ia 1 MLE a Rent ys ‘i " NAP ery iy Egy adi Uh ou i ’ i ae whey i a. 76). ay ¥ Sa Aly ant : Veal bona ances vee wy 7 Pri > hott SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 60 OScacsre® WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two series—Proceedings and Bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of lim- ited groups. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and, in view of the impor- tance of the more prominent disseminations of new facts, a limited edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of the volume. The present volume is the sixtieth of this series. The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more elaborate papers, issued separately, and, like the Proceedings, based chiefly on the collections of the National Museum. A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘Special Bulletin,’ has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as ‘‘Contributions from the National Herbarium,” and containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, have been published as Bulletins. . WiLiiaM DEC. RAVENEL, Administratiwe Assistant to the Secretary, in Charge of the United States National Museum. Aveust 16, 1922. II TABLE OF CONTEN'S ALEXANDER, CHARLES P. Undescribed species of Costa Rican flies belonging to the family Tipulidae in the United States National Museum. No. 2420. April 25, VOD se Ye! a eBay. (ibe. opened a ey. ROOM EI MOND, |. -onmRE y New species: Dicranomyia pampoecila, D. alfaroi, Rhipidia (Rhipi- dia) subcostalis, R. (R.) longispina, Limnophila dictyoptera, Adel- phomyia costaricensis, Microtipula ( Microtipula) costaricensis. CHAMBERLIN, Ratpu V. The centipeds of Central America. Nio:2402.. jhanupry %1922 5.9. owas 202. Lata. eS New genera: Sogodes, Tanophilus, Suturodes. New species: Cryptops micrus, C. pugnans, Newportia mimetica, N: divergens, N. sulana, Scutigera nubila, Labrobius cobulcanus, Sogodes difficilis, Ityphilus ceibanus, Tanophilus hondurasanus, Suturodes tardus, S. guatemalae. The millipeds of Central America. No. 2403. NMereh anno es bhiirie: aye ns eb ice or. Lia ee ne New genera: Desmethus, Oxypygides, Oxobolus, Arolus, Atylophor, Schistides, Tunodesmus, Synthodesmus, Curodesmus, Glomeroides. New species: Platydesmus interruptus, Desmethus setifer, Siphono- phora barberi, S. telana, S. fallens, S. progressor, Prostemmiulus relictus, P. lombardiae, P. cooki, Cleidogona ceibana, Gymnostreptus laetus, G. vagans, G. pacificus, Orthoporus absconsus, O. discrimi- nans, O. cobanus, Diaporus culebrae, Parajulus leucoclius, Rhino- cricus nicaraguanus, R. wheeleri, R. centralis, R. simulans, Oxy- pygides mesites, O. lapidicina, Oxypyge ferruginipes, O. confusa, O. socia, O. equalis, Oxobolus virilis, O. cinctus, O. cratus, O. pictus, Arolus purulanus, Nyssodesmus nigricaudus, N. mimus, N. nica- raguanus, Amplinus manni, A. orphnius, A. niteus, Chondrodes- mus singularis, C. tuberculifer, C. alidens, C. panamenus, Aloco- desmus dromeus, Atylophor rafaelanus, Schistides atopophallus, Tu- nodesmus orthogonus, T. laminiger, Synthodesmus simulans, Curo- desmus guatemalensis, Sphaeriodesmus hondurasanus, Glomeroides centralis, Glomeridesmus centralis. New variety: Platydesmus interruptus simplex. Cocnran, Doris M. Description of a new species of Agamid lizard from the Malay Peninsula. No. 2421. March 13, 1922 YR 120 nh oo cpdeel hb. dette eed tic te -reis lee “948 New species: Gonocephalus abbott. Page. 17 1-17 1-75 1-3 1 Date of publication. Til Vii [ABLE OF CONTENTS. TREADWELL, A. L. Nereis (Ceratonereis) alaskensis, a new polychaetous annelid from Alaska. No. 2397. Januaryiey 1922ihay TUES Ov) | .Pariode WAM Od ho New species: Nereis (Ceratonereis) alaskensis. Tusancut, Marcos A. Two new intestinal trematodes from the dog in China. No. 2415. May 3, 1922? _.__-- New species: Prohemistomum industrium. New variety: Echinochasmus perfoliatus shields. Wasuincton, Henry 8. The jade of the Tuxtla statuette. No. 24094. Webraary-23)1922.4. o.6. G45 Jato GAME - setae Witson, Cuartes Brancu. North American parasitic copepods belonging to the family Dichelesthiidae. No. 2400 ViMarch 22 e992 28 See ae rere eo eee Pee AS New genus name: Bassettithia. New species: Lernanthropus caudatus, L. rathbuni, L. leidyi, L. chlamydotus, L. paenulatus, Nemesis atlantica, Pseudocycnus buccatus. New names: Lernanthropus tenuis, L. nordmanni. 1 Date of publication. Page. 1-3 1-100 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. NortH AMERICAN SAWFLIES OF THE SUBFAMILY CLADIINAE. By S. A. Rohwer and William Middleton. Facing page. 7 NOFA Amen can Olaazine isa witless cer sere oe ee eben oetere aaeatere cari 38 Nortu AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS BELONGING TO THE FAMILY DICHELESTHIIDAE. By Charles Branch Wilson. . Anthosoma crassum and Lernanthropus caudatus......--- Serre eee ee . Females of Lernanthropus caudatus and L. rathbunt..............---+------ S Lernaniropus THROUNT ANd Le leidyies Ds toon este elt teres ee es . Females of Lernanthropus leidyi and L. chlamydotus..........----------- BP HeMmaAle Ole MernnnturopusiChLanuyaOtUs sansa ae ee nce Mee ein se eens cine . Lernanthropus chlamydotus and L. paenulatus....-.....------ ee cee . Lernanthropus paenulatus and L. brevoortiae..............--+-+-+--++----- - Hemaice of -Lernanthropus Orevoorivde. 0-0 nc lessee ect eee snes x RON GHHATG Ol IVEMICIa GHANLICL: 2 0 Sct ect SASS OS ee Re Tee ee Secs 10. Female of Nemesis atlantica and male of Lernanthropus brevoortiae....-.-- - PRE rages Ol “PETE TAE. UI tS POS Se Sess eNO oh ce eens tes ore 12. Eudactylina nigra, Pseudocycnus appendiculatus, and P. buccatus......-.-- 13. Pseudocycnus buccatus, Lernanthropus chlamydotus, and Dichelesthium DO TUG RET tat ee ee ete ee ae ee ae OP ncn ee et eee ee ANraork WD © 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANATOMY OF DINOBOTHRIUM, A GENUS OF SELACHIAN TAPEWORMS; WITH DeEscRIPTIONS OF Two New SPECIES. By Edwin Linton. 1. Scoleces of Dinobothrium plicatum and D. planum........----------+------ 2. Dinobothrium plicatum from Carcharodon carcharias.......-.-..-2-+-++-+--+-- 3. Dinobothrium planum from Cetorhinus maximus.............---.---++---+-- 4. Dinobothrium planum from Cetorhinus maximus...........------ torah peta THE CENTIPEDS OF CENTRAL AMERICA. By Ralph V. Chamberlin. 1-4? Centipeds of ‘Central America. a 2222+ 00~ 0A COM Lonas ory le ye THE MILuireps or CENTRAL AMERICA. By Ralph V. Chamberlin. 1-25. The millipeds of Central Americs.:-.-.:-- 4)... -bosanimes- aaye te tee 10 11 12 13 18 72 VIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Synoptic SERIES OF OBJECTS IN THE UNITED States NaTIonNaL Museum ILLUSTRAT- . History of lamp....- . History of lamp, con . History offéooking utensils2y": 208 2 22h Wes CARE, ALN OF... ; . History of knife and NEMS OhysOR SPOOH Sans ewe sania eee ee SEO core alan) ool Sse seers coer ae ome EPL TRUOR YAO G.GULP 2 ii tet Oi ec al bac pelene mans ed ee sah ea ee 2 oye : JELISTOFy: Of LEDRCCO PlpOs.s~<-ciinde Seo serocis mole pisos o seieee eas coher eee i Developmentrof jacknife jno.ce ax cecal acesaaid$ arta aM AAS . History of European . History of aboriginal BNEMIStOIY OL AGZs.2-2 «aes eee = aie ee So a a . History of hammer. . . History of saw......- RAIS tOry: OLIN 2 oferta eas Mie a a a sAlndian women dressing hides... 2.2: 2:2 = east ote eet Be alee . History of scraper... spilistory of weapons for stabbing. 2 575 eh leper ceed ae ei ee .jHistory of weapons for cutting and thrusting.<.- 0. n% - cele n eine 4-2 oats BpLListory.of bow-andatbalest 2. 2.25455 .<.5 scac sae eee ee eeu ete . History of fal hooks . History of sinkers. .. . Zuni Indian weaver. BAELISCORYZOL SPUIGle 2 525212 toee 3-5 cron i Yan ie oe Be Se eee . History of shuttle... . History of loom. 2379355 .Va6. CXL. 20. SAOTEUSweAU, 2 CROW? SN aye OUIMe@tAll-WOEK ONS 2.2%: = se: (Primitive form of double bellows.2vagesn: Assesses) sige? seenale- satse . History of percussive musical instruments. . USidne Se eye eet ee re . History of percussive musical instruments, continied: Ah FUE E aoa eae . History of stringed instruments . Angola musical bow. . History of wind muscial instruments . History of reed musical instruments . Indian women making pottery . History of tools used . History of vase...... . History of vase, cont . History of potter’s w . History of glass and enamel - Indian flint breakers ING THE History OF INVENTIONS. By Walter Hough. Facing page. ETN @ Glee acces ata ve nmr ing och yA orca eerie OT ee Sc ie ens ea Re eee Se re re AK er aed ales PRE int eR nh te eo fy ARE GANTT TC AMIR Ka ee mee eee re aS, eet ae In potteryemiakoiiiets vrs pba ea Sc eS Be inued heel 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IX Facing page. biz. History, of Hurepean eculpinre os. fiscAce hoo. er, Sf dadee ge. - 222 se eee 48 52. MElistory-o1 aborierial american Seuipture.- ose ee ele? PIP AA SOIR SS). 2 48 53. History of aboriginal American sculpture, continued. ............--------- 48 54. History of aboriginal American sculpture, continued................------ 48 55: History of tools, used um shapime Stone sc. = ene 8S ei cen Hy eel seem eint = 48 56. History of tools used in shaping stone, continued.................--------- 48 AN ILLUSTRATED SYNOPSIS OF THE PUPARIA OF ONE HUNDRED Muscorp FLiEs (DipTERA). By Charles T. Greene. 1-205 Puparia of Muscoid flies. eaves te tth eS ee see k e s 36 A REDESCRIPTION OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF THE GENERA OF CoccIDAE BASED ON SPECIES ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED BY MASKELL. By Harold Morrison and Emily Morrison. 1c Maskell’ periera of Coceitiae 22s Peeled . Apices of ovipositors: a, Polysphincta texana Cresson; b, Hymenoepimecis wiltu (Cresson); Mandible: c, Hymenoepimecis wiltii (Cresson)... ..----- . Apex of ovipositor of Theronia fulvescens Cresson........----------------- . Apices of ovipositors: a, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say); b, Apechthis picticornis (Cresson) . Apex of abdomen of female of Coleocentrus occidentalis Cresson......------ . Aerolet of Labena grallator (Say) 10. Areolets: a, Tromatobia rufovariata (Cresson); b, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say); c, Epvurus alboricta (Cressoneei lis? ff walssdit Wh. 030. ce ost k eee eee Sessile first tergite of Perithous pleuralis Cresson........-.-.-+-..----+-+-- Petiolate first tergite of Xorides yukonensis (Rohwer) Mandible of Poemenia americana (Cresson) .....2.-..++- 220+ 5 -0e-e0eeeess Head of Schizopyga frigida Cresson, rear and front view: a, Gular submental- mental region; b, cardo and stipes of maxilla; c, labium; d, labial palpus; e, mandible; f, lobe or mala of maxilla; g, maxillary palpus an to e Ww eee LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XI A REDESCRIPTION OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF THE GENERA OF CoccIDAE BASED ON SPECIES ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED BY MASKELL, By Harold Morrison and Emily Morrison. cs age. 1. Monophlebulus fuscus (Maskell). =e aeree | serene 20. Ceronema banksiae Maskell. A, adult female, ventral tubular duct, 500; B, same, multilocular disk pore near anal plates, 1500; C, same, multi- locular disk pore between spiracles and margin, X1500; D, same, anal plates, 115; E, same, dorsal view, 17.5, showing shape, arrangement of pores and submarginal tubercles; F, same, dorsal tubular duct, 500; G, same, “‘submarginal tubercle,’’ 500; H, same, portion of margin opposite spiracle, X165; I, same, antenna, 165; J, larva, out- line from above, 115; K, adult female, hind leg, 165; L, same, mar- ginal spine, X 650; M, larva, anal plates, 220; N, adult female, spiracular spiries,:<640;,0;larva;-antentia;< 22022. elaine iiifus TE: SEES whet 21. Eriochiton hispidus Maskell. A, larva, 115; B, larva, apex of abdomen, 335; C, adult female, spiracle, 335; D, adult female anal plates, 220; E, adult female, outline of body, dorsal, 17.5; F, adult female, antenna, 165; G, larva, leg, 220; H, same, claw showing digitules and denticle, 640; I, adult female, body spine, 500; J, adult female, middle leg, 165; K, same, claw, 640; L, larva, antenna, «220; M, adult female, tubular duct, 1500; N, adult female, quinquelocular pore, 1500; O, adult.jiemale,-ventraliseta, “S00: 2:06. 42. Ss aeet Pee 22. Mallococcus sinensis (Maskell). A, adult female, leg, X 165; B, adult female, small 8-shaped pore, X1500; C, adult female, antenna, 115; D, adult female, anal plates (from specimens loaned by Prof. G. F. Ferris, not from type material), 440; E, larva, X115; F, adult female, disk pore, 1500; G, larva, ‘‘anal plates,’’ «440; H, adult female, spiracular disk pore, 1500; I, adult female, spiracular spine region, 165; J, larva, middle leg, 220; K, larva, antenna, 220; L, adult female, disk pore near anal ring, <1500; M, adult female, detail of dorsal spine and adjacent area, 640; N, larva, spiracle to margin, 640; O, adult female, tubular duct, 1500; P, adult female, 8-shaped pore, two views, X1500............ 23. Lecanochiton metrosideri Maskell. A, larva outline, ventral, 165; B, adult female, anal plates, 220; C, adult female, outline from above, x32; D, adult female, spiracle, 640; E, larva, antenna, 335; F, larva, leg, X335; G, adult female, antenna, 440; H, larva, spiracle and spine, 500; I, larva, anal plates, X640.......0.....222-2--.-ce0u.- 24. Ctenochiton viridis Maskell. A, larva, X115; B, adult female, spiracular and marginal spines, <500; C, adult female, outline, X12; D, adult female, spiracular disk pore, 1500; E, adult female, anal plates, 165; F, adult female, disk pores anterior to anal plates, two views, 1500; G, larva, anal plates, <640; H, larva, spiracle to marginal spine, 640; I, adult female, antenna, 165; J, adult female, tubular duct, 1500; K, larva, leg, X335; L, adult female, duct, 1500; M, adult female, leg, 165; N, larva, antenna, 335 Page. 56 59 61 64 67 70 73 20. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Inglisia patella Maskell. A, larva, anal plates, «640; B, adult female, outline of body, 17.5; C, adult female, dorsal cribriform plate, 220; D, adult female, anal plates, 500; E, adult female, spiracular pore, 1500; F, larva, marginal spine, 1500; H, embryonic larva, 165; I, adult female, antenna, 335; J, adult female, leg, 335; K, adult female, marginal spine, one sort, 1500; L, adult female, portion of margin opposite spiracle, 500; M, larva, antenna, 335; N, adult female, marginal spine, second sort, 1500; O, larva, leg, «335; P, adult-temalestibular ducts xX R500 mies. 305 Sapee! ; else! 2hie)62 2S. - Paralecanium frenchii (Maskell). A, late larva, outline of body, 165; B, adult female, antenna, 220; C, late larva, anal plates, 220; D, adult female, portion of body margin, 165; E, adult female, marginal flabella, 640; F, late larva, spiracular spines, «640; G, adult female, spiracular spines, 640; H, adult female, anal plates, «220; I, adult female, outline of body from above, X17.5...................-----20-- Cryptes baccatus (Maskell). 230 Becta cee ater a eee ae ese” Mb Oe NOY aaa fe tal ea [eo Cee ec ee ee Female... Se POR Moher ry | pics 7) (ia). 09a 130 da Sis. cee alone es Bip A a uly AAsouIe MN i | So terse Macnee | amar oan aS Be res a er een eae nea S|... OF ee I pibee ed SAA ia al 5 Sl M2 ae fee anicce seen eteeeeee Se eee cece aetna 3 2 Oo eee ee eee ieee | emeioe | sectors Mee oere Boseceaeca noes Female....| 8 12 2 2 1 | DN arate 2 3 10 30 Me meserocne sere eee Focc cca Fee ssaees 2 2 Te |siiccelosccos| = sciscc|aote aclacseaclgubees GaSe Lee Ne ot Maie.....- hy aii cate ou hp Le capi Meniae yarn ae ee 1m 230 Ble eoctecec see eae Male...... (Soin at Da SRN Dies De em eZ Sa 11| 30 Cee ae eran Male...... | 3| eo 26h) PRS so Were o haa salu awe | omen 11} 30 \ } | * Larva died. arr. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—ROHWER. 19 Upon hatching the larva does not eat the skin of the egg but leaves it in the puncture. Besides shedding and changing its di- mensions as described under “ Larval Instars ”, the larva characterizes its advance, somewhat by a difference in the extent of its feeding. The larvae during the first two stages, skeletonize small separate splotches usually from the underside of the leaflet. Late in the second stage or early in the third the larvae begin to cut holes through the leaflets. By the fourth stage the holes are cut clear through to the margin of the leaf and some of the edge is eaten, including small veins. The fifth stage larvae feed on the entire leaf, usually stopping only for the heavy midrib and bases of the larger veins. When full grown the larva stops feeding and crawls about search- ing a place suitable for cocooning, in the meantime evacuating by the usual method, its alimentary tract. During this process it changes in appearance from geenish white to a yellow or a leaden white but neither sheds nor otherwise changes in character. The cocoon is spun in the leaves, usually in a curled leaflet. In the foregoing table, as in the description of “ Larval Instars”, the male and female fifth stages are made separately and the sixth stage is represented only in the female. This treatment indicates an influence of sex upon the number of larval stages which is worthy of especial mention. The male larvae have one less stage than the female. In the fifth stage of the male (which is comparable with the fifth stage of the female in size, proportions, and other characters) the male larva feeds, empties his elimentary tract, and without shed- ding spins his cocoon. The female larva, however, sheds to become larger, feeds again, and without shedding in this sixth stage, spins her cocoon. Thus the male larva has five instars while the female has six. Another interesting feature which was discovered in the study of this insect’s development in the absence of a distinct pre- pupal stage. In this respect not only is the spinning stage identical in appearance with the feeding form but there is neither a shedding of the skin nor a loss of hairs between feeding and cocoon spinning, during the spinning nor after it until pupation occurs. This is a peculiarity of note especially in view of the striking changes usually exhibited in the sawflies previous to spinning. In the Nematinae, a subfamily close to and much like the Cladiinae, this prepupal stage is clearly defined. Of what significance this change from the usual method of development of sawflies is, the authors hesitate as yet to form an opinion. The following information was obtained from notes made on a number of larvae of both the first and second generations during the period between the molting of the penultimate stage and the emer- gence of the adult. This period is divided into several portions; 20 PROCEEDINGS OF TITE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 60. first, the ultimate stage feeding period varying from 2 to 3 days in length and averaging 2.6 days for both males and females of both the first and second generations; second, the ultimate stage between feeding and spinning, a short time occasionally as long as a day; third, the period spent between the spinning of the cocoon and the appearance of the pupa, five and six days respectively in the two opportunities in which the appearance of this stage was noted; and fourth, the pupal period, 3 days in both instances noted. The total length of the cocoon period, or the time spent between spinning and adult emergence is shorter for the first generation, being 8-9 days in length and the sex of the individual does not seem to be associated with the variation in the length of the period, however, the second generation ranges from 10-11 days which variation is associated with the individual sex as follows: Ten days for the females and 11 days for the males. BEHAYIOR. The adults of this sawfly are restless in nature but more so in captivity, spending most of their time trying to escape. If jarred or disturbed while on a leaf or twig, both sexes fall to the ground, fold their legs, wings, and antennae, close their bodies and remain motionless, a common habit among sawflies. For this reason, observations on the habits and functions were difficult to make, and at best somewhat superficial and wanting in detail and exactness. The following notes on mating and oviposition, however, were deemed worthy of publication. Mating—A female from one isolation cage where she was reared without access to a male and a male from another were placed in the same vial—at first they paid no attention to each other, but later the male became much agitated and when in close proximity to the female exerted his genitalia and endeavored to grasp the female with the harpes. Ina few attempts he was unsuccessful, but after the first few trials the female became more submissive and remained quiet, not avoiding the male. A few seconds later a union was effected. It was very short, and with the exception of motion of apical part of abdomen the insects were motionless. On completion the female was the first to show desire to break away, and pushed her ovipositor down against the top of the abdomen of the male. When the male left the female, he remained quiet for a few seconds and again resumed his activity. No other attempt of mating was observed. The posi- tion normal for Nematinae was the one assumed.’ Oviposition—The eggs of Cladius isomerus are laid in the midrib of the leaf from the upperside and in the middle of the fluting. Upon arriving at a favorably considered place for oviposition the *The Mating Habits of Some Sawflies, S. A. Rohwer, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 17, 1915, pp. 195-8. art. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—ROHWER. 21 female bends the apex of her abdomen well under—exerts her ovi- positor slightly from the sheath and endeavors by a posterior sliding motion to catch it in the stem tissue. Once caught she works her lancets until the slit is well under way, then she raises her abdomen, completing the exsertion of her ovipositor and exposing both the lancets and the lance to view. The lancets are worked opposite each other up and down, by a somewhat rolling (side to side) motion of the apical tergites of the abdomen, while the lance seems to act as guide, brace, and track for the moving lancets. This part of the work is continued anteriorly until the ovipositor is buried in the tissue and the sheath once again is in contact with the stem. A short period of work follows during which the ovipositor is probably with- drawn from the slit and recased in the sheath, and the egg laid. The abdomen is then swung back, its apex in contact with the stem, until the slit is passed, then it is straightened to the normal position and the female moves to the next location to be favored with an egg. The following table records the number of eggs laid on each of several days, and the number and sex of these insects present in the cage at the time of oviposition and the result of the day’s oviposition. TABLE ITI. Parent Results. a adults Cage No.| Date. Variety ofrose. | Parent adults. genera- tion. Eggs. | Larve. Adults. 1918. 13694 ©1_..] May 22 | Conrad F. My- | 3females,6 males} Second.... 12 11 | 3females, 3 males ers. 13694 63_.| May 23 ores Kar] Drus-| 4females, 5 males|...d0-..-...|..-...-.|-------- cnkKl. | 13694 53_.| May 24 | Killarney....... 3 females, 6 males}...do-.....- 2 1 | 1 male. 136945 4..| May 25 | A. R. Waddell. .| 2 females, 4 males}...do.......|......--|---.---- | 1369441. _] June 22 | Killarney....... 3females, 4 males} Third..... | 35 | 28 | 13694 43. .| June 23 | General Jacque- |....- Go sets. seer as dO:- <<... 19 | 19 | minot. 13694 ¢3..| June 24 | Kaiserina Au- | 3 adults......... SAO a a2 ere sess | gusta Victoria. The number of eggs a female adult of the bristly rose slug can lay has not been recorded, but the abdomen of a virgin female killed four days after emergence contained 41 eggs. One of the females which died and was removed from the second cage (see Table IIT) was likewise dissected and 28 eggs were counted from her abdomen. It was, however, impossible to ascertain the condition of these eggs as far as the maturity was concerned owing to their poor preservation. E'gg Slit—The eggs are laid in short slits in the fluting of the upper surface of the midrib of the leaf and early in their incubation period are concealed in the slit or pocket and covered over with a yellowish white sawdust or ovipositor-torn fiber. During the period of incubation they increase in size until the day previous to the hatch- 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60. ing of the larvae; they are yellow green in color and so much swollen as to protrude from the slit. The puncture itself becomes more dis- tinct, as a brownish scar, with age. METEOROLOGICAL NOTES. All life has its optimum conditions for growth and also its maxi- mum and minimum requirements and limits for existence of each of the various factors that go to make up those conditions. The ex- treme heat and humidity of a part of the summer of 1918 gave an excellent opportunity for observing the effect of high temperatures on this species. The following account is from notes made by S. A. Rohwer. After a maximum temperature of 105.5° and a minimum of 76° with the humidity varying from 32° to 83° and including a period of between 10 to 12 hours when the humidity was 80° or more,*° but few larvae were found in the rose garden, and these “sicklooking” and not feeding. Three days before a large number of young and par- tially developed larvae were observed on these plants. Further, there was no mature feeding work done at this date, proving that the larvae had not completed development. The variation of temper- ature and humidity between the position occupied by the larvae and that of the hygrothermograph was considerable, the latter record- ing air temperature as 92° and humidity as 54° while a sling psy- chrometer at the former location read 99.5° temperature and 73° hu- midity. Later records of the same day showed 104° temperature and 40° humidity by the hygrothermograph and 106° temperature and 43° humidity by the sling psychrometer with all larvae gone. This hot spell was of slightly over a week in duration and the summary of the temperature for the first six days as recorded by the hygrothermograph is as follows: 6.25 hours above 100° 53.0 hours below 75° 12.5 hours above 95° 9.75 hours below 70° 26.5 hours above 90° 0 hours below 68° 80.5 hours below 80° Following this period of excessive temperature and high humidity, Cladius larvae were rare and remained scarce throughout the rest of the year, whereas earlier in the season they had been quite abundant. PHENOLOGICAL NOTES. The seasonal phenomena of development for plants are often of much importance in indicating the appearance of or the approach of a particular stage of an insect. In the bristly rose slug, however, the 10 Records from a hygrothermograph located a few feet from the rose garden and about 4 feet above the ground. ‘The long period of high humidity was recorded the day before these observations. art. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—ROHWER. 23 irregularity of emergence and the overlapping of the generations re- duces the value of such observations to the minimum of first appear- ance. Observations made during the years 1916 to 1919 indicate that in the vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, the parent adults of the first generation of the bristly rose slug appear coincident with the full blooming of the Snowball (Viburnum opulus and V. plica- tum) and the weigela (Diervilla florida). HOSTS. From observations by Mr. Rohwer, made during two seasons on the roses at the Eastern Field Station, from notes sent by correspond- ents, and from field studies by Mr. Rohwer and the author at Falls Church, Virginia, and many other places throughout the range of this species’ distribution, it seems fair to conclude that Cladius tsomerus will attack all cultivated varieties (and species) of rose. Varieties with a small midrib or forms with hairy leaves, while not immune, are not favorable food plants. The one essential is, however, a midrib of sufficient size to hold the eggs. Preliminary observations indicated that certain varieties seemed to be preferred but more ex- tended study proved that the condition of the leaves was a more im- portant factor. There area few authentic records of the species living on the common eastern wild rose (Rosa palutris Marsh), but the evi- dence seems to indicate that where cultivated roses are present they are preferred. The following list gives the varieties of cultivated roses on which larvae have most frequently been observed. Climbers—Rosa multiflora, Dorothy Perkins, Philadelphia Crim- son Rambler, Climbing Baby Rambler. Hybrid perpetuals—Paul Neyron, Conrad F. Meyer, General Jacqueminot, Clio, Camille de Rohan. Tea.—Radiance, La Tosca, Killarney, White Killarney, Frau Karl Druschki, Mrs. A. R. Waddell, Stanley, Hadley, Mrs. Aaron Ward, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, Marquise de Querhoent, Gruss an Teplitz, Laurent Carl. PARASITES, Two parasites are recorded in literature as having been reared from Cladius isomerus. They are: Frontina tenthredinidarum Townsend.** Coelopisthoidea cladiae Gahan.” Neither of these parasites are, however, sufficiently abundant to be considered as a successful means of control. Tothill, Can. Ent., vol. 45, 1913, p. 73. 122 Gahan, Can. Ent., vol. 45, 1913, p. 103. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. 60. Genus PRIOPHORUS Dahlbom. Priophorus DaHLBoM, Conspect. Tenthredin. Scan., 1835, p. 4. Genotype.— (Priophorus pilicornis Dahlbom)=(Trenthredo) Priophorus padi (Lin- naeus). Stevenia (Lepeletier MSS.) BruLié, Hist. Nat. Ins., Hymen, vol. 4, 1846, p. 667. No species were included by name in Brullés account, but it is evident that his remarks apply to the species now known as Priophorus (varines (Lepel- etier) )= padi (Linnaeus), so Stevenia is isogenotypic through synonymy with Priophorus. The genus Priophorus was first described by Dahlbom as a subgenus of Vematus. Later, Hartig placed it in his genus Cladius and made it a subgenus of Cladius. Until recently it has been treated as a sub- genus of Cladius, but Konow, Enslin, and MacGillivray considered it as of generic value. All the species known to us are closely allied to the species of the genus Cladius, but the larva and antenna are different, so it seems advisable to consider it as a separate group. For the time being, at least, we prefer to treat it as a genus. Generic Characters—Adults—Clypeus slightly emarginate ; supra- clypeal area strongly convex, almost keel like, rectangular in outline: lateral supraclypeal area narrow, sloping to the large antennal foveae; the inner margins of the eyes subparallel; anterior basitarsus longer than or subequal with the three following joints, which are not sharply separated from each other (fig. 4) ; wings about as in figure 6; radiellan cell usually without an appendage but occasionally with a short distinct appendage; cerci medium; lower margins of the lan- cets curved, armed with eight teeth; posterior margins of all the lancet plates heavily armed; female antenna long, slender, the third joint simple; male antenna long, slender, the third joint usually simple but occasionally with a strong projection at the base beneath. Larvae.—Characters common to the larvae of this genus studied; Head (figs. 51, 55, 56) mostly pale-yellow freckled; eye spots biack; vertex black; frons and labrum pale brown, the former spined medianly as well as marginally. Thorax, dorsum darkened from A mesothorax to and including C metathorax (D metathorax ?) and sometimes the entire dorsum from A mesothorax to and including C (D?) of urite 9 darkened (fig. 73). Annulet A smaller than annu- let B and C and spined, annulet B and C large and thickly spined, and annulet D bare, narrow, indistinct, and unspined (fig. 61). Uropods normally developed on urites 2-7; urite 8 with pair of small but distinct adventral protuberances; urite 9 with similar but smaller, less distinct protuberances. (These structures on urites 8 and 9, as those on urite 9 of Cladius, are doubtless uropods which, since the larvae are surface feeders and do not grip the leaf by curling the apex of the abdomen, are retained, though not developed by much use.) ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—ROHWER. 25 Distribution.—The species of this genus are distributed throughout the Palaearctic Region; one is known from the northern Oriental Region; and several occur in Nearctic Region, where they are con- fined almost entirely to the eastern part of the Transition and Cana- dian Zones. Specific Characters—In the adults the shape of the sheath, the exact dentation of the lancet plates, the character of the frontal crest, and the presence or absence of foveae in the postocellar area offer the best structural characters for separating the species. The color of the legs, even to the number of tarsal joints which are black or in- fuscated, is very useful in separating the species, and for all of the species here treated it is found to be surprisingly constant. KEY TO THE ADULTS. The species petrinus (Cockerell) and infuscatus (MacGillivray) are omitted from the following key (see also footnote 1): TavNemalestestoties 2 oo DE es aye “ose bireneye ta doers sees ef 2 Males? 