: a rf oe te : : oyu aul e ; r 7 Hey aT , ’ i am a ae ae ie a - et Cr cinenty / be nas PR c yt 7 9 oT a0% viva pes, on re uv Wa hy) y ou 7 eae Ai 7 oy is ++ a i ae oe ' ; : wih eu ee a me Au Os _ | nn o : t } 7 a ir i - i” : f fi ' a2 aut 7 <<. rr ay ’ : es Dyan tie is if 4S 7 . 7 ‘ i as . .. eS ‘ a A : ey 2 ‘ 7 a Ate 5 be thee at > aan - 7 ia : ae a »* - a 7 ann - ,* gal 7 | [ha aan : — - ; © : ye eos a wu j «(CO ae Wy me”) Pee iy ees cr )s thee' Oe i) a i Pe meet ee it 4 on ‘oe AN aI ge 7 S +4 fi rat Vin 6 i ’ 0 tL 6 a . - Wy : oo "0 ee 7 a 7 eae . y J ‘ fi y.f - Vox | y De : ' 7 » ¢ cy * ; : : ate 4 a ri sa i if —_i ae 7a 7] «A 7 ae) a f a ie wl arin a | oa © > = ee : Ps gern Ce a Oe 4 > © VSL Re SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ~—— PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL®MUSEUM , / VOLUME 56 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two series—Proceedings and Bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of lim- ited groups. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and, in view of the impor- tance of the more prominent disseminations of new facts, a limited edi- tion of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of the volume. The present volume is the fifty-sixth of this series. The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more elaborate papers, issued separately, and, like the Proceedings, based chiefly on the collections of the National Museum. A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘‘Special Bulletin,” has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as ‘‘Contributions from the National Herbarium,” and containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, have been published as Bulletins. Wiiuiam DEC. RAVENEL, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary, in charge of the United States National Museum. MarcH 15, 1920. Il TA Om, COON Tt RN TT S:. Coxer, Rospertr. Habits and economic relations of the Page. guano birds of Peru. No. 2298. September 11,’ 1919.. 449-511 CusuMan, JosepH A. A new foraminifer commensal of Cyclammina. No. 2290. July 31,1 1919_-..-.-.---.-- 101-102 New species: Iridia convera. Recent foraminifera from off New Zealand. No. 2802, Deacemiber< 16,1 1919) siya oy so ewe Ge whe ey 98-640 New species: Technitella mestayeri, Hyperammina mestayeri, Toly- pammina horrida, Ammodiscus mestayeri, Reophex advena. New variety: Reophax spiculifera, var. pseudodistans. Cusuman, R. A. Notes on certain genera of Ichneumon- flies, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species. Moe 20 meNuost 27 1 WOT De Se Wee PS SE O73 382 New genus: Zagryphus. New species: Neliopisthus similis, N. nigridorsum, Neliopisthus luggeri (Ashmead), Thymaris americanus. Datit, Wititiam Heratey. Descriptions of new species of mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean in the collection of the United States National Museum. No. 2295. Au- Pasian ph eee es Oe ee geod L New genus: Elachisina. New species: Acteocina smirna, A. magdalenensis, Retusa xystrum, R. paziana, R. galapagana, Volvulella cooperi, V. californica, V. panamica, V. catharia, V. callicera, Scaphander willetti, Diaphana brunnea, D. californica, Cylichnella (Bullinella) diegensis, Haminoea olgae, Philine bakeri, P. hemphilli, Cryptogemma eidola, C. oregon- ensis, Borsonella civitella, Lora flora, L. casentina, L. galgana, L. amiata, L. rassina, Philbertia capaniola, Mangilia (Kurtziella) alesidota, M. (K.) tersa, Agathotoma pomara, Zetekia curta, Admete rhyssa, Marginella albuminosa, M. politula, M. eremus, M. anticlea, Hyalina myrmecoon, Strigatella (Atrimetra) catalinae, S. (A.) diegensis, S. (A.) mexicana, Volutopsius rotundus, V. filosus, V. diminutus, Beringius marshalli, B. indentatus, Ancistrolepis cal- ifornicus, A. beringianus, A. trochoideus, Plicifusus (Retifusus) incisus, P. (R.) oceanodromae, Colus (Latifusus) pharcidus, C. (Aulacofusus) nobilis, C. (A.) ombronius, C. (A.) adonis, C. (A.) bristolensis, C’. (A.) barbarinus, C’. (A.) sapius, C. (A.) calathus, C. (A.) capponius, C. (A.) halidonus, Aulacofusus (Limatofusus) puleius, A. (L.) timetus, A. (L.) trophius, A. (L.) morditus, A. (L.) dimidiatus, A. (L.) severinus, A. (L.) halimeris, A. (L.) trom- binus, Colus (Latisipho) errones, C. (L.) clementinus, C. (L.) dal- masius, Chrysodomus smirnius, C .nuceus, C. pribiloffensis, C. vino- 1 Date of publication. ; III TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. sus, C. hypolispus, Buccinum solenum, B. chartiwm, B. planeticum, B. rondinum, B. rossellinum, B. physematum, Cantharus exanthe- matus, Anachis phanea, Alia callimorpha, A. xenia, A. casciana, Astyris amiantis, Nitidella lutulenta, Aesopus arestus, Murex (Alipur- pura) rhyssus, Tritonalia fusconotata, T. sclera, T. epiphanea, T. tra- cheia, T. turrita, Neptuneatolomia, N. apolyonis, N. ithitoma, N. staphylina, N. callicerata, N. (Trophonopsis) lasia, Typhis lati- pennis, Coralliophila stearnsiana, C. (Pseudomurex) kincaidi, C. (P) orcuttiana, Epitonium (Asperoscala) tinctorium, E. (A.) keratiwm E. (A.) canna, EE. (WNitidoscala) barbarinum, E. (N.) phanium, EF. (N.) callipeplum, Graphis shepardiana, Carinaria latidens, Sequenzia certoma, S. giovia, S. cervola, S. caliana, Cerithiopsis sassetta, Alabina calena, Stylidium paganicum, Pire- nella cyclus, Clava californica, Tachyrhynchus pratomus, T. stearnsii, Eglisia nebulosa, Lacuna marmorata, Haloconcha minor, Fossarus angiolus, F'. lucanus, Cithna orvieta, Crepidula orbiculata, Cryp- tonatica salimba, C. aleutica, Euspira acosmita, E. monterona, EF. politiana, E. canonica, Ruma subfusca, Sinum pazianum, S. ke- ratium, Elachisina grippi, Velutina granulata, Torellia ammonia, T. vallonia, Cocculina casanica, Astraea (Pachypoma) barbarensis, Leptothyra juanensis, Liotia scitula, Molleria drusiana, Solariella rhyssa, S. tavernia, S. (Solaricida) hondoensis, S. diomedea, S. nyssona, S. delicata, S. koreanica, Margarites pawperculus, M. (Pupillaria) kamchaticus, M.(P.) healyi, M. (P.) shannonicus, M. (P.) rudis, M. (P.) rossica, M. (Lirularia) althorpensis, M. pribi- loffensis, M. frigidus, M. marginatus, M. hypolispus, Circulus rossellinus, Ganesa (Granigyra) piona G. (G.) filosa, Teinostoma (Pseudorotella) sapiella, T. (P.) bibbiana, T. (P.)salvania T. (P.) cecinella, Scissurella chiricova, Schismope caliana, Sphenia globula. New varieties: Volutopsius middendorffti, var. emphaticus, Be- ringius crebricostatus, var. undatus, B. kennicottii, var. incisus, Ancistrolepis eucosmius, var. bicinctus, Chrysodomus saturus var. tabularis, Buccinwm pemphigus, var. major, B. angulosum var. enismatopleura, B. a., var. transliratum, Amphissa versicolor, var. incisa, Tritonalia gracillima, var. obesa, T. lurida, var. rotunda, T. circumtexta, var. citrica, T. interfossa, var. clathrata, T. i., var. minor, T. %., var. atropurpurea, Tachyrhynchus erosus, var. major, Lacuna, var. puteoloides, Iselica obtusa, var. laxa, Astraea (Pachy- poma), inaequalis, var. pacifica, Chlorostoma gallina, var. umbi- licatum, C. brunneum, var. fluctuosum, Calliostoma costatum, var. pictum, C.c., var. caeruleum, C. canaliculatum, var. nebulosum, C. c., var. transliratum, Margarites helenicus, var. elevatus, M. h., var excavatus. New names: Bullaria quoyana, Turritellopsis (acicula variety) stimp- soni, Omphalius marianus, Margarites (Lirularia) inflatula. New form: Haliotis cracherodii, form imperforata. —. Descriptions of new species of mollusks of the family Turritidae from the west coast of America and adjacent regions. No. 2288. August 8, 1919!_________ 1-86 New species: Turricula libya, T. (Knefastia) nigricans, T. (Surcula) laysanica, T. (S.) panthea, T. (S.) lavinia, Leucosyrina galapagna, L. amycus, L. kincaidi, Cymatosyrinz hespera, C. elissa, C. lalage, 1 Date of publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vv Page. C. feminiana, C. palmeri, C. idothea, C. hecuba, Elaeocyma ianthe, E. attalia, E. arbela, E. halocydne, E. aeolia, E. abdera, 1. aegina, E. aerope, Clathrodrilla paziana, C. limans, C. castianira, C. aenone, C. callianira, C. andromeda, C. (Carinodrilla) halis, C. (C.) alcestis, C. (C.) thestia, C. (C.) haliplexa, C. (Kylix) aleyone, C. (K.) alcyone, Crassispira erigone, C. eurynome, C. candace, C. dirce, C. nephele, C. epicasta, C. bridgesi, C. bacchia, C. tepocana, C. arsinoe, C. amathea, C. martinensis, Moniliopsis grippi, Suavodrillia willetti, Bellaspira melea, Haedropleura melita, Cryptogemma polycaste, C. chrysothemis, C. calypso, C. cymothoe, C. quentinensis, C. antigone, C. adrastia, Antiplanes agamedea, A. kamchatica, A. bulimoides, A. litus, A. abarbarea, A. briseis, A. hyperia, A. amycus, A. amphitrite, Borsonella barbarensis, B. nychia, B. omphale, B. nicoli, B. rhodope, Lora pitysa, L. hali- tropa, L. brachis, L. antipoda, L. healyi, L. popovia, L. mitrata, L. paviova, L. chiachiana, L. alitakensis, L. equatorialis, L. prib- ilova, L. inequita, L. surana, L. nazanensis, L. monterealis, L. quadra, L. diegensis, L. lotta, L. kyskana, L. miona, L. regulus, L. lutkeni, L. sixta, L. althorpensis, L. tenuissima, L. colpoica, Pleurotomella herminea, P. thalassica, P. oceanida, Glyphostoma adana, G. adria, G. partefilosa, G. sirena, G. cymodoce, Philbertia hesione, P. helena, P. doris, P. dione, P. ephaedra, P. aethra, P. dictynna, P. scammoni, P. telamon, P. aegialea, P. (Nannodiella) nana, P. (N.) fraternalis, P. (N.) phylira, P. (N.) amyela, P. hilaira, Mangilia (Clathromangilia) rhyssa, M. (Kurtziella) cyrene, M. (K.) danae, M. (K.) hebe, M. (K.) beta, M. nanivakensis, M. oenoa, M. philodice, M. patagoniensis, M. eriopis, M. granitica, M. aithorpi, M. carlottae, M. evadne, M. eriphyle, M. hermione, M. laodice, M. cesta, M. newcombei, M. dejanira, M. eurybia, Daph- nella bartschi, Cytharella aculea, C. louisa, C. quadriseriata, (. hippolita, C. verdensis, C. janira, C. electra, C. niobe, C. amatula, C. phaethusa, C’. (Agathotoma) pyrrhula, C. (A.) euryclea, C. (A.) penelope, C. (A.) camarina, C. (A.) phryne, Taranis panope, T. zeuxip pe. New varieties: Leucosyrinxz persimilis blanca, Antiplanes amphatrite beroe, Lora Tenuilirata cymata, Mangilia (Kurtziella) arteaga roperi. New names: Lora lawrenciana, Philbertia trichodes. New section: Carinodrillia. Fow.er, Henry W. ‘The fishes of the United States Eclipse Expedition to West Africa. No, 2294. August Seater ane ee eas Tye iy i sapere iat as 195-292 New species: Julis azorensis, Abudefduf ascensionis, Mormyrus goheeni, Labeo curriei, Tilapia savagei, Syngnathus pellegrini, Eutropius eclipsis, Caranx angolensis. Gauan, A. B. Report on a small collection of Indian para- sitic hymenoptera. No. 2299. October 20, 19191__..-- 513-524 New species: Bruchophagus mellipes, Eurytoma parasae, E. denticoxa, E. dentipectus, E. setitibia, E. hindupurensis, Stomoceras ayyart, Neanastatus trochantericus, Aphycus fuscidorsum, Ewpteromalus parnarae, Xestonotidea foerstert. New name: Xestonotidea. 1 Date of publication. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Gipson, EpmMunp H. A review of the leafhoppers of the genus Gypona north of Mexico. No. 2289. August 6, O19 fe Re Pe eee ie New species: Gypona dictitoria, G. nixabunda, G. cacozela, G. occlusa, G. curiata, G. negotiosa, G. aquila, G. dracontea. GILMORE, CHaRLES W. A mounted skeleton of Dimetrodon gigas in the United States National Museum, with notes on theskeletal anatomy. No. 2300. December 15, 1919'_ —. New fossil turtles, with notes on two described species, No. 2292...) July.30, 1919 * 5. 2. ee New species: Neurankylus wyomingensis, Boremys albertensis, Agomphus alabamensis, Aspideretes latus. Hay, Oxiver P. Descriptions of some mamalian and fish remains from Florida of probably Pleistocene age. No. DPV Anche s tik Oe he ete Bnet 2) aye eee New genus: Thinobadistes. New species: Thinobadistes segnis, Felis veronis, Atractosteus lapidosus. McEwan, Evia Davis. A study of the brachiopod genus Platystrophia. No. 2297. September 2, 1919 !__-__---- New species: Platystrophia uniplicata, P. precedens, P. trentonensis, P. hermitagensis, P. extensa, P. elegantula, P. amoena, P. globosa, P. rhynchoneluiformis, P. juvensis, P. strigosa, P. nitida, P. corry- villensis, P. sublaticosta, P. foerstei, P. attenuata, P. cumingsi, P. elkhornensis, P. preponderosa, P. fervalensis. New varieties: Platystrophia daytonensis laurelensis, P. trentonensis champlainensis, P. t. perplana, P. elegantula triplicata, P. e. amplisulcata, P. amoena longicardinalis, P. precursor latiformis, P. p. angustata, P. foerstei ampla, P. ponderosa arnheimensis, P. unicostata crassiformis, P. cypha tumida, P. ec. arcta, P.c. bellatula. McGregor, EK. A. The red spiders of America and a few European species likely to be introduced. No. 2303. SU CTVUESIV OOS rare Bert A ig ON ep) Nn) A a ela New genera: Anychus, Septanychus. New species: Tetranychus pacificus. TimBERLAKE, P. H. Revision of the parasitic Chalcidoid flies of the genera Homalotylus Mayr and Isodromus Howard, with descriptions of two closely related genera. fo.2293.., Aumust 29,1919 4... 2.) a oe ee New genera: Anisotylus, Brethesia. New species: Homalotylus mexicanus, H. quaylei, H. africanus, H. cockerelli, H. affinis, H. brevicauda, H. hyperaspidis, H. puncii- frons, Anisotylus pallentipes, Isodromus axillaris, Brethesia latifrons. New subspecies: Anisotylus similis texanus, A. s. utahensis. 1 Date of publication. Page. 87-100 525-539 113-132 103-112 383-448 641-679 133-194 TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII x Page. Townsenp, Cuartes H. T. New genera and species of Muscoid flies. No. 2201. December 15, 19191__-...-. 541-592 New genera: Neomuscinu, Euphormia, Chlorosarcophaga, Bufolucilia, Petrosarcophaga, Tephromyopsis, Opsidiopsis, Hypenomyia, Megaeu- loewia, Steveniopsis, Opelousia, Phasiophyto, Punamyocera, Sturmio- dexia, Leptodexia, Hesperodinera, Schistostephana, Opsotheresia, Pter- inopterna, Eutorocca, Micromintho, Metallicomintho, Parazelia, Minthozelia, Opsozelia, Parathelaira, Lydellothelaira, Thelairochae- tona, Anaporia, Microaporia, Trochiloglossa, Beskioleskia, Urochae- tona, Pseudochaetona, Minthomyia, Telothyriosoma, Microchaetona, Opsoleskia, Oestroplagia, Vibrissovoria, Matucania, Leptomacquartia, Aubaeanetia, Stomatolydella, Anametopochaeta, Urodexodes, Phryno- lydella, Austrolydella, Meigenielloides, Proroglutea, Myothyriopsis, Topomeigenia, Parameigenia, Ollachea, Opsomeigenia, Machairoma- sicera, Ochromeigenia, Zosteromeigenia, Neoscotia, Phrynofrontina, Eutritochaeta, Minthohoughia, Casahuiria, Gymmnocarcelia, Eocarcelia, Neowinthemia, Xeoprosopa, Pachynocera, Xanthoactia, Aphantor- hapha, Trichotopteryx, Incamyiopsis, Metatachina, Aravaipa, Chara- pemyia, Neoerigone, Bezzimyia, Atrypoderma, New species: Neomuscina cavicola, Chlorosarcophaga cochliomyia, Petrosarcophaga arizonica, Opsidiopsis oblata, Hypenomyia petiolata, Megaeuloewia morinioides, Steveniopsis sinuata, Opelousia obscura, Phasiophyto fumifera, Ormia brevicornis, O. dominicana, Punamyocera oroyensis, Sturmiodexia rubescens, Leptodexia gracilis, Hesperodinera cinerea, Schistostephana aurifrons, Opsotheresia obesa, Pterinopterna ciliata, Trichoduropsis guianensis, Eutorocca fasciaia, Micromintho melania, Metallicomintho abdominalis, Parazelia pulchra, Minthozelia montana, Opsozelia discalis, Parathelaira panamensis, Lydellothelaira collaris, Thelairochaetoma thrix, Pseudeuantha octomaculata, Microa- poria elegans, Trochiloglossa tropica, Beskioleskia busckii, Urochaetona longipes, Urodexia siamensis, Pseudochaetona polita, Minthomyia abdominalis, Telothyriosoma tersa, Microchaetona gracilis, Opsoleskia flava, Oestroplagia petiolata, Vibrissovoria petiolata, Matucania mel- lisquama, Leptomacquartia planifrons, Xanthocera atra, Aubaeanetia assimilis, Stomatolydella infernalis, Anametopochaeta olindoides, Urodexodes charapensis, Phrynolydella polita, Austrolydella assimilis, Meigenielloides cinerea, Proroglutea piligera, Myothyriopsis bivittata, Topomeigenia matutina, Ollachea elongata, Machairomasicera carinata, Ochromeigenia ormioides, Zosteromeigenia mima, Phrynofrontina con- vera, Eutritochaeta carpocapsae, Minthohoughia cylindrica, Casahuiria cornuta, Gymnocarcelia ricinorum, Eocarcelia ceylanica, Neowinthemia abdominalis, Xeoprosopa uruhuasi, Crocuta lutea, Pachynocera petio- lata, Aphantorhapha arizonica, Trichotopteryx tropica, Incamyiopsis imitatrix, Metatachina mellifrons, Aravaipa atrophopoda, Charapemyia calida, Chrysotachina peruviana, Neoerigone cinerea, Copecrypta andina, Bezzimyia busckit. New names: Neoscotia, Schaumia desvoidyi. 1 Date of publication. avi a . : ey wet Pol ney ir ne : | ie a rst oR or oee a ty ; r joa Ae «it 1 ee " ‘ii Ye jee ve or : a, Nevo tae Hines os Delteae A" es Bilas ee neta Rptoss ato "hs “cha Seah) nica A Pg arpa athe NS. ANA | S50" a val Yas SAAT Hp tit: JAR ee. soot A ee shinai | suche hho ak Ao tae Ra Seal aus oh satekiett seauii ant pail oil Hoar OMe ce th Beate (Mages « thes Se aiisbe aang Pgh! PP BUI cs ea Witees Lisi wep in 3% We 7 fr hart tinay ase Nek Bhat am gl hoy ect SSA ) te jahat eke ages Bevigmndys ay ae ba eianAtnatty Linteld tai A < se aeaa tig VE mi ebagh on Wes “ats tah 4 ? . ‘ aus ‘ : one ail shhashwnon th SUS Eyal aah nn neh ay ‘Srey. a ener ie aby th shave spe “uneyetoneas, Sr BES ice ECA! _ 3 eh sb aaiee tht ASsad. O88 8 A: Sei Hs “ATA My pay sso aiat 4 Deowetpact My rie AR saan ON ye ~ wie ee Lake ile > fiat Givens > itis hit signa’ wie ‘eo BUEN aa sy + henraus oe aaa an ‘ Fe ' Tags ews pepe. uty pone thr a Rat DE, WK exctpednig’ hi . eee © PUY, \ , ATT as AY. iM ow ppt oaks | ES NMANTTY acon i “ahs ey weg) Tae Liscniial ante soho as: array edt ns aedaghaasinhey “inal se astaiey, lated Priepincs) AL, pact oeew Mer’, AOD US talaga nk. , essag Peorsmtntass's x eT es nide an Laat dicieastes ane er OP's ay Go sumcnlen ea ow se Vane ipevniee Cea: ‘aaa Avthlends une ee MAPK ae a : ee (TSR, hea i on Aree aa ti Hep) we yA e rs Wiens Hineha! ori 4 : . ag ay PEP RGR? a. eae ata "Femls Oh Geiss ki. ev Anche ee ea ana “aA E) ney Lhd Ny zrehin hy Fede! Osa, sO aM Ae in Vent ee a an re iat ry here AT sites iy ycaye isla see ci ’ peek ate ite, oP IM: seal HBF MMI Bs, iebcyracse th vaPteds ti y Rely a crea yo lye eal ts res ee sh Wag vee ees Oey ea hee wit ‘eto vse a as a ‘ a8 4 4 mai ig nla Ow eulral % ; ; ; “i ‘ Edy ei ‘i Oe noes ron Pie Ate ean) oo Nao UnLinge on aiaihn ei 9 ici eure Seay phLiniobin "silt gigs SO eae | 5 TRUE, I Oa RUN Ao Nan, ong Treen i wre } ris cl pated. Lihue sisal tout ; Riba a tr, Satis OS SAS i ee an "ag ape eae . . /¢ } , “ANS ” wre Rare DH}! » age fr y iene oe Raw 2 : re ; ss pee ee 1 De NF oe is Ap “ty Pee y? | 7 . } ; l ; oa / vit hte ’ cus ; " “ih et Baty ocvell one ; we scents ya : BY a 4 Dp , 4 ee & ee sd Oe Vy so LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. 1-24. New West coast mollusks of the family Turritidae..........-.-.---.---- 86 25. A new foraminifer commensal on Cyclammina..........----+-+++++++++++-+-- 102 26-28. Mammalian and fish remains from Florida... ..........---------+-+---- 112 29. Carapace of Neurankylus wyomingensis.........--------------+---++-+222+- 132 BOs blastrom Of Neurankylus. WYOMINGENSIS. <2). 22's) o oioa.c an sieiaie = ane ie p a else 132 SORTA DACC OL BOLNG GREIUG. ..\cjaciea sales -|aleinie sys cle eieiin isi ae Sees «eee sel 132 See lestrol. Ol MGlG GRMGUM si. sds sein = serena Seine Seen ee sce nas 132 ey oarapace Of Boremiys Qlerlensisa. 2.250 ct eee cate vee cee = seen se = ees 132 SPE AStronvOlN DOLeMNYS QUUCNLENSIS =. fale a2 t= cele ee fe aiaeeeinis cis ime sein eae) ste ni 132 30. Shell of Agomphus alabamensis......-.-.------5---222- 2-2 222-22 e eee 132 36. Carapace and plastron of Echmatemys megaulax.........-.-----+--++--+------ 132 Siemenranace OAs piderctes [OtUS — sea 0.. eae sale ancieeis se tenes ee ee eee oe 38-41. Forewings of female parasitic chalcidoid flies. ......-.--.------------ 194 42-52. 'The brachiopod genus Platystrophia......-.--..-+-----------------=+: 448 53. Fig. 1. Penguin, Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, from Ballestas Islands, June, 1907. Fig. 2. Albatross, Diomedia irrorata Salvin, taken near Lobos de Tierra Island, January, 1908. Fig. 3. Nestlings of turkey vulture, Cathartes aura, Lobos de Tierra Island, December 14, 1907..........---- 54. Nesting place of Inca tern, Larosterna inca (Lesson) on Asia Island, August De OMG A pee cheat ebls 2s kts oles stele Hoel meen NG 55. Dominican gulls, Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, Lobos de Tierra Island, toni om OO a sida wear eaten ap bal ee Wiese Bers «2 Savuek cise dee dense 56. Nesting place of Dominican gull, Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, Lobos de Tierra Island, January, 1908. Nest of Sula nebouxi near foreground. Fig. 2. Young piqueros, Sula variegata (Tschudi), Lobos de Aiuera qaland.. March! 25 W907i steve 5.8: Sch. seis ae ob: citi steel etee ieee = sie 57. Adult and nesting piqueros, Sula veriegata (Tschudi), Lobos de Afuera, Marchi OQ oO re ier racer oS cette. «sey kisi ciaieersilatel 2 «cielo « 58. Nesting place of piqueros, Sula variegata (Tschudi), Guanape Island, Marr CH iOn, LOO Mis cai 2 cid Sa) LRG he ew, wir Yal 6 das eae ot apeta abd Gerais ie (a Hae = 8 59. Nesting place of piquero, Sula varicgata (Tschudi), Chincha Islands, June TOMTOOGE ae nee equ meee esc oe ok ciudad deaeoenn abst 60. Fig. 1. Showing nesting habit of Sula nebouxi at Lobos de Tierra Island, January, 1908. Adult birds. Fig. 2. Nests of Sula nebouxi Milne- Edwards, Lobos de Tierra Island, April 2, 1907............------------ 61. Guanays, Phalacrocorax bougainvillei (Lesson), at nesting ground on Chincha South islands June 15, 190722 ) ass Boeke eel cometh stitial see 62. Guanays, Chincha South Island, July 12, 1907. ....-..-.---------------- 63. Fig. 1. Young pelicans at nesting ground on islet off north end of East Island of Lobos de Afuera group, March 28, 1907. Fig. 2. Nests of guanay, Phalacrocorax bougainvillei, South Island of Chinchas, July 64. Nesting place of cuervo de mar, Phalacrocorax vigua (Viellot), Lobos de Mera island, Decenuner 14, VO02 22. oo ae ie = oie =< tian eae ee S| 65. Figs. 1 and 2. Nests of patillo, Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Garnot), North lelatid/ oi Ghinchas, JUDG-7, 1007. 2o5. ob n.scincne <= anne cee sere neseelne oe 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. 66. Portion of nesting ground of pelicans, Lobos de Afuera, West Island, De- cember 3, 1907 sia oars acer ee crete a oer ae 512 67. Portion of nesting ground of pelicans, Lobos ae Afuera, West Island, De- cember 3, 1907....... alo a ata saya ceta yee ievaleua e's etavetepeletekets Sete ae a ea 512 68. Fig. 1. Adult pelican in phase of light-gray plumage, Chincha Islands, June 18, 1907. Fra. 2. Adult pelican and nestlings in various stages. Lobos de Afuera Islands, March 28; 1907 5.7 205-252 522 scn~ sesseeee eee 512 69. Figs. 1 and 2. Young pelicans at the stage when beginning to ae Lobos de: Atuera, April.G, 19076: 2. on eae ie eras cae oe ee 512 70. Mounted skeleton of Diometrodon gigas Cope. ....---------------+--+-+---- 540 ieskeleton of Diometrodon gigas Cope... <0 0-2. <2.-5 «se seeaeseee eee eee 540 72. Skeleton of Diometrodon gigas from the rear and viewed diagonally.......- 540 Za. dvestoration of Diometrodon gigas Cope: ... . 2... «<5 - as Sees sone eee 540 74. Recent foraminifera from off New Zealand.............-.---.-.---------- 640 75, avecent foraminifera irom off New Zealand. ..... 2... <.- 2--.<0--se=peceee 640 76. Microscopic characters of Tetranychus bimaculatus..........---------+-++- 680 it. Microscopic characters of Tetranychus pactficus........~ 205.0 - == -e-j00-- em 680 78. Microscopic characters of Tetranychus sermaculatus.......-----------+--- 680 79. Male characters of seventeen species of red spiders. .......-------------- 680 80. Work of Tetranychus bimaculatus on cotton leaves..........-..---------+-- 680 81. Tetranychus bimaculatus, aduit (1) female and (2) male............-.----- 680 TEXT FIGURES. Page. Carapace of Baena antigua Lambe, C. 1, C. 8, costal bones one and eight; N. 7, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, neural bones one to seven; nu, nuchal; V. 1, V. 5, Verte- bral sctites: one angfivier.: 2525S. LS SA a se esa aoe Be eee eee 116 Plastron of Baena antigua Lambe, ab., abdominal scute; an., anal scute; fem, femoral scute; hum., humeral; hyo., hyoplastron; hypo., er ae an, M., inframarginal scutes; meso., mesoplastron; xiph., xiphiplastron.. tke ae Carapace of Boremys albertensis, new species. Neural bones one to seven; 7u., nuchal; pn., preneural; py., pygal; s. c. s., supernumerary costal scutes; $..m. 8.) BSupramarginal scutes: spy. , suprapygals...0..32s20.20. ave 2 ee 120 Plastron of Boremys albertensis, new species. ab., abdominal scute; an., anal scute; ent., entoplastron; epi., epiplastron; fem., femoral scute; g., gular scute; hum., humeral scute; hyo., hyoplastron; hypo., hypoplastron; ing., intergular; in.m., inframarginal scutes; meso., mesoplastron; pec., pectoral scutes; per., median peripherals; xiph., xiphiplastron...........--.---.---- 122 Anterior half of carapace of Agomphus alabamensis, new species. C. 1, C. 5, costal bones one and five; NV. 1, 2, 8, 4, neural bones one to four; nu., nuchal DOM 22S. BES SES, SRP INS AG SE es ES oO IES Se SR ee nee 125 Echmatemys megaulax. (6) carapace. Neural bones one to eight; nu., nuchal. (7) Plastron, ab., abdominal scute; an., anal scute; ent., sutural surfaces for j entoplastron; fem., femoral scute; hum., humeral scute; hyo., hyoplastron; hypo., hypoplastron; ziph., xiphiplastron..........5.4-.<~- J06. Baee oe 126 Carapace of Aspideretes latus, new species. Costal bones one and eight. Neural: bones one t6. eighties: 222 2. goles sa. J ae ee 130 IBelone (rGChura ss. sas o5% So soos hs Se ONS Be SR SSO eee 197 eMULS CzOrenste. See hE 3 Stes RR EE ee 204 TAGSOCCUS CULONEUS: <5 sac0's. aac Sula odin oslonta nj oes oe ose ee 207 Abudefduf ascerisionia: 22. 2.8ee25 Yee. DSN OS LE. Se 218 Ghhetodon eanctae-helenae...... .s =. cco. ocw sens 5dens es NEE 2k eee 221 VAlbicus bextilis. acest yah Sa eee ieee. oR eee. 227 MOFINYTUS: GOREENA 5.62/50 hodate soe des so neeeee een 49285. BRA EISEERLe 235 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Xk : Page TAEUCONCLUPIUC UR Te arate ace oe eee RN eee as Ale Sod a Vee aise edie else ew ere 236 [EBL DIS ST ULES DATE LL UL 21 BRO ay Se ee STE oe Reg LS ar A a ee 240 Pr Ree TPIISRILURG CL Se eee ote ctte eases oe cla meee cycles leit c norc late ore oad Suse ates 243 SERRATE SOE DELLEDT UN sa Hak Steines ein oe oo coat Nees ied we ings ee eS 266 LE TER DETTE OG VTE ace, PREIS IRCA agi i ei el a FS gS ga 271 NR PREIITETETIQOUE TESER arta es eet sas NO pete v et ane eae, oe Sayre cas > eee OA eweeys age" 6 2p Ft Mae 7 ad ory vies Lae eae iS nab a ee i} AOS Ape y ‘ 4 , _ ates) aay ne sin ee, , ; ar ; Rs divas C4t3, 10 hs ee Sear 8 \atiosiin ,.« ienPlQ.ayag lieth) oUtaia hier aadoane aa : mer (ie uae ty othe sal as ie ity if a * gabgiy EAS woke he, hal wet i + “on HAA ed atte me sates epalty eI A se CU Wate Sm fesieneae we Pde? 280 eee Pies eS There eet | as eta ts eet ey ne ‘Sahat ay : Uidelny peer on ieee utils, Wy @erlalim tte iin Rens zal’ oe eat iF Laem i ep ee a Bee Rega aia: x panties a ee pte Wr va dual (ile ricbtt sabe» ergo aii, 2 ote % idee Phe toh ing wei tell ony bay 6 are Laie ot ys sire Th ahh Cale Ciee eee At rebcag a a ans eal “ke Labi aelartowy SE mnie Sica ‘ ou Le si iheb tal AB 2 alee Le yee ey BeNowgea «43 eit siege + sit vite: bate et 42 cry aay "ths bi Nae Os SAN AES. i a Bg Hag 4S gst 49 2 wheat — ate pas | PO. Saint ic: eRe ANS), eae : AROMAT pshiute, ~ Sn iia hese oe Wet Si “arate rv GAP iene 3 Yo at reat : leaaeetey histo chi vsheitne? pa gee tlh A UIne ee RAL (A ae ses Vee celonsene wh. weld co aiehnes hea ee ar a bea re Renan’ Si ayioes tis aie uae jo Yeaetior tore: auc ae + ee tteen Seah Oe Ratt tradi SU as kela EN p et hoe Usdin ero Pak it Lane cults erty. aly Boat OAL Ry eM ree OF Ser see Re tlie ee ieee swags “¢ ts pela ea m APS Soe Lyte se reese iq: bei be WA COL, Conia aS rts hee ee ey ae ead cma takate Aiba ePoes sith iB mils on fy bila wiiegatiot ee i atinl ae tete Al + os eee ee, OTE 8 hier pica ag eee LAO eg ee Can ak Chee iy Die Pd ag ee eabhog ose} s Pegi sae veteydhy thie ree aaia Foaj tay if ati sin saeg: sal aN i) Jnhiona St aaa . M25 gh Ae ee , Belmaile i ts pda nies ‘migeleauatig a ot t eeeowe : Wigs; eo dabei a is ae oF nea baton watt na Ft —— icste ae disit® SHWE AE Rael etged cena ih ‘pana i il THe as ck Snes cota ticle & |e a Wha tor ope doce POS aps Tore MA ft CO i 0, Weeds, Fall an Pe J He 4g P Pr a on fais AGO nlea’s warhead & faa. a kt gO soles dealin ace eta IS) Cet a les, Tibi er ta ae “Se Rinloe 3 phivodys yoked .Sceepstinegte taal) hs ah; mrt os ly y Jt4, . , BEADS, ove. Bisa se alot Aonattl baer seep areN ev aeanet i us a ’ ‘ ; he ary i ; Pea tate d Te 7 Ved DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA AND ADJACENT REGIONS. By Witu1am Hearry Dat, Honorary Curator of Mollusks, United States National Museum. INTRODUCTION. In the course of my revision of the marine mollusk-fauna of West- ern America it became necessary to take up the present family, which was in a regretable state of confusion. This involved a review of the generic nomenclature as well, since it was well known that many in- valid names were currently used, following the early work of Doctor Carpenter and others. Circumstances connected with the war made a general revision of the nomenclature of the family impracticable. A revision of the genera chiefly concerned with the West American species and a bib- liography of names which had been used for groups connected with the family was, however, possible and has already been issued.? The present paper is to be construed in the hght of the data pre- sented in the above-mentioned publication. In reviewing the fauna from San Diego northward it became necessary to include to a great extent that of the regions south of the United States boundary, since experience had shown, in connection with a study of the bivalves, that a certain proportion of the species extended their range not only into the Panamic fauna but even as far south as Peru. In going over the material in the collection of the United States National Museum a large number of new forms were discovered, and their description forms the subject of this paper. A few of the species of Doctor Carpenter are now figured for the first time from his types. In all somewhat over 200 species are considered, of which 181 are new. Of these 93 belong to the fauna of the western coast of the United States from the Arctic Ocean to San Diego, California, including one species from our Hawaiian territory. Eleven species belong to the west coast of South America and its faunal connection, the Galapagos Islands; 89 belong to the Panamic fauna and its north- ern extension into the Gulf of California and the shores of the Cali- fornian peninsula. 1Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, No. 2238, pp. 313-333, Apr. 5, 1918. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 56—No. 2288. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——_1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Quite a number of the species are from considerable depths, ob- tained during the explorations made by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross; and another large contingent is due to iny own dredgings on the coast of Alaska and in Bering Sea during 1871 to 1880. I am also under great obligations to a host of collectors in our Pacific States, who have with the greatest liberality intrusted me with material for study which has added much to our knowledge of the fauna and incidentally to the national collection. To Mrs. E. M. Decker much credit is due for the careful retouching of the microphotographs of the new species from a study of the typi- cal specimens under the compound microscope. And to Dr. Paul Bartsch, curator of invertebrates, United States National Museum, I am under many obligations for assistance in various ways during the preparation of the figures. Some question having been raised as to the spelling of the family name which I have retained as first proposed by Henry and Arthur Adams in 18538, I submitted the question of “ Turride versus Turri- tide ” to two expert Latinists, who, after due consideration of all the data, concluded that, while either was correct, the latter term under the circumstances was to be preferred. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIHS. Family TURRITIDAE. Subfamily Turrrrinae. TURRICULA LIBYA, new species. Plate 2, fig. 5. Shell solid, fusiform, the apex eroded, the surface white, covered with a blackish olive periostracum and having about seven (decollate) whorls; suture strongly appressed, obscure; anal fasciole wide, smooth, concave, the sulcus wide and shallow, close to the suture; spiral sculpture of a few feeble threads on the earlier whorls; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl nine or ten, on the last whorl only three or four) short prominent riblets extending from the fas- ciole protractively forward to the succeeding suture on the spire; on the last whorl there is on the later part only an angle at the anterior edge of the fasciole; base moderately convex, aperture narrow, with a deep anal sulcus and a prominently arcuate, thin, sharp-edged outer lip; inner lip with a thin layer of white callus; pillar thick and solid, attenuated in front; axis not pervious, canal short, wide, not recurved. Height of (slightly decollate) shell, 40; of last whorl, 24; diameter, 18 mm. Cat. No. 96576, U.S.N.M. No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. eS Range—Station 2830, off Cape San Lucas, in 66 fathoms, sand; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. The absence of the operculum makes the generic position somewhat doubtful. Subgenus KNeEFAstTIA Dall. Type—Pleurotoma olivacea Sowerby, 18338, not of Reeve, 1843, +funiculata Valenciennes, 1839. This includes such species as P. duplicata Sowerby and olivacea Tryon, of the Panamic fauna. TURRICULA (KNEFASTIA) NIGRICANS, new species. Plate 2, fig. 6. Shell slender, acute, blackish brown with the anterior part of the last whorl pale reddish brown, a conspicuous periostracum, a closely appressed suture separated by a single cord from the constricted anal fasciole; whorls nine, without the (lost) nucleus; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl eight) prominent angular ribs with wider interspaces, beginning abruptly at the shoulder rapidly dwindling anteriorly and obsolete on the base; these ribs are crossed by (on the last whorl about 14) widely spaced slender cords, slightly nodulous at the intersections; aperture narrow, anal sulcus shallow, outer lip sharp, simple, a slight subsutural callus, the inner lip erased, the pillar straight, the canal wide and very slightly recurved. Height of shell, 38; of last whorl, 22; diameter, 11 mm. Cat. No. 96664, U.S.N.M. Range.—Off Lower California in 21 fathoms sand. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer A/batross. This species belongs to the group of 7’. olivacea and duplicata Sowerby, though much more slender and differently sculptured. TURRICULA (SURCULA) LAYSANICA, new species. Plate 1, fig. 4. Shell slender, fusiform, yellow brown with a broad white periph- eral band, and a less well-defined one in front of the suture and the base, with eight well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; the suture appressed, the fasciole in front of it constricted, with only incremental lines; axial sculpture of about 15 slender rounded some- what sigmoid ribs; these are crossed by (on the penultimate whorl seven or eight, on the last whorl more than 15) flattened cords with narrower almost channeled interspaces, toward the canal with inter- calary threads, on the canal four or five with much wider interspaces; aperture ovate, outer lip thin, anal sulcus wide, not deep, with no subsutural callus, canal straight. Height of shell, 52; of last whorl and canal, 38; diameter, 15 mm. Cat. No. 274121, U.S.N.M. Range.—Laysan Island, North Pacific Ocean; W. H. Golisch. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. TURRICULA (SURCULA) PANTHEA, new species. Plate 1, fig. 5. Shell solid, acute, fusiform, white, with pale brown blotches be- tween the ribs (the nucleus lost), with about 14 whorls; suture closely appressed, obscure with a rounded thread in front of it; anal fasciole close to the suture slightly depressed, spirally threaded, arcuately striated; spiral sculpture on the early whorls consisting of a periph- eral keel with one strong thread behind it, the rest of the surface finely closely spirally threaded; the last three or four whorls peripherally waved with narrower interspaces over which the keel and thread are a little swollen, the fine threading continuing; the space in front of the keel on the last whorl with about 25 strong cords with wider inter- spaces; aperture narrow, anal sulcus distinct, without a subsutural callus; outer lip produced, thin, smooth inside, inner lip with a thin wash of enamel, the pillar straight, the canal long, narrow, with no siphonal fasciole or recurvation. Height of shell without the nucleus, 47; of last whorl, 28; diameter, 13.5 mm. Cat. No. 212348, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2795, in Panama Bay, in 33 fathoms, bottom tem- perature 64.1° F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. TURRICULA (SURCULA) LAVINIA, new species. Plate 1, fig. 6. Shell rather coarse with about a dozen whorls, the cdlor yellowish or light brown, the nucleus smooth, slightly bulbous; suture strongly appressed with a spiral cord in front of it, the whorls moderately shouldered; the anal fasciole somewhat concave, spirally striate; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 12) protractively oblique rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, prominent on the periphery, attenuated on the base and not reaching the canal; incremental lines sharp, sometimes almost threadlike; spiral sculpture of (from three to five on the spire, about 10 on the last whorl) strong, rounded cords overriding the ribs and not swollen at the intersections, the inter- spaces subequal and sometimes with an intercalated smaller thread; lastly the surface is finely minutely spirally striate in the intervals between the larger threads and cords; aperture narrow, anal sulcus close to the suture, short and rounded, with a subsutural callus; outer lip produced, thin edged, more or less crenulate from the spiral sculp- ture, smooth within; inner lip and pillar with a rather thick layer of callus with slightly raised outer edge; pillar straight; siphonal fasciole feeble; canal short, wide, recurved. Height of shell, 49; of last whorl, 26.5; diameter, 16 mm. Cat. No. 56085, U.S.N.M. Range.—West coast of Mexico. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 5 LEUCOSYRINX PERSIMILIS BLANCA, new variety. Shell differmg from the original persimélis by the well-marked spiral sculpture being continuous over the whole surface and by the pronounced depressed spiral area on each side of the convex anal fasciole, which with the ridge at the shoulder gives the effect of two parallel ridges behind the periphery. Height of shell, 60; of last whorl, 44; diameter, 22 mm. Cat No. 214337, U.S.N.M. Range.—Of Cape Blanco, Oregon, in 1,064 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 35.9° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. ? LEUCOSYRINX GALAPAGANA, new species. Plate 3, fig. 2 Shell small for the genus, white under a straw-colored periostracum, thin, with about seven whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture appressed, the edge slightly swollen, the fasciole in front of it slightly constricted ; axial sculpture of about a dozen narrow rounded ribs with wider interspaces, beginning at the fasciole and obsolete on the base; also fine incremental lines rising to minute wrinkles near the suture; spiral sculpture on the penultimate whorl of about nine flattish threads with narrower interspaces, on the last whorl beyond these threads the interspaces become channeled grooves and the places of the threads wider flat -areas, while on the canal these are replaced by more rounded closer threads; aperture narrow, the anal sulcus very shallow, outer lip thin, sharp, arcuate, simple; pillar and body erased, smooth, the pillar attenuate in front; canal narrow, straight. Height of shell, 20; of last whorl, 14; diameter, 7 mm. Cat. No. 96494, U.S.N.M. Range.—Off the Galapagos Islands in 634 fathoms, coral sand, bottom temperature 40° F. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. I felt some uncertainty as to whether this deep-sea species should be referred to Surcula or Leucosyrine, as the shell characters partake of the characteristics of both to some extent. LEUCOSYRINX AMYCUS, new species. Plate 3, fig. 7. Shell white with an ashy brown periostracum and six or more whorls, the apex eroded; suture slightly appressed, especially on the spire; anal fasciole wide and deep, somewhat in front of the suture and extending to a moderate peripheral carina; behind the carina the shell is feebly, and in front of it strongly spirally grooved with wider flat interspaces; aperture simple, outer lip thin, produced, inner lip erased, white, pillar gyrate but not pervious, canal distinct and slightly recurved. Height of shell, 52; of last whorl, 40; diam- eter, 20mm. Cat. No. 204049, U.S.N.M. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Range.—Offt Monterey Bay, California; in 871 fathoms, sand, bot- tom temperature about 38° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. LEUCOSYRINX KINCAIDI, new species. Plate 3, fig. 8. Shell of moderate size, fusiform, with an acute spire and elongated canal, waxen white, nucleus of two smooth bulbous whorls with five subsequent whorls; axial sculpture only of faint incremental lines; spiral sculpture including a very prominent thin sharp peripheral eel and fine spiral striae with wider interspaces, over most of the surface; the interspaces become more rounded and coarser on the base; the entire space between the keel and the preceding suture may be said to form the anal fasciole, the wide arcuate sulcus being situated a little way in front of the suture; the base is neatly rounded and contracted at the beginning of the canal; outer lip thin, sharp, much produced in front, inner lip slightly erased; pillar obliquely attenuated in front, gyrate, and with a minutely pervious axis; canal narrow, slender; operculum yellowish, ovate, with an apical nucleus. Height of shell, 29; of last whorl, 21.5; diameter, 13 mm. Cat. No. 151581, U.S.N.M. Range.—Shelikoff Strait, north of Kodiak Island, Alaska; Prof. Trevor Kincaid. This very distinct species is extremely thin and fragile, indicating a“deep water habit. CYMATOSYRINX HESPERA, new species. Plate 20, fig. 2. Shell small, white, polished, acute, with a small, smooth, glassy, inflated nucleus of one and a half whorls, with seven and a half subse- quent whorls; suture appressed, obscure; anal fasciole immediately in front of it, constricted; spiral sculpture none; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl 11) more or Jess sigmoid strong rounded ribs crossing the whole whorl, feebler on the base and fasciole, nearly con- tinuous up the spire and with subequal interspaces; incrementa! lines rather regularly spaced and evident; aperture narrow with a vari- cosity behind the thin produced outer lip, anal sulcus conspicuous, rounded, with a marked subsutural callus; inner lip and pillar with a thin callus with a raised edge; canal distinct, constricted, deep. short, recurved, forming a keeled siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 9; of last whorl, 4.5; diameter, 3.5 mm. Cat. No. 122799 U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2805, in Panama Bay, in 51 fathoms muddy bot- tom; U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CYMATOSYRINX ELISSA, new species?. Plate 20, fig. 1. A possible variety of the above, smaller, with a larger pinkish nucleus, eight or nine straighter ribs, not continuous up the spire, and NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. a some very faint indications of spiral striae near the canal. There are in all seven whorls less inflated and with a less constricted fasciole. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.5 mm. In other re- spects similar to the preceding. Cat. No. 122799a, U.S.N.M. Range.—Same as the preceding. 2? CYMATOSYRINX LALAGE, new species. Plate 20, fig. 3. Shell small, pinkish white, polished, acute, with a smooth nucleus of about two whorls and five subsequent hardly rounded whorls; spiral sculpture of a few obscure threads on the canal; suture obscure, strongly appressed; anal fasciole slightly constricted ; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl nine) strong rounded ribs most promi- nent at the periphery, extending from suture to suture, with subequal interspaces, obsolete on the last half of the last whorl and on the base; incremental lines irregular, obscure; there is a hump-like varix some distance behind the outer lip; aperture narrow, anal sulcus con- spicuous, rounded, with a heavy subsutural callus; outer lip thin with no internal lirae, moderately produced; inner lip callous, pillar short, thick, canal wide, very short, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 8; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 55491, U.S.N.M. Range—Gulf of California, Stearns collection. This form is somewhat intermediate between Ayla and Cymato- syrine. CYMATOSYRINX PLICATELLA Dall. Plate 20, fig. 4. Clathurella plicatella Dat, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 43, No. 6, p. 289, Oct. 1908. Range.—Station 2799, in Panama Bay, in 294 fathoms muddy bot- tom; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. T ype-specimen.—Cat. No. 110604, U.S.N.M. This shell is smaller than most of the forms referred to this group, but appears to have all the proper characters, though in miniature. ? CYMATOSYRINX FERMINIANA, new species. Plate 8, fig. 4. Shell white, with a yellowish base, slender, acute, with a swollen smooth white nucleus of about two whorls and six subsequent whorls; suture appressed, on the earlier whorls the posterior edge is prom- inent; whorls moderately rounded; spiral sculpture absent from the spire, on the last whorl hardly visible except on the extreme anterior base and siphonal fasciole where there are a few impressed lines; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 12) somewhat sigmoid ribs, feebly arcuate on the anal fasciole, strongest in front of it, rather 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. sharp-edged, extending mostly over the base, and with somewhat wider interspaces; they are not continuous up the spire; aperture rather narrow, the anal sulcus conspicuous, with a subsutural callus; outer lip thin, sharp, with a ribless space and a small varix behind it, smooth internally; inner lip and pillar callous, smooth; canal dis- tinct, small, narrow, short, somewhat recurved, with an evident siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 14.2; of last whorl, 7.5; diameter, 5mm. Cat. No. 214267, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3034, off Point San Fermin, Lower California, in 24 fathoms, gray mud; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. This shell is slightly decorticated and may have been polished when fresh. It is somewhat intermediate in character between Elacocyma and Cymatosyrine. ? CYMATOSYRINX PALMERI, new species. Plate 19, fig. 7. Shell small, brilliantly polished, light brown, with six whorls ex- clusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture distinct, closely appressed, un- dulated by the axial sculpture; anal fasciole constricted; spiral sculpture none; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 10) rounded sigmoid ribs, feebler where they cross the fasciole, fading out on the base, and most prominent at the periphery, with subequal interspaces ; aperture moderately wide, anal sulcus large, close to the suture, with a thick subsutural callus; outer lip thickened with no internal lirae, a knob-like varix a little way behind it; body and pillar callous, siphonal sulcus deep, canal wide, short, slightly recurved. Height of (decollate) shell, 9.5; of last whorl, 7; diameter, 4 mm. Cat. No. 56036, U.S.N.M. Range—Beach at the head of the Gulf of California, collected by Dr. E. Palmer. In another lot of specimens bleached white (No. 56040) one or two have a few more ribs and a few faint spiral lines on the base, but they appear to be only mutations of the same species, and are from the same locality. This is another of those species which seem inter- mediate between Elaeocyma and Cymatosyrinz. CYMATOSYRINX IDOTHEA, new species. Plate 21, fig. 11. Shell small, thin, acute, rose pink, not polished, with a blunt nucleus of one and a half smooth inflated whorls, and five well rounded subsequent whorls; suture distinct, appressed, the adjacent fasciole constricted; spiral sculpture none; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about a dozen) protractively oblique sigmoid riblets, faint on the base and practically absent from the fasciole, with subequal interspaces; aperture moderately wide; anal sulcus wide and deep, adjacent to the suture and with no subsutural callus; outer NO. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 9 lip thin, sharp, prominently produced; inner lip erased, pillar stout, short, white, obliquely attenuated in front; canal wide, short, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 9; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 4mm. Cat. No. 96194, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2777, in the Straits of Magellan, in 20 fathoms, gravel; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. The aperture of the specimen figured is defective. CYMATOSYRINX HECUBA, new species. Plate 20, fig. 9. Shell small, acute, rosaceous, solid, with six whorls, excluding the (damaged) nucleus, differing from the preceding species by its more slender shell, wider fasciole, over which the ends of the ribs reach the preceding suture, forming a more pronounced shoulder at the periphery, and having the whole shell spirally sculptured by small equal threads with subequal interspaces. The pillar is longer and the canal distinct, longer, and somewhat constricted. Otherwise the shells are very similar and the nucleus, though damaged, appears to have been of the same character. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. 73995, U.S.N.M. Range.—Gulf of California; Stearns collection. This was named rosacea by Carpenter in manuscript, but is not the rosacea of Mighels, in 1845, The surface is polished, but that may be due to wear, as it is evidently a beach specimen. The aperture is incomplete in the specimen. ELAEOCYMA IANTHE, new species. Plate 4, fig. 6. Shell acute, polished, white with touches of brown on the anal fasciole and on the last whorl behind the varix; nucleus blunt, the first whorl smooth, the second peripherally carinate; subsequent whorls eight, moderately rounded; suture distinct, appressed, some- what undulate, the anal fasciole narrow, slightly constricted; spiral sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl 8 or 4) incised lines in front of the periphery, the wider interspaces raised and more or less rounded, on the last whorl there are 16 or more, extending to the canal; the incised lines have a more opaque appearance contrasting with the translucent white of the whorls; there is no fine spiral stri- ation; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about a dozen) strong, wide ribs less prominent on the fasciole and fading out on the base and the last half of the last whorl; the interspaces equal or sometimes wider; the ribs are cut by the incised lines but are not nodulose; they are most prominent on the anterior half of the whorls of the spire and on the periphery of the last whorl; aperture narrow, anal sulcus deep and rounded, with a prominent subsutural 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. callus; outer lip sharp-edged, with a moderate varix behind it, arcu- ately produced; inner lip with a rather thick layer of enamel; canal distinct, rather wide, somewhat recurved. Height of shell, 17; of last whorl, 8.7; diameter, 6.5 mm. Cat. No. 212367, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3020, off Cape Tepoca, Gulf of California, in 7 fathoms, sand and shelly bottom, United States Bureau of Fisheries. This is one of the most elegant of the smaller species of the group. ELAEOCYMA ATTALIA, new species. Plate 18, fig. 7. Shell small, slender, acute, white, polished, with eight flattish whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture obscure, appressed, fasciole immediately adjacent, rather wide, and constricted; spiral sculpture of a few incised lines on the base and threads on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about fourteen) low feeble ribs, almost knob)ike, stronger on the earlier whorls, but which do not reach the base or cross the anal fasciole and which disappear on the last half of the last whorl where there is a moundlike varix and traces of a yellowish spot; aperture small, anal sulcus deep, with a subsutural callus; outew lip thin, sharp, arcuately produced; inner Hp and pillar with a thin layer of enamel; pillar short, canal very short and hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 8.5: of last whorl, 4; diameter, 8mm. Cat. No. 168677, U.S.N.M. Range.—West coast of Mexico, probably near Mazatlan. The specimen is translucent white, but is not improbably more or less bleached. ELAEOCYMA ARBELA, new species. Plate 4, fig. 3. Shell small, glistening, acute, brownish, with the projecting sculp- ture paler; nucleus dark brown, glassy, rather irregularly coiled, of cne smooth whorl] followed by a peripherally keeled turn and about eight subsequent whorls; suture distinct, appressed, with a nodulose band in front of it where the ends of the ribs are cut off by a very narrow fasciolar constriction; spiral sculpture of a few incised lines cutting only the interspaces between the ribs, on the spire; on the last whorl there are six or seven of these lines, with much wider in- terspaces, followed by three strong cords close-set on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 13) protractively oblique whitish narrow ribs extending from the fasciole to the cords of the canal, with subequal interspaces and not continuous up the spire; incrementatl lines evident, silky; aperture narrow, anal sulcus deep and rounded, with a strong subsutural callus; outer lip sharp-edged, with a feeble varix and a brown spot behind it; inner lip and pil- lar with a thick coat of white enamel, the throat not lirate; canal No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 11 constricted, very short, deep, and slightly recurved. Height of shell, 13.7; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 106495, U.S.N.M. Range.——Scammon Lagoon, Lower California, collected by Henry Hemphill. ELAEOCYMA HALOCYDNE, new species. Plate 4, fig. 4. Shell slender, acute, rather flat-sided, purplish brown usually more or less obscured by a yellowish white glaze; nucleus with the first turn smooth, inflated, the second has a peripheral keel and is followed by about eight and a half subsequent whorls; suture strongly appressed with a smooth narrow band in front of it and behind the somewhat constricted fasciole; other spiral sculpture of sharply incised lines, four or five on the spire between the sutures, equal and with wider equal rounded interspaces, and about 24 on the last whorl, the inter- spaces becoming more cord-like near the canal and sometimes feebly nodulous where the lines cut the ribs; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about 18) feeble narrow ribs, stronger near the apex, obsolete on the last whorl, with wider interspaces, beginning in front of the fasciole, hardly reaching the base, and protractively oblique; there are also fine sharp incremental lines, chiefly evident in the depressions, but here and there finely reticulating the interspaces; aperture rather wide, anal sulcus conspicuous, rounded ; outer lip thin, prominently arcuate, smooth within; inner lip with a thin layer of brownish enamel, the edge raised anteriorly; canal distinct, slightly constricted, with a small concentrically striated siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 18; of last whorl, 10; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. No. 216748, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 203, off San Pedro; University of Southern California. ELAEOCYMA AEOLIA, new species. Plate 3, fig. 1. Shell small, brilliantly polished, pinkish brown, with a minute smooth-pointed nucleus of three whorls and seven subsequent whorls; suture distinct, appressed, constricted, and slightly undulated by the sculpture; spiral sculpture of (on the spire two) incised lines in front of the shoulder with much wider interspaces, on the last whorl there are about 10, extending to the canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 11) rounded protractively oblique ribs, somewhat lighter colored than the body of the shell, extending from the shoulder to the base and not crossed by the incised lines, the inter- spaces subequal, the ribs not continuous up the spire; aperture rather wide, and sulcus well marked, short and close to the suture; outer lip thickened, the edge sharp; inner lip erased, pillar short, canal wide. short, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 3.5: diameter, 2.5 mm. Cat. No. 208592, U.S.N.M. it? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Range.—Station 3020, off Cape Tepoca, Gulf of California, in 7 fathoms, sand, and shell; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. ELAEOCYMA EMPYROSIA Dall. Plate 4, fig. 1. Drillia empyrosia Datu, Nautilus, vol. 12, No. 11, p. 127, March, 1899; Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, No. 1264, p. 516, pl. 39, fig. 5, March, 1902. Hlaeocyma empyrosia Datu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, No. 2238, p. 317, April 5, 1918. Range.—Off San Pedro, Cal., in moderate depths of water. This is the typical species of /laeocyma. ELAEOCYMA ABDERA, new species. Plate 4, fig. 5. Shell small, acute, thin, of a dull waxen color with a darker blotch behind the aperture and a dark brown nucleus of a whorl and a half, smooth and polished, and nine subsequent whorls; spiral sculpture of obscure fine threads, on the last whorl in addition there is a more prominent duplex thread in front of the suture; on the base are four other widely separated threads only prominent as nodules at their intersection with the line of the ribs; there are six or more finer threads on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 7 or 8) ribs which appear at the periphery as conspicuous nodules and be- come obsolete on the base except at the intersections above mentioned ; there are also fine, sharp, close, arcuate incremental lines on the anal fasciole; the peripheral nodules are more riblike and numerous on the earlier part of the spire; aperture short, rather wide, the anal sulcus deep, oval, almost tubular; outer lip moderately thickened, sharp-edged, smooth inside, with a prominent knob behind it; inner lip smooth with a rather thick layer of enamel continued down the pillar with a raised edge and a chink behind it; canal short and wide, hardly differentiated, with an inconspicuous siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 15; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. No. 212373, U.S.N.M. Range.—Panama Bay at station 2798, in 18 fathoms, sandy bottom. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. This specimen is not as brilliantly polished as most of the species of the group which, however, may be due to wear. ELAEOCYMA AEGINA, new species. Plate 4, fig. 2. Shell brownish, pale on the early whorls, with a whitish glaze, polished, acute, except for the nuclear apex, which is flattened; nu- cleus smooth, polished, of two whorls, the second sharply keeled and passing gradually into the sculpture of the subsequent eight and a half whorls; suture strongly appressed behind the concave arcuately NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 13 striated anal fasciole; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 10) prominent protractive ribs extending from the fasciole to the suc- ceeding suture on the spire and somewhat over the periphery on the last whorl; these ribs are knob-like and prominent on the periphery and rapidly diminish forward; incremental sculpture faint; spiral sculpture begins on the early whorls with about four faint striz which grow sharper on the later whorls which carry four or five grooves with wider flattish interspaces between the periphery and the succeeding suture, with on the later whorls sometimes one or two on the anal fasciole, on the last whorl there are 16 or more in all; the last rib on the last whorl is more swollen than the others and usually darker in color; aperture narrow, outer lip thin, sharp, produced, smooth internally with a deep rounded anal sulcus close to the suture with a heavy lump of callus on the side of the body; inner lip with a rather thick callus with a raised edge extending to the end of the pillar; canal short, wide, deeply cut, with a small keel bordering the posterior edge of the siphonal fasciole. Operculum dark brown. Height of shell, 13; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter, 4.8 mm. Cat. No. 266371, U.S.N.M. Range.—Agua Verde Bay, Gulf of California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. ? ELAEOCYMA AEROPE, new species. Plate 1, fig. 8. Shell small, acute, whitish, with a polished, smooth, trochiform nucleus of about two and a half whorls and eight or more subsequent whorls; suture distinct, slightly appressed, anal fasciole slightly con- stricted; spiral sculpture of sharp narrow grooves, with much wider flat smooth interspaces; there are about eleven of the grooves on the last whorl between the shoulder and the spirally threaded siphonal fasciole; the anal fasciole is not spirally striate; axial sculp- ture of (on the last whorl about 10) sharp-edged ribs, with wider interspaces, compressed and arcuate on the anal fasciole, nearly vertical elsewhere and extending over the whole whorl, but not con- tinuous over the spire; incremental lines inconspicuous; aperture rather wide and short with a deep rounded anal sulcus and prominent subsutural callosity; outer lip subvaricose, sharp-edged, smooth within; inner lip with a thick layer of enamel; its outer edge raised with a slight chink between it and the siphonal fasciole; pillar short, straight; canal deep, short, wide, and slightly recurved. Height of shell, 16; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. Nos. 266398, U.S.N.M. (showing nucleus) and 266311, U.S.N.M. (adult shell). Range.—Agua Verde Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. The specimen has a dull surface, which is probably due to wear. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. CLATHRODRILLIA PAZIANA, new species. Plate 5, fig. 1. Shell small, acute, pale olivaceous, with 10 whorls, of which the first nuclear is smooth, the second obscurely peripherally keeled, the subsequent whorls normally sculptured; suture distinct, the periphery of the upper whorls nearer the succeeding than the preceding suture ; anal fasciole constricted but crossed by the ribs; spiral sculpture of (on the upper whorls 4 or 5, on the last whorl! about 14) strong cords with narrower groove-like interspaces, extending from the fasciole to the canal; the cords not swollen where they cross the ribs; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl 18, on the last whorl 10) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, strongest at the shoulder, ex- tending from suture to base, the incremental lines rather strong on the fasciole; anal sulcus deep and rounded with callous margin, the outer lip arcuate, thin; the inner lip simple, canal slightly recurved. Height of shell, 13; of last whorl, 7; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. > 311372, U.S.N.M. Range.—Ua Paz, Lower California. Though small, this is a typical Clathrodrillia. CLATHRODRILLIA LIMANS, new species. Plate 18, fig. 3. Shell small, of a warm yellow brown, with a blunt short smooth nucleus of a whorl and a half and five or more subsequent mod- erately rounded whorls; suture distinct, appressed, moderately con- stricted with three or four fine spiral striae on the fasciole; spiral sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl between the fasciole and the suc- ceeding suture about six) fine equal, equally spaced threads, with nar- rower deep interspaces, forming minute nodules where they cross the ribs, on the last whorl the threading continues hardly altered, to the end of the canal; axial sculpture (on the penultimate whorl about 35) narrow ribs with subequal interspaces, extended from the fas- ciole to the canal, forming a very uniform reticulation over the whole surface; aperture (the outer lip defective) rather wide, the inner lip erased, the pillar short, stout, whitish; the canal very short and wide, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 3.5 mm. Cat. No. 56218, U.S.N.M. Range-—Gulf of California; Stearns collection. This shell was sent to Dr. Philip Carpenter by Stearns and re- turned to him with the above manuscript name, but never published. The aperture when complete is probably of the usual Clathrodrillia type. No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 15 CLATHRODRILLIA CASTIANIRA, new species. Plate 2, fig. 1. Shell small, white, apex eroded, having five or more whorls exclu- sive of the (lost) nucleus; whorls well rounded, anal fasciole exca- vated, close to the appressed suture; spiral sculpture of (on the up- per whorls in front of the fasciole, three, on the last whorl about a dozen between the fasciole and the end of the canal) strong, equal, equally spaced, rounded threads with wider smooth interspaces; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl] 14) low riblets barely reaching the base and starting from the shoulder, with subequal in- terspaces, and becoming obsolete near the aperture; they are sub- nodulous at the intersections with the spirals; aperture rather wide, anal sulcus deep, close to the suture with a subsutural callus; inner lip erased; outer lip thin, hardly varicose; canal distinct, short, re- curved. Height of shell, 10; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 214246, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3189, off Cape San Martin, California, in 218 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 43.2° F. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, CLATHRODRILLIA AENONE, new species. Shell yellowish brown, of about seven whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, spire acute, the whorls markedly shouldered, the suture strongly appressed with a strong cord in front of it; anal fasciole excavated, arcuately striated, with a few obscure fine spiral threads running in it; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl fifteen) short prominent nearly vertical subrectangular ribs rounded above and confined to the peripheral region in front of which on the base of the last whorl are about twice as many thread-like ridges mostly continuous over the base to the beginning of the canal; incremental lines rather marked; spiral sculpture of three or four threads with wider interspaces overrunning and sometimes slightly nodulating the peripheral ribs; in front of these on the base are about eight spiral threads conspicuously nodulous at the intersections with the minor ridges, and with much wider interspaces; on the younger shells these threads are more close set, fewer and less nodulous, the minor ridges inconspicuous; finally between these in the adult are more or less distinct finer spiral striae; the canal is also spirally threaded with a conspicuous siphonal fasciole; aperture rather narrow with a well- marked anal sulcus close to the suture, and on the body a prominent subsutural callus; outer lip produced, sharp-edged, smooth within; inner lip callous, the outer edge of the enamel slightly raised, and on the canal prominent with a chink between it and the siphonal fas- ciole; canal short, recurved; height (without the nuclear whorls), 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. 35; height of last whorl, 18; diameter, 12 mm. Cat. No. 266370, U.S.N.M. Range——Agua Verde Bay, Lower California; Dr. Paul Bartsch. The outer lip is more or less crenulated at the edge by the spiral sculpture. ? CLATHRODRILLIA RESINA Dall. Plate 2, fig. 4. fae (Surcula) resina Dawt, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 48, No. 6, p. 264, Range.—Station 3354, Gulf of Panama, in 322 fathoms, mud, bot- tom temperature 46° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. Cat. No. 123103, U.S.N.M. This species is intermediate between Clathrodrillia and some of the species of Surcula, but on the whole is nearer the former by its sculp- ture and the latter in its straight canal. CLATHRODRILLIA CALLIANIRA, new species. Plate 5, fig. 2. Shell slender, acute, pale brownish, with a smooth regularly in- creasing nucleus of two and a half whorls and eight and a half sub- sequent whorls; suture closely appressed with a cord-like edge behind the strongly constricted, arcuately striated anal fasciole; spiral sculp- ture of (on the penultimate whorl about seven) flattish, close-set cords; in some specimens these alternate in size, in others they are nearly equal; on the last whorl there are about 25, some irregularly larger than the others, and a few smaller threads on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 10 to 14) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, more conspicuous and less numerous as we ascend the spire, over which the spiral sculpture passes without nodulation; aperture short, subovate, anal sulcus short rounded, with a subsutural callus; outer lip arcuate, thin, smooth inside, without any marked varix behind it; inner lip and pillar with a smooth callus; canal short, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 16; of last whorl, 8.5; diameter, 5.5mm. Cat. No. 96722, U.S.N.M. fange.—Station 2823, off Lower California in 27 fathoms, sand, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CLATHRODRILLIA ANDROMEDA, new species. Plate 2, fig. 2. Shell acute, fusiform, whitish with a brown periostracum; nucleus small, the apex minutely globular and, with the succeeding inflated whorl, smooth; subsequent whorls eight, regularly increasing in dia- meter; suture closely appressed, obscure, bordered in front by two undulated cords, the anterior cord larger; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 18) equal narrow nodulous ribs with subequal interspaces, NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. hy ae eee the ribs extending well over the base from the anterior margin of the anal fasciole, where they form a marked shoulder; the incre- mental lines are hardly noticeable except on the fasciole; spiral sculp- ture of (on the spire three) strong cords, the posterior slightly larger, which become swollen and nodulous where they intersect the summit of the ribs; on the last whorl there are 7 of these cords and 10 minor threads in front of the base and on the canal; in the interspaces between the major cords there are from one to three fine threads which do not become nodulous; anal fasciole narrow, concave, somewhat removed from the suture, the sulcus shallow; in the type- specimen the outer lip is thin and sharp, the inner lip erased, but if the specimen is immature the outer lip would probably be thickened with a subsutural callus in the adult; pillar straight, attenuated in front, white; canal distinct, not recurved. Height of shell, 16.5; diameter, 8.5 mm. Cat. No. 211516, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2828, in 10 fathoms, off La Paz, Lower California. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. CARINODRILLIA, new section. For the species in which the spiral sculpture predominates and in which there is a tendency for the peripheral cord to form a carina, the name Carinodrillia is proposed with Clathrodrillia halis Dall, as the type. This forms a very natural group containing a large num- ber of species mostly unicolor, whitish or brownish. CLATHRODRILLIA (CARINODRILLIA) HALIS, new species. Plate 5, fig. 4. Shell yellowish white, elongated, acute, with two polished, more brownish nuclear whorls and nine subsequent whorls; suture ap- pressed with an angular thread in front of it, separated by an ex- cavated wide fasciole, microscopically spirally striated, from an acute shoulder surmounted by a single cord; other spiral sculpture of (on the last whorl nine) widely separated subequal cords on the posterior one of which the suture is laid; these have the interspaces minutely striated and are not swollen when they pass over the ribs; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl six) short, very prominent ribs with narrower interspaces, not continuous up the spire and horizontally angulated by the cord which forms the periphery; they undulate the succeeding suture but are obsolete on the base and anal fasciole; on the early part of the spire the peripheral cord is duplex, but the posterior thread gradually fades out; aperture narrow, anal sulcus deep, rounded, outer lip thin, sharp, arcuately produced; inner lip erased, pillar short, canal very short but distinct. Height of shell, 20; of last whorl, 10; diameter, 7 mm. Cat. No. 211649, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2822, off La Paz, Lower California, in 21 fathoms, sand, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 115690—19—Proe.N.M vol.56—— 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. If the specimen is not quite mature the aperture may prove to be more elaborate in the adult. The shell is intermediate in type be- tween Suavodrillia and Clathrodrillia. The soft parts being absent the presence of an operculum is tentatively assumed. CLATHRODRILLIA (CARINODRILLIA) ALCESTIS, new species. Plate 5, fig. 6. Shell slender, acute, pale yellowish brown (the nucleus lost), with about ten whorls; suture strongly appressed with a prominent cord (afterwards broadening into a band) in front of it; siphonal fasciole constricted; with only arcuate striation; sculpture on the early whorls of two or three strong cords, swollen where they override the ribs, these are prominent on the periphery ; on the later whorls the periph- eral cord becomes an undulated keel and the interspaces are closely spirally striate; on the last whorl in front of the keel are about a dozen major threads with wide spirally striate interspaces; axial _ sculpture of (on the last whorl seven) peripheral waves, rather than ribs, overridden by the spirals, the incremental lines inconspicuous; aperture narrow, anal sulcus slightly removed from the suture, dis- tinct, with a small subsutural callus; outer lip moderately produced, sharp edged, slightly crenulate by the spiral sculpture, smooth with- in; inner lip with a moderate layer of callus, with slightly raised outer edge which is continued over the pillar and on the canal is sepa- rated from the feeble siphonal fasciole by a narrow chink; canal short, wide, slightly recurved. Height of shell (without the nu- cleus), 80; of last whorl, 16.5; diameter, 8 mm. Cat. No. 212354, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3037, off Guaymas in the Gulf of California in 20 fathoms green mud. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CLATHRODRILLIA (CARINODRILLIA) THESTIA, new species. Plate 5, fig. 3. Shell slender, acute, strongly sculptured, with pale brownish cloud- ing on a yellowish white ground; nucleus smooth, inflated, of a whorl and a half, followed by about eight sculptured whorls; suture dis- tinct, undulated, strongly appressed, thick-edged, with a strong cord immediately behind the strongly constrictea smooth anal fasciole; other spiral sculpture of (on the spire one or two) strong peripheral cords, swollen and almost angulated where they override the ribs; on the last whorl there are six or seven cords with much wider in- terspaces and as many more smaller close-set threads on the canal; ax- ial sculpture of seven or eight very prominent short ribs on the penul- timate whorl; fading out on the last whorl, and rather prominent widely spaced incremental lines most conspicuous on the last whorl; aperture subovate, anal sulcus conspicuous, rounded, with a marked No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 19 subsutural callus; outer lip thin, moderately arcuate, not varicose, inner lip with a coat of enamel with the anterior edge raised; pillar short, straight, the canal hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of sheli, 14; of last whorl, 7; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 56038, U.S.N.M. Range.—On the beach at the head of the Gulf of California, col- lected by Dr. E. Palmer. CLATHRODRILLIA (CARINODRILLIA) HALIPLEXA, new species. Plate5, fig. 5: Shell with 12 whorls, excluding the (defective) nucleus, pale brown, acute, with inconspicuous suture, with eight or nine prominent axial ribs with equal or wider interspaces and faint incremental lines; anal fasciole wide, constricted, a single strong cord and fine ‘spiral threads between it and the suture; in front of the fasciole are about six strong cords slightly swollen as they override the ribs, with much wider interspaces occupied by fine spiral threads, the cord at the periphery stronger than the rest; the base with threads of inter- mediate size, close-set; outer lip sharp, arcuate, undulate by the ends of the spiral cords; anal sulcus short, pear shaped with no subsutural callus; body throat and pillar white, smooth, canal short, recurved. Height of shell, 27; of last whorl, 13; diameter, 8 mm. Cat. No. 212355, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2824, near La Paz, Lower California, in 8 fath- oms:; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. ? CLATHRODRILLIA: (LAEVITECTUM) EBURNEA Carpenter. Plate 18, fig. 5. Drillia eburnea CARPENTER, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1865, p. 280; not Pieurctoma eburnea Bonelli, 1842. This differs from all the other species of the group in having all the sculpture obsolete, so that the shell except on very close scrutiny appears perfectly smooth except near the apex. Thecolor is a pinkish white, with a brownish decollate apex. I have been puzzled where to put it, as it combines characters of several groups but feebly ex- pressed. Range.——Gulf of California, Rowell. Type, Cat. No. 22817, U.S.N.M. ? CLATHRODILLIA (KYLIX) ALCMENE, new species. Shell small, pinkish white, polished, acute, with a flat-topped nucleus of two polished, prominently peripherally keeled whorls and about eight subsequent whorls; suture appressed, with a retractively nodulous, thickened band in front of it, forming the posterior mar- gin of the anal fasciole; sculpture of (on the last whorl 22) some- what sigmoid rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, reaching from 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the suture over the whorl to the canal, constricted over the nar- row anal fasciole and feebler on the anterior part of the last whorl; these ribs are cut into subnodulous segments by deep narrow sharp spiral grooves, with much wider interspaces, two or three on the spire, nine or ten between the fasciole and the canal on the last whorl; on the canal are five or six coarse close-set threads; aperture (probably not quite mature) rather narrow, anal sulcus narrow, not deep; outer lip thin, sharp, prominently arcuate; inner lip erased; pillar short, twisted, canal short, hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 13.5; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 268911, U.S.N.M. Range.—Dredged at Agua Verde Bay, Gulf of California, by Dr. Paul Bartsch. In the adult the aperture would doubtless be more elaborated. ? CLATHRODRILLA (KYLIX) ALCYONE, new species. Plate 2, fig. 3. Shell small, slender, acute, white, polished, with about nine whorls (the nucleus decorticated) ; suture distinct, not appressed, the anal fasciole adjacent to it with no thickened cord between; whorls well rounded but the fasciole flattish; spiral sculpture of (on the early whorls two, on the last whorl about 15) sharply incised lines in front of the shoulder cutting the ribs into squarish segments which are hardly nodulous; on the canal there are a few finer closet-set threads; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about 21) rounded some- what sigmoid ribs, extending from the suture to the base, feeble on the fasciole and base and obsolete on the last half of the last whorl; anal fasciole wide and showing the arcuate posterior ends of the ribs which do not undulate the suture; aperture narrow, anal sulcus wide and rounded with slightly flaring edge; outer lip thin, sharp, promi- nently arcuately produced; inner lip erased, pillar strong, attenuated in front, canal distinct, narrow, somewhat recurved. Height of shell, 15; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 223150, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3016, on the west coast of Mexico off Cape Lobos, in 76 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 59° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. This species resembles C’. alemene, but is more slender, less nodu- lous, and without the prominent band in front of the suture. It has every appearance of being adult, though it has not the characteristic Clathrodrillia aperture and color and should it prove that this is the normal condition these two species might form a distinct section characterized by the incised sculpture, simple aperture and more delicate shell, which might take the sectional name of Aylixv. It is not certain that either species is operculate like the true Clathro- drillia. The present species might be regarded as the type. The name will date from 1918. No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 21 PSEUDOMELATOMA PENICILLATA Carpenter. Plate 22, fig. 3. Drillia penicillata CARPENTER, Journ. de Conchyl., ser. 3, vol. 12, p. 146, April, 1865. The poor condition of Carpenter’s unfigured type specimen led to the belief that it was best to figure a perfect if somewhat imma- ture example. The name has been variously applied, especially to forms of Moniliopsis, in ignorance of the true character of the species. Range.—Cerros Island to Gulf of California. CRASSISPIRA ERIGONE, new species. Plate 7, fig. 8. Shell solid, biconic, acute, olive brown with a purplish aperture; nucleus with two whorls, the first minute, smooth, rounded, the second with a peripheral keel, followed by eight sculptured whorls; suture appressed, obscure, behind a strongly constricted anal fasciole sculptured with almost microscopic spiral striae; other spiral scuip- ture of small obsolete threads covering the whole surface in front of the fasciole and three or four cords on the base of the last whorl widely separated and conspicuously nodulous where they cross the ribs; there are also 10 or more closer cords on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the spire about a dozen) short narrow ribs, very prominent and almost angular in front of the fasciole and on the last whorl extending nearly to the canal, with wider interspaces and not nodulous behind the base; the incremental lines are very fine and minutely crenulate the fine spiral sculpture in places; aperture narrow, anal sulcus short, rounded, with a strong subsutural callus; outer lip thin, smooth inside, moderately arcuate, with a hump-like varix behind it; inner lip and straight pillar with a thin layer of enamel, raised anteriorly at the edge; canal short, not deep, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 20; of last whorl, 12.5; diameter, 9 mm. Cat. No. 212368 U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2798, in Panama Bay, in 18 fathoms; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. CRASSISPIRA EURYNOME, new species. Plate: 7, ngs. Shell small, slender, acute, dark brown with a whitish peripheral and a less obvious basal band; nucleus blunt, polished, reddish brown, of two whorls; subsequent whorls six, the anal fasciole on the spire depressed, very minutely spirally striated with a single fine thread near the posterior edge which is appressed at the suture; other spiral sculpture of fine striae and three stronger threads with 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. wider interspaces on the base; the canal has about half a dozen smaller closer threads; axial sculpture of nine oval prominent nodules on the periphery, which may in some specimens be bisected by an incised spiral line; the incremental lines are not prominent; aperture rather wide and short; anal sulcus large, deep, with a small subsutural callus; outer lip sharp edged, with a small varix, internally not lirate; canal short, wide, deep, with a perceptible siphonal fasciole and slightly recurved. Height of shell, 10; of last whorl, 5.5; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 59345, U.S.N.M. Range.—Beach at Acapulco, Mexico; W. H. Dall. The specimen is slightly beach worn and the sculpture is prob- ably sharper when fresh. CRASSISPIRA CANDACE, new species. Plate 6, fig. 6. Shell small, pale purple with touches of brown, the nucleus lost, with about seven subsequent short whorls; suture appressed, obscure, behind a moderately impressed anal fasciole with a fine thread be- tween them; other spiral sculpture of (on the spire) two peripheral close-set threads overriding the ribs; in front of these on the last whorl are two or three obscure broad flattish ridges with rather wide interspaces overridden by the axial sculpture, and on the canal a few rather sharp threads more closely set; axial sculpture of 10 or more short ribs on the penultimate whorl] with narrower interspaces; on the last whorl] there are about 13 smaller ribs extending nearly to the canal and reticulating the spiral sculpture; the incremental lines are rather marked; aperture wide and short, anal sulcus large, rounded, with a subsutural callus; outer lip thin-edged, prominent, with a large rounded varix behind it, within dark brown, smooth; inner lip simple, pillar very short, not callous, canal very short but distinct. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 3.5; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 73929, U.S.N.M. Range—Gulf of California, Stearns collection. This shell is so small and its sculpture so intricate that its descrip- tion is not easy. CRASSISPIRA APPRESSA Carpenter. Plate 7, fig. 2. Drillia appressa CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 14, p. 45, July, 1864. Range.—Cape San Lucas, J. Xantus. Cat. No. 4087, U.S.N.M. CRASSISPIRA DIRCE, new species. Plate 6, fig. 3. Shell acute, dark brown (the nucleus lost) with about a dozen whorls, the spire acute, rather flat sided ; axial sculpture only of faint NO. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 23 incremental lines, spiral sculpture of two prominent cords, the space between them wider than the space between either and the nearer suture; there is a third cord over which the suture is laid and ap- pressed, sometimes left uncovered; the posterior cord is simple or only slightly undulated, the anterior is at first undulate and later develops spirally elongate keeled nodulations about ten to a whorl, on the last whorl there are three undulated and five simple cords, the nodules being usually lighter colored than the rest of the shell; the surface also has fine regular, close-set uniform spiral striation; aper- ture short, ovate, with smooth lips; outer lip somewhat varicose with a short, rounded anal sulcus and prominent parietal callus; canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 23.5; of last whorl, 12.5; diameter, 8.5 mm. Cat. No. 55461, U.S.N.M. Range—Panama, Stearns collection. The reticulated marking on the figure is due to Polyzoa which have been removed. CRASSISPIRA NEPHELE, new species. Plate 7, fig. 1. Shell small, biconic, acute, solid, black with the projecting sculp- ture yellow, with a rounded nucleus of one and a half smooth whorls and eight subsequent whorls; suture closely appressed, obscure, be- hind a series of very fine close threads (about four on the last whorl) followed by a very strong yellow cord which on most of the spire forms the periphery, in front of this cord is the moderately con- stricted anal fasciole similarly threaded; in front of this is (on the spire one, on the last whorl two) a series of yellow nodules (about a dozen on the last whorl) rather distant from one another and connected by a small yellow cord, like beads on a string; the two series on the last whorl are close together, only separated by a much smaller thread, giving a dumb-bell shape to the nodules; in front of this pair on the last whorl are four distant yellow threads with single nodules placed in harmony with the larger ones above mentioned and half a dozen finer threads on the canal; the interspaces between the threads are finely threaded like the fasciole, and are often mi- nutely decussated by the incremental lines which form the only axial sculpture; aperture narrow, anal sulcus shallow, rounded, with a subtural callus; inner lip smooth, erased, pillar callous, smooth, canal short, wide, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 13; of last whorl, 7.5; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 55472, U.S.N.M Range—Panama, Stearns collection. This species seems by coloration and sculpture different from the numerous other forms of this group which swarm at Panama, but 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the range of variation requires thorough investigation before one can be certain of the specific status of any of them. CRASSISPIRA EPICASTA, new species. Plate 7, fig. 4. Shell small, slender, acute, black, or very dark reddish brown, with two smooth nuclear whorls, the second with a peripheral keel, and seven subsequent whorls; suture obscure, appressed, with a marked thread at its edge; spiral sculpture of fine spiral striae over the entire shell, and (on the spire two or three, on the last whorl eight) stronger cords undulated but not nodulated where they pass over the axial sculpture, and separated by wider interspaces; the anal fasciole hardly constricted; axial sculpture of fine sharp in- cremental lines cutting the minor spirals and, on the last whorl about 13 low rounded ribs extending from the fasciole nearly to the canal but not conspicuous anywhere, with equal or narrower interspaces; aperture small, dark brown, the anal sulcus shallow and the thin outer lip only moderately arcuate; inner lip and pillar simple, canal short, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 9; of last whorl, 4.5; diameter, 3.5 mm. Cat. No. 204102, U.S.N.M. Range.—Beach of Taboguilla Island, Panama Bay; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. CRASSISPIRA BRIDGESI, new species. Plate 7, fig. 7. Shell small, solid, grayish, with six whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture strongly appressed, obscure with a thread-like edge in front of which is a narrow spirally striated space bordered in front by a larger cord forming the posterior margin of the anal fasciole; the fasciole is strongly constricted, undulated by the ribs and spirally striated; other spiral sculpture of (on the upper whorls one, on the later two) peripheral cords which are swollen where they pass over the ribs and on the anterior of which the suture is laid; on the last whorl there are six such cords with much wider spirally striated interspaces, and about five closer threads on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl six) strong rounded ribs almost continuous up the spire, most prominent at the periphery and feeble on the base; aperture narrow, with a varicose rib behind it; anal sulcus short, ‘with a strong subsutural callus, inner lip erased, pillar with a thin layer of callus, smooth, short, with a very short deep canal forming an evident siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 5.5; diameter,5 mm. Cat. No. 55254, U.S.N.M. Range.—Panama, in the Stearns collection, collected by Thomas Bridges. This shell, being somewhat bleached, is probably of a darker color when fresh. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 25 CRASSISPIRA BACCHIA, new species. Plate 6, fig. 1. Shell solid, biconic, acute, slate gray with whitish projections; nucleus (eroded) of two brownish whorls, apparently smooth, and nine subsequent whorls; suture distinct, appressed, bordered by a small thread behind and a strong white cord in front between it and the fasciole which is constricted narrow and minutely spirally striated; other spiral sculpture of (on the spire two) peripheral whitish cords, the anterior stronger and swollen where it passes over the ribs; on the last whorl in front of the periphery are seven similar but smaller cords with wider, minutely striated interspaces sometimes carrying an intercalary thread; on the canal are about half a dozen close-set threads; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 10) short rounded ribs prominent only on the periphery and extending from the fasciole to the canal, with subequal interspaces; there is also a promi- nent rounded varix behind the outer lip; outer lip sharpedged, smooth internally ; anal sulcus conspicuous, rounded, short, with a strong sub- sutural callus; inner lip erased, dark purple as well as the throat; pillar straight, short, canal hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 14.5; of last whorl, 7.5; diameter, 5.5 mm. Cat. No. 212372, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2824, off La Paz, Lower California, in 8 fathoms, sandy bottom. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. It is quite likely that the color of this species varies and may be darker or lighter. CRASSISPIRA TEPOCANA, new species. Plate 6, fig. 5. Shell solid, livid purple under a very dark olive periostracum, of about six whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture strongly appressed behind a constricted anal fasciole; spiral sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about nine) strong flattish threads, equal all over the surface and without intercalary striae; having narrower in- terspaces on the spire and equal or wider ones on the last whorl; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl! about 10) sharp edged narrow nearly straight ribs reaching nearly to the canal from the fasciole, with much wider interspaces; aperture narrow, dark purple; anal sulcus rounded, short, with a strong subsutural callus; outer lip thin, slightly arcuate, smooth within, having a feeble varix behind it; inner lip with a thick layer of enamel, having a raised edge anteriorly; canal short hardly differentiated from the aperture; siphonal sulcus deep, forming an evident fasciole. Height of shell, 19; of last whorl, 12; diameter, 8 mm. Cat. No. 224415, U.S.N.M. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Range.—Station 3018, off Cape Tepoca, Lower California, in 36 fathoms, sand, bottom temperature 63.3° F.; U. S. Bureau of Fish- eries. CRASSISPIRA ARSINOE, new species. Plate 6, fig. 4. Shell biconic, acute, dark brown with paler projections and a red- dish brown nucleus of two smooth whorls followed by nine subse- quent whorls; suture closely appressed, obscure, somewhat undu- lated with two fine threads and a garland of elongated paler nodules between it and the constricted spirally grooved anal fasciole; other spiral sculpture of on the last whorl sharp narrow channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces, which cut the axial sculpture into nodules, there are half a dozen closer threads on the canal; there is apart from the fasciole no finer spiral striation such as is found in most of the species of the group; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 14) feeble ribs beginning at the fasciole, obsolete on the base and only prominent as single, double, or triple nodules at the shoulder, there are four or five rather distant spiral rows of nodules between the shoulder and the canal; the incremental lines are very fine and sharp; aperture narrow, anal sulcus wide and shal- low with a marked subsutural callus; outer lip thin sharp, smooth inside, with no very evident varix behind it; throat brownish, inner lip and pillar with a smooth layer of enamel, the anterior edge raised on the canal; the latter short wide, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 17; of last whorl, 9.5; diameter, 7.5 mm. Cat. No. 56135, U.S.N.M. Range.—Bartolomé Bay, Lower California, H. Hemphill. ? CRASSISPIRA RUGITECTA Dall. Plate 7, fig. 6. Turris (Crassispira) rugitecta Dati, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, No. 2134, p. 226, April 5, 1918. Shell solid, acute, dark reddish brown, with a pale peripherai band and eleven rapidly enlarging whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture closely appressed, obscure, with four or five strong spiral cords between it and the anterior edge of the anal fasciole which is moderately constricted; between this and the succeeding suture are five or six rather close-set flattish cords, obsolete on the summits of the ribs, the whole surface polished; on the last whorl there are about 14 of these cords extending to the canal near which there are a few intercalary smaller cords but no fine spiral striation; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 16) nearly vertical ribs with narrow interspaces, beginning abruptly in front of the fasciole and becom- ing obsolete on the base; incremental lines rather strong; anal sulcus wide, rounded, not deep, separated from the suture by a strong No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 27 cord; aperture reflecting the colors of the exterior; outer lip short, sharp, arcuate; pillar and body smooth, canal very short, a little recurved. Height of shell, 30.5; of last whorl, 16; diameter, 10, mm. Cat. No. 266911, U.S.N.M. Range.—San Bartolomé Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. his elegant species appears to be a Crassispira, but lacks the fine spiral striation and black color characteristic of the latter group. ? CRASSISPIRA AMATHEA, new species. Plate 6, fig. 2. Shell solid, marbled with brown and white, the brown chiefly as a broad dark peripheral band with a narrower band just behind the canal; nucleus blunt, brown, of two smooth whorls, followed by about six subsequent whorls, suture obscure, appressed, with a strong whitish ridge in front of it behind a rather wide constricted fasciole ; spiral sculpture of fine striae covering the whole surface; axial sculp- ture of (on the last whorl about a dozen) short ribs extending from the fasciole to the canal and most prominent at the shoulder, with three nodules on the basal part of each rib; on the spire they are more like nodules than ribs; aperture wide, outer lip thickish, with a feeble varix behind it; anal sulcus distinct, shallow, with a large subsutural callus; inner lip with a moderate layer of enamel the an- terior edge of which near the canal is raised, with a chink between it and the siphonal fasciole; canal wide, deep, very short, constricted, with a well marked siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 22; of last whorl, 12; diameter, 8 mm. Cat. No. 56099, U.S.N.M. fange——FPurchased from a native at Acapulco, Mexico, by W. H. Dall. The shell is polished, but this may be due to the manner in which it has been cleaned by the seller. ? CRASSISPIRA MARTINENSIS, new species. Plate 18, fig. 4. Shell brownish, with two smooth nuclear and seven subsequent whorls; suture distinct, with a strongly nodulous ridge between it and the anal fasciole which is retractively arcuately wrinkled; the bedy is strongly sculptured with about a dozen rounded cords with narrower interspaces, not swollen where they pass over (on the penul- timate whorl 14) close rounded ribs which extend to the periphery and are obsolete beyond it; aperture defective. Height, 18; of last whorl, 12; diameter, 8mm. Cat. No. 162669, U.S.N.M. Range.—Gulf of California at Cape San Martin. MONILIOPSIS GRIPPI, new species. Plate 8, fig. 2. Shell slender with about eight (slightly decollate) whorls, livid olivaceous with a pale peripheral band, lighter near the aperture; 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. suture appressed, on the upper whorls rudely nodulous; spiral sculp- ture in front of the fasciole on the spire of five or six strong cords with narrower interspaces, overriding the ribs; the cords cover the last whorl, feebler on the periphery, coarser on the base; there are also faint spiral striae here and there; axial sculpture on the upper part of the spire 14 or 15 strong rounded ribs with wider interspaces, feebler on the penultimate, obsolete on the last whorl; aperture ovate, anal sulcus conspicuous, shallow; outer lip thin, simple, inner lip smooth, canal short, wide, not recurved. Height of shell, 27; of last whorl, 16; diameter, 10 mm. Cat. No. 203670, U.S.N.M. Range-—San Diego, California; collected by the late C. W. Gripp. Verging toward Clathrodrillia, but nearer to such species as Moni- liopsis cancellata Carpenter. MONILIOPSIS FANCHERAE Dall. Plate 8, fig. 3. Mangilia fancherae Datu, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, p. 172, Dec., 1908. Though so small this is allied to the larger species here referred to as Moniliopsis by its sculpture and the presence of an operculum, which was lost in the specimen originally described. Range.—Santa Barbara Channel, California, to Point Abreojos, Lower California. MONILIOPSIS RHINES Dall. Plate 8, fig. 5. Drillia cancellata CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1865, p. 63, 1865; not of J. Sowerby, 1827. Surcula rhines Datu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, No. 1610, p. 248, June 16, 1908. Range.—Puget Sound to San Diego, California. MONILIOPSIS OPHIODERMA Dall. Pate 12, fig. 5. Pleurotoma inermis Hinps, Voy. Sulphur, Moll., p. 16; Proce. Zool. Soc, Lon- don, p. 37, 1843; Zool., pl. 5, fig. 7, 1844; not of Partsch, 1842. Surcula ophioderma Dati, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol 34, No. 1610, p. 247, June 16, 1908. Range.—San Pedro to Ballenas Lagoon, Lower California. MONILIOPSIS INCISA Carpenter. Plate 12, fig. 7. Drillia incisa CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1865, p. 62, 1865; not Pleurotoma incisa of Reeve, 1843. Range.—Virago Sound, British Columbia, to San Pedro, Cali- fornia. Differs from inermis only by deeper and coarser grooving. No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 29 MONILIOPSIS HALCYONIS Dall. Plate 8, fig. 1. Turris (Surcula) halcyonis Darr, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, No. 1610, p. 248, June 16, 1908. Range.—Monterey to San Diego, California. SUAVODRILLIA WILLETTI, new species. Shell small, white, with a pale operculum with apical nucleus; nuclear whorls translucent white, glassy, inflated, about one and a half in number, then gradually passing into the reticulate sculpture of the five or six subsequent turns; suture appressed with one or two close-set prominent spiral threads in front of it; whorls sloping for- ward flatly from these threads to an angle at the shoulder forming the periphery, this part of the whorl minutely spirally threaded; other spiral sculpture of (on the base about five) strong threads with wider interspaces containing minor threads all merging toward and on the canal into a series of subequal close-set threads; the anal fasciole has its deepest part at the shoulder angle, but the arcuate incremental lines on the whorl behind the angle indicate that it was when complete wide and shallow; axial sculpture of (on the penulti- mate whorl about 16) strongly protractive short ribs starting at the shoulder, which they slightly nodulate, and reaching to the suture, but obsolete on the last whorl and not reaching much beyond the periphery; outer lip thin, sharp; inner lip erased; pillar short. obliquely attenuated in front; canal short, distinct, shghtly recurved. Height of shell, 10; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 216409, U.S.N.M. Range.—Forrester Island, southeastern Alaska, G. Willett. This shell belongs to the group of which “ Drillia” kennicottii Dall, is the most conspicuous example and which serves as the typical species. BELLASPIRA MELEA, new species. Plate 19, fig. 8. Shell stout, rose pink, with a whitish band in front of the suture, with a blunt smooth nucleus of about one whorl and about five sub- sequent whorls; suture appressed, obscure, spiral sculpture appar- ently absent; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl six) strong, stout, wavelike ribs, continuous up the spire, with wide interspaces, and practically vertical; the surface appears to be smooth but as the specimen is slightly beach worn some minute sculpture may have disappeared; the suture is undulated by the ribs, there is no anal fasciole perceptible; anal sulcus narrow, short, with a subsutural cal- lus in front of it; outer lip thin, sharp, with a marked varicose swel- ling behind it; there are no internal lirae; inner lip callous, smooth; 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 56. pillar very short, stout, and straight; canal hardly differentiated from the aperture but deeply cut; height of shell, 12; of last whorl, 7.5; diameter,5 mm. Cat. No. 15952, U.S.N.M. Range.—Panama, Col. E. Jewett. This is a very solid little shell and of a very attractive color. It is a typical Bellaspira. ? HAEDROPLEURA MELITA, new species. Plate 24, fig. 7. Shell small, slender, waxen white, with an obscure purple band in front of the suture and the region of the canal dark purple, when fresh; nucleus of two and a half gradually enlarging whorls, the first smooth, the last more or less axially minutely ribbed, and five subsequent whorls; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl) eight rather sharp ribs extending from the suture (which they undulate) to the region of the canal and continuous up the spire in a direct line with somewhat wider interspaces; suture distinct, appressed ; spiral sculp- ture of fine uniform evenly spaced rounded threads, not swollen where they cross the ribs, a single thread at the shoulder is more prominent but not larger than the others, from which and from the suture it is separated by a space devoid of the spiral sculpture which elsewhere covers the surface; the ribs are shortly arcuate when pass- ing over the otherwise obscure anal fasciole, and the depressions be- tween them, the suture and the shoulder are markedly excavated; aperture narrow, anal sulcus conspicuous, rounded not deep; cuter lip strongly varicose, not internally lirate, inner lip smooth, pillar short, straight, canal short, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 5.2; of last whorl, 3; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 266436, U.S.N.M. Range.—Agua Verde Bay, Gulf of California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. The shell, though fresh, is without the soft parts, and therefore it can not be determined whether it is operculate or not. CRYPTOGEMMA POLYCASTE, new species. Plate 9, figs. 4, 7. Shell white, with a pale olivaceous periostracum, and five whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, rather slender and moderately rounded except for a single strong peripheral keel which marks the deepest part of the anal sulcus; suture distinct, not appressed, with a feebly indicated flattish area between it and the posterior edge of the anal fasciole, which between the keel and the flattening is shghtly im- pressed; there is no other spiral sculpture and the axial sculpture consists mostly of moderately prominent incremental lines; anal sul- cus deep and wide; outer lip thin, prominently arcuately produced; inner lip smooth, pillar very short, gyrate; axis pervious; canal pro- NO. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 31 duced, narrow, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 14; of last whorl, 9; diameter, 5.5 mm. Cat. No. 212332, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3346, off Tillamook Bay, Oregon, in 786 fathoms, ooze, bottom temperature 37.3° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CRYPTOGEMMA CHRYSOTHEMIS, new species. Plate a tie 2: Shell short-fusiform, white, with a pale olive periostracum, the tip eroded, with six or more subsequent whorls; the suture distinct, the anal sulcus shallow, somewhat removed from the suture, the fasciole narrow, depressed; spiral sculpture of a low blunt peripheral keel, somewhat undulated on the earlier whorls with occasional traces of minor spiral threads; the entire surface is more or less obliquely granulose or minutely vermiculate; axial sculpture only of feeble incremental lines; outer lip thin, sharp, produced; inner lip erased; pillar short, obliquely attenuated in front; canal short, wide, not re- curved; axis not pervious. Height of (eroded) specimen, 16.5; of last whorl, 11; diameter, 7.5 mm. Cat. No. 208908, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 4405, between San Clemente and Santa Catalina Islands, California, in 654 to 704 fathoms, mud, temperature 39°.4 F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CRYPTOGEMMA CALYPSO, new species. Plate 9, fig. 8. Shell small, the nucleus always eroded, whitish with a dark dull olivaceous periostracum and about five remaining whorls; suture appressed, with a broad smooth ridge in front of it and behind the excavated anal fasciole; spiral sculpture in front of the shoulder of fine even close-set equal threads, covering the surface, including the canal; axial sculpture of feeble incremental lines arcuate on the fasciole and antesutural ridge, also of narrow low sigmoid ribs beginning and forming a shoulder in front of the fasciole and obso- lete in front of the periphery, differing in strength in different indi- viduals and averaging fourteen on the last whorl; anal sulcus wide and deep, rounded; outer lip thin and sharp, much produced; inner lip with a thin layer of callus; pillar straight, short, obliquely atten- uated in front; axis impervious; canal distinct, wide, hardly re- curved. Height of (decollate) shell, 11; of last whorl, 7; diameter, 4.7mm. Cat. No. 214067, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2923, off San Diego, California, in 822 fathoms, mud, temperature at bottom 39° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CRYPTOGEMMA CYMOTHOE, new species. Plate 9, fig 3. Shell much resembling the preceding species, from which it differs by having the anal fasciole striated spirally, the surface in front of 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the shoulder without spiral sculpture and minutely vermiculate, the ribs more knob-like, shorter, and averaging about 12 on the last whorl; whorls about six in number, the apex always eroded. Height of (decollate) shell, 9; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 214067a, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2923, off San Diego, California, in 822 fathoms, mud, temperature at bottom 39° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CRYPTOGEMMA QUENTINENSIS, new species. Plate 9, fig. 9. Shell small, solid, white under an olivaceous periostracum, having five (decollate) whorls, suture distinct, bordered by a rounded ridge on each side; surface dull; spiral sculpture of a prominent nodulous peripheral ridge which is the anal fasciole, with two smaller ridges in -front of it with wider interspaces; in front of the first of these the suture is laid; the space between this and the second is more or less channeled, but these two ridges are not nodulous; in front of these four or five obscure threads appear on the canal; axial sculpture of strong retractive wrinkles at the suture, which become arcuate nodulous riblets on the fasciole and dwindle protractively in front of it; there are also more or less obvious incremental lines; aperture moderate, simple, the axis pervious, the columella short, attenuated in front; canal short, shghtly recurved, operculum narrow, with apical nucleus. Height of shell, 12; of last whorl, 9; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 209417, U.S.N.M. Range.—Oft Cape San Quentin, Lower California, in 359 fathoms. CRYPTOGEMMA ANTIGONE, new species. Plate 11, fig. 4. Shell solid, white, with an olivaceous periostracum, spire badly eroded, short, indicating a total of five whorls exclusive of the nucleus, the last whorl and a half alone retain their normal condi- tion; suture distinct, not appressed; anal fasciole narrow, constricted, separated from the suture by an obscure ridge; in front of the fasciole is an undulated rounded ridge from which extend obliquely protractive obscure riblets more or less obsolete on the last whorl, probably stronger and more distinct on the spire when not eroded; there is also very obscure spiral grooving with much wider inter- spaces on the base; the entire surface is minutely irregularly vermi- culate; aperture narrow; anal sulcus shallow, rounded, close to the suture; outer lip thin, sharp, moderately produced; inner lip erased, pillar short, white, obliquely attenuated in front; canal short, wide, hardly differentiated. Height of (decollate) shell, 23; of last whorl, 18; diameter, 10 mm. Cat. No. 2140664, U.S.N.M. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 838 Range.—Station 2922, off San Diego, California, in 822 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 39° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. This shell resembles a Borsonella so much that I was not satisfied of its true position until by grinding off part of the back the pillar was shown to be quite destitute of plication. CRYPTOGEMMA ADRASTIA, new species. Plate 19, fig. 2. Shell white, with a thin, pale olive periostracum, the apex invari- ably eroded, and the subsequent whorls, eight or more, polished and faintly showing incremental lines; suture inconspicuous, the anterior margin sometimes raised like a small cord; spiral sculpture of a strong, sometimes nodulous or undulated peripheral keel, rather nearer the succeeding suture than to the preceding one, the latter space occupied by the slightly concave anal fasciole; axial sculpture only of arcuate incremental lines; base rounded; aperture narrow, outer lip thin, sharp, produced, internally smooth; anal sulcus wide and shallow, with no parietal nodule; inner lip erased; pillar smooth, twisted, not pervious, attenuated obliquely toward the rather long, slightly recurved canal. Height of decollate specimen of about five whorls, 16; of last whorl, 11.7; diameter, 6.25 mm. Cat. No. 226154, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3670, Monterey Bay, California, in 581 fathoms, mud, temperature 37.8° F.; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. ANTIPLANES AGAMEDEA, new species. Plate 24, fig, 2. Shell small, white, covered with an olivaceous periostracum, with more than five whorls, apex eroded, the periphery with a rounded keel; spiral sculpture of a thickened flattish ridge in front of the channeled suture, and obscure spiral threading on the impressed anal fasciole and base, the canal smooth; axial sculpture of fine in- cremental lines more or less reticulating the spirals and arcuate over the fasciole, the peripheral keel on the spire nearer the succeeding than the preceding suture; aperture elongate, the outer lip thin, smooth within, arcuately produced in front of the fasciole; inner hp erased, pillar short, solid, obliquely attenuated in front, straight. Height of four whorls, 10.5; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 211759, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2936, off Cape San Quentin, Lower California, in 359 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 49° F. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. ANTIPLANES KAMCHATICA, new species. Plate 10, fig. 1: Shel] sinistral, large, coarse, with a shining brown periostracum over a yellowish substratum, the suture distinct, the spire acute. the 115690—19—P roe.N.M.vol.56 on J 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. whorls moderately rounded; axial sculpture only of sigmoid lines of growth, with six whorls exclusive of the nucleus and about a whorl and a half of the apex which are missing; spiral sculpture of fine close subequal striations with shghtly wider interspaces, covering the whole surface; aperture wide, the outer lip sinuous, simple, the anal sulcus shallow, the canal wide and short. Height of shell, 51; of last whorl, 32; diameter, 27 mm. Cat. No. 225255, U.S.N.M. Range.—Western Bering Sea and the southeast coast of Kam- chatka in 100 fathoms, pebbly bottom, temperature 31.7° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. This is the largest species of the genus and follows the rule that the species of the Asiatic side of Bering Sea are larger and coarser than their analogues of the American shore. ANTIPLANES BULIMOIDES, new species. Plate 11, fig. 7. Shell elongate, decollate, whorls six or more, four distinctly re- maining, suture distinct, not appressed, whorls moderately convex, smooth, with a pale polished greenish periostracum over a white substratum, in spots minutely granulose, apparently from some wrinkling of the periostracum; anal sulcus wide, shallow, hardly forming a fasciole; outer lip thin, sharp, moderately produced; in- ner lip with a thin white layer of callus; pillar straight, with an an- terior oblique attenuation; canal wide, hardly differentiated; length of three complete whorls, 31; of last whorl, 23; diameter at apex, 5; maximum diameter, 15 mm. Cat. No. 111051, U.S.N.M. Range-—Station 4772, on Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, in 344 fathoms, sand, bottom temperature 38.1° F. U.S. Bureau of Fish- eries. The bulimoid shape and glistening greenish periostracum make this species quite unique. ANTIPLANES LITUS, new species. Plate 11, fig. 1. Shell slender, white, acute, with seven or eight moderately convex whorls separated by a very distinct suture; nucleus swollen, twisted, of two whorls, the second spirally threaded; on about three of the sub- sequent whorls these threads are developed into two or three major cords between the periphery and the suture, becoming on later whorls obsolete, or this sculpture in other specimens may be obsolete; there is also a semiobsolete fine spiral striation covering the whole surface and somewhat stronger on the canal; there is no axial sculp- ture; aperture narrow, anal sulcus feeble, close to the suture hardly forming a fasciole; outer lip thin, slightly produced; inner lip erased; pillar straight, canal short, wide. Height of shell, 16; of last whorl, 9; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 206602, U.S.N.M. re NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 385 Range.—Station 3194, off Esteros Bay, California, in 92 fathoms, sand, temperature 45.9° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA, new species. Plate 9. fig. 5. Shell whitish, acute, with one globular nuclear and six and a half subsequent, well-rounded whorls; suture distinct, not appressed; spiral sculpture of faint obscure grooves with wider interspaces over the whole spire but obsolete on the last whorl, and a series of faint irregular peripheral nodulosities on the upper part of the spire; axial sculpture of rather coarse, irregular incremental lines, retractively arcuate in front of the suture, though there is no distinct fasciole; aperture elongate, anal sulcus close to the suture, rather deep; outer lip thin, smooth inside; inner lip erased; pillar straight, smooth, at~ tenuated in front; canal short, wide, nearly straight. Height of shell, 21.5; of last whorl, 13.5; diameter, 8 mm. Cat. No. 224393, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2954, off Santa Rosa Island, California, in 55 fathoms, shelly bottom, temperature 55.4° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. This specimen, though complete, has lost its periostracum and the nucleus is shghtly eroded. ANTIPLANES BRISEIS, new species. Plate 22, fig. 1. Shell elongate, acute, white, covered with a very pale olivaceous: periostracum, with a blunt swollen nucleus of about a whorl and a half (eroded) and eight subsequent rather flattish whorls; suture obscure, appressed ; spiral sculpture of one or two feeble flattish cords between the periphery and the succeeding suture on the spire, and on the last whorl about twice as many more or less obsolete; axial sculpture of rather prominent, deeply arcuate incremental lines; anal fasciole wide, not impressed, the deepest part of the sulcus near the periph- ery; aperture narrow, outer lip thin, sharp, much produced; inner lip and pillar erased, the latter short, straight, obliquely attenuated in front; canal distinct, produced, straight. Height of shell, 18; ot last whorl, 10; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 212329, U.S.N.M. fange.—Station 3179, off Drakes Bay, California, in 30 fathoms, mud, temperature 50° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. ANTIPLANES HYPERIA, new species. Plate 9, fig. 6. Sheil with more than six hardly rounded whorls (decollate), white, with a dark olive periostracum, the base white; suture appressed, dis- tinct, the whorl in front of it constricted; spiral sculpture of (on the last whorl) a sharp thread or low keel above the periphery, two 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. more at the periphery; on the anterior one the suture is laid and it also forms the anterior boundary of the dark coloration; on the base are about five less conspicuous threads; all these have much wider interspaces; axial sculpture of moderately conspicuous incre- mental lines; anal sulcus wide and extremely shallow, the deepest portion at the posterior keel; there is no well defined fasciole; aper- ture short and wide, outer lip thin, only slightly produced in front of the sulcus; inner lip erased; pillar very short; canal very short and wide, but distinct, slightly recurved and with an inconspicuous siphonal fasciole. Height of five whorls, 12; of last whorl, 7; diameter of decollation, 1.7; of last whorl, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 9193990, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3179, off Drakes Bay, California, in 30 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 50° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. This form might be taken for a variety of A. briscis, but is dis- tinguished by its more emphatic and somewhat different sculpture, its white base, and the short pillar and canal. The anal sulcus is much more shallow and the outer lip less produced. ANTIPLANES AMYCUS, new species. Plate 11, fig. 5. Shell white, covered with a brownish olive periostracum; with five or more moderately rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture distinct with a wide rounded ridge in front of it, forming the posterior boundary of the anal fasciole; spiral sculpture of a few ob- scure threads on the fasciole and in front of the shoulder 8 or 9, on the last whorl 15 to 18 flattish, rather close-set threads smaller and closer anteriorly and absent from the canal; axial sculpture of more or less distinct incremental lines, and on the upper spire of about 15 very oblique anteriorly protracted riblets chiefly visible at the shoulder and obsolete on or entirely absent from the last two whorls; anal sulcus wide, deep, rounded, the fasciole slightly impressed ; outer lip thin, sharp, arcuately produced; inner lip erased, pillar short, white, obliquely attenuated in front; canal short, wide, distinct, slightly recurved. Height of four whorls, 21.5; of last whorl, 15; diameter at decollation, 3; of last whorl, 9.5 mm. Cat. No. 226163, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3670, in Monterey Bay, California, in 581 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 37.8° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. ANTIPLANES SANTAROSANA Dall. Plate: 28 wfc. 3: Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) santarosana Datu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, No. 1264, p. 515, March, 1902. Range.—Off Santa Rosa Island, California, in 53 fathoms, sand. No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. ot ANTIPLANES AMPHITRITE, new species. Plate 9, fig. 1. Shell white, covered with a pale olivaceous periostracum, of five or more well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, having a rounded shoulder and distinct not appressed suture; axial sculpture of, on the spire, obscure nodulations at the shoulder (about 15 on the penultimate whorl) which do not form ribs and are absent from the last whorl; incremental lines fine but obscure; beside these there are minute, anteriorly obliquely retractive lines somewhat micro- scopically reticulated by the lines of growth; there is no spiral sculpture except on some specimens a few obsolete lines on the base; anal sulcus shallow, slightly removed from the suture, the fasciole lightly impressed on the last whorl; aperture narrow, the outer lip thin, sharp, arcuately produced; inner lip erased, pillar white, solid straight, anteriorly obliquely attenuated; canal wide, straight, dis- tinct. Height of five whorls, 13.5; of last whorl, 10; diameter, 6mm. Cat. No. 209953, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 4415, off Santa Barbara Island, California, in 638 fathoms, muddy bottom; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Also a variety beroé at Station 2923 off San Diego, California, in 822 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 39°. ANTIPLANES AMPHITRITE BEROE, new variety. The variety differs in being larger, with the suture appressed, the fasciole close to it, and bearing three or four spiral grooves; height of four whorls, 19; of last whorl, 14; diameter at decollation, 2.5; of last whorl, 9 mm. Cat. No. 21466a, U.S.N.M. ANTIPLANES THALAEA Dall. Plate 11, fig. 6. Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) thalaea Dat, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, No. 1264, p. 514, March, 1902. Range-—Off San Luis Obispo, California, in 252 fathoms, and north to the Aleutian Islands. BORSONELLA BARBARENSIS, new species. Plate 12, fig. 6. Shell solid, of six or more whorls, the apex decollated, the perios- tracum greenish olive over a white substratum, yellowish on the pillar; suture distinct with a convex spiral band between it and the fasciole; spiral sculpture of a pronounced keel in front of the fasciole, on the upper part of the spire this keel may be more or less undu- lated ; in front of the keel the surface is retractively somewhat irregu- larly obliquely grooved, with wider fiattish interspaces upon which 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56. is a minute protractively looped sculpture giving a vermicular aspect to the surface under a magnifier; aperture ovate, simple, the outer lip thin and sharp, the anal sulcus wide and moderately deep, the pillar straight, attenuated in front, the plait hidden behind it, the canal short and wide, the operculum missing. Height of shell, 29; of last whorl, 20; diameter, 12 mm. Cat. No. 96841, U.S.N.M. Range—Off Santa Barbara Island, California, in 302 to 614 fathoms, sand, bottom temperature 41.4° F. U.S. Bureau of Fish- erles steamer Albatross. In these species the plait on the pillar is generally hidden behind the pillar so as to be invisible from a front view of the aperture. BORSONELLA NYCHIA, new species. Plate 12, fig. 2. Shell white with an olivaceous periostracum, biconic, acute, the nucleus (eroded) of one or two whorls, with about six subsequent whorls, rapidly enlarging, flatly descending from a distinct, not ap- pressed suture to the periphery and with the last whorl conically at- tenuated in front; spiral sculpture of an obscure thickening in front of the suture, fine rather irregular striae thence to the pe- riphery, crossed obliquely by irregular scratches, a prominent angle at the periphery which on the spire is just behind the suture, and on the last whorl is ornamented with nine or ten prominent nodules with wider interspaces; on the base the striae are coarser and more irregular, the interspaces assuming the form of (about 15) flattish threads, sparser on the canal; axial sculpture of fine incremental lines arcuate on the anal fasciole; aperture elongate triangular, the anal sulcus very wide and shallow, outer lip thin, sharp, smooth within, arcuate in front of the periphery; inner lip erased, pillar solid, short with a single plication near the body, attenuated in front, straight; canal hardly differentiated, somewhat produced. Height of shell, 12; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 5.5 mm. Cat. No. 208891, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 4361, off Point Loma, California, in 101 fathoms, sandy bottom; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. BORSONELLA OMPHALE, new species. Plate 12, fig. 4. Shell slender, acute, with eight flattish whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, white covered by a very light olive gray periostracum ; suture distinct, fasciole hardly impressed; spiral sculpture of obscure striae, sparser on the base; axial sculpture of incremental faint lines arcuate on the anal fasciole; aperture narrow, anal sulcus wide, mod- erately deep; outer lip thin, prominently arcuate in front of the pe- riphery; inner lip erased, pillar strong with a single fold near the body; attenuated in front; canal short. Height of shell, 16; of last whorl, 10; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. No. 209174, U.S.N.M. NO. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 39 Range.—Station 4309, off Point Loma, California, in 78 fathoms, sand, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. BORSONELLA NICOLI, new species. Plate: 12, fig. 1. Shell solid, white, covered with a pale straw-colored periostracum, of eight whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, the suture distinct with a slightly swollen margin; axial sculpture of (on the penulti- mate whorl about nine) nodular ribs, peripheral on the spire, becom- ing obsolete on the last whorl, beginning in front of the fasciole and obscure beyond the periphery; spiral sculpture of fine striae, visible only in occasional spots, the fasciole somewhat constricted; beside this there are faint traces of vermicular sculpture visible under a glass, reminiscent of the sculpture in B. barbarensis; aperture nar- row, anal sulcus moderately deep, outer lip thin, arcuate, body and pillar smooth, the plait hidden behind the columella which is at- tenuate in front, canal short and wide. Height of shell, 22; of last whorl, 13; diameter, 8 mm. Cat. No. 198925, U.S.N.M. Range.—Southwest of San Nicolas Island, California, in 158 fathoms. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross. BORSONELLA RHODOPEH, new species. Plate 12, fig. 3. Shell with seven or more whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, white covered with a pale olivaceous periostracum, suture distinct, not appressed; axial sculpture of rather strong irregular incremental lines; spiral sculpture of a thickened band between the suture and the somewhat constricted anal fasciole; at the shoulder a blunt angu- lation, in front of which are two obscure threads followed by a more distinct thread on which the suture is laid; on the last whorl in front of the angulation are about 18 threads growing smaller and more close-set anteriorly; there is no siphonal fasciole; aperture rather narrow, anal sulcus shallow rounded, outer lip thin, arcuate, sharp; inner lip erased, pillar straight, obliquely attenuated in front; canal rather wide, not recurved. Height of shell, 19; of last whorl, 11; diameter, 7mm. Cat. No. 212361, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2953, off Santa Rosa Island, California, in 82 fathoms, gray sand and broken shell. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. Genus LORA Gistel. Since the name Bela (Leach MS.) Gray, 1847, has been shown to be synonymous with Mangelia Risso, having the same type, the ques- tion arises what name shall be adopted in its place? The name Pleurotomina was proposed by Gray in 1838" as a group name, 1 Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 28, 1838. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. apparently of subfamily value, including various Pleurotomids, among them Prillia Gray. Nine years later in some catalogues of local faunas! this name was used in a generic sense by Beck for an undescribed species said (p. 115) only to be “nahe turric. Mont.” Earlier in the same work the name is cited as of Gray, as if it covered all small Pleurotomids. Not until 1869 was Beck’s species described by Mérch? under the name of “ Plewrotoma (Ischnula) im- pressa Beck,” from Bell Sound, Spitsbergen. As neither genus nor species was described in 1847, the opinion prevails that Pleurotomina can not be adopted. The next name is Lora Gistel*® proposed with the sole species Defrancia viridula O. Fabricius, which must be taken as type. This species, as Fabricius’s description indicates, is a Bela; the type-specimen at Copenhagen confirms this opinion. How it has come to be regarded as an Admete is not easy to understand. Subsequently Mérch* proposed for part of the Belas of authors the name Oenopota, rendered Onopota by H. and A. Adams. Under the circumstances Zora seems entitled to adoption. LORA PITYSA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 7. Shell small, translucent white, with a one sided subglobular smooth nucleus of a whorl and a half, and about four subsequent whorls; suture distinct, anal fasciole sloping to a corded shoulder; spiral sculpture begins by two strong cords, one of which marks the shoulder and to these are added by intercalation until the penultimate whorl has four and the last whorl! fourteen, not counting the threads on the canal; these are reticulated by axial cords of similar size which do not form ribs or nodes though the posterior cord at the shoulder is slightly undulated; anal sulcus obscure, aperture simple, inner lip erased, canal short. Height of shell, 5.5; of last whorl, 3.5; diameter, 2mm. Cat. No. 209851,,U.5.N.M: Range—F¥rom Point Pinos to San Diego, California, in 62 to 680 fathoms. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. ? LORA HALITROPA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 6. Shell small, white, with a subglobular smooth nucleus of a whorl and a half, followed by four and a half subsequent whorls; suture appressed, undulated by the ends of the ribs, anal fasciole obscure; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 14) stout rounded ribs which extend to the suture which they undulate, and, with some loss of 1Amtl. Ber. Deutsche Naturf. u. Aertze, Kiel, 1847. 2Mém. Soc. Mal. de Belgique, vol. 4, p. 21, 1869. 8 Naturg. Thierr., p. IX, 1848. 4Yoldi Catalogue, vol. 1, p. 78, 1852, no type cited or description given. Pleurotoma pleurotomaria first species, which I now select as type. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. Ay emphasis, to the canal; the interspaces are equal or narrower; spiral sculpture begins at the shoulder and consists of very minute equal, regular close-set flattish threads which are less conspicuous on the ribs and, in the interspaces, are segmented by the incremental lines; aperture simple, inner lip erased, canal short, proximately con- stricted, marking a perceptible siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 6; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.6 mm. Cat. No. 96216, U.S.N.M. fange.—Magellan Strait, in 61 fathoms, sand bottom temperature 48° F, There is a possibility that this shell may belong to another genus, but in the absence of the operculum and soft parts, this can not be decided. LORA BRACHIS, new species. Plate 7, fig. 3. Shell small, short, stout, blunt, of about four and a half whorls; anal fasciole sloping toward a carinate beaded shoulder, retractively wrinkled between the distinct suture and a nearly median thread; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 30) small, narrow, pro- tractive equal ribs with subequal interspaces, obsolete on the base, each beginning at a bead on the carina; spiral sculpture of fine sharp equal and equidistant striae covering the shell in front of the carina, cutting minutely the summits of the ribs, with wider flattish inter- spaces; aperture rather wide, simple; canal short, deep, recurved. Height of shell, 4.5; of last whorl, 3; diameter, 3.3 mm. Cat. No. 96486, U.S.N.M. fange.—Galapagos Islands in 812 fathoms, ooze, bottom tempera- ture 38.4° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. LORA ANTIPODA, new species. Plate 19, fig. 1: Shell small, whitish, elevated, with a smooth bulbous nucleus and about five shouldered whorls; suture distinct, slightly appressed, anal fasciole wide, sloping, concavely wrinkled; shoulder marked by a stout smooth slightly undulated cord in front of which are three or four smaller threads and beyond those still smaller close-set threadlets extending to the end of the canal; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl] about 14) protractively arcuate ribs with sub- equal interspaces, feebler on the last whorl and obsolete on the base; canal straight, rather long, aperture simple; the spiral sculpture does not nodulate the axial ribs and is most distinct in the interspaces. Height of shell, 5; of last whorl, 3; diameter, 2.4 mm. Cat. No. 209450, U.S.N.M. Range.—Magellan Strait, in 61 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 53.9° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. LORA HEALYI, new species. Plate 16, fig. 8. Shell white, more or less discolored by ferruginous red (probably adventitious) with five and a half rounded whorls, a subglobular smooth nucleus forming one and a half of these; spiral sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl 6 or 7, on the last whorl about 14) coarse rather irregular cords with narrower channelled interspaces, the cords more or less nodulated by incremental lines and on the spire by obscure ribbing; suture distinct, aperture narrow, simple; pillar white, erased, canal short, straight. Height of shell, 15; of last whorl, 10; diameter, 7 mm. Cat. No. 223908, U.S.N.M. Range.—Arctic Ocean north of Bering Straits. Named in honor of the late Capt. M. A. Healy, of the United States Revenue Marine, a frequent contributor to the national collection. LORA POPOVIA, new species. Plate 14, fig. 8. Shell white with straw-colored periostracum, six shouldered whorls, a subglobular small nucleus, and distinct suture; spiral sculpture of (on the upper whorl four or five) rounded threads, be- tween the shoulder and the succeeding suture, the threading obsolete on the last whorl or reduced to fine striation on the base and canal; axial sculpture on the spire of about 16 short rounded ribs swollen at the shoulder and reaching the succeeding suture, but fainter on the last whorl and absent from the base; aperture simple, pillar white. erased, canal short, straight. Height of shell 18; of last whorl, 8; diameter 5.5 mm. Cat. 220883, U.S.N.M. Range.—Bristol Bay, Bering Sea, to Monterey Bay, California. LORA TENUILIRATA Dall. Plate 15, fig. 4. Bela tenuilirata Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. 7, p. 98, Nov. 1871. ? + Bela simpler G. O. Sars, 1878, not of Middendorff, 1849. The original specimen of this species was quite young. I now figure the adult. Range—Point Barrow, Arctic Ocean, to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska. LORA TENUILIRATA CYMATA, new variety. Plate 16, fig. 4. Shell resembling typical tenwilirata, but with a higher and more acute spire, and with 20 or more narrow axial riblets on the last whorl, obsolete on the base, and a single spiral thread at the shoulder. Height, 23; of last whorl, 17; diameter, 10.5 mm. Cat. No. 226186, U.S.N.M. Range.—Nunivak Island, Bering Sea, to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska. ‘NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 43 LORA LAWRENCIANA, new name. Plate 15, fig. 6. Bela tenuilirata Krause, Arch. f. Naturg, vol. 51, heft 3, p. 274, pl. 18, fig. 8, 1886; not of Dall, 1871. Range.—Point Belcher, Arctic Ocean, to the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. LORA MITRATA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 1. Shell resembling tenwilirata cymata, but with sharper sculpture, higher spire, shorter aperture, more gyrate pillar, and darker color, especially on the keel at the shoulder. Height of shell, 24; of last whorl, 16; diameter, 11 mm. Cat. No. 87857, U.S.N.M. Range.—Port Clarence, Bering Strait, to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska. LORA PAYLOVA, new species. Plate 14, fig. 9. Shell white, thin, and delicate, with six or more whorls, the nucleus eroded; spiral sculpture of fine striae with wider flat inter- spaces minutely cut into segments by close regular incremental lines, whorls subangulate at the shoulder; axial sculpture of sharp, sig- moid riblets (22 or more on the penultimate whorl) obsolete on the base and on most of the last whorl; anal sulcus wide, shallow; aper- ture simple, inner lip erased. Height of shell, 18.5; of last whorl, 12.5; diameter, 9 mm. Cat. No. 226200, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3607, off the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, in 987 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 35.9° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. LORA CHIACBIANA, new species. Plate 14, fig. 7. Shell olive brown, with five whorls, the nucleus eroded, suture distinct; upper whorls with about 16 axial, rather rude, roughly sigmoid riblets crossing the whorls, obsolete on the latter half of the shell, the incremental lines irregular; spiral sculpture of almost obsolete fine spiral striae most evident on the last whorl, the inter- spaces flattish, wider, or subequal; aperture brownish, simple, pillar white, canal slightly recurved. Height of shell, 20; of last whorl, 14; diameter, 9 mm. Cat. No. 206207, U.S.N.M. Range.