. Ainslie).
TRICHOGRAMMA RETORRIDUM Girault.
A female, Springer, New Mexico, September 16, 1909, from eggs in
Elymus canadensis (C. N. Ainslie).
SYMPIESIS SUBSTIGMATUS, new species.
Female.—Similar to stigmatus but differing in that the abdomen is
not longer than usual, the base above is as broadly metallic as the
apex (venter entirely yellowish except distal fourth), and the median
stripe of the abdomen sends off two faint cross-stripes from nodular
swellings, the two stripes dividing the orange space equally, or nearly,
into three areas; also the substigmal spot is faint, not jet, the scape is
not wholly metallic but white along its ventral edge; the lateral mar-
gins of the abdomen are not metallic and there is no lateral carina
448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53
on the propodeum. Mandibles 6-dentate. Propodeum as in Notan-
isomorpha.
One female, United States, June 24, 1883.
Type.—Cat. No. 20745, U.S.N.M., the female on a tag, a hind tibia,
the head and forewing on slide.
THRIPOCTENUS AMERICENSIS, new species.
Female-—Length, 0.75 mm. Club ovate, enlarged, distinctly
2-jointed and with a terminal spine; it resembles the club of the
trichogrammatid genus Tumidiclava. Black, the wings subhyaline;
a little less than the proximal half of the abdomen orange yellow;
legs except coxae (rarely the femora at base) and the antennae pale,
more or less suffused with dusky. Scape slender; pedicel two-thirds
longer than wide at apex, longer than funicle 2; funicle joints nar-
rower at base, 1 subquadrate, 2 twice the size of 1, a little longer
than wide. Club longer than the funicle and much wider, divided
a little before the middle; one minute ring-joint. Longest marginal
cilia of the forewing a fourth the greatest wing width; hind wing
nearly as wide across apex of venation as their caudal marginal fringes
are long, ciliate discally. Abdomen subpetiolate, the ovipositor free,
inserted at middle, their valves tipping apex. Scutellum rounded.
Body scaly. Mandibles apparently absent or else very pale and
edentate. Propodeum plane, the spiracle small, round.
From many females on a slide, Salt Lake City, Utah, swept from
alfalfa July 12, 1912 (C. N. Ainslie).
Types.—Cat. No. 20729, U.S.N.M., the above females.
As in the genotype of Paromphale, one female bore in one antenna
but a single funicle joint which from its length was obviously made
up of the two united. This species differs from the description of
Paromphale in lacking one ring-joint and dentate mandibles; more-
over, the antennae are clothed but sparsely with very minute setae,
not long hairs. Otherwise, it agrees with that description. The
genus is unstable, the antennae apparently now undergoing reduction.
The two funicle and club joints and the long postmarginal vein char-
acterize it. It is an Omphaline.
CHEILONEURUS DACTYLOPII Howard.
This is a species of Achrysopophagus Girault.
CHEILONEURUS AMPLICORNIS Gahan.
This is a Chrysopophagus, as is also lineatiscapus Gahan, though in
the latter the head is shorter from cephalic aspect.
SYMPIESIS ANCYLAE, new species.
Female.—Similar to guttatipennis, but the forewing is more or less
stained (quite a large cloud, faint) under the apex of the submarginal
vein, the tibiae and knees are brownish, the abdomen is reddish yel-
NO. 2213. DESCRIPTIONS OF CHALCID-FLIES—GIRAULT. 449
low except across base and apex rather narrowly (apex more broadly),
the lateral margins very narrowly and a broad median stripe, which is
conical from apex and does not quite reach base and whose margins
are wavy; otherwise the same but there is a delicate median carina
on the propodeum (absent in the other). Mandibles 6-dentate.
Two females reared from Ancylis, new species, Whitesboro, New
Jersey, July 20, 1916 (H. B. Scammell).
Types.—Cat. No. 20746, U.S.N.M., the females on tags, a head
and forewing on a slide.
ASTICHUS BIMACULATIPENNIS Girault.
Belongs to Sympiesis and is very close to bimaculatus Crawford. It
differs in having the scape, cephalic tibiae, and distal halves of the
other tibiae dark reddish instead of white, and the distal spot on the
forewing (the substigmal) is blacker and twice larger; moreover,
there is but one lateral carina on the propodeum. The antenna in
bimaculatipennis as in the other species. Mandibles 6-dentate. Type
examined (by courtesy of Dr. S. A. Forbes).
TRYDYMUS AUREIPES, new species.
Female.—Length, 1.80 mm.
Resembles poloni, but the abdomen is not longer than the thorax,
the legs are entirely golden yellow; the clypeus is similarly produced,
but also has a slight, shallow median concavity; the antennae are
all yellow except the pedicel above (except at apex) and the dorsal
aspect of the first two or three funicle joints (darkened); the cheeks
are a half shorter (not a fifth the length of the eyes), the antennae
are a little above the ventral ends of the eyes, the meson of the
propodeum is longitudinally rugulose, the cephalic foveae therefore
absent or obliterated, the spiracle oblong and cephalad.
Described from two females, Jacksonville, Florida (Ashmead).
Types.—Cat. No. 20421, U.S.N.M., the specimens on two tags
with the types of the next species, a forewing on a slide with the
same of the next species, and a head and the caudal legs of the next
species.
TRYDYMUS BIGUTTATIPENNIS, new species.
Female.—In habitus very similar to the preceding, but the cheeks
are of normal length (half or more of the length of the eyes, the an-
tennae a little below the middle of the face), the postmarginal vein
is only slightly longer than the stigmal, in the forewing there is
distinct fuscous stain surrounding the whole stigmal vein; an obscure
stain (larger) at disto-caudal margin, and a second distinct one
(longer than wide) from the base of the marginal vein (the latter over
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—-17——-29
450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53
twice the length of the stigmal); funicle 5 is a little longer than wide,
a half longer than wide, and the distal half of the caudal tibia is sub-
metallic. Spiracle round, at cephalic margin.
From two females mounted with aureipes.
Types.—Cat. No. 20422, U.S.N.M., two females on tags and a slide
as noted above.
TRYDYMUS APHIDIS, new species.
Female.—Like robiniaecola Ashmead, but the propodeum is shorter,
and subglabrous, the caudal tibiae have the distal half white (not
the tip only), bearing a rather narrow cinctus near middle, the abdo-
men slender and cylindrical while the male has the legs all pale ex-
cept the coxae (colored like the female in the other species, except
the tibiae). Mandibles 4-dentate. Propodeum with an oblique,
longer than wide fovea at apex (caudad) near the meson.
From one male, three females reared from Lasioptera vitis, July
1887, New York (Lintner).
Types.—Cat. No. 20420, U.S.N.M., a pair on tags, a female head
and caudal legs on a slide.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CRAB FROM THE
CALIFORNIA PLIOCENE.
By Mary J. Rarusun,
Associate in Zoology, United States National Museum.
The specimen here described was given to the United States Na-
tional Museum by Mr. J. Z. Gilbert, of Los Angeles, California, who
obtained it from the foundation of one of the large buildings in that
city. Mr. Gilbert states that it was associated with a large number
of marine shells embedded in blue clay; that it is the same formation
as outcrops on the south side of the Hill Street hills at Fourth Street
and Broadway; and that the formation lies unconformably under the
fresh-water gravel, sand, and bowlders, and at an angle of about 35°.
CANCER URBANUS, new species.
Plate 59.
Type-locality.—Los Angeles, California; from foundation of large
building; Pliocene period; J. Z. Gilbert, collector and donor; 1914.
Holotype.—Cat. No. 324300, U.S.N.M. A single specimen em-
bedded in blue clay. Only the carapace remains and that is imper-
fect, especially as to the margins. Carapace narrow, actual width
44 mm., measured between antero-lateral sinuses; estimated width
at the same place, 48 mm.; length, about 34 mm. There are two
diagonal breaks on the left side of the carapace with corresponding
faults; the width of the right half is therefore more nearly normal.
The surface is about equally convex from side to side and from front
to back. The interregional depressions are deep; surface uneven,
closely granulate, the granules larger and more prominent on the most
elevated portions. (See pl. 59.) Antero-lateral teeth 9, includ-
ing the tooth at the lateral angle of the carapace and at the outer
angle of the orbit; teeth acute, their margins straight, anterior mar-
gin usually considerably shorter than posterior margin; margins of
seventh or widest tooth nearly equal. Edge of front and orbit broken
away, but the furrows which lead back from the sinuses of the anterior
margin are deep.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 538—No. 2214.
451
452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 53
Posterior and postero-lateral margins granulate; it is impossible
to tell if there is a postero-lateral tooth or spine.
Of the species now inhabiting the California coast, this species re-
sembles most C. antennarius Stimpson.' This last has also an uneven
surface, with longitudinal furrows and thickened teeth alternating
along the anterior margin; its granulation is much more even than
in the fossil form, and the antero-lateral teeth longer and more
curved.
1 Proce. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1856 ,p. 88.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL 59
A NEw FOSSIL CRAB FROM THE CALIFORNIA PLIOCENE.
FOR DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMEN SEE PAGE 451,
FOSSIL REMAINS OF WHAT APPEARS TO BE A PASSERINE
- BIRD FROM THE FLORISSANT SHALES OF COLORADO.
By R. W. SHuFeLpt,
Of Washington, District of Columbia.
The specimen here to be described was collected by its present
owner, Prof. Ira E. Cutler, of the University of Denver, Denver,
Colorado, and forwarded to the United States National Museum for
description. [My attention was called to it by Mr. Charles W. Gil-
more, of the National Museum, at whose request the following descrip-
tion has been made:]
According to Professor Cutler the specimen was found early in
August, 1915, in a gutter beside the road leading out of the town of
Florissant, Colorado, in a locality where no specimens have _ here-
tofore been discovered. It was fully half a mile from the much-
worked beds, from which so many fossils have been taken for a num-
ber of years past.
It would seem that Professor Cutler retained the bones of this
fossil bird, and what I have before me at this writing are simply
impressions of them; that is, the portion of the matrix or slab lifted
off of such parts of the skeleton as were discovered. Fortunately,
these impressions are tolerably sharp, but they are by no means as
accurate for scientific description as the bones themselves. No
other parts of the skeleton were found, however, after a rather long
and careful search. I have made a negative of this specimen which
shows it natural size, and a reproduction of a print from this is
given in Plate 60, while in the reproduction of a second print, Plate
61, the bones of the lower extremity have been outlined by me care-
fully in ink, in order to show their size and the positions they severally
occupy in the matrix. On the side of the slab where the impressions
are the surface is smooth, while upon the other side it is overlaid
with a finely granulated and extremely thin concretion. (Here
may be noted the number of the specimen, namely 8541, U.S.N.M.).
This piece of shale, as is shown in the plates, is in three pieces, and
each averages about a millimeter and a half in thickness. The
upper and largest piece (1) presents upon its surface the impression
of the bones of a part of the lower extremity of an average-sized bird;
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 53—No. 2215.
453
454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 58
this, by the toes, is extended onto the smallest piece of the slab (2);
while on the remaining piece (3) there is the impression of the hinder
two-thirds of the pelvis, five (5) coccygeal vertebrae, and the upper
portion of the left femur. No other bones are anywhere visible.
So far as these impressions seem to indicate they are of bones
that may easily have belonged to some passerine bird of medium
proportions. I have made comparisons with several skeletons of
Passeres belonging to the collections of the United States National
Museum; and, taking everything into consideration, in so far as the
common American representatives of that group are concerned, I
find it comes as near a bird of the size of the Purple Grackle (Quis-
calus purpureus) as any other. So little of this fossil, however, has
been thus far discovered that it should occasion no surprise to find
that these bones belonged to some other species of an entirely different
group, not passerine at all.
The skeleton of the Purple Grackle with which I have compared
it is No. 16708, from an individual collected on April 29, 1883, by
Mr. L. M. McCormick. In slab 1 of the plates, a invites attention
to the impressions of the lower end of a tibiotarsus, bearing its normal
relations to the tarso-metatarsus (b) of the same limb. As a is
imperfect, nothing would be conveyed by giving its length; 6 has a
length of 3.1 ems., the corresponding bone in Quiscalus purpureus
having a length of 3.9 cms. It will be noted that ¢ is but faintly
impressed upon the slab, and I take it to be the other tibiotarsus,
the distal extremity of which is missing. This bone in Quiscalus
has a length of 5.5 cms., and the imperfect part of the specimen on
the slab measures 4.6 cms. in length. d invites attention to the
impressions of the toes, in which the proximal joint of hallux measures
considerably less than in Quiscalus purpureus, the latter having a
length of 1.4 ems., and in the fossil but 9 mm. (approx.).
Passing to the remaining portion of this slab (3) it is to be noted
that the impression of the femur, which occupies about its normal
position in the skeleton, is of exactly the same size as we find it to
be in the Grackle with which I am comparing it. It does not admit,
however, of obtaining its length, as only the impression of the upper
portion is to be found on the slab. The impressions of the five
coccygeal vertebrae are in all respects just what we would find were
they made by those of theGrackle. The pygostyle is off the slab. Such
parts as are shown on the slab of the impression of the pelvis (3) I
have measured and compared with the corresponding parts in the
Grackle’s skeleton, and, in measurements at least, they are practically
in agreement.
It is quite possible that the bones that made these impressions
were those of a passerine bird about the size of the Purple Grackle,
but they are of such a nature, with respect to perfectness, number,
NO. 2215, A FOSSIL PASSERINE BIRD—SHUFELDT. 455
and kind, that there is no certainty about it whatever. On the
other hand, if passerine, they surely do not represent Quiscalus
purpureus, but only a form about its size, and there is a long list
of them.
My impression is that the specimen is of a passerine bird, one
with a short hallux and rather short tarso-metatarsus, but that is as
far as we should go until more material representing the same species
comes to light.
Puate 60.
The slab containing the impressions of the bones of the pelvic extremities, 1 and 2;
and 3 those of a part of the pelvis and upper portion of the left femur. All natural
size. Reproduced from the author’s photograph.
Puate 61.
The same, with a, 6, c, and d, giving the limb bones as outlined in ink, to better
present their number, positions, and proportions.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 60
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
IMPRESSION OF FossiL BIRD FROM COLORADO.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 455,
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 61
IMPRESSION OF FOSSIL BIRD FROM COLORADO, WITH BONES OF LOWER LIMB OUTLINED IN
INK.
FOR DESCRIPTION SPECIMEN SEE PAGE 455,
oe ee
, inn
EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES,
WITH NOTES ON SOME OTHER SPECIES.
By R. A. Cusuman,
Of the Burcau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
The eight new species herein described were all reared by agents of
the Bureau of Entomology, and the majority of them are represented
by considerable series. The notes on previously described species
are included in the hope that they will add something to the defini-
tion of the species. They are based on newly reared material.
Genus MICROCRYPTUS Thomson.
(CRYPTUS) MICROCRYPTUS GSCULATUS (Provancher).
A considerable series of what appears to be this species has been
reared as a primary parasite from larvae of Ametastegia glabrata
(Fallen) by Mr..E. J. Newcomer at Wenatchee, Washington. It is
extemely variable in respect to the presence and extent of the white
color of the face. One male is very like a male compared with the type
by Mr.S. A. Rohwer and said by him to differ from the type only in
being somewhat smaller and having on the face a white instead of a
piceous spot. ~ In these two specimens the mandibles, palpi, clypeus, a
facial spot, and the tegulae are white or whitish. Among the other
males, of which there are nine, is exhibited variation in both directions.
In the darkest form only the mandibles, clypeus, and tegulae are white.
In those of the other extreme the white embraees the palpi, mandi-
bles, the whole face below the antennae, the cheeks, a spot on the
lower side of the scape, the front and middle coxae and trochanters,
the tegulae, and a small humeral spot, and the front edge of the prono-
tum shows a tendency toward this color. In the females only the
palpi, mandibles, tegulae, and an incomplete antennal annulus
embracing more or less of two segments display the white color, and
at the dark end of the series it is replaced even there by black or
piceous. In all specimens the wing bases are white.
The females are from 6.5 to 8.5 mm. long and the males 5.5 to
8.5mm. The ovipositor varies slightly in length, averaging some-
what more than half as long as the abdomen.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 538—No. 2216.
+ 457
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
Very few of the specimens exhibit the infuscation at the apex of
the hind femur, and marked variation occurs in the form of the pro-
podeal areas and the strength of the carinae.
Genus BATHYTHRIX Foerster (Howard).
Only two North American species have been referred to this genus.
These are B. meteori Howard, the genotype, and B. pimplae Howard.
It is worthy of note that both of these species have the clypeus
apically with two nipple-like teeth. In the genotype these structures
are widely separated and the clypeus between is deeply impressed,
while in pimplae they are close together and the clypeus is not
impressed. In the Japanese B. kuwanae Viereck, which is appar-
ently properly placed in this genus, the clypeus lacks both teeth and
impression. The new species described below has the teeth, but lacks
the impression. In the new species the clypeal vestiture is less con-
spicuous than indicated in Foerster’s characterization of the genus,
and this character must be considered of doubtful generic value.
Key to North American Species.
General color blackish and rufous; tergites 2 to 4 longitudinally aciculate at
base; clypeus impressed in apical middle, the impression flanked on either
side by a nipple-like tooth, the teeth widely separated; hind tibiae uni-
formly rufous; ovipositor less than half as long as abdomen. .meteori Howard.
Black; tergites 2 to 4 not aciculate at base; clypeus not apically impressed, the
two teeth very close together or wanting............---.-----------e-e--- q.
1. Clypeus without a protruding brush of long hairs, the hairs appressed; mandibles,
scape below, and tegulae whitish; nervulus slightly antefurcal; first tergite
in profile decurved and increasing gradually in thickness from base to apex,
the dorsal carinae rather weak, becoming obsolete far from the apex; hind
tibiae, tarsi, and second joint of trochanters black; ovipositor three-fourths
BS. LON 2S ADGOMGR (ect oo seg aoe i ae eee tibialis, new species.
Clypeus with a protruding brush of long hairs arising near base; mandibles and
tegulae reddish piceous, scape immaculate below; first tergite in profile
thickest at spiracles, the dorsal carinae strong and reaching nearly to apex,
seers = date ws nat be man ech tate < aed e Re emertas aes pimplae Howard.
BATHYTHRIX TIBIALIS, new species.
Female.—Length, 7 mm.; ovipositor, 3 mm. Head polished, im-
punctate; face, cheeks, and malar space clothed with long, dense,
silvery pubescence, vertex and frons bare, clypeus bare except for a
few appressed hairs at base, its apex with two minute nipple-like
teeth placed close together; ocelli arranged in an approximately
equilateral triangle; malar space slightly less than twice as long as
basal width of mandibles; scape globose. Thorax polished, impunc-
tate, clothed like the head, the propodeum completely and distinctly
areolated, the areas practically smooth; nervellus broken far below
the middle and slightly antefurcal; second intercubitus subobsolete.
NO. 2216. NEW REARED ICHNEUMON-FLIES—CUSHMAN. 459
Abdomen subpolished, clothed with very short shining pubescence;
first tergite slender, evenly decurved, its spiracles in the middle, the
dorsal carinae comparatively weak and becoming obsolete far from
the apex; ovipositor about three-fourths as long as abdomen.
Black; mandibles and scape below, tegulae, humeral spot, front
coxae, and front and middle trochanters yellowish to whitish; hind
tibiae and tarsi and apical joint of hind trochanters blackish; legs
otherwise stramineous to testaceous, the pale color in front; wings
hyaline; veins and stigma dark, the latter pale at apex.
Male.—Aside from sexual differences, very like the female and
differing principally in the paler color of the mandibles, tegulae, and
spot on the scape and the greater extent of the last.
Host.—Ametastegia glabrata (Fallén). Probably secondary.
Type-locality— Wenatchee, Washington.
Type.—Cat. No. 20772, U.S.N.M.
Described from four females reared by E. J. Newcomer, Bureau of
Entomology, April 12, 11, and 14, 1915, the type and paratype a and
6 (Quaintance No. 11422), and May 12, 1916, paratype c (Quain-
tance No. 14020), and one male labeled Vancouver, 2234, Coll. C. F.
Baker.
Allied to pimplae Howard, but easily distinguished by the charac-
ters made use of in the key.
Genus AENOPLEX Foerster.
The following key includes those North American species that have
been referred to this genus and one new species described herewith.
It is very likely that a number of other species described in the genus
Hemiteles should be referred here.
Mesoscutum opaque, minutely granulate, at most obscurely punctate in male. ..1.
Mesoscutum polished or subopaque with distinct punctures................... 2.
1. Propodeum with areola less than half as wide at base as at apex.
betulaecola Ashmead.
Propodeum with areola about two-thirds as wide at base as at apex.
plesiotypus Cushman.
2. Mesoscutum subopaque, finely punctured; abdomen entirely black; ovipositor
Beaty; TH LON AS, ADAOMEN's -13's\s)e oe se ome se ws wis v ee mates nigrosoma, new species.
Mesocutum highly polished; abdomen usually more or less red (frequently en-
tirely black in male); ovipositor not nearly as long as abdomen............. 3.
. Propodeum strongly rugose, the rugosity partially obscuring the carinae, the
petiolar area deeply excavated; coxae black. (Known only from male type.)
ow
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FIG. 2 —ENCOPE PLATYTATA.
INDICATED BY DOTTED LINES,
DRAWING OF THE TYPE-SPECIMEN, NATURAL SIZE, RESTORATIONS ARK
Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, upper Oligocene
or Miocene, Panama Canal Zone, from lowest horizon in big cut, one-
fourth to one-half mile beyond Camp Cotton toward Monte Lirio,
D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911, U. S. National
Museum station No. 6029a, one specimen.
Type.—Cat. No. 324455, U.S.N.M.
‘Kew, W.S. W. Tertiary echinoids of the Carrizo Creek Region in the Colorado Desert. University of
California Bull., Dept. Geology, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 39-60, pls. 1-3, 1914.
496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
ENCOPE MEGATREMA, new species.
Plate 68, fig. 1.
This species is represented by one fairly good test with its counter-
part, and in addition somo 12 fragments which yield helpful facts
on close study. From the incompleteness, measuroments and some
details will have to be given in general terms or omitted. As a whole,
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Fic. 3.—ENCOPE MEGATREMA. HOLOTYPE, NATURAL SIZE. THE AREA SHOWING PART OF AMBULA-
CRUM II IS DRAWN FROM A FRAGMENT. RESTORATIONS INDICATED BY DOTTED LINES.
Fig. 4.—SECTION OF LUNULE TO SHOW INCLINED FACES, DRAWN FROM TWO FRAGMENTS.
the tost is low, elongated, thin on the borders and with shallow
ambulacral notches and an enormous lunule in interambulacrum 5.
From the best specimen, which is figured, the length probably was
about 120 mm. and the width about 106 mm.; thickness of the test
at its conter is 10 mm. Ambulacral notches are shallow and quite
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 497
wide in areas II and V, indicating that this is the character in the
two posterior ambulacra I and V and also in the paired anterior am-
bulacra IIT and IV. This evidence is supported by several of the frag-
ments which show shallow lobes like the type, but it can not be
dofinitely stated which areas they represent. The notch of the ante-
rior odd ambulacrum ITI is not known, but it was probably shallowor
than the others, as is characteristic of species of the genus. Tho most
striking feature of this species is the lunule in interambulacrum 5,
which is enormous. It is situated about midway between the apical
disk and posterior limits of the test, is roughly triangular in shape,
the apox of the triangle pointing anteriorly. It moasures at the
surface of the opening 27 mm. in length and 27 mm. in width at the
widest part posteriorly. The walls of the lunule slope outward from
the center, as seen looking from above, as is well shown in two of the
fragmentary specimens. From this sloping character of the walls, it
results that the width of the lunule would be greater by about 6 to
10 millimeters on the ventral side than it is on the dorsal. The height
of the wall of the lunule is 12 mm., which is doubtless the highest
point of the test. The lunulo in this species is, relatively to the size
of tho specimens, the largest known in any species of the genus,
fossil or living. It is striking that this great size of the lunule, a
progressive character, should bo associated with small and shallow
ambulacral notches which, for the genus, is a relatively primitive
character.
The ambulacral petals are beautifully distinct and well preserved
for part of their extent in the type and one other specimen. The
posterior pair, I and V, are long and narrow with a relatively wide
poriferous area and narrow median interporiferous area. The width
of the petal of ambulacrum V is 11 mm. and its length is 50 mm. It
extends posteriorly in a wide curve around the lunule of interambu-
lacrum 5 and reaches a line coincident with the posterior end of the
lunule. It also extends to within 5.5 of the ambulacral notch of the
area in which it lies. Ambulacrum IV is much shorter than ambula-
crum V, measuring 30 mm. in length and 12 mm. in width at its
widest part. This ambulacrum extends to within 3.5 mm. of its
marginal notch. ‘The features of the ambulacra V and IV as described
indicate the character of ambulacra I and II, which are only preserved
in part in the holotype, though one of the fragments has ambulacrum
If quite perfectly preserved. Ambulacrum III is represented only in
part (for a length of 25 mm.) by the left side of its petaloid area; it
probably had about the length and width of the petal of ambulacrum
IV, as in the allied species Encope macrophora Ravenel. Ambulacral
furrows on the ventral side are deep, strongly marked with some
forking near the periphery of the test. The interambulacra are very
wide, not narrowing markedly near the apical disk. Minute tubercles
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17 32
498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
cover the dorsal surface of the test, and ventrally the tubercles are
larger excepting on the lines of ambulacral furrows, where they are
minute or wanting. Details of the apical disk, peristome and peri-
proct are entirely wanting. This species does not make a close
approach to any other known species, but its nearest ally is Encope
macrophora Ravenel from the upper Miocene of South Carolina and
the Pliocene of Florida.
Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, upper Oligocene
or Miocene, Panama Canal Zone. From 85-foot cut north side of big
swamp on relocated line, Panama R. R., about one and one-half to
two miles beyond Camp Cotton towards Monte Lirio, D. F. Mac-
Donald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911. Fourteen specimens,
including fragments, U. S. National Museum station No. 6030.
Type.—Cat. No. 324456, U.S.N.M.
ECHINOLAMPAS SEMICRBIS Guppy.
Echinolampas semiorbis Gupry, On Tertiary Echinoderms from the West Indies.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, 1866, p. 299, pl. 19, fig. 7.—Corrreau, Echin-
ides Tertiares des Iles St. Barthélemy et Anguilla. Kongl. Svensk. Vetenskaps.
Akad, vol. 13, 1875, p. 24, pl. 5, figs. 1-2; pl. 6, fig. 1.
This species is abundant in the Oligocene Tertiary of the West
Indies, material from Anguilla having been described by Guppy, and
Cotteau erroneously records it from St. Bartholomew. Dr. T. Way-
land Vaughan in 1914 collected abundant, fine specimens in the Island
of Anguilla.
From the Panama Canal Zone a number of specimens were col-
lected from a hard gray limestone. The specimens are for the most
part uncompressed and in very good condition of preservation.
One of the largest specimens measures 107 mm. in length, 103 mm.
in width, and 53 mm. in height.
Locality and geologic occurrence-—Oligocene. Emperador limestone,
Panama Canal Zone. Upper Limestone bed near Tower “‘N” (oppo-
site Las Cascadas, Gaillard cut), D. F. MacDonald, collector, 1911,
U.S. National Museum station No. 5866), one specimen, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Cat. No. 324457. Also Panama Canal Zone, from 5th or top-
most limestone, Gaillard cut, opposite Las Cascadas, U.S. National
Museum station No. 6019G, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan,
collectors, 1911, 4 specimens. U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324458.
SCHIZASTER ARMIGER W. B. Clark.
Schizaster armiger CLARK and TwItTcHELL, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata
of the United States. Monograph U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 54, 1915, p. 152, pl. 70,
figs. lad.
In this species the test is rather large, cordiform; upper surface
slopes at first rapidly, then more slowly from the anterior margin to
1 Clark, William Bullock, and Twitchell, Mayville W. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the
United States. Monograph, U.S. Geol. Survey, vol. 54, 1915, p. 206, pl. 93. figs. 2a-e; pl. 94, figs. la-f.
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 499
the apical system beyond which an elevated sharp ridge continues to
the truncated posterior margin. Length, 59 mm.; width, 50 mm.;
height, 25 mm. The ambulacra are broad and the odd anterior
ambulacral petal III is situated in a deep groove that indents the
anterior margin. The two lateral anterior ambulacra IT and IV are
in deep, broad grooves, with petals 18 mm. long. The posterior
ambulacra I and V, similar but shorter, are 9 mm.long. Peripetalous
fasciole is broad and distinct. Interambulacra gibbous, the posterior
No. 5 being built up into an elevated keel. The peristome is indis-
tinct in our specimen, but as shown in W. B. Clark’s excellent figures,
is wide and near the anterior margin. The periproct is high on the
truncated posterior end.
The type material described by Clark is ascribed to the upper
(Jackson) Eocene of Choctaw County, Alabama.
Locality and geologic occurrence.—EKocene, Bonilla, Costa Rica, Hill
collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 135214, one specimen.
SCHIZASTER CRISTATUS, new species.
Plate 68, figs. 2-4.
The material of this species consists of two internal moulds; as the
plates are entirely wanting, of course external characters can not be
given. The more perfect of the two specimens measures 40 mm. in
length, 36 mm. in width, and 22 mm. in height. Test is moderate
sized, cordiform, sloping gradually from the anterior border up to the
median crest, the widest portion being through the middle of the test.
The most striking feature of this species is the median keel-like crest
that rises sharply from the summit of interambulacrum 5 at the pos-
terior border of the test.
The petal of ambulacrum III is sunken in a deep, wide groove, ex-
tending to the anterior border of the test and measuring 23 mm. in
length. The petals of the lateral anterior ambulacra If and IV are
in deep grooves measuring 13 mm. in length and having about 22
plates in each half ambulacrum, as is indicated by the casts of the
pores. The petals of the posterior ambulacra I and V are widely
divergent from the anterior pair, nearly parallel and directed back-
ward in deep, sunken grooves. The grooves are 7 mm. long, and
there are about 14 plates in each half ambulacrum at this point, as
indicated by casts of the pores. The periproct is situated on the
posterior face and coincides with the base of the crest in interam-
bulacrum 5. The peristome is wide and situated far forward, the
tip which almost closes the mouth being 10 mm. from the anterior
border of the test.
Locality and geologic occurrence-—Upper Oligocene or Miocene,
Brazil, Costa Rica, A. Alfaro, collector, U. S. National Museum sta-
tion No. 5505, two specimens.
Type.—Cat. No. 324460, U.S.N.M.
500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. $3.
SCHIZASTER PANAMENSIS, new species.
Plate 66, figs. 2-3.
The material consists of an internal mould free from matrix, and
three specimens more or less complete, embedded in porous, dark-
colored volcanic tuff which also bears some fragments of lignite.
The specimen, free from matrix, is the most completely preserved,
although somewhat compressed dorso-ventrally, and is selected as
the type. The specimen measures 48 mm. in length, 40 mm. in width,
and 25 mm. in height. The petals of the ambulacra are situated in
broad, deep furrows. The anterior petal IIT extends to the anterior
limit of the test and measures 23 mm. in length. The paired anterior
ambulacra iI and IV are in grooves 13 mm. long and diverge widely
from the anterior petal. The posterior petals I and V are shorter
than the anterior pair, measuring 5 mm. in length, and are directed
almost straight backward. The position of the periproct is not
clearly indicated on the mould, but apparently it is near the upper
part of the posterior face. The peristome is wide and rounded, and
is situated 16 mm. from the anterior border of the test. The peri-
petalous fasciole is quite wide and is fairly well shown in areas II
and IV on the type-specimen and still better in one of the fragments,
which is a counterpart of the dorsal side of the same.
One of the specimens, which is an external mould, shows the impress
of the outline of the plates of part of a test, and gives measurements
of considerable interest. [t measures about 50 mm. in length,
about 45 mm. in width, and about 38 mm. in height. From incom-
pleteness of the specimen no exact measurements can be given, yet
those available indicate a very high test.
Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, upper Oligocene
or Miocene, Panama Canal Zone. Second cut, south of Gatun R. R.
Station, Goldman Coll., U.S. National Museum station No. 7294, four
specimens. Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324461. Another
specimen, imperfect and much worn, with a very high test, and appar-
ently referable to this species, is from Panama Canal Zone, Gatun,
section A, from middle of Bed “ E,’’ D. F. MacDonald, collector, U.S.
National Museum station No. 6008, one specimen. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Cat. No. 324462.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE 62.
Fia. 1. Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau, dorsal view, natural size. The dark spot in
interambulacrum 5 is a yellow label that took black in the photograph.
U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324451, Station 5866b.
2. Another specimen of the same, ventral view, natural size, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Cat. No. 324451, Station 5866b.
PLATE 63.
Via. 1. Clypeaster gatuni, new species, dorsal view. Holotype, slightly reduced, U.
8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324453, Station 5662.
No. 2218. FOSSIL ECHINI OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE—JACKSON. 5601
PLaTE 64,
Fie. 1. Clypeaster gatuni, new species, ventral view; same specimen as Plate 63.
Fig. 1
2
2
3
Fia, 1
Fira, 1
2
3
4
Holotype, slightly reduced, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324453, Station 5662.
Priate 65.
. Encope annectans, new species, dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324454, Station 5846.
. The same, ventral view.
Pate 66.
. Encope annectans, new species. Another specimen, external mould of ventral
side seen from above. Natural size, Paratype, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Cat. No.
324466, Station 5846.
. Schizaster panamensis, new species. Dorsal view, natural size. Holotype,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324461, Station 7294,
. The same, ventral view. The dark spot in interambulacrum 5 isa yellow
ticket that took black in the photograph.
PLateE 67,
. Encope platytata, new species. Dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324455, Station 6029a.
.2, The same, ventral view. The dark spot in interambulacrum 4 of fig. 1 and
in interambulacrum 2 of fig. 2 are yellow tickets that took black in the
photographs,
Piate 68,
. Encope megatrema, new species. Dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, natu
ral size, U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324456, Station 6030.
. Schizaster cristatus, new species. Dorsal view, natural size, Holotype, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324460, Station 5505,
. The same, ventral view,
. The same, side view.
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 62
NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S.
‘OOG 39Vd 33S 3LV1d JO NOILYNV1dx3 YO4
SNLVIOSONV1 YSLSV3AdATO AO (SG) SMAIA TIVHYLNSA ONY (1) IvSYOg
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 63
DORSAL VIEW OF CLYPEASTER GATUNI.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 500.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 64
VENTRAL VIEW OF CLYPEASTER GATUNI.
FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
ard acme ean
, Ocyeb ie Oy en? 0
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 65
DORSAL (1) AND VENTRAL VIEWS (2) OF ENCOPE ANNECTANS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 66
1. MOULD OF VENTRAL SIDE OF ENCOPE ANNECTANS SEEN FROM ABOVE, (2) DORSAL, AND
(3) VENTRAL VIEWS OF SCHIZASTER PANAMENSIS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
———s
U. S. NATIONAL IMUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 53 PL. 67
DORSAL VIEW (1) AND VENTRAL VIEW (2) OF ENCOPE PLATYTATA.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
1. DORSAL VIEW OF ENCOPE MEGATREMA. DORSAL (2), VENTRAL (3), AND SIDE (4)
VIEWS OF SCHIZASTER CRISTATUS.
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 501.
A REVISION OF HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE TRIBE
CREMASTINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.
By R. A. Cusuman,
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
As defined by Ashmead, the tribe Cremastini is distinguished
from the Porizonini by the obsolescence in the latter tribe of the
base of the middle vein in the hind wing and by the thickening of the
anterior end of the basal vein in the front wing. Aside from the
question as to whether these characters, as interpreted by Foerster,
who proposed them, are good or not, the fact remains that the
genotype of Cremastus has the middle vein obliterated at the base,
and by no means all of the genera at present referred to the Pori-
zonini exhibit the thickening of the basal vein. Foerster ' made use,
also, of the angulation of the radial abscissae, ascribing to the Pori-
zonini a right angle and to the Cremastini an obtuse angle. The
strict interpretation of this character separates species much more
closely allied to each other and to Cremastus as represented by the
genotype, than either is to Porizon as represented by the genotype.
The relation between the length and breadth of the stigma as used
by Foerster to separate his Cremastoidae from the families which
follow it in his arrangement can not be used, since several species of
Cremastus have the stigma distinctly less than half as wide as long.
Also the occipital carina varies in Cremastini from widely inter-
rupted above to complete.
The genera of these two tribes, however, form two rather well-
defined groups, separated by propodeal, abdominal, and venational
characters, as indicated in the following tabulation:
Propodeum not extending beyond base of hind coxae; abdomen usually short
and stout, not or but weakly compressed, the second tergite not very much
longer than wide, most frequently transverse, and with the sides widely
divergent; angle of radius right or acute, touching or very close to cubitus,
the intercubitus being very short and not or but very little longer than that
portion of cubitus between it and recurrent, most frequently shorter, all
veins at this point being nearly interstitial; ovipositor most frequently short
SHO UPCUTVEU 6a. veccan ce an ees weboweies oss Genny eee Sa eaee meee Porizonini.
1 Verh. Nat. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., vol. 25, 1868, p. 141.
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53—No. 2219.
503
504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Propodeum extending beyond base of hind coxae; abdomen long and slender,
strongly compressed beyond second tergite, the latter very much longer
(two to six times) than wide and with its sides subparallel or weakly diver-
gent; angle of radius right or obtuse, far removed from cubitus, the inter-
cubitus much longer than that portion of cubitus between it and recurrent,
the latter occasionally interstitial; ovipositor most frequently long and
BUPA HGS So. eb ea Soha Ue svc santlad ou meeeeeece salen tetien em bee ee Cremastini.
None of the species available for study agree in all particulars
with any of the genera proposed by Szepligeti, nor with Celor, Seme-
now, although a number of the species of Cremastus might with pro-
priety be referred to certain of these genera.
Demophorus Thomson seems not to occur in the North American
fauna. It should be remarked, however, that certain species allied
to the genotype of Zaleptopygus Viereck, here considered a subgenus
of Cremastus, have the upper portion of the intercubitus slightly
thickened and angulate, and occasionally a wing is found in which
the second intercubitus is represented by a stump of a vein arising
from this angle.
One new genus is described below for the reception of Cresson’s
Porizon stigmaterus.
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN GENERA OF CREMASTINI.
Thorax very long and slender, nearly cylindrical; propodeum with areola very
long and petiolar area very short, arevla usually much longer than petiolar
area; thorax and head clothed with a very dense, short, pubescence, which
gives a silky lustre; stigma narrow, radius arising far beyond the middle;
radial cell very long and narrow, its lower angle very broadly obtuse; second
abscissa of radius curving gradually outward, then shargly forward; eyes
slightly convergent towards the narrow, strongly convex clypeus; spiracle
of first tergite at or not far beyond middle; orbits immaculate except for an
obscure brownish mark at level of antennae....Pseuderiplernus Viereck.
Thorax not subcylindrical, much stouter in front or short and thick; petiolar area
seldom shorter than areola, usually much longer; thorax and head with
different vestiture; stigma, if narrow, with radius arising at about middle;
eyes parallel or slightly divergent toward clypeus; spiracle of first tergite far
beyond middle; orbits more or less distinctly pale marked or the head is
entirely pale.c oc. edacases one nine bos oom cetanes oeeine sania eee eee i
1. Palpi very long, the maxillary palpi reaching to middle coxae; abdomen weakly
compressed . <= 75 wis i065 Se CEB ee ae Dolichoselephus Ashmead.
Palpi normal; abdomen usually strongly compressed... ..-.......------------ 2.
2. Head small, scarcely as wide as thorax; eyes large, parallel within; face much
narrower than eye is long; malar space very short; lateral ocelli eta from
the eyes by much less en their own diameter; stigma very broad, the radius
originating in the middle, its first abscissa strongly curved; nervulus ante-
Mireds (male WRN OWIN) 228 2 oa. clacton nie Neocremastus, new genus.
Head at least as wideasthorax, face broad, malarspacenot especially short; lateral
ocelli distant from the eyes by at least their own diameter (in some males
the eyes and ocelli are very large, the malar space, the ocell-ocular line, and
the width of the face being much reduced); stigma various, if broad, with
the radius usually arising beyond the middle, first radial abscissa not strongly
curved, nervulus interstitial or postfurcal, very rarely distinctly antefur-
ML ah she wcrc fe leis Sora hcereae chee ate Oe noe ae ee Cremastus Gravenhorst.
Ss ee
KO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 505
Genus PSEUDERIPTERNUS Viereck.
Pseuderipternus V1ERECK, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 22, p. 269.
Genotype.—Podogaster radiolata Provancher (Monobasic).
Since its description in Podogaster, the genotype has been placed
in Limnerium by Cresson,’ who considered Podogaster » synonym of
Tnmnerium; in. Eripiernus by Ashmead,? under the manuscript name
primus Ashmead; in the last genus by Viereck,? where he used it
as a basis for comparison of his genus Eripternimorpha with Eripter-
nus; and more recently Viereck has erected for it the present genus,
which he treats as a subgenus of Casinaria, a Campoplegine genus.
To the present writer the placing of the genus in the Campoplegini
seems entirely erroneous. In Cresson’s synopsis it runs to Cremastus
Gravenhorst by virtue of its separated clypeus, a character in which
it differs markedly from the Campoplegini. Its completely areolated
propodeum is elso out of place in the latter tribe. In Szepligeti’s
key to the genus‘ it runs to Pseudocremastus Szepligeti. From
Cremastus and from Dolichoselephus Ashmead it differs principally
in the characters used in the above table to genera, the most striking
of which are the nearly middle position of the spiracles of the first
abdominal segment, the great length of the areola, the very narrow
stigma accompanied by the distally originating radius, and the long,
narrow, very obtusely angled radial cell.