25rf9 2 iiet _{ yrttinerrs Th eatin is jee a Se eos Yee yee foate ast 2. Lower walls of ocellar basin strong, keel-like, sharply broken by the middle fovea, the lateral walls sharply defined, linelike; postocellar area sepa- rated by a median furrow; wings with a dusky band below the stigma; antennae long, sharply tapering; trochanters white______ crataegi Rohwer. Lower walls of occellar basin not especially strong, rounded, not or only feebly broken by the middle fovea; the lateral walls obsolete or poorly defined ; postocellar area convex, with, at most, a fovea anteriorly_______ 3 3. Postocellar area without a fovea near the middle of the anterior margin____4 Postocellar area with a fovea near the middle of the anterior margin______ 8 4, Distinct large, somewhat triangular-shaped depression in front of the an- terior ocellus; hind tarsi and all of the trochanters black__betulae Rohwer. No large or triangular-shaped depression in front of the anterior ocellus___5 > Recurrentella distinctly postfurcale——- 2 — rubivorus Rohwer. Recurrentella “antefurenls o42 MOOR ES Eee a eee SEG eee 6 6. Wings before of the anterior margin of the stigma, brownish; trochanters andihind tarsi, brownish)black_-- +. £12422 22. salicivorus Rohwer. Wings uniformly hyaline; trochanters and hind tarsi white______________ t eed ClenrOVeaRO CCD aang Cr sar ens kee eee rs eee solitaris (Dyar). Middle fovea practically obsolete_______________________ montanus Rohwer. 8. Trochanters black; ocellar basin entirely obsolete; frontal crest unbroken ; sheath oblique above, obtusely rounded apically, tapering to a broad base; antennae long, slender, sharply tapering apically____________ rubi Rohwer. Trochanters white; at least the lower wall of the ocellar basin distinctly TSS CT pee ay RE RE we, CaN SE ee fs Bah a 2 ee es or eee 9 9. Frontal crest not broken medianly; antennae slightly shorter and not strongly tapering "wings brownish "basally! s 2 vt aie eee pruni Rohwer. Frontal crest broken medianly ; antennae slightly longer and sharply taper- SRT N pT Eh TU CED UN ype i a i dk 10 1OAWanes strongly, brownish basally. 8-2 ee virginianus Rohwer. UVa EN EST U TUE OTN Dy ey UD ay ee ee plesius Rohwer. 11. Postocellar area with a small distinct fovea at the anterior middle; tro- chanters white; hind tarsi mostly white__.________-_--_-_-__----__--+__ 12 Postocellar area without a fovea at the anterior middle; trochanters and EVR Ca ate 20 TSS AT) ES Wr BN GS yea se eee ko Ah eh ee 13 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60. 12. Frontal crest not broken by median fovea___---------------- pruni Rohwer. Frontal crest distinctly broken by the deep middle fovea__aequalis (Norton). 13. A distinct depression in front of the anterior ocellus___-___~_ betulae Rohwer. No depression in front of the anterior ocellus__________ salicivorus Rohwer. KEY TO THE LARVAE, Aus Larvae tecdine On SG@iia veo ee el ee ee ee salicivorus Rohwer. B; warvee feeding on Cratacgus—-. 2 eee crataegi Rohwer. Larvae feeding on Prunus serotina= === = a eee pruni Rohwer. plesius Rohwer. virginianus Rohwer. Larvae feeding on Betula populifolia____________________-_ petulae Rohwer. arvae feeding: on Ruvus 2-8-2 3 ee g eeee rubi Rohwer, Larvae feeding on Alinuss22 soe a ee ee solitaris (Dyar). On characteristics other than host plant these larvae can not be separated specifically, however, differences in the extent of coloration of the head divides those larvae available for study into the following two species groups: A. Head with a small (not reaching more than half way to edge of cranium) black spot surrounding eye; figure 56_________________ salicivorus Rohwer. B. Head with a large (reaching almost to edge of cranium) black spot surround- iInciéyer figure OH ster ale a iil thaw» geen pete Gel Sok tes BH crataegi Rohwer. pruni Rohwer. betulae Rohwer. virginianus Rohwer. solitaris (Dyar.) PRIOPHORUS CRATAEGI Rohwer, new species. Female.—Length, 5 mm.; length of the antenna, 4.5 mm. Clypeus shining with sparse, setigerous punctures, basal middle strongly con- vex, the anterior margin broadly, shallowly, arcuately emarginate, lobes sharply pointed; supraclypeal fovea deep, punctiform; middle fovea large nearly circular in outline with sharply sloping walls; ocellar basin completely defined, lower walls sharp, keel-like and broken by the middle fovea; the lateral walls linelike; antennal fur- rows poorly defined; postocellar area sharply defined laterally, con- vex, parted by a furrow medianly ; postocellar furrow obsolete; posto- cellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; antenna sharply taper- ing, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth, the apical joint slightly longer than the preceding; stigma broadly rounded below, obliquely truncate apically; first intercubitus obsolescent; third cubital slightly longer than the second on the radius; the radiellan cell without an appendage; sheath broad, straight above, obliquely truncate apically, then sharply tapering to the base. Black; trochan- ters, four anterior tibiae and tarsi (the apical joints of the tarsi are infuscated) , the basal two-thirds of the posterior tibiae and the three basal joints of the hind tarsi white; wings subhyaline, with a dusky band below the stigma; venation dark brown. Type locality —Kast River, Connecticut. ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—ROHWER. 27 Described from one female reared from a larva collected on Cra- taegus by Chas. R. Ely, and recorded under Bureau of Entomology Number, Hopk. U. S. 13649*. Type—Cat. No. 21587, U.S.N.M. Larva.—Length 10 mm. similar to and with apparently no char- acters distingushing it from that of P. pruni Rohwer. All the larvae examined were quite dark, blackish along the dorsum. Host.—Crataegus, species. Seasonal History.—Larvae, collected in early July, became pre- pupae and spun cocoons by the twenty-seventh, from which adults had emerged August third. PRIOPHORUS BETULAE Rohwer, new species. Figure 51. Female.—Length 3.5 mm.; length of the antenna about 3 mm. Clypeus shining, almost without punctures, not strongly convex basally, the anterior margin rather deeply, arculately emarginate, the lobes nearly triangular in outline; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; middle fovea shallow, wedge-shaped in outline; anten- nal furrows poorly defined along the ocelli; ocellar basin obsolete laterally, the lower wall rounded, broken; a distinct triangular de- pression in front of the anterior ocellus; postocellar area sharply defined laterally, convex, without foveae; postocellar furrow want- ing; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; antenna rather short, not sharply tapering, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth, the apical joint slightly shorter than the preceding; stigma rounded below, obliquely truncate apically; first intercubitus obsolescent; the third cubital on the radius distinctly shorter than the second; radiellan cell with a very short appendage; sheath ob- tusely pointed apically, straight above, tapering to a broad base. Black; the four anterior tibiae and tarsi (the apical joints of the intermediate tarsi are infuscated), and the basal two-thirds of the posterior tibiae white; wings strongly brownish, subhyaline beyond the apex of the stigma. Male—tLength 4.5 mm.; length of the antenna 3.5 mm. In struc- ture and color the above description of the female applies well to the male, except the middle fovea is smaller with more sharply sloping walls and the radiellan cell is entirely without an apendage; hypopy- gidium broadly rounded apically; antenna very hairy, the third joint considerably shorter than the fourth, concave below and very faintly produced basally so it is fully as broad at the base as the pedicel, the entire joint one-fifth broader than the fourth; the apical joint distinctly shorter than the preceding. Type locality.—EKast River, Connecticut. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60. Described from two females (one type) and two males (one allotype) reared from larvae collected on. Betula populifolia by Chas. R. Ely, and recorded under Bureau of Entomology Number Hopk. U. S. 10754°2 (type and allotype) and 10757‘ (paratypes). 7'ype—Cat. No. 21588, U.S.N.M. Larvae-——Similar to P. pruni Rohwer but in the few specimens available for study, entirely pale excepting a faint grayness laterally on the mesothorax and metathorax and ninth abdominal segment. These larvae, however, were young, the largest being only 6.5 mm. in length. Host.—Betula populifolia. Seasonal History.—Solitary feeders from the underside of the leaf similar to P. pruni Rohwer. Larvae collected about one-half or two-thirds grown on August 25 spun coccoons August 30 and trans- formed to pupae September 4. The adults emerged September 16. PRIOPHORUS RUBIVORUS Rohwer, new specics. A small species readily distinguished by the postfurcal recurren- tella. The eastern ruwbi is much larger and is very easily separated by the presence of a median fovea in the postocellar area. Female—Length, 4.5 mm.; length of antenna about 3 mm. Cly- peus gently convex, the anterior margin not depressed, broadly and very shallowly emarginate, lateral angles (no distinct lobes) ob- tusely rounded; supraclypeal foveae deep but not distinctly sepa- rated from the antennal foveae; middle fovea very shallow, elon- gate, not sharply defined or breaking through the crest; ocellar basin very poorly defined, the walls obsolete above and broadly rounded below; antennal furrows obsolete opposite the ocellar basin; a rather distinct, small depression both immediately before and behind the anterior ocellus; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; postocellar furrow wanting; postocellar area without a median fovea on anterior margin, sharply defined laterally by the slightly diverg- ing vertical furrows; antenna rather short, tapering, the third and fourth joints subequal stigma short, broad, but little more than twice as long as greatest width, rounded below; first intercubitus obso- lescent; three abscissae of radius subequal in length; second cubital cell on radius about two and one-third times as long as third inter- cubitus; radiellan cell closed and with a short appendage; recurren- tella postfurcal by about half the length of intercubitella; sheath broad, pointed apicaly. Black; palpi dark brown, tegulae almost entirely black; hind trochanters, tibiae and tarsi, except the in- fuscate apices of hind tibiae and apical joints of all tarsi, yellowish- ferruginous; wings hyaline; venation brown. Type locality.—Portland, Oregon. art, 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—ROHWER. 29 Described from a single female recorded under Bureau of Ento- mology number Quaintance 14055 collected by E. J. Newcomer, August 10, 1917 and labeled “ On raspberry.” Type.—Cat. No. 238557, U.S.N.M. PRIOPHORUS SALICIVORUS Rehwer, new species. Figures 20, 21, 34, 35, 41, 47, 56. Female.—Length 4.5 mm.; length of antenna 3.5 mm. Clypeus shining, strongly convex medianly, the apical margin broadly, shal- lowly, arcuately emarginate; supraclypeal foveae punctiform, small, not much deeper than the antennal foveae; middle fovea oval in out- line; ocellar basin with the lateral walls obsolete, the lower wall poorly defined, rounded and unbroken; antennal furrows obsolete be- low the ocelli; postocellar area gently convex (incompletely defined laterally by a foveaeform depression) ; postocellar furrow obsolete; a faint depression behind the anterior ocellus; antennae as in figures 20 and 34, short, not tapering, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth, the apical joint subequal with the preceding; first inter- cubitus obsolescent; third cubital cell on the radius, shghtly longer than the second; stigma short, broad at base, gradually tapering to the apex; radiellan cell with a short distinct appendage; sheath straight above, sharp apically tapering from the broad base, as seen from below the sheath is narrow, ovipositor as in figures 41 and 47. Black; four anterior tibiae and tarsi (the apical joints and all of the intermediate tarsi are brownish) and the basal two-thirds of the posterior tibiae, extreme base of the posterior basitarsus, whitish ; wings strongly brownish basally, subhyaline beyond the apex of the stigma. Male.—Length, 4 mm. The male differs from the above descrip- tion of the female in having the middle fovea more elongate and deeper, breaking completely through the lower wall of the ocellar basin; hypopygidium narrowly rounded; posterior tibiae entirely brownish; antennae (see figs. 21 and 35) pale beneath, the third joint broader than the fourth but simple; radiellan cell with a very short appendage. Type locality.—East River, Connecticut. Described from three females (one type) and two males (one - allotype) reared from larva collected on Salix by Chas. R. Ely, and recorded under Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U. S. 136562. Type.—Cat. No. 21589, U.S.N.M. Larva.—tLength, 11 mm. Black spot at vertex small; black spot about each eye also small and not extending more than half way to edge of cranium (fig. 56). Otherwise the larvae are similar to those previously described, with dorsum pale between the grayish thorax and the markings on eighth and ninth urites. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60. Host.—Salix, species. Seasonal History.—Larvae collected July 27, cocooned August 5, transformed to pupae August 21, emerging as adults August 24. PRIOPHORUS SOLITARIS (Dyar). Cladius solitaris Dyar, Can. Ent., vol. 27, 1895, p. 192 and p. 340. Priophorus solitaris Dyar, Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol 8, 1900, p. 28.— MacGituivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, 1916 (1917), p. 110. Type.—Cat. No. 4129, U.S.N.M. Female.—Length, 5 mm. Clypeus flat, anterior margin sub- squarely emarginate, the lobes triangular, obtusely rounded; supra- clypeal foveae deep, punctiform; middle fovea broad, shallow; ocel- lar basin obsolete laterally, the lower wall rounded, faintly broken; antennal furrows obsolete below the ocelli; postocellar area flat, sharply defined laterally with a faint longitudinal line medianly; postocellar furrow feebly defined; antennae broken but apparently long, slender; first intercubitus obsolete; second and third cubital cells subequal on the radius; stigma long, narrow, broader at base, gradually tapering to the apex; radiellan cell with a very short appendage; sheath straight above, gradually rounded to the broad base. Black; trochanters, four anterior tibiae and tarsi, the posterior tibiae except apices and the posterior tarsi except the apices of the joints, white; wings uniformly subhyaline, venation pale brown. Redescribed from the unique type. The following description is arranged from Dyar: Larva.—Solitary feeder, eating the parenchyma of the leaf from the underside. Stace I1I.—Head round; shining black pilose, width, 0.5 mm.; thorax a little enlarged, thoracic feet faintly yellowish tinged; ab- dominal feet slightly spreading, segments distinct, rather faintly three annulate;%* annulet first small, second and third with many pale setae, so that the larva is pilose or hairy; color, translucent whitish, with no yellow tint; the food gives a dark green broad line by transparency, as far as joint. twelve, in join thirteen the fasces show black. Stace IV.—Head pale whitish, with a black shade at side and vertex; width .8 mm.; body whitish, with a faint greenish tinge, densely hairy; the tubercles slight; alimentary canal gives a dark shade. Sracr V.—Head greenish, thickly dotted with brown; a confluent black patch on clypeus, over eye and above and behind it; or a patch 13 Doubtless 4 annulate with A, B, and C visible and haired while D is hidden—annulet first probably A, second and third probably B and C. art. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES——ROHWER. on at vertex and another on side covering the eye and reaching to the back of head; head shining, pilose; mouth brown, width 1 mm.; dorsal region of body olivaceous blackish; joint second anteriorly * subventral region,'® venter, feet, and joint thirteen*® posteriorly translucent whitish, not shiny; body pilose, the hairs arising from thickly placed pale tubercles on each of the three annulets; hairs rather short and pale. Cocoon.—Double, made of white or brownish silk, large and re- sembling thin paper. Host.—Alnus, species. PRIOPHORUS MONTANUS Rohwer, new species. Closely allied to solitaris (Dyar), but is somewhat larger and more robust and the middle fovea is practically obsolete. Female—Length, 5.5 mm.; length of antenna about 3.75 mm. Clypeus rather distinctly convex medianly, the apical margin broadly acruately emarginate, not depressed; suprarcylpeal foveae large, deep ; middle fovea very shallow and indistinctly defined, practically obsolete, not breaking through the crest; ocellar basin obsolete dorsally, the lower wall very poorly defined, rounded; a very small U-shaped depression in front of the anterior ocellus; antennal furrows obsolete; postocellar area without a pit in the anterior mid- dle, distinctly limited laterally by the nearly complete vertical fur- rows; postocellar furrow wanting; postocellar line distinctly longer than the ocellocular line, but not quite twice as long as the ocelloc- cipital line; antenna rather long, slender, distinctly tapering api- cally, the third and fourth joints subequal in length; stigma rather large, angled near base then rapidly tapering to apex, about two and one-third times as long as greatest width; first intercubitus obso- lescent; first abscissa of radius longer than the second and subequal in length with the third; second abscissa of radius not quite twice as long as the third intercubitus; radiellan cell closed and with a short appendage; recurrentella distinctly antefurcal; sheath broad, rounded apically. Black; tegulae brownish; apical joints of palpi, tibiae and tarsi except the infuscate apical joints (posterior ones more broadly) and hind trochanters, yellowish; wings uniformly dusky hyaline; venation brown, except the costa and base of cubitus which are pale brown. Type locality—Belgrade, Montana. Described from three females (one type) collected July 14, 1909, and sent in under number 228 by an unknown collector. Type—Cat. No. 23558, U.S.N.M. 14 Mesothorax. 1458 Hpipleural, pleural, and hypopleural regions. 1% Urite nine. 3136—22—Proc.N.M.Vol.60——4 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 69. PRIOPHORUS RUBI Rohwer, new species. Female.—Length 6 mm.; length of the antenna 4 mm. Clypeus flat, shining, slightly convex in the basal middle, anterior margin rather deeply arcuately emarginate; lobes triangular in outline, rather sharply pointed; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; mid- dle fovea shallow, circular in outline; ocellar basin entirely wanting; antennal furrows nearly complete; a small wedge-shaped depression in front of the anterior ocellus; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line, and but little shorter than the ocelloccipital line; postocellar area convex, sharply defined laterally, with a small fovea in the anterior middle; postocellar furrow wanting; antenna rather short, sharply tapering; the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth; the apical joint somewhat longer than the preceding; stigma short, rounded below, its greatest width at about the middle; first intercubitus obsolescent; second cubital cell on the radius subequal with the third; radiellan cell with distinct appendage; sheath straight above, obtuse at apex, tapering from the broad base. Black; anterior tibiae and tarsi, the posterior tibiae and most of the pos- terior tarsi white; posterior margin of the tegulae whitish; wings hyaline, iridescent, venation dark brown. Type locality—Northeast, Pennsylvania. Described from one adult which was reared from a larva collected on Blackberry. This larva formed a cocoon on June 11, was a pupa on June 16 and an adult on the 23 and emerged on the 24. Material collected and reared by R. A. Cushman. Type.—Cat. No. 21594, U.S.N.M. Another female of this species was collected at Hamburg, New York, June 14, 1911, by M. C. Van Duzee. PRIOPHORUS PRUNI Rohwer, new species. Figures 15, 22, 32, 33, 48, 55, 61, 73. Female.—Length 5 mm.; length of the antenna 4 mm. Clypeus gently convex, shining, not prominent in the basal middle; the anterior margin broadly, shallowly, arcuately emarginate; the lobes short and obtuse, apically; supraclypeal foveae punctiform, middle fovea elongate, deep, with sloping walls, not breaking through the frontal crest; lower wall of ocellar basin defined, the lateral walls are obsolete; antennal furrows wanting below the ocelli; postocellar area flat, sharply defined laterally, with an elongate fovea in the anterior middle; postocellar furrow wanting; postocellar line slightly shorter than the ocellocular line; antenna short, the third and fourth joints subequal, the apical joint subequal with the pre- ceding (see figs. 15 and 38) ; stigma short, broadest at base, gradually tapering to the apex; first intercubitus obsolescent ; second cubital on ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—-ROHWER. 33 the radius distinctly shorter than the third; radiellan cell without an appendage; sheath oblique above, sharply pointed apically and taper- ing to a broad base; lancet as in figure 48. Black; trochanters, the four anterior tibiae and tarsi, the posterior tibiae except apices, and the first four joints of the posterior tarsi, white; wings fuliginous, subhyaline beyond the apex of the stigma. Male—Length 4.5 mm.; length of the antenna 3 mm. Hypo- pygidium broadly rounded. The above description of the female applies well to the male. The antenna (see figs. 22 and 32) are slightly brownish beneath. Type locality —Kast River, Connecticut. Described from two females (one type) and two males (one allo- type), reared from larvae collected on Prunus serotina by Chas. R. Ely, and recorded under Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U. 8. 13660 #. Type.—Cat. No. 21595, U.S.N.M. Oviposition—The eggs are placed in punctures in the midrib of the leaf. Larva.—(Fig. 73.) Length of full fed larva, 11 mm. Head pale, tan freckeled; frons and labrum tan; clypeus, ventral mouthparts, mandibles and cranium about antennae pale; black spot about eye large, extending posteriorly almost to cranium; black spot at vertex large (fig. 55). Thorax with mesothorax and metathorax darkened dorsally from above epipleurite gray to almost black, age and size of the larva increasing the extent and depth of the color. Abdomen of young larvae almost entirely pale excepting grayish dorsum of eighth and ninth urites. In larger larvae the dorsum of the eighth and ninth urites is gray or blackish, where gray, the dorsum of the abdomen is pale, where blackish, the dorsum of the abdomen is gray. Annulet A with from 4 to 6 pairs of small spines, annulets B and C with numerous spines arranged in clusters forming transverse rows across the dorsum, and annulet D narrow, indistinct, and without spines (fig. 61). Cocoon.—Leneth 8 mm.; width 3 mm. Transparent, pale brown, thin walled, irregularly oval, attached to leaves, dirt, or side of rear- ing cage. Host.—Prunus serotina. Parasites —Mesoleptine pupae found in cocoons (determined by S. A. Rohwer). PeSectonal history.—Solitary feeders, the young larvae skeletonizing the leaf from the under surface sary the older larvae eat holes through from the under side. Larvae collected August 16th, spun cocoons August 21, and transformed to pupae August 25th, emerging as adults August 30th. September 2d of the same year more larvae 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60. were collected. These spun by September 12th, but did not emerge as adults until April 13th of the following year. PRICPHORUS AEQUALIS (Norton). Cladius aequalis Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 78. Priophorus aequalis (Norton), Kirsy, List Hym. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1882, p. 101.—MaAcGAttiivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Nat. Hist. Geol, Survey, 1916 (1917). p. 109. A single male, with apices of antennae wanting and right fore wing on pin, without locality label but a name label in Norton’s handwrit- ing, is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. This specimen agrees perfectly with the original description and is with but little doubt from the type series. It may be designated as electotype. The species is closely allied to pruni but may be easily separated by the middle fovea breaking through the crest. It agrees well with the species here described as virginianus, and it is not unlikely that it will prove to be the male of that species. Male——Length, 5.5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus broadly, shallowly, arcuately emarginate; lobes small and obtuse; median fovea deep, well defined, elongate, breaking through the frontal crest; ocellar basin obsolete dorsally ; a faint impression in front of anterior ocellus; antennal furrows present but not strong; postocellar area very narrow, distinctly limited laterally, and with a distinct median fovea anteriorly; postocellar furrow wanting; third antennal joint distinctly shorter and slightly broader than the fourth, with a faint swelling at base beneath; stigma rather broad, about three times as long as greatest width which is at base and from which it tapers to apex; first intercubitus obsolescent; first abscissa of radius shorter than the second, which is subequal with the third; second cubital on the radius about two and one half tiines as long as third intercubitus; second recurrent distinctly before the middle; radiellen cell closed and with a short appendage; hypopygidium broadly rounded apically. Black; palpi, four posterior trochanters, four anterior tibiae and tarsi, posterior tibiae and tarsi, except apical tarsi and apices of tibiae which are brownish, whitish ; anterior femora reddish beneath ; wings brownish to apex of stigma, then hyaline; venation dark brown. Description of above-mentioned specimen. Distribution —FY¥ armington, Connecticut. PRIOPHOERUS VIRGINIANUS Rohwer, new species. It is not unlikely that more material will prove that this is the undescribed female of aequalis (Norton). Female.—Length 5 mm.; length of the antenna 4.25 mm. Clypeus strongly convex medianly; anterior margin broadly, arcuately emar- ART, 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—ROHWER. 35 ginate; the lobes very obtuse; supraclypeal foveae deep, nearly circu- lar in outline; middle fovea elongate, oval in outline, with sloping walls, breaking through the frontal crest; lower walls of the ocellar basin rounded; lateral walls nearly obsolete; a shallow, poorly de- fined depression in front of the anterior ocellus; antennal furrows poorly defined below the ocelli; postocellar area gently convex, sharply defined laterally with an elongate fovea in the anterior mid- dle; postocellar furrow wanting; antenna rather long and sharply tapering, the third joint slightly shorter than the fourth and with a projection at the base beneath apical joint distinctly longer than the preceding ; stigma rather narrow, broader at base, gradually taper- ing to the apex; first intercubitus obsolescent; second and third cubital cells subequal on the radius; radiellan cell with a very short appendage; sheath straight above, obtuse apically, and tapering from the broad base. Black; trochanters, four anterior tibiae and tarsi, the posterior tibiae except apical third and the four basal joints of the posterior tarsi, white; wings fuliginous basally, subhyaline beyond the apex of the stigma. Type locality.—Great, Falls, Virginia. Described from one female reared from a larva collected on Pru- nus serotina by S. A. Rohwer, and recorded under Bureau of Ento- mology number Hopk. U. 8. 10718. This species was also collected and reared from the same host at Newington, Fairfax County, Vir- -ginia, by S. A. Rohwer. Type—Cat. No. 21596, U.S.N.M. Larva.—tLength, last stage, 11 mm. Black above with lower part of jatus, legs, and beneath, white; head with usual black markings. Pupa.—tThe antennae of the pupa, on reaching their full length, were composed of eighteen joints, the division between the regular nine joints more strongly marked. Host.—Prunus serotina. Seasonal History.—These larvae are solitary feeders from the un- der surface of the leaves, the younger larvae skeletonizing, the more mature larvae eating holes. A larva collected June 27, spun cocoons June 30, pupated July 2, and emerged as an adult July 16. PRIOPHORUS PLESIUS Rohwer, new species. Figure 4. Female.—Length 5 mm.; length of the antenna 3.75mm. Clypeus strongly convex; the apical margin rather deeply, subangulately emarginate; the lobes broad, triangular in outline; the apical mar- gin acute; supraclypeal fovee deep, circular in outline; middle fovea elongate, deep, with sloping walls, breaking through the frontal crest; lower walls of ocellar basin revnded: Jateral walls 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60. only faintly indicated; an elongate depression in front of the an- terior ocellus; antennal furrows nearly obsolete below the ocelli; postocellar area strongly convex, sharply defined laterally, with a punctiform fovae in the anterior middle; postocellar furrow obso- lete; antenna rather long, sharply tapering apically, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth; the apical joint slightly longer than the preceding; stigma narrow, broadest at base, sharply taper- ing to the apex; first intercubitus obsolescent; the second and third cubital cells subequal on the radius; radiellan cell with a short ap- pendage; sheath straight above, obtuse apically tapering from the broad base. Black; trochanters, the four anterior tibiz and tarsi. posterior tibiae except their apices, the four basal joints of the pos- terior tarsi, white; wings hyaline; venation dark brown, stigma pale brown. Type locality.—Profile House, New Hampshire. Described from three females (one type) reared from larve col- lected on cherry by Dr. H. G. Dyar, and recorded under his Num- ber 6H. Type.—Cat. No. 21597, U.S.N.M. This species has also been collected at East River, Connecticut, ir the larval stages on Prunus serotina, by Chas. R. Ely. Larva— Spun within a day or two, before I had a chance to described it in detail. It was, however, strikingly colored, being reddish or brownish above and greenish below.” (Ely.) Host.—Prunus serotina. Seasonal History.—A larva collected August 15, spun its cocoon August 17, emerging as an adult September 20. PRIGPHORUS PETRINUS (Cockcrell). Cladius petrinus CocKERELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1914) 1915, p. 641. A study of the original description and subsequent notes from the type kindly supplied by Professor Wickham, indicates that this species is more properly referred to the genus Priophorus. This species was described from the shales of Florissant and the type is in the collection of Professor Wickham. PRIOPHORUS INFUSCATUS (MacGillivray). Craterocercus infuscatus MacGituivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 1916 (1917), p. 106. Priophorus infuscatus (MacGillivray), RoHwer, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 20, 1918, p. 165. Type—Collection of A. D. MacGillivray. Although the senior author examined the type of this species he is unable to definitely associate it with any of the species here de- ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES—-ROHWER. 37 scribed. It is probably more closely allied to the species here de- scribed as pruni. The original description is as follows: “ Mesonotum and collar black; body black, with legs beyond femora white; third segment of antennae shorter than fourth; clypeus dis- tinctly emarginate; median fovea large, shallow, circular; wings in- fuscated on basal half. Length 6 mm.” In a letter dated January 13, 1919, Doctor MacGillivray says: “The type of Craterocercus infuscatus was collected at Ithaca, New York, and is without date. The specimen is a female.” (PRIOPHORUS) CAULOCAMPUS ACERICAULIS (MacGillivray) Rehwer. Figure 8. Priophorus acericaulis MACGILLIVRAY, Can. Ent., vol. 38, 1906, p. 306. Caulocampus acericaulis (MacGillivray) RoHwer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, 1912, p. 240; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 20, no. 8, 1918, p. 165. In his latest paper’? MacGillivray leaves this species in the genus Priophorus. According to our opinion, it does not belong to this sub- family. The basal vein, which joins the subcosta remote from the origin of the cubitus (see fig. 8), the larvae and their habits are im- portant characters which show that the species is Nematine. This species, according to our opinion, is generically different from Prio- phorus, and the genus Caulocampus, of which it is the genotype, should be placed in the Nematine, tribe Hemichorini. 17 Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1916 (1917), p. 109. Fra. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 1.—Legs and Wings of adult Cladiine sawflies. . Claw of Cladius isomerus. . Leg of Trichiocampus gregarius, female. . Leg of Cladius isomerus, female. . Leg of Priophorus plesius, female. . Wings of Trichiocampus viminalis, female. . Wings of Priophorus padi, female. . Wings of Cladius isomerus, female. . Wings of Caulocampus acericaulis. 38 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. | PL. | | G L3Omerus i, gregarvus Gi LSOmerus oe viminalts - 1 C. isomerus Ca. acertcaults NORTH AMERICAN CLADIINE SAWFLIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 38. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. | PL. 2 / 12 13 ( rae : 10 ) “T. viminalis T. gregarcus T. crregularis P. pruni il 17 Me 20 16 C. isomerus P. salicivorus P. prunt NorTH AMERICAN CLADIINE SAWFLIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 39 Fic. Piate 2.—Antennae of adult Cladiine sawflies. . Antenna of Trichiocampus viminalis, male. 10. alte le ale: 14. 15, 16. Ui, 18. 