—Chiachi Islands, Aleutian chain. LORA ALITAKENSIS, new species. Plate 15, fig. 7. Shell thin, pale yellowish, with touches of reddish brown on the prominences, with about six whorls, the nucleus eroded, the suture 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. distinct; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 14) sigmoid ribs which cross the whorls and reach the canal with subequal inter- spaces; spiral sculpture with narrow channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces often divided by a central fecbler groove, these cover the whole surface; aperture simple, inner lip erased, white; canal short, very slightly recurved. Height of shell, 20; of last whorl, 14; diameter, 9 mm. Cat. No. 222088, U.S.N.M. Range—Unimak Island, Aleutians, eastward to Alitak Bay, Kodiak. LORA EQUATORIALIS, new species. Plate 13, fig. 2. Shell white, rather solid, with about six shouldered whorls, the apex eroded, the suture distinct, slightly constricted and appressed ; axial sculpture of about 14 rounded ribs nearly reaching the canal, with subequal interspaces; incremental lines inconspicuous; spiral sculpture of uniform spiral grooves with wider flattish interspaces, cutting the tops of the ribs; aperture short, simple, inner lip callous, canal short, recurved. Height of shell, 138.5; of last whorl, 9; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. No. 97092, U.S.N.M. Range.—Coast of Ecuador to Patagonia in 401 to 122 fathoms. LORA PRIBILOVA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 3. Shell white with a strawcolored periostracum and about six roughly sculptured whorls, the apex eroded; suture distinct, axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 16) rounded narrow riblets cross- ing the whorls and obsolete on the base; spiral sculpture of (on the spire three, on the last whorl four) prominent rounded cords more or less nodose at the intersections with the ribs, and between the cords two or three fine threads and a few finer striae; the posterior cord forms a shoulder to the whorl; on the canal the cords and threads become more uniform; aperture simple, pillar erased. Height of shell, 12; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 5.5 mm. Cat. No. 925573, U.S.N.M. Range.—Cape Lisburne, Arctic Ocean, south to Esteros Bay, California. LORA INEQUITA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 9. Shell yellowish white, thin, of about six moderately rounded whorls, the nucleus eroded; suture distinct; spiral sculpture on the early whorls of two strong cords one on each side of the periphery, between which are first one, later two, and finally four smaller threads; the posterior cord gives the whorl] a slight shoulder; on the last whorl in front of the anterior cord to the end of the canal are smaller, more or less alternate flattish cords close-set, the inter- NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 49 spaces wider on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate ~ whorl about 20) rounded sigmoid ribs with wider or subequal inter- spaces, crossing the early whorls, becoming less evident on the later whorls, and obsolete on the base of the last whorl; the incremental lines are more or less evident; aperture narrow, simple; pillar white, erased, attenuated in front. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 7; diameter, 4 mm. Cat. No. 222238, U.S.N.M. Range.—Plover Bay, Bering Sea, south to Boca de Quadra, Alaska. LORA SURANA, new species. Plate. 14, fig. 6, Shell thin, white, small, with about six whorls, the nucleus de- fective, the suture distinct; anal fasciole extending from the suture to a cord which forms a shoulder to the whorl, retractively loop- wrinkled; axial sculpture in front of the shoulder of numerous low narrow sigmoid riblets with subequal interspaces, obsolete on the base, on the spire crossing the whorls; spiral sculpture of somewhat unequal flattish threads with equal or wider interspaces, crossing the shell, not nodulous at the intersections; aperture simple, canal short, twisted, developing an evident siphonal fasciole; operculum normal. Height of shell, 9; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4 mm. Cat. No. 206590, U.S.N.M. Range.—From off Point Sur to off Point Pinos, California, in 292 to 398 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 41° F. LORA TABULATA Carpenter. Plate 14, fig. 1. Mangelia ? tabulata Carpenter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15, p. 29, Jan., 1865. Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey, California. In fully adult specimens there is sometimes a thickening near the anterior end of the pillar which in some individuals approaches a told, but is not carried into the interior on the pillar. LORA NAZANENSIS, new species. Plate 15, fig. 8. Shell short-fusiform, white with a brown band in front of the suture and another on the base, or all white, with about five whor!s and a very small blunt nucleus, suture distinct, whorls moderately rounded; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about 25) narrow crowded sigmoid ribs not passing the periphery but extend- ing from the preceding suture with narrower interspaces; spiral sculpture of narrow grooves with wider interspaces, more close to- ward the base and on the spire cutting the summits of the ribs; aper- ture simple, pillar white, erased; canal short, straight. Height of 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. shell, 11; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 5.5 mm. Cat. No. 220327, U.S.N.M. Range—Nazan Bay, Atka Island, Aleutian Islands, in about 12 fathoms; a few worn specimens from Norton Sound may belong here. LORA EXCURVATA Carpenter. Plate 14, fig. 5. Bela excurvata CarrENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., for 1865, p. 63. Range.—Bristol Bay, Bering Sea, to Puget Sound. LORA KRAUSEI Dall. Plate 15, fig. 3. Bela krausei Day, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 9, 1886, p. 301, pl. 4, fig. 4. Range.—Port Etches, Alaska, in 15 fathoms, sand. LORA MONTEREALITS, new species. Plate 15, fig. 9. Shell very similar to Z. swrana, but larger, with the same number of whorls, the ribs less numerous, more emphatic, with wider inter- spaces, and a less conspicuous cord at the shoulder. Height of shell, 12; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 5.8mm. Cat. No. 226160, U.S.N.M. Range.—Monterey Bay, in 581 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 37.8° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. LORA QUADRA, new species. Plate 15, fig. 2. Shell short and stout, white with about five whorls, the apex eroded, suture distinct, the anal fasciole narrow, excavated, finely spirally striated ; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 18) stout nearly vertical ribs angulated at the edge of the fasciole, forming a narrow shoulder, but without a limiting cord, with usually narrower inter- spaces and obsolete on the base, the incremental lines not conspicuous; spiral sculpture of spiral grooves with much wider flat interspaces, the canal constricted, spirally threaded, very short; aperture simple, inner lip erased. Height of shell, 8; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 223606a, U.S.N.M. Range—Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound. LORA DIEGENSIS, new species. Plate 16, fig. 10. Shell white with a pale brownish periostracum and five shouldered whorls, the nucleus eroded; suture distinct, anal fasciole narrow, spirally threaded, bounded in front by the angle of the shoulder; spiral sculpture of on the spire three to five subequal cords with equal interspaces, on the last whorl about 14 slightly swollen at the inter- sections; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about 24) NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 47 cord like riblets, beaded at the shoulder, obsolete on the base, the rec- tangular interstices marked; aperture simple, pillar erased, atten- uated in front, canal well marked, straight. Height of shell, 8.5; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4 mm. Cat. No. 209421 a, U.S.N.M. Range—Off San Diego, California, and south to Cape San Quen- tin, Lower California, in 112 to 822 fathoms. LORA LOTTA, new species. Plate 14, fig. 4. Shell small, white, with a pale straw-colored periostracum, nucleus eroded, four whorls remaining, the general characters resembling those of L. swrana, but the axial sculpture nearly obsolete, or quite absent from the last whorl, the shoulder less accented, and the canal straighter. Height of shell, 7.5; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4 mm. Cat. No. 210725, U.S.N.M. Range. Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, in 876 fath- oms, mud, bottom temperature 36.5° F. LORA KYSKANA, new species. Plate 14, fig. 3. Shell belonging to the group of L. fidicula Gould, but with looser and less regular sculpture, white, the nucleus defective, with about six shouldered whorls; suture distinct, anal fasciole obscure, undu- lated by the ends of the ribs, spirally striated; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 14 or 15) rounded ribs with wider interspaces, promi- nent at the shoulder, crossing the whorls at the spire, obsolete on the base; spiral sculpture of numerous narrow channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces, not nodulating the summits of the ribs; on the spire the interspaces are more cordlike, six or seven between the shoulder and the succeeding suture; aperture simple, inner lip erased, canal short, straight. Height of shell, 10.5; of last whorl, 7; diameter, 4.5mm. Cat. No. 224286, U.S.N.M. Range.—Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound. LORA MIONA, new species. Plate 14, fig. 2. This is another species of the fidicula group, white, small, roundly shouldered with rather coarse sculpture on the spire, which becomes obsolete on the last whorl; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl 13) rounded irregular ribs with subequal interspaces, the ribs nodulate by the intersection of three or four rather strong spiral cords with narrower interspaces; on the last whorl the ribs are ob- solete and the spiral sculpture feebler, flatter, and with occasional intercalary smaller threads; anal fasciole and sulcus obscure, aper- ture narrow, inner lip erased, canal short. Height of shell, 8; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 3.5mm. Cat. No. 252208, U.S.N.M. Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to Puget Sound. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. LORA HARPA Dall. Mangilia (Bela) plicifera F. Scumwt, Mammut Exp., Mém. Imp, Acad. St. Petersburg, ser. 7, vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 57, 168, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5, 1872. Not of S. Wood, Crag Moll, p. 64, pl. 7, fig. 15, 1848 (as Clavatuia). Bela harpa Datu, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, 1884, p. 523; vol 9, 1886, p. 300, pl. 4, fig. 12. Bela schmidti Frimetxr, North Atlantic Exp., p. 10, pl. 8, fig. 6, 1886. Bela turpa “ Dall,” Frrete, North Atlantic Exp., p. 10, in footnote, err. typ. for harpa. Range.—Arctic Ocean near Point Barrow and south to Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia. Quaternary of Novaia Zemlia (Schmidt). Spitsbergen (Friele). Kara Sea (Leche). LORA REGULUS, new species. Plate 15, fig. 1. Shell small, white, slender, with predominant spiral sculpture, five whorls, the nucleus eroded; anal fasciole constricted, narrow, the suture inconspicuous, appressed; axial sculpture occasional faint traces of threadlike obsolete ribs; spiral sculpture of (on the penulti- mate whorl four or five, on the last whorl about nine) flattish, some- what undulated spirals with irregular interspaces, usually wider on the last whorl, and on the canal finer close spiral threads; aperture narrow, inner lip erased, canal short, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 8; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 3mm. Cat. No. 207262, U.S.N.M. Range.—Off Point Reyes, California, in 61 fathoms, rocky bottom, temperature 48.5° F. LORA IMPRESSA Mérch. “ Pleurotomina n. sp. nahe turric. Mont.” Brcex, Amtl. Ber. Deutscher Naturf. u. Aerzte, Kiel, 1847, p. 115. Pleurotoma (Ischnula) impressa (Beck MS.) Mércu, Mém. Soc. Malac. de Belgique, vol. 4, p. 21, 1869. Bela impressa Lecue, Nov. Zeml. Moll., p. 54, pl. 1, fig. 16—Kravsg, Arch. f. Naturg., vol. 51, heft 3, p. 278, 1886. Range—Arctic Ocean, near the Seahorse Islands, south to the Aleutians and eastward to St. Paul, Kodiak Island, Alaska. On the Atlantic side, Bell Sound, Spitsbergen, and Novaia Zemlia. LORA LUTKENI, new species. Plate 16, fig. 5. Shell small, white, with a minute smooth nucleus and five subse- quent whorls; suture distinct, anal fasciole narrow, constricted, ob- secure; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 26) narrow well-defined ribs, slightly peripherally prominent on the early whorls, with nar- rower interspaces, extending from suture to suture and on the last whorl to the canal, slightly protractively arcuate; there are also fine regular incremental lines; spiral sculpture of numerous fine sharp striae with subequal interspaces, which groove the surfaces of the NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 49 ribs and become threadlike on the canal; aperture narrow, inner lip erased, canal short. Height of shell, 8; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 3mm. Cat. No. 220305, U.S.N.M. Range.—Port Etches, Alaska, in 10 fathoms, mud; W. H. Dall. Named in honor of the late Professor Liitken, of Copenhagen. It is a small member of the Z. harpa group. LORA SIXTA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 12. Shell small, white with a pale olivaceous periostracum, of five or more whorls (apex eroded); suture distinct; anal fasciole slightly excavated, sloping to a shoulder; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 20) narrow rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, obsolete on the base, slightly nodulose on the shoulder, supplemented by fine regular almost microscopic incremental lines; spiral sculpture hardly visible on the ribs, of feeble threads with wider flat inter- spaces, most evident toward the canal; aperture simple, inner lip erased, canal straight. Height of shell, 8; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 3.5mm. Cat. No. 209235, U.S.N.M. Range.—Off San Diego, California, in 640 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 39° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. LORA ALTHORPENSIS, new species. Plate 16, fig. 11. Shell waxen yellow, coarsely sculptured, small, of about six whorls, including one smooth nuclear turn; suture distinct, anal fasciole obscure, anal sulcus very feeble; spiral sculpture on the early whorls of two strong rows of nodules on the ribs, the cords connecting them less conspicuous; on the last whorl there are about 14 cords, but only that at the shoulder is conspicuous, the interspaces are narrower with an occasional intercalary thread; axial sculpture of (on the pe- nultimate whorl about 20) narrow nearly vertical ribs with subequal interspaces reticulating the spirals, with deep interstices, but on the last whorl becoming obsolete; aperture narrow, inner lip erased, eanal short, straight. Height of shell, 6.5; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.5mm. Cat. No. 208558, U.S.N.M. Range.—Port Althorp, Alaska, in Granite Cove, in about 12 fath- oms, sand; W. H. Dall. This species belongs to the group of LZ. kyskana, but is a much smaller shell. LCRA TENUISSIMA, new species. Plate 15, fig. 5. Shell thin, fragile, acute, whitish, with about six whorls, the nuclear whorl eroded; suture distinct, whorls evenly rounded; spiral sculp- ture of fine even equal close-set minute threads covering the whole 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56—— 4 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. surface; axial sculpture of almost microscopic, even, regular incre- mental lines, and on the third whorl about 16 small sharp ribs cross- ing the whorl, with wider interspaces and becoming obsolete on the fourth whorl; anal sulcus shallow, aperture simple, inner lip erased, pillar attenuated in front, canal short, straight. Height of shell, 15; of last whorl, 11; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. No. 214207, U.S.N.M. Range.—Chernoffski Harbor, Unalaska Island, Alaska, in 109 fathoms. This species is remarkably distinct from most of the others de- scribed in this paper. Only one specimen was obtained. The oper- culum is shorter and broader than in most of the Loras. LORA RUGULATA Troschel. Plate 13, fig. 6. Bela rugulaia (Méller MS.) TroscHEt, Geb. der Schnecken, 1866, vol. 2, p. 44, pl. 4, fig. 6—G. O. Sars, Moll. reg. Arct. Norv., p. 230, pl. 23, fig. 6, 1878—Frietz, North Atlantic Exp., vol. 2, p. 3, pl. 7, figs. 1-T; pl. 9, figs. 1-12, 1886. Range.—Bering Sea, from Plover Bay to the Aleutians and Kam- chatka and south to Port Althorp, Alaska, in 16 to 69 fathoms, North Atlantic, Spitsbergen, Northern Norway, with several varieties. Friele unites with it LZ. assimzlis G. O. Sars, and LZ. gouldit Verrill. The figured specimen is Cat. No. 222298, U.S.N.M. LORA COLPOICA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 2. Shell resembling Z. tenwissima in sculpture, but shorter, much more distinctly shouldered, and subangulate at the shoulder, with traces of axial sculpture carried on to the last whorl, but no distinct ribs on the early whorls as in that species. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 8.3; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. No, 214193, U.S.N.M. Range.—Tillamook Bay, Oregon, in 786 fathoms, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer A/lbatross. Subfamily Manemunaer. PLEUROTOMELLA HERMINEA, new species. Plate 3, fig. 6. Shell of moderate size, gray with brown apex; nucleus eroded; with a total of eight whorls; suture distinct, preceded by an obscure thickened margin, not appressed; whorls descending flatly from the suture to the shoulder; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 10 or 11) short, protractively oblique rounded ribs, extending on the spire from the shoulder to the succeeding suture, but on the last whorl not over the base; and obscure incremental lines arcuate on the anal fasciole; spiral sculpture on the spire of three or more threads, with no. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 51 subequal interspaces, in the space between the periphery and the succeeding suture, and on the last whorl on the base about twenty flatter spirals with narrower interspaces; most of the threads are swollen where they pass over the ribs; aperture wide and short; anal fasciole deep and rounded, not quite adjacent to the suture; outer lip thin, produced, sharp; body erased; pillar short, gyrate, but the axis not pervious; canal distinct, short slightly recurved. Height of shell, 19; of last whorl, 12; diameter, 8 mm. Cat. No. 210544, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 4407, off Catalina Island, California, in 600 fath- oms, ooze, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. PLEUROTOMELLA THALASSICA, new species. Plate 3, fig. 4. Shell small, snow white, with five or more whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture distinct, appressed, the fasciole in front of it constricted, giving the whorls a conspicuous shoulder; spiral sculp- ture of a few obsolete threads on the base, not extending to the canal and with wider interspaces; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl] 16) strong obliquely protractive ribs, most prominent at the shoulder where they begin, disappearing on the base and obsolete on the last whorl; the incremental lines are inconspicuous; aperture rather wide, anal sulcus close to the suture, rounded, rather wide but not deep; outer lip thin, much produced; inner lip: erased, pillar short, canal short, deep, distinct, recurved, with a distinct siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 10; of last whorl, 5.5; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 214206, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 3346, off Tillamook Bay, Oregon, in 786 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 37.3° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. PLEUROTOMELLA OCEANIDA, new species. Plate. 3, fig. 5. Shell small, thin, pure white, with five well-rounded whorls with- out the (lost) nucleus; suture distinct, anal fasciole wide, arcuately wrinkled; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 30) narrow thread-like ribs extending from the fasciole to the base with wider interspaces; also very fine close incremental lines; spiral sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl five or six) similar threads shghtly nodulous where they intersect the ribs, with wider interspaces in each of which is a smaller intercalary thread; this sculpture extends to the base on the last whorl, the interspaces on the canal have no intercalary thread; aperture rather wide, anal sulcus rounded, deep, outer lip thin, produced, inner lip and pillar erased, the columella gyrate, attenuated in front, the axis pervious, the canal a little recurved. Height of shell, 12; of last whorl, 8.5; diameter 6.7 mm. Cat. No. 123117, U.S.N.M. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Range.—Station 3392, Gulf of Panama, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in 1,270 fathoms, bottom temperature 36.4° F. GLYPHOSTOMA THALASSOMA Dall. Plate 17, fig. 2. Glyphostoma thalassoma Dat, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 43, No. 6, p. 290, Oct. 1908. Range.—Station 3017, Gulf of California, off Cape Lobos, in 58 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 61.8° F. Cat. No. 110612, U.S.N.M. The specimen selected for figuring is from 76 fathoms Cat. No. 223154, U.S-N.M. GLYPHOSTOMA ADANA, new species. Plate 17, fig. 1. Shell small, slender, acute, whitish with the aperture more or less tinged with brown; nucleus white, glassy, with a minute globular apex and four subsequent whorls changing abruptly into the sculv- ture of the six subsequent whorls; the first of the latter has a pe- ripheral keel changing on the next whorl to two and on the later whorls to three equidistant prominent cords with a smaller one be- hind and another in front of and close to the suture; on the last whorl the latter is obsolete and on the base there are 9 or 10 cords with interspaces widening toward the periphery, of which cords the more prominent aré minutely nodulous or swollen when they cross the axial riblets; there is a wide concave anal fasciole in front of the suture with arcuate striation; the whorl at the suture somewhat ap- pressed; axial sculpture is composed of about a dozen rather feeble ribs extending from the anal fasciole forward to the suture, but which are nearly obsolete on the second half of the last whorl; aper- ture rather narrow, the outer lip varicose, minutely denticulate within and with a sharp edge, the anal sulcus deep and rounded with a nodular callus on the body; inner lip with six or more denticula- tions; canal short, deep, and strongly recurved. Height of shell, 10; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 3.7 mm. Cat. No. 267597, U.S.N.M. Range.—Head of Concepcion Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. This species resembles G@. adria, but is lighter colored, smaller, and proportionately more slender. GLYPHOSTOMA ADRIA, new species. Plate 17, fig. 5. Shell small, slender, acute, pale brownish, or with still paler nebu- losity ; with three darker brown nuclear whorls, the first minute, the others regularly increasing with a deep suture; subsequent whorls seven, the first peripherally keeled, the periphery rather anterior $ No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 5S subsequent whorls with a broad spirally striated anal fasciole fol- lowed by two or three spiral cords strongest where they cross the ribs and feebler in the interspaces; on the last whorl the cords are less prominent, with about equal spirally striated interspaces, and the cords continue becoming more close-set toward and upon the canal to the number of 15 or more; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl] 10, excluding the terminal varix) protractively oblique ribs extending from in front of the anal fasciole stronger on the periphery and obsolete on the base of the whorl; terminal varix strong, the margin incurved smooth; the anal fasciole large, rounded; the lips: callous with minute denticulations; the canal short, deep, recurved, the aperture rather narrow. Height of shell, 10; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4mm. Cat. No. 269030, U.S.N.M. Range.—Dredged at Santa Maria Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. GLYPHOSTOMA PARTEFILOSA, new species. Plate 17, fig. 4. Shell small, white, with pale brown spiral banding; nucleus small, smooth, glassy, followed by six sculptured whorls; suture distinct, the whorl] with a shoulder immediately in front of it; spiral sculp- ture only of about 13 threads, covering the canal when it is not worn; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 12) narrow, slightly oblique ribs, arcuate at the shoulder, not continuous over the spire and with wider interspaces; aperture narrow with a flaring anal sulcus and no subsutural callus; pillar short, denticulate, outer hip thickened, dentate within, canal short, recurved. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 224413, U.S.N.M. Range.—-Off Cape Tepoca, Gulf of California, in 36 fathoms, sand. GLYPHOSTOMA SIRENA, new species. Plate 17, fig. 3. Shell elongated slender, acute, waxen white clouded with light brown, nucleus pointed, the first whorl minute, the next two enlarg- ing, all smooth; subsequent whorls seven, at first with a peripheral keel, later strongly ribbed and coarsely reticulated; spiral sculpture of a thread in front of the appressed and undulated suture, then, on successive turns of the spire, two, three and four coarse cords, with subequal interspaces between the fasciole and the suture, prom- inent only when they cross the ribs and feeble in the interspaces; on the last whorl there are nine of these and a few smaller threads on the canal; the anal fasciole is smooth narrow and close to the suture, undulated by the ends of the ribs; axial sculpture of (on the last 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. whorl nine) strong rounded ribs, feeble on the fasciole and reaching to the canal; aperture narrow, anal sulcus deep with a small sub- sutural callus; outer lip arcuate, prominently varicose, the edge in- folded; inner lip and pillar smooth (possibly not quite adult) ; canal short, distinct, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 10; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 4mm. Cat. No. 195004, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2818, in the Galapagos Islands, in 40 fathoms, coral sand, surface temperature 81° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. This species is small for the genus and perhaps has not quite com- pleted the callosities around the aperture. GLYPHOSTGMA CYMODOCE, new species. Plate 7, tic. G: Shell small, flesh colored, slender, acute, with a smooth small pur- ple-brown nucleus of about two whorls and about six subsequent whorls; suture appressed with a slightly constricted fascicle immedi- ately in front of it sculptured by half a dozen fine sharp close- set equal spiral threads; other spiral sculpture of (on the spire two to four) fiattish spiral major cords with equal or wider interspaces in which runs an intercalary smaller thread; on the last whorl this sculpture is continuous over the shell from the shoulder to the base, but the intercalary threads gradually enlarge until they are prac- tically equal to the originally larger cords; the small siphonal fas- ciole has a few finer and closer threads; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about eleven) rounded vertical ribs extending from the shoulder to the succeeding suture, but obsolete on the last whorl and not nodulose where they are intersected by the cords; the incremental lines are only conspicuous on the anal fasciole, where they are slightly puckered in front of the suture; aperture subovate, anal sulcus deep, rounded, close to the suture with a subsutural callus; outer lip thickened, slightly crenulate by the external sculp- ture, smooth within, arcuately produced, with a prominent varix behind it; inner lip erased, pillar short, canal short, distinct, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 11.5; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4 mm. Cat. No. 150569, U.S.N.M. Range.—Santa Barbara, California; Woodworth. PHILBERTIA HESIONE, new species. Shell small, whitish, biconic, acute, with a smeoth bulbous nucleus of a whorl and a half and four and a half subsequent sculptured whorls; suture distinct, not appressed, the anal fasciole close to it, flattish, at first with fine spiral sculpture but on the last whorl it becomes nearly smooth; other spiral sculpture of a narrow prominent thread at the periphery which is doubled on the subsequent turns, on the last whorl there are eleven of the threads which are somewhat NO. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 55 nodulose where they override the ribs, with much wider interspaces, and a few close threads on the canal; axial sculpture of about 13 somewhat oblique narrow ribs, extending from the suture to the shoulder on the spire, and on the last whorl obsolete on the base; they are separated by wider interspaces and the incremental lines are feeble; aperture narrow, the anal sulcus narrow, deep, rounded, close to the suture, with a conspicuous subsutural callus; outer lip thin with a moderate varix behind it, and no internal lirae; inner lip erased, pillar short; canal short, deep distinct, slightly constricted and recurved; there is a small nodule at the inner anterior end of the outer lip where the canal begins. Height of shell, 9.5; of last whorl, 6; diameter,4mm. Cat. No. 211333, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2902, off Santa Rosa Island, California, in 53 fathoms, sandy mud, bottom temperature 49° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. PHILBERTIA HELENA, new species. Plate 18, fig. 2. Shell minute, solid, pale yellowish brown, strongly sculptured; nucleus low, rapidly increasing, of about two whorls, the last one keeled, otherwise smooth; subsequent whorls four with a deeply con- stricted, not appressed suture; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl seven) strong ribs angulated at the periphery, with subequal deep interspaces, and which are not continuous up the spire; spiral sculp- ture of on the upper whorl one, on the third two, on the last whorl about seven obscure rounded rather coarse threads with narrower interspaces; aperture narrow; anal sulcus shallow close to the suture; outer lip varicose, smooth within, inner lip smooth, pillar short, straight, canal not differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 3.5; of last whorl, 1.5; diameter, 1.25 mm. Cat. No. 268910, U.S.N.M. Range—Agua Verde Bay, Gulf of California. Dr. Paul Bartsch. PHILBERTIA DORIS, new species. Plate 18, fig. 4, Shell minute, yellowish white, acute, slender, with a small, elevated nucleus of three whorls, its apex minute, smooth, the last whorl micro- scopically axially ribbed; subsequent whorls reticulate, well rounded, with a distinct not appressed suture; spiral sculpture on the spire of strong cords, not nodulate at the intersections, three at the first, four or five on the next two, and about a dozen on the last whorl, equal with equal interspaces and separated from the preceding suture by a finely striated anal fasciole; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 13) slender, equal, rounded ribs extending from the suture to the canal, with wider interspaces, not continuous up the spire and nearly parallel with the axis; aperture ovate, anal sulcus conspicuous, rounded, close to the suture; outer lip varicose, sharp edged, smoot] 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 56. UN ae eee within; inner lip erased; canal short but distinct. Height of shell, 5.2; of last whorl, 3.25; diameter, 2.5 mm. Cat. No. 2687038a, U.S.N.M. Range—Dredged in Agua Verde Bay, Gulf of California. Dr. Paul Bartsch. ? PHILBERTIA DIONE, new species. Shell minute, whitish or yellowish with whiter mottling, sub- cylindric, coarsely sculptured, with about six whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture obscure, constricted, somewhat appressed ; spiral sculpture of (on the earlier whorls two, on the later ones three) strong equal cords, slightly swollen at the intersections and with comewhat narrower interspaces, the suture is laid on a fourth cord which is usually invisible; on the last whorl there are eight of these cords, the last one nodulous; there are three or four smaller threads on the canal; axial sculpture of coarse incremental lines and (on the jast whorl 9 or 10) rounded ribs extending from the suture to the base, continuous up the spire which they half encircle; aperture narrow, anal suleus shallow and wide, outer lip slightly thickened with a few lirae inside; inner lip smooth, canal narrow, very short. Height of (decollate) shell, 5; of last whorl, 2.8; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 268703, U.S.N.M. Range—With the preceding species. PHILBERTIA EPHAEDRA, new species. Shell small, slender, acute, very pale brown or whitish, the nucleus with its apical whorl minute, transparent, smooth, bubble-like, fol- lowed by one and a half faintly reticulate whorls; subsequent whorls five and a half with a deep appressed suture; spiral sculpture of al- ternate threads with narrower interspaces, the major threads (on the spire two or three) rather prominent, especially the posterior one, which forms a sort of shoulder to the whorl, more conspicuous in the earlier whorls; the minor threads usually number one on the spire, but on the last whorl sometimes two or even three in the interspaces between the major threads; the threads are little or not at all swollen where they cross the ribs but are rendered harsh by the intersection of fine sharp close-set incremental lines; other axial sculpture of (on the last whorl seven) prominent rounded ribs, crossing the whole whorl, with subequal interspaces, and practically continuous verti- cally up the spire; there is no obvious anal fasciole; aperture narrow, the anal sulcus shallow, rounded, with no subsutural callus; outer lip subvaricose, moderately infolded, with a sharp edge, smooth inside; inner lip erased; canal short, wide, hardly recurved. Height of shell, 8.3; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 3.2 mm. Cat. No. 274107, U.S.N.M. Range.—In beach drift at Panama; James Zetek. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 57 PHILBERTIA AETHRA, new species. Plate 18, fig. 6. Shell small, acute, pale brownish, with a smooth acute nucleus of two whorls and six subsequent whorls, the first of which has two pe- ripheral spiral threads with an angle at the shoulder; other spiral sculpture of somewhat alternated small uniform close-set threads, made minutely scabrous by the intersection of sharp incremental lines and covering the whole surface; axial sculpture otherwise of six prominent sharp vertical ribs with much wider interspaces, practi- cally continuous up the spire and extending from the suture to the canal; aperture narrow, anal sulcus shallow, rounded, not preceded by any obvious fasciole, close to the suture; outer lip with a thickened varix behind it, sharp edged without internal lirae; inner lip slightly erased; canal narrow short, distinct. Height of shell, 8; of last whorl, 4.5; diameter, 3.3 mm. Cat. No. 211382, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2823, off La Paz, Lower California, in 264 fathoms broken shelly bottom. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. PHILBERTIA DICTYNNA, new species. Plate 18, fig. 3. Shell small, translucent white, with one and a half small smooth nuclear and four subsequent well-rounded whorls; suture distinct, not appressed ; spiral sculpture of (on the last whorl about 10) subequal and equally spaced strong rounded threads, nodulous on_ the periphery where they intersect the ribs and feebler on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 10) short rounded ribs prominent only near the periphery and with wider interspaces; aper- ture elongate-ovate, anal sulcus wide and very shallow, outer lip thin, smooth inside, moderately produced; inner lip erased, pillar short, canal very short, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 3.8; of last whorl, 2.7; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 4085, U.S.N.M. Range.—Cape San Lucas, Lower California; J. Xantus. PHILBERTIA SCAMMONI, new species. Plate 18, fig. 1. Shell small, whitish, with brown interspaces or bands, more or less variable; nucleus small, blunt, turbinate, the first whorl smooth, the third obliquely minutely axially ribbed; subsequent whorls five, with a rather deep suture the whorls rounded, uniformly sculptured; spiral sculpture of two kinds, on the spire two major threads near the periphery and four on the last whorl, whiter than the rest of the surface; in the interspaces much finer threads, the major threads hardly swollen where they override the ribs; on the base the sculp- ture takes the form of flattish bands appressed on the anterior edge, about four in number, on the canal are only four or five close-set 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. rounded threads; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl including the terminal varix 10) rounded, rather strong ribs, extending from suture to canal and usually vertically continuous up the spire, the shoulder hardly indicated, the spiral sculpture passing over the ribs without nodulation; the interspaces of the reticulation usually darker colored than the threads; aperture narrow, elongated, with a large rounded and conspicuous anal sulcus; outer lip varicose, thick, sharp edged, internally smooth; inner lip smooth not callous; canal short, wide, hardly differentiated from the aperture. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.5mm. Cat. No. 106488, U.S.N.M. Range.—Scammen Lagoon, Lower California, on a sand beach be- tween tides; Henry Hemphill. PHILBERTIA TELAMON, new species. Plate 18, fig. 5. Shell minute, snow white, polished, with a dark brown narrow band in front of which the suture is laid; nucleus of one and a half white smooth whorls and four and a half strongly sculptured subse- quent whorls; suture distinct, not appressed; spiral sculpture of on the first two whorls one, on the next two, two strong white rounded cords on the periphery and a brown one at the suture, somewhat swollen at their intersections with the ribs and separated by a nar- rower interspace; on the last whorl there are in front of these three or four similar but slightly smaller white cords and a few small threads on the canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about ten) rounded ribs extending over the whorl but not continuous up the spire and with narrower interspaces; outer lip strongly varicose; anal sulcus distinct, small, shallow, the whorl somewhat constricted at the beginning of the canal; pillar short smooth, canal very short but distinct. Height of shell, 4; of last whorl, 2; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 73927, U.S.N.M. Range.—Gulf of California, Stearns collection. This is a very distinct little species, recalling in color some species of Triforis. PHILBERTIA AEGIALEA, new species. Plate 18, fig. 8. Shell small, yellowish white, slender, acute, with a small smooth nucleus of a whorl and a half and four and a half subsequent sculp- tured whorls; suture distinct, not appressed, undulated by the ends of the ribs; whorls with a prominent shoulder; spiral sculpture of small sharp close-set threads covering the whole surface most promi- nent in the interspaces between the ribs and given a frosty appearance by the intersection of close fine sharp slightly elevated incremental lines; other axial sculpture of (on the last whorl eight) strong rounded ribs with wider interspaces extending to the canal from the preceding No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 59 suture and not continuous up the spire; aperture narrow, anal sulcus wide and round but with no marked fasciole or subsutural callus; outer lip thick, infolded, the fine sculpture continued over the front of the fold; inner lip erased, pillar straight, canal very short and wide but distinct. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 274101, U.S.N.M. Range—Margarita Bay, Lower California; C. R. Orcutt. This shell has a curious resemblance in miniature to Alectrion cooperi. Section NANNODIELLA Dall. Minute Turritidae with a glassy nucleus of several whorls finally developing spiral threads, but otherwise smooth; the adult sculpture predominantly spiral, the anal sulcus large with a projecting mar- gin, the outer lip in front of it thin and much incurved over the aperture; the aperture unarmed, the canal short, the animal in- operculate. Type—Nannodiella nana, new species. This group is instituted for a number of minute species which are remarkable for their relatively enormous anal sulcus, often half as large as the aperture. Those so far recognized are inhabitants of the Gulf of California and its vicinity. PHILBERTIA (NANNODIELLA) NANA, new species. Plate 20, fig. 7. Shell minute, thin, whitish with touches of brown near the aper- ture; nucleus translucent, the apex minute, globular, the whorls rap- idly increasing, convex, smooth, except the fourth which develops one or two spiral threads; subsequent whorls four, with a prominent sharp peripheral keel somewhat undulated but not swollen by axial sculpture; the entire space between this keel and the preceding suture is taken up by the arcuately striate nearly smooth, flattish anal fasciole which is appressed at the suture; in front of the peripheral keel is a less prominent keel on which the suture is laid, the space between the two keels is divided into squarish shallow pits by axial ridges; the base is spirally threaded with subequal interspaces, the threads sometimes minutely scabrous from the intersection by axial striation; aperture subtriangular, short, the anal sulcus not quite at the suture, very large and deep the margin projecting; in front of it the thin outer lip is produced and more or less incurved, the inner lip with a wash of callus, the canal distinct, short, recurved. Height of shell, 3.5; of last whorl, 2; diameter, 1.5 mm. Cat. No. 194857, U.S.N.M. Range.—Off Cacachitas, Gulf of California in 26 fathoms. Also off La Paz in 9 to 10 fathoms mud, and near Cape San Lucas. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. This little shell is very abundant in the siftings from the mud at the above localities. PHILBERTIA (NANNODIELLA) FRATERNALIS, new species. Plate 20, fig. 5. Shell similar in size and general aspect to the preceding and best described by a comparative diagnosis. The nucleus is shorter and less acute; the peripheral keel is less prominent and more or less nodulous at intersections with axial sculpture; there is a space be- tween the second keel and the succeeding suture, both the interspaces are strongly latticed; the anal fasciole is conspicuously spirally threaded ; the axial sculpture of narrow riblets with wider interspaces extends forward from the peripheral carina which it nodulates and on the last whorl reaches more or less distinctly over the base; there are three instead of two keels near the periphery on the last whorl. Height, 4.75; height of last whorl, 2.5; diameter, 1.75 mm. Cat. No. 271401, U.S.N.M. Range.—Near Cape San Lucas, Lower California, at Station 2822, in 21 fathoms, sandy bottom. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. This would have been regarded as a variety of nana had it not been for the constant difference in the nuclear whorls. The sharp angular outlines of nana give it a character very different from the present form at first sight. It is comparatively rare. PHILBERTIA (NANNODIELLA) PHYLIRA, new species. Plate 20, fig. 6. Shell small, slender, thin, waxen white, with a narrow purple- brown band in front of the suture in the later whorls, the pillar and canal more or less similarly tinted; nucleus very small, rather blunt, with the latter part spirally threaded, of about one and a half whorls, followed by about six subsequent whorls; spiral sculpture of (on the early whorls one, later two, and on the last whorl three) strong, rather widely separated threads which are prominently nodulous where they cross the ribs and on the spire are feeble in the inter- spaces; suture appressed, obseure, the anal fasciole inconspicuous be- hind the first row of nodules; on the base are 3 or 4 distant threads and on the canal a few feeble spirals; axial sculpture (on the last whorl of about 15) narrow sharp nearly vertical ribs with wider in- terspaces, the general surface between them with more or less prom- inent incremental sculpture; aperture narrow, anal sulcus feeble, outer lip thin, smooth inside, inner lip smooth, canal distinct, short, straight. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4.25; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 274108, U.S.N.M. Range.—Panama, in beach drift, James Zetek. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 61 This shell superficially resembles “Aesopus” oldroydi Arnold, differing from the latter in details of sculpture, being more slender and smaller, etc. It has more the sculpture of a Vannodiella than an Aesopus and when adult probably has the Vannodiella aperture. PHILBERTIA (? NANNODIELLA) AMYELA, new species- Plate 20, fig. 8. Shell minute, thin, white, with a pervious axis and five whorls, exclusive of the nucleus, of which one smooth whorl remains, the apical part being defective; the sculpture begins abruptly and con- sists of (on the spire two, on the last whorl three) fine very widely spaced spiral threads, with four or five closer threads on the canal; these cross (on the last whor! about 10) slender axial riblets (obsolete on the base) also widely spaced, and at the intersections form min- ute spinose tubercles; the other axial sculpture consists of microscopic crowded fine threads over the whole surface, more regular and defined than incremental lines; the aperture is ovate, the anal sulcus obscure, the outer lip (immature ?) thin, the pillar lip gyrate, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 4.5; of last whorl, 2.5; diameter, 1.5 mm. Cat. No. 216944, U.S.N.M. “ Range.—Parnama, James Zetek. This shell recalls by its sculpture the Vannodiella of the Gulf of California, and if so related would have a different aperture at maturity. PHILBERTIA HILAIRA, new species. Plate 23, fig. 6. Shell small, translucent white, elevated, with two or more smooth nuclear whorls (defective in the specimen) and five subsequent reticu- lated, moderately rounded, slightly shouldered whorls; suture dis- tinct, not appressed; spiral sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl four) stronger threads the posterior forming the shoulder, and be- tween them in the wider interspaces much finer intercalary threads; on the base the minor threads become close-set and coarser; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl fourteen or more) low threadlike ribs extending to the canal and shortly sigmoid behind the shoulder; aperture narrow, outer lip varicose, within smooth, though the spiral sculpture shining through the translucent. shell gives the effect of liration; anal sulcus wide and shallow, canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 6.5; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.5 mm. Cat. No. 73925, U.S.N.M. Range.—Gulf of California, Stearns collection. This species has a higher spire than most of the genus, but can hardly be separated from the others on that ground alone. It is pos- sible that fresh specimens might show traces of color. 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56.. PHILBERTIA CRYSTALLINA Gabb. Plate 138, fig. 1. Clathurella crystallina Gasp, Proc. Cal. Acad., vol. 3, p. 184, 1865. Clathuretla lowei Dat, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, p. 172, 1903. Range.—Santa Barbara Channel, California, in 40 fathoms. PHILBERTIA TRICHGDES, new name. Plate 19, fig. 3; Pleurotoma hirsutum De Fo.tn, Méléagrinicoles, p. 59, pl. 5, fig. 16, 1867; not of Bellardi, 1847. Range—Panama Bay. The figure does not show the acute projection of the nodes. MANGILIA (CLATHROMANGILIA) LEVIDENSIS Carpenter. Plate 21, fig. 1. Mangelia levidensis CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1865, p. 68, April, 1865. Range.—North end of Nunivak Island, Bering Sea, and south to the Aleutians and Puget Sound. The specimen figured is Cat. No. 133239, U.S.N.M. Carpenter’s types from Neeah Bay and Puget Sound were badly worn, imperfect specimens, hardly identifiable. The color of the fresh shell is dark brown, and the sculpture on the last whorl in senile specimens is often more or less obsolete. MANGILIA (CLATHROMANGILIA) RHYSSA, new species. Plate 21, fig. 3. Shell small, brownish, coarsely sculptured, with six whorls exclu- sive of the (lost) nucleus; suture appressed, somewhat constricted, obscure; upper whorls with two prominent cords crossing the ribs without nodulation, the last whorl with six, the spiral sculpture more prominent than the axial, which consists of (on the last whorl 10) straight axial ribs continuous to the base; there are traces of some fine spiral striation; the interstices of the reticulation are deep and squarish; sutural fasciole obscure, the suleus very shallow, the aper- ture short with hardly any canal and no denticulations or lirations. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 55479, U.S.N.M. Range—Gulf of California, Stearns collection. MANGILIA (KURTZIELLA) CYRENE, new species. Plate 21, fig. 5. Shell minute, waxen white, nucleus very small, of one and a half smooth whorls, rapidly enlarging, followed by a minutely reticu- lated turn, of which the sculpture gradually merges into that of the NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 63 adult type of four succeeding moderately rounded whorls separated by a distinct, not appressed suture; spiral sculpture of a prominent sharp thread on the periphery slightly angulating it; above this on the last whorl are two and below it on the base six or seven some- what smaller threads with wider interspaces followed to the end of the canal by a more adjacent series of similar threads; axial sculp- ture of (about 10 on the last whorl) rounded ribs extending from the suture over the base with much wider interspaces; incremental lines close-set, sharp, minutely raised, giving a frosted effect to the surface; aperture narrowly ovate, the outer lip thin, sharp, the anal fasciole feebly indicated, the inner lip and pillar smooth, the canal distinct, straight, short, and narrow. Height of shell, 4.25; of last whorl, 2.75; diameter, 1.25 mm. Cat. No. 211884, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2823, off La Paz, Lower California, in about 26 fathoms, broken shell. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. It is possible that these shells may not be completely adult and that the aperture may be modified later, but none of the many speci- mens obtained show any indications of it. MANGILIA (KURTZIELLA) DANAE, new species. Plate 21, fig. 6. Shell minute, whitish, with a narrow brown band below the periphery in front of which the suture is laid; nucleus small with one and a half polished whorls followed by four and a half sculp- tured whorls; suture distinct, undulated not appressed; spiral sculpture of a strong cord at the periphery angulating the whorls, with smaller threads (sometimes alternated) covering the rest of the surface with about equal interspaces; spiral sculpture of (on the last whorl 10) slightly sigmoid ribs, widest at the periphery, reach- ing the suture and fading out on the base, with narrower inter- spaces; on the obscure anal fasciole the interspaces are markedly concave; aperture narrow, the anal sulcus wide, shallow, the outer lip varicose; the inner lip smooth, the pillar straight, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 4.5; of last whorl, 3; di- ameter, 1.7mm. Cat. No. 265920, U.S.N.M. Range—Mulege, Gulf of California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. MANGILIA (KURTZIELLA) HEBE, new species. Plate 20, fig. 10. Shell small, yellowish white, slender. acute, with two smooth nuclear and five or six subsequent whorls; spiral sculpture of fine equal uniform threads covering the whole whorl separated by nar- row grooves and given a frosty appearance by fine sharp incremental lines; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl eight or nine) narrow rounded ribs extended over the whole whorl with wider interspaces 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. and somewhat constricted in front of the appressed suture; there ‘s no evident anal fasciole apart from the constriction; aperture nar- row, anal sulcus hardly evident, outer lip sharp, moderately varicose, smooth inside, with the spiral sculpture showing through the thin shell; inner lip erased, pillar straight, canal produced but hardly differentiated. Height of sheli, 10; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 3.5 mm. Cat. No. 159338, U.S.N.M. Range-—San Diego Bay, California, C. R. Orcutt. This belongs to the same group as P. limonitella Dall, of the At- lantic coast. MANGILIA (KURTZIELLA) ARTEAGA ROPERI, new variety. Plate 22, fig. 5. Shell small, thin, grayish with a very minute apical followed by two more or less reticulate convex nuclear whorls and four and a half subsequent whorls; suture distinct, not appressed; spiral sculp- ture of on the upper whorls one strong peripheral cord in front of which on the penultimate whorl is a smaller one and on the last whorl about five smaller ones with wider interspaces, on the canal five or six closer small threads; in the interspaces of the major cords are numerous minute and minutely imbricated close-set threads, giving a rasplike surface; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl nine) nar- row rounded threads with wider interspaces, extending from the fasciole to the canal and nodulous at the intersection of the periph- eral cord; aperture narrow, simple, anal sulcus feeble, producing hardly any appearance of a fasciole; axis nearly pervious, canal short, straight. Height of shell, 6.5; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.5 mm. Cat. No. 150993, U.S.N.M. Range-—Monterey, California, to Lower California, in 12 to 15 fathoms. This species belongs to the group represented on the Atlantic coast by such species as Mf. limonitella Dall, MW. cerina Kurtz and Stimp- son, etc., notable for their rasplike minor sculpture. It is more slender than the typical J/. arteaga and more southern in distribu- tion. The nucleus is usually eroded and then appears smooth. If deemed worthy of a sectional distinction I have suggested the name of Kurtziella, with Mf. cerina as the type. MANGILIA (KURTZIELLA ?) BETA, new species. Plate 22, fig. 4. Shell small, yellowish, with a pale canal, a blunt smooth nucleus of two whorls and three and a half subsequent whorls; periphery slightly behind the middle of the whorl; from the distinct suture the surface slopes flatly to the subangular periphery, the rest of the whorl rounded; spiral sculpture of uniform fine threads with nar- rower interspaces over the whole surface; axial sculpture of (on the NO. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 65 last whorl 15) narrow rather sharp ribs with much wider interspaces, obsolete behind the shoulder and on the base; there are also fine incremental lines which roughen the spiral threads; anal fasciole in- conspicuous, anal sulcus feeble; aperture simple, outer lip sharp; axis pervious, pillar attenuated in front, canal short. Height of shell, 5; of last whorl, 3.5; diameter,2 mm. Cat. No. 206554, U.S.N.M. Range.—Off Point Afio Nuevo, California, in 56 fathoms, mud, bot- tom temperature 49.2° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Alba- tross. This shell is quite characteristic, though doubtless immature. MANGILIA PERATTENUATA Dall. Plate 20, fig. 11. Mangilia perattenuata Dat, Nautilus, vol. 18, No. 11, p. 128, Mar. 8, 1905. fange.—Monterey Bay, 10 to 45 fathoms. This is larger and more slender than the allied constricta Gabb. MANGILIA PAINEI Arnold. Plate 28, fig. 3. Mangilia painei Arnotp, Pal. San Pedro, p. 214, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1903. Shell small, slender, whitish, with one subglobular nuclear and six subsequent whorls, suture distinct, undulated by the sculpture; spiral sculpture on the apical whorls of two cords near the periphery, over- running the ribs and becoming fainter with each succeeding whorl and quite obsolete on the last two whorls; axial sculpture of (on the Jast whorl 10 or 11) rounded protractive ribs with subequal inter- spaces, extending from the fasciole to the succeeding suture and on the earlier whorls from suture to suture; the incremental lines are also distinct but not coarse; anal fasciole feeble, the sulcus obscure; aper- ture simple, the pillar attenuated in front, canal short. Height of shell, 15; of last whorl, 9; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 161420, U.S.N.M. Range.—San Pedro, California, Mrs. Eshnaur. Also Pleistocene. First described as a fossil. The strength of the sculpture varies in different specimens. MANGILIA NUNIVAKENSIS, new species. Plate 1, fig. 2. Shell thin, rather large, whitish, acute, elevated, of about seven whorls, the nucleus eroded, suture distinct, the anal fasciole hardly constricted, concavely wrinkled; axial sculpture of (on the penul- timate whorl about 18) protractive rather feeble, rounded ribs, with subequal interspaces, becoming obsolete on the base; spiral sculpture practically none; aperture simple, anal sulcus wide and shallow, outer lip arcuate, canal straight. Height of shell, 18; of last whorl, 12; diameter, 6 mm. Cat. No. 220348, U.S.N.M. 115690—19—Proec.N.M 7ol.56 5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56. Range.—Bering Sea near Nunivak Island, in 9 to 85 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 39° F. W. H. Dall. This species belongs to the group including ©. aleutica and M. alaskensis Dall. MANGILIA OENOA, new species. Plate 8, fig. 6. Shell small, feebly sculptured, whitish with a yellowish underlayer, and (on the spire one, on the last whorl two) darker spiral lines; whorls six without the (lost) nucleus; suture distinct, anal fasciole obscure; surface with uniform fine spiral striation; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 15) faint narrow riblets extending en- tirely over the whorl] with wider interspaces; aperture narrow, canal short, wide; anal sulcus faint; outer lip thin sharp, body and pillar smooth. Height of shell, 6.5; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.5 mm. Cat. No. 153051, U.S.N.M. Range.—San Pedro, California, to the Gulf of California. This belongs to the group of M/. variegata Carpenter, but has much less developed sculpture and color markings. MANGILIA PHILODICE, new species. Plate 22, fig. 7. Shell small, white, with four or more whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture distinct, not appressed; whorls sloping behind, rounded in front; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about 17) short rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, hardly extended over the periphery and gradually becoming obsolete on the last whorl; incremental lines somewhat conspicuous on the base where they slightly reticulate the spiral sculpture; the latter comprises three prominent cords on the periphery equal and equidistant, swollen where they over ride the ribs, and feebler on the last whorl; the anal fasciole carries finer equal spiral threads, the base 10 or more some- what larger and more nearly adjacent as they approach the canal; aperture rather narrow, outer lip solid, sharp-edged, anal sulcus large, rounded, close to the suture, inner lip erased, canal short, deep, slightly recurved. Height of last and three preceding whorls, ion of last whorl, 5; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 208916, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 4454, off Point Pinos Light, Monterey Bay, Cali- fornia, in 65 to 203 fathoms, mud and gravel. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. MANGILIA PATAGONIENSIS, new species. Shell minute, white, with a blunt nucleus of one and a half whorls the apex bulbous, and about four subsequent whorls; suture appressed, and fasciole somewhat concave; axial sculpture of (on the penulti- mate whor! about 18) short rounded obliquely protractive ribs with no. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 67 uarrower interspaces extending from the succeeding suture to the anterior edge of the anal fasciole and across it as an arcuate thread to the preceding suture; these ribs become more or less obsolete on the last whorl and are feebly if at all produced beyond the periphery ; spiral sculpture between the fasciole and the succeeding suture of five cr six equal and equidistant strong threads with subequal interspaces on the penultimate whorl and about a dozen on the base of the last whorl, with smaller and closer ones on the canal; the angle at the anterior edge of the fasciole is prominent, the threads are hardly swollen when they pass over the ribs; aperture narrow, the anal sul- cus shallow and wide beginning at the suture; outer lip thin, sharp; inner lip erased; pillar and canal straight, the latter distinct but short and deep. Height of shell, 5.5; of last whorl, 3.7; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 122751, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2787, on the west coast of Patagonia in 61 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 54° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. This shell looks like a small Bela, but has no operculum. MANGILIA ERIOPIS, new species. Plate 23, fig. 1. Shell small, white, polished, having a nucleus with an oblique smooth small apex and about one whorl, the latter part spirally striated, and about six and a half subsequent whorls; spire acute, slender, the whorls moderately rounded, the suture distinct, not ap- pressed ; spiral sculpture of a few obscure threads on the back of the canal and on the apical whorls; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 15) sigmoid ribs, most prominent at the shoulder, feeble over the anal fasciole and on the base; aperture narrowly ovate, anal sulcus shallow and wide, beginning at the suture; outer lip produced, thin and sharp; inner lip and pillar with a thin wash of enamel; pillar straight, attenuated in front, canal short and narrow. Height of shell, 13.5; of last whorl, 7.5; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 216411, U.S.N.M. Range.—Forrester Island, southeastern Alaska, collected by G. Willett. MANGILIA GRANITICA, new species. Shell small, waxen white, darker on the pillar, with two nuclear and about five subsequent whorls; nucleus flat-topped, the first whorl with one strong keel, the second with three, the suture is laid on the anterior keel, which is smaller, and in the subsequent whorls the suture is not appressed but distinct; spiral sculpture of on the first two whorls a strong peripheral cord and one thread at the suture, on the third whorl three threads in front of the cord, on the remainder four, on the last whor! the peripheral cord is not prominent but from the anal fasciole to the canal are about 16 strong threads with wider 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. interspaces and an occasional intercalary smaller thread; they do not nodulate when they cross the ribs; on the canal are numerous small close-set threads; the anal fasciole is without spiral sculpture; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 13) strong rounded ribs not continu- ous up the spire and obsolete on the base but prominent and arcuate over the fasciole, reaching the preceding suture which they undulate; aperture rather narrow, the anal fasciole at the suture, shallow and wide, the outer lip thin, moderately produced, the inner lip smooth, erased; pillar short, straight, attenuated in front, canal short but dis- tinct. Height of shell, 13; of last whorl, 8; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 208560, U.S.N.M. Range.—Granite Cove, Port Althorp, Alaska, in about 10 fathoms, gravel; W. H. Dall. MANGILIA ALTHORPI, new species. Plate 19, fig. 9. Shell small, waxen white, superficially resembling If. granitica Dall but differing in the following particulars: It has one rib less; the two prominent spiral cords on the early whorls are strongly nodulous when they cross the ribs, especially the posterior cord, even on the last whorl; the spiral sculpture on the last whorl in front of the fasciole comprises 10 strong flattish cords, separated by very sharp, narrow grooves, with no spiral sculpture on the back of the canal, which is distinctly shorter; aperture relatively shorter and wider; the nucleus apparently similar but eroded, the number of whorls is the same but the shell is shorter. Height of shell, 11.5; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter, 4.5 mm. Cat. No. 208560a, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 1413, Granite Cove, Port Althorp, Alaska, in about 10 fathoms, gravel, W. H. Dall. MANGILIA CARLOTTAE, new species. Plate 21, figs. 9, 12. Shell small, thin, snow white, with a swollen smooth nucleus of two whorls and six subsequent whorls; suture distinct, not ap- pressed; the anal fasciole sloping forward flatly to the shoulder of the whorl with only arcuate incremental lines for sculpture; axial sculpture of (on the last whor] about 20) obliquely protractive short ribs, strongest at the shoulder and on the last whorl stopping abruptly near the periphery; spiral sculpture hardly perceptible, on the base are a few distant obsolete threads and faint microscopic striae; these vary in strength in different specimens; anal sulcus rounded, wide and shallow; outer lip thin, sharp, arcuately pro- duced; aperture narrowly ovate, inner lip erased; pillar and canal short, the latter wide and hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 9; of last whorl, 5.5; diameter, 4mm. Cat. No. 210724, U.S.N.M. no. 2288. NHVW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 69 Range.—Station 2860, off Queen Charlotte Islands, British Co- lumbia, in 876 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 36.5° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. MANGILIA EVADNE, new species. Plate 23, fig. 2. Shell small, white, slender, with a smooth swollen nucleus of one and a half whorls and five subsequent whorls; suture constricted, distinct, not appressed, the whorls sloping flatly toward it on both sides; axial sculpture only of faint incremental lines; spiral sculp- ture of one very prominent keel at the shoulder with one smaller and several still finer threads behind it, the anal fasciole smooth; on the last whorl there are two major threads with much wider interspaces, in front of them about six smaller closer threads to the canal which has about six close-set threads and a marked siphonal fasciole; aper- ture rather narrow, the anal sulcus deep, rounded, separated by a single thread from the suture; outer lip thin, produced, sharp; inner lip erased, pillar straight; canal distinct, rather wide and recurved. Height of shell, 12; of last whorl, 3.5; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 211334, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2902, off Santa Rosa Island, California, in 53 fathoms sandy mud, bottom temperature 45° F. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. This is an odd and extremely distinct species, which recalls some forms of Cryptogemma, but is obviously too small for that genus. MANGILIA ERIPHYLE, new species. Shell small, solid, whitish, acute, fusiform, with one and a half nuclear and six subsequent whorls; nucleus with a minute apex and a swollen smooth globular succeeding whorl; these are followed by a peripherally keeled whorl, the subsequent turns developing two and then three spiral flattish spiral cords, including the peripheral one and in front of it, while behind the keel the surface slopes flatly up to the appressed suture only interrupted by obscure ridges due to the axial sculpture; on the last whorl in front of the anal fasciole there are about a dozen similar cords extending to the end of the canal with about equal channelled interspaces, the posterior two or three cords more or less nodulous at the intersections; axial sculpture of about 10 more or less prominent riblets beginning in front of the fasciole and extending slightly over the periphery on the last whorl becoming obsolete; the incremental lines not con- spicuous; aperture narrowly ovate, the outer lip somewhat varicose with a large shallow rounded anal sulcus close to the suture; within both inner and outer lips are smooth and moderately callous; canal 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. short, wide, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 10.5; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 4mm. Cat No. 211326, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2902, off Santa Rosa Island, California, in 53 fathoms sandy mud, temperature 45° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. The specimens were all dead shells and the color when fresh is therefore doubtful. MANGILIA HERMIONE, new species. Plate 19, fig. 6. Shell small, white, decollate, but originally of five or more whorls exclusive of the nucleus; first two remaining intact whorls (the first is eroded) axially sculptured with about 20 close-set obliquely protractive rounded ribs cut by sharp grooves which make of the interspaces rounded nodules, the second row from the preceding suture being more prominent and forming a shoulder to the whorl; there are five of these rows on the spire, and the ribs they represent extend from suture to suture; on the later whorls they are less prominent, and on the last are obsolete except at the shoulder which is feeble; other spiral sculpture on the last whorl is of fine equal threads with narrower interspaces, extending from the shoulder to the canal; suture distinct, not appressed, whorls well rounded; aper- ture rather narrow, anal sulcus wide and deep, its deepest part at the shoulder, with no subsutural callus; outer lip thin, sharp, promi- nently arcuately produced; inner lip erased, pillar short, gyrate, axis not pervious; canal distinct, rather long and wide. Height of three intact whorls, 8; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter at apex, 1.6; of last whorl, 4mm. Cat. No. 96488, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2807, near Galapagos Islands, in 812 fathoms, ooze, bottom temperature 38.4° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. MANGILIA LAODICE, new species. Plate 21, fig. 8. Shell small, thin, white, with six well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, suture appressed, distinct, undulated by the sculpture; spiral sculpture variable sometimes with well marked threads (six on the last whorl) and a finer intercalary thread in the rather wide interspaces, and sometimes with the spirals obsolete or absent; when present the suture may have a thickened edge with one thread on the preceding whorl immediately behind it, or it may be quite simple; axial sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about a dozen) short, subnodulous, slightly oblique ribs which do not cross the anal fasciole and become obsolete on the base, sepa- rated by narrower interspaces; anal fasciole slightly excavated, smooth except for incremental arcuate lines close to the suture; aperture narrow, anal sulcus wide and deep; outer lip thin, sharp, No. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. Tk prominently arcuately produced; inner lip erased, pillar short, at- tenuated in front, gyrate; axis pervious; canal narrow, short, slightly recurved. Height of shell, 7.7; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 3.5 mm. Cat. No. 207587, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2792, off Manta, Ecuador, in 401 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 42.9°; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. MANGILIA HAMATA Carpenter. Mangelia hamata Carpenter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15, p. 399, May, 1865. Carpenter’s type specimen is apparently a fossil and resembles the fossils from the Santa Barbara Pleistocene, where Col. E. Jewett also collected. The rather deep anal sulcus and thickened lip remind one of Cytharella. Range.—‘ Panama,” Colonel Jewett. Cat. No. 15951, U.S.N.M. MANGILIA CESTA, new species. Plate 21, fig. 7. Shell small, whitish, polished, with (on the last whorl six or seven ) widely spaced narrow brown spiral lines; whorls six without the (lost) nucleus; suture distinct, axial sculpture of ten rounded ribs extending across the whorl with subequal or wider interspaces; the ribs are not shouldered and start from the suture which they un- dulate; spiral sculpture of incised lines in the interspaces between the ribs, the brown color is situated in these grooves of which there are six or more on the last whorl, rather widely spaced; aperture simple, anal sulcus inconspicuous, canal very short and wide. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 209040, U.S.N.M. Range.—San Pedro, California, Mrs. Blood. This shell resembles Cytharella, but lacks the peculiar spiral sculp- ture and shouldered whorls. MANGILIA NEWCOMBEI, new species. Plate 21, fig. 4. Shell small, brownish, with a tendency to banding, paler at the shoulder and on the base, with six whorls, including a small, smooth nuclear whorl; suture distinct, slightly appressed, with no fasciolar constriction; spiral sculpture of fine flattish threads separated by narrow striae very minutely reticulated by the incremental lines and most conspicuous in the intervals between the ribs, practically cover- ing the whole surface of the shell; axial sculpture, beside almost microscopic lines of growth, of (on the last whorl 14) short rounded ribs, slightly angulated at the shoulder and extending from the suture to the canal with subequal interspaces; anal sulcus shallow, aperture narrow, simple, inner lip erased, canal short, straight. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 7; diameter, 4 mm. Cat. No. 150965, U.S.N.M. Range.—Clayoquot, Vancouver Island, to Drakes Bay, California. MANGILIA ? DEJANIRA, new species. Plate 20, fig. 12. Shell small, brownish, with an acute brown nucleus of four and a half regularly increasing whorls (apparently smooth but shghtly eroded), changed abruptly into the sculpture of the five subsequent whorls; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 10) low rounded ribs with wider interspaces, obsolete on the base and incremental sculpture indicated by the rather distant sharp striae; spiral sculpture of (on the spire two, on the last whorl three) rather prominent nodules on the ribs with no conspicuous cord in the corresponding part of the interspaces; otherwise the spiral sculpture, especially on the latter whorls, comprises sharp narrow grooves with wider flattened inter- spaces which become more cordlike on the earlier whorls and the base; whorls moderately rounded with no indication of an anal fas- ciole, the suture distinct but not appressed, aperture in the type- specimen elongate ovate with simple pillar and thin sharp outer lip, the canal short, deep, forming a distinct but small siphonal fasciole and slightly recurved. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 4.5mm. Cat. No. 267724, U.S.N.M. Range.—Dredged in Santa Maria Bay, Lower California; Dr. Paul Bartsch. This species may prove to be a young Glyphostoma, but its peculiar incised sculpture will enable it to be distinguished from the other species of the genus. The absence of an anal fasciole, however, would seem to remove it from that group. MANGILIA 7 EURYBIA, new species. Piate: 22, fie. o2: Shell small, white, with a very pale yellowish periostracum, a smooth inflated nucleus of a whor] and a half and about four subse- quent whorls; the first normal whorl has a small peripheral keel, the next two have ribs in addition, the last whorl has only spiral sculpture; suture distinct, not appressed, the whorls well rounded with the anal fasciole close to the suture; spiral sculpture at first of one or two strong threads in the space between the keel and the succeeding suture, on the last whorl the keel is reduced to a flattish cord with four others in front of it, with wider interspaces; on the anterior part of the base and on the canal are feebler closer threads; axial sculpture confined to the spire of about a dozen short obliquely protractive riblets, most conspicuous where they cross the ribs and with subequal interspaces; on the last whorl they disappear; incre- No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. hc mental lines feeble; anal fasciole flat with faint spiral lines crossing arcuate lines of growth; anal sulcus wide and shallow; aperture subovate, outer lip thin, sharp; inner lip erased; pillar short, smooth ; axis pervious, canal distinct, wide, with no siphonal fasciole. Height of shell, 7; of last whorl, 4.5; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 211762, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2936, off Cape San Quentin, Lower California, in 359 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 49° F.; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. The enlarged figure of this little species is curiously like a Chryso- domus. ZETEKIA DENTICULATA Dall. Plate 1, fig. 1. Zetekia denticulata DAtt, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, No. 2238, p. 320, 1918. Shell small, fusiform, purplish brown, with a very small smooth translucent nucleus of about three whorls, and four subsequent whorls; suture obscure, closely appressed; spiral sculpture of (be- tween the sutures six) flattish equal close-set uniform cords, of which there are about 14 on the last whorl, with a few smaller threads on the canal; these cords are cut into squarish granules by numerous narrow axial grooves the interspaces on the earlier whorls having a somewhat riblike aspect; this sculpture is fairly uniform over the entire shell except the nucleus; there is no evident anal fasciole; aper- ture narrow, anal sulcus prominent, rounded; outer lip internally thickened and with about six short coarse lirae; inner lip callous, with four or five short lirations on the pillar, canal very short, deeply cut, contracted. Height of shell, 6; of last whorl, 3.5; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 274109, U.S.N.M. Range.—In beach drift at Panama; James Zetek. This shell, though apparently Pleurotomoid, has much the ap- pearance of a Mitromorpha, of which the type is M. filosa Carpenter,’ not M. lirata A. Adams, as stated by Fischer and Cossmann. The genus is described correctly by Adams as having a single inconspicu- ous plait anteriorly on the pillar. This plait only appears in com- pletely adult individuals, as do the small internal denticulations of the outer lip. There is no notch at the posterior commissure of the aperture in any of the California species, nor is one mentioned by Adams in the description of M. lirata from Japan. The present species has a conspicuous notch but no plication properly speaking on the pillar, only small pustular lirations on the outer edge of the columellar callosity. Cossmann gives the genus two strong plaits on 1Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 15, March, 1865, p. 182, sole species M. filosa Carpenter. A. Adams’s description was printed in the April number, p. 322. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the pillar, which, with his figure, indicate that he had a species of Mitra in hand, from which his diagnosis was made. The present species seems entitled to a distinct group name. DAPHNELLA BARTSCHI, new species. Plate 19, figs. 4, 5. Shell small, slender, yellowish white with brown flames and flecks, moderately convex whorls, distinct suture, and six whorls, with a very minute brown nucleus of two whorls; the whole surface is delicately reticulated with subequal axial and spiral threads, the spirals cut by the axial interspaces into minute nodules, the inter- stices squarish; the surface resulting is grating to the touch; the aper- ture is narrow, the canal hardly differentiated and not recurved. Height of shell, 8.5; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 267341, U.S.N.M. Range.—Lower California and the Gulf of California; Dr. Paul Bartsch. This is much smaller and with more delicate and even sculpture than the related species D. casta Hinds, and D. clathrata Gabb, both of which have much larger nuclei. D. effusa Carpenter from Neeah Bay, Washington, was founded on a broken and worn unidentifi- able specimen probably not even belonging to the genus Daphmella, D. electra Dall is a still smaller and differently colored species, and D. fuscoligata Dall has quite a different sculpture and may possibly be a Clathromangilia. CYTHARELLA ACULEA, new species. Shell small, purple brown, banded with white, or varicolored; nucleus of one and a half loosely coiled, smooth nuclear, and four subsequent whorls; axial sculpture of six, somewhat sigmoid rounded ribs continuous up the spire, with excavated, much wider interspaces, with fine axial striation, which slightly wrinkles the spirals; spiral sculpture of numerous sharp, often paired grooves separated by wider flattish interspaces which are faintly marked by the axial stria- tion; aperture narrow, anal sulcus conspicuous, outer lip thickened, smooth inside, pillar simple, canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 6; of last whorl, 3.5; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 73994, U.S.N.M. Range.—San Diego, California, to Cape San Lucas. Though small, this is one of the most elegant of the West Coast species. The name was suggested by Doctor Carpenter. Some speci- mens are more slender than others, and the coloration is variable. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 75 CYTHARELLA SUBDIAPHANA Carpenter. Plate 24, fig. 4. Mangclia subdiaphana CARPENTER, Ann, Mag, Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 15, p. 45, July, 1864. Range.—Cape San Lucas; J. Xantus. The specimen figured is Carpenter’s type, Cat. No. 274104, U.S.N.M. This is one of the species with an elevated spire which approaches Philbertia. CYTHARELLA LOUISA, new species. Plate 24, fig. 3. Shell minute, nucleus with a small apex, the whorl later swollen, the second turn with three strong spiral threads, the following three whorls with 11 or 12 axial ribs with subequal interspaces and no pronounced shoulder; spiral sculpture between the sutures of three strong subequal flattish threads somewhat swollen when they over- ride the ribs, and with a few much finer threads in the interspaces between the major threads; the spaces between the reticulation on the earlier whorls are deep and have a pitlike aspect; near the suture in fresh specimens is a dark spiral band extending to the rounded shoulder, in front of which the shell is yellowish white with (on the last whorl) four or five narrow brown spiral lines with much wider interspaces; aperture moderately wide with a very shallow ill- defined sulcus, the outer lip thickened, smooth, the canal wide, not differentiated from the aperture, the inner lip smooth. Height of Shell, 4.25; of last whorl, 2.7; diameter, 1.7 mm. Cat. No. 160122, U.S.N.M. Range—San Luis Obispo, California, Mrs. Dial. CYTHARELLA QUADRISERIATA, new species. Plate 24, fig. 8. Shell small, stout, blunt, white, with a brown peripheral band and another on the base; nucleus small, blunt, at first smooth and then spirally striated, in all about two whorls followed by five subsequent whorls; axial sculpture of eight rounded ribs, partly continuous up the spire, undulating the suture and with subequal interspaces; faint lines of growth cross the transverse sculpture; spiral ornamentation of almost microscopically fine threads uniform over the shell, with wider flat interspaces; aperture short and wide with no differentiated canal; anal sulcus conspicuous, outer lip thickened, smooth inside. Height, 5; of last whorl, 3; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 55508, U.S.N.M. Range.—Gulf of California to Acapulco. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56.. This belongs to the same general group as C. aculea, but has quite distinct sculpture and is stouter in proportion. Like that species it” is variable in its coloration. CYTHARELLA HIPPOLITA, new species. Plate 22, figs. 6, 8. Shell small, slender, whitish, dark brown, or spirally banded with brown and white; nucleus with a very small blunt apical whorl, the succeeding whorl (worn in the specimens) probably feebly sculp- tured; subsequent whorls about five, with an appressed suture; spiral sculpture of very fine spiral striae, perceptible under magnification, becoming coarser toward the canal; axial sculpture (including the terminal varix) of seven strong ribs with wider interspaces, slightly protractive anteriorly, continuous up the spire around which they show a slight twist, and extending on the last whorl to the canal; aperture narrow, elongated, anal sulcus wide, shallow, outer lip thick- ened, smooth internally, inner lip simple; canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 5.7; of last whorl, 3.5 diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 127536, U.S.N.M. Range.—Shell drift at San Hipolito Point, Lower California, and also at San Diego, California; Hemphill. Much like @. aculea, but constantly stouter and shorter, with one more rib and coarser striation. CYTHARELLA VERDENSIS, new species. Shell small, short-fusiform, whitish or feebly dotted with brown, with three brown nuclear and four subsequent whorls; apex of the nucleus very small, smooth, the other two microscopically rugose; suture appressed behind a faint anal fasciole, whorls moderately rounded ; spiral sculpture uniform, of fine attenuated close-set spiral threads covering the whole surface and crossed by minutely sharp in- cremental lines giving a peculiarly rough effect ; other axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 12) rather feeble rounded ribs obsolete anteriorly with about equal interspaces; aperture elongate, narrow with no differentiated canal; the outer lip moderately varicose, sharp- edged, smooth within, the anal sulcus rounded, shallow, close to the suture. Height of shell, 6.5; of last whorl, 5; diameter,3 mm. Cat. No. 266336, U.S.N.M. Range.—Agua Verde Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. ? CYTHARELLA JANIRA, new species. Plate 21, fig. 10. Shell small, acute, white or waxen, with a small smooth nucleus of about two whorls and five subsequent moderately rounded whorls; suture distinct, hardly appressed: spiral sculpture of sharp striae No. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. ee with wider minutely striated interspaces, over the whole surface, not swollen where they pass over the ribs; the whorls are slightly shouldered, there are about three or four of the straplike interspaces on the spire between the shoulder and the succeeding suture, behind the shoulder they are less obvious and the sculpture less coarse; on the last whorl the sculpture is quite uniform: axial sculpture of nine or ten protractively oblique slightly sigmoid ribs which nearly reach the canal and on the spire extend from suture to suture; aperture narrow, the anal sulcus wide and shallow, close to the suture, the outer lip is thickened but not internally lirate; the inner lip smooth; the canal is short, wide, and hardly differentiated from the rest of the aperture. Height of shell, 9; of last whorl, 6; diameter, 3 mm. Cat. No. 55285, U.S.N.M. Range.—San Diego, California, Stearns collection. It is possible this may be a Mangilia with unusually thickened lip, or an immature Cytharella. CYTHARELLA ELECTRA, new species. Shell minute, waxen white, sometimes with faint purplish spiral bands, with two and a half nuclear and four and a half subsequent re- ticulate whorls; nucleus turbinate, the first two whorls smooth, pol- ished, brown, the remainder axially minutely ribbed, the sculpture passing into that of the normal subsequent whorls; suture distinct, not appressed; spiral sculpture between the succeeding suture and the fasciole on the spire, of four equal and equally spaced threads with slightly wider interspaces; rarely the posterior thread is more prom- inent than the others; on the last whorl there are about nine threads, more adjacent as they approach the canal which has about six more closely set; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl about 14) low narrow straight ribs extending from the suture to the canal with slightly narrower interspaces; there is no nodulation at the intersec- tions with the spiral sculpture and the reticulations are squarish and deep; aperture narrow, anal sulcus shallow, rounded, conspicuous; outer lip varicose, sharp edged, not lirate within; inner lip erased, canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 5.5; of last whorl, 3.7; diameter, 2mm. Cat. 267706, U.S.N.M. Range.—Head of Concepcion Bay, Gulf of California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. The general aspect except for the sulcus is that of a Mitromorpha. CYTHARELLA NIOBE, new species. Plate 23, figs. 4, 5. Shell small, whitish, with or without pale bands or clouds of light brown, fusiform, the nucleus with a minute smooth translucent apex, the succeeding whorl sharply spirally striated, this sculpture fol- lowed by minute reticulation for about half a whorl and then by the 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. SE, normal adult sculpture on five succeeding whorls; spiral sculpture of fine equal close-set threads, covering the posterior half of the whorl and on the anterior half similar but slightly larger threads, while on the fourth whorl there is one, on the fifth and sixth whorls two, and on the last whorl three, slightly larger threads near the periphery which are somewhat swollen where they override the ribs; between the peripheral pair of these are three or four of the minor threads; axial sculpture of eight rounded nearly vertical ribs extending from suture to suture on the spire and nearly to the canal on the last whorl with subequal interspaces, not continuous over the suture which is distinct and not appressed ; the whorls are moderately convex; aper- ture rather narrow, the anal sulcus proportionately large and rounded, the outer lip varicose and infolded, with a sharp edge; the throat smooth, white; the inner lip smooth, the pillar very short, straight, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 6.5; of last whorl, 5; diameter, 2.2mm. Cat. No. 274105, U.S.N.M. Fange.—Panama, in beach drift; James Zetek. CYTHARELLA AMATULA, new species. Plate 21, fig. 2. Shell small, pale waxen yellow, with occasional brown spots be- tween the ribs, with about one and a half smooth white nuclear and about five and a half subsequent whorls; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl eight) stout protractively arcuate ribs with subequal or narrower interspaces not continuous up the spire, but extending from the suture over a slight shoulder to the canal; spiral sculpture of numerous fine sharp striae covering the shell (except on the anal fasciole) with flattish wider interspaces; there is a slight angle at the shoulder; aperture narrow, the outer lip infolded, the anal sulcus large, the canal hardly differentiated, the pillar smooth. Height, 6.5; diameter, 3.0mm. Cat. No. 127534a, U.S.N.M. Type-locality—San Diego, California. This is one of the species which approaches in form the Mangilia type. CYTHARELLA PHAETHUSA, new species. Plate 24, fig. 1. Shell minute, with a very small turbinate brown nucleus of about two and a half whorls, the latter part of which is feebly reticulately sculptured, and three and a half subsequent whorls; suture distinct, not appressed, whorls moderately rounded, whitish with a pinkish brown banded base; spiral sculpture of (on the first whorl one, on the second two) peripheral strong threads, on the last whorl four with much wider striated interspaces; these threads on dead speci- mens show paler than the general surface; on the base and canal are about a dozen smaller close-set threads; none of the threads NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 79 are nodulose where they cross the ribs; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl eight) narrow sigmoid ribs, with wider interspaces, ex- tending from suture to canal across the last whorl; the aperture narrow, the outer lip varicose, smooth within; the inner lip simple, not callous; the anal sulcus large and shallow, the pillar straight, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 3.25; of last whorl, 2; diameter, 1.25 mm. Cat. Nos. 269171 and 268038, U.S.N.M. Range.—Head of Concepcion Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. Many of the specimens have the last whorl conspicuously striped with brown. The dead specimens are often slaty with pale spiral threads. There is also some variation in stoutness and in the strength of the posterior thread which in a few specimens is stronger than the others giving a slight shoulder to the whorl. CYTHARELLA (AGATHOTOMA) PYRRHULA, new species. Plate 24, fig. 6. Shell small, brownish with a white peripheral band, brilliantly polished; with a pointed nucleus of two smooth rounded and one peripherally sharply keeled whorls; and about six subsequent whorls; suture distinct, appressed, fasciole constricted; spiral sculpture of about a dozen grooves with wider interspaces on the base and canal; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl 13) narrow sigmoid ribs ex- tending from the fasciole to the canal with somewhat wider smooth interspaces; aperture contracted, anal sulcus large, with flaring mar- gin and subsutural callus; outer lip sharp edged, infolded, a promi- nent varix behind it, and under the varix internally a thickened ridge with about five short oblique lirae; inner lip erased; pillar longer with about six lirae; canal short, deep, moderately recurved. Height of shell, 11; of last whorl, 6.5; diameter, 5 mm. Cat. No. 96590, U.S.N.M. ftange.—Station 2830, off Lower California, northwest of Cape San Lucas, in latitude 23° 33’ N., in 66 fathoms, sand. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CYTHARELLA (AGATHOTOMA) EURYCLEA, new species Plate 24, figs. 5, 11. Shell minute, whitish or pale brownish, subcylindric, turrited, the nucleus with a projecting minute subglobular apex and about one and a half smooth whorls followed by about four and a half sculp- tured whorls; spiral sculpture of minute close-set threads covering uniformly the whole surface; suture distinct, appressed, the whorls shouldered immediately in front of it; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl! seven or eight) prominent, slightly protractively oblique ribs, with wider interspaces, extending over the whole whorl and 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. prominent at the shoulder, but not continuous over the spire; aper- ture narrow, outer lip varicose, thick, striated in front, smooth within, the anal sulcus conspicuous but not deep; inner lip smooth, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 5; of last whorl, 3.5; diame- ter, 1.75 mm. Cat. Nos. 268908 and 267640, U.S.N.M. Range.—Dredged at Agua Verde Bay and the head of Concepcion Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. CYTHARELLA (AGATHOTOMA) PENELOPE, new species. Plate 24, fig. 10. Shell minute, pale brownish, or whitish with obscure brownish spiral bands, with a minute trochoid nucleus of three whorls the earlier smooth, the last axially minutely closely ribbed, followed by five subsequent whorls; suture distinct, hardly appressed, the whorl sloping steeply away from it; spiral sculpture of fine close-set threads over the entire surface; whorls moderately convex; axial sculpture of (on the last whorl six) prominent ribs, with much wider inter- spaces, extending the whole length of the whorl and on the spire more prominent at the periphery; aperture narrow, parallel-sided, the outer lip varicose, smooth within, the anal sulcus wide and shal- low, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 5; of last whorl, 3; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. (268908a) 266346, U.S.N.M. Range.——Agua Verde Bay, Lower California, Dr. Paul Bartsch. Some specimens are slightly larger, others smaller. CYTHARELLA (AGATHOTOMA) CAMARINA, new species. Plate 24, fig. 9. Shell small, white, hexagonal, with a blunt glassy nucleus of a whorl and a half and about five subsequent whorls; surface showing no spiral sculpture under a hand lens; axial sculpture of six strong rounded ribs, running the whole Jength of the shell and continuous over the spire; suture distinct; aperture narrow, with a relatively large rounded anal sulcus, a thickened outer lip without internal liration, the inner lip simple not callous, the pillar short, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 6; of last whorl, 4.5; diameter, 95mm. Cat. No. 122125, U.S.N.M. Range.—Indefatigable Island, Galapagos Islands, on the beach. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. CYTHARELLA (AGATHOTOMA) PHRYNE, new species. Plate 24, fig. 12. Shell small, fusiform, short, stout, whitish, with three obscure pale brownish spiral bands on the last whorl; nucleus minute, trans- lucent, of about one whorl with somewhat over four subsequent whorls; suture appressed, obscure; spiral sculpture of numerous very fine equal close-set threads over the whole surface; axial sculp- no. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 81 ture of seven strong rounded somewhat sigmoid ribs, slightly shoul- dered near the suture, continuous up the spire and obliquely retrac- tive posteriorly; there are no obvious incremental lines; the ribs ex- tend from the canal to the suture on the last whorl; aperture narrow, anal sulcus shallow, rounded; outer lip broadly infolded, smooth within; inner lip smooth, not callous, canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 6.2; of last whorl, 4; diameter, 2.5 mm. Cat. No. 274106, U.S.N.M. Range.—In beach drift at Panama, James Zetek. TARANIS PANOPE, new species. Plate 9, fig. 2. Shell small, of about six whorls including the blunt (defective) nucleus, white with pale olivaceous periostracum, short and stumpy ; earlier whorls with two strong peripheral keels and a thread upon which the suture is laid; last whorl with a cord at the suture and on the other side of the anal fasciole about five elevated keels with sub- equal interspaces, more adjacent on the base with about as many more smaller and closer threads on the anterior region; suture ap: pressed, obscure; anal fasciole concave, not spirally striated; axial sculpture of rather close sharp striae which cut the spirals; aperture narrow, anal sulcus deep, rounded; outer lip greatly produced, thin, smooth within, inner lip with a wash of callus, canal distinct but very short. Height of shell, 4.5; of last whorl, 2.6; diameter, 2.3 mm. Cat. No. 207577, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2792, off Manta, Ecuador, in 401 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 42.9° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. TARANIS ZEUXIPPE, new species. Plate 3, fig. 3. Shell minute, white or warm brown, with a turbinate nucleus hav- ing a minute smooth apex and three later axially concavely arcuate ribbed whorls; subsequent whorls three and a half with a distinct suture; spiral sculpture between the sutures of two prominent keels and an anterior smaller one on which the suture is laid; on the last whorl there are about eight minor threads in front of those men- tioned, all with wider interspaces; axial sculpture of prominent oblique lines protractively cutting the interspaces; anal sulcus shal- low, distinct, close to the suture; outer lip thin, slightly produced, inner lip erased; pillar short, straight, canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell, 3.8; of last whorl, 2.2; diameter, 2 mm. Cat. No. 194965, U.S.N.M. Range.—Station 2813, among the Galapagos Islands, in 40 fathoms, sand, temperature at surface 81° F. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 115690—19—Proe.N.M.vol.56——6 82 PROCBEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. REFERENCES TO GROUPS. Agathotoma, p. 79. Kurtziella, p. 62. Antiplanes, p. 83. Kyliz, p. 19. Bellaspira, p. 29. Laevitectum, p. 19. Borsonella, p. 37. Leucosyrina, p. 5. Carinodrillia, p. 17. Lora, p. 39. Clathrodrillia, p. 14. Mangilia, p. 62. Clathromangilia, p. 62. ~*~ Moniliopsis, p. 27. Crassispira, p. 21. Nannodiella, p. 59. Cryptogemma, p. 30. Philbertia, p. 54. Cymatosyring, p. 6. Pleurotomella, p. 50. Cytharella, p. 74. Pseudomelatoma, p. 21. Daphnella, p. 74. Suavodrillia, p. 29. Elaeocyma, p. 9. Surcula, p. 3. Glyphostoma, p. 52. Taranis, p. 81. Haedropleura, p. 30. Turricula, p. 2. Knefastia, p. 3. Zetekia, p. 73. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 1. Fie. 1. Zetekia denticulata Dall, Alt. 6 mm.; p. 73. 2. Mangilia nunivakensis Dall, Alt. 18 mm.; p. 65. 3. Hlaeocyma aerope Dall, Alt. 16 mm.; p. 13. 4. Turricula (Sureula) laysanica Dall. Alt. 52 mm.; p. 8. 5. Turricula (Surceula) panthea Dall, Alt. 47 mm.; p. 4. 6 . Turricula (Sureula) lavinia Dall, Alt. 49 mm.; p. 4. PLATE 2, Fig. 1. ? Clathrodrillia castianira Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p. 15. 2. Clathrodrillia andromeda Dall, Alt. 16.5 mm.; p. 16. 3. Clathrodrillia (Kylix) alcyone Dall, Alt. 15 mm.; p. 20. 4. Clathrodrillia resina Dall, Alt. 50 mm.; p. 16. 5. Turricula libya Dall, Alt. 40 mm.; p.2. ~ 6. Turricula nigricans Dall, Alt. 88 mm.; p. 3. PLATE 38. Fia.1. Hlaeocyma acolia Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 11. . ? Leucosyring galapagana Dall, Alt. 20 mm.; p. 5. . Taranis zeurippe Dall, Alt. 3.8 mm.; p. 81. . Pleurotomella thalassica Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p. 51. . Pleurotomelila oceanida Dall. Alt. 12 mm.; p. 51. . Pleurotomella herminea Dall, Alt. 19 mm.; p. 50. . Leucosyring amycus Dall, Alt. 52 mm.; p. 5. Leucosyring kincaidi Dall, Alt. 29 mm.; p. 6. CONAN PR wh Ee PLATE 4. Fig. 1. Hlaeocyma empyrosia Dall, Alt. 81 mm.; p. 12. . Hlaeocyma aegina Dall, Alt. 13 mm.; p. 12. . Elaeocyma arbela Dall, Alt. 13.7 mm.; p. 10. . Elaecocyma halocydne Dall, Alt. 18 mm.; p. 11. . Elaeocyma abdera Dall, Alt. 15 mm.; p. 12. . Elaeocyma ianthe Dall, Alt. 17 mm.; p. 9. oO OP OD ee No. 2288. NHW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 83 aOR OD Fa. fe Q = O ib 0 tS OADM MPR WHE Fia. Dor Ode Fie. AairwWN © OO PLaTE 5. . Clathrodrillia paziana Dall, Alt. 18 mm.; p. 14. . Clathrodrillia callianira Dall, Alt. 16 mm.; p. 16. . Clathrodrillia (Carinodrillia) thestia Dall, Alt. 14 mm.; p. 18. . Clathrodrillia (Carinodrillia) halis Dall, Alt. 20 mm.; p. 17 . Clathrodrillia (Carinodrillia) haliplera Dall, Alt. 27 mm.; p. 19. . Clathrodrillia (Carinodrillia) alcestis Dall, Alt. 30 mm.; p. 18. PuaTE 6, . Crassispira bacchia Dall, Alt. 14.5 mm.; p. 25. Crassispira amathea Dall, Alt. 22 mm.; p. 27. Crassispira dirce Dall, Alt. 23.5 mm.; p. 22. . Crassispira arsinoé Dall, Alt. 17 mm.; p. 26. . Crassispira tepocana Dall, Alt. 19 mm.; p. 25. . Crassispira candace Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 22. ry PLATE 7%, . Crassispira nephele Dall, Alt. 13 mm.; p. 23. . Crassispira appressa Carpenter, Alt. 7.5 mm.: p, 22. . Lora brachis Dall, Alt. 4.5 mm.; p. 41. . Crassispira epicasta Dall, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 24. Crassispira eurynome Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p., 21. ? Crassispira rugitecta Dall, Alt. 30.5 mm.; p. 26. . Crassispira bridgesi Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 24. . Crassispira erigone Dall, Alt. 20.6 mm.; p. 21. PLATE 8. . Moniliopsis haleyonis Dall, Alt. 23 mm.; p. 29. . Moniliopsis grippi Dall, Alt. 27 mm.; p. 27. . Moniliopsis fancherae Dall, Alt. 10.5 mm.; p. 28. . Cymatosyring ferminiana Dall, Alt. 14.2 mm.; p. 7. . Moniliopsis rhines Dall, Alt. 18 mm.; p. 28. . Mangilia oenoa Dall, Alt. 6.5 mm.; p. 66. PLATE 9. . Antiplanes amphitrite Dall, Alt. 13.5 mm.; p. 37. . Taranis panope Dall, Alt. 4.5 mm.; p. 81. . Cryptogemma cymothoé Dall, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 31. . Cryptogemma polycaste Dall, Alt. 13.5 mm.; p. 30. . Antiplanes abarbarea Dall, Alt. 21.5 mm.,; p. 35. . Antiplanes hyperia Dall, Alt. 12 mm.; p. 35. . Cryptogemma polycaste Dall, Alt. 14.9 mm.; adult, aperture detective, p. 30. . Cryptogemma calypso Dall, Alt. domi: seo Ll. . Cryptogemma quentinensis Dall, Alt. 12 mm.; p. 32. PLATE 10. Antiplanes kamchatica Dall, Alt. 51 mm.; p. 33. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Fig. Fa. F 1a. F 1a. Fic. Fie. aor WD H AH oOP ON pe OHARA PWN pp OMAR MB wD pe POON pe PLATE 11, Antiplanes litus Dall, Alt. 16 mm.; p. 34. . Cryptogemma chrysothemis Dall, Alt. 16.5 mm.; p. 31. . Antiplanes santarosana Dal, Alt. 36 mm.; p. 36. Cryptogemma antigone Dall, Alt. 23 mm.; p. 82. . Antiplanes amycus Dall, Alt. 21.5 mm.; p. 36. . Antiplanes thalaea Dall, Alt. 40 mm.; p. 37. . Antiplanes bulimoides Dall, Alt. 31 mm.; p. 34. PratE 12: . Borsonella nicoli Dall, Alt, 22 mm.; p. 39. . Borsonella nychia Dall, Alt. 12 mm.; p. 38. . Borsonella rhodope Dall, Alt. 19 mm.; p. 39. . Borsonella omphale Dall, Alt. 16 mm.; p. 38. . Moniliopsis ophioderma Dall, Alt. 38 mm.; p. 28. . Borsonella barbarensis Dall, Alt. 29 mm.; p. 37. . Moniliopsis incisa Carpenter, Alt. 38 mm.; p. 28. PLATE 13. . Philbertia crystallina Gabb, Alt. 7.7 mm.; p. 62. . ?Lora equatorialis Dall, Alt. 13.5 mm.; p. 44. . Clathredrillia limans Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 14. . Crassispira martinensis Dall, Alt. 18 mm.; p. 27. . Laevitectum eburnewm Carpenter, Alt. 30 mm.; p. 19. . Lora rugulata Troschel, Alt. 16 mm.; p. 50. PLATE 14. . Lora tabulata Carpenter, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 45. Lora miona Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 47. Lora kyskana Dall, Alt. 10.5 mm.; p. 47. Lora lotta Dall, Alt. 7.5 mm.; p. 47. Lora excurvata Carpenter, Alt. 7.2 mm.; p. 46. Lora surana Dall, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 45. . Lora chiachiana Dall, Alt. 20 mm.; p. 43. . Lora popovia Dall, Alt. 13 mm.; p. 42. . Lora pavlova Dall, Alt. 18.5 mm.; p. 43. Prater 15: . Lora regulus Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 48. Lora quadra Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 46. Lora krausei Dall, Alt. 9.5 mm.; p. 46. Lora tenuilirata Dall, Alt. 22 mm.; p. 42. Lora tenuissima Dall, Alt. 15 mm.; p. 49. Lora lawrenciana Dall, Alt. 13 mm.; p. 48. . Lora alitakensis Dall, Alt. 20 mm.; p. 48. Lora nazanensis Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 45. . Lora monterealis Dall, Alt. 12 mm.; p. 46. PLATE 16. . Lora mitrata Dall, Alt. 24 mm.; p. 43. . Lora colpoica Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 50. . Lora pribilova Dall, Alt. 12 mm.; p. 44. . Lora tenuilirata cymata Dall, Alt. 28 mm.; p. 42. NO. 2288. NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE—DALL. 85 Fic. ONAMA WH LY Fie. oP OO NB © cI Fia. — HSOODOMNADOMUARWONY LE A pu bo . Lora liitkenit Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 48. . Lora halitropa Dall, Alt. 6 mm.; p. 40. Lora pitysa Dall, Alt. 5.5 mm.; p. 40. . Lora healyi Dall, Alt. 15 mm.; p. 42. . Lora inequita Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 44. . Lora diegensis Dall, Alt. 8.5 mm.; p. 46. . Lora althorpensis Dall, Alt. 6.5 mm.; p. 49. . Lora sixta Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 49. Prarie . Glyphostoma adana Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p. 52. . Glyphostoma thalassoma Dall, Alt. 19.5 mm.; p. 52. . Glyphostoma sirena Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p. 53. . Glyphostoma partefsilosa Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 538. . Glyphostoma adria Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p. 52. . Glyphostoma cymodoce Dall, Alt. 11.5 mm.; p. 54. Prate 18. . Philbertia scammonm Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 57. . Philbertia helena Dall, Alt. 3.5 mm.; p. 55. . Philbertia dictynna Dall, Alt. 3.8 mm.; p. 57. . Philbertia doris Dall, Alt. 5.2 mm.; p. 55. . Philbertia telamon Dall, Alt. 4 mm.; p. 58. . Philbertia aethra Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 57. . Hlaeocyma attalia Dall, Alt. 8.5 mm.; p. 10. . Philbertia aegialea Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 58. PLATE 19. . Lora antipoda Dall, Alt. 5 mm.; p. 41. . Cryptogemma adrastia Dall, Alt. 16 mm.; p. 33. . Philbertia trichodes Dall, Alt. 4 mm.; p. 62. . Daphnella bartschi Dall, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 74. . Daphnella bartschi Dall, another specimen with immature lip, less en- larged, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 74. . ? Mangilia hermione Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 70. . Cymatosyring palmeri Dall, Alt. 9.5 mm.; p. 8. . Bellaspira melea Dall, Alt. 12 mm.; p. 29. . Mangilia althorpi Dall, Alt. 11.5 mm.; p. 68. PLATE 20. Cymatosyring elissa Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 6. . Cymatosyring hespera Dall, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 6. . Cymatosyring lalage Dall, Alt. 8 mm.; p. 7. . Cymatosyring plicatella Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 7. . Nannodiella fraternalis Dall, Alt. 4.75 mm.; p. 60. ? Nannodiella phylira Dall, immature, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 60. Nannodiella. nana Dall, Alt. 3.5 mm.; p. 59. . Nannodiella amyela Dall, immature, Alt. 4.5 mm.; p. 61. . Cymatosyring hecuba Dall, the aperture defective; Alt. 11 mm.; p. 9. Mangilia (Kurtziella) hebe Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p. 63. Mangilia perattenuata Dall, Alt. 10 mm.; p. 65. . ? Mangilia dejanira Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 72. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 586. PrAtTT 21, Fig. 1. Clathromangilia levidensis Carpenter, Alt. 17 mm.; p. 62. . Cytharella amatula Dall, Alt. 6.5 mm.; p, 78. . Clathromangilia rhyssa Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 62. ry art NORrFOO OND mp OO bd 1 Fia. Fia. a oR OF DH F1a. ery FOO OAH ORWNH A a to ONAMRWH HE Mangilia newcombei Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p. 71. . Mangilia (Kurtziella) cyrene Dall, Alt. 4.25 mm.; p. 62. . Mangilia (Kurtziella) danae Dall, Alt. 4.5 mm.; p. 68. . Mangilia cesta Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 71. . Mangilia laodice Dall, Alt. 7.7 mm.; p. 70. . ? Mangilia carlottae Dall, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 68. . Cytharella janira Dall, Alt. 9 mm.; p. 76. . Cymatosyring idothea Dall, the aperture defective; Alt. 9 mm.; p. 8. . ? Mangilia carlottae Dall, variety, Alt. 19 mm.; p. 68. PLATE 22. . Antiplanes briseis Dall, Alt. 18 mm.; p. 35. . ? Mangilia eurybia Dall, Alt. 7 mm.; p. 72. . Pseudomelatoma penicillata Carpenter, Alt. 33 mm.; p. 21. . Mangilia (Kurtziella) beta Dall, Alt. 5 mm.; p. 64. Mangilia (Kurtziella) roperi Dall, Alt. 6.5 mm.; p. 64. . Cytharella hippolita Dall, Alt. 6 mm.; p. 76. . Mangilia philodice Dall, Alt. 7.5 mm.; p. 66. . Cytharella hippolita Dall, Alt. 5.7 mm.; p. 76. PLATE 23. . Mangilia eriopis Dall, Alt. 13.5 mm.; p. 67. . Mangilia evadne Dall, Alt. 12 mm.; p. 69. . Mangilia painei Arnold, Alt. 15 mm.; p. 65. . Cytharella niobe Dall, adult, Alt. 6.5 mm.; p. 7%. . Cytharella niobe Dall, a younger specimen. . Philbertia hilaira Dall, Alt. 6 mm.; p. 61. PLATE 24, . Cytharella phaethusa Dall, Alt. 3.25 mm.; p. 78. . Antiplanes agamedea Dall, Alt. 10.5 mm.; p. 33. . Cytharella louisa Dall, Alt. 4.25 mm.; p. 75. . Cytharella subdiaphana Carpenter, Alt. 5 mm.; p. 75. . Cytharella (Agathotoma) euryclea Dall, Alt. 5 mm.; p. 79. . Cytharella (Agathotoma) pyrrhula Dall, Alt. 11 mm.; p, 79. . ? Haedropleura melita Dall, Alt. 5.2 mm.; p. 30. . Cytharella quadriseriata Dall, Alt. 5 mm.; p. 75. . Cytharella (Agathotoma) camerina Dall, Alt. 6 mm.; p. 80. . Cytharella (Agathotoma) penelope Dall, Alt. 5 mm.; p. 80. . Cytharella (Agathotoma) euryclea Dall, variety, Alt. 5 mm.; p. 79. . Cytharella (Agathotoma) phryne Dall, Alt. 6 mm.; p. 80. PE PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM rci44 a G ral 4 ib bom, ald ae NEw WEST COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 82 2 VOL. 56 PL. PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM eR 5 | ha waa t ¥ New WEst Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 82 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 3 mL NEw WEST COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 82 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 4 TURRITIDAE New WEST COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 82 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 5 NEw WEST COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 83 6 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM New West Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 83 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 7 NEw WEST Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 83 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 8 ae . md Dor o te RIAD? 3 see) ie ‘ New West Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 83 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 9 COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 83 NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 10 New WEstT COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 83 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. II NEw WEST Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 84 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 12 New WEst COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 84 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 13 NEw WEST Coast MOLLusks OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 84 14 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM New West CoAst MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 84 15 PE PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM NEW WEsT Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 84, — 56 PL. 16 PROCEEDINGS, VOL U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM TA om Yea Pa SAE ps ™ FEVER Saget New WEsT COAST MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE r FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 84 AND 85 17 Pie PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM NEw WEsT Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 85 18 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM thie cities it if thy as thea, ‘ Phe RELY ie, M TT ee Hy He HH) Bae py " he) Wan <>, tie New West Coast MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY TURRITIDAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 85 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 19 Ay &, Naat sda, bd ake ‘agit’ i » Bm, Py nS Oy a8 a. 5. . Specieslarge. Elytra heavily marked. Pronotum spotted -30. aquila, new species. Species smaller. Elytra much lighter in color, pronotum light. 26. puncticollis Spangberg. . Elytra with numerous irregular, short dark lines... ..-.-- 28. modesta Spangberg. tie Elytra without such markings. ...-.---------------------+++-eeeetr teeters . Species very small and decidedly green or yellowish, not brown. 15. occlusa, new species. Species much larger and brownish in color.........---------++-++++++++++----- 8. . Ocelli comparatively small, elytra without black dots, but with red flakes. 22. scarlatina Fitch, Ocelli comparatively large, elytra with numerous small black dots....-.------- 9. . Veins of elytra prominently bordered with black or dark brown dots. Species comparatively small....-..--..----------+-+--+-++-- 24. curiata, new species. Veins of elytra only very indistinctly bordered with slight punctations. Species comparatively large. ...-..----------+--+---+++- 20. sanguinolenta Spangberg. A broad dark stripe running backward from the eye and just below lateral margins OF TnPHO HINA. 25% - Lene ajc wsaw- wesh es? sm sara tpi 52-- pened cera id. Withoutisuch a stripe... -------- s+ .-3s-22-2 + 52 oe 3 = = wenn eee ene sess 13. Inner margin of elytra more or less darkened, elytra two shaded.....--------- 12. Elytra of one shade, lighter colored, slightly smaller in size.18. citrina Spangberg. Ocelli comparatively small. Species comparatively narrow. 17. limbatipennis Spangberg. Ocelli comparatively large. Species comparatively broad. 16. pectoralis Spangberg. Species small. Female less than 10 mm. long..........---------+++---+--++-- 14, Species larger. Female more than 10 mm. long........-----------------++-- 15. Last ventral segment of female regularly and deeply trisinuate. Species brown or reddish brown. Often flaked with red.....-.-------- 21. irrorella Spangberg. Female segment not deeply trisinuate. Species green or yellowish, slightly golden, but not brown or reddish. Not flaked with red. 14. cacozela, new species. Female segment only feebly sinuate, if at all; slightly produced or trisinuate. 12. meditabunda Spangberg. Female segment distinctly sinuate, slightly larger species.....-----.---------- 16. NO. 16. Ls 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. oa 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 2289. LEAFHOPPERS OF THE GENUS GYPONA—GIBSON. 89 Female segment with sinuations shallow..............------ 23. grisea Spangberg. Female segment with sinuations very deep.....----.--- 7. dictitoria, new species. Ocelli nearer anterior than posterior margin of vertex......-.-...-.---------- 18. Ocelli equidistant from anterior and posterior margins of vertex or nearer IDORPORION 2 eset CM: en Selby nis Sue ae ober cerst = c(h ejalswiaw 2. «ess seis e)sj-)< cesec5o-0an teense eens 13.5 41 19 | 47.5 1 Proc. Acad. Nat.Sci. Phila., p. 29. 2 Sellards, 8th Ann. Rep. Fla. Geol. Surv., p. 103. 3 Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 1. 4 Ext. Mamm. Fauna Dak., Neb., pl. 28, figs. 10, 11. 5 Idem, p. 367. No. 2291. YWAMMALIAN AND FISH REMAINS FROM FLORIDA—HAY. LOZ It will be seen at once that the Vero tooth was probably that of a larger species than T. fatalis and that the crown is everywhere higher in proportion to its length. As may be seen from comparing the figures of the two teeth, the width of the principal cusp at its base is one-half of its height, while that of T. fatalis is relatively consider- ably wider. The two teeth agree in having the protocone absent and in having the anterior lobe divided into two parts. It appears certain that the Vero tooth does not belong to T. fatalis. The latter was found at Sour Lake, in Hardin County, Texas. Through the courtesy of Mr. John G. Rothermel, director of the Wagner Free Institute, the writer has been able to examine the upper jaw of Leidy’s type of Machairodus floridanus. The carnas- sial possessed in front two roots, of which the inner was somewhat reduced in size and pushed backward, as in the Vero tooth, to nearly opposite the interval between the anterior outer root and the great hinder root. It is quite certain that the anterior lobe of the tooth was much larger than it is in the lion and the tiger. The alveolus has a length of 37 mm.; that part for the hinder root is 24 mm. long. The tooth was therefore only slightly larger than the Vero tooth: and there appears to be no reason why the latter can not be with much certainty referred to Leidy’s species. In the deposit at Vero which furnished the carnassial Doctor Sellards found a part of a great canine tooth which belonged to some one of the Machairodontinae. The fragment (pl. 28, fig. 3) is67 mm, long. Probably nearly 25 mm. of the distal extemity is gone. The upper end does not reach the base of the crown. In the Ocala skull the socket for the canine measures 40 mm. in length fore and aft and its width is 20 mm. At its upper end the fragment from Vero has a width for and aft of 30 mm. and a thickness of 13 mm. If the front and rear borders of this tooth are continued until the distance between them is 40 mm. and the distal extemity is restored, a tooth is indi- cated whose crown was about 110 mm. long. Both borders are acute, more especially the hinder one, which is knife-like. The anterior edge is smooth, but the hinder one is obsoletely crenulated. The tooth is quite different from that of Barnum Brown’s S mulodontopsis conardi.: In the latter the base of the fragment has the same fore and aft diameter as does the Vero tooth. At a distance of 55 mm. from this, toward the tip, the fore and aft diameter is 19 mm.; in the Vero Specimen, only 16 mm. In Smilodontopsis conardi both edges are crenulated. In Cope’s Smilodon gracilis ? the powerful canine main- tains well its breadth as the tip is approached; and both edges are free from denticles (Cope). For comparison there is figured here (pl. 28, fig. 4) a right canine tooth evidently belonging to Dinobastis 1 Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 190, pl. 19. 2 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 11, pl. 20, fig. 1. 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, serus Cope. It was found in a cave in the northern part of Bexar County, Texas. The tooth belongs to the Scientific Society of San Antonio. It was a far smaller tooth than that of figure 3. From the close resemblance existing between the carnassial found at Vero and here referred to Leidy’s Machairodus floridanus and that of Trucifelis fatalis found at Natchez, it is certain that both belong to the same genus. For this genus the writer accepts at present the name Trucifelis. We shall have, therefore, the two species, Truci- felis atrox and T. floridanus. FELIS VERONIS, new species. Plate 28, figs. 5-7. When the author was at Vero, in October, 1917, he found along the drainage canal, a short distance above the railroad bridge, in the bed of sand known as No. 2, an upper left fourth premolar of a large tiger- like animal. Views of this tooth are here presented (pl. 28, figs. 5-7). On comparing it with the corresponding teeth of the tiger and of the jaguar (F. paraguensis, No. 4128 U. S. Nat. Mus.), and with those of the machairodonts, it can not be doubted that its pos- sessor belonged to aspecies of Felis. In order to facilitate comparison the following measurements are presented, being those of the speci- men in question, the same tooth of Felis tigris, and of the large South American jaguar, Pelis paraguensis Hollister. Measurements of carnassials of Felis. Felis para- Felis from | Felis tigris ; ‘ guensis Vero. 218321. type. Bengt OL the crows ccrepras fb = Sads'cnase cen nso tds se. becnese cess 33.0 32.5 28.8 WIth Oherown ab provoconGe: + Lecce acces cece rece enaceeee eee 17.8 15.5 15.2 Width of crown between the main and the hinder cusps..........-- 12.5 10.0 10.2 HIGIZHTOLANTETIOPlODOsastecs ccc se cost ses one cee oe eee Somat eee eee 10.0 11.0 11.0. Héieht ofmaincusp! .J.% 2 faces doses qeeasetoceene toe tet aabogdee 16.0 | 15.0 16.0 FIOIPHE OFrear HINGEr 1ODOe = ccetcce cece oes Cote eee cit eee Peon 6.0 6.0 Width ofthe main;cusp x60) sacb4. s.soeetnrafacevenss LEE 7 ee LV a ae ie oe ease Tey) er none ee ek a they REVISION OF THE PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES OF THE GENERA HOMALOTYLUS MAYR AND ISODROMUS HOW- ARD, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED GENERA. By P. H. Timsper Lake, Of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. The genus Homalotylus was erected by Gustav Mayr! for three European species which had been retained previously in Encyrtus— namely, LH. faminius, vinulus, and flaviceps—all described by Dalman in 1820. A few months after Mayr’s work appeared, Thomson ? published his genus Nobrimus, based on the same three and a doubtful fourth species, L. eytelweinii Ratzeburg, which Mayr had synonymized with £. flaminius Dalman. Nobrimus has been considered a synonym of Homaloiylus by subsequent writers, and Encyrius flaminius Dalman is hereby definitely selected as the type, the same species having been selected by Ashmead in 1900 as the type of Homalotylus. The genus Mendozamella Bréthes? is unquestionably another syno- nym of Homalotylus, as its type M. mirabilis Bréthes, agrees through- out in description and figure with the species of Homalotylus belong- ing to the flaminius group. The genus also has been redescribed by Girault * under the name of Hemaenasoidea, the genotype species, H. oculata, being closely allied to Homalotylus vicinus Silvestri. Of the eighteen species which have been described or subsequently placed under Homalotylus only twelve rightfully belong here as the genus is now restricted. H. vinulus (Dalman) and jflaviceps (Dal- man) belong to /sodromus Howard; H. lachni Ashmead was referred by its author to Phaenodiscus in 1887, but in reality belongs to the genus Microterys Thomson; H. similis Ashmead becomes the type of the new genus, Anisotylus, which the writer has ventured to sepa- rate from Homalotylus, because of several peculiarities; H. bifasciatus Ashmead was removed by its author to Meromyzobia in 1900; and finally H. latipes Girault differs so profoundly in having scattered pin-punctures on the body, foliate hind tibiae, and a three-jointed club, that there is much doubt whether it has any close relationship to Homalotylus at all. 1 Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, Dec., 1875, or Jan., 1876, pp. 686, 752. 2? Hymenoptera Scandinavia, vol. 4, 1876, pp. 116, 137. 3 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vol. 24, 1913, p. 97, fig. 7. 4 Annals Entom. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, Sept., 1916, p. 307. 5 Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., vol. 14, p. 190. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 56—No. 2293. 18s 134 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Of the twelve species remaining in the genus, H. eytelweinu (Ratz- burg), orct Girault and mcrogaster Girault seem to be synonymous with flaminius (Dalman), and H. obscurus Howard in all probability is a synonym of H. terminalis (Say), thus leaving eight valid names of specific or subspecific rank, as the present or subsequent investigations may show. These in he order of their inception are as follows: FH. flaminius (Dalman), terminalis (Say), scymnit (Shimer), alditarsus Gahan, mirabilis (Bréthes), vicinus Silvestri, californicus Girault, and oculatus (Girault). In the following pages a substantial addition is made to this list by the characterization of eight new species. Genus HOMALOTYLUS Mayr. Homalotylus Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, 1876, pp. 686, 752.— AsuMEaD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, pp. 337, 344, 377; Mem. Car- negie Mus., vol. 1, No. 4, 1904, pp. 301, 308.—ScuMmizpEKNEcHT, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 97, 1969, pp. 212, 219, 235, 263, 267, pl. 5, figs. 5-6. Nobrimus THomson, Hymen. Scand., vol. 4, 1876, pp. 116, 137. Mendozaniella Britues, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vol. 24, 1913, p. 97, fig. 7. Hemaenasoidea Grrautr, Annals Entom. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, 1916, p. 307. Female.—Head subhemispherical, about as wide as the thorax, usually a little longer than wide, the thickness fronto-occipitally somewhat less than one-half the length; as seen from in front the outline is either nearly circular or broadly oval with the oral margin truncate, as seen from the side the curvature is nearly uniform from the vertex to clypeus although often more abrupt at either end; the occiput nearly flat or but slightly concave above, with the neck inserted near the middle; the vertex narrow at the posterior ocelli, the frons gradually increasing in width anteriorly, so that the anterior corners of the eyes are separated by a space twice or more greater than the width of the vertex; ocelli placed in an acute-angled or at most an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair almost touching the eye-margins; eyes large, narrowly oval, nearly or quite twice as long as wide, posteriorly nearly touching the occipital margin and strongly divergent anteriorly; cheeks short or about equal to one-half the width of the eyes; face short and broad, entirely without antennal scrobes, the antennae inserted rather far apart and close to the clypeal margin, the space between their sockets moderately convex yet never prominently elevated. Scape long and slender, about equal to the length of the head or a little more, the radicle joint about one sixth of the total length, the scape proper often slightly curved on the basal half, the dorsal side convex, the inferior surface flattened and grooved on the apical half or third for the reception of the pedicel, the inner, inferior margin at the apex o‘ten lamellately produced, but never more than slightly so; pedicel obconical, about equal to the first and a half or sometimes the whole of the second funicle joint combined; funicle six-jointed, cylindrical, never increas- NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 135 ing more than slightly in thickness distad, the joints usually nearly equal in length except that the first one is often a little the longest, the following most often but little or no longer than thick, and rarely more than a half longer than thick; club solid, and strongly obliquely truncate from apex to base through the shrinkage of the softer wall of the inner side (by the rotation of the flagellum the truncation, however, usually appears to be on the underside or even on the upperside), thus producing a very acuminate, conical effect; in at least two species (affinis and brevicauda) a slight trace of segmentation reappears as an atavistic character, in which case the club is broader across the base, less conical, and truncate only to about the basal third; in length the club nearly or quite equals the last three funicle joints combined. Mandibles rather short and robust, broad at apex and tridentate, the teeth short and rather blunt (flaminius and allies), the two on dorsal or inner side separated by a shallow emar- gination only, or they may be considerably longer and more acute in varying degrees (species of the vicinus and cockerelli groups), the middle one sometimes a little longer than the other two. Palpi short, the maxillary pair four jointed, with the apical joint a little the longest and slenderest and the basal joint the shortest; the labial pair three jointed with the middle joint considerably shorter than the other two, or sometimes two jointed with the apical joint shorter than the basal. Thorax rather short and robust, cylindrical, not at all depressed; pronotum short and arcuate, the mesoscutum twice as wide as long; axillae triangular, acutely meeting, their surfaces perfectly flush with the surface of the scutellum; the latter large, well elevated, triangular and rather acute at apex, the sides from base to apex abruptly decliv- ous; propodeum narrow at the middle, gradually widening towards the sides, the spiracles small and oval, situated at the anterior lateral corners. Wings large, rather wide, reaching well beyond the apex of the abdomen; venation reaching about to the middle of the disk, marginal vein somewhat longer than thick; the stigmal slender and moderately long, nearly parallel with margin or at a very acute angle with the submarginal vein, not or but little enlarged at apex although not rarely attenuated towards the base; postmarginal well developed, tapering from a thick base to extreme tenuity at a point about opposite the end of the stigmal vein, sometimes appearing either somewhat shorter or somewhat longer than the stigial; disk of the wing thickly ciliated, but not uniformly so as to appearance, the basal third of the disk having the cilia transparent, and a large oval area in the middle of the disk beyond the end of the stigmal vein with similar cilia (seen most advantageously in slide mounts of the wing); speculum (or oblique hairless streak) narrow but distinct, run- ning from the base of the stigmal vein obliquely towards the opposite 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. margin but lost in the area of transparent cilia at about two-thirds of the distance across the disk. Legs, especially the middle and hind pairs, long and for the most part slender, the front and hind femora and the hind tibiae compressed and a little widened, the middle tibiae slender, cylindrical, but rather abruptly enlarged at the apex; front and hind tarsi slender, the joints of the front pair nearly equal, with the first joint but little longer than the following, the first joint of the hind pair about twice as long as any of the following joints, middle tarsi considerably thicker than the other pairs, the first joint nearly as long as the following joints combined, and with a row of fine, short, close set spines on each side beneath, the following joints gradually tapering so that the apical jomt is no thicker than the same joint of the front or hind tarsi; middle tibial spur very long, and rather stout, about equal to the first tarsal jomt in length; hind tibiae with but one small but distinct apical spur. Abdomen about two-thirds as long as the thorax, depressed (if not distorted as sometimes happens), as broad as long or even wider, the sides nearly parallel as far as the tactile plates, and from that point bluntly rounded or very obtusely angled to the apex; the first terzite (not counting the propodeum) by far the longest or covering nearly one-half of the dorsal surface, the following one or two seg- ments often concealed by it; the tactile plates situated at about a fifth of the distance from the apex to the base, the vibrissae unusually short and inconspicuous; on the venter the basal tergites nearly meet at the meson, the apical ones diverging towards the apex, leaving only the fifth ventrite plainly visible, the latter reaches to the apex and encloses the ovipositor but is not at all compressed except in distorted specimens that simulate the posture assumed during the process of oviposition; ovipositor in species of the flaminius group concealed or nearly so but in species allied to vicinus and cockerelh it is prominently protruded and slender. Sculpture of the dorsal surface of the head very finely punctulate, the minute punctures being rounded and separated by slightly elevated interstices; face, frons, and to a less extent the vertex in all but two species (vicinus and oculatus) with more or less distinct, scattered, small, and shallow pin punctures; upper part of the occiput finely lineolate, either transversely or more or less rimosely or retic- ulately so in some species; pronotum and mesoscutum very finely scaly-reticulate with scattered setiferous punctures of great minute- ness, the pleura with a similar but slightly coarser sculpture, the lines on the greater part of the mesopleura being longitudinally arranged; axillae and scutellum with a sculpture of the same type as that of the frons, but somewhat coarser, the interstices between the punctures more elevated, thus producing a much more opaque effect, and th pin punctures always absent; metapostnotum transversely lineolate NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. AY the propodeum nearly smooth; dorsum of the abdomen, especially at the first tergite, reticulately lineolate in varying degrees of coarseness, but always much more coarsely scaly than the mesoscutum. Pubescence of the head and mesoscutum short and scattered, but rather prominent in the dark-colored species on account of its white color, that of the scutellum, however, often blackish (as in the flaminius group); the silvery white pubescence of the metapleura and upper surface of the hind coxae very thick, appressed, and prac- tically concealing the underlying surface. Coloration more or less metallic, greenish black predominating in the species of the faminius group; in the other species the head and scutellum often orange yellow or orange brown; axillae and scutellum always much more opaque than the scutum; club of antennae always white, and the tegulae white with the apical margin more or less brown or blackish; wings always with a broad smoky band across the middle of the disk, the apex in some species also smoky but to a less degree. Male.—The two sexes are so similar in almost all details that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. In species having an ex- serted ovipositor the males, of course, are distinguished at a glance, and in the other species they can generally be known by a prominent longitudinal fold along the meson of the venter. In three of the known species (vicinus, africanus, and oculatus) the scape of the male is prominently notched on the upper side just beyond the middle. Type of genus.—Kneyrtus flaminius Dalman. (Selected by Ash- mead, 1900.) } The genus on the whole is correctly placed in Ashmead’s tables, and for one who is familiar with their shortcomings it is easily iden- tified. However, the term ‘‘lenticular” used in couplets 16 and 661 is undoubtedly inaccurate and misleading, as a menisciform shape is meant. As a matter of fact the head of Homalotylus is more nearly lenticular than it is in the Bothriothorax series of genera (although by no means menisciform), and this discrepancy in the tables probably led Bréthes to erect the eenus Mendozianella. Schmiedeknecht ? fol- lows Ashmead in this error. In Girault’s tables * Homalotylus is impossibly placed, as the club is not three-jointed but distinctly solid in almost all of the species. Both it and Isodromus Howard should run to Jsodromoides Girault (on page 120); the latter genus, however, is apparently only super- ficially similar to these. Girault also uses the term ‘“lenticular”’ or “‘convex-lens-shaped”’ in several places, but defines his meaning on page 183.8 1Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 300, 306. ? Genera Insectorum, Fascicule 97. ® Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 4, pp. 120-128. ‘128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. _ The species of Homalvtylus are parasitic in Coccinellid larvae (some- times issuing from the pupa), and two are known to attack Chryso- melid larvae as well. They are, therefore, of prime economic impor- tance and detrimental on the whole to the interests of agriculture. The species may be divided into three groups as follows: 1. Ovipositor prominently protruded. ......./..2-2--++-----222-- +222 Jeeta ee 2 Ovipositor not protruded and hardly visible, except in distorted specimens. Flaminius group. 2. Head considerably longer than wide, the vertex very narrow, the pin-punctures sometimes absent on the frontovertex.......--...-.------------- Vicinus group. Head hardly or not at all longer than wide, the vertex comparatively wide, the pin-punctures usually well developed.............