From Dolichoselephus it also differs in having the palpi normal.
From the description of Pseudocremastus it differs principally in
the very low propodeum.
From LHripternus (Foerster) Szepligeti it differs by the characters
used by Szepligeti in his group synopsis and by nearly all the char-
acters in his generic description of Eripternus.
Head st ongly transverse, roundly narrowed posteriorly, occipital
carina broadly interrupted in middle, eyes slightly convergent. below
face convex, clypeus narrow and strongly convex, clypeal foveae
deep, malar space very short, ocelli in both sexes small, antennae
long, filiform, the flagellar joimts gradually decreasing in length
from base to apex where they are nearly as wide as long, palpi normal,
thorax long, subcylindrical, nearly straight above, notauli very
weak, propodeum elongate, low, prolonged about one-third length
of coxae, completely areolated, even the posterior abscissa of lateral
carina being more or less distinctly present, areola occupying half
or more of the length and the petiolar area very short, spiracloe
nearer to Jateral than to pleural carina; front wings with stigma and
radial cell elongate, the former with the radius arising far beyond
middle, hind wings with median vein obliterated basally, nervellus
- 1Synop. Hym., 1887, p. 204. § Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1913, p. 645.
®Smith’s Ins. New Jersoy, 1899. * 4Gen, Ins., fase, 34, 1905, p. 49.
506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
distinctly broken at or somewhat below middle and _ postfurcal;
first tergite with the spiracle at or but slightly beyond the middle,
petiole rather thick and deeply sulcate laterally, ventral edges of
tergite widely separated and subparallel, tergites beyond second
strongly compressed ; head and thorax very finely punctate and clothed
with very short, dense, silky pubescence.
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Petiolar area nearly as long as areola; first and second tergites tipped with red,
the postpetiole strongly longitudinally rugulose; second tergite much less
than twice as long as basal width, its sides widely divergent; second abscissa
of radius nearly straight at base; ovipositor less than twice as long as first
Gerrite os 1.2 piu ee ieak RS ee brevicauda, new species.
Petiolar area a third or less as long as areola; first and second tergites entirely
black; the postpetiole at most weakly aciculate; second tergite about twice
as long as basal width with sides nearly parallel; second abscissa of radius
distinctly outcurved at base; ovipositor about three times as long as first
LOVSILG 26... et EES RR See ence enters cn ene ee ees 1,
1. Malar space much less than half as long as basal width of mandible in female,
sometimes half as long in male; hind legs stout, femur nearly one-third as
broad as long, basitarsus much less than half as long as tibia, all tarsal joints
together in female about as long as tibia, in male slightly longer
radiolatus (Provancher).
Malar space about as long as basal width of mandibles in female, longer in male;
hind legs slender, femur hardly one-fourth as broad as long, basitarsus nearly
half as long as tibia, all tarsal joints together in both sexes much longer than
EREDAR Sc LE eee le eh eek A rer ea gracilipes, new species.
PSEURERIPTERNUS BREVICAUDA, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 5.5 mm., ovipositor 1.6 mm.
Head, except occiput, very finely, densely granular; face elevated in
middle, weakly impressed below antennae, with prominent, median
tubercle above; malar space scarcely a third as long as basal width of
mandible; interfoveal line (shortest distance between clypeal foveae)
twice as long as foveo-ocular line (shortest distance between fovea
and eye); eyes very weakly emarginate opposite antennae; posto-
cellar and ocell-ocular lines equal and scarcely twice as long as diam-
eter of a lateral ocellus. Thorax very minutely punctate, mesono-
tum subpolished; mesopleural suture broadly foveolate; propodeal
carinac very strong, the areola scarcely a half longer than petiolar
area, apical areas strongly rugulose; wing with radial cell rather
acute at apex, base of second discoidal cell scarcely half as long as
second recurrent vein; nervellus interstitial, broken at middle;
legs, especially hind legs, short, the hind femur about a third as broad
as long; hind basitarsus about two-fifths as long as tibia, fifth joint
nearly as long as third. Abdomen barely a third longer than head
and thorax united; first tergite rather stout, its sides nearly straight,
about half as wide at apex as long, its spiracle distinctly beyond
middle, carinae ond foveae of petiole very strong; second tergite
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 507
scarcely twice as long as wide at base, distinctly wider at apex, it
and the postpetiole longitudinally rugulose; ovipositor about a half
longer than first tergite.
Black; a small spot between insertion of antenna and eye brown;
clypeus at apex, mandibles, palpi, and legs (largely) rufo-testaceous;
antennae black, paler below; hind trochanters, last tarsal joints, and
apices of hind tibiae (faintly) infuscated; tergites, 1 to 5, black at
base, reddish at apex, third largely reddish, remaining tergites black.
Male.—Very like female, but with eyes scarcely divergent, malar
space slightly wider, ocelli slightly larger, and black color of tergites
more extensive.
Type-locality— Hanover, New Hampshire.
Other locality.—Canada.
Type.—Cat. No. 20251, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female and one male, the former captured by
C. M. Weed and the latter by C. F. Baker.
Distinct from the other two species in its short ovipositor, short
areola, short second tergite, and abdominal coloration.
PSEUDERIPTERNUS GRACILIPES, new species.
Female.—Length 10 mm., antennae 7.5 mm., ovipositor 5 mm.
Head finely, densely granular; face scarcely elevated in middle, more
evenly convex throughout, with minute median tubercle above;
malar space about half as long as basal width of mandible; inter-
foveal line twice as long as foveo-ocular line; inner line of eye concave
for most of its length; postoccllar and ocell-ocular lines equal and
about a half longer than diameter of a lateral ocellus. Thorax
densely, minutely punctured, mesonotum subpolished; mesopleural
suture sharp, foveolate only at its upper extremity; propodeal
carinae strong, the areola more than three times as long as petiolar
area, all areas granularly punctuate, petiolar with a few short longi-
tudinal rugae apically; wings with radial cell obtusely pointed, base
of second discoidal cell about two-thirds as long as second recur-
rent vein, nervellus slightly postfureal and broken slightly below
middle; hind legs slender, the femur hardly one-fourth as wide as
long; hind basitarsus nearly half as long as tibia, fifth joint nearly as
long as third. Abdomen one-third longer than head and thorax
united, sculpture granular, subpolished toward apex, postpetiole
weakly aciculate; first tergite about two-fifths as wide at apex as
long, sides of petiole concavely and of postpetiole convexly arcuate,
spiracle at middle, carinae and foveae of petiole strong; second tergite
about two and one-half times as long as wide at base, its sides nearly
parallel; ovipositor about three times as long as first tergite.
Black; a small spot between antenna and eye brown; mouth parts,
antennae, and legs colored as in brevicauda except a little darker
508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 63.
throughout, especially the hind tibia and all tarsi; tergites 1 and 2
black throughout, 3 largely reddish, 4 and 5 reddish with median
black spot, 6 reddish with black apical spot, others black.
Male.—Very like female, but with eyes nearly parallel within,
malar space considerably longer, tergites slightly narrower, and hind
tibiae darker.
Type-locality.—Massachusetts.
Other locality Camden, New Jersey.
Type.—Cat. No. 20252, U.S.N.M.
Very closely allied to radiolatus Provancher, the principal distin-
guishing characters being those given in the table to species. Ap-
parently these characters are quite variable and the two species may
prove to be the same when a larger series of specimens is availa-
ble for study. The species seems to average slightly larger than
radiolatus.
Described from two females and two males, the paratype female
from Cape May, New Jersey, and all others from Massachusetts.
The paratypes differ from the types principally in having the reddish
color of the abdomen largely replaced by blackish.
PSEUDERIPTERNUS RADIOLATUS (Provancher).
Podogaster radiolata PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 329, female.
In the United States National Museum collection is a female
specimen from Long Island, designated as a homotype by Mr. A. B.
Gahan, who compared it with the type of Podogaster radiolaia
Provancher. In addition to the characters given in the table to
species, this differs from the type of gracilipes in having the eyes
slightly more convergent; the diameter of the ocelli only about
half as long as postocellar line; the postpetiole relatively somewhat
longer and the petiole shorter, the second tergite wider, the hind
tibiae black with their tarsi by contrast paler. In a number of males
from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut there is con-
sidearble variation with respect especially to the length of the malar
space, from about as long as in the female to about half as long as
basal width of mandible, in the relative length of hind tibiae and
tarsi, and in the stoutness of the hind femora. The color is the same
and varies in the same way as in gracilipes.
Genus DOLICHOSELEPHUS Ashmead.
Dolichoselephus ASHMEAD, Bull. 1, Colo. Biol. Soc., 1890, p. 23.
Szepligeti! considers this genus a synonym of Heterocola Foerster.
Such may be the case, but since the unique specimen of the genotype
(Dolichoselephus cockerelli Ashmead) differs from Szepligeti’s descrip-
tion of Heterocola in possessing well-marked lateral fovea on the
er
1 Gen. Ins., fase. 34, 1905, p. 56.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 509
petiole and the compression of the abdomen is not especially con-
spicuous, it seems hardly advisable to synonymize the two genera
without a comparison of the genotypes. This is not possible at
this time.
The great length of the palpi renders this genus easily separable
from Cremastus, although this character is really the only positive
one that has been discovered.
The propodeum extends but a short distance over the coxae, and
is completely areolated. The ventral edges of the first tergite are
widely separated and not at all inclosing the sternite. The second
tergite is about twice as long as wide with sides weakly divergent,
and the abdomen as a whole moderately long and rather weakly
compressed. The hind legs are rather long and stout. The difference
in length between the transverse cubitus and the second abscissa
of the cubitus is rather less, and the basal vein rather more strongly
incurved than is usually the case in Cremastus.
Genus NEOCREMASTUS, new genus.
Genotype.—(Porizon) Neocremastus stigmaterus Cresson.
Allied to Cremastus Gravenhorst from which it differs principally
in head characters. Head in front view nearly circular, small,
scarcely as wide as thorax; eyes large, parallel within; face much
narrower than eye is long; malar space very short; lateral ocelli
distant from the eyes by much less than their own diameter; propo-
deum not extending to middle of hind coxae, carinae rather weak;
stigma very broad, the radius originating in the middle, its first
abscissa strongly curved, radial cell very short; nervulus antefurcal;
first tergite with its ventral margins parallel, not inclosing the
sternite; abdomen strongly compressed beyond second tergite.
NEOCREMASTUS STIGMATERUS (Cresson).
Porizon stigmaterus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174.
This species is represented in the United States National Museum
by a paratype female minus the abdomen and another female from
the Belfrage collection minus the ovipositor.
Genus CREMASTUS Gravenhorst.
Cremastus GRAVENHORST, Ichn. Eur., vol. 3, 1829, p. 730.= Temelucha FoerstER,
Verh. Nat. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., vol. 25, 1868, p. 148=Zaleptopygus VIERECK,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 294.
As here defined, Cremastus is, in the general appearance of its
species, rather heterogeneous. It embraces, in addition to the more
typical forms, Viereck’s genus Zaleptopygus, as well as species, which
with a little more liberal interpretation of characters might be referred
to Szepligeti’s genera Paracremastus and Pseudocremastus. These
are, however, not separable except on comparative or widely variable
510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
characters, and there is apparently ground for doubt as to the validity
of Szepligeti’s two genera above mentioned. At least the characters
used are of very doubtful generic value. C. rostratus, new species,
and C. longigenalis, new species, display the characters peculiar to
Paracremastus Szepligeti but to a less marked degree, while several
species placed toward the end of the key to species run in Szepligeti’s
table and agree fairly well with the description of Pseudocremastus
Szepligeti. But the characters which ally them with those gencra
prove, upon examination of a large series of species, to be subject to
great variation.
Temelucha plutellae Ashmead, the genotype of Temelucha Foerster
is conspecific with a specimen in the United States National Museum
determined by Schmiedeknecht as Cremastus decoratus Gravenhorst,
which all European authorities concede to be a true Cremastus.
The genotype, Cremastus spectator Gravenhorst, I have not seen. _
Zaleptopygus, erected by Viereck for his species obereae and Porizon
orbitalis Cresson, is really not at all closely related to Leptopygus Foer-
ster. The propodeum, in which Viereck says it is more closely
allied to the latter genus than to Cremastus, differs essentially from
that of a typical Cremastus only in being more robust, shorter, and
in having the areola and petiolar area separated by a carina. In
Leptopygus, as represented by the genotype, L. harpurus (Graven-
horst) the basal transverse carina and the basal portion of the
lateral carina are obsolete, while that portion of the lateral carina
that separates the apical lateral and apical pleural areas is strong.
In Cremastus the opposite is true.
The principal characters which distinguish this genus from Pseud-
eripternus Viereck are indicated in the table to genera, and the
more striking ones designated in the discussion of the latter genus.
The only character separating it from Dolichoselephus Ashmead is
found in the normal palpi as distinguished from the abnormally
long palpi of the latter genus. It is easily distinguished from
Neocremastus Cushman by the characters used in the generic key.
In secondary sexual characters the males of some species differ
very little from the females, while others exhibit very striking modifica-
tions. The eyes and ocelli in some species are but little larger in
the male than in the female, while in others the eyes occupy the
whole sides of the head and the ocelli occupy nearly the entire
vertex. The postpetiole in most males is more depressed than in
the females, and the petiolar carinae and foveae are stronger, bemg
sometimes present in the male when absent in the female.
In using the key for the determination of species no character in
a group should be given precedence over any other, but a majority
of characters should be considered as indicating the way in which
No. 2219, A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 51]
the species should be run. In the first dichotomy, for example,
agreement with two of the three characters allies a species with a
group indicated thereby. These groups of characters, rather than
single characters, aro used in the table because, by their use, the
species arrange themselves in a manner more in accord with their
apparent natural affinities.
The extent of secondary sexual modification is so variable in the
males that it seems inadvisable to attempt, in most cases, to associate
the sexes in the material at hand. This can, with assurance of
correctness, be done only by biological observations, either in regard
to mating or by rearing the sexes at the same time and from the
same host. On this account and because a number of species have
been described only in the male, the two sexes are tabulated
separately.
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES (FEMALES).
Petiole with ventral margins of tergite approximating below and nearly enclosing
sternite, never parallel; propodeum reaching to or beyond middle of dorsal
surface of hind coxae; stigma narrow with radius originating at or near the
middle (subgenus Cremastus Gravenhorst)..........222-seeecececceecees Ve
Petiole with the ventral margins of tergite widely separated, parallel or nearly,
not enclosing sternite; propodeum not reaching to middle of dorsal surface
of hind coxae; stigma broad and with radius originating beyond middle
fannsens:4aleplapygus-V1eTeCK) << sci’ 2csinals his Views cls/eininnstalaln el dview sleeicee 19.
i. Head subrostriform; malar space much longer than basal width of mandible.
longigenalis, new species.
Head not subrostriform; malar space rarely as long as basal width of mandible,
Migshirenuentiy MUCH SHOFLERA.5-cec sciere siatsicisie'e ns tele -ulclaeloiel~ win sine Mela cine = 2.
2. Thorax testaceous or yellow, sometimes more or less black dorsally or ven-
MYA Yeo E is cscs Slater ee oralaclets & Sure ore sisle Glosaisveisiaints ate Bot clvis Scie Shetsicisios eieiete ts 3
Thorax black, sometimes with yellow markings dorsally or laterally........ 14
8, Eyes distinctly, though slightly, divergent below.............-----eeeeeeeee 4,
TREATS CU UIE EEL <1, 2 cvc.< ciaeileicte vies =. cis ole cin eee velo eae s cisislel ae maemiaee ain 8.
4. Second tergite nearly six times as long as wide, at base; malar space as long as
basal width of mandible; ovipositor sheath scarcely longer than first tergite.
longiventris, new species.
Second tergite distinctly less than six times as long as basal width; malar space
usually less than basal width of mandible, occasionally subequal; ovipositor
Buedtianuch longer than first tergite........-.--.0sccctcccweraceeneneunle 5.
6. Scutellum with strong lateral carinae extending nearly or quite to apex; head
DS EDHLLUIe WEBUULTIANOUIAT Ss ou teld Jocac's oiuc'n =e caw vislsls slo tehicbiaeioncuiaeienre 6.
Scutellum with carinae developed only at base; head in front view suboval..
6. Clypeus little more than half as long as interfoveal line (shortest distance between
clypeal foveae) and subacutely rounded at apex; malar space subequal
to basal width of mandible; spiracles of second tergite distinctly before
middle; areola and petiolar area separated by a strong carina.
ruficeps, new species.
Clypeus about three-fourths as long as interfoveal line, evenly strongly rounded
at apex; malar space distinctly less than basal width of mandible; spiracles
of second tergite in middle; carina separating areola and petiolar area sub-
RDHOlSIO seo resets serena Sic Gwin ew vinwtin cue S wa’ auiemaae gracilis, new species.
512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
7. Head mostly ferruginous with black markings on vertex and occiput broadly
confluent; face and clypeus in profile strongly convex, clypeal suture deep,
clypeus with apex depressed...............0e220.. gracilipes, new species.
Head mostly yellow with black markings on vertex and occiput not confluent,
that of occiput obsolescent; face and clypeus in profile weakly convex,
clypeal suture shallow, clypeus with apex prominent. ...ferrugineus Davis.
8. Dorso-lateral carinae of first tergite entirely obsolete....................2.2.0. 9.
Dorso-lateral carinae of first tergite present at least for a distance in front of the
BPIPACHOS 3h nbwienidenck «tee eee saan ner at quae eee eae ee ee 10.
9. Thorax rather stout, propodeum barely reaching middle of coxac; stigma broad
with radius originating slightly beyond middle; head except black ocellar
spot and brownish occiput, yellow; malar space nearly as long as basal width
Ghimaridibleys i. 0:20. 9808 22D. Sea Rae ee Sa eee « flaviceps, new species.
Thorax slender, propodeum reaching distinctly beyond middle of coxae; stigma
narrow with radius originating at middle; head with yellow, if present, con-
fined to orbits; malar space distinctly shorter than basal width of man-
CUD TO oie ofa see aaa oie aetna ere graciliveniris, new species.
10. First tergite not or scarcely longer than dorsal length of propodeum...........- a
First tergite distincly longer than propodeum......................2022-000- 12;
11. Clypeus compressed from the sides, inflexed and broadly rounded at apex; scutele
lum strongly convex; propodeum black, at least in basal middle; second
tergite not striate, shagreened; small, 7 mm. or less.... minor, new species,
Clypeus nearly convex, not compressed from the sides, apex sharply rounded and
not inflexed; scutellum somewhat flattened; propodeum not marked with
black; second tergite striate; large, 10 mm...... brevipetiolus, new species.
12. Lateral carinae of scutellum strong to apex; clypeal suture arched slightly above
level of foveae; malar space as long as basal width of mandible.
platynotae, new species.
Lateral carinae of scutellum weak toward apex; clypeal suture not arched above
level of foveae; malar space shorter than basal width ef mandible........ 13;
13. Eyes distinctly longer than width of face; compressed portion of abdomen scarcely
three times as long as deep, the third tergite much less deep than fourth.
Jacilis (Cresson).
Eyes not longer than width of face; compressed portion of abdomen slightly more
than three times as long as deep, the fourth tergite scarcely deeper than the
GS LS 5 eS PE BS OE AR. ER tortricidis, new species.
14) 9All coxae black atleast basally:.2o.% ue ee Soe Sa eee 15.
Coxae pale, at most the posterior pair black at base.........5..........-2-22-- 17.
15. Thorax with notauli and scutellum yellow, pleura more or less yellowish; orbital
ring broad and complete; ovipositor about twice as long as first tergite.
decoratus Gravenhorst.
Thorax entirely black; orbital ring narrow and incomplete..............-...- 16.
16. Front coxae only white at apex; postpetiole not elevated above level of petiole,
scarcely twice as wide as petiole; ovipositor but little longer than first tergite.
brevicauda, new species.
All coxae white at apex; postpetiole elevated above level of petiole, twice as
wide as petiole; ovipositor one and one-half times as long as first tergite;
tergites beyond second more or less yellow at apex and below.
eveiriae, new species.
17. Stigma fully half as wide as long; dorso-lateral carinae of petiole entirely obsolete;
wings milky hyaline with veins except stigma and costa very pale.
cookiit Weed.
Stigma barely one-third as wide as long; dorso-lateral carinae of petiole distinct;
wings clear hyaline with dark Veins... 2:0. dess.0e 205s = se mtare eerie 18.
KO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSIIMAN. 5138
ee ee eae eae nee ee eee EN RT A SERENA FORAY Os
18. Compressed portion of abdomen distinctly more than three times as long as deep,
third tergite nearly as deep as fourth; diameter of posterior ocelli as long as
ocell-ocular line and much more than half as long as postocellar line; portion
of propodeum beyond insertion of coxae, viewed from above, deeply, con-
cavely emarginate laterally, the posterior lateral angle nearly right.
Sorbesit Weed.
Compressed portion of abdomen barely three times as long as deep, third tergite
distinctly less deep than fourth; diameter of posterior ocelli distinctly
shorter than ocell-ocular line and barely more than half as long as postocellar
line; portion of propodeum beyond insertion of coxae shallowly concave, the
posteriorlateral angle ODLNSe. <= <<... ¢ciccncemenuens epagoges, new species.
19. Head subrostriform; malar space much longer than basal width of mandible.
rostratus, new species.
Head not subrostriform; malar space rarely as long as basal width of mandible,
PASAT EMMERELY: SUOLLCD Ss 5 occ cen onsice esas cant ace dwnlecaccak showememed 20.
20. All coxae pale, the hind pair not at all black or blackish at base.............. 21.
At least the hind coxae black or blackish at base ................cccceccccces 26.
21§Prothorax much paler than surrounding areas ................-0e-eeeeeeeeeee 22.
Prathorax concolorous with surrounding areas 2.6... --.ccccecccccescezeccns 25.
pee cea GINIMRCHINITE LE DIACIO.. : uc. comico ck a a crave sincere maeaeenome sama e sneer 23.
-Mesoscutum with notauli or lateral lobesdifferently colored................. 24.
23. Scutellum black; clypeus very weakly rounded at apex, nearly truncate; inter-
foveal line but little greater than foveo-ocular line (shortest distance from
POMEALOVIC) a eae Sse rettys atstiars mies Sis excise) siacercluce o'ecces cleridivorus, new species.
Scutellum red; clypeus strongly rounded apically; interfoveal line nearly twice
asdonovas foveo-ocular LING: «a:<..16 sao cies sacle «atlas0 similis, new species.
24. Thorax laterally largely black or blackish.................- plesius, new species,
PTE AR A LEIALLY TATOClY Ted 2 oe nos c,a.c xin jae rsjsina ame aid-nieie eo s.eiem rosae, hew species.
25. Ovipositor sheath little more than twice as long as first tergite; malar space much
shorter than basal width of mandible; eyes large, much longer than width of
NG Oe ee ie Smet SE a ie aN Sake a biaisfuc Sain apshs teiralophae, new species.
Ovipositor sheath nearly four times as long as first tergite; malar space subequal
to basal width of mandible; eyes smaller, not much longer than width of
TCE Ne eo Ste an an ins Sa ca cea ia a terebraltus, new species.
26. Small species (6 mm. or less) with abdomen black throughout, sometimes obscurely
MPG TSA ITI GUC Doe cian nowiccione wns, sie .w no. ots were on a ae nee eine 27.
Large species (7 mm. or more) with first two tergites (occasionally only first one)
black, the others red or piceous, sometimes more or less yellow or black or
27. Face fully a third wider than length of eye; eyes strongly divergent below;
clypeus and mandibles piceous, the former very weakly separated, rather
narrow, and much more than half as long as wide; ocelli scarcely half as wide
as ocell-ocular line; temples broad, strongly rounded.
mordellistenae, new species.
Face scarcely wider than eye length; eyes scarcely divergent; clypeus and mandi-
bles yellow, the former distinctly separated and scarcely half as long as broad;
ocelli nearly as wide as ocell-ocular line; temples narrow, flattened; orbital
ring interrupted at top of eye with a large triangular spot in the interruption
which nearly reaches the lateral ocellus.
incompletus (Provancher).
28. Scutellum strongly convex, without lateral carinae or ridges; tergites beyond
4iurd stronstly compressed vs Mi. 3505 Saas Sas J Eee eae ae 29.
Scutellum carinate or ridged laterally and usually flattened; tergites not strongly
COMIPLCMCY .- ss acqcorecracadtees ce aWabeue wee sea waea kn en obisduta thew Oniy 30.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17 33
514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
29.
3).
31.
33
34.
35.
Propodeum extending beyond middle of coxae; first tergite with ventral edges
parallel, not enclosing sternite; orbits broadly yellow; second tergite nearly
six times as long as basal width, nearly parallel-sided; tergites beyond second
pr Yep ee ete eee a eae ete aie eal ee eet ete ee rohweri, new species,
Propodeum not extending to middle of coxac; first tergite with ventral edges
approximating below and nearly enclosing sternite; orbits narrowly yellow;
second tergite only about four times as long as basal width, much wider at
apex; tergites beyond second piceous..........--..-- anomalus, new species.
Wings very dark; first two tergites black, others red with ventral and apical
margins yellow; ovipositor twice as long as first tergite; petiolar area twice
as long as areola, carinae strong; mandibles stout; eyes divergent below, face
distinctly wider than length of eye.................... Juscipennis (Cresson).
Wines hyaline or amu y CUSKY.-+ css 2222 Sees oe ace tala See Sere eer 3k
Clypeus much more than half as long as interfoveal line, strongly rounded at
APCK..- 2-2. eee eee eee eee ee eee eee cece ee eee eee cee eee eee eee e ee enee 32.
Clypeus not or but little more than half as long as interfoveal line, very weakly
POUndEd AT APCK noes a ee Sew e apa ase aee a soot cee Uses see eee 34.
. Face and clypeus entirely black, the latter long, strongly convex, densely punc-
tate; petiole without carinae or foveae; antennae short, hardly longer than
head and thorax tosetherss 2 ot. Get. Leste nigricly pealis, new species.
Face at sides and clypeus yellow, the latter broad, weakly convex, weakly punc-
tate, polished; petiole with strong carinae and deep foveae; antennae much
longer:than head and:thorax together... 22. 2.02.22 20 22/2 sa sanies sees oa
All legs slender; natauli and scutellum marked with yellow; ovipositor as long
ss ADU OMON sz Salar ans Seteee oa tees amine beta canoes ee bilineatus, new species.
Legs stout, especially hind femora; notauli not marked; ovipositor scarcely
half-as tong as abdomen so. 28.02. - < o.2 6 eee ae ene hyalinipennis (Cresson).
Tergites beyond second contrastingly colored with black, red, and whitish;
orbits narrowly yellow, broadly interrupted below and above antennae, not
swollen above antennae................----.--------gallaecola, new species.
Tergites beyond second entirely red; orbits broadly yellow, complete except for
brief interruption opposite ocelli, swollen above antennae................ 35.
Scutellum with lateral carinae weak except at base, narrowly rounded at apex;
areola much shorter than petiolar area, broadly pentagonal; wings hyaline;
postpetiole strongly swollen above level of petiole; cheeks behind mandibles
Verpstronely ronded So eee ieee e emcee ee ae ae orbitalis (Cresson).
Scutellum with lateral carinae strong to apex, nearly quadrate; areola nearly as
long as petiolar area, elongate pentagonal; wings slightly dusky; postpetiole
hardly swollen above level of petiole, cheeks not especially strongly rounded.
obereae (Viereck) .
MALES,
Petiole with ventral margins of tergite approximating below and nearly enclosing
sternite, never parallel; propodeum reaching to or beyond middle of dorsal
surface of hind coxae; stigma narrow with radius originating at or near the
middle (subgenus. Cremastus Gravenhorst).............--+------ee0--e- 1.
Petiole with ventral margins of tergite widely separated, parallel or nearly, not-
enclosing sternite; propodeum not reaching to middle of dorsal surface of
hind coxae; st'gma broad and with radius originating beyond middle (sub-
genus Zaleptopygus Viereck).. 2.i.2 J gacie= cbs eck el Shee eee ara 9.
. Thorax testaceous or yellow, sometimes more or less black dorsally or ventrally. 2.
Thorax black, sometimes with yellow markings dorsally or laterally.......... 6.
. Eyes and ocelli small, neither ocell-ocular line nor malar space especially reduced
in lencthy. <5. sce tas shykenfoe yee eRe pee Bee pee eee 3.
Eyes and ocelli very large, both ocell-ocular line and malar space very much
reduced in length... 2525. os. Recdesonasteonaetcsn teen Sook ees meee 4.
sional linia a ata
10.
a
13.
.2219.. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 515
. Diameter of lateral ocellus longer than ocell-ocular line; malar space shorter than
basal width of mandible; ocellar and occipital black spots much reduced;
thorax largely pale yellow, the mesoscutum and propodeum marked with
PRPS toe ota Pe pei eee ane ane es Dae de Sit weed oe flaviceps, new species.
Diameter of lateral ocellus shorter than ocell-ocular line; malar space as long as
basal width of mandible; ocellar and occipital black spots broadly confluent,
the former extending to base of antennae; thorax testaceous with black
PART RIMES ADOVEs LSS Upon 2 eee Siecle oie platynotae, new species.
. Diameter of posterior ocellus distinctly shorter than postocellar line; areola and
petiolar area distinctly separated..................-.-- minor, new species.
Diameter of posterior ocellus equal to or greater than postocellar line, at least not
distinctiy shorter; areola and petiolar area confluent or only indistinctly
BCTAEALEU Semen oc nts Lance ait pee wanes erie esa tobe aaehe eAen 5.
. Diameter of posterior ocellus equal to postocellar line; petiole subequal in length
ioiorsal lensth of propodeum:.: ..7..22 2. uc. Te eesen ones facilis (Cresson).
Diameter of posterior ocellus greater than postocellar line; petiole distinctly
shorter than dorsal length of propodeum........-- brevipetiolus, new species.
Hind and middle coxae throughout and front coxae broadly black; orbital ring
very narrow behind the eyes and broadly interrupted above and below;
face black medially, this mark confluent with the black of malar space.
brevicauda, new species.
Hind and middle coxae at most black at base, front coxae entirely yellow; orbital
ring broad and complete or at most narrowly interrupted behind the eye;
face entirely yellow or if marked with black the malar space is yellow.... 7.
Stigma nearly half as wide as long; wings milky hyaline with veins except stigma
NU EMCU MELT PALG Ce ted ners tee coc ee eee a dwageelsoseua's's cookii Weed,
Stigma barely one-third as wide as long; wings clear hyaline with dark veins.. 8.
Eyes and ocelli not large, former hardly longer than width of face, latter subequal
to ocell-ocular line; malar space subequal to basal width of mandible;
pronotum and mesoscutum laterally yellow marked. . .epagoges, new species.
Eyes and ocelli very large, former much longer than width of face, latter much
broader than length of ocell-ocular line; malar space very short; pronotum
and mesoscutum black except a small, obscurely brownish spot in front of
eRe cea nes aeiee ae ww cc's Volo tS ecalsc es cee eas Jorbesti Weed.
. All coxae pale, the hind pair not at all black or blackish at base...........-- 10.
At least the hind coxae black or blackish at base.....-........-..-.--....-- 12.
Eyes and ocelli not especially large, malar space and ocell-ocular line not espe-
Gilly, Teduced. face, DNOAG =). S...<.0 ue mu isie 2s oma. ss tetralophae, new species.
Eyes and ocelli very large, malar space and ocell-ocular line much reduced, face
EL LUO WV ee marae ae octane <5 ate islatcistete tie vole|as aelclaie cicie ale ieivis eiete'a e:elale teats eee ll.
Thorax and propodeum, especially the latter more or less black . . .retiniae Cresson.
Thorax and propodeum entirely testaceous...........------- delicatus (Cresson).
Small species with abdomen black throughout or obscurely reddish in middle,
PELeILesPHO Ver tpl eallyeve lO Wee epee oc nn s is sie os <5 sis wes ole wic/nopiels wie 13.
Larger species with first two tergites (occasionally only first one) black, the
others red or piceous, sometimes more or less yellow or black or both, occa-
sionally almost entirely black but with apical tergites narrowly yellowish.. 14
Clypeus rather narrow, much more than half as long as wide, and weakly separated
from face; posterior ocellus narrower than ocell-ocular line; tergites 3 and 4
piceous or reddish; orbital ring with a broad interruption opposite ocelli,
the yellow color not touching the lateral ocellus. .mordellistenae, new species.
Clypeus broad, distinctly less than half as long as wide, and with suture deeply
impressed; posterior ocellus fully as wide as ocell-ocular line; all tergites
entirely black; orbital ring extended triangularly and touching the lateral
ocellus, interrupted on each side of the triangular spot.
incompletus (Proyancher),
516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 53.
14. Wings very dark; lateral ocellus about twice as great in diameter as length of
ocell-ocular ding.c322h. 0s 06. S ds HS ee audax (Cresson).
Wings hyaline or very faintly dusky; ocelli distinctly either larger or smaller.. 15
15. Clypeus much more than half as long as interfoveal line, strongly rounded at
apex; diameter of lateral ocellus scarcely as long as ocell-ocular line..... 16
Clypeus not or but little more than half as long as interfoveal line, very weakly
rounded at-apex.s : 1 d.qacassee ee cae ee uae cen ye eee eee 18
16. Wings clear hyaline, venation strong; notauli and scutellum marked with vel-
NOW east Seas dea on= IS ee eae at on ee een bilineatus, new species.
Wings milky hyaline; notauli and scutellum black. ........................ 17
17. Venation, except stigma, very pale; clypeus and face convex; eyes deeply con- _
vex; temples flattened, sloping; vertex abruptly sloping backward from _
ocelli, not elevated above ocelli; petiolar area little longer than areola.
vrerecht (Cockerell).
Venation dark; clypeus and face flat; eyes shallowly convex; temples strongly
rounded; vertex behind ocelli elevated above ocelli; petiolar area nearly
twice nailong as/areola.2 4. 2ccc5hceaswe a eee eee hyalinipennis (Cresson).
18. Tergites beyond second varied with black, red, and yellow, occasionally almost
entirely black, with only the third reddish and the apical ones narrowly
tipped with yellow; orbits narrowly yéllow, broadly interrupted below and
above antennae, not swollen above antennae; diameter of lateral ocellus
shorter than ocell-ocular line.2i4 102 eeu ods aad gallaecola, new species.
Tergites beyond second entirely red; orbits broadly yellow, complete except for
brief interruption opposite ocelli, swollen above antennae............... 19
19. Eyes and ocelli very large, former much longer than width of face and parallel
within, malar space and ocell-ocular line very short....... orbitalis (Cresson),
Eyes and ocelli small, former about as long as width of face and divergent below,
malar space and ocell-ocular line long..................0-- obereae (Viereck).
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) LONGIGENALIS, new species.
Female.—Length 10 mm., antennae 6 mm., ovipositor 1.7 mm.
Head in front view subtriangular, the malar space distinctly longer
than basal width of mandible, clypeus long and subacutely rounded
at apex, the suture weak; face longitudinally elevated in middle,
finely and densely punctate, slightly wider than greatest eye-length;
temples nearly flat; occipital carina broadly interrupted above; post-
ocellar line distinctly longer than ocell-ocular line and nearly twice
as long as diameter of a lateral ocellus. Thorax, especially propo-
deum long, the latter gradually sloping from base to apex and reach-
ing distinctly beyond middle of hind coxae; pronotum laterally pol-
ished above, irregularly rugulose below; mesoscutum and scutellum
fincly opaquely punctate, notauli deep and more strongly sculptured,
broadening posteriorly; prescutum prominent; mesopleura with lon-
gitudinal impression transversely rugulose, the area above polished
and that below finely punctate, as are also the sternum and meta-
pleura; propodeum with areola and petiolar area not separated, all
dorsal and lateral areas except basal areas transversely rugulose,
basal and pleural areas punctate; legs slender, hind basitarsus about
three-fifths as long as tibia and about as long as next three tarsal
joints together; stigma less than half as wide as long, radius originat-
ees
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 517
_ ing very slightly behind middle; angle of radius very widely obtuso,
second abscissa sinuate. Abdomen very slender, slightly more than
twice as long as head and thorax united; potiole cylindrical, without
carinae or foveae, ventral margins of tergite meeting below and
feet.
inclosing sternite; postpetiole weakly striate, hardly more than half
as long as petiole; second tergite nearly five times as long as wide at
base, its sides nearly parallel, obscurely longitudinally striate, as is
also the base of third tergite; ovipositor only about as long as first
tergite.
Black and rufous; head black, mandibles, paipi, clypeus at each
side, anterior and superior orbits narrowly, and scape beneath yellow,
malar space piceous; thorax black with upper posterior part of meso-
pleura, metapleura except lower margin, and propodeum, except large
basal median spot and small apical spot, rufous; scutellum, tegulae,
and wing bases yellow; coxae black at base, testaceous at apex, as are
also hind trochanters, middle and hind femora, except at apex; bind
tibiae and tarsi, rufofuscous, rest of legs testaccous; abdomen with
petiole, second tergite, except at apex, and all tergites beyond fourth
black, otherwise rufous.
Type-locality—Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 5,000—5,500
Other locality —Hanover, New Hampshire.
Type.—Cat. No. 20253, U.S.N.M.
Described from two females. The paratype differs frem the type
only in having the yellows and reds slightly paler.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) LONGIVENTRIS, new species.
Female.—Length 13 mm., antennae 7 mm., ovipositor 2 mm.
Head in front view subtriangular, eyes distinctly divergent, scarcely
as long as greatest width of face, face scarcely elevated in middle,
occipital carina broadly interrupted in middle, temples nearly flat,
strongly sloping, malar space slightly longer than basal width of
mandible, mandibles about two-thirds as wide at apex as at base,
interfoveal line about a fourth longer than foveo-ocular line, clypeus
subangular at apex, rather strongly convex both longitudinally and
in profile, slightly shorter than interfoveal line, suture nearly straight
between foveae; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in
about the proportions of 1:2:1.5, the ocelli equal in size, their diameter
equal to the lateral ocellar line; face and clypeus finely but distinctly
punctate, head otherwise granular, except polished occiput. Thorax
strongly tapering, the propodeum sloping nearly from base and ex-
tending distinctly beyond middle of coxae; pronotumstrongly ruguloso-
punctate; mesoscutum finely, densely punctate, more strongly so in
position of weakly impressed notauli; mesopleura polished and
weakly rugulose in longitudinal impression, otherwise as well as
sternum densely punctate, sternauli weak; scutellum with distinct
518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
well separated punctures, strongly convex, not margined; metapleura
sculptured much like lower part of mesopleura; propodeum with
areola and petiolar area separated, the former about four-fifths as
long as latter and about twice as long as wide, both areas transversely
rugose, basal areas punctate, lateral and pleural areas rugoso-
punctate; legs very slender, hind basi-tarsus distinctly more than half
a3 long as tibia and about equal to next three joints united, last joint
hardly more than half as long as third; wings hyaline; stigma about
two-fifths as wide as long, radius arising slightly beyond middle,
second abscissa of radius sinuate; second recurrent nearly inter-
stitial, basal vein nearly straight, second discoidal cell about two-
fifths as wide at base as at apex, nervulus interstitial, nervellus
slightly antefurcal, hardly broken. Abdomen strongly impressed
beyond second segment, slightly more than twice as long as head and
thorax, petiole cylindrical, without carinae or foveae, much longer
than postpetiole, and with the sternite inclosed by the tergite; second
tergite about six times as long as wide at base, parallel-sided, longi-
tudinally aciculate, its spiracles in the middle; ovipositor slightly
shorter than first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous with lighter and darker markings as follows:
Orbits, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, seape below, lower edge of pro-
notum, notauli, scutellum, coxae at apex, trochanters above, a broad
longitudinal band on mesopleura, tegulae, wing bases various shades
of yellow, darker on thorax; antennae, facial tubercle, occiput,
ocellar triangle, area between scutcllum and wings, postscutellum,
large triangular spot in basal middle of propodeum and reaching apex
of arcola, sternauli, petiole at base, second tergite except at apex,
third at base, fifth in dorsal middle, and others entirely, hind tro-
chanters at base, and hind tibiae above, black or infuscated.
Type-locality.—Vienna, Virginia.
Other localiity.— Wellesley, Massachusetts.
Type.—Cat. No. 20254, U.S.N.M.
Described from two females, the type taken by Mr. W. F. Turner,
May 12, 1915, and the paratype captured June 24, 1892. Except for
its slightly paler color, especially in the legs, the paratype is like the
type.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) RUFICEPS, new species.
Female.—Length 10.5 mm., antennae 6.5 mm., Ovipositor 4 mm.
Closely related to longiventris Cushman from which it differs as
follows: Malar space barely as long as basal width of mandibles,
which are somewhat broader relatively at apex; face more strongly
elevated in middle; interfoveal line nearly a half longer than foveoe«
ocular line; clypeus only about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line;
lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of
1:1.5:1, ocelli nearly 1. Thorax similarly but less strongly sculptured
ee
xo. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 519
throughout; notauli deep anteriorly; scutellum less strongly convex,
with strong lateral carinae extending to apex; areola relatively
slightly shorter, nearly without rugac, other areas simply punctate;
hind basitarsus three-fifths as long as tibia, last joint distinetly more
than half as long as third; second recurrent not nearly interstitial,
nervellus rather strongly antefureal. Abdomen hardly twice as long
as head and thorax; petiole with dorso-lateral carinae developed
toward apex, subparallel-sided, longitudinally aciculate, its spiracles
slightly before middle, ovipositor somewhat more than twice as long
as first tergite.