19. 20. valle D2: Antenna of Trichiocampus viminalis, female. Antenna of Trichiocampus gregarius, male. Antenna of J'richiocampus gregarius, female. Antenna of Trichiocampus irregularis, female. Antenna of Trichiocampus irreqularis, male. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, female. Antenna of Cladius isomerus, male. Antenna of Cladius isomerus, female. Antenna of Priophorus padi, female. Antenna of Priophorus padi, male. Antenna of Priophorus salicivorus, female. Antenna of Priophorus salicivorus, male. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, male. 3Y Pirate 3.—Antennae of adult Cladiine sawflies. Wie. 28. Antenna of Trichiocampus vininalis, female. 24, Antenna of richiocampus viminalis, male. 25. Antenna of 7'richiocampus gregarius, female. 26. Antenna of J'richiocampus irregularis, female. 27. Antenna of Trichiocampus irregularis, male. 28. Antenna of Cladius isomerus, female. 29. Antenna of Cladius tsomerus, male. 30. Antenna of Priophorus padi, male. 31. Antenna of Priophorus padi, female. 32. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, male. 33. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, female. 34. Antenna of Priophorus salicivorus, female. 35. Antenna of Priophorus salicivorus, male 40 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. | PL. 3 vimenalis 230k mn 24 |. viminalis eS 25 Re gregarvus 26s tere OD irregularis 32. P. prune 27: T. ieregularis Nf . isomerus fs a 34 P. salicivorus So” 30 P. pad i 35 P. salictvorus 3h padt NORTH AMERICAN CLADIINE SAWFLIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 40. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. | PL. 4 T. veminalis I gregartus abe urregularts CG. visomerus P. padt P.. salictvorus T. vimtnalis T. gregarius T. irregularis a aes 4 Be oR 2 Fhe P. salicivorus C. tsomerus \ 48 Pp prunt NORTH AMERICAN CLADIINE SAWFLIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 4l. Fia. 36. oT. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42, 43. 44, 45, 46. AT. 48. PuiatTEe 4.—Parts of the ovipositor of Cladiine sawflies. Lance of Trichiocampus viminalis. Lance of Trichiocampus gregarius. Lance of Trichiocampus irregularis. Lance of Cladius isomerus. Lance of Priophorus padi. Lance of Priophorus salicivorus. Lancet of Trichiocampus viminalis. Lancet of Trichiocampus gregarius. Lancet of Trichiocampus irregularis. Lancet of Cladius isomerus. Lancet of Priophorus padi. Lancet of Priophorus salicivorus. Lancet of Priophorus prum. 41 PLATE. 5.—Larval characters of Cladiine sawflies. Fie. 49. Front view of head, T'richiocampus viminalis. 50. Front view of head, Cladius isomerus. 51. Front view of head, Priophorus betulae. 52. Leg of larva, Trichiocampus viminalis. 538. Antenna of larva, Trichiocampus vimindlis. 54. Mouth parts of larva, Trichiocampus viminalis. 55. Side view of head, Priophorus pruni. 56. Side view of head, Priophorus salicivorus. 57. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Trichio- campus viminalis, 58. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, T'richio- campus gregarius. 59. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, T'richio- campus irregularis. 60. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Claditus ssomerus. 61. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Prio phorus pruni. 42 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. | PL. 5 Ee brunt P salictvorus 00 06 T. viminalis 04 T. vimtnalis T. viminalis I’. gregarius T.irregulans C. isomerus Pp brunt NORTH AMERICAN CLADIINE SAWFLIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 42. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART ip PEG NorTH AMERICAN CLADIINE SAWEFLIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 43 Fic. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. PLATE 6.—Larval details of Cladius isomerus. Maxilla of larva of Cladius isomerus. Labrum of larva of Cladius isomerus. Epipharynx of larva of Cladius isomerus. Labium of larva of Cladius isomerus. Frons of larva of Cladius isomerus. Antenna of larva of Cla@ius isomerus. Leg of larva of Cladius isomerus. Ventral interior view—Right mandible of larva of Cladius isomerus. . Ventral interior view—Left mandible of larva of Cladius isomerus. 43 PLate 7.—Larvae of Cladiine sawflies. The bracket above a segment indicates the segment illustrated in detail on plate 5. Fic. 71. Larva of Trichiocampus viminalis. 72. Larva of Cladius isomerus. 73. Larva of Priophorus pruni. 44 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. | PL.7 C. tsomerus NORTH AMERICAN CLADIINE SAWFLIES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 43 INDEX. This index contains the names of the species discussed in this paper. Valid generic names are in bold-face type, valid specific names in roman type, and synonyms in italics. Page ACErICAUIIS (Mac Gillawrays) me = ee ee ee oa 37 sequalist( Norton) 22-2 es en Se ee Se Se nee Se ee. ese o4 Pewulaie < EVO ln were see eek See ed Ns a Pur aie als ts ee wee Zi Caml Geatiip tsp ee = eee ee ee eR 37 Geach ara OE) Ss Te as es ee RS ee ee 12 CRA Me Sie UOTE Rees ees Bae St ee a Ee ee ee ee ee 26 EEO TAMU Sy (OETA CTE) se oh he rc se cerca ter a oe ae 12 ORAEMOLS ILC PECL ee te OP ae SES eee ALES Ee Se Soy ee ee 6 STEMS i DVD) a ee ee ES RS er Sr a pee sn Oe 41 FTI GRE Seti UT Sk (NACE CG (Gurl havi TS AV) os ee ee al ee 36 TSS UHI MIS Spl) eis se cee a rene eas oe es me ere. ee eens SS ee 9 TS ORIVO TCU SR COINI@ Ta OTD) fess eas a Fe ey NN a Ap a ee 13 GAIN I eae yf eee anne eRe pe ee oe age ee oe a Se ee 1 VCE 1.00 Tear cere ee Sh ae Sh i, ee ee ee 20 COCOOI Ob 2 ase ES en ee ee SRE PE eh . Se eee 18 CLOT Ot ewes ee ee eee a eS Bae eee ta news . ae ee it TEN COS 16S tees Ea a ae iB i ee ay a 23 LTV RO eee se oe eee se) Re ea ee Ee 15 A eaarseyen Ns SUCHET Sn fee ens BA we 2a ee se ee 15 HENCE BENE SS UC) TV 0 Sema as St Ft ee ee oR ENS 18 meteorological notes; in’ relation’ toss 22. es see ee ee ee ee 22 OVAPOSIUOMM OL! =] See eee) TANS ARES SI APS pee pe Pee 15 DDE TGS Lee es Se eee ea al VR la. 5D on it ee a Ee 23 phenolosicall notes: insrelation to 22 2 ae, RU PSA he seee a9 eak_ S apmn e Pe aa e, ea tas ee 18 FUELS COTUS MUGGING Ty erect ee Se OE ee SN Se wy ee ee 7 IHOMCAMUS ROU Wel = 28 ne ee ee ee Ee ASE ee 2 eee PES 31 ERIN ay tie. ceerte meet ELMER Stes: CEP REET) MANETIE SS OWE S73 ye pele ea ee 9 AGING MMACTIS) See. E ree eee eto ele re LORE Dees ePaper ae Bd 24 pectinicornis Riley and Authors__.—-_______—-_-- eee ee ears See a 13 SLM MITTS COO CK ECU) ja a es ae hee ee 3 VAC OTIS Py UENO Tae ee a ec OM cee ee ee 24 NOLO STUT SHER O LW CT eee ere ee ee ee ce eo ee ee ee ee Se 35 Priophorus Dahl ho mits wees ARES. ee eS 2 eS Se Se ea es 24 AGS ast TAU VO ee se Fe a Pic eae ea pees Pa ee ee ced ok eee aL 25 DESEO Watt PRU AA TSU C7 nh a ap eee) Ee A 26 TUN BRON Were S882 a a a Pea te ithe a ata eet Re a Se 32 SUPT) ECO UU Tes eee at aie tre RA yp he 28 ie eae ee RA ean he er el eo 32 STUDY OTS SER O LLY Ces earn oe cece ert eee een ees ete See Le eae eA A 28 SS Er uTaVO TRUSS ee OO EUG Vi es Tee ea lee ge a ag eR es a 29 SUPINE OTTNT Sm OIN OTs Co May pees gene ale I rae a ns 10 46 INDEX. ES Dl ees Ne ULI it (CMD yea) fee a Stevenia Wepelericn ee ee a ee Trichiocampus ELAR eee a ee Ue J ee LOnipeEs uepel Cuela== === aa fo kel ee eee eS DAA EDR TA SITE Se (UE aT Goa) po Sy UiNe SERN TOTES EC CON Ce ee OS NEREIS (CERATONEREIS) ALASKENSIS, A NEW POLY- CHAETOUS ANNELID FROM ALASKA. By A. L. Treapwet, Of the Department of Zoology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. Among the recent annelid accessions of the United States National Museum submitted to me for identification is an apparently unde- scribed polychaete. The single specimen was taken by Lieutenant Colonel C. A. Seoane, Signal Corps, United States Army, from the cable in Valdez Harbor, Alaska, which was brought aboard the United States Army Tender Burnside during repairs to the cable in December, 1920. The depth at this point was given as 200 fathoms. NEREIS (CERATONEREIS) ALASKENSIS, new species. Type specimen.—Cat. No. 19029, U. S. N. M.; Valdez Harbor, Alaska, in 200 fathoms. Description—Apparently much distorted anteriorly by crowd- ing into the bottle used for preservation, the prostomium with its appendages has been flattened against the anterior end of the peri- stomium so that its original form is difficult to determine. The sides of the anterior half of the prostomium are nearly paral- lel to one another, the anterior half being narrower than the posterior. The tentacles are in contact at their bases and are about half as long as the prostomium. The posterior half of the prostomium is about twice as wide as the anterior, and has two pairs of very prominent dark eyes with large lenses. The palps are very prominent, attached to the prostomium for the greater part of its length. In the present condition of the specimen, the terminal joints of the palps are with- drawn into the basal portion, so that the latter has a truncated ap- pearance. On the right side the only tentacular cirri present are the two of the anterior pair and the ventral one of the posterior, while on the left only the two ventral ones remain. All are much shriveled, the longest, the dorsal one of the anterior pair on the right side, extending as far as somite 5. The anterior somites seem to be much contracted, so that it is probable that in the living individuals these cirri would not reach so far. Somite 2 is about one-third shorter than 1, which No. 2397.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 60, ART. 2. 31386—22—Proc.N.M. Vol.60——_5 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 60. is 1.5 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. The greatest body width is in the region of somite 6, where the diameter is 6 mm. The somites in general are about 0.75 mm. in length; the body is 95 mm. long, with approximately 120 somites. It tapers rapidly toward the posterior end, but no trace of anal cirri remain. Throughout the posterior half the dark dorsal blood vessel and anastomosing blood vessels on the dorsal surface of each somite give a dark color to the dorsal surface. The jaws are long but not very stout, yellow at the base and chestnut colored at the apex. The teeth are not very distinct, but there seemed to be 7 on the left and 10 on the right. The proboscis was retracted, but dissection showed a total absence of paragnaths on -TOO1, -bwo1s yd yt etied Tis ror zed tiods nee hoe r ei 2014 od to Ys sf tolgstagq odT 2 dees ih a Pate are es 1 abkskeseis, “Naw MBeciRS) a, 1TH PaRaPopiuM boedosiis 36 cient Gar aN PESRy PAP ORE PA 6 AL SeSENSEE PRES 17612 35 oy PORR A Jas2eotd 9f fy feat “PPorol 2 ait to IEG IDIKST 91 di to} orion théi basak portion! {Oreittie; terminals pdrtionnl avias» absent, IT not nord than 81very.smnadlisdattéred ones om either sidé,oHiIoand IV, 8 very small scattered ones, the distinction between III and,JV not being ver} distinetzo1q fr1io 1slyosiaet yiao odt obie tdoit ont 6Pheol tthi! parapodam (fig? d)pshdwsi much: llessadistinetion: between neurd and néto!podiume thdn occunsofarther! posteriorly. o Phe dorsal notidpodial. lobe tisdarge, thick, conicalg with aoveryileng and slender ciyras; vxtenthing td @ considerable distance béyond . | 18° 19 Other crystals from the same lot have a short pyramidal habit with p(111) prominent and w(331), m(110), and a@(100) about equally de- veloped, as shown in figure 6. These are irregular and appear as though made up of numerous very small individuals in parallel posi- tion. The reflection from the faces are consequently not very good. The angles measured on a crystal of this habit are given below. Angles of zircon crystal from Idaho City (fig. 6). | Measured. | Calculated. | Letter. | Miller. Reflection. ¢ | p ¢ p | m | 110 | Very good..| 45 00 | 90 00} 45 00/90 00 | a LOOM Googe. 02 | 90 00 0 00/90 00 | Pp 111 | Medium....! 45 00 41 58 45 00} 42 09 u | SSI atte 3 3 45 00 | 69 29 45 00} 69 47 | Although the majority of the tetragonal crystals in the Snake River sands are similar to those shown in figures 1 to 4, several other types were seen. A sand from Rosa, Bingham County, contains scat- tered translucent crystals of a brownish color which are short pris- matic, with the length about twice the thickness. These show the prism m(110) and the pyramids p(111) and u(331) developed as shown in figure 9. A crystal of this type yielded the following measurements: 3136—22—Proce.N.M.Vo0l.60——6 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 60 Angles of zircon crystal from Rosa, Bingham County (fig. 9). | Measured. Caleulated. Letter. | Miller. Refiection. | ¢ p ¢ e | | | m TION Goode. - | 45 00 90 00 45 00/90 00 D TE ROOK se acee | 45 00} 42 20); 45 00 | 42 09 u 331 | Very poor.-| 45 00] 70 11] 45 00/69 47 This looks very much like zircon, but the angles are nearer those of rutile, although the measurements are not sufficiently exact that it may be referred to that mineral. One or two crystals having the same form as the last and an orange-red color were seen in a sand from Minidoka but were not measured. One of the most unusual types of tetragonal crystals seen occurs in the Minidoka sand and is long acicular, the length being 10 to 20 times the diameter. These crystals show only the unit prism m(110) and the pyramid p(111), as shown in figure 7. The crystals of this long prismatic type are all pale pink in color. One which was measured gave the following angles: Angtes of zircon crystal from Miwidoka (fig. 7). Measured. Calculated. Letter. | Miller. Reflection. m | 110 wee good.. 45 00 90 00; 45 00; 90 00 Pp lira Oe ee | 45 00| 42 00}; 45 00] 42 09 The only other type of tetragonal crystals seen was bipyramidal showing no prism faces, only the form p (111) being present. This habit is illustrated by figure 8. Crystals of this habit having an orange-red color occurred rarely in a sand from Snake River in Ada County and a few having a brownish-white color were seen in the samarskite-columbite concentrate from Idaho City. Accurate measurements could not be obtained from these crystals owing to their small size and imperfect faces. While all of the above-described tetragonal minerals are referred to zircon, comparison of the angles will show, as previously men- tioned, that several of the types, especially the latter less common ones which have orange or brown colors may equally well be thorite, xenotime, or a light-colored rutile. The measurements were in no case sufficiently accurate or dependable to serve as evidence for differentiating between these tetragonal minerals which differ only a few minutes from each other in angles. It is comparatively certain, however, that zircon is the only abundant tetragonal mineral pres- ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 15 ent in the sands examined and that, if these similar minerals occur at all, it is only as rare and scattered crystals. MONAZITE. The presence of monazite in heavy sands in Idaho was first recog- nized by Lindgren‘ in the gold placers of the Boise Basin, where he found it as a resinous brown mineral in subangular grains in part exhibiting crystal faces. Roughly quantitative analyses by Hillebrand made upon the purified sand showed the principal con- stituents to be phosphoric acid and cerium earths, with a small amount of thorium. The absence of yttrium earths showed that xenotime probably was absent. Later, Day in his work on the black sands of the Pacific Slope,> reported the mineral from 37 localities in 10 counties in Idaho. Some of these are in error, since several of the sands listed are from Snake River localities and a reexamina- tion of the same samples failed to detect any monazite. Schrader ® has recently described the occurrence of monazite in Nez Perce County in northern Idaho. The monazite occurs most abundantly in the gold-placer region about Centerville, in Boise County, and preparations were made some years ago by the Centerville Mining and Milling Company to recover and clean the sand for market. The plant which was built was burned before any important production had been made and the commercial outlook was not sufficiently bright to encourage its rebuilding. The Idaho monazite is seemingly lower in its content of thoria, which is the only valuable constituent, than similar sands from Brazil, with which it can not compete in the very limited market. The work of the several investigators who have examined the Idaho monazite-bearing area seems to indicate conclusively that the monazite is an original mineral present as an accessory constituent in the granitic rock of the great central Idaho batholith and it is probably more or less present in every drainage basin within this great granitic area. Lindgren panned crystals of both monazite and zircon from angular granite soil formed by disintegration of the granite on slopes where these minerals could have no other source. During the present examination monazite was noted abundantly in sands from Grimes Creek and elsewhere near Centerville and from Idaho City, in Boise County, from Pierce City and Orofino, in Clearwater County, and from French Creek, in Nez Perce County. It is a noteworthy fact that in the examination of Snake River sands from nine localities in five counties no trace of the mineral was found. 4Lindgren, Waldemar, U. S. Geol. Survey, 18th Ann. Rept., pt. 3, pp. 677-679, 1898. ®* Day, D. 'T., and Richards, R. H., Mineral Resources U. 8. for 1905. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1906, pp. 1195-1201. °Schrader, F. C., Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 430, p. 185, 1910. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 60 Tn color the monazite is commonly resinous golden yellow to amber or orange brown. Only a few crystals were found which had what could accurately be described as a greenish tinge, the associated 14 Fies. 10—-14.— CRYSTALS OF MONAZITE. greenish grains usually being either augite, titanite, or olivine. A few green and a few perfectly colorless transparent monazite crystals were seen in the samarskite-columbite concentrate from ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 17 Idaho City described below. The monazite is, for the most part, in sharp and perfect crystals although many of the larger crystals are broken or abraded. The average diameter in the mineral in the screened sands studied is less than 1 mm., but in one “ oversize” sample rough crystals up to 5 mm. in diameter were observed, and larger masses may have been discarded by screening. In form the monazite from all of the several localities represented is very similar. The figures reproduced were all drawn from measurements made upon crystals selected from a sand from Centerville, and subse- quent examination of the numerous other sands did not reveal any additional forms, combinations, or habits. The smaller crystals are often flawless and perfectly transparent, while the larger in- dividuals are more or less opaque from the presence of numerous cracks and rifts. The forms noted on the crystals are few in num- ber and perhaps 90 per cent of the crystals seen had almost precisely the habit shown in figure 10, and 9 per cent had the form shown in figure 11. Figures 12, 13, and 14 represent quite unusual habits. The very simple habit shown in figure 14 is characteristic of some of the very largest as well as of the colorless and green monazite crystals seen in the samarskite concentrate. The more prominent faces on the majority of the crystals gave fairly good reflections and the agreement between the angles measured and the theoretical angles completely dissipates any doubt which may remain regarding the identity of the Idaho mineral. The averages of the angles meas- ured on the several crystals examined are compared with the theo- retical angles in the following table: Angles of monazite from Idaho. Measured. | Calculated. Letter. | Miller.| Reflection. | e | p g p a 100 | Very good..| 90 00; 90 00); $0 00); 90 00 b OL eae agi 0 00| 90 00 0 00}; 90 00 Ir ite 001 | Very poor..| 89 58] 13 23} 90 00/138 40 | m 110 | Very good..| 46 44] 90 00| 46 43 | 90 00 | mn 120 | Good......| 27 35 | 90 00] 27 58/90 00 lid 210 | Very poor..| 69 15] 90 00| 64 47/90 00 (esi 8e Olle Goods 225. 14 25 | 48 37) 14 43/43 44 | | w 101 | Very good..| 90 04] 50 43] 90 00/50 48 | ; Ti} Is); Good ay. 42). 38 43 | 49 43] 38 37 | 49 50 | | 021 | Very good..| 7 36] 61 38 Tne Gb 495) zc HOI ee doviss 90 09 | 36 31] 90 00 36 29 The monazite of one sample from Pierce City is in unusually coarse, imperfect crystals which have an internal grating structure which may be due to multiple or polysynthetic twinning. Inclusions are not abundant, and the monazite is rarely attached to any other mineral. In one case a hexagonal tablet of biotite was seen imbedded 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 in a crystal and another crystal was penetrated by a tabular crystal of ilmenite. TITANITE. Titanite is not rare as a constituent of the heavy sands, although it is nowhere very abundant and its distribution is not so universal as might be expected. It occurs in the nonmagnetic portion of the sand from Bear Creek, Camas County, along with zircon, allanite, and gold, as small irregular grains and flat crystals which vary from yellow through various shades of green in color. Except for a cer- tain greasy appearance and luster the irregular grains are hard to (listinguish from irregular grains of augite and olivine which are common in other sands. The majority of the titanites, however, show some crystal faces, and the form is quite characteristic, being unmistakably different from the forms assumed by olivine and augite. The titanite crystals show the familiar “envelope” com- bination of the base c(001), the clinopinacoid a(100), and the unit pyramid (111), the appearance of the crystals being as shown in the drawing, figure 26. Usually the thin edges and corners of the crystals are more or less worn and broken, and where this is not the case the interfacial angles often have a rounded or fused appear- ance. The basal pinacoid is usually irregular or dull and pitted. The angles measured by which the several forms were identified are as follows: Interfacial angles of titanite from Bear Creek, Camas County. Angle. Reflections. Measured. | Calculated. 7 (AMET Nor (aT) renee Very good/\very good. . scl Asn cosas 49 | ne Me) Nay Smee. Sao coe a CLO Nas ce tern arena tere 43 32 | 43 49 | c(001)A\a(100)......-- Very poor/\poorick 025... 2 120 21 ee 03 | Flat crystals of this same form are abundant also in a sand from Cow Creek, in the Pierce City district, which contains much ilmenite with rose-pink pyrope in much-rounded crystals, and some monazite. It also occurs in small amount in most of the monazite-bearing sands of the Boise Basin region. In these latter sands the titanite has a pale-brown color not very different from the color of the monazite. It may be distinguished from the monazite by differences in luster and crystal form. SAMARSKITE. A sample of a heavy concentrate from a sand from Idaho City (“ P654, olivine”) was found to be distinctly radioactive. Careful microscopic examination showed this material to be composed in large part of a coal-black glassy mineral with a brown streak and conchoidal fracture. The mineral occurs in rounded grains and in ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 19 dull pitted square prismatic crystals which are either broken at the ends or are terminated by a chisel-shaped dome. All of the grains and crystals are very much corroded and are dull and brownish in color on the outside. One of the smoothest of the crystals was meas- ured by reflected hight from the faces and gave approximate meas- urements of 90° between the pinacoids and 86° between the faces of the dome, which compares well with the angle e(101) A _ e’(101) 87° for samarskite. The radioactivity of the mineral, its crystal form, and its physical properties suggest that it is samarskite. The identity is by no means definitely established, however, and it is to be understood that this and several other of the rare-earth minerals of these sands are but tentatively referred to the species under which they are described. The hardness of the samarskite is 5-6. The streak is dark brown. When powdered and examined under the microscope the mineral is found to have a dark-brown color and to be transparent on very thin edges. It is isotropic throughout, as are most such rare-earth minerals. The form and appearance of the crystals are as SN shown in figure 15, which also shows the tendency NN of two or more crystals to occur in parallel posi- tion. The samarskite makes up about 60 per cent ; of this material, which apparently is the heaviest fraction of a concentrate from a sand obtained from a dredge operating at Idaho City. In addi- tion to the 60 per cent of samarskite, this concen- trate contains about 10 per cent of columbite in yye6, 15.—crysran sharp crystals, the remaining 30 per cent consist- eee ore S : : . ° (?) Ron ing of various other unidentified rare-earth min- aor erals, zircon, monazite, garnet, and much metal- lic lead, the latter evidently being fragments of solder, bab- bitt, or of lead bullets. Quartz is frequently attached to the samarskite, and in a few instances what appears to be monazite is intergrown with it. Several other samples which were labeled ““P654 chromite,” “ P654 garnet,” etc., are apparently other frac- tional concentrates from the same original lot of sand. The one labeled “ garnet” consists of about 50 per cent by volume of pale to deep brownish-red almandite in sharp trapezohedral crystals, the remaining 50 per cent being largely samarskite and columbite. The columbite is relatively more abundant than in the first sample exam- ined. The samarskite is entirely like that already described, showing rounded pitted grains and rough crystals. Some of these have grains of quartz and crystals of muscovite attached to them, while others seem to show either two minerals or two generations of samarskite, some of the grains, where broken, showing an inner crystal sur- rouned by an outer shell of a similar substance. The sample ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 9} labeled “ chromite” contains a little samarskite, but is for the most part composed of ilmenite. _ COLUMBITE. The samarskite concentrate from Idaho City described above con- tains important amounts of a mineral in black crystals which proved, upon measurement, to have the angles of columbite. Aside from the difference in form, which is not always manifest, this mineral greatly resembles ilmenite, which occurs commonly in the sands. The colum- bite makes up about 10 per cent of the high samarskite sand and is more abundant than samarskite in the garnet-bearing sand. The crystals vary considerably in habit, ranging from tabular parallel to the pinacoid 6(010) to square prismatic. The common forms and habits are illustrated in the drawings (figs. 16 to 19, inclusive). The color is black, and the luster is more vitreous than metallic. The prismatic planes are usually very brillant, but the terminal faces are frequently more or less dull and pitted. This is especially true of the unit pyramid w(111), the faces of which are most frequently dull and often show rounded depressions, Under the microscope the powdered mineral is translucent on thin edges, with a brown color. Frequently several similar crystals are grown together in parallel position and many crystals are attached to small masses of quartz and muscovite. In the coarse polycrase-bearing sand from Centerville crystals up to 1 cm. in length occur sparingly which have the form and appearance of columbite. These are invariably dull with a grayish-black color and more metallic luster. They also are more opaque than those described above. Judging from appear- ance alone it seems probable that these crystals from Centerville are more nearly pure iron columbate, while the brilliant black crystals from Idaho City are probably higher in their content of tantalic acid, and possibly they contain some manganese. The forms and angles measured on crystals from Idaho City are given in the following table: Letter. | Miller. FRCACCEIONES Suaatansaeeeas eae aaa Ramee a ee 100 | Very good..| 90 00} 90 00}; 90 00/90 00 a b OLOT eee doz. 3.5. 0 00; 90 00 0 00} 90 00 c COM Roor ss. - 0 00 0 06 0 00; 0 00 g 110 | Very good..| 68 14] 90 00]; 68 05/90 00 m 130) |p ot = down.’ s 39 32] 90 00] 39 38) 90 00 Zz HOOe mE OOT = see. 28 20; 90 00/] 26 26/90 00 u 111 | Fair........| 68 23] 43 23] 68 05/43 48 n 21) |-Good...... (Speoo)| Gl. 1G) | 78h 37 ie Gl) 09 B ES ME OOrs 2 =. o2 04] 48 36] 51 11/148 48 e 201 | Good.....-. | $0 00} 60 29] 90 00) 60 39 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 66 POLYCRASE. A sample of “oversize” coarse sand from Centerville contains abundant grains and rough crystals of a dark-brownish or greenish- black mineral not very different in appearance from the samarskite. The crystals, which reach 1 cm. in diameter, are orthorhombic in aspect and vary from square prismatic to thin tabular. They are all coated with an exterior crust of a pale-yellow alteration product. Within this shell the crystals and grains consist of a brownish-black glassy material having a conchoidal fracture and a brown streak. Under the microscope thin fragments are transparert, isotropic, and brown in color. The mineral is intensely radioactive. Mr. Frank L. Hess had previously recognized this or a similar mineral in placer gravels from Centerville. and recently has turned his sample over to the present writer for chemical investigation, which it is hoped may yet be undertaken. The properties and appearance of the mineral are identical in most respects with the polycrase from Marietta County, N. C., and for the present it will be referred to that mineral. This mineral, recognizable by its light-colored coating, occurs sparingly also in the samarskite and columbite bearing concentrates from Idaho City. A crystal from this lot gave measurements on the pinacoids Fic. 22—Crystan of and on two pyramid faces indicating roughly the a pete haven form s(111) of polycrase. The remaining faces 6 were coated. The form and appearance of this crystal, which was tabular, are shown in the drawing (fig. 22). There was, as shown in the figure, a smaller crystal in parallel position pro- jecting from the face of the larger individual. OTHER RARE-EARTH MINERALS. In addition to the rare earth minerals described above under the headings “ samarskite,” “ columbite,” and “ polycrase,” it is probable that a number of others occur in lesser amount in the sands. In the columbite-samarskite material certain glassy to resinous grains without crystal form gave light-brown internal reflections and had a light-brown streak, while other grains gave green internal reflec- tions and fragments were brownish green under the microscope. These may include euxenite and yttrotantalite or possibly ferguson- ite. One small crystal which was noted under the microscope ap- peared to have the tetragonal form and pyramidal hemihedrism of fergusonite. In the polycrase-bearing sand from Centerville, in ad- dition to the abundant polycrase, there are occasional grayish iron- black tetragonal crystals having dull faces, which may be one of ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 23 the minerals related to tapiolite. Other grains appeared to be much worn isometric crystals of a brownish-gray color, resembling micro- lite or pyrochlore. When all the recognizable rare-earth minerals had been picked out of a sample of this sand, the residue was found to still be radioactive and to contain heavy opaque gray-black grains with submetallic luster. PYRITE. Unaltered pyrite was seen only as one or two grains in one sand, but pseudomorphs preserving the crystal form of pyrite perfectly are present in greater or less number in almost every sample of sand examined. These are often deceptively lustrous and black in color, with polished faces, but occasional particles in each sand are brownish in color or have an ocherous external coating. Most of the pseudomorphs consist of limonite, as is shown by their brown streak, but a few are attracted by a magnet and consist wholly or in part of magnetite. The forms exhibited by these pyrite pseudomorphs are cubes, or cubes with the corners truncated by octahedral planes in the majority of the sands, but those in monazite sand from Centerville are octahedral and are frequently much elongated and distorted. The most complex forms occur in the titanite and allanite bearing sand from Bear Creek. In this sand the altered pyrite crystals, which are abundant, show combinations of the cube, octahedron, and pentagonal dodecahedron, with possibly other forms. They would be exceedingly hard to identify by form alone were it not for the presence on all of them of the highly characteristic striations and grooves produced by oscillation between the cube and the pyrito- hedron. Altered pyrite crystals are sparingly present in all of the fine sands from Snake River and are very abundant in some of the coarser sands of the Boise Basin region. ALLANITE. Allanite was positively identified only in a sand from Bear Creek, in Camas County, although crystals of the same form and habit were noted in small number in several other sands, especially those from Minidoka and other Snake River localities. This mineral is difficult to distinguish by its form from certain prismatic black crystals of hornblende which occur occasionally. The Camas County sand consisted largely of magnetite, which, when extracted with a magnet, left a light-colored residue consisting mainly of irregular fragments of quartz. Scattered through this residue were crystals of titanite, zircon, garnet, etc., together with small black prisms with wedge-shaped terminations, which resembled augite crystals. One of these crystals upon being measured on the goniometer gave 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 approximately the angles of epidote, which suggested that it might be allanite. A crystal was accordingly crushed and embedded in an oil having an index of refraction of 1.695 and examined with a petrographic microscope, when it was found to be doubly refracting almost throughout and distinctly pleochroic in tones of pale dirty brownish green and greenish black. Its indices of refraction were all distinctly lower than that of the oil, suggesting that the mineral was allanite (n=1.68 Larsen) rather than pide (n=1.73-1.77 Lar- sen). Since the identity and orientation of the crystal were not sus- pected when it was measured, the direction of elongation was mounted as polar. The angles eeured are given below as inter- facial angles. Angles of allanite crystal from Camas County (fig. 28). [ . | Angle. | Reflections. Measured. | Calculated. = | ° , ° / | mei Gla) Nore (LLL 1S eo Syce lg OOG/\ DOOT et -oeeaeetne best 70 54 71 353 | rc (OO) Na (LOO) Beeee see [AV enya pO0l/\POOt eres nee see | 65 20 64 59° c(O0L) Xa (00). BAS Roor/\iairts See) AG ee i. G5n32 64 59 | c KOOL) At (102). . ..... FairAmaximum illumination. | 37 19 34 154 a (LOO)Ar GO!) =. -- - =. IP OOK) Nadie: Semeet ey cars 2 eae oe 51 43 d1 37 | : = RUTILE. Common red-black to deep-red rutile is unusually rare in these sands, the titanium being present mainly as ilmenite, with some titanite. Rare rounded prisms of deep-red rutile were found in a sand from Rhodes Creek, near Pierce City, and in a Snake River sand from Minidoka. A steely-lustered prismatic crystal 6 mm. long, found in the polycrase-bearing sand from Centerville, was identified as rutile. The prismatic zone is deeply striated, the forms present being a(100), m(110), and 2(180). The crystal is terminated by the pyramid e(011). This crystal is shown in the drawing (fig. 23). It was peculiar in showing greenish internal reflections and when the crystal was crushed and ee in transmitted light the color was yellowish green, a very unusual color for rutile. As empha- sized under “zircon,” some of the light-colored crystals which have been described as that mineral may be rutile, the angles of rutile and zircon being so similar that very accurate measurements are necessary to distinguish between them. AUGITE. Augite is common in all of the Snake River sands examined and also occurs in lesser amount in several samples from Clearwater and Nez Perce Counties. It was not found in any of the sands from the ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 25 Boise Basin. This mineral coincides roughly in distribution with the rose-pink or purple variety of garnet referred to pyrope. In several Snake River sands augite is the most abundant ingredient. Those from Wapi and Minidoka especially contain- ing 6 per cent or more of the mineral. The augite- bearing sands frequently contain more or less olivine in clear yellow crystals. The augite occurs in irregular grains and imperfect crystals which vary from emerald green through various shades of pistachio and olive green in color. They are very similar in color to some of the titanite occurring in the sand from Bear Creek, Camas County, but differ in form and luster. The crystals are commonly prismatic in form and are etched and corroded so that, although bright and glassy, very few of them have faces which yield measurable sig- nals. There is no cleavage visible and the glassy green grains and crystals were at first thought to be olivine. Careful search, however, revealed crystals which could be measured and these gave the angles "1S *8— Bums of augite. The few measurable crystals found gave — cenvervines. fairly good signals in the prism zone but the terminal faces are invariably etched and dull. One crystal gave a faint “schimmer” reading on a terminal face which indicated approxi- mately the negative pyramid s(111). The angles measured on this crystal which identify it as pyroxene are given in the following table: Angles of augite crystal from Minidoka (fig. 21). Measured. Calculated. Letter. | Miller. Reflection. = ? Pp ? p m | 110 | Very good..