------------- Cockerelli group. FLAMINIUS GROUP. The forms of Homalotylus belonging to this group show a consider- able amount of structural variation, within very narrow limits, how- ever, and an even greater degree of colorational variation, thus presenting unusual difficulties in the way of their specific separation. Leaving out of account small variations they seem to have great structural stability, from within the narrow limits of which thay have been unable to depart, and yet the group has great antiquity, as it has become spread over all of the greater land masses of the earth. Specimens from such widely separated regions as Europe, Australia, South Africa, Asia, and North America exhibit only minor structural differences, many of which seem to be more individual than geographic in character. The variation in color although greater in extent seems in some ways even less dependent on locality, yet it must be confessed that some of the North and South American forms present by far the greater range of departure from the normal type of coloration. Leaving out of consideration these extreme American departures from the typical scheme of coloration, the same minor variations may be found in widely separated areas. On account of this stability in form and to a less extent in color, coupled with a puzzling degree of variability, the writer has labored under great difficulty in reaching any definite conclusion on the spe- cific identity of certain forms, and has been obliged to reverse his opinion several times as the study of the forms progressed. The final conclusion, subject, however, to further revision if necessary, leaves one Old World species and six ostensible American species in the field, since the variation in the material examined seems to that extent discontinuous. The writer has formed the opinion, however, that there are innu- merable local races, probably to a large extent physiological, of several of the species, some of them exhibiting colorational departures from the usual type, others not, and perhaps in most cases breeding true. In some localities there are apparently several of these races, NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 1389 and it is possible that in such cases more or less interbreeding takes place, although this is not yet proved. Thus at Brownsville, Texas, at least four variations of 1. terminalis (Say) have been discovered, all apparently from the same host, Coleomegiiia maculata fuscilabris (Mulsant), and two of which are practically at either extremes of the colorational range of the species. In this connection it would be well to note that all specimens of the same brood are practically identical in coloration, and this holds true also when the parasites are bred through several generations. The writer’s experience in this connection has not been so exten- sive as desirable, yet it is of considerable mterest, In the summer of 1913 a brood of H. californicus Girault was reared at Salt Lake City, Utah, from a larva of Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus), and the parasites were carried through several generations on the same host with the greatest ease. In the spring of 1915 a few specimens of H. terminalis (Say), belongmg to a dark-colored variety, were col- lected at Brownsville, Texas, in a small plot of oats where the larvae of Coleomegilla had been abundant a short time previously. These were supplied with larvae of Coleomegilla, but failed to show any interest in them. Specimens reared a few weeks later from a larva of the same host collected near Brownsville behaved in the same manner and also refused to attack larvae of two or three other species of Coccinellids including Cycloneda rubripennis Casey and Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus). This behavior seemed unaccountable, as usually Homalotylus females like all other Encyrtids handled by the writer have oviposited in captivity with much readiness when supplied with their customary host, yet it must be admitted that the parasites were not given a complete trial on account of the press of other work. In July of the same year (1915) a brood of Homa- lotylus californicus Girault was reared at Salt Lake City, Utah, from a larva that was considered at the time to belong probably to Hippo- damaa convergens Guérin, and a series of experiments was started with these females, which, although not complete, has more than the usual significance. Unfortunately no larvae of Hippodamia convergens were at hand for experimentation, but larvae of the following species were exposed to the parasites under close observation: Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), Hippodamia lecontet Mulsant, Hippodamia 5- signata uteana Casey, Hippodamia 5-signata ambiqua LeConte (from Oregon stock), Coccinella 5-notata Kirby, Coccinella 9-notata Herbst, Coccinella difficilis Crotch, Olla abdominalis (Say) (from Texas stock), and Naemia seriata (Melsheimer) (from Texas stock). Of all these possible hosts only Coccinella 5-notata and Coccinella difficilis proved attractive to the parasites, and the larvae of these two species were immediately parasitized when exposed to the females. The larvae of the other species were either entirely disregarded, or rejected by 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56. the females after being examined. A larva of Naemia seriata, how- ever, that had been rejected on July 26 was attacked and parasitized on the following day, after it had been kept over night in a vial with larvae of Coccinella 5-notaia, in the meantime evidently having absorbed some of the more attractive odor’ of the latter species. Another Naemia larva was rejected again, however, after being kept with larvae of this Coccinella. Although the larvae of Coccineila 5-notata and difficilis were imme- diately attacked when exposed to the Homalotylus, the results of parastism on the whole suggested the great probability that neither of these species was a customary host. Thus, out of the four larvae of 5-notata which were parasitized only one produced Homalotylus, two transformed into beetles, and one died in the pupal stage and showed no sign of parasitism when dissected. Only two larvae of dificilis were used in the experiments, one dying in the larval stage, the other in the pupal stage, without signs of parasitism in either case. On the other hand, the single larva of Naemia which was parasitized produced Homalotylus in due time, but Naemia does not occur in Utah and the species succumbed more because of weak resistance perhaps than because of adaptation to it on the part of the parasite. A similar case was observed at Whittier, California, in the summer of 1912, when the same species of Homalotylus was reared from Cheilo- menes sexmaculatus (Fabricius), an Indian species of Coccinellid, which the writer was attempting to establish in California at that time. Two parasitized larvae of this beetle were found on a walnut tree where the Coccinellids had been liberated previously and on which the larvae of Glia abdominalis were also abundant, the latter species probably serving as the usual host for the parasite. These observations and experiments have led the writer to believe in the existence of physiological races as noted above. Homalotylus has been reared also from Chrysomelid larvae on at least two different occasions, once in Europe as recorded by Francis Walker, and once in North America by George Dimmock. In the light of the above experiments it does not seem probable that a Homalotylus coming from a Coccinellid host would attack or at least successfully parasitize a Chrysomelid larva, when even closely related species of Coccinellids may be rejected or found resistant to parasitism. The forms parasit- izing Chrysomelids therefore are probably extreme physiological races, although in other respects they appear to be identical with the ordinary forms. Because of the difficulty in deciding about the identity of colora- tional forms the writer resorted to a study of the male genitalia in the hope of finding useful contributary characters, but without satisfac- tory results. Although minute differences could be detected they did not seem to present enough constancy among themselves nor any NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 14] striking variation from the same parts in obviously distinct species belonging to other groups of Homalotylus. The following key to the species of the faminius group, although based entirely on the female sex, will be found equally useful to separate the males, on account of the close similarity between the sexes. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FLAMINIUS GROUP. 1. Distal half of funicle and the club white or yellowish white................... 4. Funicle entirely blackish, except rarely the sixth joint, the club white. Head seen from in front noticeably longer than wide.................-.---.---- 6. Head seen from in front not appreciably longer than wide....................-. 33 2. Head and thorax greenish black or more rarely bluish black. 1. flaminius (Dalman), Head and most of thorax ferruginous or more or less miniacious, the mesoscutum Black S9e LEO OSEE SICH hd Swern Pers lls on 2. mirabilis (Bréthes). 3. Head yellowish brown, or if greenish with a bronzy luster...... 3. terminalis (Say). Head dark green or greenish black, with a metallic greenish luster. 4, californicus Girault. Spindle and bind: tarsi WHItG...2.0--2- cee ce oe Cie ce ee eek ee TOI 5. Middle tarsi yellowish white; the hind tarsi blackish brown. 5. mexicanus, new species. 5.” Mesoscutum and abdomen blackish brown; head and rest of body ferruginous; front and middle legs ferruginous, the hind legs dark brown...... 6. albitarsus Gahan. Body brown, the head pale yellowish, the legs paler brown..... 7. scymnit (Shimer). 1. HOMALOTYLUS FLAMINIUS (Dalman). Plate 38, figs. 2-4. Encyrtus flaminius Darman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 41, 1820, p. 340. Encyrtus eytelweinti Ratzesure, Ichn. der Forstins., vol. 1, 1844, p. 210. Encyrtus apicalis Rarzesurea, Ichn. der Forstins., vol. 3, 1848, p. 145 (not Dal- man, 1820). Homalotylus flaminius Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, 1876, p. 753.— Mast, Boll. Portici Lab., vol. 1, 1907, p. 288, fig. 42-43. Nobrimus flaminius Toomson, Hymen. Scand., vol. 4, 1876, p. 138. Nobrimus eitelweini Taomson, Hymen. Scand., vol. 4, 1876, p. 139. Homalotylus orci Girauur, New Javanese Hymenoptera, Washington, D. C., Mar., 1917, p. 3. Homalotylus microgausier Grrauut, Insec. Insc. Menst., vol. 5, Oct., 1917, p. 134. Female——Head subhemispherical, rather thin fronto-occipitally, about one-fifth longer than wide, as seen from the side the curvature nearly uniform from the oral to the vertical margin, thickest at or near the middle, the distance from the lower, inner corners of eyes to the antennal sockets being about equal to the distance from the lower, outer corners of eyes to the occipital margin; eyes moderate in size, elliptical in outline, fully twice as long as wide, strongly con- verging above so that the vertex is about one-half as wide as the face at the lower corners of eyes; ocelli in an acute-angled triangle, the lateral pair touching the eye-margin and nearly as far removed from the vertical margin as from the anterior ocellus; face hardly 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 56. protuberant between the antennal sockets, the rims of the latter flush with the surface of the face. Antennal scape linear with the lower margin slightly expanded as a narrow rim on the apical half, forming a slight groove on the exterior surface for the reception of the pedicel; the !atter nearly as long as the first two funicie joints combined; funicle joints decreasing slightly in length distad, the first about one-half longer than thick, rarely but little longer than thick, the sixth as thick as long; club slightly longer than the last three funicle joints combined, hardly thicker and obliquely truncate beneath. Thorax, abdomen, and legs as described under the generic heading; the ovipositor not protruded. Forewing with a broad more densely ciliated cross-band across the middle of the disk, the basal area proximad of the cross-band with weaker, paler cilia, or in large part bare, and the apical part beyond the band moderately thickly ciliated but enclosing between itself and the cross-band an oval spot of much weaker, paler cilia, variable in size, but always well separated from either margin of wing, the speculum narrow but distinct, origi- nating at the base of the stigmal vein and becoming lost at the middle of the disk in the bare area at base of wing. Head microscopically, punctulately shagreened, the punctures roundish, extremely close set and with slightly raised interspaces, the upper part of occuput similarly shagreened but rimosely, transversely striate with very fine raised lines instead of punctulate; face, frons, and vertex to much less degree also provided with shallow, rather small setigerous pin-punctures, which are scattered but rather numerous; pronotum and mesoscutum microscopically, closely reticulate, with numerous scattered, minute, setigerous punctures; axillae and scutellum sculptured like the fronto- vertex, but the microscopic punctures considerably deeper, producing a much more opaque effect, those on the axillae slightly larger, more oval, and transversely arrangea; propleura, prepectal plates, tegulae, and anterior half of mesopleura like the scutum, but the reticulations considerably coarser, the posterior half of mesopleura becoming longi- tudinally striate; metanotum transversely and very finely aciculate, the propodeum nearly smooth; abdomen coarsely, longitudinally reti- culate on the sides of the first tergite, transversely and more coarsely reticulate at the middle of the tergite, and becoming smooth on the anterior margin of the segment, the following segments especially the next two with a similar sculpture. Length, 1.21 to 2mm. Head dark olive green (R.) 1 with a strong but not brilliant metallic luster, rarely somewhat bluish black, the clypeal region up to the bases of the antennae somewhat brownish yellow; pronotum and mesoscutum greenish or more rarely bluish black with a metallic 1 An “TN. in this and the following descriptions implies that the color in question had been determined after comparison with Ridgway’s color piates in Color Standards and Nomenclature, Washington, D.C., 1912. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALOIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 1438 luster; axillae and scutellum dull, opaque black except when viewed at a strongly oblique angle from the sides or in front when a metallic luster appears; metanotum, propodeum, and abdomen black with a bluish or greenish luster; sides and underparts of thorax usually shining brownish yellow, but not rarely becoming entirely metallic black, more greenish on the propleura and rather strongly bluish on the mesopleura, in the intermediate forms the dark coloration appearing first on the posterior half of the mesopleura; tegulae ivory white with their apical margin black. Antennae black with a slight bluish metallic luster on the scape and pedicel, the funicle duller, often slightly brownish, the sixth joint varying to paler, not infre- quently becoming white or yellowish white like the club. Wings with a broad, brownish crossband across the middle, coterminous with the band of darker colored cilia described above, wider on the anterior margin, paler and narrower on the posterior margin, the apical margin of band itself shghtly convex and originating at the apex of the stigmal vein. Legs variable, the front and hind tarsi brownish or blackish, the middle tarsi and spur white or yellowish white, except in the typical European form, which has the coloration of the middle and hind tarsi reversed; in the paler forms the front coxae and femora and the middle femora are yellowish brown, the remaining parts, except the tarsi as noted above, dark brown or blackish, often with a metallic luster on middle coxae and the hind femora; in the darker forms the legs become entirely black or blackish with a more or less distinct metallic luster, with the exception of the white middle tarsi and spurs. Vestiture of head consisting of white, scattered subappressed, short hairs most numerous on the face and especially around the antennal sockets; pronotum and mesoscutum with a similar white pubescence, the axillae and scutellum with a darker colored pubescence; metapleura densely white pub- escent, the coxae of middle and hind legs similarly but considerably less densely pubescent. Male.—Hardly differs from female, but the band on the wings is not so deeply stained and the size averages smaller. Length, 1.45 to 1.83 mm. The following material all seems referable to flamimius: Series 1. One female reared from material of Pseudococeus citra (Risso), probably issuing from a larva of Hzochomus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus), Palermo, Sicily, June, 1914 (H. L. Viereck), California State Insectary No. 727B. Head metallic olive-green (R.), the upper parts of thorax and the abdomen black, the pronotum and mesoscu- tum with a greenish luster, the metanotum, propodeum, and abdomen with a slight bluish luster; oral margin of face, underparts of thorax and middle femora ochraceous tawny (R.); the front and middle coxae similar beneath, but metallic bluish above, the front femora 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. brownish, the rest of front legs and the hind legs brownish black with a slight bluish luster on the hind coxae and femora, the middle tibiae and spur dark brown, and middle tarsi white above but blackish beneath, the last two joimts brownish even above. First funicle joint slightly longer than thick, the following joints subequal and about as long as thick; postmarginal vein about a fifth longer than the stigmal. Length, 1.72 mm. Series 2. One female reared from material of Saissetia oleae (Ber- nard), actual host unknown, Cape Town, South Africa, March 15, 1907 (C. P. Lounsbury). Head invisible green (R.) with a metallic slightly bluish luster, pronotum and mesoscutum shining black, with a bluish green luster, axillae and scutellum opaque blackish, rest of thorax and the abdomen metallic blue-black; legs brownish black; the middle tibiae, front and hind tarsi and last two jomts of middle tarsi more brownish; the coxae, femora, and hind tibiae with a bluish luster, the spur of middle tibiae and the first three joints of middle tarsi yellowish white. First funicle jomt about a fourth longer than thick, the following joints gradually shortening, the sixth as thick as long; postmarginal vein slightly longer than the stigmal. Length, 2 mm. Series 3. One female, Swatow, China (A. Koebele). Colored like the Cape Town female, but the head slightly more bluish in luster, the notum slightly more greenish, the mesopleura not as deeply blue- black, the middle femora with apical half on outer surface brownish yellow, only the last jomt of middle tarsi brownish black and the last funicle joint brownish. First funicle joint about a sixth longer than thick and no longer than the second, the last two funicle jomts no longer than third; the postmarginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal. Length, 1.85 mm. Series 4. Eight females, two males, China (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 1200. Head metallic olive green, the notum greenish black, otherwise like the Swatow specimen, but the legs slightly more brownish with a less distinct bluish luster, the middle femora with a narrow yellowish or whitish annulus near the base, and the funicle of antennae more brownish, the last jot becoming yellowish at apex. First funicle joint nearly twice as long as thick, distinctly longer than the second, the following joints shortening but the sixth still slightly longer than thick; the postmarginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.94 to 1.98 mm.; length of male, 1.83 mm. Series 5. One male, China (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 1146. Head nearly sepia (R.) but darker with very little luster, the clypeal margin and a transverse spot above antennal sockets and between the lower corners of eyes cinnamon buff (R.), otherwise much like the preceding series except that the underparts of thorax, the abdomen, and legs are more brownish with but little or no bluish luster. First NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 145 funicle joint about a fourth longer than thick, following joints all shorter except the fourth, the sixth no longer than thick; the post- marginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal. Length, 1.45 mm. Series 6. Four females, one male reared from larvae of Coccinella repanda Thunberg, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, September, 1915 (J. C. Bridwell). Colored like series 4 (Koebele’s No. 1200), but the head darker green, the funicle blackish except the last joint, which is brownish, and the middle femora a little darker brown. First funicle joint about a fourth longer than thick and a little longer than the second, the last four funicle joints about as long as thick; post- marginal vein slightly shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.53 to 1.82 mm.; length of male, 1.49 mm. Series 7. One female, one male reared from larva of Coccinella kingi MacLeay, Australia (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 20. Head slightly bluish black with a weak luster, the postorbital region more greenish; notum of thorax dark greenish black, the underparts nearly bister (R.) with the posterior part of mesopleura nearly bluish black; abdomen bluish black; legs concolorous with pleura, the front femora, middle coxae and femora paler or about snuff brown (R.), the front coxae with a purplish luster beneath, middle tarsi except the last joint and the tibial spur yellowish white; scape bluish black, the pedicel and funicle brownish, the club yellowish white. First funicle joint a half longer than thick, the following joints gradually shorten- ing, the sixth about as long as thick; postmarginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.83 mm.; length of male, 1.67 mm. Series 8. Two females reared from larva of Verania frenaia (Erich- son), Australia (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 4. Colored practically as in the preceding series. Funicle joints all about equal and as long as thick, except that in one specimen the first jomt scems a trifle longer than thick; postmarginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal. Length, 1.21 to 1.24 mm. Series 9. One female, one male, reared from larvae of Orcus australasiae (Boisduval), Australia (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 2. Colored very nearly as in series 4 (Koebele’s No. 1200), but the sixth funicle joint entirely yellowish white and the middle femora a little more brownish. First funicle joint nearly a half longer than thick, the following joints shortening, the sixth about as long as thick; post- marginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.89; length of male, 1.63 mm. Series 10. Four females, one male reared from larvae of Orcus chalybeus (Boisduval), Australia (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 1. One female like the preceding series, the rest similar but the under- parts of thorax varying to cinnamon brown (K.), the middle femora 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——10 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. about buckthorn brown (R.), the middle tibiae a little darker, and the rest of the legs except the middle tarsi and spur brownish black with a slight bluish luster on the coxae. First funicle joint about a fourth longer than thick, the following joints about as long as thick; postmarginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.74 to 1.88; length of male, 1.51 mm. Series 11. Three females, one male reared from an Orcus species (the larval remains mounted with the parasites seem identical with those labeled O. australasiae under Koebele’s No. 2), Australia (A. Koebele). Like the preceding series except that the underparts of the thorax and the front and middle coxae and femora are ochra- ceous tawny (R.), the middle tibiae cinnamon brown (R.), the front tibiae and tarsi a little darker, the hind legs blackish brown, and all the coxae with bluish luster; but in two of the females the front legs, except the coxae and underside of femora, and the middle tibiae are concolorous with the hind legs. First two funicle joints a little longer than thick, the following joints about as long as thick; the postmarginal vein about as long as the stigmal. Length of female, 1.77 to 1.86; length of male, 1.63 mm. Series 12. Two females, two males reared from Orcus nummularis (Boisduval), Australia (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 47. Practically identical with the darker specimens of the preceding series. Length of female, 1.60 to 1.73; length of male, 1.55 mm. Series 13. Two females, one male reared (at Honolulu, Hawaii) from larva of Orcus lafertei Mulsant, Bundaberg, Queensland, De- cember 16, 1904 (A. Koebele and R. C. L. Perkins). Much like the preceding series, but the coxae are more bluish metallic and the mesoplura have a bluish luster. First two funicle joints about a fourth longer than thick, the following joints gradually shortening, the sixth about as long as thick; the postmarginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal. Length of female, 1.83 to 1.93; length of male, 1.76 mm. Series 14. Two females (cotypes of H. microgaster Girault), Austra- lia (A. Koebele). Practically identical with series 9. Length, 1.60 mm. Series 15. Two females (cotypes of H. orci Girault) reared from larva of Orcus janthinus Mulsant, Salatiga, Java. Colored much as in the preceding series, but the sixth funicle joint blackish. The first funicle joint about a half longer than thick, the following joints a little shorter but longer than thick; postmarginal vein about a third shorter than the stigmal. In ail or tne Australian series the head is slightly longer compared with the width, the scape narrower than usual, much as in terminalis of North America, and the pubescence of the face seems slightly longer and more abundant. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FPLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 147 Unfortunately the writer has been able to examine only one speci- men of flaminius from Europe, so that the identity of eytelweinii (Ratzeburg) could not be investigated fully. Obviously the two forms are much alike, flaminius being described as having the middle tarsi black, the hind tarsi and middle tibial spur white, and eytel- weinw as having the discoloration of the tarsi just reversed. Mayr considered them to be forms of one species, and apparently had examined intermediate specimens. The specimen in the hands of the writer may also be considered intermediate since the hind tarsi are black, the middle pair almost entirely blackish underneath, and the tibial spur dark brown or in part blackish. Nevertheless no such variation in the color of the tarsi has been observed in specimens from other parts of the world, the hind tarsi being uniformly dark and the middie pair white or pale yellowish in all specimens exam- ined from such remotely separated regions as South Africa, China, and Australia. Girauit’s species orci and microgaster can not be separated from flaminius, as they are based on too variable characters. The com- parative lengths of pedicel and first two funicle joints, of the stigmal and postmarginal veins, and the slight variations in color noted above can not be relied upon to distinguish species in this group. In gen- eral it may be said that in very small specimens the first funicle joint is usually no longer than thick, and becomes gradually longer with increase In size. Types.—Cat. No. 20674 (of microgaster Girault) and 20655 (of erci Girault), U.S.N.M. Table of measurements of flaminius. eee “Length| Length| Width Se- : | Length] of |Length| Width) Width ~°Rsta| “ene: of aa Locality. Collector. of | meso- of of of leaned forbs ltores | body. ie head. | head. |vertex.| 4 ona, wing. | wing. | | | AE ee mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 1 | Palermo, Sicily. .| Viereck......... 1.72; 0.63} 0.60} 0.55 | 0.115 1.32 1.54) 0.58 2| Cape Town, | Lounsbury....-. 2.00 - 69 | -68 “62 )¢ .126)} .; 91. 57 1.84 ak South Africa. | 3 | Swatow, China..| Koebele......... 1.83 64 64 -09 | .115.) 1.54 1.82 70 AP iGhina vee ee i5 jaetsae doses. Mt 1.94 7 . 69 -60} .136! 1.62 1.84 wal 6| Brisbane, | Bridwell........ 1.82 - 67 - 68 260 Jy 9-141) +1545 1.78 | - G6 Queensland. 7 | Australia........ prumorhelesgss 3-5. 1.83 - 66 | -67 261 | -.136 1.49 1.78 | . 66 Seen Ose eae jasond doses se 1.21 47 - 48 - 43 103 98 1.25 | 47 ea trast OD se See ee fa- =i do seeee. 1.89 - 63 68 56 122 1.45 1.73 | - 66 AZ a2222 MOSER a6 ese OS sae nae 1.61 58 - 60 -51 103 | 1.27 1.45 | . 56 13 | Bundaberg, ; Koebeie and 1.83 - 64 67 57 122; 1.40 1.67 | - 63 Queensland. Perkins, | \ | 2. ROMALOTYLUS MIRABILIS (Bréthes). Mendozaniella mirabilis BriruEs, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vol. 24, May; 1913¢ep., 98, fig. 7: This species is known to the writer only by description. In colora- tion it recalls certain forms of terminalis of North America, such as 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. series 9, described below, but the head is said to be one-sixth longer than wide, which would ally it more with the Old World forms of flaminius. It is recorded from Mendoza, Argentina. 3. HOMALOTYLUS TERMINALIS (Say). Serlion terminalis Say, Maclur. Lyc. Phil., vol. 2, 1828, p. 80. Scelio terminalis Cresson, Syn. Hym. No. Amer., 1887, p. 248. Homalotylus terminalis AsuMEAD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 378. Homalotylus obseurus Howarp, Bull. 5 (Old Series), Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1885, p. 22. ‘emale.—In structural characters similar to flaminius, but the head averages slightly wider as compared with the length, as seen from the side a little thicker or fully as thick on the lower half, the space between the lower corners of eyes and the antennal sockets usually considerably less than the space between the lower, outer corners of eyes and the occipital margin. Sculpture and pubescence practically as in faminius. Length, 1.33 to 2 mm. Head and underparts of thorax brownish yellow, the head usually with a bronzy, more rarely with a greenish luster, the mesopleura often suffused with brown and with a metallic somewhat bluish luster ; notum of thorax and the abdomen black, the scutum with a distinct greenish luster, the axillae and scutellum dull except when viewed at a very oblique angle from in front, the metanotum, propodeum, and abdomen usually with a bluish luster; or in paler variations the brownish yellow coloration may extend over all parts except the hind border of the pronotum, most of the mesoscutum and dorsum of ab- domen; tegulae white, the posterior half brown or blackish, or in some cases nearly entirely white. Antennae dark brown or black, the club yellowish white. Legs variable, in darker specimens mostly dark brown or blackish with the middle femora brownish yellow, the tibial spur and middle tarsi yellowish white; in paler specimens only the hind tibiae and tarsi brown or blackish, and the front tibiae and tarsi usually pale brown. Wings banded practically as in flamimius. Male.—Similar to the female, but with the wing markings less distinct. Length, 1.14 to 1.81 mm. The following material has been examined: Series 1. Two females (cotypes of H. obscurus Howard) reared from Coccinelline larvae, probably Cycloneda, Centerville, Florida, July 24 (H. G. Hubbard), Hubbard’s No. 46, Insectary No. 2308. Head and underparts of thorax ochraceous orange (K.), the frontovertex and face with a weak bronzy luster, the vertex suffused with brown, the postorbital region with a greenish luster; notum of thorax black with a greenish luster, the scutellum more brownish, the lateral margins of pronotum and mesoscutum like underparts; abdomen rather bluish black with the base brownish, the venter about antique brown (R.) with a bronzy luster; antennae except club dark brown; NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALOIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 149 lees ochraceous orange, the front and middle coxae somewhat brownish, the middle tibiae pale brown especially distad, the front and hind tibiae and tarsi rather dark brown, the spur and middle tarsi yellowish white. First funicle joint about a third longer again than thick, the following joints gradually shortening, the sixth no longer than wide; the postmarginal vein slightly shorter than the stigmal. Length, 1.77 to 1.96 mm. Series 2. Six females reared from a Coccinelline larva, Crescent City, Florida, May 25 (H. G. Hubbard), Hubbard’s No. 157). Sim- ilar to the preceding series, but the yellowish parts more suffused with brownish, the metallic luster stronger and present on the mesopleura, the notum entirely black, the venter of abdomen bronzy brownish black; legs darker, the coxae pale brownish with a purplish luster on the front pair, the middle tibiae brown, the front and hind femora a little darker brown, the front and hind tibiae and tarsi blackish brown. Leneth, 1.70 to 2 mm. Series 3. Six females, one male reared from a Cycloneda larva, Lakeland, Florida (G. G. Ainslie), Webster No. 5252 I. Head about raw sienna (R.) with a strong bronzy luster, the dorsal orbits of eyes and the vertex metallic dark vinaceous purple (8.); propleura like the face, the mesopleura shining, slightly metallic antique brown (R.); the venter bronzy bluish black; antennae black, except the club; legs brownish black, the front coxae with a purplish luster, the front femora somewhat yellowish brown, the middle femora about raw sienna, with a narrow annulus of purer yellow near the base. Otherwise like series 2, except that the first funicle joint is about a fourth longer than thick. Length of female, 1.67 to 1.82; length of male, 1.63 mm. Series 4. Four females, two males reared from a Coccinelline larva, Cayamas, Cuba (KE. A. Schwarz). Head with a strong green luster largely concealing the yellowish brown ground color except on the face; antennae, thorax, and legs as in series 3, except that the luster of the mesopleura is more bluish, the front and middle coxae with a strong purplish luster, the front and middle femora a little more yellowish, the latter with the annulus near the base indistinct, the tegulae almost entirely white, with a faint brownish spot near the apical inner corner; venter of abdomen about raw umber (R.) or more antique brown (R.) toward the base, and with a bronzy luster. First funicle joint about a fourth longer than thick; the postmarginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal. Length of female, 1.57 to 1.64; length of male, 1.25 to 1.40 mm. Series 5. Thirty-eight females, 29 males reared from larvae of Coleomegilla and Cycloneda, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba (George Dimmock), Dimmock Nos. 2226, 2230, 2235, and 2236. Practically the same as the preceding series, some of the specimens being a id0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. little darker, with more green on the frontovertex, the front femora brownish, and the venter of abdomen more nearly black. The males in both series generally paler, with the yellowish brown ground color of head more evident, and the middle femora more yellowish, but the venter of abdomen darker or blackish. Length of female, 1.33 to 1.79; length of male, 1.14 to 1.48 mm. Series 6. Hight females, six males reared from larva of Coleomegilla or collected on rubbish among oats, Brownsville, Texas, March to April, 1914 and 1915 (R. A. Vickery and P. H. Timberlake). Sim- ilar to series 3, but the head with a strong bronzy yellowish to dis- tinctly greenish luster, strongest on the vertex; the underparts of thorax a little brighter or generally more nearly raw sienna (R.) and usually without a metallic luster, although shiny; the venter of abdomen brownish black with a bronzy or bluish luster; front and middle femora concolorous with the pleura, the middle pair without a basal annulus, front and middle coxae brownish with a purplish luster, and the last two joints of middle tarsi blackish instead of the apical one only. First funicle joint about a third longer than thick; the postmarginal vein about three-fourths as long as the stigmal. Cength of female, 1.58 to 1.96; length of male, 1.40 to 1.81 mm. Series 7. Two females reared from a Coleomegilla larva, Browns- ville, Texas, June 10, 1915 (M. M. High). Like the preceding series but brighter in color, the head and underparts of thorax raw sienna (R.) with a slight greenish luster on the vertex only; venter of abdo- men antique brown (R.), suffused with raw umber (R.) medially and toward the base; the front coxae and femora concolorous with the pleura, the middle femora concolorous and with a pale yellowish annulus near the base; the middle and hind coxae and hind femora about antique brown. Postmarginal vein about as long as the stigmal. Length, 1.90 to 1.95 mm. Series 8. Three females, one male reared from a Coleomegilla larva, Brownsville, Texas, August 12, 1912 (HK. G. Smyth), Webster No. 6422. Similar to series 1, but the frontovertex with a weak greenish luster, the notum of thorax blacker, with the greenish luster more distinct, the underparts of thorax and of abdomen raw siennna (R.) somewhat more brownish on the venter, the dorsum of abdomen bluish black, the base not paler but the apex yellowish brown, and the antennae and hind tibiae blacker. Length of female, 1.64 to 1.73; length of male, 1.40 mm. Series 9. Seven females, one male reared from a Coleomegilla larva, Brownsville, Texas, July 24, 1912 (E. G. Smyth), Webster No. 6422. Elead Kaiser brown (R.) but more yellowish on the occiput, the vertex slightly bronzy metallic; the underparts of the thorax and abdomen raw sienna (R.), shining but hardly metallic; the most of pronotum, the sides of mesocutum and posterior margin except xo. 2298. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKH. 151 medially, the axillae and scutellum about antique brown (R.) with a bronzy luster; the collar of pronotum except the sides and the rest of the mesoscutum blackish with a green luster; the metanotum, propodeum and dorsum of abdomen black with a bluish or in part greenish luster, the apical tergite of the abdomen concolorous with the venter; legs as in series 1; the antennae similar, but the scape yellowish brown on the inner side of the basal half. First funicle joint about a third longer than thick; the postmarginal vein nearly a third shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.63 to 1.75; length of male, 1.41 mm. Series 10. One male reared from larva of Anatis quindecompunc- tata (Olivier), Reading, Pennsylvania, July 29, 1886 (F. G. Dwight), Insectary No. 4570. Head and underparts of thorax raw sienna (R.), the vertex and occiput considerably darker, and a distinct greenish luster present on the frontovertex and postorbital region; the pro- notum and mesonotum brownish black with a green luster, the declivous sides of the scutellum brownish yellow; metanotum and abdomen black with a bluish luster; antennae except club dark brown; legs concolorous with underparts, the hind coxae brown with a purplish luster, the hind tibiae and tarsi brown. First funicle joint about a fourth longer than thick; the postmarginal vein about as long as the stigmal. Length, 1.67 mm. Say’s brief description of terminalis applies only to obscurus Howard, as the characters, ‘‘head yellowish, antennae blackish, terminal joint white” effectually eliminate all other North American species or ° forms belonging to this group. The species seems to be fairly dis- tinct from flaminius in the shape of the head, although merging with it in coloration through the subspecies californicus Girault. This considerably greater range in coloration oi terminalis is characteristic of many North American Hymenoptera as compared with the corre- sponding species or genera of the Old World. Type.—Cat No. 2648, U.S.N.M. of obscurus Howard). Table of measurements of terminalis. | | | | | |wiat | Width | | ri eo ‘ | | Length ‘ sgt Length/Width x ee jLength | Length wae mane | Locality. | Collector. of Rete 0 te OFF 5) Seeds of an- | of fore- fore “| | body. | tum, | bead. | head. eax | tenna. | wing. wing, | eee f Bites | a mm, | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. mm. mm. 1 | Centerville, Florida.! Hubbard....| 1.96] 0.65 0.63 |. 0.62 | 0.132 1.47 1.7 0. 62 2 | Crescent City, Flor- |....- DOr eel LO ily «63 63 58 | .122 1.45 1.69 -61 ida. | | 3 | Lakeland, Florida...; Ainslie....-. 1.81 . 66 -66) .60/ .130/ 1.44 Vester -61 4 | Cayamas, Cuba.....| Schwarz..... 1.64) .61 -61 25514 1205) A841) 1256 -59 5 | Santiago de las Ve- | Dimmock... 1579. 361 61 sTyLe | Wagner 1aon: 61 gas, Cuba. | | | 6 | Brownsyille, Texas.| Timberlake.| 1.73 - 62 363 | ~edtaly oko. Ladi Obs. 69 fal eke ae ote See iies S220 High. 3socke [CeadsG0sle \c63 64 59 | .130| 1.43 | 1.68 62 Sule nce (CSR GAB e sence Smyth..-. =. 1.68 55 .58 Ba eA at do 1.51 - 56 ONS dost stsis. Shit fads do. 1.72 60 . 60 56 127; 1.34) 1.58 .58 | | 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. 4. HOMALOTYLUS TERMINALIS CALIFORNICUS Girault. Plate 38, fig. 1. Homalotylus obscurus californicus Girauutr, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, Oct., 1915, p. 274. Homalotylus terminalis DiumocxK, Proc. Entom. Soc. Wash., vol. 4, Mar., 1898, p. 149.—AsuMeEap (part), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, June, 1900, p. 378. Female.—In structural characters, sculpture, and pubescence agree- ing throughout with terminalis (Say), except that the head averages still wider as compared with the length and the antennal scape is slightly wider. Length, 1.28 to 2.26 mm. Coloration as in flaminius (Dalman) and uwndergomg the same variations, except that the tibial spur and middle tarsi are always yellowish white, the hind tarsi always brown or blackish, and the luster apparently never bluish on the head and notum. Male.—Like the female, except that the markings on the wings are paler and the size averages smaller. Length, 1.38 to 2.15 mm. The following material has been examined: Series 1. Sixteen females, two males (including four female cotypes) reared from a larva and pupa of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) (an oriental Coccinellid which was liberated in considerable numbers during 1912 in California), Whittier, California, July 12, 1912 (P. H. Timberlake). Head deep siate olive (R.) with a metallic luster, the oral margin brownish yellow; pronotum and mesonotum black with ‘a greenish luster, underparts of thorax antique brown (R.), suffused with raw umber (R.) and with a bluish or purplish luster, especially on the posterior half of the mesopleura; antennae black, the scape slightly bluish metallic, the club and more or less of the sixth funicle joimt in most of the specimens yellowish white; front and hind legs and middle coxae mostly brownish black with a bluish or purplish luster, espe- cially on the coxae, the front femora considerably browner; middle femora about raw sienna (R.) and with a pale yellowish annulus near the base; middle tibiae dark brown, the spur and the middle tarsi except the last two joints yellowish white. Funicle unusually short, the joints subequal, the first joint in most of the specimens no longer than thick; the postmarginal vein about a fourth shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.28 to 1.57; length of male, 1.38 mm. Series 2. Six females, two males reared from larvae of Adalia bipunctata (Linneeus), Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17 to September 13, 1913 (P. H. Timberlake). Similar to the preceding series, but the head somewhat brighter green, the underparts of thorax purer antique brown (R.), being darker and metallic only on the posterior margin of the mesopleura; the last funicle jomt slightly more brown- ish than the other joints, but not whitish; middle femora more NO. 2293, PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 158 antique brown and without an annulus at the base, the front femora nearly concolorous with the middle pair, but darker on the inner surface with a purplish luster, the hind femora not so black or about “concolorous with the middle tibiae. First funicle joint about a third longer than thick, the following joints shortening, so that the sixth is no longer than thick; the postmarginal vein as in the preced- ing series. Length of female, 1.57 to 1.89; length of male, 1.61 to 1.76 mm. Series 3. Four males reared from larva of Coccinella quinquenotata Kirby, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 19, 1912 (P. H. Timberlake). Like the preceding series, but the last funicle jomt is pale brownish, the middle femora more raw sienna (R.), the hind femora blacker, and the fourth joint of middle tarsi nearly white. First funicle jomt but slightly longer than thick. Length, 1.40 to 1.50 mm. Series 4. One female, Salt Lake City, Utah (C. N. Ainshe), Webster No. 5595. Coloration practically as in series 2, but the first funicle joint is only slightly longer than thick and the postmarginal vein is nearly as long as the stigmai. Length, 2.09 mm. Series 5. Six females, two males reared from larvae of Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, Arlington, Massachusetts, August, 1885 (George Dimmock), Dimmock’s No. 731c. Similar to series 2, but the oral margin of face and underparts of thorax slightly brighter or more nearly raw sienna (R.) suffused with antique brown (R.) and slightly metallic; abdomen with a stronger bluish green luster, still more greenish on the venter; the last funicle joint of male partly whitish; the front and middle femora raw sienna, the middle tibiae and hind legs browner, and only the last joint of middle tarsi blackish. First funicle joint nearly a half longer again than thick; the post- marginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal. Length of female, 1.66 to 2.03; length of male, 1.77 mm. Series 6. Three females reared from larva of Disonycha species on willow, Springfield, Massachusetts (George Dimmock), Dimmock’s No. 2206. Nearly identical with the preceding series, but the under- parts of thorax darker or more antique brown (R.), the luster of mesopleura a little more distinct and the hind legs blacker. The postmarginal vein about a fourth shorter than the stigmal. Length, 1.99 to 2.06 mm. Series 7. Three females, one male reared from a Coccinelline larva, probably Indiana or Ohio (Herbert Osborn). Like series 5 but not so dark, the raw sienna on oral margin extending upward on face above antennal sockets and with a bronzy luster; the underparts of thorax, front and middle coxae, and femora raw sienna (R.); the rest of legs except tibial spur and middle tarsi dark brown, the middle tibiae and hind femora more yellowish brown; last funicle joint in 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vor. 5t. one female partly whitish, and in the male yellowish white. lirst funicle joint about a fourth longer again than thick; the postmarginal vein a little shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 1.66 to 1.67; length of male, 1.39 mm. : Series 8. Two females reared from a larva of Coccinella novem- notata Herbst, Cabin John Bridge, Maryland, June 25, 1900 (F. H. Chittenden). Nearly identical with series 5, but the abdomen with a bluish luster above, and a distinctly greenish luster on the venter. Length, 1.99 to 2.19 mm. Series 9. Three females reared from a Coccinelline larva, Spartan- burg, South Carolina, June 1, 1908 (G. G. Ainslie), Webster No. 4811— 12. Like the preceding series but the head darker green, with the luster more bronzy green and becoming about taupe brown (R.) on the vertex in two of the specimens. The postmarginal vein about a fourth shorter than the stigmal. Length, 1.80 to 1.85 mm. Series 10. Five females, one male reared from larva of Hippodamia convergens Guérin, June 28-29, 1896, Insectary No. 46°. Similar to series 7, but the mesopleura antique brown (R.) and the luster of venter more bluish in most of the specimens. First funicle joint about a half longer again than thick; the postmarginal vein about a fourth shorter than the stigmal. Length of female, 2.20 to 2.26; length of male, 2.15 mm. Series 11. One female, Washington City. Practically identical with series 8. Length, 1.79 mm. Series 12. One female, District of Columbia. Head about sea brown (R.) with a bronzy purplish luster, the postorbital region with a greenish luster; oral margin of face, the cheeks and lower half of occiput nearly raw sienna (R.); underparts of thorax antique brown (R.) with the posterior part of the mesopleura much darker and with a strong bluish or purplish luster; abdomen bluish black above, the venter greenish in luster; antennae blackish except the club; front and middle legs except the tibiae and tarsi antique brown, the front tibiae and tarsi and hind legs brownish black, the front tibiae and all the coxae with a purplish luster; middle tibiae dark brown: the tibial spur and middle tarsi except the last joint pale yellowish brown but probably more whitish in life. First funicle jomt about a third longer again than thick; the postmarginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal. Length, 1.99 mm. Californicus apparently intergrades through series 7 and 10 with terminalis (Say) and it seems best to consider it a subspecies. On the whole it occupies a more northern section of the country than terminalis, and has preserved the faminius type of coloration. Type.—Cat. No. 19338, U.S.N.M. NO. 2298. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIHS—TIMBERLAKE. 155 Table of measurements of californicus. : yen 74 733 ATs 3 Se- Length a iat Length} Width an Lengtb| Length widts Ae Locality. Collector. OP er of | ver. | ofan- | of fore- fore: 5 body. ina head. | head. tex, | tenna. | wing. 1 wing. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 1 | Whittier, California. eta 1.50 | 0.52) 0.52] 0.51 | 0.117 1.17 1.45 0.56 2 “Ue eke City, chee do. s522 2 1.89 . 67 . 67 -65 | .188 1.50 1.83 -70 aa Agee es Ol eroscc wigs ois Sia C.N.A lie 2.09; .65 . 64 -62) .144 1.48 1.82 72 5 igen, Massa- | Dimmock...! 2.03 73 . 68 -68 |} .155 1.59 1.86 - 70 chusetts. 6 | Springfield, Massa- |..... do. 1.99 73 ay il 369 4) #2153 1.60 1.93 74 chusetts. | @ | Indiana-(7):.2c4. S25. Osborn...... 1.75 |. 63 . 60 -60 | .134 1.32 1.64 61 8 | Cabin John Bridge, | Chittenden..| 2.19 = ait -66 | .145 1.59 1.87 ot Maryland. | 9 Beareibure, South | G.G. Ainslie} 1.80! .68 - 66 “62 134 151 1.76 . 65 Carolina. | 10 | Unknown. . Unknown...| 2.20 oth .73 On| 3 150 1.61 1.60 ah 12 | District of Columbia. |.....do- 1.90 fs G4) |. 564) 065 |. ...J52)|-< 1. 53)|. 76 shen an ie 5. HOMALOTYLUS MEXICANUS, new species. Plate 38, fig. 5. Female.—Agreeing closely in structural characters with flaminius (Dalman) and terminalis (Say), the head more like the former species although not quite so long as compared with the width, and thickest fronto-occipitally just opposite the middle of the eyes. Antennal scape slender as in terminalis, the pedicel one-third longer again than the first funicle joint; funicle joints all longer than thick, the first joint fully twice as long as thick, the following three about a half longer again than thick, the last two slightly shorter than the preceding; club not quite as long as the three preceding joints com- bined. Postmarginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal. Length of body, 1.73; length of head, 0.585; width of head, 0.545; width of vertex, 0.129; length of eye, 0.47; width of eye, 0.26; length of antenna, 1.51; width of mesoscutum, 0.59; length of forewing, 1.49; width of forewing, 0.545 mm. Head, underparts of thorax, most of pronotum, and venter of abdomen about raw sienna (R.), the frontovertex and face shiny with a slight bronzy luster, the postorbital region slightly greenish; collar of pronotum and mesoscutum brownish black with a slight greenish luster; axillae buckthorn brown (R.), the scutellum yellow ocher (R.); mesoscutum, propodeum, and dorsum of abdomen shining blackish brown; tegulae white with posterior margin blackish brown. Antenna brownish black, with the last two funicle joints and the club yellowish white. Front and middle coxae, femora and middle tibiae yellow ocher (R.), the coxae and front femora slightly suffused with brownish, the basal half of middle tibiae considerably more brownish; the front tibiae and tarsi, and hind coxae and femora on outer side rather pale yellowish brown; hind 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. legs otherwise dark brown; spur of middle tibiae yellowish white, the middle tarsi about warm buff (R.), the last joint blackish, and the fourth joint slightly brownish. Wings banded as in flaminius or terminalis. Pubescence of scutellum blackish, of the head, mesoscutum and metapleura silvery white. Male.—Not known. Described from two females (type and paratype) reared from material of Ceroputo yuccae (Coquillett) on agave, Guadalajara, Mexico, November 10, 14, 1894 (C. H. T. Townsend), Townsend No. 33, Insectary No. 5726. Both specimens have been partially eaten by museum pests and the head of the paratype is missing. Type.—Cat. No. 22034, U.S.N.M. 6. HOMALOTYLUS ALEITARSUS Gahan. Homalotylus albitarsus GAsAN, Canad. Entom., vol. 42, June, 1910, p. 206. Female.—Agreeing closely with other forms of the flaminwis group, the head being slightly longer than wide, the vertex a little wider than in mexicanus, and the ocelli very nearly in an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape more flattened than in mexicanus, a little expanded toward the apex and grooved beneath; first funicle joint about two-thirds as long as the pedicel and nearly a half longer again than thick, the following joints slightly shorter than the first, and all except the sixth a trifle longer than thick. Stigmal and postmarginal veins nearly equal in length, the angle between them very acute, the stigmal slender and slightly enlarged at apex. Sculpture and pubescence as in mexicanus, but the frontovertex more opaque and the postorbital region smooth. Length, 1.50 mm. Head, pronotum, axillae and scutellum about amber brown (K.), the head being a little paler and with a slight greenish luster on post- orbital region; the underparts of thorax somewhat more yeilowisn; mesoscutum and abdomen blackish brown, the scutum with a slight metallic luster, the first tergite of abdomen a little more yellowish. Antennae blackish brown, the fourth funicle joint fading into whitish on the inner side at apex, the following funicle joints and club white. Front coxae and femora, most of middle legs, hind coxae and lower margin narrowly of hind femora concolorous with the pleura; front tibiae and tarsi pale brown; most of hind femora and hind tibiae blackish brown; middle and hind tarsi white, with the last joint brownish; the spur of middle tibiae yellowish white. Wings banded as in other species of the faminius group. Pubescence as in mesi- CaNUS. Male.—Not known. Redescribed from two females (type and paratype) reared from an unknown Coccinellid larva, Washington County, Maryland, August 2, 1898. Type.—Cat. No. 13223, U.S.N.M. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 157 7. HOMALOTYLUS SCYMNI (Shimer). Hutelus ? scymnae Sumer, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., vol. 2, Nov., 1869, p. 385. This species remains unknown to the writer. The description suggests albitarsus Gahan, but there seems to be enough difference to avoid synonymizing the latter species at least for the present. Ash- mead, however, synonymized the species with terminalis (Say), on apparently insufficient evidence. Doctor Shimer reared his speci- men from the larva of a Scymnus species feeding on Ohermes pinicor- ticis (Fitch), probably at Mount Carroll, Illinois. VICINUS GROUP. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE VICINUS GROUP. Pvead.longenthany wide, ‘oval in outline =: 24 sic. cace! obec ecepe eset agen 2 Head seen from in front hardly longer than wide, or nearly circular in outline; head and scutellum orange rufous, the mesoscutum greenish black, legs dark, blackish brown, the hind tarsi and three middle joints of middle tarsi white. 8. quaylei, new species. suiiend and. body motventirelyblack.)\:.200) dic sb bGe to oad ogame we lc eee 3 Head and body black with green and bluish luster, legs black, the hind tarsi, and the three middle joints of the middle tarsi white, antennae prac the aan and to 3. Head and Beweatineh Cadmniies yellow, the fesoscutum and Ababmen preemie black; front legs and middle tibiae pale brown, the middle femora, middle and hind tarsi whitish, the hind femora and tibiae blackish, antennae black, the club and last three or four funicle joints yellowish white. .10. oculatus (Girault). General color more or less dark castaneous, the mesoscutum blackish with a greenish luster, the scutellum opaque black; legs castaneous with front and middle coxae, base of front and middle femora, and the hind legs blackish, middle tibial spur yellowish white, the three middle joints of middle tarsi and the hind tarsi except apical joint white, the lower margin of hind femora distally pale yellow- ish; antennae black or blackish, the club white........... 11. vicinus Silvestri. 8. HOMALOTYLUS QUAYLE, new species. Plate 39, fig. 9. Female.—Head in frontal view very nearly circular in outline, being a trifle longer than wide; the dorsal orbits of eyes sconce converging posteriorly so that he width of the vertex at the posterior ocelli & lend than half that of the face at the lower corners of eyes; ocelli placed in a strongly acute-angled triangle, the posterior pair about one-third nearer the occipital margin cha to the median ocellus; eyes slightly longer than in H. flaminius, and the head in side oe somewhat thicker, being thickest below the middle instead of at the middle; face slightly protuberant between the bases of the antennae (the latter broken off in the unique type). Mandibles with moderately long teeth, the middle one slightly longer than the ventral and less acute, the inner or dorsal tooth shortest, distinctly not forming a subtruncate edge with the middle tooth, as the emar- 158 ' PRUCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. gination between them is distinct. Thorax and abdomen normal for genus, the ovipositor prominently protruded, the exserted por- tion about equal to one half the length of abdomen. Wings much as in H. flaminius, the subbasal area of hyaline cilia much narrower, the dark area at extreme base larger, the median fascia broader, its apical margin extending considerably beyond the apex of the vena- tion and distinctly transversely truncate; the oval hyaline area reaching nearly to either margin of wing, the apical area of dark cilia only about a third wider again than the preceding hyaline spot instead of about twice as wide as in H. flaminius; the postmarginal almost as long as the stigmal vem. In other structural respects and in regard to the sculpture practically as in H. flaminius, except that the punctures on the front are rather less numerous and not so distinctly impressed. Length of body, 1.76; length of head, 0.59; width of heat, 0.545; width of vertex, 0.103; length of eye, 0.51; width of eye, 0.265; width of mesoscutum, 0.60; length of forewing, 1.41; width of forewing, 0.535; length of ovipositor, 0.305 mm. Head, pronotum, axillae, and scutellum orange rufous (R.), the vertex dusky and together with the frons slightly greenish metallic, the head otherwise mostly bronzy in luster, the pronotum narrowly greenish black along its posterior margin, mesoscutum distinctly greenish black with a strong luster; metanotum, propodeum, and abdomen slightly bluish black, the dorsum of abdomen. with an iridescent luster; propleura, sternum, prepectal plates and anterior margin of mesopleura concolorous with pronotum but slightly more yellowish, the mesopleura otherwise shining clove brown (R.); tegulae white with the posterior margin dark brown. Antennae (according to field notes of Prof. H. J. Quayle) black or brownish black with the last funicle joint and club white. Legs rather dark or bluish brown, the front coxae and femora concolorous with pro- pleura, the femora being a little duskier, middle femora paler brown with a tinge of yellowish, the middle tibial spurs dilutely brownish, second and fourth joint of middle tarsi and the apex of the first joint yellowish white; hind femora with a bluish luster and a nar- row streak of yellow on their posterior margin except on the basal third, the hind tibiae more nearly black, the hind tarsi yellowish white except the last joint and the extreme base of the first joint. The broad fascia of wings deeply pigmented, as also the triangular dark spot at base; the apex of disk beyond the oval hyaline spot slightly pigmented but more evidently so than in other species. Exserted part of ovipositor yellowish, the apex becoming dusky Pubescence on head whitish, on mesoscutum pale brownish, on scutel- lum black, and on the metapleura silvery white. Described from one female reared from citrus mealy bug material (Pseudococcus citri Risso), in August, 1913, Sicily, Italy (H. J. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALOIDOID FLIES--TIMBERLAKE., 159 Quayle), Quayle’s No. 9. The specimen without doubt issued from an unnoticed Coccinellid host. Type.—Cat. No. 22035, U.S.N.M. 3. HOMALOTYLUS AFRICANUS, new species. Female.—Head shaped nearly as in H. flaminius, but a little narrower, being distinctly although but little longer than wide, the sides more convex; as seen from in front appearing broadly oval; eyes proportionately longer than wide as compared with H. flaminius; the dorsal orbits strongly converging posteriorly, so that the vertex at the posterior ocelli is considerably less than half of the width of the space between the lower corners of eyes; ocelli in a very acute- angled triangle, the posterior pair touching the eye-margin, and nearly as far removed (about four-fifths as far) from the occipital margin as from the median ocellus; face slightly protuberant between the bases of the antennae. Scape linear, compressed, not at all dilated; pedicel as long as the first and three-fourths of the second funicle joint combined; funicle joints decreasing slightly in length distad, the first about one-half longer again than wide, the sixth about one-fourth longer again than wide; club equal to the last three funicle joints combined. Mandibular dentition as in A. quaylei. Thorax and abdomen proctically as in H. flaminius but less robust and the ovipositor protruded for a length about equal to one-half that of abdomen. Wings rather small and narrow, only one-third of forewing projecting beyond apex of abdomen, otherwise very nearly as in H. quaylei except that the subapical oval hyaline spot is some- what smaller and not quite so close to apex of disk; the postmarginal vein equal to the stigmal in length. Otherwise in regard to struc- tural characters like H. flaminius; sculpture the same except the frontovertex of head is noticeably more shining, and the pin-pune- tures are rather smaller and sparser, but distinct. Length of body, 1.72 (to 2.23); length of head, 0.59; width of head, 0.52; width of vertex, 0.101; length of eye, 0.505; width of eye, 0.244; length of antennae, 1.35; width of mesoscutum, 0.545; length of forewing, 1.34; width of forewing, 0.47; length of ovipositor, 0.30 mm. Head metailic, shiny, dark cress green (R.); the face and oral margin sometimes suffused with yellowish brown in certain lights; thorax and abdomen bluish black, the pronotum and mesoscutum greenish black, all parts except the axillae and scutellum more or less metallic shining, the dorsum of abdomen iridescent metallic, the pleura and sternum of thorax in some specimens appearing shehtly suffused with yellowish brown in bright light; tegulae white with the posterior margin blackish. Antennae black, becoming duller distad, the last funicle joint varying from blackish to yellowish white like the club. Legs black with a slight bluish luster on the coxae and 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. femora, the middle tibial spur pale brownish; the front tarsi blackish brown, middle pair yellowish white on third and fourth joint, some- times also on the second and even on apex of first, otherwise blackish brown, hind pair yellowish white except on last joint and first extreme base of the first joint. Wings banded as in H. quayle: except as otherwise noted above. Exserted part of ovipositor sheaths pale brown. Pubescence on head whitish, on metapleura and hind coxae silvery white, and on the notum of thorax blackish and inconspicuous. Male.—Similar to the female, except that the scape has a shallow notch just beyond the middle on the upperside. Length of body, 1.68 mm. Described from five females, two males (type, allotype, and para- types a to e) reared from Pseudocoecus material, undoubtedly from a Coccinellid larva, Cape Town, South Africa. (Labeled, “bred from Dactylopius or Coccinellid”.) The manuscript name applied by Dr. Ashmead has been adopted for tiis species. Type.—Cat. No. 22036, U.S.N.M. 19. HOMALOTYLUS GCULATUS (Girault). Plate 39, fig. 10. Hemaenasoidea oculata Girauut, Annals Entom. Soc. Amer., vol. 9, Oct., 1916, p. 308. Female.—Head shaped as in H. africanus yet distinctly more nar- rowly oval in outline as viewed from in front, being about one-fifth longer than wide; convergence of dorsal orbits and position of ocelli as in H. africanus; face slightly protuberant between antennal bases. Scape linear and compressed, not dilated; pedicel as long as the first and three-fourths of the second funiele joint; first funicle joint nearly a half longer again than thick, the rest gradually shortening, the sixth only a little longer than thick; club about equal to the last three funicle joints combined; mandibular dentition approximately as in H. africanus. Thorax and abdomen of normal structure, the ovi- positor protruded for a length about equal to one-half that of abdomen. Wings practically as in H. africanus, except that the medial cross- band is a trifle wider and reaches slightly farther beyond apex of venation, the subapical hyaline oval spot rather small and about equal to one-half or a little less than half the width of the intervening space to apex of disk; the postmarginal vein equal to the stigmal vein. In other structural details similar to H. flaminius, quaylet, ete.; the sculpture on the head, axillae and scutellum considerably finer and more alutaceous, the pin punctures on head evanescent and hardly evident without the closest scrutiny; sculpture of the other parts of the body not differing noticeably from that of H. faminius, although finer on abdomen. Length of body, (1.48 to) 1.65; length of head, 0.57; width of head, 0.48; width of vertex, 0.096; length of eye, 0.48; NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 161 width of eye, 0.235; length of antenna, 1.19; width of mesoscutum, 0.54; length of forewing, 1.43; width of forewing, 0.535; length of ovipositor, 0.30 mm. Scutellum and most of prothorax cadmium yellow (K.), the head somewhat paler or light cadmium yellow (R.) suffused with deeper yellow or brownish at the vertex; pronotum, except on the sides, and the mesoscutum greenish black, with a metallic luster, axillae dark red- dish brown or more or less brown medially, otherwise like scutellum, metanotum and propodeum purer shining black; anterior corner of mesopleura cadmium yellow shading gradually into blackish brown on the remaining part which is shining but hardly metallic; tegulae white with the posterior margin broadly dark brown; abdomen black, appearing slightly bluish in certain lights, or iridescent metallic in others, the venter duller and more brownish; ovipositor sheaths pale cadmium yellow with apex blackish brown. Antennae blackish rown shading into yellowish white or pale yellow on distal half of flagellum, the last three funicle joints pale and the preceding joint also in some specimens. Ail the coxae dark brown or blackish brown, the front pair somewhat suffused with brownish yellow; front femora brownish yellow, the tibiae and tarsi brownish black; middle legs (except coxae) yellowish white with the tibiae pale brown, darker along upper margin; hind femora blackish brown with the lower margin narrowly yellowish, or entirely brownish yellow, darker at base and more yellowish toward apex and along inferior margin, the tibiae blackish, and the hind tarsi yellowish white with the last joint somewhat brownish. Wings banded asin /7/. flaminius except as noted above. Pubescence on head very fine, and silky, whitish in color; on the pronotum and scutum rather abundant, conspicuous, silvery white in color, on the scutelium appearing whitish in certain lights, but in others blackish, the apex furnished with about three or four longer hairs on each side, which are suberect and inclined inward to inclose a quadrate bare spot; metapleura and hind coxae furnished with usual appressed silvery white pubescence. Male.—Similar to the female except that the scape has a rather deep, rounded notch or emargination just beyond the middle on the upper margin. The coloration of the single specimen is slightly paler than in any of the females, as the axillae are practically entirely concolorous with the scutellum, the mesopleura more brownish, and the middle tibiae yellow instead of pale brown. Length of body, 1.57 mm. Redescribed from three females and one male reared from larvae of Scymnus bipunctatus Kugelann, Manila, Philippine Islands (H. S. Smith and D. T. Fullaway). The host may not be correctly de- 115690—19—Proe.N.M.vol.566— ad 162 PROCHREDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, termined, but is a common species at Manila and has been introduced thence to California as an enemy of Pseudococcus citra (Risso). The type female of Hemaenasoidea oculata Giravlt also examined. This species is most closely related to H. vicinus Silvestri and the male has a peculiar notch on the upper margin of the scape as in that species, although rather better developed. Type.—Cat. No. 19949, U.S.N.M. 11, HOMALOTYLUS VICINUS Silvestri. Homalotylus vicinus Sttvesrei, Boll. Portici Lab., vol. 9, Feb., 1915, p. 293. figs. 50-61. This species has not been seen by the writer. It was reared by Silvestri from the larva of a Scymnine, Nephus vetustus Weise, at Nefasit, Eritrea, Africa. COCKERELLI GROUP. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE COCKERELLI GROUP. 1. Head dark colored, diamine brown or raw umber, with a distinct metallic luster. .4 Haed hrownish vellow with the metallic luster weak or absent.........-...---- 2 2. Frontovertex with an evanescent metallic luster; pubescence of scutellum dark colored; ovipositor not over a third as long as the abdomen.........-.--..--- 3 Frontovertex not at all metallic; scutellum with a pale pubescence; ovipositor over one-half as long as the abdomen; head and underparts of thorax ochraceous orange, the scutellum and axillae cadmium yellow, the mesoscutum dark brown to blackish with a greenish luster centrally; antennae black. the club and pre- ceding joint white; front and middle legs and hind tarsi pale yellowish, hind legs otherwise dark brown or blackish except base of femora and the coxae. 12. cockerelli, new species. 3. Ovipositor about one-third as long as abdomen; coloration nearly as in cockerelli; antennae black, the club white; legs dark brown or blackish with the coxae, front and middle femora yellowish, the spur of middle tibiae and the middle tarss "yellowish: witltes”..22 52.320 tl seca eee sees er ers 13. affinis, new species. Ovipositor about one-fourth as long as abdomen; coloration nearly as in the two preceding species; antennae black with club and preceding joint white, legs paler than in afinis, the hind tibiae only remaining dark brown. 14. brevicauda, new species. 4. Ovipositor fully one-half as long as abdomen; front moderately punctate; teeth of mandibles short; head raw umber with a strong bronzy metallic luster, mesos- cutum metallic greenish black, the scutellum yellowish; front and hind legs dark brown or blackish, the front tarsi pale brown; middle legs and also sometimes the front femora brownish yellow, the tibiae paler apically, the spur and tarsi, except last joint, pale yellowish; antennae black, the last funicle joint and. Gl D WIIG <2 ot. Se se eye cer Geis = Set era 15. hyperaspidis, new species. Ovipositor about one-third as long as abdomen; front unusually thickly punctate; teeth of mandibles rather long; head diamine brown, the metallic luster not strong, thorax as in hyperaspidis but the scutellum more ferruginous; front and hind legs dark brown with a strong metallic purplish luster on front femora, middle legs yellowish brown, the tibial spur and tarsi pale yellowish; antennae black, the last two funicle joints and club yellowish white. 16. punctifrons, new species. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 163 12. HOMALOTYLUS COCKERELLI, new species. Plate 39, fig. 6. Female.—Head in general shape much as in J. flaminius, being a trifle (about one-thirteenth by measurement) longer than wide, and widest across the middle of the eyes; dorsal orbits not strongly convergent behind, the width of vertex at the posterior ocelli being a little more than half the distance between the lower corners of eyes; ocelli in an equilateral triangle or nearly so, the posterior pair in smaller specimens about one-third more farther apart than dis- tance from either to the anterior ocellus, or to the occipital margin, or in larger specimens (with the vertex proportionately narrower) the posterior pair are a little closer together than space to anterior ocellus, and to the same degrees farther from the occipital margin, ocellar angle about 60° to 75°; the occipital margin more rounded than in H. flaminius; eyes shaped about as in flaminius but slightly wider below the middle; the face slightly protuberant between the antennal sockets. Antennal scape linear, compressed; the pedicel as long as the first funicle jomt and three fourths of the second joint combined; the first funicle joint about twice as long as thick, the following joints becoming gradually a little shorter but hardly thicker, the sixth being about a third longer than thick; club nearly as lone as the three pre- ceding joints combined. Mandibles with three short subequal blunt teeth, the middle one shehtly longer. Thoracic and abdominal structure not deviating from the usual type, the ovipositor protruded for a length about equal to one-half to two-thirds of the length of the abdomen, dependent upon how much the latter is contracted. Wings sinilar to those of H. faminius, the medial cross-band of dark colored cilia a little wider, its basal margin much less oblique, and the apical margin straight instead of a little convex, the subapical oval spot of transparent cilia large, reaching nearly to either margin, its width nearly equal to the apical area of dark colored cilia; stigmal vein distinctly narrowed at its middle, the apex thus appearing more tri- angular than in flaminus, the postmarginal vein equal in length to the stigmal. Sculpture much as in flaminius but considerably finer, somewhat so on the head and especially so on the axillae and scu- tellum which are entirely opaque alutaceous, the reticulations of the first tergite of abdomen all a little longer than wide, and their longer axes all running longitudinally except across the base of the tergite and not at all coarser at the middle; pin-punctures on head rather numerous but very small and shallow. Length of body (1.15 to 1.83), 1.73; length of head, 0.565; width of head, 0.535; width of vertex, 0.160; length of eye, 0.41; width of eye, 0.24; length of antenna, 1.39; width of mesoscutum, 0.55; length of forewing, 1.52; width of forewing, 0.56; length of ovipositor, 0.405 mm. 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Head ochraceous orange (R.), the cheeks and postorbital area of head with a trace of greenish luster; pronotum and mesoscutum dark brown or less suffused with black especially on the middle of the scu- tum, sometimes entirely brownish, or entirely blackish with a slight greenish metallic luster; axillae and scutellum cadmium yellow (E..),, tegulae white with the apical margin dark gray or blackish, metano- tum, propodeum, and metapleura shining brownish black; pleura and under parts of thorax about concolorous with the head, the posterior part of mesopleura sometimes suffused with brownish; abdomen mostly like head and pleura but more shining, the venter dusky apically and the apical half of dorsum blackish, the luster especially strong on the dorsum and somewhat iridescent, ovipositor concolor- ous with the apical fourth blackish. Antennae black, the scape brown- ish, especially on the upper side and toward the base, the fifth funicle jomt changing to whitish at the apex, the sixth jomt and club yel- lowish white. Legs concolorous with pleura of thorax, the middle coxae blackish, the hind femora most often suffused with blackish on apical half of outer surface and along the dorsal margin of the inner surface, the hind tibiae blackish brown; middle tibiae, especially apically, the spur and the middle and hind tarsi considerably paler yellow, the last jomt of all tarsi dark brown or blackish. Wings banded as in flaminius except as noted above. Pubescence of head and thorax entirely whitish, most*prominent on the dark colored mesoscutum and pronotum, the metapleura and hind coxae densely silvery white pubescent; the scutellum in addition has two short black bristles on each side at the apex. Male.—Entirely similar to the female in structural and coloration characters, but averaging slightly smaller in size. Length of body, 1.07 to 1.51 mm. Described from ten females, five males (type, allotype, paratypes a~m) reared from the larvae of Hyperaspis trimaculata (Linnaeus) associated with Dactylopius confusus Cockerell, on Opuntia or col- lected at Dactylopius colonies on Opuntia, Brownsville, Texas, dead ary 20 to July 8, 1915 (P. H. Timberlake). The following material also examined: A large series collected or reared with the types, January 20 to July 8, 1915; two females reared July 4, 1915, from a single host of the same species, collected at San Antonio, Texas, January 9; four females, one male, reared from a Coccinellid larva associated with Dactylopius species (the host larva probably the same as above), Guanajuato, Mexico, Insectary No. 5859°a (U.S.D.A.); six females, two males, reared from Dactylopius confusus material, Point Isabel, Texas (C. H. T. Townsend), Town- send No. 650; six females, two males, reared from Dactylopius material, La Puerta, Tamaulipas, Mexico (C. H. T. Townsend), NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—-TIMBERLAKE. 165 Townsend No. 650. The last two series labeled ‘‘from (or on) Coccus cacti,’ the first record undoubtedly referring to D. confusus and the second probably so. The name adopted for this species is one used by Dr. L. O. Howard in manuscript. Type.—Cat. No. 22037, U.S.N.M. 13. HOMALOTYLUS AFFINIS, new species. Plate 39, fig. 8. Female.—Very similar to H. cockerelli, but differing as follows: Head about one-fourteenth longer than wide, the width of the vertex at the posterior ocelli proportionately wider in comparison with the width of head, but practically the same in comparison with the width of frons at the lower corners of eyes, being almost exactly one-sixth more than half that width; the posterior ocelli somewhat farther apart than distance from either to the median ocellus, the ocellar angle about 75°; eyes slightly smaller or narrower than in cockerelli, being hardly wider on the lower half than above. Anten- nae similar, the pedicel as long as the first funicle joint, together with three-fifths of the second; first funicle joint one-fourth longer than thick, the following becoming slightly shorter and thicker, the sixth about as long as thick; club as long as the last three funicle joints combined, the under side obliquely truncate on the apical two-thirds, rather indistinctly three-jointed, the sutures being visible under high magnification. Mandibles practically thesame. Thoracic and abdominal structure as in cockerelli, except that the ovipositor is much more shortly protruded, being about only one-fourth as long as the abdomen. Wings with the ciliary bands practically the same, the subapical hyaline spot a little smaller; the stigmal vein less constricted toward the base, the apex appearing less enlarged; the postmarginal subequal to the stigmal. Sculpture of the head con- siderably more evident than in cockerelli, the punctures hardly larger except possibly on the vertex, but more deeply impressed, the pin punctures rather more numerous; axillae and scutellum with evident punctulate sculpture about as in fleminius; the first tergite of the abdomen with the reticulations much longitudinally narrowed on the sides, becoming gradually transversely lengthened across the base, and a little coarser and more equilateral on the medio-apical part; sculpture otherwise of the usual type. Length of body (1.39 to) 1.70; length of head, 0.587; width of head, 0.538; width of vertex, 0.185; length of eye, 0.434; width of eye, 0.230; length of antennae, 1.26; width of mesoscutum, 0.540; length of forewing, 1.32; width of forewing, 0.500; length of ovipositor, 0.227 mm. Head nearly Mars yellow (R.), the clypeal margin more yellowish, the frontovertex more brownish with an obscure bronzy metallic 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. luster; mesoscutum and posterior margin of pronotum shining Sudan brown (R.) appearing darker in some lights and with a slight greenish luster; axillae and scutellum cadmium yellow (R.), the former some- times more brownish; tegulae white, with the posterior margin brown; metanotum and propodeum shining reddish black; underparts of thorax about concolorous with the head, or somewhat more yellow, the posterior part of mesopleura appearing slightly brownish; center of abdomen brownish yellow, the dorsum Sudan brown (R.), but darker apically (in one specimen, paratype a, the basal half of the dorsum is brownish yellow like the center); ovipositor brownish yellow, becoming blackish on the apical third. Antennal scape brownish, the pedicel and funicle black, the club yellowish white. Legs at base concolorous with underparts of thorax, the front tibiae brownish, the front tarsi dark brown, middle tibiae dark brown with apex more yellowish, the spur yellowish white, the middle tarsi pale yellowish, the last one or two joimts dark brown; hind legs with the coxae concolorous with the posterior part of the mesopleura, the femora shading into brownish on the apical half, the tibiae and tarsi brownish black. Wings banded as in cockerelli except as noted above. Pubescence of head, pronotum, and mesoscutum white, that of scutellum black; the thick, appressed pubescence of metapleura and hind coxae silvery white. Described from three females (type and paratypes a—b) reared from larvae of Hyperaspis osculans LeConte, in colonies of Dactylopius confusus Cockerell, Uplands, California, June and October, 1914 (C. P. Clausen), Clausen’s No. 8. Type.—Cat. No. 22038, U.S.N.M. 14. HOMALOTYLUS BREVICAUDA, new species. Plate 40, fig. 13. Female.—Differs from H. affinis in the following respects: Head practically as wide as long, and almost perfectly circular in outline when viewed from in front, the width of the vertex at the posterior ocelli narrower than in afinis in comparison with the width of head and a trifle less than one-half the distance between the lower corners of eyes; ocelli in an equilateral triangle, or nearly so, the posterior pair about equidistant from the occipital margin and the median ocellus; eyes a little wider in proportion to their length than in afinis, and widest at the middle. Antennal scape slightly dilated on the lower, inner margin of the apical half; pedicel as long as the first funicle joint, together with four-fifths of the second; first five funicle joints practically equal in length, being very slightly longer than wide, the sixth slightly shorter than the others and about as long as wide, and no wider than the first; club indistinctly sutured, the underside obliquely truncate to the apex of the first joint, the NO. 2298. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 167 length almost equal to the last three funicle joints combined. Thoracic and abdominal structure as in affinis, except that the ovi- positor is slightly shorter. Wings practically as in affinas with the subapical hyaline spot very slightly larger. Middle tibial spur noticeably longer than the first tarsal joint (not or hardly longer in other species). Sculpture practically the same as in affinas through- out. Length of body, (1.40 to) 1.83; length of head, 0.62; width of head, 0.62; width of vertex, 0.169; length of eye, 0.47; width of eye, 0.28; length of antennae, 1.46; width of mesoscutum, 0.62; length of forewing, 1.51; width of forewing, 0.57; length of ovipositor, 0.19 mm. Coloration entirely like that of affinis except for the following par- ticulars: Funicle more brownish black, the last joint white like the club; legs paler, the front tibiae with hardly more brown than the front femora, the front tarsi pale brown, the middle tibiae only shghtly brownish toward the base, the hind femora very slightly brownish, the hind tibiae dark brown, the hind tarsi paler brown or even yellowish brown; abdomen sometimes suffused with yellowish at the base of the dorsum and becoming almost blackish toward the apex, the ovipositor sheaths hardly darker at the apex. Male.—Entirely similar to the female. Length, 1.44 mm. Described from four females, one male (type, allotype, and para- types a—c), reared from a Scymnine larva associated with an Orthezia species on Hymeneclea monogyra, Ignacio, Durango, Mexico, October 12, 1894 (C. H. T. Townsend), Insectary No. 64489. Three other specimens of uncertain sex from the same series but much eaten by pests may be considered metatypes. Type.—Cat. No. 22039, U.S.N.M. 15. HOMALOTYLUS HYPERASPIDIS, new species. Plate 39, fig. 7. Female.—Head nearly circular in outline when viewed from in front, being very slightly longer than wide, the width of the vertex at the posterior ocelli a little over one-half the width of the frons at the lower corners of eyes, the ocelli very nearly in an equilateral triangle, the median ocellus being a trifle farther from either of the posterior pair than the distance between the latter which are situated at the usual distance from the occipital margin; eyes noticeably wider across the lower half. Antennal scape as long as the first funicle joint together with one-half of the second; the first funicle joint nearly one-half longer again than thick, the following joints nearly equal and a little longer than thick; club as long as the last two funicle joints together with two-thirds of the fourth joint, solid and strongly obliquely truncate on the inner side to or nearly to the base. Mandibles with three short, rather blunt, and nearly equal teeth. Thorax and abdomen of the usual structure, the ovipositor 168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. protruded for a length fully equal to one-half that of the abdomen or a little more. Wings with median cross-band somewhat convex on its apical margin, the subapical hyaline area reaching nearly to either margin of wing and about one-fourth narrower than the apical area of dark colored cilia; postmarginal vein about as long as the stigmal, unusually thickened proximad and completely obliterating the space between its own base and that of the stigmal vein, so that without careful examination the marginal vein appears to be fully thrice as long as thick, or much longer than it actually is, stigmal vein very slender but becoming somewhat enlarged at apex. Sculpture about as in H. cockerelli except that the pin punctures of the head are larger and deeper, the reticulations on the first tergite of abdomen a little coarser than in cockerelli, but much finer than in flaminius, being longitudinally lengthened on the sides, transversely lengthened toward the base, and becoming no larger and mostly pentagonal at the middle of the posterior margin, the extreme base of the tergite remaining smooth. Length of body, (1.50 to) 1.76; length of head, 0.587; width of head, 0.571; length of eye, 0.448; width of eye, 0.258; width of vertex, 0.176; length of antenna, 0.46; width of mesoscutum, 0.575; length of forewing, 1.51; width of forewing, 0.552; length of ovipositor, 0.394 mm. Head antique brown (R.) with a rather pronounced bronzy luster on face and frontovertex and a greenish luster on the cheeks and postorbital region; pronotum and mesoscutum metallic greenish black, the axillae dull antique brown, the scutellum deep chrome (R.), the metanotum and propodeum shining brownish black, tegulae white with the posterior margin blackish, underparts of thorax antique brown; abdomen shining blackish brown with a strong green and iridescent luster especially at the base, the venter suffused with antique brown but much darker at the sides, the ovipositor sheaths brown at the base and blackish on the apical third. Antennae black, with the sixth funicle joint and club yellowish white. Legs raw sienna (R.) with the coxae, front tibiae and hind femora raw umber (R.), the hind tibiae blackish, the middle tibiae somewhat dark brownish at base and becoming pale orange yellow (R.) at apex, the spur and the middle tarsi a little paler, the last joint of all tarsi blackish. Wings banded with fuscous as in other species with the peculiarities noted above. Pubescence of head and mesoscutum whitish, of the scutellum blackish, and that of the metapleura silvery white. Male.—Entirely similar to the female throughout. Length, 1.40 mm. Described from four females, one male (type, allotype, and para- types a—c) reared from larvae and pupae of Hyperaspis undulata (Say), Murray, Utah, July 12-29, 1918, and spring of 1914, the NO, 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 169 atter from a single larva collected Sept. 22, 1913 (L. P. Rockwood), Salt Lake Laboratory No. 1551; and one female (paratype 4d), Los Angeles County, California (D. W. Coquillett). Type.—Cat. No. 22040, U.S.N.M. 16. HOMALOTYLUS PUNCTIFRONS, new species. Female.—Closely related to H. hyperaspidis and differing structur- ally as follows: Head barely longer than wide and except for the broadly truncated oral margin appearing circular in outline when viewed from in front, width of the vertex at the posterior ocelli noticeably more than one-half the width of the frons at the lower corners of eyes, both of these spaces being greater than in hyper- aspidis; ocelli nearly in an equilateral triangle, the median ocellus being slightly closer to either of the posterior pair than the distance between the latter; eyes considerably narrower than in hyperaspidis and hardly perceptibly narrower on the lower half. Antennal scape noticeably slenderer than in hyperaspidis and barely expanded apically on the inner margin; pedicel as long as the first funicle joint together with one-half of the second; all the funicle joints longer than thick, the first nearly twice as long as thick, the following gradually shortening, the sixth about one-fourth longer than thick; club (broken off at apex) probably about as long as the last two funicle joints together with one-half of the fourth joint. Mandibles with the three teeth considerably longer and sharper than in hyper- aspidis (or other species), the inner or dorsal tooth being much shorter than the other two. Ovipositor slightly shorter than in hyperaspidis, being nearly one-half as long as abdomen. Wings poorly preserved in the unique type, but enough remains to show that they are of the usual type, the ciliary banding apparently much as in hyperaspidis; the postmarginal vein thickened at the base as in that species, but the stigmal considerably shorter and not nearly so slender, being noticeably shorter than the postmarginal with the thickened apical part nearly as long as the slender basal part. Sculp- ture throughout much as in hyperaspidis but the pin-punctures on the head considerably more numerous, the minute punctation of the scutellum rather finer and hardly evident under a magnifi- cation of 65 diameters; the reticulations of the first abdominal tergite much less lengthened on the sides and more transversely lengthened at the middle of the posterior margin, and the smooth or nearly insculptate area across the base a little wider. Length f body, 1.75; length of head, 0.601; width of head, 0.582; width of vertex, 0.188; length of eye, 0.467; width of eye, 0.237; length of antenna (estimated in part, the tip of the club being broken off), 1.51; width of mesoscutum, 0.559; length of ovipositor, 0.244 mm. 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Head liver brown (R.), the metallic luster weak and indeter- minate, cheeks, postorbital region and occiput raw umber (R.) with a slight greenish luster, the oral margin of face raw sienna (R.); pronotum, mesoscutum, metanotum, and propodeum shining black- ish, the luster of the scutum hardly greenish, scutellum antique brown (R.), the axillae much darker brown, tegulae white with a large triangular brown mark on the posterior margin; underparts of thorax raw sienna, the upper part of mesopleura suffused with brown and with a slight suggestion of purple; abdomen shining blackish with a greenish luster, the venter and apex of dorsum more brown- ish; ovipositor sheaths blackish brown with the basal third pale yellowish brown. Antennae black with the last two funicle joints and the club yellowish white. Legs blackish brown, the front and hind coxae and front femora somewhat purplish; the middle femora and apex of middle tibiae much paler or about antique brown (R.) the middle tarsi and tibial spur pale orange yellow (R.), the last tarsal joint blackish. Wings banded apparently as in hyperaspidis. Pubescence as in hyperaspidis, except that that of the scutellum is more abundant and whitish. Described from one female (type), Jacksonville, Florida, pre- sumably collected by W. H. Ashmead. Type.—Cat. No. 22041, U.S.N.M. ANISOTYLUS, new genus. Female.—Head moderately thick fronto-occipitally, the face some- what inflexed, as seen from the side the outline of the dorsal part convex, the facial outline straight, the two meeting each other roughly in an angle of somewhat more than 90°; seen from in front the outline of the dorsal part of head circular, the effect broken below by the moderately converging cheeks and the transversely arched and broad oral margin; the frontovertex moderately narrow, the length being nearly thrice the width, the dorsal orbits sightly diverg- ing anteriorly; ocelli in an acute-angled triangle, the posterior pair almost touching the eye margins; eyes nearly twice as long as wide, the dorsal orbits convex, the ventral nearly straight, the longer axis much more nearly parallel with plane of the frontovertex than of either the face or occiput; the latter but slightly concave with the neck inserted near the center; cheeks somewhat shorter than the width of the eyes; the face with slightly impressed linear scrobes which converge above in an acute angle but do not quite meet. Antennae inserted rather far apart, close to the clypeal margin, in structure the same as in Homalotylus, the club solid. Labrum usually well exposed, the margin convex. Mandibles thick at the base and tapering to the moderately narrow, bidentate apex, the teeth being rather short and not very acute, and on the side of the inner or dorsal tooth is a slight trace or rudiment of a third tooth. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. VTL Labial palpi with three joints; the maxillary with four joints, the two basal ones subequal, the apical one about twice as long, the third a little shorter than the apical. Thorax, legs, and abdomen practically as in Homalotylus, the ovipositor not protruded. Wings differing in having the stigmal and postmarginal veins meeting in a much less acute angle, the postmarginal only about one-half as long as the stigmal, which is noticeably shorter than in Homalotylus; the basal and subapical areas of paler-colored cilia present, the integumentary fuscous spot beneath the stigmal vein reaching but little more than halfway across the disk of the wing. Male.—Similar throughout to the female. Anisotylus presents a combination of the characters of Homaloty- lus Mayr and Isodromus Howard. In the shape of the head it is like the latter; in the structure of the thorax and abdomen it is not unlike Homalotylus, and in the venation of the wings it is inter- mediate between the two. The bidentate mandibles, in which it differs from either, by no means indicate relationship with the Ectromatini, as the genus is unmistakably closely allied to Homaloty- lus. The sculpture and pubescence in character and arrangement are of the same type as in Homalotylus. The species so far as known are parasitic in the larvae of Scymnus and Hyperaspis. Type of genus.—Homalotylus similis Ashmead. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ANISOTYLUS., esta half'of flagellum. yellowish) White 4.45. sec oi. i002 Do aie ates thee s ebietsid oh ae Gee 3 Flagellum entirely black or dark brown. iMesoscutummefallic ereenish- black). % 22 42 vcaaac/4 sot cle eas =< ico mniee eae 2 Mesoscutum and abdomen metallic purplish black; the frontovertex and scutellum Sanford’s brown; rest of head and underparts of thorax brownish WOMOW. 22% Seay SSas Ts ae ol pee gee ft 1. similis (Ashmead) 2. Frontovertex, axillae, and scutellum zinc orange; the rest of head and underparts of thorax brownish yellow; the abdomen bronzy black above, the venter more Ompbess yellowish oi. 2. sie.< biel ejo ald Gees 2. similis teranus, new subspecies. Frontovertex ochraceous orange; the rest of head and underparts of thorax a little paler yellow; the abdomen and the entire notum of thorax, except rarely the scutellum, greenish black .............- 3. similis utahensis, new subspecies. 3. Head, underparts of thorax, venter, and legs except hind tibiae yellow, the notum of thorax and dorsum of abdomen greenish black.. 4. pallentipes, new species, 1. ANISOTYLUS SIMILIS (Ashmead). Homalotylus similis ASHMEAD, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., vol. 14, Nov., 1887, p. 190. Female.—Head slightly longer than wide, the frontovertex about twice as long as the width at the ocelli, the latter in an acute-angled triangle, with the space between the posterior pair about equal to three-fourths of the space between either and the anterior ocellus. Scape increasing slightly in. width from the base toward the apex, being somewhat expanded along the inner ventral margin; pedicel 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. nearly equal in length to the first two funicle joints; the funicle joints increasing slightly in thickness and less distinctly in length distad, the sixth, however, distinctly longer than the fifth, and all a little wider than long; club nearly as long as the last three preceding joints combined, solid and obliquely truncate from the apex nearly to the base on the inner side. Thorax and abdominal structure practically as in Homalotylus flaminius, the ovipositor not protruded. Wings with cilia on basal third of disk, and those in an oval spot in the middle of the disk just distad and below the apex of the stigmal vein, transparent and weaker; the speculum as in the species of Homalotylus; stigmal vein rather thick, only slightly enlarged at apex, and forming an angle of about 45° with the postmarginal, which is about one-half as long or a trifle more. Head finely punctulate, a trifle more coarsely so than in H. flaminius, the pin punctures few, very shallow, and evanescent; mesoscutum finely scaly-reticulate, the mesopleura finely reticulate, with the reticulations arranged in longitudinal lines, especially on the posterior half; axillae and scutel- lum opaquely punctulate, the punctures finer and more closely set than those on the head; side pieces of the metascutum transversely aciculate; first abdominal tergite scaly-reticulate on the posterior half and entirely smooth across the base, the reticulations at the sides hardly larger than those on the mesoscutum, but graduaily becoming medially much larger and transversely lengthened except at the posterior margin. Pubescence on face, cheeks, and mesoscu- tum whitish, that on the face and cheeks not very thick; the meta- pleura and hind coxae with an appressed silvery white pubescence as in the species of Homalotylus. Length of body, 1.65; length of head, 0.59; width of head, 0.56; width of vertex, 0.141; length of eye, 0.43; width of eye, 0.28; length of antennae, 1.02; width of mesoscutum, 0.59; length of forewing, 1.41; width of forewing, 0.56 mm. Frontovertex of head and the scutellum Sanford’s brown (R.), the rest of the head, the pronotum and underparts of thorax similar but a little more yellowish, the postorbital region of head with a shght greenish luster, the center of the occiput and concealed part of pro- notum blackish; the axillae considerably darker than the scutellum or about auburn (R.), and with a purplish luster in a strongly oblique view; tegulae white, with the apex pale brown; mesoscutum and abdomen blackish with a strong metallic purplish luster, the meta- notum, propodeum, and metapleura similar but with a weaker luster. Antennal scape concolorous with face, but darker at apex, the pedicel and flagellum darker brown, the club paler brown, especially along the truncated margin. Legs concolorous, with underparts of thorax, front and middle tibiae, and the hind femora a little more brownish; the hind tibiae blackish brown; the middle tibial spur, first joint of middle tarsi and the hind tarsi, except the last two joints, NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 178 yellowish white. Wings hyaline, with a roundish, fuscous spot beneath the apex of the venation and reaching about two-thirds of the way across the disk. Male.—Not known. Redescribed from one female, Biscayne, Florida, May 17 (E. A. Schwarz), which had been compared with Ashmead’s type female from Jacksonville, Florida, and found identical. Type.—Cat. No. 4745, U.S.N.M. 2. ANISOTYLUS SIMILIS TEXANUS, new subspecies. Female.—Practically identical with A. similis (Ashmead) in all structural characters. Length of body, (1.62 to 1.80) 1.72; length of head, 0.63; width of head, 0.59; width of vertex, 0.15; length of eye, 0.45; width of eye, 0.29; length of antenna, 1.07; width of mesoscutum, 0.63; length of forewing, 1.57; width of forewing, 0.58 mm. Frontovertex about zinc orange (R.), the ocellar region infuscated, or even metallic greenish as in paratype a, the rest of the head brownish yellow, but considerably purer yellow at the scrobes of the face; the scutellum and axillae like the frontovertex but a little more brownish, the axillae especially brownish medially, and some- times metallic greenish as in paratype a; most of the pronotum and the underparts of thorax brownish yellow practically concolorous with the head; posterior margin of pronotum and the mesoscutum greenish black with a metallic luster, the posterior corners of the scutum more or less brownish along the margin; tegulae white with the posterior margin brown; metanotum, propodeum, metapleura, and dorsum of abdomen shining blackish brown and with a slight bronzy luster on the abdomen especially at the base, the apex of the last tergite yellowish; venter of abdomen brownish yellow with a bronzy luster and more infuscated medially. Antennal scape yellow- ish brown, the pedicel a little darker, the flagellum brownish black. Legs brownish yellow, the front and middle tibiae a little more brownish, the hind tibiae blackish brown, the middle tarsi, spur and the hind tarsi yellowish white except the blackish apical joint of the middle pair and the two dusky apical joints of the hind pair. Wings as in A. sumilis (Ashmead). Male.—Not known. Described from three females (type and paratypes a to b), the type collected on sorghum heads, San Antonio, Texa:, June 27, 1908 (C. N. Ainslie), Webster No. 5009; paratype a reared from a pupa of Hyperaspis bigeminata Randall, Austin, Texas, May 25, 1917 (Carl Hartmann), Hartmann’s No. 63; paratype b reared from an unde- termined Coccinellid larva, Brownsville, Texas (C. H. T. Townsend), Townsend’s No. 645. Type.—Cat. No. 22042, U.S.N.M. 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. 3. ANISOTYLUS SIMILIS UTAHENSIS, new subspecies. Plate 40, fig. 11. Female.—Entirely similar to A. similis (Ashmead) in structural characters. Length of body, (1.35 to 2.03) 1.77; length of head, 0.63; width of head, 0.62: width of vertex, 0.155; length of eye, 0.47; width of eye, 0.30; length of antenna, 1.13; width of mesoscutum, 0.655; length of forewing, 1.57; width of forewing, 0.63 mm. Frontovertex ochraceous orange (R.), the rest of the head and underparts of thorax a little paler, the scrobes of the face purer yel- low, the ocellar region of vertex suffused with metallic dark green, the postorbital region with a sight greenish metallic luster, the center of the occiput and posterior margin of mesopleura dusky; entire upper parts of thorax including pronotum, the metapleura, and abdo- men metallic blackish green, the axillae and scutellum opaque in most aspects, the pronotum with a faint ochraceous transverse line just before the posterior margin, the scutellum in two paratypes, @ and b, more or less dusky ochraceous orange, in one distinctly so only at the sides, in the other entirely so except at the base; tegulae white with the apical margin broadly brown. Antennae brownish black, the scape on the upper side more brownish, often pale brown. Front and middle coxae and front femora very nearly concolorous with underparts of thorax, front tibiae and tarsi and the middle and hind femora a little more brownish, sometimes distinctly so, the middle tibiae and hind tibiae and tarsi blackish brown, the latter more brownish underneath; hind coxae varying from dusky yellow to more or less blackish with a greenish metallic luster, the middle tarsi and spur yellowish white with the last two joints of the tarsi dusky. Wings as in A. similis (Ashmead). Male.—Entirely similar to the female, although the head is some- what purer yellow in color. Length, 1.27 to 1.69 mm. Described from 10 females, five males (type, allotype, and para- types a to m), selected from a large series reared from larvae of Scymnus americanus Mulsant and Scymnus lacustris LeConte, Murray and Salt Lake City, Utah, May to September during the seasons of 1913 to 1915 (P. H. Timberlake). At first sight this form looks distinct enough to bear specific rank, but in the absence of any structural characters to separate it from A. similis (Ashmead) it seems best to consider it a geographical race of that species. The rare individual variation with the orange- colored scutellum is strikingly similar to A. similis tecanus, and gives additional weight to the belief that the three forms are geographical variants of one species. Type.—Cat. No. 22043, U.S.N.M. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. Ed 4. ANISOTYLUS PALLENTIPES, new species. Plate 40, fig. 12. Female.—In structure very close to A. similis (Ashmead), but the following differences may be noted: Head very slightly longer in proportion to the width, the vertex somewhat narrower and the ocelli in a more acute triangle, the distance between the posterior pair being about three-fifths of the distance between either and the median ocellus; antennae a little longer and slenderer, the first three funicle joints being a little longer than thick, the sixth a trifle wider than long; subapical spot of transparent cilia on the forewing unusu- ually small and evanescent, situated near the middle of the disk and roundish in shape; the postmarginal vein a littie shorter and more spur like; sculpture throughout a little finer, especially on head, the pin-punctures of the head entirely effaced; pubescence the same, except that the eyes bear a few extremely short, scattered hairs. Length of body, 1.50; length of head, 0.58; width of head, 0.53; width of vertex, 0.117; length of eye, 0.43; width of eye, 0.27; length of antenna, 1.12; width of mesoscutum, 0.59; length of forewing, 1.46; width of forewing, 0.60 mm. Head light cadmium yellow (R.), becoming a little darker on the frontovertex, the region around the posterior ocelli suffused with blackish, center of occiput and concealed part of pronotum black; the propleura, prepectal plate, and anterior margin of mesopleura pale lemon yellow (R.), this color ascending onto pronotum as a narrow, transverse preapical line, on posterior lateral margins of mesoscutum and the base of the axillae; the rest of mesopleura ochraceous orange (R.); posterior margin of pronotum narrowly, mesoscutum except the lateral posterior margin, most of axillae and the scutellum greenish black with a strong metallic luster, the axillae and scutellum opaque, however, in most aspects; metanotum, pro- podeum, and metapleura brownish black, somewhat shining but not metallic; tegulae white, with the posterior margin broadly brown; dorsum of abdomen blackish with a slight greenish luster at the base, the venter brownish yellow. Antennal scape and pedicel yellowish brown on the upper side, much darker beneath, the first three funicle joints blackish brown, the fourth joint very pale brownish, following joits and club maize yellow (R.). Front legs buff yellow (R.), the tarsi brownish; the middle and hind legs similar, but the middle femora and hind coxae and femora slightly paler, the hind tibiae pale brown; the middle tarsi and spur maize yellow, the last tarsal joint brownish at apex, the hind tarsi with the two basal joints maize yellow, and the apical joints pale brownish. Wings with a median smoky cross band beneath the stigmal and apex of the submarginal vein, extending across the disk but interrupted by a narrow longi- 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 56. tudinal hyaline line some distance from the posterior margin, the cut-off portion narrower and somewhat less deeply pigmented. Male.—Not known. Described from one female (type), Oracle, Arizona, May 7 ae bard and Schwarz). Type.—Cat. No. 22044, U.S.N.M. Genus ISGDROMUS Howard. Isodromus Howarp, Rep. Entom., U. S. Dept. Agric., for 1886, 1887, p. 488, pl. 3, fig. 1. Parataneostigma Girautt, Annals Entom. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, Oct., 1915, p. 275 This genus is similar to Homalotylus in general structure, but differs in details as follows: Female.—Head thicker fronto-occipitally, not subhemispherical as the face is distinctly inflexed; a little wider than the mesoscutum, as wide as long or a little wider than long, as seen from in front the out- line circular above, but below the cheeks converge in a straight line to a slight extent and the oral margin is broadly truncate; as seen from the side the outline is subtriangular, the outline of vertex rounded, the dorsal side of head being strongly convex, its plane meeting the plane of the face at somewhat more than a right angle as in iceryae or in a strongly obtuse angle as in niger; occiput slightly more concave above than in Homaloiylus but yet only moderately so, the vertico-occipital margin rather sharp; frontovertex moderately wide, the dorsal orbits of eyes only slightly or hardly perceptibly diverging anteriorly; ocelli in an equilateral or a somewhat more acute-angled triangle, the posterior pair touching or nearly touching the eye-margins; eyes shorter than in Homalotylus or considerably less than twice as long as wide, their long axis parallel with the plane of frontovertex, the postorbital space on the sides of head remaining broad as in Homalotylus, and posteriority the eyes meet or almost meet the vertico-occipital margin; cheeks about as long as the width of the eyes as in iceryae or about two-thirds or three-fourths as long as in most species; face about as wide as long, the scrobes in the form of distinct and narrow furrows, converging above but not meeting, the space between the antennal sockets slightly convex but not prominently elevated. Antennae inserted as in Homalotylus shorter and somewhat more robust; scape of the same shape but shorter, the radicle joint about an eighth or tenth of the total length; pedicel as long as the first two funicle joints combined; funicle cylin drical, increasing slightly in thickness distad, the basal joints about 2s long as thick, the apical ones somewhat wider than long; club wider across the base than apex of funicle, as long or a little longer than the last three funicle joints combined, and obliquely truncate on the inner side to the basal third or fourth. Mandibles robust, NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 177 broad at apex, with three short, equal or nearly equal teeth, of which the lower two are acute, and the upper or inner one is much rounded at apex. Palpi short, the maxillary pair four-jointed, with the basal joint very short, the second about twice as long, the third and fourth increasing still more in length, the fourth being about twice as long as the second and slenderer; labial pair three-jointed, with the mid- die joint as long as thick, the other two subequal and a little jonger. Thorax rather more robust than in Homalotylus, but not differing much in structure except that the axillae meet broadly at their tips and are not infrequently shghtly elevated above the surface of the scutellum; the latter more to much more convex and slopes down- ward more toward the sides and especially toward the apex, the mar- gin, however, from base to apex generally well elevated and abruptly declivous; propodeum the same except that it is declivous or slopes downward from in front toward the abdomen, instead of being flat as in Homalotylus; mesepimeron visible as a very narrow sclerite along the posterior margin of the mesopleura. Legs about the same, except that the middie tibial spur is rather shorter, or about three- fourths as long as the first tarsal joint. Wings of the same com- parative length but averaging a little wider than in Homalotylus; marginal vein always punctiform, the stigmal sometimes originating just before the submargina! vein reaches the costal margin, moder- ately long, straight and forming a right angle with the postmarginal as in iceryae or somewhat less than a right angle asin most of the species, postmarginal short and spur-like as in iceryae or nearly one-half as long as the stigmal as in vinulus and punciiceps; the disk ciliated about as in Homaloiylus except that the subapical spot of transparent cilia is absent, the speculum indistinct except in axillaria, puncticeps, and airwventris, and the basal third of disk is usually bare or nearly so instead of being covered with transparent cilia; hind wings a little wider, the costal ceil being wider and not so attenuated near the hooklets. Abdomen narrower than in Homalotylus, about two-thirds as long as the thorax in most species or a little more and always longer than wide, with the base broad, the sides parallel or subparallel and the apex nearly truncate, or the base narrower and the sides more or less convex as in vinulus, punciiceps, and airweniris; first tergite reach- ing about one-third to nearly one-half of the distance from base to apex, the seventh tergite ranking next in length; tactile plates situ- ated a little nearer to the middle than to the apex of abdomen, the vibrissae considerably longer and more conspicuous than in Homa- lotylus and reaching to the apex; structure of venter hardly differ- ing from Homalotylus, the ovipositor enclosed by the fifth ventrite and not distinctly protruded in the known species. 115690—19—Proe.N.M.vol.56——12 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Sculpture of the head finely punctulate, very minutely and aluta- ceously so in wceryae and azillaris, but more distinctly so in other species, especially in niger, the postorbital region and occiput smooth or with indistinct sculpture except in niger, which has a reticulate sculpture on the postorbital region, and a fingerprint-like sculpture on the occiput; frontovertex with small, shallow pin-punctures more or less regularly arranged in several rows but sometimes absent as in iceryae; pronotum and mesoscutum finely scaly-reticulate as in Homalotylus, the axillae and scutellum with a similar, but generally coarser and more deeply impressed sculpture than the scutum, and not opaquely punctulate as in Homalotylus; pleura and dorsum of abdomen sculptured as in Homalotylus, but the reticulation on the abdomen generally much more uniform in size and regular in shape: Pubescence throughout as in Homalotylus, the mesepimera being silvery pubescent like the metapleura. Coloration black, or black variegated with yellow, brown or orange ferruginous, often shiny, but never distinctly metallic. Male.—Hardly differing from the female except in the primary sexual characters. Type of genus.—Isodromus iceryae Howard. The species so far as known all parasitize Chrysopid larvae and issue from the cocoons of their hosts. At least two species, iceryae and niger, are also known to attack Hemerobiids. Of the species belonging to J/sodromus, intermedius (Boheman) was synonymized by Thomson with vinulus (Dalman), chrysopae (Ashmead) is here synonymized with puncticeps (Howard), and two recent species of Girault, pulcher and nigriazillae appear to be nothing but color variations of iceryae Howard, differing only in the exten- sion of the yellow markings. For the latter species Girault need- lessly erected the genus Parataneostigma and incomprehensibly placed it among the Tanaostigmatini. The species belonging here were included by Mayr in Homalotylus, and by Thomson in Nobrimus. Tsodromus abnormicornis Girault! does not conform with Jso- dromus in several particulars, and should be placed in the new genus, Brethesia, described below. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ISODROMUS. 1. Wings with a large brown spot beneath the stigmal vein.................----- 4 Wings without a large brown spot on the disk. General color black or blackish brown varigated with yellow or mostly yellow... 2 Head and body entirely black, except that the face and frons in the male are yellow; antennae dark brown, front and middle legs brownish yellow, the hind legs brown, the middle and hind tarsi and middle tibial spur yellowish white. 1. niger Ashmead. 1 Insec. Insc. Menst., vol. 4, Jan., 1917, p. 118. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 179 2. Hind tibiae unicolorous and not annulated with black..............-..---.-- 3 Hind tibiae yellow with two black or blackish brown annuli; head and body yellow; the center of occiput, pronotum except the collar, anterior half of mesos- cutum, axillae, generally most of scutellum except apex, metanotum, pro- podeum, dorsum of abdomen except the base and a spot behind the tactile plates, and a spot on each side of venter near the middle shining black or blackish brown; scape and pedicel yellow, the flagellum more brownish........--..-- 2 2. iceryae Howard. 3. Shining blackish brown, but the head, collar of pronotum, hind border of mesos- cutum, axillae, anterior half of pleura and the legs except the hind tibiae yellow, the latter blackish; antennae yellow, with the club pale brown......-.-. 3 3. flaviceps (Dalman). General color wax yellow but the frontovertex, most of mesoscutum and the scutellum in the female pale ochraceous orange; hidden part of pronotum, axillae, propodeum and most of dorsum of abdomen brownish black; legs yellow, the tibiae a little darker, the tarsi more whitish; scape and pedicel yellow, the acelin: DrOWMISH YellOW... 2.2226. ee ete es = 4. axillaris, new species. aeetesd and thorax mostly orange ferrupimous: 2:2... 0222. .i772 04. 2 ae 5 General color blackish brown, but the head and mesopleura more brownish, the collar of pronotum whitish, the posterior corners of mesoscutum yellow; legs dark brown, the front tibiae paler, the front and middle femora and tibial spur brownish yellow; antennae brown............--------- 5. vinulus (Dalman). . General color orange ferruginous but the metanotum, propodeum, abdomen, hind tibiae, and all tarsi in large part dark brown or brownish black; the brown spot on wings restricted; frontovertex hardly over two and a half times longer than wide; axillae elevated above level of scutellum... 6. atriventris Ashmead. Color similar but the mesoscutum sometimes brownish except at the posterior corners and only the dorsum of abdomen blackish brown; the brown spot on wings extending across the disk; frontovertex about three times as long as wide; axillae hardly elevated, and the scutellum generally much less convex....... a 7. puncticeps (Howard). 1. ISODROMUS NIGER Ashmead. Plate 41, fig. 19. TIsodromus niger ASHMEAD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 379. Female.—Head only moderately thick fronto-occipitally, the planes of the frontovertex and face meeting in an obtuse angle, the dorsal surface not much shorter than the facial surface in side view; fronto- vertex rather narrow but short or about two and one-half times longer than wide, the dorsal orbits slightly convex so that the fronto- vertex is narrowest just before the median ocellus; ocelli forming an angle of somewhat less than 60°, the posterior pair almost touching the eye margins, the median ocellus situated a little behind the middle of the frontovertex; antennal sockets rather close together, the distance between them equaling their length, their inner rims nearly parallel; scrobes distinct, reaching well above a line connecting the lower corners of eyes. Antennae short, the scape subcylindrical, somewhat thicker on apical half and with a pedicellar furrow on the underside near apex; pedicel as long as the first two funicle joints combined; funicle joints increasing somewhat in width distad, all 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. but the first distinctly wider than long; club showing a trace of seg- mentation, obliquely truncate to the basal fourth, wider at base than the last funicle joint, and as long as the last three funicle joints and one-half of the third combined. Mandibles with three short teeth, the lower two acute, and the upper or inner one blunt. Axillae slightly elevated above the scutellum; the latter moderately convex, sloping toward the sides and apex, and with a median impressed line for a short distance at the base. Wings broad, basal area of wing with a few scattered cilia, the speculum indistinct; stigmal vein forming somewhat less than a right angle with the postmarginal and origi- nating before the submarginal quite reaches the costal margin, post- marginal vein about a third as long as the stigmal. Abdomen narrow, about a half longer again than wide and two-thirds as long as the thorax or a little more, the sides subparallel or but slightly curved, the base rather broad, the apex truncate; tactile plates situated a little less than halfway from the middle to the apex; the ovipositor concealed. Sculpture more prominent than in other species of the genera, but of the same character; the frontovertex with about six rows of small, shallow but distinct pin-punctures, the postorbital region finely reticulate, the occiput with a fine fingerprint-like lineolate sculpture; mesoscutum with fine but distinct reticulations, the axillae and scutellum with the reticulations not much coarser but much more deeply impressed and generally lengthened or otherwise irregular surrounding the impressed line at the base of the scutellum; the first tergite of abdomen with the reticulations comparatively coarse, but nearly as delicately impressed as those of the scutum, and uniform in shape and size from base to apex. Pubescence white and prominent on head, pronotum, mesoscutum and especially on meta- pleura and hind coxae, but more scattered and less prominent on the axillae and scutellum and somewhat darker in color. Length of body, 2.02 (to 2.39); length of head, 0.72; width of head, 0.685; width of vertex, 0.195; length of eye, 0.51; width of eye, 0.32; length of antenna, 1.04; width of mesoscutum, 0.74; length of forewing, 1.82; width of forewing, 0.73 mm. Coloration rather shiny but not metallic black; tegulae white, with the outer, apical corner broadly blackish. Scape brown, the pedicel and flagellum blackish brown. Legs brownish yellow, the middle and hind coxae mostly blackish, the middle femora darker brown, the hind tibiae especially on the upper side brownish black, middle and hind tarsi and tibial spur yellowish white, with the last joint of the tarsi brown. Wings hyaline, with yellowish veins. Male.—Much like the female except that the abdomen is much shorter or about as long as wide; face, frons, and a greater part of the cheeks primuline yellow (R.), the postorbital region dark brown, the vertex blackish; legs brighter, purer yellow, the middle femora not NO. 2298. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 181 brown as in the female, the hind tibiae hardly darker; the pedicel and flagellum hardly darker than the scape. Length, 1.57 to 1.98 mm. The following material has been examined: One female (type), Washington City (W. H. Ashmead); two females reared from material of Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus), Massachusetts, November, 1894 (C. H. Fernald); one female, Forest Hills, Massachusetts, July, 1911 (C. T. Brues); nine females, six males, reared from Chrysopa cocoons, Murray and Salt Lake City, Utah, September 2-18, 1913 (P. H. Timberlake); one female, one male, reared from a Chrysopa cocoon, Sacramento, California, August 24, 1912, California State Insectary No. 25; one female reared from material of Chilocorus similis, Rossi, Island of Formosa, 1916 (C. P. Clausen); and one female reared from a Hemerobiid, Duarte, California, September 12, 1916 (J. R. Horton), Horton’s No. 38. Type.—Cat. No. 4747, U.S.N.M. 2. ISQGDROMUS ICERYAE Howard. Plate 40, fig. 15. Isodromus iceryae Howarp, Rep. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agric., for 1886, 1887, p. 488, LS fig, 1: 2 ee pulcher GrrAULT, Descriptiones Stellarum Novarum, Washington, D. C., May, 1917, p. 16. Parataneostigma nigriaxillae GrRAULT, Annals. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, Oct., 1915, p. 275. Female.—Head a little thicker than in niger, the planes of the frontovertex and face meeting in an angle of but little more than 90°; frontovertex about two and one-half times longer than wide, the dorsal orbits of eyes parallel; ocelli very nearly in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair about one-fourth of their own diameter from the eye margins, the median ocellus considerably behind the middle of the frontovertex; antennal sockets farther apart than in niger, the distance between them being about one and a half times their length, their inner rims nearly parallel; scrobes distinct and reaching above a line drawn between the lower corners ot the eyes. Antennae rather shorter than in niger, the scape practically the same, the pedicel longer or equal to a little more than the first two funicle joints combined; all the funicle joints wider than long, increasing gradually in width distad, the first joint somewhat smaller than the second and about one-half as wide as the sixth, which is twice as wide as long; club without trace of segmentation, obliquely truncate nearly to the base, and as long as the last four funicle joints combined. Mandibles with three short, equal teeth, the lower two acute, the upper one blunt. Axillae but slightly elevated above the scutellum; the latter rather flat on the basal half, but more sloping towards the sides and apex, the base with a trace of a median impressed line. Wings broad, the basal area with a row of dark-colored cilia next to 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. the submarginal vein, and an oblique double row or band of similar cilia originating at the bend of the submarginal vein, the speculum indistinct; stigmal vein forming a right angle with the postmarginal vein, and originating distinctly before the submarginal reaches the costal margin; postmarginal vein short and thick at base. Abdomen about two-thirds as long as the thorax, the base broad, the sides nearly parallel, and the apex subtruncate; tactile plates situated but little beyond the middle; the ovipositor barely protruded. Head microscopically and alutaceously punctulate, the frontovertex without pin-punctures, the postorbital region and occiput nearly smooth; mesoscutum very finely reticulate, the axillae and scutellum more coarsely scaly-reticulate, but the reticulations hardly more deeply impressed than on the scutum; the first tergite of abdomen with the reticulations nearly uniform but fading out across the base, otherwise as in niger. Pubescence of head very fine and inconspicuous, that of mesoscutum coarser, white and rather prominent but much less so than in niger; the scutellum with only a few, hardly visible, dark- colored hairs; the metapleura and hind coxae with the usual, dense, appressed pubescence. Length of body, (1.77 to 2.11); length of head, 0.73; width of head, 0.75; width of vertex, 0.226; length of eye, 0.53; width of eye, 0.38; length of antenna, 1.11; width of mesoscutum, 0.78; length of forewing, 1.94; width of forewing, 0.81; exerted part of ovipositor, 6.06 mm. General color strontian yellow (R.) but the head often more pri- muline yellow (R.), the posterior part of mesopleura a little brownish; center of occiput, pronotum except a narrow band along the posterior margin, a lenticular mark on the anterior half of mesoscutum, the axillae, most of scutellum except the apex and often a pale yellowish spot low down on the sides just before the middle, metanotum, propodeum, and most of the dorsum of abdomen except across the base, and a spot on each side just behind the tactile plates black or blackish; most of venter brownish except at base and with a blackish spot on each side near the middle, the exposed part of ovipositor yellowish; tegulae pale yellowish white, with the apical margin broadly brownish. Scape and pedicel uncolorous with face, the funicle pale brown and the club a little darker. Legs strontian yellow, the upper, inner margin of the hind femora on the apical half, the knee joint, a broad annulus just beyond the middle and a narrower one near base of the hind tibiae, and the last joint of all tarsi brownish black. Wings entirely hyaline except for a small brownish area along the lower margin of the stigmal vein, which is hardly wider than the vein itself. Male.—Entirely similar to the female, but the abdomen is a little smaller, more ovate in shape, and the black spot on each side of venter is nearly absent. Length, 1.66 to 1.85 mm. NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 183 Redescribed from the following material which had been compared previously with Howard’s type: Three females, two males, reared from a Chrysopa cocoon, Pasadena, California, August 7, 1915 (KE. J. Branigan), California State Insectary No. 2011; one female collected on Citrus, San Diego, California, September 14, 1911 (P. H. Timber- lake); and one female, Washington City, January, 1898 (August Busck). Howard! also records this species from Kirkwood, Mis- souri, and Amitilla, Florida, in both cases from Chrysopa cocoons. Essig? records the rearing of iceryae in California from the cocoons of Sympherobius angustus Banks. The type of I. pulcher Girault, a female reared from material of Saissetia oleae (Bernard), Claremont, California, October, 1909 (C. F. Baker), is mounted on a slide and can not be studied to advan- tage, but it appears to differ from iceryae only in the extension of the yellow coloration. The scutellum is entirely yellow except for a narrow blackish cross-band just before the apex, and the abdomen has more yellow at the base, and the yellow spot at the tactile plates is larger. The type of Parataneostigma nigriaxillae Girault, a female from Mitla, Mexico (L. O. Howard) agrees with the type of pulcher except that the cross-band near apex of the scutellum is less distinct. Types.—Cat. No. 1491 (of wceryae Howard), 19339 (of mgriaxillae Girault), and 19794 (of pulcher Girault), U.S.N.M. 3. ISODROMUS FLAVICEPS (Dalman). Encyrtus flaviceps Datman, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 41, 1820, p. 348. Homalotylus flaviceps Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, 1876, p. 754. Nobrimus flaviceps THomson, Hym. Skand., vol. 4, 1876, p. 140. This species has not been seen by the writer. It seems to be rare, as the only recorded specimen is Dalman’s type, collected by Zetterstedt at Lirketorp, Sweden, about 100 years ago. In colora- tion, at least, it must be similar to the common North American species, iceryae Howard. 4, ISODROMUS AXILLARIS, new species. Female.—Head hardly longer than wide, not quite so thick fronto- occipitally as in iceryae, but thicker than in niger, the planes of the frontovertex and face meeting in an angle of considerably more than 90°; frontovertex about two and a half times longer than wide, the dorsal orbits of eyes perceptibly but not greatly diverging ante- riorly; the ocelli in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair almost touching the eye margins, and removed twice their own diameter from the occipital margin, the median ocellus considerably behind 1Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, 1891, p. 124. ‘Inj. and Benef. Ins. Calif., Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, 1913, p. 151. 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. the middle of the frontovertex; eyes moderately wide, slightly the widest just before the middle, the facial end rather less bluntly rounded than the occipital end instead of being broadly rounded as in iceryae; antennal sockets about as in iceryae, the scrobes distinct but not deep and reaching a little above the lower corners of eyes. Antennal scape a little shorter than the eyes, slightly expanded below and widest at the middle, somewhat grooved beneath at apex, and rather strongly curved before the middle; pedicel somewhat longer than the first two funicle joints combined; funicle joints nearly equal in length, the first as long as wide, the following gradually widening so that the sixth is twice as wide as the first; club solid, obliquely truncate to the basal fourth, and nearly as long as the last four funicle joints combined. Mandibles the same as in ‘ceryae. Thorax and abdomen also similar except that the ovipositor is rather more protruded. Wings as in iceryae except that there are several more rows of cilia on the basal third of disk and the speculum is more distinct. Sculpture as in iceryae, although somewhat finer; the pubescence similar. Length of body, 1.70; length of head, 0.61; width of head, 0.60; width of vertex, 0.174; length of eye, 0.44; width of eye, 0.27; length of antenna, 0.95; width of mesoscutum, 0.62; length of forewing, 1.70; width of forewing, 0.66; length of ovipositor, 0.12 mm. Frontovertex, mesoscutum except behind the parapsidal lines on each posterior corner, and the scutellum pale ochraceous orange (R.), the rest of head, sides, and anterior margin of pronotal collar, posterior corners of mesoscutum and underparts of thorax wax yellow (R.); apex of mandibles, the hidden part of pronotum, the axillae, propodeum, and most of dorsum of abdomen brownish black, collar of pronotum transparent whitish, separated from the blackish area of the concealed part by a narrow yellow band as noted above, and apparently overlying a blackish, concealed area on the anterior margin of mesoscutum; tegulae pale yellowish with the posterior margin brown; metanotum, first tergite of abdomen except median part of the posterior margin, most of the last tergite, ovipositor sheaths and the venter about yellow ocher (R.), the venter a little more brownish towards the apex in the paratype. Scape and pedicel about concolorous with the face, the flagellum pale yellowish brown. Legs wax yellow, the tibiae somewhat darker, or nearly yellow ocher (R.); the middle tibial spur and tarsi a little more whitish, with the apical jot of the tarsi brownish; knee- joint of the hind legs brownish black. Wings entirely hyaline, the veins pale brown. Male.—Similar to the female, but the yellow parts all about strontian yellow (R.), the frontovertex, mesoscutum, and scutellum concolorous; the scutellum with a pale brownish spot on the disk NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 185 just before the apex; the venter of abdomen brownish except at base and on the lateral margins near apex. Length, 1.36 mm. Described from two females, one male (type, allotype, and para- type), China, probably from one of the southeastern provinces (A. Koebele), Koebele’s No. 1553. Type—Cat. No. 22045, U.S.N.M. 5. ISODROMUS VINULUS (Delman). Plate 41, fig. 17. Encyrtus vinulus DALMAN, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 41, 1820, p. 349. Homalotylus vinulus Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 25, 1876, p. 753. Nobrimus vinulus THomson, Hym. Skand., vol. 4, 1876, p. 140. Female.-—Head in general shape very nearly as in niger, but the frontovertex broader, being about twice as long as wide, the dorsal orbits of eyes slightly diverging anteriorly; ocelli nearly in an equilat- eral triangle, the posterior pair almost touching the eye margins, and the median one slightly behind the middle of the frontovertex; antennal sockets situated farther apart than in niger, their inner rims strongly convergent above, the distance between their lower corners being about twice their length and between the upper corners about one-half longer again than their length; scrobes faint and hardly reaching a line drawn between the lower corners of the eyes. Antennae considerably longer than in iceryae or niger, the scape being fully as long as the eyes and the flagellum proportionately as long; scape a little curved near the base, subcylindrical, the inner lower margin slightly expanded, and the underside excavated at apex as usual; pedicel as long as the first two funicle joints combined; funicle joints all nearly equal in length, the first slightly longer than thick, the second and third about as long as thick, and the sixth considerably wider than long and about one-half wider again than the first joint; club solid, obliquely truncate nearly to the base, and as long as the funicle lacking the first and one-half of the second joint. Mandibles with the three teeth rather short and acute, but longer than in niger or iceryae. Axillae and scutellum practically as in niger. Wings unusually narrow, their basal third bare of cilia, the speculum dis- tinct for a short distance and running nearly parallel with the sub- marginal vein; stigmal vein forming a rather acute angle with the postmarginal and joining the submarginal just before the latter reaches the costal margin; postmarginal vein well developed and nearly one-half as long as the stigmal. Abdomen a little longer than wide and about two-thirds as long as the thorax, the sides subparallel for a short distance, but the base and apex well rounded; tactile plates situated about half way between the middle and the apex, the vibrissae reaching well beyond the apex; the ovipositor barely visible. Head finely punctulate nearly as distinctly as in niger, the 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56. pin-punctures few, scattered, and shallow; mesoscutum finely reticulate with the reticulations somewhat lengthened transversely along the anterior margin; reticulations of the axillae and scutellum not much coarser but more deeply impressed than those on the scutum; reticulations on the first tergite of abdomen except across the base fine and uniform and but little coarser than those on the scutum. Head with a very fine and not prominent pubescence, the thorax apparently nearly bare, except for the usual appressed pubes- cence on the metapleura and hind coxae. Length of body, (2.22 to) 2.26; length of head, 0.73; width of head, 0.73; width of vertex, 0.235; length of eye, 0.49; width of eye, 0.29; length of antenna, 1.29; width of mesoscutum, 0.71; length of fore-wing, 2.00; width of fore- wing, 0.705 mm. Head auburn (R.), the occiput more blackish, the vertex sometimes along the orbits opposite the median ocellus and the dorsal occipital margin suffused with yellowish; thorax and abdomen nearly black, the mesopleura, however, with a distinct brown tinge; prepectal plates transparent whitish, the collar of pronotum broadly whitish changing to yellowish on the propleura; posterior lateral corners of the mesoscutum primuline yellow (R.) with the anterior margin o the markings convex; tegulae white, with the apical, outer corner fuscous. Antennae nearly uniformly brown, or about bister (R.), the pedicel a little more yellowish, and the base of the scape more nearly concolorous with the face. Front coxae and tarsi, middle coxae, and hind legs blackish brown or about concolorous with the mesopleura; the middle tibiae and tarsi a little paler, especially beneath; front tibiae pale brown, the front and middle femora yel- lowish brown, and the tibial spur a little more yellowish. Wings with a large brown spot beneath and beyond the stigmal vein, and becoming fainter as 1t approaches the opposite margin. Redescribed from two females from Sweden (C. H. Boheman). 6. ISODROMUS ATRIVENTRIS Ashmead. Plate 41, fig. 16. Encyrtus puncticeps Howarp (part), Bull. 5 (old series), Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1885, p. 14. Tsodromus atriventris ASHMEAD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 379. Female.—Head somewhat wider than long, a little thicker fronto- occipitally than in niger; in side view the facial and dorsal surfaces about equal in length, their planes meeting in a little more than a right angle; the dorsal surface a little less convex than in niger; frontovertex nearly two and a half times as long as wide, the ocelli very nearly in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair almost touch- ing the eye margins, the median one situated a little behind the center of the frontovertex, the dorsal orbits of the eyes very slightly divergent NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 187 anteriorly; antennal sockets situated a little farther apart than their own length, their inner rims nearly parallel or only slightly convergent above; scrobes somewhat longer than in vinulus and more deeply impressed, reaching to a line drawn between the lower corners of the eyes. Antennae about as long as in winulus; scape as long as the eyes, moderately curved a little below the middle, somewhat thicker distad, and furrowed beneath the apex as usual; pedicel as long as the first two funicle joints; funicle joints about equal in length, except that the third is a trifle longer, increasing a little in width distad, the first three about as long as wide, the last three wider than long, the sixth being about a third wider again than the first; club solid, obliquely truncate to about the basal third, and slightly longer than the last four funicle joints combined. Mandibles with the teeth comparatively long, the lower two acute and the upper one rather blunt. Thorax unusually convex, the axillae well elevated above the scutellum, the latter very high and convex, being rounded from the median line of base toward the sides and apex and abruptly declivous at the margins and without the median impressed line at the base. Wings moderately wide, their basal third bare, the speculum distinct for a short distance and forming a slight angle with the sub- marginal vein or a right angle with the stigmal vein; the latter a little more curved at the base than in puncticeps, forming an acute angle with the postmarginal and joining the marginal at the costal margin; postmarginal vein about a third as long as the stigmal but spurlike. Abdomen about a third longer again than wide, about three-fourths as long as the thorax, broadly oval in shape, both the base and apex being well rounded; the tactile plates situated some- what less than halfway from the middle to the apex, the vibrissae reaching about to the apex; the ovipositor not protruded. Sculpture very similar to vinulus, with the pin-punctures on the head more distinct but not prominent, the reticulations of mesoscutum uniform and those on the first tergite of abdomen a little coarser and very delicately impressed. Face and mesoscutum with a fine, whitish pubescence neither very thick nor prominent, the axillae and scu- tellum with a more scattered, similar pubescence, the metapleura and hind coxae with the usual appressed hairs. Length of body, (2 to) 2.28; length of head, 0.73; width of head, 0.76; width of vertex, 0.223; length of eye, 0.53; width of eye, 0.33; length of antenna, 1.33; width of mesoscutum, 0.71; length of forewing, 2.10; width of forewing, 0.79 mm. Frontovertex and mesonotum intermediate between xanthine orange and Mars yellow (R.), the face, cheeks, postorbital region, occiput, and underparts of thorax ochraceous orange (R.); the collar of pronotum nearly transparent or probably whitish in life, the inner half of the axillae more or less blackish, the median part of 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the scutellum suffused with dark brown or blackish toward the base; nner half of tegulae white, outer half blackish; the propodeum and metanotum blackish brown, the abdomen entirely black. Scape concolorous with the base, pedicel a little darker, the funicle rather dark brown and the club still darker. Legs ochraceous orange, the front tibiae and tarsi rather dark brown, the hind tibiae and rest of tarsi brownish black, except that the first joint of the middle tarsi is somewhat yellowish; the middle tibiae somewhat brownish above and at the apex, the spur pale yellowish. Wings with a roundish spot beneath the stigmal vein, not extending over halfway across the disk. Male.