Rufous with mandibles, palpi, scape below (orbits not pale) tegulae,
and legs, except hind tibiae and tarsi, paler; antennae, occiput,
ocellar triangle, a spot above each antenna, longitudinal spot on
prescutum, area surrounding scutellum, triangular spot on propodeum
reaching to apex of areola, prepectus, first three tergites at base,
sixth entirely, and venter black or piceous; hind tibiae subannulato
with fuscous at apex and near base, hind tarsi fuscous, pale at base
Type-locality Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Type.—Cat. No. 20255, U.S.N.M.
Described from a single female.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) GRACILIS, new species.
Female——Length 9 mm., antennae (broken), ovipositor 3 mm.
Closely related to ruficeps Cushman, with which it agrees in most of
the characters distinguishing that species from longiventris Cush-
man, but differing principally as follows: Temples more strongly
rounded; clypeus straight in profile, about three-fourths as long as
interfoveal line, strongly, evenly rounded at apex; mandibles nar-
rower at apex; malar space distinctly less than basal width of
mandible; eyes as long as greatest width of face; lateral ocellar,
postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of 1:2:1.5, ocelli 1.25;
sternauli strong; scutellum with carinae not extending to apex;
propodeum with carinae weaker, that separating areola and petiolar
area subobsolete; nervellus very slightly postfurcal; abdomen almost
exactly twice as long as head and thorax; second tergite distinctly
less than four times as long as basal width, distinctly wider at apex,
spiracles in middle; ovipositor almost exactly twice as long as first
tergite.
Paler testaceous with pale color of head and its appendages,
including anterior and lower orbits, yellow; legs pale testaccous, the
entire front legs, middle coxae, middle and hind trochanters being
nearly yellow, and the hind tibiae and tarsi infuscated, the former
paler in middle; antennae brown; dark color of head confined to
occiput and ocellar triangle; thorax slightly paler anteriorly but
without markings; dark color of abdomen confined to median basal
spots on tergites 2 to 6, that of the fourth very weak.
520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vOL. 63.
Type-locality Lexington, Kentucky.
Type.—Cat. No. 20256, U.S.N.M.
A single female.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) GRACILIPES, new species.
Female.—Leneth 9 mm., antennae 5.5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm.
Allied to the three preceding species. Compared with longiveniris
Cushman, it differs as follows: Head in front view more oval; eyes
less strongly divergent, fully as long as width of face; face rather
strongly elevated in middle, temples strongly rounded; malar space
slightly shorter than basal width of mandibles; foveo-ocular line
about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; clypeus broadly rounded
at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line. Thorax stouter,
propodeum extending barely beyond middle of coxae; thorax
throughout similarly but less strongly sculptured; notauli rather
strong anteriorly; sternauli weak; arcola only about a half longer
than wide and about three-fifths as long as petiolar area; petiolar
area only distinctly rugose, others punctate to rugoso-punctate; legs
slender; radius arising from very near middle of stigma; second
abscissa of radius nearly straight; second recurrent distinctly,
though briefly, postfurcal; second discoidal cell nearly half as wide
at base as at apex; nervellus strongly antefurcal; mediella entirely
obsolete before nervellus. Abdomen almost exactly twice as long as
head and thorax; petiole flattened above and with distinct dorso-
lateral carinae; second tergite about four times as long as wide at
base, considerably wider at apex, finely aciculate; ovipositor about
twice as long as first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous with following paler and darker markings; man-
dibles, palpi, scape below, tegulae and wing bases, notauli, scutellum,
legs, except basal and apical annulations of hind tibiae and hind
tarsal joints, stramineous (no distinct orbital markings); antennae,
occiput, vertex and frons in middle, longitudinal spot on prescutum,
spot embracing region about scutellum and base of propodeum as in
longiveniris, all tergites except at apex and at sides beyond second
black or piceous.
Type-locality.—E ast Marsh, District of Columbia.
Host.—Dicymolomea julianalis.
Type.—Cat. No. 20257, U.S.N.M.
One female reared from cattail by E. S. G. Titus, July 16, 1903.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FERRUGINEUS Davis.
Cremasius ferrugineus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 364.
A single female from southern Illinois agrees with the description
in ull respects except that the occipital black spot is obsolescent.
This specimen was used in placing the species in the key.
No, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 521
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FLAVICEPS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2mm. Dis-
tinct from the first two species described above in its much shorter
malar space and from the last four in its inwardly parallel eyes.
Head from in front broadly oval; temples weakly rounded, strongly
sloping; eyes straight and parallel within and about as long as width
of face; face elevated in middle, impressed at sides, minutely sparsely
punctate, foveo-ocular line three-fourths as long as interfoveal line,
clypeus about as long as the former, broadly, evenly rounded at
apex; malar space equal to basal width of mandible; lateral ocellar,
postocellar, and oceli-ocular lines in proportions of 1:2:1.25, ocelli 1;
occipital carina weak and broadly interrupted above. Thorax stout,
propodeum rather steeply sloping from near base and barely reaching
middle of coxae; notauli fairly strong anteriorly; mesonotum dis-
tinctly punctate, more sparsely in middle and more densely in posi-
tions of notauli; scutellum punctate, strongly convex and with
weak lateral carinae extending to apex; thorax laterally rather
weakly, sparsely punctate except polished longitudinal, mesopleural
impression, sternauli weak, metapleura more strongly punctate;
propodeal carinae rather weak, areola and petiolar area not dis-
tinctly separated but both transversely rugulose, the combined
areas about four times as long as wide at costulae; other areas,
especially basal lateral and middle pleural, punctate; legs slender,
hind basitarsus little more than half as long as tibia and scarcely as
ong as next three joints; stigma about half as wide as long, radius
distinctly beyond middle; second abscissa of radius straight nearly
to apex; second recurrent very nearly interstitial, basal vein nearly
straight, its inner angle with median acute; nervellus interstitial;
second discoidal cell slightly less than half as long at base as at apex;
all veins of hind wing pale and weak, the nervellus straight and per-
pendicular. Abdomen less than twice as long as head and thorax;
first tergite distinctly longer than second, petiole cylindrical without
carinae or foveae, sternite inclosed by tergite; second tergite three
times as long as basal width, much wider at apex, longitudinally
aciculate; remaining tergites laterally weakly punctate; ovipositor
one and onc-half times as long as first tergite.
Testaceous; head, including mouth parts and scape beneath,
flavous with ocellar triangle black, occiput and spot above each
antenna brownish; rest of antennae dark brown; prescutum with a
longitudinal dark spot which is nearly black at its anterior and poste-
rior ends and pale brownish in the Middle, lateral lobes of mesoscutum
brownish; scutellum pale testaceous, surrounded by blackish which
extends backward to form a large, subtriangular spot at base of pro-
podeum; prepectus blackish; petiole and second and third tergites
blackish at base, the second nearly to apex in middle; wings hyaline.
522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
Male.—Differs from female principally as follows: Ocelli distinctly
greater than ocell-ocular line; second recurrent distinctly postfurcal;
hind legs, especially tibiae, stouter, postpetiole much narrower and
parallel-sided; petiole with weak dorso-lateral carinae; testaceous
color of thorax, and to some extent that of abdomen, replaced by yel-
low; prescutal spot more nearly uniformly brownish; all tergites
more or less brownish at base.
A single paratype male differs from the allotype in having the
stigma narrower with radius nearly in middle, second recurrent
strongly postfurcal, and all tergites beyond third entirely yellow.
Ty pe-locality—Grand Junction, Colorado.
Other locality.—Port Lavaca, Texas (allotype).
Type.—Cat. No. 20258, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female reared June 2, 1904, from Pulvinaria
bigeloviae by E. S. G. Titus at the type locality and two males, the
allotype collected August 27, 1907, by J. D. Mitchell. The allotype
has lost both antennae.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) GRACILIVENTRIS, new species.
Female.—Length 9 mm., antennae 6 mm., ovipositor 3 mm. Re-
lated to flaviceps Cushman in the entire lack of carinae on the petiole
and in the parallel eyes, but otherwise differing as follows: Temples
nearly flat; eyes distinctly longer than width of face; foveo-ocular
line about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; clypeus slightly
longer, subacutely rounded at apex; malar space slightly less than
basal width of mandibles; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-
ocular lines 1:2:1.5, ocelli 1. Thorax more slender, propodeum less
steeply sloping, and reaching beyond middle of coxae; mesoscutum
nearly uniformly, sparcely punctate; scutellum rather flat above,
carinae strong; thorax laterally densely strongly punctate, the longitu-
dinal impression finely rugulose; propodeal carinae rather strong, all
areas except basal areas more or less transversely rugulose, median
most strongly and pleural least strongly so, the latter also punctate as
are the basal areas, the combined areola and petiolar area more than
four times as long as wide at costulae; hind basitarsus about three-
fifths as long as tibia and fully as long as next three joints; stigma
about one-third as wide as long, radius at middle; second recurrent
distinctly postfurcal; basal vein rather strongly bent inward; veins
of hind wing stronger. Abdomen twice as long as head and thorax;
first tergite not distinctly longer than second; second tergite some-
what more than four times as long as basal width, not much wider at
apex; ovipositor considerably more than one and one-half times as
long as first tergite, though less than twice as long.
Testaceous; head testaceous with mouthparts and orbits yellow,
ocellar triangle and small occipital spot blackish; antennae piceous,
paler toward base, scape beneath yellowish; thorax nearly uniform
ne
NO, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 523
testaceous, without markings, though slightly paler on the prothorax
and scutellum; tergites 1 to 3 at base and 5 and 6 entirely piceous or
blackish; wings faintly yellowish hyaline.
Type-locality.—Washington, District of Columbia.
Other localities.—Rosslyn, Virginia, Southern Illinois, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, Biscayne Bay, Florida.
Type.—Cat. No. 20259, U.S.N.M.
Described from three specimens from the District of Columbia (type
and paratypes a and q), one from Rosslyn, Virginia (paratype 5), two
from Biscayne Bay, Florida (paratypes c and d), one from Ohio (para-
type e), one from Pennsylvania (paratype f), and one from southern
Illinois (paratype h). Paratypesa and dare very like the type, differing
slightly in size and in intensity of color at apex of abdomen. Paratype
e also differs in having the head darker without distinct pale markings
(possibly stained); paratypes f, g, and h show progressive degrees of
development of a black spot at the base of the propodeum and around
the scutellum, and enlargement of the occipital and ocellar spots until
in h these are broadly united.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) MINOR, new species.
Female-—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2 mm.
Head in front view nearly oval, checks below eyes slightly rounded;
face in middle elevated, clypeus convex, both transversely and in
profile, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line and about equal
to foveo-ocular line, suture curved above foveae; malar space slightly
shorter than basal width of mandible; eyes slightly longer than
width of face, parallel within; temples strongly rounded; lateral
ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines 1:1.75:1, ocelli 1. Thorax
slender, propodeum gently sloping and reaching distinctly beyond
middle of coxae; thorax as a whole rather weakly punctate, pol-
ished in the longitudinal impression of mesopleura, notauli distinct
anteriorly and more heavily sculptured, sternauli weak; scutellum
convex, without carinac; propodeum with areola separated from
petiolar arca and distinctly shorter, apical areas transversely rugu-
lose, others punctate; legs slender, hind basitarsus about three-
fifths as long as tibia and about as long as next three united, last
tarsal joint nearly as long as third; stigma two-fifths as wide as long,
radius slightly behind middle; second abscissa of radius nearly
straight; second recurrent distinctly postfurcal; basal vein nearly
straight; nervulus interstitial; nervellus perpendicular, not broken.
Abdomen distinctly less than twice as long as head and thorax;
first tergite barely longer than propodeum, petiole flattened above,
with strong carinac and with sternite nearly inclosed by tergite;
second tergite nearly four times as long as basal width of first, not
longitudinally aciculate; first two tergites together about as long as
rest combined; ovipositor about twice as long as first tergite.
524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Rufo-testaceous; head yellow with face reddish in middle, occipital
and ocellar spots black; antennae dark brown, four basal segments
pale beneath; thorax with black V-shaped spot extending from
anterior wings to nearly middle of propodeum; scutellum yellowish;
prepectus blackish; legs pale testaceous, hind tibiae near base and at
apex and tarsi, except at base, infuscated; wing veins rather pale
especially in hind wings, where they are nearly colorless. Abdomen
with all tergites more or less infuscate dorsally at base, weakly so
beyond third, second with black median stripe extending nearly to
apex.
Male.—Length 5.5 mm., antennae 4 mm. LEyes nearly one and
one-half times as long as width of face; malar space very short;
ocelli large, more than twice as great in diameter as ocell-ocular line
and nearly equal to postocellar line. Face entirely yellow; dark
markings more extensive throughout and more contrasting witb
pale colors. Otherwise like female.
Type-locality.— New Jersey.
Other localities.—Whitesbog, New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Washing-
ton, District of Columbia; Benton Harbor, Michigan; Chicago,
Illinois; and Onaga, Kansas.
Type.—Cat. No. 20260, U.S.N.M.
Described from six females and four males as follows: The type
female reared by Miss Murtfeldt, June 22, 1890, under Bureau of
Entomology No. 928°, as a parasite of Rhopobota vacciniana; the
allotype reared by H. B. Scammell, August 2, 1915, under Quaintance
No. 12681 from the same host, at Whitesbog, New Jersey, paratypes a
(female) and h (male) from Onaga, Kansas; paratype 6 (female)
reared July 2, 1902, at Chicago, Illinois, from Gnorimoschema artemisi-
ella; paratype ¢ (female) reared from an unknown lepidopterous stem
borer in Aster (locality unknown); paratype d (female) reared by
H. G. Ingerson, August 15, 1915, under Quaintance No. 12525,
from Gelechia, species at Benton Harbor, Michigan; paratype e
(female) reared May 6, 1912 from pecan cigar case bearer at Victoria,
Texas, by J. D. Mitchell; paratype f (male) from Pennsylvania; and
paratype g (male) reared August 8, 1904, from Eucosma strenuana
on Ambrosia trifida at Washington, District of Columbia, by W. D.
Kearfott.
Except for some variation in size, the most striking differences
displayed by the paratypes in both sexes consist in a gradual increase
in the extent of the dark color markings with the addition in ¢, d, and
g of a prescutellar black spot. The beginnings of this black spot
are visible in all of the other paratypes.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSH MAN. 525
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) BREVIPETIOLUS, new spccies.
Female.—Length 9.5 mm., antennae 6 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm.
Eyes very slightly longer than width of face; clypeus narrowly
rounded at apex, about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, foveo-
ocular line about three-fifths as long as interfoveal; malar space
about two-thirds as long as basal width of mandible; checks below
eyes straight, not at all rounded; face densely, minutely punctate,
head otherwise impunctate; temples weakly rounded; lateral
- ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of 1:1.5;1.25,
ocelli 1. Thorax rather slender, propodeum gently sloping and
reaching about three-fourths of way to apex of coxae; pronotum
polished, somewhat weakly rugulose; notauli distinct and more
densely sculptured than surrounding area, prescutum more densely
punctate than lateral lobes; scutellum polished, sparsely punctate,
flattened above and with strong lateral carinae; mesosternum and
mesopleura rather densely punctate except in polished longitudinal
impression; sternauli weak; metapleura very weakly punctate;
propodeum with all, except basal, areas more or less transversely
rugulose, especially apically, basal areas very sparsely punctate,
shagreened; areola and petiolar area separated, the latter much the
longer; hind legs, especially femora, rather stout, basitarsus about
two-thirds as long as tibia and nearly as long as remaining four
joints together, last joint barely two-thirds as long as third; stigma
about two-fifths as wide as long, radius slightly beyond middle;
second abscissa of radius nearly straight; second recurrent post-
furcal; basal vein nearly straight; nervulus interstitial; nervellus
perpendicular, nearly straight. Abdomen distinctly less than twice
as long as head and thorax united; first tergite barely as long as
propodeum; petiole with lateral carinae strong in front of spiracle,
but fading out toward base; sternite inclosed by tergite; postpetiole
rising but little above level of petiole; second tergite fully as long
as first, slightly more than three times as long as basal width, scarcely
wider at apex, longitudinally aciculate; first and second tergites
together much longer than remaining tergites united; ovipositor twice
as long as first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous; head with face, mouth parts, and orbits yellowish-
testaceous, occiput and ocellar triangle black; scape and podicel
pale, flagellum brown, paler at base; prescutum and lobes of mesos-
cutum slightly infuscate; scutellum yellow, area surrounding it and
faintly involving basal middle of propodeum slightly infuscate; legs
nearly uniform pale rufo-testaccous, the front coxae and all trochanters
slightly paler and hind tibiae and tarsal slightly fuscous; first threo
tergites infuscate at base, second with longitudinal median stripe
reaching about two-thirds of its length.
526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vow. 53.
Male.—Length 8 mm., antennae 5.5 mm. L[yes one and one-half
times as long as width of face; malar space practically obsolete; foveo-
ocular line less than half as long as interfoveal; lateral occlli greater
in diameter than postocellar line, nearly touching the eyes. Propo-
deum barely reaching middle of coxae, more weakly sculptured, the
rugulosity confined to apical areas; tarsal joints beyond first relatively
longer, the basitarsus being barely as long as next three joints;
nervulus antefurcal (obliterated below in both wings). First tergite
distinctly shorter than propodeum and ‘than second tergite, the two
combined not longer than remaining tergites united. Lacks almost
entirely infuscation of thorax, and occiput is rufous instead of black.
Type-locality.—osslyn, Virginia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20261, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female and one male collected at type locality
by H. H. Smith.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) PLATYNOTAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 3 mm., ovipositor 2mm. Head
from above more than twice as wide as long, temples weakly rounded;
eyes parallel, about as long as width of face; malar space about as
long as basal width of mandible; clypeus strongly rounded at apex,
about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, which is nearly twice as
long as foveo-ocular line; face shining, weakly punctate, densely
so at sides; head otherwise shagreened; diameter of ocelli slightly less
than half as long as postocellar line, which is about a third longer
than ocell-ocular line. Thorax slender, propodeum gently, arcuately
sloping and reaching distinctly beyond middle of coxae; pronotum
laterally shagreened, impunctate; mesoscutum sparsely punctate,
prescutum more densely so, notauli strong, scutellum punctate,
with strong lateral carinae; mesosternum and pleura rather densely
punctate, the latter polished, impunctate above; metapleura similarly
punctate; propodeal carinae strong, areola and petiolar areas con-
fluent, areas shagreened, very sparsely, weakly punctate, petiolar
area sparsely transversely rugose; stigma about two-fifths as wide
as long, radius arising in middle; second discoidal cell about one-
third as wide at base as at apex; hind basitarsus barely half as long
as tibia and much shorter than remaining joints united. Abdomen
twice as long as head and thorax, compressed portion less than three
times as long as deep, fourth tergite much deeper than third, first
and second tergites together slightly longer than rest of abdomen;
first longer than second; petiole with carinae obsolete toward base,
flattened above toward apex, tergite inclosing sternite, postpetiole
strongly elevated above level of petiole; second tergite obscurely
striately shagreened, about four times as long as wide at base, slightly
wider at apex; ovipositor a little less than twice as long as second
tergite.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSIIMAN. 527
Head yellow with occiput, vertex, and front black, the spots
broadly confluent, scape and pedicel pale below, flagellum black;
thorax rufo-testaccous; scutellum yellow; notauli faintly yellowish;
tegulae and wing bases whitish; prescutum medially, depression
before scutellum, space between scutellum and wings, basal middle
of propodcum, metasternum and prespectus black; wings hyaline,
veins brown; legs testaceous, front and middle coxae, apices of hind
coxae, and all trochanters whitish, hind femora darker, their tibiao
and tarsi infuscated. Tergites 1 and 2 and basal middle of others
black or piceous, tergites otherwise reddish, paler below.
Male.—Length 5 mm., antennae (broken). Differs from femalo
as follows: [yes slightly divergent below, shorter than greatest width
of face: foveo-ocular line two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; ocelli
very little larger; punctuation of thorax throughout less dense; sculp-
ture of propodeum somewhat stronger; pcetiolar carinac stronger
toward base, tergite not completely encircling sternite; postpetiole
barely elevated above level of petiole.
Colored like female except that the pronotum is yellow, the dee
pression in front of scutellum is darker; the whole propodeum black;
metapleura darker; red color of abdomen replaced by yellowish and
dark color more sharply defined.
Type-locality.—Tempe, Arizona.
Host.—Platynota flavedana.
Type.—Cat. No. 20262, U.S.N.M.
Described from two females and two males reared from the host by
R. N. Wilson under Webster No. 7205, August, 1914.
Paratype a (female) differs from the type in being smaller and in
having the prescutal spot less distinct and the petiole piceous, al-
though otherwise generally slightly darker. Paratype } (male) is
slightly smaller than the allotype, has the propodeum less exten-
sively black, and the matapleura colored like the mesopleura.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FACILIS (Cresson).
Porizon facilis Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 175.
Porizon macer CrESSON, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 175.
Both facilis and macer are represented by paratypes in the United
States National Museum, the former only by males and the latter by
both sexes. A large series of males from the Belfrage collection and
other sources shows that, as suggested by Cresson in his description
of macer, the two species are undoubtedly the same, at least in the
male sex. Whether or not Crésson had the sexes properly associated
I do not know, as I have not seen the types of either species, and the
only female available is the paratype of macer. The males vary in
color from those in which the thorax is black or piceous except for the
pronotum, notauli, scutellum, and a yellow stripe on the meso-
528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, 53.
pleurum to those in which the black is reduced to a small spot at the
base of the propodeum and the space between scutellum and wings,
and in one specimen even this is obsolete. The head and abdomen
vary to almost as great a degree. Besides the Texas specimens, this
species is represented from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Kansas, Dis-
trict of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, and New
Mexico.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) TORTRICIDIS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 3 mm.
Related to platynotae Cushman, but differmg from it as follows:
Diameter of ocelli slightly more than half as long as postocellar line,
the latter twice as long as ocell-ocular line. Pronotum laterally
weakly striate; second discoidal cell half as wide at base as at apex.
Compressed portion distinctly three times as long as deep, third ter-
gite nearly as deep as fourth.
In color very like platynotae, but occipital and ‘ocellar spots are
separated; prescutum, prepectus, and metasternum not black; black
marking of propodeum less extensive; first tergite largely testaceous,
black at base, all others black, testaceous at apex.
Host.—Epagoges sulfureana.
Type-locality.—Nashville, Tennessee.
Type.—Cat. No. 20263, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female reared with a number of specimens of
C. epagoges, new species by C. C. Hill under Webster No. 11331.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) DECORATUS Gravenhorst.
Cremastus decoratus GRAVENHOrsT, Ichn. Eur., vol. 3, 1828, p. 734.
Temelucha plutellae ASHMEAD, Cun. Ent., vol. 36, 1904, p. 101.
This species has apparently been introduced into the United States
with one of its European hosts, Hvetria buoliana, a specimen having
been reared from that host. on Long Island, New York, under Hop-
kins U.S. No. 13905 L. It is readily distinguished from the American
species most closely allied to it by its larger size and highly ornamented
thorax. The lateral ocelli in the female are about as broad as the
length of the ocell-ocular line and more than half as great as the post-
ocellar line. There is considerable variation in the thoracic color; in
the Europezn specimen this is largely black, the type of plutellae
(Ashmead) has the thorax quite largely yellowish and reddish laterally,
while the American specimen is midway between these two in color.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) BREVICAUDA, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 1.3 mm.
Eyes divergent below, scarcely longer ‘than greatest width of face,
face medially elevated and punctate; clypeus nearly as long as inter-
foveal line which is but little longer than foveo-ocular line; malar
space about as long as basal width of mandibles, in front view straight ;
temples nearly flat; lateral ocellar, postocellar, and ocell-ocular
NO. 2219. A KEVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 529
lines in proportion of 1:1.5:1, ocelli slightly less than-1. Thorax
slender, propodeum reaching distinctly beyond middle of coxae;
pronotum polished laterally, punctate in upper posterior corner, the
punctuation spreading out along dorsal and posterior margins; meso-
scutum rather sparsely punctate, more densely so in the weakly
impressed notauli; scutellum strongly convex, punctate, with lateral
carinae extending weakly to apex; mesosternum and mesopleura
punctate except longitudinal impression which is polished and weakly
transversely rugulose; metapleura punctate; propodeal carinae weak,
all except basal areas and areola, which are very weakly punctate,
weakly transversely rugulose, areola and petiolar area separated, tho
areola slightly the shorter; legs slender, hind basitarsus two-fifths
as long as tibia; stigma nearly half as wide as long, radius in middle;
angle of radius nearly right; second recurrent postfurcal, cubitus
nearly obsolete from shortly beyond recurrent; second discoidal
cell scarcely a third as wide at base as at apex; nervulus interstitial;
nervellus perpendicular, strongly curved outward. Abdomen only
about one and two-thirds times as long as head and thorax, first and
second tergites subequal in length, first tergite mclosing sternite,
petiole with carinae obsolete toward base, post petiole not rising above
level of petiole, only about one and one-half times as wide as petiole;
second tergite nearly four times as long as basal width, much wider at
apex, longitudinally striate; remaining tergites distinctly shorter
than 1 and 2 united; ovipositor little longer than first tergite.
Black; head and thorax with white vestiture; orbits narrowly in
front and behind eye, clypeus at apex, mandibles, and palpi yellowish;
scape and pedicel ferruginous, paler below; flagellum black; tegulae
and wing bases whitish; coxae black, anterior pair pale at apex;
legs pale ferruginous, trochanters, except blackish basal segment of
hind pair, yellowish; hind legs especially tibiae and tarsi darker;
front and middle tibiae whitish above; abdomen black at base and
apex, piceous in middle, with apical tergites narrowly yellow ven-
trally and apically.
Male.—Length 6 mm., antennae 4.5 mm. Eyes parallel within,
semiglobose, much longer than width of face; malar space shorter
than basal width of mandibles; ocelli nearly as great in diameter as
postocellar line, ocell-ocular line very short; postpetiole but little
wider than widest portion of petiole; second tergite more than four
times as long as basal width, subparallel-sided; orbital ring broad
and extending nearly to bottom of eye, clypeus largely yellow; front
legs and middle femora yellow in front. Otherwise much as in
female.
Type-locality.—Bernadillo County, New Mexico.
Type.—Cat. No. 20264, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female and one male collected May, 1896, by
B. Brown.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17——-34
530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol, 53,
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) EVETRIAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 3 mm., ovipositor 2mm. Allied
to C. brevicauda Cushman, but differmg as follows: Eyes parallel,
about as long as width of face; temples rounded; lateral ocellar, post-
ocellar, and ocell-ocular lines in proportion of 1:2:1, ocelli slightly
less than 1. Mesoscutum more densely, uniformly punctate; all
propodeal areas punctate, the petiolar in addition weakly trans-
versely striate, areola considerably shorter than petiolar; hind
basitarsus half as long as tibia; stigma fully half as wide as long,
radius arising slightly beyond middle; nervellus slightly antefurcal,
straight. Petiole with carinae entirely obsolete, postpetiole swollen
and slightly elevated above level of petiole, nearly twice as wide as
petiole; ovipositor about one and two-thirds times as long as first
tergite.
All coxae black at base, whitish at apex; trochanters pale and legs
otherwise darker with same arrangement of colors as in brevicauda;
abdomen black with yellow ventral and apical markings broad and
distinct.
Host.—Evetria bushnelli Busck.
Type-locality —Fort Bayard, New Mexico.
Type.—Cat. No. 20265, U.S.N.M.
Described from one female reared from the host June 25, 1914, by
Carl Heinrich under Hopkins U. S. No. 12101h.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) COOKII Weed.
Cremastus cookit WEED, Ent. Amer., vol. 4, 1888, p. 150.
This species, originally described from specimens reared from
Ancylis comptana is well represented in the United States National
Museum collection, a number of the specimens reared from the type
host. These are from Lansing, Michigan, Lexington, Kentucky,
Atlantic City and Camden, New Jersey, and Jackson County (State
not given). From its nearest relatives, forbesii Weed and epagoges
new species, it is readily distinguished by the very broad stigma, the
entire lack of carinae and foveae on the petiole, and the weak-veined,
milky white wings. Apparently the orbital ring is always interrupted
in the lower posterior orbit, the interruption sometimes extending
below the eye, while in the species above mentioned, it is entire, or
if interrupted only obscurely so and higher up on the posterior orbit.
There is usually a small brown spot at the origin of each notaulus.
In the male the lateral ocellus is about equal in breadth to the length
of the ocell-ocular line and scarcely half as long as the postocella
line. In the male variety rufus Weed the only difference is a mixture
of more or less red with the yellow of the head.
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Ko, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 581
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) EPAGOGES, new specics.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 3mm. Head
viewed from above much more than twice as wide as long, temples
weakly rounded, narrowed; face about as wide as length of eye, cle-
vated in middle, weakly punctate; clypeus rounded at apex, about
two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, and slightly longer than foveo-
ocular line, the suture straight; malar space subequal to basal width
of mandible; diameter of lateral ocellus distinctly less than ocellocu-
lar line and barely half as long as postocellar line. Thorax less than
twice as long as high, propodeum gently rounded and reaching to
middle of hind coxac, gencrally rather densely, strongly punctate;
pronotum rugulose in impression; mesopleurum polished below hind
wing, striate nearly to posterior margin of mesoscutum; scutellum
weakly convex, strongly carinate laterally; propodeal carinae strong,
areola and petiolar area separated, the former slightly the shorter,
apical areas transversely rugulose, others sparsely punctate; stigma
narrow, radius arising in middle; second discoidal cell nearly half as
wide at base as at apex; nervellus straight, perpendicular; legs slen-
der, hind basitarsus about equal to three following joints. Abdomen
slightly less than twice as long as head and thorax, first two tergites
about equal in length and together longer than remaining segments;
first tergite inclosing the sternite, postpetiole swollen, more than
twice as wide as petiole, the latter with carinae weak toward base;
second tergite narrow, subparallel-sided, striate; compressed portion
of abdomen fully a third as deep as long, the third tergite distinctly
less deep than fourth; ovipositor scarcely twice as long as first tergite.
Black; occiput, vertex, and front black, face brownish in middle;
clypeus, mandibles, and orbits (broadly and completely) yellow;
antennae black, scape and pedicel pale beneath; tegulae and lower
angle of pronotum yellow; upper hind angle of pronotum, parapsidal
lobes anteriorly and laterally, and notauli (obscurely) brownish;
scutellum reddish; wings hyaline, venation fuscous; front and middle
legs pale testaceous, the coxae and trochanters especially so; hind
coxae testaccous, pale at apex and piceous at base; basal joint of
trochanter piceous, apical joint pale; femur fusco-testaceous, pale at
base and apex; tibia and tarsus fuscous, the former with a pale band
in the middle; all tergites black or piceous, yellowish at apex, those
beyond second broadly yellow at sides.
Male.—Length 6 mm., antennae 3.5mm. In addition to the usual
secondary sexual characters, differs from female in having the face
entirely yellow, the color markings of the thorax yellow instead of
brown and more extensive, embracing the entire prothorax, except
narrowly in the middle and a broad, interrupted, longitudinal stripe
on the mesopleurum; posterior ends of the notauli are broadly
532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
brownish; abdomen more largely black, tergites laterally barely pale
margined, second and third obscurely yellowish at apex.
Host.—Epagoge sulfureana.
Type-locality.—Nashville, Tennessee.
Type.—Cat. No. 20266, U.S.N.M.
Described from 11 females and 6 males reared under Webster No.
11331, by C. C. Hill.
The paratype females a—j exhibit a progressive decrease of the
color markings of thorax and abdomen, paratypes 7 and 7 having only
the scutellum and narrow lateral margins of the compressed tergites
paler than the surrounding areas. Structurally the paratypes differ
only minutely from the type. The smallest specimen, paratype j, is
slightly less than 5 mm. long.
The male paratypes k to o vary both ways from the allotype, &, l,
and m having more yellow and o and p less. Paratype k has a large,
quadrate spot of yellow on the mesoscutum, the sternauli also yellow,
and the third and fourth tergites largely of that color. Paratype m
has the notauli black but otherwise it is more yellow than the allo-
type. The darkest specimen, paratype o, lacks the pale notauli and
the yellow of the mesopleurum, the pronotum is dark in the lateral
impression and the markings of the abdomen are very obscure.
CREMASTUS (CREMASTUS) FORBESII Weed.
Cremastus forbesii WreEp, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, 1888, p. 150.
Described by Weed from specimens reared from Acleris minuta, this
species is represented in the United States National Museum by speci-
mens reared from Gelechia trialbamaculella at Pemberton, New Jersey
(Quaintance No. 12684), Rhopobota vacciniana at the same locality
(Quaintance No. 12681), Gelechia confusella at Benton Harbor, Michi-
gan (Quaintance No. 12532), and from Episimus argutanus at Hast
River, Connecticut. In addition there is one specimen from
Colorado.
Except for the characters given in the key the species is very close
to epagoges Cushman. In some specimens the parapsidal lobes are
reddish brown, this color also embracing more or less of the pronotum
and mesopleura. The larger ocelli in both sexes furnish the best
character for distinguishing the species from its near relatives.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ROSTRATUS, new species.
Female-—Length 7 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositer 2.5 mm.
Head subrostriform; malar space distinctly longer than basal width
of mandible, weakly converging; clypeal foveae below level of lower
eye margin; clypeus strongly convex transversely, straight in profile,
about as ede as interfoveal line, the suture arched above foveae, apex
|
,
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 533
broadly, subangulately rounded; mandibles nearly twice as wide at
base as at apex; face flat, slightly narrower than greatest eye length,
finely opaquely punctate, a minute median tubercle above; eyes par-
allel within; ocelli of equal size, diameter about two-thirds as long
as ocell-ocular line, which is slightly shorter than postocellar line;
occipital carina weakly complete. Thorax short, plump, rather
densely clothed with short, white pubescence; pronotum polished,
almost without sculpture; notauli and sternauli weakly impressed;
mesoscutum opaquely granular with small, well separated punctures;
scutellum similarly sculptured, strongly convex and not laterally
margined; mesopleura polished above, densely punctate below, this
sculpture embracing the sternum; metapleura densely punctate; pro-
podeum short, rounded, not reaching middle of coxae; carinae strong,
areola pentagonal, half as long as petiolar arca, from which it is
strongly separated; apical areas transversely rugulose, others punc-
tate; legs rather stout (both hind tarsi and one hind tibia missing);
stigma about three-fifths as wide as long, radius originating well
beyond middle, angle of radius about 110°, second abscissa nearly
straight, basal vein somewhat incurved, second recurrent well beyond
intercubitus; nervellus interstitial, base of second discoidal cell
slightly more than half as long as apex, nervellus antefurcal, broken
about one-third of the way up, abdomen nearly twice as long as head
and thorax, petiole flattened above with dorso-lateral carinae and
foveae strong, ventral margins of tergite distant, subparallel; post-
petiole polished, rounded, about as long as petiole; second tergite
about two and one-half times as long as basal width, considerably
wider at apex, longitudinally aciculate; third tergite aciculate at base;
ovipositor somewhat less than twice as long as first tergite.
Rufous and black; head with occiput and a broad band embracing
vertex and middle of frons and face to a point somewhat below anten-
nae black to brownish, otherwise, including clypeus and mandibles,
yellow, slightly darker in middle of face; palpi pale brownish; anten-
nae black with scape and pedicel beneath and apices of flagellar joints
pale; prothorax, mesopleura, and apex of propodeum rufous; meso-
scutum with prescutum black, lateral lobes fusco rufous, notauli, tegu-
lae, a spot below, and wingbases yellow; mesosternum black; scutel-
lum testaceous, the impression in front, axillae, postscutellum, basal
portion of propodeum, and metapleura blackish; abdomen generally
blackish with tergites more or less reddish apically and laterally; legs
testaceous, the hind one somewhat darker and the hind tibiae lightly
infuscated at apex.
Type-locality—New York, New York.
Type.—Cat. No. 20252, U.S.N.M.
Described from a single female collected by E. B. Southwick,
August 20, 1895.
534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) CLERIDIVORUS, new species.
Female.——Length 7 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 2.7 mm.
Head in dorsal view half as long as wide; temples strongly rounded;
occipital carina faintly complete; eyes about as long as width of face,
fully three-fourths as wide as long, parallel; face punctate, slightly
elevated in middle; clypeus broad, nearly straight at apex, about
two-thirds as long as interfoveal line and equal to foveo-ocular line;
malar space about two-thirds as long as basal width of mandible;
cheeks from in front slightly rounded below eyes; ocell-ocular and
postocellar lines about equal and nearly twice as long as diameter of
ocelli; thorax stout, propodeum strongly arched and not nearly reach-
ing middle of coxae; pronotum laterally shagreened and weakly punc-
tate; notauli strong and strongly, densely punctate, mesoscutum other-
wise finely, rather sparsely, punctate; scutellum likewise, without
lateral carinae; mesopleura finely punctate, except in longitudinal
impression which is polished; sternauli very weak; metapleura rather
more densely punctate; propodeal carinae strong, areola and petiolar
areas punctate, the latter slightly the shorter and transversely striate,
other areas punctate, arcola barely half as wide as petiolar area; head
and thorax with short, dense, silvery pubescence; stigma about three-
fifths as wide as long, radius far beyond middle; second abscissa of
radius and basal vein nearly straight; second recurrent postfurcal;
nervulus interstitial; nervellus antefurcal and weakly broken below
middle; legs slender, hind basitarsus about two-thirds as long as tibia,
and nearly as long as other four joints combined. Abdomen barely
one and one-half times as long as head and thorax united; first tergite
longer than second, its ventral edges subparallel and not enclosing
the sternite, the lateral foveae very strong and extending to middle,
evenly curved above, the postpetiole not clevated above level of peti-
ole, gradually increasing in width from basal fourth to about apical
fourth where the sides become parallel to end, about one-third
as wide at apex as long; second tergite slightly less than three times
as long as basal width, slightly wider at apex, longitudinally striate;
first two tergites slightly longer than others united; ovipositor twice
as long as first tergite.
Black; orbits and mouth region yellow; face brown in middle;
pronotum rufo-testaceous; tegulae and wing bases stramineous;
tergites one and two black, others brownish piceous more or less
yellowish apically and laterally; wings hyaline, veins and stigma
brown, front and middle legs nearly stramineous; hind legs fusco-
testaceous, trochanter and apex of femur pale, tibia in middle and
tarsus at base somewhat paler.
Ty pe-locality.— Kanawha Station, West Virginia.
Other localities.—Tryon, North Carolina, Lawrence, Kansas.
Type.—Cat. No. 20267, U.S.N.M.
ce ec a lc
a aes Ee
se
Ko. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSIIMAN. 535
Described from three females. The type was reared from a clerid
larva under Hopkins U. S. No. 28849 by Dr. A. D. Hopkins; para-
type a from Tryon, North Carolina, was reared from the larva of
Enoclerus quariguttatus, under Hopkins U. S. No. 3635; paratype b
from Hugo, Kansas, August 13, 1896, No. 557. Both paratypes are
much like the type, except that a is somewhat smaller with abdomen
darker and face paler; and b has the mesosternum and pleura reddish
piccous with a rufous spot at the upper hind angle, and face paler,
The meager description of granulatus Davis gives an impression of
an insect very closely related to this and the following species, and
one or the other may be found to be synonymous with it. The
present species differs from the description of granulatus in size, in
relative length of ovipositor, in having the propodeal carinae strong
at apex, and in the darker pale markings.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) SIMILIS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositor 2.7 mm.
Very closely related to cleridivorus Cushman, from which it differs
principally as follows: Head from above more than twice as wide
as long; temples less strongly rounded and more sloping; eyes longer
than width of face, only two-thirds as wide as long; clypeus strongly
rounded at apex; interfoveal line nearly twice as long as foveo-
ocular line; ocell-ocular and postocellar lines equal, but diameter of
ocelli about three-fourths as great as former. Thorax more slender,
propodeum weakly arched, and extending nearly to middle of coxae,
areola and petiolar area subequal in length and breadth, each scarcely
more than half as wide as long; vestiture of head and thorax not
conspicuous. Abdomen twice as long as head and thorax; first and
second tergites subequal, first with postpetiole slightly elevated
above petiole, of similar conformation but barely one-fourth as wide
at apex as long, second nearly four times as long as wide, parallel-
sided. Colored almost exactly like cleridivorus except that hind
legs are paler and scutcllum is red.
Type-locality.—Collins, Idaho.
Type.—Cat. No. 20268, U.S.N.M.
One female collected July 27, 1898 by C. V. Piper.
Comparison of the types may show this species to be the same as
granulatus Davis, but it lacks the dark middle of hind femora, has
the propodeal carinae distinct apically, the yellow color is darker
than indicated in the description of granulatus and the ovipositor is
relatively shorter. Also apparently granulatus has the scutellum
black instead of red.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) PLESIUS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2 mm,
Allied to the last two preceding new species. Compared with cler-
536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou, 53.
divorus Cushman differs as follows: Head in dorsal view more than
twice as wide as long; temples less strongly rounded and more sloping;
eyes distinctly longer than width of face, parallel, only about two-
thirds as wide as long; clypeus broadly but strongly rounded at apex,
but little more than half as long as interfoveal line; malar space
barely half as long as basal width of mandible; cheeks not rounded
below eyes; ocell-ocular line barely half as long as postocellar line,
diameter of ocelli distinctly greater than former; propodeum less
strongly arched and extending only about one-third of way over
coxae; mesopleural impression distinctly, transversely striate;
sternauli rather strong; metapleura less densely punctate than
mesopleura; areola and petiolar area subequal in length, the areola
slightly narrower, petiolar area nearly as wide as long, rather strongly,
transversely striate; vestiture of head and thorax inconspicuous;
stigma slightly narrower; nervulus briefly postfurcal; hind basitarsus
relatively shorter. Abdomen nearly twice as long as head and thorax;
postpetiole slightly elevated above level of petiole; ovipositor only
about one and one-half times as long as first tergite.