| 43 27 | 90 00 | 43 33 | 90 00 m AKOMi Good: = oe. 43 52 90 00 Ae 90 00 m | 110 | Very good..| 43 36 | 90 00 | 43 33 | 90 00 | a Us | OOr =: - S - 90 02 90 00 90 00 90 00 a’ TOO WMGoode e243). "90 ei2 90 00 90 00 90 00 b OLORIEsdoss. 2-2 0 00 90 00 0 00 90 00 b 010 | Very poor..| 1 07 90 00 0 00 90 00 8 Ne S3doss- 2a 28 54 33 30 25 07 33 04 Several of the coarser unscreened sands from Minidoka, which were rich in augite, contained small pebbles, the great majority of which were seen under the binocular to consist of a cellular gray rock containing glassy-green grains in a light gray ground. The 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60 grinding of thin sections of these small pebbles, which averaged about 3 millimeters in diameter, was difficult, but about a half dozen of them were successfully prepared. These sections were all alike m Ss nt 27 28 Figs. 24-28,.—24-25, OLIVINE; 26, TITANITE; 27, ILMENITE; 28, ALLANITE. and consisted of a fresh rock of marked ophitic texture having laths of twinned plagioclase feldspar in a ground of glassy augite. The sections also contained scattered comparatively large tabular crystals of ilmenite. ART. 8, BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 27 OLIVINE. Olivine occurs sparingly in all of the sands from Snake River localities as clear pale-yellow angular grains. In several samples from Minidoka it is present as clear pale lemon-yellow crystals with highly lustrous faces. These resemble small topazes or crystals of chrysoberyl and their identity was not suspected until they were measured and found to have the angles of olivine. The dominant forms present are the prism m(110) and the dome # (021) with the prism s(120) and the brachypinacoid 0(010) less prominent. The machrodome d(101) and the pyramid /(121) occur rarely as very small faces, as shown in figure 24. The combination of forms is the same on all of the crystals measured, but they vary in development, ranging from short prismatic parallel to the vertical axis (fig. 24) to moderately long prismatic by elongation on the a axis (fig. 25). Similar clear-yellow olivines from other samples of Snake River sands do not show measurable faces. Occasionally the brilliant yellow crystals of olivine have an outer coating of pale brown clay. Many of the crystals contain abundant small included grains of black iron ore. The forms present were identified by the following angles: Angles of olivine from Minidoka. | Measured. Calculated. Letter. | Miller. Reflection. ? p > p b OLO™ Goode. -- 0 00 90 00 0 00 90 00 m 110 | Very good..| 65 11 90 00 65 O01 90 00 s 20s Goodaeese:- 47 19 90 00 47 Ol 90 00 K ODTEA Es "GOe een we 0 00 49 16 0 00 49 33 d 101 | Very poor..| 90 00 50 48 90 00 Sky 32 QUARTZ. Quartz in the form of angular dirty white or brownish sand occurs abundantly in the sands which have not been too far concentrated, this being the most abundant of the lighter constiuents eliminated by panning. This mineral also occurs frequently in concentrates of the heavy materials as small brilliant transparent colorless crystals formed by the combination of the plus and minus rhombohedrons without prismatic planes, as shown in figure 20. Many of these crystals resemble octahedral crystals of diamond where the hex- agonal form is not easily distinguishable. Just why they should persist in the heavy concentrate rather than be eliminated by pan- ning is not clear. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60 HORNBLENDE. Although also a lighter constituent which is usually eliminated in concentrating, hornblende is occasionally present in the heavy concentrates. The mineral is usually in imperfect pale green pris- matic forms which have an opaque weathered and frayed appear- ance. Fresher greenish-black cleavages of hornblende were noted in some samples, especially in Snake River sands from Wapi and Minidoka. CORUNDUM. Corundum is a mineral which has probably been removed from the sands by screening, as it ordinarily occurs in crystals much larger than the average grain of the sands and owing to its hardness and tenacity it is seldom reduced to small size by wear. This mineral was noted only as one or two crystals having the form of rounded hexagonal tablets in the sand from Rosa, Bingham County. Corun- dum is known to be common in many gold-bearing gravel deposits in the region around Pierce City and near Resort, in Idaho County. A placer mine near Meadows, in Washington County, has also yielded numerous crystals of corundum, some of gem quality. Specimens of corundum from Resort which are preserved in the United States National Museum are rough hexagonal crystals up to 1 inch in diameter having gray to blue and lavender colors. One crystal is tabular and brown in color with a bronzy metalloidal sheen. CHALCOPYRITE. Chalcopyrite was found as angular grains in a sand from Wapi on the Snake River. The broken fragments are without definite form and they all have a thin translucent enamel-like coating of some dull green material which resembles a colloidal iron silicate rather than an oxy-compound of copper. Broken irregular grains of chalcopyrite occur also in the radioactive samarskite concentrates from Idaho City. OBSIDIAN. While not a mineral, volcanic glass deserves mention as one of constant though not abundant constituents of the lighter sands from Snake River localities. It occurs as thin chips of a smoky gray to black color which have sharp edges and show traces of conchoidal fracture. The chips are not at all water-worn. GOLD. Gold in grains, flakes, and nuggets occurs frequently in the sands, and in many of those which contained no visible gold it was prob- ably originally present having been removed by amalgamation. Flat ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 29 flakes of gold are of frequent occurrence in sands from Rosa, Bing- ham County, and less abundantly so in other Snake River sands from Wapi and Minidoka. Small rounded grains of a deep yellow color were noted in the nonmagnetic residue of a sand from Bear Creek, in Camas County. An “oversize” sample of coarse material from Centerville, consisting of pebbles of garnet, granular magne- tite, irregular ilmenite, and several radioactive uranium minerals contained several slightly worn rusty quartz pebbles containing abun- dant pale-colored gold. CYANITE. While not properly a mineral of the heavy sands, cyanite was seen as grayish-blue blades in a rusty granular quartz matrix in one pebble from an unscreened sand from Snake River at Minidoka. EPIDOTH. Epidote may occur sparingly in some of the sands examined, being similar in appearance to augite and olivine, from which it could not be distinguished by its appearance alone. Pebbles of pale-green epi- dote in massive granular form were noted in the coarser portion of sand from Rosa, Bingham County, associated with pebbles of sim- ilarly fine-grained brown garnet, both evidently being fragments of a metamorphic hornfels. CINNABAR. Cinnabar occurs sparingly in a sand from Pierce City, which con- sists largely of ilmenite in brilliant black grains and also contains rutile, monazite, and zircon. The cinnabar is deep red in color with a grayish metallic cast. The majority of the grains are rounded pebbles of fine granular, massive cinnabar, but many of them are more or less transparent fragments of single cinnabar crystals and a few are crystals bounded by imperfect faces which could not be identified. It seems probable that much of the cinnabar of the orig- inal gravel was in larger masses which were eliminated by screening. The United States National Museum collections contain pebbles of impure massive cinnabar up to 1 inch in diameter from a placer near Resort. Small rounded grains of cinnabar were noted in small number in the polycrase-bearing sand from Centerville. LIST OF LOCALITIES AND COMPOSITIONS OF HEAVY SANDS EX- AMINED. The following list gives the locality, average size of grain, and chief minerals of the 52 sands from Idaho localities which were ex- amined during the course of the present work. Each sand is as- 3136—22—Proc.N.M.Vol.60——7 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 signed a new serial number, and the original number accompanying the sand is given. It is to be remembered that none of these are natural sands, all having been greatly concentrated by gravity proc- esses or separated magnetically before coming to the museum. In many instances the samples are merely fractional products of several successive concentrating and purifying processes. The arrangement is by localities, the counties being listed alphabetically. ADA COUNTY. 1. Snake River, near Boise. Original number P 114. Abundant quartz; rare obsidian, biotite, pyrope, augite, olivine, chalcedony, and hornblende. Probably tailings from a concentrating table. Average grain diameter 0.5 mm. 2. Same locality. Original number P 114. Abundant quartz; common augite and olivine; rare biotite and obsidian. Evidently also tailings. Average grain diameter 0.75 mm. 8. Same locality. Original number P 114. Abundant quartz and ilmenite; rare pyrope, almandite, biotite, magnetite, olivine, augite, and obsidian. Average grain diameter 0.5 mm. BINGHAM COUNTY. 4. Snake River, at Rosa. ‘‘Auriferous sand.” Cat. No. 53,625 U. 8S. N. M. Abundant ilmenite, magnetite, pyrope; occasional augite, almandite, and quartz; rare zircon, gold, olivine, corundum. Average grain diameter 0.1 mm. BOISE COUNTY. 5. Centerville. ‘‘ Monazite sand.” No number. Abundant monazite, ilmenite, quartz, and zircon; occasional almandite. Grain diameter 0.3-0.5 mm. 6. Grimes Creek, Centerville. Original number P 249. Abundant quartz; common monazite, biotite, ilmenite; rare almandite and zircon. Grain size, average, 0.5 mm. 7. Centerville. ‘‘ Monazite separated by Lovett separator.” Cat. No. 90,480 U.S.N.M. Abundant monazite, zircon, ilmenite; occasional magnetite and quartz. Average grain diameter 0.50 to 0.75 mm. 8. West side of Grimes Creek, + mile north of Centerville. Original number P 657a. Abundant quartz, kaolinized feldspar; rare muscovite, alman- dite, ilmenite, biotite, hornblende, and epidote. Average grain diameter 1mm. Probably tailings. 9. Centerville. Original number P 771 “ oversize.’ Common polycrase, ilme- nite, samarskite; rare gold, uraninite (?), tapiolite (?), microlite (2), pyrochlore (?), monazite, hematite, magnetite. Average grain size 5 mm. 10. Oaks Placer Mine, Centerville. Original mark ‘‘P 670, ilmenite, 2.3 am- peres.” A magnetic concentrate. Abundant biotite; common monazite and zircon; rare epidote, quartz, limonite pseudomorphs after pyrite, and almandite. Grain size averages 1 mm. 11. Centerville. Originally marked ‘ monazite 5 amperes.” Abundant mona- zite, with rare zircon, muscovite, biotite, and feldspar. Grain size 0.50 to 0.75 mm. 12. Centerville. Original No. P 670. Marked “zircon, under tails, 20.2.” Abundant zircon; rare quartz, garnet, monazite. Grain size varying from 0.10 to 2 mm. 13. Idaho City dredge, Idaho City. Original No. P 654. Mainly monazite with common ilmenite and zircon. Grain size 0.10 mm. ART. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. ol 14 15. 16. ar 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 29. 30. Same locality. P 654. Abundant monazite; common zircon; rare mus- covite, polycrase (?), Samarskite (?). Average grain size 0.50 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “magnetite.” Chiefly magnetite, with rare almandite, monazite, zircon, and .ilmenite. Average grain size 0.10 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ garnet.” Almost wholly almandite; rare columbite, ilmenite, and samarskite. Grain size averages 2 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ chromite.’ Abundant ilmenite; common almandite; rare chromite (?), columbite, polycrase, zircon. Grain size variable up to 2 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ garnet.” Abundant almandite, columbite, Samarskite; rare limonite, zircon, monazite, polycrase. Maximum grain diameter 38 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “monazite, through 80 on 100 mesh, 2.5 amperes.” Abundant monazite; rare biotite, zircon, ilmenite, horn- blende, titanite. Grain size, average, 0.10 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ monazite, special, through 60 on 80 mesh, 3.50 and 3.75 amperes.” Abundant monazite; rare zircon, muscovite, biotite, and ilmenite. Grain size 0.25 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ olivine.’ Abundant samarskite, colum- bite; rare yttrotantalite (?), fergusonite (7), polycrase, monazite, cinna- bar, chalcopyrite, zircon. Grain size, average, 2 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked ‘ monazite, special, through 60 on 80 mesh, 4.00, 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, and 5.00 amperes.” Abundant zircon and monazite; occasional ilmenite and muscovite. Grain size, average, 0.25 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ monazite, special, through 60 on 80 mesh, 2 amperes.” Abundant monazite, ilmenite, samarskite, zircon; occasional muscovite and biotite. Grain size, average, 0.25 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ monazite, special, through 80 on 100 mesh, 4.50, 4.75, and 5.00 amperes.” Abundant zircon, monazite, and quartz; common muscovite. Grain size, average, 0.2 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ monazite, through 80 on 100 mesh, 3.75 amperes.” Abundant monazite; occasional zircon, quartz, and muscovite. Grain size, average, 0.10 mm. Same locality. P 654. Marked “ monazite, through 80 on 100 mesh, 4.00 and 4.25 amperes.” Abundant monazite; occasional zircon; rare quartz, muscovite, and ilmenite. Grain size, average, 0.10 mm. . Same locality. P 654. Marked “ monazite, through 60 on 80 mesh; 3.25 amperes.” Abundant monazite; common zircon; rare muscovite, biotite, chlorite, samarskite. . Centerville. Cat. No. 90,480 U. S. N. M. Abundant monazite, ilmenite; occasional zircon and magnetite. Average grain size 0.75 mm. CAMAS COUNTY. Bear Creek. Abundant magnetite, quartz; common almandite, limonite pseudomorphs after pyrite; rare gold, allanite, titanite, and zircon. Aver- age grain size 1 mm. CLEARWATER COUNTY. Cow Creek, Pierce district. Original number P 280. Abundant ilmenite, pyrope; common quartz, monazite, and titanite; rare augite and zircon. Average grain size 1 mm. oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 60 31. Cow Creek, Pierce district. Original No. P 280a. Abundant ilmenite, monazite, and pyrope; occasional quartz; rare titanite. Grain size vary- ing from 0.20 to 2 mm. 32. Pierce City. Original No. P 292. Predominant ilmenite; common mona- zite; rare gold, zircon, cinnabar, rutile. Grain size, average, 1 mm., maxi- mum, 3 mm. 33. Rich Hill Mining Co., Pierce City. Original No. P 292. Marked “ cinna- bar.” Abundant ilmenite and quartz; rare magnetite, muscovite, zircon, monazite, and cinnabar. Average grain size 2 mm. 34. Rhodes Creek, Pierce City. Original No. P 293. Predominant ilmenite; rare monazite, titanite, pyrope, zircon. Grain size, average, 0.5 mm. 35. Pierce City. Marked “ oversize.’ Abundant ilmenite, pyrope, and quartz; occasional magnetite. Grain size, average, 5 mm. ELMORE COUNTY. 36. Big Rock placer claim, Wood Creek. Original No. P 273. Marked “ zircon.” Predominant zircon; abundant garnet (pyrope?), monazite, and ilmenite. Grain Size, average, 0.25 mm. IDAHO COUNTY. 37. Resort. Original No. P 641. Marked “4.5 amperes.” Predominant monazite; common black hornblende; rare ilmenite, biotite. Average grain size, 1.20 mm. 38. Salmon River. Original No. P 235. Marked “zircon.” Predominant zircon; common gold, garnet, ilmenite, augite; rare olivine, monazite. Grain size, average, 0.10 mm. 39. Baboon placer, Hlk City. Original No. P 219. Marked ‘ monazite.” Abundant monazite, titanite; common samarskite (?), ilmenite; rare polyerase (?), biotite, muscovite. Grain size, variable, 0.25 to 3 mm. 40. Same locality. P 219. Marked ‘ zircon.” Predominant zircon; abundant monazite; occasional ilmenite; rare almandite, gold, cinnabar. Grain size, average, 0.10 mm. MINIDOKA COUNTY. 41. Riverside placers, Snake River, 8 miles east of Wapi. Original No. P 275. Predominant ilmenite; rare gold, zircon, augite, almandite, pyrope, quartz, olivine. Average grain size, 0.10 mm. 42. Same locality. Original No P 275. Predominant ilmenite; occasional pyrope, quartz, almandite, augite, zircon. Grain size, average, 0.10 mm. 43. Same locality. Original No. P 275. Predominant quartz; abundant ilmenite; occasional pyrope, almandite, augite, obsidian. Average grain size, 0.20 mm. 44. Same locality. Original No. P 275. Crushed oversize. Predominant quartz; rare muscovite, obsidian, limonite, chlorite. Average grain size, 2 mm. 45. Minidoka. Original No. 839a. Marked “Snake River gravel.” Abundant ilmenite and augite; common olivine, pyrope, quartz; rare allanite (?), zircon, and magnetite. Average grain size 0.25 mm., unscreened and variable. 46. Same locality. Original No. 839c. Abundant quartz; common augite; rare olivine, limonite, obsidian. Variable grain, sand averaging 0.25 mm., but numerous small pebbles averaging 3 mm. Arr. 3. BLACK SANDS FROM IDAHO—SHANNON. 33 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. Same locality. Original No. 839c. Abundant ilmenite; common quartz; augite and pyrope; rare gold, almandite, magnetite, allanite (?). Sand averaging 0.50 mm., pebbles of various rocks up to 1 cm. in diameter. Same locality. Original No. 839y. Abundant quartz; frequent augite, allanite (?); rare olivine, ilmenite, pyroxene. Grain size, average, 0.20 mm. Snake River, Wapi. Original No. P 275. Abundant augite, pyrope, ilmenite ; common quartz; rare olivine, biotite, magnetite, almandite, limonite, allanite (?). Average grain diameter, 0.30 mm. NEZ PERCE COUNTY. Early Bird placer, on Clearwater River, near Lewiston. Original No. P 627. Abundant pyrope; common ilmenite, hornblende, almandite; rare augite, olivine. Average grain diameter, 0.50 mm. Freneh Creek. Original No. P 664. Abundant ilmenite; common quartz; rare zircon, magnetite, monazite, titanite (?). Average grain diameter, 0.50 mm. ONEIDA COUNTY. Fall Creek placer, Snake River. Original No. P 236. Abundant quartz; common augite, ilmenite; rare muscovite, biotite, gold, almandite, ob- sidian, magnetite, pyrope, olivine. Average grain diameter, 0.20 mm. eb} ce = hy * ae te at is aNSA Dok tate stare rier cote into: 2 ‘ Ee ‘s SEALE 4. i, aa FIN age f £bp a ae) +: aa il aaiigposs en sass ‘attaup momunoo pahigenrti seternelh, alas sQererk. i ts * x ee +. me sy = “ oe sis ciate dani sik se. 33 iitaasis a ‘ DS, Di. we tea af hanes ome itt hie Apr pe 1998) anit ching susie A initio. oe a Aitdsiranar. it “ ie A yoy 4 Lk ] oe ee, oa Dy Y : a Mi. By" Can is | dn vi af pes é acta Be ¥ as iy pee sie, juny ‘ as iy ne os rains, Far wy , SAN } re seb hkee <4) +f ay Nok sai Am NORTH AMERICAN ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF THE GENERA CLISTOPYGA AND SCHIZOPYGA. By R. A. Cusuman, Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. In a recent paper under joint authorship of the present writer and S. A. Rohwer reviewing Hellen’s revision of the Pimplinae* the authors revised their previous placing * of the genus Schizopyga Gravenhorse to the extent of admitting it to the subfamily Ichneu- moninae, but expressing no opinion as to which of the tribes recog- nized by themselves it should be referred to. In their own revision of the tribes? (p. 392) they referred Clistopyga Gravenhorst to the tribe _Ichneumonini. Subsequent study of these two genera has convinced them* that both should be referred to the Polysphinctini. Since the tribal keys in the paper cited were written with the idea of excluding both genera from this tribe, neither will run there, though it was realized at the time that Clistopyga would undoubtedly cause trouble at this point. In order to make the two genera fall in the Polysphinctini in the classification of Cushman and Rohwer, it is necessary to revise couplets 5 and 8 of the “ Key to tribes based on females”*® (pp. 388— 391) and couplets 2 and 12 of the “ Key to tribes”® (pp. 391-392). The keys thus revised are given below. KEY TO TRIBES BASED ON FEMALES, 1. Ovipositor with a dorsal notch a short distance back from apex; (internal parasites Or Lepidopicrous IATVEO), UP. Ln cose cane Secee n aes So mne amen = «= aslecee 6 Ovapositor witholt Such & NOCCY. 2. et ees oe ee ee ee Seen ere eae ae Se | og Sei Fic.1.—APICES OF OVIPOSITORS: a, GLYPTA SIMPLICIPES CRESSON; b, LAMPRONOTA AMERICANA CRESSON; c, ARENETRA NIGRITA WALSH; d, MENISCUS SCUTELLARIS CRESSON; €¢, CYLLOCERIA LUGUBRIS CRESSON; J, LAMPRONOTA FRIGIDA CRESSON; g, LISSONOTA VERBERANS GRAVENHORST; /, AMERSIBIA PRIONOXY STI ROHWER. 1This paper is supplementary to the writer’s revision of the tribe Polysphictini as published in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1920, pp. 13-38, and is the sixth in the series of papers by the present writer and S. A. Rohwer dealing with the North American species of the subfamily Ichneumoninae (Pimplinae of Ashmead). 2Cushman, R, A., and Rohwer, S. A., Ins. Mens., vol. 8, 1920, pp. 161-164. ’Cushman, R. A., and Robwer, S. A., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, 1920, p. 396. “The third person pronoun is used here with the approval of Mr. Rohwer. 5 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57. No. 2399—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 60, ART. 4. 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60. 2. Tergites without oblique furrows........-------------+-+--+--2-++-+-. Lissonotini. Tergites with oblique furrows extending from basal middle to near apical PPP U So oe = oom waar o lew nyol oie me nee tee e ein ee at eer ayo terete ae Glyptini. 3. Tareal claws pectinate; apex of ovipositor spear-head like; (parasites of Lepidop- terous larvae), fen 2as sl. Sates Sse ek ee eee 1a Ameen. see 4, a é Fig. 2.— APICES OF OVIPOSITORS: a, TOXOPHORIDES ALBOMARGINATA (CRESSON); 6, PHYTODIETUS BUERGESSI CRESSON. HIND TARSAL CLAW: ¢, PHYTODIETUS BURGESSI CRESSON. Tarsal claws simple or with a large basal tooth or lobe, fig. 3.-..-...-.----- 5. FIG. 3.—HIND TARSAL CLAWS: @, ITOPLECTIS CONQUIS- Fig. 4.—APEX OF FEMALE AB- ITOR (Say); 6, ICHNEUMON IRRITATOR FABRICIUS. DOMEN OF TOXOPHOROIDES ALBOMARGINATA (CRESSON) (h=HYPOPYGIDIUM.) 4. Tergites 1-4 with oblique and apical transverse furrows and strongly sculptured; scutellum margined laterally; hypopygium heavily chitinized and extending toor: beyond anex of abdomen, Bg. (4. 2205 5. Sse he tecee ee Lycorini. Tergites without furrows and polished; scutellum not margined; hypopygium neither especially heavily chitinized nor prominent.........-..-- Phytodietini. 5. Ovipositor short, never more than half as long as abdomen, compressed (rarely subcircular in cross-section), tapering from base to the acutely pointed apex and usually with a more or less distinct swelling below at or near the middle, straight or curved upward; clypeus convex, rounded or at most truncate at apex, rarely apically impressed and very rarely confluent with face; last tarsal joint, claws, and onychia usually lange, all claws with basal tooth; face narrow and usually convergent below; mandibles narrow at apex, bidentate or edentate, in the former ease usually with upper tooth longer than lower, in the latter case with a broad spoon-like inner flange; areolet only rarely defined (so far as known extemal’ parasites OnUSplgers));) es ose ae eee Polysphinctini. A ies a : a c Fig. 5.—APICES OF OVIPOSITORS: a,POLYSPHINCTA TEXANA CRESSON; b, HYMENOEPIMECIS WILTU (CRES- SON); MANDIBLE: c, HYMENOEPIMECIS WILTI (CRESSON). ART, 4. GENERA CLISTOPYGA AND SCHIZOPYGA—CUSHMAN. 3 Ovipositor either short or long, but never formed as above; clypeus most frequently impressed and emarginate medially, occasionally inflexed and truncate or rounded at apex; apical tarsal joints rarely swollen or with large claws and onychia; mandibles either broad and bidentate at apex with equal teeth or acute and edentate, in the latter case rarely with a small inner tooth.... 6. 6. Ovipositor never nearly as long as body, cylindrical, or nearly, occasionally de- pressed or decurved at apex; claws simple, without a basal lobe or tooth, occa-~ sionally (Itoplectis) with claws of front tarsi lobed or (Apechthis) all or front and middle claws lobed, in the last genus the ovipositor is decurved at apex; notauli either absent to obsolete or very deep and pit-like anteriorly, where they aie set off by asharp carina that runs back along the margin of the lateral lobe; areolet always present; nervellus always strongly reclivous with the discoidella at or near the upper end; clypeus broadly truncate or arcuate at apex, rarely with a distinct median netch-lke- emargination:::--...0....2028..:.-38-..0- te Ovipositor compressed, or if cylindrical it is very long and slender or upcurved; all claws either with or without basal lobes or teeth; notauli strong, rarely weak, or entirely wanting, but never defined as above..................22.202.. 8. 7. Dorsal margin of lance straight to apex; propodeal spiracle slit-like, the surrounding carina prominent, separated from anterior margin of propodeum by less than its length; notauli subparallel, terminating abruptly posteriorly; polished, with abdomen impunctate; species usually largely bright ferruginous or yellowish; secondary iparasiies){ chips Gys oka 2 Fyejcincte ontein probe balewsicye Seinie's toe Le Theroniini. = = 6 % Fig. 6.—APEX OF OVIPOSITOR OF THERONIA FULVESCENS Fig. 7.— APICES OF OVIPOSITORS: a, ITOLPLECTIS CONQUIS- CRESSON, ITOR (Say); b, APECHTHIS PICTICORNIS (CRESSON). Dorsal margin of lance either decurved near apex or it is flattened at apex; propodeal spiracle usually round to long oval, rarely slit-like, and usually separated from anterior margin of propodeum by at least its length; notauli, whenstrong, com- plete and convergent posteriorly; species usually black or blackish with abdo- men distinctly punctured, seldom both pale and with abdomen polished im- punctate; (internal parasites of Lepidopterous pupae), fig. 7........Ephialtini . 8. Hy popygium very large, vomeriform, acute at apex, very heavily chitinized; vlypeus broadly truncate at apex, frequently sharply inflexed and with a more or less distinct median tooth; labrum exserted (parasites on wood-boring Parvade ) Rite Gvstee Ji5. 2 £2 COE IEeees See See Soe Cory Ie Acoenitini. Hypopygium retracted from apex of abdomen ..........-.............-..- 9. Fic. 8.— APEX OF ABDOMEN OF FEMALE OF COLEOCENTRUS OCCIDENTALIS CRESSON, 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60. 9. Occipital carina obsolete or interrupted dorsally; mesoscutum and scutellum transversely rugose throughout; apical tergite greatly lengthened; (external parasites on'«wood-borime, larvae) qin. sere clecie ss obiersinei srieiye tee aie Rhyssini. Occipital carina complete; mesoscutum and scutellum not transversely rugose, at most the scutum is rugulose; apical tergite only rarely greatly lengthened...1 . 10. Abdomen inserted above, frequently far above, the hind coxae; first tergite narrow throughout; head transverse; occiput narrow, barely concave; temples short and strongly convexly sloping; eyes emarginate within; propodeum nearly straight and horizontal from base to insertion of abdomen; hind coxae, long, slender and nearly uniform in diameter, fig. 9 .............-.- Labenini. a gx = Fig. 9.— AREOLET Fig. 10.—ARECLETS: a, TROMATOBIA RUFOVARIATA OF LABENA GRAL- (CRESSON); b, ITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR (SAY); LATOR (SAY). c, EPIURUS ALBORICTA (CRESSON). Not: agreeins entirely with above; fig? 10.0222. Del Siesp5 2 So ee ue 11. Abdomen sessile (not distinctly tapering from spiracles to base and with promi- nent anterior lateral angles), very rarely (Perithous) clavate and slightly com- pressed at apex; areolet usually defined; claws rarely without basal tooth; (ex- ternal parasites on lepidopterous, coleopterous, and hymenopterous larvae and pupac; cran.spider ege-sica)e firs —r rs ic cose Saks ok cee a's Ichneumonini. Fre@. 11.—SESSILE FIRST TERGITE OF Fig. 12.—PETIOLATE FIRST TERGITE OF XOR- PERITHOUS PLEURALIS CRESSON. IDES YUKONENSIS (ROHWER). Abdomen petiolate (tapering from spiracles to base, and without prominent anterior lateral angles), clavate to subcylindrical and more or less compressed apically; areolet usually wanting; claws without basal tooth; temples broad; (external parasites on wood-bormne larvae); fig. 122. cis con cans -cnseisinceces sclee Ws 12. Mandibles edentate at apex, rarely with a small entodorsal tooth; legs slender, Mie. ASritzend. ashe. .eeite JA. eee. eee ae. - Asse! Seey- Sega Xoridini. Fic. 13.—MANDIBLE OF POEMENIA AMERICANA (CRESSON). Mandibles bidentate at apex, the teeth subequal in length; legs stout. Odontomerini. KEY TO TRIBES, 1. Abdomen inserted above, frequently far above, the hind coxae, first tergite narrow throughout; head transverse; occiput narrow, completely margined, barely concave; temples short and strongly convexly sloping; eyes emarginate within; propodeum nearly straight and horizontal from base to insertion of abdomen; hind coxae long, slender and nearly uniform in diameter; thoracic dorsum not at’ all transversely rugosess-ccunscmnnccooke nha sce od) Labenini. Not agreeing entirely with above Anr. 4. GENERA CLISTOPYGA AND SCHIZOPYGA—-CUSHMAN. 