—Not known. Redescribed from one female (type), Ottawa, Quebec (W. H. Harrington); one female (cotype of Encyrtus puncticeps Howard), Arlington, Virginia, September, 1881 (L. O. Howard); and one female captured at flowers of Polygonum, Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts, September 3, 1909 (P. H. Timberlake). Type.—Cat. No. 4748, U.S.N.M. 7. ISODROMUS PUNCTICEPS (Howard@). Plate 41, fig. 18. Encyrtus puncticeps Howarp, Bull. 5 (Old Series), Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1885, p. 14. Isodromus puncticeps ASHMEAD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 379. Aphycus chrysopae ASHMEAD, Entom. Amer., vol. 4, 1888, p. 15. Isodromus chrysopae Howarp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 21, 1898, p. 240. Female.—Head a little longer than wide, about as thick as in niger; the dorsal surface considerably shorter than the facial surface in side view, their planes meeting in an angle of somewhat more than 90°, the dorsal aspect moderately convex or about as in atriventris; the frontovertex rather narrow, about three times as long as wide, the ocelli in a somewhat more acute angle than that of an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair close to the eye margins, the anterior one considerably behind the center of the frontovertex, the dorsal orbits of eyes subparallel; antennal sockets situated about one and a half times their own length apart, their inner rims about parallel; the scrobes long, distinct, and reaching well upward between the eyes. Antennae shorter than in atriventris, the scape considerably shorter than the eyes, and reaching but little beyond the plane of the fronto- vertex, subcylindrical, a little thicker at the middle, slightly curved but hardly furrowed at apex beneath; pedicel about equal to the first two together with one-half of the third funicle joint; funicle joints nearly equal in length, the first one slightly longer than thick, the following increasingly wider, the sixth considerably wider than long NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 189 and nearly twice as wide as the first joint; club solid, obliquely trun- cate from apex to basal third, as long as the last four funicle joints combined. Mandibles about as in aériventris. Thorax moderately convex, the axillae nearly level with the scutellum, the disk of the latter moderately convex, abruptly rounded and declivous at the sides and apex. Wings very nearly as in atriventris, the speculum a little more distinct and nearly parallel with the apical part of the submarginal; the submarginal slightly angulate at the distal fourth and somewhat thicker at the angle; the stigmal vein less curved at base and thinner. Abdomen narrower than thorax and about two- thirds as long, the sides subparallel, the base somewhat narrowed and the apex well rounded; the ovipositor slightly protruded. Sculpture as in atriventris, except that the face has finely impressed, fingerprint-like, transverse aciculations, the frontovertex with the pin-punctures more numerous and distinct, and the axillae and scu- tellum with a much more deeply impressed or roughened sculpture, the surface, therefore, being much less shining; on the axillae the sculpture is subreticulate, but that of the scutellum, on the whole, is more of the fingerprint type, with the aciculations close-set and longitudinally arranged. Face, cheeks and mesoscutum with a whitish pubescence, thicker on the head but more prominent on the thorax; the metapleura and hind coxae with the usual appressed silvery white pubescence. Length of body, 1.91 (to 2.20); length of head, 0.65; width of head, 0.60; width of vertex, 0.159; length of eye, 0.46; width of eye, 0.29; length of antenna, 0.96; width of mesoscutum, 0.585; length of forewing, 1.70; width of forewing, 0.63; length of exserted part of ovipositor, 0.094 mm. General color intermediate between orange and Mars yellow (R.), the face, cheeks, postorbital region, most of occiput and prothorax, the pleura and base of abdomen often a little paler and more yellow- ish; mesoscutum in front of the curbed parapsidal lines often darker or about Sudan brown (R.) or becoming even darker medially and anteriorly; collar of pronotum transparent whitish or yellowish along the posterior margin; tegulae white with the apical half pale brown; metanotum, propodeum and most of the dorsum of abdomen brown- ish black; venter of abdomen like thorax, or sometimes rather dark brown except toward the base and medially; the ovipositor yellow. Antennae concolorous with face, the club and sometimes the funicle rather dark brown. Legs concolorous with pleura or sometimes paler yellow, the front and middle tibiae pale brown, the middle pair some- times dark brown; hind femora on the upper margin of the inner surface, and the hind tibiae brown to blackish brown; tibial spur yellowish, the tarsi yellowish white with the apical jomt dark brown. 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Wings with a brownish spot beneath the stigmal vein, becoming fainter as it reaches the opposite margin. Male.—Not known. Redescribed from one female (type), Arlington, Virginia, Septem- ber, 1881 (L. O. Howard): one female (type of Aphycus chrysopae Ashmead) reared from a Chrysopa cocoon, Jacksonville, Florida (W. H. Ashmead); two females, District of Columbia, one dated August 26, 1890; and one female reared from material of an Aphidid on elm, Yolo County, California (California State Insectary). The latter specimen has darker legs and venter than eastern specimens. Type.—Cat. No. 2635, U.S.N.M. BRETHESIA, new genus. Most closely related to /sodromus Howard, but easily recognized by the small eyes, broad frontovertex, and the long face and cheeks. The genus is named after Jean Bréthes, in recognition of his work on South American Hymenoptera. Female.—Head about as broad as the thorax, rather thin fronto- occipitally, thickest and widest at the lower corners of the eyes, sub- hemispherical in shape with the face slightly inflexed and considerably lengthened or somewhat subrostriform; in side view the planes of the frons and face meet in a very oblique angle, in front view the outline of the upper part of the head well rounded, but from the lower cor- ners of the eyes the cheeks rapidly converge toward the rather narrow oral margin; frontovertex broad or about one-half as wide as the head yet a little longer than wide, and forming with the eyes a strongly convex surface; the large ocelli in an obtuse-angled triangle, the posterior pair a little less than their own diameter from the eye margins and about thrice as far removed from the occipital margin, the median ocellus a little behind the center of the fronto- vertex; occiput rather deeply concave, the neck inserted near the center, the vertical margin sharp; eyes unusually small as compared with Isodromus or Homalotylus, their length about one-half more than their width and but little more than the width of the vertex or the length of the cheeks, wider on their anterior half, their long axis about parallel with the plane of the frons, and their dorsal orbits parallel or hardly preceptibly diverging anteriorly; postorbital region rather wide as in Jsodromus or Homalotylus; face strongly convex from side to side, the antennal sockets situated about one-half more than their own length apart and about their own length from the oral margins, their inner rims parallel; the scrobes distinct, forming deep, triangular shaped grooves as wide below as the sockets, but tapering and converging above although not quite meeting; both the NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 191 sockets and scrobes separated by a broad ridge well rounded from side to side but entirely plane longitudinally. Antennae short, cylindrical, somewhat clavate, in general structure similar to Homal- otylus or Isodromus; the scape cylindrical, very slightly curved, and excluding the radicle joint about as long as the eyes; pedicel obconical, and a little longer than the first two funicle jomts combined; funicle cylindrical but increasing slightly in thickness distad, the first joint unusually short, nearly twice as wide as long, hardly over a third as long as the second and narrower, the next four joints longer than wide, the second and third but slightly so, the fourth about one-third longer than wide, the fifth wider but no longer than the fourth, the sixth hardly longer than wide and about as long as the preceding joint; club considerably wider than the funicle, with three distinct joints, the first of which is shortest, the apical one obliquely truncate from apex to its base on the inner side, the truncation reaching to the middle of the club. Mandibles rather short and very broad at apex with three long, acute, simewhat di- verging and incurved teeth of which the middle one is considerably the longest. Thorax throughout nearly as in Jsodromus, but not so convex, the mesoscutum, axille, and scutellum lying in one plane as in Homalotylus, the scutellum flat across the disk, its margins much elevated and abruptly declivous. Legs as in Homalotylus or Iso- dromus, the middle tibial spur slender and as long as the first tarsal joint, which is nearly as long as the following joints combined. Fore-wings about as in /sodromus, the basal third bare of cilia ex- cepting a row next to the submarginal vein and one obliquely trans- verse row; speculum distinct, reaching from the stigmal vein obliquely half way across the disk; submarginal vein attaining the margin before the middle of the disk, the marginal punctiform, the stigmal moderately long and very slightly enlarged at apex, the postmar- ginal about one-third as long and forming an acute angle with the stigmal. Hind-wings as in /sodromus, except that the costal cell becomes very attenuated before reaching the hooklets. Abdomen depressed, broadly ovate in shape, widest at the middle, slightly narrowing toward the base and more rapidly toward the rather acute apex, and a little over one-half as long as the thorax; the tactile plates situated just behind the middle, the vibrissae nearly reaching to the apex; the venter moderately convex from side to side, or as in some specimens the ventrites may be compressed into a sharp longitudinal fold especially toward the base, the fifth ventrite reaching nearly to the apex and enclosing the ovipositor which barely protrudes. 192 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Frontovertex and face rather coarsely, hexagonally punctato- reticulate, with the sculpture delicately impressed; the cheeks, postorbital region and occiput nearly smooth; the mesoscutum micro- scopically reticulate, the axillae and scutellum with a similar but much coarser reticulation; pleura rather coarsely reticulate, with the aciculations mainly continuous and longitudinal, the prepectal plates, however, scaly-reticulate; abdomen uniformly reticulate except at the apex, and across the base of the first tergite, the retic- ulations of about the same size as those of the scutellum but more delicately impressed. Pubescence on face and mesoscutum very fine, rather scattered, whitish in color but not conspicuous; the metapleura concealed by a dense, appressed, silvery white pubescence, the hind coxae with a few scattered hairs of the same character. Male.—According to Girault’s deseription of abnormicornis the male is similar structurally, except that the antennae are less clavate, with the funicle filiform, the last five joints being subequal and all a half longer than wide. Type of genus.—Brethesia latifrons, new species. 1. BRETHESIA LATIFRONS, new species. Plate 40, fig. 14. Female.—tength of body, (1.08 to) 1.21; length of head, 0.45; width of head, 0.39; width of vertex, 0.192; length of eye, 0.244; width of eye, 0.176; length of antenna, 0.705; width of mesoscutum, 0.415; length of forewing, 0.11; width of forewing, 0.42 mm. Frontovertex and mesoscutum ochraceous orange (R.), the face, cheeks, occiput, and anterior half of underparts of thorax mustard yellow (R.); most of pronotum similar but suffused with palé brown- ish; axillae and scutellum with an ochraceous orange ground color but suffused with brownish, the apical half of the scutellum becoming still darker brown; metanotum, propodeum, and posterior half of the mesopleura chestnut brown (R.) but appearing more blackish in some lights; tegulae mustard yellow with the apical margin slightly brownish; dorsum of abdomen rather shiny black, with most of the first tergite primuline yellow (R.), a minute dot behind the tactile plates and another at the apex ochraceous orange; venter mostly ochraceous orange but paler medially toward the base, and invaded by the black of the dorsum in two areas on each side, the first pair just before the tactile plates and well separated medially, the second pair just before the apex and nearly meeting, the black marks on each side being narrowly separated by the ochraceous orange, the extension of which produces the dot on the dorsum behind the tactile plates. Antennae nearly concolorous with the face or slightly paler. Legs mustard yellow with the front tibiae on their upper surface and NO. 2293. PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES—TIMBERLAKE. 193 the front tarsi slightly brownish, the hind coxae and femora paler or about Naples yellow (R.), the hind tibiae blackish brown, the tibial spur and middle and hind tarsi yellowish white, the last joint of the tarsi being tipped with brownish. Wings with a faint brownish spot beneath the stigmal vein, becoming hardly perceptible before reach- ing the opposite margin. Male.—Not known. Described from four females (type and paratypes a to c) reared from material of Jeerya purchast Maskell, Mendoza, Argentina (Carlos Reed). The actual host was perhaps a Chrysopid or Hemerobiid predaceous on the Jcerya. 'The specimens are poorly preserved as two of the paratypes have lost the abdomen, and the antennae are missing in all except the type. Type.—Cat. No. 22046, U.S.N.M. 2. BRETHESIA ABNORMICORNIS (Girault.) Tsodromus abnormicornis GrrAvut, Insec. Insc. Menst., vol. 4, Jan., 1917, p. 118. This species has not been seen by the writer, but seems to be closely allied to latifrons. According to the original description the fronto- vertex is moderately wide, the second funicle joint subequal to the pedicel, the last funicle joint distinctly wider than long, the pro- podeum with three widely separated caninae, and the postmarginal vein only somewhat shorter than the stigmal. The coloration is similar, but the pronotum more blackish, the mesopleura entirely black, and the abdomen except at the base solidly black. The types were reared from material of Icerya brasiliensis Hempel, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A. Hempel). Type.—Cat. No. 20606, U.S.N.M. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 38. Forewings of female. Fia. 1. Homalotylus terminalis californicus. Salt Lake City, Utah. 2. H. faminius. Cape Town, South Africa. 3. H. flaminius. Brisbane, Queensland. 4, H. flaminius. Palermo, Sicily. 5 . H, mevicanus. Guadalajara, Mexico. PuaTE 39. Forewings of female. Fia. 6. H. cockereli. Brownsville, Texas. . H. hyperaspidis. Murray, Utah. . H. affinis. Uplands, California. . A. quaylei. Sicily. . H. oculatus. Manila, Philippine Islands. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——13 oo ON DS - 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 56. oS ae Fie. 11. 2: LS. 14. 15. Fie. 16. ii: 18. 19. Puate 40. Forewings of female. Anisotylus similis utahensis. Salt Lake City, Utah. A. pallentipes. Oracle, Arizona. Homalotylus brevicauda. Ignacio, Mexico. Brethesia latifrons. Mendoza, Argentina. Tsodromus iceryae. San Diego, California. PLATE 41. Forewings of female. T. atriventris. Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts. I. vinulus. Sweden. I. puneticeps. District of Columbia. I. niger. Murray, Utah. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 38 WPT CO PS >), : ~ o Rhegagee™” FOREWINGS OF FEMALE PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 193 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 39 FOREWINGS OF FEMALE PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 193 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 40 FOREWINGS OF FEMALE PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FLIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 194 56 PL. 4 VOL. PROCEEDINGS, NATIONAL MUSEUM Ss. U. © re ~ > Ay x : Pi . ee ret ees. * », FOREWINGS OF FEMALE PARASITIC CHALCIDOID FEES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 194 THE FISHES OF THE UNITED STATES ECLIPSE EXPE- DITION TO WEST AFRICA. By Henry W. Fow ter, Of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. INTRODUCTION. The collections on which this paper is based are primarily con- tained in the United States National Museum. The first and most extensive is that obtained by the United States Eclipse Expedition to West Africa in 1889, with William Harvey Brown as naturalist. Collections of fishes were secured by this expedition at the Azores, Cape de Verde Islands, Ascension Island, Sierra Leone, Ashantee, Angola, and Cape Town. An interesting collection was received from Rolla P. Currie and a few specimens from Messrs. O. F. Cook and G. N. Collins, collected in Liberia. I have further included several small collections from Liberia and the French Kongo, long in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dr. J. P. Moore sent a few from the French Kongo, from the Biological School of the University of Penn- sylvania, and others were sent, through Capt. C. F. Silvester, from Princeton University, obtained in Kamerun. These are all indicated under their respective captions, where reference is given at the beginning of the principal faunal papers. Five imperfectly-known species are figured, together with the following, which appear to be new: Julis azorensis. Abudefduf ascensionis. Mormyrus goheeni. Labeo curries. Tilapia savagei. Eutropius eclipsis. Caranx angolensis. The types representing these species are all in the United States National Museum. In further explanation of the figures all the new forms are drawn from the types, and the others in the National Museum are: Belone trachura Valenciennes. 42150. Inosaccus cutaneus (Ginther). 42143. PROCEEDINGS U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 56—No. 2294, 195 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. Chaetodon sanctae-helenae Giinther. 42311. Alticus teztilis (Valenciennes). 42318. The types of Holopterura plumbea Cope, and Syngnathus pellegrini, new species, are in the Academy, and numbered 22964 and 975, respectively, in the catalogue of that institution. Acknowledgment is here offered to the authorities of the United States National Museum for the privilege of reporting on their collections, and also to Doctor Moore and Captain Silvester for the loan of their material used in this connection. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 1. Horta, Fayan IsLanp, AZORES. Pereira-Guimaraes mentions fishes from the Azores and Madeira Islands.‘ Hilgendorf published the first comprehensive list? and de- scribed Salarias symplocos as new,’ afterwards identified as Blennius galerita Linnaeus, by Collett, in his report on a small collection.‘ Clark notes a short list of species obtained by the Scotia at Horta,® and finally Regan has studied an interesting collection.* BELONE TRACHURA Valenciennes. Head, 22; depth, 14, in postocular part of head; D. 1m, 12; A. ny, 17; P. 1, 10; V, 1, 5; seales along lateral line about 238 to caudal base; 11 scales above lateral line to dorsal origin, and 4 below to anal origin; about 129 predorsal scales to occiput; head width about 14 in postocular region; eye, 2; interorbital, 13. Body elongately fusiform, somewhat pentagonal in transverse section with median dorsal and upper lateral ridges all distinct, greatest depth median. Caudal peduncle broadly depressed, width four-fifths of eye and least depth about 23. Head depressed above, flattened sides moderately converge below, so depressed under surface about three-fourths of eye. Snout tip shorter than lower jaw by nearly an eye-diameter, basal width at rictus 74 its length, surface smooth. Eye ellipsoid, supraorbital cavity slightly bulging upper profile of head. Pupil ellipsoid, large. Maxillary concealed, about reaches eye. Jaws not completely ca- pable of closing basally. Teeth small, largest of upper twice length of lower, none on vomer or palatines. Nasal cavity large, about half size of pupil, triangular, and oblique keel down from its lower 1 Jorn. Sei. Lisboa, vol. 8, 1883, pp. 30-39 (133); vol. 37, 1884, pp. 11-28. 2 Arch. Naturgesch., vol. 54, 1888, pp. 205-213. 8 Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1888, p. 79. ‘Arch. Math. Naturv. Christiania, 1897, 19, No. 7,17 pp. See also Res. Camp. Sci. Prince de Monaco, voi.i0, 1896, pp. 1-198, pls. 1-5. 6 Scottish Nat. Ant. Exp. Zool., vol. 4, Fishes, 1915, p. 380. § Ann. Mag. Nat. London, ser, 7, vol. 12, 1903, pp. 344-388. No, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 197 front edge over preorbital. Interorbital broadly concave, supra- orbitals with fine striae slightly converging toward occiput, and few low median keels. Postocular space to preopercle edge about seven- eighths of eye. Gill-opening forward about opposite eye center. Rakers 1v+15, Ix, lanceolate, short or about one-third of filaments and latter slightly over half of eye. Isthmus narrow keel. Seales narrowly imbricated and crowded along sides and lower surfaces, down back medially much larger and broadly exposed. Broadly exposed scales over most of upper surface of head, and extending forward on snout for space equal to 13 eye-diameters. Fins scaleless, except area converging out over caudal of lateral keels, extension about three-fourths of median rays from bases, Lateral line complete to caudal base, not to latter, and along caudal Fic. 1.—BELONE TRACHURA VALENCIENNES, peduncle behind extends along lower surface of flange or keel. Each tube with several short branches below. Dorsal inserted slightly behind anal origin, nearly at last third between depressed pectoral tip and caudal base, first branched ray 1} in postocular region, lobe of fin not quite half of fin length. Anal with large lobe in front, first branched ray about long as postocular region. Caudal (damaged) moderately forked, and lower lobe appar- ently slightly longer. Ventral inserted about midway between hind preopercle edge and caudal base, fin 14 in postocular region. Pec- toral slightly longer than postocular. Vent nearly three-fifths of eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol deep brown on back and upper surface of head. Along upper side of postocular region, dusky line to end of gill- opening separating silvery-white color of sides and lower surface, but not on trunk. All along edge of dark upper tint, which bounded 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. on trunk by upper lateral keel, tinge of dark greenish. Iris pale. Fins all pale brownish, with dusky on outer portions. Length, 450 mm. Type. Beet No. 42150, US. NM. Also four other examples, showing: head, 3 to 34; depth, 14 to 14 in postocular region; D. u, 12, once 11, 14; A. m1, 17; scales about 212 to 223 in lateral line to caudal base; about 123 to 135 predorsal scales to occiput; rakers, nr to vi+4 to 6 Vv to xr; eye 12 to 2 in postocular; interorbital 12 to 2; least width of caudal peduncle, 2 to 22; length, 379 to 429 mm. My examples differ from the accounts by Valenciennes! and Ginther ? in the constantly fewer anal rays, or 19 instead of 20 to 21, partly pentagonal body, slightly more advanced ventral and apparently larger scales. In structure the scales show the circuli complete, very fine, or simply convergent. SCOMBER COLIAS Gmelin. Head, 33 to 32; depth, 5} to 64; D. X—u11, 10+5; A. 11, 10+5; snout, 23? to 3 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 44 to 44; maxillary, 22 to 22; interorbital, 4 to 44; second dorsal spine, 2 to 2;; first brace el ray, 44 to 43; pectoral, 2} to 24; ventral, 22 to 24; rakers, 16+30. Maxillary abdub to eye front. Front nostril about three-fifths of eye-diameter before eye. Interorbital flattened. Spinous dorsal inserted about midway between hind nostril and soft dorsal origin. Pectoral about one-fourth to one- third in depressed spinous dorsal. Ventral inserted near first third of depressed pectoral. Two examples, 229 mm. TRACHURUS PICTURATUS (Bowdich). Head, 3} to 33; depth, 44 to 54; D. VIJI—I, 30 to 34; A. H—I, 25 to 29; scutes in lateral line, 49 to 56 +45 to 52, and of latter usually 4 to 8 on caudal base; snout, 3 to 34 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 3 to 33; maxillary, 22 to 24; interorbital, 3} to 4; rakers, 16 or 17+39 to 41; length, 132 to 205 mm. Fourteen examples. Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus), of the Mediterranean, is close to the present species in the broad scutes in the first half of the lateral line, apparently differing in their fewer number, 79 to 86, compared with 94 to 108 in T. picturatus. Both species have far more scutes than 7. semispinosus (Nilsson) in which they are said to be 70 to 75. Compared with examples from California (San Pedro and Santa Catalina) of 7. symmetricus the present form shows several striking differences. It has the lateral line much wider, as width of upper two-thirds and lower three-fifths of eye, compared with width of upper one-half and lower two-thirds in eye in T. 1 Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 18, 1846, p. 339. 2 Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 235. NO. 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 199 symmetricus. The eye is much larger in 7. picturatus and the pec- toral is also slightly longer. The scutes are within the same vari- able limits in both species, my Californian material showing 50 to 54+46 to 52, though with rakers apparently slightly more numer- ous, 16+45. The example I recorded from Valparaiso,as the present species is 7. symmetricus. It has scutes 50+50. Seales of all three species are variable, though usually with three basal striae more or less marginal. The circuli are fine, but little coarser on middle of scale. The Australian Caranz declivis Jenyns? is shown with broad scutes as in 7. picturatus, 82 in number, with about 50 on drawing as spinescent in straight part of lateral line, though it has a few more soft dorsal and anal rays than any of my examples of T. pic- turatus. Bowdich originally published a wretched figure and his description says soft dorsal with 17 and anal with 15 rays.* CAESIOMORUS GLAUCUS (Linnaeus). Head, 32 to 4; depth, 24 to 22; D. VI—I, 1, 25, once 24; A. II— I, 1, 23 to 25; snout, 31 to 34 in head; eye, 4 to 42; maxillary, 22 to 23; interorbital, 27 to 3; scales, 127 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter. Body well compressed, contour evenly fusi- form. Caudal peduncle compressed, depth 4 to 2 its length. Pre- dorsal keel forward till over nostrils. Head compressed, sides about evenly approximate above and below. Snout conic, long as wide or length four-fifths of width. Eye round, advanced, hind edge midway in head length and adipose lid around edges. Maxillary slightly beyond eye front, expansion 24 to 22 in eye. Mouth oblique, jaws about even. Teeth minute, in narrow bands, resolving into 1 or 2 irregular narrow rows along sides of jaws. Narrow band of very minute teeth, and similar ones in small arrow-shaped line on vomer. Nostrils small, together, about two-thirds of eye diameter before eye and level with its upper edge. Least infraorbital width slightly over one-fourth to one-third of eye. Rakers 14 to 16+ 28 to 31, lanceolate, slightly longer than filaments. Scales cycloid, rounded, largest along lateral line opposite soft dorsal and anal. Patch of scales on front of cheeks behind maxillary, and another behind eye, head otherwise naked. Spinous dorsal begins little nearer soft dorsal origin than hind eye edge, spines low, second to fourth subequally longest or about 11 to 13% in eye. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between snout tip and eye, or little nearer caudal base, front of fin elevated though not as lobe and first branched ray 13 to 14 in head. Soft anal similar, only first branched ray 1% to 2} in head. Caudal very deeply forked, long slender pointed ! Copeia, No. 34, Aug. 24, 1916, p. 64. 3 Excurs. Madeira, 1825, p. 123, pl. fig. 27. 2 Zool. Voy. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, p. 68, pl. 14. 200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. lobes about equal, 23 to 24 in combined head and trunk. Pectoral short, pointed, 12 in head. Ventral inserted slightly before spinous dorsal, 12 to 24 in pectoral. Color in alcohol with silvery-white reflections, back dusky with dark bluish tint, lower surfaces whitish. Fins largely dull brown, dorsal and anal front tips black. Each caudal lobe largely dusky above and below, leaving hind edge broadly paler. Pectoral axil dusky, fin like ventral, with somewhat yellowish-brown tint. Six examples, 163 to 334 mm. These agree with a series of 19 Italian examples of all ages. Rakers and scales fewer in young than in adults, and scale structure identical in all. SERRANELLUS ATRICAUDA (Giinther). Head, 22; depth, 3} to 34; D. X, 15, 1; A. ITI, 8,1; scales along and just above lateral line to caudal base, 120 to 126 and 12(%) to 18 on latter; pores in lateral line 73 to 80 to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter; 10 scales above lateral line, 28 to 30 below; predorsal scales 28 to 34; snout 32 to 32 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 5 to 53; maxillary, 24 to 24; interorbital, 53 to 63. Body com- pressed, rather fusiform. Head well compressed. Snout about broad as long. Eye advanced, hind edge about midway in head length. Maxillary to eye center, expansion 1¢ in eye. Mouth large, lower jaw slightly projecting. Strong canines in front of jaws and along mandible sides. Nostrils close, front one nearly half an eye-diameter before eye. Interorbital flattened. Preopercle edge finely serrated, serrae but slightly coarser below. Rakers, v 3 +11 u or 111, lanceolate, long as filaments, or 2} in eye. Pseud- obranchiae about 2 of gill-filaments. Scales finely ciliated, with 6 to 12 basal striae. Cheek with 18 rows of scales. Muzzle, interor- bital, preorbital and top of head naked. Fourth dorsal spine longest, 23 to 3 in head. Soft dorsal inserted little nearer caudal base than eye, front rays little longer, second ray 2% to 23 in head. Third anal spine longest, 34 in head. Soft anal like soft dorsal, third ray 2} in head. Caudal slightly emarginate, upper lobe little longer. Color in alcohol generally dark brownish. Below lateral line along sides row of 4 or 5 large square dusky-brown blotches and streaks of same color between each. Above lateral line color largely dark brown. Pale blue oblique line along upper maxillary edge or impression. Another parallel from below eye front to cheek corner. Dusky spot below eye front and on cheek at end of maxil- lary. Fins brownish, edges of unpaired blackish. Upper and lower corners of caudal and anal end black. Soft dorsal, anal, caudal and caudal peduncle rather sparsely marked with small bluish dots. Pectoral pale brown. Ventral with dusky shade. Iris brown. Three examples, 170 to 245 mm. No. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 201 BOOPS BOOPS (Linnaeus). Head, 32 to 38; depth, 3% to 42; D. XIV, once XIII, 14, once 13; A. III, 15, once 16; scales 72 to 80 in lateral line to caudal base, and 5 or 6 more on latter; 5 to 7 scales above lateral line and 12 to 14 below; 20 to 24 predorsal scales; snout 34 to 44 in head; eye 2% to 34; maxillary 34 to 4; interorbital, 2% to 34; rakers, 7+18 to 20, lanceolate, two-thirds to little less than filaments and latter about half of eye. Seven examples, 85 to 207 mm. These agree with a series of Mediterranean examples in the Academy, though some of the latter vary greatly in depth. The scales of all show about 10 to 12 basal striae. PAGELLUS CENTRODONTUS (Delareche). Head, 3; depth, 3; D. XII, 10 or 11; A. III, 12; scales 75 to 78 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 to 8 more on latter; 6 or 7 scales above lateral line, 16 or 17 below; snout, 32 to 34 in head; eye, 3; maxillary, 3; interorbital, 32 to 4; rakers, 13+19, lanceolate, about long as filaments, which 2 in eye; 7 scales on cheek. Two examples, 98 to 108 mm. Compared with a Mediterranean example 130 mm. long, scales of ali finely ciliated and with 6 to 10 basal striae. None of the other Mediterranean examples, long in alcohol, show the dark shoulder blotch distinct, and only a slight trace in the Horta examples. PAGELLUS ACARNE (Risso), Head, 3} to 33; depth, 3; D. XII, 10 or 11; A. III, 10; scales, 70 to 72 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 or 7 more on latter. Body fusiform, elongate, moderately compressed. Head well com- pressed, sides flattened. Snout about wide as long. Eye large, slightly advanced, long as snout or 3% in head. Mouth little inclined, lower jaw shorter. Maxillary reaches slightly beyond eye front, not quite to pupil. Front teeth fine and conic, and hind teeth two rows of molars above and below. Front nostril pore about two-fifths of eye before same, and hind nostril large slit close behind. Interorbital broadly convex, wide as eye. Preorbital depth 1% its length. Preopercle edge entire. Rakers, 10+13, lanceolate, nearly equal filaments or 24 in eye. Pseudobranchiae long as gill-fila- ments. Squamation very compact, scales narrowly imbricated, each with 9 or 10 basal radii, latter rather obsolete with age. Suprascapula edge little jagged. Most of caudal covered with minute scales. Lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal profile, elevated along side of caudal peduncle. Cheek with five rows of scales. Dorsal spines pungent, slender. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between spinous dorsal origin and caudal base, front rays little elevated. Anal similar, spines slender and third longest. 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56, Caudal forked. Pectoral not quite to anal, long as head. Ventral spine, 12 of fin, latter 14 in pectoral. Color in alcohol uniform brownish, sides and below with traces of silvery white. Dorsal tinted, with dull brown. Pectoral axil and base with large dusky- brown blotch. Two examples, 189 to 241 mm. PAGRUS PAGRUS (Linnaeus). Head, 34; depth, 23; D. XIT, 10,1; A. ITI, 8,1; scales, 53 in lateral line to caudal base and 9 more on latter; 7 scales above lateral line, 15 below; snout, 24 in head; eye, 33; maxillary, 24; interor- bital, 34. Body oblong, well compressed, upper profile evenly convex from snout tip to soft dorsal. Head well compressed, sides flattened. Snout, width 14 its length. Eye large, midway in head length. Maxillary about to eye. Molar teeth biserial. Pair of small canines in front of each jaw behind which patch of villiform teeth. Front nostril about half an eye-diameter before eye. Inter- orbital convex. Preorbital width equals eye. Rakers, 8+9, short stumps about one quarter of filaments, latter 13 in eye. Pseudo- branchiae large as gill-filaments. Scales narrowly imbricated, about 11 basal striae on largest. Cheek with seven rows of scales. Supra- scapula edge nearly entire. Scales very small on top of head, below suprascapula, on pectoral and caudal bases, and along soft dorsal and anal bases. Tubes in lateral line simple, largely concurrent with dorsal profile and little high along caudal peduncle side. Dorsal spines rather slender. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between spinous dorsal origin and caudal base, fin low. Anal similar, second and third spines subequally longest. Caudal deeply forked. Pec- toral little longer than head, reaches second analspine base. Ventral spine ? of fin, fin 13 in pectoral. Color in alcohol, dull uniform brownish generally, with traces of bright silvery-white on sides and below. Length, 241 mm. DIPLODUS SARGUS (Linnaeus). Head, 3'to 34; depth, 1{ to 24; D. XII, 13,1, or 14, 1; A. TU, 13 I, or 14, 1; scales 60 to 65 in lateral line to caudal base, and 6 to 8 more on latter; 8 or 9 scales above and 16 to 18 below lateral line; snout, 22 to 3 in head; eye, 24 to 44; maxillary, 3; interorbital, 2% to 34; rakers, 7 or 8+9 or 10. Three examples, 70 to 260 mm. One of the above from Loando, Angola (p. 284). It has three rows of molars above and two below and slightly larger and longer anal spines than the largest example, from the Azores. In the last axilla and hind edge of opercle flap dusky and preorbital, about seven-eighths of eye. In young axilla and opercle flap pale, pre- orbital but slightly over half of eye, and molars in three rows above and two below. Young in alcohol with back olive, grayish where scales have fallen, with six vertical lines or narrow bands of deeper No. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 2038 olive-brown down to abdomen, also dark or slaty blotch on front of caudal peduncle. Fins, pale brownish, ends of ventrals and median caudal rays dusky. Head, iris, and sides with silvery reflec- tions. An example from Messina, Italy, agrees best with the largest of the above. It has the dark axillary blotch, though shorter pectoral. Rakers, 8+10; length, 216 mm. The scales of all the oxenie alike, ee ciliated, and with many as 9 basal striae. CHROMIS CHROMIS (Linnaeus). Head, 33; depth,;,2; D., XIV,,.11;,A. II,,,11;-scales,,.19 in upper arch of lateral line and 11 pores in straight section before caudal base; 4 scales above lateral line to spinous dorsal origin, 10 below to spinous anal origin; 27 predorsal scales; snout, 3? in head; eye 34; maxillary, 3; interorbital,2?. Body greatly compressed, elongately ellipsoid. Caudal peduncle compressed, length two-thirds least depth, which two in head. Last with flattened sides, width 14 its length. Snout, convex; length, about 3 its width. Eye large, rounded, advanced, hind edge little behind middle in head length. Mouth small, inclined but little from vertical, lower jaw slightly protruding. Lips rather fleshy. Maxillary almost to eye, expan- sion 22 insame. Teeth conic, outer row slightly enlarged, in narrow bands in jaws. Nostril simple pore near last fourth in snout. In- terorbital convex. Preorbital narrow, 3 in eye, edge entire, also preopercle edge. Rakers, 10+21, lanceolate, slender, equal fila- ments, or 2} in eye. Scales large, finely ciliated, with 7 or 8 basal striae, of smaller size about bony edges and top of head. Preorbital with two irregular rows of scales and four rows on cheek. Very small scales on fins basally. Lateral line with upper arch only to soft dorsal origin, tubes simple. Spinous dorsal inserted behind pectoral origin or about opposite ventral origin; fourth spine longest or slightly less than half of head. Soft dorsal greatly posterior, behind soft anal origin and third or longest ray forming fin point, 1% in head. Second anal spine much longer than first, 1% in head; fin origin little nearer caudal base than pectoral origin. Soft anal larger than soft dorsal, pointed behind with seventh ray longest or 12 in head. Caudal elongate, deeply forked, long lobes sharp pointed, longer than head by eye-diameter. Pectoral pointed, long as head. Ventral reaches anal, first ray filamentous, spine half of fin. Vent half an eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol dull uniform brownish with slight olive tint; back and head above, dusky. Spinous dorsal, front half of soft dorsal, first two-thirds of soft anal and outer halves of each caudal lobe black. Remaining portions of soft dorsal] and anal, and caudal, whitish. Pectoral pale, also ventral, though latter with front edge and base brownish. Iris brown. Length, 140 mm. 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. JULIS AZORENSIS, new species. Head, 34 (without teeth); depth, 42; D. IX, 12, 1; A. IL, 12; P. u, 12; V. I, 5; scales, 60+10 in lateral line to caudal base, and 8 more on latter; 4 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal ome 20 below to spinous anal origin; 16 predorsal scales; head width, 2} its length; snout, 32; eye, 54; maxilliary, 4}; interorbital, 5; second dorsal spine, 43; ae dorsal ray, 23; second anal ray, 24; caudal, 1%; pectoral, 14; ventrai, 2}. Body much elongated, well compressed, deepest at hind opercle edge and tapering gradually back to caudal, edges convex. Caudal peduncle strongly compressed, about long as deep and least depth about 24 in head. Head elongately rhomboid, well compressed, sides slightly flat- tened and about evenly approximate above and below. Snout conic, upper profile slightly concave in front; width, 1} its length. Eye rounded, advanced, with hind edge little before center in head Fic. 2.—JULIS AZORENSIS. length. Mouth moderate, gape extending about halfway to eye: jaws and teeth about even in front. Maxillary about reaches oppo site front nostril. Lips moderately wide, fleshy. Teeth biserial, outer row much larger, and four canines in front of each jaw, of which median pair of each much larger. Tongue small, elongate, end free androunded. Nostrils small, near one another; front one about half an eye-diameter before eye. Interorbital convex. Least width of preorbital about seven-eighths of eye. Hind preopercle edge entire. Gill-opening forward about opposite hind pupil edge. Rakers 8+11 short flexible points, spinescent, about one-fourth of filaments, and latter two-fifths of eye. Isthmus triangular, with median keel. Scales thin, in even longitudinal rows, elongate, well exposed, cycloid. Head naked. Scales smaller on predorsal, breast, and caudal base. Scales with about 18 basal radii and twice as many apical obscurely, circuli very fine. Lateral line complete, high along No, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 205 back at first, then drops just before caudal peduncle until midway on side and extends out on caudal base. Tubes largely simple, well exposed. Spinous dorsal inserted well before hind opercle edge, about over pectoral origin; spines more or less subequal, and first not elongated. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between front eye edge and caudal base; fin of about uniform height, and edge like that of spinous dorsal, slightly notched. Anal inserted opposite soft dorsal origin, with weak spines of which third longest and rayed fin like soft dorsal. Caudal oblong, truncate behind. Pectoral pointed from upper rays, which longest, reaches three-fourths to anal. Ventral origin very slightly before pectoral origin, fin half way to anal and spine two- thirds of fin. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely brown above on back and head. Paler below with tinge of buff. Dark color of back not strongly contrasted with paler lower colors. Well-defined dark line from pectoral axil to caudal base little below middle. Cheek and opercles brown above. Small black spot less than pupil on opercle flap near tip above, also another at pectoral origin. Membrane between first two dorsal spines deep brownish, and entire dorsal fins otherwise pale or dull buff. Other fins buff. Iris brassy-yellow. Length, 170 mm. Type.—No. 42127, U.S.N.M. Horta, Fayal Island, Azores, No- vember 3, 1889. Wm. Harvey Brown. Only the above unique example, allied with Julis atlantica (Gtin- ther)! in its uniform spinous dorsal and slender body. In these points it differs strikingly from Mediterranean examples of Julis julis (Linnaeus) before me. From Giinther’s species it may easily be distinguished by its shorter ventrals and coloration. Ginther describes two broad dark longitudinal bands, one along the back and the other from the pectoral to the caudal base medially, a black spot at the end of the opercle, dorsal, and anal each narrowly edged blackish with broad violet band along middle, caudal corners dark, ventral filaments blackish and no black axillary blotch. Its size is not given. I have compared Julis giofredi (Risso), from the Mediterranean, and find it allied in the uniform spinous dorsal, though differing in the much smaller inconspicuous axillary black spot, which a mere speck in most. It is not even indicated by Bonaparte? and Valen- ciennes.2 The lower band on the side extends from the head below to the pectoral base and the caudal base, in J. giofredi, and said to be yellow in life, though evidently all faded in my Italian and Medi- terranean examples. ‘They show only a whitish parallel line between 1Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, 1862, p. 197. Sierra Leone. 3 Hist, Nat. Pois., vol. 13, 1839, p. 271. 3 Fauna Italica, Pesc., vol. 2, 1841 (117) fase. 30, pl. 2. : 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 56. it and dark color on back, latter bounded by a dark band from snout to median caudal base. (For the Azores where the type was obtained.) BALISTES VETULA Linnaeus. One example, 305 mm. to caudal base, 535 mm. to end of caudal filaments. LACTOPHRYS NOTACANTHUS (Bleeker). Head, 23; depth, 24; D. 1, 9; A. 1, 9; eye, 3 in snout; snout, 14 in head to upper angle of gill-opening; interorbital, 24; caudal, 14. Preocular spine slightly over half of eye. Median keel of back with distinct small spine at last third between hind eye edge and dorsal origin. Caudal peduncle unarmed. Color in alcohol with each scute with submarginal ring and central spot of darker brown than body color, all of which, somewhat variable at ring, may be waved slightly in places and central spot appear as if formed of several blotches. Length, 266 mm. Apparently distinct from the West Indian Lactophrys tricornis (Linnaeus), none of my examples having the erect dorsal spine before the dorsal fin as in the above. Bleeker’s species is without the bridges behind dorsal and anal fins, where each edge ends in a back- wardly directed spine. Giinther admits it ' only as a variety and says ‘‘examples from the West Indies with an indication of the dor- sal spine are by no means uncommon.” LIOSACCUS CUTANEUS (Giinther). Head, 22; depth (contracted), about 33; D. 1, 6; A. 11,6; P. 1, 14; head width, 12 in its length; snout, 14; eye, 43; interorbital, 24. Body cylindrical, robust; belly loose, though skin tough or moder- ately pliable and capable of great inflation. Caudal peduncle de- pressed so least depth equals its width at same point. Head large, robust, broad as deep when not inflated, upper profile little inclined in front. Snout convex over surface and in profile, about wide as long. Eye moderate, ellipsoid, front edge about midway in head. Mouth rather large. Teeth large, with entire even cutting edges. Lips thick, fleshy, and greatly papillose. Nostrils together, on front and hind faces of short fleshy knob, which is nearly an eye-diameter in advance of eye, nearly level with upper edge. Interorbital broad, with wide shallow median concavity. Gill-opening nearly vertical, equals 11 eye-diameters. Skin entirely smooth, with very fine longi- tudinal wrinkles on back and sides behind pectoral to dorsal and on inflatable belly. Dorsal inserted nearly at last third between front eye edge and caudal base. Anal similar, inserted entirely but close ‘Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 258. NO. 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 207 behind dorsal. Caudal with hind edge slightly concave. Pectoral broad, upper rays forming slight point above and rounded lobe below, larger than dorsal. Color in alcohol uniform brown above, under surface same general tint except paler. Iris pale olive-brown. Dark blotch over each eye on interorbital edge. Fins dull brownish. Length, 248 mm. The above interesting example appears identical with Tetrodon cutaneus Ginther.! Its distribution so far to the northward as the Azores is likely due to the influence of the Guinea Current. In Giinther’s short description few other than minor variants appear, so that I am unable to separate the Azores fish from the South Atlantic. Fic, 3.—LIosaccUS CUTANEUS (GUNTHER). 2. Porto GRANDE ON St. VINCENT, CAPE DE VERDE ISLANDS. The Cape de Verde Islands partake largely of the African ichthy- fauna, and, lying along the route of European exploration and dis- covery of the West African region, are associated with its development. As Goree Island, off the Senegal, was the first point on the African coast from which any attempt was made to gather representative collections of fishes, one finds the first enumeration of Cape de Verde fishes, with those from the Gabun, also included in Duméril’s memoir ‘Poissons Afrique Occidentale.” ? Brito-Capello gives a list of the fishes obtained in the various Portuguese possessions,? among them a number from the Cape de Verde Islands. Other localities are Angola, Madeira, St. Thomé, Baissau, and Mozambique. Pereira- Guimaraes, in the papers already referred to under the Azores col- lection, also mentions species from the Cape de Verde Islands. Giinther has a short list in his Challenger shore fishes from St. Vincent 1 Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,1870, p. 287. 2 Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. 9, 1858, pp. 241-268, pls. 20-23. 8 Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1871, pp. 194-202, 208 307; 1872, p. 83. 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. and St. Jago,! and Clark lists those obtained by the Scotia.2 Detailed accounts and figures of a Goree collection are given by Steindachner.’ SARDINELLA AURITA (Valenciennes). Two examples. MURAENA MELANOTIS (Kaup). Head, 8; depth, 124; combined head and trunk shorter than rest of body by space between eye and gill-opening; snout, 6 in head meas- ured from upper jaw tip; interorbital, 74; upper jaw to rictus, 24; eye, 24 in snout, 2% in interorbital. Snout length, about 14 its width. Lower jaw well protruded. Teeth uniserial, strongly compressed, entire. Two fang-like teeth in front above, hind one larger. Nostrils in short tubes of about equal length, three in eye, posterior slightly before eye. Anal edge inconspicuously and narrowly pale brown. General color dark chocolate brown with largely uniform appearance. Length, 1,373 mm. This example does not show the short dark vertical lines forming squares on front part of body above, as indicated in Kaup’s figure of Limamuraena melanotis,* though the characteristic black rictal blotch and much larger one embracing the gill-opening quite conspicuous. The tail and trunk also show traces of obscure dark blotches or spots, and along dorsal fin several distinct blackish blotches. Muraena clepsydra Jordan and Evermann differs in color and has a much shorter lower jaw, the black rictal blotch with white blotch imme- diately forward and anal edge not pale. GYMNOTHORAX FUNEBRIS (Ranzani). One example, 950 mm. Edge of anal very narrowly pale. Com- pared with an example from Santo Domingo, West Indies, it largely agrees, except in its more olive-brown tu:ge. Bloch’s figure of G. afer > shows a moray with well blotched or deeper dark markings and is closely related to Muraena moringua Cuvier, as contended by Jordan and Davis.® ABLENNES HIANS (Valenciennes). One 760 mm. (jaws damaged). Compared with a slightly smaller example from St. Christopher’s Island, West Indies, which measures 384 mm. (beak broken), the scales are different, due to age. In the West Indian fish the circuli are all more or less united, and with the median narrow vertical area always more or less bridged, at least above and below. In the Cape de Verde example they are always 1 Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., vol. 1, 1880, p. 3. 2 Scottish Nat. Ant. Exp. Zool., vol. 4, Fishes, 1915, pp. 382-384. 8 Denk. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. 45, 1882, pp. 1-15, pls. 1-6. 4 Abhand. Naturw. Verein Hamburg, vol. 4, 1859 (1860), p. 27, pl. 4. 5 Nat. Ausl. Fisch., vol. 9, 1795, p. 85, pl. 417. 6 Rep. U.S. Fish Comm., 1888 (1892), p. 603. NO, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 209 separate at basal and apical areas, evidently a condition of age. Both have the same fin formula, though the West Indian fish agrees with Jordan and Evermann’s Hawaiian? in the slightly shorter pectoral, though at present without any traces of the four dark spots on the back below dorsal as shown in the figure. They mention but three blotches as sometimes present. Steindachner notes an ex- ample from Acapulco Bay, Mexico, 738 mm. long, but dark dorsal spots are not mentioned.? SELAR CRUMENOPHTHALMUS (Bloch). Head, 3; depth, 3} to 34; D. VIII—I, 25; A. II—I, 22; scales, 50 to 51 — 40 to 41 in lateral line; snout, 34 to 34 in head, measured from snout tip; eye, 24 to 3; maxillary, 24 to 24; interorbital, 44 to 44; rakers 11 to 138 + 27 or 28, lanceolate, long as filaments, or 2 in eye. Two examples, 223 and 254 mm. A comparison of scales and other characters, as gill-rakers, radii, scutes, etc., reveals no distinctions other than individual, in examples from the Philippines and Hawaiian Islands. The circuli on the scales are very fine and mostly continuous where approximating. CEPHALOPHOLIS TAENIOPS (Valenciennes). Head, 23; depth, 34; D. IX, 15, 1; A. III, 9, 1; scales, 107 along and above lateral line to caudal base, and 8 more on latter; 70 pores in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 13 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin, 26 below to spinous anal origin; snout 34 in head, measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 6; maxillary, about 24; interorbital, 54. Body well compressed, elongate, also caudal peduncle. Head compressed, flattened sides slightly approxi- mate above, and upper profile little concave above nostrils. Snout slightly broader than long. Eye high, well advanced or center near first third in head. Mouth large, lower jaw well protruded. Maxil- lary to hind pupil edge, expansion 1} in eye. Teeth in rather wide bands, pair of canines above and double pair below in front. Lower teeth mostly larger, in three or four rows, graduated to inner row which longest, and all but outer row depressible inwards. Patch of large inner depressible teeth each side in front of upper jaw. Sides of upper jaw with outer row of slightly larger erect teeth, and inner row of villiform ones. Vomer and palatines each with row of minute or villiform teeth. Tongue pointed, free. Interorbital broadly con- vex. Hind preopercle edge minutely and obsoletely denticulate, but very slightly enlarged at angle, which rounded. Rakerstv,4 + 11 v1, lanceolate, slightly longer than filaments, or 12 in eye. Scales small, 1 Bull U.S. Fish Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1, 1903, p. 125, fig. 40. 2 Sitz, Ak. Wiss. Wien., vol. 72, abth. 1, 1875, p. 64. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol. 56——14 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. crowded, mostly ctenoid, those on head cycloid. Snout scaly, and only very few obsolete maxillary scales. Dorsal origin about oppo- site pectoral origin, third spine longest or slightly over one-third of head. Soft dorsal inserted little nearer caudal base than hind pre- operele edge; fin rounded. Spinous anal inserted about midway between pectoral origin and caudal base, third spine longest or about 34 in head. Soft anal, like soft dorsal. Caudal rounded. Pectoral broad, rounded, # to anal. Ventral origin slightly behind pectoral origin, not quite reaching far back as pectoral tips or to vent, which about an eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol dark brown everywhere except lower or ventral edge with small blue dark-edged spots. On lower side spots more sparse and less crowded than on back and vertical fins. Pectoral also spotted, though ventrals plain brown, but both pairs with dusky edges. Vertical rayed fins narrowly edged bluish. Brown line from near snout tip to eye above, includes nostrils. Another below extends along snout side horizontally till close under eye. Length, 344 mm. DIAGRAMELLA MACROPS (Pellegrin). Head, 34 to 34; depth, 2§ to 3; D. XIII, 15; A. III, 7; scales 100 to 108 along and above lateral line to caudal base, and 15 to 17 more or less enlarged on latter; tubes, 56 to 58 in lateral line to caudal base and about 10 more on latter; 12 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin and 18 or 19 below to spinous anal origin; snout, 3 to 31 in head; eye, 34 to 4; maxillary, 24 to 22; interorbital, 3¢ to 4. Body elongately ellipsoid, well compressed. Caudal peduncle strongly compressed, least depth 1} to 14 its length, or about 23 in head. Head deep, well compressed; width, 2 to 2}itslength. Snout convex, long as wide or little shorter. Eye large, advanced or hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Mouth moderate, jaws about even. Maxillary beyond front eye edge, not quite to pupil, expansion 2 in eye. Teeth small, in bands in jaws, and outer row enlarged, especially forward. No teeth on roof of mouth or tongue, latter elongate, rounded and free in front. Nostrils large, close to- gether, front one about half an eye-diameter before front eye edge. Interorbital convex. Hind preopercle edge with about 25 to 30 den- ticles, small and obsolete below. Gill-opening forward about opposite hind maxillary end. Rakers 14+ 20, lanceolate, about long as fila- ments or two in eye. Pseudobranchiae slightly shorter than fila- ments. Scales all finely ctenoid, in oblique series above and below lateral line, smaller about body edges and on head. Snout to nostrils and area around same, maxillary and also most of mandible, naked. Suprascapula densely scaled, hind edge dentate. Cheek with 21 or 22 rows of scales. Pectoral with short concealed axillary scaly flap. Bases of all fins scaly, and caudal largely covered with very minute er “| macs ta lacie dita > NO, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 211 scales. Spimous dorsal without scales, and edges of soft dorsal and anal broadly naked. Seales with very fine circuli, mostly waved, and basal radii 5 to 11. Lateral line complete, largely concurrent with dorsal profile, and tubes simple. Spinous dorsal inserted about opposite ventral origin, fifth spme longest or 24 in head with others graduated down, and edge entire. Soft dorsal origin little nearer spinous dorsal origin than caudal base, rays about equally high or first ray about 3 in head. Anal spines with fine longitudinal striae, second larger and little longer than third or 2 to 21 in head, fin origin nearly midway between ventral origin and caudal base. Soft anal rounded, first branched ray longest or 14 to 1% in head. Caudal deeply emarginate, much less so as fully expanded, fin 14 to 175 in head. Pectoral, 14 in head; ventral, 12 to 14 and spine, 14 to 13 in fin. Vent about an eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol with general appearance uniform brownish, each scale with pale yellowish median small spot. Fins all pale brownish; edges of dorsals and anal narrowly dusky-brown. Iris brownish. Length, 301 and 302 mm., two examples. Pellegrin gives the coloration! as violet above, also the fins, and lower surfaces orange-yellow. His figure differs from both my examples in showing the second dorsal spine but little less than the third, my examples having it only about half the third. The scales are also not shown on the preorbital, which in my specimens are in about a dozen rows across the narrowest part. Diagramella Pellegrin? is here admitted to generic rank, allied with Plectorhinchus Lacépéde (= the later Diagramma Olsen), in its rather numerous gill-rakers, broad preorbital and rather deep body. It differs in the oblique mouth, rather more dorsal spines (13 compared with 9 to 12) and less elevated head. Anomalodon Bowdich * is allied with Parapristipoma Bleeker in its long anal fin. Bowdich, however, gives a crude figure of his Pristipoma humilis‘ and, though the scales are represented as far too large for the present species, still certain details are somewhat suggestive. He says ‘“‘the fore- head of this species has but little elevation,’ D. XIII, 14; A. If (one very short) and 8 rays; ‘‘the fins and tail are a pale yellow, the rest of the fish is silvery.” Now the serrate preopercular edge, maxillary, large eye, emarginate caudal and dark marginal lines of the dorsals and soft anal, shown on the figure also invite consideration. Pristipoma viridense Cuvier® is described briefly as uniform brown, second anal spine slightly longer than third, with 12 dorsal and 8 anal rays. Valenciennes next states® it has 14 dorsal and 7 1 Annal. L’Inst. Océanog. Prince de Monaco, vol. 6, fase. 4, 1914, p. 48. 2 Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 37, 1912, pp. 292, 295. 3 Excurs. Madeira, 1825, p. 237. 4 Idem., p. 236, pl. fig. 40. 6 Hist. Nat. Pois., vol. 5, 1830, p. 215. San-Iago, ile du cap Vert. 6 Hist. Nat, Iles Canar., Ichthyol., 1836-44, p. 26. 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. anal rays, the scales 60, and the large second anal ray striate. The latter gives its color as uniform brown with a blue-black spot on each scale, fins blackish and deeper on soft parts, pectoral paler, ventrals yellowish basally and blackish at tips. Gunther gives ‘ the dorsal rays 15 and the anal 7, and the lateral line 80, also color uni- form brown with dorsal edge more or less distinctly blackish. As these writers place it in Pristipoma, the inference is it possesses the central groove below the chin, not found in the above examples. PAGELLUS MORMYRUS (Linnaeus). Head, 22 to 375; depth, 22 to 28; D. XI or XII, 11, 1 or 12, 1; A. III, 10, 1; scales 58 to 60 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 to 8 more on latter; 5 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin, 12 below to spinous anal; snout, 2 to 24; eye, 44 to 5; maxillary, 22 to 3; interorbital, 32 to 3. Upper molars in 4 rows and row next to innermost of largest size. Lower molars in 3 rows in front, but me- dian row becomes inner behind, where of larger size. Cheeks with five rows of scales. Trunk with seven narrow brownish cross bars on sides. Three examples, 134 to 219 mm.; one from Loando (p. 284). Compared with the largest example one from Messina, Italy, of about the same size, shows a longer snout, or eye about 2? in snout, compared with 24 or less in the Cape de Verde material. The Mes- sina example with maxillary not reaching much beyond front nostril, while in the Cape de Verde reaching hind nostril. The former with 10+16 rakers and between each dark vertical bar on the back another midway, but fainter and not extending as far below. Scales of all with 9 or 10 basal striae. LETHRINUS ATLANTICUS Valenciennes. Head, 24; depth, 23; D. X, 9,1; A. III, 7,1; P. m, 11; scales 45 in lateral line to caudal base, 5 above to soft dorsal origin, and 14 below to spinous anal origin; 9 predorsal scales; snout, 1f in head; eye, 43; maxillary, 23; interorbital, 44. Body deep, well compressed, back moderately elevated. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth 1} its length, or 34 in head. Head pointed, well compressed, width 4 its length, sides flattened, upper profile slightly concave near snout end and above eye. Eye rounded, elevated, front edge about mid- way in head length. Mouth large, nearly horizontal, jaws about even. Lips thick, tough, moderately wide. Bands of viliform teeth in jaws, with outer row strongly conic formed as pair of canines in front of each jaw, nine molar behind. No teeth on mouth roof. Maxillary to front nostril, which slightly over half of eye length before and nearly level with lower eye edge. Hind nostril larger above and nearer eye. Interorbital broadly convex. Preopercle 1 Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 302. Madeira and St. Vincent. NO, 2294, FISHES PROM WEST ArPRICA—FOWLER. 213 edge entire. Rakers 5+7 short knobs, 22 in filaments, and latter 14 in eye. Pseudobranchiae nearly large as gill-filaments. Scales large, in rows parallel with lateral line. Patch of scales above preopercle, few in postocular region, though opercles scaly, head otherwise naked. Smaller scales on breast and base of caudal than on trunk. Cheek marked by broad area of fine vertical reticulations, all below eye. Suprascapula entire. Scales minutely ciliated and_ basal striae about 10. Lateral line largely concurrent with back, tubes Jarge and simple. Spimous dorsal inserted about over pectoral origin, fourth spine (damaged) longest, all spines rather robust. Soft dorsal inserted little nearer caudal base than hind preopercle edge, fin rounded, sixth ray 22 in head. Spinous anal inserted little nearer pectoral origin than caudal base, third or longest spine 32 in head, and rayed fin like soft dorsal. Caudal little emarginate, upper lobe 12 in head. Pectoral about ? to anal, pointed, upper rays longest, 13 in head. Ventral inserted just behind pectoral base, extends as far back, spine about three-fifths of fin, which 12 in head. Vent about half an eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol largely dull uniform brownish, back darker or more olivaceous. Fins all plain pale brownish. Length, 368 mm. PSEUDUPENEUS PRAYENSIS (Cuvier). Head, 3} to 34; depth, 32; D. VITI—I,.8; A. I, 5 or 6; scales, 28 or 29 in lateral line to caudal base, and 3 more on latter; 3 scales above lateral line and 6 below; 7 predorsal scales to occiput; snout, 1g to 13% in head; eye, 5 to 54; maxillary, 23 to 23; interorbital, 3% to 4. Upper teeth biserial. Three outer teeth each side little enlarged and flaring out somewhat backward. No teeth on mouth roof. Cheek with three rows of scales. Scales finely ciliated and with about five basal striae. Two examples, 203 to 209 mm. The pale spots shown in Bleeker’s figure are not now very evident. BALISTES FORCIPATUS Gmelin. Head, 3; depth, 2; D. [JI—im, 26; A. um, 23; P. 1, 12; scales, 61 from gill-opening to caudal base and 7 more on latter; 33 scales from rictus to pectoral origin; snout, 12 in head; eye, 6; interorbital, 3%. Body well compressed, contour ellipsoid. Caudal peduncle and head compressed, profiles slightly concave in front. Preorbital groove about four-fifths of eye. Mouth small, with thick fleshy lips. Median pair of teeth largest and all teeth distinctly notched. Nos- trils together, about two-fifths of eye-diameter before eye close over preorbital groove. Interorbital convex. Gill-opening little inclined, equals two-fifths of eye. Scales all roughened, asperities usually in vertical series. Front of first dorsal spine asperous, fins otherwise smooth. Ventral spine rough, followed by 10 narrow thin 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56. spines in flap. Humeral region asperous. First dorsal spine inserted over gill-opening, 12 in head, second about one-third of first, and third still shorter. Soft dorsal origin about midway between hind nostril and caudal base, elevated front lobe with first five branched rays elongate filaments, with first three at least reaching slightly beyond caudal base. Anal like second dorsal, except front lobe without elongated rays. Caudal with upper and lower rays pro- truded in points, hind edge of fin convex medially. Least depth of caudal peduncle 4} in head, rounded pectoral 23. Color in alcohol brownish generally, paler below. Back with many thickset deep brown round spots, which on flanks and lower surface give place to larger spots of darker color than narrow pale ground-color formed as reticulating lines. Also center of each lower spot with pale spot. Sides of head and trunk with traces of irregular pale bluish dots or small spots. Dorsal and anal spotted darker, especially second dorsal, though paler spots more numerous on anal. Length, 441 mm. SCORPAENA SENEGALENSIS Steindachner. Head, 24; depth, 3; D. XII, 9; Ac T11,:5;, Pa, 6;!x13. Vied,53.scales from shoulder opposite upper corner of gill-opening, along and above lateral line to caudal base, 45, and 4 more out on latter; tubes, 20 in lateral line to caudal base; 6 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin and 13 below to spinous anal origin; 6 predorsal scales; head, width 12 its length measured from upper jaw tip; snout, 33; eye, 62; maxillary, 2}; interorbital, 52; third dorsal spine, 23; fourth dorsal ray, 22; second anal spine, 3; first anal ray, 23; least depth of caudal peduncle, 44; caudal, 12; pectoral, 14; ventral, 13. Body elongate, back greatly elevated in front with greatest depth at base of second dorsal spine. Caudal peduncle well compressed, and length about two-thirds its least depth. Head very large, compressed; sides convex and slightly converging above. Snout large, broadly convex over surface and in profile, length about two-thirds its width. Eye moderate, ellipsoid, hind edge advanced little before center in head length. Maxillary oblique, extends opposite hind pupil edge, expansion but slightly less than eye length. Mouth large, wide, and closed mandible but slightly protruding. Bands of villiform teeth in jaws, but not extending across front of either, on palatines and vomer. Lower inner buccal fold narrower than upper. Tongue large, fleshy, wide, free around front edge, surface smooth. Front nostril nearer eye than snout tip, just below frontal spine, with fringed tentacle above nearly high as latter. Hind nostril with similar tentacle, on inner front face of preorbital. Interorbital not quite wide as orbital socket, deeply concave, though bottom more or less leveled. Occiput with deep ae No, 2294. FISHES FROM WHST AFRICA—FOWLER. Oy cavity nearly wide as interorbital. Deep pit nearly large as pupil below lower eye front. A pair of frontal spines, conic and sharp poimted. Front of each supraorbital with broad strong spme. Pair of supraorbital spines posteriorly, and lower or second larger. Pair of spines at front of occipital depression, widely separated, and from each hind corner of depression row of four spies extend back, last about opposite base of first dorsal spine. Close below on opercle above two large spines. Pair of small close-set postocular spmes close behind each eye. Opercle with two large spines, lower slightly little posterior. Sub- orbital bony stay with two small spines directed forward, then larger one directed down over most of maxillary width, and finally with four more spines of which first two directed down and others directed backward. Preopercle edge with four spines, uppermost with short prong, and lower broader and more forward. Gill-opening forward about opposite second nostril. Rakers, m1 2+6 iv, robust, rather clavate, short, spinescent, not quite long as filaments, which 1¢ineye. Pseudobranchiae about four-fifths of gill- filaments. Isthmus broad, with narrow fleshy elongate-triangular exposed area. Seales large, in oblique rows on trunk, cycloid, elongate, with very fine incomplete parallel circuli and basal striae about 26 to 34, Smaller scales on caudal base, also on belly, and still smaller on breast and prepectoral region. Head largely covered with rather large though inconspicuous scales. Preocular tentacle about equals ver- tical diameter of pupil, and supraocular tentacle much larger or about 14 in horizontal eye-diameter. Series of tentacles around snout border, large one in front and another from below and behind, enlarged lower spine at front of suborbital stay, mandible and maxil- lary with small skinny flaps, and row across cheek below suborbital stay. Others about hind preopercle edge, within interorbital, on preorbital, ete. Skinny flap from hind edge of each scale in lateral line, and many others from scales on sides of trunk, though rather well scattered. Lateral line concurrent with dorsal profile from shoulder to caudal base, not on latter, and tubes all simple and well exposed. Spinous dorsal inserted little before base of uppermost pectoral ray, spines robust, edge deeply notched but without skinny flaps; third spine longest, last 14 in third, and first shortest. Soft dorsal inserted nearly midway between hind edge of gill-opening and caudal base; fourth ray longest, fin edge notched and reaches back to caudal base. Spinous anal inserted nearly opposite last dorsal spine base, third spine slightly less than second, and first about half of second. Soft anal much higher than soft dorsal, short base slightly less than half height of fin, which rounded and reaches back about opposite 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 56 caudal base. Caudal rounded convexly behind. Pectoral large, very broad, extends back but little short of anal, and large thickened lower rays nearly forward to hind preopercle edge. Ventral origin nearly opposite second dorsal spine base. Fin about } to anal, and spine nearly 2 of fin. Vent before anal space equal to orbital socket. Color in alcohol rich brownish generally, variegated with darker to blackish or dusky-brown, or whitish, fading quite pale and with very obscure mottlings on belly and under surface. Head similar, only lower surface more mottled or streaked with whitish. Preor- bital region and cheek below with more or less blackish. Fins all brownish, variegated with handsome waved darker bands or streaks. Uppermost portion of each membrane of spinous dorsal dusky, three large dark crossbands on caudal, and about same on pectoral. Ventral and anal paler than dorsal, former more so on inner surface and outer with few obscure or pale brown spots. Iris pale brown, speckled or blotched with darker, and upper half of eye like wrinkled cutaneous curtain. Length, 295 mm. Cat. No. 42175, U.S.N.M. The fine example described above agrees quite closely with Stein- dachner’s figures, though they do not show the large blackish blotch below the suborbital stay and another smaller one in the axil just above pectoral base. The present species is apparently allied with Scorpaena ustulata Lowe, of which I have no examples for comparison. However, Bellotti’s figure ! agrees with an Italian example of Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus in the apparently less developed armature of the head, weaker dorsal and anal spines, maxillary extending slightly behind eye edge, and soft dorsal with 10 branched rays. Bellotti also shows an antero-orbital tentacle above and another larger, broader one at same point but still higher, and a dark submarginal blotch between eighth to tenth dorsal spines. In the Italian example noted, which is about the same size as S. senegalensis, the latter has a larger and prominent antero-orbital spine, eye 14 in snout compared with 1} and the scales very different. In the Italian example the scales are rather less rounded in general contour, and the basal striae much fewer and confined within the limits of the corners of each scale, not spread out like a well-opened fan. Collett figures an example of S. ustulata ? which differs in many ways, a few of which are its lack of tentacles or skinny flaps, very different armature, indication of scales on head only on postocular and below hind part of subor- bital stay, hind caudal edge but little convex, greatly longer first anal spine, no preorbital pit, coloration, etc. Compared with Scor- paena plumieri Bloch, represented by two examples from Santo ee 1 Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano, vol. 31, 1888, p. 213, pl. 4, fig. 1. 2 Res. Camp. Sci. Prince de Monaco, vol. 10, 1896, p. 10, pl. 4, fig. 15. NO, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. Q17 Domingo, West Indies, and of but little smaller size, the axilla differs in being jet black with a few pure white spots, and rest of inner pectoral surface uniform or at least without dark markings. The basal striae on the scales of S. plumieri are also a little coarser, as seen under a lens. 3. ASCENSION ISLAND. Situated in the middle of the South Atlantic, this voleanic island was early visited by Osbeck,! he listing nine species, several after- wards utilized by Linnaeus. Not until over a century later was further material examined, when Gunther reported on the small lot obtained by the Challenger,? and then noting three more species the following year.’ As a few species obtained by the Eclipse expedition are doubtfully credited to St. Helena Island, it may be useful to note the few faunal works relative to that island. Gunther‘ gives two lists of the col- lections obtained by Melliss, who also published an interesting general work on the island, including a popular account of its fishes. This is compiled largely from Giinther’s papers. More recently Cunning- ham® and Clark,’ the latter in his Scotia report, give interesting detailed accounts. Unless otherwise stated, all the material listed under the present caption refers to Ascension Island. BELONE TRACHURA Valenciennes, Head, 334 to 34; depth, 1} to 14 in postocular part of head; D. m1, 12; A. 11, 17; predorsal scales about 110 to 118; eye, 1% to 12 in post- ocular region; interorbital 12 to 12; least width of caudal peduncle, 24; rakers m, 2 + 6 X or x1; two examples, 339 to 347 mm. These agree in every way with those from the Azores, except that the lower caudal lobe appears slightly longer than the upper. ABUDEFDUF ASCENSIONIS, new species, ead, 34; depth, 12: D. XTIT, 13° A. IT 13; P. 1, 17; V..l2 5: scales. about 26 in lateral series from shoulder to caudal base medially, and 8 more larger ones on latter; tubes, 20 in lateral line; 5 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin and 11 below to spinous anal origin; head, width 17 its length; snout, 33; eye, 4; maxillary, 33; interorbital. 34; fifth dorsal spine, 2; fourth dorsal ray, 14; second anal spine, 2; fourth anal ray, 14; least depth of caudal peduncle, 14; caudal, 1+; pectoral, 1++4; ventral, 144. 1 Reise Ost.-Ind. China, 1765, pp. 385-396. 2 Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., vol. 1, 1880, p. 5. 3 Ann. Mag. Nat. London, ser. 5, vol. 8, 1881, pp. 430-440. 4 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, pp. 225-228; 1869, pp. 238-239. 5 St. Helena (London), 1875, Fishes, pp. 100-113, pls. 19-21. 6 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, pp. 86-130, pls. 1-3. 7 Scottish Nat. Ant. Exp. Zool., vol. 4, Fishes, 1915, pp. 387-393. 218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. Body deeply ovoid, well compressed, back much elevated, though predorsal scarcely trenchant. Caudal well compressed; depth, two- thirds its length. Head large, deep, greatly compressed, flattened sides but slightly converging below. Snout convex, length two-thirds its width. Eye rounded, but slightly elevated, advanced, with hind edge about midway in head length. Mouth smali, with short gape, and lower jaw but very slightly protruding. Lips moderately wide. Maxillary to nostrils and expansion about half of eye. Teeth uniserial, in- cisor like, and end of each with slight notch. Tongue pointed and free in front. Nostril simple pore, nearly opposite eye center or Fic. 4—ABUDEFDUF ASCENSIONIS, about last third in snout. Interorbital convex. Infraorbital width little less than vertical pupil diameter, edge entire; also hind pre- opercle edge. Gill-opening forward about opposite nostril. Rakers about 7+15, lanceolate, but slightly shorter than filaments, which 1} in eye. Pseudobranchiae nearly long as gill-filaments. Isthmus narrow, rather slender. Scales large, finely ciliated, smaller along body edges, and become quite crowded and minute on fin bases. Humeral scale enlarged and suprascapula entire. Pointed sealy axillary ventral flap about 3 in fin. Cheek with four rows of scales. Each scale with about NO. 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—IFrOWLER. 219 8 to 10 basal striae. Lateral line concurrent with dorsal profile only extends until about midway in soft dorsal base. Tubes simple, well exposed. . Spinous dorsal origin slightly behind pectoral origin; after fifth spine subequal edge notched. Soft dorsal origin about last third between suprascapula origin and caudal base, fourth ray longest with others graduated down, extends back slightly beyond caudal base. Spinous anal origin about midway between pectoral origin and caudal base, first spine slightly less than half length of second. Soft anal lower than soft dorsal; fourth ray longest; fin about reaching caudal base. Caudal deeply forked, pointed lobes similar. Pectoral long, not quite to anal origin, upper rays longest. Ventral inserted behind pectoral base, fin nearly to anal origin, and spine about half its length. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely dull brownish olive, paler below. Back and sides with 5 dark-brown broad vertical cross-bands, darker above lateral line. Fins all brownish, dorsal without distinct reflections of dark vertical bars on back, and outer portions of soft dorsal, anal, and ventral dusky or dark brown. Axial of pectoral dark brown. Iris brownish. Length 165 mm. Type.—Cat. No. 42315, U.S.N.M. Ascension Island. Wm. Har- vey Brown. U.S. Eclipse Expedition to W. Africa, 1889. Also another example, paratype, same data; paratypes 42,314 two examples, same data; 42,316, four examples, Ascension Island or Saint Helena. These show: head 3 to 34; depth 13 to 18; D. XIII, 13; A. II, 13; tubes in lateral line 20 or 21, with 9 or 10 scales counted on to caudal base; 4 or 5 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin and 11 or 12 below to spinous anal origin: snout 32 to 34 in head; eye 34 to 4; maxillary 3 to 32; interorbital 27 to 34; rakers 6 or 7+18 or 19; length 69 to 135 mm. Compared with a series of examples of Abudefduf marginatus (Bloch) from the Bahamas, St. Martins, West Indies, Florida, and Panama, the present species differs in the outer portion of soft dorsal dusky, dark transverse band on caudal peduncle reflected as dusky band across soft dorsal basally and the presence of 13 anal rays. The West Indian species has a shorter or slightly more rounded or orbicular contour and 12 anal rays. (For the Ascension Islands.) THALASSOMA ASCENSIONIS (Quoy and Gaimard). Head 3 to 32; depth 34 to 34; D. VIII, 14; A. III, 12; P..1, 14; V. I, 5; scales 27 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 more on latter; 3 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin, 9 below to spinous anal origin; 8 predorsal scales; snout 24 to 32 in head; eye 42 to 64; maxillary 32 to 64; interorbital 44 to 44. 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Body strongly compressed, elongate. Caudal peduncle deep, com- pressed, length about three-fifths its width. Head greatly com- pressed, width 2? its length. Eye small, round, elevated; hind edge slightly advanced in head length. Maxillary about two-thirds to eye, not quite to front nostril. Lips rather fleshy. Teeth conic, even in front of jaws, slightly curved, uniserial, pair of canines in front of each jaw. Nostrils small pores, hind one level with upper eye edge and close toitsfront edge. Interorbital convex. Rakers about 6+9 short points, one-fourth of filaments; latter nearly long as eye. Pseudobranchiae about three-fourths of filaments. Head naked. Scales reticulate medially, basal striae 23 to 47 and apical striae 11 to 24. Scales on breast smaller than sides, still more so on predorsal and caudal base. Lateral line complete, high on back at first, drops midway on caudal peduncle and tubes simple to four-branched. Spinous dorsal inserted slightly before pectoral origin, slightly be- hind in young, last spine longest or 33 to 44 in head. Soft dorsal inserted about opposite depressed pectoral tip, fifth ray 24 to 24 in head. Anal inserted little behind soft dorsal origin, third or largest spine, 44 to 4? in head; first anal ray, 22 to 3. Least depth of caudal peduncle 1% to 24. Caudal emarginate behind, corners pointed, 1% to 14 in head. Caudal rounded convexly behind in young. Pectoral 13 to 14 in head; ventral 14 to 34 and inserted little behind pectoral. Ventral nearer anal. Color in alcohol generally brown; lower surface paler. Each scale with dark median and basal vertical line so whole trunk ap- pears evenly and finely cross-barred. Membranes between first three dorsal spines black. Also small black spot at pectoral origin. Dorsals and anals each with lengthwise brown band medially entire length of fins, otherwise pale brownish. Caudal pale yellowish, edges above and below, also base, deep brown. Pectoral and ventral darker at ends, general color brown. Iris pale brown. Young with- out dark vertical lines very distinct, though broad longitudinal dark band, from snout tip to caudal base medially, conspicuous. Length, 79 to 153 mm., three examples. Ascension [sland or St. Helena. The smallest of the above is doubtless identical with Julis as- censionis Quoy and Gaimard,' based on an example 90 mm. long. Their figure shows the red band through the eye much narrower than over the costal region, and a dark line transversely at pectoral base, whereas in my example the small spot at the fin origin is character- istic as in the larger examples. Quoy and Gaimard also figure a scale showing but 11 basal and as many apical striae, which is a lower number than I find for basal striae. The adult is next described as Julis sanctae-helenae Valenciennes.2 Though Gimther only 1 Voy. Astrolabe, vol. 3, 1835 (March 17), p. 706, pl. 20, fig. 5. L’ile de Ascension. 3 Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 13, 1839, p. 280. Sainte Hédléne. No, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. DOT notes‘ each scale has a darker center, Valenciennes carefully mentions in detail the fine dark vertical lines. Melliss has a very crude colored figure? which does not show the dark spot at the front of the spinous dorsal or the pectoral origm. Finally, Ginther gives a note on the change of color with age, in Ascension examples.° CHAETODON SANCTAE-HELENAE Giinther. ead, 4: depth, 13D. XILT,.21- A. DIT. 10s) Pm. 13° Vy Lbs scales, 52 from shoulder to caudal base medially and about 8 more on latter; tubes, 36 in lateral line; 10 or 11 scales above lateral line Fic, 5.—CHAETODON SANCTAE-HELENAE GUNTHER. to spinous dorsal origin, 23 or 24 below to spinous anal origin; head width, 2 in its length; snout, 32; eye, 32; maxillary 34; interorbital, 3. Body orbicular, strongly compressed. Caudal peduncle well com- pressed; length about three-fourths its least depth. Head deep, upper profile more concave than lower. Snout conic, about long as wide. Eye rounded, advanced, hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Mouth small; lower jaw slightly protruding. Lips rather thin. Teeth in brush-like bands, though lower much firmer or as if welded into firm cutting edge. Maxillary small, largely concealed 1 Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., vol. 4, 1862, p, 191. ® Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., vol. 1, 1880, p. 5. 2? St. Helena, 1875, p. 109, pl. 21, fig. 2. 393 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 56. by preorbital, expansion about 31 in eye, nearly to hind nostril. Nostrils together, close before eye. Interorbital convex. Preopercle edge entire, with slight emargination at corner. Rakers, 4+16 short points, about one-fourth of filaments; latter 24 in eye. Scales largest. on middle of side, become very small on head and vertical fins, finely ciliated, largest with about 12 basal striae. Courses of scales slightly oblique upward behind, rows converging smaller toward caudal peduncle and forward toward head. Pointed ventral axillary scaly flap nearly two-fifths of fin. Lateral line largely concurrent with profile of depressed dorsals; tubes largely simple. Spinous dorsal begins little before pectoral origin, fifth spine longest or two-thirds of head, fin edge deeply notched. Soft dorsal inserted little nearer caudal base than head. Spinous anal inserted trifle before soft dorsal origin, nearly midway between hind eye edge and caudal base, second spine longest, or about 141n head. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Caudal but very slightly less than head, truncate, convex behind when expanded. Pectoral about long as caudal, and ventral but very slightly shorter; spine 1} in head. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely dull uniform brown, back slightly darker. Each scale with small pale basal spot. Obscure broad dull brown band from predorsal just before spinous dorsal, wide as pupil, down over cheek but not below latter. No trace of other markings. Edges of soft vertical fins narrowly dusky. Ventral tinged brownish on outer portions. Soft dorsal, anal, and caudal all pale yellowish- brown, with pale shade across front of caudal peduncle. Iris pale brown. Length, 138 to 147 mm., two examples. POMACANTHRUS PARU (Bloch). Head, 34; depth, 12; D. X, 29; A. III, 23; pores in lateral line, 50 (2) to caudal base; snout, 24 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 33; maxillary, 34; preopercle spine, 44; interorbital, 23; least depth of caudal peduncle, 14 in entire head length; caudal, 12 pectoral, 14; ventral spine, 2745; rakers, 4 + 12. General color blackish, with numerous large seales of back and sides edged narrowly as whitish crescent. These crescents gradually shorter and more dotlike as they progress out on vertical fins. Scales of head, breast, predorsal, and abdomen uniformly dark. Whitish band from front nostril to eve, and extends along lower edge as very narrow whitish border. Lower lip pale, chin and mandible whitish. Ventral blackish. Length, 240 mm. This species is apparently not known from Ascension Island previ- ously, and unfortunately no material is at hand for comparison. Two examples of the allied Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus) from Key West, Florida, 203 and 210 mm. long, differ in the distinctions claimed No, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 293 by Jordan and Evermann.' The Key West examples do not show any pale bar from the nostril to the eye, or pale narrow border below the eye, their soft dorsals and anals are narrowly edged with whitish behind, caudal broadly white, pectoral uniform blackish basally and in surrounding region, all scales broadly edged whitish or oray on trunk and dorsal and anal bases; also many white spots extend for- ward even until well before pectoral; nostril much further advanced before eye and lower or about level with lower eye edge, and lips prominently dusky. A point in agreement is the pale chin. A larger dried example of P. arcuatus from Nassau, Bahamas, 408 mm. long, now appears uniformly brownish-black, but in its large scales and low- ered nostrils, which about three-quarters an eye-diameter before eye agrees with the Key West examples. No difference is apparent in the general scale structure, the apical spinules of about similar extent, and the basal striae vary 7 or 8 in both species. BALISTES VETULA Linnaeus. Head, 3; depth, 18; D. I1I—1n, 28; A. 1, 25; P.1, 13; scales 58 from gill-opening to caudal base and 5 more on latter; 30 scales from rictus to pectoral origin; snout, 14 in head; eye, 53; interorbital, 4; first dorsal spine, Vs; second branched dorsal ray, 14; least depth of caudal peduncle, 44; pectoral, 2%. Body well cee contour ellipsoid. Caudal peduncle and head compressed, lower profile of latter slightly more convex than upper. Preorbital groove about long as eye. Mouth small, terminal, with thick fleshy lips. All teeth slightly notched, median pair in each jaw largest. Nostrils together, about two-fifths of eye diameter before eye close over preorbital groove. Interorbital convex. Gill-opening little inclined, long as space between front nostril and hind eye edge. Scales all asperous, mostly with regular <-shaped row of close-set asperities along front of each. Front of first dorsal spine asperous; fins otherwise smooth. Ventral spine finely rough- ened, and about 18 narrow thin spinesin flap. _Humeral region spines- cent, like surrounding scales. First dorsal spine inserted over large humeral scales close behind gill-opening. Second dorsal spine slightly less than half of first and third, little shorter than second. Second dorsal origin about midway between hind nostril and caudal base, pointed front lobe reaching caudal base. Anal like second dorsal but with shorter point in front. Caudal deep, upper and lower points produced, concave; hind edge slightly convex when expanded. Pectoral rounded. Color in alcohol brownish generally, little paler on head below. Pale bluish. str eak from. near snout tip | until close below pectoral | base. 1 Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus: , No. 47, vol. 2, 1898, p. 1680. 994 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56 Another from snout tip, around lips, then from along upper lip, par- allel with upper streak, and ends shortly before its bend. Just below nostril dark line toward eye below, and then continued as pale blue line to pectoral origin. Another dark line above nostril to eye and two others behind transversely over interorbital. Also dark line from hind eye edge toward dorsal spine, but not reaching base of latter. In front of it on short predorsal two other short dark bars. From lower hind eye edge two pale blue lines to humeral scales and little behind eye short oblique blue line toward second dorsal spine, and another toward anal. Dorsal, anal, and caudal each with mod- erate pale blue submarginal band; fins otherwise brown. Pectoral brown, outer portions paler. Also pale blue band at caudal base and broader one across caudal peduncle. Iris pale brown, narrow brown circle around pupil. Length, 266 mm. to caudal base; 378 mm. to end of caudal filaments. The example already noted from the Azores agrees in every way, except as due to age, in the much longer caudal filaments and the presence of two dorsal filaments from front of soft dorsal. Compared with a dried example 385 mm. long to caudal base from St. Christopher’s Island, West Indies, the latter varies in 26 branched dorsal rays and about 61 scales from gill-opening to caudal base. The two large blue bands over the cheek are like those in my Ascen- sion and Azores examples, the upper not touching the pectoral base or showing a broad triangular area below the same. The St. Christo- pher’s fish has the upper band double the width of the lower and ap- proaching nearer the pectoral origin or upper pectoral base than in- dicated in Nichols and Murphy’s figure of their Balistes vetula trini- tatis All of my examples have a deeper or less slender muzzle, and the lower profile a little more convex than upper. A small example from St. Croix, West Indies, 180 mm. to caudal base, shows the upper band but little broader than the lower and approaching near lower part of caudal base. Its soft dorsal with 27 branched rays and scales 60. MELICHTHYS PICENS (Poey). Head, 32; depth, 2; D. I1I—n, 31; A. un, 28; P. 1, 15; scales, 60 from gill-opening to caudal base and 6 more on latter; 21 scales from rictus to pectoral origin; snout, 14 in head; eye, 5; interorbital, 2%; first dorsal spine, 12; second branched dorsal ray, 14; least depth of caudal peduncle, 2%; pectoral, 24. Body well compressed, upper profile more evenly convex than lower, which bulging more in front. Caudal peduncle and head com- pressed, profiles alike. Preorbital groove about long as eye. Mouth 1 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 33, 1914, p. 255, fig. 3. South Trinidad Tsland. See also Copeia, Jan. 24, 1917, No. 39, p. 1. Ascension Island. Also April 15, 1918, No. 56, p. 47. NO. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 22:5 small; lips moderately fleshy. Median teeth largest, edges of all entire or truncate. Nostrils together, about half an eye-diameter before eye, well above preorbital groove. Interorbital convex. Gill-opening little inclined, 14 in eye. Scales roughly striate, and striae mostly horizontal. Front of first dorsal spine finely roughened, also most of pectoral and caudal bases and caudal rays. Ventral spine coarsely rough, not followed by spines but simply rough edges of scales. Humeral region finely asperous. First dorsal spine in- serted over gill-opening, second spine about two-fifths of first and short third one concealed in groove of fin. Second dorsal origin about midway between front nostril and hind tip of last dorsal ray, and front branched rays highest, but not forming lobe. Anal like second dorsal. Caudal concave behind, fin 14 in head. Pectoral rounded, Color in alcohol uniform deep blackish-brown, with chocolate tint. Bases of dorsal and anal each with narrow white line. Caudal with transverse submarginal line behind its outer edge bordered with nar- row pale or whitish line. On head above many blue-black lines ex- tend from one eye to other and in front along preorbital groove sell down on snout. Others also unite and extend forward from nostrils. Teeth and iris pale. Length, 318 mm. The synonomy of this species has been greatly complicated. It is evidently the species intended as Balistes niger Osbeck, as cited by Linnaeus under his Balistes ringens.1 Osbeck’s name is next pub- lished in similar fashion by Forster,? so Bloch is then the first to propose B. niger in available form,* but is antedated for a different fish by the B. niger of Mungo Park.t B. ringens Linnaeus is said by Bleeker ° to be a species near Balistes chrysospilus Bleeker. Bloch’s figure is quite crude and does not show the striking narrow whitish lines along the dorsal and anal bases, as so well represented in Lacé- péde’s figure and subsequent ones. ALUTERA SCRIPTA (Osbeck). Head, 3 to 34; depth, 22 to 23; D. 46 or 47; A. 47 to 49; eye, 52 to 54 in head; interorbital, 4} to 42. Three examples, 330 to 418 mm. Variably spotted with dusky or brownish-black and most spots con- centrate around eye. Many leaden spots, streaks, or blotches dis- tributed between dark spots. 1 Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 329. Ad ins. Ascensionis. 2 Voy. China Osbeck, vol. 2, 1771, p. 93. Ascension Island. 8 Nat. Ausl. Fisch., vol. 2, 1786, p. 27, pl. 152. Chineschen Gewassern. 4 Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 3, 1797, p. 37. Sumatra. 6 Atlas Ich., vol. 5, 1865, p. 108. 115690—19—Proe.N.M.vol.56——15 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. LEPTECHENEIS NAUCRATES (Linnaeus). Head, 54; depth, 8}; laminae, 23; D. 1v, 35; A. 1m, 36; snout, 2y'5 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 6}; maxillary, 3; interorbital, 13; pectoral, 1} in entire head length; ventral, 13; disk, 44 in body; rakers, 1+11. Dark brown band through eye equals eye width, then expands to basal pectoral width, to become lighter along side to caudal base. Length, 610 mm. Local New Jersey examples usually show 21 or 22 laminae and rakers 3+ 10 to 14. BLENNIUS ATLANTICUS (Valenciennes). Head, 4}; depth, 44; D. XI, 23; A. I, 23; head width, about 2 in its length; snout, 2}; eye, 33; maxillary, 22; interorbital, 2 in eye. Body well compressed, deepest about middle of pectoral. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth 3 in head. Head short, deep, steep front profile but little inclined from vertical. Eye high, within bulge and close to upper profile. Mouth inferior, broad, lower jaw shorter. Maxillary to eye center. Lips wide. Row of fine pectinate teeth in each jaw, very numerous and uniform. Lower jaw only with long slender canine each side. Interorbital shallowly convex. Rakers 30 and simple on outer side of first arch, 20 and many bifid or trifid on inner side of first arch, longest barely } of filaments, which about half of eye. Supraorbital tentacle long as vertical eye-diameter and front nasal tentacle little less. Small short tentacle each side of ocei- put. Dorsal slightly notched at soft dorsal origin, third spine about 11 in head, third ray 12 and last ray joined to front of caudal above. Anal begins much nearer snout tip than caudal base, fourth ray 13 in head and last ray free. Caudal with lower rays longest, rounded behind, fin 1+} in head, pectoral 1,5, ventral 13. Color in alcohol brown, dusky to blackish, largely uniform, and belly slightly duller brown. Iris whitish. Fins all blackish, except upper caudal edge broadly whitish and edge of soft dorsal pale brown. Length, 100 mm. Ascension Island or St. Helena. Apparently agrees with an example, 68 mm. long, from Colon, Panama, though it has D. XI, 20 and A. I, 21. Alticus macclurer Silvester! from Porto Rico is the half-grown stage, not showing any structural characters worthy of separation. ALTICUS TEXTILIS (Valenciennes). Head, 32 to 4; depth 42 to 54; D. XI or XII, 14 or 15; A. J, 15 or Fes head width, 14 to 13 in its length; snout, 3 to 34; eye, 44 to 5; maxil- lary, 2 to 21; interorbital, 1} in eye. Body well compressed, deepest Gis a ee i eee eee 1 Papers Marine Biol. Carnegie Inst., Wash., vol. 12, 1918, p. 24, pl.’3, fig. 2. No, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. YF about midway in pectoral. Least depth of caudal peduncle, 2% to 34 in head. Head oblong, front profile rather convex, well inclined. Eye high, within bulge and close to upper profile. Mouth inferior, broad, lower jaw shorter. Maxillary to hind eye edge. Lips wide. Row of fine pectinate teeth in each jaw, very numerous and uniform. Lower jaw only with long slender canine each side. Interorbital shallowly convex. Rakers about 14 weak points one-third of filaments and latter 14 in eye. Supraorbital tentacle about two- thirds of eye and front nasal tentacle about half as long. Dorsals nearly separated, first spine, 2} in head; third dorsal ray, 1%; third anal ray, 24; caudal, 14; pectoral, 1; ventral, 13. Color brownish generally with about 14 rather obscure vertical brownish bands which have row of several whitish dots, usually about three with median about midway in body depth. Several browish spots on side of head. Two large black blotches, first smaller and embraces pectoral origin, edges of both whitish. Dark bars on trunk reflected FG. 6.—ALTICUS TEXTILIS (VALENCIENNES). on dorsals obliquely up backward. Caudal with four dark transverse bands. Anal brownish, edge dusky. Pectoral pale brown, with broad deep brown basal band and another parallel! on prepectoral. Iris whitish. Two examples, 63 to 65 mm. 4. FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE. No faunal papers have appeared and the species described from the colony are mostly scattered through the works of Giinther and Boulenger. The fresh-water fauna is little known. The marine fauna may be understood in conjunction with the extensive papers by Pellegrin and‘ Steindachner ? relative to the Senegal region, and Klaptocz * relative to French Guinea. Pellegrin also described 1 Bull. Soe. Zool., France, 1905, pp. 135-141; 1907, pp. 83-89; 1911, pp. 182-186; 1913, pp. 116-118.—Actes Soe. Linn, Bordeaux, 1903, pp. 15-57, pl. 3; 1907, pp. 71-103. — Annals L’Inst. Océanogr., Prince de Monaco, vol. 6, fase. 4, 1914, pp. 1-100, pls. 1-2. 2 Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. 60 (1), 1869, pp. 669-715, 945-996; vol. 61 (1), 1870, pp. 533-583. ° *Zool. Jahrbuch. Syst., 1913, pp. 279-290. 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56, new species from the last-named region.’ Papers relative to Liberia are mentioned further on. ALBULA VULPES (Linnaeus). Head, 3 to 33; depth, 42 to 5; D. m, 14, 1; A. m1, 6, 1; scales 68 to 71 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more on latter; 9 scales above lateral line, 6 below; 27 or 28 predorsal; snout, 2? to 23 in head; eye, 42 to 44; maxillary, 24 to 3445; interorbital, 24 to 3; rakers, 9 or 10+10. Two examples, 324 to 329 mm. Compared with Atlantic specimens from Panama the scales are indistinguishable. ETHMALOSA DORSALIS (Valenciennes). Two examples. GALEICHTHYS LATISCUTATUS (Giinther). Two examples, 241 and 281 mm. The larger example differs in the adipose fin about half size of smaller example. Rakers, 4 + 9. Maxillary barbel extends but very little beyond pectoral origin, outer mental barbel three-fourths of space to same. De- pressed dorsal 1} to adipose fin. Upper caudal lobe longer. The smaller example has the adipose fin 23 in head. Rakers, 5 + 8. Depressed dorsal 3 to adipose fin. In both the patches of vomerine-pterygoid teeth resemble those figured by Giinther ? under Arius parkii rather than as indicated by Boulenger.* SERIOLA FASCIATA (Bloch). Head, 23 to 3; depth, 22 to 3; D. VII or VITI—I, 29 to 32; A. II—I, 18 to 21: snout, 3 to 32 in head; eye, 3 to 44; maxillary, 2} to 24; interorbital, 3 to 32. Body fusiform, well compressed, deepest at soft dorsal origin. Head width, 2 to 24 in its length. Snout convex, about long as wide. Eye rather large, advanced, hind edge about midway in head length. Mouth large, jaws about even. Maxillary to pupil, ex- pansion 13 to 2 in eye. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines. Nostrils together, midway in snout. Interorbital convex, with median keel to spinous dorsal. Rakers about 6+15, lanceolate, long as filaments and latter 1? in eye. Scales minute, cycloid, with 4 to 8 basalstriae and circuli rather coarse. Cheek with row of 12 to 14 scales. Lateral line well arched, curve 1} to 12 in straight portion. Spinous dorsal inserted little behind pectoral origin; fourth spine, 4 to 44 in head. Soft dorsal inserted midway between snout tip and caudal base; first branched ray, 1§ to 2 in head. Anal like soft dorsal, only shorter; neither fin lobate in front and first branched ray 22 to 3 in head. Caudal well forked, 14 in head; pectoral, 1$ to 1§; ventral, 14 to 12. 1 Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 1913, pp. 236-241. 2 Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 1864, p. 153. 3 Cat, Fresh-Water Fish. Afric® #v“1. 2, 1911, p. 385, fig. 297. NO. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. i Q2Z9 Color in alcohol brown above, paler below. Back with six pairs of close-set obscure deeper brown cross bars. Broad brown band from upper hind eye edge to spinous dorsal. Dorsals dusky or blackish-brown, paler basally on soft fin and edge broadly contrasted in young. Apex of soft dorsal pale or whitish. Anal pale brown with broad marginal dark band. Ventral blackish; rays and lower surfaces whitish. Pectoral and caudal brownish. ‘Thirteen exam- ples, 98 to 120 mm. All obtained at sea, im latitude 6° 38’ N.; lon- gitude 13° 40’ W. Bloch’s figure of his Scomber fasciatus,’ though very crude in its transverse bands, shows unmistakable characters in the short round pectoral, dark band from upper hind eye edge toward occiput, etc. CARANX AFRICANUS Steindachner. Head, 3? to 3%; depth; 24 to 22; D. VII-n, 20 or 21; A. I-11, 17 or 18; scutes in lateral line, 42 to 45; snout, 32 to 32 in head from up per jaw tip; eye, 33 to 32; maxillary, 23 to 23; anata: 34 to 33 rakers, 12 + 28 to 30; as examples, 323 and 334 mm. In ‘he larger example the long dorsal lobe is 12 in fin base. PSEUDOTOLITHUS BRACHYGNATHUS Bleeker. Head, 3}; depth, 33 to 38; D, X, 1, 26 or 27; A. II, 7,1; tubes, 50 or 51 in lateral line to caudal base; 6 scales abies lateral line to soft dorsal origin and 7 below to spinous anal origin; 17 predorsal scales to head; snout, 44 to 44 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 5 to 53; maxillary, 24; interorbital, 6 to 6}. Elongate, well compressed, back moderately elevated, deepest at spmous dorsal base medially. Caudal peduncle strongly compressed; least depth, 1 to 12 its length, or 33 to 32 in total head length. Head width, 22 to 24 its length. Snout, convex; length two-thirds to three-fourths its width. Eye little ellipsoid; hind edge advanced about half an eye-diameter be- yond center in head length. Mouth large, lower jaw protruding. Teeth biserial, upper with outer row of well-spaced canines and inner row of small uniform close-set conic teeth; lower teeth reversed. Front above with two moderate inclined canines set little inside. Maxillary to hind pupil edge, expansion largely concealed, about seven-eighths of eye. Interorbital convex. Few uneven denticles along hind preopercle edge largely concealed. Rakers, 11,3 or 4 + 9, V, lanceolate, equal filaments or 14 in eye. Scales large, narrowly imbricated, finely ciliated, in oblique rows above and below lateral line, which become horizontal below lateral Ime after anal and above after soft dorsal. Scales with 20 or 21 basal radii, circuli often complete and as very fine vermiculations medially. Supra- scapule. ¢ entire. Row of small’ scales on a Slt dorsal base, and caudal 1 Nat. Ausl. Fisch., ial: 7, 1793, p. 73, pte 341. Vaterland unbekannt. 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSHUM. VOL. 96. base and breast scales also small. Tubes of lateral line large, with many as 8 or 10 branches. Third dorsal spine, 1} to 2 in head, third ray, 2} to 33. Anal small, inserted much nearer caudal base than ventral origin; second spine, 3$ to 4 in head. Caudal ends in long median point behind, 14 to 14 in head; pectoral, 12 to 13; ven- tral, 12 to 14. Vent nearly an eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol brownish above, sides and below silvery-white. Iris and most of head silvery-white. Dark band extends medially along each row of scales on trunk above. Spinous dorsal with outer portions dusky. Soft dorsal paler, with two rows of longitudinal deep brown spots, pair on each membrane with upper about middle of fin and lower basal. Other fins all pale brownish. Two examples, 322 to 354 mm. JOHNIUS NIGRITUS (Cuvier). Head, 3} to 34; depth, 34 ‘to ‘33; D: X, I; 32 or 33; A: ‘I, 6; tubes, 50 in lateral line to caudal base; 7 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin and 8 below to spinous anal origin; 32 predorsal scales to head; snout, 44 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 4 to 43; maxillary, 2; interorbital, 4 to 44. Elongately ovoid, well com- pressed, deepest at spinous dorsal base medially. Caudal peduncle strongly compressed, long as deep or least depth 4 to 4} in head. Head width, 21 to 24 its length. Snout convex; length, } its width. Eye slightly ellipsoid, advanced, hind edge about one-third of eye- diameter before center in head length. Mouth large; lower jaw very slightly projecting. Teeth simple, conic, in narrow bands in jaws, outer row of upper slightly enlarged or caninelike, lower reversed, though upper also with few inner slightly enlarged teeth in front. Maxillary to hind pupil edge; expansion, 12 to 13 in eye. Inter- orbital convex. Several inconspicuous or largely hidden serrae at preopercle corner. Rakers, 1 7 to 9+13 11 to v, lanceolate, longer than filaments, or 13 in eye. Scales narrowly imbricated, greatly crowded at predorsal, in oblique rows above and below lateral line; after anal below and largely above also parallel. Scales with 10 to 17 basal striae, circuli very fine and often complete, and apical denticles slender. Suprascapula with frayed cutaneous border. Row of smaller scales along soft dorsal base; also small scales on caudal base. Breast scales larger than predorsal. Tubes in lateral line large, greatly branched above and below from main vertical or oblique stem. Second dorsal spine 2;!5 to 24 in head, third ray 23. Anal small, inserted much nearer caudal base than ventral origin, spines striate, second greatly enlarged and 13 to 2} in head, second ray 14 to 2- Caudal with long median point behind, 1} to 1} in head; pectoral, 1}; ventral, 14 to 1}. Color in aleohol, back brown, sides and lower surface silvery-white. Each row of scales on back and upper sides with obscure median brownish streak. Iris whitish with dusky above. Fins largely pale No. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 231 brownish; spinous dorsal dusky; soft dorsal with median deep brown longitudinal streak or two median parallel longitudinal streaks, and some scattered deep brown spots along base. Front part of soft anal, behind enlarged spine, dusted with deep brown. Caudal and pectoral dull brown, and ventral slightly yellowish. Two examples, 268 to 273 mm. GALEOIDES DECADACTYLUS (Bloch). Head, 2% to 3}; depth, 23 to 31; D. VIII—I, 1, 13; A. IL, 11; pectoral filaments, 9; scales, 43 to 45 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more on latter; 6 scales above lateral line, 8 or 9 below; snout, 44 to 54 in head; eye, 34 to 41; maxillary, 23 to 24; interorbital, 33 to 34; rakers, 9 to 13+15 to 22. Scales finely ciliated, each with two basal radii and circuli fine. Four examples, 209 to 229 mm., of which two from Ashantee (p. 258). LAGOCEPHALUS LAEVIGATUS (Linnzeus). Two young, from latitude 2° 33’ 22’’S.; longitude, 23° 57’ 15’ W CEPHALACANTHUS VOLITANS (Linnaeus). Seven very young, 25 to 60 mm., from same locality as the last. They are quite variable, and though the spines on the head all well developed, in largest but little shorter than head and not quite reaching far back as pectoral tip, in smallest twice length of pectoral and reaches half way to caudal base. Eye also greater than post- orbital in smallest. Compared and found to agree with other young Atlantic examples. 5. LIBERIA. Besides the material in the United States National Museum are two small collections in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. The latter are of interest historically, apparently the first fishes ever collected in Liberia, and though several have been men- tioned in scattered papers, the collections as a whole have never been examined and reported. The first of these comprise seven species Dr. 8. M. E. Goheen gathered at Monrovia, and received at the Academy in the early forties. The other was made by the Rey. Thomas S. Savage at Cape Palmas, and donated to the Academy in 1847. The National Museum material includes the fishes obtained by O. F. Cook and G. N. Collins, at Mount Coffee, Monrovia, and that from the St. Pauls River at the same locality by Rolla P. Currie. In order to distinguish the various collections and their localities, the following letters indicate: G. (Goheen), S. (Savage), C. C. (Cook and Collins), and C. (Currie). Concerning the literature several extensive papers have been con- tributed by Steindachner,' Hubrecht,? and Bittikofer.’ 1 Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. 55, 1857, pp. 517-526.— Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 16, 1894, pp. 1-96, pls. 1-4. 2 Idem, vol. 3, 1881, pp. 61-71. 3 Reisebilder aus Liberia, vol. 2, Die Bewohner Liberia’s—Thierwelt Leyden, 1890, 510 PP (Fishes pp., 447-453). 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 56. NOTOPTERUS AFER Giinther. ‘Plank Fish.” Head, 4; depth, 43; D. 1, 5; A. 134 (including caudal rays); scales in lateral line, about 147 to caudal base; 20 scales above lateral line to dorsal origin, and 33 below at same point; ventral serrae, 30+5; about 100 predorsal scales to head; snout, 44 in head; eye, 44; maxillary, 24; interorbital, 44. Body deepest at dorsal origin, strongly compressed. Head width, 24 its length. Snout, convex; length, two-thirds its width. Eye rounded, advanced about half its diameter before head center. Mouth large; lower jaw but little shorter. Maxillary to hind pupil edge. Row of moderate conic teeth in each jaw, also on vomer and palatines. Nasal flap about one-third of eye. Interorbital broadly convex. Lower preopercle edge finely serrate. Rakers 4+8, elongately clavate, two-fifths longer than filaments or about two in eye. Scales minute, generally in rows sloping down backward, smaller on head and densely crowded over anal and caudal. About 17 rows of scales on cheek. Scales with 14 to 16 basal radii; cireuli moderate and usually complete. First branched dorsal ray 22 in head; caudal, 34; pectoral, 13. Color in alcohol largely deep brown, marked with ill-defined irregular spots about size of pupil, though few on anal. Head below and belly little paler, soiled with deep brown. TIrisslaty. Length,155mm. C. CLARIAS ANGOLENSIS Steindachner. Head, 44; depth, 6; D. 74; A. 52; snout, 3 in head to hind edge of gill-opening; mouth width 24; interorbital, 14; eye, 5 in imterorbital. Body moderately slender; profile somewhat fusiform. Head width equals its length, nearly smooth above. Snout broad; length in profile about two-fifths its width. Eye small; center about first fourth in head. Mouth broad, lips moderate; lower jaw much shorter. Broad bands of villiform teeth in jaws and on vomer; band of latter equally wide. Nasal barbel reaches slightly beyond occipital process; maxillary slightly beyond pectoral tip; outer mental slightly beyond end of pectoral spine and inner mental about to middle of latter. Frontal fontanel sole-shaped, twice broad as long and nearly twice length of occipital. Occipital process as slight isoceles triangle. Rakers, 4+12, lanceolate, about long as ‘filaments, or 14 eye-diameters. Dorsal and anal not joined with caudal, but very narrowly separated. Dorsal begins at last two- fifths between pectoral and ventral origins. Body before anal shorter than rest of trunk by snout length in profile. Caudal 13 in head; pectoral, 13; ventral, 2}. Pectoral spine serrate on both edges. Color in alcohol largely uniform brownish; belly but slightly paler. Dorsal and anal edges rather broadly and evenly whitish. Length, 98 mm. G. NO, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. woo The admission of this species to the Liberian fauna rests on the above determination, which was made with a comparison of Angola examples of equal size. CLARIAS SALAE Hubrecht. Head, 6 to 64; depth, 7 to 104; D. 80 to 92; A. 70 to 79; snout, 23 to 24 in head to hind ne of gill-opening; mouth width, 2 to 22; eit 1,2, to 2; eye, 6 to 8? in interorbital. Body slender, uniformly deep. Head, width 14 its length, above smooth, slightly granulate in half-grown. Snout ecu. length about half its width. Eye very small, about first third in head. Mouth broad, with thick papilloselips; lowerjawshorter. Broad bands of villiform teeth in jaws and on vomer; band of latter slightly broader. Nasal barbel, seven- eighths to gill-opening above, or reaches it in half-grown; maxillary to pectoral tip, outer mental two-thirds of pectoral spine, and inner mental four-fifths to pectoral origin or reaching same in half-grown. Frontal fontanel sole-shaped, twice wide as lone and Ade twice length of occipital fontanel. Both fontanels much smaller with age. Occipital process broad, short, scarcely beyond bony lateral processes of head. Kakers, 4+14, lanceolate, very slightly shorter than filaments, which about twice eye-diameter. Dorsal and anal joined slightly with membrane to caudal edge. Dorsal begins about last third between pectoral and ventral origins, or midway in half-grown. Body before anal one-third rest of feanleed Sin half-grown. Caudal, 14 to 14 in head; pectoral, 14 to 2; ventral, 2} to 24. Pectoral spine serrate on each edge in half-grown; smooth with age. Uui- form umber-brown above in alcohol, paler below and first all more or less dusky. Half-grown with about 17 transverse rows of small brown obscure spots on back «and lower surface much paler. Length, 231 to 417 mm.; four examples. C. CHRYSICHTHYS NIGRODIGITATUS (Lacépéde). Head, 34; depth, 43; D. I, 6; A. rv, 8, 1; snout, 22 in head; eye, 43; maxillary, 3; interorbital, 34. Body rather robust, compressed. Head width about 12 its length. Snout, length about two-thirds its width, rather narrowed forward. Eye elevated, midway in head length. Mouth large, transverse, lower jaw much shorter. Lips thick, fleshy, papillose inside. Teeth villiform, in broad continuous bands in jaws. Elongate band of villiform yomero-pterygoid teeth, not continuous across roof of mouth. Nasal barbel about three- fifths of eye; maxillary barbel reaches back to dorsal origin; outer mental barbel to pectoral origin and inner mental two-thirds as far as outer mental. Interorbital slightly concave. Rakers, 10+16 lanceolate or nearly three-fifths of eye. Fins large; dorsal rounded or with first 3 rays longest; depressed fin, 3 to adipose fin. Adipose fin 2} in head; dorsal spine, 14; pectoral spine, 12, and inner edge of 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 58. last with about 14 antrorse serrae. Caudal large; lobes rather wide, deeply forked. Color in alcohol dull brown above; under surfaces all pale to whitish. Fins brownish. Iris slaty. One example 130 mm. long. C. MALAPTERURUS ELECTRICUS (Gmelin). Two examples from Mount Coffee. C. MORMYROPS DELICIOSUS (Leach). “Dog-fish.” Head, 32; depth, 52; D. 11, 24, 1; A. 11, 42; seales 80 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 10 scales above lateral line to dorsal origin, 11 below to anal origin; 83 predorsal scales; snout 42 1n head; mouth width 6; interorbital, 5%. Elongate, well compressed, deepest at anal origin. Caudal peduncle small, well compressed, least depth 1% its length, or about 64 in head. Head conic, com- pressed; width 3 in its length. Snout convex, long as wide. Eye center near first fourth in head, 2 in snout. Mouth with short gape, broad, small, lower jaw much shorter. Teeth incisors, uniserial, ends very slightly notched medially. Interorbital convex. Scales largest in hind half of body, 14 around caudal peduncle. Scales with rather large reticulate striae, complete, about 16 basal and as many apical; also complete curculi fine. Caudal scaly over two-thirds its basal portion. Dorsal inserted slightly nearer caudal base than pectoral tip or about over first third of anal base, first branched ray about 23 in head. Anal inserted much nearer lower front edge of gill-opening than caudal base, first branched ray about 22 in head. Caudal small, well forked; lobes rather rounded, 22 in head; pectoral, 2; ventral, 3. Color in alcohol largely uniform deep chocolate-brown, each row of scales marked by median darker streak. Fins all dusky. Iris dull slaty. Length, 152 mm. C. MORMYRUS GOHEENI, new species. Head, 32; depth, 43; D. m, 58; A. m1, 21;.P. 1, 14; V.1,.5; scales, 80 in lateral line to caudal base, and 5 more on latter; 13 scales above lateral line to dorsal origin and 12 below to anal origin; 31 predorsal scales; head width, 2% in its length; second branched dorsal ray, 24; fourth branched anal ray, 23; caudal, 14; pectoral, 12; ventral, 2}; snout, 27 5 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 8}; interorbital, 62; least depth of caudal peduncle, 6}. Body elongately ovoid, with back slightly elevated; predorsal slightly trenchant and greatest depth at dorsal orig. Caudal peduncle slender, well compressed; least depth, 23 its length. Head long and pointed, compressed. Muzzle tubular; least depth, 34 in snout, length measured from its own tip. Eye ellipsoid, rather high, its front edge about midway in head length, without lids or skin of head extending over. Lips spongy, large, and lower No, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 935 as broad flap protruding in front. Teeth, 6 incisors above and 6 below, each with notched edges. Nostrils small, simple pores close together, slightly behind last third in snout length. Interorbital convex. Gill-opening lateral, about 1} im snout. Rakers, 4 + 7 short rudimentay tubercles, and gill-filaments about equal eye. Scales all narrowly imbricated, in rows sloping upward posteriorly, largest on caudal peduncle, around which 12, and closely crowded on predorsal. Caudal scaly, most scales large, edges broadly naked. Head covered with numerous pores. Scales with fine complete circuli, basal striae 24 to 27 and apical striae reticulate, incomplete medially in smaller scales. Lateral line median along side; scales small and tubes arborescent on trunk. Dorsal inserted nearer snout tip than last anal ray base; fin slightly higher in front. Anal begins about midway in dorsal base; front branched rays highest. Caudal forked, pointed lobes about equal. Fic. 7.—MORMYRUS GOHEENI. Pectoral broad, extends back one-fifth in depressed ventral. Latter inserted very slightly behind dorsal origin; fin, 13 to anal. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely dull dusky-brown, mostly uniform. Dorsal with median longitudinal brownish band obscurely. Outer portions of caudal lobes, front of anal, and ends of paired fins with dusky to blackish tints. Iris slaty. Head, belly, and basal portion of pec- toral paler than upper surfaces. Length, 345 mm. Type.—Cat. No. 48517, U.S.N.M. St. Paul’s River, Liberia. Rolla P. Currie. Also Cat. Nos. 48514 to 48516, and 48518, same data, paratypes. These have: head, 33 to 38; depth, 4 to 42; D. u, 56 to 1, 59; A. u or ut, 18 to 21; scales, 80 or 81 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 to 4 more on latter; 14 to 17 scales above lateral line to dorsal origin and 11 to 14 below; 32 to 36 predorsal scales; scales, 12 or 13 around 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 36. caudal peduncle; ‘snout, sap ‘to oe in head, “measured from its own tip; eye, 7 to 82; ttererbital 54 to 5%; lebst depth in snout length, 2} to 32; length, 295 to 334 mm. This species is related to Mormyrus caballus Boulenger and Mormy- rus tapirus Pappenheim, the former from the Kongo and the latter from Kamerun. The former differs in a more robust and nontubular snout and longer pectoral. It agrees with the Kamerun species in the tubular snout and pectoral, but differs in details of fin rays, and from both species it differs in the larger scales. (For Dr. S. M. E. Goheen, the first to collect fishes in Liberia.) LABEO CURRIEI, new species. Head, 33; depth, 33; D. 1, 10; A. m1, 5; P. 1, 17; V.\1,,8; seales, 32 in detaial line to derided base and 4 more on laste: 5 ae above FIG. 8.—LABEO CURRIEI. lateral line to dorsal origin and 5 below to anal origin; predorsal scales, 13; head width, 1} its length; head depth at occiput about 14; snout, 14; eye, 53 Be am 13; ‘tnterdibieal’S 21; first branched dorsal ray, 1+ +; ot branched anal ray, 14; upper caudal lobe, 1+4; pectoral, 1}; ventral, 1}; least depth of caudal peduncle, 14. Body deep, with robust contour, compressed, deepest at dorsal origin, and edges all convex. Caudal peduncle deep, compressed strongly; length about three-fifths its least depth. Head moderate, compressed; cheeks not much swollen. Snout broad, convex over surface, long as wide. Eye small, front edge about midway in head length, supero-lateral, entirely visible from above but not below. Mouth broad, slightly crescentic as seen below; lower jaw greatly inferior. Maxillary to hind nostril. Lips thick, fleshy, inner surface formed with transverse plicae made up of No, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 237 papillae. Small barbel near end of maxillary largely concealed. Each jaw edge as firm, entire horny sheath. Nostrils together, separated by short skinny flap, at last fourth in snout. Interorbital broad, slightly convex. Gill-opening forward nearly to hind eye edge. Rakers, about 16+65, weak, flexible, 3 in filaments and latter about equal eye. Pharyngeal teeth, 2, 4, 5—5, 4, 2, each with broad grinding surfaces and no terminal hook. Each pharyngeal arch with an outer row of four extra deciduous teeth; these more obtuse and without grinding surfaces. Scales large, rather narrowly uniform in exposure; scarcely smaller on caudal base, though much more so on breast, so about 18 trans- versely across between pectoral origins. Free pointed scaly ventral flap about two-fifths of fin. Scales finely striate, about 24 to 28 basal and 60 to 70 apical, circuli all very fine but not complete apically. Lateral line midway along side, complete, inconspicuous, nearly straight, and with small simple tubes. Dorsal origin about midway between snout tip and caudal base, upper edge concave, first branched ray longest and extends far back as tip of last or 13 to caudal base. Anal inserted about opposite tip of depressed dorsal, fin faleate, with first branched ray longest and reaching slightly beyond caudal base, though not quite to hind limit of caudal squamation. Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed and upper little longer; fin large. Pectoral moderate, extends three-fourths to ventral. Latter inserted about opposite third branched dorsal ray base, and fin three-fourths to anal, though not quite to vent. Color in alcohol deep dusky-brown, paler or more brownish below, on belly, and under surface of head. On sides and back -edges of each scale slightly darker than general color. Lips pale. Fins all dusky, and on lower fins more or less dusky blackish on outer portions with narrowed paler edges. Iris dull slaty. Length, 210 mm. Type.—Cat. No. 48512, U.S.N.M. St. Pauls River, Liberia. Rolla P. Currie. Also No. 48513, same data, in all three paratypes. These show: head, 34 to 3%, depth, 34 to 34; D: 1,10 or mi, 11; A. u, 5 or 6; scales, 30 to 32 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter; 5 scales above lateral line and 5 below; 10 or 11 predorsal scales; snout, 1f to 2 in head; eye, 5? to 7; maxillary, 2 to 24; interorbital, 24 to 22; length, 154 to 180 mm. This species falls with Labeo nasus Boulenger and Labeo greenit Boulenger, both from the Kongo, according to Boulenger’s key, as it has 16 or 17 scales around the caudal peduncle. It differs from either, however, in the more obtuse snout, which, though finely 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. tubercular, is not turned upward; deeper body, larger scales, and darker color. (For Rolla P. Currie, who obtained the types.) HYDROCYNUS FORSKALII Cuvier. Head, 34; depth, 44; D. 11, 8; A. 1, 13; scales 44 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 8 scales above lateral line, 3 below to ventral, and same below to anal; 19 predorsal scales; snout, 2{ in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 44; maxillary, 24; inter- orbital, 33. Elongate, compressed, deepest at dorsal origm. Caudal peduncle compressed; least depth, 14 its length, or 2? in head. Head well compressed, sides flattened; width, about 2} its length. Snout, conic, long as wide. Eye, high, covered with broad adipose lid in front and behind; hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Mouth, rather large, with powerful convex jaws, lower little protruded. Upper jaw with 10 and lower with 8 large teeth. Maxillary largely concealed below broad suborbital, reaches pupil. Nostrils together, hind one about last fourth in snout. Interorbital broad, very slightly convex. Rakers, 11, 3+10 11, lanceolate, about two-thirds of filaments and latter 14 in eye. Scales mostly uniform, in even lengthwise rows, but little smaller on caudal base. Free pointed axillary ventral scaly flap about two-fifths of fin. Scales with fine even basal circuli and one basal ray. Lateral line largely straight, decurved suddenly from shoulder, low along caudal peduncle side. Tubes slender, well exposed, simple. Dorsal origin midway between mandible tip and caudal base; first branched ray 1% in head; adipose fin, 4. Anal inserted slightly nearer caudal base than ventral origin; first branched ray about 2 in head. Caudal deeply forked, long slender lobes about an eye-diameter longer than head, pectoral 14, ventral, 1}. Color in alcohol, dull brown, paler below. Narrow blackish brown longitudinal streak along each row of scales on trunk. Dorsals and caudal with outer or hind edges dusky gray, and median portion of lower caudal lobe tinged with same. Lower fins brownish, median portions brighter brownish. Iris, slaty. Length, 237 mm. C. 2ALESTES LONGIPINNIS Giinther. Head, 34 to 332; depth, 24; D. u, 8; A. m1, 18; scales, 27 to 30 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 6 scales above lateral line, 3 below; 12 or 13 predorsal scales; snout, 3} to 3} in head; eye, 3} to 34; maxillary, 23 to 3; interorbital, 23 to 2%. Deeply ellipsoid, compressed, deepest at dorsal origin. Head width 14 to 2 in its length. Snout conic, length three-fourths its width. Eye advanced, hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Maxillary to eye, largely concealed. Mouth broad, short, gape not quite half way to eye; jaws about even. Upper teeth 6+8, lower NO, 2294. 4 FISHES FROM WEST /AFRICA—FOWLER. 239 8+2. Nostrils together, at last two-fifths in snout. Interorbital convex. Lower suborbital meets horizontal preopercle limb, and others leave but very narrow naked strip on cheek in front and behind at corner. Rakers, 8+14, lanceolate, weak, about three- fifths of filaments and latter about 14 in eye. Scales large, well exposed, each with 4 basal striae, 1 above and another below as vertical, and pair of apical. Dorsal inserted midway between nos- trils and caudal base, first 4 branched rays prolonged and filament- ous, and third nearly to caudal base. Adipose fin about long as eye. Anal inserted close behind dorsal base, first branched ray 2 to 2} in head. Caudal well forked, lower lobe slightly longer, } to 4 eye- diameter longer than head, pectoral 14 to 14, ventral, 11. Color in alcohol with back brown; side and below pale or whitish. Large black blotch on caudal peduncle extends out and includes median caudal rays. Fins all pale; dorsal and caudal each with some brown- ish on membranes. Length, 111 to 113 mm. Two examples. C. The dorsal rays end in long filaments, nearly long as rest of the fin in male. ALESTES RUTILUS Boulenger. Head, 34; depth, 31; D. m, 8; A. m1, 13; scales, 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 5 scales above lateral line, 2 be- low; 8 predorsal scales; snout, 3 in head; eye, 32; maxillary, 3; in- terorbital, 2}. Deeply ellipsoid, well compressed, deepest at dorsal origin. Head, width 14 its length. Snout broadly conic; length, four-fifths its width. Eye advanced, hind pupil edge about mid- way in its length. Maxillary well exposed, not to eye or only to hind nostril. Mouth, broad, short, gape about two-fifths to eye; lower jaw slightly shorter. Upper teeth, 10+8; lower, 8+2. Nos- trils together about last third in snout. Interorbital convex. Lower suborbital meets horizontal preopercle limb, and others leave narrow naked strip on cheek in front and behind at corner. Rakers, 14 +16, lanceolate, about three-fourths of filaments and latter 2 in eye. Scales very large, well exposed, each with 4 basal striae, 1 above and another below as vertical, and 4 or 5 apical. Dorsal inserted about midway between hind eye edge and caudal base; first branched ray, 1} in head; adipose fin, 44. Anal inserted well behind dorsal base but close before last ray’s tip, first branched ray 12 in head. Caudal well forked, about 1+ in head; pectoral, 14; ventral, 12. Color in alcohol with back brown, paler below, edge of each scale on back narrowly darker. Obscure dusky blotch on caudal base within squamation. Dorsal and caudal brownish, with dusky on outer portions. Other fins pale with brownish on outer portions, dusky on anal. Iris olive-slaty. Length, 150 mm. C. This differs from Boulenger’s account in the median caudal rays with a pale shade and obscure blotch of darker at caudal base. 240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ VOL. 56. HOLOPTERURA PLUMBEA Cope. Holopterura plumbea Core, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., (2) vol. 14, 1871 p. 482. West Africa. Head, 8; depth, 322; snout, 62 in head; eye, 9$; maxillary, 34; interorbital, 8; mandible, 24; pectoral, 6; about 114? pores distinct in lateral line; head, 32 to vent. Compressed, elongate, sides rather flattened, and tail gradually tapers behind but not acuminate at tip. Head moderately compressed; pharynx scarcely swollen, profiles similar; width, 43 its length; depth, 33. Snout conic; upper profile and surface convex; basal width, 1} its length; tip projecting well beyond mandible. Eye large, rather ellipsoid, without eyelid, center trifle before first fifth in head. Mouth large, broad, horizontal, or but slightly inclined. Lips fleshy, entire, rather thick. Teeth conic, sharp pointed, mostly directed back, moderate in size, not continu- ous above with premaxillary or vomerine series. Upper lateral teeth biserial. Mandibular teeth similar, continuous across sym- physis. Several rather large premaxillary teeth, visible from below FIG. 9.—HOLOPTERURA PLUMBEA COPE. in closed mandible. Vomerine teeth like upper laterals, beginning just behind front nostril, biserial, conic, slope backward and anterior little enlarged. Most all teeth little larger anteriorly in jaws. Tongue not evident. Mandible shallow; surface rathe: depressed, rami low. Front nostril in small tube on upper lip opposite closed mandible tip. Hind nostril deep slit in upper lip opening downward below front eye edge. Interorbital convex. Gill-opening inclined in crescent from opposite upper median pectoral rays obliquely back, about equals eye. Skin rather smooth, with more or less distinct longitudinal wrinkles on lowem surface of head and pharynx. Pores on head little evident. Lateral line begins above on head little before middle in latter’s length, slightly elevated at first along side of trunk, soon median, ends short space before tail tip. Dorsal origin distant from gill-opening, equals space between gill-opening and front eye edge; fin low, continuous with low caudal behind. Caudal length about three-fourths in eye. Anal, like dorsal, joins caudal behind. Pec- toral small, upper ray longest. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely brownish, obscurely dotted with darker. Head above No. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AIF'RICA—FOWLER. 241 like back, pale below. Iris paleslaty. Fins all pale brown. Length, 232 mm. No. 22964 A. N.S. P., type of H. plumbea Cope. West Africa. Dr. S. M. E. Goheen. Cope says, ‘‘Anterior nostrils (posterior in position) concealed within the lip in front of the eye; posterior nostrils tubular, de- flected and posterior to the apex of the muzzle,’ though I find them as described above. Further, the “branchial slits approximated below the small pectoral fins” are not more so than in related genera. Cope also says, “No canines,” though most of the anterior teeth are a little enlarged. None of the teeth is hardly “one-rowed behind”’ except perhaps at the extreme hind areas, where they are very small. OPHICHTHUS RUFUS (Rafinesque). One example, 349 mm. It agrees with four examples from Italy in every respect except the minor character of a thicker snout, which doubtless a condition of preservation. C. C. ECHIDNA PELI (Kaup). Three examples, 274 to 504mm. G. APLOCHEILUS SPILAUCHEN (A. Dumeril). Twenty-seven examples. C. SCOMBEROMORUS ARGYREUS Fowler. Scomberomorus argyreus FowuER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 764, pl. 51, lower fig. ‘‘West Africa.” Type.—No. 11400, A.N.S.P., examined. S. CARANX AFRICANUS Siteindachner. One example, 248 mm. S. TRACHINOTUS GOREENSIS Cuvier. One example, 183 mm. S. CRLOROSCOMBRUS CHRYSURUS (Linnaeus). Chloroscombrus hesperius Fowurr, Proc. Acad. Art. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 114, fig. 1. West Africa. The type of C. hesperius, No. 11198, A.N.S.P., examined. S. GALEOIDES DECADACTYLUS (Bloch). One example. 162mm. S. ANABAS KINGSLEYAE (Giinther). Head, 23; depth, 22; D. XVI, 10; A. TX, 10; scales, 17 in upper section of lateral line and 8 in horizontal section to caudal base; 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——16 242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56. 3 scales above upper lateral line to spinous dorsal origin and 9 below to spinous anal origin; 15 predorsal scales; snout 33 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 33; maxillary, 3; interorbital, 3. Well com- pressed, deepest medially, caudal peduncle not developed or rudi- mentary. Head width nearly half its length. Snout broadly conic, length 4 its width. Eye round, hind edge midway in head length. Mouth small, moderately inclined; lower jaw very slightly protruded. Maxillary to eye. Bands of small conic teeth in jaws, front ones little longer, none on mouth roof. Interorbital convex. Preorbital and preopercle entire; hind edges of opercle and subopercle spines- cent. Rakers, 5 short firm points, half of filaments, which about two-fifths of eye. Scales with about 22 basal striae and fine circuli, all finely ctenoid. All rayed vertical fins densely scaled over greater portions basally. Cheek with five rows of scales. Tubes in lateral line simple, well exposed, not out over caudal base. Last dorsal spine 2% in head; sixth dorsal ray, 1; last anal spine, 23; sixth anal ray, 1$; caudal, 14; pectoral, 14; ventral, 2. Color in alcohol dark brown generally. Round blackish blotch at end of lower lateral line over two scales at least. Head below and breast dull brown. Iris slaty. Length, 84 mm. C. TILAPIA GALILAEA (Linnaeus). Head, 24 to 22; depth, 2 to 24; D. XV, one XIV, 12 to 14; A III, 11 or 12; scales, 19 in upper section of lateral line, 11 or 12 in lower section to caudal base, and 2 more out on latter; 4 scales above upper section of lateral line to spinous dorsal origin, 10 below to spinous anal origin; predorsal scales, 10 to 13; snout, 24 to 3 in head; eye, 3} to 34; maxillary, 32 to 33; interorbital, 3 to 34. Head width, 2 in its length. Snout convex; length, long as width or little less. Maxillary very slightly beyond nostril, well short of eye. Teeth rather slender, incisor-like; ends notched; outer rather large. Interorbital little convex. Rakers, 4+20, short, lanceo- late, about 2 in filaments and latter 13 in eye. Scales cycloid, extend on caudal basally. Circuli moderate, mostly complete, basal radii 13 or 14 and apical denticles slightly developed or short. Fourth dersal spine about 24 in head; third anal spine, 22 to 22; caudal, 14 to 14; pectoral, 125; ventral spine, 21 to 22. Color in alcohol brownish, paler below, with about seven indistinct darker brownish bands on back above. Fins all pale, with dark blotch at origin of soft dorsal and two or three oblique dark streaks on latter forward. Caudal slightly emarginate, with hind edge dusky. Length, 55 to 66mm. Three examples. C. TILAPIA EEUDELOTI A. Dumeril. One adult. C. 50, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 243 TILAPIA SAVAGEI, new species. ead os -depth, 22° DS 3OVe 13s Ao Ite. Po. da. i Vy Ee; scales, 22 in upper section of lateral line, 10 in lower section to caudal base, and 2 more out on latter; 5 scales above upper section of lateral line to spinous dorsal origin, 9 below to spinous anal origin; 11 predorsal scales; head width, 1} its length; snout, 3; eye, 4; maxillary, 24; interorbital 32; last dorsal spine, 13%; fourth dorsal ray, 1; third anal spine, 23; third anal ray, 1; least depth of caudal peduncle, 23; pectoral, 12; ventral spine, 2. aS oe Cf eo Zi 4 hd. et Fic. 10.