Black; yellow color of head embracing also the face; pronotum,
sternauli and lateral edges of mesoscutum yellow; mesopleura and
metapleura piceous with an obscure yellowish spot at base of cach
coxa; scutellum yellowish red; tergites 1 and 2 black, becoming
piceous toward apex; other tergites broadly yellowish laterally;
legs colored as in cleridivorus, but hind legs, especially coxae, paler.
Type-locality.—Probably Michigan.
Type.—Cat. No. 20269, U.S.N.M.
One female from A. J. Cook, Lansing, Michigan, July 30, 1887.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ROSAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., antennae 4 mm., ovipositor 2.3mm. Very
closely allied to plesius Cushman and differing from that species as
follows: Eyes barely as long as width of face, about three-fourths as
wide as long; clypeus two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; malar
space about three-fourths as long as basal width of mandible; cheeks
slightly rounded below eyes; ocell-ocular line nearly as long as post-
ocellar line, diameter of ocelli nearly as long as former. Propodeum
extending about two-fifths of way over hind coxae, areola much
narrower than petiolar area, the latter distinctly longer than wide.
Abdomen but little more than one and one-half times as long as head
and thorax; first and second tergites subequal in length and together
but little longer than rest of abdomen; postpetiole only about as long
as petiole and rather abruptly swollen.
Color similar to pleisus except that entire mesopleura, metapleura,
and propodeum, except basal areas, are red.
Ty pe-locality.— Vienna, Virginia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20270, U.S.N.M.
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CRHMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 5387
One female reared by the author May 28, 1911, from rose hips in
company with Ithynchytes bicolor, but which were also apparently
infested by a lepidopterous larva, and under Quaintance No. 7084.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) DELICATUS (Cresson).
Porizon delicatus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 176.
The unique type male is in the United States National Muscum,
as well as two other males also from the Belfrage collection. It is
very like retiniae (Cresson), and the latter may be merely a darker
form of the present species.
The principal characters of the species are given in the key to males.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) RETINIAE Cresson.
Cremastus reiiniae Cresson, Rept. Ent. U.S&., for 1879, 1880, p. 238.
This species was originally described from a single male specimen
reared from (Retinia) Evetria riguiana (Fernald) at Ithaca, New York.
This specimen, minus the head, is in the United States National
Museum. In addition there are seven other males, one each from
Washington, District of Columbia, and Falls Church, Virginia, and five
from Plummers Island, Maryland. The loss of the head of the type
makes it impossible to state definitely that these are the same, but the
other characters leave little doubt that the determination is correct.
About the only difference between this and delicatus (Cresson) con-
sists in color, the present species having the propodeum, abdomen,
and sometimes the prescutum and mesosternum more or less black
or piceous. The specimen that has the dark color most extensively
developed has the occiput, vertex, front, prescutum, propodeum,
area around scutellum, mesosternum, mesopleura above, metapleura,
metasternum, tergites 1, 2, 5, and 7 entirely and 3 and 4 partly
black or blackish. The pronotum is yellow, this character allying
it to rosae Cushman and its close relatives.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) TETRALOPHAE, new species.
Female.—Length, 9 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm.
Head from above distinctly more than twice as wide as long; temples
weakly rounded and strongly sloping; eyes about a third longer than
width of face, parallel within; malar space scarcely half as long as
basal width of mandible; clypeus broadly rounded at apex, about
two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, which is fully twice as long as
foveo-ocular line; ocelli about equal in diameter to ocell-ocular line
which is only slightly shorter than postocellar line; occipital carina
briefly interrupted above. Thorax stout, the propodeum steeply,
arcuately sloping from near the base and extending about two-fifths
of way to apex of coxae; pronotum laterally punctate except in
middle; mesoscutum rather sparsely punctate, prescutum more
538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
densely so, notauli deep; scutellum sparsely punctate, with lateral
carinae extending to apex; mesoscutum and pleura below densely
punctate, polished and obliquely striate above; sternauli rather
strong; metapleura also densely punctate; propodeum with carinae
strong throughout, areola and petiolar area separated, the latter
somewhat the longer, about two-thirds as wide as long, areola a
little narrower; apical areas obscurely transversely rugose, others
denscly punctate, except basal lateral areas, which are very sparsely
so; stigma about half as wide as long with radius at apical third;
second discoidal cell about three-fifths as wide at base as at apex;
nervellus antefurcal, broken very near base; hind legs rather stout,
basitarsus three-fifths as long as tibia and as long as rest of joints
united. Abdomen twice as long as head and thorax, first two ter-
gites slightly longer than rest united, first longer than second;
petiole strongly carinate above, sternite not inclosed, lower edges of
tergite parallel; postpetiole elevated above level of petiole, striate;
second tergite nearly four times as long as wide at base, sides parallel,
striate; ovipositor about twice as long as first tergite.
Rufo-testaceous; head darker with mandibles and clypeus inclined
to yellowish and vertex slightly infuscated; antennae black, scape
and pedicel paler; thorax nearly uniform rufo-testaceous with notauli
and scutellum inclined to yellowish; tegulae and wing bases strami-
neous; wings hyaline, veins and stigma blackish; front and middle
legs yellowish stramineous; hind coxae testaceous, trochanters and
apices of femora stramineous, femora otherwise brown, tibiae and tarsi
fuscous, the latter slightly paler; first and second tergites black, post-
petiole piceous, remaining tergites considerably darker than thorax
with more or less black in basal middle.
Male.—Length 7.5 mm., antennae 6 mm. Differs from female as
follows: Eyes scarcely longer than width of face; postpetiole narrow,
parallel-sided beyond spiracles, not swollen, and not elevated above
level of petiole; second tergite only about three times as long as wide
at base, distinctly wider at apex; hind basitarsus relatively shorter.
Face, orbits, mouth parts, scape and pedicel yellow; occiput,
vertex, and front black; prescutum spot in front of scutellum, space
between wings and scutellum, and propodeum above black or black-
ish, scutellum yellow.
Ty pe-locality Monticello, Florida.
Host.— Tetralopha subcanalis Walker.
Type.—Cat. 20271, U.S.N.M.
Described from three females and three males, all reared from the
same host by A. I. Fabis, under Quaintance Nos. 10563, 10564, and
10565. The male is rather remarkable for the genus in that the
ocelli are not especially larger than in the female.
No. 2219. A REVISION OF THY CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 539
erent reap ee es
Paratype a (female) is homotypic and paratype b (female) differs
in having the orbits and mouthparts distinctly yellow. Paratype ¢
(male) is like the allotype except that the propodeum is entirely
black, and paratype d (male) has the head and mesoscutum colored as
in the female paratype b.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) TEREBRATUS, new species.
Female-—Length 9 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 6 mm.
Compared with tetralophae Cushman differs as follows: Eyes scarcely
longer than width of face; malar space as long as basal width of man-
dible; clypeus strongly rounded at apex, about as long as interfoveal
line, which is only about a third longer than foveo-ocular line; post-
ocellar line about twice as long as ocell-ocular line, ocelli about equal
in diameter to latter. Propodeum precipitate beyond middle and
extending barely a third of way over coxae; pronotum laterally punc-
tate throughout; mesoscutum densely punctate throughout, notauli
weak; scutcllum densely punctate, carinae obsolete toward apex; ster-
nauli obsolete; petiolar area much longer than areola, sculpture of
areas similar to that of tetralophae, but basal areas are more densely
punctate; second recurrent interstitial; second discoidal cell scarcely
a third as wide at base as at apex; nervellus unusually strongly ante-
furcal and broken at lower third; legs slender, hind basitarsus shorter
than remaining joints united. Abdomen very slender, twice as long as
head and thorax; first two tergites together shorter than rest united;
first targite about as long as second, carinae of petiole obsolete toward
base; second tergite about four times as long as wide at base, much
wider at apex; ovipositor as long as entire abdomen.
Rufo-testaceous; orbits, mouth parts, and cheeks yellow, head
otherwise testaceous; antennae black, scape reddish; tegulae and
wingbases yellow; space between wings and scutellum and basal
areas of propodeum black; thorax otherwise rufo-testaceous with
scutellum slightly paler; wings hyaline, veins and stigma brownish;
front and middle coxac and trochanters in front, both joints of hind
trochanters at apex yellowish; middle and hind trochanters basally
black or piceous; hind tibiae with apical half and basal annulus and
hind tarsi infuscated, tibiae in middle and at extreme base pale; legs
otherwise testaceous, hind coxae and femora much the darkest;
abdomen colored as in telralophae.
Ty pe-locality.— Boulder, Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20272, U.S.N.M.
One female collected by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell at light July 28
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) MORDELLISTENAE, new species.
Female.—Length 6 mm., ovipositor 2.5 mm. Head viewed from
above about twice as broad as long, temples strongly rounded; face
540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
fully a third wider than length of the rather small eyes, slightly ele-
vated in middle, weakly punctate; clypeus weakly separated from
face, about two-thirds as long as wide, weakly rounded at apex;
malar space about as long as basal width of mandible; ocelli very
small, barely more than half as long as ocell-ocular line, which is but
little shorter than postocellar line; antennae (broken). Thorax
rather stout, about half as deep as long, the propodeum strongly
arched and extending about a third of the way over the coxae;
clothed with short white pubescence, sculpture rather weak; notauli
nearly obsolete; scutellum strongly convex, narrowly rounded at
apex, and with lateral carinae weak; propodeal carinae fairly strong,
areola and petiolar area separated and about equal in length, the
latter transversely rugulose and other areas punctate; stigma about
half as broad as long, radius arising distinctly beyond middle; second
discoidal cell about a third as wide at base as at apex; legs slender, hind
basitarsus about three-fourths as long as tibia and slightly shorter
than remaining tarsal joints. Abdomen about one and one-half
times as long as basal width, sides gently divergent, weakly longitu-
dinally striate; first two tergites together slightly longer than rest
of abdomen; ovipositor slightly more than twice as long as first
tergite.
Black; mandibles, clypeus at apex and orbits (narrowly) piceous,
the last broadly interrupted below and narrowly so above eyes; an-
tennae black, piceous below toward base; tegulae piceous; legs red-
dish testaceous, hind coxae entirely and middle coxae at base black,
hind tibiae apically and their tarsi fuscous; wings hyaline, venation
brownish; abdomen black, obscurely reddish in the middle.
Male.—Length 6 mm., antennae 5mm. Differs from the female
in having the eyes and ocelli somewhat larger, the former only slightly
shorter than the width of face, and the latter nearly as long as ocell-
ocular line, which is about half as long as postocellar line; malar space
narrower than basal width of mandible; the piceous color of head and
tegulae is replaced by yellow, and the legs are somewhat paler.
Host.—Mordellistena morula LeConte.
Type-locality.—Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20273, U.S.N.M. -
Described from one female reared from the host July 9, 1891, and
labeled ‘‘Ac. Cat. 78” and four males from the same State without
host records.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) INCOMPLETUS (Provancher).
Mesoleptus incompletus PRovANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 270.
Atractodes fusiformis ProvaNcHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 335.
Cremastus fusiformis PRovANCHER, Faun. Can., Hym., 1883, pp. 376 and 788.
Described originally in the genus Mesoleptus, this species was rede-
scribe d by Provancher later in the same year as Atractodes fusiformis.
NO, 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 541
Hight years later the same writer synonymized the two species and
called it Cremastus fusiformis. Since incompletus has page prece-
dence over fusiformis, the earlier name must be used. The fact that
Provancher described another species under the name Atractodes in-
completus does not alter the case, since the present species was never
referred to Atractodes nor has the name incompletus ever been used in
Cremastus.
From most of the species which fall near it, this species is readily
separable by its small size and entirely black thorax and abdomen,
and from the few species which approach it in these characters by the
very characteristic arrangement of color in the orbits.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ROHWERI, new species.
»
Female.—Length 8.5 mm., antennae 5 mm., ovipositor 3.3 mm.
Head from above more than twice as wide as long, temples strongly
rounded; eyes slightly divergent below, slightly shorter than greatest
width of face; malar space about as long as basal width of mandible;
clypeus little more than half as long as interfoveal line, very weakly
rounded at apex; interfoveal line little longer than foveo-ocular line;
face weakly elevated in middle, sparsely punctate at sides; anterior
orbits swollen; lateral occlli about half as wide as postocellar line,
the latter about one and one-half times as long as ocell-ocular line;
occipital carina narrowly interrupted in middle. Thorax rather
slender, propodeum declivous beyond middle, but reaching beyond
middle of coxae, pronotum laterally deeply impressed and strongly
puntate; mesoscutum coarsely punctate, notauli strong; scutellum
more finely punctured without lateral carinae; mesosternum and
mesopleura coarsely, densely punctured except small polished area
immediately below wings; metapleura more finely, sparsely punc-
tured; propodeal carinac strong, areola and petiolar area separated,
the latter slightly the longer; apical areas transversely rugulose,
areola and basal lateral areas sparsely punctate, other areas densely
punctate; stigma half as wide as lang, radius at apical third, second
discoidal cell scarcely a third as wide at base as at apex; nervellus
strongly antefurcal, not broken; hind legs slender, basitarsus three-
fifths as long as tibia and about as long as other four joints united.
Abdomen not quite twice as long as head and thorax, first and second
tergites subequal in length and together slightly longer than rest of
abdomen; petiole with carinae strong to base, ventral edges of ter-
gites separated, parallel, not inclosing sternite, postpetiole elevated
slightly above level of petiole; second tergite between five and six
times as long as wide at base, its sides almost parallel, longitudinally
striate; tergites beyond second strongly compressed; ovipositor
about two and one-half times as long as first tergite.
542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Black with tergites beyond second red; orbits, clypeus, mandibles
and scape and pedicel below yellow, and a spot in middle of face yel-
lowish red; flagellum black; tegulae and wing bases whitish; wings
hyaline, veins and stigma dark brown; coxae black at base, hind pair
largely black, white at apex; all trochanters except basal joint of
hind trochanter, which is blackish, white; front legs otherwise stram-
ineous with tarsi paler; hind femora and tibiae fuscous, their tarsi
paler, especially at base, middle legs midway in color between front
and hind legs; first and second tergites and basal median spot on
third black, abdomen otherwise reddish.
Type-locality.—Mount Union, Pennsylvania.
Type.—Cat. No. 20274, U.S.N.M.
One female (Hopkins No. 7557) reared June 17, 1908, by R. W.
Van Horn, from a red maple stump infested by Cerambycidae and
Eucnemidae and also containing the clerid, Cymatodera undulata.
Named for Mr. S. A. Rohwer.
This species presents a rather peculiar combination of characters.
The head is of the type shown in obereae Viereck and its closest allies,
as is also the thorax except for its slenderness and the fact that the
propodeum extends beyond the middle of the coxae, both of which,
together with the very slender strongly compressed abdomen ally it
with the more typical species, but the uninclosed first sternite and
broad stigma with distally originating radius refer it without doubt to
Zaleptopygus.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ANOMALUS, new species.
Female.—Length 7 mm., antennae 3.5 mm., ovipositor 2.3 mm.
In the strong compression of the abdomen and lack of scutellar carinae
this species is allied to rohweri Cushman, but is otherwise abundantly
distinct, as follows: Eyes parallel below, distinctly shorter than width
of face; malar space distinctly shorter than basal width of mandible;
clypeus about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line, weakly convex,
strongly rounded at apex; interfoveal line much longer than foveo-
ocular line; face evenly, moderately punctate throughout, except
narrowly in orbits; anterior orbits not swollen; lateral ocelli much
less than half as wide as postocellar line, the latter slightly longer than
ocell-ocular line. Thorax stout, the propodeum declivous behind and
reaching but a short distance over coxae; thorax throughout much
less strongly punctate; scutullum unusually deeply convex, almost
appearing swollen; propodeal carinae rather weak, areola and petiolar
area weakly separated, the former short, pentagonal much shorter
than latter; sculpture of all areas weak, apical areas obscurely rugu-
lose, others punctate; radius arising very shortly beyond middle of
stigma; second discoidal cell nearly half as wide at base as at apex;
second recurrent interstitial; nervellus perpendicular; hind basitarsus
relatively as long compared with tibia but shorter than other joints
Ko. 2219. A REVISION OF TIIF CREMASTINI—CUSITMAN. 543
united. Petiole with carinao obsolete, the ventral edges of the ter-
gite inclosing the sternite; post-petiole strongly clevated above level
of petiole; second tergite about four times as long as basal width,
slightly wider at apex, striate.
Color about as in rohweri, but face entirely black, scapo and pedicel
piceous, middle and hind legs paler, hind tibia with whitish stripe
above, tergites beyond second dark piceous red.
Type-locality.—Colorado.
Type.—Cat. No. 20275, U.S.N.M.
One female collected by C. F. Baker.
Peculiar in having the petiole as in the more typical species, while
otherwise but distantly related to them.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) FUSCIPENNIS (Cresson).
Porizon fuscipennis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 287.
A single female specimen in the United States National Museum
collection agrees fairly well with the description of this species. It
is from Garden City, Kansas, while the type is from Colorado. This
specimen was used in placing the species in the table.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) AUDAX (Cresson).
Porizon audax Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174.
This species, described from the male, is represented in the United
States National Museum collection only by that sex, one specimen
being a paratype. Its dark wings ally it with Cremastus fuscipennis
(Cresson) but it differs from that species in having the wings paler
and the propodeum less precipitous.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) NIGRICLYPEALIS, new species.
Female.—Length 9.5 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm,
Head from above strongly transverse, much more than twice as wide
as long, temples slightly rounded, from in front subtriangular, malar
space as long as basal width of mandible, forming with cach other if
extended a sharply acute angle, mandibles strongly protruding,
clypeus convex,'sharply rounded and margined apically, nearly as
long as interfoveal line, which is about a half longer than foveo-ocular
line; foveae slightly below level of lower eye margins; eyes parallel,
barely as long as width of face; face and clypeus strongly, sparsely
punctate, polished; checks opaque, sparsely punctate; orbits above
antennae swollen; antennae inserted slightly below middle of eyes;
front subpolished, with a small elevation below anterior ocellus;
vertex and posterior orbits sparsely punctate; anterior ocellus dis-
tinctly larger than posterior, diameter of latter only about half as
long as ocell-ocular line, which is about three-fifths as long as post-
ocellar line; antennae but little longer than head and thorax. Tho-
544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL HUSHUM, VOL. 53.
rax stout, propodeum sharply, convexly declivous and reaching to
about middle of coxae; thorax densely, coarsely punctate except in
polished impressions of pronotum and mesopleura; notauli broad
and deep; prescutum flattened above; scutellum with lateral carinae
extending to and encircling apex; sternauli and prepectal carina
strong; propodeal carinae strong, areola and petiolar area separated,
the latter nearly twice as long as areola, about two-thirds as wide
as long, widest behind middle; areola hexagonal, as broad as long;
stigma more than half as wide as long, radius beyond middle; second
discoidal ccll about two-fifths as wide at base as at apex; second
recurrent interstitial; legs stout, hind basitarsus two-thirds as long
as tibia, slightly shorter than rest of tarsus. Abdomen less than one
and one-half times as long as head and thorax; first tergite much
longer than second, its ventral edges parallel, not inclosing sternite;
lateral carinae distinct for only a short distance in front of spiracles,
petiole slender, less than half as wide as postpetiole, which is ele-
vated above level of petiole, petiole shining, postpetiole subopaque;
second tergite about three and one-half times as long as wide at base,
much wider at apex, shagreened and sparsely minutely punctate;
Ovipositor little more than half as long again as first tergite.
Black with tergites beyond second largely red; head including
clypeus black; mandibles, a brief orbital line opposite antennae, and
a long narrow line behind eyes yellow; antennae brown, segments
paler at apex; palpi piceous; tegulde and wing bases yellow; all
coxae and basal joint of hind trochanter below black to piceous;
second joints of all trochanters, apices of first joints of front and
middle, first joints of hind trochanters above, front and middle
tibae and tarsi above, hind tibiae above except at apex, and apices
of all femora white; front and middle legs otherwise testaceous; hind
legs otherwise reddish piceous; wings milky hyaline, veins and stigma
brown, the latter with a yellow spot at base; tergites 1 and 2 black,
others largely dark reddish.
Type-locality—Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Type.—Cat. No. 20276, U.S.N.M.
One female taken by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell on Solidago, where
it had been caught by a Phymata, which is mounted on the same pin.
Easily recognized by its intensely black clypeus, short antennae, and
milky white wings.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) VIERECKII (Cockerell).
Porizon vicreckii COCKERELL, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, 1903, p. 200.
The badly mutilated male type of this species is in the United
States National Museum. In color, pattern of legs, and color of wings
it agrees with nigriclypealis Cushman, but differs in having the sculp-
ture of head and thorax finer; the antennae long; the orbits broadly
No, 2219, A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 545
er ee ee ee
and clypeus at sides yellow; and the propodeum more strongly con-
vex, with the areola relatively longer and narrower, and not reaching
so far over the coxae. The eyes are slightly divergent below, about
as long as width of face. The ocell-ocular line is about half as long
as postocellar line and the ocelli slightly less in diameter than the
former, unusually small ocelli for a male of this genus.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) BILINEATUS, new species.
Female.—Length 9 mm., antennae 5.5 mm., ovipositor 7 mm
Head sparsely, weakly punctate, more densely on face, more than
twice as wide as long, temples weakly rounded; eyes parallel, shorter
than width of face; face elevated medially; malar space about as
long as basal width of mandible; clypeus as long as foveo-ocular line,
which is about two-thirds as long as interfoveal line; mandibles pro-
truding. Thorax rather stout, propodeum strongly rounded and
extending only a short distance over coxae; upper hind angle of
pronotum punctate, rest subpolished; mesoscutum finely punc-
tate, notauli weak; scutellum laterally carinate, flattened, punctate;
pleura and sternum finely punctate, mesopleura polished above,
sternauli weak; areola about two-thirds as long as petiolar area, elon-
gate pentagonal; petiolar area but little wider than areola, weakly
rugulose; other areas weakly punctate, except basal areas, which are
smooth; stigma half as long as wide, radius at apical third; second
recurrent interstitial; second abscissa of radius curving outward to
near apex then forward to costa; second discoidal cell a third as wide
at base as at apex; legs slender, hind basitarsus little more than half
as long as tibia and about as long as next three joints united. Abdo-
men twice as long as head and thorax, slender, rather strongly com-
pressed beyond third tergite, tergites 1 and 2 together shorter than
remainder of abdomen; first tergite distinctly longer than second,
petiole with carinae obsolete toward base, ventral edges of tergite
curving toward each other below and partly covering the tergite,
postpetiole elevated above level of petiole, nearly three times as
broad as narrowest part of petiole; second tergite nearly four times
as long as basal width, much wider at apex, striate; ovipositor
slightly longer than abdomen.
Black with tergites beyond second largely reddish; head black
with orbits broadly and completely, cheeks, clypeus, and mandibles
yellow; antennae black, scape and pedicel piceous below; thorax
black, notauli, scutellum, tegulae, and wing bases yellow; wings hya-
line, veins and stigma brown, latter pale at base; all coxae whitish
at apex and above, the amount of white increasing toward the front,
black at extreme base, especially hind coxae, otherwise testaceous;
front and middle trochanters and front femora whitish in front, other-
wise front and middle legs testaceous; both joints of hind trochanter
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17——35
546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
blackish at base, reddish toward apex with a whitish spot above;
hind femora and tibiae rufo-testaceous, the latter infuscated near
base and at apex. First tergite entirely and all others more or less
at base, black, abdomen otherwise red, paler toward apices and
ventral margins of apical tergites.
Male.—Length 7.5 mm., antennae 6.5 mm. Malar space slightly
shorter; eyes about as long as width of face; ocelli slightly larger;
notauli yellow only in front, and yellow of scutellum confined to a
nearly divided crescentic spot; middle as well as hind trochanters
black basally, hind coxae almost entirely black; first tergite with
carinae stronger and postpetiole relatively narrower and not clevated
above level of petiole; black of abdomen more extensive, embracing
the entire second, seventh, and eighth tergites and most of the sixth;
antennae relatively longer.
Type-locality.—Clementon, New Jersey.
Type.—Cat. No. 20277, U.S.N.M.
One female and one male from type-locality.
In Szepligeti’s table this species will run to Pseudocremastus Szep-
ligeti, and differs from the description of that genus in minor details
principally in venation.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) HYALINIPENNIS (Cresson).
Porizon hyalinipennis Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174.
A paratype female of this species is in the United States National
Museum and a male also from the Belfrage collection. It is easily
separable from allied species by the characters employed in the key.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) GALLAECOLA, new species.
Female.—Length 8 mm., antennae 4.5 mm., ovipositor 3.5 mm.
Head viewed from above considerably more than twice as wide as
long, temples rather strongly rounded but much narrowed; viewed
from in front much broader than long, face twice as broad as long
and much broader than greatest length of eye, elevated in middle,
rather densely, strongly punctured; clypeus short, broadly rounded
at apex, the suture broad, straight, foveo-ocular line nearly as long
as interfoveal line; malar space as long as basal width of mandible;
eyes prominent, nearly as broad as long, parallel within; diameter
of lateral ocellus shorter than ocell-ocular line and about half as
long as postocellar line. Thorax about twice as long as high, the
propodeum strongly arched above, declivous behind, and reaching
barely a third the length of the coxae; thorax very finely pubescent,
generally densely, finely punctate, especially the mesopleura below,
the mesosternum, and the metapleura; pronotum obscurely striato-
punctate; notauli distinct anteriorly; scutellum weakly convex,
lateral carinae reaching apex; longitudinal furrow of mesopleurum
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 547
enna en rmmere rere pe Sheer Ae eT eee ee ee
obscurely transversely striate; propodeal carinae strong, areola
short, pentagonal about two-thirds as long as petiolar area, dis-
tinctly separated, apical areas strongly transversely rugulose, others
- sparsely punctate; stigma slightly more than half as broad as long,
radius arising far beyond middle, its two abscissae forming nearly
a right angle; second discoidal cell about four times as wide at apex
as at base; nervellus slightly curved but unbroken, perpondicular;
legs fairly stout, hind basitarsus three-fifths as long as tibia and
nearly as long as remaining joints. Abdomen scarcely a half longer
than head and thorax, very weakly compressed at apox, tergites 1
and 2 together much longer than remaining segmonts united; first
tergite distinctly longer than second, not inclosing the sternite, its
ventral edges parallel, increasing in width from before middle, post-
petiole about three times as wide as petiole, not swollen, petiole
strongly carinate and foveate; second tergite about three-fifths as
broad at base as long, its sides strongly divergent, shagreened and
obscurely striate; ovipositor twice as long as first tergite.
Black; clypeus, mandibles, orbits, except broad interruptions
above eyes and in lower anterior orbits, narrowly in front and broadly
below eyes, yellow; antennae black throughout; tegulae and wing
bases yellow; legs generally reddish testaccous, front ones paler, hind
coxae black at base, front legs in front, all trochanters, middle and
hind tibiae above yellowish, hind tibiae otherwise and their tarsi
infuscate; wings hyaline, venation brown, stigma with a longitudinal
pale streak; tergites 1 and 2 black, others largely red with apical
middle more or less yellow and inclining to black in basal middle,
the yellow increasing apically and the black basally.
Male.—Lenegth 7.5 mm., antennae 5mm. Very like female, even
in size of ocelli, and differing principally in color as follows: Orbits
more broadly yellow and scarcely interrupted below, front and
middle coxae black at base, hind coxae pale only at extreme apex;
yellow color of abdomen confined to apex of seventh tergite and
lateral edges of others beyond second, the tergites largely black
except third and fourth, which are largely reddish. Hind tarsal
joints beyond first relatively longer.
Host.—Gnorimoschema gallae-solidaginis (Riley).
Type-locality—East Falls Church, Virginia.
Type.—Cat. No. 20278, U.S.N.M.
Described from 11 females and 6 males reared by the writer during
the spring of 1916.
In color this species is very variable, especially in that of the
abdomen. The female paratypes a-j show a gradual replacing of
the red by black, whilo paratype 7 has the yellow almost entirely
obsolete. In paratype f the three colors are beautifully arranged
in alternating bands on torgites 3 to 6. Aside from color the
548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
greatest degree of variation is shown in the form of the areola, which
is sometimes nearly regularly pentagonal. Paratypo a is most like
tho type, being practically identical. The male paratypes k-o
exhibit less variation in color than the females, the extreme being
in paratype o, in which the red is almost entirely replaced by black.
All the male paratypes have the yellow orbits more broadly inter-
rupted below than the allotype.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOPYGUS) ORBITALIS (Cresson).
Porizon orbitalis Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 174.
(Porizon) Zaleptopygus orbitalis (CREssON) VIERECK, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.
41, p. 294.
Originally described by Cresson in Porizon, this species is one of the
two species referred by Viereck to his genus Zaleptopygus. It is
represented in the United States National Museum collection by a
paratype female and the allotype, the latter without the abdomen, as
well as four other males from Texas, two of the latter from the Bel-
frage collection. Its most striking characters are used in the keys.
The specimens available display very little variation, the form of the
propodeal areas being most subject to variation. In the male the
areola is nearly or quite as long as the petiolar area, and the width of
these areas varies considerably.
CREMASTUS (ZALEPTOGPYGUS) OBEREAE (Viereck).
Zaleptopygus obereae VIERECK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 295.
As indicated by Viereck this species is most closely allied to orbi-
talis (Cresson), but is easily distinguished by the characters employed
in the key. It is chiefly remarkable for the slight difference in re-
spect to eyes and ocelli between the sexes.
SPECIES NOT TABULATED.
PORIZON ALBIPENNIS Cresson.
Porizon albipennis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 287.
The type of this species has not been seen nor is there any specimen
in the National Museum collection that agrees with the description.
It is apparently, however, a Cremastus allied by its white wings to vie-
reckii, (Cockerell) and bilineatus Cushman. From both of these it
differs in the white apical margins of the tergites. With bilineatus it
agrees in the unusually long ovipositor.
CREMASTUS ACICULATUS Davis.
Cremastus aciculatus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 364.
Evidently, from the description, this species is closely allied to
plesius Cushman and rosae Cushman, but as it is described only in the
male on practically nothing but color characters and as it is well nigh
impossible to associate the sexes without biological evidence, it is im-
NO. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 549
possible to make a definite statement in the matter. A male in the
United States National Museum collection, which agrees in practi-
cally all respects with the description, is doubtfully referred to this
species.
CREMASTUS GRANULATUS Davis.
Cremasius granulatus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 365.
This species is apparently not represented in the United States
National Museum. Judging from the description, however, it is
allied to cleridivora Cushman and similis Cushman, the color pattern
of the body being very similar to that of those species. But in its pale
yellow legs and apically weak propodeal carinae as well as in its small
size, it is distinct from both.
CREMASTUS HARTII Ashmead.
Cremastus hartii ASHMEAD, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, 1895, p. 277.
pl. 3.
* In his description of this species Ashmead states ‘“ Hab., Havana,
Mll.; Washington, D.C.; Lexington, Ky. Types, male and female, in
the collections of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,
and in my collection.”
In the United States National Museum collection there are only four
specimens bearing this species label, but only one of these is from
either of the localities mentioned in the description. The single ex-
ception is a male from Washington, District of Columbia, and is not
hartii Ashmead, but retiniae (Cresson). The other three specimens
are afemale from Chicago, Illinois, and males from Onaga, Kansas, and
New York. Aside from these specimens there are only two specimens
from Washington and one from Lexington, Kentucky, which ante-
date the original description and which at all agree with the deserip-
tion. All three differ more or less from Ashmead’s description.
Moreover, they are representative of two different species, C. gracilis
Cushman and (@. graciliventris Cushman. These specimens and minor
Cushman which agrees fairly well with the description, were sent to
Mr. J. R. Malloch at the Illinois State Laboratory for comparison with
the type. Mr. Malloch reported neither species to be hartia Ashmead.
From his observations it differs from all three species in that the pro-
podeum does not extend to the middle of the hind coxae, but does
agree with them in stigmal and petiolar characters. It would there-
fore run in the table to species to the first part of dichotomy 2, but
differs from all the species falling there in the short propodeal neck.
Other characters mentioned by Mr. Malloch include: Eyes parallel;
malar spaces with extended angle obtuse; areola and petiolar areas
separated; petiole with carinae and foveae; second tergites not over
two times as long as apical width; length of petiole and second seg-
ment barely more than equal the length of remaining segments; ab-
dominal punctures very indistinct.
550 PROCEEDINGS OF TITE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
CREMASTUS NEMORALIS Davis.
Cremasius nemoralis Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 364.
From the description, based largely on color, this species is evi-
dently allied to cleridivora Cushman and similis Cushman. The gen-
erally dark thorax with the pale prothorax is a very distinctive color
pattern characterizing a small group of closely allied species. (@.
nemoralis, however, differs from all of these in its long ovipositor.
CREMASTUS RECTUS Provancher.
Cremastus rectus PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 6, 1874, p. 175.
According to notes made by Mr. A. B. Gahan, who has examined
the type, this species is undoubtedly a Cremastus, and judging by the
description of the color it is probably allied to plestus Cushman and
rosae Cushman. From the former it differs in the color of the meso-
pleura and metapleura and of legs and abdomen, and from rosae in
the color of the mesoscutum, the latter having the parapsidal lobes
red.
LEPTOPYGUS ORBUS Davis.
Lepiopygus orbus Davis, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 365.
There is no specimen of this species at present available for study,
nor is its mention in the present paper intended necessarily to defi-
nitely include it in the Cremastini. Mention of it is made to indicate
that for a number of reasons it seems very doubtful if it is properly
placed in Leptopygus and to call attention to a number of characters
that seem to ally it more closely to Cremastus. All the conclusions
in this connection are, of necessity, based on the original description.
Four of the characters there given seem to exclude the species from
Leptopygus: the long ovipositor, the basally narrowed discoidal cell,
the completely areolated propodeum, and the opaquely sculptured
abdomen. In Leptopygus the ovipositor is short and sharply up-
curved, the discoidal (third) cell is rather unusually broad at base,
the propodeum is not at all or only partially areolated basally, and
the abdomen is very highly polished. The same characters that
separate the species from Leptopygus ally it with Cremasius, while
other characters, principally of color, remind one very strongly of
those species of Cremasius placed by Viereck in his genus Zaleptopy-
gus, Cremasius obereae (Viereck) and C. orbitalis (Cresson). It is the
opinion of the writer that this is the proper disposition of the species.
No. 2219. A REVISION OF THE CREMASTINI—CUSHMAN. 551
SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY REFERRED TO CREMASTUS.
(CREMASTUS) PROCLITUS LONGICAUDUS (Provancher).
Cremastus longicaudus Provancner, Faun. Can. Hym., 1883, p. 789.
This is a Plectiscine. In Foerster’s table to the genera of that
tribe it runs to Husterniz Foerster, but is certainly congeneric with
Proclitus grandis Foerster, the genotype of Proclitus Foerster, as rep-
resented in the United States National Museum collection. It fails
to run to the latter genus because of the unbroken nervellus, but the
spocimen of P. grandis examined has this only weakly broken in one
wing and unbroken in the other, and this character is evidently not
even of specific value.
A specimen of longicaudus Provancher compared with the type by
Mr. A. B. Gahan and designated by him as a homotype is in the
United States National Museum and is the basis of the above remarks.
(CREMASTUS) PROCLITUS MELLIPES Provancher.
Atractodes mellipes PROVANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 332.
Cremastus mellipes PRovANCHER, Faun. Can. Hym., 1883, p. 377.
According to notes by Mr. A. B. Gahan, who has examined the
type, this species is congeneric with Cremastus longicaudus Pro-
vancher. It must, thereforo, be referred to Proclitus Foerster.
CREMASTUS PICEUS Cresson.
Cremasius piceus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 176.
The type of this species is apparently lost, and its exact status can,
therefore, not be definitely ascertained. It is not, however, a Cre-
mastus, but apparently a member of some genus in the Porizonini.
Except for the upcurved ovipositor, the description of the species
contains no character that can be considered as at all indicating its
relationship.
(CREMASTUS) PROCLITUS ROYI (Provancher).
Cremastus royi ProvANcHER, Faun. Can. Hym., 1883, p. 788.
According to notes by Mr. A. B. Gahan, who has examined the
type, this species is congeneric with longicaudus (Provancher), and is
therefore referred to Proclitus Foerster.
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THE COLOR OF AMETHYST, ROSE, AND BLUE VARIETIES
OF QUARTZ.
By Tuomas L. Watson and R. E. Brarp,
Of the University of Virginia.
INTRODUCTION.
There is a surprising lack of exact information on the cause of
color in minerals, even in many of the common yarieties. This is
especially true of minerals possessing exotic color in contradistinc-
tion to those having natural color, dependent on chemical com-
position. The literature is largely a foreign one, is comparatively
small but scattered, and much of the earlier work is of doubtful
value. Again, there is an almost entire lack of reliable analyses
involying accurate determinations of the minute quantities of
colorative substances (pigments) diffused through minerals which
exhibit exotic color.
Decided progress, however, has been made in recent years in the
study of cause of color in dispersely colored minerals, many of
which are known to be very sensitive to high temperatures and
in some cases even to daylight. The chemical nature of the coloring
substances is less well known and opinion on the subject is divided.
Heating tests for destroying color and its restoration on exposure
to the emanations of Roentgen, cathode, or radium rays are used to
distinguish between colorative substances of organic and inorganic
nature. Also by the use of the ultramicroscope and the application
of the principles of colloid chemistry the nature and composition of
the substances causing color may be determined.
The present paper gives the results of some experiments recently
completed by the writers on the color of several varieties of quartz,
and a brief summary and discussion of the work by others on the
same varieties of the mineral. There is included on page 559 a note
by George Steiger, Chemist to the United States Geological Survey,
of some quantitative determinations made of manganous oxide
(MnO) in rose quartz from Creede, Colorado, and in amethyst from
an unknown locality. Especial attention is directed to the analyses
of amethyst and rose quartz from many different localities tabulated
on page 554.
1 The writers are indebted to Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, of the United States National Museum, for helpful
suggostions offered on reading the manuscript.
553
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 53—No. 2220.
554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you, 53,
ANALYSES.
Preparation of samples.—Twelve thoroughly clean and fresh repre-
sentative samples, eight of rose quartz and four of amethyst, from
different localities were selected for analysis. Each sample was
crushed without grinding in a steel mortar and passed through
silk gauze having 13 meshes to the millimeter. The powder was
placed in a porcelain dish and dilute hydrochloric acid added and
allowed to stand for about 10 minutes, when it was diluted with
water, allowed to settle, and the liquid decanted off. This treat-
ment with dilute hydrochloric acid and washing with water was
repeated seven or eight times, after which the liquid gave no indica-
tion of the presence of iron. The samples were then dried on the
water bath and used for analysis.
Methods of analysis —From 4 to 5 grams of the sample, prepared
as outlined above, were accurately weighed into a platinum crucible
and treated with a few drops of sulphuric acid and hydrofluoric acid
and heated until! all silica was volatilized. The residue was fused
with sodium carbonate and the melt dissolved in nitric acid. The
resulting solution was examined for iron, manganese, titanium, and
cobalt, according to the methods outlined by Hillebrandt
Iron was determined by titrating with potassium permanganate
solution, 1 cc. of which was equivalent to 0.00067 gram of ferric
oxide. Manganese and titanium were determined colorimetrically.
The precipitate of cobalt sulphide was so small that it was not
feasible to handle it gravimetrically, so that the filter containing it
was ignited and the total residue taken up in a borax bead. The
color of the beads varied from a faint blue to a clear and distinct
blue, but in no case was the bead highly colored.
The results obtained on analysis follow in tabular form:
Partial analyses of amethyst and rose quartz.
[R. E. Beard, analyst.]
Constituents determined.
No. Watlety.) ; ; ae ea
TiOs. MnO. Fe.03. CoO.2
|__| —__—_— a
Tepe ty Amethyst...| 0.00199 | 0.00036} 0.0775 | Distinct blue color.
iI dos... .2) 200166 - 00068 . 0382 | Do.
Fa | 00145 | 00085 .0404| Do.
ee | 00521 .00029} .0935| Do.
pieaaale . 00577 - 00052 .0679 | Pale blue color.
Osancace . 00139 - 00068 - 0399 | 0.
..-.-{ .00269| 00017 .0578 | Distinct blue color.
Se esaS .00288 |} .00074 . 0351 Do.4
Sra grars | .00288; .00036 . 0042 | Pale blue color.
beeen . 00405 . 00018 .0067 | Very pale blue color.
Lisaatee . 00289 . 00057 .0032 | Pale blue color.
Qeeee ante - 00293 - 00017 - 0040 Do.
elocemce O6Q00H saceese5%2 - 5390
1 Hillebrand, W. F.: Bull. 422, U.S. teal. Survey, 1910, 239 pp. ioe
2 Precipitate of cobalt sulphide was too small to handle gravimetrically but was ignited and taken
up in a borax bead with the color results shown in table.
8 Same as IT, except more deeply colored and a single large crystal was used for analysis.
! 4 Bead was colored a deeper blue than for any other of the 12 samples analyzed.
j & Analysis by Robert Robertson. The Virginias, 1885, vol. 6, p. 2.
lee rr
xo. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 555
I. Prince Edward County, Virginia. Collected by William M. Thornton, jr. Furnished by Prof
F, P. Dunnington, University of Virginia.
If. Madison County, Montana. Furnished by Foote Mineral Company.