5 2. Mandibles edentate or with a much shorter entodorsal tooth; first tergite petiolate, spiracles before middle; areolet usually wanting; thorax depressed, mesopleura distinctly longer than high; head subquadrate; notauli complete or nearly so. Xoridini. Mandibles usually bidentate apically with teeth subequal or upper tooth longer, rarely edentate in which case the inner margin is provided with a broad spoon- Aiea ees SF 2 EE LT TT Ey se SO ie oe . Occipital carina wanting or interrupted medially; mesoscutum and scutellum transversely rugose throughout; abdomen inserted rather high on propodeum, occasionally far above insertion of hind coxae; first tergite with spiracles before middle and shorter than or subequal to second, which is parallel-sided. Rhyssini. Occipital carina complete; mesocutum and scutellum not transversely rugose, at most the mesoscutums partially romuluse.- a. /sges eels os wife oe. ie ey 4, Abdomen distinctly compressed in apical third or half, (deeper than broad). Acoenitini. ADGoMen Not CIsMNCL Ry ‘COM DECESCO «nebo a, 2ee.2 ibm nce mile naan meinislais a0 206 5. . Abdomen petiolate; head subcubical, swollen below antennae, not, or scarcely, narrowing behind eyes; eyes small and placed well forward, cephalo-candad length of posterior orbits longer than or subequal to that of eye; thorax and propodeum depressed, the latter very long dorsally, short posteriorly; legs, especially the femora, stout; areolet wanting.............--..-. Odontomerini. Not entirely as above, though rarely agreeing with one or two characters. . . . - 6. . Tergites, at least 2-4, with oblique furrows which converge anteriorly until they approximate inthedorsalomiddlewit/).coaed. evsleoods. bau a due. Te Pergites Without such -furrows...Lsv509.2 WS b Ne IOOTs Oe Ae 8. . Tergites 1-5 in male, 14 in female, with apical transverse impressions which together with oblique impressions set off a median, transverse, sub-triangular area; malar furrow present; first tergite with dorsal carinae short; scutellum carinate laterally to apex; intercubitus nearly or quite twice as long as second abscissa of cubitus; nervellus strongly inclivous.....-......-..------ Lycorini. First tergite without either oblique or transverse impressions, and with dorsal carinae extending beyond middle; other tergites usually without transverse apical furrows; ®scutellum not carinate laterally; intercubitus not nearly twice as long as second abscissa of cubitus; nervellus reclivous, perpendicular, OF shightlyamclivousst >. SSeS ouet 2 cee ck Oe Sod cemadinsccdseseee Glyptini. . Tergites beyond first without either furrows, depressions, or elevated areas; dorsal carinae of first tergite defined at most only very briefly at base (in difficult species the spiracles of first tergite are very close to the base), mesoscutum anteriorly usually with a cuneiform pale spot on each side........-.---- 9: Tergites beyond first with more or less distinct elevated areas, depressions, or fur- rows or combinations of some or all of these factors; dorsal carinae of first tergite distinct and setting off a distinct basal concave area (in the very rare difficult species the spiracle of the first tergite is far from the base)...........-..- 10. . Propodeum entirely without carinae; claws strongly curved, with few (about 6) very long, closely set teeth; entire body smooth, at most very minutely punc- CAC raps oo ary 2 ere = ao ee aa sa Naan Aaa a= Seuss ee ape cto rcleye aye Phytodietini. Propodeum usually with at least an apical transverse carina, rarely without carinae ; claws long, weakly curved and if pectinate the teeth are smaller, more numer- ous, or sparsely set; at least the thorax dorsally and propodeum distinctly SCM PUULCC eS noe se a Steet eee a ee ee aad Ribas eng: Cesc ts SORE Lissonotini. ®None of the North American Glyptini have the transverse furrows, but the South American genus Zaglyptomorpha Viereck has them on tergites 2-5. This genus, however, has none of the other characters of the Lycorini. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60. 10. Propodeal spiracle slit-like, the surrounding carina prominent, separated from the anterior margin of the propodeum by less than its length; notauli subparallel, ending abruptly posteriorly; body smooth and shining, mostly bright ferru- ginous or yellow; propodeal carinae very strong and high.........- Theroniini. Propodeal spiracle round or elongate the surrounding carinae not prominent, removed from the anterior margin of the propodeum by at least its length‘ notauli obsolete or converging posteriorly; usually sculptured and dark colored, occasionally ferruginous or polished, but rarely both; propodeal carinae obso- lete or weak, at least not very high and strong..........----....--... ute 11. Notauli weak or absent; or if very strong and complete they are deep and pitlike anteriorly and set off by a sharp carina that runs back along the lateral margin of the mesoscutum;’ head set very close to prescutum; mesopleural furrow straight or curved but not angulate opposite the punctiform fovea. ..Ephialtini. Notauli usually deep, at least anteriorly; the anterior margin of the mesoscutum distinctly trilobed; head, by reason of the longer pronotum, set off from the prescutum; mesopleural furrow angulate opposite punctiform fovea.... 12. 12. Notauli strongly impressed throughout, prescutum very prominent (if notauli are not strongly impressed, as in Hymenoepimecis, the prescutum is neverthe- less very prominent and the other characters are especially well marked); temples flat or slightly convex, sloping to the strong occipital carina; face converging below and at least as long as wide at clypeus, the latter convex or slightly flattened, usually rounded at apex and with a reflexed margin, rarely (Hymenoepimecis) very weakly, broadly emarginate, never medially impressed or inflexed; mandibles narrow at apex, bidentate or edentate, in the former case usually with upper tooth longer than lower, in the latter case with a broad spoonlike inner flange; scutellum elevated and compressed from the sides; areolet very rarely defined -..............--- Polysphinctini. Notauli rarely complete, weakly impressed posteriorly, prescutum not especially prominent; temples usually strongly rounded, very rarely flat, less sharply sloping; face usually wider than long; clypeus usually medially impressed and emarginate at apex, sometimes infiexed and truncate or very weakly emarginate; teeth of mandibles subequal in length; scu- tellum broad, convex, or flattened; areolet usually complete, occasionally WATMOUOF INCOM DIOlGs 52-0 wai s hae Spe Meee ch Acer etal Ichneumonini. The present writer’s key to the genera of the Polysphinctini* will have to be modified for the inclusion of these two genera as follows: KEY TO GENERA, A. Clypeus not separated from face; mandibles edentate with a broad, spoon- like flange internally (fig. 14); ovipositor barely exserted. Schizopyga Gravenhorst. Fig. 14.—HeEAD OF SCHIZOPYGA FRIGIDA CRESSON, REAR AND FRONT VIBW: a, GULAR SUBMENTAL-MENTAL REGION; Bb, CARDO AND STIPES OF MAXILLA; C, LABIUM; d, LABIAL PALPUS ; €, MANDIBLE; f, LOBE OR MALA OF MAXILLA} g. MAXILLARY PALPUS. ™None of the Holarctic genern have the notauli strong, the genera in which they are strong being principally oriental. § Cushman, R. A., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1920, pp. 16-17. ART. 4. GENERA CLISTOPYGA AND SCHIZOPYGA—-CUSHMAN. i: Clypeus separated from face: mandibles bidentate, without a flange internallys oOvipositor distinctly, exserted:--2_2-- 5. = eee Bs B. Eyes parallel or nearly, face not convergent below and wider than long; clypeus truncate and flattened or impressed at apex; mandibles with teeth subequal; ovipositor curved upward, weakly compressed or sub- eylindrical; hypopygium reaching nearly or quite to apex of abdomen. Clistopyga Gravenhorst. Eyes convergent below, face as long as wide at clypeal foveae; clypeus either rounded or truneate at apex, but never impressed; ovipositor straight, compressed; hypopygium retracted —----------_----__=— alr. 1. For remainder of key see Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 58, 1920, pp. 16-17. Genus SCHIZOPYGA Gravenhorst. Schizopyga GRAVENHORST, Ichn. Eur., vol. 3, 1829, p. 125. Genotype— Schizopyga podagrica Gravenhorst. Very anomalous in its head characters, this genus agrees in most particulars with the more normal forms of the Polysphinctini. The form of the ovipositor, the tuberculate tergites, the deep and com- plete notauli, the swollen femora and apical tarsal joints, the dentate claws in the female, and the venation differ very little from those of the typical Polysphinctine. The very peculiar head has the face long, flat, elevated above the level of the eye-margins, and completely fused with the clypeus, which is truncately rounded at apex. The mandibles are as de- scribed above, while the lobe, or mala, of maxilla is very large, almost quadrate, and when at rest lies beneath and against the mandibles meeting its fellow along the median line. The calcaria are very stout with a small apical spine-lke process. SCHIZOPYGA FRIGIDA Cresson. Schizopyga frigida Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 3, 1870, p. 159. Type.—Cat. No. 1468, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Discussion based on a female homotype (Rohwer) from Mount Washington, New Hampshire, and another female from Ames, Iowa. The Mount Washington specimen has the hind tibiae and tarsi more extensively black than in the Iowa specimen and the coxae are piceous. Cresson’s type is from Hudson Bay Territory. Genus CLISTOPYGA Gravenhorst. Clistopyga GRAVENHOoRST, Ichn. Europ., vol. 3, 1829, p. 1382. Genotype.— Ichneumon inciiator Fabricius. Readily distinguished from the other genera of the tribe by the parallel and practically nonemarginate eyes, the short hind tibiae, which never exceed the femora very greatly in length, and, in the female, the large hypopygium and upcurved ovipositor. Ashmead’s translation of Foerster’s character for separating this genus from Polysphincta, etc., conveys exactly the opposite idea from that intended by Foerster. The ventral borders of the terminal 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60. tergites are farther separated than normal instead of inclosing the “terminal urites.” However, Foerster’s method of expressing the character is awkward. A specimen of the genotype, Clistopyga inci- tator (Fabricius), determined by Roman, has the hypopygium promi- nent but not extending far beyond the apex of the abdomen and not inclosed by the tergites; the claws are not pectinate, as stated by Ashmead, but are strongly toothed basally; the ovipositor is up- curved. The females of all the other species studied agree in all of these characters. In some species the male has the lower cheek deeply impressed and highly polished, the impression flanked on the outer side by a high, sharp ridge. This last has been referred to by Schmiedeknecht ® and by Morley ?° as a generic character. Biological records concerning the members of this genus are con- flicting. Among the specimens examined are only two such records. The types of one of the new species described below are said to have been reared from a “spider nest,” and a male of another new species labeled “ Hopkins U. S. No. 1383344” is said to have been found as an adult in the burrow of Calopus angustus LeConte in Pinus mur- rayana at Yosemite National Park. Clistopyga inciiator (Fabricius) of Europe is said by Brischke to have been reared from Retinia resinana, While Morley quotes records of its having been reared from “beech infested with Anobi and Ptilinus pectinicornis” and from galls of Cynips kollari. The “spider nest” mentioned above accompanied the specimens, but unfortunately whether it was an egg sac or the retreat on an adult spider could not be determined because of its condition. It seems likely that the records associat- ing species of the genus with other than spiders have resulted from the place of abode of a spider host. The seven North American species are very readily distinguished by the characters used in the following table. So few males are available for study that this table is based only on females, with male characters given where specimens of that sex are at hand. The first character used, the comparative length of hind tarsi and tibiae, can not, as worded, be applied to males, the orbital character being better used for that sex. TABLE TO SPECIES. 1. Posterior tarsi nearly twice as long as their tibiae, the latter distinctly shorter than their femora; yellow orbital ring strong and extending unin- termupteds to; beyond sbopyOfse yes. Ss | ees eh a z Posterior tarsi not nearly twice as long as their tibiae, the latter subequal to or slightly longer than their femora; yellow orbital ring incomplete or SEINE C20 ceeeen POs LSA ah BONES Oo ROUTER a SA eS renee ee 3 2. Hind and middle tibiae blackish with whitish annulus, first four joints of their tarsi blackish with white basal ring; propodeum with a median longitudinal funrow 22s s2 = kee eee recurva (Say). > Opusc. Ichn., vol. 3, p. 1174. 10 Brit. Ichn., vol. 3, p. 138. ART. 4. GENERA CLISTOPYGA AND SCHIZOPYGA—-CUSHMAN. 9 Hind tibiae and tarsi practically cencolorous with their femora, the tibiae obsoletely annulated, the tarsi pale and not annulated; propodeum Without longitudinal, furtowa=]— 2. 245" pulchripicta Ashmead, 8. Thorax more or less red below; orbital ring indicated at least by yeilow marks atesides of tacerands aDOVe! C¥CSs se seas = 2 se 4 Thorax entirely black; face black without markings; orbital ring entirely or practically wanting, being sometimes represented by a very minute indis- tinct reddish spot at top of eye and in male at sides of face________ 6 4, First tergite elevated in middle, the carinae strong nearly to apex; meso- pleural furrow crenulate above; mesoscutum black; ovipositor stout, anitormilylcurveds 2s Sse Pe ae ee ee maculifrons, new species. First tergite flattened above, carinae obsolete beyond summit; mesopleural furrow not crenulate; mesoscutum more or less red; ovipositor slender, straishteto} beyond) mid dle-= 4 ™ 22a a Fe 5 5. Prescutum black; orbital ring represented by three yellow spots, two at top of eye and one just below antenna; propodeum polished, sparsely HOUTA CLEC eee eee RRS MEERA a Me eee ee Calle nigrifrons, new species. Prescutum red, the mesoscutum with a median black spot flanked on either side by a yellow spot; orbital ring complete from vertex to malar space, cheek also yellow; propodeum anteriorly transversely punctate-striate. manni, new species. 6. Propodeum with distinct median carinae; ovipositor sheath much less than twice as long as first tergite; hind tibia in female not longer than femur; cheek in male deeply impressed, the impression flanked on the outside by, gastronus (Ganinatesruberculet 22 ee canadensis Provancher. Propodeum without median carina or impression; ovipositor sheath very nearly twice as long as first tergite, the ovipositor very slender, strongly compressed and very attenuate at apex; hind tibia in female longer than femur-icheck ofsmeale nora). “ace Sule fo eee ee atrata, new species. CLISTOPYGA RECURVA (Say). Anomalon recurvus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 248. (eConte ed., vol. 2, p. 698). Type.—Lost. Clistopyga annulipes Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soec., vol. 8, 1870, p. 150. Type.—No. 1443, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Clistopyga recurva (Say), CUSHMAN and GAHAN, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 23, 1921, p. 157. Neotype in U.S. N.M. Discussion based on notes on Cresson’s type, a neotype designated by Cushman and Gahan, and other material. This, the most abundant North American species of the genus exhibits in the most marked degree the peculiar characters of the genus. The eyes are very widely separated, inwardly parallel and barely emarginate; the orbital maculation very strong; the thorax fully twice as long as high, with the posterior margin of the meso- pleurum extremely oblique, and the propodeum very long, gently sloping, and without carniae; the abdomen long and slender; the first tergite flattened above with the carinae obsolete beyond the summit; the hind tibiae distinctly shorter than their femora and barely half as long as their tarsi. There is considerable variation in both size and color. The fe- males are from 8 to 12 mm. long, with ovipositor from 1.75 to 2 mm. long. The yellow markings are fairly constant except on the face, 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. 60. this varying from yellow with a narrow median stripe and the clypeal suture brownish to entirely brownish except the orbits and a small spot below each antenna. The thorax, except for the usual yellow markings, varies from entirely black with faint reddish reflections on the mesosternum to distinctly reddish both below and above, with the scutellum especially bright, and with a distinct whitish mark on each side of the middle of the mesoscutum. The tergites are frequently very narrowly edged with white though sometimes en- tirely black. The hind tibiae are usually very dark fuscous but occasionally pale fuscous, and the extent of dark color on the tarsal joints varies widely. The only male that I have seen is 5.5mm. long. It has the mesocu- tum and mesopleura and metapleura red, the face entirely yellow, the front and middle legs white except faint indications of tibial and tarsal annulations, the hind coxae stramineous, the trochanters and the femora outside (largely) white; the tibiae and tarsi colored as in female but the white somewhat more extensive. The cheeks are normal. The hind tibiae are about as long as the femora and first trochanter joint together and about equal in length to the first four tarsal joints. The abdomen is very slender and parallel sided with the first tergite twice as long as wide at apex and the others only about three-fourths as wide as long. Say’s type was from Indiana and Cresson’s from Massachusetts. Other specimens are from Anglesea, New Jersey (F. Haimbach) ; Washington, District of Columbia (F. C. Pratt) ; Falls Church, Vir- ginia (N. Banks) ; Ocean View, Virginia (A. N. Caudell) (neotype) ; Raleigh, North Carolina; Mississippi; Texas (Belfrage). CLISTOPYGA PULCHRIPICTA Ashmead. Clistopyga pulchripicta ASHMEAD, Pree. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, 1890, p. 448, female. Type.—Cat. No. 2114, U.S. N. M. Discussion based on type. That portion of Ashmead’s description referring to the oblique grooves is misleading. The grooves are not analogous to those of Glypta but are far down on the sides and are not especially con- spicuous. This species is very closely allied to if not synonymous with recurva (Say), most of the distinguishing characters observed being incorporated in the table to species. In addition the nervellus is broken somewhat higher up and the thorax is largely red. All of these characters are variable in recurva. The only known specimen is the type, which is from Texas. CLISTOPYGA MACULIFRONS, new species. This species is very distinct from either of the previously de- scribed North American species (Clistopyga recurva (Say), Clisto- ART. 4, GENERA CLISTOPYGA AND SCHIZOPYGA—-CUSHMAN. ea) pyga pulchripicta Ashmead, and Clistopyga canadensis Provancher), but structurally is more closely allied to canadensis Provancher than to either of the others or the following two new species. Female.—Length 6.5 mm., antennae (broken), ovipositor 1.6 mm. Head with temples slightly convex, polished, impunctate behind the eyes, frons sparsely, face densely punctate; face slightly wider than long; mala1 space nearly as long as basal width of mandible; ocelli arranged in a nearly equilateral triangle, the postocellar and ocello- cular lines equal and about one and one-half times greatest diameter ‘of a lateral ocellus; thorax not especially long, arched above, weakly and sparsely punctate laterally and ventrally, somewhat more densely and strongly so above, especially the propodeum, on which transverse aciculation and punctation are mingled, and which has two very short carinae above, subtending a median groove; pro- podeum strongly arched; mesopleural furrow crenulate above; hind tibia very slightly longer than the femur and nearly three-fourths as long as the tarsus, the basal joint of which is equal to the second and third together; nervellus broken about one-third above the brachi- ella; abdomen finely, deeply, densely punctate; first tergite with dorsal carinae extending nearly to apex, the area between polished, laterally with a rather distinct oblique impression apically and a low nearly circular elevation; tergites 2-5 with basal oblique and apical transverse impressions setting off strong elevations; tergites 2-6 successively, gradually shorter, 7 and 8 retracted, 8 with an upturned apical rim; ovipositor rather stout and uniformly up- curved. Piceous black with mesosternum and pleura and metapleura tes- taceous; tegulae, pronotum narrowly above, clypeus, a stripe below each antenna, inner orbit below, a spot on upper orbit, scape, and basal flagellar joint below, yellowish white; legs generally testaceous with front coxae, front and middle trochanters, a more or less distinct annulus on each tibia and basal portion of first three joints of all tarsi whitish; other portions of tibiae and tarsi more or less infus- cated the color on the hind legs being nearly black; wings hyaline, veins fuscous, whitish at base. Type locality —Texas. Type.—Cat. No. 20058, U.S.N.M. CLISTOPYGA NIGRIFRONS, new species. Differs from maculifrons Cushman, principally as follows: Female.—Length 7.0 mm.; antennae (broken) ; ovipositor 1.4 mm. Head less strongly punctate, the front entirely impunctate; malar space fully as long as basal width of mandible; postocellar line about a half longer than ocellocular line, the latter about equal to greatest diameter of a lateral ocellus; thorax polished and practically im- 3156—22—Proe.N.M.Vol.60—_8 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 60. punctate below, very sparsely, weakly so above; mesopleural furrow not crenulate; propodeum barely arched, polished behind and medi- ally at base, without carinae but with a weak median furrow; punc- tation, impressions, and elevations of tergites weak, the first tergite practically noncarinate, the carinate flattened beyond the anterior angles; ovipositor shorter, more slender and tapering, and _ less strongly curved. Face black except for minute reddish spot below each antenna and an orbital spot opposite these; upper orbits narrowly yellow from inner eye emargination to top of eye with a brief interruption oppo- site the ocellus; thorax black with mesopleura, except large spot below posterior wing, mesosternum, metapleura, scutellum, parap- sides, and anterior lateral angles of prescutum, testaceous; scutellum and postsecutellum tipped with yellowish white; white dorsal margin of pronotum extending beyond notauli; legs similarly cclored except that apical annulus of tibia is prolonged below to base and the tarsi are not distinctly annulated. A single female paratype differs from the type only in size, having the following measurements: length, 5.5 mm.; antennae, 4 mm.; ovipositor, 1.25 mm. Type locality—Mountain View, California, Host—‘On spider nest.” Type.—Cat. No. 20059, U.S.N.M. Described from the above two specimens reared from the host in July, 1898 (Ehrhorn), under No. 852401. CLISTOPYGA MANNI, new species. Closely related to nigrifrons Cushman, but larger, more slender, and with more slender legs. Compared with the above description of maculifrons Cushman differs as follows: Female.—Length 8 mm., antennae 6 mm., ovipositor 1.6mm. Face weakly punctate, frons polished, impunctate; malar space as long as basal width of mandible; postocellar line distinctly longer than ocell- ocular line, the latter subequal to greatest diameter of lateral ocellus; thorax highly polished, only very obscurely punctate; propodeum weakly arched, with a median groove but without carinae; meso- pleural furrow not crenulate; nervellus broken at lower fourth; abdomen shining, the punctation sparser and less deep; first tergite with dorsal carinae obsolete beyond summit; apical impression and lateral elevation less distinct; ovipositor slender, straight to beyond middle. Head black with distinct orbital markings extending from top of eye to malar space; cheeks also white; a small spot on face below each antenna; clypeus, mandible at base, palpi, scape and pedicel below whitish; thorax mostly red, with pronotum below, propleura, ART. 4. GENERA CLISTOPYGA AND SCHIZOPYGA—CUSHMAN. 13 a discal spot on mesoscutum, spot below hind wing, metasternum, propodeum dorsally, and sutures black to piceous; dorsal margin of pronotum, spot below front wing, tegulae, small spot on each side of middle of mesoscutum, apices of scutellum and postscutellum, whitish; front and middle legs white in front, femora and tibiae stramineous behind, middle tibia with dark mark outwardly, hind coxa testaceous, white at apex, trochanter white, basal joint piceous at base, femur pale testaceous, tibia white with fuscous subbasal spot and apical annulus, tarsi white with joints fuscous at apex; wings yellowish; abdomen black. Type locality—Pacific Grove, California. Type—Cat. No. 24164, U.S.N.M. One female captured by W. M. Mann. CLISTOPYGA CANADENSIS Provancher. Clistopyga canadensis PRovANCHER, Nat. Can., vol. 12, 1880, p. 45. Type.— Public Museum, Quebec. Female bearing yellow label 396. Discussion based on notes by S. A. Rohwer on type and female para- type, and female in collection of Mr. Nathan Banks, together with one female and two males in United States National Museum collection. Very distinct from any of the foregoing species by reason of its almost entire lack of maculation. Face shining with distinct, sepa- rate punctures medially, frons and orbits impunctate; ocelli small, postocellar line slightly longer than ocell-ocular line; scutellum and postscutellum shining, practically impunctate; wings dusky, ner- vellus broken slightly below middle; tergites with distinct, rather close punctures, second slightly longer than third; ovipositor rather weakly upcurved. The female from the collection of Mr. Banks agrees with Provancher’s description and also with the above. It is 8.5 mm. long. Those portions noted by Provancher as being white (that is, palpi, front trochanters, and tegulae) are somewhat darker, and there is no trace of the white annulus on the front tibia. The orbital maculation is represented by very minute reddish spots at the top of the eyes. The thorax is strongly compressed. The first tergite is slightly elevated above with the carinae strong to summit. Two males in the National Museum collection agree very well with the female. The sculpture is slightly stronger. The lower cheeks are impressed and carinate. In one of the males the orbital maculation is exactly as in the female; but in the other it is yellowish and more extensive, being also represented by a short, narrow line at the side of the face. The type is from Cap Rouge, Quebec; the Banks specimen from Middlesex Falls, Massachusetts; the National Museum female from Nerepis, New Brunswick (A. G. Leavitt), and the two males from Colorado and Oswego, New York. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60. CLISTOPYGA ATRATA, new species. In color and structure very similar to canadensis Provancher, but distinctly more slender. Female.—Length, 7 mm.; antennae, 4 mm.; ovipositor, 1.75 mm. Slender; head in front view transverse, polished, except face, which has distinct well separated punctures; face convex with a median rounded elevation; clypeus medially triangularly impressed nearly to base; malar space hardly as long as basal width of mandible; diameter of lateral ocellus equal to postocellar line and longer than ocell-ocular line; thorax polished, mesoscutum and scutellum slightly roughened; metapleurum sparsely and finely punctate; propodeum without median carinae, sparsely punctate laterally, transversely ar- cuately striate behind; nervulus postfurcal, nearly perpendicular ; nervellus broken far below middle, perpendicular; hind tibia longer than femur; abdomen nearly twice as long as head and thorax, finely, densely punctate, the tergites with distinct elevations and impres- sions, first tergite slightly elevated with carinae strong to summit of elevation; ovipositor slender, distinctly compressed, and straight to near apex, sheath nearly twice as long as first tergite. Black; clypeus piceous; basal flagellar joints pale beneath; palpi, humeral angle of pronotum, and tegulae whitish; wings hyaline, very slightly brownish stained; legs testaceous, front legs, especially coxae and trochanters almost stramineous, hind tibia fuscous with a white annulus, reddish below at apex, hind tarsus fuscous with the first three joints more or less white at base, the same pattern repeated in less contrasting colors on middle tibia and tarsus. Male—tULike female but thorax and abdomen more strongly sculp- tured; upper orbits with a small brownish mark; front coxae and trochanters white; cheeks normal. Type locality—Berkley, California. Allotype locality —Y osemite National Park, California. Type—Cat. No. 24165, U.S.N.M. One female taken in September, 1914, by E. P. Van Duzee and one male taken August 10, 1917, by J. E. Patterson and recorded under Hopkins U. S. No. 138334/, which shows it to have been taken from the gallery of Calopus angustus Le Conte in Pinus murrayana. SPECIES WRONGLY INCLUDED IN CLISTOPYGA. (Clistopyga nigrocephala Davis)=Polysphineta (Zatypota) nigrocephala (Davis). (Clistopyga pleuralis Ashmead)=Asphragis pleuralis (Ash- mead). (Clistopyga truncata Provancher)=Glypia truncata (Pro- vancher). (Clistopyga zonata Davis) =Tromatobia zonata (Davis). NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS BELONGING TO THE FAMILY DICHELESTHIIDAE, By Cuartes Brancn Wison, Department of Biology, State Normal School, Westfield, Massachusetts. INTRODUCTION. This is the sixteenth? paper in the series dealing with the parasitic copepods in the collection of the United States National Museum, and comprises the family Dichelesthiidae. The genera belonging to this family are closely related to the Caligidae and Lernaeidae and are included with them in the group known as the Caligoida. They are gill parasites and when fully developed the females probably remain attached to the same spot on the gills of their host. In this sense they may be properly called fixed parasites, but they never burrow into the tissues of the host after the manner of the Lernaeidae, and yet one of the genera, Caetrodes, furnishes a very respectable compromise in this direc- tion. While it does not itself burrow into the gill filament of its host, it does in some way So irritate the gill epithelium that the latter grows up into a flap or fold, entirely surrounding the body of the copepod and holding it securely in place. Also other genera, such as Anthosoma, Hudactylina, Nemesis, and Dichelesthium, produce enough irritation with their prehensile claws in the gill epithelium to cause it to grow up around the claws them- selves, but so far as known it never surrounds any portion of the copepod’s body, not even the anterior margin of the head. In con- sequence of thus remaining at least partially free there is no instance of any material change in the parasite’s bodily form or structure sub- +The fifteen preceding papers, all of which were published in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, are: 1. The Argulidae, vol. 25, pp. 635-742, pls. 8-27. 2. Descriptions of Argulidae, vol. 27, pp. 627-655, 88 text figures. 8. The Caliginae, vol. 28, pp. 479-672, pls. 5-29. 4. The Trebinae and Huryphorinae, vol. 31, pp. 669-720, pls. 15-20. 5. Additional Notes on the Argulidae, vol. 32, pp. 411-424, pls. 29-82. 6. The Pandarinae and Cecropinae, yol. 33, pp. 323-490, pls. 17-43. 7. New Species of Caliginae, vol. 33, pp. 593-627, pls. 49-56. 8. Parasitic Copepods from Pacific Coast, vol. 35, pp. 481-481, pls. 66-83. 9. Development of Achtheres ambloplitis Kellicott, vol. 39, pp. 189-226, pls. 29-36. 10. The Ergasilidae, vol. 39, pp. 263-400, pls. 41-60. 11. Descriptions of New Genera and Species, vol. 39, pp. 625-634, pls. G5-68. 12. De- scriptions of New Species, vol. 42, pp. 283-2438, pls. 80-34. 138. The Lernaeopodidae, vol. 47, pp. 565-729, pls. 25-56. 14. The Lernaeidae, vol. 58, pp. 1-150, pls. 1-21. 15. The Sphyriidae, vol. 55, pp. 549-604, pls. 50-59. No. 2400.—PROCEEDINGS U.&. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 60, ART. 5. 