— TILAPIA SAVAGEL. Body elongately ellipsoid in contour, deepest at ventral spine tip; edges all convex, well compressed. Caudal peduncle well com- pressed; length, about two-thirds of least depth. Head compressed, flattened sides converging about evenly above and below. Snout conic, surface convex, long as wide. Hye little ellipsoid; center nearly midway in head length and but little ele- vated. Mouth small, gape about two-thirds to eye, and lower jaw very slightly shorter. Maxillary beyond nostril, but not to eye; expansion 2} in latter. Lips firm. Teeth in about five rows above and three below, with outer row in each jaw largest, moderately slender, expanded and notched at ends. Nostril simple pore at last two-fifths in snout. Interorbital broad, slightly convex. Preopercle and preorbital edges entire; width of latter, about 13 in eye. 244 PROCEEDINGS Of THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Gill-opening forward about to front eye edge. Rakers, 2+ 14, lanceolate, short or about one-third in filaments and latter two in eye. Isthmus narrowly triangular. Scales large, cycloid, rather well exposed, small on breast or about 25 rows before ventral. Caudal covered with small scales over basal half; other fins naked. Cheek with four rows of scales. Scales with complete fine circuli and 11 basal converging radii. Upper section of lateral line slightly convex, and lower begins 2 scales before terminus of upper. Tubes all simple and well exposed. Spinous dorsal inserted behind pectoral base; spines all graduated up toward last, which longest; fin edge notched and small skinny flap from behind tip of eachspine. Soft dorsal with rays all graduated up to fourth or longest, which form slender point extending back about opposite first two-fifths in caudal. Spincus anal inserted opposite soft dorsal origin, graduated to third or longest ray which forms slender filament extending back to middle of caudal. Caudal with hind edge truncate. Pectoral with upper rays longest, three- fourths to anal. Ventral inserted close behind pectoral base, first branched ray ending in long filament reaching base of third anal spine. Vent about half an eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol dull brownish generally; lower surfaces of head and trunk paler. Nine broad dusky brown transverse bands over back; first connecting eyes and those on trunk extended down oppo- site pectoral base. Opercle with conspicuous rounded black spot little smaller than eye. Dark band from lower front eye edge to end of maxillary. At front of soft dorsal basally large black blotch. Also dusky-brown horizontal band, much narrower than any of vertical ones, extends from behind opercular dark blotch to caudal base medially. Vertical fins dull brownish-dusky leaving pale obscure blotches, and other fins pale. Iris slate. Lower lip pale. Length, 128 mm. Type.—Cat. No. 48504, U.S.N.M. St. Paul’s River, Liberia. Rolla P. Currie. Also No. 48,503, including four examples, same data, paratypes. These show: head, 3 to 34; depth, 24 to 24; D. XV or XVI, 13; A. III, 9 or 10; scales, 21 or 22 in upper section of lateral line; 8 or 9 in lower section to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 5 scales above lateral line and 10 below; snout, 2} to 2% in head; eye, 3} to 32; maxillary, 3 to 3}; interorbital, 3 to 34. Snout long as broad or little smaller in younger examples. Maxillary to eye in young slightly shorter or not much beyond eye with age. Last dorsal spine, 1,°; to 2 in head; fourth dorsal ray, 1} to 12; third anal spine, 23 to 24; third anal ray, 1 to 1}; caudal, 1 to 5; pectoral, 14 to 1}; ventral spine, 13 to 24. Length, 90 to 116 mm. No, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 245 Related to Tilapia brevimanus Boulenger, from Portuguese Guinea, in contour, cheek scales, dentition and squamation generally. It differs, however, in the presence of a horizontal dark median band, deeper body, rather fewer dorsal spines, mostly more anal rays, and longer pectoral. (For the Rev. Thomas S. Savage, who collected fishes many years azo in Liberia.) TILAPIA BUTTIKOFERI (Hubrecht). Head, 22 to 23; depth, 2 to 24; D. XIV or XV, 16 or 17; A. ITI, 11 or 12; scales, 21 or 22 in upper section of lateral line, 11 to 13 in lower section to caudal base, and 2 or 3 more on latter; predorsal scales, 14 or 15; snout, 22 to 3 in head; eye, 34 to 5; maxillary, 3 to 32; interorbital, 24 to 3. Body well compressed; contour deeply ellipsoid, deepest at end of ventral spine. Caudal peduncle com- pressed ; length, 1% to 2 in its least depth and latter 2 in head. Head width, 14 to 1% in its length. Snout broad as long; length, four- fifths its width in young. Eye little elevated, about midway in head length, slightly advanced in young. Mouth moderate, terminal, jaws about even. Maxillary slightly beyond nostril; expansion about 1} in eye. Teeth in strong outer row in each jaw, truncate, and with two inner rows above and below inside inconspicuous. Young with outer teeth more notched and single inner row above and below. Interorbital convex. Rakers, 4+10 or 11 short strong points, about 2 in filaments, and latter 1{ in eye. Scales, large, cycloid, circuli very fine and about 14 radiating basal radii, 11 in young. Caudal scaly over basal two-thirds, at least on membranes of fin. Cheek with five rows of scales; vertical diameter of cheek below eye equals 1+} eye-diameters. Tubes in lateral line simple, over entire scale exposure. Last dorsal spine, 14 in head (2 in young), sixth dorsal ray, 1} (12 in young); third anal spine, 2? (2} in young). Caudal truncate, slightly convex when expanded, 1} in head (12 in young); pectoral, 14 (14 in young); ventral spine, 2} (2 in young). Color in alcohol dull brownish generally, with 8 broad blackish vertical bands, meeting below, first through eye and last at caudal base. Pectoral pale brownish; other fins mostly blackish; all with pale edges. Young with broad dusky bands reflected on vertical fins, so that soft dorsal and anal with three dark transverse blotches or streaks; basal much larger and black. Also young usually with another transverse black band across caudal near base. Black blotch at corner of opercle little smaller than eye, and all with con- spicuous black blotch at origin of soft dorsal where transverse dark band crosses. Iris slaty. Length, 75 to 245 mm.; three examples. These differ from Boulenger’s examples slightly,’ the adult having the long ventral filaments extending back beyond anal base, but 1Cat. Fresh Water Fish, Africa, vol. 3, 1915, p. 214, fig. 138. 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. little short of last anal ray tip. An example in the Academy, 58 mm. long, from ‘‘ West Africa,’ without donor is doubtless from Goheen or Savage. HEMICHROMIS FASCIATUS Peters. Hemichromis auritus Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 135. Head, 22 to 23; depth, 22 to 23; D. XIV, sometimes XV, rarely XIII, 11, sometimes 12; A. III, 9; upper branch of lateral line, 16 to 20 scales; lower section, 9 to 12 to caudal base and 1 to 3 more on latter; 4 scales above lateral line to spinous dorsal origin, 9 scales below to spinous anal origin, rarely 10; predorsal scales, 9 to 11; snout, 24 to 3 in head, measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 33 to 43; maxillary, 22 to 3; interorbital, 3 to 33. Elongately ellipsoid, deepest at sixth dorsal spine base. Caudal peduncle well com- pressed; length about three-fourths its least depth and latter 24 in total head length. Head width, 2% its length. Snout conic, slightly longer than broad, or broad as long in young. Hye little elevated, hind pupil edge midway in head length, slightly advanced in young. Maxillary about to eye, expansion about two-thirds of pupil. Teeth conic, uniserial below and above, upper outer series well separated from much smaller inner row; latter absent in young. Interorbital broadly convex. Rakers, 1 or 2+8 to 10, anvil-shaped, about two-thirds of filaments and latter 14 in eye. Scales large, cycloid, extend out over two-thirds of caudal; circuli fine and incomplete apically; basal radiating striae, 10 or 11. Cheek with 4 or 5 rows of scales. Small scales on breast like those on caudal base. Spinous dorsal begins before pectoral; last spine, 24 to 22 in head; sixth dorsal ray, 13 to 2}. Anal begins about midway between pectoral origin and caudal base; third spine about 3 in head; fourth anal ray, 1} to 21. Caudal convex behind, truncate in some examples, 1} to 14 in head; pectoral, 12 to 13; ventral, 12. Color in alcohol generally dull brownish above, paler to whitish below, sides with five large vertical blotches of black, continued up over back narrower and paler, and between them on side medially each scale with brownish blotch at hind edge. Black blotch on opercle little smaller than eye, with brownish area forward to latter. Iris gray-brown; soft vertical fins often with few pale spots or blotches basally, upper caudal corner and edge of soft dorsal sometimes whitish. Iris brownish. Length, 60to162mm. Onefrom Liberia (C.) also type of Hemichromis auritus Gill (S.), and 15 from Angola, as listed further on. HEMICHROMIS BIMACULATUS Gill. Head, 22 to 23; depth, 22 to 2; D. XJV, rarely XIII or XV, 11, rarely 10; A. III, 8, rarely 7; scales 17 to 19 in upper section of lateral line, 8 to 11 in lower section to caudal base, and 2 more on latter; 3 or 4 scales above lateral line to spinous dorsal origin, 9 or 10 No, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 247 below to spinous anal origin; 11 or 12 predorsal scales; snout, 3% to 34 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 33 to 4; maxillary, 2 to 3; interorbital, 33 to 4. Elongately ellipsoid, deepest opposite ventral spine tip. Caudal peduncle well compressed; length about three- fourths its least depth and latter 24 to 2} in total head length. Head width, 2 to 24 its length. Snout conic, long as broad or length slightly less with age. Eye slightly elevated; hind pupil edge about midway in head length, slightly advanced in young. Mouth moder- ate, lower jaw slightly protruded. Teeth conic, mostly uniserial, sometimes inner row of small obscure ones above and well back. Interorbital broadly convex. Rakers 3+5, anvil-shaped, about 2 in eye. Scales large, cycloid, out over caudal at least halfway basally, with fine circuli incomplete apically and 10 or 11 basal radiating striae. Cheek with 3 or 4 rows of scales. Small scales on breast like those on caudal base. Spinous dorsal inserted opposite pectoral origin; last spine, 2% to 3} in head, sixth ray 14 to 2. Spimous anal midway between ventral origin and caudal! base; third spine, 3, fourth ray, 2 to 24. Caudal convex behind, 14 in head; pectoral, 12 to 14; ventral 12 to 1%. Color in alcohol brown above with olive tint; below, paler to whitish. Black blotch nearly large as eye on opercle; another just before anal and usually third at caudal base. Median dark, usually lengthened as vertical streaks and 5 dark leaden vertical streaks across back in front of it and as many more toward tail. Fins largely pale brownish, uniform. Iris brownish. Length, 60 to 108mm. Nine examples (C.), and one (C. C.). DREPANE PUNCTATA (Linnaeus). Cryptosmilia luna Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., ser. 2, vol. 13, 1867, p. 401. ‘‘ Western African seas.” Head, 3; depth, 1; D. I, IX, 21; A. III, 17; scales 44 (pockets) in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 12 scales above lateral line, 30 below to anal origin; snout, 2% in head; eye, 3; maxillary, 3%; interorbital, 4. Deeply rhomboid, greatly com- pressed, least depth of caudal peduncle, 2} in head. Head width 2 in its length. Snout compressed, width 12 its length. Eye well elevated, advanced. Mouth small; lower jaw slightly shorter. Maxillary well exposed, about to eye. Teeth brush-like, in bands in jaws. Interorbital slightly convex. Lower preopercle edge serrate. Rakers, 5+11 short weak points, about one-fifth of filaments and latter 2 in eye. Scales all narrowly exposed, small ones extending over vertical fins basally and breast. Cheek with 8 rows of scales to preopercle corner. Ventral axil with free pointed scaly flap about half ventral spine. Suprascapula entire. Scales with fine complete circuli, and 3 basal radii convergent. Lateral line steeply arched, and simple tubes well exposed. Fourth erect dorsal spine longest, 248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 36. 12 in head, ninth ray nearly 1. Second anal spine, 2} in head; first ray about 14. Caudal with median rays longest, slightly larger than head; ventral spine, 14, and first ray with filamentous end to second anal ray base. Long falcate pectoral reaches caudal base. Color in alcohol largely pale brownish; head and trunk everywhere tinged with silvery-white. Iris whitish. Length, 140 mm. No. 12229, A.N.S.P., type of Cryptosmilia luna Cope. S. Although described as ‘‘everywhere uniform silvery” by Cope, very slight indications of the darker transverse or vertical bands, somewhat as figured by Pellegrin in his var. africana, are evident. This last was originally described by Osorio and appears in no way to differ structurally from the above. Further comparison with Philippine material, but slightly smaller, shows only a slight differ- ence in scale structure or with usually 5 or 6 basal radii, while the Liberian example has but 3 or 4 and usually 3. PSETTUS SEBAE Cuvier. One example. G. MAPO SOPORATOR (Valenciennes). One 85 mm. C.C. PERIOPHTHALMUS BARBARUS (Linnaeus). Two small ones. G. PSETTODES ERUMEI (Schneider). Head, 33; depth, 23; D. 54; A. 40; scales, 70 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more on latter; 21 scales above lateral line, 27 below; snout, 34 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 63; maxillary, 14; inter- orbital, 2} in snout. Contour uniform ellipsoid. Caudal peduncle well compressed; length, three-fourths its least depth or latter 22 in total head length. Head width, 22 itslength. Snout conic, broad as long. Upper eye advanced for first third beyond lower. Mouth large, lower jaw well protruded. Maxillary long, extends well beyond eye or about three-fifths in head; expansion 14 in eye. Teeth long, slenderly conic, in two rows with imner depressible inward, and all of larger barbed. Interorbital level. Rakers, 14+20 short spinescent rudi- ments; filaments, 14 in eye. Scales large, mostly cycloid; some very weakly and sparsely ctenoid on left or colored side. Smaller scales along body edges, and caudal very finely scaled. About 8 rows of scales on cheek; maxillary also scaly. Scales of colored side with 40 radiating basal striae; same number but marginal on pale side and very fine circuli incomplete. Lateral line midway along side, inconspicuous. Dorsal origin eye-diameter behind lower eye, twenty-third ray, 23% in head; thirteenth anal ray, 24%. Caudal 1 Annals L’Inst. Oceanogr., Prince de Monaco, vol. 6, fasc. 4, 1914, p. 57, fig. 58, fig. 9. NO, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 249 double convex behind; median rays longest or 14 in head; pectoral, 2; ventral left, 2%. Color in alcohol dull brownish on left side, with many well scattered pale spots, none larger than scale exposure. Right side uniform white. Length, 395 mm. S. A smaller example, 171 mm. long, from Sumatra, differs in the scales having 18 to 20 basal striae, a condition doubtless due to age. Its left or colored side is quite dark, also fins, and without any pale spots. CYNOGLOSSUS GOREENSIS Steindachner. Head, 52; depth, 33; D. 123; A. 94; scales, 30 +94 in median lateral line to caudal base; 15 scales above median lateral line at. widest part of body to upper lateral line, 24 below at same point; snout, 23 to lower eye; mouth cleft, 4. Contour evenly elongately ellipsoid. Head width, 43 its length. Snout broadly depressed; profile nearly complete semicircle. Eye small, about half of interorbital, and upper half advanced before lower. Lower nostril close before upper eye along mouth edge or about midway in mouth cleft. Upper nostril midway between eyes. Mouth cleft on blind side more curved than on colored side. Lips entire. Interorbital very slightly depressed. Scales largest over median portion of trunk, become small and crowded about borders, strongly ctenoid on left or colored side and cycloid on right or blind side; basal striae about 40 to 44 and circuli only complete apically on blind side. Two lateral lines, upper 8 scales from dorsal body edge. Caudal pointed, 13 in head. Color in alcohol pale uniform brownish on left or colored side; right side whitish. Length, 327 mm. S. 6. ASHANTEE, The fishes from this country were all obtained by the Eclipse Expe- dition in the Beyah River at Elmina, or the vicinity of the latter. Though a number of scattered references to the fishes of the Gold Coast occur, the only work of primary faunal interest is Bleeker’s celebrated ‘‘Memoire sur les Poissons de la céte de Guineé.”! Giin- ther described a few species in his paper on ‘New fishes from the Gaboon and Gold Coast.” ? Sauvage ? and Peilegrin * have both ublished papers on the fishes of the adjacent Ivory Coast, useful in this connection. SCOLIODON EUMECES (Pietschmann). Body compressed, depth 82 to 9} to last caudal vertebra. Head depressed, 44 to 5} in body; width 12 to 12 its length. Snout greatly depressed, long, end blunt, 2 to 235 in head. Eye about eye-diameter 1 Nat. Verhandel. Holl. Maats. Wet. Haarlem, vol. 18, 1863, No. 2, pp. 1-136, pls. 1-28. 2 Ann. Mag. Nat. London, ser. 3, vol. 20, 1867, pp. 110-117. 3 Bull. Soc. Zooi. France, 1882, pp, 313-325, pl. 5, fig. 1. 4Idem, vol. 38, 1913, pp. 151-158. 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. nearer gill-opening than snout tip, 37 to 43 in snout. Nictitating membrane below eye forward. Mouth greatly arched, wider than cleft. Upper labial fold little longer, about fourth of upper jaw. Teeth alike, 24 or 23 below, 25 above, edges entire, bases wide. At front of upper | or 2 erect teeth and 2 or 3 in front of lower. Inter- orbital broadly convex, 2} to 2} in head. Gill-openings about wide as eye. Scales with 3 ribs ending in as many points and median longest. First dorsal origin opposite end of inner pectoral angle, extended end behind reaching opposite ventral origin. Second dorsal base about 14 of anal base and one-third above end of anal base. Second dorsal end behind 13 to 13 lengths from its base behind to caudal pit above, which larger. Tail 34 in entire length. Pectoral, 12 to 1% in head; ventral, 3. Color in alcohol ash-gray generally, below whitish. Iris pale. Fins all ash-gray; hind edges of lower, including lower caudal lobe whitish, or at least paler. Border of long caudal lobe narrowly brownish. Length 310 to 314 mm., two examples. Allied with Scoliodon lalandi (Miller and Henle) from the tropical Atlantic of Central and South America. Compared with an example of the American species, 425 mm. long, from Colon, the lower caudal lobe in blackish marginally, front half of pectoral entirely blackish and inner half only pale, and rictal grooves equal. Although Pietsch- mann describes the rictal grooves they are not indicated in his lower view of the head. TORPEDO NABKE (Risso). Disk partly circular, width greater than length for space about equal to space between front disk edge and spiracle. Snout short, slightly concave medialiy. Mouth smail, slightly crescentic, with longitudinal fold at each angle. Teeth small, about 34 rows above and below. Spiracle twice size of eye, with 7 weak papillae. Hye small, 4 in interorbital. Second dorsal about seven-eighths of first, latter with front half above ventral bases. Second dorsal base more than interdorsal space. ‘Tail short, slightly over one-third of total length. Upper caudal lobe slightiy longer. Color in alcohol russet- brown above, with scattered variable small white spots or dots, none larger than pupil. White below, outer pectoral and ventral portions broadly brownish submarginally. Length, 367 mm. Compared with Italian examples the present one differs in colora- tion, or the presence of the minute whitish spots and the absence of the five large black ocelli. Compared with Torpedo torpedo (Lin- naeus) from Italy, the spiracle fringes are found well developed in the latter, besides the presence of usually five to seven dark blue-black ocelli. No, 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 251 Although much confusion has arisen from the composite account of Raja torpedo Linnaeus it appears the action of Briinnich’ clearly indicates the first restriction of the species with the later Raja mar- morata Risso. Briimnich says: ‘‘ Dorsum fusco-sanguinolentum, ma- culis sparsis obscurioribus varium * * * Spiracula 4, subtus utrinque ad pectus.” He then mentions a new variety, unknown to himself, however, but described by Salviani with five black oc ih arranged in the form of a pentagon. MUGIL CEPHALUS Linnaeus. Head, 34 to 33; depth, 4 to 44; D. IV—I, 8; A. ITI, 8; scales, 36 to 43 from shoulder to caudal base, and 4 to 6 larger out over latter; 12 or 13 scales transversely between soft dorsal and anal origins; 23 to 27 predorsal scales; snout, 4 to 43 in head; eye, 33. to 4; maxillary, 32 to 44; interorbital, 2} to 3. Rakers, 30+32, 23 in filaments and latter % of eye. Length, 95 to 139 mm.; four examples. Compared with an Italian example, with 41 scales from shoulder to caudal base, the rakers were 33+46. The adipose eyelid much better developed in the Italian fish, though scarcely as much so as in adults from Italy and the Mediterranean. The scales of Italian examples show basal radii 8 to 10, those from Ashantee 7 to 9, doubtless a condition of age. LIZA RAMADA (Risso). Head, 3 to 32; depth, 34 to 34; D. 1V—I, 8; A. LI, 9; scales, 37 to 39(2) from shoulder to caudal base, and 5 or 6 larger out over latter; 12 or 13 scales transversely at soft dorsal and anal origins; 25 to 28 predorsal scales; snout, 3} to 5 in head; eye, 3} to 4; maxillary, 34 to 34; interorbital, 2} to 2}; rakers, 35+ 48. Length, 56 to 85 mm.; four examples. Though I only have young African examples, doubtless of this species, considerable variation due to age was noted when compared with Mediterranean examples. The latter, 155 mm. long, had 44 to 47-+50 to 75 rakers. The African examples show 9 to 11 basal radii and no apical denticles on the scales, while in 8 large Mediterranean examples these variations are covered. LIZA FALCIPINNIS (Valenciennes). Head, 32 to 33; depth, 32 to 32; D. IV—I, 9; A. ILI, 11; scales, 35 to 39 from shoulder to caudal base and 4 or 5 larger out over latter; 12 or 13 scales transversely between soft dorsal and anal origins; 29 to 31 predorsal scales; snout, 3f to 4 in head; eye, 8§ to 44; maxillary, 34 to 4; interorbital, 22 to 3. Elongate, well compressed, deepest at anal origin. Caudal peduncle well compressed, long as 1 Ich. Massiliens., 1768, p. 1. 252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. deep and least depth 2} to 24 in head. Head width, 1} its length. Snout broad, length half its width. Kye advanced; hind edge slightly before center in head length. Mouth broad. Teeth ex- tremely minute, rudimentary, few, in single row and only in upper jaw. Maxillary concealed, not quite to eye. Upper lip width nearly half of pupil. Nostrils close; front one about midway in snout. Interorbital broadly convex. Preorbital denticulate. Rakers, about 40 +51, finely lanceolate, about half of filaments and latter equal eye. Seales with 7 to 9 basal striae. Cheek with 3 rows of scales. Pectoral without axillary scaly flap, and 4 scales behind depressed spinous dorsal tip and soft dorsal origin. Spinous dorsal inserted midway between eye center and caudal base, or midway between front eye edge and caudal base in small examples; second spine slightly longer, or 1% to 24 in head. Soft dorsal inserted much nearer spinous dorsal origin than caudal base, first branched ray, 12 in head. Anal inserted about midway between ventral origin and caudal base, 12 to 1% in head. Caudal large, pupil length in smallest example to eye-diameter longer than head in larger ones: pectoral, 14; ventral, 14. Color in alcohol, dull olive-brown above; sides and below, paler with silvery- white reflections. Iris whitish. Fins all pale brownish, with obso- lete brownish blotch at pectoral base. Eight examples, 105 tu 145 mm. Boulenger’s figure * does not indicate any scales on the opercle; those on the cheek imperfect and front of soft dorsal and anal basally scaleless. In all my examples these areas are quite scaly. An Angola example in the Academy (Bengo River at Cabiri) shows: head, 32; depth, 33; D. IV—I, 9; A. III, 11; scales, 39 from shoulder to caudal base and 6 more on latter; transverse scales, 13; predorsal, 23; snout, 4 in head; eye, 33; maxillary, 4; inter- orbital 23; few scales on front of anal basally; length, 82 mm. LIZA HOEFLERI (Steindachner). Head, 34; depth, 44; D. IV—I, 8; A. III, 9; scales, 36 from shoulder to caudal base and 5 more on latter; 13 scales transversely between soft dorsal and anal origins; 25 predorsal (pockets) scales; snout, 41 in head; eye, 32; maxillary, 4; interorbital, 3. Elongate, rather slender, or deepest at spinous dorsal origin, well compressed. Caudal peduncle with least depth, 14 its length, or 2} in head. Head width half its length. Snout length nearly three-fifths its width. Kye advanced; hind edge about midway in head length. Mouth broad; would form obtuse angle. Row of minute ciliate teeth in upper jaw. Maxillary exposed, almost to eye. Nostrils close to- gether, front one about midway in snout length. Interorbital broadly convex. Preorbital denticulate. Rakers, 35+46, about 1 Cat. Fresh Water Fish. Africa, vol. 4, 1916, p. 89, fig. 51. NO. 2294, FISHES FROM WHST AFRICA—FOWLER. 253 three-fourths of filaments, or 14 in eye. Scales with 9 or 10 basal radii. Cheek with three rows of scales. Apparently no axillary ventral flap, and three scales between depressed spinous dorsal tip and soft dorsal origin. A fewscales on front of analbasally. Spinous dorsal inserted about midway between front pupil edge and caudal base; first spine longest, or 14 in head. Soft dorsal inserted very slightly nearer caudal base than spinous dorsal origin; first branched ray, 14 in head. Anal inserted slightly before soft dorsal; first branched ray, 12 in head. Caudal about equals head; pectoral, 14; ventral, 13. Color in alcohol with back, pale olive; sides and below pale with silvery-white tints. Hind edge of median caudal rays tinged with dusky; fins otherwise dull brownish and lower ones paler. Tris, whitish. Length, 105 mm. it differs a little from Boulenger’s account, likely due to age, in the snout slightly shorter than the eye. Compared with Mediterranean examples of Liza aurata (Risso) it agrees in the long pectoral and serrate preorbital, though the rakers are 35 + 46, in the adults 40 +70, which shorter and though finely lanceolate, about three-fourths in young to two-thirds in adults in filaments. The Mediterranean species has scales with more obtuse apical denticles, lower or slightly less concealed. Both have 9 or 10 basal radii, reaching 12 or 13 in the Mediterranean, and always with very fine circull. LIZA GRANDISQUAMIS (Valenciennes). Head, 32 to 32; depth, 32 to 34; D. IV—I, 8; A. III, 9; scales, 28 or 29 from shoulder to caudal base and 5 or 6 larger on latter; 10 scales transversely between soft dorsal and anal origins; 20 to 23 predorsal scales; snout, 3% to 43 in head; eye, 4 to 42; maxillary, 3% to 4; interorbital, 24 to 24. Elongate, well compressed, deepest at anal origin. Caudal peduncle well compressed; least depth, 1 to 14 its length or 2} in head. Head width, 12 to 13 its length. Snout broad; length about half its width. Eye advanced, before center in head length. Mouth broad. Teeth extremely minute, rudimentary, few above laterally, slightly more developed in smaller example. Maxillary end exposed little; reaches eye. Nostrils close, front one about midway in snout length. Interorbital broadly convex. Pre- orbital conspicuously denticulate. Rakers, 34 +42, finely lanceolate, about two-thirds gill-filaments and latter 14 in eye. Scales with 8 to 11 basal striae. Cheek with four rows of scales. Ventral with- out axillary scaly flap and two scales between depressed spinous dorsal tip and soft dorsal origin. Small scales over base of front anal lobe and along front edge of soft dorsal. Spinous dorsal inserted about midway between front pupil edge and caudal base, midway be- tween hind pupil edge and caudal base in smaller example; first spine, 1% in head. Soft dorsal inserted midway between spinous 254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. dorsal origin and caudal base; first branched ray 1} in head, reaching caudal base in smaller example. Anal inserted about midway be- tween ventral origin and caudal base, nearer latter in smaller ex- ample; 1} to 12 in head. Caudal large; eye-diameter longer than head, deeply forked, with lower lobe much longer in larger example; pectoral, 14 to 13; ventral, 1%. Color in alcohol dull olive-brown above, paler to whitish below. Fins all pale brown. Two examples, 110 to 146 mm. CARANX HIPPOS (Linnaeus). Head, 2% to 33; depth, 23 to 22; D. VITI—I, 19 to 22; A. IL— I, 15 to 18; scutes in lateral line, 29 to 36; snout, 33 to 4 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 3 to 33; maxillary, 2$ to 2%; interorbital, 3 to 34; rakers, G+15 or 16. Five examples, 50 to 104 mm. An examination and comparison with American examples from Brazil, Santo Domingo, and New Jersey reveals no distinctions. The cycloid scales of all are with similar circuli and no basal striae. EPINEPHELUS AENEUS (Geoffrey St. Hilaire). Head, 22; depth, 34 to 34; D. X or XI, 15; A. III, 8; scales about 102 to 108 along and close above lateral line to caudal base and 15 to 18 more on latter; tubes, 71 to 73 in lateral line to caudal base and 13 to 20 on latter; 14 or 15 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin, 28 to 34 below; snout, 4 to 43 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 4; maxillary, 2 to 24; interorbital, 7 to 7}. Well compressed, back but little elevated. Caudal peduncle, length about ~ to { its least depth; latter 34 to 34 in total head length. Head width, 2% its length. Snout conic; length three-fourths its width. Eye ad- vanced little beyond middle in head length; less so with age, and impinging on upper profile. Mouth large; lower jaw well protruded. Maxillary to or slightly beyond pupil, not quite to hind eye edge; expansion 1{ to2ineye. Teeth in rather narrow bands. Two rows below in sides of mandible. Canines moderate, distinct pair in tront above and another depressible inner pair. Moderate teeth in bands on vomer and palatines, in about three rows on latter. Interorbital slightly convex, with little median depression. Hind preopercle edge serrate, with cluster of four enlarged divergent spines at angle. Rakers vi,2+8 to 11 v or VI, lanceolate, about | of filaments and latter about 2 in eye. Pseudobranchiae equal gill-filaments. Muz- zle and maxillary naked. Scales on head small and cycloid, with apical circuli coarser than marginal, and 2 or 3 short basal striae. About 22 rows of scales on cheek. Scales on trunk small, crowded or smaller along edges and over fin bases, mostly cycloid, circuli mostly even and with 4 or 5 basal radii. Only few scales along lower sides ctenoid, or with about 5 minute apical denticles. Tubes in No. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 255 lateral line simple. Spinous dorsal begins over pectoral origin; third spine longest, or 23 to 24 in head. Soft dorsal origin midway between spinous dorsal origin and caudal base; fin rounded; fifth ray 2 to 2} in head. Spinous anal inserted about opposite last dorsal spine base: second anal spine longest, little longer than third, or 22 to 32 in head. Caudal rounded, 14 to 14 in head; pectoral, 13 to 12; ventral, 12 to 1%, spine, 13 to 2 in fin. Color in alcohol generally brown, under suriace whitish. with five close-set pairs of slightly deeper brown cross-bands, mottled obscurely and sparsely with still deeper brown. Head with three pale lines, uppermost from hind eye edge to pectoral origin, median from lower hind eye edge toward lower pectoral basal edge, and lowest line from lower preorbital edge to breast. Fins pale brown; edges of dorsals deep brown, and median deep brown longitudinal band whole length of fin, though broken behind on soft fin as several blotches. Dark crossbars on trunk extend on dorsal bases as blotches. Anal with lower edge whitish and two pale brown longitudinal lines obliquely up behind. Caudal with several indistinct brown crossbars. Pec- toral very pale. Ventral brown, front terminal edge whitish, and otherwise dusky terminally. Iris pale brown. Three examples, 89 to 95 mm. LUTJANUS GUINEENSIS Bieeker. Head, 24 to 22; depth, 22; D. X, 14; A. III, 8; scales 44 to 49 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 or 6 more on latter; 7 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin, 12 or 13 below; 12 to 16 predorsal scales; snout, 2,% to 32 in head; eye, 3} to 4; maxillary, 22 to 23; interorbital, 5 to 53. Well compressed, back elevated. Cauda peduncle well compressed; least depth } to # its length. Head com- pressed, pointed, profiles straight and even, width 2? to 24 its length. Snout conic; width, 1} its length. Eye little ellipsoid; hind pupil edge little advanced to center in head length. Maxillary not quite to pupil. Mouth large, jaws even. Bands of villiform teeth jn jaws, outer row of enlarged conic teeth and in front of upper pair of canines. Villiform teeth on vomer and palatines, in 7 -shaped patch on former. Tongue free, pointed, with elongate median patch of minute teeth. Front nostril small pore, three-fourths an eye-diameter before eye. Hind nostril twice as large and midway in space to eye. Interorbital broadly convex. Hind preopercle edge straight, finely serrate, with serrae little enlarged at angle, nine on lower edge forward. Least preorbital width about one-third to four-fifths of eye. Rakers, v I+8 1v, lanceolate, two in eye and about long as filaments. Pseudobranchiae equally large as filaments. Scales finely ctenoid, with radiating basal striae about 21. Above lateral line scales at first parallel, then rather abruptly oblique after 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSHUM. VOL. 56. front part of spinous dorsal, though parallel on caudal peduncle above. Scales below lateral line in horizontal rows. Small scales on breast, much more so on vertical fin bases. Cheek with 7 rows of scales. Suprascapula denticulate marginally. Lateral line concurrent with dorsal profile; tubes inconspicuous. Spinous dorsal begins about over pectoral origin, fourth spine 24 to 23 in head. Soft dorsal inserted little nearer caudal base than spinous dorsal origin; fin rounded. Spinous anal begins little behind soft dorsal origin; sec- ond spine longest or 23 to 25 in head. Soft anal rounded; third ray 12 to 24 in head. Caudal with hind edge slightly emarginate. Pectoral, 14 to 13 in head; ventral, 14 to 12; and spine about half of fin; filamentous end of first ray nearly to vent; last slightly less than an eye-diameter before anal. Color in alcohol brown on back and above; below paler to whitish. Each scale below lateral line with pale yellowish spot formed into lengthwise streaks. Below front nostril close to preorbital edge a bluish line, with narrow dark brown bordering lines, extending along lower eye edge back to hind preopercle angle. Iris pale yellowish. Fins brownish, ventral and anal whitish. Pectoral base brown. Three examples, 46 to 190 mm. Bleeker shows ! the hind preopercle edge with a slight gash above its corner, hardly evident in my examples. LUTJANUS MCGDESTUS Eleeker. Head, 22 to 23; depth, 22 to 23; D. X, 13 or 14; A. III, 8; scales, 45 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more on latter; 6 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal origin and 12 below; 14 or 15 predorsal scales; snout, 31 to 32 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 32 to 43; maxillary, 21 to 23; interorbital, 5 to 5}. Well compressed, back little elevated. Caudal peduncle well compressed, about long as deep. Head pointed, sides flattened; width, 2} its length. Snout conic, long as wide, or width 1} its length. Lye slightly ellipsoid; hind edge midway in its length, little backward in young. Maxillary beyond front of pupil or about two-fifths in eye. Mouth large, ower jaw slightly protruding. Bands of villiform teeth in jaws, outer row of enlarged conic canines; canines each side of lower jaw and pair in front of upper. Bands of villiform teeth on vomer and palatines, in A-shaped patch on former. Tongue free, pointed, with elongate median area of minute teeth. Front nostril small pore advanced before eye three-fifths an eye-diameter, and hind nostril little larger midway between front one and eye. Interorbital broad, very slightly convex. Hind preopercle edge finely serrate, serrae little enlarged at angle, and with none on lower edge forward, though slight emar- gination just above corner. Least preorbital width about one- 1 Nat. Verhandel. Holl. Maats. Wet. Haarlem, vol. 18 (P. Guinée), 1863, p. 46, pl. 10, fig. 1. Ashantee. NO, 2294. FISHES FROM WHST AFRICA—FOWLER. 257 third to three-fifths of eye. Rakers, v, I+7 or 8, iv, lanceolate, about seven-eighths of filaments; latter 13 in eye. Pseudobranchiae nearly large as eye. Scales finely ctenoid, with about 20 basal striae. Scales above lateral line parallel, below in horizontal rows. Small scales on breast, more so on vertical fin bases. Cheek with 7 rows of scales. Suprascapula denticulate marginally. Lateral line con- current with back, tubes inconspicuous. Spinous dorsal begins about over pectoral origin; fourth spine 22 in head. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between spinous dorsal origin and caudal base; eighth ray, 22? to 3 in head. Anal inserted slightly behind soft dorsal origin; second spine longest, or 3 to 34 in head. Soft anal rounded; third ray longest, or 2} to 2} in head. Hind caudal edge slightly emarginate. Pectoral, 12 to 13 in head; ventral, 14 to 14, but not quite to vent, which little nearer its tip than anal origin. Ventral spine about two-fifths to three-fifths in fin; first ray fila- mentous. Color in alcohol brown on back above, paler to whitish below. No yellow spots on scales. From below hind nostril to lower eye edge narrow pale bluish line, bordered above and below with brown and not extended beyond eye. Fins brownish, ventral pale; lower front anal edge whitish and soft dorsal with two irregular rows of darker brown spots on membranes below middle. Iris pale. Two exam- ples, 63 to 172 mm. Bleeker’s figure shows! the scales above and below the lateral line in irregular rows, the maxillary nearly to eye center, no pale line below eye, and scales in lateral line branched. POMADASIS JUBELINI (Cuvier). Three examples, 103 to 175 mm. POMADASIS BENNETTI! (Lowe). One example (see page 283). EUCINOSTOMUS MELANOPTERUS (Bleeker). Héad 22 to 34; depth, 28 to 34; D. IX, 10; A. III, 7; scales (pockets), 40 to 42 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 to 7 more on latter; 4 or 5 scales above lateral line, 8 or 9 below; snout, 3 to 34 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 2? to 34; maxillary, 2? to 3; inter- orbital, 34 to 32. Form elongate, rather fusiform, compressed. Caudal peduncle compressed; least depth, 3 to 1 in length. Head large, pointed, compressed; fiat sides very slightly converge below; width, 24 to 2} in head. Snout conic, long as wide. Eye large, advanced, hind pupil edge but very slightly behind center in head 1 Nat. Verhandel. Holl. Maats. Wet. Haarlem, vol. 18 (P. Guinée), 1863, p. 50, pl. 9, fig. 2. Ashantee. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56—— 17 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. length. Maxillary beyond front eye edge, not to pupil. Lips rather broad, firm. Teeth fine, in villiform bands in jaws. Nostrils to- gether, close before upper front of eye. Interorbital level or only very slight median concavity. Preorbital and preopercle edges entire. Rakers, 5 or 6 + 8 or 9 short points, nearly one-third of filaments; latter 24 in eye. Pseudobranchiae little less than filaments. Pre- maxillary groove on top of head entirely scaleless, also maxillary, preorbital and snout tip. Hind part of premaxillary groove never entirely shut off by lateral intrusion of scales. Scales finely ciliated, with about five basal striae. Suprascapula entire. Lateral line concurrent with back to caudal base medially; simple tubes well exposed. Spinous dorsal inserted nearly midway between eye center and soft dorsal origin; slightly more advanced in young; third spine, 14 to 1,% in head. Anal inserted little behind soft dorsal origin; third spine longest or trifle longer than second; 2? to 2¢ in head. Caudal well forked, trifle less than head; pectoral, 1,4 to 12; ventral, 12 to 13%. Color in alcohol silvery-white generally; back pale brownish. Iris white. Fins all very pale brown; end of spinous dorsal lobe black with white bar below, and midway on fin still lower pale dusky horizontal streak. Seven examples, 47 to 108 mm. Bleeker does not show ' the whitish band below the black apical blotch at front of spinous dorsal, nor mention if in his text. His example was 97 mm. long. GALEOIDES DECADACTYLUS (Bloch). Two examples. TILAPIA HEUDELOTI A. Dumeril. Thirty-seven examples. CHAETODON HOEFLERI Steindachner. Head, 24 to 23; depth, 12 to 13; D. XI, 23; A. III, 18; scales, 43 to 45 from shoulder in nearly median series to caudal base medi- ally; about 40 or 41 tubes in lateral line; 7 scales above lateral line to spinous dorsal origin, about 4 to soft dorsal origin, and 22 or 23 below to spinous anal origin; snout, 3 to 33 in head; eye, 2? to 3; maxillary, 33 to 3%; interorbital, 32 to 34. Back well elevated; body strongly compressed; predorsal slightly trenchant. Caudal peduncle strongly compressed; length about three-fifths its least depth and latter, 24 in head. Head width half its length. Snout conic, length about seven-eighths its width. Eye elevated, advanced, or hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Small mouth terminal, closed jaws even. Maxillary largely below preorbital, to hind nostril and expansion 13 in horizontal pupil. Teeth in brush- like bands. Lips rather thin, moderate. Nostrils close before eye 1 Nat. Verhandel. Holl. Maats. Wet. Haarlem, vol. 18 (P. Guinée), 1863, p. 44, pl. 8, fig. 1. Guinea. NO. 2294, FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 259 above, front one little lower or about three-fifths of pupil length before eye. Interorbital broadly convex. Rakers, 3 + 9 or 10 weak points, about 4 in filaments and latter 13 in eye. Scales ctenoid, with about 14 basal striae, in oblique rows above and below lateral line, become much smaller and greatly crowded over rayed vertical fins. Cheeks with five rows of scales. Lateral line greatly arched; ends close below last dorsal rays. Dorsal with stronger and slightly longer spines in front; fifth spine, 14 to 14 in head; fin edge notched. Soft dorsal rounded, fifth ray 13 to 2 in head. Spinous anal inserted about midway between hind preopercle edge and caudal base; second spine 2 in head, and fifth ray about 1? to 2. Caudal convex behind, 12 to 14 in head; pectoral, 14; ventral spine,13 to 1%. Color in alcohol pale brownish generally, lower or under surfaces pale or whitish. Deep brown broad band begins just below and before spinous dorsal origin, but not meeting its fellow on predorsal, extends forward to eye, which it intersects, leaving hind portion of iris whitish. This also continued below over cheek to front branchi- ostegals. Second broad band begins on spinous dorsal, including third to fifth spines, extends down, including pectoral base, hind edge of opercle broadly to ventral base, though about half its width before these fins so its fellow converges. Third broad band extends from last two dorsal spines basally and front dorsal rays basally, down toward front of soft anal, narrowed and paler below, but quite dark and conspicuous at its origin above. Dark transverse band across caudal peduncle, followed by narrow white border. All dark bands noted with rather narrow pale borders. Edges of soft dorsal and anal dusky. Fins all pale, and caudal base with dull brownish crescent transversely. Hach scale on breast and along side of abdo- men between dark bands with small pale spot. Two examples, 63 to 66 mm. Compared with examples of Chaetodon striatus (Linnaeus) from Delaware Bay and the West Indies, 68 to 136 mm. long, one finds a constant difference in coloration. In C. hoefleri the second broad dark band extends more obliquely forward to include hind portion of opercle entirely, besides pectoral and ventral bases likewise; third band deeply black above and not joined by dark band on basal por- tion of soft dorsal. Due to youth, likely, my examples of C. hoeflera differ somewhat from Steindachner’s figure, as dark edges on soft dorsal and anal are broader; second dark band extends more forward to include more of opercle besides ventral base and area well before it. HAPATUS HEPATUS (Linnaeus). Head, 3%; depth, 13; D. EX, 26; A. III, 24; snout, 14 in head; eye, 3; maxillary, 4; interorbital, 34; caudal spine about 2 in eye. Caudal slightly lunate, truncate when expanded. Color in alcohol 260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. largely uniform brownish, dorsals, anals, ventrals, and median caudal rays terminally dusky to blackish-brown, though hind caudal edge narrowly whitish. Pectoral pale brown. Iris whitish. Length, 77 mm. Agrees with examples from Colon, Panama, upon comparison. MAPO SOPORATOR (Valenciennes). Five examples. PERIOPHTHALMUS BARBARUS (Linnaeus). Twelve examples, 56 to 173 mm. Adults usually with trunk of uniform color, young with 5 or 6 dark brown blotches along side, and caudal with about 9 narrow dark brown crossbars. In adults lower caudal edge variously broadly white, also upper edge occa- sionally whitish. CITHARICHTHYS SPILOPTERUS Giinther. Three small examples, 65 to 72 mm. 7. Kamerun. A small collection of fishes made by the Rev. R. H. Nassau, at Great Batanga, and sent to Princeton University, has been studied in this connection. The collection is now in the museum of Princeton University, and to the officers of the same I am indebted for the opportunity of its examination. A list of the fishes was recently given over my name.’ The first account of the Kamerun fishes is Peters list of the Bucholz collection,’ though he describes the inter- esting Pantodon about the same time.* Since then the only accounts are by Ehrenbaum‘ and Pietschmann,* who note but few species. GALEICHTHYS LATISCUTATUS (Giinther). Head 32; depth, 43; D.I, 7; A. rv, 14; snout, 23 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 63; mouth width, 2}; interorbital, 24; first branched dorsal ray, 14; least depth of caudal peduncle, 4; lower caudal lobe, 12; pectoral, 14; ventral, 13. Body compressed, flattened below in front. Caudal peduncle com- pressed. Head wide, depressed, upper profile evenly though slightly convex. Snout broad, length 1? its width. Eye moderate, advanced, hind edge midway in head length. Mouth broad, slightly inferior. Teeth in wide bands in jaws, fine, ends of bands rounded. Palatine teeth in two large patches, fine, and each patch of rounded design. Maxillary barbel nearly to end of pectoral ray; outer mental to pec- toral ray base and inner mental 1} to pectoral base. Nostrils large, 1 Copeia, No. 45, June 24, 1917, p. 53. 2 Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, pp. 244-252, pl. 1. $Idem, pp. 195-200 4 Ueber Fische von Westafrica besonders Kamerun. Fischerboten, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 308, 358, 398, 506. 6 Jahrb. Nassauisch. Ver. Naturk. (Weisbaden), vol. 66, 1913, pp. 171-187. NO, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 961 close, near snout edge, hind one with well-developed flap, about an eye-diameter directly before eye. Fontanel on head narrow, reaches occipital buckler. Bones of head, occipital buckler, and front of dorsal spine strongly rugose. Rakers about 4+8, lanceolate, little shorter than filaments. Lateral line complete, distinctly arched at first. Opercles moderately striate. Humeral process about long as snout, with few striae. Dorsal origin slightly behind pectoral center. Adipose fin rounded, about long as snout. Caudal well forked, lobes about equal. Anal inserted little nearer caudal base than dorsal origin, front rays little shorter than last. Pectoral reaches seven-eighths to ventral, which inserted midway between caudal base and hind nostril and long fin reaches first fifth of anal. Color in alcohol brown above, whitish on belly and under surfaces. Dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal with dusky on median terminal portions. Maxillary barbel brownish, other barbels pale. Iris brownish. One example, 267 mm. The above differs from the Sierra Leone specimens in its much longer barbels, depressed dorsal 1% to adipose fin and longer pectoral, which reaches near ventral. TYLOSURUS CHORAM (Forskil). Head (damaged), 34; depth, 124 in trunk, excluding head and cau- dal fin; D. 1, 202; A. 1, 20; P.1, 13; scales about 385 to caudal base, counted in median lateral row from gill-opening; 18 scales above lateral line to dorsal origin, 5 below; about 310 predorsal scales; eye, 2! in postocular; interorbital, 1{. Body moderately compressed. Caudal peduncle about wide as least depth and keel slightly developed each side. Head convergent below, broad above, width 14 in postocular region. Eye large, ellipsoid. Jaws long, slender, not completely closing so base of upper leaves a distinct open gape. Teeth of single row enlarged and erect canines in each jaw, and surfaces all about externally with small denticles or asperities. Tongue small, slender, end free. Maxillary largely concealed, reaches first third in eye. Nasal cavity large, longest diameter equals pupil. Interorbital slightly depressed medially. Cheek little wider than opercle. No rakers. Scales small, narrowly imbricated, with basal and apical striae distinct, not convergent or joined over median vertical axis. Head naked, except 22 rows of scales across cheek. Lateral line low, even over caudal base. Dorsal inserted little behind anal origin, lobe about 1} in postocular space, and hind rays at least twice depth of caudal pedun- cle, though not longer than median rays. Anal lobe in front like dorsal, equals postocular, other rays lower than dorsal. Caudal damaged, lower lobe evidently longer. Pectoral about equals post- ocular, ventral 14. 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 56. Color in alcoho] dark brown above, paler to whitish below, with silvery reflection. Along side from shoulder to caudal base pale leaden band, below dorsal apparently wide as pupil, but ill defined. Iris pale. Fins brownish; dorsal, pectoral, and caudal darker, and dorsal nearly blackish behind. Length, 545 mm. (beak and caudal damaged). Compared with an example I identified as Tylosurus crocodilus (Le Sueur) from Sumatra, about 622 mm. long, the scale structure is similar, and no specific characters of strong contrast noted. In the Sumatra specimen the scales are larger, about 315 in a lateral series to the caudal base, less narrowly imbricated, and the median and last dorsal rays lower or at least not twice least depth of caudal peduncle. The Sumatra fish has larger predorsal scales, about 290. Peters records Belone caribaea Le Sueur from Victoria,’ which possi- bly may be the present species. It apparently differs in having 210 predorsal scales CARANX AFRICANUS Steindachner. Head, 32; depth, 22; D. VIII—1, 21; A. Il—1, 18; lateral line of 32 tubes and 44 scutes, curved portion twice that of straight por- tion; snout, 34 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 33; max- ilary, 22; interorbital, 34; rakers, 12+28, lanceolate, 14 in eye. Adipose eyelid moderate. Breast naked. Dorsal filament slightly longer than pectoral. Color in alcohol brown above, white below. Outer dorsal and anal membranes of rayed fins brownish, others pale. Length, 254 mm. VOMER SETAPINNIS (Mitchill). One example, 220mm. Depth, 2. Rakers, 6+31. POMADASIS JUBELINI (Cuvier). Head, 22; depth, 23; D. XI, 1, 14; A. III, 9; scales, 51 in latera] line to caudal base and 13 more on latter; 5 scales above lateral line, 12 below; snout, 24 in head; eye, 44; maxillary, 32; interorbital, 44. Body compressed, back well arched, and profile evenly convex over ventral base. Caudal peduncle compressed, least depth 3? in head. Head width 2} its length. Snout conic, width, 14 its length. Eye close to upper profile, slightly advanced. Mouth small, nearly hori- zontal; lower jaw shorter. Maxillary to hind nostril. Lips fleshy. Teeth fine, in bands in jaws; outer upper slightly enlarged; none on vomer. Symphysis with pair of pores and larger median pit little back. Nostriis together; front one large, close to middle of front eye rim. Interorbital slightly convex. Hind preopercle edge undu- late, sparsely denticulate and about 5 denticles around corner more prominent. Rakers, 1, 6+13, lanceolate, 3 in eye. Head scaly, 1 Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 501, pl. 11, upper fig. 2 Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 250. No. 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 263 except snout, jaws, and chin. About 6 rows of scales on cheek. Seales finely ctenoid, basal striae about 11. Lateral line slightly convex; slopes down till midway at caudal base. Dorsals and anals with developed basal scaly sheaths. Caudal base scaly. Rays of soft dorsal and anal sealeless. Above lateral line scales in oblique rows to front part of spmous dorsal, then parallel with lateral line, and rows below lateral line horizontal. Fourth dorsal spine longest, little less than half of head; fin well separated from soft dorsal; first ray, 2? in head. Second anal spine much longest, 14 in head, not quite reaching caudal base; third spine much shorter and more slender, or about long as first ray; both 24 in head. Caudal with hind edge concave; fin, 14 in head; pectoral, 1; ventral, 14. Color in alcohol brownish, little paler below. Below dorsals on back and sides down to pectoral, with deep brown spots, variable, though largely in horizontal rows, or about four or five rows equally above and below lateral line. Blackish blotch at hind opercle edge little smaller than eye. Outer membranes of spinous dorsal with obscure dusky blotches, and subbasal band of brown spots on mem- branes of soft dorsal; outer portion of fin brownish. Hind caudal edge tinged with dusky. Length, 230 mm. The three Ashantee examples listed previously all agree in the characteristic long second anal spine extending beyond any of the anal rays or other spines. They show: head, 22 to 24; depth, 23 to 2$; D. X or XI, 16; A. IIT, 8 to 10; scales, 46 to 52 in lateral line to caudal base and 8 to 12 more on latter; 5 or 6 scales above lateral line, 11 to 14 below; snout, 34 in head; eye, 32 to 33; maxillary, 32 to 33; interorbital, 44 to 44; length, 115 to 175 mm. PSEUDOTOLITHUS TYPUS Bleeker. Head, 34; depth, 42; D. IX, I, 29; A. II, 7; scales 50 in lateral line to caudal base and 22 more on caudal medially; 7 scales above lateral line to soft dorsal and 7 below to anal; snout, 44 in head, measured from upper jaw tip; eye, 73; maxillary, 24; interorbital, Sz. Body compressed, deepest at pectoral end. Caudal peduncle length about two-thirds least depth; latter 34 in head. Head width, 23 its length; upper profile concave to snout. Latter convex; length two-thirds its width. Eye small, faces largely upward; center slightly before first third in head. Mouth large, well inclined; lower jaw well protruded. Maxillary to hind eye edge. Lips thin, fleshy. Teeth fine, in narrow bands and outer row in each enlarged, though upper much larger. In front above one or two slightly enlarged canines. Hind nostril very close before eye and larger than front, which less than half an eye-diameter before front eye edge. Interorbital slightly convex. Preopercle edge obsoletely denticulate. 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, Suprascapula flexible. Rakers iv 3+13 iv, lanceolate, slightly less than eye. Scales finely ctenoid, with 20 to 24 radiating basal striae, in oblique rows broken by lateral line, and largest scales on costal region. Head, scaly, except muzzle, caudal base scaly. Lateral line complete, mostly concurrent with dorsal profile and midway behind to caudal base. Dorsal origin little behind ventral origin; first spine very short and third spine longest or 24 in head, Soft dorsal long, uniformly high, first ray, 3 m head. Anal base opposite middle of soft dorsal base, third anal ray, 24. Caudal pointed medially behind, 14 in head, pectoral, 14, ventral, 13. Color in aleohol brownish above, whitish below. Fins pale brown- ish; ventral and anal paler. Dusky shade on opercle. Each row of scales on back and upper surface with slightly darker oblique streaks. Length, 292 mm. PERIOPHTHALMUS BARBARUS (Linnacus). Thirteen examples, 78 to 152 mm. 8. GaBuN, FrencH Konco. The first enumeration of Gabun fishes was made by Duméril, in his paper already referred to under the Cape de Verde Islands. Giinther deseribes a number of new species from the Gabun.’ Sauvage first notes the fishes of the Ogdoue,? later elaborated in his ‘Etude sur la Faune Ichthyologique de l’Ogdoue,’’* and, finally, his ‘“‘Franciville, Haute Ogdoue.’’* Boulenger describes a new siluroid® and a new cichlid.6 More recently numerous papers by Pellegrin have appeared.? The material on which the present account is based is the old collection made by P. B. DuChaillu received in 1854, and a small lot obtained a few years ago by the late Rev. R.H. Nassau. The DuChaillu collection is contained in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, while those received from Nassau are in the University of Pennsylvania. The former are indicated by D. and the latter by N. 1 Ann. Mag. Nat. London, ser. 3, vol. 20, 1867, pp. 110-117; ser. 6, vol. 18, 1896, pp. 262-263. 2 Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7) vol. 3, 1879, pp. 90-103. 3 Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris (2) vol. 3, 1880, pp. 1-56, pls. 1-3. 4 Bull. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 9, 1884, pp. 193-198. 5 Ann. Mag. Nat. London (7) vol. 2, 1898, p. 415. 6 Idem (7) vol. 8, 1901, pp. 114-116. 7 Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 6, 1900, pp. 98-101, 177-182, 384-354; vol. 7, 1901, pp. 328-332; vol. 10, 1904, pp. 221-223; vol. 12, 1996, pp. 467-471; vol. 14, 1908, pp. 347-349; vol. 15,.1909, pp. 66-68. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (9) vol. 9, 1907, pp. 17-42, pl. 2 figs.; (9) vol. 11, 1909, pp. 184-190; (1) vol. 10, 1909, pp. 45-53; (3) vol. 10, 1911, pp. 276-277. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 36, 1911, pp. 180-181; vol. 38, 1913, pp. 272-275; vol. 39, 1914, pp. 297-298. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 156, 1913, pp. 1488-1489. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franc. Adv. Sci., 1915, 43 sess., pp. 500-505. NO, 2294. FISHES FROM WEST AFRICA—FOWLER. 265 TORPEDO NARKE (Risso). One example, 223 mm. N. Though largely faded the back uni- form brownish, and under outer borders of pectorals and ventrals broadly brownish. Spiracle with obsolete papillae along edge. Hind caudal edge slightly convex. ETHMALCSA DORSALIS (Valenciennes). Two small examples. D. Also one in poor condition, small. N. CLARIAS DUCHAILLUI Fowler. Clarias duchaillui Fowier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1915, p. 226, fig. 7. Gabun. The types, seven examples, examined. D., FUNDULUS NISORIUS Cope. Fundulus nisorius Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 11, 1870, p. 456 Gabun.—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1916, p. 417 (types). The types, 18 examples, examined. D. APLOCHEILUS SEXFASCIATUS (Gill). Epiplatys sexfasciatus Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 136. Gabun. The types, 13 examples, examined. D. FODIATOR ACUTUS (Valenciennes). One example. N. HYPORHAMPHUS SCHLEGELI (Bleeker). One example in very poor condition, about 110mm. long. N. It has ventral origin midway between pectoral origin and caudal base. Head from upper jaw tip about two-thirds of beak. Caudal peduncle wide as vertical pupil diameter. A. u, 13. => = 301 PARACNIS Soo a 8 Ei cratctels soo Seip Sas = S2OLT (Gry DLONAlied Sinica. cain oin'e s'e'e <1o'<' 301 BIUCISITONCD IS oo tas wine oasis ws 0 Scin'0 BEZT OMLICHILCUL ac Rackeic aieince eee sete 300 msperoscala. s22L Slt Leu S40 4 Diaphands. 3-20 Nest. steeds 299 Alstngedt yO. cB ESS AEE SELLS... Sbh i wiglisiass isto ne Sao PLE 2 348 PASTE sh sos tios 2 cet sche tele cee SO HChIMNG .. / ssicjosicrspie aprate bene 354 PATAMGING. 3. oa cette diab alsin OST EE Pilots: -.- 2 cso 5 ai alate tet ic? 340 SALE OFUSUS PE eile octet = ye alse aEDy | PUB DITO sca «35m 015 jain « wine inininiain oisa'nis 352 DCRITIUUB or saa stor eiavateias s0 = 300 AEB MONG os slo ccicnt sass icin ecie e's SUM NCEA iis oats = ail acs sais == ace 308 Ganectlorve: IO. 0585218 ASSOLE 06 10 Tseltea 1 OLS. VS ILS eb 52 351 Camhorus | G2 tar hk. Sk stse S29: | kourievetla sho a lescrst. osht . epee giss 304 Parvnerias 232836 ssi le Ae’ shag BAD es DCU eet o15,apctens Doves crergin spas obi 348 NTO DSR aie htt bene Se esfis ae BAA Tia LMNOR = 4s ois hos ao ot oe 314 PBT ORLOMD soe 2 Sede ais Se Sects 1a. (OOO) ALISEDNO 205 ac s,a1e sae sic eieieiein =o ses 321 296 Page. OOO oa aoeicie nig. t ation af Oe PIUILEPABUES: Se notre ne Sore eine 318 RGR te ae ene enc acl Saree 358 Paria AsEs de. SEE. Saeed 365 Fassospira ck - {ified Lis. GHe ae. 368 EaitOnunit vss ous. 336 pst spans seg 348 ECAP MULE pai clnin opcgw yn AN oe 348 RI Me ena aia arn es pe teeta 302 Mangilia...... wale niereivia sioeea olaere: am 304 Margarites:' 622232, SUS Ns 363 Moarginelia st 2222s A eee te 306 MAOTODN Gs can os doe cc pends cies hs 348 PROT oo i ie ea 358 BREESE esis os eS eh ca Cart tee DOL BS PPECSIC CL ear netgear hele oes 336 Wartdella@s i220 DANTE LPR, 331 Watedvscalares Spirifer,> and Delthyris.’. The peculiar granular surface and general outline of the shell led most early writers to refer its species to Spirifer and Delthyris, but the intimate structure is clearly distinct from all of these genera. In 1848 Davidson demonstrated * that the internal characters of this group of shells were those of Orthis and several contemporary investigators followed his interpretation. In 1850 King ® proposed the name Platystrophia for this group of Orthids with Terebratulites biforatus Schlotheim as the type. In America early investigators referred these shells to Delthyris and Spirifer,° and later to Orthis.™ 1 Wharus, wide; orpoderv, to turn (as a hinge). ? Schlotheim, Petrefaktenkunde auf ihr jetz. Standpunkt, 1820, p. 265. 2 Von Eichwald, Nt. Schizze von Polodien, 1830, p. 202. ‘4 Pander, Beitr. zur Geognosie Russlands, 1830, p. 96. 6 Hisinger, Lethaea Suecica, 1837, p. 76. 6 Von Eichwald, Silurische Schichten-System von Estland, 1840, p. 144.—Castelnau, Essai sur le Syst. Silur. de P Amérique septentrionale, 1843, p. 42.—Phillips and Salter, Mem. Geol. Surv. United Kingdom, vol. 2, 1848, p. 293.—McCoy, British Palaeoz. Fossils, 1852, p. 192. 7 De Verneuil, Géol. de la Russie, vol. 2, 1845, p. 135.—McCoy, Syn. Silur. Fossils Treland, 1846, p. 37. 8 Davidson, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 2., vol. 5, 1848, p. 323.—Quenstedt, Handb. der Petrefactenkunde, 1851, p. 486.—Davidson, Introduction British Foss. Brachiopods, pl. 8, 1853, figs. 146-148.—Salter, Murchi- son’s Siluria, ed. 2, 1859, p. 210.—Lindstrom, Gotland’s Brachiopoder, 1860, p. 371.—Salter, Mem. Surv. United Kingdom, vol. 3, 1866, pp. 259, 267, 276.—Davidson, British Silurian Brachiopoda, 1871, p. 268. ® Mon, Permian Fossils England, p. 106. 10 Emmons, Geol. New York, Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 396.—Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, vol. 8, 1842, p. 260.—Hall, Geol. New York, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 70.—Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, 1844, pl. 15.—Hall, Nat. Hist. New York, Pal., vol. 1, 1847, p. 131; vol. 2, 1852, p. 192.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. 2, 1858, p. 820. Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., vol. 1, 1856, p. 206.—Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat Hist., 1859, p. 66.—Billings, Geol. Canada, Rep. Prog., 1863, p. 167.—Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Journ., 1874, p. 153.—Meek, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Paleont., vol. 1, 1873, p. 114.—James, Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 1, 1874, p. 20.—White, Geogr. and Geol. Expl. west 100th Merid., 1875, p. 74.—Nicholson, Rep. Pal. Proy. Ontario, 1875, p. 16.—Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, 1875, p. 25.—James, The Paleontologist, No. 1, 1878, p. 7.—White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bur. Stat. and Geol., 1880, p. 487; Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 119.—Foerste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 1, 1885, p. 80.—Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, 1889, p. 35. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 56—No. 2297. 383 384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 56. It was not until after 1883 that King’s term Platystrophia came into general use.’ Several recent investigators have added much to our knowledge by their specific interpretations, among whom Prof. E. R. Cumings and Dr. A. F. Foerste? are most prominent. Professor Cumings pub- lished a detailed study on the Morphology of the Genus * which brought out the fundamental lines of evolution and variation. The aim of the present paper is to corroborate and add some facts to the work which he has done. The mutability of species has been accepted by most investigators since Darwin published his “Origin of Species” in 1859. However, many systematists to-day find difficulty in including more than one species in a well-graded series, even though the extremes are quite “different. When individuals possessing common characteristics and possessing the tendency to acquire certain other characteristics are subjected to varying influences they develop differentially. This results in groups which differ to a greater or less degree. These groups are regarded by the writer as species. The material on which this study is based belongs for the most part to the United States National Museum. It consists of about 4,000 specimens from various points in North America and Europe, The specimens were mainly from the Ulrich collection, with addi- tions made in recent years by various members of the museum paleontological staff. In addition to these, several hundred Piatystrophias from the Paleontological Museum of Columbia University were at the writer’s disposal. Dr. A. I’. Foerste also kindly presented about 500 speci- mens from the Ohio Valley and from Michigan to the United States National Museum in order to further the present study. With the fullest appreciation of Professor Cumings’s work on the ‘‘Morphogensis of Platystrophia’”’ the writer gladly acknowledges her indebtedness to him for the inspiration received from that valuable work. He has also been of great service in offering helpful suggestions and criticisms. Acknowledgments are extended to Dr. E. O. Ulrich, of the United States Geological Survey, who supplied information which could not be secured from any other source. The writer desires to express her appreciation to Dr. R. S. Bassler, curator of 1 Zittel, Handb. Pal., vol. 1, 1880, p. 675.—Hall, 36th Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1883, p. 34; Rep. N. Y. State Geol. for 1882, 1883, p. 34.—Waagen, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Pal. Indica, ser. 13, vol. 1, 1884, p. 549.—Shaler, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Surv., vol. 1, pt. 3, 1887, pp. 43, 44.—Hall, Bull. Geol, Soc. America, vol. 1, 1889, pp. 19, 20.—Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1892, p. 200.— Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Minnesota, vol. 3, 1893, p. 454.—Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rept. New York State Geol., 1894, p. 268.—Koken, Die Lietfossilien, Leipzig, 1896, p. 235.—Schuchert, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., 87, 1897, p. 308.—Wysogorski, Zeits. d. d. Geol. Gesell., vol. 52, 1900, p. 234.—Cumings and Mauck, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 14, 1902, p. 9; Cumings, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 1.—Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Fossils, vol. 2, 1907, p. 257.—Cumings, Thirty second Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, p. 891.—Schuchert, Zittel Eastman Textb. Pal., 1913, p. 381. 2 Bull. Sci. Lab, Denison Univ., vol. 1, 1885, p. 80. 3 Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 1. No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 885 paleontology, United States National Museum, for his suggestions and criticisms in the preparation of the paper. The writer is under deep obligations to Prof. A. W. Grabau of Columbia University, under whose direction this study was begun. GENERIC CHARACTERISTICS. Most paleontologists have based their classifications on adult characters alone. If a classification is to express generic relationship and not merely represent a group of morphological equivalents, the early growth stages must not be neglected, and should indeed be regarded with great care. The writer was unable to secure young specimens of Platystrophia. Professor Cumings has, however, demonstrated! that a specimen between 0.66 mm. and 1 mm. in length was ‘‘markedly transverse, the greatest breadth about one-third of the way from the beaks to the front margin. The posterior margin (cardinal line) is straight, and the anterior semielliptical. The greatest height is at the beaks which project slightly beyond the area, but are not incurved. The area is considerably less than the width of the shell at the hinge, and the large foramen is about equally shared by the two valves. At the apex of the ventral foramen is a small callosity. No deltidium was observed.’”’ The young stages are well preserved in many adult specimens and thus furnish a permanent record of the entire life history. These specimens show a smooth shell next to the beak. Very soon, however, plications appear, eight on the brachial valve and nine on the pedicle valve. The furrow separating the two centrally located plications of the brachial valve is deeper than the others and forms a median sinus, and the centrally located plication on the pedical valve is larger than the others and forms a fold. This development is followed by the depression of the area occu- pied by the pedicle fold and the elevation of the area occupied by the brachial sinus thus forming the true pedicle sinus and brachial fold. The early nepionic fold becomes a plication occupying a median position in the true sinus and the two plications bordering the early nepionic sinus become plications on the true fold.’ In discussing this development Winchell and Schuchert say, ‘“k * * In several immature individuals it has been observed that in the early neologic stage the beaks are strongly elevated, probably erect, and each has a very large open delthyrium, surface smooth at first, but gradually developing eight plications and a mesial sinus in each valve. The sinus in the dorsal valve is bounded 1 Amer, Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, pp. 2-4. 2 For a detailed discussion of the early stages of the genus see Cumings, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 3. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56—— 25 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. by two elevations which become plications and between them is soon developed a single costa which immediately bifurcates. The four plications increase in strength and become strongly elevated as they proceed to the anterior margin producing the conspicuous fold of this valve.’’! Mature specimens which have well preserved beaks show the presence of a distinct fold on the pedicle valve and a distinct sinus on the brachial valve in early nepionic development as was first pointed out by Professor Cumings. During the early neanic stage the shell takes on group character- istics. These groups will be described later as the Uniplicate, Biplicate, and Triplicate Groups. In late neanic and early ephebic development the changes which take place vary with different species and are of specific, varietal, . or individual value. Adult specimens show the hinge-line to be long and straight. Gen- erally it about equals the width across the middle. A few species have the hinge-line much less and a few others much greater than the width farther forward. The cardinal areas are common to both valves and are about equally developed. That of the pedicle valve is generally somewhat the broader. Each valve has an open delthyrium, of which the one in the pedicle valve is the larger. The teeth are thick and prominent. In the brachial valve a cardi- nal process is sometimes present as a short, slender, vertical ridge in the roof of the open delthyrium. The dental sockets are small and the crural plate large and strong. The muscular scars are usually excavated into the shell substance. They are small and are not easily separable into their respective parts. An exception is found in Platystrophia ponderosa, in which the scars are separated by a septum in the brachial valve, extending toward the front as a low ridge and dying out before reaching the front. About one-third of the distance from the beak the septum sends off ridges at right angles to the general direction of the septum (pl. 52, fig. 10). Both valves are convex. They vary from flatly to strongly con- vex. The brachial valve may about equal the convexity of the pedicle valve, but it is generally greater. This valve carries a median fold, which may be broad, round, or flat, and but slightly raised above the general convexity of the valve; it may be broad, round, and much elevated, or it may be compressed and greatly elevated above the general convexity. The pedicle valve has a median sinus, which may be broad and shallow, broad and deep, or narrow and deep. In some species the depth of the sinus is in proportion to the height of the fold, but some 1 Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota, vol. 3, pt. 1, 1893, p. 456. no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—MOEWAN. 387 specimens show that the sinus is proportionally deeper than the height of the fold. This is accomplished by the compression of the pedicle valve, which results in a greater elevation of the slopes next to the sinus. With few exceptions the surface of both valves is marked by strong plications, which are generally sharp. Platystrophia fernvalensis, new species, from the Fernvale of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, is striated, but next to the beak these striae merge into broad plications. The genus is extremely variable in form, size, and number of plications. Form and size are reasonably constant, but the number of plications varies considerably within the limits of the species. The surface layer of the shell is finely granulose. This feature is not always evident if the surface layer has been subject to abrasion. The inner surface is finely punctate. Old age is indicated by increase in gibbosity, thickening of the shell, strong growth varices, and loss of characters of low taxi- nomic rank. TYPE OF THE GENUS. King took as the type of his genus, Terebratulites biforatus Schlot- heim. This species was described in 1820 as follows: “Mit ganz gleichen, breiten, linglichrunden Hilften, deren Schnabel gleich- formig gewdlbt und auf beyden Seiten durchbohrt sind. Die Ober- schaale mit einer breiten concaven Riickenfurche, die untere Halfte mit convex hervorstehenden Ricken. Beyde Hilften gleichférmig der Linge nach gestreift, mit ziemlich tiefen Zwischenfurchen. Aus- serordentlich selten.”’ ! Schlotheim’s type material consisted of one specimen which was not figured. His description is too general for application to any particular species, and as a result paleontologists have not been able to come to any definite conclusion as to the specific denomination of the shell. M. de Verneuil says? that Von Buch saw Schlotheim’s type in the Berlin Museum, and reported the distinctive characters to be the presence of five ribs in the sinus, and the width proportionally greater than the other species of the genus then known. There are individ- uals of nearly every species and every variety of this genus which have four, five, or more plications in the sinus, and transverse forms are common. ‘There are subquadrate specimens with five plications in the sinus and transverse specimens with five plications in the sinus, so that the characteristics cited are not sufficient to constitute a species. 1 Schlotheim, Die Petrifactenkunde aufihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung versteinerter Schalle, 1820, p. 265. 3 De Verneuil et De Keyserling, Geol. Russia, vol. 2, p. 138. 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Davidson says: ‘We certainly have the type biforata and the variety lyna, but these two seem with us so intimately connected that I have combined them under Schlotheim’s single designation; * * *’’* Davidson figures ? his specimens as Platystrophia biforata and varie- ties of that species. The origin of the plications of the fold and smus as shown in figs. 11, 1la, 110 is distinctly different from that shown in figures 12, 14, 15, 25. The origin of the plications of the other speci- mens is not determinable with certainty. This difference in origin is of great importance as it takes place very early in the development. Members of the same species would necessarily have a uniform ontogeny. McCoy describes Platystrophia biforata as ‘‘having the mesial fold wider, and less elevated, bearing usually from six to nine ribs, at six lines or less from the beak, and five to seven in the sinus; the lateral ribs narrow, simple and from nine to twelve on each side, at six lines from the beak.’ This description does not define any particular form as there are individuals of nearly every species of the genus which show this characteristic. As it is impossible to determine what Schlotheim’s type-specimen was it can not stand as a type of the genus. Platystrophia laticosta Meek is well known to all investigators of Ordovician paleontology. As it possesses all the qualities necessary for a genotype, it is sug- gested that future workers regard it as such. RELATION TO OTHER ORTHIDS. Professor Cumings has shown that the nepionic development of Platystrophia is identical with that of Orusia lenticularis variety lycoides Matthew and concludes that that species is the ancestor of the genus.* Eoorthis of the Upper Cambrian has the physiognomy of this genus and has been confused with it. This resemblance is of little impor- tance. It is, however, of interest that in this genus the sinus is in the brachial valve and the fold on the pedicle valve. This recalls the early development of Platystrophia, in which the pedicle valve bore a fold and the brachial valve a sinus. In Monograph 51, United States Geological Survey (pl. 93, fig. 3), Hoorthis? diablo (Walcott) is represented. The specimen seems to have been smooth at the beak. Very near the beak broad undulations arise and extend to the frontal margin. This agrees with the early nepionic development of Platystrophia and further investigation is likely to bring to light close relationships between the two genera. The resemblance of Plectorthis to Platystrophia has also been demonstrated by Professor Cumings.® He says: ‘‘If the sinus and 1 British Fossil Brachiopoda, 1851-1855, p. 271, 4 Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 5. 2 Idem, pl. 38. 5 Idem, p. 11. 8 British Pal. Fossils, pp. 192, 193. no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 389 fold are disregarded, the neanic Platystrophia is almost a Plectorthis. There is little doubt that when the nepionic shell of Plectorthis is dis- covered it will be found to be quite indistinguishable from the nepionic shell of Platystrephia, since the two present at the beaks almost iden- tical characters. * * * Plectorthis may therefore represent an offshoot from the Platystrophia group near its initiation or, as sug- gested above, it may have been separately derived from the Orthis lenticularis stock.” Beecher has shown that Platystrophia has all the characters neces- sary for the ancestor of Bilcbites.1 Professor Cumings carried this investigation somewhat further and found that the nepionic stage of Bilobites is almost identical with that of Platystrophia crassa in every- thing except size. He says: ‘‘The median plication of the sinus of uniplicate and triplicate types of Platysirophia is a character that is never absent, whatever other modifications may affect the shell; the presence of this persistent character in a derived genus is to be expected, and affords, together with the evidence from development, a virtual demonstration of the derivation of Blobites from Platy- strophia.”’? The ancestor of Bilobites must have been uniplicate and he regards Platystrophia crassa as the most likely ancestor. As specialized forms of this species are taking on declining charac- ters, it is likely that Balobites originated from one of the least special- ized members. GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS OF THE GENUS. On the basis of certain neanic characteristics the species of Platy- strophia were found to be separable into three groups which Professor Cumings has called the Uniplicate, Biplicate, and Triplicate types.’ 1. Uniplicate growp.—tin the uniplicate group the one plication in the sinus and two on the fold, at the end of the nepionic stage of development, continue unmodified throughout the entire life history, and there is no further modification of the fold and sinus except that both these parts and the plications which they bear become broader as they approach the frontal margin. 2. Buplicate group.—In the biplicate group the median plication of the sinus bifurcates while on the fold a plication is intercalated in a median position. Some members of this group do not show a further development and are regarded as a subgroup which the writer will later refer to as subgroup A. In subgroup B the bifurcation of the plication in the sinus is soon - followed py the intercalation of a plication in a median position while on the fold the median secondary plication bifureates. In subgroup C the bifurcation of the primary plication in the sinus is followed by the implantation of a plication on each of the lateral slopes while on the fold, the two primary plications bifurcate. 1 Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 42, 1895, pp. 51-56. 2 Idem., vol. 15, 1903, p. 40. 3 Idem, p. 10. 390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. In subgroup D a plication is intercalated in a median position in the sinus and a lateral plication is implanted on each of the slopes, while on the fold all the plications bifurcate. 3. Triplicate growp.—The greater number of North American species belong to the triplicate group. In this group the primary plication remains unmodified throughout the life history. In the early neanic stage a plication is implanted on each slope of the sinus, the one on the right side appearing first. Contemporaneous with this development the two primary plications of the fold bifurcate and form four plications. The triplicate group was found to be separable into three subgroups which the writer is designating, the low fold, the high fold, and the Ponderosa subgroups. The first two subgroups are alike in possess- ing a long hinge line relative to the height. By a comparison of the growth stages both are found to pass through a similar development in the nepionic and early neanic stages. In the low fold subgroup the low rounded fold persists throughout its development and the plications of the fold and sinus remain of nearly the same strength. The second subgroup in the late neanic stage develops a high com- pressed fold on which the lateral plications become weak and tend to disappear, giving the fold an angular appearance. Some individuals and varieties belonging to species of the low fold subgroup have slightly elevated folds, on which the lateral plications are somewhat weakened. This may be an expression of an innate tendency of the race to develop a high fold which was somewhat realized when the organism was subjected to the proper environmental stimulation. Those species and varieties which are characterized by large size are placed in the Ponderosa subgroup. These large Platystrophias have been called Platystrophia lynx or Platystrophia biforata, according as they were interpreted by the investigator. Platystrophia biforata has been discussed in the preceding pages and it has been shown that the term is of no specific value. In 1830 Eichwald? described Terebratula (Platystrophia) lynx as follows: ‘‘Spirifer, cardine elongato, recto, vertice, utriusque valvae prominulo, utraque valva sulcata, stratis singulis transversis ex testae incremento exortes, numerosissimis margine dentato; media parte unius valvae prominula, quadrisulcata, alterius vero parte eadem exclavata, profunda.”’ Kichwald’s specimen was from the drift and was not figured. The description is not specific enough to delineate a species and accordingly is of no value. Several hundred specimens were before the writer and an endeavor was made to find some logical classification of them. There are 1Skizze von Podolis, p. 202. No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McHWAN. 391 gibbous, subquadrate forms with the hinge about equaling the width; these represent the species described by Doctor Foerste as Platystrophia ponderosa and seem to be confined to the Bellevue. There are globose forms found in the Mount Auburn which Foerste has described as Platystrophia ponderosa auburnensis; and there is an unusually large transverse form confined to the Arnheim forma- tion which the writer is describing as Platystrophia ponderosa arnheimensis. But there are innumerable variants which refuse to mark any definite horizon and before they can be of any use to stratigraphy further data are needed. RELATION OF THE GROUPS. As the uniplicate stage is common to all Platystrophias, it is evi- dent that there was a uniplicate ancestor with three and four pli- cations on the lateral slopes. The species most closely related to this ancestral form is Platystrophia uniplicata, new species, from the New York Lower Trenton. That this is not a retrograde from the triplicate group is shown by the fact that none of the many speci- mens associated with it showed a tendency toward loss of the lateral plications of the fold and sinus. There is a uniplicate species in the Lower Trenton of Kurope, but this form is gibbous and has a more specialized fold and simus. Divergence from the uniplicate stock must have taken place in early Ordovician or Upper Cambrian time, as somewhat specialized members of the triplicate group are found in the Black River. The biplicate group must have diverged at a very early stage in the development of the genus, as the modification of the plications of the fold and sinus takes place before the shell has reached a length of 1 mm. Subgroup A shows the least differentiation, as the median plication has not appeared in the sinus, and the median plication of the fold has not bifurcated. It therefore stands closer to the ancestral stock than the other subgroups. Its occurrence with the uwniplicate group and subgroup B does not necessarily mean that differentiation was taking place in Lower Trenton time, but rather that the uniplicate type and subgroup A were representatives of the primitive stocks which give rise to the other subgroups in early Ordovician time. Subgroups B and C diverged from the radical represented by subgroup A about the same time; one added a plication in a median position in the sinus and the other added plications on the slopes. A very little later subgroup D diverged from C by adding plications on the lateral slopes. As the triplicate group retains the uniplicate condition until the shell has reached a length of 1.2 to 1.5 mm., it must have diverged from the ancestral stock much later than the biplicate group. 392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. All of the Trenton triplicate species except Platystrophia prepon- derosa, new species, belong to the low-fold subgroup, which preserved the low fold and convex form of the ancestral stock. Members of this group persisted into the Maysville, being represented by Platys- trophia juvenis, new species; Platystrophia panciplicata; Platystro- phia strigosa, new species; Platystrophia nitida, new species; Platys- trophia morrowensis; Platystrophia corryvillensis, new species; and Platystrophia sublaticosta, new species. While there were seven spe- cies present, four of these were confined to the Lower Maysville and two are limited to narrow horizons in the Corryville. Platystrophia sub- laticosta, new species, which ranges through the Fairmount, Corry- ville, and Mount Auburn, has only a scanty representation. There is an increase in the number of low-fold species in the Rich- mond. Some of these are so similar to the Upper Trenton members of the genus as to require great care in differentiation. This is especially true of Platystrophia foerstei, new species, and Platystrophia precursor latiformis, new variety. The Richmond species is distin- guished by its somewhat deeper sinus. Platystrophia attenuatus, new species, which occurs in the Waynesville at Waynesville, Ohio, has many characters In common with Platystrophia amoena, new species, of the Middle Trenton and Platystrophia juvenis of the Lower Mays- ville Group. The Richmond species usually has fewer plications on the lateral slopes. Platystrophia moritura of the Upper Richmond is distinguished from Platystrophia precursor augusta, new variety, of the Upper Trenton, with difficulty. In all these instances the Richmond species has a somewhat deeper sinus. The writer is not inclined to regard this similarity of form as being due to reversion to primitive types. The Maysville species had undergone too many changes to leave no record in the ontogeny It Seems to indicate a reinvasion of the region by Platystrophias from an area where environmental conditions during Lower and Middle Cincinnatian time did not stimulate decided change. This recur- rence agrees with Doctor Ulrich’s observations on the recurrence of Cathey’s corals. He says: ‘‘These same corals, or, rather, their scarcely distinguishable descendants, appear once more in the Rich- mond series of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky.”’ ! While many of the Richmond members are quite like those of earlier horizons, there are many whose physiognomy is entirely distinct. Such species as Platystrophia annieana, Platystrophia clarksvillensis, Platystrophia cumingsi, new species, and Platystrophia acutilirata are decidedly more transverse and their brachial valves are more ventricose than any of the earlier forms. They also tend to have a greater number of plications on the lateral slopes. Extreme specialization was expressed in the low fold subgroup by the long hinge line and many plications on the lateral slopes. This 1 Revision of the Paleozoic System, Bull. Geological Soc. America, vol. 22, 1911, no. 3, p. 300. No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 393 culmination is followed in the Upper Whitewater by loss of vitality, as is indicated in the excessive deposit of lime, narrowing of the shell, and loss of plications next to the cardinal angles. The high-fold subgroup passes through an accelerated low-fold development, and in the late neanic stage develops a high compressed fold on which the plications are weak. It has no representatives in the Trenton. There are occasional individuals which have a some- what higher fold than others, but this seems to represent only an attempt at the realization of a latent tendency which was never fully expressed. Platystrophia pauciplicata is a Platystrophia yuvens, new species, which has lost two of the lateral plications on the lateral slopes. Variants from Platystrophia pauciplicata developed a high fold and merged into Platystrephia profundosulcata by all degrees of variants. From some of these variants Platystrophia crassa developed. The most abundant mutation of this species has a globose form and high compressed fold and deep sinus, on which the plications are weak. In the mutation which James took as his type the lateral plications of the fold and sinus have disappeared or exist as rudimentary struc- tures next to the beak. Another mutation has only four or five pli- cations on the lateral slopes. These mutations indicate that this species was on the decline, having reached the highest point of specialization in the high fold mutation. Platystrophia laticosta is a transverse species with a high com- pressed fold on which the plications are weak. The young of this species resemble Platystrophia profundosulcata but the fold is not so high nor the sinus so deep. Index curves and the physiognomy of the shell indicate that Platystrophia laticosta developed from one of the high fold variants of Platystrophia pauciplicata. Platystrophia unicostata developed from Platystrophia laticosta by all degrees of variants. It marks the culmination of a development toward a high compressed fold on which the lateral plications have disappeared or exist as rudimentary structures next to the beak. But with this high specialization came extinction, as loss of vitality is indicated by the narrowing of the shell, increase in gibbosity, and loss of plications next to the cardinal angles. The variety crassi- formis marks extreme racial gerontism, as there are only four or five plications on the lateral slopes and the form has become so nar- row and gibbous that the thickness equals or is even greater than the width and height. The physiognomy of Platystrophia cypha of the Arnheim formation suggests its development from Platystrophia unicostata, but this is not likely, as the latter species is taking on declining characteristics. 1 Professor Cumings has demonstrated the origin of Platystrophia crassa and Platystrophia laticosta from Platystrophia pauciplicata. Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 23. 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. It marks a development toward a loss of plications on the lateral slopes, while Platystrophia cypha marks the culmination of a develop- ment toward an increase in the length of the hinge line and in the num- ber of plications on the lateral slopes. This is accompanied by the development of a high compressed fold and profound sinus on which the lateral plications have disappeared or exist only as rudimentary structures. These characteristics represent the highest degree of specialization reached by the high fold subgroup. The culmination is followed by decline, which is indicated by the development of a galaxy of variants. Those variants, which are tied together by a group of constant characteristics, are described in the following pages as varieties of this species but by far the greater number will permit of no classification. In the Lower Maysville members of this subgroup were rare. However, from late Fairmount until the end of the Maysville, they form the most conspicuous fossil, being represented by great num- bers of Platystrophia crassa in the Upper Fairmount, Platystrophia laticosta, and Platystrophia wnicostata in the Bellevue and Corryville and Mount Auburn. At the end of the Maysville most of these spe- cies became extinct. Platystrophia cypha, however, lived into the Arnheim and became associated with the members of the low fold subgroup, which had migrated into the area. From a study of the early development of members of the Ponde- rosa subgroup the conclusion was reached that these specimens repre- sent degenerate branches of the genus which originated while the race was still in a progressive state of development. Platystrophia preponderosa, new species, of the Upper Trenton group, passes through a Platystrophia precursor development and then becomes globose. There existed during the Maysville and lower Richmond time a large form with a long hinge line and equi- convex valves, and low spreading fold. The early development of these is almost identical with that of Platystrophia precursor. Most of these large Platystrophias are globose with the brachial valve much the deeper, and with moderately elevated folds. The writer’s investigation revealed very little as to the origin of this protean group. All of them, however, pass through a low-old development which indicates their origin from some member of that subgroup. It may be that various members possessed the possi- bility of large size which was realized in one or more lines. When their energy was exhausted, decline was marked by assumption of gerontic characters and the development of multitudinous forms which are so diverse as to permit of little classification. PARALLELISM IN DEVELOPMENT. This genus furnishes several examples of convergence in develop- ment. The adult members of the most specialized mutations of no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McHEWAN. 395 Platystrophia crassa and Platystrophia unicostata crassiformis, new variety, are narrow globose forms with high-compressed folds and deep sinuses on which the lateral plications are weak or have dis- appeared. The growth stages and the many variants show that the former is derived from Platystrophia paniciplicata while the latter is derived from the laticosta stock. Typical specimens of the adult Platystrophia unicostata of the Maysville group find their almost exact equivalent in adult specimens of Platystrophia cypha bellatula, new variety, of the middle Richmond, although the Maysville form originated from Platystrophia laticosia and the Richmond form from Platysirophia cypha. A comparison of the biplicate and triplicate groups furnishes a good example of parallel development. Belonging to both are retrograde globose species. There are transverse species with high-compressed folds and deep sinuses on which the plications are rudimentary or absent. There are species in both groups with extremely long hinge lines and many plications on the lateral slopes, and there are large ponderosa-like forms. This seems to indicate that the ancestral species had certain latent possibilities, and though divergence took place early, these possi- bilities were transmitted to the various groups and subgroups and were expressed in a definite order whenever the appropriate environ- mental stimulation was present. PHYLOGERONTIC TYPES. Platystrophia rhynchonellformis, new species, of the Lower Trenton; Platystrophia amoena robusta, new variety, of the Middle Trenton; and Platystrophia globossa, new species, and Platystrophia prepon- derosa, new species, of the Upper Trenton are globose forms which show a tendency to loss of plications next to the cardinal angles. They are phylogerontic members of the genus which have developed while the race was still young. The Ponderosa subgroup, which is abundantly represented in the Maysville group of Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky, seems to represent the phylogerontic end members of lines from the low fold subgroup, which soon exhausted their energy in assuming large size. Professor Cumings has called it a veritable race of gerontic individuals. The greater number of them have the thickness equalling or exceeding the width and there is obsolescence of plications next to the cardinal angles. An excessive deposit of lime occurs in all of them. These characters point to loss of vigor and mark areturn to second childhood. Another example of phylogerontism is found in Platystrophia crassa. Platystrophia crassa passes through a long-hinged develop- ment and in the late neanic stage takes on gerontic characteristics. The globose tendency becomes so pronounced in this species that the thickness equals or exceeds the height in the adult. Increase in 396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. thickness is accompanied by weakening or loss of the lateral plications of the fold and sinus and those of the lateral slopes next to the cardinal angles. The globose variety, Platystrophia unicostata crassiformis represents a phylogerontic development from Platystrpohia laticosta through Platystrophia unicostata, and the many narrow paniciplicate variants of Platystrophia cypha represent alike development from that species. In Platystrophia acutilirata the shell is so thickened centrally and anteriorly that the space occupied by the soft parts is exceedingly small when compared to the size of the shell. This indicates that this species is the most gerontic of the genus. Both valves are marked by strong growth varices, which in the less specialized forms turn out toward the cardinal extremities. PATHOLOGIC INDIVIDUALS. In the Arnheim beds of the Ohio Valley pathologic individuals belonging to the Ponderosa subgroup are quite common. They are large, globose, asymmetrical forms frequently with distorted beaks. There is a tendency toward the loss of the fold on one side in some individuals, In others there is a loss of lateral plications of the fold and sinus, and again the plications of the lateral slopes encroach on the fold and sinus in late neanic or ephebic development. This may be accompanied by loss of plications on the lateral slopes next to the cardinal angles, or this development may take place inde- pendently. RECURRENT MUTATIONS. Typical specimens of the triplicate group have three plications in the sinus and four on the fold. In nearly every species and variety of the triplicate group there are individuals in which there are a greater number. ‘The plications are added in various positions, but, with two apparent exceptions, they originate by implantation in the sinus and bifurcation on the fold. The addition of plications on the fold follows the same order of appearance as occurs in the sinus. Hugo de Vries has shown that some flowers regularly produce certain mutations with characteristics which do not become fixed. He says: Such deviations are usually called sports. But they occur yearly and regularly and may be observed when the cultures are large enough. Such a variety I shall call ‘‘ever-sporting.’’ The striped larkspur is one of the oldest garden varieties. It has kept its capacity of sporting through centuries, and therefore may in some sense be said to be quite stable. Its changes are limited to a rather narrow circle and this circle is as constant as the peculiarities of any other constant species or variety. But within this circle it is always changing from small stripes to broad streaks and from them to pure colors. * * * Combining the stability and the qualities of sports in one word, we may evidently best express it by the new term of ever-sporting variety.' 1 Species and Varieties. Their Origin by Mutation, p. 311. No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 397 It seems to the writer that the species of Platystrophia represent the “‘ever-sporting varieties’? of De Vries, and the different muta- tions are marked by variation in the plication pattern. The propa- gation of these mutations is most prominent in the Low Fold and Ponderosa subgroups and rare in the High Fold subgroup. This development is so pronounced in Platystrophia elegantula, new species, that it has become of specific value. Plaiystrophia narrowensis also shows a prolific development of these individuals, ORTHOGENESIS. In order to simplify the discussion of the life history it is thought advisable to construct first a diagram as a guide to the discussion which will follow. The purpose of the diagram is to illustrate the common characters of the various groups and subgroups into which the genus can be subdivided and the common order of appearance of these characters. The line represents the ontogeny and it is subdivided into the ontogenetic stages which are indicated by let- ters. The early onto stages are so condensed as to make it impos- sible to measure with accuracy their relative duration, but an effort is made to indicate where a developmental stage is noticeably shorter in one group than in another. Pom RUUMICIVEANCCSLON.0.. cose osacckeseceacasees A | B | c £8 TE, (GEE SVE, Ss megs Sop BE aN Cae IO an eI AS Bisa Cc | D ae Specialized members. /s2. 6! SAS ETS AS? BES [ESC REDE a) F I PUD ETOM DEAS sess ee Mas Ae Me CON, ea ei Ae BR CeaEDyy E Specialized members.........-....------ = ae te ALB Cr) E F I a Subgroup B....... SAD rc RO SNR Ub Raa Ry Ca ASE Bar [gC at Die E | Ki . Specialized members........- SHON SL Jars bole ss etc ASS IB. CoD yi E | ack 2 SUN STOUPI Cage «oa ok os Paton 6 Oho Nance ae AC B CADS | Ez.) z Specialized:members! . 4 520u-.ceeiek . Sets. 50 2 A B GieDs[ Bb elt 2 FE I NUDSTOUP a) awae < Sac Shee eee wees eed A B C.D “EE. | 2 Specialized members. >. 2.02.2 222 A B Cc Dj E El | § F I 2 MOw Old SUbSTOUD: .. och sess ase son cece cice exes Aue Bs, pt Cry Dl es SHEMe z 34 Ponderosa subgroup.......--eeeece-ereeeeeeeees Be BSE, wees aa Ei” [High Fold subgroup..........-.00...sssseseeee- ATSB ie One De ey Be ane MORPHIC STAGES. . Smooth protegulum stage. . Ribbed stage. . True ventral sinus and brachial fold developed. . Plications added on lateral slopes. . Plication in sinus bifurcates and plication intercalated in a median position on fold. E!, Plication intercalated in 4 median position in the sinus and median plication onthe fold bifurcates. E?, Plication implanted on each slope of sinus and primary plication of fold bifurcates. F. Increase in size. G. Elevation of fold. H. Excessive increase in size. I. Specialized and individual characters. BOA 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, An examination of the diagram shows that all Platystrophias pass through stages A, B, C, and it is inferred that these stages represent the entire life history of a primitive ancestor which lived in late Cambrian or early Ordovician time. The uniplicate group adds stage D, and the more specialized species of the group add stages F and I. Subgroup A recapitulates the development of the unspe- cialized members of the uniplicate group and adds stage E, and the more specialized species add stages F and I. Subgroup B recapitu- lates the ontogeny of the unspecialized members of subgroup A and adds stage E' and the more specialized species add F and [. Sub- group C recapitulates the ontogeny of the unspecialized members of subgroup A, and adds stage KE? and the more specialized members add Fand I. Subgroup D recapitulates the ontogeny of the unspec- cialized members of subgroup B and adds stage E? and the special- ized species add stages F and I. The low-fold subgroup recapitulates the ontogeny of the unspe- clalized members of the uniplicate group and adds stage E? and the more specialized species adds stages F and I. The Ponderosa subgroup recapitulates the ontogeny of the low-fold subgroup and adds stage H, and the high-fold subgroup recapitulates the ontogeny of the low-fold subgroup and adds stage E. CORRELATION OF THE PHYLOGENY AND STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION. This progressive development is in harmony with the stratigraphic succession of the species representing the groups and subgroups. According to our present knowledge species of this genus appeared in North America and Europe in early Middle Ordovician time. The earliest North American form is found in the Black River group (Decorah Shale) 44 miles north of Fennemore, Tennessee. This form has been referred to Platysirophia exiensa, new species, and belongs to the triplicate group. As the long hinge and broad lateral slopes bearing numerous plications indicate a certain degree of specialization it is evident that the genus was in existence prior to this time. Hall and Clarke ' have reported a form from the Chazy. Winchell and Schuchert say,? ‘‘This widely distributed and protean species has its beginning in North America in the Chazy group and is found in all geological horizons upward and into the Niagara formation.”’ Schuchert * and Ruedemann‘ have also reported occurrence of species in the Chazy. 1 Paleontology of New York, vol. 8, pt. 1, Brachiopoda, 1892, p. 202. 3 Geol. of Minnesota, vol. 3, pt. 1, Paleontology, 1892, p. 456. 3 Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda, 1897, p. 309. ‘ Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 49, 1891, 1902, p. 25. SILURIAN. ORDOVICIAN. NO. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 399 Niagara. | | Clinton. | | pete be 2 at | | Brassfield, | | | } j a | 3 : | j | Richmond, Bp = g a i 2 8 2] = j | 7) do 2 vp] ° | Seeaeaan ANE aLLTSE CANIN GMONNTAR VG Ge [aie oar me Trae amy TT TOT ameter a ree en a Se le 3 Sire 5 f w n 6n a P : | Maysville, c a at < ao oO Srrieai adi ed fideo! alt eran Eis a @| ° Ol ° Oo - | - = = op oD on = - 2 Sls Eden. 3° 2 S o n a o | | Ponderosa Subaroup: : 2 a es l [SoC ee a , a Trenton, x S G | 4 © £ Es LJ = < | Black River. yet Sule. ate - Triplicate Group. Bipiicater ness sgt eames Group,-|2= 2 = Pre-Black River. =i eee e Uniplicate Ancestor In the extensive collections belonging to the United States National Museum no members of this genus were found below the Black River Group. Professor Cumings investigated this point and reached the same conclusions. He says: ! I am unable to find any original references in the literature to its occurrence in the rocks of this age (Chazy). Messrs. Ami, Whiteaves, and W. Billings of Ottawa, Canada, inform me that the Museum of the Canadian Survey contains no Chazy speci- mens; and that they are not aware that the species has ever been found in that series. Mr. Billings suggests that it may have been found in rocks formerly held as Chazy, but now known to be of later age. Mr. McBride, of Montreal, writes that there are no Chazy specimens in the Museums at Montreal and that he does not know of the occurrence of Platystrophia in the Chazy. Mr. Seely, who is familiar with the Chazy, writes to the same effect. It is very probable, therefore, that the form is not known to occur below the Trenton in this country. While our knowledge does not substantiate the occurrence of this genus below the Decorah Shale, the degree of variation which it has reached by that time leads the writer to expect that earlier species will come to light with more extended investigation. The Black River and early Trenton species show but little varia- tion in general physiognomy. The shells are equiconvex and have 1 Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 5. 400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. low spreading folds and shallow sinuses. The genus had expressed its invariability in Cambrian or early Ordovician time by differen- tiation of the plication pattern of the fold and sinus. This differ- entiation was at that time only of specific value. These species, however, became the source of lines of development which per- sisted until the extinction of the race. Thus, while near the origin of the genus differentiation was not pronounced, the variation which achieved expression was of high taxonomic value. The uniplicate group is confined to the Lower Trenton of North America and seems to occupy that horizon in Europe, where it is associated with members of the biplicate and triplicate groups. In North America the biplicate group is not found in the Ordo- vician above the Lower Trenton except in the Uppermost Richmond of Anticosti Island. Its recurrence in North American early Silu- rian points to its existence during Middle and Upper Trenton and Cincinnatian time in an area which was cut off from North American seas. The writer had access to about 200 specimens from the Baltic province of Europe. These range in age from Lower Middle Ordo- vician (Kuckers) into the Silurian. A uniplicate species was found to occur in the Jewe, and one specimen was found which occurred in the Upper Ordovician (i). All the other species belonged to the biplicate group. The inaccessibility of the literature made it impossible for the writer to determine the limits of the Kuropean species and the group to which they belong. The figures and descriptions by Davidson and other authors help but little. Davidson’s figures 15a, 17, 18, 19' represent specimens of the biplicate type from the Caradoc. The Wenlock species (figs. 11, 11a) are also of the biplicate type and seem to be related to Platystrophia regularis Shaler. The abundance of this group throughout European Ordovician and its limitation to the Lower Trenton and early Silurian of North America suggest an invasion from that area which was followed by extinction of the invading forms. The Trenton members of the triplicate group belong to the low- fold subgroup which is most closely related to the ancestral stock. Members of this subgroup persisted into the Maysville, but by the end of that time they became rare. A reincursion in Richmond time brought in several species belonging to the low-fold subgroup which are scarcely distinguishable from Trenton forms. Extreme speciali- zation and extinction was reached in late Cincinnatian and early Silurian time. The high-fold subgroup originated in early Maysville. It became the predominant type in Middle Maysville to Middle Richmond 1 British Fossil Brachiopoda, vol. 1, pl. 28. “No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McHWAN. 401 time and marks the acme of specialization which was reached by the genus. The Ponderosa subgroup which is conspicuous in Maysville and Lower Richmond time represents members of the genus which ex pended their energy in acquiring large size and then became prema- turely old while the race as a whole was progressive. The writer was unable to determine the relative abundance and stratigraphic succession of European members of the genus. Davidson’s figures, 12, 13, and 25! are distinctly of the triplicate type, and seem to be related to Platystrophia colbeinsis Foerste. Figure 141 evidently marks a retrograde form of this species as is indicated by the one plication in the sinus. 1 British Fossil Brachiopoda, vol. 1, pl. 38. 115690—19—Proe.N.M.vol.56— - 26 VOL. 56. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 402 2| oly ei Fis Bis] 2 gal gh Se *“aeLInIg DM » Q be 4 a ele Bele se) Fe ee el zigigieleislzl Fez BIR SSIS (EBS ISIFIBIBISIRIBIS |B ISI F Bis ieeis isi elelge/sleisle/slF)/ £81818 |= leas eiP igs" }e) 2/8 iB |B) sie] m8 EI" /2/B] |s8ie 2 : , e: ee eae ey [eres 9 oO]: ss # = o Fi sialic 3 e5 = esi 7 z 2 aq B *puourqory ‘oTasAvyy ‘uapa E ‘uByyeUUOUTD mo} MELT, “UeTOIAOPIO cdl ie Pauls “setoeds mou ‘ns0qo7b nrydosshinyg sect feces lec cele r enter e cere cece eee eeeece AjoleA Mow “aq TAspang | | *OLMSOUIUIDS, | “payer ue -IayIpuy uoJUeLY, “"T mesa ferris Soa ewe AjovsivA Mou ‘s1suauin} Balgnte/ Seleleiiens Ajoqies Mou ‘s770u -1pin2ibu0o, vuaown miydosshinjg *sotoods mou ‘nuszown prydosshjnd me's o)|9 8 alae Ta seine cis izieis Ajoliea Mou ‘D]D9 -nsnjdup nynjqunbaja viydo.jshqo1g “PIO} MOT ‘nypord14) Dyngunbajya niydo1yshyo)q Safeia)| =/aleteleieiaieie ie oralaralorateiate misters eaters soto -ods mou ‘njnqupbaja anita ato “*sofoods mou ‘psuajra vrydoushyo) gq ween |e ceeecresseccceuccccecevise saoods mou ‘sisuabopusay viydosshind paca pee (94S100,7) D7DSLaaaL DIydo1jshjn] I acute eee (II8H) Djoufysnsg viydo.jshqnyg a ‘punjdiad sisuauoquas viydo1shjn) qT -ULDYD sisuauojuas nrydoushinid ww ele twee eee ee eee ewww ee S9T00 ds se ce [eee e lec ee [eres e ee cece eee ee ce eee AjoteA Mou ! mou ‘ssuauoquas Diydoijshjnj1g isiei=l| "ir eiereieicic is cieisjeieinicl= sofoods mou ‘sis ~Uajalnn) sisuauopinp prydosshjn] J “--"1""94sla0 yf stsuauojinp piydo1shjn) gd Soir ie Cre Joreyg swnjnbas vrydo1shqo] q ---|*">-|sotoeds mou ‘suapadasd nrydoijshinyg -+--|----|sgroeds Mounjnoydiun nrydo1jshqn) a eee Joqjseous of voT]dim x “yRIodVq 1g *sdnoigqng | *setoodg ‘IOATY HBA “97 BOTT C11,L, ‘oqeordig *sdnoip | eyeordiaQ ‘DIWIWPp YyoN up Diydoushin, 7 fo sawads pun ‘sdno.bqns ‘sdno.b6 fo uoyngrysyp oydo.b6y0.1 9 403 BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. NO. 2297. sete peeeefeee ey Qe | ye peeeeprses|ecespecee|ecee|eeeepecee fens aero rales eae sisal ererete fia seme isieisie Sefer etal eve =¥e [eisicrel mittee elerereleete eee eters * +++ *paqriosep “un Ajolea gosspso9 viydoishqopig Shetshellieicisialll Nee °y| Src) an onal liege meat (seumer) Dsspio Drydo1jshjn) gq Fs ae |e sa oll peared | OMe | Sao aif oem ae tca choot Vea pete es oa tegen] es scsiay| etedcic) [sites oiesnte) | =ictetet|eof>i=} is niece) letoloininlniotereiar=seyeieier=taiaie 94S100 7 sisua “OY DIDaInsopunford pviydo.sjshqD]g ee ered ert At aca rerci| tara ce Wareia|| mieierell ecatere Latereie| |teratersi| atarere SOT5/ Rac CZ So cos aeasas| ore tele we nfo eee le eee lee ee leeee ere e lene ele eee Je sec lore ele ee ele we le eee e eee ee eee nee eee “*°"*=(HOOTT) DyDInsopunford mydo.1jshio) gq ceeeleeselenee|eces|eceeleseeloeee] gy leceeleeee[eees[eces[eeeeleeee[eeeefen Sail ois weil ateye/a| | sroreie'| sists | erarste:| sera NERS bes =ilz ssiel| wore orataysjl =) a}si=i| =\=tal | abatatel | plete ralatslafersee aa siatelsistevsisieresinie’s - S99 -ods mou ‘sisuappausa/prydo1jshqoyg wee leew elec ee lee ee le eee Se Oe NE SS < x x x ~ | sess ise = | arore Bete eee eee nee eee ewe eee sotoads Mou ‘nsolapuodaid nrydosshyoj.g Peer leorecler ee leew leer eele me ale swe l[ermeleces|e ccc lerccccccecs ecteee weet ete ae sotoeds mou ‘sisuausoyyja prydoushynig == 9/6) |'Peee | sole eisivie||cia a/s)}|a 0 0\=\|\6\0\6.0 || sieim||e\e a 'm.|\n\n/ein)|'elsiele;| elale te\|'m, a'e.=||'a;e1eim;|cye' ain'|lute eieibieta, ssurming gaUas nrydoushyoig istell fetes el) Sto/o1e|l ohaveis'| =< Pete] atarsieilievaraqes\ele wie lletsrete| epee ail sisic tall eee bere cell ome | eect ee oe tt etee estan eter e ee Qaciag iT njinbuo0jo.d vyo.iyynap vrydo.jshio1g TSrapPettpprssissss lass ssscstosmslsiscst=s as} ss QTtOr)) DID1I29N0D DICOMehInr Ty: as | chee Sal at eaataal ral PE ce | Gs So sss | ede | Storer costpreeeiecss ese le=ssBuTmIng pingiout prydo.iyshzn) gy PST eale ee Pato ees pecs me sia eas's sest[reesiecssjesesies=-99sI3I01 Dupaiuun Diydo1shjo] gq S32 pecal can ase lae ~~ |sotoeds mou “isbugwns vrydo.jshjnpq wae Soyer | nis anil ete elias 04S100 J $28uaq7108y4079 DIydo.14shqD) J sss sresiseeeiosssiee-- Isgtoads mou ‘njpnuazn vrydo.shqo) gd et ee lene ele eee PSA aeRa Seer h eRe eres Krenek mou ‘npdwp raz8.1a0f prydo.jshjn)g iz (s/si| ririsisi|cce.cie Sees RSet ees sotoods mou ‘2a7sua0/ viydo.1shjn) gq pees ees es rr | ee Be cles (sommet) DDUZWHID DYydoLj{shjD) pee |eistacel| cites Seton s15e'-'|ainers = alatpeefater-te inte late \nfalaeteiato ejecta - = S910 -ods mou ‘nyso207n7qn8s DIydo.178hjD) qT Spon pcoulse Sefaseclarcclaccclecce eeee lene feces|ecee See nis *satoods Mem ‘s1suaz2ahstoa piydoishjnjig Sieiole|| chelate) =\cis'*))s. ers Pasi eesis sicote) (ciples occ. mer sefoeds Mot ‘nprju Diydoushyoj gq baie Haaeial=|| eacelei|evereis|(isieic/|s)2=)>}| acre wot eines ace *sofoods mou ‘nsob1138 nrydo.wshqo)g seaemeies | eter | armies | canta | tc sy | ai eter ahead acl sa | ence mcs TsI ANC etal le aioie aretaie.|micietel}e,eleini|c/sieie)| eie\sie}| "210. aie)|[=/=jajerl—i-/i-ie.n4| sixcerell wieielei|e slayoi ermieia||\eela\e SSC | sea | rahe ae cl pena created eres =I sse=icy |leiatelell eialare| [el-Zate sore }eseele-**99ste0 7 Losinaasd nrydo.jshqoyg Bera Saeeasee| Seieel owes Peaoleee weeefesee]eeee] Xo gg | yg ecesfere-feeee]e- = Srateiel| oe oeell ereistel | Siataetels ise chee ciel eisteret = g9gIa0q DypNUL s18uaiqjod nrydo.jshzo, gq SG smear latte | hs | ais ee lao sort|reseiesesle="=99sI90q s28wa2q7o9 DrydoljshjDIq miais||(@,<'ai0i|'s\=(ale |’ c,0'»\|\sic/eia\|'a1cle c}|\e/c\e |e aleie)|sie sol eiarese) [al=ral=}| etete/e|| tztasa| eos eter =ie | sini gpa ene oar ccia S22 89 10s Mou ‘srmsofojjauoyouhiys prydo.shiniq “ploy st *esolopue *oqeor[di4y, “Ploy MO'T PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vor. 56. 404 { ia welueeatemes|osce|aceelacuc|asesleqgec|eeeve Sis | rovaic|| miata cit iavace||iave | aewie'|eveie/n|jaie ies [cin an ateisi=i|/aivisi|ale’s. | nielsie)| oinieln}{ minimal siai=ic) sleisie||s/eicis| cieje's||clc\e sae zie male 9481007 tAvmoyvm nrydoushyig Re ett aca eicle\|sicec| eine o's s lanier Soa | niet) | stetatslfais’ais | aiesaia]|alaie's|| o/sia/e}| sai | ste a's) whe'eie| nis'sie |aizieisi|slessin}{ =!o/e ellie, sin eieie's taisielel{sicimi2|iala\ein||zie(eicl|aec'c)|sieie's ats One egs Maeno eure AYOLICA Mou ‘nj7n}07799 DYyYdho viydosshjn) J wee fe ewe le ween eee le nee fe eee leeeelecee x we wclemwalecccloccclocccloccclececlecesloscolececfecesieccciscaciocesiescaleccclececi(scccloces(soae » SRIEReg Sistas WlesOs oeerinte = KG OTT er -BA Mou ‘nj01D Dydha nrydo.shjng a og me welew ce lec we leces [eee alee aleeenlecee x wee lene ele wwe le wee le ewe le eee le wee le ee eler ee lereslereelecenlemesiesecleseslesesiesenlereclece= i pie |Bicisi eels g aie Riel eieial=bis'reia == eS RAGTIGA sah S Mom npruni vydho viydoushinjg \{ => 8 sc ce|anceloneatecse|eweelare |oceelacee|s nee in| cnileei=i|acine||erie|ain/mileineie sieves [spas sicinie| sn ec|scie alse eoulscisis (ele ce (Rineiatsicem sta | Flee - treet cnn ag **- (sures) fii niydoushyng || = \|o we eee we ele eww leew ele ween ew ele ee ele ee ele eee eee x x we eleeeele rea leewelererleceeleseclecesiesasiseeerl(eseriesesieseelererieseeieresisesseeenseseaesan {OLIVA MOU “SLU ° Be dnt pypjsonun Dviydo.shin) gq Mae Salata’ 5% o/s Joees|eeer|oeee|osee[oeee]s . SE |) SK [pie te laa eial| aire olfais en eiciie |nie mic) eiwimir||siv'e.cll nici 1) sininie)|cie'e 0) aleinis)|eieinin)|siniein)}sicwicinle olan = °/a SARI) DA 0Is0gP LTD UP UCLONIAILI TT) eT ween we wle wee le eee fees em a) ae mrad Sere =| palein ie . x oe x ; wee | ween wee le eel ee wel eww ele weet rer lewee Joss] einsale hetetarst Sis sic erol=is [=fece\=)| }s'z1=)| cae aay ({O0J) Dj8091)D)} prydo.jshjo) gq | | | | ic rl earlier tie ea le ee alae = cleo | Se ea ease Se ae . = fe} | ma C zlelele el eels] aie] Seize 2 sisl2isizlzi A alee 2) Seige Z| 8 m | 2B B 8 & po Sp lets a0 Sie een teoeal acd E BISi BIBI Sialic 15 3 Sele oi eels aie Ble 1 lsol a] 4 @alebis!ia/8 ya eee ee egg | teil eet ea aa B|8|@i/e6| 8 sale o|% SIPIP Ss IPUS/BISISETElelel a el [EIS /E1Bl° es) sl" | SiB8l e/ 5] 8 B |? . Rot peal dibl Scie @|<4 | B 5 Elo] e!] | & Bticioc 21s ge Orie = aS Soci 3° 5 Pg S eS Sie bes ee eal er 2 ale +9 3 @ |£8| 3 = D ; a = 5 2 | ar Bl hg ies |S oad ese ee [Cae Res “ ac B ‘sojoedg *puourygory ‘opTTAsAey “TOPE. E ey pe : “IOAN uel} euUpourD 10} 001, yoRl “UBIINITS “UBIOTAOPIO ‘penuywogj—nnwuwpy yon ur viydoushyng fo saweds pun ‘sdnoubqns ‘sdnosb fo uoynguysyp oydosby0.49 No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEHWAN. 405 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 1. UNIPLICATE GROUP. PLATYSTROPHIA UNIPLICATA, new species. Plate 42, figs. 1, 2. Two specimens of a uniplicate Platystrophia were found in the Trenton of Lake Champlain. They are small and have low rounded folds on which are two plications which appear to originate in a point at the beak and extend to the frontal margin with a deep widening furrow between them. The shallow sinus is occupied by one median plication which origmates at the beak and extends to the frontal margin. The lateral slopes are occupied by nine plications. Measurements.—8.2 mm. along the hinge line, 12 mm. wide across the middle, 9 mm. high, 7 mm. thick, 5.5 mm. sinal width, 3 mm. sinal depth, 1 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Trenton limestone near Lake Champlain, New York. Holotype.—Cat. No. 66109, U.S.N.M. 2. BIPLICATE GROUP. a. SUBGROUP A. PLATYSTROPHIA PRECEDENS, new species. Plate 42, figs. 7, 8. A form occurring in relatively small numbers seems to represent an intermediate development between the uniplicate group and sub- group 5 of the biplicate group. It has three plications on the fold, two of which are primary and appear to origmate in a point at the beak, and one of which is a secondary plication intercalated in a median position; while in the sinus there are two secondary plications which have originated by the bifurcation of the primary plication at the beak. It differs from Platystrophia trentonensis, new species, in that the median plication on the fold has not bifurcated, and in the absence of the median intercalated plication in the sinus. Occurrence.—Trenton limestone, Lake Champlain, New York. Curdsville limestone of the Trenton group, Mercer County, Ky. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 66111, 66112, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA REGULARIS Shaler. Plate 42, figs. 21, 22. Plaiystrophia regularis SHaterR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 4, 1865, p. 67. Shaler’s original description is as follows: Outline much the same as that of other members of the group. Socket valve one- fourth more projecting than toothed valve; hinge line a little less than diameter of shell, three-fifths greater than distance from beak to border. That portion of the margin 406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. occupied by the fold and sinus is reentering, the depth of the incurvation being about equal to the elevation of the umbo above the hinge line. The depressions of the sinus is occupied by only two plications and the ridge by three similar folds. On either side are from eight to nine plications. The numbers seem invariable. The muscular area of the toothed valve is long and narrow, length being three or four times the width, extending nearly to the center of the valve—a feature in which this species differs from its representatives. Occurrence.—Gamachen (Ellis Bay) and Anticostian (Gun River) Junction Cliff, ete., Anticosta. Plesiotype.—No. 66108, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA DAYTONENSIS (Foerste). Plate 42, fig. 24. Orthis biforata var. lynx forma daytonensis Forrsts, Bull. Sci. Lab., Denison Univ., 1, 1885, p. 81, pl. 13, figs. 1-8. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata (part) Forrste, Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. 7, 1895, p. 579, pl. 25, fig. 8. Platystrophia daytonensis SavacE, Bull. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 23, 1913, p. 76, pl. 4, fig. 8. The shell is small, wider than long with a subquadrate outline. The hinge line about equals the width across the middle. The fold bears three plications. Two originate in a point at the beak, the third is intercalated in a median position when the shell is about 1 mm. long. There are two plications in the sinus. As the posterior portion of the pedicle valve of the one specimen was broken away nothing definite can be said as to their origin, but it is inferred from other specimens which have a like plication pattern on the fold, that the two originate by the bifurcation of a primary plication at the beak. The lateral slopes are occupied by nine roundish plications which are separated by their own width. Measurements.—18.5 mm. along the hinge line, 18.5 mm. wide across the middle, 14.2 mm. high, 13 mm. thick, 8 mm. sinal width, 6.7 mm. sinal depth, 2.5 fold depth. Occurrence.—Brassfield formation, Dayton, Ohio; Hanover, In- diana; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee; Collinsville, Alabama; Nelson County, Kentucky. Edgewood formation; Edgewood and Louisi- ana, Missouri; Theber, Illinois. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 66114, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA DAYTONENSIS LAURELENSIS, new variety. Plate 42, figs. 42, 43. This variety is distinguished from the Brassfield specimens by its smaller size and narrower form. Measurements.—13 mm. along the hinge line, 14 mm. wide across the middle, 12 mm. high, 11 mm. thick (estimated), 18 mm. sinal width, 5 mm. sinal depth, 2 mm. fold height. No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 407 Occurrence.—Niagara group: Laurel limestone, St. Paul and Heatons Branch, East of St. Omar, Indiana. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 66116, U.S.N.M. b. SUBGROUP B—TRENTON SPECIES. PLATYSTROPHIA TRENTONENSIS, new species. Plate 42, figs. 3-6. Platystrophia biforata GRABAU and SuimeErR, North American Index Fossils, vol. 1, 1903, p. 258.—Cuminas (part), Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 41. In the Trenton limestone occurs a long hinged form which has the plication pattern of the Biplicate group. The hinge line is equal to or greater than the width across the middle. The fold is scarcely elevated above the convexity of the brachial valve, and it bears four plications of equal strength. The sinus of the pedicle valve is moderately deep and bears three plications of equal strength. There are twelve to fifteen plications on the lateral slopes. This species has some resemblance to Platystrophia amoena longi- cardinalis, new variety, but the latter species belongs to the tripli- cate group. Measurements.—16.7 mm. along the hinge line, 16 mm. across the middle, 12.3 mm. high, 11 mm. thick, 7.4 mm. sinal width, 4.7 mm. sinal depth, 0.7 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Trenton group. Prosser limestone at Fountain and Montorville, Minnesota, and at Decorah, Iowa. Curdsville lime- stone at Troy, Kentucky. Trenton limestone at St. Joseph Island, Lake Huron. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 39052, 66097, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA TRENTONENSIS CHAMPLAINENSIS, new variety. Plate 42, figs. 9-11. Platystrophia biforata Cumrnas (part), Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 41. In the Trenton limestone of Lake Champlain is a small form which re- sembles Platystrophia elegantula, new species in the shape of the shell but the forms are easily distinguished by their plication patterns. This variety differs from typical specimens of the species in pos- sessing a much shorter hinge-line and in a tendency toward obsoles- cence of plications next to the cardinal angles. Occurrence.—Trenton limestone, near Lake Champlain, New York. Holotype.—Cat. No. 66099, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA TRENTONENSIS PERPLANA, new variety. Plate 42, figs. 12-14. Platystrophia biforata WELLER, Pal. New Jersey, vol. 3, 1903, p. 153, pl. 9, figs. 25-28. This variety is distinguished from other members of the species by its greater width and height and thinner form. The fold is 408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, broad and low and the sinus broad and shallow. Nine plications occupy the lateral slopes. The hinge line generally equals the width across the middle, but it may be somewhat less than the width. Measurements.—18 mm. along the hinge line, 18.5 mm. wide across the middle, 12.5 mm. high, 8.5 mm. thick, 10 mm. sinal width, 2.5 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Trenton group. Curdsville limestone: Mercer County, Shyrock’s Ferry and Bergen, Kentucky; and Crossville Quadrangle, Tennessee. Prosser limestone at Fountain, Minnesota: Jacksonburg limestone, New Jersey. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 66093, 66095, U.S.N.M. c. SUBGROUP C. PLATYSTROPHIA BRACHYNOTA (Hall). Plate 42, figs. 25-28. Delthyris brachynota Hatt, Geol. New York, Rept. 4th Dist., 1843, p. 70, fig. 6. Orthis biforata NerretrorH, Kentucky, Foss. Shells, 1889, p. 35, pl. 29, figs. 18-22. Spirifer biforatus var. lynx Hau, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, pl. 22, fig. 1. Orthis lynx CHAPMAN, Canadian Journ., new ser., vol. 8, 1863, p. 199, fig. 185. This species is about the size of Platystrophia daytonensis, but it always has a shorter hinge line and a greater number of plications on the fold and sinus. After the one plication in the sinus has bi- furcated a lateral plication is added on each of the sinal slopes, while on the fold, the intercalation of the median plication is fol- lowed by the bifurcation of the primary plications. Seven and eight plications occupy the lateral slopes. Measurements.—17.3 mm. along the hinge; 20.4 mm. wide across the middle; 14.5 mm. high; 11 mm. sinal width; 6 mm. sinal depth; 3.5 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Clinton group of New York. Brassfield limestone, Nelson County, Kentucky. Niagara Group. Reynolds Basin, Niag- ara County, New York. Louisville limestone, Louisville, Kentucky. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 39046, 51348, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA REVERSATA (Foerste). Plate 42, fig. 23. Platystrophia biforata var. lynx forma reversata ForrstE, Bull. Sci. Lab. Deni- son Univ., vol. 1, 1885, p. 81, pl. 13, fig. 7. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata (part) Forrsre, Pal. Ohio, vol. 7, 1895, p. 579, pl. 25, fig. 8. This was described by Foerste as follows: Shell attaining a fair size, the dorsal valve a little larger; shell wider than long, with a subquadrate outline; no very gibbous forms have as yet been found; hinge line less than the greatest breadth of the valves; cardinal extremities obtusely angular; lateral margins rather sinuous near the hinge-line, rounding to the front, where it is no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEHWAN. 409 somewhat sinuously rounded at the junction of the mesial sinus and fold. Beaks nearly equal, incurved and approximate, sometimes almost touching; cardinal areas nearly equal. Dorsal valve more convex than the ventral, its greatest convexity being near the middle. Mesial fold rather rounded, arising near the beak, becoming more prominent as it extends forward, with rounded sides; beak projecting beyond the hinge margin, strongly incurved; cardinal area directed backward, somewhat incurved; foramen broad, triangular and not closed by the cardinal process. Ventral valve of a mesial sinus, beginning near the beak, extending forward, ter- minating in a rounded projection which continues the curvature of the shell and thus produces a sinuous outline for the front edge of the shell. Surface of the valve rounded into the moderately concave sinus. Beak less strongly incurved than that of the dorsal valve. Cardinal area incurved and directed backward, less, however, than that of the other valve. Foramen triangular, wider than high; hinge teeth moderately prominent and trigonal; muscular cavity oblong, little more than one third the length of the shell, lateral margins parallel, well defined by the dental ridges. On either side of this cavity are a number of short striae, which are arranged in longitudinal lines following about the direction of the plications. Surface of each valve with rounded, radiating plications, from 24 to 36 in number, of which 4 to 6 occupy the mesial sinus, and 5 to 7 (in one specimen 10 or 11) the mesial fold. In the sinus two plications begin at the beak, two additional ones are immedi- ately added, and later one or two more at one-third or one-half the length of the shell from the beak. On the mesial fold three plications originate at the beak, to which two more are added at one-fourth the length of the shell from the beak; later two more appear and in one specimen in hand 10 or 11 plications are more or less distinctly shown. The plications in the sinus and on the fold branch in all specimens as described above; the lateral ones, 10 to 15 in number, are almost always simple. Lines of growth not shown in the specimens found. Well preserved specimens under the microscope show numerous minute granules, arranged in regular rows across the plications. Occurrence—Brassfield limestone; Dayton, Ohio. Plestotype.—Cat. No. 48626 U.S.N.M. d. SUBGROUP D. PLATYSTROPHIA HERMITAGENSIS, new species. Plate 42, figs. 15-19. This represents a species, the types of which were collected from the Hermitage limestone of Auburn, Tennessee. It is a thin, long- hinged form with subequally convex valves. The species resembles Platystrophia extensa, new species, in general physiognomy, but the latter belongs to the Triplicate Group. In the nepionic stage there is one plication in the sinus and two on the fold which appear to originate in a point at the beak. The neanic stage is initiated by the bifurcation of the plication in the sinus and on the fold this development is marked by the intercalation of a median secondary plication. After a slight interval of growth a plication is intercalated in a median position in the sinus, and a little later a plication is implanted on each of the sinal slopes, while on the told first the median plications and then the primary plications bifurcate. 410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Some specimens do not show a further development but the greater number show that the median plication in the sinus has bifurcated and a seventh plication is intercalated on the fold in a median position. There are 9 to 13 somewhat round plications on the lateral slopes. The slopes of the pedicle valve are almost flat or slightly concave; those of the brachial valve are slightly convex. The fold is low and broad and the sinus is shallow. The characteristic granular markings of the surface are unusually distinct. Measurements.—27.4 mm. along the hinge, 24 mm. wide across the middle, 14.4 mm. high, 10 mm. thick, 9 mm. sinal width, 4.2 mm sinal depth, 1.2 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Trenton group. Hermitage limestone; Payton’s Creek, 6 miles northwest of Carthage, and Auburn, Tennessee. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 66100, 66101, U.S.N.M. 3. TRIPLICATE GROUP. a, LOW FOLD SUBGROUP. PLATYSTROPHIA EXTENSA, new species. Plate 42, figs. 39-41. Associated with Platsystrophia hermitagensis is a species with the same general physiognomy. Its distinguishing characteristic is the plication pattern of the fold and sinus which places it with the Triplicate group. The hinge line varies from nearly as great to greater than the width of the shell across the middle. The valves are subequally convex. The slopes of the brachial valve are flattish, with a tendency to become concave; those of the pedicle valve are convex. There are 9 to 13 round plications on the lateral slopes, which are separated by furrows of their own width. Two specimens were found in the Decorah shale near Fennemore, Tennessee, which are referred to this species. However, they have proportionally longer hinge lines and more ventricose forms than the Trenton specimens. A specimen measures 21 mm. along the hinge, 20.5 mm. wide across the middle, 12 mm. high, 8.8 mm. thick, 7.5 mm. sinal width, 2.7 mm. sinal depth, 1 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Hermitage limestone at Hartsville and Auburn, Tennessee. Black River group: Decorah shale 43 miles north of Fennimore, Wisconsin. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 66102, 66103, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ELEGANTULA, new species. Plate 43, figs. 44-47. The types of this species were found in the Bigby limestone of the Trenton group at Frankfort, Kentucky, and vicinity. It is common no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 411 at various localities in Kentucky and Tennessee and was found to be present in New York. The species is characterized by its small size and subelobose form. The hinge line is always less than the greatest width. The slopes are convex and are covered by nine fine rounded plications which are separated by furrows of their own width. The fold is low and the sinus shallow. Both the fold and sinus become progressively wider toward the front. Near the beak there are three plications in the sinus and four on the fold. When the shell has reached a length of about 6 mm., plications are added by implantation in the sinus and bifurcation on the fold, sometimes between the original plications and sometimes on the slopes. This species differs from Platystrophia amoena, new species, in its shorter hinge and in that there are, as a rule, more than three plications in the sinus and four on the fold. The latter species shows a tendency toward the loss of plications rather than the addition of them. All species of Platystrophia show a tendency to produce mutations which develop many plications on the fold and smus. This species seems to have developed from one of these mutations. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Bigby limestone at Frankfort, Ken- tucky, and vicinity, and Hartsville, Tennessee. Trenton group at Eliisburg, New York. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 24244, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ELEGANTULA TRIPLICATA, new variety. ' Plate 43, fig. 48. Platystrophia lynx Cumines, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 41. This variety has all the characteristics of the types except that there are only three plications in the sinus and four on the fold. It resembles the shorter hinged mutations of Platystrophia amoena, new species, and may prove to be a variety of that species. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Bigby limestone, Duckers and Frankfort, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee. Trenton limestone, Ellisburg and Trenton Falls, New York, and in Baffin Land. Holotype.—Cat. No. 66126, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ELEGANTULA AMPLISULCATA, new variety. Plate 43, fig. 49. This represents a variety of Platystrophia elegantula with a decid- edly shorter hinge line than typical specimens and a broader fold and sinus which bear more numerous plications. Measurements.—11.2 mm. along the hinge, 18.5 mm. wide across the middle, 13.5 mm. high, 12.3 mm. thick, 10 mm. sinal width, and 6.8 mm. sinal depth. 412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 56, Occurrence.—Trenton group: Bigby limestone, Frankfort, Ken- tucky. ‘Trenton limestone, Ellisburg, New York. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 66124, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA AMOENA, new species. Plate 43, figs. 1-8. Platystrophia lynx Cumines, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1993, pp. 20, 22, 24, figs. 8, 10. Orthis biforata Hatt and Crarke, Pal. New York, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1892, pl. 5B, fig. 10. This is a thin transverse species with subequally convex valves. The hinge line is as long or nearly as long as the width across the middle. The fold is low and spreading and the sinus is shallow. The fold is occupied by four and the sinus by three plications. There are nine plications on the lateral slopes. This species resembles Platystrophia elegantula, new species, but it lacks the curved plications on the lateral slopes, and it has a longer hinge line than that species. A much thicker variety is found at various localities associated with typical specimens. The thickness may become as great as or greater than the height. Shells of this type are abundant at Trenton Falls, New York, and for these the name Platystrophia amoena robusta (pl. 43, figs. 14-17, Cat. No. 66091, U.S.N.M.) is suggested. Measuremenis.—13 mm. along the hinge line, 14 mm. wide across the middle, 10 mm. high, 6.3 mm. thick, 5.5 mm. sinal width, 2 mm. sinal depth, 0.7 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Trenton group. Bigby limestone, Versailles, Frank- fort, Lexington, Benson Station, etce., Kentucky. Trenton limestone of Trenton Falls, New York. Prosser limestone of Cannon Falls and Warsaw, Minnesota. Cynthiana formation, Tennessee. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 39057, 48612, 48615, 66072, 66076, 66091, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA AMOENA LONGICARDINALIS, new variety. Plate 43, figs. 9-13. The distinguishing characteristic of this variety is the great width in reference to the height. The hinge line always forms the greatest width and the cardinal extremes are acuminate and thin. The thin- ness is due to the compression of the slopes of both valves. Owing to the long hinge line this variety resembles Platystrophia trentonensis, new species, but the plications of the latter species place it with the biplicate group of shells, while this species belongs to the triplicate group. Measurements.—15 mm. along the hinge, 12 mm. wide across the- middle, 8.2 mm. high, 7 mm. thick, 5.5 mm. sinal width, 3.8 mm. sinal depth, 1 mm. fold height. No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McCHWAN. 413 Occurrence.—Trenton group: Prosser limestone, Oshkosh, Wiscon- sin; Warsaw, Fountain, and Cannon falls, Minnesota; Curdsville limestone: Mercer County, Kentucky. Trenton limestone: Trenton Falls, New York. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 24805, 66083, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA GLOBOSA, new species. Plate 43, figs. 18-22. This is a globose species with the convexity nearly equaling the width and height. The hinge line about equals the width across the middle, but it may be a little less or a little greater. The lateral slopes are abrupt. A slight compression of the slopes of the pedicle valve produces a concavity next to the cardinal angles; the fold is low and somewhat flaring toward the front; the sinus is broad and moder- ately deep, the depth being due to a slight elevation of the inner edges of the lateral slopes of the pedicle valve. There are three subequal plications in the sinus, four on the fold, and nine on each of the lateral slopes. This species has the general physiognomy of Platystrophia crassa, but it has a low, spreading fold, is smaller, and has invariably eight or nine plications on the lateral slopes. The plications of the fold and sinus are subequal while in Platystrophia crassa the lateral plications of the fold and sinus are weak or have disappeared. Measuremenis.—18 mm. along the hinge line, 17.7 mm. across the middle, 15.8 mm. high, 15.2 mm. thick, 11.5 mm. sinal width, 5.7 mm. sinal depth, 2 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Bigby limestone: Nashville, Tennes- see. Trenton limestone: Ellisburg, New York. Coiypes.—Cat. Nos. 66119, 66120, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA RHYNCHONELLIFORMIS, new species. Plate 42, figs. 36-38. This represents a small, short hinged, globose species with a moder- ately elevated and compressed fold. There are three plications in the sinus and four on the fold which have the pattern of the Tripl- cate Growp. Six and seven plications occupy the lateral slopes. The slopes of the brachial valve are strongly convex in the umbonal region. They descend rapidly to the cardinal and lateral and less rapidly toward the frontal margin. The slopes of the pedicle valve are con- vex next to the sinus and become flat or concave next to the cardinal extremes. Measuremenis.—7.2 mm. along the hinge line, 13 mm. wide just below the middle, 10.1 mm. high, 9.4 mm. thick, 7.2 mm. sinal width, 4.5 mm. sinal depth, 2.8 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—-Trenton limestone at Ellisburg, New York. Coiypes.—-Cat. No. 66106, U.S.N.M. 414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. PLATYSTROPHIA COLBIENSIS Foerste. Plate 44, figs. 8-11. Platystrophia colbiensis Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 55, pl. 4, figs. 2A-B. Platystrophia of colbiensis Forrsts, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, 1914, p. 131. In the Upper Trenton of Kentucky and Tennessee occurs the species which Doctor Foerste has described as Platystrophia colbiensis. The fold is slightly elevated and slightly compressed; the sinus is shallow. Four subequal plications occupy the fold; they have originated by — the bifurcation of the two primary plications at the beak. There are three subequal plications in the sinus; one is primary and occupies a median position; two are lateral, secondary plications which are im- planted on the slopes of the sinus at about 1.5 mm. from the beak. There are 9 to 11 plications on the lateral slopes. Young specimens have subequally convex valves, but the brachial valve of older speci- mens is quite ventricose. This species is larger than Platystrophia amoena new species and the fold is slightly compressed, while the fold of that species becomes progressively wider as it approaches the frontal margin. Measuremenis.—20.6 mm. along the hinge line, 21.6 mm. wide across the middle, 15.3 mm. high, 14.4 mm. thick, 9 mm. sinal width, 6.5 mm. sinal depth, 2 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Cynthiana limestone: Between Colby and Winchester, Paris, Lexington, Frankfort, etc., Kentucky. Catheys formation: Edgefield Junction and Nashville, Tennessee. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 34231, 48614, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA COLBIENSIS-MUTATA Foerste. Plate 44, fig. 12. Platystrophia colbiensis mutata Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 56, pl. 4, figs. 3a-b. Among the specimens representing Platystrophia colbiensis there are thinner and somewhat higher and broader shells with more than four plications on the fold and more than three in the sinus. The number varies generally from five to six on the fold and four to five in the sinus. The increase is effected by the bifurcation of the lateral pli- cations of the fold and by implantation on the slopes of the sinus. One specimen has eight plications on the fold and seven plications in the sinus. In this case both the median and lateral plications of the fold have bifurcated and tertiary plications have been implanted on the slopes of the sinus and between the primary and secondary plications. No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 415 Occurrence.—Trenton group: Greendale beds: Pleasant Valley and Winchester, Kentucky. Catheys limestone: Nashville, Mount Pleas- ant, and near Gallatin, Tennessee. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 65914, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA PRECURSOR Foerste. Plate 44, figs. 1-4, 17-20. Platystrophia colbiensis precursor Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 57, pl. 41, fig. 1. This abundant Upper Trenton fossil is represented by larger speci- mens than are usually found at this horizon. It is a transverse form with a low fold and shallow sinus bearing subequal plications. The lateral slopes are occupied by nine plications. The slopes of the brachial valve are convex in the two-thirds next to the fold, and slightly concave in the one-third next to the cardinal extremes. The slopes of the pedicle valve are convex next to the sinus and become concave next to the cardinal extremes. Specimens having the same general aspect occur at various horizons in the Maysville and Richmond. Platystrophia sublaticosta, new species, of the Bellevue and Corryville beds, differs from it in having seven plications on the lateral slopes. Platystrophia laticosta and Platystrophia cypha are thicker and more compressed; they also have dwarfed lateral plications on the lateral slopes of the fold and sinus, while in this species the plications are subequal. Platystrophia pre- cursor is less ventricose and has a greater height than Platystrophia clarksvillensis of the Waynesville formation. It has many character- istics In common with Platystrophia annieana, but the latter has a deeper sinus. By selection it is possible to differentiate from among numerous specimens of Platystrophia precursor a small number of mdividuals which have a somewhat higher fold and deeper sinus. For these specimens the varietal name, profunda (pl. 44, figs. 17-20), is suggested. Measurements.—27.3 mm. along the hinge line, 28 mm. wide across the middle, 18.5 mm. high, 16 mm. thick, 11.9 mm. sinal width, 6.5 mm. sinal depth, 2.7 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Cynthiana limestone: Between Colby and Winchester, and also between Millerburg and Pleasant Valley, Kentucky. Catheys formation: Nashville, Cotumbia, three-fourths mile east of Aspen Hill, etc., Tennessee. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 34247, 48611, 65893, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA PRECURSOR LATIFORMIS, new variety. Plate 44, figs, 5-7. It is possible to differentiate from the typical specimens of this species a large number which are thinner and decidedly wider in proportion to the height. 416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Platystrophia foerstet, new species, of the Arnheim formation has the same general physiognomy, but the latter species is usually nar- rower and has a deeper sinus than this variety. Measurements.—25.3 mm. along the hinge line, 22 mm. wide across the middle, 15.5 mm. high, 12.3 mm. thick, 10 mm. sinal width, 5 mm. sinal depth, 1.9 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Catheys limestone: Nashville, Wil- jiamsport, Columbia, and Maury County, Tennessee. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65985, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA PRECURSOR ANGUSTATA, new variety. Plate 44, figs. 13-16. A small number of individuals may be selected from among the typical specimens which are narrower, thicker, and have a higher, more compressed fold. They have the physiognomy of Platystraphia moritura Cumings, of the Upper Richmond of Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, but are, however, narrower, have a shallower sinus and some- _ What rounder plications. Measurements.—24.3 mm. along the hinge line, 25.5 mm. wide across the middle, 18.7 mm. high, 17.5 mm. thick, 13 mm. sinal width, 10 mm. sinal depth, 45 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Trenton group. Catheys limestone: Nashville, Co- lumbia, and Tullahoma, Tennessee. Prosser limestone: Hader, Goodhue County, Minnesota (referred to this variety doubtfully). Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65888, 65890, 48642, U.S.N.M. MAYSVILLE AND RICHMOND SPECIES. PLATYSTROPHIA JUVENIS, new species. Plate 43, figs. 36-41. This is a sub-equally convex transverse species with a low fold bearing four plications which originate by the bifurcation of two pri- mary plications at the beak, and with a shallow sinus which bears three plications, of which one is primary and occupies a median position, and two are secondary implanted plications occupying lateral posi- tions on the sinal slopes. The lateral slopes of the brachial valve are flatly convex and those of the pedicle valve flatly convex and those of the pedicle valve flatly concave. They bear seven and eight plications. The hinge line is generally somewhat less than the width across the middle but may equal this width. The cardinal areas nar- row rapidly toward the cardinal extremes. The shell varies from thin to strongly convex. Platystrophia juvenis resembles Platystrophia pauciplicata. Typi- cal specimens are readily distinguished from that species by the more numerous and more closely spaced plications, and by the absence of curved lateral plications. no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 417 Measurements.—12 mm. along the hinge line, 14.5 mm. across the middle, 9.6 mm. high, 7 mm. thick, 5.4 mm. sinal width, 4.7 mm. sinal depth, 2 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville group. Near the base of the Fairmount beds; Newport and Covington, Kentucky. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65946, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA PAUCIPLICATA Cumings. Plate 47, figs. 13-15. Platystrophia lynx pauciplicata Cumines, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 23, figs. 9bis. Professor Cumings has described this small pauciplicate form from the Maysville of Cincinnati, Ohio. It varies from thin to strongly convex. The low, slightly compressed fold has four plications which result from the bifurcation of two primary plications at the beak. The shallow sinus has one median primary plication and two second- ary plications which are situated on the opposite slopes of the sinus. The hinge line is generally less than the width across the middle. The cardinal areas narrow rapidly. There are five and six plications on the lateral slopes of which the outer ones curve as they approach the lateral margins. This species differs from Platystrophia juvenis, new species, in that it has fewer and more widely spaced plications, in the curvature of the plications next to the cardinal angles, and in posessing a slightly compressed fold. So many characteristics in common between the two species sug- gest close relationship, and it is likely that Platystrophia juvenis was the direct ancestor of Platystrophia pauciplicata if the many interme- diate forms are taken as evidence. ‘Transitional forms suggest that Platystrophia pauciplicata gave rise to Platystrophia crassa by increase in gibbossity and decrease in relative index.! Measurements.—14 mm. along the hinge line, 14.9 mm. wide across the middle, 10 mm. high, 8.3 mm. thick, 7.8 mm. sinal width, 5 mm. sinal depth, 2 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville group: Base of the Fairmount beds, Cov- ington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio. Plesvotypes. —Cat. No. 65947, U.S.N.M. = PLATYSTROPHIA STRIGQSA, new species. Plate 43, figs. 23-26. This name is used to designate specimens with thin valves and low spreading folds and shallow sinuses on which the lateral plications wre dwarfed. The hinge-line equals or is somewhat greater than the 1 Relative index is the length of the hinge line divided by the height. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56 27 418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. width across the middle. The lateral slopes of the pedicle valve are flatly concave, those of the brachial valve flatly convex. There are generally six sharp plications on the lateral slopes which are broadly spaced and have a slight tendency to curve, as do the lateral plica- tions of Platystrophia pauciplicata. The beak is prominent. Measurements —15.1 mm. along the hinge line, 14.1 mm. wide across the middle, 10.5 mm. high, 7 mm. thick, 6.5 mm. sinal width, 4.8 mm. sinal depth, 2 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville group: Base of the Fairmount beds at Newport, Kentucky. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 48613, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA NITIDA, new species. Plate 43, figs. 42, 43. The specimens representing this species are small, with spreading folds which scarcely rise above the convexity of the brachial valve; and with broad shallow sinuses which have bent but slightly below _ the inner edges of the lateral slopes of the pedicle valve. There are six and seven fine, closely spaced plications on the lateral slopes. The slopes of the brachial valves are flatly convex while those of the pedicle valve are flatly concave. The beaks of the pedicle valves are prominent. The cardinal areas narrow rapidly and usually disappear before the cardinal extremes are reached. The hinge-line is some- what less than the width across the middle. Measurements.—6 mm. along the hinge line, 8.5 mm. wide across the middle, 6.2 mm. high, 3.6 mm. thick, 3.5 mm. sinal width, 1.5 mm. sinal depth, .6 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville group: Base of Fairmount beds at Cin- emnati, Ohio. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65945, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHRIA MORROWENSIS (James). Plate 43, figs. 30-35, 50. Orthis (?) morrowensis JAMES, Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 1, 1874, p. 21. Platystrophia morrowensis Forrstr, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 60, pl. 6, figs. Lla—e. Mr. James has applied this name to certain specimens which were collected from the Cincinnati group of Warren County, Ohio. It is a transversely globose species with sub-equally convex valves. The hinge line varies from one-third to three-fourths the width; the cardinal areas are narrow and the cardinal angles round. The fold is low and spreading; it rises very little above the general convexity of the brachial valve. The sinus is broad and shallow in the middle portion but becomes relatively deep at the front. Both the fold and sinus are almost wanting at the beak. no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—AlCEWAN. 419 “There a are three plications i in the sinus and four on the fold in the neanic stage of development. In some specimens this number is not increased during later growth. Some specimens show that in the late neanic and ephebic stages plications are added by intercalation on the slopes of the sinus and bifurcation of the outer plications of the fold; or there may also be implantation in the sinus next to the primary plication and bifureation of the median plications on the fold. The lateral slopes of the brachial valve are convex, those of the pedicle valve are flatly concave. They are occupied by Sent and nine closely spaced, round plications. This species has the oval form and low spreading multiplicate sinus of Platystrophia elegantula, new species of the Trenton limestone. [t is easily distinguished from that species by the ventricosity of the valves and by the shallowness of a fold and sinus next to the beak. Measurements.—8 mm. along the hinge line, 12 mm. mide across the middle, 8 mm. high, 7 mm. thick, 6.2 mm. sinal width, 3.5 mm. sinal depth, 1 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville group: Corryville beds, Morrow, Cincinnati, etc., Ohio. Pleswotypes.—Cat. Nos. 41166, 48610, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA CORRYVILLENSIS, new species. Plate 43, figs. 27-29. In the Corryville beds at Cincinnati, Ohio, is found a small, trans- verse, ventricose form with a long hinge line, a low-sp reading fold, and broad, shallow sinus. The fold and sinus are occ upied by three and four subequal plications and the lateral slopes by eight and nine rounded, closely spaced plications. The slopes of the brachial valve are convex, with a slight concavity next to the cardinal extremes; those of the pedicle valve are flatly concave. The fold rises very little above the general convexity and the sinus is only moderately deep. Measurements.—14 mm. along the hinge line, 13 mm. wide across ‘the middle, § mm. high, 7.5 mm. thick, 6.4 mm. sina! width, 3.2 mm. sinal depth, 1 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Maysville group: Corryville beds; Cincinnati, Ohio. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65926, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA SUBLATICOSTA, new species. Plate 45, figs. 17-19. At several localities a species was found which resembles Platy- strophia laticosta, but which differ from that species in possessing a low fold throughout its life history, in being thinner and less gibbous, and in having stronger Jateral plications of the fold and sinus. 420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. This species consists of specimens of the Platystrophia precursor type, but differs in having a slightly higher fold and in having seven instead of nine plications on the lateral slopes. Measurements.—29 mm. along the hinge line, 27 mm. wide across the middle, 17.5 mm. high, 14.5 mm. thick, 14.5 mm. sinal width, 7.2 mm. sinal depth, 4.5 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville group: Upper Fairmount to Corryville beds; Cincinnati, Ohio, and Madison, Indiana. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65941, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ACUMINATA James. Plate 46, figs. 5-8. Orthis (Platystrophia) acuminata James, Paleontologist, vol. 1, 1878, p. 7. Platystrophia acuminata ForrsTe, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1916, pl. 6, fig. 13. This is a thin form with acuminate hinge extremities. The fold is moderately elevated and compressed, and the lateral plications on the slopes of the foid and sinus are weak. Seven to 10 plications occupy the lateral slopes. Measurements.—19 mm. along the hinge line, 13 mm. wide across the middle, 9.5 mm. high, 7.5 mm. thick, 7 mm. sinal width, 5 mm. sinal depth, 3.7 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Arnheim formation; Waynesville, Ohio, and various localities in Kentucky. Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 65929, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA FOERSTEI, new species. Plate 46, figs. 9-12. This species has transverse equiconvex, thin valves with a hinge line forming the greatest width and with a low spreading fold and shallow sinus which bear subequal plications. The lateral slopes of the brachial valve are flatly convex, those of the pedicle valve flatly concave. There are generally three plications in the sinus and four on the fold, but this species in common with all other species which have low spreading folds, shows a tendency to add tertiary plications by inplantation in the sinus and bifurcation on the fold. There are 8 to 10 plications on the lateral slopes. Platystrophia foerstei resemble Platystrophia precursor latiformis of the Upper Trenton. It has a slightly deeper sinus than the latter form and the lateral slopes next to the sinus are somewhat higher. Measurements.—19 mm. along the hinge line, 16.8 mm. wide across the middle, 12.7 mm. high, 9.4 mm. thick, 9.1 mm. sinal width, 5.3 mm. sinal depth, 3 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Waynesville, Ohio, Versailles, Indi- ana. Arnheim formation: Branch Run, one mile east of Seatonville, no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McCEWAN. 497 14 miles south of Clark, etc., Kentucky. Liberty beds: Jefferson County, Kentucky. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 40479, 65621, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA FOERSTEI AMPLA, new variety. Plate 46, figs. 13-16. This variety differs from typical specimens of the species in being decidedly ventricose and in having a hinge line shorter than the width across the middle. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Arnheim formation: Lebanon, Ohio. Waynesville formation: Long Run, near mouth of Tate’s Creek, and 14 miles southeast of Thixton, Jefferson County, and Sunset, Kentucky. Liberty beds: Ravine east of Floyd’s Fork, Jefferson County, and Eastwood, Kentucky. Saluda-Whitewater formation: Weisburg, Indiana. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65635, 65636, 65637, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ATTENUATA, new species. Plate 46, figs. 1-4. Platystrophia acutilirata Cumines, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1915, p. 48, fig. 25. This species is represented by small, transverse shells with low folds and shallow sinuses, which become progressively wider toward the front and are occupied by subequal plications. Most of the specimens are thin, but some of them become decidedly convex. The hinge line generally forms the greatest width, but it may be less than the width across the middle. The slopes of the brachial valve are flatly convex; those of the pedicle valve flatly concave. They are occupied by six to nine plications on the lateral slopes. Compared with Platystrophia acuminata, it is narrower and has fewer plications. It is smaller and has a proportionately shorter hinge than Platystrophia foerstei. It is very similar to Platystrophia quvens but has fewer lateral plications than that species. This species is scarcely distinguishable from some individuals belonging to the Middle Trenton species Platystrophia amoena. It generally has fewer plications, thinner valves, and stronger growth varices. Measurements.—12 mm. along the hinge line, 13 mm, wide across the middle, 9 mm. high, 5.8 mm, thick, 5.8 mm. sinal width, 4 mm. sinal depth, 1 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Waynesville formation: Oxford and Warren County, Ohio; Simpsonville, Kentucky; East Fork White River, Indiana. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 41167, U.S.N.M. 422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56 PLATYSTROPHIA CLARKSVILLENSIS Foerste. Plate 45, figs. 1-4. Platystrophia clarksvillensis Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 65, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4. Platystrophia lynx var. laticosta Cumines, 32d. Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. Nat. Rea. Indiana, 1908, pl. 35, figs. 2, 2a, 2b; Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 32, fig. 176d. This is a transverse species which bears a marked resemblance to Platystrophia laticosta, It is narrower than that species and has more closely spaced, narrower, and more numerous plications on the slopes, there being seven to nine. It differs, also, from Platystrophia laticosta in that the slopes are somewhat fuller, which reduces the height of the fold. The lateral plications of the fold and sinus vary from somewhat weaker than the median plications to about equal to them in strength. The hinge line is generally greater in length than the width across the middle, but it may equal it or be somewhat less than the width. Specimens with a long hinge line have the same general aspect as Platystrophia cumingsi, new species, but the latter has a longer hinge and has more numerous plications on the slopes. Measurements.—25 mm. along the hinge line, 23 mm. wide across the middle, 16 mm, high, 15 mm, thick, 11 mm. sinal width, 10 mm. sinal depth, 4.5 mm, fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Arnheim formation: Seatonvilie and Clark, Kentucky; Waynesville formation: Waynesville and Oregonia, Ohio; Weisburg and numerous other localities in Indiana. Plesvotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65713, 65726, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA CUMINGSI, new species. Plate 45, figs. 9-16. Platystrophia biforaia var. laticosta Hatt and CLiarke, Pal. New York, vol. 8. pt. 1, 1892, pl. 5B, figs. 6, 7 (not figs. 5, 8, 9). Platystrophia acutilirata Comines, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 32, fig. 17cc’ (in part); 32nd Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1907, pl. 35, fig. 3, 3a. In the Waynesville member of the Richmond group at Oxford and Waynesville, Ohio, and at Weisburg, Indiana, is a species of Platy- stropiia which possesses intermediate characters between Platy- struphia clarksvillensis and Platystrophia acutilirata, It resembles the former species in that the fold is lower and less compressed than that of Platystrophia laticosta and the lateral plications on the slopes of the fold and sinus are stronger than in that species. It also has a greater degree of ventricosity. The specimens resemble Platy- strophia acutilirata in the possession of acute cardinal extremes and NO. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McCEWAN. 423 in having the lateral slopes occupied by numerous plications, there being 10 and 11 on the slopes of the average specimen. Measurements.—32 mm, along the hinge line, 23.5 mm. wide across the middle, 16 mm. high, 16.2 mm. thick, 11 mm, sinal width, 11 mm, sinal depth, 5 mm, fold depth. Formation and occurrence.—Richmond group: Waynesville forma- tion: Waynesville, Oregonia and Oxford, Ohio; Weisburg, Indiana. Fernvale limestone: Wilmington, Illinois. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65699, 65700, 65702, 65703, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ANNIEANA Foerste. Plate 46, figs. 20-24. Orthis annieana JAMES, Cat. Low. Sil. Fossils Cincinnati Group, 1871, p. 10 (nomen nudem.). Platystrophia annieana Forrsre, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, pl. 6, fig. 14. In the Bulletin of the Denison University (vol. 16, 1910, pl. 6, fig. 14, a, 6, c) Doctor Foerste has figured a species to which Mr. U. P. James had given the catalogue name Platystrophia annieana. Figure a shows a form in which the hinge line forms the greatest width; figure c shows one in which the length of the hinge line about equals the width across the middle. Figure 6 shows a ventricose form with a rounded fold so little elevated as to hardly disturb the even con- vexity of the brachial valve. I have before me about 70 specimens from the Waynesville and Liberty formations of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, which undoubt- edly belong to the species which he figured. In most specimens the hinge line about equals the width across the middle. I have, how- ever, many in which the hinge line is longer than this width. The low rounded fold is occupied by four and the sinus by three nearly equal plications. The sinus is moderately deep. The slopes are occupied by 10 and il plications. Those of the brachial valve are convex with a slight concavity next to the cardinal angles. The slopes of the pedicle valve are concave. Measurements.—33.5 mm. along the hinge line, 28.4 mm. wide across the middle, 18.5 mm. high, 14.6 mm. thick, 14 mm. sinal width, 8.4 mm. sinal depth, 2.5 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Waynesville formation: Clarks- ville, Fort Ancient, Waynesvilie, Ohio; Bardstown, Kentucky. Liberty beds: Jefferson County, Kentucky, and Clark County, Indi- ana. Whitewater formation: Richmond, Indiana. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 39041, 65651, 65664, U.S.N.M. 494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. PLATYSTROPHIA MORITURA Cumings. Plate 46, figs. 25-28. Platystrophia lynx Cumines, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 24. Platystrophia lynx var. moritura CuminGs, 32d Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, p. 920, pl. 35, fig. 5, 5a. This is a transverse ventricose form with a hinge line longer than the width across the middle. The brachial valve is inflated toward the umbo; the lateral slopes are convex with a slight tendency toward concavity next to the cardinal angles. The slopes of the pedicle valve are slightly concave. The fold ranges in elevation from low with sub- equal plications to moderately elevated with the two median plica- tions somewhat stronger than the laterals. The sinus is deep in front. The transverse forms are restricted to the Upper Richmond, but sub- quadrate forms, which evidently belong to this species, are common in the Liberty beds of Kentucky and Indiana. This narrow variety seems to represent transitional forms between this species and Platystrophia annieana. Measurement of a wide specumen.—30 mm. along the hinge line, 29 mm. wide, 20.5 mm. high, 21 mm. thick, 14 mm. sinal width, 14 mm. sinal depth, 5 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Whitewater formation: Richmond and northern Ripley County, Indiana. Liberty beds: Railroad cut just east of Eastwood, one-fourth mile east of Fisherville, Kentucky. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65671, 65674, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ACUTILIRATA (Conrad). Plate 45, figs. 20-21. Delthyris acutilirata Conrap, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 8, 1842, p. 260, pl. 14, fig. 15. Orthis (Platystrophia) acutilirata Mex, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, 1878, p. 119, pl. 10, fig. 5. Orthis biforata var. acutilirata Wurre (part), 2nd Ann. Rept. Indiana Bur. Stat. and Geol., 1880, p. 487, pl. 2, figs. 5-9; 10th Rept. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 119, pl. 2, figs. 5-9. Orthis acutilirata MILLER, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, 1875, p. 28. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata var. acutilirata Lestey, Geol. Sur. Penna., Rept. p. 4, 1889, p. 508, figs. Platystrophia acutilirata Haut and CLARKE, Pal. New York, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1892, p. 223.—Forrste, Amer. Geol., vol. 31, 1903, p. 340.—Cumtnes, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, pp. 33, 35, fig. 18 (part), p. 36, fig. 19 (part). —GRaBAU and Summer, North Amer. Index Fossils, vol. 1, 1907, p. 258, fig. 308f.— OCuMINGS, 32nd Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, p. 912, pl. 35, fig. 3-3d (part).—Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 65, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7, 8a-b; pl. 4, fig. 9. Platystrophia acutilirata senex Cumtnes, 32nd Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, p. 913, pl. 35, fig. 4 (not 4a-c). ——? Spirifer shepardi CastELNAU, Essai Syst. Sil. Amer. Sept., 1843, p. 42, pl. 14, fig. 15. no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 425 This species is spirifer oid, ‘much extended on the hinge. The brachial valve is strongly ventricose; the slopes are inflated to such a degree that the fold rises but slightly above the general convexity. The pedicle valve is less convex than the brachial valve. The slopes are compressed and the inner edges are elevated. This gives a thin appearance to the shell near the cardinal angles and adds to the depth of the conspicuous sinus. There are four plications on the fold and three in the sinus which are of about equal strength. The slopes are occupied by about 15 or more closely spaced plications. The cardinal areas of both valves are strong and broad. The beaks are strongly incurved. This species has conspicuous gerontic characters. The convexity is so great that it may equal or exceed the height. The shell is thickened centrally and anteriorly to such a degree that the space occupied by the soft parts is exceedingly small when compared with the size of the shell. Both valves are marked by strong growth lines which in the early ephebic stage run out to the cardinal extremes and are closely spaced. Mr. Conrad reported the Silurian of the Falls of the Ohio as the locality from which his types were collected. Mr. Meek ' recognized that his figures were-in agreement with specimens from Richmond, Indiana. Mr. S. 8. Lyon, of Jeffersonville, Indiana, who was familiar with the paleontology of that locality, reported that he had never found such a shell in that area. Mr. Meek sent the Richmond specimens to Mr. Conrad and he identified them as the same as he had figured under the name Delthyris acutilirata. Measurements.—35.5 mm. along the hinge line, 27 mm. wide across the middle, 18.2 mm. high, 20.8 mm, thick, 13.3 mm. sinal width, 11 mm. sinal depth, 4 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Whitewater formation: Richmond, ete., Indiana; Oxford and Dayton, Ohio; North Carolina and Louis- ville R. R. between Wauhatchie and Hooker, Tennessee. Fernvale limestone: Savannah and Wilmington, Illinois. Maquoketa shale: Delafield, Wisconsin. Plestotypes.—Cat. No. 48606, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ACUTILIRATA PROLONGATA Foerste. Plate 45, fig. 22. Platystrophia acutilirata, Cumincs Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 35, fig. 18 (part); 32nd Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, pl. 35, figs. 3b, c, d. Platystrophia acutilirata prolongata, ForrstE, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 67, pl. 3, figs. 8a-b. One of the conspicuous Vv variations of Platystrophia acutilirata is represented by specimens which have: elongated hinge lines and a 1 Meek, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, 1873, p. 119, pl. 10, fig. 5. 426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 56. correspondingly greater number of plications on the lateral slopes, there being from 18 to 30 or more. The acuminate cardinal extremes are so thickened as to be entirely filled with shelly deposit. Measurements. 43 mm. along the hinge line, 25.6 mm. wide across the middle, 17 mm. high, 15.7 mm. thick, 12 mm. sinal width, 8 mm. sinal depth, 2.8 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Whitewater: Usually found asso- ciated with typical Platystrophia acutilirata. Plestotypes._—Cat. No. 65688, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ACUTILIRATA SENEX Cumings. Plate 45, fig. 23. Orthis inflata? James, Cat. Lower Sil. Fos. of the Cincinnati Group, 1871, p. 10 (nomen nudem). Orthis biforata var. acutilirata Lestey (part) Geol. Sury. Pennsylvania, Rept. P. 4, 1889, p. 508, figs. 5c, 5f. Platystrophia acutilirata GRaABAU and Saimer, North American Index Fossils, vol. 1, 1907, p. 257, figs. e, g, h, t. Platystrophia accutilirata Cumines, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 35, fig. 18 (part). Platystrophia acutilirata var. senex (part) Cuminas, 32nd Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, p. 913, pl. 35, figs. 4a-c. Platystrophia acutilirata inflata Foerste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, pl. 4, fig. 8. This variety is represented by specimens which possess retrogres- sive characters. It passes through an acuminate development in late neanic and early ephebic stages, and then becomes very convex, the depth often exceeding the height. The thickening of the shell and growth varices are More pronounced than in typical specimens. The change in contour is decidedly marked. Measurements.—35.5 mm. along the hinge line, 38 mm. across the middle, 25 mm. thick, 25.5 mm. high, 14 mm. sinal width, 14.5 mm. sinal depth, 3 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Upper part of the Whitewater formation: Found associated with Platystrophia acutilirata. Plesiotype-—Cat. No. 65691, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA ELKHORNENSIS, new species. Plate 46, figs. 17-19. From the Elkhorn member of the Richmond along Elkhorn Creek, Wayne County, Indiana, were collected two specimens of a short- hinged: globose form with a deep sinus and moderately elevated fold. The slopes are abrupt. Those of the brachial valve are regularly convex; those of the pedicle valve are slightly flattened toward the cardinal angles. There are three plications in the sinus and four on the fold, the two outer ones in each case being the weakest. There No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. AQ7 are six and seven plications on the lateral slopes. The surface is marked by strong concentric growth lines. Measurements.—13 mm. along the hinge line, 22.5 mm. wide just below the middle (this the the greatest width), 18 mm. high, 16.8 mm. thick, 13.5 mm. sinal width, 10.5 mm. sinal depth, 3.3 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond: Elkhorn division: Klkhorn Creek, Wayne County, Indiana. Holotype.—Cat. No. 48657, U.S:N.M. b. PONDEROSA SUBGROUP. PLATYSTROPHIA PREPONDEROSA, new species. Plate 49, figs. 6-8. Two Upper Trenton specimens suggest the large globose forms of the genus which occur so abundantly in certain horizons of the Mays- ville and Lower Richmond, to which Doctor Foerste has given the the name Platystrophia ponderosa. In each the fold is moderately high and compressed. It is occu- pied by four subequal plications which originate by the bifurcation of two primary plications at the beak: The sinus is moderately deep. It is occupied by three plications of which one is primary and occu- pies a median position; two are secondary, implanted plications, and occupy positions on the lateral slopes. The thickness nearly equals the height. The hinge line equals or is somewhat less than the width across the middle. The slopes of the brachial valve are convex; those of the pedicle valve are convex next to the sinus and become slightly concave toward the cardinal angles. They are occupied by eight and nine sharp plications. Measurements.—24 mm. along the hinge line (in one specimen the hinge line equals the width across the middle), 26.7 mm. wide across the middle, 20 mm. high, 20 mm. thick, 13 mm. sinal width, 12.5 mm. sinal depth, 6 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Trenton group: Catheys limestone: 2 miles west of Nashville, Tennessee. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65871, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA PONDEROSA Foerste. Plate 49, figs. 1-5, plate 50, figs. 4-7; plate 51, figs. 1-5, plate 52, figs. 1-3, 7-10. Platystrophia lynx (part) of AUTHORS. Platystrophia biforata (part) of AuTHoRs. Platystrophia ponderosa Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab., Denison Univ., vol. 14, 1909, p. 225, pl. 4, fig. 14; Ohio Naturalist, vol. 12, 1912, p. 453, pl. 22, fig. 11. Foerste describes his species as follows: Platystrophia ponderosa is characterized by large size, thick valves, and quadrangular outline; the brachial valve has a prominent, though rather rounded, median fold, 428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. usually occupied by four Soe ‘The: sinus on he pedicle v eae is — Sie not very deep, and is occupied usually by three plications. The lateral plications vary from seven to nine. Sometimes six occupy the median fold. The shell is greatly thick- ened interiorly, especially around the deep muscular scar in the pedicle valve. Occurrence.—Maysville group: Bellevue, Madison, and numerous other localities in Indiana; Oldham County, Kentucky. Leipers: Stockett Hill, White Creek post office, Leipers Creek, etc., Tennessee, Bellevue, Cincinnati, and numerous localities in Ohio. PLATYSPROPHIA PONDEROSA AUBURNENSIS Foerste. Plate 49, figs. 9-12. Platystrophia ponderosa auburnensis Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 14, 1909, p. 226, pl. 4, fig. 15. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata var. lynx Meex, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, 1873, p. 144, pl. 10, fig. 1.—Lxstey, Geol. Surv. Penna., Rept. P. 4, 1889, p. 509. Delthyris lynx Haw, Pal. New York, vol. 1, 1847, pl. 32D, figs. 1A, B. Platystrophia biforata var. lynx Haut and Ciarke, Pal. New York, vol. 13, pt. 1, 1892, pp. 202, 223, pl. 5B, figs. 1-4. Platystrophia lynx Cumines, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 15, 1903, p. 26, fig. 12; p. 28, fig. 14; 32d Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, pl. 35, figs. 1,19. Pinaamanie tk wae HAYeEs and Ornen, U.S. Geol. Surv., folio, 95, illus. sheet, 1908, figs. 21, 22. This variety is more globose and has a much shorter hinge line than typical specimens of Platystrophia ponderosa. ‘The shell is also narrower and there are fewer plications on the lateral slopes, as the number is usually five or six, becoming obsolete toward the cardinal angles. Occurrence.—Maysville: Mount Auburn, Cincinnati, ete., Ohio; Madison, etc., Indiana; Oldham County, Kentucky. Plestatipes: = Getz Nos. 65863, 65864, 65867, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA PONDEROSA ARNHEIMENSIS, new variety. Plate 51, figs. 6-8. This variety is large, more transverse, and has broader plications on the lateral slopes than the Bellvue form of this species. Occurrence.—Richmond group Arnheim: Various localities in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65854, 65855, 65856, U.S. N. M. PLATYSTROPHIA FERVALENSIS, new species. Plate 50, figs. 1-3. Dr. E. O. Ulrich collected from the Fernvale at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, a large form of which the finely striated surface is the most conspicuous feature. The portion next to the beak has the charac- teristic coarse plications. As they extend toward the front the plications of both valves bifurcate and other plications are implanted in the original grooves. Toward the front the original plications No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McCEWAN. 429 are represented by broad, shallow undulations which bear the fine striations. The lateral slopes of the brachial valve are evenly convex and the fold rises but slightly above the convexity; those of the pedicle valve are convex next to the sinus but become concave toward the cardinal angles. The sinus is almots lacking at the beak, but becomes moderately deep at the front. There are three plications in the sinus at the beak. Owing to poor preservation the plication pattern is not determinable, but the greater strength of the median plications suggests that it belongs to the Triplicate Type. At a distance of 5+ mm. from the beak, the plications begin to break up and form a finely striated sinus. The brachial valves were so poorly preserved that little could be determined about the plication pattern of the fold except that it was finely striated. Measurements.—27 mm. along the hinge, 35.5 wide across the middle, and 37 mm. high. Occurrence. Richmond Group. Fernvale limestone: Old Quarry southeast of Regenhardts quarry northwest of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65872, U.S.N.M. C. HIGH FOLD SUBGROUP. PLATYSTROPHIA PROFUNDOSULCATA (Meek). Plate 47, figs. 16-18. Orthis (Platystrophia) laticosta var. profundosulcata (James) Mrxrx, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, 1873, p. 117, pl. 10, figs. 2a-d. Orthis biforata Lestey Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, Rept. P. 4, 1889, p. 508, figs. 2a, 2b. Platystrophia profundosulcata Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Uniy., vol. 16 1910, p. 58, pl. 6, figs. 15a-c. Platystrophia lynx var. laticosta Cumrines (part), 32nd Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Indiana, 1907, pp. 918, 919. Platystrophia profundosulcata is smaller and more gibbous than Platystrophia laticosta. The sinus is more profound and the fold higher than specimens of that species of the same size. The sinus bends down so rapidly as to truncate the fold before it has reached as far forward as in other species of the genus. The hinge line is generally shorter than the width across the middle; in rare cases it may slightly exceed it. The slopes of the pedicle valve are convex next to the sinus and strongly concave near the cardinal extremes; those of the brachial valve are convex. They descend rapidly to the lateral margin and less rapidly to the frontal margin. The strength of the lateral plications of the fold and sinus varies from subequal to much weaker than the median plications. Four 430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. plications occupy the fold which originate by the bifurcation of two primary plications at the beak. There are three plications in the sinus; one is primary and occupies a median position, two are lateral secondary plications which have been implanted on the slopes of the sinus. ‘The lateral slopes are occupied by five, six, or seven sharp widely spaced plications. 8 mm. along the hinge line, 20.5 mm. wide across the middle, 13 mm. high, 12.5 mm. thick, 8.4 mm. sinal width, 9 mm. sinal depth, 3.6 mm. fold depth. Oceurrence.—Maysville group: Mount Hope and Fairmount beds at Cincinnati, Ohio; Newport, Kentucky; Hays Branch, Indiana, ete. Plesiotypes. = ne No. 65923, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA PROFUNDOSULCATA HOPENSIS Foerste. Plate 47, figs. 19-21. Platystrophia profindosulcata hopensis Forrsrr, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Uniy., vol. 16, 1910, pl. 4, fig. 4 This variety is more transverse, has a lower fold and shallower sinus than typical specimens of the Mount Hope and Fairmount beds. They are more like young Platystrophia laticosta, but the sinus is deeper. The physiognomy of the shell throughout its develpoment suggests that this variety is the ancestor of the forms which Meek ‘took as the types of the species. Measurements.—19.5 mm. along the hinge, 20.5 mm. wide across the middle, 11.8 mm. high, 13 mm. thick, 10 mm. sinal width, 9 mm. sinal depth, 3.3 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Maysvilie group: Mount Hope beds, Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 65924, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA CRASSA (James). Plate 47, figs. 1-11. Orthis (Platystrophia) dentata? Mex (not Pander) Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, 1873, p. 117, pl. 10, fig. 3 Orthis (Platystrophia) crassa JaMus, Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 1, 1874, p. 20. Orthis dentata MitLER, Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, 1875, p. 27 Orthis costata MiLLER (not Pander) Cincinnati Quart. Journ. Sci., vol. 2, 1875, p.‘33. Platystrophia crassa Watt and CuarKeE, Pal., New York, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1892, p. 223.—GRABAU and Sumer, North American Index Fossils, vol. 1, 1907, p. 258, figs. 308A—B.—Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 59, pl. 4, figs. 5a-b. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata deniata Lestey, Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, Report P. 4, 1889, p. 508, figs. 3a-d. Orthis centrosa Mitter, North Amer. Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 356. no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 431 Platystrophia biforata var. crassa WiNCRELL and ScnucHERT, Geol. Minnesota, vol. 3, 1893, p. 458, pl. 33, figs. 55, 56.—Wurrzaves, Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. 3, pt. 3, Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1897, p. 178. Platystrophia costata Cumincs and Maucx, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 14, 1902, p. 14, foot note—Cuminas, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, pp. 38, 122, figs. 26, 27; 32nd Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, p. 914, pl. 35, figs. 6, 6a. In 1873 Meek described specimens which he had received wrongly labeled as Plaiystrophia deniata Pander. He expressed doubt.as to their agreement with the British specimens of Platystrophia dentata which are described by McCoy. In 1874 James described this form as Plaiystrophia crassa. The hinge line is generally somewhat shorter than the width across the middle; in some specimens it is longer than this width. The lateral slopes are swollen next to the fold and sinus and descend rapidly to the free margins. Those of the brachial valve are strongly convex, while those of the pedicle valves are concave toward the cardinal extremes. James took as his types specimens with high compressed folds and profound sinuses on which the lateral plications were rudimentary or absent. By far the greater number have a compressed, moder- ately elevated fold with lateral plications somewhat weaker than the median plications, but reaching to the free edge. In all mature and old specimens the inner edges of the lateral slopes of the pedicle valve are elevated to such a degree as to form a pro- found sinus. Gibbosity becomes so pronounced in old specimens that the thickness exceeds the height and may equal or nearly equaj the width. The shell is narrower and more globose than that of Platystrophia laticosta and Platystrophia cypha. It is somewhat like Plaiystrophia umcostata crassiformis, new variety, but it has a lower fold than that form. It also has a greater number of plications on the lateral slopes, as there are seven and eight in this species and only five and six in Platysirophia unicosiata crassiformis. By selection it is possible to differentiate, from among numerous specimens, a small number of individuals which are shorter and thicker than other members of the species. It is also possible to differentiate an occasional pauciplicate form with a hinge line decidedly shorter than the other specimens. There are four, rarely five and six, coarse, sharp, and broadly spaced pli- cations on the lateral slopes. Specimens representing this mutation are smaller than other members of the species. Occurrence.—Maysville group: All mutations are found in asso- ciation in the Fairmount beds at Cincinnati, Ohio; Covington, Ken- tucky; and Madison, Indiana, ete. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 35566, 48604, U.S.N.M. 432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. PLATYSTROPHIA CRASSA, variety. Plate 47, figs. 12. Specimens have been found in the Arnheim and Waynesville at several localities which closely resemble Platystrophia crassa. The only characteristic which seems to distinguish these from the Fair- mount specimens is their somewhat longer hinge line. Measuremenis.—15 mm. along the hinge, 16.8 mm. wide across the middle, 15.5 mm. high, 12.6 mm. thick, 9.3 mm. sinal width, 7.2 mm. sinal depth, 4 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond group, Waynesville formation: Mouth of Bull Creek, Clark County, Indiana; Greenwell Ford, Kentucky. Arnheim: One and one-half miles south of Clark, Jefferson County, Kentucky. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 65953, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA LATICOSTA (Meek). Plate 48, figs. 11-13. Delthyris lynx Haut, Pal. New York, vol. 1, 1847, pl. 32D, figs. 1 0 BQ: Orthis laticostata JAMES, Cat. Sil. Foss. Cincinnati Group, 1871, p. 10 (nomen nudem).—MitEr, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, 1875, p. 27. Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata var. laticosta MrEx, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, 1873, p. 116, pl. 10, fig. 4.—Lrstey, Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, Rep. P. 4, 1889, p. 509, figs. 4a-d. Platystrophia biforata var. laticosta Hart and CrarKe, Pal. New York, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1892, p. 223, pl. 5B, figs. 5, 8, 9 (not 6, 7). Platystrophia lyna var. laticosta Cuminas and Maucx, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 14, 1902, p. 4.-Cumines (part), Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, p. 28 (footnote) p. 29, figs. e-e’”’. Platystrophia laticosta CuminGs (part), Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 15, 1908, pp. 30, 122. Platystrophia laticosta Forrste, Amer. Geol., vol. 31, 1903, p. 334.—GRABAU and Summer, N. A. Index Fossils, vol. 1, 1907, p. 258.—Forrste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, pl. 3, figs. la, b, 2. Platystrophia laticosta has a transverse shell with seven plications on the lateral slopes. The fold is compressed and the sinus deep. The depth of the sinus is increased by elevation of the inner edges of the lateral slopes of the pedicle valve, which is the result of lateral compression. The slopes of the brachial valve have a convex curve from the front to the cardinal margin with the steepest part of the curve toward the hinge. The curve from the edge of the fold to the lateral margin is flatly convex. The chief distinction between Platystrophia laticosta and Platy- strophia cypha is one of degree. Both have high compressed folds and deep sinuses, but there is less compression of the fold and less depth to the sinus in the former. The lengthwise convexity of the no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—MCEWAN. 433 lateral slopes is also less in Platystrophia laticosta than in Platy- strophia cypha. The lateral plications of the fold and sinus are weak, but they have never entirely disappeared. Specimens of Platystrophia cypha often have one or both of these plications entirely missing. Similar specimens occur in the Waynesville beds. The latter, are ventricose, more transverse and bear nine instead of seven plications on the lateral slopes. Occurrence.—Maysville group. Leipers formation: Nashville, Ten- nessee. Bellevue member: Maysville, Bullittsville, and Oldham County, Kentucky; Madison, Vevay, Lawrenceburg and Manchester, Indiana. Bellevue and Corryville beds: Cincinnati and elsewhere in Ohio. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 48605, 50946, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA UNICOSTATA Cumings. Plate 48, figs. 4-7. Platystrophia unicostata Cuminas, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1903, pp. 28-29, figs. 15 a-d, p. 31.—Forrsre, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, pl. 4, fig. 6. Professor Cumings has described this form as a uniplicate Platy- strophia laticosta of the Upper Maysville. It differs from that species in that it is more compressed, is narrower and has a higher fold and deeper sinus. The compression, the high fold, and deep sinus and loss of lateral plications of the fold and sinus agree with Platystrophia cypha as do also the contour of the lateral slopes. The slopes of the brachial valve bend rapidly toward the cardinal margin, somewhat less rapidly to the frontal margin, and with almost no bend to the lateral margin. The slopes of the pedicle valve are profoundly elevated along the inner margins which descend with a decided slope and form a deep concavity. This species differs from Platystrophia cypha in that the hinge line is not more than one-fourth greater than the width across the middle and the lateral plications are fewer, coarser and more widely spaced, as there are only five and six. Specimens in the United States National Museum labeled by James as Platystrophia cypha belong to this species. James took as his types of Platystrophia cypha shells which were conspicuously prolonged along the hinge-line and with 10 or 12 plications on each of the lateral slopes. Platystrophia unicostata is connected with Platystroplia laticosta by all degrees of variants. Some individuals have three plications on the sinus and four on the fold; in this case the lateral plications are 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——28 434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. very weak. Some individuals have one lateral plication on the fold and one in the sinus fairly well developed, while those on the opposite side merely appear or are entirely absent. The loss of these plica- cations is due to obsolescence. Among the specimens in Columbia University there were several which showed this loss to be due to retardation in development, but none of the specimens belonging to the National Museum show this and the Columbia specimens are not regarded as representative. Measurements. —28.5 mm. along the hinge line, 24 mm. wide across the middle, 18.3 mm. high, 22 mm. thick, 13 mm. sinal width, 16 mm, sinal depth, 6 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville Group. Bellevue: Madison and Vevay, Indiana; Maysville: Near Lebanon, Kentucky. Corryville: Cincin- nati, Ohio. Plesvotypes.—Cat. Nos. 39037, 65968, 65969, 65970, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA UNICOSTATA CRASSIFORMIS, new variety. Plate 48, figs. 8-10. This variety is represented by narrow gibbous specimens which show strong lateral compression. The hinge line equals or is greater than the width across the middle. The fold is narrow and strongly elevated; the sinus is profound. In most specimens there are two plications on the fold and one in the sinus, but in other specimens there is one weak lateral plication on one or both sides of the fold and sinus. The lateral slopes of the brachial valve are strongly convex, those of the pedicle valve strongly concave. The slopes are occupied by four to six plications. This variety has been confused with Platystrophia crassa. It has a more angular outline, the fold is higher, the sinus deeper, and the lateral plications are broader and more broadly spaced. It is nar- rower than Platystrophia unicostata. The many characteristics in common between this variety and Platystrophia cypha would indicate that it belonged to that species, but the growth stages and many variants point to Platystrophia laticosta as the stock from which this variety developed. Measurements.—25 mm. along the hinge line, 22.2 mm. wide across the middle, 17.1 mm. high, 19 mm. thick, 11.5 mm. sinal width, 11.5 mm. sinal depth, 4.5 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Maysville group. Leipers formation; Boodlettsville, Tennessee. Bellevue member: Maysville, Kentucky; Bellevue; Madison, Indiana. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65965, U.S.N.M. no. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—MCEWAN. 435 PLATYSTROPHIA CYPHA (James) Plate 47, figs. 22-25; plate 48, figs. 14-16. Delthyris lynz Haut, Pal. New York, vol. 1, pl. 32D, figs. 1 R. S. T. U. Orthis (Platystrophia) cypha James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, 1874, p. 20; not figured. Platystrophia cypha CuminGs, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, 1908, p. 39, ioot- note.—ForrstE, Amer. Geol., vol. 31, 1903, p. 341; Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 16, 1910, p. 61, pl. 4, fig. 10a—b; pl. 5, fig. 11; pl. 4, fig. 12; Ohio Naturalist, vol. 12, 1912, p. 453, pl. 22, fig. 5. Platystrophia lynx var. cypha CuminGs, 32nd Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana, 1908, p. 917. Mr. James described this species as a transverse gibbous form with a hinge so long as to form spinelike projections; a profound sinus; a remarkably elevated fold; convexity equaling the width across the middle; one strong plication in the sinus and an obscure rudimentary one on each side; and twenty-two to twenty-six angular costae on each valve. Doctor Foerste saw the specimens preserved in the James collec- tion in the Walker Museum of Chicago University as types of Platy- strophia cypha. He says:! The one numbered 2326 * * * is prolonged conspicuously along the hinge line; it possesses 12 plications; on one side of the shell extend to about three-quarters of an inch from the beak. The spinelike prolongation at the opposite end of the hinge line has been broken off. The other specimens can not be regarded as types since in these the prolongation of the shell along the hinge line does not exceed an eighth of an inch and the number of plications on each side of the fold is 7 or 8 instead of 10 or 12. Although all of these specimens can not be regarded as original types, they evidently belong to the same species if my interpretation of the species is correct. I have before me about 200 specimens of this species, and those which apply to this description are found at various horizons of the Arnheim of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. I have one specimen from the Arnheim of Lebanon, Kentucky, which seems to agree in dimensions with those which Mr. James took as his types. It is 40 mm. along the hinge and 23.5 mm. wide across the middle. There are 12 plications on the lateral slopes. This specimen, how- ever, has four plications in the simus and five on the fold. Individ- uals of nearly every species of the triplicate group have been found which have more than three plications im the sinus and four on the fold, and this specimen represents one of these mutations. The average individual of these Arnheim forms has a hinge line which is about one-fourth greater than the width across the middle, and has 9 or 10 plications on the lateral slopes. The high com- pressed fold has two strong and two weak plications; the profound sinus has a strong median plication and two weak lateral plications. 1 Bull. Sei. Lab. Denison Uniy., vol. 16, 1910, p. 62. 436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. The slopes of the brachial valve have a-strongly convex curve from the cardinal to the frontal margin. There is only a slight convex curve from the fold to the lateral margins. The slopes of the pedicle valve are strongly concave, the greatest concavity being behind the cardinal angles. Specimens with fewer lateral plications which are found associated with those just described are placed in this species as they are in agreement in all other characters. Doctor Foerste has applied the name Platystrophia cypha conradi (see pl. 47, figs. 26, 27, Cat. No. 66028, U.S.N.M.) to that type of shell which is much prolonged along the hinge-line, bears numerous plica- tions on the lateral slopes, and has a less compressed fold and sinus which bears stronger lateral plications than is found in typical speci- mens of Platystrophia cypha. Platystrophia cypha resembles Platystrophia unicostata and Pla- tystrophia unicostata crassiformis. The chief difference lies in its greater width and correspondingly greater number of plications on the lateral slopes. Measurements.—33 mm. along the hinge, 25.5 mm. wide across the middle, 17.5 mm. high, 17.5 mm. thick, 13.5 mm. sinal width, 11.5 mm. sinal depth, 6 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Arnheim formation: Waynesville and Lebanon, Ohio; Seatonville, Bardstown, Lebanon, near Spring- field, Fisherville, etc., Kentucky; and Madison, Indiana. Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 66001, 66009, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA CYPHA TUMIDA, new variety. Plate 48, figs. 17-20. Among the specimens of Platystrophia cypha found in the Arnheim of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana occurs a variety with a tumid shell in which the thickness equals the width across the middle and equals or exceeds the height. The hinge line forms the greatest width. Four specimens from Mount Washington, Kentucky, have the hinge line greatly extended but in most specimens it is about a third greater than the width across the middle. The fold is high and slightly less compressed than in typical specimens of the species. The sinus is profound in front and has a direction at right angles to the direction of the posterior portion of the sinus. The lateral plica- tions of the fold and sinus are on the average relatively strong but they are always weaker than the median plications. The number of plications on the lateral slopes vary from 8 to 10. The slopes of the brachial valve are swollen. The descent in ail directions is abrupt, but it is most abrupt toward the cardinal margin. The lateral slopes of the pedicle valve are greatly elevated next to the sinus. Strong compression of this valve has resulted in a decid- edly concave outline. NO. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 437 Compared with Platystrophia wallowayi this form has more acum- mate cardinal extremes with concave rather than convex lateral mar- gins. The slopes of the brachial valve are more tumid and those of the pedicle valve more compressed than in the latter.species. It has many of the characteristics of Platystrophia unicostata. The slopes of the brachial valve are more swollen and those of the pedicle valve more compressed than that form and it also has a greater number of plications on the slopes. The inflated brachial valve suggests relationship to Platystrophia clerksvillensis and Platystrophia cumingsi and the stratigraphic position of the three forms strengthens this view, but this variety marks the culmination of a development toward decrease in width and increase in thickness. It would not be likely to give rise to species whose development was toward increase in the width of the shell. Measurements.—33.5 mm. along the hinge line, 25.9 mm. wide across the middle, 19.3 mm. high, 25 mm. thick, 16.8 mm. sinal width, 16 mm. sinal depth, 6.5 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Arnheim formation: One mile south of Mount Washington, Greenwell Ford, 14 miles south of Clark, etc., Kentucky; 4 miles northeast of Gallatin and Goodletts- ville, Tennessee; Waynesville and Clarksville, Ohio; Southeastern Indiana. Holotype.—Cat. No. 66069, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA CYPHA ARCTA, new variety. Plate 48, figs. 1-3. Another variant of Platystrophia cypha has a thinner valve and a more compressed fold and sinus than other members of the species and the lateral plications on the slopes of the fold and sinus are weak, Sometimes they become obsolete before reaching the frontal margin. Most of the specimens have subquadrate cardinal extremes; a few specimens are slightly elogate on the hinge-line. The convexity of the brachial valve and concavity of the pedicle valve are not so marked as in other members of the species. Nine and ten closely spaced plica- tions occupy the lateral slopes. This variety 1s easily distinguished by its thin fold, narrow form, and closely spaced plications. Measurements.—35 mm. along the hinge line, 33 mm. wide across the middle, 17.5 mm. high, 13.5 mm. thick, 12 mm. sinal width, 9.5 mm. sinal depth, 6 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond group. Arnheim formation: Wyoming, Sunset, + mile east of Fisherville, Clark, Greenwell Ford Section, Bullitt County, Kentucky; Gallatin, Tennessee; Waynesville, Ohio. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 66045, U.S.N.M. 438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. PLATYSTROPHIA CYPHA BELLATULA, new variety. Plate 47, figs. 28-30. In the Waynesville formation of Ohio and Kentucky there is a small variety of Platystrophia cypha with six, seven, or eight plications on the lateral slopes. This variety has many characteristics in common with Platystrophia unicostata. It is smaller and shorter than that species, and has somewhat narrower plications on the lateral slopes. Measurements.—25.2 mm. along the hinge line, 21.5 mm. wide across the middle, 14 mm. high, 17 mm. thick, 9.5 mm. sinal width, 13 mm. sinal depth, 4.5 mm. fold depth. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Waynesville formation; Waynes- ville and Clarksville, Ohio; Westport, Kentucky. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 66021, U.S.N.M. PLATYSTROPHIA WALLOWAYI Foerste. Plate 45, figs. 5-8. Platystrophia wallowayi Forrstr, Ohio Naturalist, vol. 12, 1912, p. 453, pl. 22, fig. 6. This represents a globose form with a hinge line somewhat shorter than the width across the middle, a high, broad, rounded fold and broad deep sinus. The brachial valve is strongly convex. The pedicle valve is not as deep as the brachial valve; it is convex next to the sinus, but becomes slightly concave toward the cardinal angles. There are usually four plications on the fold and three in the sinus but in some specimens there are five or more plications on the fold and four or more in the sinus. There are usually 9 or 10 plications on the lateral slopes. Mature specimens have strong growth lines. Measurements.—19 mm. along the hinge line, 22.6 mm. wide below the middle (greatest width), 17.3 mm. high, 17.2 mm. thick, 13.7 mm. sinal width, 11.3 mm. sinal depth, 6.7 mm. fold height. Occurrence.—Richmond group: Arnheim formation: Walloway Creek, near Boston, Bardstown, etc., Kentucky; Southeastern Indi- ana. Plesvoty pes. Cat. Nos. 39043, 65981, U.S.N.M. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 42. All figures on this plate are natural size. Fies. 1, 2. Platystrophia uniplicate, new species, p. 405. 1. Pedicle valve showing one plication in the sinus. 2. Brachial valve. The low fold bearing two plications is typical (same specimen as fig. 1). Trenton limestone near Lake Champlain, New York. NO. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McCEWAN. 439 Fies. 3-6. Platystrophia trentonensis. new species, p. 407. 3. Pedicle valve. The figure shows the presence of three plications in the sinus. 4. Pedicle valve of a long-hinged specimen. Trenton group (Prosser limestone) Decorah, Iowa. Brachial valve showing the bifurcation of the median plication. 6. Artterior view. Trenton group (Prosser limestone), Fountain, Minnesota. lies. 7,8. Platystrophia precedens, new species, p. 405. 7. Pedicle valve showing two plications in the sinus merging into one at the beak. Trenton group (Curdsville limestone), Mercer County, Kentucky 8. Pedicle valve of a plump specimen. The presence of one plication in the sinus at the beak is shown. Trenton limestone near Lake Champlain. New York. Fics. 9-11. Platystrophia trentonensis champlainensis. new variety, p. 407. 9. Pedicle valve. The biplicate plication pattern is well shown. 10, Cardinal view showing the short hinge line. 11. Brachial valve. The figure illustrates the bifurcation of the median plication. Trenton limestone near Lake Champlain. New York. meet ce 14. Platystrophia trentonensis perplana, new variety, p. 407. . Pedicale valve showing the intercalation of a median plication in the sinus. s: Cardinal view. The thin form is typical. Trenton group (Curdsville limestone). Crossville Quadrangle, Tennessee. 14. Brachial valve. The figure shows the biplicate arrangement of the plications of the fold. Trenton group (Curdsville limestone), Mercer County, Kentucky. lies 15-19. Platystrophia hermitagensis. new species. p. 409. 15. Pedicle valve showing the broad shallow sinus. Trenton group (Hermitage limestone), Payton’s Creek, 6 miles northwest of Carthage, Tennessee. 16. Brachial valve showing the low multiplicate fold. 17. Pedicle valve. This specimen lacks the usual median plication in the sinus. 18. Anterior view. The thin form is characteristic. 19. Cardinal view. The presence of two plications on the fold at the beak is shown in this figure. Trenton group (Hermitage limestone), Auburn, Tennessee. Vie. 20. Platystrophia, species. 20. A specimen of the Biplicate Group with two plications in the sinus. Only one valve was found. Trenton group (Prosser limestone), Cannon Falls, Minnesota. Ties. 21. 22. Platystrophia reqularis Shaler, p. 405. 21. Pedicle valve showing the two plications in the sinus. The outer margin has been broken away. ° 22. Brachial valve partly buried in limestone. The three plications on the fold are typical. Richmond group (Ellis Bay), Cliff. one-half mile east of Junction Cliff, Anti- costi Island. hie. 23. Platystrophia reversata (Foerste), p. 408. 23. Pedicle valve showing the multiplicate sinus. .The outer edges have been broken away. Albion group (Brassfield limestone), Dayton, Ohio. tre. 24. Platystrophia daytonensis (Foerste). p. 406. 24. Brachial valve. The three plications on the fold are typical. Albion group (Brassfield limestone), Nelson County. Kentucky. or 440 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Figs. 25-28, Platystrophia brachynota (fall). p. 408. 25. Cardinal view illustrating the short hinge. 26. Brachial valve of the same specimen. The figure shows the five plications on the fold. Niagarian group (Louisville limestone), Louisville, Kentucky. 27. Pedicle valve. The presence of four plications in the sinus is characteristic. 28. Brachial valve of a small specimen. Albion group (Brassfield limestone), Nelson County, Kentucky. Fies. 29-31. Platystrophia. species. 29. Brachial valve. The fold scarcely rises above the general convex outline. 30. Cardinal view. 31. Pedicle valve. The shallow sinus is characteristic. ‘The plication pattern of the fold and sinus shows that this species belongs to the biplicate group. Middle Ordovician (Wesenberg limestone), near Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia. Fies. 32-39. Platystrophia, species. 32. Cardinal view showing the short hinge-line and globose form. 33. Brachial valve. The three plications of the fold is typical. The varices are so strong as to be almost lamellose. 34. Pedicle valve. 35. Anterior view. This species has two plications in the sinus. The plication pattern of the fold and sinus places this species in the biplicate group. Upper Ordovician (#1) Kurkiill, Russia. Figs. 36-38. Plastystroplaa rhynchonelliformis, new species, p. 413. 36. Brachial valve showing a compressed fold. 37. Pedicle valve. The triplicate arrangement of the plications of the sinus is typical. 38. Cardinal view. The short hinge line is typical. Trenton limestone Ellisburg, New York. Fies. 39-41. Platystrophia extensa, new species, p. 410. 39. Pedicle valve showing the triplicate plication pattern. Trenton group (Hermitage limestone), two miles north of Hartsville, Tennessee. 40. Cardinal view. The thin valves are characteristic. 41. Brachial valve. Trenton group (Hermitage limestone), Auburn, Tennessee. Fias. 42-43. Platystrophia daytonensis laurelensis, new variety, p. 406. 42. Brachial valve showing the presence of three plications on the fold. 43. Pedicle valve. The two plications in the sinus show the biplicate arrange- ment. Niagara group (Laurel limestone), St. Paul, Indiana. PLATE 43. All figures on this plate are natural size. Fras. 1-8. Platystrophia amoena, new species, p. 412. 1. Brachial valve. The figure shows the low spreading fold. Trenton group (Bigby limestone), Cynthiana, Kentucky. 2. Brachial valve of a mutation which has six plications on the fold. 3. Brachial valve of a normal individual. Trenton limestone, Trenton Falls, New York. 4, Brachial valve of a narrow specimen. - . Anterior view showing the low fold, shallow sinus and thin valves. . Pedicle valve of a normal individual. Trenton group (Bigby limestone), Versailles, Kentucky. . Pedicle valve of a mutation which has four plications in the sinus. . Brachial valve of a normal individual. Trenton group (Bigby limestone), Frankfort, Kentucky. a oN ~] oo No. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 44] Fires. 9-13. Platystrophia amoena longicardinalis, new variety, p. 412. 9, Pedicle valve. The figure shows the shallow sinus. 10. Brachial valve. The low spreading fold is typical. Trenton limestone, Trenton Falls, New York. 11, 12. Brachial valves. 13. Cardinal view showing the ventricosity. All the specimens show the char- acteristic acuminate hinge extremities, Trenton group (Prosser limestone), Fountain, Minnesota. Fires. 14-17. Platystrophia amoena robusta, new variety, p. 412. 14, Cardinal view. The plump form is characteristic. 15. Pedicle valve. The shallow sinus is illustrated. 16. Anterior view. The figure illustrates the shallow sinus. 17. Brachial valve showing the characteristic strong growth lines. Trenton limestone, Trenton Falls, New York. Fies. 18-22. Platystrophia globosa, new species, p. 413. _18. Pedicle valve. The triplicate plication pattern is well shown. 19. Cardinal view. The plump form is typical. 20. Anterior view showing the broad sinus. 21. Brachial valve illustrating the broad low fold. Trenton group, Nashville, Tennessee. 22. Brachial valve. Trenton limestone, Ellisburg, New York. Fies. 23-26. Platystrophia strigosa, new species, p. 417. 23. Anterior view showing the typical thin form, low fold and shallow sinus. 24. Pedicle valve. The broad sharp plications are characteristic. 25. Brachial valve, of a mutation with five plications on the fold. 26. Brachial valve of a somewhat larger specimen. Maysville group (Fairmount), Newport, Kentucky. Fics. 27-29. Platystrophia corryvillensis, new species, p. 419. 27. Cardinal view showing the ventricose brachial valve and long hinge line. 28. Brachial valve. The fold scarcely rises above the general convexity of the valves. 29. Pedicle valve. The broad sinus is typical. Maysville group (Corryville beds), Cincinnati, Ohio. Fras. 30-35. Platystrophia morrowensis (James), p. 418. 30. Lateral view. The globose form is characteristic. 31. Pedicle valve showing the low spreading fold. 22. Cardinal view. The short hinge line is characteristic. 33. Pedicle valve of an individual with three plications in the sinus. Maysville group (Corryville beds), Morrow, Cincinnati, etc., Ohio. 34. Pedicle valve of a longer hinged individual. 35. Brachial valve of a very short hinged specimen. Maysville group (Corryville beds), Cincinnati, Ohio. Fras. 36-41. Platystrophia juvenis, new species, p. 416. 36. Brachial valve of a typical specimen. 37. Brachial valve of a mutation with seven plications on the lateral slopes. 38. Pedicle valve of a mutation which approaches Platystrophia pauciplicata. 39. Pedicle valve of a typical specimen. 40. Anterior view showing the even convexity of the valves. 41. A group attached to a bryozoan frond. Maysville group (Fairmount beds), Newport and Covington, Kentucky. Fies. 42-43. Platystrophia nitida, new species. p. 418. 42. Brachial valve showing the characteristic low spreading fold. 43. Cardinal view. The short hinge line is characteristic. Maysville group (Fairmount), Cincinnati, Ohio. 442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Fies. 44-47. Platystrophia elegantula, new species, p. 410. 44. Pedicle valve. The multiplicate sinus is characteristic. 45. Cardinal view showing the short hinge. 46. Brachial valve. The outer plications are shown to curve. 47. Anterior view. This species has a low rounded fold and broad sinus. These specimens show the characteristic multiplicate sinus. Trenton group (Bigby limestone), Frankfort, Kentucky. Fic. 48. Platystrophia elegantula triplicata, new variety,p. 411. 48. Pedicle valve showing the presence of only three plications in the sinus. Trenton limestone, Ellisburg, New York. Fia. 49. Platystrophia elegantula amplisulcata, new variety, p. 411. 49. Pedicle valve with seven plications in the sinus. Trenton group (Bigby limestone), Frankfort, Kentucky. Fria. 50. Portion of the outer surface of a Platystrophia morrowensis James, showing the granular character. PLATE 44, All figures on this plate are natural size. Fies. 1-4. Platystrophia precursor Foerste, p. 415. 1. Brachial valve. This figure shows the subequal plications on the fold. 2. Pedicle valve. The broad sinus is typical. 3. Anterior view showing the broad, moderately deep sinus. 4. Cardinal view showing the equiconvex valves. Trenton group (Catheys formation), Nashville, Tennessee. Fias. 5-7. Platystrophia precursor latiformis, new variety, p. 415. 5. Cardinal view showing the long hinge line. 6. Pedicle valve. The triplicate plication pattern is well shown. 7. Brachial valve. Trenton group (Catheys formation), Nashville, Tennessee. Fies. 8-11. Platystrophia colbiensis Foerste, p. 414. 8. Brachial valve of an average individual. 9. Pedicle valve of an average individual. Trenton group (Catheys formation), Edgefield Junction, Tennessee. 10. Pedicle valve of a large specimen. 11. Brachial valve of same specimen. Trenton group (Catheys formation), Nashville, Tennessee. Fie. 12. Platystrophia colbiensis mutata Foerste, p. 414. 12. Pedicle valve showing five plications in the sinus. Trenton group, 4 miles east of Mount Pleasant, Tennessee. Fias. 13-16. Platystrophia precursor angusta, new variety, p. 416. 13. Brachial valve of a specimen which is referred to this variety. Trenton group (Prosser limestone), Hader, Goodhue County, Minnesota. 14. Pedicle valve showing the typical narrow form. 15. Brachial valve of another specimen. 16. Anterior view. The figure shows the thick valves. Trenton group (Catheys formation), Nashville, Tennessee. Fies, 17-20. Platystrophia precursor profunda, new variety, p. 415. 17. Pedicle valve. The figure shows a deep sinus. 18. Brachial valve. The broad fold is characteristic. 19. Cardinal view showing the brachial valve to be deeper than the pedicle valve. 20. Anterior view. The deep sinus is characteristic. Trenton group (Catheys formation), Nashville, Tennessee. NO. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McEWAN. 443 Puate 45, All figures on this plate are natural size. Fies. 1-4. Platystrophia clarksvillensis Foerste, p. 422. 1. Cardinal view showing the extended hinge line. 2. Pedicle valve. The specimen shows the subequal plications in the sinus 3. Anterior view. The prominent sinus is characteristic. Richmond group (Waynesville formation), Waynesville, Ohio. 4. Brachial valve. Richmond group (Waynesville formation), Oregonia, Ohio. Fies. 5-8. Platystrophia wallowayi Foerste, p. 438. . Anterior view showing the great depth of the sinus. Richmond group (Arnheim), Southeastern Indiana. . Lateral view. The robust form is characteristic. . Brachial valve, The figure shows the typical strong varices. . Pedicle valve of a mutation with four plications in the sinus. Richmond group (Arnheim). Long Run, three-fourths mile above [osion, Jefferson County, Kentucky. Fies. 9-13. Platystrophia cumingsi, new species, p. 422. 9. Pedicle valve. The figure represents an average specimen. Richmond group (Waynesville formation), Oxford, Butler County, Ohio. 10. Cardinal view. The ventricose form is characteristic. Richmond group (Waynesville formation), Oregonia, Ohio. 11. Brachial valve showing the strong plications on the slopes of the fold. 12. Anterior view of a mutation which has four plications in the sinus. Richmond group (Waynesville formation), Waynesville, Ohio. 13. Brachial valve. The right side has been crushed. Richmond group (Fernvale limestone), Wilmington, Illinois. Fies. 14-16. Platystrophia ci. cwmingsi, new species, p. 422. 14, Anterior view showing shallow sinus, low fold and thin valves. 15. Pedicle valve. The extended cardinal extremes is characteristic. - 16. Brachial valve. Richmond group, near Waynesville, Ohio. Fies. 17-19. Platystrophia sublaticosta, new species, p. 419. 17. Anterior view. The shallow sinus and low fold are typical. 18. Brachial valve showing the strong plications on the slopes of the fold. 19. Pedicle valve. (Same specimen as fig. 17.) Maysville group (Upper Fairmount), Cincinnati, Ohio. Figs, 20-21. Platystrophia acutilirata (Conrad), p. 424. 20. Interior of pedicle valve. 21. Brachial valve. The low broad fold is typical. Richmond group (Whitewater), Richmond, Indiana. Fie. 22. Platystrophia acutilirata prolongata Foerste, p. 425. 22. Pedicle valve showing the extended cardinal extremities. Richmond group (Whitewater formation), Richmond, Indiana. Fie. 23, Platystrophia acutilirata sener Cumings, p. 426. 23. Brachial valve. The narrow form is characteristic. Richmond group (Upper Whitewater formation), Richmond, Indiana. bal a> on oo ~I . PuLaTeE 46. All the figures on this plate are natural size. Fies. 1-4. Platystrophia attenuata, new species, p. 421. 1. Pedicle valve. The figure illustrates the broad shallow sinus. 2. Anterior view showing the characteristic thin form. 444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Fia. 3. Brachial valve. The low spreading fold is typical. 4. Brachial valve with nine plications on the lateral slopes. Richmond group (Waynesville formation), Warren County, Ohio. Baeek 5-8. Platystrophia acuminata (James) p. 420. . Brachial valve showing the slightly elevated fold. 6 Brachial valve. The acuminate cardinal extreme are characteristic. 7. Pedicle valve. The plications on the slopes of the sinus have almost disap- peared. 8. Posterior view of the shell. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Waynesville, Ohio. Fias. 9-12. Platysirophia foerstei, new species, p. 420. 9. Posterior view showing the long-hinge-line. Richmond Group Waynesville, Ohio. 10. Pedicle valve. The somewhat extended cardinal extremes are well illus- trated. Richmond group (Liberty beds), just east of Eastwood, Jefferson County, Kentucky. 11. Pedicle valve of a narrow specimen. 12. Brachial valve. The broad fold is typical. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), 1 mile east of Seatonville, Kentucky. Fics. 13-16. Platystrophia foersiet ampla, new variety, p. 421. 13. Brachial valve of an average specimen. Richmond group (Liberty), Ravine East of Floyd’s Fork, Jefferson County, Kentucky. 14. Posterior view showing the ventricose form. Richmond Group (Waynesville formation), Long Run near mouth of Tates Creek, Jefferson County, Kentucky. 15. Pedicle valve. 16. Brachial valve. Richmond group (Waynesville), 14 miles southeast of Thixton, Jefferson County, Kentucky. Fias. 17-19. Platystrophia elkhornensis, new species p. 426. 17. Pedicle valve. The figure shows the strong growth varices. 18. Cardinal view showing the short hinge line and globose form. 19. Brachial valve. Richmond group (Elkhorn Division), Elkhorn Creek, Richmond, Indiana. Fies. 20-24. Platystrophia annieana Foerste, p. 423. 20. Anterior view of a narrow specimen. The even convexity is characteristic. Richmond group (Whitewater formation), Richmond, Indiana. 21. Pedicle valve.. A mutation with five plications in the sinus. 22. Brachial valve of an average specimen. 23. Brachial valve. (Same specimen as fig. 21.) Richmond group (Waynesville formation), Waynesville, Ohio. 24, Anterior view. This specimen has a higher fold than the average. Richmond group, 1 mile east of Bradstown, Kentucky. Fias. 25-28. Platystrophia moritura Cumings, p. 424. 25. Brachial valve. 26. Anterior view showing the deep sinus. Richmond group (Whitewater beds), Ripley County, Indiana. 27. Anterior view of a robust specimen. The slightly compressed fold is charac- teristic. 28. Pedicle valve. This figure represents a mutation with five plications in the sinus and six on the fold. Richmond group (Liberty beds), railroad cut just northwest of Eastwood, Kentucky. NO. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McCEWAN. 445 PLatE 47. All figures on this plate are natural size. Pres. 1-11. Plaiystrophia crassa (James), p. 430. . Brachial valve. . Pedicle valve. Lateral view. ‘The gibbous form is typical. . Posterior view. . Pedicle valve of a short thick mutation. . Anterior view of a short thick mutation. . Anterior view of aspecimen with a high fold bearing dwarfed lateral plications. . Pedicle valve of a high fold specimen. 9. Brachial valve. A specimen with a high fold bearing weak lateral plications. 10. Cardinal view of a short-hinged mutation. 11. Anterior view showing the deep sinus. Maysville (Upper Fairmount), Cincinnati, Ohio; Covington, Kentucky. Fig. 12. Platystrophia crassa, variety p. 432. 12. Brachial valve. Richmond (Arnheim), 14 miles south of Clark, Kentucky. Fries. 138-15. Platystrophia pauciplicata Cumings, p. 417. 18. Pedicle valve. The lateral slopes bear six plications. 14, Anterior view. Showing the thin valves. 15. Brachial valve. The fold is slightly elevated. Maysville (Basal Fairmount), Covington, Kentucky. Fyes. 16-18. Platystrophia profundosulcata (Meek), p. 429. 16. Brachial valve of a narrow specimen. 17. Pedicle valve showing the characteristic transverse form. 18. Anterior view. The profound sinus is typical. Maysville (Basal Fairmount), Cincinnati, Ohio. Fies. 19-21. Platystrophia profundosulcata hopensis Foerste p. 430. 19. Pedicle valve showing the decidedly transverse form. 20. Brachial valve showing the prominent fold. 21. Anterior view. Maysville (Mount Hope), Cincinnati, Ohio. Fries. 22-25. Platystrophia cypha James, p. 435. 22. Brachial valve showing the characteristic broad form. 23. Anterior view. The profound sinus is typical. 24. Pedicle valve which shows the extended hinge-line. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Waynesville, Ohio. . Anterior view showing the height of the fold. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), 1 mile east of Seatonville, Kentucky. Fries, 26-27. Platystrophia cypha conradi Foerste, p. 436. 26. Brachial valve. 27. Pedicle valve. The lateral plications of the fold are strong, Richmond group (Arnheim formation), one-fourth mile northeast of Seaton- hn o> “I oO bo or ville, Kentucky. Fies, 28-30. Platystrophia cypha bellatula, new variety, p. 438. 28. Brachial valve. 29, Anterior view. 30. Pedicle valve showing the characteristic narrow form. Richmond group (Waynesyille formation), Waynesville, Ohio. 446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. PLATE 48. All figures on this plate are natural size. Fras. 1-3. Platystrophia cypha arcta, new variety, p. 437. 1. Pedicle valve. 2. Anterior view showing the deep sinus. 3. Brachial valve. (Same specimen as fig. 2.) These figures show the charac- teristic narrow form. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Greenwell Ford Section, Bullitt County, Kentucky. Fis. 4-7. Platystrophia unicostata Cumings, p. 433. 4, Pedicle valve. The specimen has only two plications in the sinus. Maysville group (Bellevue member), Madison, Indiana. 5. Cardinal view showing the somewhat extended cardinal extremes. Maysville group, Southeastern Indiana. 6. Brachial valve. The high compressed fold bearing weak lateral plications is typical. Maysville group, Lebanon, Kentucky. . Anterior view showing the characteristic profound sinus. Corryville, Cincinnati, Obio. Fies. 8-10. Platystrophia unicostata crassiformis, new variety, p. 434. 8. Anterior view. Showing the presence of one strong and two weak plications in the sinus. 9. Brachial valve. The high compressed fold is characteristic. 10. Pedicle valve. These specimens show the typical narrow valves. Mayesville group (Bellevue member), Madison, Indiana. Figs. 11-13. Platystrophia laticosta (Meek), p. 432. 11. Anterior view. The high fold and profound sinus are typical. Maysville (Bellevue), Oldham County, Kentucky. 12. Pedicle valve. 13. Brachial valve showing weak plications on the slopes of the fold. Maysville (Corryville beds), Cincinnati, Ohio. Fras. 14-16. Platystrophia cypha, variety. 14. Anterior view. 15. Pedicle valve. 16. Brachial valve. Richmond group (Waynesville), Madison, Indiana. Fies. 17-20. Platystrophia cypha tumida, new variety, p. 436. 17. Brachial valve. 18. Pedicle valve. 19. Anterior view showing the great depth of the sinus. 20. Cardinal view. The tumid appearance is characteristic. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Southeastern Indiana. ~I Puave 49. All figures on this plate are natural size. Fics. 1-5. Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, p. 427. . Cardinal view of an immature specimen. . Pedicle valve of an immature specimen. . Pedicle valve of a mature specimen. Maysville group (Bellevue). Madison, Indiana. Brachial valve of a specimen which is referred to this species. Maysville group (Leipers formation), Leipers Creek, Tennessee, 4, Interior view of pedicle valve. Maysville group, Oldham County, Kentucky. on oo bo NO. 2297. BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA—McCEWAN. 447 Fies. 6-8. Platystrophia preponderosa, new species, p. 427. 6. Pedicle valve. This figure shows a moderately deep sinus. 7. Brachial valve with a moderately elevated fold. 8. Cardinal view showing the globose form. Trenton group (Catheys limestone), 2 miles west of Nashville, Tennessce. Fies, 9-12. Platystrophia ponderosa auburnensis Foerste, p. 428. 9. Cardinal view showing the shortened hinge-line and globose form. 10. Brachial valve. The well-marked growth lines are characteristic. Maysville group (Mount Auburn), Cincinnati, Ohio. 11. Pedicle valve. Maysville group (Mount Auburn) Oldham County, Kentucky. 12. Cardinal view of an immature specimen. Maysville group (Mount Auburn), Madison, Indiana. Piate 50. All figures on this plate are natural size. Fies. 1-3. Platystrophia fernvalensis, new species, p. 428. 1. Interior of pedicle valve showing the deep muscle scar. 2, Pedicle valve. The coarse plications at the beak split into striae as they approach the margins. 3. Brachial valve. The low fold is typical. The outer margins of these specimens are broken away. Richmond group (Fernvale limestone), Old Quarry southeast of Regenhardts Quarry at the northwest edge of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Fies. 4-7. Platystrophia ponderosa, variety. 4, Cardinal view. The figure illustrates the short hinge and globose form. 5. Brachial valve showing curved plications next to the cardinal angles. (Same specimen as fig. 4.) Richmond group (Arnheim formation), near Bakers, Tennessee. 6. Pedicle valve showing the broad round sinus. Richmond group (Arnheim) east of Long Run Sta., Jefferson County, Ky. 7. Pedicle valve of a mutation with seven plications in the sinus. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Long Run, south of Eastwood, Ken- tucky. This type of shell seems to be confined to the Arnheim member of the Richmond group. Fries. 8-11. Platystrophia, species. 8. Pedicle valve showing the broad shallow sinus. 9. Cardinal view. The extended hinge line is characteristic. 10. Brachial valve. The figure illustrates the low, broad fold. 11. Anterior view. ‘The even convexity of the pedicle valve is shown. Maysville group (Bellevue member), Madison, Indiana. 12. Cardinal view of a subquadrate mutation. 13. Brachial valve of the same specimen. 14. Pedicle valve of the same type of shell. 15. Lateral view of the same specimen. Maysville group (Mount Auburn), Cincinnati, Ohio. PLATE 51. Fies. 1-5. Platystrophia ponderosa, variety. 1, Brachial valve showing the loss of slope on the left side of fold. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), on Floyd’s Fork, 1 mile northeast of Seatonville, Kentucky. 2. Brachial valve of a decidedly asymmetrical form. 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. | Fia. 3. Brachial valve in which the differentiation between the fold and right slope is lost. 4, Pedicle valve of the same specimen. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Brush Run, 1 mile east of Seatonville, Kentucky. 5. Brachial valve of a specimen in which the fold is asymmetrical. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), one-fourth mile east of Fisherville, Kentucky. Fics. 6-8. Platystrophia ponderosa arnheimensis, new variety, p. 428. 6. Anterior view. The thick valves and coarse pliations are characteristic. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), 14 miles west of Clark, Kentucky. 7. Pedicle valve of a mutation with four plications in the sinus. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Brush Run, | mile east of Seatonville, Kentucky. 8. Brachial valve of a specimen with a short hinge. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), Long Run, three-fourths mile above Boston, Kentucky. PuaTE 52. All figures on this plate are natural size. Fies. 1-3. Platystrophia ponderosa, variety. 1. Brachial valve of a mutation with five plications on the fold. 2. Cardinal view. 3. Pedicle valve. (Same specimen as fig. 1.) The illustration shows four pli- cations in the sinus. This variety is characterized by its transverse form. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), one-fourth mile east of Fisherville, Kentucky. Fias. 4-6. Platystrophia, species. 4. Cardinal view. 6. Pedicle valve. This variety has a broad shallow sinus and acuminate hinge extremes. This form has many characters in common with those illustrated in plate 50, figs. 5, 8-11. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), 1 mile east of Seatonville, Kentucky, on Floyd’s Fork. 5. Brachial valve showing the low rounded fold. Richmond group, Lebanon, Ohio. Fias. 7. Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste. Interior view showing the deep muscle scars and the articulation. Maysville group (Bellevue member), Madison, Indiana. Figs. 8-9. Platystrophia ponderosa, variety. 8. Anterior view of a similar specimen. Richmond group (Arnheim formation), 1 mile east of Seatonville, Kentucky. 9. Brachial valve of a mutation with seven plications on the fold. Richmond group, 4 miles northeast of Gallatin, Tennessee. Fic. 10. Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste. } 10. Interior view of the brachial valve, c. cardinal area; cp. cardinal process; d. delthyrium; m. muscle scar; s. septum; t. teeth. Maysville group: Cincinnati, Ohio. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 42 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 438, 439, AND 440 PL. 43 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 440, 441, AND 442 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 44 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 442 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 45 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 443 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 56 PL. 46 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 443 AND 444 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 47 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 445 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 48 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 446 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 49 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 446 AND 447 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 5 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 447 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 5] THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 447 AND 448 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 52 THE BRACHIOPOD GENUS PLATYSTROPHIA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 448 HABITS AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU. By Rosert E. Coxer, In charge Scientific Inquiry, United States Bureau, oj Fisheries. INTRODUCTION. In the course of an economic study of the guano and fishery indus- tries undertaken for the Peruvian Government and carried on from December, 1906, to August, 1908, I enjoyed many opportunities for observing the habits and determining the commercial importance of birds frequenting the guano islands or their environments. On several occasions I was enabled to live in camp upon the islands during the season when they were by law closed to the general public, although on such favorable occasions it was never possible to give exclusive attention to studies of the birds. After making the necessary reports with recommendations to the Government of Peru,! I returned to the United States with a body of uncompiled field notes, as well as with a considerable collection of specimens representing the fauna and flora of the coastal waters, and some specimens of the sea birds. The collections, excepting the birds and some miscellaneous specimens, have been reported upon by specialists in the several groups.? A general account of the guano 1 Several papers in the Boletin del Ministerio de Fomento, published in Lima, 1907-1909. See also Re- garding the future of the guano industry and the guano-producing birds of Peru. Science, N. S. vol. 28, No. 706, pp. 58-64. July 10, 1908. 2 Howe, Marshall Avery: The marine algae of Peru, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 15, pp. 1-185, 66 plates and 44 text figures. New York, Sept. 19, 1914. Clark, Hubert Lyman: The echinoderms of Peru. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., at Harvard College, vol. 3, pp. 1-358, 14 pls. Cambridge, Mass., Oct., 1910. Dall, William Healy: Report on a collection of shells from Peru, with a summary of the littoral marine mollusca of the Peruvian Zoological Province. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, pp. 147-294, with pls. 20-28. Washington, Nov. 24, 1909. Pillsbry, Henry A.: Report on barnacles of Peru, collected by Dr. R. E. Coker and others. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, pp. 63-74, with pls. 16-19. Washington, Oct. 18, 1909. Richardson, Harriet: Report on isopods from Peru, collected by Dr. R. E. Coker. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol, 38, pp. 79-85. Washington, May 3, 1910. Walker, Alfred O.: Marine amphipods from Peru. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, pp. 621-622. Washing- ton, Oct. 18, 1910. Weckel, Ada L.: Fresh-water amphipods from Peru. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, pp. 623-624. Wash- ington. Oct. 18, 1910. Rathbun, Mary J.: The stalk-eyed crustacea of Peru and the adjacent coast. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, pp. 531-620, with pls. 36-56. Washington, Oct. 20, 1910. Evermann, Barton Warren, and Lewis Radcliffe: The fishes of the west coast of Peru and the Titicaca Basin. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 95, pp. 3-157, with pls. 1-14. Washington, 1917. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUusEuM, VOL. 56—No. 2298. 115690—19—Proe.N.M.vol.56—— 29 449 450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. and fishery industries appeared in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress meeting in Washington in 1908.1. Various circumstances unnecessary to be detailed in this place combined to delay, first, the compilation of the observations relating to the habits of the birds, and, second, the publication of the manuscript after it was completed. During the past few years other investigators have studied the guano industry, but, so far as the writer is aware, no report has been issued to cover the ground of the present paper.’ Its publication even at this time seems therefore desirable. It does not seem inappropriate to indicate briefly, or at least to suggest, some of the conditions under which the studies were pur- sued, for, had more favorable circumstances prevailed, investigations covering a period of like duration might have been productive of more extensive and valuable results. Travel was sometimes accomplished by taking a steamer from one port to another, whence small sailing skiffs were used to visit islands that were 10 to 50 miles from port and upon which temporary camps could be established if desired. At other times trips of 100 to 500 miles were made in a balandra, or small cargo sloop. In a few instances travel could most conveniently be made by pack over the desert. As one may have inferred, the studies were primarily economic and directed at two related industries. In such a case the primary needs could be met only by securing accurate knowledge of the natural forms upon which the industries are based and recording the methods of operation as well as the precise conditions under which they were conducted. With only unskilled assistance available, it was necessary for the investigator to devote much time personally to the collection and preservation of specimens, to the inevitable routine of record keeping, and to the preparation of reports describing the existing commercial operations. It will be understood that the conditions both of work and of travel were not favorable to the preservation of so many skins of birds as it would have been desirable to save. I am glad, however, to acknowledge the cordial aid rendered by Mr. Robert Gunner, of Callao, who, having started with me as interpreter, acquired some facility in the preparation of bird skins and in other services. In all, about 80 skins were saved and 30 lots of eggs. With the permis- sion of the Peruvian Government, and by its direction, this small col- 1 Coker, R. E.: The flsheries and the guano industry of Peru. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries for 1908, vol.28, Washington, pp. 333-365, pls. 12-17, 1910. 2 Allusion must be made, however, to two interesting papers by Prof. Henry O. Forbes, which will be cited and quoted in a proper connection on a later page. 3 Peruvian guano is indirectly but obviously a product of fish. The birds in this case fulfil a function comparable to that of the American factories that convert flsh into fertilizer. The operation of the birds may in some respects be relatively wasteful, but the product yielded by them has the virtue of being in a form more readily available to the growing crops. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 451 lection was divided between the National School of Agriculture of Peru and the United States National Museum. The specimens transmitted to the National Museum were identi- fied by Dr. Charles W. Richmond, to whom grateful acknowledg- ment is made. All specimens were provisionally identified in the field, with the aid principally of Taczanowski’s invaluable Ornitho- logie du Pérou.! It was found that few errors had been made in field identifications and that these did not apply to any of the im- portant species. Accordingly, the observational data is of correct application to the several species treated. I can not fail to express my strong sense of indebtedness to Sefior Don Carlos Larrabure y Correa, then Director de Fomento, who, with sympathy, wisdom, and energy, facilitated my investigations in every way possible. Mr. Edmundo de Habich, at that time chief of the division of agriculture, extended me many courtesies and valuable assistance. ‘To Capt. Chase, manager of the Callao house of Messrs. W. R. Grace & Co., and to Mr. H. H. Bunting, chemist of the Peruvian Corporation, I was sensibly indebted for counsel and suggestions. Finally, I may with full propriety acknowledge the invaluable en- couragement derived from a knowledge of the direct and personal in- terest Maintained throughout the investigations by Sefior Don Man- uel Pardo, at that time President of the Republic of Peru, and by Sefior Don Augusto B. Leguia, then minister of the treasury and sub- sequently President, both of whom gave effect to some of the recom- mendations offered in course of the study. The following pages deal more particularly with the habits and significance of birds that were observed to possess economic impor- tance, but they comprise also some account of other species which are associated with the useful birds as enemies or as competitors, and such additional data as are essential for an understanding of the conditions of life of the birds and their economic significance. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE COAST. From Paita, at 5° south latitude, to the southernmost limits of present Peruvian territory, a distance corresponding to that between New York and Cuba, or about 1,300 miles, the coast of Peru and the waters bathing its shores are characterized by conditions of remark- able uniformity. Striking physical features, and significant as affect- ing both aquatic and avian fauna, are the bold and rocky shores, the absence of large islands, the moderate but almost invariable south- west trade winds, the low humidity and the relatively and unvary- ingly cold sea water. 1 Taczanowski, Ladislas. Ornithologie du Pérou, vols. 1-3, and a volume of tables (key and index). Rennes. 1884-1886. 452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. As is well known, the continental shelf bordering the coast of Peru is very narrow and the sea bottom declines from the shore so precipitately as to leave few bays or harbors and no really large is- lands. The cold Humboldt current, with its steadily and visibly flowing waters, is thus brought so close to the mainland shore as to preclude the occurrence of warm seas or the development of typi- cally ‘‘tropical’”’ conditions. The temperatures of the surface waters have been treated in a sepa- rate paper.! It may be sufficient here to say that surface tempera- tures as low as 17° C. (63° F.) were noted in the bay of Paita (5° S.) in midsummer, while a temperature of 16° prevailed at Mollendo (17° S.) in midwinter. Excluding observations in protected waters, the observed range of temperature in any locality did not exceed 3.4° C. and was usually 1° to 1.5° C. The air temperatures exhibit some variation, but, about the islands, at least, they are so generally gov- erned by the water as to make the seasonal changes relatively small. That such uniformity of temperature conditions may have a marked influence upon the breeding habits and breeding seasons of the birds is to be inferred, and in the following pages, in reference to several species of birds, there will be noted a tendency to prolong the breed- ing season, if not to extend it over the entire year. Since breezes from a cool sea must pass over lands that are warmed under a tropical sun, no opportunity for precipitation occurs and neither rainy seasons nor occasional rains may prevail. It is true that in the very northern portion of Peru heavy rains may occur at intervals of years, and at no great distance from the coast, and that the mainland coast generally becomes sufficiently cooled in winter to suffer a settled condition of fog and mist, or garua; but the several islands a little offshore are, absolutely or practically, free from rain- fall, and conditions of atmospheric moisture sufficient to permit of the growth of ordinary vegetation can be found only upon the high peaks which are wrapped with clouds. The most interesting and economically significant consequence of the arid climate is that the nitrogen of the guano deposited by the birds can not become con- verted into ammonia to be lost by evaporation, but is permanently preserved in a form readily available for the purposes of agriculture. The absence of rains and storms must have no little effect, too, upon the abundance of available food and upon the successful propagation of the birds. Notwithstanding the general correctness of the preceding state- ments, a distinct difference may be noted in the atmospheric condi- tions prevailing over the northern islands. Nearer the equator and the upper limit of the Humboldt current the sea breeze comes some- 1 Coker, R.E. Ocean temperatures off the coast of Peru. The Geographical Review, vol.5, New York, February, 1918, pp. 127-135. NO. 2298, THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 453 what warmer and more moisture-laden, and it is undoubtedly true that at rare intervals the northern current has reached at least as far south as the Lobos Islands. Light rains are not unknown at Lobos de Tierra (6.5° south), and this doubtless accounts for the presence of certain very small patches of vegetation and for the inferior quality of the guano. With conditions so uniform along the coast, it is evident that at one time or another birds may have occupied rookeries at thousands of different places on mainland or island, and breeding places, even of the distant past, would be marked by the accumulation of guano. Hundreds of places have, in fact, been the seat of commercial opera- tions in the extraction of guano. Chief in historical importance are the Chincha and Ballestas Islands, the islands of Guafiape and Macabi, and the larger Lobos Islands, de Afuera and de Tierra. Pabellon de Pica was an important point at one time, but it has passed from the jurisdiction of Peru and was not, therefore, included in the field of my observations. Many places of secondary importance might be mentioned, such as the Islas Santas, Palominos, Fronton, Asia, Santa Rosas, Vieja, and Cerro Azul. The writer visited all of the islands of importance except the Islas Santas, northward from Chimbote. A list of these points, with the approximate latitudes, is given in an appendix. There were scarcely any noteworthy breeding places on the mainland at the time of my visit, so that the scenes of observation were principally upon the islands. CHARACTER OF THE PERUVIAN ISLANDS.! None of the islands are very large or far removed from the coast. One of the nearest islets (Isla Loberia, near Cerro Azul) is so close to the main shore as to be conveniently reached by an aerial trolley, while most of the islands are not more than 10 or 12 miles removed. The single group at all remote is the Lobos de Afuera, which is about 33 nautical miles from the nearest point of mainland. The largest island is that of Lobos de Tierra, with its length of nearly 6 miles aad a width varying from one-sixth of a mile to 2 miles. The Lobos de Afuera Islands combined are slightly smaller, while each of the two larger Chincha Islands will not average a half-mile in diameter. The south (and smallest) island of the Chincha group, and recently the most important, has an extent of less than 30 acres, the greater part of which was covered by the nests of birds. The islands of Ballestas, a sister group of the Chinchas, and, like it, composed of three prin- cipal units, are approximately equal to the smallest of the Chinchas. They are bolder and higher and must be gained by climbing from 1 For mention of practically everyisland and detailed description of certain features of the coast of Peru, see Rosendo Melo’s admirable “ Derrotero de la Costa del Peri,” pp. XLvm, 302. 454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. the water, being without beaches except at the bases of unscalable cliffs. These islands of Ballestas are from 100 to 300 feet in height. All of the islands are more or less bold, rocky, and barren. The rocky nature of the ground and the general presence of too strongly concentrated fertilizer, as well as the want of atmospheric moisture, would seem to preclude the possibility of plant growth. At any rate, vegetation of any kind is entirely absent, except where the higher points reach such an altitude (about 1,200 feet) as to derive moisture from the clouds; the higher peaks may, therefore, support luxuriant but entirely isolated gardens of vegetation. This occurs only on such lofty islands as San Gallan, La Isla Vieja, and San Lorenzo. Naturally, on such barren islands, when the ultimate source of food is in the sea, the fauna is very restricted. Besides the birds and sea-lions, we find only parasitic insects, and their enemies, the spiders, scorpions, lizards, and bats;! except that, on the verdure-clad peaks Just mentioned, colonies of land snails have in some way been intro- duced, perhaps by the condors which visit back and forth from main- land to island. Escaped cats live freely on Lobos de Afuera. I observed an otter in the water near the beach of San Gallan, and also captured a specimen of cricket on the beach of the same island.” There are certain islands for which the birds show a predilection, and some of these appear to have been favored breeding places for centuries. Particular islands appeal to the fancy of certain birds, so that for each island or group of islands there may be a particular bird claiming ‘‘eminent domain.” As instances, there may be cited the possession of the South Chincha and the Ballestas Islands by the white-breast cormorant, San Gallan by a diving petrel, one of the Santa Rosas Islands by the little tern (S. hirundinacea) and the Lobos Islands by the pelican, and the larger gannet. Off-lying islets may be taken by another species than the one occurring in principal abundance on the main island. Thus, in the realm of the cormorants at the Chinchas, a small rookery of pelicans occupied the flat top of an islet near the north island; while just across from the pelican rookery on Lobos de Tierra, a low islet was crowned with cormorants. Briefly to indicate the economic significance of the guano birds, it may be recalled that a quantity of more than 10,000,000 tons of high grade guano is reported to have been extracted from the Chincha Islands between 1851 and 1872. Such an amount of guano of the high grades then exclusively used would have a pre-war value of 1 Examples of lizards and bats collected by the writer on the guano islands and deposited in the United States National Museum were identified as follows: Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus (Wiegmann), lizard from San Gallan Island, near the beach. Phyllodactylus inequalis Cope, lizard from Lobos de Afuera Island, near the beach. T'ropidurus peruvianus (Lesson), lizards from Lobos de Tierra, near the beach, and from Chincha North Island. Desmodus rotundus rotundus (Geoffroy), bat from cavern in one of the Ballestas Islands. 2 The description of the islands is taken in part from an unpublished manuscript of the writer, which is in the hands of the National Geographic Society. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 455 about three quarters of a billion dollars. Buillion-dollar birds, they have easily been without exaggeration. Well before the close of the century the best ancient deposits were exhausted and the lowest grades were being sought. In the first years of the present century the exportation was in the neighborhood of 100,000 tons a year. At the present time it is less. The requirement of Peruvian agriculture as estimated in 1905 was 25,000 to 40,000 tons a year. While the the remnants of the ancient deposits, so far as is known, are of the lowest quality (3 per cent or less of nitrogen), it is to be emphasized that the annual production of the birds, amounting in 1906-1908 to 20,000 tons or more, is of the highest grade, yielding by analysis from 12 to 17 per cent of nitrogen (with higher ammonia equivalent) THE PENGUIN. One of the most interesting birds of the Peruvian coast is the smaller penguin, Spheniscus humboldti Meyen (pl. 53, fig. 1). The Pe- ruvians aptly call it the ‘‘pajaro-nino,” or “‘baby-bird.’”’ Observed from a distance, the waddling uncertain gait and the stumpy flight- less wings held out awkwardly inevitably suggest the manner of an infant toddling on the beach. Undoubtedly the penguin was much more abundant on the coast many years ago than it is at the present. Raimondi,' at the time of his visit (evidently in 1855), mentioned that the penguin had quite abruptly left the north island of the Chinchas, was rarely found in the middle island, but was in “great abundance” on the south island at that time. This change of home was undoubtedly due to the operations of guano extraction that were being carried on upon the islands. At the present time a few penguins may be observed at any of these islands, but nowhere could they be described as abundant. The largest number seen at one time was on the beach of the Isla Vieja, in the Bay of Independencia, where about 60 birds were congregated. The northward range of the penguin is surprising at first, but it is readily accounted for by the effect of the cold Humboldt Current, which, supplemented as it doubtless is by the upwelling of bottom waters, tempers the climate of the coast of Peru, even up to within a few miles of the equator. The farthest north I observed the penguin was at the islands of Lobos de Afuera in 7 degrees South latitude. At Guafiape very young penguins were seen on the rocky shore in March, 1907, or late summer of the southern hemisphere. At the Ballestas Islands, a part of the Chinchas group, in May, 1907, the nests of the penguin were found commonly in some of the deeper caverns. Most of the nests contained eggs, some of which were just hatching; a month later a number of grown but immature 1 Raimondi, A. Mémoire sur le huano des isles de Chincha et les oiseaux quile produisent, (Extrait.) Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., vol. 42,1856, pp. 735-738. Paris. 1856. 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. birds were seen at the Bay of Independencia. These observations would suggest that the breeding season extends over the greater part of the year, since we find young penguins in late summer and eggs and immature young in early and midwinter. Two mature males that I killed were, respectively, 67 and 72 cm. long, 47 and 48 cm. in girth, and 9? and 114 pounds in weight. Raimondi (1856) ! makes the following interesting note regarding Spheniscus, which not only testifies to the much greater abundance of the penguin in past time, but comprises a valuable observation concerning their breeding places at a time when the caverns could not have afforded sufficient space for them. The Spheniscus are abundant on the south island [Chincha group], which as I have said, was uninhabited [by guano workers]. It is probable that they have been driven from the north island by the ships that repair to that place in great numbers, and by the exploitation works. These birds, not being able to fly, seek shelter and dig for themselves a subterranean home in the guano itself. At the season when I visited the islands [evidently September, 1855] they were occupied in incubating their eggs which are of the size of an egg of a turkey, and from two to four in number [p. 738 translated]. It was at the small islands of Ballestas, a sister group to the Chin- chas, that I had the best opportunity to see the penguin. The bluff faces of these islands are marked by many caverns, some of which extend deep into the islands beneath the high table-like tops. The north island of the group is practically undermined on all sides by such caves. Rowing around this island we could see a number of penguins in couples or small groups in numerous hollows and small caves or ‘‘cuevacitas.”” Far back in one of the large caves a considerable number of these birds were conspicuous, even in the obscurity of that deep vault, for their glossy white breasts and lateral stripes. The stripes of the sides and backs were generally better marks than the breasts, since the latter, though naturally white, were often quite dark with the mud and manure of the nests. Directing our boat into one of these caverns we rowed up well under one of the great arches forming the double entrance, but were obliged to put back as the boatmen were afraid of being unable to handle their craft in the swell and among the rocks. Another cavern proved more feasible of approach; after being rowed back to where the water was quite shallow near the beach at the inner end, I could step into the water and wade ashore. Some of the penguins ran hurriedly into the water along the sides, while about a dozen retreated to the very back of the cave. As soon as the eye became accustomed to the darkness, fully a dozen nests could be seen, each with two large eggs. The nests were simply hollows in the larger rocks and covered with bones, evidently those of penguins. 1 Raimondi, A. Mémoire surle huano des isles de Chincha et les oiseaux qui le produisent. (Extrait.) Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., vol. 42, 1856, pp. 735-738. Paris. 1856. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 457 The penguins are active indeed for walking birds and step along with quickly moving feet, but with an awkward movement of the upper part of the body, and with wings hanging out like stiff and useless little arms. When they have retreated to the back of their cavern they make no further effort to run out and escape, but huddle together and gaze stupidly at the intruder. They make a queer twisting movement with the head and neck so as to place first one side of the head toward you then the other, pausing a moment between each twist. When the natives capture them they do so by striking them on the back of the head with a club or with a stone thrown at them, for their bills are too strong and vicious in defense to make a close approach entirely safe. Once it is slightly stunned, a penguin may safely be taken up by the back of the neck. Even after an extremely severe blow they soon recover and appear to be in good health. We kept a penguin at our camp for some weeks restrained by a long line (pl. 53, fig. 1). When it rested upon the rocks above the water, its round fat body and stout neck laid flat on the rock, its slick hair-like covering of short close feathers, and its outspread seal-like flippers, all gave it the semblance of a dimunitive sea lion. Penguins are strong swimmers and, when free in nature, dive for considerable distances, coming up only for a moment’s breathing and each time indicating their position by a peculiar cry, a slightly prolonged hoarse note of a single pitch, much like the sound of a toy trumpet. At night they are frequently heard to bray in such close imitation of the donkey, that one might well be deceived except for the knowledge that the vicinity is that of a desert island. The penguins yield a guano which is generally esteemed, and is regularly sought, but, because of the greatly reduced abundance of the birds and the conditions surrounding the nests in the deep, damp caverns, the fertilizer derived from the penguins is deficient now both in quantity and quality. The birds are frequently killed by the fishermen or guano workers, who esteem not only the oils deriv- able from them, but the skins which are well adapted for the making of warm ‘“‘fur’’ caps. THE GULLS AND TERNS. The most common gulls of the Peruvian coast are the large white ‘“‘saviota,” ‘‘cleo,” or ‘‘cau-cau,” Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, a smaller white ‘‘gaviota’’ or ‘‘simeén,” Larus belchert Vigors, and the slate-colored ‘‘matéo,’’ Larus modestus Tschudi. The matéo was generally observed south of Callao. The two gaviotas are so much alike in color that the two species are readily confused at a distance. At closer view, L. belcheri is easily distinguished by its smaller size, its red-tipped bill, and bright yellow feet and tarsi; the feathers of 458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the back are pearly white, and not pure white as in the larger species. As I observed it this species was wilder, being found more commonly about outlying rocks, while the dominicanus is the familiar visitant of the beaches and fishing camps. The following notes refer to Larus dominicanus. LARUS DOMINICANUS Lichtenstein. THE GAVIOTA., The gaviota, or Dominican gull, is so generally distributed over southern seas and so familiar to travelers and seamen that one hesi- tates to imagine that the observations of any but the most experienced ornithologist could add to existing knowledge regarding it. Never- theless, to exclude the gaviota from the present account would be to leave the picture of bird-life upon the islands too incomplete, and to ignore a most significant element in the hionomics of the bird com- munities. Though not equaling most of the other birds of the islands in abundance,value, or interest, the gaviotas form an important element in the aesthetic effect and keep one most insistently reminded of their presence (pl. 55). They frequently follow one about, circling slowly over-head and uttering harsh cries. They manifest a greater diversity of habit than any other of the familiar sea birds. Though not strictly gregarious, they are often seen in flocks of some hundreds, resting drowsily on some interior flat of guano or sand and appearing like groups of white balls on a dark background. More often they are seen isolated or in groups on some slope commanding a view of the water. Favorite positions are on salient points of the shore or small outlying rocks projecting.a little above water. Again they are found far away from the islands, floating on the waves or flying slowly after a vessel watching for offal. The gaviotas make four or five different calls: the familiar caw, caw, in flight; the prolonged laugh, ha-ha, ha-ha, ha-ha, ha-ha, ha (or cah-cah), when standing; a softer and shorter ca, ca, ca, ca, (like ca in ‘‘call’’) repeated rapidly and staccato while flying; and a sort of clucking sound when at rest. | Near the large fishing camp at Lobos de Tierra, large numbers of the gaviotas regularly congregate to feed on the waste matter at the camp. It was repeatedly observed that while the birds would feed even between the feet of the native fishermen they would fly quickly at the approach of a white stranger. Gaviotas are not only scavengers of the beaches and rookeries, but are most pernicious in their depredations upon the nests of other birds. I have seen them taking the eggs and fledglings from the nests of pelicans and piqueros, and even robbing eggs from other gaviotas. ‘They break the eggs at the nest or take them into the air and let them fall to break on the rocky ground. They will swallow No. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—-COKER. 459 entirely a new-born pelican (with considerable effort) or tear a larger one to pieces, contending with the turkey buzzards over the common prey. The concerted attacks of gaviotas and gallinazos on the nests of piqueros is described in another place (p. 498). Besides doing scavenger duty in the rookeries by feeding on dis- carded fish or dead bodies of birds, they were not uncommonly seen perched on the floating body of a pelican, which had perhaps been killed by a sea-lion, and tearing at the meat, a position undisputed by the galiinazo. I was interested to determine if they were them- selves afraid of the sea-lions. They would always desert a floating body as a sea-lion approached and, though they will rest on the water with the sea-lions nearby, they fly invariably to another position as the “‘lobo”’ draws too near. The nests were found in December, principally at Lobos de Tierra, but a few were observed at Lobos de Afuera. They were generally on the hills, scattered among the nests of the larger piqueros, and lined with a few feathers and seaweed (pl. 56, fig. 1). Three nests were found under the shelter of a low bank upon a beach and close to the water. There are almost always three eggs or young, although one nest was found with five eggs. The eggs are olive green, spotted and blotched with dark brown (75 by 50 mm.). The very small birds have a black bill with light tip, and are covered with thick soft down, gray in ground color but brindled with fuscous; the head is distinctly spotted with dark fuscous on a light gray background. When quite young they will run about, leaving the nest to hide among the rocks as an intruder approaches. The gaviotas have a variety of color phases with the age and season. The head, at one stage dark gray or nearly black, becomes white-mottled and then pure white; the black tail with white base and tips becomes a white tail with narrow black bar. The nests of the gaviotas are practically devoid of guano, so that their economic significance depends principally upon their service as scavengers and, on the other hand, their depredations upon other birds. STERNA HIRUNDINACEA (Lesson). THE TERRECLE. Among the terns, particular attention was given only to the “‘terrecle, Sterna hirundinacea (Lesson),' and the “zarcillo,’’ Larosterna anca (Lesson). The terrecle is very common in the southern region particularly. The principal breeding places observed were San Gallan (June 25) and the Islas de Santa Rosa at the Bay of Independencia (July 18, 1 The bill was deep blood red ana the tarsus a brighter red, in the specimens of S. hirundinacea collected, although Taczanowski describes the parts as yellow and yellowish. The outer third of the upper bill of one specimen was almost black. é 460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. 1907). This was in midwinter. On the south Santa Rosa, a relatively low, flat-topped island, the nests lay so thickly on the ground, and the eggs were so inconspicuous among the small stones, that, despite great watchfulness, one could not walk about without crushing the eggs. The young birds, however, stood in little danger, since even in the fledgling stage they were wary and exceedingly active; they would run quickly away even to a distance and become almost invisible beside a small bit of gravel. No other birds of the islands were observed to be either so active or so successful in con- cealment. In the stomachs of two specimens examined there were found chiefly small fishes, the common anchobetas, Engraulis ringens Jenyns. Another tern, very similar to the terrecle in markings, though greatly different in size, is the little S. lorata Philippi and Landbeck, the ‘‘Churi-Churi” of Paracas Bay, where it was seen most abun- dantly. LAROSTERNA INCA (Lesson). THE INCA TERN OR “ZARCILLO.” One of the most fascinating birds of the coast is the beautiful Inca tern, Larosterna inca (Lesson), known in Peru generally as the “‘zar- cillo.”” At Eten they call it ‘‘aromito.’’ Although noted as far north as Lobos de Afuera, it was observed in greatest abundance in the southern region. The body color is almost uniformly a dull dark blue, but the head and the outer parts of the wings are a little darker, while the under side of the wings is lighter. From the lower part of the base of the upper jaw a pure white band, or “‘moustache”’ extends backward, below the eye and just above the yellow fleshy flaps, to the region of the ear; there it ends with a half-dozen long slender little plumes that emerge from the feathers, and curve backward, downward, and outward in graceful manner. ‘The bird with the white earrings” a visitor termed it. It is altogether a most pleasing bird in its grace of form and move- ment, as well as in its strikingly neat and even dandified appearance. The soft dark blue of the plumage is effectively varied by the crimson of bill and feet, the white margin of the wings, the yellow flaps at the gape of jaws, and the showy “earrings.” In flight it apparently delights in sharp curves, quick reverses of direction, or sudden drop with webbed feet outspread. The forked tail presents a variety of forms in these maneuvers, now widespread and fan-shaped losing all trace of the fork, now closed in swallow-tail effect, or, again, so snugly closed as to obscure the forked form entirely. The Inca terns have a most inquisitive habit. Even when there was no probability of being near to the nests, they would circle rapidly NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 461 about one, now and again making startling dashes straight for the head, to swerve sharply aside when within but a few feet. The desire to investigate seemed at first the probable motive for such flight. They were observed to practice the same maneuvers over our captive penguin swimming in the water. It is possible that such sudden startling dashes would have the effect of causing larger birds or animals to drop a morsel of food which could be seized upon by the alert terns. The plaintive call of the Inca tern is somewhat like the cry of a young kitten; although sometimes petulant, it lacks the harsh tone of other terns. The breeding places of zarcillos are found on many islands; gen- erally they were observed to use the trenches or other places where the surface crust had been broken away in guano extraction, and where the nests could readily be concealed by excavating little tunnels in the bank (pl. 54). Nests with all stages of eggs and young were observed at the Chincha Islands (North Island) in June, 1907. One of the most populous breeding places was the Isla Asia visited in August of the same year. I have no record of nests observed in the summer season although’ doubtless there is little interruption of the breeding season. None of the terns have any noteworthy value as producers of guano. A native described the Inca tern as good to eat. The skimmer, Rynchops cinerascens Spix, doubtless frequents the northern islands although I did not observe it near any island. A specimen was taken at Tumbes in January, 1908, where it was not uncommon. Both Tschudi and Raimondi noted its presence at the Chincha Islands (pp. 507 and 508, below). THE ALBATROSS. The albatrosses are represented by the ‘‘pajaro-carnero”’ (mutton- bird), or ‘‘pajarote,” Diomedea irrorata Salvin, a beautiful bird, with dusky brown body and white head and neck, little exceeding a cormo- rant in size of body, but with wing expanse of 8 feet (2} meters) (pl. 53, fig. 2). The specimen shown in the illustration was captured when wounded on the ocean and was kept in captivity for some time. Naturally it did not lend itself to domestication and it never con- sented to take food. The albatross was always seen either flying low over the water or resting upon the surface. Its wing strokes seem slow and deliberate, but the flight is rapid and graceful. It will soar for considerable distances, keeping just above the water and rising and falling with the waves. When resting on the water, and at a distance, one might easily confuse it with a gaviota; but at nearer range its flight and its longer bill readily distinguish it. The pajaro-carnero was observed from the Bay of Independencia in the 462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. south to the Lobos de Tierra in the north. While it was more fre- quently seen in the south, yet on one trip made in a small boat from the island of Lobos de Tierra to Eten on the coast the pajaro-carneros were nearly always present in numbers; often 30 or more were in view at one time. One was observed devouring a fish about a foot in length. The pajaro-carnero was never seen on land, and presumably does not breed in that latitude. Native fisherman assured me that the bird never alights (in that latitude) except upon the high sea: ‘‘Paran en la altura, no mas.” THE PETRELS. The family of Procellariidae is well represented on the Peruvian coast, by the Wilson’s petrel, stormy petrels, several species of shearwaters, and the diving petrels. The ‘‘pardela” Puffinus griseus Gmelin, is a sooty shearwater, frequently seen swimming lazily on the surface of the water and relatively tame. I think this is sometimes called ‘‘dofa.”’ Another and somewhat smaller species, the ‘‘pardela tablera,’’ was observed but not taken. Numbers of small petrels, the stormy petrel, Procellaria tethys Bonaparte, the Wilson’s petrel, Oceanites gracilis Elliot, and others, were frequently in evidence, skimming lightly over the surface of the water or hovering over a school of small fish which was being pursued by bonitos. The stormy petrel is known as the danzarin or ‘‘dainty dancer’’—the most appropriate name possible—descriptive both of its swift, graceful, swaying flight close over the water and of its light, dancing movement with feet and wings when feeding. As we went by sloop from Pisco to Independencia, numbers of them followed our vessel picking up the crumbs thrown into the water. The danzarin seems to alight on the surface of the water, the wings stopping out- spread for a moment as they follow the upward and downward movement of the wave. A slight flirt of the wings and the bird is resting again on the surface only a few inches away, while it daintly picks the bits of food from the water. PELECANOIDES GARNOTI (Lesson). THE DIVING PETREL OR POTOYUNCO. Among the petrels, one is of particular interest and importance, the ‘‘potoyunco,”’ Pelecanoides garnoti (Lesson), a diving petrel, an abundant bird, and a significant guano-producer. In favored locations on the islands they are breeding at all seasons and the guano left in their subterranean chambers is considered particularly rich in nitrogenous matter. My first acquaintance with these birds was when at night in a small boat we often sailed close by them floating on the surface of the water NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 463 and apparently quite unobservant of the boat. Not more than once did I see them on the water by day, though the fishermen said that but one bird of the pair is at the nest during the day, the other remain- ing out on the ocean. On the islands, as far as my observations go, they are strictly nocturnal, coming and going only after daylight has gone and before the light of morning. They are more readily recog- nizable by sound than sight, and, as they fly obscurely about over the island, uttering their little croaks, they are very suggestive of bats. The nests are made in the side of the hill, often just beneath a large rock or sheltered under the hard salty crust. It is an odd experience to sit at such a place and hear the mysterious sounds from subterranean homes. Over and over again, with the voice of a frog, unvaried in pitch or rhythm, they repeat the sequence of notes—two longs, a short and a long, the last note slightly longer than the first two. Another more complicated sound is made by some and it is possible that the calls are distinctive of the sexes. The potoyunco is comparatively small, measuring about 10 inches in full length from end of bill to tip of tail and weighing half a pound. The general color is black above and white below. The body is thickly covered with feathers, beneath which is a thick gray down, the dense coat making the bird appear to possess a very large body. Viewed from below, the body is oval in form—like a large white ego—the wings and the short, stout neck seeming disproportionately small appendages. A number of the nests were observed at the Ballestas North Island, and the birds were heard on the Chinchas, but the lofty San Gallan was the chief island for potoyuncos, as the potoyuncos were easily the principal bird of this large island. San Gallan, 2.5 by 1.5 miles, is mostly dry, barren, and dusty, but with high hills reaching well into the clouds, and only there, in the moist altitudes, teeming with plant life. Everywhere over the island are large spots perforated by the holes of the potoyuncos, as they undermine the hard, dry crust of the lower hillsides or burrow back underneath the vegetation of the cloud-wrapped peaks more than a thousand feet above sea level. Searching for these birds in the daytime one is guided only by the openings of the burrows, for their voice is rarely heard during the day. One may try quite a number of nests without result, as the burrow may either be unoccupied or, more often, too deep for the arm to reach to the nest. Still, so abundant are the nests on San Gallan, that a considerable number of birds or eggs may be cap- tured in an hour or two. Once reached, the birds are easily taken, as they make almost no effort at resistance. Sometimes, after they are out, they try to bite, but without inflicting injury. Occasionally they would rush into the hands held at the mouth of the burrow. 464 PROVEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. At night it is much easier to take them, when guided by the voices _ one may avoid exploring the unoccupied homes. It is thus that the laborers and fishermen catch them abundantly, for the potoyunco is valued for food in fresh or salted condition. If liberated they run rapidly over the ground flapping their wings, but unable to rise except after a run of 10 or 20 feet. Then, with exceedingly rapid movement of their short wings, they make for the ocean with a queer zig-zag flight. Reaching the ocean they fly low over the water a little distance, settle upon the surface, and then swim away with short, shallow dives. When placed on the ground in my tent, the petrels displayed peculiar movements. The body is covered with a very thick coat of feathers so that lying on the ground the body seems to flatten out remarkably, while the wings, pushed a little out on the sides, increase the apparent width until the body has quite a turtle-like form. As they crawl rapidly along, the legs are spread well out to the sides and the body is barely, if at all, lifted from the ground. I noticed that with some the body was slightly raised; with others not at all. In any case the movement is a reptilian creep rather than a walk. When I started one under my sleeping bag it began to burrow, with strong backward sweeps of the feet, used alternately and send- ing the dirt flying with great force. Two birds were placed outside in holes in the ground, each secured by a line attached to the leg. They made a little effort to burrow, but soon stopped. At 10 o’clock at night I found them trying to go toward the water. Placing them back in the holes I left them again, hoping to ascertain the rate of excavation. Unfortunately, in the morning only the bones of the legs remained, and the tracks of gallinazos accounted for the dis- appearance of.the birds. Presumably both condors and gallinazos (buzzards) may be ac- counted enemies of the potoyuncos, although their subterranean life and nocturnal flights give them substantial protection from preda- tory birds. Certainly the chief enemy is man. About the signs of old campfires numberless wings of the potoyuncos were often ob- served. For a while I was puzzled by the many signs of sacks having been dragged down the hillsides, until it was observed that these trails led in almost every case to the grounds where there were burrows of potoyuncos, even to those near the very tops of the peaks. The ground was not torn up as if guano had been the object of search, and the abundant evidence of discarded wings of poto- yuncos completed the story. The fishermen assured me that these birds were very good when salted, and that the laborers on the islands regularly brought back quantities of potoyuncos salted down. The fishermen with me asked permission to take the birds for food. This was refused; but with little effect, for I counted 21 birds drying NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 465 in the sun one morning and know that they had first eaten all they had wanted. A great many nests were examined, to find in each nest, if tenanted, only one egg or one young bird. The eggs are purest white, with very thin shells, and they are very variable in shape. Some are short and well rounded, with little difference between the ends, while others are very elongated and rather pointed at the smaller end. The measurements of six eggs of the potoyuncos were as follows: Dimensions, in centimeters, of eggs of Pelecanoides garnoti. 1 2 | 3 4 5 6 IONE haas peas Soca oa cee ses asclee tees ase 4.85 4.75 | 4.5 4.5 4.35 4,3 MransvVerscGlamMetel i... sescacccetecees cc 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.4 3.3 3.3 | 3.4 A “pichon,”’ or fledgling, at the stage when the wing feathers are first appearing, is a large shapeless mass of fat and down, with nearly the dimensions of its parents and of equal weight (about 7 ounces). Its soft coating of gray down measures 3-4 cm. in thickness (14 inches, more or less). If a single tuft of down is pulled out, there is found growing out of the blue sheath the delicate little feather, which for about 1 cm. is white (if from the lower side of the body) or black (if from the back); many of its barbs are tipped with delicate plumes of down, which are dark gray for about 2 cm. and possess white tips of 1 cm. length. The head protruding from this great ball of down appears almost bald having only a close crop of gray down. Valued as they are for food and readily open to capture, the poto- yunco must eventually be brought near to extinction unless effective efforts for its protection are made. It will be unfortunate, indeed, if the potoyunco and the penguin, two water fowl which produce a fertilizer of high quality, shall, through mere human negligence or wastefulness, become lost to the guano industry. Valuable the poto- yuncos may be as food, or the penguins for the skins or fat, and we may impose little personal blame on those who desire the food or the skins or the oils; but the fact remains that when the food or the skin and oil is taken the bird is lost to the future, while the removal of the guano is a benefit gained without loss. With due care each of these important species may not only be preserved to the future, but may be restored to a condition of far greater abundance and value than at the present time. THE GANNETS. The Sulidae or gannets are represented on the Peruvian coast by two species, the abundant Sula variegata (Tschudi), third in importance 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——30 466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. among the guano birds, and the larger but far less common form of the north, Sula nebouxt Milne-Edwards. Along the greater part of the coast Sula variegata is known as the ‘“‘piquero.’’! In the north, however, as at the Lobos Islands where the larger species of Sula is found, the latter is called “piquero”’ while the smaller Sula variegata is commonly known as the ‘‘camanay.”’ SULA VARIEGATA (Tschudi). THE VARIEGATED GANNET OR “ PIQUERO.” The common ‘piquero,’’ sometimes called ‘‘camanay,” is a beautiful bird with head, neck, and breast of pure white, the back and upper surface of wing variegated with dark and light fuscous and white, while the sides and belly are nearly pure white; the feet, legs, and bill are blue, and the eyes are ruby in color (see pls. 57 and 58). The piqueros are almost omnipresent on the Peruvian coast, and un- doubtedly they are the most abundant of the sea fowl. Along the mainland shore and about the islands of any size, there is scarcely a cliff but is more or less dotted with the nests of piqueros (pl. 59). It is a striking sight when a single gannet, after circling over the water until its food is seen, turns suddenly head down and falls precipi- tately into the surface of the sea to disappear from view; after a few moments it reappears on the surface to swallow its prey before rising to fly at varying heights until tempted for another plunge. Some- times they seem to drop from nearly a hundred feet, while the wings are held slightly opened to direct the head-long course; again they fall from only 10 or 15 feet, or they may simply dash themselves into the water when barely risen from the surface. Ten or 20 or 30 birds are not infrequently seen to fall simultaneously with a loud splash and dash of spray. The writer had a rare experience that seems worthy of record. While passing from the Chincha Islands to Pisco in a fisherman’s row- boat, we saw an actual cloud of thousands of piqueros flying over a school of anchobetas, when suddenly they began to fall, hundreds at a time until practically the whole cloud was precipitated into the sea before the first birds had risen from their brief rest after emerging from beneath the surface. Scarcely a bird was seen in the air. The first to fall were soon up, however, and from that time on the plunges were uninterrupted. Changing the course of our boat a little we soon rowed directly through this downpour of birds. Hundreds of birds seemed to strike the water at every instant, and even within a few feet of our boat. The bewildering effect is to be imagined rather than described; the atmosphere “‘cloudy”’ with birds; the surface of the sea broken and spattering from falls of animate drops and speckled 1 Pronounced pé-ka’-ro. Accent on second syllable. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. - 467 with reappearing birds; the confused sounds of whirring wings and unremitting splashes. The food of the piqueros, as far as I observed it, consisted principally of anchobetas, Engraulis ringens Jenyns; like other sea birds they doubtless feed upon what is most readily available, and they too, doubtless, rezale themselves with the small crustacean, Munida cokert Rathbun, which is sometimes so abundant as toform veritable ‘‘red seas’’ of great area. The piqueros seem to prefer the rougher and more inaccessible places for breeding (see pl. 59). Thousands of their nests may be seen upon the face of abrupt cliffs, as at the Chincha Islands; at that particular place they overflowed the cliff, so that a few nests were found on the level ground at the top. This, in fact, was the only place where piquero nests were seen on real table-land. At Guafiape (pl. 58) and Lobos de Afuera, many nests were found on very steep and rugged slopes high above the water and approachable only with considerable difficulty. The nests are hollowed, shelflike masses of guano built on some scant ledge, and are usually as closely crowded as circumstances permit. The adult birds readily desert the nests on the approach of an observer, and one must wait with some patience for their return. Since the breeding season is continu- ous throughout the year, one may at any time find eggs and all stages of young. The nests contain from 1 to 4 eggs, a considerable pro- portion of them having as many as 3. Nine out of 25 nests counted at one view had 3 eggs. The eggs are a pale blue, smeared more or less with a white, chalky coat, are little pointed and are generally rather uniform in size. The measurements of 5 specimens from the Lobos de Afuera Islands (December 1908) and of 3 from the Chincha Islands (June, 1908) are as follows: Dimensions, in millimeters, of eggs of Sula variegata. Lobos de Afuera Islands. Chincha Islands. MONSIAIAMOLCK sos m wcliate seleetoatne cee came cosa Saca eee 53 | 61 MransSverse,GiaMeters: ... core «jenni comesie oc ins ae -i5=.- 40; 48 The immature birds have the skins of exposed parts of the same color as in the adult except that the tarsus and feet are lighter, in effect a bluish gray. The iris, however, is yellowish gray, instead of clear ruby, as in the adult. The primaries, secondaries, tertiaries, greater and middle coverts, scapulars, and tail feathers, appear before the birds are of full size (pl. 56, fig.2). Specimens with the breast and belly feathered, upper tail coverts present, and back feathers appear- ing, show the adult measurements. The feathers of the breast and belly are of light fuscous or gray widely margined with white. The 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEOM. VOL. 58. feathers of the shoulders are dark fuscous scarcely tipped with white, and a band of similar feathers extends to the breast around the base of the still down-covered neck. The upper surface of the wings is as in the adult, except that the colors, as everywhere on the body, are duller. A conspicuous feature of the immature birds is the cross of white down on the rump which long persists while the rest of the body is becoming fully feathered. The predominant white colors of the adult bird are not evident until a late phase. The young when abandoning the parental nest have practically the entire head, neck, and body a variegated fuscous. At this stage the birds are easily confused with the larger species, Sula nebouwxi, unless the measure- ments are considered. The young birds go through much home practice in flight before starting away from the nest. They will stand in the nest flapping the wings continually for a long time, or, facing the wind and assisted by its power, will rise in the air to remain in an almost fixed position for a considerable time flapping the wings strongly all the while, and then gradually receding to the nest. These practice flights were repeatedly observed, the young birds getting only 3 or 4 feet above the nest and 2 or 3 feet forward, and thus remaining for a minute or more. Von Tschudi! ascribed to the Sula variegata the chief rank as a guano producer, and his mistake has been frequently followed. There is reason to believe that the habit of this species as regards choice of nesting site has undergone some modification since Tschudi’s time.?, Tschudi was a very careful observer and he spent some years upon the coast, but he expressly states in his Ornithologie (p. 313) that none of the birds nest on the mainland, but only on the barren islands. Such a statement certainly could not be made in the present time. Unless the habits of this bird have materially changed during the past 70 years, Von Tschudi was misled by observation of the evident abundance of the Sulas; and his mistake has been too frequently followed in nearly all reference books. This species now ranks a very poor third in economic importance, being far exceeded by the cormorant and the pelican. Yet this may not be the case in future. As has been previously mentioned, the piquero frequents the rough and scarcely accessible places and even the abrupt cliffs; and, while practically no place is entirely inac- cessible to the intrepid guano workers, it is evident that from such positions a large proportion of the guano must be lost by falling to 1 Tschudi, J. J. von, Travels in Peru during the years 1838-1842. Translation by Thomasina Ross. New York, 1852 (p. 168). Also, Tschudi, J. J. von. Untersuchungen iiber die fauna Peruana. 2 vols. St. Gallen, 1844-1846. Vol. 2, Section: ‘‘ Ornithologie ”’ (p. 313). 2 Raimondi also believed that Sula variegata produced more guano than pelicans or cormorants, because they keep themselves in the interior of the island (not confirmed by alaterstatement. See p. 508.) NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 469 the water below, and that even entire nests will break away when too heavy and drop into the sea (pl. 59) In some cases, a small beach below may serve to collect the falling guano and keep it avail- able for extraction. It is not thought to be by any means physically impracticable to build shelves at the base of cliffs or to contrive other means for con- serving the waste guano from the nests in such places. This will not be done, however, so long as the extraction of guano at any par- ticular situation is subject to lease to any one of several competitors. The contractor who would incur large initial expense for construction of such equipment must be assured, not only of his own exclusive privilege of taking the guano from such situation, but also of his license and power to protect his property from depredation or dam- ages. Von T'schudi found that a single Sula variegata (piquero) in captivity would produce 34 to 5 ounces of guano a day. (See his Travels, p. 169.) Supposing 1 ounce of this to be deposited at the island each day (a low estimate), it is evident that a thousand piqueros would produce 365,000 ounces a year, or 11; tons a year— or a million birds 11,400 tons, say, practically half a million dollars’ worth. The numbers of Sulas on the Peruvian coast and islands would far exceed the million. The piqueros, therefore, offer one of the best opportunities for hope of increase in the amount of extract- ible guano. One of the illustrations shows a cliff at the Chincha Islands on which there were at least 1,000 nests. Guano to the amount of many tons is formed at such a place each year but is almost entirely wasted by falling into the sea. It has been mentioned, too, that in this case, at the Chincha Islands, a few piqueros were found to have their nests on the table lands beyond the top of the cliff. It is not impossible that, were the islands less frequented and the bird quite undisturbed, a larger pro- portion would frequent the level ground where the guano of the nests would be entirely preserved. This appears to have been the case in the time of Raimondi.! While the Sula variegata occurs along almost the entire coast of Peru, it is more especially a bird of the southern region. Very abun- dant as far north as the Guafiape Islands, it is less conspicuous there; there is, however, a considerable rookery at the Lobos de Afuera Islands still farther north. A little farther north, at Lobos de Tierra, this species is far less numerous; the other and larger species of Sula, 1 Raimondi, A. Mémoire sur le huano des isles de Chincha et les oiseaux qui le produisent. Comp. rend. Acad. Sci., vol. 42. Paris, 1856. Raimondi, Antonio. E] Peru—estudios mineralogicos y geologicos. (Ser.1.) Volumes1-4. Publicado por la Sociedad Geographica de Lima 1874-1902. Article entitled: Apuntos sobre el huano y sobre Jas aves que lo producen. Jn volume 4, 1902, pp. 489-496. This article is evidently based upon the earlier paper just cited, but seems to represent a revision. 470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. next to be described, takes its place to some extent. In going north, the nebouxi was first seen in any numbers at Lobos de Afuera, where the diminution in abundance of Sula variegata was first detected. An account of Sula variegata in the Galapagos Islands is given by Snodgrass and Heller,’ but their observations regarding the habits of this bird are at variance with mine. They say: No nest is constructed and generally only one egg is laid by each female. On Cul- pepper Island we saw some nests containing two. They snap their beaks viciously at the foot or leg of the intruding person, and a nesting bird can not be forced to leave her egg. They observed the nests apparently only upon the level ground. The measurements which they give, however, are far too large for those of Sula variegata. Every measurement given in their table on page 245 is from 10 to 20 per cent too large for variegata if the measure- ments of my specimens taken in the type region are correct. They also state that the bill is ‘‘light orange-red, yellowish at the tip and along the commissure,’ which does not conform to the original description of the species. Sula (Dysporus) variegata was described by von Tschudi from the coast of Peru (Ornithologie, p. 313), and, while his description is not given in great detail, it is unlikely that my specimens were far from being typical. It seems possible, therefore, that their identification was incorrect. Sula variegata has a bluish horny colored bill, nests in Peru now chiefly in rough or precipitous places, and has from 1 to 5 eggs for each nest. The adults are not relatively noisy and desert the nests readily when approached. It may be noted that the specimens from which the measurements of Snodgrass and Heller were made were fully as large as the speci- mens of Sula nebouzi, although variegata is a much smaller bird. Their observations of the color of nebouxt agree with mine. Their statement that its breeding habits are different from those of both S. variegata and S. piscatriz websteri in that it invariably nests on cliffs would indicate a very striking difference of nesting habits between the birds of the same species on the Galapagos Islands and the Lobos de Tierra relatively. S. nebouzi, as related below, was never observed nesting except on the more level ground. Nelson ? gives some account of nebouzi as observed on the Tres Marias Islands, west coast of Mexico. Nelson writes: They were breeding abundantly on the beaches and on a low flat area that covers a part of the former island (Isabel). They were most numerous on the open beach a little above high-water mark, but dozens of them were seen with their eggs farther back among the bushes [p. 31]. 1 Snodgrass, Robert Evans, and Heller, Edmund: Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos Ex- pedition, 1898-99. XIV. Birds. Proceedings Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 231-372. 1904. 3 Nelson, E. W. General account of the islands with reports on mammals and birds. Jn: North Amer- jean fauna. No. 14. Natural history of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. United States Biological Survey, 1899. pp. 1-97. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 471 Raimondi’s observations of the nesting places of S. variegata (quoted on p. 508, below) agree essentially with mine. SULA NEBOUXI Milne-Edwards. THE PIQUERO MAYOR (GREATER PIQUERO). The larger Sula, the blue-footed booby, gray gannet, or ‘‘piquero,” was not observed south of Guafiape Islands (8° 35’ S.), and it was, therefore, a surprise to me afterwards to learn that the range of the species is given as from the Gulf of California to Chile. The original specimen described by Milne-Edwards! was assumed to have come from Chile, but it is not clear upon what evidence the southern records are made. In color and habit the blue-footed booby is in striking contrast to the smaller white-head species, except in the manner of feeding and in this there are noteworthy differences. The showy white markings of the variegata are wanting, the plumage of all upper parts being variegated, and the eyes are yellow instead of ruby (pl. 60). In breeding habit the nests are widely scattered on the level ground or gentle slopes. In feeding, the nebouzxi was often observed to use localities which the variegata did not frequent. At the Lobos de Tierra islands the gannets of the larger species were almost constantly feeding in the very shallow water near the gentle beach in front of ourcamp. The white-head gannets frequently passed over this place but never plunged into the shallow water. I never observed them feeding except in the deeper waters and generally plunging from some height. The gray gannets would circle about over the bay, often with the bill pointing directly down, as they searched the water for their prey. If a little off-shore they might plunge from some height, but, in the shallow water two or three feet in depth near the beach, the drop was made from only a few feet above the surface or else the bird dived at an angle when flying barely above the water. Between times they were resting with the pelicans on the low rocks near-by. When this piquero plunges, the wings are held out angularly, and just as the bird is about to enter the water the wings are folded to the body. The bird emerges very promptly and may rest a few moments on the surface or at once arise in flight. Sometimes it seemed to find itself too high for the contemplated drop, when it would descend by a spiral course of flight to a proper level for the plunge. I observed a gannet dive vertically from the air into the water that was only about 6 inches in depth, while another more prudent bird dropped to its feet in the water at nearly the same place and then secured his prey. It is interesting to note how frequently the piqueros of this 1 Milne-Edwards, A. Recherches sur la faune des Regiones Australes. Annales des Sciences naturelles Zoologie, ser. 6, vol. 13, art. 4, pp. 36,37. Paris, 1882. [See p. 37 and pl. 14.} 472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. species are associated with the pelicans. A few are often seen stand- ing among a group of pelicans resting on a hillside. They not uncommonly accompany the pelicans in flight, and I have seen them joining with the same birds in the characteristic bathing act. When flying from the land the nebougi rarely rises except after using its feet on the ground for a few yards, just as the pelicans do; yet they will rise at once from the surface of the water, and without the slightest apparent difficulty or delay. On the whole, the larger gannet is less active in flight and far inferior to the white gannet in grace and elegance of form and body. The nests are not made in compact rookeries, but are widely scat- tered over the hills and valleys for many square miles of the island and are interspersed with nests of gaviotas (pl. 56, fig. 1, and pl. 60). As with the other species, no labor appears to be expended in the con- struction of the nest. The eggs or young are usually found in a slight hollow in the ground which is, however, apparently but an incidental result of the movements and the deposits of the nesting birds. In the newly formed nest with a single egg, the hollow is scarcely perceptible, but with longer use the nest becomes very distinct. After the young birds are able to stand and to move about, all traces of a nest disappear until soon there is no clue as to where the eggs were laid. The nests contained from 1 to 3 eggs or young; thus, of 54 nests examined, 18 contained 3 eggs or young birds, 25 contained 2 eggs or young, while 11 had only 1 egg or 1 nestling. In no case did the young birds, whether 2 or 3, seem to be of the same age—there was always a series, as if hatched at different times. (See pl. 60, fig. 2.) Of 39 nests without unhatched eggs, 12 had 3 young, 19 had but 2, and 8 had only 1. The eggs are pale blue, having a distinctly blue shell mostly covered by a thin bluish chalky coating. The form is various but usually ovoid and rather elongate. The measurements of several eggs were as follows: Dimensions, in millimeters, of eggs of S. nebouzi. | | | Long di- | Long di- | ameter. Transverse diameter. | ameter. Transverse diameter. Set ieee Te sed vitae et 4 | | Ue sogmenecee see 64 | 40 StL sissos5 Gee. 60 | 44, 2eggs from one nest. Aeratascictcse sae 67 | 39)3 eggsfrom one nest. || 6............... 65 | 40. é Weise beebemicaste 2 38. Wise sso SE ees 61 | 61. 41, 2eggsfrom one nest. | | A very small egg that measured only 49 by 35 mm. was found to have no yolk. The adult birds of this species excel all other birds of the islands in the boldness with which they will defend their young. If only NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 473 eggs are present the parent birds will, after some threatening croaks or whistles, fly when the observer is within a few feet; but they will cover the small young, or stand by the larger nestlings, and often vigorously defend them with their bills. When first examining the nests, it was necessary sometimes to push the bird from the nest to discover the young occupants. Once separated from the nest, the bird gives up the fight and flies away some little distance to remain until the intruder departs. The gallinazos, however, are usually even more prompt than the parent to find the exposed nest and eagerly devour the eggs or young. On a later page it is told how a gallinazo or a gaviota will provoke a gannet to attack in defense of its home, while other birds will then ravage the nest. As with the other gannets and the pelicans, it is the habit of the nebouxi to dis- gorge the fish from its crop before starting in flight, presumably by way of ‘‘throwing over ballast”’ to facilitate escape. There are very evident sex distinctions. In every pair, one has a large black pupil and narrow yellow iris and quawks vociferously when an intruder approaches the nest; the other has a small pupil and broad iris, manifests a darker ground color of head, and utters only a hoarse whistle when approached. The supposition that this distinction corresponds to sex was not verified at the time by killing the birds for examination of the gonads, but I find that, of the pair which I killed and sexed on another occasion, it is the male which displays the darker ground color on the head, with more sharply contrasting white streaks, and the same is true of other specimens in the United States National Museum. Of 23 nests in which the parent birds were carefully noted, 11 were covered or guarded by the male (whistling parent with darker head, etc.), 8 by the female (quawking parent), and 4 by both. The immature but grown young are much darker than the mature males or females especially as to the head, and they show no yellow in iris. All the young seem to make the quawking sound. The season of breeding seems to be uninterrupted. When the Lobos de Tierra Islands were first visited, March 29 to April 6, 1907, nests with eggs, with newly hatched young, or with feathering birds, were found in nearly equal proportions; and this was also the case at the second visit in early December of the same year. In spite of its habit of nesting upon the level and accessible places, this species does not seem to be of high relative importance for its guano production. Its guano is so widely scattered over the ground as not to be readily appreciable in a season, but undoubtedly, in the long run, the production of guano is of distinct value. 474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. The distinctive features of the two Peruvian species of Sula are indicated by the following comparison: | | | S. variegata. | S. nebourt. Measurements... -- 1B: = phepaiaioh p= ofais io aie ate claim ya) Seiniele oi | 10 to 20 per cent greater. Ryser ealasietsie soe | ERED Via alahatereicinin i aralaiate aiajaieteintalatete inte Pale yellow. Foot and itarsus.--| Dull blue .0;42)2 6s nseg-aeqncees Brighter sky blue. Head and neck....| Shining white.-...........-.---... Brown spotted and streaked with white. | Nests on roughest places or on | Nests on the level ground or gentle slopes, widely | cliffs, as closely aggregated as scattered, along with nests of gaviotas. Bold possible. | in defending young. Habit, general....| Clannish—not often seen at rest | Spends much time on the islands, resting on the | except at the rookery. | rocks of the shores or on the hillsides, frequently | with the pelicans. Breeding habit. .- THE CORMORANTS. The three species of cormorant of the Peruvian coast are, as will be seen, conspicuously distinct in plumage and in habit. The mem- bers of each species are numerous, but only one is of great signifi- cance economically. This is the ‘‘guanay” (P. bougainvillei), the most important guano producing bird of the coast. Strangely enough, this species is a less familiar one than either of the other two, although exceeding either of them in abundance. One may not visit a pier without hearing the grunts of the ‘‘cuervo de mar”’ (P. vigua); one may hardly take the shortest trip on the water without seeing the scarlet-footed ‘‘patillo” (‘little duck,” P. gaimardi) scurrying low over the water; but one may be ignorant of the most abundant species, unless by chance his boat pass near a cloud comprising per- haps hundreds of thousands of the ‘‘guanays,”’ or, unless the solid black crest of some islet be pointed out as a rookery of ‘‘guanays.”’ PHALACROCORAX BOUGAINVILLEI (Lesson). THE WHITE-BREAST CORMORANT, OR “GUANAY.,.” It need not be inferred from the previous remarks that the guanays occur invariably in enormous aggregations, for there are many rela- tively small rookeries. A flock of considerable size was noted at the Lobos de Tierra Islands, crowning an islet off the west side of the northern portion of the main island. A ‘‘loberia,” or rookery of sea lions, bordered the lower portion of the island. Several birds were seen also at the Lobos de Afuera Islands, where no rookery was ob- served. Smaller rookeries were found at the Pachacamac Islands and Asia. The preeminent home of the guanays, at least in 1907 and 1908, was the double group of islands off Pisco in the south, the Ballestas and the Chincha Islands (pls. 61 and 62). Each of the two island groups, which are only 5 nautical miles apart, comprises three prin- cipal units, those of Ballestas, the southerly group, being much smaller and much higher than the Chinchas. In each case we have NO. 2298. THH GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 475 the “Isla de Sur,” “Isla del Media,’ and ‘‘Isla del Norte.’’ These islands are about 11 nautical miles from the port of Pisco, or about 4 and 9 miles, respectively, from the point of Paracas Peninsula. They are the most famous in the history of the guano industry; small as they are, and without a single permanent human habitation, the name of Chinchas is known to every seaport in the world.’ Between 1850 and 1872 nearly 11,000,000 tons of guano are said to have been exported from these neds alone, and almost the entire deposit appears to have been of very high quality, with 13-14 per cent of nitrogen and about an equal op atone of phosphoric anhy- dride. The value of such a deposit at ordinary prices would be nearly three-quarters of a billion dollars, but the area of all the islands if combined into one would not be greater than that of a small-sized farm. When the Ballestas were visited in May, 1907, each of the three islands had large flocks of cormorants, all of which, however, had been disturbed by the opening of the season for the extraction of guano. The smallest of the three flocks had occupied the southwest corner of the north island, beyond the bluff and on comparatively level ground. The main part of the rookery was bounded by nearly straight lines, being 85 meters in length, with an average width of 54 meters. The area was, therefore, approximately 4,600 square meters. The south island of this group is some 300 feet in height and diffi- cult of ascent. Its small top was nearly half covered with a compact rookery of between 10 and 12 thousand square meters. The area of the breeding ground on the middle island was only slightly less. In all, about 150,000 birds had nested at these islands during the preceding summer, for it was found that we could safely estimate the flock at about six breeding birds to the square meter. At the Chincha Islands, visited in June, 1907, the guanays were using only the south island. But here was a rookery which for its size and compactness can scarcely be rivaled in any part of the world (pls. 61 and 62). Sixty thousand square meters of ground, or 15 acres, were closely covered with cormorant nests. It occupied about two-thirds of the surface of the island, embracing the crown and the gentle slopes of the hill surmounting the island. The nests were very uniformly spaced, about three to the square meter, and not an available meter of ground within the outside limits of the rookery was unoccupied. In one place 39 nests were counted in 12 square meters; in another, 52 nests in 18 square meters; in a third place, 33 nests to 9 square meters. These places were not more crowded than any other points within the limit of the rookery, the 1No less than 346 vessels are said to have embarked guano at the Chinchas Islands in 1858 (p.205 of “Derrotero,” previously cited, p. 453.) 476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. spacing of the nests (as shown in pl. 63, fig. 2) being practically invariable and determined apparently by the minimum space require- ments of a pair of breeding birds. One may safely compute the number of breeding adults by multiplying by 6 the number of square meters covered by the aggregation. At this time, the close of the breeding season, the immature but grown nestlings were still being fed by the parents from mouth to mouth and occupied the parental nest. Estimating on the basis of two birds to the nest and three nests to the square meter, there would be 360,000 parent birds in the flock, with undoubtedly an equal or greater number of immature birds able to fly, about three-quarters of a million birds in all. I had the opportunity to revisit this island briefly in the following month of July to find the flock at least 50 per cent larger, practically the entire island being occupied. The increase in size of the flock in this brief time may have been due in part to the accession of birds from the Ballestas Islands, but un- doubtedly in part a natural expansion, as the older birds of the past season’s brood mated and established homes of their own. The photograph shows the form and arrangement of the nests on the hillside (pl. 63, fig. 2). The nests are rather less regular in dis- tribution than at first appears. Whatever may have been the origin of the nests, they were now composed entirely of guano except for the little gravel or stone which was mixed with the guano. Each nest is like a shallow basin with heavy rolled rim, the diameter of the hollow of the basin being 20 cm. (8 inches) and that of the circum- ference of the rim 40 cm. (16 inches); the raised ring of guano sur- rounding the hollow is then about 4 inches wide. The nests, how- ever, are not separate, but are portions of the continuous carpet of guano. The distance from center to center of nests varies from 50 to 70 cm., being generally a little less than 60 cm. The young birds in the early days of June, although able to fly from the island with the older birds, were continually seen to be nagging the parents for food, pecking at them and expanding the throat to form a receptive pouch. When the food is conveyed the head of the young disappears entirely down the long throat of the parent and the two bend over to one side or the other, the brother young bird meantime making every effort to interfere and displace the more fortunate nestling. Even at this time there were among mature birds suggestions of preliminary love plays in the raising and lowering of crests and the brushing together of the birds of a pair. It was several weeks later when this island was revisited (in figures—up to 10,000,000; in the absence, however, of precise data regarding the method of computation employed, such estimates are to be viewed with conservatism at least. No. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 477 July) and many eggs and even a few young nestlings were found. It is evident, therefore, that there is scarcely a “closed season’’ for parental responsibilities in this species. Occasionally a wanderer bird is seen to be driven relentlessly from place to place as it works its way through the crowd. What was the significance of this I could not detect; whether it was a bird away from the proper nest or one without a mate, its unwelcome- ness was unmistakable. It is the habit of the guanays to remain on the islands the greater part of the time. They appear to leave only in search of food. They form, indeed, a great “breeding class.’’ They walk more than either of the other Peruvian species of cormorant and their erect position and waddling gait is quite suggestive of the penguin. At a casual glance the birds in the photograph (pl. 61) might easily be mistaken for penguins. Unlike pelicans, the guanays will return to some extent to rook- eries whence they have been disturbed during the preceding season, although a preference for undisturbed islands was most clearly indi- cated by the growth of the flock on the South Chincha Island. When I revisited the island in 1908, a considerable number of guanays were still using the Ballestas islands, although the rookery was entirely broken up in the preceding year. When one approaches a rookery the guanays crowd away with much grumbling, and when once a few birds arise in flight, the move- ment is liable to spread through the entire flock until hundreds of thousands are on the wing, even most of those that were too remote from the intruder to know the cause of the disturbance. It was found with these, as with other birds, that, if one waits motionless and with much patience, the birds will after a while return to the nests and gradually close around the observer, until at last only a circle with radius of 3 or 4 feet is left vacant. While in every direc- tion one is surrounded by acres of birds all of a single species, the scene is yet peculiarly variegated. In one direction the birds are turned watchfully toward the intruder, and the thousand white breasts make a glistening white groundwork spotted with black heads; in another direction the birds are turned in side view so that the breasts show only as white streaks. Additional effects are caused according as the birds are more or less compactly grouped. Close around one, the metallic green heads, the green-lustred backs, sides and legs, the white throats, breasts, and bellies, and the hundreds of intent green eyes are most conspicuous. The voice of a single bird is a sort of a croak, less deep, less hoarse, and less powerful than that of a bullfrog, but somewhat of that character. The collective voice of the flock of hundreds of thousands is indescribable except as it 478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. may be suggestive of the sullen mutterings of a disgruntled mob of human beings.! When the guanays leave the island in search of food they appear as a long black cloud several miles in length, streaming low over the water until they settle down to form a large black blotch on the urface of the sea. As a flock in flight rises on approaching an island it may beseen that the birds do not form an indeterminate mass, but are distributed in lines that bend and sway, ascending, descending, or swerving from side to side. The position of these varying curves at any moment could be reproduced by a drawing or a photograph; but the pleasing effect of the wave-like movement of the lines inter- secting each other at ever-varying angles is impossible of representa- tion. The guanays are afflicted with parasites, but to a far less extent than the pelicans. One of the parasitic insects is said to inflict a very pernicious bite on human beings. The economic importance of the guanay will be discussed after treating the other species of cormorants of the Peruvian coast. (See p. 482.) PHALACROCGRAX VIGUA (Vieillot). THE BLACK CORMORANT OR “CUERVO DE MAR.” The ‘‘cuervo de mar”’ (‘‘sea crow’’) is the common cormorant of the docks and piers of the coast as well as of the inland waters. They are rarely seen in long flight, but are almost invariably observed close to the shore swimming on the water or diving from low perches. They are generally in comparatively small groups, not exceeding a few hundreds in number. In appearance this is the least attractive of the cormorants. Its general color above and below is dark brown, the back and belly showing some dark green. The naked parts are dusky black, except for the yellowish skin at base of jaws and chin. The large pouch- like throat enables them to swallow comparatively large fish, but gives them a coarse appearance. A long crest on the lower half or two- thirds of the neck can be raised like the bristles on a hog’s back. The voice is a hoarse grunt. Walking over the long pier at Pisco for the first time persons not infrequently suppose that pigs are in some way penned below the pier, being misled by the grunts of hundreds of cormorants resting on the iron tie-rods and braces below. The cuervos dwell little on the islands. At the Chinchas and Bal- lestas opposite Pisco, a few are commonly seen perched in line on the 1 These notes regarding the voice of the guanays, individually or collectively, are transcribed verbatim from my field notes made in 1907. Forbes (1913) derived a strikingly similar impression. He says: “At times the noise is just like the sough of the sea and at others it resembles the sound of a great crowd, all the members of which are talking at once.’”? Additional notes of interest regarding this cormorant are com- prised in his paper, cited as follows: (Forbes, H. O.] The Peruvian guano islands. The Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 1, Oct. 6, 1913, pp. 709-712. (Under ‘‘ Notes and Discussion.”’) NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 479 slanting aerial trolley wires or on the low rocks near the shore. They remain generally motionless, though grunting noisily, but occasionally fly down into the water to dive for fish. They seem to prefer the bottom fish or shallow-water fish close in shore, such as the ‘‘tram- bollos”’ (blennies), which one may see from the rocks in almost any suitable place. The cuervo can swallow fish of considerable size, and I have found in the stomachs trambollo fish from 2% to about 10 inches in length. The nesting places were observed only at the Lobos de Tierra Islands in the north in midsummer—December, 1907. It is not doubted, however, that a visit to the southern islands at the same season would have revealed nesting places in that locality. The choice of nesting site is characteristic and is well shown in the illus- tration (pl. 64). They were using small rough-topped rocks lying close along the shore, but partly or entirely cut off from the shore proper. 5 The nests contained from one to five eggs or young, usually four eggs or four young birds. The eggs are comparatively small and pale blue in color, the blue somewhat obscured by a chalky coating which is not uniformly disposed. They were variable in shape. Four eggs from one nest were of an ordinary oval form, 53 by 36 mm., and these were representative of most of the eggs observed; one nest, however, contained five greatly elongated eggs. The nestlings were black. Dimensions, in millimeters, of the eggs of the ‘‘Cuervo de Mar.” Long Transverse diameter. Transverse diameter. | Long | diameter. diameter. ee oes 52 | 35 Ste. seis 60 | 34 4 ce haha. a ae Characteristic form. : ester 2 | 2 Unusual form; 5 eggs MA had | 53 | 36 Ree eu 60; ] 35), CFOuL One Meet | O3ae 5. ki 61 | 34 As compared with the guanay, the tail of the cuervo is rather long, the bill rather short, and the bird is lighter in build. Its weight, about 3} pounds, is a fourth less than that of the guanay. The iris is green in both species. The cuervo ranges probably the entire length of the Peruvian coast from Tumbes in the north to Chile, and it extends to the inland waters. The cuervo de mar is excellently described by Taczanowski.’ It must be remarked that in the specimens from which my color notes were made (Lobos de Afuera, November and December, 1907), the white feathers on each side of the auricular region, as described by 1 Ornithologie, vol. 3, pp. 429, 430, 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 58, Taczanowski, were wanting. These white marks were noted, — ever, in scarps observed | at Pisco in June, 1907. PHALACROCORAX GAIMARDI (Garnot). THE SCARLET-FOOT CORMORANT OR “PATILLO.” The patillo, P. gaimardi, though less familiar to the landsmen, is a not less common cormorant than the preceding. To anyone navigating in small boats along shore or among the islands the patillo is a familiar feature of the seascape. One meets them floating lazily yet watchfully on the water, occasionally flapping wings or ducking beneath the surface as enjoying a bath, or making a sudden dive for prey to come up with a fish or a wriggling eel, which is swallowed only after a little struggle. They seem to be peculiarly successful eel catchers, as I have many times seen them with such prey. This species bears many local names. Among them are ‘“pato de mar” (sea duck), ‘‘chuita,” and “‘chiquitoy”’; besides that of “patillo” (little duck). Their flight is characteristic—low and straight. The appearance of intentness in flight is accentuated by the series of three conspicu- ous streaks in series; the orange and red bill, the white neck stripe, and the scarlet legs and feet lying straight back beneath the tail. The whole manner is that of one with predetermined course eagerly seeking a certain destination. I never saw one turn its head aside, as the swift gannet will do to investigate an observer. A very slight bend of the neck is sufficient for reconnoissance or for deter- mining a change of course. Their short wings make flight a more strenuous and absorbing affair than for the gannet. Thus, as I have counted them, the wing strokes of the patillo, a minute, are from 250 to 300, as against 160 to 170 for the gannet, 150 to 190 for gulls of different species, and 140 to 150 for the pelican. The home of the patillo is on the bold cliffs (pl. 65) and in the caverns, and the body color would give effective concealment against the rocky walls except for the brighter markings of the legs and the neck of the adults. As one approaches an apparently bare rocky wall rising above the surf, small bright red spots in pairs with three or four rays may be distinguished against the gray background of the rocks. If low down, they may easily be mistaken for star-fishes or the red-legged crabs left by the tide, but these are the legs and feet of the patillo. When one is a little closer a white spot is made out some distance above the red. The eye and the imagination may then fill out the form of the bird between the white neck stripes and the scarlet feet. The young birds against a rocky wall are almost indistinguishable even when one knows the exact location of the nest (pl. 65, fig. 2). When in flight, the bright skin colors and the neck NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 481 stripe, together with the characteristic manner of flight, makes this bird most easily recognized even at a great distance. A surprising characteristic of the patillo is its cry, which is entirely unlike that of the ordinary cormorants that utter a coarse grunt or croak. When flying from the nest it often gives a high-pitched repeated chirp, somewhat like the note of the sparrow. This undoubtedly accounts for the common name sometimes used, “‘chuita,”’ a name certainly more suggestive of a peewee than of a cormorant. The nests are always isolated. Those examined were composed of a great variety of seaweeds, of many leathery worm tubes, of straw, feathers, and string, apparently any accessible and suitable material (pl. 65, fig. 1). One nest was weighed, although, unfortunately, more than a third of the material had been lost in removing it from the side of the cliff. The amount saved was found to weigh 8 pounds, and the complete nest must have weighed over 12 pounds. It was composed of Ulva and of various brown and red seaweeds, but the bulk of the total material was a chocolate brown weed with white tips, probably Corallina chilensis. The worm tubes, however, formed a very considerable portion, constituting 23 pounds or one- third of the material saved. These tough tubes, which bind together the looser materials to give strength and stability to the nest, must be of great value to birds that build, as the patillos do, such large and strong nests on almost any sort of a cliff where there is a bare foothold for the bird and the scantiest basis of support for the nest. Such tubes are, of course, taken only by diving, since the coast is free of exposed tidal flats. The nests are frequently formed also deep in the caverns that undermine the walls of islands or mainland. The nests were found to have two or three eggs, but I did not happen to observe a nest with more than two young birds. The eggs are of very elongate oval form, pale blue, but smeared with a white coating unevenly distributed. Two eggs measured were respectively 6.3 cm by 3.8 cm, and 6.4 cm by 3.9 cm. Tschudi * remarks on peculiarities of the coloration of the eye in this species, stating that the pupil of the eye of the patillo is sea green. I did not observe this, but my notes direct attention to the bright blue beading on the eyelids, 16 blue beads in all surrounding the eye. The patillo (P. gaimardi), does not appear to extend very far north of Callao. It was never observed at the Lobos Islands of the north; in that region the P. bougainvillei is locally known as the “‘patillo.”” The name, ‘‘chiquitoy,” applied in some localities to the 1 On p. 314 of the Ornithologie, previously cited. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——-31 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 56. gaimardi, refers, I take it, to its small size among the cormorants. This cormorant has no appreciable economic value. The three species of cormorants above described offer a striking illustration of the adaptability of nature. Three birds closely related, within the same genus in fact, dwelling in the same localities and not differing greatly in size, afford such striking contrasts in habits and appearance, as may be expressed in the following analysis. Social habit—The one herds in enormous flocks, another forms small groups, while the third is never seen except singly or in pairs. Of the two extremes, the patillo is always thought of as an individual, even though chance might bring several birds together, but the indi- viduality of the guanay is always lost in the multitude. Breeding habit.—The one nests crudely on the broad expanses of the island tops, another on the rough outlying rocks, while the third finds isolated homes on the cliffs or in the caverns where it constructs strong and secure nests of variously collected materials. Feeding habit.—The one flies out in great flocks to swim on the surface and dive for prey in the schools of surface fishes; another watches from its low perches or dives down to capture the fishes of the bottoms near shore; while the third often makes long single flights before diving in search of eels or other fish or for nest-building materials. Voice-—The one utters a distinctive croak, the second makes a harsh gutteral grunt, while the third has a high-pitched voice of the timbre of a song bird. Color—The guanay has a shiny black back and glossy white breast, the cuervo is dark and of almost uniform coloring, and the patillo is of generally variegated color with white stripes and scarlet feet. The patillo (P. gaimardt) is 1ather remarkable among cormorants for the entire absence of any disposition to gregariousness, and it is the most specialized of the three in its well-developed habit of nest construction and its instinct of protection of young, shown in the choice of location for the home. All of the Peruvian cormorants are smaller than the American carbo, but the guanay and the cuervo are about equal in size to the double-crested cormorant, the patillo bemg much smaller. The long bill of the guanay nearly equals that of Phalacrocorax carbo. Specimens of the ‘“‘patillo” weighed 2 7/8 to 3 1/8 pounds. The ‘“cuervo’’ weighs 3 1/8 to 3 1/4 pounds, while the guanay has a weight of 41/2 pounds. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE CORMORANT. The guanay (Phalacrocoraz bougainvillci) is the only one of the cormorants having especial economic value, but this one outranks all the other birds of the coast in significance as a guano producer. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 4883 1t well deserves the name by which it has probably been known since prehistoric times: ‘‘the guano bird” or guanay. Its gregarious habit, its choice of the level places or more gentle slopes on the tops of the islands for a nesting place, and its custom of remaining on the island a great part of the time, lead to the formation of enormous deposits with very little waste. In the light of the evident adapta- tion of this bird by its habits for the production of large deposits of guano, and in view of the significance of its native Peruvian name of guanay it is difficult to understand how the chief importance could have been ascribed to any other bird. Nevertheless, the principal credit has been variously assigned by previous observers to other species such as the piquero (gannet) and the penguin. The guano of guanays is also found to have a very high value in nitrogen compounds, but whether this is due to the particular char- acter of its food or to other conditions can not be stated. As far as my observations go, the guanay feeds almost exclusively on the an- chobetas or other surface-swimming fishes. In the region where this bird was most abundant, that of the Chinchas and Ballestas, the climatic conditions were most favorable for the preservation of the nitrates. Even though my visits were made during the winter season—May, June, and July, when the season of garwa (a sort of fog) was prevailing on the coast generally—the atmosphere on these is- lands was invariably clear and dry. It is doubtful if the guano of the Chincha and Ballestas Islands is ever wet from atmospheric moisture. Consequently the nitrates are not converted into ammonia, to be lost by evaporation or seepage. Fourteen to seventeen per cent of nitrogen, or more, may regularly be found in the comparatively new guano, and there are many analy- ses of record to show that even the old buried guano of past centuries, when mined from these islands some years ago, yielded as high as 12 to 14 per cent, indicating practically perfect preservation. A sample of new guano which I took in June, 1907, yielded 17.65 per cent nitro- gen when analyzed in September at the sugar experiment station near Lima, through the courtesy of Mr. T. F. Sedgewick. A second sample from the same place kept in Callao, and analyzed in the fol- lowing April by Mr. H. H. Bunting, showed 15.91 per cent nitrogen, while a third portion brought to the United States and analyzed in March, 1909, by the United States Bureau of Chemistry, contained only 8 per cent nitrogen—showing the marked deterioration from the effect of atmospheric conditions. Generally, as the nitrogen is lost in guano, the relative proportion of phosphatic compounds increases, but this means great loss in value, since phosphatic guanos have little value in comparison with nitrogenous or characteristically “Peruvian” guano. It is due to the rarest climatic conditions that the millions of tons of guano deposited during the previous times should have retained its nitrogen. 484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. One may easily appreciate what enormous value such flocks of birds may have. A single ounce of permanent guano for each bird deposited each day, with a flock averaging 500,000 birds, would rep- resent 154 tons of guano a day, or 5,700 tons a year. During the period of my stay in Peru the south island of the Chinchas was kept permanently ‘‘closed.’’ No guano extraction was allowed by the Government, and the birds were undisturbed; this island was visited after one, and again after two years of closure. On the occasion of the latter visit it was estimated that between 12,000 and 15,000 tons had accumulated, and it was confidently predicted that at the ex- piration of the third year the recent deposit would amount to not less than 20,000 tons. These estimates were based on measurements of the thickness and the area of the deposits. ‘Twenty-six measurements of thickness after 20 months closure showed an average depth of 18.5 em., or 7.4 inches, indicating an anuual deposit of 11.1 cm., or 44 inches, the weight of which would be about 300 pounds a square meter. Meantime, however, owing to the fortunate protection ex- tended the birds by the enforced closure, the flock seemed to gain steadily in size. After closure for three years and four months, from November, 1906, to March 1, 1910, the island was reopened, and the published report ! shows that 23,512 toneladas were taken from that island by the Compania Administradora del Guano (22,337 English short tons, or 21,631 metric tons). Guano of this high grade in nitrogen content rarely reaches the United States. For purposes of appraisal, however, it may be said that such guano, if purchased on the islands at $40 a ton, brought to the United States, and sold at prewar prices, would have yielded a substantial profit after defraying all expenses. Consequently the value of the guano deposited by this single flock during a period of a little more than three years may be stated at nearly $1,000,000. To quote from a previous report of mine:? From the various calculations I have made it appears that a rookery will yield about 1 long ton of guano per year for 28 nests. Twenty-eight nests or 28 pairs of birds have an annual producing value of $40 net. We give a fair idea of the commercial significance of these birds to Peru when we say that each brace of birds contributes annually $1.43 worth of guano, besides leaving a pair of offspring to continue its service. Is it not, then, of the greatest importance that the fullest protection should be extended the birds, and every possible precaution taken to insure that there may be the maximum number of birds at every rookery, and that these birds may remain upon the rookery the maximum amount of time? [Page 359.] Fowl which produce $1.43 worth of guano a pair annually, without expense for care and feeding except the minimal cost of protection, may well be appraised at $15 a pair. The fowl which dwelt on the South Chincha Island alone, when it was visited in 1907, might well 1Compafia Administradora del Guano, Limitada. La memoria del directoria. Lima, 1910. [D. 21.) 2'The fisheries and the guano industry of Peru. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries for 1908, vol. 28. 1910. pp. 333-365. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 485 be regarded as an asset representing a value of several millions of dollars. Nor is this the only flock, although the principal one of the coast. Other important flocks were noted at the Lobos de Tierra Islands of the North, at Asia, Pachacamac, and other places, besides the neigh- boring flocks at the Ballestas Islands, and on outlying rocks. There were four or five small islets about the North Chincha Island, each with something like 1,000 guanays. In 1907 the Ballestas North, Middle, and South Islands, respectively, yielded about 500, 800, and 900 tons of high-grade guano. When first deposited the guano is wet and sloppy, but under the baking sun this forms a hard thick cake, in color gray, which can be broken with an axe or a pick. As the deposits of later years accu- mulate, the lower layers undergo a change, becoming finely pulver- ized, so that old buried guano can be scooped with a shovel. The old or mineral guano may be of various colors, red, brown, almost black, or light gray, or even green, due in part to chemical changes, in part to foreign substances mixed in. When exposed to the sun, the old guano sometimes acquires a thin crisp whitish crust. Walk- ing over this may give the sound of walking on the icy crust of snow. The old guano does not, however, always bleach white. into the formation of such deposits go not only the excrement but all offal matter, such as waste food, dead bodies of young and old birds, and unhatched eggs—all may be finally blended into one ap- parently undifferentiated mass. It is related that one of the islands of the Chincha group was re- duced 100 feet in height by the extraction of the deep crown of guano deposited during past centuries. The story is by no means incredible, since, if the flocks of birds of the South Chincha Island could have re- mained undisturbed and continued breeding in the same place, the top of the island would certainly have been raised a hundred feet in about four centuries. The wonder is not how came the deposits of tens of millions of tons, but what became of the other millions which must have formed during past ages but which are not accounted for by the records of extraction. How much must have been lost by wasting into the sea! There are given below the analyses of several samples of recent guano of guanays from the Ballestas Islands, showmg an extremely high value in each case: ea Organic Phos- | Atkalis, eee Equal to me phorie matter. acid’ etc. trogen. ammonia, PO Dui id wincte sah teense 20. 26 0 56.59 8.89 | 13.51| 15.91 19.32 ee eeieianta siuiareis arsin a (a. s/eie sis elelel stalwie srs se lp heimeiaje soiaera |e aie amiss DZ Oi ete cena cee cah nhdOOn| sce aoocme SMONR MRE aceat ce 19.77 1.35 54.23 HON ADS eens ee (540) coe ASEM ROAR HE nc aI 19.95 2. 20 54.10 10.36 |.......... 14195 | Staeiaee Beebe CHEMIE wees ot ce 19. 80 1.60 51.80 104 BHR Phaee 14958) cathe eee tee encase 18. 20 | 3. 60 51.15 A510) (eens: 14641 | eee 486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. 56. These analyses were made for me, severally, by Mr. H. H. Bunting, ¥. C. S., Oficina de Ensayes of the Peruvian Corporation (Ltd.), in Callao, and by Sefior P. G. Urejia, of the Estacion Experimental para Cana de Azucar, near Lima (through the courtesy of Mr. Thomas F, Sedgewick, director of the station). THE PELICANS. According to report, the pelicans are represented on the Peruvian coast by two species, but the common one and the only one that I observed was Pelecanus thagus Molina. It is one of the largest repre- sentatives of the pelican family, its measurements being distinctly greater than those of the American white pelican and much greater than those of the common American brown pelican. 'Taczanowski records Pelecanus fuscus Linnaeus as collected by Captain Markham at Payta. I have a copy of Taczanowski’s “Ornithologie,” formerly in the possession of Doctor Nation of Lima, in which is a penciled entry noting its occurrence at Lima. PELECANUS THAGUS Molina. THE PELICAN OR “ALCATRAZ.” The alcatraz is common on the entire Peruvian coast. I observed it from Tumbes in the north to Mollendo in the south. During the period of my stay on the coast it was present in much greater num- bers in the northern region than in the south, but this was doubtless attributable to temporary conditions which, as will appear later, afforded the bird better protection for nesting on the larger islands of the north.! The description of the species as given by Molina, or by Taczanowski, need not be repeated here. There are, however, a variety of color phases to baffle the observer at first, as may in part appear from the photographs. Some of the color phases of the young are men- tioned later. The typical coloring during the period of incubation (pls. 66 and 67 and pl. 68, fig. 2) comprises a white forehead and neck stripe, dark brown neck and back, upper sides of wings more or less variegated. The nuptial plumage, as I take it, preceding this stage is characterized by yellow in place of the white on head and neck. The older birds become more and more white, especially on the head and wings. Some are found that have the back and belly and neck gray, and the head all white (pl. 68, fig. 1) while birds that I presumed to be the oldest, were almost entirely white on back and 1T suspected that the pelicans of the southern portion of the coast of Peru had migrated to still more southerly latitudes. Captain Jefferson of the Chilean steamship line said to me in 1907 that vast numbers of pelicans were observed at islands along the coast of Chile in higher southern latitudes than he had been accustomed to see them. NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 487 wings, the belly being brownish and the head and neck all white.1. A variety of color phases have been fully described by Forbes,? who does not attempt to interpret their sequence in life history. Forbes, in the paper cited, gives an interesting account of the habits of the pelicans. The observations which I offer here are generally supplemental to his account. — Pelicans, whether breeding or not, spend a great deal of time on the islands and are commonly seen standing in solemn ranks on some hillside or on a point of land commanding the ocean. They are more timid than most of the other birds, so that one may not approach them readily. Particularly in the morning, they delight to find some quiet little cove where they bathe and splash in the water. They make long flights on the ocean, flying in long files with slow wing strokes. The comparatively slow movement of the large wings gives a false appearance of leisureliness to the flight, for it was observed that they were rarely passed by the more “swift-winged”’ birds of smaller size. They not infrequently float on the water while waiting for food or resting between meals. The pelican shows ease and grace of movement only in flight—the dive for fish has an appearance of awkwardness and causes a great splash. The bird does not appear to go under water, the heavy coat of feathers probably making this impossible. With its long neck and bill fish may, however, be reached several feet beneath the surface. They may devour even large fish; at one nest I found a regurgitated mullet or “liza”? (Mugil cephalus Linneaus) over a foot in length. The anchobetas (Hngraulis ringens Jenyns) con- 1 The following is an account of the color changes as far as I could make them out, by inference from observation of the group, without the opportunity to trace the history of individual birds. With this qualifying statement, I give them for what they may be worth in suggestion to other observers. (A) The immature bird after leaving the nest is brown with white breast, some buff on the upper side of wings. Head and neck brown and without lateral stripe. Bill green at base and top, sides orange. Pouch orange yellow (pl. 69). (8B) Nuptial plumage: The feathers of head and neck stripe are yellow; the “‘cravat,’”’ or necklace of yellow, is formed, while the rest of the neck is a very dark brown, almost black. The covering of striate feathers on the back and lower side develops, while the mantle of pearly gray completes the nuptial plum- age. The pouch becomes black with blue stripes on the sides anteriorly and the characteristic red appears on the generally greenish bill. This phase was observed in birds occupying new-made nests and often in outlying rookeries. No adults of this phase were found on nests where the eggs had hatched out. (C) After the beginning of the laying, the yellow feathers are shed and replaced by white, which, how- ever, do not extend so far into the crest nor are so long as the yellow. A “cravat’’ of greater or less size may be retained or may be lost entirely. Many of the birds in the nests had heads partly yellow and partly white. The longer yellow feathers being in patches of greater or less size amid the shorter crop of whites. The changes do not always occur in just the same order. Thus whitehead birds may still show some white feathers in the lower side of body. (D) Another phase may be described, but whether it represents a possible stage between (B) and (C), or an older stage than ( (), or is a phase peculiar to one sex, lam unable tosay. Birds in this phase were observed to be brooding. The head and neck stripes are light gray, the neck is soft gray, the upper parts are generally brown, but a small region of back and breast around the base of the neck has the typical white and dark brown striate feathers; the breast is generally white mottled with brown feathers having a white median stripe; the billis red and yellow, the pouch asin (C) but paler. This phase includes some features of the immature (A), and some of the typical brooder (C), but the gray neck is characteristic. 2 Forbes, Henry O. Notes on Molina’s Pelican (Pelecanus thagus). The Ibis. Tenth Series. Vol. 2, No.3. London, July, 1914, pp. 403-420. 438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. stitute a considerable proportion of the food of pelicans as of the other sea fowl. The nests are made on the level ground or on gentle slopes and generally in large aggregations (pl. 66). After the rookery at the Lobos de Afuera Island was broken up in 1907, many smaller rook- eries were found in the following season (Dec., 1907), in addition to one or two that were some acres in extent. Some of these rookeries were connected in a curious rambling way (pl. 67). The nests are less regularly spaced than those of the guanays and naturally are much farther apart; while the guanays average 3 nests to the square meter, the pelican will average only about 2 to the square meter. The behavior of pelicans on the nesting grounds in some respects appears stupid and inexplicable. An alcatraz on her nest will sometimes reach over with her long neck and bill, take a fledgling from the uncovered*nest of a neighbor and throw it away, perhaps into another nest. Once, within a space of 2 square meters, I saw six little ‘“pichones,’’ almost new born, bandied about in a most merciless way, tossed from one alcatraz to another, each seemingly unwilling to have the little birds in their proximity. Finally three of the fledglings were thrown beyond the margin of the nesting ground and left to die in the sun. I watched a pelican that returned to a nest from which the only fledgling had been transferred by a mischievous neighbor into an adjoining nest. The returning brooder did not appear to notice the loss, but sat composedly on the remain- ing egg; then, pilfering on her own account, she quietly reached over and stole all of the feathers from the nest in which lay her own offspring (supposedly) among others, to add to the lining of her nest. I questioned if the birds invariably occupied the same nest; on one occasion, at least, a bird was seen to brood on two different nests. The birds near the margin had been frightened away, but, most of them returning, all of the nests were soon reoccupied except the ones nearest tome. An alcatraz, after sitting for 15 minutes on one nest, moved slowly over to another nearer to me, while its place on the first nest was at once taken by a bird that was previously covering an empty nest. The young were trampled dangerously by the old birds as they moved awkwardly about. Perhaps these are abnormal actions, attributable to nervousness caused by the presence of an intruder. I never found any considerable number of nests uncovered but once, when I came on a small rookery of some 100 to 200 nests, where there were only a dozen birds. Returning after an hour or less I found the same condition. Supposing the ground abandoned, I opened some eggs from different nests, finding live embryos in all. The eggs remained warm under the midday sun, Doubtless the insect parasites which swarm on the nesting grounds would occa- NO. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—-COKER. 489 sionally compel the brooding birds to seek the shores to rid them- selves of the pests, as far as possible, by splashing in the water. Birds are often seen coming to the nests with feathers between the jaws, or with pouch hanging low with small feathers or trash, which is ejected with some difficulty and deposited by the side of the mate to add to the lining of the nest. The nests, as observed, were shallow and roughly lined with feathers and usually contained many small rocks. They contain a variable number of eggs—from 1 to 8; 3 is the most common num- ber. Of 207 nests counted 35 contained 1 egg; 73 contained 2 eggs; 84 contained 3 eggs; 10 contained 4 eggs; 4 contained 5 eggs; 1 con- tained 6 eggs. Most of these were not new nests, so that the number of eggs was probably permanent, barring accident or intrusion. In looking over a large number of nests I saw two with 8 eggs each; from one of these the eggs were opened and all contained live embryos of approxi- mately the same size. A number of nests with 6 eggs were seen, while 5 was a very common number. Four nests, each with 1 egg apparently old, were marked; 6 days later, they were as at first. Three nests, each with 1 white (new-laid) egg, were marked (Nov. 29); 2 days later they were unchanged, but after 6 days one had 38, another still one, and the third was empty. Of 7 other nests marked, one with 2 white eggs gained 1, while 1 with 3 eggs lost all. Loss of eggs may occur from the depredations of the gulls or gallinazos (turkey vultures); from the awkwardness of the parents causing eggs to be thrown from the nest when the birds start in flight; and, doubtless too, from pilfering by stray cats that, unfortunately, infest the island. The eggs when new-laid are pure white in color, but soon become 30 soiled with guano as not to appear white at all. The form is variable, and the ends are sometimes almost equal. The size is about 82 mm. in length by 56 in transverse diameter and a little less than 5 ounces in weight. The length of 10 taken at random was from 76 to 97 mm.; transverse diameter, from 53 to 62; weight, 4 to 7 ounces, as shown by the following table. The egg of 97 mm. in length and weight 7 ounces was a very exceptional one. Dimensions and weight of 10 eggs of Pelecanus thagus, Lobos de Afuera. Trans- Trans- Specimen. Length. | verse di- | Weight. Specimen. Length. | verse di- | Weight. ameter. ameter. Milli- Milli- Milli- Milli- meters, | meters. | Ounces. meters. | meters. | Ownces. Venetia erica Serasis > = 82 55 4.5 Oe eee eee eS 80 55 4.5 DE Stee sees 80 55 5.0 TOs BIS: 78 56 4.5 Deca aecle aa ciewisib wise 79 55 SOU ly Bassccksccsteseesek 97 62 7 A sem Naa Seeley sitar 86 58 5.5 Qe esmoskemin kis xijsi5j= 76 55 4 Deer acinacine ccs ees 80 53 ASO) hOen scrsne se cctsectnces 78 58 4.5 490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. The average of these measurements is 79.9 by 55.6. Forbes found an average of 83.7 by 55.7. The young birds are bare of feathers, and, as I observed them at the Lobos islands, with black, dark blue or purple skins, but Forbes says’ they “‘are of a pale flesh-color, thus differing markedly from those of the brown pelican (P. fuscus) which, according to Chapman, are livid black.” They are of some size before the white downy covering is acquired. The birds are nearly full grown before the first feathering appears on the wings and back. (See pl. 68, fig. 2, show- ing an old bird and young in several stages.) The young about this time seem to be substantially larger than the adults in almost all dimensions.2,- A young bird just attaining the stage of flight from the nest is shown in the illustrations (on plate 69). The very dark brown or fuscous coloring of head, neck, back, and sides is conspicuous. The rump is lighter in color while the belly is nearly white. There is yet no sign of the white forehead and neck stripe of the adult. This bird was kept as a pet for several weeks. The season of nesting is almost uninterrupted, though less active during the winter months of May to September. In March and April, 1907, the rookeries at Lobos de Afuera contained thousands of eggs and young in all stages. On June 18 of the same year, young nestlings just beginning to feather were observed on an islet near the North Chincha Island. The Lobos de Afuera islands were again visited in December, when the large rookeries were filled with eggs and very young nestlings. In the south the only active rookeries noted were on two islets near the North Chincha Island; although numerous evidences of abandoned pelican rookeries were observed on various islands of the Chincha and Ballestas groups, on San Gallan, and on the Santa Rosa Islands at the Bay of Independencia. At the latter place, I was informed by a fisherman that, a few years before, a guano extractor, finding the young pelicans in the way, had herded them and driven them over the cliff. Examinations of the beach at the base of the cliff revealed thousands of skeletons of young pelicans with other débris. In the autumn of 1907 (March), at Lobos de Afuera, a rookery many acres in extent (pl. 63, fig. 1) occupied the northern point of the east- ward island, and a small islet to the north of it. -It was estimated that there were about 100,000 birds. During the following winter this was entirely broken up by the extraction of guano. At the beginning of the next summer (December) there were numerous (six or more) small rook- eries scattered over this island and containing in all about 2,000 nests; 1Forbes, Henry O. Notes on Molina’s Pelican (Pelecanus thagus). The Ibis, ser. 10, vol. 2, No. 3, London, July, 1914, pp. 403-420 [p. 416). 2 The grown young are normally somewhat heavier. Several fully mature pelicans weighed 12-14 ~ pounds, a very old and thin bird weighing only 9} pounds. A young specimen had a weight of 16 pounds, No. 2298. THE GUANO BIRDS OF PERU—COKER. 491 but the majority of the birds were occupying the westward island,which had not been disturbed. Here, too, were many scattered rookeries, some with birds in small groups, others with nests arranged in long rambling ranks (pl. 67). At the end of the land, however, and con- nected with the last-mentioned series, there was a large rookery including probably 6,000 nests (pl. 66). It was estimated that there were between 10,000 and 20,000 nests on the group of islands. A great many of the birds had apparently removed to the Lobos de Tierra Islands, a few miles to the north. The change of conditions noted in successive seasons on the Lobos Islands as regards the nesting of pelicans, was only one of many evi- dences that this species is not easily reconciled to disturbances. The adult pelican will often stand by its young, but the radical disturb- ance of its nesting ground, as by removal of the guano, seems to be the signal for a change of location in the following season. The pelican is, indeed, relatively timid and clannish by nature. Its nesting grounds were never observed in close proximity to those of other birds.1. It was noted also that the rookeries were generally well removed from the loberias (or rookeries of sea lions), though this may have been due to chance. : Pelicans are more infested with insect pests than any other of the guano birds. The neighborhood of the nests is, therefore, a most unpleasant place to stand for any length of time. One of these (a Mallophaga ?) is abundant all over the ground; it crawls up the legs, body, and neck of the bird to find an attachment within the pouch, where it may always be seen in scores. The great bills are quite helpless against such pests, and the only defense seems to be in the daily baths which the pelicans take in convenient coves. Other enemies of the pelicans are the gulls and “‘gallinazos,” whose depredations will be described in the account of the gallinazos(p. 498). Cats undoubtedly prey upon the young. It is interesting that cats, which have escaped from the guano workers’ or fishermen’s camps should have established themselves upon the Lobos Islands, where there is no possible source of fresh water, although an abundance of bird and fish food is to be found in the rookeries and on the beaches. The extermination of these cats is strongly to be recommended, and the conveyance of cats to the islands should be prohibited. Still another enemy of the pelican is the abundant ‘‘lobo,” or sea lion, although I can not rate highly the damage done by it. I wit- 1 On the other hand, Forbes, from observations at the Chincha Islands when pelicans and cormorants had just returned after a remarkable and unexplained absence of a year, found the nesting pelicans ‘ se $ + sswnl ah onde i PBs y yey t t SS AR Se Oey het BTA : bey a s bapa Yuet ave ‘ VS ere h, ' Ma ye 1 ‘ ~~ 2 ’ i pool ‘ } f | Nain’? Ul : ; ' 7 ' ' ; \ ‘ ; ; \ ' v4 rs i ae x i ava NE ma t { 2 vais ray od \ ot \ at ) } \ a } 7 i wo % i; i 1 | a f aes * 4 7 i aerial 4, a dod dete gs Be een AA ed 4 bP ; 2 é \ ‘eo a ce een dee ev “Phe Bah a hay “Taoet ads peek 7 i : | ofl Bet ah) baalet tdfeoghil s fat MO sh Sea a. Sg > remnants ating Se ee ego ae 4 paper i ied ve ‘| eit “re vr + eae ‘yOs ens antb ete aiid di ate Sula! ermiT af sodot ; Aiolet jae ebiralat eroeté oh aodod toler baa te bag oO ¢RomaseT hae dot ebuslel sehen? cabinet ensifD beailel etoheeast ah only 7 Jaowl ositevnt 23 -Dnslet- oonpedaat AND -5aalak emacs toi bre etedod atmaeAL — Jnsé ore i oe -biM dro ~sboglel edoahtd Atolai ther line! bias lb roatel aotatte -bitt dts ,abanisl esieotiedl wstolut dtiw altved haw loth -boelel welled oe — velancion TD peosiesh tuzalal where cake io yell bonlel aperY inte be | -nLio yall ebnalel ceeofl ata - Alsrebaaqeb -ebasliolt | a aI le ef ‘BL le e252. BT cs VW 8 perc et eee wei sd b> (nicl ed Sec DoT a sty insotea Od! ed Qartdicheg wWabreth soaeiinata WD tn¥ wh che BE i Sa «ye ae Ef; va U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 53 Fic. |. PENGUIN, SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDT! MEYEN, FROM BALLESTAS ISLANDS, JUNE, 1907 FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 4€6 Fic. 2. ALBATROSS, DIOMEDIA IRRORATA SALVIN, TAKEN NEAR LOBOS DE TIERRA ISLAND, JANUARY, 1908 FOR CESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 461 Fic. 3. NESTLINGS OF TURKEY VULTURE, CATHARTESTAURA, LOBOS DE TIERRA ISLAND, DECEMBER 14, 1907 FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 499 54 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 NATIONAL MUSEUM U. S. 19h 39Vd 33S NOlidiyosaq 4O4 8061 ‘GZ LSNONY ‘GNW1S] VISW NO ‘(NOSS3) VONI VNYSLSOUV] ‘NYSL VON] 4O 30V1d DNILSAN 56 PL. 55 VOL. PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 89b 30¥%d 33S NOILdidy9S3ad YOY4 LO61 ‘6 Wddy ‘GNV1S}] vWHY3SI, 3q sogo7q “NISZLSNASLHOIT SANVOINIWOG SNyv7 ‘sTINy5 NVOININOG U. Se NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 56 Fic. |. NESTING PLACE OF DOMINICAN GULL, LARUS DOMINICANUS LICHTENSTEIN, LOBOS DE TIERRA ISLAND, JANUARY, 1908. NEST OF SULA NEBOUXI NEAR FOREGROUND FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 459 Fic. 2. YOUNG PIQUEROS, SULA VARIEGATA (TSCHUC!I), LOBOS DE AFUERA ISLAND, MARCH 25, 1907 One neecroiorTinn cee pane ART U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 57 ADULT AND NESTLING PIQUEROS, SULA VARIEGATA (TSCHUDI), LOBOS DE AFUERA, MARCH 22, 1907 FOR CESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 466 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 58 NESTING PLACE OF PIQUEROS, SULA VARIEGATA (1SCHUDI), GUANAPE ISLAND, MARCH 5, 1907 FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 467 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 59 NESTING PLACE OF PIQUERO, SULA VARIEGATA (TSCHUDI), CHINCHA ISLANDS, JUNE [2, 1908 FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 467 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL 56 PL. 60 Fic. |. SHOWING NESTING HABIT OF SULA NEBOUXI AT LOBOS DE TIERRA ISLAND, JANUARY, 1908. ADULT BIRDS FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 471 Fic. 2. NESTS OF SULA NEBOUX! MILNE-EDWARDS, LOBOS DE TIERRA ISLAND, APRIL 2, 1907 . Note different stages of development shown by the two nestlings at nest in foreground FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 472 ‘ - 61 BE VOL. 56 PROCEEDINGS NATIONAL MUSEUM S. U. tlp 39Vd 33S NOlid!IW¥9Saq Y¥O4 69 ALV1d AYVdWOD ‘2061 ‘S| ANONP 'GNV1S] HLNOS VHONIHD NO GNNOYS ONILSAN LV ‘(NOSSS7]) ISTTIANIVSNOG XVYOOOYUOVIVHd ‘SAVNVYNS) eo 62 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 NATIONAL MUSEUM Ss. U. blLbp 3OVd 33S NOlldivosaq yoy Sale GT BULIWAOD punols Surjseu B JO suorjiod [[eus AdaA yueserder yore ‘79 puR T9 Se7eTd ‘SMOTA OMY OULL LOGI ‘GI AINF ‘GNVIS]| HiNOS VHONIHD ‘SAYNVYNY U. S. NATIONAL MJSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 63 Fic. |. YOUNG PELICANS AT NESTING GROUND ON ISLET OFF NORTH END OF EAST ISLAND OF LOBOS DE AFUERA GROUP, MARCH 28, 1907 FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 490 ‘Fig. 2. NESTS OF GUANAY, PHALACROCORAX BOUGAINVILLEI ISLAND OF CHINCHAS. JULY 12, 1908 eet Go the ie bees By (LESSON), SOUTH PL. 64 VOL. 56 PROCEEDINGS, NATIONAL MUSEUM Ss. U. 6Lb 39Vd 33S NOIlldiv9Saq0 HOH punoisyorq ut ivedde suvored pure sodenbig "“punoisei0] UT 1a]eM 9 UO PUL SYoOd UO UES div SOAIOND L061 ‘vl YSAW303q ‘GNV1S] VYYSIL 3G sOgO7 ‘(LOTISIA) WADIA XVHOOOYOVIWHd ‘YVIN) 3G OAYSND 4O F0WI1d ONILSAN 56 PL. 65 VOL. PROCEEDINGS, NATIONAL MUSEUM Ss. U. LO6I ‘L ANNf ‘SWHONIHOD JO GNVTS] Spiiq Surpysou jo ived & preMmo} syutod Z ainsy Ul MOLI OUT HLYON ‘(LONYV5)) IGYUVYWIVD XVYOOOYOVIVHd O11ILVd a0 SLSAN ‘SG GNV | ‘SDIS 4 wks hs PIEI66 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL, 56 98% 30Vd 34S NOlidid¥9S30 YO4 L061 ‘§ YAEW303Q ‘GNV1S| LSSAM ‘VWYSNAY 3G SOEO7 ‘SNVOITAd 4O GNNOYS ONILSSAN 3O NOILYOd 56 PL. 67 VOL. PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 8b 40Vd 338 NOILdivosaq HOY LO61 “€ YAEW3I090qQ ‘GNVIS] LSAM ‘VeYaNsYW 3a SOdO7] 'SNVOITSd 4O GNNOY ONILSAN 4O NOILYOd PL. 68 VOL. 56 PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 1061 ‘83 HOYVIA ‘SGNV1S] Vadnsy 3a SOsO] ‘SSDVLS SNOINVA NI SONITLSAN GNW NvOllad Lindy ° “Ol4 LO61 ‘81 ANAL ‘SGNW1IS| VHONIHO 98% 3DVd 33S NOI1didoS30 HO4 “SOVWNId AVYD LHDIT 40 ASVHd NI NVOI1Sd LAINGy = *ols 56 PL. 69 VOL. PROCEEDINGS, NATIONAL MUSEUM Ss. U. 06 3DVd 33S NOILdiHIS3q YOY LO6I ‘9 TWl¥dVW ‘VHYaNSY 3G SOsO7 ‘ATH OL ONINNIDAG NAHM 3DVLS AHL LY NVOITSd DNNOA ‘Z GNV | ‘SDI4 G ! REPORT ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF INDIAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. By A. B. Gawan. Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. The Hymenoptera listed and described in the following pages and belonging to the superfamilies Chalcidoidea and Serphidoidea are part of a lot of material received by the Bureau of Entomology from Ramakrishna Ayyar, acting government entomologist, Madras Agri- cultural College, Coimbatore, Southern India. Most of it is reared material, although in many instances the name of the host insect is unknown. A large part is said to have been reared from galls on various plants and some of the Eurytomids may prove to be phyto- phagous. The new species of Bruchophagus will without much doubt prove to be a destroyer of the seeds contained in the pods from which it was reared. The collection as a whole forms an interesting addition to the as yet largely unknown Indian fauna. In addition to the forms described here this lot of material contained a number of species of Eulophidae and Elasmidae which will be treated separately by Mr. J. C. Crawford, of the Bureau of Entomology, who has cooperated with the writer in determination of the entire lot. Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA. Family EURYTOMIDAE. BRUCHOPHAGUS MELLIPES, new species. Agrees nicely with the generic characterization by Ashmead. Readily distinguished by the reddish testaceous legs from all described species at present placed in the genus. Female.—Length, 2.4mm. Head strongly umbilicately punctate; antennae short; first funicle joint a little longer than broad, about equal to the pedicel in length but distinctly thicker; following funicle joints subquadrate or slightly transverse; club not quite as long as the three preceding funicle joints, 3-jointed, the joints subequal in length; clypeus and a slight median longitudinal ridge below the antennae shining, impunctate; pronotum, mesoscutum, and scutel- PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 56,—No. 2299. 115690—19—Proe.N.M.vol.56—— 33 513 514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. lum umbilicately punctate like the head; propodeum strongly declivous, approaching perpendicular, rugoso-punctate laterally, with a broad, very slightly concave median area, which is coarsely, irregularly, longitudinally rugose, and bounded anteriorly and laterally by carinae, the two lateral carinae converging posteriorly ; marginal vein scarcely as long as the stigmal, somewhat thickened; postmarginal distinctly longer than either the marginal or the stig- mal, and slender; stigmal knob rather large and squarely truncate at apex; discal ciliation delicate; abdomen robust, conic ovate, not compressed, the third tergite the largest, approximately twice the length of the second; second and fourth tergites subequal; those beyond the fourth shorter and subequal to each other; apex of ovipositor barely exserted ; fourth tergite faintly reticulated medially, otherwise the abdomen is polished. Black, opaque; the antennal scape reddish testaceous, the flagellum brownish testaceous; all legs, except their coxae and the basal half, more or less, of the fore and hind femora, reddish testaceous; coxae black; fore and hind femora brownish or blackish basally; ovipositor sheath pale testaceous; wings hyaline, venation pale testaceous. Male unknown. Type-locality—_Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22279, U.S.N.M. Four females received by the Bureau of Entomology from Rama- krishna Ayyar, and labeled as follows: ‘‘Galls in Daincha pods. Insectary. 7—-IX-1914.” Also one female from the same source, labeled: ‘‘From Red gram pods. Y. R., collector, 11-I-1916.” By ‘‘red gram” pods is probably meant the pods of Vigna sinensis. This species, like its congener B. funebris, will in all probability be found to be a true seed Chalcid, destroying the seeds of the plant from which it was reared. EURYTOMA PARASAE, new species. Female.—Length, 3.8 mm. Head coarsely umbilicately punctate ; face medially with a low, nearly smooth, longitudinal ridge on either side of which the punctures are modified to form several short, irregular, striatiform rugae which converge toward the clypeus; cheeks strongly carinate behind; ocelli rather large, the lateral ones about their own diameter from the eye margin; antennal scape short; pedicel scarcely longer than broad; first funicle joint twice or very nearly twice as long as the pedicel and distinctly longer than twice its thickness, following joints of the funicle gradually decreas- ing in length, the last funicle joint a little less than twice as long as thick; club no thicker than the funicle, very slightly longer than the two preceding funicle joints combined, 3-jointed, the suture between the first and second club joints deep and distinct, that between the No. 2299. INDIAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. HED second and third subobsolete; pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, and axillae uniformly umbilicately punctate like the head; propodeum moderately long, declivous, with a broad, deep depression medially, rugoso-punctate laterad of the depression, the depressed area bounded laterally by an irregular more or less obscure carina, rugulose within, with some short, poorly defined, transverse crenulae medially; front coxa beneath with a broad, obliquely longitudinal groove or depres- sion for its whole length, the surface within this depression more or less distinctly, finely, transversely striated; mesosternum with a median longitudinal carina but without a tooth-like projection; hind coxae finely reticulate-punctate; abdomen about as long as the thorax, subcompressed, pointed at apex; fourth tergite about equal in length to two and three combined, all tergites dorsally polished impunctate, third and following tergites laterally weakly reticulate-punctate; ovipositor slightly exposed at apex; marginal vein at least one and one-half times the stigmal, postmarginal distinctly longer than the stigmal. Black; antennal flagellum reddish brown; scape, pedicel, mandibles, palpi, and all legs except the anterior and posterior coxae, reddish testaceous; ovipositor sheaths pale testaceous; wings hyaline, the venation pale brownish. Male unknown. Type-locality.—Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22280, U.S.N.M. Six female specimens received from Ramakrishna Ayyar, labeled as follows: ‘‘Parasite on Parasa lepida. Insectary. 2-—XI-1914.” Also one female labeled: ‘‘Parasite on Thosea sp. on Neem. Kurnool Dt., Kodumur. Y.R., collector.” The latter specimen has the antennal flagellum entirely blackish, but otherwise does not differ materially from the type. EURYTOMA DENTICOXA, new species. Female.—Length, 2 mm. Head coarsely umbilicately punctate, the face without a smooth median ridge, nearly uniformly pun*tate; cheeks strongly carinate behind; antennal scape somewhat clavate, more slender apically than at base, pedicel subspherical, a little longer than broad; funicle 5-jointed, submoniliform, the first joint slightly the longest, approximately one and one-third times as long as the pedicel, following joints subequal and very slightly longer than thick; club compact, conic ovate, a little longer than the fourth and fifth funicle joints combined, 3-jointed, the sutures not very distinct; pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, and axillae umbilicately punctate hike the head; propodeum rugoso-punctate, rather deeply excavated medially, the excavation not very broad and not bounded laterally by distinct carinae but with a nearly straight carina on each side of the middle within the excavation, these carinae delicate and parallel, 516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the area between the carinae finely, transversely rugulose-punctate; marginal vein a little longer than the stigmal, which is about equal to the postmarginal; anterior half of the front coxae excavated beneath, the concavity margined by a carina which is angulated posteriorly, forming a distinct tooth-like projection a little behind the middle; hind coxae outwardly reticulate, shining; abdomen polished, a little longer than the thorax, subcompressed, pointed at apex, the fourth tergite a little shorter than 2 and 3 combined, very distinctly finely reticulate on the sides and with a few very obscure reticulations dorsally; apex of ovipositor barely exposed. Black; the antennal scape testaceous, pedicel and flagellum brown; femora brownish black; tibiae mostly fusco-testaceous, the anterior pair mostly testaceous; ovipositor sheaths black; wings hyaline, the venation pale. Male unknown. Type-locality—Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22281, U.S.N.M. One specimen labeled as follows: ‘‘From Maize seeds. 7-II-1917. Ramakrishna, collector.” EURYTOMA DENTIPECTUS, new species. Female-—Length, 2 mm. Similar to denticoza, but differing as follows: Middle of the face not so definitely umbilicately punctate as the sides, with two or three irregular coarse transversely directed rugae on either side of the clypeus; propodeum more broadly exca- vated and more distinctly defined laterally by somewhat irregular carinae, the lateral margins of the excavation curved and converging toward the base of petiole, the excavation with two and sometimes three delicate, parallel, longitudinal carinae, the sculpture between these carinae transversely rugulose, laterad of the carinae more reticulate-punctate; mesosternum with a distinct tooth or process near the middle; front coxae beneath with a transverse carina which is near the apex of coxae and not angulated to form a tooth-like projection; fourth abdominal tergite medially not as long as 2 and 3 combined, about one and one-third times as long as the third, rather deeply emarginate at apex; scape, all trochanters, middle femora, all tibiae, and all tarsi testaceous, the tibiae faintly tinged with brownish; fore and hind femora dark brown except at base and apex. Male.—Antennal pedicel spherical, hardly half as long as the first funicle joint; scape a little swollen beneath; funicle joints dis- tinctly pedicellate and hairy, the thickened portion only slightly longer than broad, except the first, which is about one and one-half times as long as thick; club not more than one and one-half times as long as the last funicle joint; abdominal petiole smooth, and about twice as long as thick; abdomen short, not longer than high, sub- compressed; scape pale at base, dark brown beyond; front tibiac. No. 2299. INDIAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 517 bases and apices of middle and hind tibiae, apices of all femora more or less, and all tarsi pale testaceous; legs otherwise dark brown or blackish, the middle femora and all of the tibiae less dark than the fore and hind femora. Otherwise as in the female. Type-locality— Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22282, U.S.N.M. Three females received from Ramakrishna Ayyar and labeled as follows: ‘‘From gall. T. V. R., collector, 30-VI-1913.” One male with same data except dated ‘‘18-VI-1913.” Also four females labeled: ‘‘Parasite from gingelly galls. Y. R. collector, 11 to 19-III- #913.’ EURYTOMA SETITIBIA, new species. Easily distinguished from the other Indian species by the setae on hind tibiae and the entirely pale testaceous antennae. Female.—Length, 2.8 mm. Head, except a narrow median longi- tudinal line on the face, coarsely umbilicately punctate; cheeks strongly carinate behind; occiput umbilicately punctate behind the vertex, shagreened below; antennal scape narrowed at apex; pedicel about as long as broad, subglobose; funicle submoniliform, the first funicle joint nearly twice as long as the pedicel and about one and one-half times as long as thick; following funicle joints subequal and very slightly longer than thick; club 3-jointed, compact, longer than joints 4 and 5 of the funicle combined, the second suture not very distinct ; pronotum, mesoscutum, and scutellum umbilicately punctate like the head; sides of the scutellum and the axillae below shagreened ; propodeum rugoso-punctate laterally, with a broad, rather deep, irregularly carinately margined median excavation which is nearly smooth medially but finely shagreened on the sloping sides; front coxae excavated beneath, but without a transverse carina or tooth; mesosternum with a distinct median carina, but without a tooth-like projection; hind tibiae above on the basal half with three strong stiff setae in addition to the usual fine bristles or hairs, the distal seta the longest and approximately as long as the basal joint of tarsi; marginal vein about one and one-half times the stigmal, postmarginal very slightly longer than stigmal; abdomen about as long as head and thorax, subcompressed, the fourth tergite equal to the first, second, and third combined; fifth very short, sometimes completely hidden by the fourth; stylus rather prominent; apex of ovipositor sheaths exposed; all tergites distinctly reticulate-punctate laterally, less dis- tinctly so dorsally. Black; antennae entirely, fore and middle femora, all tibiae, and all tarsi pale reddish testaceous. Type-locality.— Coimbatore, South India. Type—Cat. No. 22283, U.S.N.M. Type female and two female paratypes labeled: ‘‘Parasite from galls on Cordia myza. T. V.S., collector. 24-V-1917.” 518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, EURYTOMA HINDUPURENSIS, new species. Female.—Length, 2.6 mm. Vertex with a few not very distinct umbilicate punctures; frons between the antennal groove and the eye margins longitudinally reticulated; face with fine striae converg- ing toward the clypeus; cheeks carinately margined behind; temples rugulose-punctate; occiput with shallow nonumbilicate punctures; antennal scape constricted at apex; pedicel small, not longer than broad, and not over half as long as the first funicle joint; funicle joints submoniliform, much thicker than the pedicel, the first joint a little longer than thick, following joints about as long as thick; club dis- tinctly 3-jointed, conic ovate, and somewhat longer than joints 4 and 5 of the funicle combined; pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, and axillae umbilicately punctate, the sides of scutellum smooth, and lower two-thirds of axillae more or less granularly sculptured; pro- podeum laterally rugoso-punctate, the medial impression deep, broad, and not bounded by definite carinae, finely reticulate-punctate medially, the sculpture of the sloping sides more or less transversely rugulose; front coxae beneath apparently excavated from base to apex, without a tooth; marginal and postmarginal veins subequal and distinctly longer than the stigmal; abdomen shining, strongly com- pressed, the fourth tergite not more than half as long as the third, second and third subequal and rather large; sides of segments 2, 3, and 4 closely finely punctate except along the posterior margins; stylus rather prominent. Black; antenna entirely black; front tibiae and all tarsi testaceous; middle and hind tibiae dark brown, paler at apices; abdomen ventrally more or less piceous. Type-locality.—Hindupur, Anantapur Dt., India. Type.—Cat. No. 22284, U.S.N.M. Two females collected by Ramakrishna Ayyar, 12-V-1914. The paratype female with head and fore legs missing. Family CHALCIDIDAE. CHALCIS ARGENTIFRONS Ashmead. Hight specimens determined as this species are labeled: ‘‘ Parasite on Lasiocampid pupa. Coimbatore, South India. Insectary. August 1, 1914,” The species was originally recorded from the Philippine Islands. STOMOCERAS AYYARI, new species. Female.—Length, 8 to9mm. Whole insect, including the legs and antennae, black; wings hyaline basally, faintly infuscated apically with a dark brown spot behind the marginal and apex of submarginal veins, this spot extending posteriorly not quite to the middle of the wing; also two long narrow longitudinal streaks of brownish, one from the stigmal vein and the other from the hind margin of the brown spot. Head strongly punctate; scrobicular depression broad and No. 2299. INDIAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 519 deep, coarsely punctate laterally, coriaceous medially, bounded by coarse carinae which meet in a curve behind the front ocellus and which are weaker below the eyes; vertex sloping and not separated from the occiput; cheeks separated from face by a smooth carinate_ ine; antenna 11-jointed, slender, separated at base by a strong keel; scape and pedicel as well as the funicle and club opaque; pedicel about twice as long as the subquadrate third joint and very slightly shorter than or subequal to the fourth jomt; joints beyond the fourth grad- ually shortening, the tenth subquadrate and very slightly longer than the third; club solid, conic ovate and about twice as long as the tenth joint; pronotum with coarse thimble-like punctures, its sides separated from the declivitous anterior portion by a sharp carina which fades out dorsally; the posterior margin of pronotum unarmed; mesoscu- tum and scutellum sculptured like the pronotum, the scutellum cari- nately margined and terminating apically in a broad projection which is bidentate at apex; mesopleura coarsely longitudinally striate above, smooth on lower one-third; metanotum with coarse longitudinal striation; propodeum rugoso-punctate, with a short, blunt angula- tion just posterior to the spiracle, a distinct carina on each side arising just mesad of the spiracle and extending to the base of abdomen and two parallel longitudinal carinae medially which are separated by a distance about equal to that between the apices of the two teeth on the scutellum; margin of the posterior femora beneath with two broad shallow emarginations and finely denticulate for about two- thirds the length of femora; abdomen about as long as head and tho- rax, the first tergite the largest; first to fifth tergites above with a broad apical border, finely closely punctate, smooth basally; sides of tergites with much coarser punctures; sixth tergite coarsely uni- formly punctate all over; seventh compressed into a keel above and coarsely punctate on the sides only. Male unknown. Type-locality.—Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22285, U.S.N.M. Described from four females labeled: ‘‘ Parasite from Parasa lepida cocoons. 16—XII-1914.” Named in honor of Ramakrishna Ayyar, acting government entomologist, Madras Agricultural College, Southern India, from whom the specimens were received. Family ENCYRTIDAE. Subfamily EUPELMINAE. Genus NEANASTATUS Girault. Neanastaius GIRAULT, Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 11, 1913, p. 35. Solhndinelleus Giravtt, Soc. Ent. Jahrg., vol. 29, 1914, p. 22. In the opinion of the writer Neanasiatus and Solindinelleus are synonyms. The former genus is founded on the female sex, while 520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. the latter, although said to have been founded on a female, is believed to be based on a male. The author of the genus! writes that Solin- dinelleus is ‘‘like Neanastatus, excluding the shape of the abdomen.” His description of the abdomen of 8. pulchricorpus strongly suggests a male and agrees in every particular with males received from India, where they were associated with galls, as was the genotype specimen. Associated with the male from India are females which undoubtedly belong to Neanastatus. (SOLINDINELLEUS) NEANASTATUS PULCHRICORPUS (Girault). Two males and three females of what are believed to be this species are labeled: ‘‘Coimbatore, South India. From gall. T. V. R., col- lector. June 18-25, 1913.” As stated above the description of the species is said to have been based on a female, while this deter- mination is based on the belief that the description is of a male. Until the sex of the type is definitely determined, therefore, this determination will of necessity remain doubtful. NEANASTATUS TROCHANTERICUS, new species. Female.—Length, 3.5 mm. Vertex and frons opaque, with close shallow thimble-like punctures; face below antennae and cheeks finely lineolated; antenna slender, the club thickened; scape equal in length to the pedicel, ring joint, and first funicle joint combined; pedicel obconic, about twice as long as thick at apex; ring joint strongly transverse; first funicle joint two-thirds the length of scape, second funicle joint one-half as long as scape, third nearly four- fifths the length of second, fourth slightly more than half as long as the second, fifth very slightly less than half as long as the second, and about one-fifth longer than thick; club a little longer than funicle joints four and five combined, 2-jointed, obliquely truncate, the api- cal joint much longer than the basal one; pronotum conically pro- duced, as long as the mesoscutum and with faint scalelike sculpture; mesoscutum, tegulae, and scutellum sculptured like the pronotum, the mesoscutum depressed down the middle, and the scutellum with a deep median groove; sides of pronotum and mesopleura finely lineolate-reticulate; the posterior half of mesopleura very finely longitudinally striate; forewing long and rather narrow, strongly in- fuscated from a short distance proximad of the stigmal vein out- wardly to the apex, the apex somewhat lighter, rest of the wing hyaline; postmarginal vein at least four or five times as long as stig- mal; legs long and slender, the middle pair especially long, as long as the whole insect or very nearly; the median trochanter with a short but distinct spinelike process dorsally; middle tibiae outwardly with short black bristles along either margin and terminating apically 1 Memoirs Queensland Museum, vol. 4, 1915, p. 35. No. 2299. INDIAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 521 in a comb of short black spines, middle tibial spur as long as the three basal joints of tarsi combined, the basal joint of tarsus with a single row of black spines beneath; abdomen slender, distinctly longer than the head and thorax, subcompressed and conical, the ovipositor sheaths barely showing at apex. General color light orange-yellow; antennae, vertex and frons, transverse blotch on the occiput, pos- terior margin of pronotum medially more or less, tegulae apically, scutellum, posterior femora and tibiae, and apical four joints of the fore and middle tarsi brownish-testaceous or fuscous; basal joint of hind tarsi white, apical four joints black; abdomen with two broad blackish bands, one some distance before the middle, the other before the apex; sometimes with an obscure brownish band near base and another between the two blackish bands. Male unknown. Type-locality.—Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22286, U.S.N.M. Described from four females labeled: ‘‘Parasite from galls on Ischaemum ciluare. Y. R., collector, 25-XI-1915.” One of the par- atypes has lost the abdomen. Antenna of the type mounted on Hymenoptera slide No. 883, U.S.N.M. Subfamily ENCYRTINAE. APHYCUS FUSCIDORSUM, new species. In Timberlake’s key to the species of this genus, this species runs best to coquillettzi Howard, but differs from that species in antennal characters, as well as in the color of mesonotum and antennae. Could also be run to alberti, but differs in color of mesonotum and legs as well as in the antennae. Female.—Length, 0.8 mm. Front and vertex not quite twice as long as broad and granularly opaque; ocelli in an acute angled tri- angle, the posterior pair about one-fourth their own diameter from the eye-margin; antennal scrobes deep and rather narrow, the frons prominent. Scape widest at about the middle, one-third as broad as long; pedicel shorter than the first two funicle joints combined; first four funicle joints subequal and fully as long as broad or a little longer than broad, the fifth and sixth jomts subequal and subquadrate and wider than the fourth; club ovate, a little broader than the funicle and about equal in length to the three preceding funicle joints com- bined. Wings closely uniformly ciliated, not broad; oblique hairless streak interrupted posteriorly; mesoscutum and scutellum finely sculptured, opaque. Frons and vertex brownish yellow; dorsal por- tion of pronotum whitish with a brown dot at each lateral angle; remainder of dorsum of thorax and abdomen dark fuscous except that the margins of scutellum and a broad margin on abdomen are pale yellowish; the mesoscutum and scutellum covered with fine whitish 522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. hairs; underside of head, thorax, and abdomen pale brownish yellow; tegulae pale; legs concolorous with the underside of the body, the tibiae each with two very obscure, scarcely noticeable, brownish bands or spots and the apical tarsal jot brownish. Scape with an oblique blackish spot in middle; pedicel blackish basally; basal half of club blackish; rest of antennae pale yellowish. T'ype-locality.—Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22287, U.S.N.M. Described from four female specimens labeled: “Parasite on scales on Lab-lab. Insectary. 9—X-1914.” The host plant is probably one of the hyacinth beans belonging to the genus Dolichos. ANICETUS CEYLONENSIS Howard. Three female specimens are labeled: ‘‘ Parasite on scale on Lab-lab. Coimbatore, South India. Insectary.’”’ Compared with the type By “‘Lab-lab” is probably meant one of the hyacinth beans belonging to the genus Dolichos. PARACOPIDOSOMOPSIS JAVAE Girault. Seven specimens labeled: ‘Parasite of Plusia signata on Ragi, Coimbatore, South India,” have been compared with the Girault types which were reared from Plusia, sp. from Salatiga, Java. The Indian specimens are indistinguishable from the Javanese. EUCOMYS LECANIORUM Mayr. Nine specimens of what appear to be this species are labeled: “Parasite on Lecanium on cotton. Coimbatore, South India. Y. R. coll.” These specimens were compared both with Mayr’s de- scription and with a specimen determined as L. lecaniorum, reared from Lecanium hesperidum from Portici, Italy. Family PTEROMALIDAE. EUPTEROMALUS PARNARAE, new species. Very close to Hupteromalus nidulans (Foerster) Kurdjumov, but differing by being much lighter green in color. Female.—Length, 2 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and coxae green, the coxae more or less diluted with yellowish inwardly, the middle pair mostly yellowish; antennal scape and legs, except coxae, pale reddish testaceous; antennal flagellum dark brown; wings hyaline, the venation and tegulae pale. Head and thorax with close irregular thimble-like punctation; cheeks and clypeus with fine con- verging striae; occiput delicately carinately margined; antennal pedicel about equal to the two ring joints and first funicle joint com- bined; first funicle joint very slightly longer than broad, the following funicle joints subequal and subquadrate; club 3-jointed and about as No, 2299. INDIAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA—GAHAN. 523 long as the three preceding funicle joints; pronotum short, the dorsal portion smooth posteriorly, punctate along the anterior margin, the declivitous portion reticulated and separated from the dorsal portion by a weak carina; mesoscutum and scutellum sculptured like the vertex; propodeum between the lateral folds sculptured like the scutellum, with a very delicate median carina which is absent in some specimens, the lateral folds very distinct and complete; neck of propodeum large and sculptured a little more coarsely than the area in front of it; abdomen conic-ovate, as long as the thorax, smooth and polished, the first segment comprising approximately one-third of its length; postmarginal vein nearly as long as the marginal and distinctly longer than the stigmal. Type-locality—_Karvetnagar, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22288, U.S.N.M. Described from ten nies labeled ‘‘ Parasite on Parnara mathias on Paddy. 7-—XII-1914.” MERAPORUS VANDINEI Tucker. Eight specimens, labeled ‘‘ Par. on Sitodrepa on Coriander, April 4, 1918, Madras I. R. 41,’’ have been compared with the types of vandineit and found to be indistinguishable. Also six specimens of the same species, labeled ‘‘From maize seeds Coimbatore, Rama- krishna Coll.” The latter specimens were evidently reared from the same lot of material as the type specimen of Hurytoma denticoza, described elsewhere in this paper. The original types of vandinei were reared from corn and rice infested by Calandra oryza at different points in Texas and Louisiana. BRUCHOBIUS COLEMANI Crawford. Three specimens, labeled ‘‘Coimbatore, South India, from Red Gram pods. Y. R. coll.” Bruchobius colemani was originally de- scribed as a parasite of Bruchus chinensis from Mysore, India. The name ‘‘red gram” is said by Mr. W. E. Safford, of the United States Department of Agriculture, to be applied in South India to Vigna sinensis, the seeds and pods of which are edible. Superfamily SERPHIDOIDEA. Family PLATYGASTERIDAE. POLYGNOTUS, species. Five specimens, labeled ‘‘Pudukota. Parasite on Anaikombon. 28-XI-1914.”’ TELENOMUS COLEMANI Crawford. Nine specimens of this species are labeled ‘‘Parasite on Pentato- mid eggs. Coimbatore, South India.” 524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56 XESTONOTIDEA, new name. Xestonotus Forrsrer, Hym. Stud., vol. 2, 1856, p. 107 (preoccupied by Xesto- notus LeConte, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 10, 1853, p. 383). Since the original description of Xestonotus Foerster, which was described without included species, two species have been referred to the genus. In each case, however, the author has questioned the correctness of his placement of the species. Neither Xestonotus andriciphilus Ashmead nor X. meridionalis Brues, therefore, are eli- gible for designation as type of the genus. The following new species agrees with Foerster’s characterization. It is accordingly named as the type of Xestonotus Foerster and automatically becomes type of the new generic name. Type of the genus.— X estonotidea foersteri. XESTONOTIDEA FOESTERI, new species. Female.—Length, 1.5mm. Head transverse as viewed from above; lateral ocelli slightly less than their own diameter from the eye- margin, more distant from the front ocellus; head viewed from in front a little broader than long; frons smooth and polished with a few transverse striae just above the antennae; occiput and the ver- tex behind finely transversely striated; antennae inserted at the clypeus, 10-jointed; scape long, slightly swollen beyond the middle; pedicel twice as long as the third antennal joint, and a little longer than the fourth; fifth subequal to the fourth; sixth and seventh subequal to each other and slightly shorter than the fourth; eighth and ninth equal to each other and as long as the fourth; tenth a little longer than the pedicel; joints 7 to 10 somewhat thicker than the preceding joints, but not forming a well-differentiated club; thorax ovoid, the mesonotum polished, with distinct, complete parapsidal grooves, which are slightly convergent; scutellum smooth, sparsely hairy, longer than broad, ovate, unarmed; propodeum short, ele- vated into a sharp carina on each side of a rather narrow smooth medial depression; wings extending beyond the apex of abdomen; legs moderately long, all femora club-shaped, thickened toward the apex; hind tarsi distinctly longer than their tibiae; abdomen as long as the head and thorax, broadest beyond the middle, the first tergite as broad as long with a distinct longitudinal carina on each side of a median groove and more or less depressed laterad of these carinae; second tergite large, constituting nearly two-thirds the total length of abdomen, basally with a distinct longitudinal fovea on each side of the middle and a shallower median one. Head, thor- ax, and abdomen black; antennal scape and pedicel and all legs except their coxae rufotestaceous; antennal flagellum black, the basal joints more or less brownish. Male unknown. Type-locality.— Coimbatore, South India. Type.—Cat. No. 22289, U.S.N.M. Described from one specimen labeled ‘‘Parasite from galls on Ischaemum ciliare. 26—-XI-1915. Y.R., coll.” A MOUNTED SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WITH NOTES ON THE SKELETAL ANATOMY. By Cuaries W. GILMoreE, Associate Curator, Division of Paleontology, United States National Museum. INTRODUCTION. During the spring of 1917 the United States National Museum ac- quired from Mr. C. H. Sternberg, a small collection of vertebrate fossils, which he and his son Levi had made earlier in the season from the Permian formation as exposed in the vicinity of Seymour, Baylor County, Texas. The collection consists of a very fine skeleton of Dumetrodon gigas Cope, several hundred bones of the smaller species of Dimetrodon, and between 35 and 40 skulls and partial skeletons of the smaller reptilian and batrachian forms that comprise this interesting fauna. The greater part of the collection was obtained from a deposit of bones on the Craddock ranch, discovered in 1909 by members of an expedition from the University of Chicago. In writing of this dis- covery, Doctor Williston! designated it as the ‘‘Craddock Bone Bed,” and I quote below from his remarks on the manner of occur- rence of the fossils found there. The bones in this deposit extend through a thickness of about 1 foot over a con- siderable space, a few hundred square feet, imbedded in red clay like that of the Cacops bed. They are unlike those of the Cacops bed, however, for the most part isolated and generally more or less free from incrusting matrix, and usually in the most perfect preservation. Nota few, however, show effects of erosion, as though they had been rolled upon a beach of hard, shallow bottom. The skeleton of Dimeirodon gigas, as so often happens in deposits of fossil bones, was the one exception to the general conditions pre- vailing there in that considerable portions of the skeleton were found articulated, and the association of these articulated and other parts as pertaining to a single individual was further indicated by an adhering matrix which cemented them together into compact masses. For example, the skull was found disarticulated, but its separate ele- ments with the jaws were bound into one mass by the enclosing 1 Williston, S. W., American Permian Vertebrates, pp. 5-7, 1911. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 56,—No. 2300. 525 526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. matrix. The articulated left fore limb and foot was attached by matrix to the string of anterior dorsal vertebrae, and to a mass of thoracic ribs. Some few of the posterior vertebrae were found isolated but not far removed from the articulated series. This specimen No. 8635, U.S.N.M., as finally assembled has the following bones present: Greater portion of skull; both rami of the lower jaws; representative parts of each of the complete presacral series of 27 vertebrae; first caudal; several complete and parts of most of the other ribs of both sides; left scapula, coracoid, procora- coid, and clavicle; left humerus, radius, ulna, and foot; left femur and tibia. The vertebrae except for the loss of four centra in the anterior dorsal region are quite perfectly preserved. The sacrum has been supplied from a second individual, No. 8661, U.S.N.M., from the same deposit and of slightly smaller proportions. The pelvic bones and the interclavicle were kindly furnished by the jate Dr. S. W. Williston from the collections of the Walker Museum. The right pelvic bones have the catalogue No. 8658, U.S.N.M.; the left is No. 8657, U.S.N.M.; the interclavicle bears the No. 8656, U.S.N.M., being the bone figured by Case in his Pelycosauria of North America (pl. 15, fig. 4). The other missing parts have been restored in plaster and painted a distinctive color. The bones were so free from distortion that it was decided to make an open mount of the skeleton, though the difficulties of doing so were well understood. ‘The unusual mechanical problems embodied in the mounting of a skeleton of such fragile proportions were skillfully overcome by Mr. T. J. Horne, preparator in the Section of Vertebrate Paleontology of the United States National Museum who mounted the specimen. It is the first attempt to reconstruct a free mount of an entire skeleton of a Dimetrodon, and the success of the undertak- ing may be best judged by an examination of the photographic repro- duction of the skeleton here shown in Plate 70. The pose of the skeleton was adopted after a study of living lizards and is an attitude often assumed by those land forms of the present day. The opening of the jaws to better display the rows of bristling teeth gives the animal an appearance of angrily defying one who has suddenly blocked his path. The specimen is standing on an artificial base colored in imitation of the red clay in which the bones were originally embedded. The total length of the skeleton from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail, between perpendiculars, is 6 feet 9 inches. From the base level to the top of the highest spine it measures 4 feet 93 inches. Although Dimetrodon gigas is the largest species of the genus, the present individual is a moderate-sized representative of that species. In plate 73 is shown a model restoration of this animal prepared by the writer and which expresses his conception of its appearance in life. No. 2300. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS—GILMORE 527 The one most striking feature of Dimetrodon is the high dorsal fin-like crest along the median line of the back formed by the elonga- tion of the neural spines of the vertebrae. That in life these tall spinous processes were united by a thin membrane of skin there is little doubt, though Professors Abel and Jaekal are disposed to think the spines were covered by skin but not connected. The one living lizard which throws some light on this problem is Basiliscus plumi- frons from tropical America (see inset plate 73), which has the crest on the back; though not so high or extensive as in Dimetrodon, is nevertheless supported by the elongated spinous processes of the vertebrae, and in it we have the best suggestion of the probable appearance in life of the crest in Dimetrodon. In trying to account for some practical use for this unusual out- growth, it has been suggested that it may have resembled some of the ancient vegetation, and thus served to conceal the animal as it lay in wait for its prey or for better concealment from its enemies. Prof. HK. C. Case says of these:! The elongate spines were useless, so far as I can imagine, and J have been puzzling over them for several years. * * * It is impossible to conceive of them as useful either for defense or concealment, or in any other way than as a great burden to the creatures that bore them. They must have been a nuisance in getting through the vegetation, and a great drain upon the creatures vitality, both to develop them and keep them in repair. The head of Dimetrodon is enormously large in proportion to the size of the body. The jaws are provided with powerful incisor and maxillary tusks, the largest of which reach a length of 3 inches. The cheek teeth are recurved, with sharp, serrate edges. There is no animal known which has a more efficient apparatus for the capture of its prey. The eyes were large and set well back and high in the head. The neck is short, the limbs are strong, having feet with 5 digits, each of which is terminated by asharp claw. Nospecimen has as yet been found with a complete tail, but the rapid decrease in size of the known caudal vertebrae suggests a short tail, and it has been so restored in the mounted skeleton. The specimen here pictured in plate 70, although a representative of the largest. species of the genus, is ex- ceeded in size by several known individuals. The presence of the greater number of the ribs of both sides shows the great depth of the body cavity and the extreme flatness of the sides of the ante- rior part of the body. From a study of the habits of living reptiles it is known that those with compressed bedies are usually dwellers among bushes and trees. Professor Case is of the opinion that Dimetrodon is descended from an aquatic ancestry, and that it ranged widely over the land. It is probable that ordinarily the animal did 1The Permo-Carboniferous, Beds of North America and Their Vertebrate Fauna. Pub. No. 207 Car- negie Institution, Washington, 1915, p. 142, 528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, not raise his body far above the ground, but crawled around much after the fashion of the crocodile, though, quoting again from the above author: The strong limbs with longer foreleg than upper leg, with strong feet, with powerful claws, ample evidence of an ability to run with some speed and perhaps even leap or pounce upon prey. Abel, in his Paleobiologie, points out that running and leaping animals have the foreleg longer than the upper leg, and creeping animals have the pro- portions reversed. It is not probable the Dimetrodon was ever capable of leaping any distance, but it certainly was able to move swiftly for a short space. Probably it lay hidden in the vegetation, and made short, scuttling rushes upon its prey, end- ing, possibly, with a short pounce, which permitted its weight to add something to the vigor of the attack by tooth and claw. Dimeirodon was the dominant and _ prob- ably the most formid- able animal of his time. Of the contemporary animals of the Permian there was a vast assem- blage of reptiles and amphibians, and _ it FIG. 1.—DIMETRODON GIGAS, POSTERIOR ASPECT OF skULL. No. Was these that the 8635 U.S.N.M. ONE-FOURTH NATURAL SIZE. F., FRONTAL; 0., if ORBIT; 0ce., OCCIPITAL CONDYLE; P., PARIETAL; p0., POSTORBITAL; cruel EWE WIGEP pecul P. 0¢., PARAOCCIPITAL; po. f., POSTFRONTAL; g., QUADRATE; @. j., iarly adapted for catch- QUADRATOJUGAL: S0., SUPRAOCCIPITAL; Sqg., SQUAMOSAL; ta., : DOUBTFUL ARTICULATION FOR THE TABULARE. * ing. The borders of pools and swampy places were probably the regions most densely populated by these lesser forms, and no doubt such places were the favorite haunts of the Dimeirodon. NOTES ON THE SKELETAL STRUCTURE OF DIMETRODON GIGAS COPE Skull.—Through the studies of Baur, Case, Williston, Broom, and von Huene, the structure of the skull of Dimetrodon is now pretty well known. There is still divergence of opinion regarding the extent of the boundaries of some few of its elements, and of the homologies of certain others. At this time it is the composition and extent of the bones forming the posterior part of the cranium that appears to be least understood, and while the skull of No. 8635, U.S.N.M., offers but little positive information for making clearer our under- standing of the occipital region, it does offer suggestions which may eventually be of help in arriving at the correct interpretation of these parts. The median bones of the occipital region were found articulated as shown in figure 1. The sutures are entirely obliterated—a con- No. 2300. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS—GILMORE 529 dition found to prevail in four other individuals in this same collection. All authorities, I think, are now agreed that this part of the occiput consists of a median supraoccipital, small exoccipitals, large para- occipitals (opisthotics), and basioccipital. In addition to these Huene in 1913! recognized a distinct dermosupraoccipital (post- parietal) bone lying between the upper extremity of the supraoccipital and the parietal, and laterally a tabulare and supratemporal bones. In assembling the bones of the present skull all of those preserved could be articulated except the one illustrated in figure 2. It was submitted to Dr. S. W. Williston, who identified it as being a portion of the tabulare and dermosupraoccipital, but I have not been able to satisfactorily articulate these bones, so they have been left off the skull until such time as their proper place shall be definitely deter- mined. The squamosal shows on its medial side a convex tri- angular articular facet (see fig. 1, ta), which I first regarded as the surface for articu- lation with the concave area of the so-called tab- ulare shown in B ? FIG. 2.—DIMETRODON GIGAS OCCIPITAL BONES NO. 8635, U.S.N.M. ieee excrete et ol ea os two surfaces seem ¢y maavrane, to be counterparts, but unfortunately the tabulare appears to belong to the right side, while the one squamosal present pertains to the left side of the skull, so that a direct trial could not be made. Furthermore, I have never been able to orientate the bones shown in figure 2,so that their relation- ships with the other elements of the posterior aspect would be entirely in harmony. Another suggestion as to the use of this articular facet on the squamosal, arrived at since the skull was articulated, is that it may be for the paraoccipital process. In the event of that fact being established it would necessitate the shifting upward of the whole central mass of the occiput to a higher position. Such a change would bring the supraoccipital in contact on the ventral side with the 1 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, 1913, p. 359, fig. 44. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56—— 34 530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. parietals, as it is usually, if not always, found in the reptilia. The median superior border of the supraoccipital is not united by suture with the overlying parietals, but presents a finished grooved border for cartilagenous attachment—a condition found in many of the Predentate dinosauria. The presence of such a border casts grave doubt on the authenticity of Huene’s determination, where he depicts! the supraoccipital as attached by jagged suture with a dermosupraoccipital that is inter- posed between it and the parietals. Either the upper median portion of these coalesced occipital bones in No. 8635, U.S.N.M. (fig. 1) represent the dermosupraoccipital or else Huene’s interpretation is in error. All the evidence sustains the latter conclusion, but as to how the dermosupraoccipital does articulate with the parietals the present specimen offers no evidence. The complete, uncrushed left squamosal is present, and it appears to clear up some of the earlier determinations of authors. The upper end is obliquely truncated, presenting on the superior surface of the upper end an articular face, the outer half of which is certainly for articulation with the posterior branch of the postorbital; the inner half of this facet meets the outer end of the parietal. It should be stated, however, that the parietal was found detached, but everything about it appeared to indicate a close union with the posterior branch of the postorbital and squamosal as shown in figure 1. There was no evidence of the separation of the posterior extremities of these bones by an interposed supratemporal bone such as found by Huene, and I think it highly improbable that such a condition existed, for were the supratemporal present in this position in Dime- trodon, contact between the parietal and squamosal would be severed— a most unusual condition in the reptilia. Broom in his restoration ” of the skull of Dimetrodon shows the parie- tal and postorbital in close apposition and both properly in contact with the squamosal. In view of the evidence now before me I can see no possibility of there being an element thrust in between the posterior extremities of these bones such as found by von Huene. The quadratojugal is another bone whose limitations are not as yet fully and satisfactorily determined. This bone 1s represented in the present skull by the greater portion of the left element. Ithad not been identified at the time of articulating the skull, so does not appear in the illustrations. As preserved it is a small irregularly shaped bone, with a short lateral process which extended forward to overlap the posterior end of the jugal (see fig. 1, gj.) and a superior process which extended upward behind the quadrate to unite with the squamosal as shown in figure 1. Huene has correctly viewed the lateral extent of the quadratojugal (fig. 42, p. 357), but he appears to have been in error regarding its superior process, which he con- 1 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, 1913, p. 359, fig. 44 A. 1Broom, R. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 28, 1910, p. 225, fig. 19. No. 2300. SKELETON OF DIMETRODONW GIGAS—GILMORE 531 sidered short. This process has been broken off and is missing from ‘specimen No. 8635, U.S.N.M., but is shown restored in its entirety on the right side of the posterior aspect of the skull in figure 1. The upper extremity on the left side was purposely left out so that the artist could depict the decided depression on the posterior border of the squamosal. If this articular depression is not for the reception of the upper end of a process from the quadratojugal, I am utterly at loss to know its function. That other specimens have obscurely indicated such an extension of this process is shown in a figure! of the pos- terior aspect of a Dimetrodon skull illustrated by Case, where the left element is shown extending up as high as the paraoccipital process. Fig, 3.—SKULL OF DIMETRODON GIGAS CoPr, No. 8635, U.S.N.M. PALATAL VIEW. ONE-FOURTH NAT- URAL SIZE, 08, BASISPHENOID; f. st., FACET WITH WHICH THE STAPES ARTICULATED; j, JUGAL; mz, MAX- TLLARY; 0CC. OCCIPITAL CONDYLE; pl., PALATINE; pmz, PREMAXILLARY; Pp. 0C., PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESS; pt., PTERYGOID; g., QUADRATE; ¢j., QUADRATOJUGAL. The union of the quadratojugal and quadrate on the ventral border is by an inverted V-shaped notch on the distal side of the former which fits over the outward extension of the articular por- tion of the latter. Immediately above this notch on the medial side is the rounded border foiraing the outer boundary to the fora- men between these two bones. The bones of the top of the skull are pretty well known, and the skull as restored agrees quite closely with the determinations of Case and other authorities. The septo-maxillaries are present, being found attached by matrix to the posterior end of the pre- maxillary. These were displaced in relation to one another, and I have been unable to articulate them with any degree of confidence of their being correctly placed. In figure 3, I present a view of the palate of No. 8635, U.S.N.M., which in the main agrees closely with Broom’s restoration of this 1 Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. History, vol. 28, 1910, p. 193, fig. 4. 