III. Madison County, Montana. Furnished by Foote Mineral Company.
IV. Brazil, South America. Furnished by Foote Mineral Company.
V. Amazon claim, 3 miles north of Texas Creek, Colorado. Furnished by D. B. Sterrett through United
States National Museum.
VI. South Dakota. Furnished by United States National Museum. Specimen without number.
VII. Greenland. Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 9582.
VIII. South Dakota. Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 84385.
IX. South Dakota. Furnished by United States National Museum. No number.
X. Paris, Maine. Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 81392.
XI. Southford, New Haven County, Connecticut. Furnished by United States National Museum.
Cat. No. 86915. , ‘
XII. New York (probably Bedford). Furnished by United States National Museum. Cat. No. 18331.
XIII. Rutile district, Nelson County, Virginia.
As tabulated the figures disclose rather marked variation in each
of the constituents for both the amethyst and rose varieties of quartz.
When individual analyses are considered, it is observed that amethyst
contains the highest percentage cach of manganous oxide (MnO) and
ferric oxide (Fe,O,), while rose quartz shows the highest percentage
of titanium dioxide (TiO,) and the lowest percentage each of manga-
nous oxide (MnO) and ferric oxide (Fe,O,). The average percentages
of the individual constituents determined for the two varieties of
quartz are as follows:
S TiOs. MnO. Fe,O3,
DET aE 2 0. 002577 0.000565 0.006240
LE SSE LEIS oo SER ee . 003185 . 000423 , 002735
PETROGRAPHY.
A thin section was cut from each of the 12 specimens analyzed
(eight of rose quartz and four of amethyst) and studied micro-
scopically. In each thin section the quartz was colorless and
exhibited the features common to vein quartz in general. Threo
of the sections of rose quartz and one of amethyst exhibited slight
to distinct wavy extinction, with optical disturbance not noted in
either of the other cight slides. Inclusions of varying nature,
chiefly mineral (solid) but sometimes liquid, were developed in
each slide and in several they were fairly abundant. Their dis-
tribution was usually irregular but at times they were partly arranged
in lines.
The identity of most of the mineral inclusions could not be defi-
nitely established. With only one exception (amethyst), rutile in
the form of needle-like inclusions was definitely determined as
being present. The rutile inclusions were more abundant in the
rose quartz and were only sparingly present in three and entirely
absent from one of the amethyst from Brazil (IV in table of analyses,
page 554) purchased from the Foote Mineral Company. The larger
average titanium content in the rose quartz is shown in the table
of chemical analyses on page 555. The minute, dark-colored, dust-
like inclusions in both varieties of the quartz were indeterminate as
556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 53.
to composition. They may possibly represent some form of iron
oxide or manganese oxide or both.
The evidence gained from microscopic study of the thin sections
strongly indicates that the color of the two varieties of quartz can
not be ascribed to microscopically visible inclusions, since in general
character and abundance the inclusions were apparently not different
from those frequently found in ordinary colorless quartz.
HEATING TESTS.
The color of many dispersely colored minerals has been shown to
be very sensitive to high temperatures, and in some cases even to
sunlight. Such minerals include halite, fluorite, amethyst, smoky
quartz, topaz, zircon, tourmaline, etc. To this list should be added
rose quartz and green feldspar (amazon stone). Upon testing it is
very likely that other minerals will be shown to decolorize on heating.
Previous work.—Jn 1883 Becquerel! showed that the color of
the decolorized fluorite and halite was restored on exposure to the
cathode rays. More recently Berthelot? (1906) and Simon ? (1908)
showed that the color of some of the decolorized minerals is restored
on exposure to radium rays, while that of others was not restored
by these radiations. From these experiments the conclusion was
reached that for the minerals studied (zircon, amethyst, smoky
quartz, red tourmaline, and Brazilian topaz by Simon), the color
was due to inorganic and not to organic compounds, since exposure
to radium rays restored the minerals to their original condition.
Berthelot concluded that the coloring substance of smoky quartz,
green fluorite, and emerald was organic, since the color of these
minerals was not restored on exposure to radium rays after being
decolorized by heating. Simon, however, was successful in restoring
the color of smoky quartz after it was destroyed by heat, hence
excepted to Berthelot’s conclusion regarding the nature of the
coloring substance of this mineral.
The action of Roentgen, cathode, and radium rays on minerals has
been extensively investigated by Kunz and Baskerville.‘
Work of the writers.—Heating tests were carried out by the writers
on fairly large size fragments chipped from hand specimens of
amethyst, rose quartz, blue quartz, green feldspar (amazon stone),
and green and purple fluorite. The tests were made under uniform
conditions in a closed platinum crucible heated in each case for 10
1 Compt. Rend., 1883, vol. 101, p. 205.
41 Idem, 1906, vol. 143, p. 477.
3 Neues Jahrb. f. Min. ete., 1908, vol. 26, pp. 249-295. See translation by Edgar T. Wherry, Mineral Col-
lector, 1908, vol. 15, pp. 165-168, 177-182. Contains numerous references to the literature of the color of ~
minerals.
4 Science, 1903, vol. 18, p. 769; Mineral Collector, 1904, vol. 11, pp. 82-86. See Lockhart, Amer. Journ,
8ci., 1905, vol. 8, p. 95, on luminescence; and Miethe, Ann. des Phys., 1906, vol. 19, p. 633, on the color
changes in precious stones produced by radium preparations.
ee
NO. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 557
minutes in the flame of a No. 4 Meker burner, which yields a tempera-
ture of 1,120-1,140° C. Exact measurement of the temperature to
which the minerals were subjected was not made, but it was probably
around 1,100° C.
The results of these tests were that the original color of four speci-
mens of amethyst, eight of rose quartz, and one each of green and
purple fluorite and green feldspar (amazon stone) was completely
destroyed. The minerals were completely decolorized on heating,
with the single exception of the deep green feldspar from Amelia
County, Virginia, which assumed a faint pinkish color after cooling,
due probably to the presence of ferric oxide. The luster on the cleav-
age surfaces of the feldspar was not affected by the heating.
The color of the deep blue quartz from Nelson County, Virginia,
was unaffected after heating for two periods of 10 minutes each,
except that a pronounced red color developed along original fracture
lines in the mineral on cooling. No change in the original color
for other portions of the mineral was observed. Robertson! noted
that after fusing a fragment of the blue quartz from the same locality
before the hot-blast blowpipe flame, the mineral retained its color.
From the results obtained by others it is probable that the color
of the minerals tested by the writers would have been destroyed at a
lower temperature and in a shorter period of heating. After an
exposure for seven months to daylight there is slight indication of
the return of the original color in the decolorized specimens of
amethyst and fluorite, but not in the rose quartz, blue quartz, or
green feldspar.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
Amethyst—The amethystine color of the amethyst variety of
quartz has been attributed to the presence of a variety of substances
by different investigators, but it has been generally assumed to be
due to the presence of manganese oxide dissolved and diffused through
the quartz. Manganic oxide, titanic oxide, sodium ferrate, iron
sulphocyanate, and organic matter are substances that have been
reported by different writers as the cause of amethystine color in
quartz.
Nabl? suggested in 1899-1900 that the coloring matter of amethyst
is due to the presence of iron sulphocyanate, because the absorption
spectrum of amethyst seemed to him to be about the same as that
of this compound in ether solution; and he believed that he estab-
lished this further by analyses showing the presence of sulphur and
nitrogen. The more recent work of Berthelot and Simon, briefly
summarized below, does not bear out this suggestion.
1 The Virginias, 1885, vol. 6, p. 2.
2 Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Wlen, 1899, vol. 2; Min. und Petrog. Mitth., 1900, vol. 19, p. 273.
558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, voL. 53.
In 1904 Wherry’ suggested that the variety of amethyst quartz
found in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, was probably colored by
a titanium compound, since the microscope showed the presence of
rutile inclusions. This might well be questioned in light of the
investigations by the senior writer and others on blue quartz, which
is discussed below.
In 1906 Berthelot? showed that when amethyst is decolorized by
heating it regains its violet color on exposure to radium rays. He
found that quartz and glass containing small amounts of manganese
behaved similarly; hence the color of amethyst was referred by him
to a slight manganese content.
The investigation by Simon? in 1908 represents the most important
contribution thus far made on the color of minerals. By destroying
the color of a number of dispersely colored minerals in oxidizing
(oxygen), reducing (hydrogen), and when necessary neutral gases,
and examination of the chemical character of the resulting gases or
distillates, Simon concluded that the colors of the five minerals
investigated by him (zircon; amethyst, smoky quartz, tourmaline,
and Brazilian topaz) were produced by unstable inorganic com-
pounds. He states that these unstable inorganic compounds are
simply rearranged at clevated temperatures but not destroyed,
since exposure to radium rays or even to sunlight will restore them to
their original condition. According to Simon, the exact nature and
constitution of the coloring substances are not known.
The work of the present writers eliminates, it is believed, the
probability of inclusions of foreign substances of visible microscopic
size as a cause of amethystine color in quartz. While minute inclu-
sions of varying solid and liquid substances were present in the
thin sections of amethyst examined microscopically, they were of
such character as regards distribution and quantity as not to be
seriously considered as a cause of color. In the absence of ultra-
microscopic study, the existence of foreign substances of submicro-
scopic size can neither be denied nor affirmed.
The analyses made of amethyst from different localities and
tabulated on page 554 are important in showing appreciable quantities
of the iron, manganese, and titanium oxides—metallic oxides which
are known to affect the color of minerals. Also the cobalt oxide, a
highly colorative substance even in small quantity, was found in
each of the four analyses of amethyst in quantity sufficient to impart
a distinct blue color when taken up in a borax bead. Examination
of the analytical results discloses the fact that both iron and titanium
oxides exceed in amount several times that of manganese oxide.
1 The Mineral Collector, 1904, vol. 11, p. 88.
2 Compt. Kend., 1906, vol. 143, p. 477.
3 Neues Jahrb. f. Min. ete., 1908, vol. 26, pp. 249-295. Translated by Edgar T. Wherry, Mineral Collector,
1908-9, vol. 15, pp. 165-168, 177-182.
=
ee ee le
. nd
no. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 559
However, in light of some recent quantitative work on amethyst
carried out by George Steiger in the chemical laboratories of the
United States Geological Survey, there is proof that the amount
of manganous oxide reported in the analysis below is sufficient to
produce the depth of color shown in the mineral which he analyzed.
The mode of combination of the manganese is not necessarily the
same. The amount of manganous oxide found by Steiger is less
than that determined by the writers in the four specimens tabulated
on page 554.
The results of the investigation by Steiger as prepared by him are
published below with his permission.
A. Rose quartz from Creede, Colorado.
B. Clear, fairly dark colored crystals of amethyst, locality unknown.
A B
MnO. 0.0002 percent. 0.00012 per cent.
The minerals were finely powdered, 30 gms. of each were decomposed with sulphuric
and hydrofluoric acids and evaporated, the heat being continued until the fluorine
had been completely expelled, diluted with water, and filtered.
Silver nitrate was added to the filtrate, manganese oxidized with ammonium
persulphate, and determined by comparison of the color of this solution with a standard
solution of manganese.
In preparing the first samples a steel block was used in powdering. It was thought
manganese might have been introduced through small fragments of steel, and accord-
ingly a second set of ground samples were prepared, this time using an agate mortar
in their preparation. Determinations in the second set checked with the first as
closely as could be expected.
The following experiment is interesting in showing that such colors as are observed
in these minerals can easily be accounted for by the quantities of manganese present.
To 12 cc. of water (this amount roughly representing the bulk of 30 gms. of quartz)
was added one-tenth cc. of permanganate solution containing 0.0006 gms. of MnO
per cubic centimeter. This solution contained an equivalent amount of manganese
per unit volume as the rose quariz; the color produced was of a much darker shade
than that of the mineral. A similar experiment was carried out, using an equivalent
amount of manganese to that found in the amethyst, and in this case the color of the
solution was about that of the mineral.
It is probable that the percentage amount of either of the three
metallic oxides found on analysis (table of analyses, p. 554) is suf-
ficient to produce disperse color in quartz. From the known
chemical behavior of these substances when small portions are
taken up on heating by other bodies, such as borax, salt of phos-
phorus, glass, etc., manganese produces more exactly the color of
amethyst than either the oxide of iron or titanium. In the bead
tests with borax and salt of phosphorus, manganese oxide yields
amethystine color only when heated in the oxidizing flame, becoming
colorless when heated in the reducing flame. The usual explanation
for these reactions is that in the former case manganese is converted
into a higher form of oxidation and in the latter it is changed by
reduction to a lower form—MnO, From the carefully conducted
560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
experiments by Simon on amethyst, the color, if due to manganese—
and we believe that it is—seems to be independent of the processes
of oxidation and reduction, since he found it was destroyed by
heating the mineral in either an oxidizing or a reducing atmosphere,
and likewise could be restored on exposure to radium rays in an
atmosphere of either oxygen or hydrogen.
From the investigations thus far made into the cause of color of
amethyst the following conclusions seem to be warranted: (1) That
since the color can be destroyed in an atmosphere of either oxygen
or hydrogen and restored in an atmosphere of either, it is inde-
pendent of the processes of oxidation and reduction, which definitely
eliminate organic substances as a cause of the color; (2) that it is
due to some inorganic substance whose nature and constitution are
yet to be definitely determined; (3) that of the metallic oxides
shown to be present in amethyst by chemical analysis, manganese
seems to be the most likely one to produce the amethystine color;
(4) that the analyses of the mineral show a sufficient quantity of
manganese oxide present to produce the color; and (5) that colloidal
particles of submicroscopic size, probably manganese oxide, will be
found upon ultramicroscopic study to be the cause of the color.
Rose quartz.—A larger number of thin sections of rose quartz from
different localities were studied microscopically than of amethyst,
but with practically the same results. Irregularly distributed inclu-
sions of the same nature and approximate quantity were observed
as in the amethyst, and are not regarded by the writers as having
any effect in producing the color.
Eight partial analyses of rose quartz from as many different
localities were made, with the results shown in table on page 554.
The same metallic oxides (TiO,, MnO, Fe,O,, and CoO) were found
as in the amethyst, with somewhat similar variations in each con-
stituent noted when individual analyses are compared. (See p. 559
of this paper determination of manganous oxide in rose quartz from
Creede, Colorado, by George Steiger.) Titanium dioxide (TiO,)
averages higher, while manganous oxide (MnO) and ferric oxide
(Fe,0,) average lower for rose quartz than for amethyst. The color
of the borax bead imparted by the very slight amount of cobalt
oxide (CoO) present ranged from distinct blue to very pale blue;
but on the whole the bead tests indicated probably a smaller content
of cobalt oxide (CoO) than for amethyst.
In every case the mineral was completely decolorized on heating,
which was to be expected, since it is well known that the color ot
rose quartz fades on exposure to daylight. The wri‘ers did not
carry out any tests to determine the restoration of color of the
decolorized specimens, but Doelter' points out the lack of restoration
t Das Radium und die Farben, 1910, pp. 21 and 78.
No. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD. 561
of color destroyed by heat in the case of rose quartz, which proves
that the color is due to organic and not to inorganic substances.'
Dana’ quotes Fuchs as stating that the color is due to titanium,
since he found 1 to 1.5 per cent in specimens from Rabenstein, near
Bodenmais, and the former (Dana) then remarks that it may come
in part from manganese.
From the chemical nature of the metallic substances determined on
analysis to be present in rose quartz, the character of inclusions
found on microscopic study of thin sections, the complete absence of
the slightest indication of the original color being restored in the
decolorized specimens on heating after exposure of seven months to
daylight, and the lack of restoration of color destroyed by heat on
exposure to radium rays by Doelter, the writers conclude that the
color of rose quartz can not be attributed to an inorganic substance.
Blue quartz.—By way of contrast it may be of interest here to
briefly summarize the results of the investigations into the cause of
blue color in some quartz. The occurrence in quantity of beautiful
deep sky-blue opalescent quartz in quartzose igneous rocks and at
times in metamorphosed sediments derived from them, is known in
many localities both in this country and abroad, and has been the
subject of investigation ina number. This variety of quartz is by no
means uncommon in the Southern Appalachians, and is particularly
characteristic of some rock types of the Blue Ridge Mountains and
its outliers in Virginia.
The senior writer has examined microscopically many thin sections
of blue quartz from different localities in the southeast Atlantic
States, and in every case the substance of the quartz was found to
be crowded with hairlike inclusions of rutile, which were frequently
arranged with more or less crystallographic regularity. On the other
hand, quartz of light color or colorless to dark smoky often shows
inclusions of rutile needles, with no indication whatever of blue color.
The blue color of the quartz was apparent in thin sections as well
as in hand specimens. There is no evidence, however, that the
included crystals of rutile observed in the quartz are blue in them-
selves, although Dana records among the varieties of color for rutile
bluish and violet shades. Of the well-known laboratory tests for
titanium, two impart a violet color (1) to the salt of phosphorus
bead in the reducing flame when cold and (2) to a hydrochloric acid
solution when boiled with metallic tin, but neither compound of
titanium (Ti,O, and TiCl,), supposed to produce the color, is known
to occur in nature.
1See p. 559 of this paper for amount of manganous oxide (MnO) found by George Steiger in rose quartz
from Creede, Colorado, and description of laboratory experiment.
2 A System of Mineralogy, 1892, p. 187.
77403—Proe. N. M. vol. 53
17——36
562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUUH. VOL, 53.
From a chemical and microscopical examination into the cause of
the blue color of quartz in Nelson County, Virginia, Robertson!
concluded that ‘“‘in view of the color of some of the varieties of
titanic oxide, when seen by reflected light, it appears possible that
the partial reflection of light by the surfaces of these microscopic
crystals occasions the color in question, or the latter may be in a
measure due to the interference of light occasioned by these crystals.”
Blue quartz occurs as a constituent of the quartz members of the
charnockite rock series of India. On microscopic examination
Holland found the blue quartz to be crowded with minute hairlike
inclusions, presumably rutile, arranged with crystallographic regu-
larity. Concerning the cause of the blue color of the quartz he
says: “I conclude that the hairlike inclusions, to which probably
the blue color of the quartz is due, are arranged with crystallographic
regularitv.’’?
In his studies of the quartz-feldspar porphyry in which are
developed phenocrysts of sky-blue opalescent quartz from Llano
County, Texas, Iddings* states that the blue color of the quartz
“is undoubtedly due to the reflections of blue light waves from the
minute colorless prisms, whose width is a fraction of the length of
light waves. It is similar to the blue color of the sky. It is prob-
able, however, that there is also blue light produced by interference
of the light reflected from both sides of the minute tabular crystals
whose width is also of the order of a fraction of a light-wave length;
so that both kinds of phenomena occur within these quartzes.”’
In the comagmatic area of titanium-bearing rocks of Amherst and
Nelson Counties, Virginia, deep blue opalescent quartz both in
minute grains and in large masses is an abundant constituent. The
blue color of the quartz is pronounced even in thin section, and
pressure effects are exhibited chiefly in granulation, fractures, and
wavy extinction. The most pronounced microscopic character of
the quartz is the presence of abundant closely crowded, minute ~
hairlike inclusions of rutile, which are distributed rather unevenly
through each grain. After a detailed study of the quartz from this
area by Watson and Taber,‘ the following conclusion as to color was
stated: “It seems probable that the blue color of the quartz char-
acterizing the rocks of the Amherst-Nelson Counties area is to be
attributed to the multitude of hairlike inclusions as explained by
Robertson, Iddings, and Holland.”
A different cause of the color of the constantly present blue quartz
in the Milford granite of Massachusetts and Rhode Island has been
i The Virginias, 1885, vol. 6, pp. 2-3.
2 Memoirs, Geol. Surv. of India, 1900, vol. 28, pt. 2, pp. 138-139.
8 Journ. of Geology, 1901, vol. 12, p. 227.
4 Bull. I1I-A, Virginia Geol. Survey, 1913, pp. 214-215.
KO. 2220. COLORED VARIETIES OF QUARTZ—WATSON & BEARD, 563
has probably produced the blue color.’ They say: “Most of this
quartz is blue, and this color appears also in the contact zones and
even in the secondary quartz that is found in fragments of schist
which are inclosed in the granite and which have been greatly altered
by it. The fractured grains of quartz show with polarized light
the strongest undulatory extinction, which indicates a state of strain
has probably produced the color.’”’ The authors do not mention at
this place (p. 46) the occurrence in the quartz of rutile inclusions,
but that they do occur is shown in a previous statement, where the
contact effect of the Milford granite on schists is described. They
say: “These grains are often full of rutile needles, like true granite
quartz.” ?
The blue quartz of the Virginia rutile area is generally character-
ized macroscopically by fractures and microscopically in thin sections
by undulatory extinction, but the senior writer attributes the blue
color of the mineral to the behavior of light on the minute rutile
inclusions and not to any state of stram. This view is strengthened
by the fact that heating does not destroy the blue color of the quartz.
i Bull. 311, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, p. 46.
2Jdem, 1907, p. 32.
GENERIC NAMES APPLIED TO BIRDS DURING THE
YEARS 1906 TO 1915, INCLUSIVE, WITH ADDITIONS AND
CORRECTIONS TO WATERHOUSE’S “INDEX GENERUM
AVIUM.”
By CHartes W. RicuMonpD,
Assistant Curator, Division of Birds, United States National Museum.
The present list is the third! one dealing with additions to Water-
house’s useful work. The treatment of names is similar to that of
the two earlier lists, except that the genotypes have been deter-
mined according to the rules of the International Code of Nomen-
clature, and derivations of names have been added only when given
by the original authors or supplied by them in manuscript. Of the
600 or more names listed in the present paper more than half have
been introduced since 1905, a large proportion of these being due to
the activities of Mr. Gregory M. Mathews, whose investigations have
also brought to hght several overlooked names.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. L. Stejneger for verifying several
names abroad, and for comparing two Bonaparte reprints with the
scarce originals in the “Ateneo Italiano,’’ which he consulted in
Florence. I have also to thank Dr. H. C. Oberholser, who has con-
tributed one or more names and assisted me in other ways, and Mr.
J. H. Riley, who has called my attention to an overlooked name
or two.
Before proceeding to the list of additions I have assembled a series
of corrections and other data, arranged categorically, which may
prove of use to those who have occasion to consult the ‘ Index’’,
PRINCIPAL ERRORS IN WATERHOUSE’S “INDEX.”’
a. NONAVIAN NAMES LisTED As Brirps.
Calliope “Goutp,’’ 1836 [=1837], is a mammal.
Capparis Isrrt, a plant.
Nystactes Kaup, a mammal,
Strychnos “ Breum,”’’ a plant.
Thamnocharis Satvin, a reptile.
1 The earlier papers are entitled “‘ List of generic terms proposed for birds during the years 1890 to 1900,
inclusive, to which are added names omitted by Waterhouse in his ‘Index Generum Avium ’” (Proce. U.
8. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, No. 1267, May 2, 1902, pp. 663-729), and ‘‘ Generic names applied to birds during tk:
years 1901 to 1905, inclusive, with further additions to Waterhouse’s ‘Index Generum Avium’” (Proce.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, No. 1656, Dec. 16, 1908, pp. 583-655).
PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 53—No. 2221.
565
566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 58,
es LSU Gn ao Oe a rr
6. Specrric Names Listep as GENERIC ONEs.
Chrysocephalus SWAINSON.
Leucoblephara LAFRESNAYE.
Tephronotus Hopcson.
Xanthogenius BONAPARTE.
c. NONGENERIC OR VERNACULAR NAMES AT THE CITATIONS Given.!
Ara Brisson.
Barbacous Cuvier.
Bernicla Brisson.
Botaurus Brisson.
Crica Lesson, 1831 [=1830].
Calendula Brisson.
Cilidris Brisson.
Cancrophagus [=Cancrofagus] of Brisson.
‘Canutus Brisson.
Caracara Cuvier, 1817 [=1816].
Cardinalis Brisson.
Cassicus Brisson.
Caszenoramphe Dumont, 1817.
Coua Cuvier, 1817 [=1816].
Cyuchramus Brisson.
Eiscepus Brisson.
F-egata Brisson.
Farcuria I.ssson.
Glaucium Brisson.
Gymnorhines [=Gymnorrhines] Branopr, 1843.7
Habia VIEILLor.
Hierax Cuvier, 1817 [=1816].
. Hortulanus Brisson.
Jabirus Cuvier, 1817 [=1816].
Jacapa Lesson, 1840.
Keron Montin.?
‘ Leucomelana [=Leucomelane] Bonaparte.
Lorius Brisson.
Maia Brisson.
Mainatus Brisson.
Malcoha Cuvier, 1817 [=1816].
Mariposa VIEILLOT.
Czitheles [=Mgithales] Lesson, 1831 (a family name here).
Pelasgie GEOFFROY.
Phyllopseuste [=Phyllopseustae] ‘‘Mryer u. Worr,’’ 1815.
Picazuros Lesson, 1837.
Podobes Lesson, 1831.
Psittaca Brisson.
Psittacula Brisson.
Pterorrhines Branprt, 1843.
Rubecula Brisson.
Rubetra Brisson.
1 A majority of these names have been used generically by later authors.
?It is mentioned by Brandt in 1837 (Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Pétersb., vol. 2, p. 347) as Gymnorhines, undor
another group, where also nongeneric. |
* Adopted by Gray, Handlist, vol. 2, 1870, p. 278, as a subgenus of Lagopus
no. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 567
Spreo Lesson, 1831.
Tamatia Cuvier, 1798.
Thriothores Lesson, 1840.
Urubitinga Lesson, 1836.
Xanthomelana [=Xanthomelane] BoNAPARTE, 1850.
d. Errors In Sreviine av First CIration IN THE ‘INDEX.!’
Amalsia= Amalasia.
Aulacorhamphus Gray, 1840= Aulacoramphus.
Bessonornithos=[ Bessonornis}.
Caicus= Cacicus.
Cancrophagus ‘“‘Brisson’’=Cancrofagus, and not generic.
Celeopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Celeopicos.
Cerorhyncha Bonapartf, 1838 [=Lesson, 1831]=Cerorhynca.
Chenorhamphus Gray=Chenoramphus.
Chicquera BONAPARTE=Chiquera.
Chlamydoena Bonaparte, ‘1854,’ p. 29=Chlamydena.
Chloroktita Kaurp=Chlorokitta.
Chrysopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Chrysopicos.
Coloramphus Lesson, 1839=Caloramphus.
Cordylus BonAPARTE= Cordylis.
Cractiornis Gray=Cracticornis.
Cyanorhamphus BonaPARTE, 1854=Cyanoramphus.
Dendropicus MALHERBE, 1849=Dendropicos.
Diphlogzena GouLp, 1854=Diphogena.
Dryopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Dryopicos.
Entomotiera HorsFIe.p, ‘‘1820”= Hntomothere.
Erythrura Swarnson, 1837= LHrythura.
Eteoglaux Hopason, 1841=Etoglaux.
Galastes BONAPARTE, 1856=Gelastes.
Gallipicus Bonaparte, 1854=Callipicus.
Geopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Geopicos.
Graphophasianus ReIcHENBACH, ‘‘1852”’ [=1853]=Graphephasianus.
Guaruba Lesson, p. 210=Guarouba, but is Guaruba on p. 211.
Gymuorhines Branpt, 1843=Gym~norrhines, and nongeueric.
Helmintherus Batrnp= Helmitherus.
Hierocoglaux Kaup= Hieracoglaux.
Holodroma SuNDEVALL= Halodroma.
Lamprolophus RreicHENBACH=Lamprolophos.
Leipoda Goutp=Leipoa.
Lepterodias HempricH and EnrenBerc=Lepterodas.
Leptorhynchus Swainson=Leptorynchus.
Leptotriccos CaBANIS=Leplotriccus.
Leucodiopteron Bonaparte=Leucodioptron.
Leucomelana BonapartE=Leucomelane.
Margaropedrix RricHENBACH, ‘‘1852”’= Margaroperdiz.
Megapicus MALHERBE, 1849= Megapicos.
Megaquisqualis Casstin= Megaquiscalus.
Megarhynchus THuNBERG= Megarynchus.
Melampicus MALHERBE, 1849= Melampicos.
Mesopicus MALHERBE, 1849= Mesopicos.
Micropicus MALHERBE, 1849= Micropicoe.
Musciphaga Lesson, ‘‘1831’’= Myiophaga.!
Nyctirodius Macariirvray, 1842= Nycterodius.
1 Musciphaga occurs, however, in Lesson, Compl. Buffon, vol. 8, 1837, p. 377.
568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Ochthocea Gray, 1849=Ocththocea.
Gzitheles Lesson, 1831=(githales (is nongeneric and not equivalent to Hgotheles).
Opetioptela SUNDEVALL=Opetioptila.
Opetiorhynchus TremmMinck, 1820=Opetiorynchos.
Pachyrhamphus Gray, 1840=Pachyramphus.'
Papusana Bonaparte, 1855=Pampusana.
Perenopterus RAFINESQUE, 1815=Percnopterus.
Phaiopicus MALHERBE, 1849=Phaiopicos.
Pharomacrus DE ta LuAveE=Pharomachrus.
Phragmaticola JERDON, ‘‘1844’’[=1845]= Phragamaticola.
Phyllopseuste ‘“Mryver u. Woir’’=Phyllopseustae.
Platyrhynchus DresmaArgEst, 1805= Platyrinchus.
Ploceela Oarss, 1882= Ploceélla.
Pogonorhamphus Des Murs=Pogonoramphus.
Polydon Hopason=Polyodon.
Priosinus HomsBron and Jacquinot=Priofinus.
Psalidorhamphos Ranzani=Psalidoramphos.
Pteroptochus Kirriirz, “1831” [=1830]=Pteroptochos.
Pygarrhichus BurmeisTER, 1837=Pygarrhichas.
Quiscalus RaFINEsQueE, 1815=Quiscalis.
R[hjamphocorys Bonaparte, 1850=Ramphocoris.
Rhynchea Cuvipr=Rhynchea.
Rhynchomegas Bonaparte, 1853=Rhyncomegas.
Saxicolides ? Lesson, ‘1837’’=Savicoloides.*
Selaspherus REICHENBACH, 1855=WSelasopherus.
Similonyx SUNDEVALL, 1873=Smilonyz.
Sphenorhynchus Wirep=Sphenorynchus.
Stavorinus Bonaparte, 1850=Stavorinius.
Steganolema ScraTeR and Satvin=Siegnolema.
Stelidopteryx Guiocer, ‘‘1842”’ [=1841]—Stelidopterus.
Stomiopera ReiIcHENBACH=Stomioptera.
Talantalos RricHENBACH= Jalantatos.
Thaumantias Bonaparte, 1850= Thawmatias.
Touyon LacsrEDE= Touyou.
Trerolema BONAPARTE, 1855= Trerolema.
Tropidoperdix BiytH= Tropicoperdix.
Vireosylvia BonAPARTE, 1838= Vireosylva.
Xanorynchus Bonaparte, 1855=Xenorhynchus.
Xantholema BonarparTE=X antholema.
Xanthomelana BoNAPArRTE, 1850=Xanthomelane.
Ypophzena BonAaPparTE= Ypophexa.
Ziphorhynchus Swainson, 1837=Ziphorynchus.
Zonaida REICHENBACH=Zenaida.
1 First used by Darwin, Zool. Voyage Beagle, pt. 3 (Birds), No. 9, July, 1839, p.50. He says: “The
generic name of Pachyrhynchus Spiz, is changed by Mr. G. R. Gray to Pachyramphus, as the former
word is used in entomology.’’ This is a fortunate statement for nomenclature, since the two species men-
tioned by Darwin are P. albescens Gould and P. minima Gould, now placed in the genera Suwiriri (formerly
Empidagra) and Habrura, respectively. Pachyramphus as a substitute name for Pachyrhynchus Spix,
1825, takes the same type, which is Pachyrhynchus niger Spix, by subsequent designation of Swainson
(Zool. Illustr., ser. 2, vol. 1, 1829, text to plate 41). Gray, 1840 (List Genera Birds, p. 31), gives the type
as Psaris cuvierii Swainson, but this will have to give way to Swainson’s prior designation. Pachyrhynchus
of Spix is a composite, containing species of Pachyramphus, Platypsaris, and Tityra. As an equivalent of
Tityra it had been already used by Wagler (in Hahn, Végel Asien, Africa, etc., vol. 2, Lief. 13, pl.6, and
text) in 1822, hence is unavailable in the sense of Pachyramphus whether preoccupied in entomology or
not.
3 Sazicolides is the spelling used by Gray, 1841.
4 See p. 622.
ee ae ee ee eS ee ——
i a Be ee
No, 2221, LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 569
e. Errors oF STATEMENT.
Callicitta Kaur, 1854, is not equivalent to Callisitta Bonaparte.
Colorhamphus SuNDEVALL, 1872, is not equivalent to ‘‘ Coloramphus, Less.,”’ as stated.
Dolychronyx Lesson, 1834, does not occur; is 1837.
Geochelidon Breum, 1831, does not occur; is Cabanis or Gundlach, 1861.
Grammatorhynchus GouLp, 1854, does not occur; is Bonaparte, 1854.
Helospiza Barrp, 1858, is not a misprint, as inferred, but a subgenus of Melospiza.
Herbivocula SwinHOEk, is not a misprint, as stated, but a subgenus of Herbivoz.
Ligurnus Harr.avus, 1857 [=Bonaparte, 1850]= Linurgus Reichenbach, not Ligurinus
Koch.
Lophorynchus SwaInson, 1837, is not equivalent to Lophorhynchus Vieillot, as stated
Myiapeillea BonNAPARTE, 1854, does not occur.
Oceanodroma REICHENBACH, 1849, does not occur; is 1852 (i. e., 1853).
Oriotrochilus RrEIcHENBACH, 1849, does not occur; is Gray, 1869.
Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828, is not equivalent to Oxyurus Swainson.
Poecilopternis Kaur, 1844, does not occur; is Kaup, 1847.
Pteraétus Kaur, 1847, does not occur; is Kaup, 1850.
jf. Nomina Nupa ar First Crrations in “Inpex.’’!
Achantylops BonaAPARTE, 1857. (Acanthylops, Gray, Hand-List, vol. 1, 1869, p. 67.)
Acroleptes ‘“‘Scurrr’’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 1861, p. 89.)
Afrotis BonAPaArRTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 109.)
Androglossa Vicors, 1825.
Ardeomega Bonaparte, 1854. (Comptes Rendus, vol. 40, 1855, p. 722.)
Atricilla Bonaparte, 1854. (Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1855, p. 287.)
Belurus BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Rev. Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 152, is earlier, and valid.)
Bernieria Bonaparte, 1854. (Pucheran, Arch. Mus., vol. 7, 1855, p. 369.)
Blythipicus BonAPARTE, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, May, 1854, p. 124, is earlier,
and valid.)
Bolborhynchus Bonaparte, March, 1854. (See beyond, p. 580.)
Bubulcus ‘“‘PucnHErAN”’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Comptes Rendus, vol. 40, 1855, p. 722.)
Buccotrogon Kretina, 1852 (=1853). (Reichenbach, Journ. Orn., 1854, p. 149.)
Busarellus LAFRESNAYE, 1839. (Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, sér. 2, vol. 8, No. 20,
Sept. 10, 1843, col. 468.)
Buscarla BoNAPARTE, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 79.)
Callipicus Bonaparte, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, May, 1854, p. 125, is earlier,
and valid.)
Callopsaris Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Camelornis REICHENBACH, 1852 (=1853). (Hypothetical subgenus.)
Capnopicus Bonaparte, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, May, 1854, p. 125, is earlier,
and valid.)
1 Exclusive of those of Rafinesque, “ Analyse,’’ 1815 (listed in Auk, 1909, pp. 52-55); Leach, 1816; Hodg-
son (in Gray’s Zoological Miscellany, 1844), and a few others. Names from Bonaparte’s ‘‘Conspectus
Systematis Ornithologie,” published in Annales Sci. Nat. (Zoologie), sér. 4, vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 3, 1854,
pp. 105-152, are included, as some of them were first published elsewhere, and nearly all of the others are
nomina nuda. The Nos. 2 and 3 of the “Annales” were received by the Paris Academy of Sciences on
May 15 and June 26, 1854 rrespectively. The dates of receipt of the successive numbers for several years indi-
eates that they were far behind their ostensible dates of publication. On this point a statementin the Nat.
Hist. Review, vol. 3, 1856, ‘‘ Notices,”’ p. 22 (note) is ofinterest: ‘‘These Annals appear usually about half a
year after the nominal date on title-page; which must be borne in mind in any question that may arise as
to priority.”
Completeness is not claimed for this list, but it is sufficiently full to be worthy of insertion here. The
supposed earliest date of validity of many of the names is added.
570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEU4. VOL. 53.
Ceratozymna Bonaparte, 1854. (Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, August, 1854, p. 312, is
valid.)
Chalcurus BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 103.)
Charidhylas Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 52.)
Cheniscus ‘‘Brooxs’ Mss.”’ STEPHENS, 1826.
Chlamidochen Bonaparre, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 122, in synonymy.)
Choriotis Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 109.)
Cinclops BONAPARTE, 1854.
Clymenius Kaup, 1829. (Hypothetical genus.)
Collurisoma Swarnson, 1831 (1832). (Lapsus for Colluricincla?)
Cora ‘“‘Rercu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Cordylus [=Cordylis] Bonaparte, 1849 (1850).
Coturnicops BonaraRrre, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 120.)
Creagrus BoNnaparTE, 1854. (Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 213.)
Criniger TeEMMINCK, 1820.
Cyanopogon ‘‘ReicuH.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Dasornis OwENn, 1869. (Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 7, pt. 2, 1870, p. 145.)
Delphinella ‘‘ReicH.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Derbyomiya BonapaRrTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 142, where Derbyo-
myia. )
Dromornis OwEN, 1872. (Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1873, p. 381.)
Elisa ‘‘Reicu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Exetastus BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 2, 1860, p. 83,
where Hvxetastes.)
Galachrysia BoNAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 111.)
Gallinulopha Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 121, in synonymy.)
Garrulina Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 148.)
Gorsakius Bonaparte, 1854.2. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 114, where Goisakius.)
Granativora Bonaparte, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 79.)
Gymnopithys ‘‘Scnrrr’”’ BONAPARTE, 1854.3
Hoplopterus BoNApPaARrTE, 1831 (1832). (Gray List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 84.)
Houbara BonaParTE, 1831 (1832). (Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 83.)
Hydrozetetes ‘‘Scuirr’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Hylocharis MULiEr, 1835 (1836).
Hylocharis BoNAParRTE, 1854.
Hylophila MULLER, 1835 (1836).
Hyloterpe CaBANIS, 1847.
Ichthiyaetus LAFRESNAYE, 1839.4
Iliolopha BonaparTE, 1854. (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 278.)
Kaupornis BONAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
1A diagnosis is given, but no species is assigned to the genus, so the name is unidentifiable at this point.
Criniger next appears on the cover of livraison 15 of the Planches Colori¢es, 1821, in explanation of plate 88
( Criniger barbatus Temminck). Trichophorus occurs in the text to the same plate, issued with livraison 21,
published in April, 1822. The name Criniger is therefore citable from livraison 15, October, 1821, while
Trichophorus dates from livraison 21, April, 1822. The date for Trichophorus cited by H. C. Oberholser
(Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Quarterly Issue, vol. 48, pt. 2, 1905, p. 150) is erroneous, owing to his having
overlooked the fact that the text for the first 20 livraisons was issued with the twenty-first one.
2 If Bonaparte’s Conspectus, vol. 2, p. 138, is accepted from 1854, the genus will stand as Gorsachius.
3 Gymnopithys is available from Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 2, 1857, p. 35, where used for
**Gymnopithys pectoralis, Schiff, ex Lath.’ (= Turdus pectoralis Latham].
4 Lesson (Echo du Monde Savant, sér. 2, vol. 8, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1843, col. 14) says “ Icthyaétus’”’ Lafresnaye is
a “nom usité en 1829 par Kaup.” For this reason he renamed it Jcthyophaga, with “ Icthyiophaga”’ javana
Lesson (new name for Falco ichthyxtus Horsfield) as the only species. In the same year Lafresnaye (Dict.
Univ. Hist. Nat., vol. 2, 1843, p. 432) validated the name, as “‘ Jchthyetus,” with I. jokowuru Lafresnaye (new
name for Falco ichthyztus Horsfield) as the type. Jcthyophaga Lesson, 1843, should replace Poliaétus (or
Polioaétus) Kaup, 1847 (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 1903, p. 492).
no. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 571
Laterallus BonAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 120.)
Licornis BonApARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 121.)
Luciania ‘‘ Reicu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Megabias ‘‘ VerREAUX’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Melopyrrha Bonaparte, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 82.)
Mosqueria ‘‘Reicn.’’ BoNAPARTE, 1854.
Myiocapta ‘‘Scurrr”’ BONAPARTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Myiodynastes Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 2,
1857, p. 35.)
Myiozeta ‘“‘Scuirr”’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 46,
as Myiozetetes.)
Naburupus Bonaparre, May, 1854.!
Neornis Hartiaus, 1846. (Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 3, 1849, App., p. 17.)
Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte, 1854. (Rivista Contemp., vol. 9, 1857, p. 215.)
Nyctiprogne Bonaparre, 1854. (Rivista Contemp., vol. 9, 1857, p. 215.)
Onychospina BonaprarreE, 1853. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 79.)
Orbignesius BoNAPARTE, 1855.?
Oritiscus Bonaparre, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 144.)
Orosterops Bonaparte, 1854. (Valid as Oreosterops, Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus,
vol. 38, February, 1854, p. 264.)
Pipromorpha ‘‘Scuirr’”’ BonaParTE, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Platypsaris Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146? or Sclater, Proc
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 72.)
Primolius Bonaparte, [March,] 1857. (Bonaparte, April, 1857.)
Ptenornis SEELEY, 1866.