1 9 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 60 sequent to attachment. The grotesque transformations so common in the Lernaeidae and Sphyriidae are entirely unknown here, and there are not the complicated differences in size and morphology be- tween the two sexes. The males are smaller than the females but they never become pygmies, and the structure of the two sexes is so similar that it betrays specific as well as generic identity. The material for the present paper has been derived chiefly from the collection of the United States National Museum, which included most of the genera. This material has been supplemented with speci- mens collected by the present author at Beaufort, North Carolina, in 1905, while working for the United States Bureau of Fisheries, which include six new species. There are also three more of the drawings by J. H. Blake, placed at the author’s disposal by the late Dr. Richard Rathbun. Specimens, descriptive notes, and pencil sketches of a new species of Lernan- thropus from the Pacific coast came to the author many years ago from Dr. M. T. Thompson. The same methods of dehydration and clearing have been used as in the Lernaeidae and Sphyriidae, and with excellent results. Much of the internal morphology has been determined from these cleared specimens, and they have been supplemented by serial sections of Nemesis, H'udactylina, Dichelesthium, and Lernanthropus. As here constituted the family is made up of 20 genera, of which one, Bassettithia, is a new genus name to take the place of one already occupied, and 107 species, of which 9 are new to science. The present author has been unable to examine any specimens belonging to the genera Norion, Krgyeria, Congericola, Lampro- glena, Donusa, Bassettithia, Pseudoclavella, Cybicola, and Ven- triculina. But it has seemed wise to include keys to the species of these genera, based necessarily upon their published descriptions. HISTORICAL. Abildgaard was the first to notice any of the species belonging to this family. In 1794 he described and figured? two new species, which he referred to the genus Caligus and named, respectively, cras- sus and oblongus. In 1816 Leach, probably without knowing of Abildgaard’s description and figures, established a new genus and species upon some specimens from the gill cover of a shark captured on the coast of England, which he named Anthosoma smithii.' About the same time or a little later Risso published his “ Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces des environs de Nice,” in which he described (p. 162) a new species of the genus Caligus, which he called Caligus imbricatus. Weach afterwards had an opportunity of examining 2 Skrivter af naturhistorie Selskabet, Kjgbenhavn, vol. 3, pp. 46—54, pl. 5, figs. 1-11. 8 Suppl. Encye. Brit., vol. 1, p. 406. ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 3 Risso’s type specimens and found them the same as his own, yet Risso described them again in 1826 under the name Otrophesia imbricata,* and even quoted Leach as the authority for his new generic name. A careful examination of the three descriptions and their accompany- ing figures makes it evident that they were all dealing with the same species. But it is not a species of Caligus, and hence Leach’s generic name is valid with the specific name given by Abildgaard, and the species becomes Anthosoma crassum. It was retained, however, in the genus Caligus by Lamark, who even made separate species of imbricatus and smithii. All other authors since Leach have adopted his genus, although there has been considerable division of opinion over the three specific names. Similarly Abildgaard’s second species, oblongus, was made the type of a new genus by Hermann in his “ Memoire Apterologique ” in 1804. Like Leach, he seems not to have known of Abildgaard’s de- scription and figures, for he named his new genus type Dichelesthium sturionis. This genus name was adopted by Oken, 1816, Desmarest, 1825, and Nordmann, 1832, but was changed to Dichelestiwm by Latreille, 1817, and all other subsequent authors except M. J. Rath- bun, 1905, and Norman and T. Scott, 1906, who retained Hermann’s original spelling. To none of them, however, except White, 1850, and the last two just mentioned, not even to those who claimed that Abildgaard’s species and Hermann’s were identical, did it occur that the species name given by the former must take precedence over that of the latter (see p. 86). To these two original genera others have been added from time to time, as indicated in the key upon page 20. Of these Blainville added Lernanthropus in 1822, Nordmann contributed Lamproglena in 1832 and Donusa and Norion in 1864, P. J. van Beneden con- tributed Hrgasilina in 1851, Fudactylina and Krgyeria in 1858, and Congericola in 1854. He was apparently unaware that this last genus was identical with Milne Edwards’s Cyenus, since he makes no mention of the latter. But since the name Cycnus had been pre- occupied (see p. 57) Beneden’s name becomes valid. The remaining genera have come at scattered intervals, most of them within the present century. The descriptions and figures have been uniformly good, so that now we have reliable data upon their general form and habits. But there has been much less information with reference to their internal morphology and their life history. Heider in 1879 published a monograph entitled “ Die Gattung Ler- nanthropus,” in which he gave an excellent account of the internal anatomy, and included also the minute histology of the various tis- sues, but this is the only genus to be so treated, and in reference to 4 Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 5, p. 136. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 the life history Heider gave merely the odgenesis, with nothing on the larval development. Heider’s remarkable description has served as a basis for the present paper, and with it have been compared the morphology of Dichelesthium, Nemesis, and Hudactylina. ECOLOGY. While the component genera and species of the present family are fixed parasites in the sense that they do not move about freely over their hosts like the Caligidae and Argulidae, they are not abso- lutely incapable of motion like the Lernaeidae. Consequently while there is a greater or less loss of the powers of locomotion there is no marked sexual dimorphism, the body frequently retains its seg- mentation and flexibility, and none of the appendages are lost or abnormally transformed. Sexual dimorphism.—There is more or less disparity in size be- tween the two sexes, but the general body structure remains the same, so that the male of any genus can be easily located through its resemblance to the female, and while the males are always smaller than the females they are never reduced so much as to become pygmies. In the subfamily Anthosominae the genus Lernanthropus is the one in which the male is best known. Here the male is not only smaller than the female, but it lacks the dorsal plates which cover the body of the latter, so that the laminate legs project for their entire length in dorsal as well as in ventral view. The segments of the thorax are more completely fused than in the female and are seldom indicated by anything except the modified legs. In the subfamily Eudactylinae the males of Congericola, Nemesis, and H'udactylina are known. They differ from the females in hay- ing a relatively shorter and narrower genital segment, and the seg- mentation in the Nemesis male is almost wholly obscured. In the subfamily Pseudocyeninae the males of Pseudocycnus, the only ones known, differ from the females in the fact that the long genital segment of the latter is replaced by a very short, almost spherical segment, in front of which the fourth legs stand out rigidly on either side. The cephalothorax is relatively the largest region in the body, while the abdomen terminates in two large flaring anal Jaminae. In the subfamily Dichelesthiinae the males of Hatschekia and Dichelesthium are almost perfect counterparts of the females, half a size smaller. None of the males in any of these subfamilies is found attached to the female after the manner of the pygmy males of the Lernaeopodidae and Sphyriidae. But they are all attached inde- pendently to the host in the same manner as the females. ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 5 Locomotion.—Both sexes are free swimmers during development, but after attachment to their host it is probable that they do not move about. ‘The swollen and lacerated condition of the host’s skin at the spot where the female parasite’s claws penetrate it indicates that the attachment is a permanent one and not temporary. The structure of the second antennae, which serve as attachment organs in most of the genera, also indicates that they are intended for per- manent attachment. And at least in Anthosoma and Dichelesthium, and in both sexes of the latter, the skin of the host grows up around the buried claws and completely envelops them. Neither sex of Hatschekia, Nemesis, or Hudactylina is fastened as securely as this, and they could easily loosen their hold upon the gill filament and move about from one place to another after the manner of H'rgasilus, and it is possible that the males may go farther than this, for when removed from the gills and placed in water the male of Nemesis is able to move itself about vigorously by means of its swimming legs, and can even swim in a bungling fashion, but the body of the female is apparently too heavy and she quickly sinks to the bottom. Prehension.—The chief organs of prehension are the second antennae and maxillipeds. The former are large and powerful in all the genera and are armed sometimes with stout claws, as in Lernanthropus, Norion, and Hatschekia, and sometimes with strong chelae, as in Argyeria, Dichelesthium, and Pseudoclavella. In An- thosoma the second antennae are also elongated and form a pair of arms something like the maxillae of the Lernaeopods. In Nemesis and H'udactylina the second antennae are weaker, while the maxilli- peds are greatly enlarged and become chelate, so that they usurp most of the functions of prehension. When the second antennae terminate in claws the two appendages are opposed to each other like the arms of a pair of pincers, and the tips of the claws are usually thrust past each other so that they overlap for quite a distance, and in this way a very firm hold is obtained. In fact, the skin and flesh of the host have to be cut away before the parasite can be removed. On the other hand, if each antenna terminates in a chela, they are attached separately and usually some distance apart. The chela is supposed to give a some- what stronger and more permanent form of attachment, but the interlocking of the claws just mentioned makes them fully as power- ful as the chelae. Hosts—This family of parasites is confined exclusively to salt- water fish, and practically all of them to the fish’s gills. The genera Eudactylina, Kréyeria, Nemesis, and Ergasilina infest sharks and rays of various species; Anthosoma is found on sharks and the sun- fish ; Dichelesthium has thus far been found only upon the sturgeon; 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 Lernanthropus and Hatschekia are cosmopolitan, using a great variety of fish from every ocean and nearly every latitude; Congeri- cola is found on the Labridae, or wrasse fishes, chiefly in the Medi- terranean; most of the other genera are made up of single species widely scattered. Being found chiefly upon nonedible fishes, the species of this family have but little economic importance, and in addition they are of such small size and occur in such limited numbers that their importance is still further restricted. In most families of parasitic copepods the number of specimens upon a single host may be in- creased under favorable conditions until it becomes a menace to the life of the fish. Nothing of the sort has ever been reported in connection with the present family. Focd.—The presence of the great majority of the species upon the gills of their hosts and the color of the contents of the digestive tube when freshly examined leave no doubt that these parasites eat the blood of their host. The walls of the stomach also have the same structure as those of other blood eaters. That the amount con- sumed by a single parasite is small may be inferred from the fact that it is content to remain upon the gills, in company with other kinds of parasites, instead of boring into the flesh to get at some large blood vessel. MORPHOLOGY. General body form—tIn general the body of a dichelesthiid is elongate and tapers gradually from the head to the abdomen. The thorax is usually distinctly segmented and the genital segment is but little wider and longer than the preceding segment, but in the genera Pseudocycnus, Congericola and Krgyerta ‘the genital segment is greatly elongated and is considerably wider than the free segments. In the genus Lernanthropus there is considerable fusion of the thoracic segments, and the body is greatly modified by the trans- formation of the posterior swimming legs into soft laminae, nearly as long as the body itself. In Pseudocycnus and Hatschekia only two of the anterior thoracic segments are free, the posterior segments being fused with the genital segment to form a body region much longer than the cephalothorax. Another factor which profoundly modifies the general body form is the presence of dorsal plates, or wings, or both. In Lernanthropus the dorsal plate which covers the posterior thorax and abdomen is sometimes elongated and widened so much, and is wrapped around the body in such a way, as to give the body the appearance of being clothed in a skirt. In Sagum the dorsal plate is prolonged at the posterior corners into large lobes, which have the appearance of a military cloak draped around the body. In Worion the dorsal plate is prolonged ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—-WILSON. 7 forward at the anterior corners as if to form a pair of large flow- ing sleeves. In Anthosoma, beside the large dorsal carapace over the cephalo- thorax, each thorax segment carries a pair of lateral plates or wings, which overlap like tiles on a roof, and give the parasite a peculiarly bizarre appearance. We may say, then, that the body of a dichelesthiid is made up of four parts or regions, a cephalothorax composed of the head and first thoracic segment fused, a free thorax of from two to four seg- ments, a genital segment either alone or fused with the preceding thorax segments, and an abdomen of one or more segments. For appendages there are two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae, a pair of maxillipeds, and from two to five pairs of swimming legs. Antennae.—The first antennae are attached to the anterior margin of the cephalothorax, are cylindrical in form, and are composed of a number of short joints placed end to end and plentifully supplied with setae. The number of joints varies considerably, not merely in different genera but also among the species of the same genus; but since the muscles of these first antennae are poorly developed it is difficult, as Heider has said, to determine just how many segments there are. In his figures of the species of Lernanthropus he repre- sented the antennae as varying from three to nine segments, and a similar variation has been found in the species described by the pres- ent author. Furthermore, the basal joint in some species is enlarged much more than in others. In the different genera the number of joints varies from three in Pseudocycnus and Pseudoclavella up to nine in Bassettithia and fifteen in Nemesis, the basal ones being in- distinctly separated (fig. 72). The second antennae are fastened to the ventral surface of the head close to the anterior margin. Being the chief organs of pre- hension they are large and stout in most of the genera. They are made up of two or three joints, the terminal one in the form of a strong claw which is usually curved, sometimes barbed (Cybicola) and sometimes strongly chelate (Pseudoclavella, Dichelesthium, Krgyeria). Rarely these appendages are armed with setae only (Lamproglena, Donusa, Ventriculina). The basal joints are swollen and armed with powerful muscles by means of which the terminal claws can be driven into the flesh of the host (figs. 4, 24, 32, 78, 98). Mouth parts—The proboscis is formed of an upper and an under lip, which project from the ventral surface of the head. Near the base the margins of the two lips are tolerably parallel and separated by only a slight distance, but each lip soon begins to taper and in consequence the margins diverge. On either side at the point where 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Von. 60 the divergence begins the under lip sends out a lobe, which curves forward and upward around the upper lip and fastens the two se- curely together in the form of a tube (figs. 75 and 80). The mandibles originate on the ventral surface of the head outside of the proboscis. Each is somewhat swollen at the base, then tapers into a long and narrow shaft, which passes into the proboscis tube through the opening between the upper and under lips. Inside the proboscis each mandible is widened a little toward the tip and flat- tened dorso-ventrally and the edges which face each other are finely toothed. In Lamproglena and Lernanthropus the mandibles are curved like a saber or sickle, with the convex side inward; in Hat- schekia, Dichelesthium, and Caetrodes they are straight and have more the shape of a stylet. The first maxillae vary greatly in different genera; when fully de- veloped, as in Lernanthropus, they are biramose, the endopod or palp arising nearer the proboscis and consisting of a tiny process armed with a single seta. The exopod is farther away from the proboscis and is made up of two more or less elongated joints, tipped with two or three setae (fig. 75), but in many of the genera the endo- pod is entirely lacking and the exopod is destitute of setae. In Hatschekia these maxillae consist of small papillae, each armed with three setae, similar to those of the Ergasilidae. In Anthosoma both rami are straight spines, the endopod several times the length of the exopod (fig. 5). The second maxillae are usually smaller and weaker than the maxillipeds. They are normally composed of a swollen basal joint, an elongated and slender second joint, and a small terminal claw, and are prehensile in function. In Lernanthropus the concave margin of the claw is armed with two rows of small teeth, and there is a small accessory claw at its base on the inner side (figs. 22 and 25). In Lamproglena these maxillae are the chief organs of prehension and each is armed with a very stout curved claw, while the maxilli- peds are much smaller and each is tipped with three tiny claws. The maxillipeds in most of the genera are important organs of prehension and are much stronger and more powerfully developed than the maxillae. They usually consist of a swollen basal joint furnished with strong muscles and a curved terminal claw. In some genera these claws are simple and shut down against the side of the basal joint, as in Donusa, Pseudoclavella, and -Lernanthropus. In other genera the terminal claw is barbed or furnished with one or more teeth on the concave margin, as in Cybicola, Pseudocycnus, and Congericola, and in Nemesis, Fudactylina, Dichelesthium, and Anthosoma there are outgrowths upon the basal joint into which the tip of the claw fits, making it virtually a chela (fig. 82). Dzcheles- thium is the only genus in which both the second antennae and the NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS——-WILSON. ART. 5. “OTR, ‘ayTeUIAT 1 ‘ayeutoun ‘sjutol g |--**-*- osjes ‘sjuTol ga\" Sos * <5 UMOUYU) [72° ="- TOSO}OS SU UTOL oSi= “Si “=~ ass a "s)ULOl F_| 2" eS “DUYNILYUIA ‘eyeutoun ‘{sjzutol g |---~> eyeutoun ‘sjutof g |---esourvitun ‘sqyuiol g |-- ~ -eyeuroun ‘syutol g |--* "777 tt tte RUMTTO LF Gs || Fe" Se > ae sae unbogy "MBIO poqiueg 7-777" 7" esojes ‘sjutol g | -esoumvarun ‘sjurtol ¢ |--- -eyeutoun ‘squtol g j--- "77777777 BIUTOl Gg) | a-ee * es snuolioopnasg ‘oyeutoun ‘sjyutol ¢ |----- e1eutoun ‘sjutof ¢ ~~ -asouesmun ‘syutolf Z °° **- OV GTOUOm.6) WO ler als sea ciel macs sjyutol ¢ |---- ~~ “mp,aan,00pnasgq - OSOIOS*GRUIGL Gal- “Ee l Peeh- “tees MIMO! GS" SG psnuog ‘ayepeyo ‘squrol g |--- -eyeutoun ‘syutol g |-*-- 77 “OSOUIVIIG | ~~~” ON BOOMS) UO WC aeaats . ciaiienr aes Syurol ¢ |S" 2° wnVYyISAAYIUT “MBIO poqieg | °~ -eyeutoun ‘sjutol Z |----esourestun ‘syurol g j- °° 77777" ANE TO sO Cure Cia aeee isa Gs silos BUUTOL Ra vee ane ee njonghg ‘eyeutoun ‘syurof g |-- 7-7-7 - esojes ‘yurof [ |----- esoumeitun fyurof T |" ~ “eyeutoun ‘sqzurol g |---- "7777-777 BUUEOL®) |" a" a 11 001abU0D ‘eyeuroun ‘syutol Z | - ~ -ayeutoun ‘syutol g |----esourvarun ‘syutol g | ~ -oyeuroun ‘syutol g |--- 77-7 BIOL @: "=~ ay Gy Ge sapo.ang) TUPNOUS UI) Ses a a eae 3 UMOUyUL | >> >= esoulvitq soutdg |--~ “eyeuroun fsyutol g |--*-t tt SSNTUTOD Gy si ye ee as DUINIASSDT ‘ayepoyo ‘syurol Zz |--- -ayeutoun ‘syutof g |------ asourvitq seutdg |°~ ~ “o7yeUToUN ‘szyutol g [7-777 77 T TTT sjurol 9 |" "-"--""""pwmosoyup | *pedypixeny RT [TXeur puoseg *R][IXeUL ISIT “euuejue pucdeg “BUTIOJU ISITT “snuex) ‘sqipd ynow pun anuuazun fo aunjonuys aavyojas Buinoys 2190], 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yor.. 60 maxillipeds are chelate. In the other genera, when one of these ap- pendages is chelate, the other will be found to be armed with simple claws or often only with setae. Lamproglena, as noted above, is the chief exception, and here the second maxillae and maxillipeds have apparently changed places. The preceding table has been compiled for the purpose of contrasting the structure of the antennae and the mouth parts, with the exception of the mandibles, in the various genera. The available data on the structure of the mandibles at the present time is too meager to warrant their inclusion in the table. Swimming legs—The swimming legs vary greatly in number and structure. Most of the genera have four pairs, but in H'udactylina, Nemesis, Lamproglena, and Donusa there is a fifth pair. In the first three the fifth leg consists of a single laminate process, but in Ponusa each fifth leg is biramose and the rami are three jointed, lke the other four pairs. In addition to the genera just named the first four pairs of legs are also biramose in Congericola, Pagodina, Krgye- ria, Peniculisa, and Sagum, nine genera in all out of the twenty in the family. In Donusa and Argyeria each ramus is three jointed, but in the other genera the number of joints varies, no two genera being alike. In Aassettithia the first three pairs of legs consist of basal joints only, while the fourth pair are biramose, with one- jointed rami. In Cybicola and Ventriculina there are only three pairs of legs, the first pair biramose, with one-jointed rami, the second and third pairs uniramose. In Pseudoclavella the first two pairs are biramose, the third and fourth pairs uniramose. In Pseudocycnus the first and fourth pairs are uniramose and are made up of the basipod only, the second pair is biramose, the rami one jointed, and the third pair is uniramose and two jointed. In Hatschekia and Caetrodes only the first two pairs of legs are present. each biramose and the rami two jointed. In Dichelesthium the first two pairs are biramose and the third pair uniramose, while the fourth pair is entirely lacking. In Lernanthropus the first two pairs are biramose with one-jointed rami, while the third and fourth pairs are modified into long cylindrical processes, apparently concerned in respiration. In Anthosoma the first three pairs are replaced by foliaceous plates and the fourth pair is lacking, while in Vorion apparently only the first pair is present, and these are uniramose and one jointed. In the following table these differences are brought out clearly. The most noticeable feature is the prevailing lack of uni- formity. The absence of fifth legs is the only character that ap- proaches regularity and even there twenty percent of the genera show exceptions. It almost seems as if the various characters must have been shuffled for each genus separately in order to produce such prevalent and radical discrepancies. 11 NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—-WILSON. ART. 5. ‘Ole « ‘o[BUIOy 1 ‘peyurol “poequiol ‘pazutol "SUMO [sae -Se° SuIJUBAA | -OM} SOSOUIVIIUA | -OM} fOSOMIIUY | -OM) IWeI ‘osoulelIg |""""""**° DUYNILLIUI A "O48 ‘oyeu *poyutol *poyutol ‘suUeA | -nyeds rl ‘esourvIIg | -IUI¥] IWeI ‘esoulelIg | -9U0 IUIel ‘osoUlellg | -oU0 IUIel fosomlBllg |***~" "777777 T Te unboy ‘poqurol “pojzarol “poqutol ‘poyuiol ‘suyUBA | -9TO fOesOUlBVIIUY | -OM} SoOsOUVIIUY | -eUO IWR tosoWlelg | -9UO ‘esoureiIug |*""""""* snuohoopnas J “poqurol “poyurol ‘sunueM | -9UO fosoulBIIUuy | -9U0 fosomeiItuyg |pojutol rorei fosouviig |poeyurof turer ‘esouredig |~*--~~* n)]aAD]D0pNas J “poqurol “poqutol “poqurol ‘poqurol ‘SUIJUBA | -OUO TUIeI fesouleiig | -oUO IUIel ‘osourelig | -9U0 Tel ‘esouleiig | -oU0 TuIel fosoulelig |""""""""**- psynovwa ‘sulueM |pozyurol tue1Sesoulvitg |pojurol uel ‘esourvitg |pozutol ruler fosourelg |poqyuiol rue ‘esoureitg |" "*""**"** puyispbig ‘poqutol MGUTPITGAK ‘Ie = ae “dee? "S° 7s SUNWE Mees 5° “Ee SUU AN | ee es“ SUS A Oro? TOSOULRIED Qe Ge e- eG UOULONT “poqarol -9U0 /es0MBIIUY) |pozulol rurel fesoweirg |po}utol tel ‘osouleirg: |pojurol 1urvif‘esouvirg |pojurol rumerfesourelig [~~ "*" "77777" SiSaUla Ay *pequrol ‘peyutol-ouo0 :esour *poqutol *poqutol “SUIJUBM | -OU0 Tue fosoUleIIg | -eIIq, ‘esouUlvIIUy , | -oUO IWIeI fesomlelIg | -oU0 Tue fosoulviIg |~-~~~ ~~ sndo.yjunusa'T ‘poyutol “poqurol ‘poqyutol “poqurol ‘poqurol -9U0 fasoWeIIuy | -oM, Tel fosourviig | -oM} Tue ‘osoulellg | -oM} luIel fosoulelig | -oM} Oe fosouledig [7-7-7 ** nua boud wun T “poquiol “poquol “payuiol “payutol “SUIJUBAA | -90IT) TIBI fosoureIIg | -c0Iq) TuIBI fosoulvIIg | -001Y} WUeI fosowmelIg | -ort} TureI Sesouleaig |" nriahb usr SUIGUEM io” Wer seo Ss SUTQVUR AN; eeees > HSS sunueM |pourol rier ‘esowvitg |pozuiol turer fosourelig {7 ~"""" "> ** prvyayosjD FT “poquiof -9U0 ‘esoweRiiuy |pozurol wires fesoureirg |poqutol rues ‘esouresg |peyurol wavs fosourerrg |poyurol rer {esouresig |°" "77777 puyhiopny ‘pozurol-serq} *poyurol *pezutol *poyurol *pozutol TUVl !esOM Ig | -aaIq} 1WIeI fesomBItg | -d01q) TUIeI ‘esouleiig | -901{} IUIel Sesoulviig | -o01q} TIBI Sesoulelig | "°°" "77 7 77" psnuoqg ‘poyurol ‘poquiol “pozuiol “pazutol ‘SUTJUVM | -OUO TUeI ‘esoureIIUy) | -9UO0 1UIvI fosowleiig | -OM} IIe fesoulviig | -oM} TuIvI fesourelig |-~~ ~~" ~~ wnry)sazayoug “payuiol “poyarol "pezurol ‘BUIUBM | BUTUBA | -98TO SesOUleIIUy | -OM} fosouMBIIUg | -ou0 rel fosomBlIg |°-""""""""""" njonghy ‘suUeM |pojuiol raver fesoureiig |poyurof rues fesoureirg |poyurol rer ‘esomvitg |/pojurol turer fesomelig |°°""""- "~~ n)091abU0/Y) "poqutol "psqaiol SAUCILGAA. HS ya ee SESW UG Neel” Sah a a = SUIUBA | -OM} TUB ‘esoulviIg | -oM} IUIeI ‘osoulBliIg |"" ~~ "--7 7777? sapo.yang *poquiol ‘ATWO ‘ATUO *AyUO “‘SulueM | -oU0 IUIeI fesomviig | podiseq ‘esourviiug | podiseq fesomeriuy | podiseq fesoueiug |----*--- Diyqiz{assD SOUITUG NA se 5" ee = sue |-oze[d snosoei[oj epsurg |-9}e[d snosoxroy apsuig |-oye[d snosoei[oy epsuig |" ~~~ * DULOSOYIUP “59 WU “Bel y4INo.T *S9e] PINT L “38 puooag *BO] ISL *snuey Ko PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yor. 60 Integument.—In none of the genera is the skin hardened into inflexible chitin, as occurs in so many of the Lernaeidae. The modi- fications of the skin, called variously carapace, dorsal, or lateral plates, wings, lobes, etc., are often hardened into chitin, as in Antho- soma, Nemesis, and Dichelesthiwm, but there are also some genera in which they remain soft, as in Lernanthropus and Bassettithia; but in sections that are double-stained the skin always takes the red eosin, but refuses the second color, showing that it has been modi- fied even though it remains soft. Such a section demonstrates that the skin is made up of very thin layers packed closely together. Moreover, it is not uniform in thickness, but varies greatly in differ- ent parts of the body. It is nearly always thicker upon the ap- pendages than upon the body itself, and the framework which sup- ports the various appendages, together with the rods and bands which connect the bases of each pair of appendages across the median line, and the framework around the sex openings appear to be formed by a thickening of the skin. A comparison of the dif- ferent layers of the skin shows that the outer layers are denser and more homogeneous in structure, darker in color, and more strongly refractive than the inner layers. Consequently Heider was led to the conclusion that the increase in thickness takes place by the addition of layers from the inside, which seems probable. Another notable difference in thickened portions of the skin is that the inner layers often show a distinct granulation and sometimes an irregular striping, perpendicular to the surface. Through this skin open ex- cretory ducts leading from the inner chitinogen layer. So far as observed these appear to be usually cylindrical and uniform in diam- eter, rather than funnel shaped as in the Lernaeidae. They are scat- tered everywhere over the skin in great numbers, but are especially numerous upon the head and the free edges of the carapace and dorsal plates. But beside these slender ducts there are a few along the edge of the dorsal carapace, which are funnel shaped and whose diameter is much larger. And the inner or larger end of the funnel is oval rather than circular in outline. A pair of large ducts open between the bases of the maxillipeds and a similar pair on either side near the bases of the first and second antennae. The outgrowths of the skin are of three kinds. First, there are processes of the skin itself, soft in texture, hollow, and filled with the chitinogen layer from the inside of the body. These are found in considerable numbers on the antennae, especially on the terminal joints, and may be designated as tactile processes. Here also belong the large setae on the anal laminae, which are hollow and whose lumen is filled with tissue from the inside of the body. A second group comprises the tactile setae which arise from small warts placed art. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 13 in an invagination of the skin. These setae are solid, but the warts are partially hollow, and to them slender cords of granular proto- plasm lead through the skin. The third group includes the hairs which appear in various places on the skin and the setae that are found on the appendages. These are solid, they arise directly from the surface of the skin and not from a wart or process, and they are not connected in any way with the interior of the body through the skin. Under the skin is found a layer of tissue which has been called by Hartmann the chitinogen layer and by Heider the matrix, and which varies considerably in the different genera. In Lernanthropus Heider has described this as not a continuous cellular layer, but instead a protoplasmic ground substance without any distinction of cells, but with small nuclei and granules scattered through it, giving it a granular appearance. In Dichelesthium the chitinogen layer varies greatly in thickness, being reduced to a membrane at and near the joints between the body segments, but increased many times in the center of the segments. Here also the cells are not separated by walls or membranes, but the nuclei are scattered through a common ground substance. There is, however, on the side next to the skin a row of nuclei, slightly larger than the others and placed very close together, which stand out with especial distinctness and have every appearance of a pavement epithelium whose tiny component cells have been completely fused. At the joints the chitinogen layer is made up of this pavement epithelium alone, but elsewhere the ground substance is greatly thickened and gathered into rounded masses of varying size, through which nuclei are scattered indiscriminately (fig. 105). In Memesis the skin itself is very distinctly striated transversely and the matrix beneath it is so thin that in many places it can only be distinguished with difficulty. It is thicker on the ventral than on the dorsal surface and enters the large basal joints of the swimming legs, but even here no nuclei or cell walls can be seen. Inside the matrix is the connective tissue which surrounds all the organs and holds them in place like a mesentery. It is made up of a delicate network of fibers, which are usually branched where they are attached to the inner surface of the matrix. In among the fibers may be seen here and there small connective tissue cells with a dis- tinct nucleus, This tissue enters the large basal joints of the swim- ming legs in Nemesis, and the modified laminae of the third and fourth legs in Lernanthropus, filling the entire cavity, except for the meshes between the fibers of the tissue itself and the portion already filled by the matrix. In the laminate legs of Lernanthropus the matrix is so thin that the connective tissue fibers penetrate through 3186—22—Proe.N.M. Vol.60-—9 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, 60 it and are attached to the inside of the skin itself. They thus serve as stays or supports of these legs, rendering them less liable to collapse. INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY. General statement.—Inside the skin are found the muscles for moving the body and its various appendages. The digestive system consists of a mouth, an esophagus, usually inclined forward, a straight intestine, and a short rectum. The nervous system consists of two ganglia, one above and one below the esophagus, a ventral nerve trunk, divided posteriorly, and nerves extending to various parts of the body. The reproductive system is made up of paired ovaries or testes, oviducts, or sperm ducts leading back along the lateral margins, cement glands between the oviducts and the body wall, sperm receptacles in the female and spermatophore receptacles in the male. The excretory system consists of a number of small glands distributed in various parts of the body, the ducts leading from them opening to the surface through the skin. Musculature—The most important muscle groups are those in- cluding the longitudinal muscles of the dorsal and ventral surfaces, the muscles which move the various appendages, and the dorso- ventral muscles. The largest and longest muscles in the body are two connected with the second antennae. Each is attached to the distal end of the basal joint of the antenna and has its origin near the posterior margin of the cephalothorax. At its origin and for a third of its length it is bifid, then the two branches unite into a single large band. Inside of these muscles in the anterior part of the cephalothorax are two much smaller ones curved like parenthesis marks, which are connected with the first antennae. Behind the origin of these curved muscles on either side are small bundles of fibers which have their origin on the dorsal surface and run down- ward and forward to the base of the mouth tube. Behind these in the posterior center of the cephalothorax are two pairs of narrow longitudinal muscles which run back through the second segment and are attached to its posterior margin. Outside of these in the second segment are two other longitudinal muscles on either side, which run from the first segment through the second into the anterior part of the third segment. From this last point to the middle of the fifth segment there are two pairs of muscles on either side. From the middle of the fifth to the genital segments there are three muscles on either side, and in the posterior part of the genital segment and the abdomen there is only one. On the ventral surface there is but a single muscle on either side of the midline, which is broken at places corresponding to the breaks in the dorsal muscles. ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 15 In connection with the various appendages it may be noted that their musculature varies according to their importance and function. For the first antennae there are only a few weak muscles, except in Eudactylina, where the basal joints are prehensile and need strong muscles. The second antennae are supplied with powerful muscles ; in addition to the long dorsal ones already mentioned there are smaller ones on the ventral surface of the head and others within the joints; those which flex the claw of the chela are especially well developed. In Lrgasilina, Kréyeria, and Congericola the muscula- ture of the second antennae is even better developed than in Dicheles- thium. For the mouth tube there is a pair of flexors and a pair of exten- sors, both originating on the ventral surface of the head. The muscles connected with the mandibles are weak; in Lernanthropus Heider considered it more or less doubtful if there was any muscle running to the mandibles. There are none connected with the first maxillae in any of the species examined by the present author and none have been mentioned by any investigator. In connection with the second maxillae in Dichelesthium there are three pairs of muscle bands, originating on the dorsal surface and running to the basal joint of the appendages. One of each pair originates outside and the other inside of the long muscle going to the second antennae. In Argyeria, Nemesis, and Donusa the second maxillae are well developed and demand a good muscle supply. The maxillipeds in all the genera are powerful prehensile organs but they are exceptionally developed in L'udactylina, Nemesis, Lernanthropus, and Cybicola. In the two former they are true chelae and in the two latter the terminal claw is toothed. The basal joint of these appendages in each of these genera is filled with strong flexors and extensors, which control the movements of the terminal claw or chela. The usual muscles are found in connection with the swimming legs in all the genera, but when the legs are reduced to a single ramus, as in Dichelesthium, Pseudoclavella, and Ergasilina, or to mere papillae bearing setae, as in Pseudocycnus and Cybicola, or wholly disappear, as in Hatschekia, Caetrodes, and Norion, we find a corresponding reduction or disappearance in the musculature. Those genera like Lernanthropus, Anthosoma, and Sagum, in which the swimming legs have been transformed into laminae, show con- siderable musculature. In Lernanthropus gisleri, for example, the first pair of laminae (third legs) show finely branched muscles whose fibers form a definite network over the entire lamina. In other species also the muscles often run to the very end of the lamina. In connection with the rectum most genera show the dilator muscles which serve in rectal respiration. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 The dorsoventral muscles are chiefly isolated bundles along the sides of the thorax and genital segment, which assist in the passage of the eggs along the oviducts. Digestive canal.—The general form and position of the digestive canal have already been stated. In Lernanthropus the esophagus passes inward and backward straight to the ventral surface of the stomach, which it enters close to the anterior end. In Nemesis and Dichelesthium there is a sharp bend or flexure in the esophagus, the outer three-fifths pointing forward and the inner two-fifths backward, but it enters the ventral surface of the stomach at the same place, close to the anterior end (fig. 71). The digestive tube is widened considerably in the head, then is narrowed through the thorax and is abruptly contracted in the abdomen. The length of the widened or stomach portion varies greatly in different genera. In Lernanthropus and Dichelesthium the enlarged portion runs through the entire body, remaining about the same diameter, and is abruptly narrowed to the rectum on entering the abdomen. In Hatschekia, Eudactylina, and Lamproglena the widened portion begins to narrow somewhere in the thorax, and from there tapers gradually to the anus. There is no definite place where it can be said that one part ends and another begins. In Vemesis the intestine retains its wide diameter through the fourth thorax segment and is then rather abruptly narrowed in the fifth segment, after which it tapers gradually to the anus without any definite rectum. In Congericola, Kréyeria, and Cybicola the stomach narrows into the intestine at the posterior margin of the head, remains narrow through the free thorax segments, and then widens again in the fused posterior body. The walls of the digestive tube contain both longitudinal and transverse muscles, and by their rhythmic con- traction and relaxation peristaltic movements run backwards and forwards over the entire canal. By this means the canal contents are pushed back and forth, a portion being thoroughly digested while the rest is excreted. The epithelium in the esophagus and rectum is thin, and is made up of smaller cells nearly uniform in size. In the enlarged portions the epithelium is considerably thicker, and, especially in the anterior stomach, contains many digestive cells, which are much larger than the rest of the epithelial cells (fig. 68). Female reproductive system.—In the females of some genera like Hatschekia, Lernanthropus, Peniculisa, Hudactylina, Pseudocycnus, etc., the ovaries are situated in the anterior thorax or the anterior part of the fused posterior body. In other genera like Vemesis, Dicheles- thium, etc., the ovaries are in the posterior part of the head, directly above the stomach. The oviducts lead from the anterior ends of the ovaries outward, downward, and backward, and are convoluted to ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. ti the right and left in the space between the digestive tube and the lateral walls of the body. The ovaries are covered with a thick connective tissue coat, inside of which are the egg glands twisted into many folds and windings. The eggs pass forward in the ovary and gradually increase in size; on entering the oviduct they increase more rapidly and attain their maximum within the first convolution. They are then scattered throughout the rest of the oviduct without any order and are not flattened at all. In this they present a strong contrast to the Ler- naeidae, whose eggs are arranged in a single row like flattened coins and in a straight oviduct without convolutions. The cement glands are elongated and cylindrical or club-shaped. In Lernanthropus the cement glands are club-shaped and lie above the oviducts on either side of the intestine and close to its dorsal wall. They reach forward to the first convolution of the oviduct in the third thoracic segment. ‘The glandular portion includes practically the whole of the organ but is unsegmented, while the ducts are very short and open into the oviduct close to the vulvae. In Hudactylina the glands are similarly situated but extend forward only to the fifth thoracic segment and the club-shaped glandular portion is distinctly segmented (fig. 76). In Hatschekia, Dichelesthium, and Pseudocyc- nus the cement glands are slender cylinders, ventral to the oviducts and unsegmented (fig. 89). The semen receptacles vary in size and shape, as well as position. In Lernanthropus they are ventral to the intestine, elongate, and club- shaped, and they reach forward nearly as far as the cement glands. In Pichelesthium and Pseudocycnus they are short and triangular, on the ventral surface of the body cavity, the pointed end anterior, the posterior margin three-lobed. The receptacle opens into the oviduct on either side close to the vulva (fig. 89). Male reproductive system—The situation of the testes corre- sponds to that of the ovaries; in some genera.they are in the anterior portion of the thorax or of the fused posterior body, and in other genera in the posterior portion of the cephalothorax. Similarly also the sperm ducts are given off from the anterior ends of the testes and pass downward, outward, and backward in more or less intricate convolutions along the sides of the thorax. In Lernanthropus they first turn inward and backward along the dorsal surface of the in- testine as far as the genital segment, where they almost come to- gether on the midline. They then make a complete turn and run forward again alongside of and close to the first fold to a point op- posite the anterior end of the testes. They now turn outward, down- ward, and backward along the sides of thorax, sending convolutions into the bases of the modified third and fourth legs, and then turn for- ward to the anterior ends of the spermatophore receptacles (fig. 87). 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 Posteriorly the walls of the ducts are thickened and serve as glands for the secretion of the cement substance which forms the walls of the spermatophores. In Dichelesthium, Nemesis, and E'udactylina the general course of the ducts is the same, but the first long fold is omitted and there are not as many convolutions. Inside the spermatophore receptacles the sperms are gathered into the spermatophores, which are afterward attached to the females. These spermatophores are ellipsoidal and in Lernanthropus the ends of the discharging tubes, where they are applied to the vulvae of the female, are swollen into large brown spherical receptacles, which remain in place on the vulvae long after the spermatophore itself has disappeared (fig. 104). In Dichelesthium the spermatophores are narrower ellipsoids and are attached side by side on the midline of the abdomen close to the genital segment. Their discharge tubes then cross each other and enter the vulva on the opposite side. Nervous system.—The nervous system includes first a supra- and an infra-esophageal ganglion. The former takes more or less the shape of a flattened cone, and from the anterior end nerves are sent to the first and second antenne and the anterior part of the head. The pair running to the first antenne originate close together at the center of the anterior end of the ganglion in Lernanthropus; they are apparently fused into a single strand for some distance, then separate and enter the base of each antenna. In Dichelesthium they originate at the corners of the anterior end and are divergent. Outside of this first pair arises another nerve on either side which goes to the second antenna. The infraesophagea! ganglion is considerably elongated and tapers gradually backward into the ventral nerve trunk. From it branches extend to the mouth parts, the swimming legs, and the re- productive organs. The ventral nerve trunk runs back to the fifth thoracic segment and there divides, the two branches separating a little and continuing through the fifth and genital segments. From the ventral trunk branches are given off to the various muscles of the thorax, and from the two posterior branches of the trunk itself are supplied the nerves leading to the muscles controlling the vulvae and semen receptacle in the female, and the spermatophore receptacles and ejaculatory ducts in the male. They also control the dilator muscles of the rectum during respiration (see fig. 71). Vascular system.—Since only a single genus, Lernanthropus, pos- sesses anything in the way of a vascular system, the description of it is reserved for that genus alone. In other genera circulation is accomplished by means of the peristaltic movements of the digestive canal together with those concerned in rectal breathing. In most genera, however, there is very little movement of the fluid contents of the body cavity. arr. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 19 . ONTOGENY. Nothing is known of the development of any genus beyond the nauplius stage. Such nauplii as have been obtained will be described under the various species to which they belong. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS. Family DICHELESTHIIDAE. Anthosomadae Barrp, British Entomostraca, 1850, p. 296. Caligidae, Race I Leacu, Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 14, 1819, p. 524. Caligidae, Race I DESMAREST, Des Crustacés, 1825, p. 334. Ergasilina, Division B BurMetstTer, Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., vol. 17, 1833, p. 328. Ergasilina, Division B Krgéyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. 1, 1887, p. 198. Dichelestidae Mitne Epwarps, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, 1840, p. 481. Lernaeiformidae NorpMANN, Mikrographische Beitriige, pt. 2, 1832, p. 55. Dichelestini NoRDMANN, Bulletin Soc. Imp. des Nat., Moscou, vol. 37, 1864, p. 474. Dichelestina Hetirr, Reise der Novara, 1865, p. 212. Dichelesthiina GERSTAECKER, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen, vol. 5, 1871, p. 724. Dichelesthiidae M. J. RATHBUN, Fauna of New England, 1905, p. 97. Dichelesthiidae Brian, Copepodi Parassiti dei Pesci d’Italia, 1906, p. 62. Dichelestiidae CatMAn, Lankester’s Zoology, pt. 7, fas. 3, 1909, p. 103. Dichelestiidae T. and A. Scort, British Copepoda, 1912, p. 105. Family characters of female-—General body form long and nar- row; head fused with first thorax segment and the two covered with a carapace; free thorax segments usually simple, but sometimes fur- nished with wings or dorsal plates or both; abdomen small and un- segmented; egg strings long and filose; eggs uniseriate, sometimes strongly flattened, sometimes swollen into separate spheres. Two pairs of antennae, first pair slender and setose, second pair stout and uncinate; mouth parts similar to those of the Caligidae; one pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae, one pair of maxilli- peds; usually four pairs of swimming legs, third and fourth pairs sometimes transformed into lamelliform plates, or rudimentary, or even lacking. Family characters of male—Smaller than the female, but not a pygmy; head and first thorax segment fused and covered with a carapace; remaining thorax segments fused and sometimes covered with a dorsal plate, but never furnished with wings; abdomen mi- nute and unsegmented. Antennae and mouth parts similar to those of the female; swim- ming legs also similar, with sometimes a fifth pair on the genital segment. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 60 This family is chiefly parasitic upon salt-water fish, but a few species, like the one for which the family is named, are found upon fish that enter fresh water. KBY TO SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA. 1. One or more body regions furnished with plates or wings, or both. ~ ANTHOSOMINAR. 2 1. No plates or wings on any body region___~---___---___--__-+__---___-_--_ 5 2. All the swimming legs replaced by lamellar plates______________-___-__--- 3 2. The two anterior pairs of legs of the usual biramose form, the posterior pairs sometimes)modified) 2 =. 2 8 eae A 3. Cephalothorax with a divided carapace; swimming legs represented by three Dales On lance Wil Ss een ae eee eee a Anthosoma Leach, 1816, p. 23 8. Free thorax and abdomen covered with separate dorsal plates; swimming legs fused into a single plate_____-___---_____ Norion Nordmann, 1864, p. 26 4. Cephalothorax with large carapace extending over the free segments; only _ two pairs of legs, first and second, with filiform, two-jointed rami. Caetrodes Wilson, 1906, p. 27 4. Carapace produced into lateral wings; posterior body covered with a single dorsal plate, with large lateral lobes; third and fourth legs transformed intowlaminne: 2 a= = eee ee ee eee Sagum Wilson, 1913, p. 28 4, Lateral margins of carapace curled over ventrally; dorsal plate of posterior body without lobes; third and fourth legs with elongate, fleshy rami. Lernanthropus Blainville, 1822, p. 30 5. All four pairs of swimming legs present and equally developed. EUDACTYLINAE. 6 5. All four pairs of swimming legs present, but one or more of them modified OLPALUdi MeN taty: es eee eee eo ae eee PSEUDOCYCNINAE. 12 5. One or more pairs of swimming legs lacking; those present usually modified COTS NTS 1 CU) Ota Gere eo as ae a ee ee DICHELESTHUNAE. 13 6. Second antennae armed with a stout chela, cheliform__-_________________ n 6. Second antennae armed with a simple claw, uncinate____________________ 8 6. Second antennae armed with setae only, setiferous______-_-_-___--_-__--- 11 7. Genital segment produced into a wide and flattened posterior process on either side of the abdomen_-_--------___-_- Peniculisa Wilson, 1917, p. 53 7. No posterior processes, but the genital segment and abdomen much elongated SET) GL cI RSTSTS OW ee a ke aa es Krgyeria Beneden, 1853, p. 54 8. Legs all uniramose; claw on second antennae large but simple and not a chela. Ergasilina Beneden, 1851, p. 56 8. Legs all biramose; claw on second antennae much smaller________________ 9 9. Two anterior free thorax segments short and narrow, posterior ones elongate and widened; exopods of swimming legs three-jointed, endopods one- Jointe@s 5. 25) a eS i eh a ee Congericola Beneden, 1854, p. 57 9. Free thorax segments all the same length and width; exopods and endopods of swimming legs with the same number of joints_______________-_____- 10 10. Rami two-jointed in the female; maxilliped with simple claw. Nemesis Risso, 1826, p. 58 10. Rami three-jointed in the female; maxilliped with a large and stout chela. Eudactylina Beneden, 1853, p. 65 11. Abdomen as long as rest of body; rami of swimming legs one-jointed; ante- rior thorax segments shorter and narrower than posterior ones. Lamproglena Nordmann, 1832, p. 71 ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—-WILSON. PE 11. Abdomen very short; rami of swimming legs three-jointed; anterior thorax segments longer and wider than posterior ones, Donusa Nordmann, 1864, p. 72 12. First three pairs of legs mere stumps; fourth pair with two short unseg- mentedaramies. £4 se Bassettithia, new genus name, p. 72 12, First two pairs of legs biramose, rami two-jointed; last two pairs mere stumps without rami__/__._______ Pseudoclavella Basset-Smith, 1898, p. 73 12. First and third pairs of legs uniramose, unsegmented ; second pair biramose, rami unsegmented; fourth pair mere stumps without rami. Pseudocycnus Heller, 1865, p. 74 18. First two pairs of legs biramose, rami two-jointed; third and fourth pairs wanting or reduced to setae; second antennae uncinate. Hatschekia Poche, 1902, p. 81 18. First two pairs of legs biramose, rami one-jointed; third pair lamellar; fourth pair lacking; second antennae chelate. Dichelesthium Hermann, 1804, p. 85 18. First legs biramose, rami one-jointed; second pair uniramose; third pair mere stumps without rami; fourth pair lacking; second antennae large but NOLChe ates a ee eee ee eas wee Cybicola Basset-Smith, 1898, p. 88 18. First legs biramose, rami two-jointed; second and third pairs uniramose, rami one-jointed ; fourth pair lacking; second antennae with setae only, no chelaviorrdlawees.-clieeete ft _seimts Ventriculina Basset-Smith, 1903, p. 89 Rejected genera.—In 1837 Kréyer published ® the description of @ new species of parasitic copepod, which he named Aethon quadratus. Tt was founded on a single specimen taken from the gills of a West Indian Serranus. For discussion of this genus see p. 30. In 1860° Lubbock described and figured a new species which he called Baculus elongatus. He said that it resembled the Caligidae more than the Dichelesthiidae, to which its long antennae would ally it. It has since been proved to be a stage in the development of Pen- nella, and hence becomes a Lernaean. The genus Clavella is rightly a Lernaeopod, as was explained’ but it has been used by many authors to designate species belonging to the present family. To obviate the difficulty of having the same genus in two different families Poche suggested the name /Hatschekia for such species as belong to the Dichelesthiidae, and for these species the name Clavella becomes a synonym. A genus called Cyenus was established by Milne Edwards® to in- clude a single species, but the name had already been used by Hube- ner for a genus of Lepidoptera in 1816 and hence cannot be retained for the copepod genus. In 1854’P. J. van Beneden described a genus and species which he claimed as new and to which he gave the name Congericola pallida. 'This has proved to be the same generically as Milne Edwards’s specimens, but differs from them specifically. Ac- 5 Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. 1, p. 257, pl. 2, fig. 9; pl. 3, fig. 1 a—c. ° Trans. Linnaean Soc., vol. 23, 1860, p. 190, pl. 29, figs. 40 and 42. 7 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 47, 1915, p. 666. § Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, vol. 3, 1840, p. 495. * Bulletin Acad. de Belgique, vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 583. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 60 cordingly Beneden’s genus name must be substituted for that of Milne Edwards, and the type of the genus becomes Congericola pal- lida Beneden. Nordmann in 1832 described? a genus and species called H pachthes paradowus. ‘The next year Burmeister ** showed that Normann’s genus was a synonym of Lernanthropus. In January, 1898, Bassett-Smith proposed a new genus to be known as //elleria, with the type species armata.’? This name had already been used three times for crustacean genera which were not copepods. This fact being called to his attention, Bassett-Smith in November of the same year changed the name to Cybicola.'® Gerstaecker published ** a new genus of Siphonostoma called Lonchidium, with the single type species aculeatum. ‘This proved to be generically the same as Beneden’s Argyeria, which had ap- peared in the preceding year. This fact was recognized by Nord- mann in 1864,!° but it was misinterpreted by Bassett-Smith,’® who reversed the precedence and made A7rgyeria a synonym of Lonchidium. Risso in 1816 published a Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des Environs de Nice, in which he described (p. 162) a new species of the genus Caligus, C. imbricatus. Leach later in the same year estab- lished in the Supplement to the Encyclopedia Brittanica (vol. 1, p. 406) a new genus of Entomostraca, which he called Anthosoma smithii. Both Risso’s specimens, which were examined by Leach, and those of Leach himself were subsequently shown to be the same as had been described by Abildgaard in 1794 as “ Caligus crassus.” 17 Leach’s generic distinction, however, was valid, and hence the species became Anthosoma crassum (Abildgaard) ; but in spite of this Risso again described his species as new in Histoire Naturelle des prin- cipales de l’Europe meriodionale (vol. 5, 1826, p. 136), this time under the name Otrophesia imbricata, which, of course, becomes a synonym of Anthosoma crassum. P. J. van Beneden established a new species and genus of parasitic copepod,!® which he named Pagodina robusta. ‘This is shown on page 60 to be identical with the genus Nemesis and becomes a synonym of the latter. For Nordmann’s proposed new genus, Stalagmus, see page 36. 1° Mikrographische Beitrade, vol. 2, p. 45. 4 Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., vol. 17, p. 307. 722 Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 1, p. 10. 143 7Tdem, vol. 2, p. 371. 14 Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, vol. 20, 1854, p. 185. 1% Bull. des Nat. Moscou, vol. 37, p. 468. 16 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 473. 17 Skrivter af naturhistorie Selskabet, Kjobenhavn, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 46. 18 Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 20, 1853, p. 482. ART, 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—-WILSON. 23 Genus ANTHOSOMA Leach. Caligus (part) Apre~pGAArD, 1794. See under Anthosoma crassum. Generic characters of female—General body form short and rather stout. Cephalothorax covered with an ovid carapace more than half the entire length of the body. Genital segment and abdomen entirely covered dorsally by two large elytra, which overlap considerably along the midline; also, entirely concealed ventrally by three pairs of overlapping foliaceous swimming legs. Abdomen small and one-jointed. Egg strings narrow and three times the body length. First antennae slender, six-jointed; second antennae stout, jointed, terminating in a strong claw; maxillipeds short and very strong, with a powerful terminal claw. Generic characters of male.—General body form and appendages very similar to those of the female, but the genital segment and abdomen have no dorsal elytra and so are visible in dorsal view. The first two pairs of foliaceous swimming legs have one-jointed rami in the notches on the inner margins. Type of the genus—Anthosoma crassum (Abildgaard), mono- typic. Remarks—This genus has but the single species and it is easily recognized by the dorsal elytra and the foliaceous swimming legs, since they are quite different from anything found in other genera. In spite of the fact that the genus is so old and so well known there are still some details of structure which have never been presented. ANTHCSCGMA CRASSUM (Abildgaard). Plate 1, figs. 1-8. Caligus crassus ABILDGAARD, Skrivter af naturhistorie Selskabet, Kjgben- havn, vol. 3, 1794, p. 46, pl. 5, figs. 1-3. Caligus imbricatus Risso, Histoire naturelle des Crustacés des environs de Nice, 1816, p. 162, pl. 3, fig. 13. Anthosoma smithti LEacu, Supplement to 4th, 5th, and 6th ed. Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 1, 1816, p. 406, pl. 20, figs. 1-6. Otrophesia imbricata Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales de i urabe méridionale, vol. 5, 1826, p. 136. Anthosoma crassum Gouxrp, A Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1841, p. 340. Anthosoma crassum STEENSTRUP and LUTKEN, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, ser. 5, vol. 5, 1861, p. 397, pl. 12, fig. 24. Anthosoma crassum T. and A. Scort, British Parasitic Copepoda, 19138, p. 108, pl. 28, figs. 5-6. Host and record of specimens.—A single female from the gills of the sand shark, Carcharias littoralis, at Woods Hole has received Cat. No. 6039, U.S.N.M. Another female from the gills of the por- beagle shark, Zamna cornubica, probably from Woods Hole, bears Cat. No. 8108 U.S.N.M. A finely preserved male from the mouth of 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 a sand shark, Carcharias littoralis, at Woods Hole was taken by Dr. Edwin Linton and has been given Cat. No. 538570, U.S.N.M. ‘Two females and a male from the mouth of a mackerel shark, /surus owy- rhynchus, were taken June 17, 1888, by Vinal Edwards at Woods Hole and have been given Cat. No. 53571, U.S.N.M. Specific characters of female —In addition to what has just been ~ given under the generic characters we may note the following: The carapace covering the cephalothorax is yellowish brown, deeper in color through the center and paling towards the margins. The antennal area is separated from the rest of the head by well-defined marginal invaginations and by a somewhat indistinct dorsal groove. In the larger and more mature females there is usually in invagination at the center of the posterior margin of the carapace, sometimes ex- tending quite a distance as a triangular slit. In younger females and sometimes in older ones the margin is entire. The carapace projects backward over the free thorax and overlaps the genital segment. On the dorsal surface of the fourth segment is a pair of large elytra which entirely cover the posterior part of the body and overlap along the median line. These are white in color like the membraneous legs and are similarly covered with minute trans- parent dots or depressions. The genital segment is oblong with nearly parallel margins, the proportion of the length to the width being as 4 to 3. The egg strings are attached to its posterior margin, considerably below the dorsal surface, side by side on the median line. The abdomen is attached to the ventral surface of the genital seg- ment below and in front of the bases of the egg strings. It is made up of a single small joint. The anal laminae are thick and fleshy, much longer than the abdomen itself, and they taper to a blunt point. They are entirely destitute of setae and spines. The first antennae are rather long, seven-jointed, thickest through the tip of the third joint, and thence tapering gradually. Below and behind the basal joint of each antenna, and filling the marginal notch in the carapace, is a thick triangular process or palp. When the an- tenna is folded back against the carapace this process is nearly con- cealed, but it stands out prominently if the antenna be turned forward at right angles to the body axis. The joints of these antennae are only sparingly supplied with setae. The second antennae are transformed into strong attachment organs. They are three-jointed, the basal joint much swollen, the second joint narrowed distally and armed on the ventral surface with a stout peg so placed as to interlock with the tip of the terminal claw. The latter is short and is bent into a half circle. The upper and under lips are fused and produced into a long, stout and bluntly rounded mouth tube. At its base on either side are ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—-WILSON. 25 the first maxillae, which are slender, conical, about three-fourths as long as the mouth tube, each tipped with two long setae. The palp is short, conical, and tipped with two spines of unequal length. The second maxillae are peculiar; the two basal joints are much . swollen and rather short; the third joint is abruptly narrowed to half the width of the second, but is much longer. It is enlarged and almost squarely truncated at the distal end, produced into a conical process on the outer margin, and surrounded with a fringe of short spines. The fourth joint is hemispherical and is attached to the inner margin of the tip of the third joint. The flat side is turned outward and is surrounded with a fringe of short spines. The maxillipeds are large, very stout, and furnished with a power- ful terminal claw. There are three pairs of swimming legs, each transformed into a broad and thin lamella, covered with numerous minute transparent dots. Each leg of the two anterior pairs is notched on the inner margin, but does not show any rami; the margin of the third legs is entire. Color—Carapace dark brown at the center, paler and yellowish toward the edges; dorsal elytra and foliaceous legs gray-white, cov- ered with minute transparent spots; free thorax, genital segment, and abdomen dark yellowish brown. Total length, 10-15 mm.; carapace, 9.50 mm. long, 7 mm. wide; combined diameter of foliaceous legs, 10-11 mm.; egg strings, 40-50 mm. long. Specific characters of male-——While the male resembles the female in size and general appearance, it also differs in several important particulars. The carapace is relatively longer and narrower and is similarly notched at the center of the posterior margin. The antennal area is only half as long as wide. There are no dorsal elytra on the fourth segment, so that the entire body behind the carapace is visible in dorsal view, but is covered ventrally as in the female by the folia- ceous legs. Each leg of the first two pairs is notched on the inner margin and carries in the notch a pair of distinct, though rudimentary, one- jointed rami. The appendages are practically the same as those of the female, the second antennae and maxillipeds being a little larger. Color the same as that of the female, but appearing darker because of the absence of the dorsal elytra. Total length, 8-10 mm. Carapace, 6 mm. long, 4.15 mm. wide. Combined diameter of foliaceous legs, 4 mm. Remarks.