532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. aspect of the skull differing chiefly in the proportions of some of its elements. ‘The anterior portion of the palatines are relatively wider than represented by Broom, and the pterygoids, especially their anterior prolongation, is clearly shown by this specimen to be nar- rower than in any restoration yet given. It now appears quite probable that in articulating this skull the palate especially between the maxillaries has been made too narrow, thus closing up the posterior median aperture. Vertebral ‘column.—The complete backbone in front of the sacrum in Dimetrodon, according to Dr. E. C. Case, consists of 27 vertebrae. In the present specimen there were parts present of that number of presacrals. The atlas was represented only by the preatlantal inter- centrum, and vertebrae 11, 13, 14, and 15 (counting from the head backward) by their spinous processes. The other vertebrae of the series are unusually well preserved, but all except the fourth and sixth lack the proximal terminations of the spines. In articulating the skeleton the fourteenth and fifteenth have been assigned centra that were found associated with this specimen, but there is no evi- dence to show that they belong to these particular vertebrae. There is a single caudal present that on account of the large size of its transverse processes is called the first of the series. The missing sacral vertebrae have been supplied from a second individual (No. 8661, U.S.N.M.), belonging to the same collection and from the same deposit of fossils. It appears to pertain to a slightly smaller individual than No. 8635, U.S.N.M. With the exception of the single caudal mentioned above the remainder of the tail has been restored. The fin-like crest along the back formed by the lengthened spinous processes of the vertebrae presents a notably different aspect than found in the previously mounted skeletons of Dimetrodon incisivus. but whether the differences observed represent constant features peculiar to Dimetrodon gigas, I am not prepared to decide at this time. Unlike D. incisivus, where the spines rise perpendicularly and rapidly lengthen from the axis backward, the first four posterior to that bone in this specimen are of about equal height. Beginning with the seventh of the series they rapidly grow longer as we pro- ceed posteriorly in the column, reaching their maximum develop- ment with the twelfth vertebrae. Continuing posteriorly they gradually diminish in length, finally graduating into the short spines of the tail. The processes of the first dorsals have a tendency to rise vertically, but as we pass backward they assume an oblique and finally a curved retroverted position overhanging the sacrum. The spinous process on the fourth cervical is complete, being terminated by a cupped extremity. It measures 220 mm. in length from center of neural canal to tip. The sixth spine is very nearly perfect, lacking only a small portion of the tip. All of the others No, 2300. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS—GILMORE 533 have suffered more or less loss from their upper ends, but none show any expansion of this end as in Edaphosaurus; all probably tapered to a pointed end with cupped extremity. Several of the spines as shown in plate 71 have large exostoses showing that they have been broken and healed during life. Ribs.—Parts of nearly all the ribs are present, of which six are complete. None were found articulated, so that their present position in the skeleton is based entirely on a study of their rela- tive size, spread of head between capitulum and tuberculum as compared with the vertebral ar- ticulating facets. Counting back from the axis, ribs Nos. 7,9, 10, and 11 of the right side, and Nos. 7 and 16 of the left side are perfectly preserved. The anterior thoracic ribs when articulated form a much flattened and exceedingly deep body cav- ity immediately behind the fore- legs. (See pl. 72, fig. 1.) More posteriorly, however, the ribs take on a decided convexity, as may be seen by comparing ribs A and B, figure 4. All of the thoracic ribs are terminated dis- tally by slightly expanded cylin- drical ends that are cupped for the better attachment of the cartilagenous ribs of the belly. There was no evidence of the Fig. 4.—Riss oF DIMETRODON GIGAS, No. 8635, presence of ossified abdominal U.S.N.M. A, SEVENTH RIB OF RIGHT SIDE, : ° = VIEWED FROM THE FRONT; B, SIXTEENTH RIB OF ribs. The seventh pair of ribs, LEFT SIDE, (REVERSED) VIEWED FROM FRONT; the longest of the entire series, C, MEDIAN CERVICAL RIB; ¢, CAPITULUM; t., Mage ee ae Ded eee ALL FIGURES ABOUT ONE-THIRD sixteenth rib o e left side is : 334 mm. long measured from the tuberculum over the curve. Shoulder girdle and fore limb.—In his monographic work, “The Pelycosauria of North America,”! page 121, Case says: “The shoulder girdle of Dimetrodon gigas unknown.” It is, therefore, of interest to find with specimen No. 8635, U.S.N.M., the complete Pub. 55, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1907. 534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. left half of this girdle articulated with the almost perfect limb and foot. (See pl. 72, fig. 2.) I have carefully compared these bones with the homologous elements of the smaller and better known species, Dimetrodon inciswus, but, except for their larger size, fail to detect differences which might be of help in distinguishing them specifically. Fig. 5.—LEFT SCAPULA OF DIMETRODON GIGAS COPE, No. 8635, U.S.N.M. ABOUT ONE-THIRD NATURAL sIzE. LATERAL VIEW. cf. CORACOID FORAMEN. cor., CORACOID; mcor., METACORACOID. Scapula.—The unusually well-preserved left scapula coossified with the coracoid and metacoracoid is known in figure 5. The suture defining the junction of scapula and coracoid has been entirely obliterated, but between the coracoid and metacoracoid it remains distinct as shown in figure 5. From end to end there is a decided convex curvature which con- forms well to the form of the body and also throws the expanded No. 2300. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS—GILMORE 535 coracoid end somewhat inward to form the chest. The greatest length of these coossified bones is 410 mm. measured over the curve. Greatest expanse of distal end, 235 mm.; of proximal end, 140 mm. No cleithrum has been restored in the mounted skeleton as no bones which could be referred to this element were found in the collection. The humerus of Dimetrodon gigas can only be distinguished from D. incisivus by its much larger size. Case’ observes that in the humerus of the typeof D. gigas ‘differs from Dimetrodon inciswus in the articular face, which involves the whole of the proximal end, and the radial crest, which, while being strong is not long, begin- ning lower down on the head and not continuing so far distally. Q WD WN Tass THs Fic. 7.—LEFT RADIUS AND ULNA OF DiI- Fie. 6.—LEFT HUMERUS OF DIMETRODON GIGAs COPE, NO. wyrrRopoN GIGAS CorE., No. 8635 8635, U.S.N.M. ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE. ANTERIOROR U.S.N.M. A. RADIUS VIEWED FROM VENTRAL VIEW. d., RADIAL OR DELTOID CREST; ect. epg., THE FRONT. B. ULNA VIEWED FROM ECTEPICONYLAR NOTCH; ent. ep. f., ENTEPICONDYLAR FORA- THE FRONT. 0., OLECRANON PROCESS, MEN; rad. C., RADIAL CONDYLE. BOTH FIGURES ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE. The edges of the proximal end are quite rugose.”’ I fail to observe any such differences. There are 16 Dimetrodon humeri, large and small, in the United States National Museum collection, and though they were found to differ in some minor details all were essentially alike. The greatest length of the present humerus is 235 mm.; greatest width of the proximal end 128 mm.; greatest width of distal end 136 mm.; least diameter of shaft 29 mm. The radius and ulna have also been carefully compared and as with the humerus, their larger size is the chief difference found. The principal features of these bones are shown in figures 6 and 7. {Publication No. 207, Carnegie Institution, Washington, 1915, p. 121. 536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 56. The ulna has a greatest length of 236 mm.; greatest diameter of proximal end, 68 mm.; greatest diameter distal end, 41 mm. The radius has a length of 190 mm.; greatest diameter proximal end, 50 mm.; greatest diameter distal end, 48 mm. According to Case the femur of Dimetrodon gigas has a heavier outer condyle and a slightly curved shaft, which distinguishes it from D. incisiwus. I fail to note any difference except that of size in the femur of No. 8635, U.S.N.M., when compared with femora of D. inciswus. The femur has a greatest length of 240 mm.; greatest width of distal end, 90 mm.; of proximal end, 79 mm.; the least width of shaft, 26 mm. Like the femur the tibia shows no characters peculiar to this species. The greatest length of the tibia is 195 mm. Carpus and forefoot.—The left forefoot of specimen No. 8635, U.S.N.M., appears to be the most complete manus of a Dimetrodon that has yet been discovered, and the first to be described of the species D. gigas. Fortunately the greater number of the bones comprising it were found articulated, thus giving positive evidence of their proper association and arrangement as shown in figure 8. Case,' it appears, was the first to figure and describe the articu- lated carpus and portions of attached metacarpus of this genus, based on a D. incisivus foot. In 1911 Williston ? published a figure of an articulated carpus of this same species giving an anterior view. These references cover practically all that has been written on the feet of Dimetrodon. The hind feet are as yet practically unknown. The carpus in the present specimen is complete except for the ele- ment designated by Case the ‘‘sesamoid,’’ which articulates with well-defined facts on the radiale side of centrale 2 and carpale 1. It has been restored here (see s, fig. 8) after an element belonging with a forefoot of D. incisivus kindly loaned me by Dr. S. W. Williston. Metacarpals 3, 4, and 5 and proximal phalangials 1 and 2 of digits 4 and 5 were found articulated or so little displaced as to raise no doubt as to their being in proper sequence. Other bones that were detached but found associated in the same field packages were meta- carpal 1, proximal phalangials of digits 1, 2, and 3, and two ungual phalanges, here arbitrarily placed on digits 4 and 5. (See fig. 8.) All of these detached elements probably pertain to this foot, but of phalangial 2 of digit 2 and coossified phalangials 2 and 3 of digit 3, and the unguals of the first three digits, one can not be so sure they pertain to this same individual. However, the final test of the cor- rectness or incorrectness of the association of these elements as 1 Case, E. C. Journ. of Geology, vol. 11, No. 1, p. 11, 1903, and Pelycosauria of North America, Carnegie Institution, Pub. No. 55, 1907, pp. 113-114, pl. 16, fig. 1. 2 Williston, S. W. American Permian Vertebrates, 1911, pl. 7, fig. 8. No. 2300. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS—GILMORE 5387 illustrated in figure 8 must await the discovery of a more complete articulated manus. The carpus of Dimetrodon as known at this time consists of 11 elements, though Williston is of the opinion that a pisiform! will be found articulating in the interval between the ulna and ulnare, as in modern reptiles and as it does in Varanosaurus, Casea, Limnosceles, and Trispondylus. The proximal row consists of three bones (the radiale, intermedium, and ulnare), a median row of two centrale, and a distal row of five carpale. These carpal bones articulate with one another by well- defined facets and with the metacarpals by equally well-developed articular faces, which indi- cate clearly the spreading nature of the digits and especially the decided di- vergence of digit 5. The radiale is a stout block-like bone with a flat- tened proximal end which articulates with the radius. The distal end is wedge-shaped, formed by two nearly equal but oblique articular faces. The outer face meets cen- trale 2 (C,), the inner ar- ticulates with centrale 1 (C,). The posterior side of the radiale is channeled by a deep vertical groove Mg, S TEE 20s 00m oF Dcnnopon cra Cope, No. running from top to the TRALE 1 AND 2; f, INTRACARPAL FORAMEN; in. INTERMEDIUM; bottom Tad, RADIALE; S, SESAMOID; ul, ULNARE; 1, 2, 3, 4, AND 5 5 CARPALE 1 TO 5; I, II, III, IV, V, piaits 1 To 5. Theulnare is a relatively thin but elongate element, broadly grooved vertically on the posterior side. The subconvex articular proximal end forms the chief articu- lation of the foot with the ulna. The flattened distal end unites with carpale 4 and 5; most extensively with the former. On the radial side are two distinct articular facets—the upper for the inter- medium, the lower unites with centrale 1. The rounded border be- tween these two facets represent the ulnare boundary of the very large intracarpal foramen such as is found in Sphenodon. This is consid- ered by Osborn to be a ‘“‘primitive feature? characteristic of other Diapsida.”’ 1 Williston, S. W. American Permian Vertebrates, 1911, p. 103. 2 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, p. 269, 1907. 538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Between the radiale and ulnare is the intermedium, which projects well above the proximal ends of those bones, thus interposing itself between and separating the distal ends of the radius and ulna. The inner side of the proximal end articulates with the ulna much as in Sphenodon. Above the flat distal end that articulates exclusively with centrale 1 the shaft of the intermedium is constricted, but higher it again expands into a thin plate, being terminated by a bluntly pointed proximal extremity. On the ulnar side an elongated facet articulates with the ulnare. In the present carpus there is no direct contact between the inter- medium and the radiale—a peculiarity which appears to be distinctive of Dimetrodon and which differs from all other Permian reptilia. The illustrations of the carpus as published by Case! and by Willis- ton? certainly give the impression that these bones were in contact in Dimetrodon incisivus, but an examination of a carpus of this species shows the same condition prevails as in the specimens here illustrated in figure 8. Centrale 1 ((,) has a wedge-shaped proximal end presenting two articular faces; the outer, which is the larger, unites with the radiale; the inner with the intermedium. A slight notch on the ulna side is the contribution of this bone to the boundary of the intracarpal foramen. Below this notch an elongated vertical facet meets the ulnare, while on the opposite side it unites with centrale 2, there being a small foramen at the point where the radiale and the two centrale meet. The distal end is in contact with carpale 3 and 4. Centrale 2 (C,) is smaller than C,. Distally it articulates with carpale 1, 2, and slightly with 3. On the radial side there is a dis- tinct articular facet for the ‘‘sesamoid,”’ here restored. Of the distal row composed of five carpale, carpale 4 is the largest. The first is expanded transversely and presents at its distal extremity a peculiar articulation for metacarpal 1, the external half being on the ventral side, the internal half being on the anterior border. The articular surfaces on carpale 2, 3, 4, and 5, which meet their respec- tive metacarpals are broadly concave from front to back. Digits.—The metacarpal of the first finger is very small and the finger is very short. The metacarpals gradually lengthen toward the outer side of the foot, reaching their maximum development in the fourth, which, as in Varanosaurus, is the longest toe of the foot. The fifth toe is divergent, as clearly indicated by the articular surface of carpale 5. The digital formula remains to’ be definitely determined, though there is every reason to believe it to be 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, as here illustrated and as it exists in most primitive reptilian forms. ‘Case, E.C, Pelycosauria of North America, Carnegie Institution, Pub. No. 55, 1907, pp. 113, 114, pl. 16, fig. 1. * Williston, 8S. W. American Permian Vertebrates, 1911, pl. 7, fig. 8. No. 2300. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS—GILMORE 539 The proximal row of phalanges, except on digit 1, have widely ex- panded proximal ends and much narrower distal extremities. The distal articulation is peculiar in having a blunt median projection which is received in a median notch provided for it on the proximal ends of the succeeding phalanges. The toes are terminated by strong, clawed terminal phalanges that were cased in strong claws. The whole structure of the carpus and other bones indicates a strong, flexible foot, such as would be possessed by a carnivorous terrestrial animal. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 70. Mounted skeleton of Dimetrodon gigas Cope. No. 8635, U.S.N.M. Viewed from the left side. About one-twelfth natural size. Mounted by Thomas J. Horne, 1918. PLATE 71. Skeleton of Dimetrodon gigas Cope. No. 8635, U.S.N.M. About one-twelfth natural size. Those parts shown in outline are missing. The sacrum of three vertebrae, pelvis, and interclavicle bones have been introduced from other individuals. PLATE 72. Fie. 1. Mounted skeleton of Dimetrodon gigas Cope. No. 8635, U.S.N.M. Viewed from the rear in order to show the shape of the body cavity and the pose of the fore limbs. Fic. 2. Mounted skeleton of Dimetrodon gigas Cope. No. 8635, U.S.N.M. Viewed diagonally from the left side, in order to show the articulated pectoral girdle. Puate 73. Model restoration of Dimetrodon gigas based on the mounted skeleton shown in plates 70 and 72. About one-twelfth natural size. Modeled by Charles W. Gilmore, 1918. 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NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 58 PL. 70 MOUNTED SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS COPE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 539 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 7! SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS COPE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 539 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 72 |. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS FROM THE REAR 2. SKELETON OF DIMETRODON GIGAS, VIEWED DIAGONALLY FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 639 PL: 73 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ere 8 © EPO OPP LO é RESTORATION OF DIMETRODON GIGAS COPE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 539 NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES. By Cuaries H. T. Townsend. Custodian of Muscoid Diptera, United States National Museum. ao In the following descriptions the position of hind crossvein is stated with reference to its relative distance from the small crossvein and the cubitus as nearer to one or the other, or in the middle be- tween them. The holotypes of all the new species described are in the United States National Museum, excepting only those of Trochiloglossa tropica, Myothyriopsis bivittata, and Neoerigone cinerea, which are in the American Museum of Natural History; while paratypes of the last two are in the National Museum. The forms are arranged systematically under tribes, to conform with the arrangement adopted in synoptic tables of muscoid genera which it is hoped may be published within the year. Tribe MUSCININI. NEOMUSCINA, new genus. Genotype.— Neomuscina cavicola, new species. Differs from Muscina as follows: Clypeus strongly dished. Arista much longer than antennae, thinly plumose. Female frontalia without convergent pair of bristles in front of ocelli. Cheeks not as wide as epistoma. Only one preacrostichal bristle. Scutellum sub- pointed behind. Basal segment of abdomen well shortened, the anal segment little longer than preceding segment. Third segment with a marginal row of erect bristles. NEOMUSCINA CAVICOLA, new species. Length, 7 mm. Numerous specimens of both sexes, but largely males, from the Santa Catalina, Chiricahua, Graham, and Pinal Mountains, and the East Verde River, all Arizona, 3,500 to 5,500 feet. (C. H. T. Townsend); and females from Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico (H. S. Barber). The males especially congre- gate in quantity during the day in caverns and under overhanging rocks in the canyons, often entering the tent at night. PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 56—No. 2301. 541 542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Pale fulvous to straw-color. Head silvery. Frontalia and an- tennae smoky rufofulvous. Palpi fulvous. Mesoscutum and pleura blackish, silvery-cinereous pollinose; four blackish thoracic vittae. Scutellum and abdomen fulvous; the posterior half of abdomen tinged with brownish. Interrupted median vitta of blackish-brown on abdominal segments two or three; faintly visible on anal segment. Legs pale fulvous. Wings and tegulae glassy. Type.—Cat. No. 22227, U.S.N.M., from East Verde River, Arizona. Tribe MUSCINI. EUPHORMIA, new genus. Genotype.— Musca regina Meigen. It has been demonstrated by Villeneuve! that regina Robineau- Desvoidy (not Meigen), genotype of Phormia Robineau-Desvoidy, is azurea Fallen. Thus the name Phormia takes the place of Philornis Meinert (1889), syn. Protocalliphora Hough (1899); while regina Meigen, which is generically distinct from azurea Fallen, will take the name Huphormia. BUFOLUCILIA, new genus. Genotype.—Lucilia bufonivora Moniez, 1876. Differs from Lucilia as follows: Form distinctly narrower. Head not conspicuously flattened in either sex, Epistoma long, wide, strongly warped, but in line with the warp of clypeus. Facial carina not showing between bases of antennae. Facialia not ciliate half way. Third antennal joint two and one-half times second, Arista long-plumose about two-thirds way. Female front equilateral, rather over one-fourth head width; that of male narrowed in front of ocelli to about width of ocellar triangle. Cheeks nearly one-third eye length. Third vein bristled nearly to small crossvein. Apical cell widely open well before tip, the apical crossvein straight. One or two strong erect median marginal pairs on second segment, strong erect marginal row on third, anal segment covered with erect bristles which are shorter in female. Lucilia silvarum Meigen also belongs in this genus. The maggots described by Mr. L. G. Guthrie,*? and determined by Brauer as Calliphora, are quite certainly this genus. Tribe STEPHANOSTOMATINI. CHLOROSARCOPHAGA, new genus. Genotype.—Chlorosarcophaga cochliomyia, new species. Clypeus considerably sunken but not deep. Epistoma very short, full width, warped. Facialia set with short setae over halfway. 1 Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1911. 2 Bull. Dep. Nord Lille, vol. 8, p. 25; and also vol. 9, 1878. * Ent. Month. Mag. vol. 28, p. 10. i No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 543 Proboscis short, palpi club-shaped, subcompressed. Third antennal joint about three and one-half times second. Arista thinly long- plumose about two-thirds way. Frontals diverging one below base of antennae. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals in female. Ocellars present. Parafacialia irregularly set with several faint hairs down middle. Cheeks over one-fifth eye length. Three sternopleurals and postsuturals; two postintraalars; one preacrostichal and post- acrostichal; three lateral scutellars, but no apical. Third vein bristled halfway to small crossvein; others bare. Apical cell widely open some distance before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus, which bears a wrinkle. No median marginals on first two segments; marginal row on third and anal segments. First hypopygial tergite of female entire. CHLOROSARCOPHAGA COCHLIOMYIA, new species. Length, 6.5 mm. One female, Upper Chagres River, Canal Zone, Panama, October 9, 1917, 548 (Harold Morrison). Dull metallic green, thinly pollinose. Face, front and occipital orbits golden; frontalia, antennae and palpi black. Mesoscutum brassy-silvery pollinose, leaving three broad dark vittae like those of Cochliomyia. Scutellum and abdomen thinly marmorate with silvery. Hypopygium rufous. Legs black, femora greenish. Wings faintly smoky-yellowish. Tegulae glassy-whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22086, U.S.N.M. PETROSARCOPHAGA, new genus. Genotype.—Petrosarcophaga arizonica, new species. Clypeus rather elongate, about twice as long as wide. Epistoma elongate, narrow, somewhat warped. Facialia bristled halfway. Proboscis short, palpi club-shaped and bowed. Third antennal joint about three and one-half times second. Arista long-plumose about two-thirds way. Eyes bare. Frontals diverging one or two below base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars- present. Parafacialia about as wide as clypeus, set with a few scat tered setae; a row of bristly hairs next eye. Cheeks three-fifths eye length. No preacrostichals; one postacrostichal; two postintraalars and lateral scutellars; three sternopleurals; four postsuturals, the two anterior ones short. A moderately short erect decussate apical pair of scutellars in male, none in female. Third vein bristled over halfway to small crossvein, others bare. Apical cell open well before tip. Cubitus two-fifths the wing breadth from hind margin. Pos- terior crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male tibiae all lacking long hair. No median marginals on first two segments, median marginal pair on third, marginal row on anal segment. First hypopygial tergite of female showing a carinate seam or fold on median line, and excised in a vertical slit set with bristles. 544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 56. PETROSARCOPHAGA ARIZONICA, new species. Length, 12 to 13 mm. Numerous specimens of both sexes, Sabino Basin, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, about 4,000 feet, Sep- tember 18 to 30, 1918, on rock surfaces of canyon beds (C. H. T. Townsend). Blackish, ashy-white pollinose. Apical portion of anal segment, hypopygium of both sexes and palpi rufous. Head silvery-white, frontalia and antennae blackish. Thoracic pollen whitish. Abdomen tessellate with more ashy pollen. Legs blackish, tibiae more or less brownish. Tegulae white. Type.—Cat. No. 22087, U.S.N.M. Tribe TEPHROMYINI. TEPHROMYIOPSIS, new genus. Genotype.— Megerlea rufocaudata Bigot, 1881.1 Facial characters practically same as in Tephromyia. Epistoma narrowed from clypeus. Arista long plumose. Apical cell short- petiolate. Abdominal macrochaetae marginal. Tribe MILTOGRAMMINI. OPSIDIOPSIS, new genus. Genotype.—Opsidiopsis oblata, new species. Differs from Opsidia as follows: Much narrower in form, sub- equilateral viewed from above. Front not very prominent; face of female narrower below than front. Frontalia in middle fully three times as wide as one parafrontal. A proclinate-divaricate pair of ocellars only. Parafacialia sparsely setose, little over half as wide below as above. Cheeks of female about one-fifth eye length. Two sternopleurals; three postintraalars and postsuturals; one or two pre- acrostichals and postacrostichals; a short discal pair of scutellars. Last section of fifth vein over half preceding section. Abdomen oblong; no median marginals on first segment, median marginal pair on second and third, marginal row on anal; the macrochaetae short. OPSIDIOPSIS OBLATA, new species. Length, 5.5 mm. One male, Wild Horse Canyon, Animas Moun- tains, New Mexico, 5,000 feet, July 21, 1917, on tender mesquite foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). Black. Head silvery, the pollen covering frontalia less thickly. Palpi blackish, slightly rufous basally. Thorax and scutellum thinly silvery; four thoracic vittae. Abdomen shining black, the forward half of last three segments silvery; the silvery fasciae becoming 1 Ann, Soc. Ent. France, ser. 6, vol. 8, p. 269; Brauer, Sitz. Akad. Wiss., Math. Nat. Cl., vol. 107, pp. 514-15. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 545 bluish, thinner, and indefinite on their posterior borders in varying lights. Wings clear. Tegulae white. Type.—Cat. No. 22090, U.S.N.M. Tribe MICROCHAETININI. HYPENOMYIA, new genus. Genotype.—Hypenomyia petiolata, new species. Clypeus narrow, a little sunken. Epistoma narrow, elongate, warped gradually forward from clypeal plane. Facialia bare. Two strong decussate pairs of vibrissae, the lower pair stronger and near oral margin. Proboscis about head height; palpi slender. Third antennal joint one and one-half times second. Arista short-plumose. Kyes bare. Frontals stopping at base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars present. Parafacialia wider than clypeus, short-setose. Cheeks one-half eye length. Three to five, normally four sternopleurals; three postintraalars, postsuturals, and postacrostichals; two preacrostichals and lateral scutellars. A long decussate apical scutellar pair. Costal spine extremely long. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Cubitus near middle of wing breadth, with long and strong stump, the apical crossvein strongly sinuate. Apical cell petiolate, ending far before tip, petiole as long as small crossvein or longer and about in line with third vein. Hind crossvein not far from middle or considerably nearer to cubitus. Median discals on intermediate segments. Male claws very long. HYPENOMYIA PETIOLATA, new species. Length, 8 to 9 mm. Two females, East Verde River, Arizona, 4,200 feet, October 3, 1917 (C. H. T. Townsend); and both sexes, Los Angeles County, California (Coll. Coquillet). Blackish, thinly cinereous pollinose. Head rather thickly silvery; frontalia, antennae and palpi brown. Thorax showing four more or less distinct dark vittae. Hind borders of last three adbominal segments brown in increasing width posteriorly, the anal segment being half brown. Tegulae watery-white. Wings nearly clear; narrowly brown at base of third vein, and on small, apical and hind crossveins. Type.—Cat. No. 22210, U.S.N.M. Tribe MYIOPHASIINI. MEGAEULOEWIA, new genus. Genotype.— Megaeuloewia morinioides, new species. Vibrissal axis equal to antennal axis, about five-sixths of head height. Facial profile little over three-fifths of frontal. Clypeus little sunken, bent in middle in profile, the lower part warped forward 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.566——35 546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. at 45°. Epistoma narrowed from clypeus, elongate, and in plane of lower part of clypeus; the oral margin and vibrissal angles prominent in profile. Facialia bare, much bowed. Vibrissae very strongly decussate. Proboscis nearly head height; palpi nearly twice as long as antennae and considerably swollen distally. Third antennal joint one and one-fourth times second. Arista nearly one and one-half times as long as antennae; swollen only at base, pubescent. Eyes thinly hairy. Female vertex one-third head width. Three to four proclinate fronto-orbitals in female. Parafacialia wider than clypeus, setose in three irregular rows. Cheeks nearly two-thirds eye length. Five to six sternopleurals, four strong; three postsuturals; two postin- traalars; preacrostichals and postacrostichals present. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell widely open well before tip. Hind crossvein much nearer to cubitus. Middle metatarsi nearly as long as following joints together. No median marginals on first segment, but two pairs on second segment, marginal row on last two segments; median discal pair on third segment. MEGAEULOEWIA MORINIOIDES, new species. Length,8 mm. One female, Rio Vaca, Pecos National Forest, New Mexico, 8,500 feet, August 27, 1916 (C. H. T. Townsend). Shining jet black. Head very thinly silvery, varying to blackish in changing lights. J rontalia light brown. Face and cheek grooves brownish-rufous; antennae more rufous. Palpifuscous, paler distally Mesoscutum very faintly pollinose; the vittae obsolete. Abdomen not pollinose. Wings clear, faintly yellowish costobasally. Tegulae nearly white. Type.—Cat. No. 22218, U.S.N.M. Tribe MORINONI. STEVENIOPSIS, new genus. Genotype.—Steveniopsis sinuata, new species. General Moriniine characters. Form very narrow. Head of Paramacronychia, but epistoma rather wide and arista short. Eyes bare. Arista long-pubescent or short-plumose. Parafacialia nearly as wide as clypeus; setose in three rows, the three to five lowest bristles of outermost row strong. Two preacrostichals and lateral scutellars; three postintraalars, postsuturals, and postacrostichals; four or five sternopleurals; rather long divaricate apical scutellar pair. Costal spine very strong. Third vein bristled nearly or quite one-third way to small crossvein, others bare. Apical cell long- petiolate, ending far before tip, the petiole about twice as long as small crossvein. Hind crossvein a little nearer to cubitus, latter half way between the front and hind wing margins. Apical crossvein sin- uate. Abdomen cylindroconical. Median marginal pair on first two No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 547 segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; median row on last two, but that on anal weak; two strong discal rows rather irregular on anal. STEVENIOPSIS SINUATA, new species. Length, 8 mm. One male, Manzanares Creek, Pecos National Forest, New Mexico, 7,500 feet, August 30, 1916 (C. H. T. Townsend). Brown to blackish, very thinly cinereous pollinose. Palpi, antennae, and frontalia black. Head black, thinly pollinose, more thickly pollinose on sides of face and front. Thorax rather thinly pollmose, leaving four narrow black vittae, the inner pair merged with blackish area between them. Abdomen submarmorate with cinereous pollen, hind margina of segments broadly brownish pollinose. Wings nearly clear, veins dark brown. Tegulae whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22255, U.S.N.M. OPELOUSIA, new genus. Genotype.—O pelousia obscura, new species. Clypeus nearly flush. Epistoma short, not warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis very short; palpi short and rather stout. Third antennal joint about two and one-half times second in male. Arista long- pubescent halfway on upper side only. Eyes bare. Male vertex about one-sixth head width. Frontals stopping at base of antennae. Ocellars present. Parafacialia bare, equilateral. Cheeks over one- fourth eye length. ‘Two sternopleurals, postintraalars, and posta- crostichals; three postsuturals; one lateral scutellar; no preacro- stichals; short erect decussate apical scutellar pair. Costal spine long, doubled. Third vein with one long bristle and some minute ones at base; others bare. Apical cell narrowly open to nearly closed in tip. Hind crossvein about in middle or nearer to small crossvein. Male claws as long as last tarsal jomt. No median marginal on first segment; median marginal pair and incomplete marginal row on second; marginal row on last two segments; discal row on anal. OPELOUSIA GBSCURA, new species. Length, 4.5 to 5.5mm. Three males, Opelousas, Louisiana, May, 1897; one male, Fargo, North Dakota. Brownish, cinereous pollinose. Palpi fulvous. Frontalia and antennae brownish; base of latter obscurely fulvous. Face, cheeks, and sides of front ashy-silvery; occiput cinereous. Thorax subshin- ing, very thinly pollinose, more thickly on humeri; vittae indistinct; a pair more or less visible before suture. Abdomen more thickly cinereous, subshining, leaving an obscure brown median vitta and brownish hind margins to segments. Femora reddish-brown, tibiae fulvous, tarsi dark. Wings clear. Tegulae glassy-whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22249, U.S.N.M., from Opelousas, Louisiana 548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Tribe MELANOMYINI. PHASIOPHYTO, new genus. Genotype.—Phasiophyto fumifera, new species. General Melanomyine characters. Facialia about half as wide as parafacialia. Arista rather thickly short-plumose. Eyes practically bare. Frontals stopping at base of antennae. Parafacialia wide; inner half bare, outer half thickly set with bristles. Cheeks over one- fourth eye length. One lateral scuttelar; two sternopleurals, postin- traalars, preacrostichals, and postacrostichals; three postsuturals; long decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell nearly closed in tip. Hind crossvein nearer to small crossvein. No median marginals on first segment, but a pair on second, marginal row on last two segments. PHASIOPHYTO FUMIFERA, new species. Length,5mm. One male, Rio Charape, Jaen Province, Peru, 4,500 feet, September 13, 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Soft blackish-brown. Frontalia and bare parts of face with testa- ceous or lighter tinge. No distinct thoracic vittae. Abdomen largely brownish-golden pollinose; the bases of last three segments silvery, widening laterally. Wings fuscous on costa. Tegulae fuscous. Type.—Cat. No. 22253, U.S.N.M. Tribe ORMEINI. ORMIA BREVICORNIS, new species. Length, 7.5mm. One female, Texas (Belfrage). Differs from punctata Robineau-Desvoidy as follows: Third anten- nal joint no longer than second. Front almost equal to eye width. Parafacialia wider. Vibrissae weak and indistinct. Cheek grooves reaching half way up face. Facial plate narrowed on lower half. Cheeks nearly two-fifths eye length. The first-stage maggot has the cephalic spine-clusters, but the spines are arranged in a longitudinal series; in punctata they are arranged in a transverse Series. Type.—Cat. No. 22268, U.S.N.M. ORMIA DOMINICANA, new species. Length,6mm. Three females, San Francisco Mountains, Santo Domingo, September, 1905 (A. Busck). Differs from punctata Robineau-Desvoidy in the face widening evenly from front, the inner border of eyes thus straight in front view, the parafacialia thus noticeably widening above. The first-stage maggot has one large talon or spine on each side of head, instead of a cluster. Type.—Cat. No. 22269, U.S.N.M. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 549 Tribe CALIRRBOINI. PUNAMYOCERA, new genus. Genotype.—Punamyocera oroyensis, new species. Differs from Paramyocera as follows: Form rather stout, only a little narrowed. Lower profile of head very long, approximating head height. Vibrissal axis fully five-sixths of head height or more. Epistoma almost as long as clypeus, strongly warped. Palpi long and slender. Parafacialia bare, as wide as long. Cheeks fully four- fifths eye length im female. Three sternopleurals, postintraalars, postsuturals, preacrostichals, and postacrostichals; two lateral scu- tellars; moderately long decussate apical scutellar pair. No median marginals on first segment; median marginal pair on second; median discal pair on intermediate segments; marginal row on last two segments; discal row on anal. PUNAMYOCERA OROYENSIS, new species. Length, 10mm. One female, Oroya, Peru, 12,000 feet, May 7, 1914 (C. H. T. Townsend). Brownish, cinereous pollinose. Antennae rufous; arista and over distal half of third jomt blackish. Palpifulvous. Frontalia brown. Cheek grooves reddish-brown. Rest of head thinly silvery, appearing dense in varying light, the occipital area cinereous. Thorax and scutellum tawny-silvery; with three blackish vittae, a dull line each side of middle one. Abdomen ashy pollinose, with heavy rather indefinite dark brown median vitta, the hind corners of first three segments shading darker. Femora and tibiae subrufous, tarsi black- ish. Wings nearly clear. Tegulae tawny-whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22232, U.S.N.M. STURMIODEXIA, new genus. Genoty pe.—Sturmrodexia rubescens, new species. General Calirrhoine characters. Facial carina wide, high, sepa- rating the antennae. Epistoma long, distinctly narrowed. Haustel- lum about three-fifths head height. Palpi long and subfiliform. Arista long-plumose to tip. Eyes bare. Ocellars strong. Para- facialia as wide as clypeus, bare. Cheeks over half eye length. One postintraalar; one to three, usually two, postacrostichals; two pre- acrostichals; three sternopleurals, postsuturals, and lateral scutellars; strong decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell widely open quite well before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male claws very long. No median marginals on first two segments, marginal row on last two, discal row on anal, 550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. STURMIODEXIA RUBESCENS, new species. Length, 9.5 to 10 mm. Four males, Yahuarmayo, Rio Inambari, Peru, 1,700 feet, February 9, 1910 (C. H. T. Townsend). Brown to brownish-rufous, cinereous pollinose. Antennae and palpi light brownish-fulvous. Head with yellowish tinge to the pollen. Frontalia brown. Thorax and scutellum brown, silvery pollinose with slight brassy tinge; four black thoracic vittae, inner pair narrower and shorter, outer notinterrupted Abdomen brownish- rufous, last three segments changeably pollinose, with tawny tinge to pollen which shows golden to cupreous shades in varying light. Legs brown. Wings smoky costobasally and along veins. Tegulae lightly yellowish-smoky. Type.—Cat. No. 22233, U.S.N.M. LEPTODEXIA, new genus. Genotype.—Leptodexia gracilis, new species. General Calirrhoine characters. Facial carina nearly obsolete. Kpistoma short, wide, strongly warped. Proboscis about one and one-half times head height. Palpi slender, hardly as long as third antennal joint, thickened some at tip. Third antennal joint about three times second. Arista thinly long-plumose to tip. Ocellars present, weaker in female. Parafacilia bare. Two sternopleurals and lateral scutellars; three postsuturals; no preacrostichals; one postintraalar; one very weak postacrostichal; weak divergent apical scutellar pair. Wings long, narrow, equilateral. Apical cell open almost in tip. Legs long; tarsi elongate in both sexes; male claws long. Median marginal pair on first segment in male but not in female, on intermediate segments in both sexes and tending to marginal row on third; marginal row on anal. LEPTODEXIA GRACILIS, new species. Length, 5 to6mm. One male and one female, Huascaray Ridge, Jaen Province, Peru, 7,000 feet, September 21 and 22, 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Brown to blackish, cinereous to pale golden pollinose. Palpi fulvous, more or less fuscous apically. Antennae black. Frontalia soft brown with coppery reflection. Rest of head silvery, with faint golden tinge in places. Thorax and abdomen rather thickly pollinose, with decided golden tinge; leaving three thoracic vittae, the middle one Over twice as wide as the outer ones and reaching to tip of scu- tellum, the outer ones broadly interrupted at suture and sharply pointed behind; four large blackish triangles on abdomen, one on each segment. Wings and tegulae faintly smoky-yellowish. Tyve.—Cat No. 22257. U.S.N.M. 0 No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 551 HESPERODINERA, new genus. Genotype.— Hes perodinera cinerea, new species. Differs from Dinera as follows: Not so narrowed in form. Facial carina obliquely lowering and extending to epistoma. Haustellum about two-thirds head height. Palpi nearly twice as long as antennae. Antennae inserted well below eye middle. Female vertex about one-third head width. Female frontalia well over half as wide as one Parafacial. Two proclinate ocellar pairs. Parafacialia a little wider than clypeus, well setose. Cheeks three-fifths eye length. Three postintraalars. Third vein bristled only at base. Apical cell petiolate well before tip, petiole nearly or about as long as small crossvein. No stump at cubitus. Abdomen rather broad ovate. Strong median marginal pair on first two segments, median discal pair on intermediate segments, strong marginal row on third, strong discal and rather strong submarginal rows and weak marginal and anterior rows on anal segment. HESPERODINERA CINEREA, new species. Length, 7 mm. One female, Harvey’s Ranch, Pecos National Forest, New Mexico, 10,000 feet, August 22, 1916 (C. H. T. Townsend). Blackish, thickly yellowish-cmereous pollinose. Cheek grooves reddish-brown in oblique view. Frontalia light brown. Antennae soft black, second joint pale on distal edge. Palpi fuscous. Five blackish thoracic vittae, moderately distinct, the inner pair narrow and approximated to the median vitta. A pair of indefinitely sub- triangular dark spots showing in oblique view on second and third abdominal segments. Legs blackish. Wings clear. Teeulae yellowish-white. This species was determined by Coquillett as Myocera rava Wulp, but that species has the apical cell open. Type.—Cat. No. 22215, U.S.N.M. Tribe THERESONI. SCHISTOSTEPHANA, new genus. Genotype.—Schistostephana aurifrons, new species. Differs from Gymnobasis as follows: Form somewhat more nar- rowed. Clypeus equilateral, fully twice as long as wide. Epistoma strongly warped, subnasute, at 45 degrees from profile of carina. Two verticals in male, the outer one very short. Male frontalia very wide and deeply arcuate at anterior end. Many proclinate-divergent pairs of ocellars, thickly placed and all same length, ordinarily from 8 to 12 pairs evenly divaricate like hair parted at the crown of the head. 552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. SCHISTOSTEPHANA AURIFRONS, new species. Length, 12 mm. Two males, Rio Charape, Peru, 4,500 feet, Sep- tember 15, 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Blackish, cinereous pollinose. Face golden. Front dull silvery. Frontalia deep soft brown. Antennae blackish, first two joints dark rufous. Palpi light rufous. Thorax and scutellum silvery, former with three heavy complete equal black vittae, disk of scutellum black. Abdomen blackish, more than posterior half of anal segment rufous; dark parts thinly to thickly silvery, intensity changing with point of view. Wings clear. Tegulae pale glassy-fuscous. Type.—Cat. No. 22231, U.S.N.M. OPSOTHERESIA, new genus. Genotype.—O psotheresia obesa, New species. General Theresiine characters. Strong, high facial carma. Epis- toma moderately long, warped some from profile of carina. Facialia bare. Haustellum fully two-thirds head height. Palpi rather long and slender, a little thickened at extreme tip. Third antennal joint little over twice second. Arista short-plumose. Eyes bare. Male vertex less than one-fifth head width, the front narrowing therefrom slightly. Ocellars strong. Parafacialia wider than clypeus, equi- lateral, bare. Cheeks nearly half eye length. Three postintraalars and lateral scutellars; four sternopleurals and postsuturals; one preacrostichal and postacrostichal; long decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell open well before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male claws long. No median marginals on first two segments, marginal row on last two. Hind tibiae thickly short-ciliate. OPSOTHERESIA OBESA, new species. Length, 13mm. One male, Plummers Island, Maryland, June 15, 1908 (W. L. McAtee). Blackish or dark brown, more or less shining. Palpi fulvous. Antennae reddish-orange, second joint tinged with brown. Frontalia soft dark brown. Rest of head silvery, the cheek grooves showing brownish-red in direct view. Thorax black, thinly silvery; leaving five black vittae, the outer heavy, the median not so wide, these three extending to base of scutellum; the other vittae are narrow, approximated to the median one, and give out a little behind suture. Scutellum testaceous, the extreme base blackish. Abdomen brown, largely shaded with rufous especially posteriorly, thinly silvery pollinose like the scutellum. Wings clear. Tegulae white. Type.—Cat. No. 22262, U.S.N.M. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 553 PTERINOPTERNA, new genus. Genotype.—Pterinopterna ciliata, new species. Clypeus considerably sunken, not twice as long as wide. Epistoma well warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis short; palpi clubshaped, reaching epistoma. Third antennal joint about twice second. Arista short, thinly long-plumose. Eyes thickly pilose. Frontals stopping at base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars present. Parafacialia wider than clypeus, thickly black- pilose on outer lower part. Cheeks over two-fifths eye length. Two postintraalars, preacrostichals and postacrostichals; three sterno- pleurals and lateral scutellars; four postsuturals. No apical scutel- lars. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell open some distance before tip. A very short stump at cubitus. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Hind tibiae quite thickly and evenly ciliate with ordinary bristles; hind metatarsi plumose with fine hairs on each side, a double series of long hairs on outer edge and a single series of shorter hairs on inner edge. No median marginals on first segment, a short appressed pair of median marginals on second, a strong erect pair of median marginals on third, marginal row of erect on anal segment. PTERINOPTERNA CILIATA, new species. Length, 10 mm. One male, Huascaray Ridge, Jaen Province, Peru, 7,000 feet, September 22, 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Blackish, abdomen widely rufous on sides. Face, including para- facialia and anterior half or so of cheeks, bronze pollinose; rest of cheeks and occiput gray pollinose. Frontalia and parafrontalia soft brownish-black. Antennae brown, third joint reddish at base. Pleura thinly silvery. Mesoscutum more thickly silvery; with five black vittae, of which the next to outer one on each side is narrow, subconfluent with the median vitta and gives out a little behind suture. The three main vittae are heavy, uninterrupted at suture, and narrowly edged with bronze pollen. Scutellum bronze pollinose in a discal triangle, more silvery laterally. Abdomen rufous; median depression of first segment, median vitta, hind border of third segment and most of anal segment dark brown to blackish; front borders of last three segments narrowly silvery, widening in oblique view on median line; median vitta and anal segment showing bronze to silvery pollen in oblique view. Legs black. Wings clear. Tegulae glassy-infuscate. Type.—Cat. No. 22228, U.S.N.M. Tribe TRICHODURENI. TRICHODUROPSIS GUIANENSIS, new species. Five females, Bartica, British Guiana (Through C. W. Johnson). Differs from recta Schiner as follows: Abdomen and wings colored as in Trichodura anceps Wiedemann. Thorax has the median light 554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. golden vitta split anteriorly into three, the darker vittae and lateral marking being pale brown to brown and extending on scutellum, while the long stripes from humeri to scutellum are dark brown. First abdominal segment with median marginal pair. Size is same. Type.—Cat. No. 22271, U.S.N.M. Tribe CORDYLIGASTERINI. EUTOROCCA, new genus. Genotype.—Eutorocca fasciaia, new species. Clypeus considerably sunken. Epistoma arcuately cut out, in cly- peal plane. Facialia short-ciliate one-third way. Proboscis short, palpi stout and flattened. Eyes bare, descending to vibrissal level. Male front narrower posteriorly than length of second antennal joint. Frontals stopping at base of antennae, continuing posteriorly to ocelli in male. No verticals nor proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars very weak; ocellar triangle extremely small, atrophied. Parafacialia narrowed almost to a line below, bare. Cheeks hardly one-twelfth eye length in male. One preacrostichal and postacro- stichal; two sternopleurals and postintraalars; three postsuturals and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled about one-third way to small crossvein; others bare. Apical cell narrowly open a little before tip. Hind crossvein fully its length from cubitus. Male claws long. Abdomen about twice as long as thorax and nar- rower than latter. Median marginal pair on first segment; marginal row on last three segments; median discal pair on first three seg- ments; and discal row on anal. EUTOROCCA FASCIATA, new species. Length, 8.5mm. One male, Peradeniya, Ceylon, August 11, 1913 (A. Rutherford). Dark brown, thinly pollinose. Frontalia, antennae (third joint missing) and palpi brown, the palpi slightly tinged with fulvous. Face and front silvery, shading to pale golden on latter in oblique view. Mesoscutum and scutellum dark metallic-green, faintly silvery in oblique view, more so in front of suture, with four black vittae; humeri and pleura more thickly silvery, latter with two shining brown spots. Abdomen shining dark brown, base of intermediate segments widely golden pollinose, basal half of anal segment silvery pollinose. Wings faintly smoky-yellowish. Tegulae yellowish glassy. Type.—Cat. No. 22241, U.S.N.M. Tribe MINTHOINI. MICROMINTHO, new genus. Genotype.— Micromintho melania, new species. Clypeus a little depressed. Epistoma short, gently warped. Fa- cialia bare. Proboscis short, palpi slender. Third antennal joint No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 555 about four times second. Arista nearly bare; basal joints short. Eyes bare. Frontals two below base of antennae. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals in male, the hind one short. Ocellars weak. Para- facialia very narrow, with row of four to five facio-orbitals. Cheeks little over one-fourth eye length. One or two short geno-orbitals. One preacrostichal and postacrostichal; two postintraalars and lat- eral scutellars; three sternopleurals and postsuturals. A long decus- sate apical pair of scutellars. Costal spine strong. First vein bristled halfway and again in middle of distal half; third bristled to small crossvein; others bare. Apical cell long-petiolate, ending little before tip; petiole as long as posterior crossvein; latter nearer to small crossvein. Last section of fifth vein rather over half of preced- ing section. No median marginals on first segment, median marginal pair on second; marginal row on third and anal segments. Male claws minute; the front tarsi distinctly swollen and compressed. Abdomen conical. MICROMINTHO MELANIA, new species. Length, 3.75 mm. One male, Globe Hills, Arizona, 3,300 feet, on foliage of Thurberia, September 10, 1917 (C. H. T. Townsend). Shining black. Head silvery; face and cheeks more thickly so. Antennae, arista, and frontalia brown. Palpifulvous. Parafronta- lia, thorax and scutellum thinly silvery. Four black thoracic vittae. Narrow front borders of last three abdominal segments silvery-white. Wings clear. Tegulae watery-white. Type.—Cat. No. 22089, U.S.N.M. METALLICOMINTRHO, new genus. Genoiype.— Metallicominiho abdominalis, new species. Differs from JMicromintho as follows: Vibrissal axis only a little less than antennal axis and about half head height. Third antennal joint narrower than second and about four times latter. Arista pu- bescent. Eyes indistinctly short-hairy. Female vertex not one- third head width. Female frontalia not as wide as one parafrontal. Parafacialia considerably narrowed below, with four strong facio- orbitals down middle. Cheeks nearly one-third eye length. First vein bare on distal half. Middle metatarsi as long as following joints together. Female front tarsi plump, compressed, the claws minute. A row of strong erect discals on anal segment. Apical crossvein more oblique, nearly parallel with hind margin of wing. Abdomen depressed. METALLICOMINTHO ABDOMINALIS, new species. Length, 6 mm. One female, Castle Butte, Arizona, 5,200 feet, September 19, 1917 (C. H. T. Townsend). Shining olive-black. Head thinly silvery; the parafrontalia mostly black, only the outer portions silvery. Frontatia soft dark brown. 556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Second antennal joint, narrow base of third and palpi rufo-fulvous. Thorax very faintly silvery above, much more so on pleura; three heavy silver-white vittae before suture. Scutellum and abdomen with strong olive shade and without pollen; the scutellum rather greenish and the abdomen rather tinged with cupreous or metallic bronze. Legs black, coxae silvery. Wings clear, yellowish along costa. ‘Tegulae yellowish-white, somewhat glassy. Type.—Cat. No. 22216, U.S.N.M. Tribe ZELONI. PARAZELIA, new genus. Genotype.—Parazelia pulchra, new species. Clypeus considerably sunken, subequilateral, nearly three times as long as wide. Epistoma narrow, cut off short, warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis short; palpi long, stout, bowed. Third antennal joint about four times second; constricted basally and bulged on upper side distally. Arista long; moderately long-plumose. Eyes bare. Frontals stopping at base of antennae. No proclinate fronto- orbitals in male. Ocellars present. Parafacialia hardly as wide as the narrow clypeus, microsetose on inner half. Cheeks about two- fifths eye length. Three sternopleurals, postsuturals and lateral scu- tellars; two postentraalars, preacrostichals; one postacrostichal; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell widely open a little before tip. No median marginals on first segment, median marginal pair on second, marginal row on third and anal segments. PARAZELIA PULCHRA, new species. Length, 7.5 mm. One male, Trinidad Rio, Panama, March 23, 1912 (A. Busck). Brown to blackish. Cheek grooves light brown; frontalia dark brown. Palpi brown, tips pale. Antennae dark brown, shading lighter distally. Rest of head ashy pollinose with a brassy tinge. Mesoscutum thinly silvery to pale brassy pollinose, with four black- ish vittae, the outer ones heavy. Scutellum blackish basally; pale brassy pollinose on distal half or so. Abdomen pale brassy pollinose on front half or more of last three segments, the pollinose bands increasing in width posteriorly and widening laterally, a median vitta of brown showing indistinctly. Legs brown. Wings faintly smoky, distinctly so on costa. Tegulae glassy, tinged with smoky- yellowish. Type.—Cat. No. 22206, U.S.N.M. MINTHOZELIA, new genus. Genotype.— Minthozelia montana, new species. Epistoma short, slightly warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis short; palpi slender, a little thickened at tip. Third antennal joint one and one-half times second. Arista long-plumose. Eyes bare. Frontals No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 557 stopping at base of antennae. Ocellars absent. Parafacialia bare, nearly as wide as clypeus. Cheeks less than one-third eye length, Three sternopleurals, postintraalars, postsuturals, preacrostichals, postacrostichals and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell narrowly open a little before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Median mar- ginal pair on first two segments; marginal row on third and anal segments. MINTHOZELIA MONTANA, new species. Length, 5.5 mm. One female, Sixshooter Canyon, Pinal Moun- tains, Arizona, 5,000 feet., September 2, 1917 (C. H. T. Townsend). Black, silvery-white pollinose. Frontalia soft brown. Antennae fulvous, tinged withfuscous. Palpifulvous. Four indefinite change- able thoracic vittae. Anterior border of last three abdominal seg- ments silvery-white, the rest shining black. Wings clear. Tegulae- glassy-white. Type.—Cat. No. 22204, U.S.N.M. OPSOZELIA, new genus. Genotype.—O psozelia discalis, new species Zeliine characters in general. Clypeus slightly sunken; epistoma long and strongly warped. Haustellum fully half head height, corneous; palpi stout, nearly as long as antennae. Third antennal joint about four times second. Arista thickly long-plumose to tip, with two rows of cilia above. Eyes bare. Frontals thickly placed in male. Two strong ocellar pairs. Parafacialia hardly over half as wide as clypeus, equilateral, bare. Cheeks hardly one-third eye length. One postintraalar; two preacrostichals and postacrostichals; three sternopleurals, postsuturals and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled about one-third way to small cross- vein; others bare. Apical cell widely open well before tip. Cubitus near margin, with faint wrinkle. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male tarsi and claws long and stout. No median marginals on first segment, but a pair on second; three median discal pairs in file on each of intermediate segments; marginal row on last two segments; anal segment with submarginal and discal rows also. Fifth sternite of male large. OPSOZELIA DISCALIS, new species. Length, 13mm. One male, Bartica, British Guiana, July 10, 1901 (through C. W. Johnson). Brown to blackish; abdomen largely yellow. Antennae clear deep fulvous; the palpi nearly the same shade. Frontalia soft dark brown, shining in oblique view. Rest of head thickly ashy-silvery pollinose. Thorax and scutellum thickly ashy-silvery; with four 558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. blackish vittae, the inner pair shorter. Abdomen pale yellow, heavy median vitta blackish; anal segment and irregular posterior half of third rufous; hind border of second pale smoky-rufous; anal segment thinly silvery pollinose, showing more densely on base and sides. Femora and tibiae tinged with rufous. Wings tinged with smoky- yellowish on costal half or so. Tegulae glassy. Type.—Cat. No. 22237, U.S.N.M. Tribe EUTHELAIRINI. PARATHELAIRA, new genus. Genotype.—Parathelaira panamensis, new species. Clypeus well sunken. Epistoma rather short, abruptly warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis very short; palpi long and slender. Third antennal joint two and one-half times second in male. Arista much longer than antennae, thin, bare. Eyes bare. Male vertex about one-seventh head width. One frontal below base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars very weak. Parafacialia narrow, bare. Cheeks little over one-sixth eye length. Two sterno- pleurals; three postintraalars, postsuturals, preacrostichals, posta- crostichals, and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Costal spine present. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open a little before tip. Hind crossvein a little nearer cubitus. Male claws long. Median marginal pair on first two segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments, marginal row on last two seg- ments; submarginal and two discal rows on anal segment. PARATHELAIRA PANAMENSIS, new species. Length, 9.5 mm. One male, Porto Bello, Panama, February 25, 1911 (A. Busck). Brownish, silvery pollinose. Palpi, basal half of antennae, para- facialia, anterior half of parafrontalia, and base of last three abdominal segments pale fulvous; these parts all silvery pollinose except palpi and antennae. Four dark thoracic vittae, the inner pair a little narrower. Wings faintly and evenly smoky-yellow. Tegulae glassy- whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22224, U.S.N.M. LYDELLOTHELAIRA, new genus. Genoty pe.—Lydellothelaira collaris, new species. Clypeus rather deeply sunken. Epistoma short; nearly in clypeal plane. Facialia strongly ciliate over halfway. Proboscis very short; palpi heavy, wide, short, bowed. Third antennal joint about three and one-half times second in male. Eyes bare. Male front well over one-fourth head width. Two frontals below base of antennae, but in straignt line. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 559 present. Parafacialia narrow, bare. Cheeks about one-fourth eye length. Twosternopleurals and preacrostichals; three postintraalars, postsuturals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; a weak apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell widely open a little before tip. Hind crossvein a little nearer to cubitus. Male claws short. All four abdominal segments with marginal row. LYDELLOTHELAIRA COLLARIS, new species. Length, 7.5 mm.; of wing, 8 mm. One male, Casahuiri, Peru, 4,500 feet, February 4, 1910 (C. H. T. Townsend). Brown to blackish. Parafacialia and most of parafrontalia pale yel- lowish pollinose; clypeus and facialia thinly silvery. Antennae blackish; first two joints brown. Frontalia light brown. Palpi brown. Thorax and scutellum soft dark brown; mesoscutal suture bordered in front by a narrow irregular silvery fascia confluent with silvery of humeri, and extending obliquely and broadly down on pleura. Abdomen subshining brown; last three segments with nar- row anterior border of silvery to pale brassy pollen. Wings nearly clear. Tegulae whitish, narrowly edged with yellow. Type.—Cat. No. 22219, U.S.N.M. THELAIROCHAETONA, new genus. Genotype.— Thelairochaciona thriz, new species. Clypeus moderately sunken. Epistoma cut off; faintly warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis very short; palpi stout and bowed. Third antennal joint about four times second. Arista longer than antennae, thin, finely pubescent one-fourth way. Eyes bare. Female vertex one-fourth head width. ‘Two frontals below base of antennae. Two strong proclinate fronto-orbitals in female. Ocellars present. Para- facialia narrow, bare. Cheeks hardly one-fifth eye length. Three sternopleurais, postintraalars, postsuturals, preacrostichals and lat- eral scutellars; two postacrostichals; short apical pair of scutellars. Costal spine present. First vein bristled nearly halfway; third bristled to small crossvein; others bare (one bristlet on fifth vein in one wing). Apical cell widely open considerably before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Median marginal pair on first two seg- ments; median discal pair on second and third; marginal row on last two; and discal row on anal segment. THELAIROCHAETOMA THRIX, new species. Length, 9 mm. One female, Porto Bello, Panama, April 18, 1912 (A. Busck). Blackish, cinereous pollinose. Palpirufous. Pollen of parafronta- lia with strong golden tinge. Antennae blackish. Frontalia soft 560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. brown. Thorax and scutellum brassy-cinereous; leaving four black vittae, the outer ones interrupted. Basal half of last three abdominal segments thickly brassy-cinereous pollinose; the rest of abdomen shining brown. Legs dark brown to blackish. Wings lightly yellow- ish-smoky, especially on costa. Tegulae yellowish-white. Type.—Cat. No. 22220, U.S.N.M. Tribe URAMYINI. ANAPORIA, new genus. Genotype.—A poria limacodis Townsend, 1892.1 Differs from Paraporia mainly in the clypeus being distinctly, though slightly sunken, the arista thickly short-pubescent halfway, the male abdomen conico-subcylindrical and truncate anally. The clypeus is quite flush in Paraporia, while the male abdomen is flattened and pointed anally. The ocellars are quite strong, at least in male, and there are two weak discal scutellar pairs. There are no well- developed median anterior macrochaetae on second segment. PSEUDEUANTHA OCTOMACULATA, new species. Length, 13 mm. One male, Huadquina, Peru, 5,000 feet, July 30, 1911 (Yale Peruvian Expedition). Differs in coloration from Paraporia quadrimaculata as follows: All four of the abdominal segments with whitish lateral spots which are small and restricted. Wings conspicuously yellow across basal third; brown on outer two-thirds of costal portion. The grayish pollen has a yellowish or brassy tinge. Type.—Cat. No. 22272, U.S.N.M. MICROAPORIA, new genus. Genoty pe.— Microaporia elegans, new species. Near Chaetonopsis, with main characters as follows: Form very narrow. Arista long-pubescent, mostly on upper side. Eyes bare, pushed far forward below. Male front prominent, vertex nearly one-fourth head width. Ocellars very weak. Frontals stopping at base of antennae, Frontalia very wide. Parafacialia bare. Cheeks nearly one-third eye length. No postacrostichals; one preacrostichal and lateral scutellar; two sternopleurals and postintraalars; three postsuturals; medium decussate apical scutellar pair. Costal spine strong. Third vein with one strong bristle at base; others bare. Apical cell open a little before tip. Hind crossvein near middle. Male claws long. Abdomen narrow and elongate; widest on hind margin of first segment, gradually narrowing posteriorly. Median marginal pair on first segment, marginal row on last three segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; discal row on anal. 1 Psyche, vol. 6, p. 275. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 561 MICROAPORIA ELEGANS, new species. Length, 4.5 mm. One male, Cuzco, Peru, February 21, 1910 (C. H. T. Townsend). Dark brown or blackish, rather thinly silvery. Antennae and palpi black. Frontalia and cheek grooves soft blackish-brown. Rest of head thinly silvery, with blackish reflections in varying light. Thorax and scutellum thinly silvery; two very broad black vittae on thorax, reaching on sides of scutellum; similar wide vitta on pleura from wing root to lower humeral region, also extending back to halters. Abdomen subshining dark brown, basal half of last three segments thinly silvery pollinose, changing to brassy in varying light. Legs brown. Wings clear. Tegulae whitish, somewhat fuscous on inner edge. Type.—Cat. No. 22238, U.S.N.M. Tribe LESKTINI. TROCHILOGLOSSA, new genus. Genotype.— Trochiloglossa tropica, new species. Clypeus flush. Epistoma wide, strongly warped, nearly half as long as clypeus. Facialia bare. Haustellum about two and one-half times head height, nearly long enough to reach tip of abdomen; curved backward; palpi long, subcylindrical. Third antennal joint about one and one-half times second. Arista bare; basal joints short. Kyes bare. Frontals diverging one bristle at base of antennae. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals of female crowded nearly into frontal row. Ocellars present. Parafacialia narrow, bare. Cheeks not over one-fifth eye length. One postacrostichal; two postintraalars, pre- acrostichals and lateral scutellars; three sternopleurals and postsutur- als. A weak divergent apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell narrow, open a little before tip. Posterior crossvein nearer to cubitus. No median marginals on first segment; median marginal pair on second; marginal row on third and anal segments. TROCHILOGLOSSA TROPICA, new species. Length, 8 mm. One female, Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith). Tawny flavous, Head and thorax silvery pollinose; scutellum and abdomen less thickly so. Pleura and posterior half of abdomen darker in ground color, cinereous pollinose. Frontalia, antennae, palpi and legs yellowish; the tarsidarker. Wings clear, with yellowish along the veins. Tegulae watery-white. Type.—tn American Museum of Natural History. 115690—19—Proce.N.M.vol.56——-36 562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. BESKIOLESKIA, new genus. Genotype.—Beskioleskia busckit, new species. Clypeus flush, long, narrow, bent in middle, the lower half warped forward. Epistoma short, full width. Facialia bare. Vibrissae dis- tinct from the other bristles, Haustellum not as long as head height; palpi fully as long as antennae, bent in middle, distal half compressed and gently widened. Third antennal joint about five times second. Arista long-pubescent. Eyes bare. Frontals stopping at base of antennae. ‘Two very short and weak proclinate fronto-orbitals in female. No ocellars, ocellar triangle atrophied, ocelli very small. Parafacialia bare. Cheeks not over one-fourth eye length. Two sternopleurals and postintraalars; three postsuturals, preacrostichals, postacrostichals and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled to small crossvein; others bare. Apical cell open nearly in tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus but distant. No median marginals on first two segments; marginal row on third and anal; and median discal pair on anal. BESKIOLESKIA BUSCKII, new species. _ Length, 5 to 6.25mm. Two females, Cabima and Taboga Islands, Panama, May 23 and June 19, 1911 (A. Busck). Pale luteous to pale fulvous. Third antennal joint smoky-rufous. Frontalia light golden. Mesoscutum bright golden pollinose, with four faint narrow smoky-yellow vittae. Abdomen subrufous on posterior half or so, including median vitta and posterior part of second segment; second and third segments with brown spot at posterior margin on median line. Tarsi appearing dark from the vestiture. Wings slightly smoky-yellowish; more yellowish on costa. Tegulae yellowish. Type.—Cat. No, 22207, U.S.N.M. Tribe MYIOMINTHOINI. UROCHAETONA, new genus. Genotype.— Urochaetona longipes, new species. Differs from Phyllophilopsis as follows: Palpi not swollen in either sex. Arista moderately long-plumose to tip. Two sternopleurals and postintraalars; postacrostichals only hair like; preacrostichals short. Hind legs very elongate in male, especially the tarsi. Ab- domen more elongate and more pointed behind. Strong erect median marginal pair on first abdominal segment. UROCHAETONA LONGIPES, new species. Length, 4.5 to 5.5 mm. One male and one female, Yahuarmayo, Rio Inambari, Peru, 1,700 feet, February 9 and 11, 1910, on foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 563 Shining dark brown. Frontalia with fulvo-cupreous reflection in oblique view. Face, third antennal joint and sides of front silvery. Palpi fuscous. Thorax silvery; with three wide black vittae; the middle one more or less fulvous pollinose on median line before suture especially in male; the outer ones interrupted by a narrow silvery pollinose border on hind edge of prescutum. Scutellum and abdomen without pollen except the narrow thinly silvery bases of last three segments. Wings and tegulae moderately yellowish-fuscous; paler in female. Type.—Cat. No. 22230, U.S.N.M. URODEXIA SIAMENSIS, new species. Length, 13 mm. to end of tail; tail, 5 mm. One male, Khow Sai Dow, 1,000 feet, Trong, Lower Siam, January to February, 1899 (W. L. Abbott). Head silvery, shading to golden on sides of front. Palpi fuscous. Antennae black; third joint grayish. Frontalia dark brown. Pleura silvery; mesoscutum golden, with four narrow dark brown vittae; the outer ones widely interrupted at suture and abbreviated anteriorly, while behind suture they are connected by a broad dark brown fascia covering a little more than the anterior half of the postscutum. Scutellum dark brown except the golden tip, as though crossed by a similar dark fascia. Abdomen brown; the bases of intermediate seg- ments broadly golden pollinose; anal segment silvery with the tail brown. Legs light brown. Wings and tegulae lightly smoky-yellow. Type.—Cat. No. 22267, U.S.N.M. PSEUDOCHAETONA, new genus. Genotype.—Pseudochaetona polita, new species. Head characters of Pseudodexia, Third antennal joint four or five times second. Arista longer than antennae, slender, thinly short- plumose to tip. Eyes bare. Frontals one or two weak below base of antennae. One vertical in male. Ocellars vestigial. Para- facialia very narrow, bare. Cheeks hardly one-eighth eye length. One preacrostichal, postacrostichal and lateral scutellar; two sternopleurals and postintraalars; three postsuturals; long decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open just before tip. Hind crossvein nearly in middle. Apical crossvein deeply bowed in. No median marginals on first segment, but a pair on second; marginal row on last two segments. PSEUDOCHAETONA POLITA, new species. Length, 6.5 mm. One female, Trinidad Rio, Panama, March 25, 1912 (A. Busck); one male, Yahuarmayo, Peru, February 10, 1910 (C. H. T. Townsend). 564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . VOL. 56. Palpi pale straw-color. Antennae pale fulvous; third joint in female largely fuscous. Frontalia brownish. Rest of head silvery, pale golden on parafrontalia. Pleura brown, with a broad oblique silvery fascia. Mesoscutum pale golden pollinose, the irregular forward half of postscutum shining dark brown. Scutellum shining brown, the tip golden pollinose. Abdomen shining dark brown or blackish; the base yellow as far as middle of second segment, but leaving a dark median vitta in male; base of third segment narrowly yellow on sides; bases of last three segments silvery to pale golden pollinose. Femora yellow; the tips and rest of legs darker. Wings nearly clear, faintly smoky-yellowish. Tegulae glassy, slightly tawny. Type.—Cat. No. 22251. U.S.N.M., from Panama. MINTHOMYIA, new genus. Genoty pe.— Minthomyia abdominalis, new species. Clypeus very shallow. Epistoma short, not warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis very short; palpi short and wide. ‘Third antennal joint about three times second in male, widening somewhat apically. Arista a little longer than antennae, bare. Eyes bare. Male vertex about one-seventh head width. Two frontals below base of anten- nae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Parafacialia extremely narrow, bare. Cheeks hardly one-sixth eye length in male. One preacrostichal; two sternopleurals and postsuturals; three post- intraalars and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open just before tip. Hind crossvein a little nearer to cubitus. Male tarsi and claws long. Median marginal pair on first two segments; marginal row on last two. MINTHIOMYIA ABDOMINALIS, new species. Length, 6.5 mm. One male, Rio Charape, Jaen Province, Peru, 4,500 feet, September 12, 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Blackish, abdomen yellowish. Head thinly silvery. Palpifulvous. Articulation of antennae and base of arista tinged with fulvous. Frontalia and posterior half of parafrontalia brown. Disk of meso- scutum, humeri, and pleura thinly ashy, leaving two broad shining vittae and scutellum bare. Abdomen fulvous-yellow; the anal segment and posterior border of third brownish from the dried con- tents of abdomen. Wings lightly smoky, more deeply so on outer half of costa. Tegulae glassy-yellowish. Type.—Cat. No. 22235, U.S.N.M. TELOTHYRIOSOMA, new genus. Genotype.— Telothyriosma tersa, new species. Clypeus a little sunken. Epistoma cut off, warped on edge. Facialia ciliate one-fourth way. Proboscis short, palpi rather club- shaped. Third antennal joint hardly three times second in male. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 565 Arista faintly pubescent one-third way. Eyes thinly short-haired. Male vertex about one-seventh head width. ‘Two frontals below base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. No ocellars. Parafacialia very narrow, bare. Cheeks about one-eighth eye length. Two sternopleurals and postsuturals; three postintra- alars, preacrostichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; very weak apical scutellar pair. Costal spine strong. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell narrowly open just before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male hind tibiae strongly bowed, claws long. Median marginal pair on first two segments and marginal row on last two. TELOTHYRIOSOMA TERSA, new species. Length, 7.5 mm. One male, Cayuga, Guatemala, April, 1915 (William Schaus). Palpi fulvous. Antennae wholly clear pale fulvo-rufous, including base of arista. Face thinly silvery; front brassy. Thorax and scutellum brassy with four dark vittae; inner pair narrow and linear, First two abdominal segments clear light yellow; narrow median vitta and last two segments, including posterior edge of second, largely due to dried contents of abdomen, brown; third segment thinly brassy, showing most on front edge; anal segment thickly brassy. Legs brown. Wings and tegulae moderately smoky, Type.—Cat. No. 22234, U.S.N.M. MICROCHAETONA, new genus. Genotype.— Michrochaetona gracilis, new species. Differs from Phyllophilopsis as follows: Very slender. Only two sternopleurals and postintraalars. One strong vertical in male. Male abdomen not very much longer than thorax, in shape like the female of Phyllophilopsis. Male wings only about twice as long as thorax. MICROCHAETONA GRACILIS, new species. Length, 3 to 3.5 mm. Two males, Yahuarmayo, Rio Inambari, Peru, 1,700 feet, February 12, 1910, on foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). Dark brown to blackish. Frontalia with golden reflection in oblique view. Palpi pale yellowish to fuscous. Antennae blackish, Rest of head silvery. Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen shining brown; humeri and median vitta in front of suture silvery. Pleura faintly silvery. Legs pale brown, tarsi darker. Wings light smoky- yellow, pale on inner border and axilla. Tegulae glassy-fuscous. Type.—Cat. No, 22236, U.S.N.M. OPSOLESKIA, new genus. Genotype.—O psoleskia flava, new species. Clypeus appreciably sunken. Epistoma wide, short, faintly warped, Facialia bare. Proboscis little over half head height; palpi 566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. short and rather slender. Third antennal joint about three times second in male; rather narrow. Arista moderately long-pubescent halfway. Eyes bare. Male vertex hardly one-seventh head width. One frontal below base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. No ocellars. Parafacialia very narrow, bare. Cheeks searcely one-sixth eye length. Two sternopleurals, postsuturals, and postacrostichals; three postintraalars, preacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell open just before tip. Hind crossvein a little nearer to cubitus. Tarsi and claws long in male. Median marginal pair on first two segments, marginal row on last two. OPSOLESKIA FLAVA, new species. Length, 7 mm. One male, Bartica, British Guiana, June 4, 1901 (through C, W. Johnson). Fulvous-yellow. Frontalia brown. Third antennal joint and arista tinged with fuscous. Palpi pale yellow. Rest of head silvery, shading to golden on front. Thorax rather thickly pale golden pollinose; four dark vittae, the inner pair narrow, the outer ones widely interrupted. Abdomen wholly light yellowish, appearing bare in direct view but showing thin pollen coat in oblique view. Legs fulvous. Wings slightly tinged with fuscous, more so on outer half. Tegulae glassy-yellowish. Type.—Cat. No, 22240, U.S.N.M. Tribe VORIINI. OESTROPLAGIA, new genus. Genotype.—Oestroplagia petiolata, new species. Clypeus only slightly depressed. Epistoma short, slightly warped. Facialia ciliate about or nearly halfway above vibrissae. Proboscis short; palpi club-shaped. Second antennal joint elongate; the third no longer than second. Arista short, bare, basal joints short. Eyes bare, the inner border sinuate in male. Frontals in three rows in male, descending four bristles below base of antennae. No proc- linate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars present. Parafacialia bare. Cheecks one-fourth eye length. Several geno-orbitals. Four sterno- pleurals, postsuturals, and lateral scutellars; three postintraalars, preacrostichals, and postacrostichals. A weak suberect nondecus- sate apical pair of scutellars. Costal spine strong. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell petiolate far before tip; the petiole nearly twice as long as small crossvein. Cubitus nearly in middle of wing breadth, with strong stump. Posterior crossvein nearly its length from cubitus. No median marginals on first segment; median marginal pair on second; marginal row on third; discal row on anal with marginal and submarginal bristles. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—-TOWNSEND. 567 OESTROPLAGIA PETIOLATA, new species. Length, 6 mm. One male, Sabino Basin, Santa Catalina Moun- tains, Arizona, 3,550 feet, October 12, 1918, on flowers of Baccharis sarothroides Gray (C. H. T. Townsend). Black. Head very faintly grayish, frontalia brown; second antennal joint and base of third rufous; palpi fulvous. Body lead- gray pollinose; four black equal thoracic vittae; first abdominal segments, subobsolete median line, and irregular hind borders of last three segments black; nearly the posterior half of anal segment black- ish. The black of intermediate segments changes with varying light, running forward on sides in oblique view. Legs black. Tegulae white. Wings clear; the veins black. Type.—Cat. No. 22088, U.S.N.M. VIBRISSOVORIA, new genus. Genotype.— Vibrissovoria petiolata, new species. Clypeus long, considerably sunken. Epistoma narrow, rather long, strongly warped. Facialia ciliate over halfway. Proboscis short; palpi long, stout, bowed. Second antennal joint long; third hardly twice second. Arista bare, short, thickened nearly to the sharp tip; second joint over half third. Eyes bare. Male frontals in two rows, three bristles below base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitalsin male. Ocellars present, perhaps reclinate (injured). Parafacialia wide, bare. Cheeks one-fourth eye length. Three sternopleurals, postintraalars, preacrostichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; four postsuturals. A very weak divaricate apical scutellar pair. Costal spine moderately long. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell petiolate, ending well before tip; petiole as long as small crossvein. Posterior crossvein in middle. Last section of fifth vein over one-third preceding. No median marginals on first segment; median marginal pair on second ; marginal row on third and anal segments. VIBRISSOVORIA PETIOLATA, new species. Length, 8 mm. One male, Balboa Prado, Canal Zone, Panama, July 2, 1918, G 32d (H. F. Dietz). Blackish, gray pollinose. Face and front silvery. Thorax silvery, leaving four equal black vittae, the two of each side convergent behind suture. Scutellum thinly silvery; more so on tip. Ab- dominal segments thinly silvery, except hind margins and median line. Anal segment mostly reddish; sides of second segment faintly reddish. Wings clear. Tegulae white. Type.—Cat. No. 22085, U.S.N.M. 568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. Tribe MACQUARTINI. MATUCANIA, new genus. Genotype.— Matucania mellisquama, new species. Clypeus gently sunken. Epistoma very short, not warped. Facialia ciliate less than one-third way. Proboscis very short; palpi stout, long, bowed. ‘Third antennal joint about three times second in male. Arista longer than antennae, thin, bare. Eyes thickly very long-pilose. Male vertex not one-fourth head width. Frontals stopping near base of antennae. Ocellars present. Parafacialia bare. Cheeks about two-fifths eye length. Two preacrostichals and lateral scutellars; three sternopleurals, postintraalars, and post- suturals; two or three postacrostichals; rather long slender strongly decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open considerably before tip. Hind cross- vein nearer to cubitus. Male claws long; median marginal pair on first two segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; marginal row on last two segments; discal row on anal. MATUCANIA MELLISQUAMA, new species. Length, 7.5 to 8 mm. Two males, Matucana, Peru, 8,000 feet, January 30, 1913, and May 1, 1914 (C. H. T. Townsend). Black, rather shining, with faint metallic bluish reflection, thinly silvery. Antennae black. Fontalia brown. Palpi fulvous. Rest of head silvery. Pollen thicker on front and lateral edges of thorax, and on pleura; four black vittae, the inner narrow, the outer blotch- like and ill-defined. Abdomen silvery on bases of segments laterally, the disks of first three segments showing triangular areas of rusty pollen in oblique view. Hind tibiae rather rufous or fulvous, the others less so. Wings faintly smoky-yellowish, more so costally. Tegulae honey-colored. Type.—Cat. No. 22250, U.S.N.M. LEPTOMACQUARTIA, new genus. Genotype.—Leptomacquartia planifrons, new species. Clypeus flush. Epistoma very short, little warped. Facialia finely ciliate about halfway. Proboscis about two-thirds head height; palpi long, slender, crooked. Third antennal joint about twice second in male. Arista microscopically pubescent basally. Eyes nearly bare. Front of male much flattened, vertex not over one-tenth head width. One frontal below base of antennae. Oscel- lars present. Two sternopleurals, postintraalars and lateral scutel- lars; three postsuturals; one or two preacrostichals; postacrostichals at most very weak; short decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open a little No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 569 before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male tarsi and claws long; median marginal pair on first segment, median marginal pair or marginal row on second; median discal pair on second; marginal row on last two segments; median discal pair or discal row on third; discal row on anal. LEPTOMACQUARTIA PLANIFRONS, new species. Length, 6.5 to 7mm. Three males, Matucana, Peru, 8,000 feet, January 30 and August 16, 1913, on foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). Head black, thinly silvery on face and sides of front. Antennae and palpi blackish; frontalia dark brown. Thorax black with faint metallic bluish tinge; silvery on humeri, pleura, and middle of prescutum; with four brown vittae, the outer heavy and confluent anteriorly with the inner. Abdomen blackish, faintly metallic greenish, thinly silvery laterally on bases of segments, the pollen extending across segments in oblique view. Legs black. Wings narrowly brown on costa. Tegulae whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22246, U.S.N.M. Tribe HYALURGINI. XANTHOCERA ATRA, new species. Length, 4.5 mm. (abdomen arched). Two females, Alto Pass and Dubois, Illinois, May 7 and 21, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Differs from clistoides Townsend as follows: Abdomen wholly polished black, without sign of pollen. Thorax and scutellum shining black, but with faint indications of thin pollen coat in oblique view. Front a little wider, and clypeus not quite so depressed. No weak apical pair of scutellar bristles. Femora shining black to brown-black. Type.—Cat. No. 22270, U.S.N.M. Tribe LYDELLINI. AUBAEANETIA, new genus. Genotype.—Aubacanetia assimilis, new species. Clypeus moderately sunken. Epistoma cut off, not warped. Facialia ciliate at most about one-third way. Proboscis a little over half head height; palpi about as long as haustellum, a little widened at tip. Third joint of antennae in male about three times second and stout; in female twice second and not stout; in both sub- mucronate. Arista short-pubescent. Three frontals below base of antennae. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals in both sexes. Ocellars strong. Parafacialia bare. Cheeks over one-fourth eye length. Two preacrostichals and postacrostichals; three sternopleurals, post- intraalars, postsuturals and lateral scutellars; very weak apical scutellars. Costal spine strong. Third vein bristled about one- 570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56. third way to small crossvein; others bare. Apical cell open con- siderably before tip. Hind crossvein a little nearer to cubitus, Male claws not as long as last tarsal joint. Abdomen subcylin- drical. Median marginal pair on first two segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; marginal row on last two; submar- ginal and discal rows on anal. AUBAEANETIA ASSIMILIS, new species. Length, 6.5 to 7mm. One male and one female, Franconia, New Hampshire, July 21 and 27, 1915, on foliage in woods (C. H. T. Townsend). Shining black, more or less silvery. Palpi fulvous, darker basally. Antennae blackish. Frontalia brown. Rest of head silvery, with blackish reflections in varying light; occiput ashy. Thorax and abdomen shining, with silvery pollen thinly spread on former and on bases of last three segments of latter. Four indistinct black vittae on thorax before suture. Wings clear. ‘Tegulae whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22244, U.S.N.M. STOMATOLYDELLA, new genus. Genotype.—Stomatolydella infernalis, new species. Clypeus moderately sunken, not twice as long as wide. Epistoma short, well warped. Facialia ciliate to lowest frontals. Proboscis hardly two-thirds head height. Palpi stout, bowed, rather short. Third antennal joint over three times second, narrow. Arista crooked, pubescent. Eyes pilose. Male vertex one-fourth head width, the front nearly equilateral on posterior half or so. Two frontals below base of antennae. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars absent. Parafacialia bare, scarcely one-third as wide as clypeus, narrowing below. Cheeks less than one-fifth eye length. Three sternopleurals, postintraalars, postsuturals, pre- acrostichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; a pair of scars indicates a small apical pair. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell narrowly open a little before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Middle and hind metatarsi as long as following joints together. Hind tibiae pectinate on basal half, the bristles on distal half shorter. Abdominal macrochaetae short and weak; median marginal pair on first two segments, marginal row on third longer than others, anal segment with weak bristles over disk. STOMATOLYDELLA INFERNALIS, new species. Length, 6 mm. One male, Hell Canyon, Manzano Mountains, New Mexico, 7,200 feet, September 19, 1916, on foliage of scrub- oak (C. H. T. Townsend). No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 571 Dark brown. Head brassy-cinereous. Frontalia light brown. Palpi fulvo-rufous. Humeri and pleura thinly gray pollinose. Mesonotum soft blackish, with faint traces of brownish pollen; vittae subobsolete, five showing in front of suture, of which the outer on each side is wide and blotch-like. Abdomen pale brassy pollinose on irregular forward half of last two segments and on second segment each side of median line anteriorly, the median vitta of dark brown distinct throughout. Wings clear. Tegulae nearly white. Type.—Cat. No. 22217, U.S.N.M. ANAMETOPOCHAETA, new genus. Genotype.—Anametopochaeta olindoides, new species. Clypeus moderately sunken. Epistoma rather short, faintly warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis short, palpi moderately stout. Third antennal joint nearly three and one-fourth times second. Arista longer than antennae, pubescent halfway on upper side. Eyes somewhat thinly short-hairy. Female vertex nearly one- fourth head width; front but little widened anteriorly. Frontals aborted, consisting of about five microscopic short fine hairs, one slightly below base of antennae. Proclinate fronto-orbitals also aborted, represented by two microscopic short hairs. Two strong reclinate fronto-orbitals, and one strong reclinate vertical. No ocellars. Parafacialia bare. Cheeks about one-fourth eye length. Two sternopleurals, preacrostichals, and postacrostichals; three postintraalars, postsuturals, and lateral scutellars; minute apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell very narrowly open a little before tip. Hind crossvein con- siderably nearer to cubitus. Tarsi long. Median marginal pair on first two segments; marginal row on last two segments; weak discal row on anal segment. Female without sharp piercer. ANAMETOPOCHAETA OLINDOIDES, new species. Length, 6.5 mm. One female, Chaquimayo, Peru, 2,500 feet, February 5, 1910, on foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). The coloration almost exactly agrees with Desvoidy’s description of Olinda brasiliensis,! only the tegulae are yellowish. The long arista and the apical crossvein bowed in preclude identification with that genus. The black parts are antennae, frontalia, four thoracic vittae, narrow base of scutellum, first abdominal segment, irregular posterior half of last three segments, and legs. A faint narrow brown median vitta shows on abdomen. Palpi pale fulvous; proboscis brownish. All the rest is quite deeply golden pollinose. Wings faintly yellowish-smoky across middle and less so apically. Type.—Cat. No. 22225, U.S.N.M. 1 Essai Sur les Uyodaires, 1830, p. 116. 572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56, URODEXODES, new genus. Genotype.— Urodexodes charapensis, new species. Differs from Paradexodes as follows: Frontal profile about as long as facial. Proboscis about two-thirds head height. Third antennal joint about three times second, equilateral, subtruncate. Four or five frontals below base of antennae. No ocellars. Para- facialia in middle about one-fourth width of clypeus. Normally three postsuturals. No apical scutellars. Cubitus about one- fourth of wing breadth from hind margin. Anal segment of male as long as preceding segment; not caudate but tapered to a point, obliquely cut off below on posterior half in profile. Abdomen with short erect bristles in addition to the macrochaetae; only one strong median discal pair on intermediate segments. URODEXODES CHARAPENSIS, new species. Length, 9 to 10 mm. Two males, Rio Charape, Jaen Province, © Peru, 4,500 feet, September 15 and 16, 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Antennae, palpi and frontalia blackish; rest of head anteriorly quite thickly golden pollinose; the occiput ashy. Thorax and scutellum somewhat paler golden pollinose, former with four black vittae. Abdomen dark brown; last three segments pale golden pollinose, leaving an indistinctly defined and changeable triangular brown area on intermediate segments, and a brown reflection on disk of anal segment. Legs blackish. Wings faintly fuscous cost- ally. Tegulae tawny, more or less glassy. Type.—Cat. No. 22229, U.S.N.M. PHRYNOLYDELLA, new genus. Genotype.—Phrynolydella polita, new species. Differs from Lydella as follows: Clypeus twice as long as wide or more. Facialia ciliate about halfway. Antennae inserted well above eye middle; third joint twice to three times second. Male frontalia no wider than one parafrontal in middle; those of female narrower than one parafrontal. Hind crossvein not far from cubitus. Male abdomen truncate posteriorly, not pointed; median discals not doubled. Intermediate segments lacking erect bristles. PHRYNOLYDELLA POLITA, new species. Length 5.5 to 9 mm. Numerous specimens of both sexes, Pinal Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains, Castle Butte, Arizona, Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico, Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, 4,750 to 7,300: feet. (C. H. T. Townsend); and Williams, Arizona, Las Vegas Hot. Springs, New Mexico. (H.S. Barber). Shining black, thinly silvery pollinose. Face and front silvery, darker in varying lights; the inside of parafrontala very faintly and No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 5738 almost imperceptibly brassy. Palpi fulvo-rufous. Four faint tho- racic vittae, the inner ones narrow. Abdomen thinly silvery on forward half or so of last three segments, the pollen thickening basally. Tegulae white. Wings clear. One of the females was labeled by Coquillett ‘‘ Masicera strigata Wulp.” Type.—Cat. No. 22208, U.S.N.M. AUSTROLYDELLA, new genus. Genotype.—Austrolydella assimilis, new species. Allied to Stomatolydella. Clypeus nearly twice as long as wide. Epistoma moderately warped. Facilia ciliate halfway. Proboscis little over half-head height; palpi thickened or widened at tip. Third antennal joint about two and one-half times second. Eyes thickly pilose in male, thinly so in female. Male front about one- fourth head width, equilateral throughout; female vertex not one- third head width. Ocellars moderately strong. Parafacialia as wide as facialia below in male, a little wider in female. Cheeks fully one-fifth eye length in both sexes. Three lateral scutellars, hind pair longest and more or less divaricate. A moderately long erect decussate apical pair of scutellars. Apical cell open some distance before tip. Tarsi short. Median marginal pair on first three abdom- inal segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; and marginal and discal rows on anal segment; macrochaetae of normal length. Female with sharp piercer but without ventral carina or short spines. Otherwise mainly as in Stomatolydella. AUSTROLYDELLA ASSIMIULIS, new species. Length, 6 to 6.25 mm. One male and one female, Santa Eulalia, Peru, 3,500 feet, April 28, 1914, on foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). Blackish, silvery to golden pollinose. Male head and upper parts thinly silvery; female head and upper parts more thickly pollinose, distinctly golden, especially on front. Palpi subfulvous distally. Four blackish thoracic vittae. Pollen of abdomen more dense on basal half of last three segments; the posterior half of each segment and median vitta rather shining. Wings clear. Tegulae whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22222, U.S.N.M. MEIGENIELLOIDES, new genus. Genotype.— Meigenielloides cinerea, new species. Clypeus gently sunken. Epistoma cut off, rim warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis very short; palpi stout and bowed. Third anten- nal joint about twice the elongate second, gradually widening to the subtruncate tip in female. Arista long, bare. Eyes bare. Female vertex not one-third head width. Three frontals below base of antennae. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals in female. Ocellars pres- 574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 56, ent. Parafacialia bare. Cheeks fully one-third eye length. One preacrostichal; two postacrostichals; three sternopleurals, postin- traalars, postsuturals and lateral scutellars; minute short hair-like apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell narrowly open well before tip. Hind crossvein a little nearer cubitus. Tarsi long. Median marginal pair on first two segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; marginal row on last two segments; irregular discal row on anal segment. MEIGENIELLOIDES CINEREA, new species. Length, 7 mm. One female, Manzanares Creek, Pecos National Forest, New Mexico, 7,500 feet, August 30, 1916 (C. H. T. Townsend). Slate-brownish, thickly cinereous pollinose over whole body. Palpi, basal half of antennae, and legs fulvous-yellowish; tarsi blackish. Four pale slate-colored thoracic vittae; a very faint median abdominal vitta of same color seen from directly above. Wings faintly yellowish along veins and costa. Tegulae glassy tawny-whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22226, U.S.N.M. PROROGLUTEA, new genus. Genotype.—Proroglutea piligera, new species. Clypeus moderately sunken. Epistoma short, warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis short. Palpi stout, widened and flattened. Third antennal joint hardly three times second. Arista long and thin, bare. Eyes bare. Three frontals below base of antennae. Ocel- lars weak or vestigial. Parafacialia bare. Three sterno-pleurals, postintraalars, preacrostichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutel- lars; four postsuturals; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open a little before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male abdomen stout-oval, pointed behind; ventrally the anal segment bears thick hair, meeting over the hypopygial slit. Median marginal pair on first two segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; marginal row on last two segments; anal with short bristles on disk. PROROGLUTEA PILIGERA, new species. Length, 9.5 mm. Two males, San Carlos, Costa Rica (Schild and Buredorf). Brown, rather thickly brassy to pale golden pollinose. Palpi ulvous. Antennae blackish. Frontalia brown. Rest of head pale golden pollinose, as is thorax; four vittae and base of scutellum blackish. Abdomen golden pollinose on bases of last three segments, shading to silvery except on extreme base. Wings fuscous costally and along veins. Tegulae tawny. Type.—Cat. No. 22252, U.S.N.M. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 575 MYOTHYRIOPSIS, new genus. Genotype.— Myothyriopsis bivittata, new species. Clypeus shallow. Epistoma wide, not long, a little warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis hardly head height; palpi stout, bowed, widened at tip. Eyes bare. Frontals diverging one or two bristles below base of antennae. Third antennal joint three to four times second. Arista pubescent, basal joints short. No proclinate fronto- orbitals in male. Ocellars present. Parafacialia narrow, bare. Cheeks about one-fifth eye length. Four sternopleurals; three pos- tintraalars, postsuturals, preacrostichals, postacrostichals and lat- eral scutellars. A moderately long decussate apical pair of scutel- lars. Third vein bristled halfway or so to small crossvein; other veins bare. Apical cell very narrowly open considerably before tip. Posterior crossvein nearly in middle between small crossvein and cubitus. First abdominal segment with a weak median marginal pair; second with a stronger median marginal pair; third and anal segments with marginal row. No sharp piercer in female. MYOTHYRIOPSIS BIVITTATA, new species. Length, 6 mm. Three females and two males, Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith). Black, with golden pollen in stripes and fasciae. Head golden. Facial plate and facialia lead-gray, also at times the parafacialia; frontalia, two heavy thoracic vittae, and scutellum soft black. An- tennae blackish. Palpi rufous or fulvous. Scutellum testaceous on tip. Abdomen shining black, slightly reddish on sides in male, the bases of last three segments broadly golden. Wings obliquely black costobasally from about middle of fifth vein to tip of third vein. Tegulae yellowish, the small scale white. Type.—Cat. No. 22092, U.S.N.M. Sphalloglandulus Townsend. This is the male of Incamyia 'Town- send. The genotypes are conspecific. Tribe MEIGENIINI. TOPOMEIGENIA, new genus. Genotype.— Topomeigenia matutina, new species. Clypeus moderately sunken. Epistoma elongate, considerably warped. Facialia ciliate about halfway. Proboscis short, palpi stout. Third antennal joint hardly three times second, narrow. Arista bare. Eyes nearly bare. Male vertex over one-fourth head width. Three frontals below base of antennae. Ocellars strong. Parafacialia bare, nearly equilateral, hardly half as wide as clypeus. Cheeks less than one-third eye length. Four sternopleurals, post- suturals, and lateral scutellars; three postintraalars, preacrostichals, rod 576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. and postacrostichals; short erect decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell open well before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male claws long. No median marginals on first two segments; median row on last two. Hind tibiae ciliate, with a longer bristle. TOPOMEIGENIA MATUTINA, new species. Length, 8.5mm. Two males, Topolobampo Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico, September 14, 1909, in company of numerous specimens buzzing loudly amongst foliage of shrubs near edge of bay before 6 o’clock in the morning (C. H. T. Townsend). Antennae blackish, second joint tinged with rufous. Palpi fulvus. Frontalia brown. Rest of head dull silvery. Thorax and scutellum thickly dull silvery, more or less faintly brassy; with five blackish vittae, the middle one restricted to postscutum. Abdomen mostly rufous; basal half or more of last three segments pale brassy polli- nose, the pollen thinning irregularly posteriorly on each segment; a dark median vitta present. Legs dark brown. Wings clear. Tegulae nearly white. Type.—Cat. No. 22259, U.S.N.M. PARAMEIGENIA, new genus. Genotype.—Paradexodes albifacies Townsend 1908.1 Differs from Paradezxodes as follows: Only two frontals below base of antennae in both sexes. Clypeus not longer than one and one- half times its width. No apical scutellar pair. Only two strong postacrostichals. Third antennal jomt only twice second in both sexes. Arista thickened only at extreme base. Thorax no wider than abdomen. OLLACHEA, new genus. Genotype.—Ollachea elongata, new species. Head characters of Spylosia, but epistoma warped. Parafacialia hairy on upper half. Cheeks nearly half eye length in female; less in male. Arista bare. Third antennal joint about twice the elon- gate second. Eyes bare. Ocellars present. Proboscis short; palpi clubbed. Three sternopleurals, postintraalers, preacrostichals, post- acrostichals, and lateral scutellars; three or four postsuturals; only apical scutellar hairs; Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open a little before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Abdomen long, narrow, tapering to tip, flattened. Median marginal pair on first two segments; marginal row on last two; median discals on all segments but those of first and last segments vestigial in female; the median discals are doubled on intermediate segments ! Tax. Muse. Flies, p. 102. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 5TT and are stronger in the male, which, besides, has anal segment well covered with long erect bristles. OLLACHEA ELONGATA, new species. Length, 7 to 8mm. Two males and one female, Ollachea, Peru, 9,500 feet, February 2, 1910, on flowers of Buddleia sp. (C. H. T. Townsend). Blackish-brown, rather thickly brassy-cinereous pollinose. Palpi fulvous. Antennae black. Frontalia deep brown. Mesoscutem with two broad heavy blackish-brown vittae widened inwardly just behind suture, where they are more or less confluent; notched out- wardly at suture, with an outer prong narrowly following suture behind, which is more distinct in the male. Scutellum brownish on disk, especially in the male. Abdomen with broad median vitta of brown, much widened on first segment, narrowly following hind borders of first three segments laterally. Wings nearly clear. Tegu- lae glassy, smoky-yellowish. Type.—Cat. No. 22258, U.S.N.M. OPSOMEIGENIA, new genus. Genotype.—Hypostena pusilla Coquillett, 1895.1 General Meigeniine characters. Epistoma cut off short, not warped. Facialia bare. Eyes bare. One frontal below base of antennae, or at times two in male. Ocellars present. Parafacialia bare, moderately narrow, strongly narrowed below in female but less soinmale. ‘Two to three preacrostichals; three sternopleurals, post- intraalers, postsuturals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell narrowly open just before tip. Hind crossvein in middle. Male claws rather long. Median marginal pair on first two segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments in both sexes and on anal in female; marginal row on last two segments, discal row on anal in male. MACHAIROMASICERA, new genus. Genotype.— Machairomasicera carinata, new species. Clypeus gently sunken. Epistoma short, scarcely warped. Fa- clalia finely ciliate nearly halfway. Proboscis short; palpi stout. Third antennal jomt over three times second in female. Arista long, bare. Eyes thinly pilose. Female vertex one-fourth head width. Two frontals below base of antennae. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals infemale. Ocellars weak. Parafacialia narrow, bare. Cheeks about one-fifth eye length. Three sternopleurals, postintraalars, post- 1 Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 3, p. 58; and in 1897 referred by its author to female of Methypostema barbata Coquillett, Rev. Tach., p. 62. 115690—19—Proc.N.M.vol.56——37 578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. suturals, preacrostichals, post acrostichals and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled over halfway to small cross- vein, others bare. Apical cell open just before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Median marginal pair on first two segments, mar- ginal row on last two. Female with sharp piercer and ventral carina, latter bearing very short spines on third segment only. MACHAIROMASICERA CARINATA, new species. Length, 7mm. One female, below Manchi, Ecuador, 7,000 feet, November 22, 1910 (C. H. T. Townsend). Head silvery, the sides of face and front golden. Palpi fulvous. Antennae blackish. Frontalia dark brown. Thorax and scutellum silvery, showing a slight brassy or ochreous tinge in places; leaving four black vittae and a short fifth median one behind suture. Abdo- men subshining blackish, silvery pollinose on bases of intermediate segments and on basal half of anal; on venter and sides the pollen covers all except hind borders of segments. Legs blackish. Wings lightly smoky-yellowish on about costal half, the inner portion dilute or nearly clear. Tegulae pale fulvous. Type.—Cat. No. 22247, U.S.N.M. OCHROMEIGENIA, new genus. Genotype.—Ochromeigenia ormioides, new species. Clypeus deeply dished. Epistoma cut off at vibrissae, supple- mented below by oral membrane. Facialia not ciliate half way. Proboscis about half head height, palpi stout. Third antennal joint two and one-half times second. Arista pubescent. Eyes bare. Frontals weak, stopping about base of antennae. No proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Ocellars very weak. Parafacialia sparsely microsetose. Cheeks over one-fourth eye length. One preacro- stichal and postacrostichal; two postintraalars and lateral scutellars; three sternopleurals ard postsuturals; no apical scutellars, only bristly hairs. Third vein bristled over half way to small crossvein, others bare. Costal spine moderately long. Apical cell open just before tip. Hind crossvein about in middle. A weak median mar- ginal pair on first segment and a strong one on second; poe marginal row on third and anal segments. OCHROMBEIGENIA ORMIOIDES, new species. Length, 7 mm. One male, Mount Salak, Java, May 15, 1909 (Bryant and Palmer). Pale fulvous to ochreous. Antennae pale rufous, fuscous at tip. Frontalia fuscous at anterior end, growing rufous posteriorly. Tho- racic vittae obsolete. Abdomen increasingly rufous posteriorly. Tarsi pale, but appearing dark from the black vestiture. Wings nearly clear. Tegulae glassy-fulvous. Type.—Cat. No. 22209, U.S.N.M. No. 2301. NHW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 579 ZOSTEROMEIGENIA, new genus. Genotype.—Zosteromeigenia mima, hew species. Clypeus moderately sunken, epistoma elongate and in clypeal plane. Facialia bare. Proboscis short, palpi stout. Third anten- nal joint about three times second in male, narrow. Arista longer than antennae, long-pubescent about to tip. Eyes bare. Male vertex scarcely one-fourth head width. Three frontals below base of antennae. Ocellars present. Parafacialia bare, fully half as wide as clypeus, nearly equilateral. Cheeks fully one-fourth eye length. Three sternopleurals, postintraalars, postsuturals, presacro- stichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; no apical scutellars. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell very narrowly open some distance before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male claws very long. Median marginal pair on first two segments, marginal row on last two. ZOSTEROMEIGENIA MIMA, new species. Length, 7.5mm. One male Hamilton, Upper North Pine, Queens- land, January, 1890 (Department Mines and Agriculture). Colored almost like Zosteromyia cingulata Macqart, differing only as follows: Palpi fulvous. Abdomen broadly fulvous-yellow on sides from first segment to middle of third segment, the dark part of intermediate segments subtriangular. Wings narrowly brown on costa. Tegulae fuscous on outer basal portion. Type.—Cat. No. 22239, U.S.N.M. Tribe EXORISTINI. NEOSCOTIA, new name. Genotype.—Tachina grandis Zetterstedt. This new generic name is proposed for Scotia Robineau-Desvoidy (not Huebner), 1863.! Tribe PHRYNOINI. PHRYNOFRONTINA, new genus. Grenotype.—Phrynofroniina convexa, new species. Clypeus well sunken, long. Epistoma short, warped. Facialia bare, the facial profile strongly bulged. Proboscis hardly head height; palpi short and stout. Third antenna! joint long, stout, five times second or more. Arista long, thin except at base, bare. Eyes bare. Male vertex nearly or quite one-third head width. Two frontals below base of antennae. Ocellars present. Two proclinate fronto-orbitals in male. Parafacialia bare, nearly equilateral, less than half as wide as clypeus. Cheeks fully one-third eye length. 1 Dipt. Env. Paris, vol. 1, p. 255. 580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 586. Three sternopleurals, postintraalars, postsuturals, preacrostichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; hairlike apical scutellar pair. © Costal spine long. Third vein bristled only at base, others bare. Apical cell narrowly open considerably before tip. Hind crossvein about in middle. Male claws short; median marginal pair on first two segments; median discal pair on intermediate segments; marginal row on last two; discal row on anal. PHRYNOFRONTINA CONVEXA, new species. Length, 6 mm. Two males, Chain Bridge, Maryland, and Diffi- cult Run, Virginia, September 12 and 14, 1913 (R. C. Shannon). Head silvery pollinose, shading to light golden on front. Front- alia pale brownish. Palpi pale fulvous. Antennae black. Thorax and scutellum pale brassy pollinose; four vittae. Abdomen shining dark brown; basal half or so of last three segments silvery pollinose with pale golden shade in some lights. Legs blackish. Wings clear. Tegulae tawny-whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22261, U.S.N.M. EUTRITOCHAETA, new genus. Genotype.—Eutritochacta carpocapsae, new species. Differs from Tritochaeta as follows: Palpi much swollen or widened at tip. Third antennal joint four to five times second; longer in male. Arista thickened less than halfway. Two verticals in both sexes. Female frontalia as wide as one parafrontal; those of male a little less. Moderately long decussate apical scutellar pair. No costal spine. Male claws as long as last tarsal joint. Median marginal pair on first two segments; marginal row on last two; discal row and bristles on anal. EUTRITOCHAETA CARPOCAPSAE, new species. Length, 6.5 to 7mm. One male and one female reared by F. L. Wellman, at Bentonville, Arkansas, from two puparia taken from a single codling moth cocoon collected under a tree band; issued July 13, 1918. Blackish, silvery to cinereous pollinose. Palpifulvous. Antennae blackish, base faintly tinged with fulvous. Frontalia brown. Rest of head silvery-ashy, shading to pale golden on front. Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen cinereous pollinose, with faint golden cast, leaving four thoracic vittae; first abdominal segment, median abdominal vitta, and irregular hind borders of last three segments blackish and subshining; the black hind borders of intermediate segments extending forward more or less in triangle on each side. Wings clear. Tegulae whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22243, U.S.N.M. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 581 Tribe ARGYROPHYLACINI. MINTHOHOUGHIA, new genus. Genotype.— Minthohoughia cylindrica, new species. Head like Houghia. Clypeus deep, short. Facialia bare. Arista short-pubescent. Eyes bare. Female vertex not one-third head width. One frontal below base of antennae. Ocellars weak, strongly divaricate, feebly proclinate, or even reclinate. Para- facialia bare, narrowed below to a point. Cheeks about one-twelfth eye length. Two sternopleurals, preacrostichals, and lateral scutel- lars; three postintraalars and postsuturals; postacrostichals present; rather long decussate apical scutellar pair. Wings very short. Costal spine strong. Third vein bristled to point about opposite hind crossvein; others bare. Apical cell narrowly open considerably before tip. Hind crossvein in middle. Abdomen like Mintho in form. No median marginals on first segment, but a pair on second; strong marginal row on last two segments. MINTHOHOUGHIA CYLINDRICA, new species. Length, 5 to 6 mm. Two females, Lima, Peru, March 14, 1910, on foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). Palpi very pale fulvous. Antennae blackish; second joint obscure rufous. Head and thorax thickly pollinose, with distinct golden- green tinge. Thoracic vittae scarcely perceptible. Abdomen shin- ing rufous, bases of last three sezments brassy-silvery; median vitta and last two segments shining blackish; the vitta »road and widen- ing behind on second segment; the third segment broadly rufous on sides at base. Legs blackish. Wings nearly clear. Tegulae whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22256, U.S.N.M. CASAHUIBIA, new genus. Genotype. Casahuiria cornuta, new species. Clypeus broad, long, deeply sunken. Epistoma cut off, scarcely warped. Facialia strongly ciliate over half way. Proboscis about half head height, haustellum little longer than broad; palpi short, broad and flattened in male. Third antennal joint of male eight times second, wide. Arista bare. Eyes thinly short-hairy. Male vertex about one-fourth head width. Two or three frontals below base of antennae. Parafacialia very narrow, with some fine hairs above next frontals. Cheeks one-fifth eye length. Three each sternopleurals, postintraalars, postsuturals, preacrostichals, post- acrostichals, and lateral scutellars; very weak apical scutellar pair . Third vein with one long bristle at base, others bare. Apical cell open a little before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male 582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. claws short. No median marginals on first segment; median mar- ginal pair on intermediate segments; that on second short; marginal row on anal. CASAHUIRIA CORNUTA, new species. Length, 6.5mm. One male, Casahuiri, Peru, 4,500 feet, February 4, 1910 (C. H. T. Townsend). Dark brownish. Palpi and antennae blackish. Head thinly pale golden pollinose. Thorax and scutellum showing thin coat of ashy to ochreous pollen in oblique view, with four indistinct black vittae. Abdomen brown, with same thin pollen coat, the pollen showing densely on narrow bases of last three segments and widening on sides, leaving a narrow black median vitta. Wings infuscate on basocostal half or so, diluted apically and on inner border. Tegulae smoky. Type.—Cat. No. 22242, U.S.N.M. Tribe CARCELIINI. GYMNOCARCELIA, new genus. The characters of this genus are indicated in the description of the species. Genotype.—Gymnocarcelia ricinorum, new species. GYMNCCARCELIA RICINORUM, new species. This name is proposed for Sturmia albifrons Coquillett 1897.!_ The species is doubtfully the same as Tachina albifrons Walker 1856, from the United States, which name in any event is preoccupied by T'achina albifrons Walker 1837,° from South America. The genus is at once distinguished from all other Carceliini by the quite bare eyes. The type-specimens were reared by Mr. Max Kis- liuk, jr., at Allapata, Florida, from Apantesia phyllira Drury found feeding on Ricinus communis. The species has been reared from various Arctians. EOCARCELIA, new genus. Genotype.—Eocarcelia ceylanica, new species. Clypeus well sunken. Epistoma moderately short, a little warped. Facialia bare. Proboscis short, labella large. Palpi stout, bowed, widened. Third antennal joint about three times the rather long second. Arista long, slender, bare. Eyes thickly pilose. Male vertex rather over one-fifth head width. Three frontals below base of antennae. Ocellars strong. Parafacialia narrow, bare. Cheeks about one-eighth eye length. Two sternopleurals; three postin- traalars, preacrostichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; four postsuturals; long decussate apical scutellar pair. Third vein 1 Rev. Tach., p. 110. 8 Trans, Linn. Soc. London, vol. 17, p. 351. 2 Ins. Saund. Dipt., p. 283. No. 2301. NEW SPECIES OF MUSCOID FLIES—TOWNSEND. 583 bristled only at base; others bare. Apical cell open considerably before tip. Hind crossvein nearer to cubitus. Male claws short. Hind tibiae pectinate, with longer bristle. Well-separated median marginal pair on first two segments; marginal row on third; marginal and two discal rows of weaker bristles on anal segment. EOCARCELIA CEYLANICA, new species. Length, 8.5 mm. One male, Peradeniya, Ceylon, May 29, 1914 (A. Rutherford). Antennae blackish, articulation tinged with rufous. Palpi pale fulvous. Frontalia dark brown. Sides of front and face thinly silvery. Thorax and scutellum pale brassy pollinose; four thoracic vittae, the inner very narrow. Abdomen thickly brassy-silvery pol- linose, leaving first segment and hind borders of last three blackish, also an indistinct median vitta. Legs blackish. Wings clear. Tegulae whitish. Type.—Cat. No. 22260, U.S.N.M. Tribe STURMONI. NEOWINTHEMIA, new genus. Genotype.—Neowinthemia abdominalis, new species. Allied to Winthemia. Facialia bare. Epistoma moderately short, scarcely warped, well narrowed from clypeus. Palpi heavy, bowed. Third antennal joint little over one and one-half times second. Eyes thickly pilose. Ocellars present. Parafacialia setose in three rows, narrowed considerably below. Cheeks about one-sixth eye length in male. Two sternopleurals; three postintraalars, preacrostichals, postacrostichals, and lateral scutellars; four postsuturals; short de- cussate apical scutellar pair. Male hind tibiae thickly ciliate, with- out longer bristle. Male claws long. No median marginals on first two segments, marginal row on last two, anal segment thickly bristly. NEOWINTHEMIA ABDOMINALIS, new species. Length, 9.75 mm. One male, Dixie Landing, Virginia, July 21, 1914, on foliage (C. H. T. Townsend). Palpi deep rufous. Antennae blackish. Frontalia brown. Head silvery pollinose, with golden tinge especially on sides of front. Humeri and pleura thinly pollinose, mesoscutum shining brownish with faint pollen and scarcely visible vittae, scutellum testaceous. Abdomen blackish on first segment; the rest of tergum heavily silvery-cream pollinose, except a narrow black median vitta, which expands on second segment; sides of abdomen broadly rufous as seen from below. Legs blackish. Wings clear. Tegulae tawny. Type.—Cat. No. 22254, U.S.N.M. 584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. SCHAUMIA DESVOIDYI, new name. This name is proposed for Tachina bimaculata Robineau-Desvoidy (not Hartig) 1863.1 Tribe CROCUTINI. XEOPROSOPA, new genus. Genotype.—: Claiw' divisions 272+ 20392. 22 Pee: Schizotetranychus Tragardh. a2 Claw. ‘divisions, 4° "076 “tot... ao! dies < SEs Tetranychus Dufour. 9 c?. Claw appendiculate either at base or at a point between it and middle point with from 4 to 6 spurs. d3, Dorsal spur of tarsus decidedly shorter than the ventral group of SpUrss 202745 ee, ee a 2k as Septanychus, new genus. d+, Dorsal spur more prominent and much longer or about equaling the appendiculate spurs: collar trachea straight, enlarged at end. Paratetranychus Zacher. ANYCHUS, new genus. This genus is thus far represented by a species from Florida and one from Peru, South America. Spinning mites, having only a vestigial claw which is connate at base with the tarsus of which it forms merely a protuberance. The usual series of dorsal bristles is replaced by a series of rodlike or spatulate appendages. Type.— Tetranychus (Anychus) banks McGregor. KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS ANYCHUS. a’. ‘‘Finger” on tip of palpal “thumb” terminal and much stouter than the two dig- ituli, at base nearly as thick as tip of ‘‘thumb”’; dorsal appendages 18, spat- iate-serrate..2ibecie.te. aca bee. . Tea ae be A. banksi MeGregor. a?. “Finger” on tip of palpal ‘‘thumb” ventro-terminal, less conspicuous than the two digituli, at base about one-fourth as thick as tip of ‘‘thumb”; dorsal append- ages 26, nontapering, serrate, rodlike..............---.-- A, rusti McGregor. ANYCHUS BANKSI (McGregor). Teiranychus banski McGreaor, 1914, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 7, no. 4, p. 357. Color rusty red, from underlying paired organs which occupy all of the dorsal region excepting a median abdominal area and a clear area containing the mandibular plate. Eyes (in mounted material) translucent, directly over suture between coxae | and II. The usual series of dorsal bristles is lacking, but a series of 18 spatu- late-serrate hairlike appendages are distributed on the dorsal aspect of the body as follows: One at either side of the mandibular plate anteriorly, one just mediad of each eye, one just overlying each coxa II, six forming a fringe at hind margin of body, and three along 1 All recent European authorities show four divisions of the tarsal claw for T. telarius and T, althaeae — and others, but this type has not yet been seen in this country. No. 2303. RED SPIDERS OF AMERICA—McGREGOR. 645 each side of abdomen. Body of female rhombic-ovate, widest across cephalothorax, exceedingly obese for the size of the legs; cephalo- thorax rounded generally anteriorly with a slight concave border overlying the palpi; male almost sagitate in outline, conspicuously reduced in proportion to the legs. Mandibular plate about half again as long as wide, tapering somewhat anteriorly, with a distinct emargination and with a superimposed chitinized ridge anteriorly. “Thumb” of palpus subconical, upper surface twice transversely depressed with an intervening dilation, bearing at its tip a long slender ‘‘finger,’”’ which is over four times as long as thick; on its upper side arising between middle and tip are two stout hairs, and near the base of upper side arise a reduced ‘‘finger”’ and two stout hairs; the claw of the penultimate joint reaches only to the basal “finger”; a hair arises ventrally from the “thumb” and another laterally from the penultimate joint. Legs of female are of average length, barely equaling length of body; those of male are about twice as long as body; femur between four and five times as long as thick, three-quarters again as long as tarsus; tibia somewhat longer than patella, which is over twice as long as trochanter; relative length of joints as follows: Coxa, 9; trochanter, 3.75; femur, 14; patella, 8.75; tibia, 10.9; tarsus, 8; tip of tarsus not provided with a claw, it being reduced to a vestigial protuberance; the customary series of four tenent hairs arise from the onychium. Type.—Cat. No. 19089, U.S.N.M. The type material was from Orlando, Florida, August 16, 1913, from the under surface of castor beans (Ricinus communis) and velvet bean leaves. Mr. W. W. Yothers writes that the species is an im- portant pest of the castor bean plant in Florida, but that at times it is controlled by a predaceous mite (Sciulus, species) and by the coccinellid Stethorus, species. Larvae and pupae of Arthrocnodax carolina have been observed on infested castor bean leaves from Orlando, Florida. ANYCHUS RUSTI (McGregor). Tetranychus rusti McGreGor, 1917, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, p. 582. Color ranging from yellowish or greenish to red. Eyes (in mounted material) translucent, directly over coxae IT and between subfrontal and posterior cephalothoracic bristles. The dorsal epidermal ap- pendages are not distributed to conform with the usual arrangement for this genus, but a series of 26 moderately short, nontapering, sparsely serrate, rod-like appendages are distributed on the dorsal aspect of the body as follows: One at either side of mandibular plate anteriorly, one just anterior to each eye, one just posterior to each eye, six forming a fringe at hind margin of body, three along each side of abdomen, one on either side of median axis in line with coxae III, 646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 56. and one on either side of median line near hind margin of abdomen. Body of female ovate, widest across front region of abdomen, slightly obese for the size of the legs; cephalothorax rather evenly rounded anteriorly with a slight truncate border overlying the palpi; male elongate- sagitate in outline, legs conspicuously long for size of body. Mandibular plate slightly over half as wide as long, tapering gradu- ally forward, with almost no emargination anteriorly. “Thumb” of palpus subcylindrical, belling considerably at base, upper surface indented near central point; tip of “thumb” bearing three “fingers,”’ one at inferior angle conical and three times as long as thick, one at superior angle slender and eight times as long as thick; a slender “finger”? between these at immer angle which im size is intermediate between them. A reduced “finger” and a slender spine arise side by side from the indentation of the upper side of “thumb.” The claw of the penultimate joint reaches to the subbasal “finger.” Legs of female are of average length, barely less than that of body; those of male are slightly more than half again as long as body. Femur nearly five times as long as thick, from three-quarters again to twice as long as tarsus. Tibia about a quarter again as long as patella, which is two and one-half times as long as trochanter. Relative lengths of joints are as follows: Coxa, 6; trochanter, 4; femur, 15; patella, 10.3; tibia, 12.7; tarsus, 8.5. Tip of tarsus not provided with a claw. The usual series of four tenent hairs arise from the end of the onychium. Type.—Cat. No. 20170, U.S.N.M. The type material was from Mira Flores Station, Departmento de Piura, Hacienda “San Jacinto,” Peru, South America, October 15, 1912, on papaya (Carica papaya). Mr. E. W. Rust, the collector, states that the species in life behaves much like 7. bimaculatus, and injures the tender leaves of the papaya by feeding on the upper surface. Genus NEOTETRANYCHUS Triigardh. Neotetranychus TrAGcArpx, 1915, Med. Nr. 109 fr. Centr. f. férs. pa jordbr. Entom. avdel. Nr. 20, p. 20. This genus is thus far represented by a species from Europe and aspecies from Illinois. Spinning mites with empodial claw undivided and without sub- basal appendages, sickle-shaped, slightly dentate at end; collar tracheae of the Tetranychus type, but with posterior limb much wider; penis strongly hooked and attenuate, unbarbed. Type.— Neotetranychus rubi Tragardh, originally designated. KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS NEOTETRANYCHUS. a', Empodial claw sickle-shaped, strongly curved, dentate at tip; tenent hairs four— Neotetranychus rubi Tragardh. a?, Empodial claw slightly curved, very sharp at tip; tenent hairs two— Tetranychus (Neotetranychus) uniunguis Ewing. a arr ae es No. 2303. RED SPIDERS OF AMERICA—McGREGOR. 647 NEOTETRANYCHUS RUBI Trigardh. Tragardh (18) erected this genus in 1915 for a Swedish red spider which was only observed on wild raspberries in the autumn. He states that “to this genus belong bicolor Banks and modestus Banks, which both have a simple, claw-shaped empodium.” rai cr g rg. (ea, as s. LANL 7 EAA D rf a. ig ce PROM A I yripe ie tira thtabs § S coal nun a a : sitet ities ta yout onan i ens “eras I io dyed . a ceria a ui toga ur rattusotiat tgnot cee a a? ga hgaes ae it Pit ist ae ge ia ey Bistodath Frege doltiots Ebert uw Qtilsaay tebigs Ser to in wonaee at Tan! A r bl Spank. tes ats ' elas wae {lg bag. ai abhie as i0 Hs Set) iB as arte : 48 . ‘ 21 * i, ee ae. stevaald A suhassinetie & slegeaoN \ gtlnel? Aca Ean ae Pre.) ANS eS Oa gk Oy Ale pnb, aly fHvE “y oteau Star bi i ae) ‘ ne : ars > é ee ie tia ae - « oe "i ew at “haga i Pen Spey +r, i . + > r 1 . ; 5 ie ae yh en iam qo Bleaeeaté 70D by “Eggi a ; wey i i j ' ae ae n , ie : 7 j Sete d re Cea he? j }, au a Git. eda te BE a ‘ is ea "0h) + Oe PLA tie wees 2h 2 Taterertses Gomes Matyas ’ , s i t oA ye iri yeaa ta prate, Hits 3 tania aripee ere ae Wi, dons, Ms toe, MpHouvas Iau. 4. poutdin tig tale peabreg Aaa a ‘ua eS) Palas j lamalon Pi 5 xed 2 aoe tory nehorig) tng Oey Mase i i 7 i } Be if U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 76 MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS OF TETRANYCHUS BIMACULATUS HARVEY FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 678 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 77 Posterior MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS OF TETRANYCHUS PACIFICUS, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 679 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 78 MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS OF TETRANYCHUS SEXMACULATUS RILEY, New SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 679 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 PL. 79 ees oe Wn = MALE CHARACTERS OF SEVENTEEN SPECIES OF RED SPIDERS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 679 PL. 80 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 619 39Vd 34S 3LV1d 4O NOILVNV1dxa YO4 SSAVA7] NOLLOD NO AAAYVH SNLVINOVWIE SNHOANVYHLSL JO MYOMA PL. 81 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 619 3ADVd 33S 3LW1d 4O NOILWNV1dxX3 YO4 AWW (3) GNV AIVWS4 (J) LINGY ‘ABZAYVH SNLVINOVWIE SNHOANVYLAL G INDEX. Page APlennes Hans. Noe sc aes Mewes ne 208 Abudefdufascensionis.............--...+.- 195, 217 ACarivis telarius -2.-.\\<- ssssosss eee SS 650 Acervulina inhaerens.. 2222-222. 25. 631 Acteocina magdalenensis..........--.------- 296 SMUG joecass ceecces eee 296 Adaliaibipunctatasscnc~ aces seo sese= os a= == 139, 152 Admeterhyssacscesesescee tae ste see sense 306 AGsIAlitisMIVOSa ws Shee 3 Tb tO eee ce 497 AGSODUS AXLEStUS ss. 27—- amano alates Jtsse eens 332 Agathotoma pomararcssoa.--- sess le ss aee ewe 305 Agomphus alabamensis......-....-.--------- 123 IMASCUMMAS Sra tsaeasee soe 5225s = 125 ORVSCCHHUM Soca ice wsieoate wajcte oes 123,125 Alabinaicalenacccsss. soos - nass Sos se oa 345 Allbulanvulpeseeoesctase ae ones nelseccds oscczc\0 228 AISCETION: COOPER see reassess VIP. oss 59 PULESLCS ANSODOM ga eyalsepais cia asisi nacre sielaielels starniasl oe 274 LON GIPONIIS Saye ctiartana ere aela steel om salte 238 TUCUUSsacaacte car dtlas tee Se ase ase 239 Algamorda neweombiana......-..----------- 348 Alda Gallina on ph awer serait -t-11< votre ne sees aise 330 CASCIANA eens ae See eee te eee 330 OTR etarcperatetate or tereia sratataitaraiaatctetsreisietatnel ste 330 AIGICHIS FOXtIIS SSIS are \arctiarciorwrsrcioselsiele elem 196, 226 Alutera Scripta. 2st cistron ssrrse ts NIUE 225 Ammobaculites agglutinans......-.-.--..--- 600 Ammodiscus mestayeri............---..----- 597 Ammolagena clavata..:::--2...522s2.2ch e268 597 Ammosphaeroidina sphaeroidiniformis. . .-.- 600 Amphissa versicolor, var. incisa........-.--- 331 ANADASIKINESIGVAG sas ae See cess csicscee 241 AMACHISPHANCA Ss sels secs acto ee aicie weisierels 329 Anametopochaeta olindoides.......-.----.-- 571 PANADOL HOTACOGIS = a)a~ -iafeic< oo asia\acl a asie ces e 560 Ancistrolepis beringianus..........-.-.------ 313 CAlITOLNICUS sasscecceeers oes 612 SOLUtBis soda caiseeeeesdate dees 611 mensal on Cyclam- Whigia SSeS 101 Dentex argyroz0na 2 425.56. ccscdl cc ceces ews 291 684 INDEX. Page. Dentex macrophthalmus.........----------- 284 Diapramella macrops..... .stisasecencese eae 210 Diaphana brunnea. .. 2.2... ccc ct ease ese ncee 299 Califormicnes sensace ee. fe temenciesiee 299 DinopaAstis SGrus.-.55 - ewehe Me hee an lola 107 Diometrodon gigas, a mounted skeleton of, in the U. S. National Mu- SOU erie tee eee 525 PIPASs ace eee 525, 526, 532, 535, 536 incisivMS: <<<. 532, 534, 535, 536, 538 Diplodus sargus. 432 obliqua.-<. ..s.<« wad 0 (612 lynx.... 428 filiformis: «2.2.05 ><. casssesige essen 612 CTASSS. = 435. ilagiTase cow eeewewewieeeeeeese aes 61 laticosta...... 422, 429, 432 (Nannodiella) amyela............. 61 moritura) i222 ....-. 424 fraternalis.......... 60 pauciplicata..2. 02252... AIT NANA wtarwevetosac 59 ION GUMALE Eesti esas 424 phylira.s2222e 20% % 60 MOMOWENSIS= s2 Hasse eee e es 418 SCAMMONI- < <~cecewckebew sale sesees 57 Mitdd eee seenee ease es Sees 418 LelaMOMaicweescccwerssoe seee aces 58 pauciplicata...........- 416, 417, 418 trichodesccceccccewceeew sess eee ee 62 ponderosa. --.------.5-: 386, 391, 427 PHiline bakeries cee wsecreceweee ese ncese sees 300 arnheimensis...-.. 428 Hem philli coe scaesee cence oes was eee 301 auburnensis..... 391,428 Phrynofrontina convexa.....--+-+++++++-+- 579, 580 precedens.).fi/ia:t mudagieg: 405. Phrynolydella polita. .....-+-+++-+++-+++++++ 572 precursers00.-04 {eS 415. Phytodiet us. elegans Cease rpc Princ ogo 378 aneustata te oeae A16 Placopsilina vesicularis.........------------+ 595 saints 5 We, Planispirina SPHAaera.2-cscscss > seein “em GB ee Sic mate boa eMac seas aes mangle alan ? Planorbulina acervalis.............+--c-+--+- 627 preponderosa....---------+- 392, 427 Platystrophia, a study of the brachiopod ae aa eae soos FTSTS UF ee ge 383 ’ hopensis..... 430- REITITIAGA tote ae 420 FOSUMATIS! | enecumeriacte sce ose 405; acutilirata........-. 421, 422, 425, 426 reversata......------------+-- 408 iMmbatars 2+. sesse 426 rhynchonelliformis..........- 413 prolongata..-...-.. 425 StIGSa ese see te ee ce ceca 417 pene estes... 424, 426 sublaticosta 2 aaa... oe 415, 419 115690—20—Proc. N. M. vol. 56——44 690 INDEX. Page. ; Page. Platystrophia, trentonensis................ 405,407 | Pulvinulinaelegans......................... 631 champlainensis.. 407 michelinianates.oioc a At 630 DPerplana ~.c. cn 407 OblON Faqs. nescence 1 MSO 630 UNI COSbATA IT a5 ascend eccma 433, 438 ef. patagonica...3csei. het i902. 630 crassiformis. 431, 434, 436 Sehreibersit. occa. SSeS ce 630 uniplicata- -emeeeioee 584 Pseudeuantha octomaculata................- 560.| ‘Schismope caliana....... s-.255.dteeeee 370 eseudochaetona polite. <2 .sescscwp pies «ciccec eee 563 | Schistostephana aurifrons.................... 552 PSCUCOCOCCUS CLEFT oes. oe aupmeenias ei ccjine 143 | Schizotetranychus latitarsus................. 648 Pseudomelatoma penicillata................- 21 schizopus..: 22220322 648 Pseudotolithus brachygnathus.............-- 229 | Scissurella chiricova.........25....0022..02008 370 PY DAUS esc temistapietesiaceinaic sc 263 5| Scoliodon:ewmeces::322: 25272552 + oo ee eee eee 249 Pseudupeneus prayensis.............-----.- 213,267 latandi* 22 tt 3325 ee ese cee eee 250 LOLINOPLELMaiCiiatay . < .'. «<:nereccsc ce cone se 553 | Scomber colias...... Jaan Ne ase te ascloe te 198, 290 Pullenia obliquiloculata.............-.--...- 623 faSclAtus oo icone sn eee neces 229 Quinqueloba «52 apc astepmorscecle se wise 623 JapOnicus....-:- 54288 toe anes = eee 290 Pulvinulina auricula, var. a................. 631 | Scomberomorus argyreus................---- 241 Canariensis..... siss< sc: eee ee as 641, MYSSOWAL-dsccceoheses AY 362 651, 654, 655, 656, 659, 674 NIRV SSA aeNs se ya SoS SSS ete teres 360 borealis! s73.- sos eee 658 (Solaricida) hondoensis............ 361 GSSenLOLumMic ssc ceees teens 654 PAVOEWIAS o cles Scnccet eee cas sess 360 MAVUSE Sse stccesce cess oc ees 653, 658 Olea LASCANIS Ms sass scacesscctecsek esses cree ee 268 SlOVEF Se = 555 cteece cece eee 651, 654 (Solindinelleus) neanastatus pulchricorpus... 520 iliciseesseeeoe SE ANS Ret 673 SPALUsS AULAtUS 4s cowee cscs sts seca cece cnce ss 267 Ludenis Sreses eee ees eee 653 Sphaeroidina bulloides. -..-.....-...-.-.---- 622 INOGESLUS ise ese eee er eens 670 Gehiscens:.2:5:::-2282c At... 623 MONGICOMSS see see ee eee sees 662, 674 Sphenia globula..s<:ecscsseoscasses eek es 370 MUltidieituless esha kee owes ee 654 Spheroides spengleri.............-.....---- 267, 287 MV tUaSpidiseiys seas eee ees 672 Sphiroculina excavata..........-2---0--+-20- 634 Opuntige sasascncee cece eee 654, 655 grateloupizsss 628 Page: Truncatulina ungeriana -...........-..--.-. 628: variabilis =... 8 -osive dcignacase) SORRY Trypoderma americana...............-.-..-- 592: (Tryphon) Hybophanes nasutus............. 373. NASUOUS << cchroeensreent a ee Hel 375, 377 scabriculus: x... <