Pteroclurus Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, vol. 42, 1856, p. 880.)
Ptilosclera BoNAPARTE, March, 1857. (See beyond, p. 619.)
Rabdoglaux Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. Zool., sér. 2, vol. 6, for
October, 1854, p. 543, where Rhabdoglauz.)
Ramphiculus Bonaparte, 1854. (Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, vol. 39, November,
1854, p. 878.)
Sayornis Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 146.)
Sericoptila ‘‘Scuirr’’ Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 145.)
Spizastur Lesson, 1839. (Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 3.)
Stiltia Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p. 111.)
Stokoesiella “‘ Reicu.’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Struthionanax ReicHENBACH, 1852 (1853). (Hypothetical subgenus.)
Struthiopappus RetcHENBACcH, 1852 (1853). (Hypothetical subgenus.)
Syrichta Bonaparte, 1854.3
Thaumasioptera ‘‘Scuirr’’ BONAPARTE, 1854.
Urubitinga Lesson, 1839. (Lafresnaye, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., vol. 2, 1843, p. 786.)
Ypophzena [=Ypophza] Bonaparre, 1854. (Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 1861, p. 91.)
Ypophaia Bonaparte, 1854. (Gray, Hand-List, vol. 2, 1870, p. 78, equivalent to
Ypophexa.)
1 This is really an emendation of Nabouroupus Bonaparte (Notes Coll. Delattre, April, 1854, p. 8).
* Bonaparte does not seem to have reverted to this name again, but Gray (Cat. Gen. Birds, 1855, p.
147) mentioned it, coupled with the specific name “typus.’’ Possibly it is equivalent to the genus Cusi-
ornis “ Bonap.” Des Murs, 1855 (type, C. typus “Bonap.’’ Des Murs), a member of the Cotingidae.
5 Syrichta (under the spelling “Syrichtha’’) is used by Bonaparte in Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 2,
1857, p. 36, for “Syrichtha curtipes, Bp.ex Sw.’’ [= Tyrannulacurtipes Swainson]. (Refer also to Berlepsch,
Novit. Zool., vol. 15, 1908, pp. 128, 129.)
572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
VOL. 53.
NAMES CITABLE FROM LINNAEUS, SYSTEMA NATURAE, ED. 10, VOL. J,
1758, BUT QUOTED FROM LATER DATES IN THE “INDEX.”
Alauda, p. 165.
Alca, p. 130.
Alcedo, p. 115.
Anas, p. 122.
Ardea, p. 141.
Buceros, p. 104.
Caprimulgus, p. 193.
Certhia, p. 118.
Charadrius, p. 150.
Columba, p. 162.
Colymbus, p. 135 (Columbus on p. 84).
Coracias, p. 107.
Corvus, p. 105.
Crax, p. 157.
Crotophaga, p. 105.
Cuculus, p. 110.
Diomedea, p. 132.
Emberiza, p. 176.
Falco, p. 88.
Fringilla, p. 179.
Fulica, p. 152.
Gracula, p. 108.
Hematopus, p. 152.
Hirundo, p. 191.
Jynx, p. 112.
Lanius, p. 93.
Larus, p. 136.
Loxia, p. 171.
Meleagris, p. 156.
Mergus, p. 129.
Merops, p. 117.
Motacilla, p. 184.
NAMES CITABLE FROM LINNAEUS, MUSEUM ADOLPHI FRIDERICI, II,
1764.}
Numida, p. 27.
Pipra, p. 32.
| Mycteria, p. 140.
Otis, p. 154.
Paradisza, p. 110 (Paradisea on p. 83).
Parus, p. 189.
Pavo, p. 156.
Pelecanus, p. 132.
Phaéthon, p. 134.
Phasianus, p. 158.
Phoenicopterus, p. 139.
Picus, p. 112.
Platalea, p. 139.
Procellaria, p. 131.
Psittacus, p. 96.
Psophia, p. 154.
Rallus, p. 153.
Ramphastos, p. 103.
Recurvirostra, p. 151.
Rynchops, p. 138 (Rhyncops on p. 84).
Scolopax, p. 145.
Sitta, p. 115.
Sterna, p. 137.
Strix, p. 92.
Struthio, p. 155.
Sturnus, p. 167.
Tantalus, p. 140.
Tetrao, p. 159.
Tringa, p. 148.
Trochilus, p. 119.
Turdus, p. 168.
Upupa, p. 117.
| Vultur, p. 86.
Tanagra, p. 30.
NAMES CITABLE FROM LINNAEUS, SYSTEMA NATURAE, ED. 12, VOL. 1
Ampelis, p. 297.
Buphaga, p. 154 (= Buphagus Brisson,
1760).
Cancroma, p. 233.
Didus, p. 267.
1766.)
| Oriolus, p. 160.
| Ornitholithus (vol. 3, 1768, p. 157).
| Palamedea, p. 232.
| Parra, p. 259.
| Plotus, p. 218.”
1 Listed here to complete the chronology of Linnaean bird genera.
*Bucco, Muscicapa, Todus, and Trogon were adopted by Linnaeus in 1766, but date from Brisson, 1760-
—— oe ee
Oe ree a, ae
‘ek 22a
no. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 573
NAMES FROM THE ATENEO ITALIANO,' VOL. 2, NO. 8, MAY,? 1854, PP.
116-129.
(Bonaparte’s ‘‘Conspectus VoLtucrum Zy@opactyLoruM.’’S)
Apalharpactes, p. 129. | Pardipicus, p. 124.
Blythipicus, p. 124. Phrenopicus, p. 123.
Brachygalba, p. 129. Pilumnus, p. 123.
Callipicus, p. 125. Piperivorus, p. 119.*
Capnopicus, p. 125. Pipripicus, p. 123.
Cerchneipicus, p. 123. | Pituipicus, p. 126.
Chotorea, p. 127. | Pyrosterna, p. 119.
Curucujus, p. 129. | Pyrotrogon, p. 129.
Cyanops, p. 127. | Ramphomelus, p. 119.4
Duvaucelius, p. 129. Ramphoxanthus, p. 119.*
Dyctiopicus, p. 123. Reinwardtipicus, p. 122.
Eleopicus, p. 125. Temnotrogon, p. 129.
Hypopicus, p. 125. Trichopicus, p. 123.
Hypoxanthus, p. 126. Trogonurus, p. 129.
Leiopicus, p. 123. Tucaius, p. 119.
Lichtensteinipicus, p. 122. | Urogalba, p. 129.
Malherbipicus, p. 126. | Veniliornis, p. 125.
Mulleripicus, p. 122. Xantholoema, p. 127.
Nicoclarius, p. 121. | Xiphidiopicus, p. 126.
Oreskios, p. 129. | Yungipicus, p. 123.
NAMES FROM THE ATENEO ITALIANO, VOL. 2, NO. 11, AUGUST,® 1854,
PP, 311-321; NO. 12, SEPTEMBER, 1854, PP. 377-382.
(BonaPaRTE’s ‘“‘Conspectus VoLUcCRUM ANISODACTYLORUM.’’)
Aulea, p. 314. | Heteropelma, p. 314.
Ceratogymna, p. 312. Hicura, p. 315.
Ceratopipra, p. 316. Homraius, p. 312.
Cercopheena, p. 315. Tridipitta, p. 317.
Chiroprion, p. 315. Lepidothrix, p. 316.
Coraciura, p. 317. | Macheropterus, p. 316.
Corapipo, p. 316. | Melanopitta, p. 317.
Corapitta, p. 317. | Porphyrolema, p. 315.
Cyanalcyon, p. 319. | Rhabdocolius, p. 313.
Dacryophorus, p. 321]. | Schiffornis, p. 314.
Dasyncetopa, p. 316. | Streptoceryle, p. 320.
Erythropitta, p. 317. | Urica, p. 318.
Gigantipitta, p. 316. |
Heematoderus, p. 314.
Urocolius, p. 313.
1 These names, although in common use, have been cited almost invariably from the author’s repaged
separates. They are introduced here to enable writers to quote the original pagination.
2 Received by the Paris Academy of Sciences on or before June 5, 1854. |
8 The author’s edition of this paper does not correspond, page for page, with the original, and there are
some additions and omissions of specific names under certain genera.
4 Valid from Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll, Delattre, April, 1854, p. 84 (note).
5 Received by the Paris Academy of Sciences on or before Aug. 28, 1854. The ostensible date of publica-
tion of the Ateneo was the 15th of each month.
574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53,
CORRECTIONS TO THE FIRST “SUPPLEMENT”.
Arinia, p. 668. Should be Arena.!
Aspatha, p. 669. Vol. 18 should read 17.
Brachycope, p. 670. The type is Ploceus anomalus Reichenow, 1887.
Calvifrons, p. 671. This is a nomen nudum.
Erythrocnus, p. 682. Should be Erythocnus.
Meianocarbo, p. 694. Title requires correction to Bijdragen tot de Taal-Land-en
Volkenkunde van Ned.-Indié (4), vol. 7, 1883, p. 119. (Melanocarbo is a sub-
genus of Carbo.)
Paleocolymbus, p. 702. Originally misprinted Palxocolyntus.
Philomela, p. 706. The author is Link, not Linck.
Phorusrhacos, p. 706. Title should read Enum. Sist., ete.
Porphyreicephalus, p. 708. Should be Porphyreocephalus, with the title Vogelbilder
aus fernen Zonen, Lief. 6, 1880, text to plate 16.
Ptilocorys, p. 711. Title should read Magyarorszig Madarai, Fuz. 2.
CORRECTIONS TO THE SECOND “SUPPLEMENT”.
Aquilaster, p. 590. Should be Aquilastur.
Asturaétos, p. 592. Author is A. E. Brehm.
Myiornis, p. 623. Is not a subgenus of Luscarthmus, as stated.
Neospiza, p. 625. Family is Ploceidz, not Fringillide.
Stipituropsis, p. 643. Nota subgenus, as stated.
Tapera, p. 644. See beyond, p. 6235.
Xylocota, p. 648. See beyond, p. 629.
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES.
Fossil genera, as in earlier lists, are distinguished by a ft.
Acanthinotus Swarnson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 2, 1831 [—February, 1832],
p. 483.
Type, equivalent to Ozynotus? Swainson ................--- [Campephagidae.}
(See Coquus.)
Achantylops Bonaparte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February,
1857, p. 212 (p. 6 of reprint); Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49, 1914,
pp. 447-451.
Type, not mentioned;? a nomen nudum here. .............-.-- [ Micropodidae.\
Acomus REICHENBACH, Synopsis Avium, No. 3, February, 1848, [p. 5].
Type, Phosianus purpureus Gray and P. erythrophthalmus RAFFLES.
(Two alleged species=monotypy.)..............--0eeeeeeeece- [Phasianiede:
(Subgenus of Nycthemerus.)
Acrorchilus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71.
Type, Synallaris erythrops SCEATER! 2/2 0 ecko - 2b Sb ae [Furnariidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“Axpos, pointed; dpxtdos, @ wren. (Ridgway.)
1 The title of the paper is ‘‘ Description d’une espace nouvelle de Trochilidé par E. Mulsant.—Présentée
4 la Société Linnéenne de Lyon le 12 octobre 1877.”’ It is reprinted in Mulsant and Verreaux, Hist. Nat.
Ois. Mouches, vol. 4, livr. 3, 1878, pp. 193-196.
3 “We originally proposed the name Acenthinotus for this genus, but the word has been already employed
in Entomology.” ‘The first mention of the name appears to be on p. 168, with the spelling Acanthonotus,
but it is a nomen nudum there.
$ Throuzh oversight no species was included in this genus, but Gray (Hand-List, vol. 1, 1869, p. 67)
adopts “ ACANTHYLOPS, Bp. 1857” for Hemiprocne fumigata (Natterer, MS.) Streubel, and Cypselus senex
Temminck. (See also Pallenia.)
xo. 2221. LIST’ OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 575
Aédonops L. Brexum, in Baedeker, Eier der Europaeischen Voegel, Lief. 3, [1855-1858, ]
text to pl. 19, fig. 19.
Type, ‘‘Lusciniopsis fluviatilis Bp.’’ [=Sylvia fluviatilis WoLr]....- [Sylviidae.]
(Present designation.')
Aédonopsis*? (BreHm) Rey, Synon. Eur. Brutvégel und Giste, 1872, p. 164.
PPBCNGALION ‘OF ACGONO RE Tac ETCOEl oo Jans epic tae cidelc eens seenease as [Sylviidae.}
Aenopogon “Agass.’’3 Firzincer, Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Wien], vol. 46, 1
Abth., 1863, p. 196.
Type, Allotrius enobarbus TEMMINCK.............0.--20---e0ccece [Laniidae.]}
(Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Pterwthius Swainson.)
Aerodramus OseERHOLSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, July 26, 1906, p. 182.
my pe; ‘Collocalia innominaia. Hume. 23)... j.2ie sce oe no ecee cone [ Micro podidae.]
(Original designation.)
(Subgenus of Collocalia Gray.)
’Anp, aer; dpauetv, cursare. (Oberholser.)
Aétos Nirzscu, Pterylographiae Avium, Pars Prior, 1833, p. 21.
Type, “‘Aquilas et Buteones auctorum continentes’’....... ..[Buteonidae.]}
Afribyx MatHEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 41.
Me eP anelius VALenGlts A. SMITHS <2.0- 52 = oceans pes tc ceepeee { Charadriidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Africa+iBvé (ifs, the ibis). (Mathews, MS.)
Afroxyechus MarHews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 124.
ee RONAANUUS CCOLLOTIS VIEILLOT 22 rare s'-yare1inieratere hale ciaicisiecence { Charadriidae.]
(Original designation.)
Africa+Oxyechus (d¢bnxos, sharp, shrilly sounding). (Mathews, MS.)
Agreocantor MayNnarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 248.
eyes SULPICOLe KITLIANGIt DAIRD . 08> = =o o/c disie's wee wine waeie aes { Mniotiltidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(jAlabamornis* ABEL, Centralbl. fir Min., Aug. 1, 1906, pp. 456, 458.
Type, Alabamornis gigantea ABEL.}
Alcella Stone, Auk, vol. 24, April, 1907, pp. 197, 198.
ibype, Alcea ygmaed GMELIN 2220 oo) abe vaccine ene vee rac alo daets { Alcidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Simorhynchus Merrem.)
Alea, auk;+ella diminutive. (Stone.)
Alcyon ° Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 3, July, 1830, p. 240.
aipe. A lcedo' GicyOn LINNARUS: 24 <3 Jcls'< 2's o's)c ide ein Oeee eevee [Alcedinidae. }
(Tautonymy.)
Aline “ Reic#.’’ Bonaparte, Annales Sci. Nat. (Zool.), sér. 4, vol. 1, 1854, p. 137.
Type, not mentioned; ® a nomen nudum here.......-.----..--- [ Trochilidae.]
1 Lusciniola savit Bonaparte is also mentioned.
3 This preoccupies Aedonopsis Sharpe, 1883, which I now rename T'ychaédon (rixn, a chance, luck
+Aédon, an5av, nightingale), type, Cossypha signata Sundevall.
3 Aenopogon islisted by Agassiz, Index, 1846, p. 9, as a substitute for A enobarbus ‘‘Temm.,” Agassiz, 1842,
but both names are nomina nuda. Gray (Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 54) cites both terms as
synonyms of Allotrius Boie, and Fitzinger adopts Aenopogon, as above.
4 Proves to be a Zeuglodon.
5 The genus Alcyon of Lesson embraced all of the kingfishers known to him, but of his eight “sous-genre,’’
none is named Alcyon. Alcedo alcyon Linnaeus, in the second subgenus (p. 242), is the type, by taut-
onymy. Several authors have cited a genus Alcyon of Spix, quoting plate 57, fig. 2, of his Avium Species
Novae as “Alcyon tridactyla,’’ but the bird there represented is called Galbula tridactyla in the copy seen
by me.
6 See also Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 142, where listed as a doubtful synomym of Engyete
Reichenbach.
576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
Alisteranus Matuews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 433.
Type, Amadifia tincia GouLp . . 2.2.2 22 ashe nse See eee ee [Ploceidae. |
(Original designation.)
For Alister William Mathews, 1907— (Mathews, MS.)
Alisterornis MarHEews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 111.
Type, Pachycephala lanioides buchanani MaTHEWS......-........[ Muscicapidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.) :
For Alister William Mathews, 1907- (Mathews, MS.)
Alisterus MatHEews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 1, June 17, 1911, p. 13.
Type; Psitiacus cyanopygquis VIEmLor...... 27... 2-22 cose see { Cacatoidae. |
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Alister William Mathews, 1907- (Mathews, MS.)
Alophus MaLHERBE, Monogr. Picidées, vol. 1, 1861 [=1860], p. 47.
Type, Picus, gutturalis VALENCIENNES |. 2.5.2505.< 25+ cecenne «eee [Picidae. |
(Present designation.)
(Section of Dryopicos Malherbe.)
Alphachlamydera Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914,
p. 112.
Type, Chlamydera cerviniventris GOULD. ...-...----------- | Ptilonorhynchidae.]
(Original designation.)
"Adoa, first-+ Chlamydera (xraubs (xdapuvi-), mantle; dépn, neck). (Mathews, MS.)
Alphacincla MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 110.
Type, Collurieincla woodwardt HARTERT........------------<:--- [Prionopidae.]}
(Original designation.)
“Aroa, first; xiy«Aos, a kind of bird. (Mathews, MS.)
Alphagygis Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 110.
Substitute name for Gygis Wagler, 1832 (preoccupied by Gyges ae de St. Vin-
Gent, A829). wein.s ahr od netes eee ees Scie cei ese eee [Laridae.]
"Adoa., GPS tas (vbvns, a fabulous bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Alphapuffinus Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 110.
Type, Puffinus assimilis GOULD. ...-. sein cine sas tees aos ae eee [Paffinidae.|
(Original designation.)
“Adoa, first+Puffinus. (Mathews, MS.)
Alphaturnia Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112.
ype, Hemipodiie velox. GOULD. - 8.2 ao. cl oe ee See [ Turnicidae.|
(Original designation and monotypy.)
"Aroa, first-+ Turnix (contraction of coturniz, a quail). (Mathews, MS.)
Amazilina EupEs-DEstonecHAmMps, Annuaire Musée Hist. Nat. Caen, vol. 1, ‘‘An-
née 1880,’’ pp. 391, 405.
Tyne, Lrochtlus fuscicaudaia FRASER. 0. oc) cesne ons owe scceeaea [ Trochilidae. |
(Monotypy.)
(A section of Amazilis.)
Amimeta Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 63.
New name for Mimeta Vigors and Horsfield, 1827 (not Afimetes Eschscholtz, 1818).
[Oriolidae.}
"A, without+ Mimeta (utunrjs. an imitator). (Mathews, MS.)
1 There are three crestless Asiatic species in the second section of Malherbe’s genus Dryopicos, Picus
gutturalis Valenciennes, P. fulvuus Quoy and Gaimard, and P. funebris Valenciennes. The first may be
regarded as the type, making Alophus asynonym of Mulleripicus Bonaparte, 1854. It is also preoccupied
by Alophus Schénherr, 1826.
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 577%
Amirafra Branca, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 25, No. 1-2, Jan-
uary, 1907, p. 12.
pe Mirai COUOrIE, DETAR BE petits aja jeisiaie a/cieidiviaieis pins sim ninja [Alaudidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Mirajfra.)
Amoropsittaca RicumMonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p. 183.
eypes Arana aymare 1) ORBIGNY an ./ansin aslcisia's'o =[biele'a 3,022 siawsie oe [ Psitlacidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
*Auopos, unlucky; yirraxn, a parrot.
Ampeleia REICHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 61, Heft 3, July, 1913, p. 555.
Type, Ampelis cinctus! TscHupi (=Colinga tschudit GrayY)..-.-.- { Cotingidae.]
(Monotypy.)
yAmphiserpentarius Gam.arp, Annales Univ. Lyon, nouv. sér., vol. 1, Sciences,
Médecine, fasc. 23, 1908, p. 44.
Type, Amphiserpentarius schlosseri GAILLARD........-.++-+20+- [Sagittariidae.?]
(Monotypy.)
Anabatoides Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Ois., vol. 3, [1853], pp. 144,
145, fig. 148.
Type, ‘‘Anabatoides fuscus, Vir1tLot” [=Sitta fusca VIEILLOT}. ..[Furnariidae.]}
(Present? * designation.)
Angroyan ‘‘Temminck”’ Int1cer, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Phys. K1.), 1812-13,
1816, p. 231; MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914,
page:
FEU De. Orie CHINO PLT, LATHAM (53 oro. nae sinie 210,050 gawisiges sein en(e,ss 4 [Artamidae.}
(Monotypy.)
(See also Pseudartamus Mathews, 1912.)
Anomalopterus ‘“‘Schiff.?’? Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 50.
Cited as asynonym of Mionectes CABANIS, 1844.............-.. [ Tyrannidae.}
Anousella MaTHEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, p. 412.
Type, Anous leucocapillus GoULD=A. minutus BOIE......-.-------. [Laridae.]}
(Original designation.)
Anous (avovs, foolish)+ella. (Mathews, MS.)
Anteliotringa MaTHEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 274.
Type, Totanus tenuirostris HORSFIELD..........---2+-+-+2-20-00- [Scolopacidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
’Avrjdwos, eastern+ Tringa (rptyvas, a kind of bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Antiurus Rineway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 98.
Type, Stenopsis maculicaudus LAWRENCE.....--..-----+-000- [Caprimulgidae.]}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“Avruos, different; ovpa, tail. (Ridgway.)
Anurophasis VAN Oort, Notes Leyden Museum, vol. 32, No. 4, Dec. 30, 1910, p. 211.
Type, Anurophasis monorthonyx VAN OorT..........-.------- [Phasianidue?*]
(Monotypy.)
1A mpelis cinctus Tschudi, 1843, is preoccupied by Ampelis cincta Kuhl, 1820.
2 See note under Sagi/tarius.
8 Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 30, quotes Anabajoides as a synonym of Anabazenops
Lafresnaye, the type of which he gives as Sitfa fusea Vicillot. This is the first (and figured) species
mentioned by Des Murs under Anabatoides.
4“ Nov. gen. Gallidarum.”
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 58—17-——37
578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Apterornis Se_ys-LoneccHamps, Revue Zool., vol. 11, for October, 1848, p. 293.
Type, Apterornis:solitarius SELYS. «00.0 020c0sccpaencwanesas tame [Raphidae?}
(Subsequent designation, Gray, 1855.)
Ardeotis ‘‘Is. Geoffroy’? Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1853, p. 340.
Type, Otis arabs ‘‘Gmelin” [=Linnaeus, 1758] ..........--...-...- [Otididae.}
(Monotypy.)
‘* Héron (Ardea) et |’Outarde (Otis).’’ (Le Maout.)
Arfakornis MaTHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 61.
Substitute name for Microlestes MEYER, 1884 (preoccupied).
Type, Microlestes arfakianus MEYER............--.2.---2--00- [ Muscicapidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Arfak (mountains, New Guinea)+épms, a bird. (Mathews, MS.)
Argala T. Brown, Zoologist’s Text-Book, vol. 1, 1832,' p. 252, pl. 62, fig. 1.
Type, Argala gigantea Brown [=Ardea gigantea ForstTER, 1795?]..[ Ciconiidae.]}
(Monotypy.)
Ariadne? A. Newron, Ibis, vol. 3, No. 9, January, 1867, p. 128.
Substitute for Ariana Mulsant and Verreaux...............----- [ Trochilidae. |
Ashbyia Norta, Agric. Gazette New South Wales, vol. 22, pt. 3, March, 1911, p. 211;
MatuHews, Emu, vol. 12, 1913, pl. E.
‘Lype, ue phihianura lovensts ASHBY. icc cs «cise «cecilia sae sanuies sxeseee [ Turdidae.]}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Edwin Ashby. (North.)
Atalolestris Matnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, p. 500.
Type, Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILLOT. ........-22--+2--20-- [Stercorariidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Stercorarius.)
*Aranés, delicate-+ Lestris (Anerpis, piratical.) (Mathews, MS.)
Aurepthianura MatHews, Emu, vol. 12, pt. 3, Jan. 1, 1913, p. 205.
Type, Eptiianura aurifjrons GOULD! ..2- 02252 -0.0.n2 52 secre ees eee [ Turdidae.
(Subsequent designation, Mathews, 1913.)
Aureus, golden+ Epthianura (ép0és, dressed; ovp4, tail). (Mathews, MS.)
Austranthus Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 7, Jan. 28, 1915, p. 123.
Type, Anthus australis. VIEILOT 2) jc55c,0% «5:00 0cis's ma ee samen eee { Motacillidae.
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Australis, southern+ Anthus (av90s, asmall bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Austrartamus MaTHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114.
Type; Artemis melanops GOULD 25 sac 32 cichewek neces seek see [Artamidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Australis, sowthern+ Artamus (aprayos, a butcher). (Mathews, MS.)
Austrodiceum MaTHEws, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60.
Type, Motacilia hirundimacea (SHAW. .u..< 2 « Gray, Genera Birds, vol. 3, 1849 [April, 1847], pp.
565, 566.
Type, [bis carunculata RUpreiiin. 2.0). 222 54st seeeeae [ Threskiornithidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
{Botauroides SHuretpt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. 19, February,
1915, p. 33.
Type, Botauroides porvus SHUFELDT......2./ + 2s ees [Anatidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Olor Wagler, 1832.)
Kiayyn, clangor; xixvos, cygnus. (Oberholser.)
Colcloughia MatHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112.
Type, Hemipodius melanogaster GOULD.....-.....-------+e--ee- [ Turnicidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For M. J. Colclough. (Mathews, MS.)
Coleia MaTHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 116.
Type, Merops carunculatus LATHAM. ..< sciag ~2= ain 6 oes ate eee [ Meliphagidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For C. F. Cole. (Mathews, MS.)
Ko. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICUMOND. 585
Colombpicus MaLnerBE, Nouv. Classif. Picinées,' 1850, p. 45.
Type, Picus dominicensis VIEILLOT.......----+--++2eeeseeeeeeeeeeees [Picidae.]
(Monotypy.)
(See also Leucopicus.)
Colonia? J. E. Gray, in Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. 6, ‘'1829,’’ p. 336.
Type, Muscicapa colonus VIEILLOT. ..-..--2--++-e+--+--eeeeeeee [ Tyrannidae.]
(Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Muscipeta Cuvier.)
Columbigallus ‘‘auct.’? SrREUBEL, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 3, vol.
17, 1842, p. 94.
Type, ‘‘Columbicrax Le Vaill. (Col. carunculata).’’. .....-....-- [Columbidae.}
(Monotypy.)
Compsothraupis Ricumonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, Nov. 29, 1915, p.
180. New name for Lamprotes SwAInson, 1837 (not of R. L., 1817).
Type, Tanagra loricata LICHTENSTEIN......-.-+-+---+2ee+ee ree { Tangaridae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Kopyés, elegant; Qeavrls, a small bird. (Richmond.)
Conigravea Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59.
Type, Colluricincla parvula conigravi MATHEWS.....--.--------- [Prionopidae.]}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For William Price Conigrave. (Mathews, MS.)
Coquus W. L. Scrarer, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 2, No. 1, January, 1914, p. 174.
New name for Oxynotus SwaAINsoN, preoccupied.......-..--.-- [ Campephagidae.}
Type, Lanius rufiventer SWAINSON.
(Original designation.)
(See also Acanthinotus.)
Coquus=a cook (native name ‘“‘cusenier”). (Sclater.)
Coragyps ‘‘Isid. Geoffroy”? Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1853, pp. 57, 66.
Type, Vultur alratus WISON....-.-.-0-2 200-2 --2 ccc esenn-s { Vulturidae.}
(Monotypy.) ,
Corinnes ‘“‘ Less. 1832” Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 21.
Type, “‘ Trochilus mesoleucus, Valen.” ......-..--2++-+++0-2-++e22- [ Trochilidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Cormoranus Barton, Mém. Soc. roy. d’Emul. d’Abbeville, [sér. 2, vol. 1,] 1833
[1834?], p. 76, note.
Type, Pelecanus carbo LINNAEUS........-.-..-+++-+--++----[Phalacrocoracidae.]
(Subsequent designation; Mathews, 1913.)
Comix Kortrreuten,4 Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop., vol. 11, 1767, p. 435,
pllapiie.,7:
Type, ‘‘Cornizx atra; capite, collo pectoreque, flauis”.....-.--- [Incertae sedis.}
(Monotypy.)
1 This is a repaged edition of the author’s 1849 paper, with additions. It has no title-page, but is dated
“Metz, juillet 1850.” It is chiefly interesting through the presence of the new generic names Colombpicus
and Linneopicus, and the emendation of Madampicos to Mclanopicos. Malherbe (Monogr. Picidées, vol-
1, p. xIvii) refers to what is probably another edition in the words “dont la deuxiéme édition, publi¢e en
septembre 1850, différe par Ia transformation d’une section en un genre, par les terminations génériques
os en us, ainsi que par quelques autres additions.”
2 This antedates (and should replace) Copurus Strickland, 1841, for the same species.
8Columba carunculata Temminck is an artefact, and Levaillant called it ““Columbi-Galline,” not “C
Jumbicrax.”’
4 Koelreuter is binary, but not binomial, in this paper.
586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 53.
Coryphotriccus Rineway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, Sept. 6, 1906, p. 115.
Type, Pitangus albovittatus LAWRENCE...........-22+0ese-22eece: [ Tyrannidae.)}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Kopv¢7, the crown; rpixxos, a small bird. (Ridgway.)
Corytholaea Heucuin, Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s, vol. 1, Abth. 1, 1869, p. 315.
‘Type, Sylvia rup peli TRMMINGE cies Jao 52 0- lok os cce seek eae cee [Sylviidae.]
(Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Sylvia.)
Cossyphus ‘‘Cuvier” Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 29, 1823, pp. 260, 261.
‘Type, Paradisca trisiie LINNABUS"<.oc..i2. a<0.55, je oeainena ss ees [Anutidae.}
(Monotypy.)
Cyanocorvus* ‘‘Dubus” Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 148.
‘Dupe, “Cuanocarius wiolacens DOB US) 22.0. ae ee eee es ee [Corvidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Cyanolemus Sronez, Auk, vol. 24, No. 2, April, 1907, pp. 196, 197.
Type, Ornismya clemencix' LESSON <2 Y.2202 2. 6s ee 2 oe 2 55h See [ Trochilidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Kvaveos, blue; Aatuds, throat. (Stone.)
1 Ten species are enumerated. Gray (1840, 1841, 1855, 1869) has synonymized it under Acridotheres in
his several works, and the type species (the first mentioned by Dumont) may stand as above.
3 Coturniz novae-zelandiae Quoy and Gaimardalso is included in this group, but with a query. Crypto-
plectron should replace Microperdiz Gould, 1862.
3—Promerops caeruleus Shaw? Ifso, a fictitious bird.
* Probably a lapsus for Cyanocorar, but it is adopted by Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. 46, Abth. 1, 1863, p. 208), as a subgenus of Cyanurus Swainson. Fitzinger’s paper is based largely
upon Gray’s Catalogue of 1855, and follows the misspellings of the latter very closely.
Eth BNE RES
wo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 587
Cyanonympha OLERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, No. 1803, Feb. 25, 1911,
p. 587.
Type, Hypothymis superciliaris SHARPE.......---------++++-:- [ Muscicapidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Kvavos, cyanos; viuey, nympha. (Oberholser.)
Cyanophasis Bururtin, NaSa ochota, Decemher, 1908, pp. 33, 35.
Type, Calophasis mikado OatLvIE-GRANT.........---------+-+-- [Phasianidae.]
(Original? designation and monotypy.)
Cygnus Bartram,! Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. —— (London, ed., 1792,
p. 292), nomen nudum; ZIMMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-
Karolina, 1793, p. 291.
Type, “Cygnus ferus Linn. The wild swane... (Seligm. Cat. IV. T
BAD Prost ionet ss Stee ee ee a waemnds Jz. sek ewats sidee eee [ Anatidae. |
(Monotypy.)
¢Cypselavus Gairtarp, Annales Univ. Lyon, nouv. sér., Sciences, Médecine, fasc.
23, 1908, p. 63.
Type, Cypselavus gallicus GAILLARD © oo... .0s6cc00senasencccss [Incertae sedis.}
(Monotypy.)
Dicrorhynchus CarrikerR, Annals Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 2-4, Aug. 29 [=Sept.
7], 1910, p. 571.
VBC LeMagunons (LONicte SLATER . 2.7 scico- as «see sss so< sees el [Capitonidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Alxpoos, bifurcate; pbyxos, bill. (Carriker.)
Diomedella Matuews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912, p. 275.
Eeyipe:-Diomeded cauta GOULD. .....0. 05-505 «s5<5%05 <.
3 Hzmatena occurs in the ‘‘Conspectus Generum Columbarum” (or p. [8] of the preliminary text
matter), issued in livraison 6, and therefore an emendation of Hematena. This name was overlooked
by Elliot, in his monograph of the genus Ptilopus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, pp. 5C0-576), and by
Salvadori, in his account of the Pigeons (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 21, 1893), but is listed under the
emended spelling by Waterhouse. It will replace Spilotreron Salvadori, 1882.
3 The plate was never published.
¢ Apparently an unintentional emendation of Himantornis Hartlaub. The latter named a bird Himan-
tornis haematopus, which Schlegel here calls Haematornis himantopus. Tho name is correctly quoted
Op. 481.
8 Corrected to Hapalorhynchus, Reichenow, Journ. ftir Orn., 1914, p. 292.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol. 53—17 38
594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vow. 53:
Harriwhitea Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 109.
Type, Menura alberti BONAPARTE. <2. .~-52525sves- 25k ee eee eee [ Menuridae .
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Henry Luke White, 1861- (Mathews, MS.)
Hebe Suuretnt, Journal of Geology, vol. 21, No. 7, October-November, 1913, p. 644.]}
Type, Hebe schucherit SHUFELDT 2 5 «onc ewerisjanca Seales tat Sonal oe [Incertae sedis.*}
(Monotypy.)
Hebe, ‘‘the goddess of youth and spring of Greek mythology.’’ (Shufeldt.)
Helenegialus Marnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, p. 114.
Type, Mgialitis sanctx-helene HARTING..........-..20---0-0--00- [ Charadriidae.}
(Original designation.)
(Subgenus of Leucopolius BONAPARTE.)
St. Helena (island)+ Aegialus (aiysadés, beach, seashore). (Mathews, MS.)
Heliospiza GuNNING, Journal S. African Orn. Union, vol. 3, No. 2, December, 1907,
p. 209.
Type, Heliospiza noomexe GUNNING.....-.---.---0222 eee eee e ences [Ploceidae.?}
(Monotypy.)
Hellmayria Pocue, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 27, No. 16/17, May 3, 1904, p. 502.
New name for Pyrrhocorar ViE1LLOT, 1816 (not of MoEBRING, 1758)... -[Corvidae.]}
For Carl Eduard Hellmayr. (Poche.)
Hemicecrops Bonaparte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, Feb
ruary, 1857, p. 210 (p. 4 of reprint); Satvaporr, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
vol. 49, 1914, pp. 447-451.
Type, Hirundo dimidiata SUNDEVALL........-..--.---+---0---- [ Mirundinidae.}
(Subsequent designation, Sharpe, 1885?)
Hemiellisia Neumann, Novit. Zool., vol. 15, No. 1, June 25, 1908, p. 245.
Type, Calamoherpe newtont HARTLAUB.........----22-0---2-200-0-s [Sylviidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Hemigarzetia Matnews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 6, June 25, 1914, p. 448.
‘Lype; Herodias evulophotes SWINHOR 2.5 2<.cenetes qaek nes bdeetetee [Ardeidae.}
(Monotypy.)
“Hycous(jut—-), half+Garzetta (Italian garzetta, dim. of garza, a white heron).
(Mathews, MS.)
Hemiptilotis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 127.
New name for Trichodere NortuH, 1912 (not Trichoderes GMELIN,
TSAS ose OO, SR Se De ee) ee ae a { Meliphagidae.}
*“Hycous(jui—-), half+Ptilotis (rridtov, feather; ots,m7és, ear). Mathews, MS.)
Hemipuffiinus Irepane, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 1, Aug. 2, 1915, p. 20.
Type, Pujinus carneipes GOULD. so. 20 o 8 cee eis Coe eo cae aca [Puffinidae. }
(Monotypy.)
Hemisula Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 55.
Type, Sula leucogasier rogersi: MATHEWS. «2. wc ccse sss 6 sacs oe Saiss sae [Sulidae.]*
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“Hycovs (7uc—), half+-Sula. (Mathews, MS.)
Hemitarsus ‘“‘Sw.’’ Bonaparte, Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 263.
Cited-as'a synonyni of Pycnonotus * Kathl 280-22 Sees os [Pycnonofidae.]}
1 Thought to be related to the Ptcroptochidae.
3*‘Fringllidae” according to Gunning, but it has s spurious primary, and is said to be related to
Anomalospiza.
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 595
Heteromirafra C. H. B. Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 31, No. 189, July 10, 1913,
p. ll4.
New name for Heteronyx GRANT, 1908 (preoccupied)...........-- [Alaudidae.]
Heteromunia Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60.
ype, Amadina pectoralis GOULDeaere t=. 2 oe Sia se Oo Seeds [Ploceidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“Erepos, different-+ Munia (a native Indian name). (Mathews, MS.)
Heteronyxs C. H. B. Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 21, No. 144, July 1, 1908,
p. 111.
Pypes, Heteronyx ruddy GRANT e 2 seo ces caciatals [Scolopacidae. |
(Monotypy.)
‘Ouds, the same, like-+Scolopax (cxoddoraé, a large, snipe-like bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Howeavis, Matnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. I, No. 5, Dec: 24, 1912, p. 111.
EV PG ReMASCICE DOT Ui {TONS LATHAM | os «cin « ninin.c:a'o, 0 cine sincwcies [ Muscica pidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Frank Emest Howe. (Mathews, MS.)
Hytobrontes Srone, Auk, vol. 24, No. 2, April, 1907, p. 198.
EV PIC RS LeLLaG UNLUClLiUs LINNAEUS. 0% «2 cas Secs sic « cig.eicie nine meee nce [ Tetraonidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“Tn, wood, woodland; Spdév7ns, a thunderer. (Stone.)
Hyloctistes Rrncway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 72.
ype, Philydor virgatiis LAWRENCE... .....0-.242 0c acs. cce=e: [Furnartidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
"TAn, a wood, forest; xriorns, a settler. (Ridgway.)
Hylopezus Rrocway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71.
Tvpe, Grallaria perspicillata LAWRENCE........-.-------+--+-- [ Formicariidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“TAn, a wood, forest; wefés, walking. (Ridgway.)
Hylophylax Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 70.
Type, Conopophaga nxvioides LAFRESNAYE......-.....------ [Formicariidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“YAn, a wood, forest; ¢i\at, a watcher, guard, sentinel. (Ridgway.)
Hyloscopus ! CaBanis and Jeter, Mus. Heineanum, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1863, p. 75.
EV PGs cn ALUS NULL, GAMBEM ake sree atte Mana. dino o cesees shes sens [Picidae. ]
(Monotypy.)
Hylospingus Netson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol C0, No. 3, Sept. 27, 1912, p. 18.
Type, ITylospingus inornatus NELSON .............---22-e-e000- [ Fringillidae. }
(Monotypy.)
*TAn=forest, oriyyos=a small bird. (Nelson.)
Hypaétos ? “‘Geoffr.’’ Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 4.
Cited as a doubtful synonym of Spilornis................-.-2--0- [Buteonidae. }
1 Not used here; cited in synonymy of Dictyopipo nuttalli.
* Written Hypaétus in 1855 (Cat. Gen. and Cubgen. Birds, p. 4).
596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 53
Hyphantornis! Gray, Genera of Birds, vol. 1, pt. 1, May, 1844, p. [1] of Ploceinae.
Type, Hyphantornis grandis GRAY.......-.--- eee oan eee [Ploceidae.]
(Present designation.)?
Hyponectes SunpDEvVALt, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 5, Heft 4, 1857, p. 251.
Substitute name for Spheniscus BRISSON........-------------- [Spheniscidae. }
‘Trovew, aquam subeo. (Sundevall.)
Ibilophus ‘‘Lesson” Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, vol. 43, No. 21, November,
1856, p. 993.
Equivalent to Lophotibis REICHENBACH, 1853..........--.. [ Threskiornithidae.]}
Ibis LackeEpE, Tableau Oiseaux, 1799, p. 18; MatrHews, Auk, vol. 30, 1913, pp.
92-95.
Type, Ibis candidus Daupin [= Tantalus ibis LINNAEUS] 3... .....[Ciconiidae.]
(Tautonymy, and subsequent designation, Mathews, 1913.)
(See also Dipluravis.)
Ictiniastur Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 5, pt. 1, Nov. 5, 1915, p. 146.
Type, ‘Milvus spheniurus VYEILLOT.. << 2<0 - <0 oso eens oe eee [Buteonidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Haliastur.)
Tctinia (ixrivos, a kite)+ Astur (astur, a kind of hawk). (Mathews, MS.)
Idioptilon Beriepscn, Proc. Fourth Intern. Orn. Congress (Ornis, XIV), Feb., 1907,
p. 356.
Type, Idioptilon rothschildi BERLEPSCH......-... sieisieve eines o'aip's mis oie ROE eee
(Original designation and monotypy.)
“Idtos=singularis; rrikov=ala. (Berlepsch.)
Inezia CuHERRIE, Mus. Brooklyn Inst., Sci. Bull., vol. 1, No. 16, June 30, 1909, p. 390.
Type, Capsiempis caudata SALVIN........- smn doac smpinse eS aes Shame Lemntadeed
(Original designation.)
For Enriqueta Inez Cherrie, 1898- —_ (Cherrie.)
Iredaleornis MatrHeEws, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 127.
New name for Heteromyias SHarpPeE, 1879 (not Heteromyia Say, 1825).
[ Muscicapidae.]
For Tom Iredale, 1880- (Mathews, MS.)
Irediparra MaTHEws, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 1, June 17, 1911, p. 7.
Type, Parra gallinacea TEMMINGK 6 ooo) od oh ob Sena see .----[Jacanidae.]
(Original designation.)
1 Hyphantiornis, and also Chera, are now invariably quoted as dating from 1849, although duly recorded
by A. Wagner in his report on ornithology for 1844 (Archiv Naturgesch., 1845, vol. 2, p. 52). Oneor both
names were mentioned by Riippell (Syst. Ucb. Végel Nord-Ost-A frika’s, 1845, p. 67) and Cabanis (Archiv
Naturgesch., 1847, vol. 1, p. 331) before 1849, but a recent author has argued that Riippell’s work could not
have been published in 1845, owing to the mention of Cherainit! The facts areas follows: Part I of Gray’s
work, issued in May, 1844, included (among other subjects) four unnumbered pages of Ploceinae, where
the genera Chera and Hyphantornis are duly proposed. In part 47, March, 1849, he issued a revised edition
of the Ploceinae, extended to six pages, and to insure this and two or more similar revised sheets being
preserved by the binder, he indicated in the table of contents those to be retained. The original sheet ,
dated ‘‘ May, 1844,”’ was therefore carefully eliminated in binding.
2 The original Hyphantornis contains 28 species, the second edition 33. Nos. 1 to 9 are the same in both
editions, but No. 10 (‘‘H. personata (Swains.)’’) is missing in the substituted text of 1849. Nos. 11 to 28
of the original text are the same as Nos. 10 to 27 of 1849. Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 13, 1890, p.
437) gives the type of the genus as Oriolus cucullatus Miiller (O. tertor Gmelin), which is the first species
but Gray (Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 70) designates ‘‘ Ploceus grandis, Vicill.” as the type of
Hyphantornis “‘G. R. Gr. 1849.” The name grandis appears to have been first introduced by Gray, 1844
and not by Vieillot. In view of the several irregularities connected with the case, I designate Hyphan
tornis grandis Gray as the type of Hyphentornis Gray, 1844.
2 See Mathews, Auk, vol. 3), 1913, pp. 92-95, for further details. Jbis will replace Pseudotantalus Ridge
way,1883,
Ko. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 597
Jabiru “Vicillot” Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 20, 1821, p. 278.
Type, Ardea dubia GMELIN, ‘‘et au jabiru argala de M. Vieillot.’"? [Ciconiidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Jabiru Hetumayr, Abh. k. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. (II Kl.), vol. 22, Abth. 3, May 20,
1906, p. 711.
Type, Ciconia mycteria LICHTENSTEIN......-+2-seeeeeseceseeseeee [Ciconiidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Jambotreron “‘Pr. B. 1854,” ? Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 97.
Type, Columba jambu GMELIN. . 52.2. << ce cccasacccencesscccessee [ Treronidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Karua Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59.
Type, Campephaja leucomela Vicors and HoRSFIELD........ [Cam pephagidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Karu, an aboriginal name. (Mathews, MS.)
Kempia Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 109.
Type. Merwe flavigaster GOULD S.3 2. tees ch bes Las. Saale [ Muscicapidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Robin Kemp. (Mathews, MS.)
Kempiella Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 1, Aug. 2, 1913, p. 12.
ype, Kemmella kempt MATHEWS = -5:5 5 wise cine Se kw diele eee un [ Afuscicapidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Robin Kemp-+ella. (Mathews, MS.)
Lacustroica Nortu, Victorian Naturalist, vol. 26, No. 9, Jan. 13, 1910. p. 138.
NE PL ACUsTOUCd Whe’ NORTH. .csacessse a/c cceccees cms since [ Meliphagidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Laletris ReticHENOow, Ornith. Monatsber., vol. 14, No. 5, May, 1906, p. 88.
Pype, Garrulus lanceolatus [ViGORS].22-- 5.2. . oc ace acs c sence snewlns [Corvidae.}
(Monotypy.)
Lalocitta REIcHENOW, Ornith. Monatsber., vol. 14, No. 5, May, 1906, p. 88.
Type, Garrulus lidthi [BONAPARTE].............---- Aes A een [Corvidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Lamprolophos * Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Oiseaux, vol. 3, [1853?],
pp. 91, 96.
Lyne, U pupa varia GODDAERT.2casececscscsteccecsesteesscse ces [Sturnidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Aaurpos, brilliant; Aogos, huppe. (Des Murs.)
Lanarius Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 19, 1821, p. 204.
Emendation of Lantartus VericLore =... o22 SS lead. Co ceew ec enes [Laniidae.}
Lanarius 4 “Brisson” Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, sér. 2, vol. 7, No. 25, April
2, 1843, col. 589.
Type, Lanarius vulgaris Lesson=‘‘ Falco lanarius, LATHAM’’..... [Falconidae.}
(Monotypy and tautonymy.)
1 In vol. 19, 1821, p. 302, Dumont refers to it as ‘‘mycteria argala”’ of Vieillot. I have submitted this case
to Mr. Hellmayr, who is of the opinion that Dumont’s Jabiru is not used in a systematic sense.
2 Gray, List Spec. Birds, vol. 4, Columbae, 1856, p. 2, gives the authority as “Pr. B. in litt.”
3 Lamprolophos Reichenbach, 1853, is a member of the Irrisoridae.
4 As there is some doubt concerning the identity of Falco lanarius of the older authors, Lesson’s reference
is here reprinted: ‘‘64¢ Genre: LANARIUS, Brisson, Ornith., t. 1, p. 363 (Tarses trés courts): hab. le nord de
DAsie et de l’Europe.—233. Lanarius vulgaris; Falco lanarius, Latham; le Lanier, Buff., t. 1, p. 243; Vie ill.,
Encycl., p. 1232, Faloo stellaris, Gm., Temm., Man., t. I, p. 20: hab. Asie; de passage en Pologne, Russie,
Islande, Hongie.’’
598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Leggeornis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113.
Type, Malurus lamberti Vicors and HorsFIELD............-----00- [Sylviidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For William Vincent Legge. (Mathews, MS.)
Leptonyx Swarnsoy,! Classif. Birds, vol. 2, [July,] 1837, p. 290; Animals in Menageries,
[Jan. 1,] 1838, p. 314.
Type, Leplonyx melanotis Swatnson=Emberizoides melanotis TEMMINCK.
[Fringillidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Leptophaethon MarnHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 56.
Type, Phacthon lepturus dorotheex MATHEWS...........-------- [Phaéthontidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Aerrés, delicate+ Phaéthon (@aéfwv, son of Helios). (Mathews, MS.)
Leptophaps RetcHenow, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 61, Heft 2, April, 1918, p. 401.
Type, Columba aymara Prevost and KnIp..............-.-2-+-- [Claraviidae.]}
(Monotypy.)
Leucanous Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 2, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, p. 432.
Type, Gygis microrhyncha SAUNDERSL D2 O22 oti8 ee e2 DI ees [Laridae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Aevxés, White+Anous (dvous, foolish). (Mathews, MS.)
Leucopicus ‘‘Malherbe” Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Oiseaux, vol. 1
[18532], p. 239.
Type, Picus dominicanus VIEWLOT! S02. 73s bse os Saeco cee [Picidae.]
(Monotypy.)
(See Colombpicus.)
Leucopsar StTRESEMANN, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 31, No. 181, Oct. 28, 1912, p. 4;
Novit. Zool., vol. 19, 1912, p. 374, pl. 2.
Type, Leucopsar rothschildi STRESEMANN. . 2.2. -seeeeecceseeeeees [Sturnidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Leucopterus ‘‘Bonap. Firzincer,’’ Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Wien], vol. 46,
Abth. 1, 1863, p. 198.
Lapaus for Lepioptleris BONAPARTE: ..:-2.csdescs-5=5-0=8 opeueseas [Laniidae.]
Lewinornis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 57.
Type, Syloia rupiventris LATHAM 2.0.0 ccs ss s6n esis oon ue emiaare [ Muscicapidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For John William Lewin, 17—?-1818. (Mathews, MS.)
{Limicolavis SHurEtpt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 19, February, 1915,
pp. 55, 56. i
Type, Limicolavis pluvianella SHUFELDT..........2.--22-2-00 [Charadriidae?]
(Monotypy.)
Limus, mud-+colere, inhabit,+avis, bird. (Shufeldt.)
Limnosalus WiirtreEMBeERG, Naumannia, 1857, p. 432.
Type, ‘‘Buteo longipes, Jard.{=Jerdon] B. rufinus, Riipp.” ?....[Buteonidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Limnothlypis* Srone, Science, new ser., vol. 40, No. 1018, July 3, 1914, p. 26.
Type, Sylora swaimsonit AWDUBON © .- ctem i «a a'ajmcaisjam So =e
i i i i te
xo. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 603
Meropicus MaLuersBe, Monogr. Picidées, vol. 1, 1861, p. lili.
‘Tupe, Picus nirunamoceuas | LANNAEUS |< cnc n/a s\n caw cecen= sence aos [Picidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Merops, guépier+Picus. (Malherbe.)
Merula BoppaeEnt, Table Pl. Enl., 1783, p. 11 (No. 182), p. 16 (No. 258).
Type, ‘‘Mferula montana, Linn. syst. VI.” [=Turdus torquatus Lin-
NABUS | cosase casa weds wat ieceels cis icMioge eee Mocise akin nites aie [ Turdidae.]}
(Present designation.')
Merula Bartram.” Travels through Carolina, ete., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792,
p. 288); ZIMMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793, p. 284;
Martnews, Auk, 1914, pp. 88, 90.
Type, Merula marilandica ZmmMeERMANN [=Fringilla rubra Liv-
NTA EUS [a acted cacie « cata crac ee ettees aetna ciate eee crea aera alae [ Tangaridae.]
(Virtual monotypy.’)
Merulissima Seesoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 1881, p. 232.
Substitute name for Semimerula SCLATER. ........-.-----2-220002- [ Turdidae.}
Mesitornis Bonararre, Comptes Rendus, vol. 41, No. 17, October, 1855, p. 681.
Substitute name for Mesites I. GEOFFROY *.......2--...000-eece0e- [ Mesitidae.]
Mesocarbo Maruews and I[rEDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 1, No. 3, July, 1913, p. 415.
ype, Garoo sillcirrosins BRANDT (<< 22% je <2 0 csc 50st = on enon [Phalacrocoracidae.}
(Original designation.)
Mécos, middle+ Carbo (carbo, a coal). (Mathews, MS.)
Mesospilus> SUNDEVALL, Conspectum Avium Picinarum, 1866, psli6.
EVE ei TCHS) TO ESt NN LOORG acc ncccmnoals © ses cele anvil sels > on /e\nle vie = ivan [Picidae.]
(Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Picus.)
Metagraucalus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-8, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 59.
Type, Graucalus tenwirosivis JARDINE... << +. 2 snes ate Reet ee [Phasianidae.]
(Present designation.*)
Paraptilotis MarHews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 414.
Type, Metiphaga fusca GOULD: «.6 ce sen se bs dees isaeiiore eee Ue [ Meliphagidae.]}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Mapa, beside+Piilotis (rritov, feather; ots, ards, ear). (Mathews, MS.)
Parascolopax MatTHeEws, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 290.
Type, Scolopax saturata HOpGson . . 622). 2s. Sieve «cm oe 5 alee [Sylvirdae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Picathartes Lesson, Manuel d’Orn., vol. 1, [June,] 1828, p. 374.
Type, Corvus. gyumnocephalus TEMMINCK.. .. 2.225 nj0-0-s0erccew-ne [ Corvidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Piceacantor Maynarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 241.
=VEvnoe,. Motaciiia blackburnise GMELIN: << <<.c<0% esivcien cae mele eie [ Mniotiltidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Picumnoides “Malh.’’ Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, vol. 2, No. 8, May, 1854, p.
126 (or Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Zygodact., p. 11).
Cited as a synonym of Sasia HopGson............---.2-2-eee0 ..---[Picidae.]}
Pinacantor Maynarp, Directory Birds Eastern N. A., pt. 9, 1907, p. 244.
EVPG, Sylvia vigorsit AUDUBON «.. 3.00.26 = 4s S0dcu Seek dletees [ Mniotiltidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Pithys Vremuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ed. 2, vol. 24, 1818, p. 112.
Type, generic diagnosis only; ! species not mentioned......... [ Formicariidae.}
Pityornis Bonaparte, Revue et Mag. de Zoologie, sér 2, vol. 9, 1857, p. 163.
Type, Emberiza ‘‘pityornis” [=Pithyornis] PALLAS............-- [ Fringillidae.}
(Tautonymy.)
Platyspiza Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, No. 1116, Mar. 15, 1897, p. 545
Type, Camarhynchus variegatus SCLATER and SALVIN ..........--- [ Fringillidae.}
(Original designation.)
(Subgenus of Camarhynchus.)
Plautus GuNNERuS, Trondhiemske Selsk. Skrifter, vol. 1, 1761, p. 263, pl. 6.
Type, ‘“ Plotus eller Plautus Columbarius” ? [= Alca alle LinnaEus]..[ Alcidae.}
(Monotypy.)
Plautus “ Klein” RetcHensacn, Nat. System der Végel, 1852 [1853], p. V.
Type, Larus glaucus ‘‘L. Gm.’’* [=Larus hyperboreus GuNNERUS]. .[Laridae.]
(Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Larus.)
tPleistogyps L. H. Miter, Univ. Calif. Publ. Dept. Geology, vol. 6, No. 1, Nov. 28,
1910, p. 16.
AL Vpe, (F LemslOgy ps TEL MINER. css see kes te se es ais ots ae oe ee oe [Incertae sedis.]}
(Monotypy.)
Pleistocene (wcioros, most; xawéds, recent)+Gyps (yi, a vulture). (Miller, MS.)
tPlesiocathartes GamLarp, Annales Univ. Lyon, nouv. sér., Sciences, Médecine,
fasc. 23, 1908, p. 41.
Type, Plesiocathartes europxus GAILLARD.........-..---++---+-+-- [ Cathartidae.]
(Monotypy.)
1 The diagnosis is reproduced herewith: “Piruys, Pithys; Piprc, Lath. Bee plus large que haut & sa
base, & bords déprimés, anguleux en dessus, échancré et couré & sa pointe; tarses élevés; doigts exté
rieurs soudés jusqu’é la deuxiéme phalange: ailes arrondics et courtes.’’
2“ Piautus columbanus s. Columba Gronland. minor” on the plate. The namo ‘‘columbanus”’ is corrected
to “‘columbariuvs”’ in the errata of volume 2.
3 This portion of Reichenbach’s complicated work is generally quoted as of 1852, probably because it
contains a ‘‘ Vorwort”’ dated ‘1. October, 1852,’ but it seems not to have been published until 1853. It
appeared in the third Lieferung of the ‘‘Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie,” and consists of pages
I-XXXI, with signature marks bearing the words “Systema Avium.’’ Hartlaub, in his record of orni-
thology for 1853 (Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1854, vol. 2, p. 33), includes it among the publications of that
year.
4 This= Larus glaucus Briinnich, 1764 (not of Pontoppidan, 1763). See Auk, vol. 25, 1908, p. 357.
616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
¢Plioaetus De Vis MS., Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. National Museum, vol. 35, No. 1656,
Dec. 16, 1908, p. 592 (note).
Substitute name for Astwraetus De Vis, preoccupied..-......... [Incertae sedis.}
Podoces FiscHer, Lettre adressée Pander,! 1821, p. 6.
Type, Podaeres pander FisChER. <2 22 2. ssas 320 8s e- coe eee eee ee [Corvidae.]}
(Monotypy.)
Todé«xns, pedibus celer. (Fischer.)
Pogonospiza BeRLEPscH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, vol. 13, No. 2, September, 1906,
De Ore
Type, Pogonospiza mystacalis brunneiceps BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN.?
[Fringillidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Polachio [Mrerrem?], in Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encycl., sect. 1, vol. 6, 1821, p. 267.
ype. Gracula, feiida LINNAEUS... ...5¢2Us2) 2. es eene eae [ Cotingidae.}
(Present designation. )*
Poliospina Heva.in, Nachtr. u. Bericht. zur Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s, 1871, p. ecxlvii.
Substitute or lapsus for Spodiospina Heuglin............--...-- [ Fringillidae.}
Polocandora RercHeNBACH, Nat. System der Végel, 1852 [1853], p. V.
Type, not given; apparently a synonym of Rissa *................-.--[Laridae.]
Pontochelidon Hoae, Edinburgh New Philos. Journal, vol. 41, No. 81, July, 1846,
pp. 55, 69; Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, 1915, p. 133.
EY pe, WLETRG CASING EALUAG. 2s. c ya onc sale anne sie eee eee [Lariaae.}
(Subsequent designation; Mathews, 1915.)
Pontotriorchis CaBAnrs, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 10, 1862, pp. 250, 436.
Type, Paleo concolor LemMIncCk .- of. .c chen xnin in se Meee eee {Falconidae.}
(Present designation.®)
Porzanoidea Matruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 117.
Type, Gallinula immaculata SwAINSON.....--------- ion aide = ee eet [ Rallidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
From porzana, Italian name of acrake. (Mathews, MS.)
Predo Neuson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 3, Sept. 27, 1912, p. 14.
Tyonenr redo: dudat NELSON. 22<.-2oc555.2ac0 S55 owes one hee [ Tyrannidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
““Predo=a robber.’’ (Nelson.)
Premnornis Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 71.
Type, Margarornis guttata LAWRENCE..........-..--.e0e-eeee . -|Furnariidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Ipéuvov, a stump, tree trunk; dps, bird. (Ridgway.)
1 The full title of this tract is: Lettre adressée au nom de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,
a l’un de ses membres M. le Docteur Chrétien-Henri Pander, par Gotthelf Fischer de Waldheim, directeur
de la société; Contenant une Notice sur un nouveau genre d’Ciseau et sur plusieurs nouveaux Insectes.
Moscou, MDCCCXXI. 8° Pp. 1-15. (Introduction dated “ Moscou, le 17 Décembre 1821.’’)
2In Bericht iiber den V. Intern. Orn.-Kongress, “‘1910,’’ p. 1108, Berlepsch says the type is Pipilo mys-
tacalis Taczanowski. :
8 The species mentioned are “Polachio cajennensis, icterops, Cotinga foetida,’? without citation oi
authority or other means of identification. Assuming ‘‘ Cotinga’’ foctida to be equivalent to Gracula
Jetida Linnaeus, I have designated it as the type, thereby reducing Polachio to a synonym of Gymnoderus
Geoffroy, i809.
4 Bonaparte (Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 2, 1857, p. 225) cites “‘Pulocondora, Reich.” as a synonym
of Rissa. See also Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 217.
§ Falco eleonore Gené is also included in this genus.
xno. 2221. LIST Ol GHNERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 617
Primolius Bonararte, Remarques Observ. Blanchard Psittacides,' April, 1857, p. 6.
Type, Arata auricollis CASSIN 7... - 2. oe eee ee [Psittacidae.]
(Subsequent designation; Ridgway, 1916.)
Pristoptera BonaParTE, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February,
1857, p. 210 (p. 4 of reprint); Satvapori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 49,
1914, pp. 447-451.
Type, Pristoptera typica BonapartE=Hirundo pristoptera Riurrewe.
| Hirundinidae.]
(Monotypy and tautonymy.)
tProgura De Vis, Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland, vol. 5, 1889, p. 131, plate.
ievpe Progra garinacel DR Vissi. = <2. = ao am a me sia ela [Gouridae?}
(Monotypy.)
Prohematopus Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 12.
Type, Hematopus quoyi BRABOURNE and CHUBB.........-. | Haematopodidae.}
(Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Hxematopus.)
IIpé, before+ Hematopus (aiva (aiuar-), blood; wots, foot). (Mathews, MS.)
tProictinia Saureipt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, Aug. 4, 1913, p. 301.
Type, Proictinia gilmorei SHUFELDT..........-.-------- - -[Incertae sedis.)
(Monotypy.)
IIpé, before, and ixrivos, a kite. (Shufeldt.)
Promergus MaTuews and IREDALE, Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 1, No. 3, July, 1913, p. 410.
Type, Mergus australis HomBRON and JACQUINOT.......---.-.-.--- [Anatidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Mp6, before+ Mergus (mergus, a diving bird). (Mathews, MS.)
Protopyrrhula Brancur, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 25, No. 3
March, 1907, pp. 162, 193.
Type: Purnia nvpalensis HODGSON: = <-2<' 52. = a ee on eee [Fringillidae.}
(Original? designation.)
(Subgenus of Pyrrhula.)
Psalidura ? Van DER Hoeven, Handb. Dierkunde, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1855, p. 733.
Substitute name for Phibalura VIEILLOT.....-.--.---.----------- [Cotingidae. }
(See also Schizura.)
+Psammornis ANDREWS, Bericht tiber den V. Intern. Orn.-Kongress, 1910 [1911],
p: 173.
Type, Psammornis rothschildi ANDREWS *.........-.--+----+--- [Struthiones.*}
(Monotypy.)
Psephotellus MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 57.
Type, Plaiycercus pulcherrimus GOULD.......-.------------+------[Psittacidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Pseudacanthis Oqitvie-GRant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 31, No. 188, May 28, 1913,
p. 88.
Type, Pseudacanthis yemenensis OGILVIE-GRANT...-....-----.--- [Fringillidae.]
(Monotypy.)
1A nomen nudum in the original paper, published in Comptes Rendus. (See note under Bolborhynchus.)
2‘*PrimoLius, Bp., comprend les autres Ardes & joues poilues, auricollis, Cass., maracana, Vieill., et
makawanna, Gm.”
8 Preoccupied by Psalidura Gloger, 1841, Tyrannidae.
4 From the Eocene of Algeria, and based on fragments of eggshell only.
6 Andrews says it belongs to the Eremopezinae section of the Ratitae.
618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Pseudaédon Bururuin, Messager Ornith., vol. 1, No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 136, 139.
Type; Larvivorasibtians SwINwOE.- =... - 45526548 - cea caer as [ Turdidae.}
(Monotypy.)
(Subgenus of Philomela Linx.)
Pseudalaudula Brancur, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 23, ‘No. 3,
June, 1906, p. 222.
Type, Alauda pispoletta Pattas [=Alauda spinoletta LINNAEUS] - -[Alaudidae.]
(Original? designation.)
Pseudartamus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 114.
Type, ‘‘Loxia cyanoptera Latuam (= Turdus sordidus LatHam ')’’..[Artamidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(See also Angroyan InuiGeER, 1811.)
Wev5ns, false+ Artamus (&prauos, a butcher). (Mathews, MS.)
Pseudastrapia RoruscuHitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 21, No. 137, Nov. 29, 1907,
2 2D
‘i Type, Pseudastrapia lobata ROTHSCHILD. .........-.---+-+-+:- [Paradisaeidae }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Pseudocalyptomena Roruscuitp, Ibis, ser. 9, vol. 3, No. 12; October, 1909, p. 690,
1. 10.
. Type, Pseudocalyptomena graueri ROTHSCHILD..........--.--- { Muscicapidae?]
(Monotypy.)
Pseudocolopteryx ? Litto, Revista de letras y ciencias sociales [Tucumaén], vol. 3, No.
13, July, 1905, pp. 38, 45.
Type, Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus LILLO........--------------- [ Tyrannidae.}
(Monotypy.)
TPseudogavia SHarpe, Zool. Record, vol. 28, 1892, Aves, p. 39.
Substitute name for Psewdolarus AMEGHINO. ......-..-..------ [Stereornithes.]
Pseudopitta ReIcHENOW, Journal fiir Orn., vol. 63, Heft 1, January, 1915, p. 129.
Type; \Puyetes interius SALVADOREs 225022 322), ae SOE a eee [ Timaliidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Pseudopsittacus ? Macaitiivray, Emu, vol. 13, pt. 2, Oct. 1, 1913, p. 105.
Type, Pseudopsittacus maclennani MACGILLIVRAY..-...------- [Cyclopsittacidae. }
(Monotypy.)
Psilopornis Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. VI, Apr. 8, 1914, p. 361.
Type; Galbula Glbirostris LATHAM. 0. Jone. satin. eeamaeedees [Galbulidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Psilopsiagon Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 100.
Type, Trichoglossus aurtfron? WAGER... .-.... 2000.00. oo rladaen en [Psittacidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Widés, naked; ciaywv, jawbone. (Ridgway.)
Psittacina ‘‘Temm.’’ Lichrenstetn, Nomencl. Avium Mus. Berol., 1854, p. 48.
Equivalent to Psittirostra TEMMINCK, 1820...........--.------- [Drepanididae.]}
(See also Psittacopis WAGLER.)
Psittacopis ‘“ Nitzsch’?’ Wacier, Natiirl. System der Amphibien, [August,] 1830,
p. 13,
Type, Lovia psitiaces LATHAM. «02.5. o2 20522 5eqo52 eta eae [Drepanididae.}
(Monotypy.)
(See also Psittacina LicHTENSTEIN.)
1Not Turdus sordidus of Miiller, 1776.
2 Equivalent to Hapalocercus Cabanis, 1847 (see Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., vol. 13, 1906, p. 321).
3 This is equivalent to Geoffroyus Bonaparte (see Mathews, List of Birds Australia, 1913, p. xxv).
no. 2221. LIST OF GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHUMOND. 619
Pterocolpa “ Pr.*B. 1854’’! Gray, Cat. Genera and Subgen. Birds, 1855, pp. 97,150.?
Type, Pterocolpa [=Ptilocolpa] carola BONAPARTE...........-- [ Treronidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Ptilonycterus * Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 98.
Type, Caprimulgus ocellatus TscHUDI....................-2-- [Caprimulgidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
(See Nyctiphrynus.)
IIridov, a feather; vuxrepis, a bat. (Ridgway.)
Ptilosclera * Bonaparte, Remarque: Observ. Blanchard Psittacides, April, 1857, p. 6.
ype, el richogtossus Versicolor VIGORS...2. <<. 6.0. as eslanee sue eee [Loriidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Ptilotina MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 2-3, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 60.
Type, Ptilotis analoga mixta MATHEWS....---...-.-.--2200-0 [ Meliphugidae. |
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Piilotis (aridor, feather; ois, rds, ear)+ina. (Mathews, MS.)
Ptilotula Mataews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, No. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 414.
ype Ereloris jlavescens/ GOULD a. a 12. pc. Sujeuitenia daemon oben oe [ Meliphagida }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Ptilotis (wridov, feather; obs, ards, ear)-+ula. (Mathews, MS.)
Purnella MatuHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 111.
ypenG aeipnile albifrons | GOUUD 265i ai) «a mnie ernie cee oe [ Meliphagidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Herbert A. Purnell. (Mathews, MS.)
Purnellornis Matrnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, p. 112.
pe, Cera nigra DECHSTEING, 2c Us )..L8228 «rednecks Joes: [ Meliphagidae.}
(Original designation. )
For Herbert A. Purnell+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.)
Pyrgilauda “ Verr.’”’ Bonaparte, Conspectus Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 511.
Cited as a synonym of Pyrrhulauda “‘Smith. 1829” °.........- .-.--[Alaudidae.]
Quoyornis Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 111.
Type, Muscicapa georgiana Quoy and GAIMARD................- [ Muscicapidae.]
(Original designation and mouotypy.)
For Jean René Constant Quoy, 1790-1869-+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.)
TRalloides Suurexpt, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 9, pt. 3, Oct. 20, 1892, p.
412 (note).
Substitute name for Creccoides SHUFELDT...........-.-.---...-[Rallidae.]
BRamphaoratus Bonaparte, Rivista Contemporanea [Torino], vol. 9, fasc. 40, February,
1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint); Satvaport, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, p. 49, 1914,
pp. 447-451.
iype Cagriniuiguserilis bESSON) 22.5 A ost anl os ak oP [ Caprimulgidae.]
(Virtual monotypy.®)
1 Gray, List Spec. Birds, vol. 4, Columbae, 1856, p. 16, gives the authority as “Pr. B. in litt.”
2In the Appendix, p. 150, he says: ‘ Pterocolpa, since altered to Ptilocolpa, Pr. B.”’
3 Mr. Ridgway says “this genus may possibly have already been named, the generic term Nyctiphrynus
Bonaparte having been used in connection with the type species.’’? Salvadori (Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
vol. 49, 1914, p. 451) has since demonstrated this to be the caso.
‘This isa nomen nudum in the original Comptes Rendus paper. (See note under Bolborhynchus.) Is
equivalent to Psitteuteles Bonaparte, 1854.
5 Smith claims to have instituted this name “‘in the year 1829,”’ but I have not met with it earlier than
1837, although Swainson mentions a name ‘‘Pyralauda”’ in 1834 (Murray’s Encyel. Geogr.), where, however,
it is a nomen nudum.
6 See Oberholser, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 86, Apr. 6, 1914, p. 3.
620. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Ramsayornis Marsyews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 115.
Type, Gheiphila subfasciata RAMSAY. . > 02250050 oee5 ee eee [ Meliphagidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Edward Pierson Ramsay, 1842?—1916+-ornis. (Mathews, MS.)
Raperia Matuews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 3, No. 1, June 30, 1915, pp. 21, 23.
Type, Raperia godmane MATHEWS 21. 2 on- <0 bes voces ae eeaeaee [ Treronidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For George Raper. (Mathews.)
Raphipterus Gay, Hist. Chile, Atlas, [1844,] pl. “Zoologia No.’’}
EV Peace PREP leries: CHULCR SESSA kc chal ia = Uc eee oe ae [ Anatidae.]
(Monotypy.)
Razocorys Brancut, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb., sér. 5, vol. 23, No. 3, 1906,
p. 230.
Type, Spizocorys raze ALEXANDER. ws Jc... -2. cece ace ee eee [Alaudidae.]
(Original? designation and monotypy.)
Reginopus Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 2, No. 4, Dec. 29, 1913, p. 73.
Type, Lilinopus ewingit Goutp. 2 2s.< 2459 Ra [ Treronidae.]}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
Regina, a queen; opus, a work (the work of a queen). (Mathews, MS.)
Regulus Bartram, Travels through Carolina, etc., 1791, p. — (London ed., 1792,
pp. 289, 290; ZimMERMANN, in Bartram, Reisen Nord-und Siid-Karolina, 1793,
p. 287; Matuews, Auk, 1914, pp. 89, 90.)
Type, Motacilla calendula LINNAEUS ?............----- er ean [Regulidae. }
(Present designation.) *
Reinarda Harrert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 36, No. 210, Dec. 3, 1915, p. 7.
New name for Claudia Harrert, preoccupied ............-.-.---- [ Micro podidae. |
Type, Cypselus sguamatus Cassin.
(Orginal designation and monotypy.)
Reinholdia MarHews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 107.
Type, Puginus feakold: Manne ws. 2.2. oo: Sos nek bas ee [Puffinidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. (Mathews, MS.)
Rhodoglaux “Pr. B. 1854” Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 135.
Cited as a synonym of ‘‘ Rabdoglaux” [=Rhabdoglaux] Bonararte, with ‘Strix
humerous, Pr. B... 88 Wie type © .). 22. on =o nintcs see eee [Strigidae.]
1 The number of the plate is not indicated in the copy seen by me. As to the date, Des Murs (Icon.
Orn., livr. 1, text to pl. 5, dated ‘‘mai 1845’’) cites it as 1844, and Agassiz (1846) and Gray (1849) also give
this date. I am unable at present to give the number of the livraison in which the plate appeared.
2? Seven species of Regulus are enumerated by Bartram in 1791, but only one is technically available as
typeatthisdate. Thisis“‘R.cristatus alter vertice rubini coloris; the ruby crown wren. (G.Edwards.)”,
or Motacilla calendula Linnaeus. Edwards figured and described this species from a specimen sent to him
by Bartram. Another species mentioned by Bartram is ‘“ Mfotacilla] Caroliniana; (reg. magnus) the
great wren of Carolina, the body ofa dark brown, the throat and breast ofa pale clay colour,” butit would be
unfortunate to designate this as the type, even if considered adequately described. In 1793,Zimmermann
fixed the status of two or three other species, but with these we are not concerned at present.
8 There appear to be excellent generic differences between Motaciilu calendula and M. regulus, as long ago
Tecognized by Cabanis, who, in 1853, proposed the name Corthylio for M.calendula. This genus has been
recently revived by Mr. Miller (Auk, vol. 32, 1915, pp. 234-236), but from the above reference to Regulus it
will be seen that Motaciila regulus is the species to be provided with a generic name. Macgillivray (Hist.
Brit. Birds, vol. 2, 1839, p. 407) writes: ‘But should any one desire another generic name, let him choose
from among the following, which have all been applied to the “Gold-crested Wren:’’—Calendula,
Parus, Regulus, Regillus, Rex, Senator, Basiliscus, Regaliolus, Orchillus, Tyrannus, Motacilla, Sylvia,
Passerculus.” ‘There is also Orchilus Morris, 1837.
‘ Rhodoglauz is adopted by Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. K. Akad. [Wien], vol. 21, Heft 2, 1856, p. 291) as a
subgenus of Athene “‘Gray,”’ with “ Siriz’’? [=Athene] humeralis Bonaparte as the only species.
no. 2221, LIST’ OF’ GENERIC TERMS OF BIRDS—RICHMOND. 621
Bhopoctites Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 72.
Type, Philydor rufo-brunneus LAWRENCE.............---2.++---- [| Furnariidae. |
(Original designation and monotypy.)
‘Pay (pwrés), bush, underwood; xrirns, a colonist, inhabitant. (Ridgway.)
Rhoporchilus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. 17, 1909, p. 69.
Type, Formicivora speciosa SALVIN..........----2---eseeeeeee [Formicariidae. }
(Original designation and monotypy.)
‘Pay (Awrés), bush, underwood; dpxidos, a wren. (Ridgway.)
Rogersornis Matruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 117.
Type, Ptilonorhynchus nuchalis JARDINE and SELBY......-. [Ptilonorhynchidae.}
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For John Porter Rogers. (Mathews, MS.)
Rogibyx Maruews, Birds of Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 41.
Type, Vanellus cucullatus TemmincK= V. tricolor Horsri£xp .. .{Charadriidae.]
(Monotypy.)
For John Porter Rogers+-ibyx (i8vé, the ibis). (Mathews, MS.)
Rosina Marnews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 113°
ype, -Malurus coronatus: GOULD! . «<2. 2 Sac sae osc gas da eceda sess [Sylviidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Ethel Rose White (Mrs. Samuel Albert White). (Mathews, MS.)
Royigerygone Maruews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, p. 110.
Type, Gerygone mathewsx MATHEWS.......--..-.-..22.--02000- [ Muscicapidae.]
(Original designation and monotypy.)
For Roy Bell+Gerygone. (Mathews, MS.)
Bubicola! “ Vieill.’’ Jameson, ed. Wilson’s Amer, Orn., vol. 3 (Constable’s Mis-
cellany, vol. 70), 1831, p. 98.
Syme Scolo pas meior GMELING s252550 0. ee ee de ed SAS [Scolopacidae. |
(Monotypy.’)
Bubicola* “Hodgson” Bryru, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, No. 128, 1842,
p. 808.
Type, Coturnix pentah SyKxes [= Perdix asiatica LATHAM]......... [Phastanidae.]
(Tautonymy.)
(See also Microplectron.)
Rupicola Bogpanow, Trudy S.-Peterb. obshch. estest. (Zool.), vol. 12, 1881, p. 99.
iy pe, wCOUMMna iit TABISSON *... cn. Ju Wesiecee tm Se cence [| Columbidae.]
(Present designation.)
(Subgenus of Columba.) :
Rupisitta Bururun, Mitteil. des Kaukasischen Museums, vol. 3, Lief. 1, April,
1907, pp. 49, 64.
PGB Oat OT eSseTl: LARUDNY 9s ercles of postantennal organs distinctly branched (fig. 76). Anal papillae
FABEG ues Mea weisn nis ss dame eee mes Sat SSR Cee ee eae ramosus, p. 648
Tubdercles of postantennal organs with hundreds of closely set papillae (fig. 65).
Anal papillae reduced to Tings 2 ...u. tec e es ericcceee eee ene dentatus, p. 647
ONYCHIURUS SIMILIS, new species
Plate 68, fig. 1; plate 70, figs. 12-18.
White. Body slender (fig. 1). Postantennal organs (fig. 12) each
with eight to ten simple tubercles. Pseudocelli of antennal bases
(fig.1) 1+1. Posterior border of head without pseudocelli. Anten-
nae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment
(fig. 13) with five slender papillae, four guard-setae, a pair of sense
rods and two sense clubs, each consisting of a coarsely tuberculate
ovate head attached obliquely to its stalk. Dorsal pseudocelli of
body (fig. 1) successively: 0,1+1,1+1,1+1,1+1,1+4+1,1+1,2+2,
0; those of the fifth abdominal segment being in two oblique pairs.
Unguis (fig. 14) slender, curving, untoothed. Unguiculus about one-
half as long as unguis; basal half broadly lamellate, apical half acu-
minate. Anal spines (figs. 15, 16) two, stout, arcuate, subequal to,
or a little shorter than, hind ungues, on low contiguous papillae
Supra-anal lobe rounded (fig. 15). Clothing (fig. 17) of sparse short
curving setae and few longer and stiffer setae. Cuticular tubercles
small (fig. 18). Length, 1.2 mm.
This species is close to cocklei, from which it may be distinguished
by the following key:
Body slender; unguiculus one-half as long as unguis; anal papillae contiguous; anal
segment as in figure 15; papillae of antennal sense organ slender, sense clus su’ ovate
and o-ligqne= cuticular tybercles sivall: oc. ot wc nine ee Gases eae eee similis.
Body not slender; unguiculus two-thirds as long as unguis; anal papillae separated ;
anal segment as in figure 23; papillae of antennal sense organ stout, sense clu’ s disk-
like and erect: cuticular tubercles large... 21.226. seas gue oer pees ee cocklet.
Abundant under damp logs, Homer, Illinois, November 25.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20763, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHIURUS COCKLEI Folsom.
Plate 68, fig. 2; plate 70, figs. 19, 20; plate 71, figs. 21-28.
Aphorura cocklet Fotsom, 1908.
Aphorura montis Bacon, 1913.
Aphorura lutea Bacon, 1913.
White or lemon-yellow; rather slender (fig. 2). Postantennal
organs (fig. 19) with 8 to 11 simple tubercles, which are usually ovate,
1, tame
NO. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 641
elliptical or oval. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 1+1 (fig. 20).
Antennae as long as, or slightly shorter than, the head. Sense organ
of third antennal segment (fig. 21) with five papillae, four guard
setae, a pair of sense rods, and two sense clubs, each with a stout
stalk supporting a coarsely papillate disk. Dorsal pseudocelli of
body segments successively: 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 141,
2+2, 0; those of the fifth abdominal segment being in two oblique
pairs. Unguis (fig. 22) stout, feebly curving, untoothed. Ungui-
culus two-thirds as long as unguis, with sublanceolate basal lamella
and acuminately prolonged apex. Anal spines two (figs. 23, 24)
stout, arcuate, subequal in length to hind ungues, on prominent
separated papillae. Clothing (figs. 25, 26, 27) of sparse short curving
setae and fewer but longer stiff setae. Cubicular tubercles large
(fig. 28). Maximum length, 2 mm.
The papillae of the antennal organ vary considerably in form;
they are usually stout, and rounded or subconical, though some-
times reduced and toothlike; in one instance, six papillae occurred
as an abnormality, with the usual four guard-setae. There is some
variation in the clothing, as indicated in figures 26 and 27. The
cuticular tubercles are larger than in any other of our species of Ony-
chiurus.
Aphorura montis Bacon and A. lutea Bacon are synonymous with
A. cocklei Folsom, as I have found from a study of several cotypes
given to me by Mrs. Gertrude Bacon Chaffee.
This species was discovered by Mr. J. W. Cockle in Kaslo, British
Columbia, at an altitude of 2,250 feet, where it occurred in masses so
dense as to cover the snow with a carpet of gold over patches of
several square yards. Some of the specimens found by Mr. Cockle
were white instead of yellow.
In southern California at Bear Flats, on the slope of Mount San
Antonio, at an elevation of 6,000 feet, Dr. W. A. Hilton and Miss G.
A. Bacon found thousands of these insects in moist soil in a very
limited area, white forms and yellow forms of all sizes occurring
together; the yellow variety being, however, the more abundant.
My specimens from Oregon were taken on melting snow and under
wood on moist ground.
British Columbia: Kaslo, January 31, February 23, March, J. W.
Cockle.
Washington: L. Bremner (Stanford Univ.).
Oregon: Hilgard, March 4, W. A. Newcombe. Corvallis, Decem-
ber 25, H. E. Ewing.
California: Mount San Antonio, April, W. A. Hilton, G. A. Bacon.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 12033, U.S.N.M.
77403—Proc. N. M. vol, 58—17——41
642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
ONYCHIURUS SUBTENUIS, new species.
Plate 68, fig. 3; plate 72, figs. 29-38.
White, elongate; abdomen but slightly broader than the thorax,
tapering posteriorly (fig. 3). Postantennal organs (figs. 29, 30) each
with 8 to 14, usually 11 to 18, tubercles, simple or occasion-
ally biramous. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2+2 or 3+3, arranged
side by side (fig. 31). Base of head without pseudocelli. Antennae
shorter than the head, with segments about as 3:3:5:8 in relative
lengths. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 32) with five
elongate papillae, five guard setae, a pair of subclavate sense rods,
and two capitate sense clubs, coarsely tuberculate. Dorsal pseudo-
celli of body (fig. 3) typically 0, 1+1,1+1,1+1, 141, 0,2+2,3+8,
0. Thus pseudocelli are absent normally on the prothorax and on
the third and the sixth abdominal segments. One of the two pseudo-
celli is frequently absent on the first or the second abdominal seg-
ment (see beyond under variation). The pseudocelli of the fourth
abdominal segment are in two oblique pairs. Those of the fifth
abdominal segment are sometimes 4+4 instead of 3+3, the pseudo-
celli of each group being close together and in oblique alignment.
Lateral and ventral pseudocelli are absent. Unguis (fig. 33) stout,
curving, with inner margin unidentate one-third from the base.
Ungiculus extending two-thirds as far as the unguis, subelliptically
lamellate basally and acuminate apically. Anal spines (figs. 34, 35,
36) two, half as long as hind ungues, curving, on stout contiguous
papillae about one-fourth as long as the spines. Supra-anal lobe
(fig. 34) tapering, projecting far behind the infra-anal lobes. Cloth-
ing (fig. 37) of numerous feebly-curving setae of moderate length,
interspersed with fewer longer and stiffer setae. Cuticular tubercles
small (fig. 38). Maximum length, 2 mm.
Variation.—One small specimen, 1 millimeter in length, had 8
postantennal tubercles on the right side; another of the same length
had, however, 11.
The pseudocelli of the antennal bases are 2+2 in all the Illinois
specimens that I have seen; but in some of the specimens from New
York and Pennsylvania there are 3+3 (fig. 31). Furthermore, the
pseudocelli of the fifth abdominal segment, typically 3+3, show the
variation 4+4 in some of the material from New York and Penn-
sylvania.
The pseudocelli of the first and second abdominal segments vary
persistently in number, one of each pair being usually absent. The
variations in 50 specimens taken at random fall into the following
categories:
NO. 2222, NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 643
2 IIS SE Ne ae PS CS ee a A
Left. Right. Left. Right. Left. Right. Left. Right. Left. Right.
lca ok = } ] ] 2 1
In a few instances pseudocelli were present in a rudimentary
condition, as indicated by x in the foregoing tables.
These tables show that both pseudocelli on the left side were
lacking in 30 per cent of the specimens and those of the right side
in 22 per cent.
On finding these variations I examined some 80 specimens in
search of the normal condition (1+1 on both segments), but failed
to find a specimen that was not abnormal in material from Cham-
paign County, Illinois, from several localities, some of which were
12 miles apart. Thefewspecimens that I had from New York State
also showed the same kind of variation. Of 15 specimens from Penn-
sylvania, however, 14 were abnormal and one was normal, having a
pair of pseudocelli on each of the first two abdominal segments.
Schiffer (’96, p. 162) has recorded the fact that certain variations
in the distribution of the pseudocelli appear sometimes to characterize
entire colonies. He found that a large number of individuals of
Onychiurus armatus from a single locality all lacked the pseudocelli
of the mesothorax and of the third abdominal segment. In the case
of O. subtenuis, however, the variation is not limited to a single
locality, but occurs in 99 per cent of all the specimens from three
States, the form regarded as “normal” being in fact extremely
rare. The species exhibits primarily a strongly inherited varia-
bility of the pseudocelli of the first and second abdominal segments,
and secondly a wide range of individual variation in the distribution
of the pseudocelli on these segments.
The tooth of the unguis varies in size and is absent in some of the
specimens from Pennsylvania. The setae of the body are somewhat
longer in specimens from New York than in those from Illinois.
This species occurs abundantly under logs or dead leaves on damp
soil.
New York: Near Keuka Lake, October 31, C. R. Crosby.
Pennsylvania: Harrisburg, November 14, H. A. Surface.
Qhnois: Homer, April 2, 3, 9, May 7, 8, June 6, November 7, 25
Urbana, February 19, March 138, 17, April 5, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25,
May 3.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20764, U.S.N.M.
644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 53.
ONYCHIURUS LITOREUS, new species.
Plate 68, fig. 4; plate 73, figs. 39-42.
White. Postantennal organs (fig. 39) elliptical, each with about
20 simple tubercles. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 2+2, in pairs.
Base of head with 2+2 pseudocelli, in oblique pairs. Antennae
shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment with
five papillae, five guard setae, two ovate papillate sense clubs and
probably two sense rods. Dorsal pseudocelli of body (fig. 4) 1+1
on segments one to six, inclusive; 2+2 in oblique pairs on segment
seven; 3+3 on segment eight, as follows: 2+2 posterior, in oblique
pairs, and 1+1 antero-lateral; pseudocelli absent on segment nine.
Postero-lateral pseudocelli 1+1 on each of the first three abdominal
segments. Unguis (fig. 40) long, slender, strongly curving, untoothed.
Unguiculus extending less than half as far as the unguis, lamellate,
with straight outer margin and short acuminate apex. Anal spines
(fig. 41) two, half as long as hind ungues, stout, feebly curving, on
widely separated papillae, which are half as long as the spines.
Clothing of sparse minute setae, becoming longer posteriorly. Cuti-
cular tubercles minute (fig. 42). Length, 1.3 mm.
Neponset, Massachusetts, May 4, October 10, 20, on the seashore
between tide marks, under stones with Anumda maritima.
The cotypes of this species are in the author’s collection at present.
ONYCHIURUS ARMATUS Tullberg.
Plate 68, fig. 5; plate 73, figs. 43-51.
Iipura armata TULLBERG, 1869, 1871, 1872, 1876.—LuBBock, 1873.—REUTER,
1876, 1890, 1895.—UzxEt, 1890, 1891.—MacGittivray, 1891.—ScuH6rr, 1894 a.—
Liz-PETTERSEN, 1896, 1898.— CARPENTER and Evans, 1899.—Wrttem, 1900.—
Evans, 1901.
Tipura arctica TULLBERG, 1876.—ScHAFFER, 1894.—Scu6r7, 1894 a.—LiE-PETTER-
SEN, 1898 —LusBsock, 1898.
Inpura ambulans MEINERT, 1896.
Aphorura armata ScHAFFER, 1896, 1897, 1900a, 1900b.—Porrr and ScHAFFER,
1897.—ScHERBAKOW, 1898.—Carb, 1899, 1901.—AsBsoLon, 1900a, 19006.—
WAHLGREN, 1900a, 1900).—B6rRNER, 19010, 1901d—KravusBavEr, 1902.
Aphorura arctica SCHERBAKOW, 1899a, 1899b.—WaHLGREN, 1899, 1900a, 1900b.—
AXELSON, 1900.—ScHArrer, 19006.—SxorrKow, 1900.
Onychiurus armatus BORNER, 1902a, 1907.—Voters, 1902. —Acren, 1903, 1904.—
AXELSON, 1903), 1904, 1905b, 1906.—(AxELSON) LINNANIEMI, 1907, 1909,
1911, 1912.—WaAHLGREN, 1906.—SHOEBOTHAM, a
Onychiurus arcticus AXELSON, 1903b.
Aphorura ambulans GuTHRIE, 1903.
Onychiurus armatus var. arctica (AXELSON) LINNANIEMI, 1909, 1912.
White. Elongate; abdomen slightly dilated (fig. 5). Postan-
tennal organs (fig. 43) elongate-elliptical, each with 18 to 44 (usually
No. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 645
25 to 35) simple peripheral tubercles. Pseudocelli of head as follows:
Antennal base, 3+3 (fig. 44) arranged in a triangle on each side;
posterior border of head, 3+3, occasionally 4+4. Antennae almost
as long as the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 45)
with five (abnormally six) papillae, five guard setae, two sense rods,
and two capitate tuberculate sense ciubs. Pseudocelli of body
(fig. 5) as follows—Prothorax: dorsal, 0; lateral, (proximal pre-
coxal),1+1. Mesothorax: dorsal, 2+2;lateral (proximal precoxal),
t+1. Metathorax: dorsal, 3+3; lateral (proximal precoxal), 141.
First, second and third abdominal segments: dorsal, 3+3. Fourth
abdominal : dorsal, 3+3; postero-lateral, 1+1. Fifth abdominal:
Dorsal, 3 +3; antero-lateral, 1 +1; the three dorsal on each side lying
close together in a straight line. Sixth abdominal, 0. Unguis
(fig. 46) curving, untoothed, or minutely unidentate one third from
apex, especially on the front feet. Unguiculus gradually tapering,
distally attenuate, as long as, or a little longer than, the unguis.
Furcula represented by a crescentic fold (figs. 47, 48); tenaculum
absent. Anal spines (fig. 49) two, large, almost as long as hind
ungues, arcuate or almost straight, on prominent papillae one-third
as long as the spines. Clothing. (fig. 50) of numerous short curving
setae and fewer long stiff setae, becoming longer on the posterior
part of the abdomen. Cuticular tubercules moderate in size (fig. 51).
Length, 1.8 mm.
In one specimen the right sense organ of the third antennal seg-
ment showed six papillae (fig. 45). Agren. (03, p. 128) mentions the
occurrence in one specimen of seven papillae and three sense clubs.
According to European writers (see Agren, ’04, p. 12) the pseu-
docelli of the antennal base are rarely four on each side; those of the
posterior border of the head varying from two to four on each side;
of the mesonotum, one to three; metanotum, one to three; fourth
abdominal segment, three or four, rarely two; and those on the
posterior part of the fifth abdominal segment, two to four on each
side. These variations I have not yet found in this country.
The unguiculus varies a little in length, extending sometimes not
quite as far as the unguis.
My North American specimens agree accurately with European
descriptions and with European examples sent to me by Dr. Caesar
Schiiffer.
The form that Guthrie (’03, p. 97) termed ambulans is armatus, as
I have found by an examination of nine of his specimens, sent to me
by Prof. Henry F. Nachtrieb.
Agren (’04, p. 12) found, from his study of the type material, that
O. arcticus Tullberg is not specifically distinct from O. armatus
Tullberg, being simply a large variety, 3.5 mm. in length (maximum
length, 4.1 mm., according to Skorikow).
646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 53.
Axelson (’05b, p. 790; ’12, p. 88) has named as imermis a variety
of armatus in which the anal spines and their papillae are absent.
T have taken this species on damp soil under wood or dead leaves
and under the loose bark of decaying logs. In Europe, and doubtless
in this country as well, the species occurs also in moss, under stones,
in decaying vegetables, in flower pots, on pools of fresh water, on the
seashore under stones, wood, or seaweed, and in caves.
Onychiurus armatus is very common everywhere in Europe. It
has been reported also from Siberia, Greenland, and other Arctic
localities, and from East Africa and Chile.
Maine: Orono, F. L. Harvey
Illinois: Homer, April 3, May 7, 8, 21, June 6. Urbana, April
12, 25.
ONYCHIURUS PSEUDARMATUS, new species.
Plate 68, fig. 6; plate 74, figs. 52-60.
White, slender (fig. 6). Postantennal organs (fig. 52) elongate,
elliptical, each with about 40 simple tubercles, crowded together.
Pseudocelli of antennal bases 83+3 (fig. 53), arranged almost in a
straight line. Posterior border of head with 2+2 pseudocelli, in
oblique pairs. Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of
third antennal segment (fig. 54) with five papillae; five guard setae;
a pair of tapering sense rods; two capitate, coarsely tuberculate
sense clubs; and a large subovate finely tuberculate accessory club
(fig. 54). Dorsal pseudocelli of body segments (fig. 6): 0, 141,
1+1, 24+2, 24+2, 24+2,2+2,3+3, 0. Those of the first four ab-
dominal segments are in oblique pairs; each group on the fifth abdom-
inal segment forms a triangle. Unguis feebly curving, unidentate
(fig. 55) or unarmed (fig. 56). Unguiculus extending more than half
as far as the unguis, basally suboblong, apically tapering uniformly.
Furcula represented by a fold (fig. 57). Anal spines (fig. 58) stout,
almost straight, two-thirds as long as hind ungues, on well separated
papillae one-third as long as the spines. Clothing (fig. 59) of sparse
short setae, stiff or slightly curving, and fewer long stiff setae.
Cuticular tubercles large (fig. 60). Length, 3 mm.
This species is much like the well known armatus, but shows in
addition to the differences given in my key (p. 639) other differences
in respect to the antennal sense organs, the length of the anal spines,
the form of the rudimentary furcula, the size of the cuticular tubercles
and the character of the clothing.
Alaska.—Saint Paul Island, Pribilof Group, August 6, in moss,
Prof. Trevor Kaneaid.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20760, U.S.N.M.
No. 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 647
ONYCHIURUS OCTOPUNCTATUS Tullberg.
Plate 75, figs. 61-64.
Lipura octo-punctata TULLBERG, 1876.—ScuHOrT, 1894.
Aphorura octopunctata ScHAFFER, 1900a.—Fo.tsom, 1902.
White. Postantennal organs (fig. 61) elliptical, each with about
33 to 37 simple tubercles. Pseudocelli of antennal bases 4+4 (fig.
61); of posterior border of head 3+3. Antennae shorter than the
head. Sense organ of third antennal segment with five papillae
(fig. 62). Unguis (fig. 63) broad, curving, unidentate near the middle
of the inner margin. Unguiculus a little longer than unguis, slender,
gradually attenuating into a fine filament, untoothed. Anal spines
(fig. 64) two, half as long as unguis, stout, feebly arcuate, on promi-
nent papillae. Body sparsely clothed with short curving setae and
occasional longer stiff setae, the latter becoming more numerous
toward the extremity of the abdomen. Length, 2.7 mm.
The only examples of this species that I have seen are three from
Alaska, taken by the Harriman Expedition in 1899. These speci-
mens agree with the original description and figures except for lack
ing a tooth on the unguiculus. The pseudocelli of the body were
not studied on account of insufficient material.
O. octopunctata has seldom been recorded. It was described from
a single individual taken at Dudinskoe, Siberia (latitude 69° 25’ N.)
by the Nordenskiéld Expedition in 1875 (Tullberg, ’76, p. 40).
The Yenisei Expedition of the following year collected examples at
Tschulkova (latitude 62° 45’ N.) and the Vega Expedition of 1878-
79 found a single specimen at Irkaipi, in Chukchi Land (latitude
68° 36’ N. Schétt, 94, p. 88).
Sitka, Alaska, June, Prof. Trevor Kincaid (U.S.N.M., Harriman
Collection, No. 71).
ONYCHIURUS DENTATUS Folsom.
Plate 69, fig. 7; plate 75, figs. 65-68; plate 76, figs. 69-75.
Aphorura dentata Fousom, 1902,
White (fig. 7). Postantennal organs (fig. 65) elongate, each with
hundreds of closely set papillae, which arise from about 17 tubercles,
the stalks of which are shown in section in figure 66. Pseudocelli of
antennal bases 2+2 (fig. 67). Antennae slightly shorter than the
head, with segments related nearly as 2:5:4:5 in relative lengths.
Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 68) with five (rarely
four) stout subconical papillae, five guard setae, a pair of slender
fusiform sense rods and two papillate sense clubs. Unguis (figs.
69, 70) strongly curving, basally tuberculate, five or six toothed, as
follows: paired pseudonychial teeth occur one-third from the base
of the claw; a second pair of lateral teeth is present near the apex of
the claw; and one or two distal teeth are situated on the outer margin.
648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 53.
Unguiculus untoothed, shorter than, or longer than, the unguis,
narrowly lamellate proximally, gradually tapering or attenuating
distally, tuberculate basally. Fourth and fifth abdominal segments
each with 2+2 pseudocelli, in oblique pairs. Anal spines (figs. 71,
72) two, less than half as long as hind ungues, almost straight,
separated basally, with papillae reduced to rings. Clothing (figs.
73, 74) of dense short curving setae, with occasional long stiff setae.
Cuticular tubercles of moderate size (fig. 75). Maximum length,
4 mm.
I have here improved my original diagnosis of this species by the
addition of a more precise description of the antennal sense organ
and by a correction of my former statement in regard to the pseudo-
celli. Almost all the structures that I described as pseudocelli are
in reality cuticular pits that form the sockets of exceptionally large
setae, and these sockets can be distinguished by their structure from
pseudocelli by means of high magnification. Most of the setae were
missing in my specimens, but the occasional setae that remained in
place were sufficient in number to enable me to reconstruct the
arrangement of setae as given in figure 7.
The cotypes were collected by Prof. Trevor Kincaid, of the Harri-
man Alaska Expedition, from whom I received a few additional
specimens after the description was published.
Seldovia, Cook Inlet, July, under stones at tide mark (No. 62).
Cook Inlet (No. 60). St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, August 1.
Unalaska, September, beneath stones covered with barnacles.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 5436, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHIURUS RAMOSUS, new species.
Plate 69, fig. 8; plate 76, figs. 76, 77; plate 77, figs. 78-82.
White. Postantennal organs (fig. 76) each with about 13 many-
lobed tubercles, of the fimetarius type. Pseudocelli behind the
antennal bases 2+2, with wide ringlike borders (fig. 77). Antennae
shorter than the head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig.
78) with four papillae, three guard setae, a pair of sense rods and
two capitate coarsely tuberculate sense clubs. Dorsal pseudocelli
of body (fig. 8): 0, 1+1, 141, 1+1, 0, 0, 2+2, 2+2, 0; those of
the fourth and fifth abdominal segments being in oblique pairs.
Lateral and ventral pseudocelli absent. Unguis (fig. 79) stout,
curving, untoothed. Unguiculus gradually tapering from base to
apex, extending half as far as the unguis. Anal spines (fig. 80) two,
half as long as hind ungues, arcuate, on low contiguous papillae.
Clothing (fig. 81) of sparse, short, stiff setae and a few minute curv-
ing setae. Cuticular tubercles minute (fig. 82). Length, 1.3 mm,
This is the only one of our known species which has, at the same
time, branched postantennal tubercles of the fimetarius type and
NO. 2222, NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 649
anal spines. I have found it rather common among grass roots and
in the woods under damp logs.
Illinois: Homer, April 3, May 7, 8. Urbana, April 12, 18, October
26.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20761, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHIURUS FUIMETARIUS Linnaeus, Lubbock.
Plate 69, fig. 9; plate 77, figs. 83-86; plate 78, figs. 87, 88.
Podura fimetaria LINNAEUS, 1767.—FaBrictus, 1793.
Tipura fimetaria BuRMEISTER, 1838.—LuBBocK, 1868, 1873.—PacKarpD, 1873.—
Parona, 1879, 1888.—OupEMANs, 1890.—UzeEt, 1890, 1891.—MacGruivray,
1891.—CaRPENTER and Evans, 1899.
Lipura volvator GervaAts, 1844.
Anurophorus jimetarius NicoLer, 1847 (not of 1841).
Lipura inermis TuLuBerG, 1869, 1871, 1872.—ReutTEerR, 1890, 1895.—Scuérr,
1891, 1894a, 1894b, 1896.—MacGriivray, 1894.—Liz-Perrersen, 1896.
Lipura wrightit CARPENTER, 1895, 1897.
Aphorura inermis SCHAFFER, 1896, 19006.—Canrt, 1899.—ABsoLon, 1900a, 19006
1901a, 1901b.—KrausBAvErR, 1902.—ScuH6rr, 1902.
Aphorura fimetaria Cart, 1899.
Onychiurus inermis BORNER, 1902a.—Votarts, 1902.
Onychiurus fimetarius Aaren, 1903, 1904.—AxELsoNn, 1905a, 1906.—(AXELSON)
LINNANIEMI, 1907, 1912.—Contincsr and SHoEBOTHAM, 1910.—Carozt, 1914.
White. Abdomen broad, rounded behind (fig. 9). Postantennal
organs (fig. 83) elongate, each with 8 to 17 branched tubercles. Pseu-
docelli of head as follows: Antennal base, 2+ 2; behind antennal base,
1+1; posterior border of head, 1+ 1 or 2+2; ventral surface of head,
1+1. Antennae shorter than the head. Sense organ of third anten-
nal segment (fig. 84) with four slender papillae, five guard setae, two
sense rods, and two ovate erect smooth sense clubs. Pseudocelli of
body (fig. 9) as follows: Prothorax—dorsal, 1+1; proximal pre-
coxal segment, 2+2. Mesothorax—dorsal, 2+ 2; proximal precoxal,
2+2; antero-ventral, 1+1. Metathorax—dorsal, 2+2; proximal
precoxal, 2+2; antero-ventral, 1+1. First abdominal segment:
Dorsal, 3+3; lateral (base of ventral tube), 1+1; antero-lateral,
1+1. Second abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; antero-ventral (behind
ventral tube), 1+1; postero-ventral, 1+1. Third abdominal:
Dorsal, 3+3; ventro-lateral, 1+1; postero-ventral, 1+1. Fourth
abdominal: Dorsal aspect, 5+5 (dorsal, 3+3; lateral, 2+ 2); postero-
ventral, 1+1. Fifth abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; ventral, 1+1.
Sixth abdominal: 0. Unguis (figs. 85, 86) slender, curving,
untoothed. Unguiculus gradually tapering, distally attenuate,
three-fourths as long as unguis. Anal spines absent. Anus ventral.
Clothing (fig. 87) of sparse short setae, a little longer and stiffer on
the posterior part of the abdomen. Cuticular tubercles relatively
coarse (fig. 88); coarser on the head than on the body. Length,
often 1.8 mm.; maximum, 2.1 mm.
650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 53.
I sent specimens from Massachusetts to Dr. Caesar Schiffer, who
informed me that they were Lipura inermis Tullberg, the equivalent
of L. fimetaria Linnaeus, Lubbock; and I was able to verify his opin-
ion by an examination of many European specimens which he sent
to me.
In Swedish specimens Agren (03) found 3+3 pseudocelli on the
posterior border of the head and found the unguiculus to exceed the
unguis in length. The same author (’04) gives the number of lateral
pseudocelli of each thoracic segment as 1+1; I find, however, 2+2
and record also several lateral and ventral pseudocelli not as yet
mentioned by European writers.
Packard’s (73) Inpura fimetaria (Linnaeus), which I examined in
the Museum of Comparative Zéology, is this species—the fimetaria of
Linnaeus as redescribed by Lubbock.
The form with eight or nine tubercles in each postantennal organ,
found in Europe and North America, varies into forms with a larger
number of tubercles, as Carpenter and Evans (’99) have noted.
The species from Japan that I referred to Aphorura inermis Tullberg
(Folsom, ’99) was named A. folsomi by Schiffer (00a, p. 249), and
differs from inermis in the structure of the antennal sense organ,
as I have recently found (see Bérner, ’09, p. 104).
The form referred to inermis Tullberg by Guthrie (’03) is not
that species’ but is the form described beyond as pseudofimetarius,
as I have found by an examination of some of Guthrie’s specimens.
The Californian specimens that I have seen, collected by Miss
Gertrude A. Bacon, agree with European examples.
This species is common in humus, under dead leaves, decaying
logs, or loose dead bark, in moss, in flower pots in dwelling houses,
and in greenhouses. In Europe it has been found also in caves and
occasionally on the seashore.
Onychiurus fimetarius is common throughout Europe, is widely
distributed in North America, and has been reported from Africa
and Sumatra.
Massachusetts: Belmont, March 27; Cambridge (in a greenhouse),
February 2, 7, March 1, July 17; Salem, A. S. Packard (M. C. Z).
Pennsylvania: Hazleton, W. G. Dietz.
Florida: E. Lénnberg (see MacGillivray, ’94).
California: G. Eisen (Cal. Acad. Sc.); Santa Barbara, February 28,
Gertrude A. Bacon.
ONYCHIURUS PSEUDOFIMETARIUS, new species.
Plate 69, fig. 10; plate 78, figs. 89-94.
Aphorura inermis GUTHRIE, 1903.
White. Body slender; abdomen rounded posteriorly (fig. 10).
Postantennal organs (fig. 89) elongate, each with about 16 branched
NO. 2222, NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 651
tubercles. Dorsal pseudocelli of head as follows (fig. 10): Antennal
bases, 2+2; behind antennal bases, 1+1; posterior border of head,
3+3. Ventral pseudocelli of head as follows: Anterior, 1+ 1; poste-
rior,1+1. Antennae slightly shorter than the head. Sense organ
of third antennal segment (fig. 90) with five slender papillae, five
guard setae, two sense rods, and two subreniform smooth oblique
sense clubs. Pseudocelli of body as follows—Prothorax: Pronotum,
0; proximal precoxal, 2+2; coxal, 1+1. Mesothorax and meta-
thorax: Dorsal, 3+3; antero-ventral, 1+1; proximal precoxal, 2+ 2;
coxal, 1+1. First abdominal segment: Dorsal aspect, 4+4; antero-
ventral, 1+1; base of ventral tube, 2+2 (lateral and posterior,
respectively). Second abdominal: Dorsal aspect, 4+4; postero-
ventro-lateral,1+1. Third abdominal: Dorsal aspect, 3 +3; postero-
ventro-lateral, 1+1. Fourth abdominal: Dorsal, 3+3; lateral,
3+3 or 2+2; postero-ventro-lateral, 1+1. Fifth abdominal:
Dorsal, 3+3; postero-lateral, 1+1. Sixth abdominal: 0. Unguis
(figs. 91, 92) curved, untoothed. Unguiculus extending a little
more than half as far as the unguis, broadly lamellate proximally,
attenuate distally. Anal spines absent. Anus ventral. Clothing
(fig. 93) of short sparse setae, becoming longer and stiffer posteriorly.
Cuticular tubercles relatively minute (fig. 94). Length, 1.5 mm.
Pscudofimetarius is close to fimetarius, the arrangement of most of
the dorsal pseudocelli being essentially the same in the two species,
though the former species differs in having no pronotal pseudocelli
and in having 3+3 pseudocelli on the posterior border of the head
(this latter condition occurring, however, as a variation in some
Swedish examples of jfimetarwus). Pseudofimetarius differs further
from fimetarius in having four pseudocelli on the ventral surface of
the head and differs markedly in the structure of the sense organ of
the third antennal segment.
This is the form that Guthrie (’03) referred to Aphorura inermis
Tullberg, as I learned from a study of two of Guthrie’s specimens,
loaned to me by Prof. Henry F. Nachtrieb.
This species occurs on damp soil under decaying logs or dead
leaves.
Illinois: Homer, April 2, 3, 9, May 7, 8, November 7. Urbana,
March 13, 17, April 3, 5, 11, 25.
Minnesota: April 8, J. E. Guthrie (Univ. of Minn.).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 20762, U.S.N.M.
Genus TULLBERGIA Lubbock, Borner.
Tullbergia LupBock 1876.
Stenaphorura ABSOLON 19000.
Mesaphorura BORNER 1901a.
Boerneria WitLEM 1902.
Tullbergia BORNER 1902b.
652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yor. 53.
Body extremely slender, gradually tapering toward each end.
Head relatively small, narrower than the prothorax. Antennal
base absent in a few species. Postantennal organs each in a trans-
verse groove, a little behind the antennal base, with simple tubercles,
usually numerous. Sense organ of third antennal segment with
two or three papillae, or with papillae absent or represented by a
cuticular ridge; with two, three, or four guard setae; a pair of sense
rods; and two or three sense clubs, smooth and straight or curving
toward one another; in addition there is usually an isolated ventro-
lateral sense club. Fourth antennal segment with curving sense
hairs, with apical sense club and without subapical papilla. Tarsus
with one or two claws. Furcula absent. Anal spines 0-4, with
additional spine-like tubercles in a few species. Pseudocelli rarely
rudimentary.
TULLBERGIA COLLIS Bacon.
Plate 69, fig. 11; plate 78, fig. 95; plate 79, figs. 96-101.
Tullbergia collis Bacon, 1914.
White. Slender (fig. 11); five to six times as long as broad.
Postantennal organs (fig. 95) large, oblong-elliptical, each with
about 75 tubercles in four parallel rows Pseudocelli large, with
wide rings. Dorsal pseudocelli of head (fig. 11) as follows: Antennal
bases, 1+1; posterior border, 1+1. Antennae shorter than the
head. Sense organ of third antennal segment (fig. 96) with four
guard setae; four low blunt papillae, sometimes reduced to an
irregular ridge; two clavate curving sense rods; two smooth clavate
or subreniform sense clubs curving toward each other; and an
inner clavate accessory sense club. Curving sensory setae of fourth
antennal segment (fig. 97) as follows: Two outer, one dorsal, five
inner. One pair of dorsal pseudocelli on each segment of the body
except the anal segment. Unguis (fig. 98) stout, curving, untoothed.
Unguiculus reduced, spiniform. Anal spines (figs. 99, 100) two,
arcuate, as long as hind ungues, on large contiguous papillae.
Clothing (fig. 101) of sparse short stiff setae. Length, 1.5 mm.
Tullbergia collis, the only known representative of its genus in
this country, was discovered in California, in the hills near Pomona
and Laguna Beach, and described by Miss Gertrude A. Bacon, who
kindly sent me cotypes which have enabled me to supplement the
original description.
Genus TETRODONTOPHORA Reuter.
Tetrodontophora REvTER, 1882.
Tetrodontophora ABSOLoN, 1901c.
Tetrodontophora BORNER, 1902a.
Head and body stout. Antennal base present. Postantennal
organs absent. Sense organ of third antennal segment with seven
NO, 2222. NORTH AMERICAN ONYCHIURINAE—FOLSOM. 653
guard setae, 14 or 15 papillae in three rows, three erect sense clubs,
and two sense rods. Tarsus with two claws, the unguis being
pseudonychiate (as in Tomocerus). Furcula present, normally
developed, on the fourth abdominal segment. Tenaculum present.
Anal and genital segments confluent. Abdomen posteriorly six-
lobed, with two anal spines and four spine-like tubercles.
The genus Tetrodoniophora, which has not as yet been found on
this continent, is based upon the European T. bielanensis Waga
(gigas Reuter), a cavernicolous species, dark blue, and of relatively
large size, attaining a length of 9.2 mm.
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Page.
A hellnmmerncanh..t. ssc. escceue cee cate cin.c 445
Acirsa/menesthoides: - 0... 6. cece eee cctences 474
A cordulecera hicoriad:2-.2. ..2<.cc See ececenee 157
Aenoplex carpocapsae. ..........-....-0--0-- 461
MICTOSOMIA- 2 cn sce ec cee cree nmecsves 460
plesiobypush=<< co-op sases- sae seen 460
PAT ANUS UHICINGHIS: commascece.c.cnccauvedcsacaccess 195
Dentiscala crenatotdes. .... 2... ecccceccceesss 473 | Epicratus angulifer........-.sscscccsesccns 278, 279
Crenimareinata..c.cccccssacscuues 473 SUMALDS: Se ass ceseawee wat acs -ap 278, 279
Inseulptastessiecsccccwccusscocces 473 | Epitonium, shells of the genus, and its allies
MeslOliCa sc swaswcccacsccsscceecas 473 of the Pacific coast of America. 471
DMerostenuspallinessse2. soko sec caececacscetsac 214 ACAPUICANUMN:,..scavencouaessae 475
Desmognathus auriculatus...........--.----- 412 acrostephanus ....ccecscescsccns 478
brimleyorum........... 393, 394, 414 apicolatnnin. cc s-cccnsseeaceeene 480
fUSCH 22 Cocctasewcesens 393, 394, 415 appressicostatuMm .......--c.-e00 482
auriculata.2.<..--<2ssss 412 AMO esau swe se aoe eseabeeee 475
HISCR acts soaecakess 407,410 DASIGUIBG deeneesedennweceecanes 484
var. auriculata......... 413 DOILYli.; wos.c~acesecore Ue eoues 483
TUSCUIS Ste ac tenecac crates ccs 407 bislatumi-2-.2-c ceases ste ceweses 484
Naldemanni-22 so. e-4+ web eee 415 (Boreoseala) greenlandicum..... 472
MOnICOla-sseue eee eee ee eee 421 brunneopictiniz----osseesceees 474
NNO cei ec cscs ccccccucoess 401 C&amanol... cc: cseanbccesenoeos 482
MIPTA Cee eee aces oeewecees 393 Caliiormicunies=ceewebvaesce esac 482
ochrophaea carolinensis.... 394,417 Colslinagl ss cenckonoseaceenstesres 484
ochrophaea...... 415 CONtLOMINNT ante sac cc ece ene 480
quadrimaculata.... 401, 403, 421, 422 (Cirsotrema) montereyense...... 477
Desmognathus salamanders of the genus..... 393 CO) POC Fe ces neaee taemee ems 478
Pianopus HOWardilcscsi sc cssccesccocs sees ee 248 columbiannmy .. oc csncwuescesee 481
Wioctrisforissantinga.c.--s2cccse--csscnses 392 colummetlas-<.cscssesearanen ness 483
GQRYIDHIVELISso-- sacs sees cmsceee esse 392 compradora.......-s06 Saccnenee, “450
PNospilusicalitormmicus:.cessecesssceeseece ees + 164 cookeanum ..........00 aeeesoee - 475
MGOCIY tis cect suse sented senmenscns 165 erebricostatiim ss. asssesssee esas - 478
washingtonensis................0c- 163 cylindricumies< ces ccclecesentecevesenesus 383 nemphillicecscncsesne Senoeeeas = a7
poculiaris | scu.sccsasesccwscecesus 386 HexXAPOnUN Soc anccckasacs staves AUD
Perplexusss-sssseceseecnce cscs ces Oot IMDICK \ascnetneaniceseseeeenanee eT AG
PICOUS: cn scerecstacec ct ecen ee setns 385 imperforatum............. Sechce! TAG
FUCUS cowecececatereesetervscscess 382 indianorum........ RCA 477
santa\maride: sossusccsceseseecces 386 lagunarum.......... Saeeee eae 477
SOMISTALIOSUS!=.=te seo ec ese o acer s 387 linéatom<2o> cease aa ees 471
SUPPOSILUS sa cssveceee es eseeace uses 385 mazatlanicum os. cceeeueereeses 474
brivighs!s-sccocuaesrocstecccust ses 386 MOXiCANHMe nc ~ ssp sseeeeeeeees 474
Dolichoselephus cockerelli............-..---- 508 MONLOMCVCNSE./3<6d. ccc eceeeante 471
Dragonfly from Maryland, Gomphus parvi- MUSIDOLS cmos teccaswe sone aeseae 483
dens, a new species Of......ccccccccsccccce 223 ONChOdES.........0e-eneeaceneases 476
Dromicis Cursor essere seeoc sees ee eee es 284 orcuttianum .............+--..- 484
fopitivdss ss hee se. ee 285 Pacis Bwad eaae= sesneeceeeemenenis 476
Dunn, Emmett R. The salamanders of the PAZIANUM-- 2 -<- 2222+ -ecnaseseon- 479
POTSULUTUM. 2.22. ce cc neneswece 478
genera Desmognathus and Leurognathus.. 393 :
Echini, fossil, of the Panama Canal Zone and (Pictoscala) purpuratum........ 477
CostaRicast.<.scccce Rebtewarcunswecesnese 489 POMPHOLYX ..-..-----e-ee--+0000 474
: < propehexagonum.............-- 479
Echinolampas semiorbis.............-..--- 489,498 rectiianinatein.. oto ee 482
Echiniscoides sigismundi....... SEEN SacaR bE s 251 pootivnn is. 3215, gs se ngs 484
Eleutherodactylus auriculatus..............- 262 FOU DOFOHUM Ss ues saveey ew nne 474
Cuneatus...-.-.---+------ 262 rhiytidtites. = scr cueecuce ce eran eet 486
dimidiatus..... eee ts 262 PODOEB ans tes a nee bee eee 485
ricordil: ccs ene erate sexe | 201 BAWIDGO-s ees ceontuueupweneuabn 481
WEEIBUS! ccuscccncceuntcdca) “O08
664 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Epitonium, spongiosum...........-.-..----- 474 | Eusandalum acmaeorerae..........-.-....--- 171
statuminatum.. 2-5. ase sseee..- - 484 | Eutelus bruchophagi............-...--...--. 212
subcoronatum ......-...-.------ 478 | Fagan, Margaret M.,and S.A. Rohwer. The
TADOZENSA—- 2 - cass emcees eens 484 type-species of the genera of the Cynipoidea,
tabulatum: scs-sancse see ceo. sei 482 or the gall wasps and parasitic cynipoids.... 357
thylax Wc sse2. se eeee eee. =e 487, |, Kelis leo massaica.: = 5-.-2/So.54. See scmeseneee 177
MIATA Seca cietio ease See eee 480 Ny ans <:-k.t. 5.4 eee ee 183
tinctum ..... Sass eaeessesane 477 rooseveltizc cus casitveeselseectcons 186
XANILSIGH SS: Sos. cate ss eee 475 | Florissant, Colorado, some fossilinsects from. 389
Zepby TUM. - socnceee see ace 484 | Folsom, Justus W. North American Collem-
wetekiosten Ssacecs seccee see 486 bolous insects of the subfamily Onychiu-
Rquusicaballas=s.ss>son.ses. seoeeeee 437, 439, 442 Finde oes oSeS ae ees ober 637
complicatus.......... ease aeons 439 | Fossil echini of the Panama Canal Zone and
francisels see ec eas 439 Costa Ries 224)-<2535s 5522 see eee 489
Hatcherisin25 Pegs ee ee ee 437,439 | Fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado...... 389
TAMEDOUs soe enas eee eee 437, 441, 442,443 | Fossil passerine bird from the Florissant of
Equus lambei, description of a new species of Colorado s2st ee Soe ese Be eee eee 453
extinct horse, from the Pleis- BMundulus heteroclitws 4 ageeen cee ew ceneeaern 59
tocene of Yukon Territory.. 485 | Gahan, A.B. Descriptions of some new
PASC 34a eine eee eee eae 439 parasitic hymenoptera............-.-...2- 195
MIOHLALCNSIS =< ./s)5--eaeeeem Eee 437,439 | Gall wasps and parasitic Cynipoids, the type-
SASKAG seeesaewe ssn eee 439 species of the genera of the Cynipoidea or
SCObldaeaes aaa elles meee oe ete 439 the a pes sc Rae a eee 357
Eriocampoides aethiops.........-.-...------ 390 | Giffard, W.M. A report ona collection ofhy-
CASTSNOaGe deat ena aeenes cea 152 menoptera made by. 22 2s2see se oe wien se cees 233
micrarch@=. .2.c-o-2se0s--5~'2 390 | Girault, A. A. Notes and descriptions of
WUMUSScaseascen essen eee ae 390 miscellaneous Chalcid-flles (Hymenop-
Eubadizon schizoceri................-------- 162 COTA) 25h 2208 webceneeCaeeeceeeeccees 445
Eucope parasitica .................2.-------- 18,19) |SGlypta evetwiaest)- <= ssaseo seco ncie-e claws 469
oli a ACUIAS ae ae oe ee eee eee 296,299,347 | Gomphotherium elegans, description of a new
adamantina. .- ...2-senec-e"=- 298, 299, 331 species of mastodon from the Pleistocene of
IPSUM GAs anatase een 297,299 IKANSAG: 1 oe cnisnieneceeine tae ae ee cee 219
bistorta $e 2242s ae ee eee eels 300,323 | Gomphotherium elegans...........-.-.---.. 220
COMPACtAsaccscseceeecen eee 297, 299, 300,314 floridanum cc ec cece esas 220
(Piven) CoOmpaciassaaceses-e-acee 298 , humDpolditect=s2¢2e=-- cen nky cen dena ee 649, 650
PLOGUCLS cacep erect eae tee aseee = 297,318 Tacemila ns Aree doe en eee 649
TOCtA~..----- +--+ 2-2 e ee eee nese 297, 208 ooto-purictatas-sec cone e 231
WARICICOSTALA son ccaeeeeck ces cansasecies 473 | Phrixocephalus cincinnatus................. 75
varicostata.........- Moen cece se nnene 473 GIVSISURS. ospe cscs uerens aes . 77
WILODIGWHELa ove auesccntceeeeanese coos 472 EXIAnCOIDE bccn cenceeceeeean 76
OPUS COMACAUS ca iccycecaceccesacceseerex es 20121) Platy raster win tssss ccs «cesses sess ces sare 255
OidOSIS ccciehede veteran cces were eee 202 POSING ESS «owen nines nts eo aee ee 255
POLOMNVIRO sa. seeks eee Sob oee ee sete ans 201)? Blecian decapitate- 22. csnna-scees nen casaen ans 391
Orfhagorisous mola 2. -ccse cece ace n= = aeicle 19 | Plethodon auriculatum.................-.--- 413
OSMOMs MOTGAK oc. ~ cas. cocss eee ore ters as 59 fuSCWIME =. pacers eve ce ewae es 407
Ostinops decumanus..............2.-...2.000 231 NIP cone conde anen a oe eee aera 407
Oxybelusiquadninotatus......<..c..scsceeaseee 241 | Pleurotropis (Entedon) epigonus............ 255
Paine, John Howard. Anasymmetrical bird- Podogasterradiolata,-...<-c0scncunencocsvae 508
louse found on three different species of Podnra time tavias>- 42-05 ss tecsaseceene esas 649
RNOUPIAIS Hos oss ae dae tess setae nie hnre vei ninin' wie 251 PE OlLyenoOtus DUNKOl-a-4c 116 Gelicatus. 22s s.s<2 0a seeeee species 537
COStaI SS Po vastesde toes vote esdetecine sos 111 faCilis 222. roe sen ncnoneeseeeo eee es 527
OXOCOOHL tee nace ria sea e es sticiceeceeee 115 fIscinennis: 2c sa5e- = seen e eae oes 543
SLOSA Rae aaa e Sameton man toe a's renicieinwinis 119 Dyalinipennis. . ces. sae eee 239
filosasss.s aaetels Natelace sao eaees 1195121) ePsammophilaluctuosa...c:-- sees eee oe eee 241
Sacittals coc cesses sass eesan eeeeose 113 violaceipennis................. 241
Pennell a, aTitarchicatw..n< <..-.=..+-<-s