—This shark parasite is very widely distributed and has been found upon several other kinds of sharks besides those here mentioned. It never occurs in any numbers on a host, but is more often solitary, although occasionally the two sexes are associated upon the same fish. Its favorite location is in the throat of the shark, 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 attached to one of the gill arches. In addition to the fact already noted that the imbricated foliaceous laminae enclosing the posterior body of the female and covering the sides and ventral surface of the male are found in no other copepod; the color of these laminae is also peculiar. The grayish-white background is thickly sprinkled with minute circular dots and irregular lines, which, being transparent, appear darker in color. The species has been described and figured many times, but the female has thus far succeeded in absorbing all the attention and no figure of the male has appeared. The foliaceous legs of the male are of peculiar interest by reason of the presence of rudimentary rami upon the first two pairs, which do not appear in the female (figs. 7 and 8). Genus NORION Nordmann. Norion NorgDMANN, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. Moscou, vol. 37, 1864, p. 488. Norion BASSETT-SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 469. Generic characters of female—General body form an ellipsoid, flattened dorsoventrally, both surfaces covered with subconvex shields. Head fused with the first thorax segment and the two distinctly sepa- rated from the rest of the body by a short neck; the remaining thorax segments fused inter se; no abdomen. Dorsal carapace divided into anterior and posterior portions by deep lateral incisions, the anterior part projecting forward as a narrow, pointed wing on either side of the cephalothorax, the posterior part evenly rounded. Ventral carapace divided into right and left halves, anteriorly by the cephalo- thorax, posteriorly by a deep median incision, each half with a median longitudinal keel. First antennae filiform, six-jointed ; second antennae with a swollen basal joint and a powerful, curved terminal claw; first maxillae two- jointed, apparently setiferous; second maxillae and maxillipeds also two-jointed but uncinate. A pair of rudimentary first legs at the pos- terior margin of the cephalothorax, mere curved pads without rami. Type of the genus.—Norion expansus, monotypic. Remarks.—This genus was established by Nordmann upon a single female specimen taken from the inside of the gill cover of an un- known fish at Honolulu. He located the genus in the family Chon- dracanthidae near the genus Zucca. No investigator besides Nord- mann has ever seen this genus, and none except Bassett-Smith has ever mentioned it. He recognized that it was not a Chondracanthid, and placed it in the present family, but he still retained Nordmann’s idea that it was closely related to Z’ucca, and so he transferred that genus to the Dichelesthiidae along with Norion. The two genera, however, have nothing in common; in volume 39 of these proceedings art, 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—-WILSON. PA (p. 352) Z'ucca was shown to be an Ergasilid, and NVorion is just as certainly a Dichelesthiid. Nordmann did not find any traces of the swimming legs, but the curved pads on the posterior margin of the cephalothorax are quite manifestly the rudiments of the first pair of legs, and it is also possi- ble, as Basset-Smith has suggested, that the divided ventral plate may represent the remaining legs, but he was certainly wrong when he stated that the anterior wing-like expansions belonged to the ventral plate and that there were no dorsal plates. A revised diagnosis is here presented in order to call attention again to this remarkable parasite and to offer certain corrections and suggestions in reference to its morphology. The genus seems valid and corresponds well with Anthosoma, Caetrodes, and Sagum. Accordingly we may accept it as far as it has been described and await further information before finally deciding upon its validity. Genus CAETRODES Wilson. Caetrodes Wrtson, Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, by W. A. Herdman, Supplementary Report No. 34, pt. 5, p. 203. Generic characters of female-—Body regions distinct. Head cov- ered with a dorsal carapace, which is obovate in shape, strongly arched and considerably widened anteriorly, narrowed and flattened posteriorly, where it projects back over the thorax segments but is not attached to them. Frontal margin turned under the carapace, carrying the base of the anterior antennae onto the ventral surface. Five free thorax segments, indistinctly separated and diminishing in width backwards, the fifth one sending back a wide lobe on either side of the genital segment. The latter small, transversely oblong and inclosed on,three sides by the fifth segment. Abdomen small, hemispherical, one-jointed; anal laminae longer than the abdomen, narrow, and terminating in a spine and a claw. First antennae five-jointed, slender, sparsely setose; second pair stout, ending in a prehensile claw. First and second maxillae rudi- mentary, uniramose, two-jointed, attached close beside the mouth tube and about the same size. Maxillipeds slender, two-jointed. Two pairs of biramose swimming legs close together at the anterior end of the thorax; rami linear, two-jointed. Egg tubes longer than the body, eggs large, not much flattened. Male unknown. Type of the genus.—Caetrodes pholas, monotypic. Remarks.—This genus is at once distinguished by the claws on the tips of the anal laminae, which assist the parasite in maintaining its peculiar hold upon its host. So far as known no other copepod is thus armed. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 60 Genus SAGUM Wilson. Sagum Wixson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1913, p. 234. Lernanthropus (part) Krgyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, ser. 3, vol. 2, 1863, p. 196. Generic characters of female-——General body form similar to that of Lernanthropus, but somewhat shorter and stouter. Cephalothorax angular; antennal area separated from the rest of the head by deep marginal sinuses; lateral margins produced into an angular wing on either side; posterior body covered with a dorsal plate which is pro- longed at the posterior corners of the third thorax segment into lobes, and which is more or less fused along the median line with the dorsal plate of the fourth segment. Antennae and mouth parts similar to those of Lernanthropus; first and second swimming legs much re- duced, with one-jointed rami; third legs flattened into laminae which cover the ventral surface and reach back to the posterior margin of the body; fourth legs also flattened into laminae reaching the pos- terior margin, the tips of the rami ending in long flagella. Fifth and genital segments and abdomen reduced and concealed. Egg strings coiled into the space between the dorsal plate and the third and fourth legs and thus entirely concealed. Generic characters of male-—Body divided into two sections, cephalothorax and posterior body, each covered with a dorsal plate, the two about the same size. Antennal area separated as in the female. First antennae seven-jointed and prominent; second an- tennae and mouth parts like those of the female. First and second swimming legs rudimentary; third pair with a single ramus in the form of a long cylindrical flagellum; fourth legs like those of the female, each ramus consisting of a basal lamina and a terminal flagellum, the exopod with an accessory flagellum. Genital segment and abdomen not covered, but visible in dorsal view. Type of the genus—Sagum flagellatum Wilson, monotypic. KEY TO THD SPECIES. Posterior processes at the corners of the third segment broad and extending diagonally outward away from the following segments, reaching the pos- terior margin of the dorsal plate__-_____________ flagellatum Wilson, 1913. Posterior processes narrow and pointed, and closely appressed to the sides of the following segments, reaching only halfway to the posterior margin of the dorsal. .platerstiewat anes Sher Mario angulatum (Krgyer), 1868, p. 28. SAGUM ANGULATUM (Kroyer). Lernanthropus angulatus Kr¢yer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, ser. 3, vol. 2, 1868, p. 196, pl. 9, fig. 1 a—g. Specific characters of female-—General form short and stout; cephalothorax one-fourth of the entire length, its length and width in the proportion of 5 to 7, with an invagination on either side ante- arr. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 29 riorly, and a pointed angle at the center where the lateral margin is drawn backward. The anterior margin projects between the in- vaginations as a rounded rostrum, less than one-seventh of the length of the cephalothorax. Free thorax segments fused and covered with a single dorsal plate, which on the midline is the same length as the head. This plate does not project at the anterior corners, but is prolonged at the posterior corners into pointed processes, as long as the plate itself and closely appressed to the sides of the posterior body. This latter is covered with a dorsal plate as wide as long, which is somewhat invaginated at the center of the posterior margin. The fifth and genital segments and abdomen are entirely concealed between the third and fourth legs and this dorsal plate. The egg strings are long and are coiled in this same space between the legs and the dorsal plate, and thus out of sight. First antennae six-jointed, the first joint the largest, the last one the smallest, all well armed with setae. Second antennae with a stout and strongly curved basal joint and a short but strong terminal claw. First maxillae simple, three-jointed and tipped with a small seta; second maxillae and maxillipeds with stout basal joints and small terminal claws. First swimming legs consisting of a short, rounded process tipped with three protuberances, the outer one lance-shaped, the middle one circular, the inner one ovate, tipped with a stout seta; second legs similar. Third legs biramose, the rami flattened into laminae, the outer ramus longer than the inner, the fold between the two project- ing from ventral surface. Fourth legs each made up of two stout, broadly oval, slightly curved laminae, the outer one the larger, each ending in a flagellum. Abdomen smaller than the genital segment, much wider than long; anal laminae twice the length of the abdomen, regularly tapered, five-jointed, first joint much the largest. Specific characters of male—To the generic characters already noted we may add the following: General form an elongated oval, the cephalo-thorax a little wider than the posterior body. Antennal area projecting as in the female. First antennae twice the size of those in the female. Second antennae joined at the base across the midline by a chitin knob. Second maxillae and maxillipeds rela- tively larger than in the female, but otherwise the same. First and second swimming legs proportionally larger, but made up similarly of a basal process and three protuberances; third and fourth legs as already given. Total length of female, 4.50 mm.; greatest width, 1.80 mm. Total length of male, 1.35 mm.; greatest width, 0.54 mm. Remarks.—This species was originally described by Krgyer from several specimens, including both sexes, obtained from the gills of an undetermined species of West Indian Serranus. All other ac- 3136—22—Proc.N.M.Vol.60——10 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. 60 counts are copies of Krgyer’s original and no one else has seen the species. The description given above is taken partly from Kr¢yer’s text and partly from his figures, with such changes in his nomencla- ture as would make his statements intelligible. If this description be compared with that of Sagum flagellatum, given by the present author in volume 44 of these Proceedings (p. 235), it will be clearly seen that Krgyer’s species belongs to the present genus and not to Lernanthropus where he placed it. Heller, in his Reise der Novara, 1865, in a footnote on page 213 relative to the genus Lernanthropus, said: Kr¢yer’s genus Aethon is closely related to Lernanthropus, if not identical with it. Although Kr¢gyer does not mention it in his latest work on the para- sitic copepods, it is very evident to me that the new species, Lernanthropus angulatus, there described and figured by him, is identical with his Aethon quadratus, previously described. And this is the more likely because both were found upon a West Indian Serranus species. A comparison of these two species described by Kréyer makes Heller’s suggestion seem extremely improbable, and for the follow- ing reasons: In Aethon the cephalothorax is three-fourths as wide ag the posterior body, from which it is separated by a distinct neck; the dorsal plate covering the posterior body is as wide as the free thorax; the first antennae are small and insignificant; the third swimming legs are close together on the median line, are only one- eighth the length of the posterior body, and are folded like those of Lernanthropus, projecting obliquely from the ventral surface. In the present species, which is the second one described by Kr¢yer, the cephalothorax is as wide as the posterior body; there is no neck; the dorsal plate covering the posterior body is as wide as the free thorax; the first antennae are large and prominent; the third legs are fiattened into laminae, which are as long as the posterior body, and cover its entire ventral surface. Kr¢gyer said nothing about the fourth legs in Aethon, and presumably they did not possess the peculiar flagella which he noted in the present species. Such dif- ferences preclude Heller’s suggestion of the identity of the two species. The genus Aethon probably becomes a synonym of Ler- nanthropus, but retains its own specific name, and hence becomes Lernanthropus quadratus. Genus LERNANTHROPUS Bilainville. Lernanthropus BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Physique, de Chimie, d’Hist. Nat., vol. 95, 1822, p. 444. Epachthes NorpMann, Mikrographische Beitrige, 1882, pt. 2, p. 45. Lernanthropus BuRMEISsTER, Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., vol. 17, 1833, p. 303. Aethon Kr¢yer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 257, pl. 2, fig. 9, 1837. ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 31 Lernanthropus StTEENSTRUP and LirKeN, Kong. Danske Videns. Selsk. Skrifter, ser. 5, vol. 5, 1861, p, 395. Lernanthropus Krgyrr, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, ser. 3, vol. 2, 1863, . 193. ab ees NorpMANN, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. Moscou, vol. 37, 1864, . 499, eataeetan NorpMANN, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. Moscou, vol. 1864, p. 510. Lernanthropus Herter, Reise der Novara, 1865, p. 221. Lernanthropus Heiper, Arbeit. Zoolog. Inst. Wien, vol. 2, pt. 3, 1879, p. 269. Lernanthropus Goaaio, Atti Soc. Toscani Sci. Nat. Pisa, vol. 22, 1906, p. 134. : Lernanthropus Brian, Copepodi parassiti dei Pesci d'Italia, 1906, p. 63. Lernanthropus T. and A. Scott, British Parasitic Copepoda, 1912, p. 110. External generic characters of female—Head fused with first thorax segment, the resulting cephalothorax oblong or pyriform, with a dorsal carapace whose lateral margins are curved over ven- trally. Free thorax segments fused and covered with a dorsal plate, which is prolonged backwards over the genital segment and abdomen. The latter small and one-jointed. First antennae filiform, the joints more or less fused. Second antennae prehensile, uncinate. Man- dibles stylet-shaped, tcothed on the inner markin. First maxillae palp like; second maxillae and maxillipeds prehensile, uncinate. First two pairs of swimming legs rudimentary, biramose, the rami one-jointed; rami of third and fourth pairs transformed into broad lamellae. Each lamella of the third pair represents a fused exopod and endopod, projects at right angles or diagonally from the ventral surface and is folded along its midline, so that its cross-section is in the form of a half circle. There are usually four lamellae in the fourth legs, and they extend backward. Egg strings elongate, eggs uniseriate and strongly flattened. External generic characters of male.—Cephalothorax separated from the free thorax and covered with a carapace whose lateral margins are flat. Free thorax fused with the genital segment and without a dorsal plate. Abdomen one-jointed and wholly visible in dorsal view. Second antennae prehensile and relatively larger than in the female. Third and fourth swimming legs, with the rami trans- formed into thread-like filaments. Internal generic characters—The usual digestive canal running straight through the entire body. Sex organs paired, the ovaries lying over the digestive canal in the second thorax segment, the testes similarly placed in the posterior part of the cephalothorax; sex ducts much convoluted. Cement glands club shaped, extending along the lateral margins of the dorsal surface and reaching forward to the posterior end of the ovaries. Semen receptacle also club shaped under the intestine at the posterior end of the genital seg- o2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 ment. Spermatophore receptacle large and near the posterior end of the genital segment. The distinguishing character of the genus is a closed vascular sys- tem made up of two ventral longitudinal trunks running under and close to the intestine, one on either side, and a single dorsal trunk over the intestine and between the paired sex organs. From these central trunks branches Jead to the various appendages and there is also a network of capillaries over the dorsal surface and in the laminate swimming legs. No part of the system has any connection with the lumen of the body cavity. The trunks and capillaries are filled with a yellowish-red liquid, which streams back and forth under the influence of the peristaltic movements of the digestive canal, and aided by the contraction of the muscles of the various ap- pendages and body regions. This liquid contains neither blood cor- puscles nor any other definite constituents, and hence can not be called true blood, but it probably serves as an oxygen carrier between the body regions and into the appendages. Type of the genus —Lernathropus musca Blainville, 1822, mono- typic. KBY TO THD SPECIES. (The number preceding the species name represents the total length of that sex and species.) 1. A dorsal plate covering the free thorax and genital segment, but leaving the ADGOMEN) VASUOLe su COTS CW a a a ee eee ie 1. A dorsal plate covering the entire body, leaving nothing visible except the ramirofthe third and fourthderss 2 bib eee SO es a 2 1. No dorsal plate, the free thorax, the genital segment and the abdomen entinely visible in «dorsal ie Web) Ee ta oe ae ee el 30 2. Third legs folded in the usual manner and projecting at right angles or obliquely, tontue pveutralSUurtd Cemes aa] wee eee ere aes nah Cr nee 3 2. Third legs flattened into broad laminae parallel with the ventral surface and’ecovering -nearly=the: whole (of 16222 o a 8 es ee ee 2 24 2. Third legs narrow laminae, uniramose or divided and lying flat on the ven- traliisunfaces-butcovering, only adittle of mits _.-9 b= nee Bee eee ee 27 8. Dorsal plate all one piece, with no transverse groove or marginal sinuses__‘t 8. Dorsal plate divided into an anterior and posterior portion by a transverse ETOOVE OL Oy Marea! SINUSES! 2 se ae eee ne eee ee = ae ee eee 8 4, Males, dorsal plate no wider than the cephalothorax; third and fourth legs projectingiwelliibeyond), itsimar gin. ——— Meee OL As ee Sa een Lie 5 4. Wemales, dorsal plate but little wider than the cephalothorax, and about the Same, diam ctersthrouchou toe sen sie se Oe eas eee ee 6 4. Females, dorsal plate widened posteriorly to twice the diameter of the SPD IMT ETN OLESEN ow rh a Fe G 5. Cephalothorax longer than dorsal plate; latter obovate, much narrowed DOSTERIOTIV IEE 22 eee eee 2) eee 1 mm., male, larvatus Heller, 1865 5. Dorsal plate much longer than cephalothorax, not narrowed, but squarely trunested postenionly 8) a 1.50 mm., male, lativentris Heller, 1865 5. Cephalothorax and dorsal plate about the same length, the latter broadly rounded posteriorly___________ 1.50 mm., male, holmbergii Nordmann, 1864 ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—-WILSON. 33 6. Fourth legs projecting but little beyond the dorsal plate; rami slender and GylinGricalwgers cert tie 2s aaa eee 8 mm., female, voraz Richiardi, 1880 6. Fourth legs projecting their entire length; rami flattened into lanceolate Tainingete yaaa. ich) al yo] eee. gion deh 4.50 mm., female, mugilis Brian, 1898 6. Fourth legs projecting their entire length; rami slender, cylindrical; dorsal plate divided by a deep longitudinal incision like the wings of a fly, 8 mm., female, musca Blainville, 1822 7. Posterior margin of dorsal plate smoothly rounded; fourth legs not reaching Bhisgemarcineerwes _ shure wand tal aia 2s female, polynemi Richiardi, 1881 7. Posterior margin of dorsal plate smoothly rounded; fourth legs project well beyond! thissmarginhhs S48. eeratieie 2.25 mm., female, belones Kr¢yer, 1863 7. Posterior margin of dorsal plate deeply bilobed, the sinus triangular and reaching center of plate_.._____________ 3 mm., female, trachuri Brian, 1908 8. Posterior portion of dorsal plate the same width as the anterior portion Ob ANAEKOW Crews. riark nein ae ciiran _ > Peajitolaigia nate Senn 9 8. Posterior portion of dorsal plate distinctly wider than the anterior portion_19 9. Anterior portion of dorsal plate with large lateral wings; fourth legs pro- jecting nearly their entire length, 3.30 mm., female, caudatus, new species, p. 387 9. Anterior portion of dorsal plate with large lateral wings; fourth legs not DEGIECLITS At pal) at Seee ft A ects hy duu tne d sii ela Lee metmon cl iat ehb 10 9. Anterior portion of dorsal plate without wings, but With processes at its posterior corners; fourth legs projecting more or less_________________ 11 9. Anterior portion of dorsal plate without wings or processes; fourth legs PLOyectine moderately st ete ills _ Tels She oe ey eed oe tL ea peer 2, 10. Genital segment short and wide, without transverse folds; fourth legs cut to center, rami slender and acuminate, 2.50 mm., female, trigonecephalus Heller, 1865 10. Genital segment narrow and elongate, with transverse folds; fourth legs cut to their base, rami broad laminae bluntly pointed, the exopod slightly THERON Bera ee Ae ee Ke BS Ba as 2.75 mm., female, pagelli Kr¢yer, 1863 10. Genital segment narrow and elongate, with transverse folds; fourth legs cut to their base, rami broad laminae, bluntly pointed, the endopod much the Ore) Otek Lae ee ee een, Se 2.25 mm., female, scribae Kr¢yer, 1863, p. 46 11. Fourth legs short, projecting half their length, rami subparallel; no fifth Reg sR Sober. Pare Eek wesc ee ey bead ay ie aid 3 mm., female, atror Heller, 1865 11. Fourth legs elongate, cylindrical, projecting three-quarters of their length, rami divergent ; fifth legs present ; processes on anterior dorsal plate flaring, 9 mm., female, giganteus Kr¢yer, 1863 11. Fourth legs not projecting at all; no fifth legs; processes closely appressed Topthienbodye! =e eel 3.387 mm., female, quadratus (Krgyer), 1837 12. Abdomen wholly or partially visible in dorsal view; fourth legs visible Lheinentinek len grt lela. he 3 PTs owe 2 oe ee ea ee ee 13 12. Abdomen wholly covered by the dorsal plate; fourth legs only partly visible, WHE PNASES MEIN A KCOVELEd = e.=. 4 e e aeae e ea a e 16 13. Rami of fourth legs longer than the entire body and acuminate_________ 14 18. Rami of fourth legs much shorter than the entire body and acute________ 15 14. Anterior portion of dorsal plate overlapping the posterior portion and bilobed ; cephalothorax also invaginate at the center of the posterior margin, 5 mm., female, nuduws Basset-Smith, 1898 14, Anterior portion of dorsal plate neither overlapping nor bilobed; cephalo- thorax not invaginate but with its lateral margins curled far over ventrally, 7.60 mm., female, tenuis, new name, p. 38 34 15. 16. 16. 1 17. 17. 17. 18. 18. 18. 18. 19. 19. 20. 20. 21. 21. 22. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 60 . Dorsal plate invaginate posteriorly; third legs of the usual pattern; fifth legs spresen fs see le es 3.15 mm., female, rathbuni, new species, p. 39 Dorsal plate evenly rounded posteriorly ; third legs enlarged at their tips; VO) tnetets VG 1S eee Elle ho ae 2.50 mm., female, leidyi, new species, p. 40 Tips of anal laminae almost or quite reaching posterior margin of dorsal plate; fourth legs projecting nearly their entire length______________-__ nu Tips of anal laminae considerably in front of posterior margin of dorsal plate; fourth legs projecting half their length or less___________________ 18 First antennae rudimentary; cephalothorax much narrower than free thorax) third Megsiparallelesi ate eat female, Brevis Richiardi, 1886 First antennae three-jointed; cephalothorax as wide as free thorax and notched on either side___-________._-__-__. 5 mm., female, nobilis Heller, 1865 First antennae five-jointed ; cephalothorax much narrower than free thorax; third legs divergent_________ 5 mm., female, gisleri P. J. van Beneden, 1852 First antennae eight-jointed; cephalothorax much narrower than free thorax; third legs parallel—7 mm., female, pomatomi R. Rathbun, 1887, p. 42 First antennae rudimentary; cephalothorax much narrowed anteriorly; third legs parallel; fourth legs narrow, acuminate laminae, with the tips only projecting________ 4mm., female, koenigii Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861 First antennae three-jointed; cephalothorax slightly narrowed anteriorly ; third legs parallel; fourth legs broad laminae, bluntly rounded, projecting their whole length________ 5 mm., female, brevoortiae R. Rathbun, 1887, p. 43 First antennae rudimentary; cephalothorax with a horn-like process at each anterior corner; third legs parallel; fourth legs with acuminate TM ERETUNTN ER Geese A 2a te ee 4.75 mm., female, spiculatus Wilson, 1918 First antennae prominent, six-jointed; cephalothorax widened anteriorly; third legs widely divergent; fourth legs narrow blunt laminae, not pro- Jjecting la tealliae we aera rie ee 8 mm., female, trifoliatus Bassett-Smith, 1898 Dorsal plate not covering fourth legs; no posterior sinus; body only twice astlonge las uwade: OF eSSt tas ee eee eee A ee ee 20 Dorsal plate covering fourth legs and wrapped around ventrally like the Skintsmomtar clo alle Se A eees See ESR RO eS ene PERSO See 23 Rami of fourth legs slender, cylindrical, and acuminate; anal laminae only reachine nthe: center or the*dorsalplates== 22s 2 = a= = ae een nee 21 Rami of fourth legs broad laminae; anal laminae almost or quite reaching LhHeSposteriGramarcin Ot Che Orsay ate eee se reer eee 22 Cephalothorax with a long conical process projecting laterally from each PoOsteriornecormer: -Vew ese ee! 7 mm. female, tylosuri Richiardi, 1880 Cephalothorax ovate with smoothly rounded margins; no processes; free thorax wider than long____________ 2.25 mm., female, pagodus Krgyer, 1863 Rami of fourth legs projecting nearly their entire length, with filiform GIS MS aA: ee ee Lee 5.50 mm., female, foliaceus Richiardi, 1889 - Rami of fourth legs projecting only half their length; bluntly pointed, not divided-tostheir’ bases. 22 = oP eles 5 mm., female, krgyeri Beneden, 1851 . Rami of fourth legs projecting only half their length; bluntly rounded, armed with spiny processes____—--_ 6 mm., female, lappaceus Wilson, 1912 . Dorsal plate in dorsal view shaped like an hourglass; cephalothorax one- third the entire length______ 3 mm., female, chlamydotus, new species, p. 48 . Dorsal plate with straight lateral margins; cephalothorax only one-sixth the entire leneth2eo Stes 9.50 mm., female, paenulatus, new species, p. 51 . Dorsal plate entirely covering the fourth legs; third legs broad laminae With PLUME y #rOUN CG Ute Lips Senet Aiea eek Ree DRS AN vee ns See eee eee 25 . Fourth legs projecting more or less; third legs narrower laminae with Pointed tips Neen 1CSs PRCSCNt Ss eee 26 ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 35 25. 25. 26. 26. 27. 28. 28. 29. 29. 29. 30. 30. 30. 30. 31. 31. 31. 32. 32. 32. 38. 33 34. 34. Third legs covering the genital segment, the abdomen, and nearly all of the fourth legs; cephalothorax wider than long; free thorax with projec- tions at anterior corners_____________ 3 mm., female, larvatus Heller, 1865 . Third legs covering only bases of genital segment and fourth legs, the rest free; cephalothorax much longer than wide; free thorax without projec- LIONS LS Ase h Sees ee Edn ee ae 3 mm., female, lativentris Heller, 1865 Third legs covering entire ventral surface; cephalothorax wider than long, lobed. on the lateral margins; free thorax with processes at anterior and DOStCHIOPICOMNCTS = ee es eee 5 mm., female, percis Thomson, 1889 Cephalothorax narrowed anteriorly; dorsal plate with a shallow posterior LTT Ss ae ee ede eo 3.50 mm., female, frondeus Wilson, 1913 Cephalothorax widened anteriorly; dorsal plate with a deep median pos- ETL OLE SUIS Sees os 90 be DE ee eT 2 mm., female, obscurus Wilson, 1913 A plate on the ventral surface similar to the dorsal plate and covering the DASesuOtotneschinds and. tOUnEn legis. Wee ees ee ee 28 . No ventral plate; the third and fourth legs, the genital segment, and the abdomen, entirely, visible-in. ventral view 2 eo 29 Posterior margin of dorsal plate deeply bilobed; the genital segment and abdomen entirely concealed___4.50 mm., female, temminckii Nordmann, 1864 Posterior margin of dorsal plate pointed; the genital segment and abdomen visible. ventrally2) <2 25228 10 mm., female, petersi, Beneden, 1857, p. 36 Fourth legs projecting their entire length; their rami the same diameter throughout and squarely truncated at their tips; third legs uniramose, 5 mm., female, nordmanni, new name, p. 47 Fourth legs projecting their entire length, their rami acuminate; third legs biramose, rami acute_______ 8.70 mm., female, paradorus (Nordmann), 1832 Fourth legs not reaching posterior margin of dorsal plate; cephalothorax with a deep incision on either side near the anterior margin, 6 mm., female, pupa Burmeister, 1833 Hourth Jegs undivided:.and: broadly foliaceous.__222 27 31 Hourth legs undividedsand cylingrical== ee See ae ee ees eee 32 Hourth legs’ divided*half their*lengthor lesson 33 Howrth less idivided tos heir. pases. ar ois nese A ee ee ele 36 Fourth legs pointed at their tips and unarmed; third legs narrow and Cylindrical... eles oe fa A Le 1.85 mm., male, pagelli Krgyer, 1863 Fourth legs broadly rounded at their tips and armed with spiny processes, 2 mm., male, lappaceus Wilson, 1913 Fourth legs emarginate at their tips, leaving two knobs armed with short SPINS Ssesea AN 2B 0 2mm., male, chlamydotus, new species, p. 48 Cephalothorax narrowed and rounded anteriorly; fourth legs slender, bluntly rounded, and nearly as long as the entire body; third legs much SHOCUCE Se see ee ee ee ee TM, MAlEMOOSCULUS Wilson, 1913 Cephalothorax narrowed and rounded anteriorly; fourth legs stout and acute at the tips and much shorter than the body; third legs one-third assions as) the fourth2ec2 2225.5 tiie 2mm., male, pomatomi Rathbun, 1887 Cephalothorax broad and squarely truncated anteriorly; fourth legs stout, bluntly rounded, much shorter than the body; third legs mere stumps, MEDyesvontt = == eee ee 1 mm., male, leidyi, new species, p. 40 Cephalothorax narrower and shorter, than the free thorax_______________84 Cephalothorax wider and longer than the free thorax____________________ 35 Rami of fourth legs broad and bluntly pointed; endopod of third legs much shorter thanvexopodi2== 22222 = =. 3 mm., male, krgyeri Beneden, 1851 Rami of fourth legs narrow and acuminate; rami of third legs subequal, 3 mm., male, gisleri Beneden, 1852 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. €0 34. Rami of fourth legs broad but ending in a narrow tapering point; endopod only half the length of the exopod; endopod of third legs also very short. 2.50 mm., male, paenulatus, new species, p. 5L 35. Third and fourth legs widely divergent; third pair uniramose; rami of AOUGCH AD Alea eee en 1.50 mm., male, trigonocephalus Heller, 1865 35. Third and fourth legs biramose, the endopods much shorter than the EXO POU See ese nema an 2 min., male, koenigit Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861 Soy bhindwMesssumdpyideds slender amd: Ort eco see eet ee e 37 Fas oye MYO ng) VSPA} UO Wye LeX0 Wy RO el WOVEN Chea OF NST eet a ee ee cet a aly 38 36. Third legs divided half their length, endopod much shorter than the Sb: 0) OYGYG Lam Asie il A Sahel ead ayes male, micropterygis Richiardi, 1882 86. Third legs with a tiny rudimentary endopod near the base of the exopod, 2.75 mm., male, giganteus Krgyer, 1863 387. Rami of fourth legs equal; third legs nearly as long as the fourth pair, 5 mm., male, niudus Bassett-Smith, 1898 87. Endopod of fourth legs much shorter than exopod; third legs shorter than endopod oLftourth parr 3.50 mm., male, frondeus Wilson, 1913 388. Third legs as long as fourth pair; anal laminae linear, ten times as long LSTA CL sess ee ae Seren See aN ARR AA) EROS RUC UR 3 mm., male, atror Heller, 1865 88. Third legs only half the length of the fourth pair; anal laminae four times ASO SUAS MUTT CL Cee ine ee ees ae eee A Ueee ne cea 2mm., male, vorar Richiardi, 1880 38. Third legs only half the length of the fourth pair; anal laminae as wide USE G11 SYN RIES. AOE: Sea OO SI male, brevis Richiardi, 1880 Synonyms.—Nordmann described a new genus and species under the name Lpachthes paradoxus in his Mikrographische Beitriage. 1832, part 2 (p. 45). In the text on pages 46 and 47 he gave refer- ences to plate 12, figures 12, 18, and 14, but no such plate was pub- lished with his paper, and the only illustration that has ever appeared is a single figure published by Burmeister in 1833. He claimed that the species belonged in the genus Lernanthropus on account of its resemblance to Lernanthropus pupa, and this claim was afterwards acknowledged as correct by Nordmann himself. Accordingly the species paradoxus has been included in the key just given. In the same paper in which Nordmann acknowledged Burmeister’s claim !® he endeavored to establish upon Beneden’s Lernanthropus petersi a new genus, which he proposed to call Stalagmus. The validity of this genus has been denied by most authors, and appar- ently with good reason. Although it differs in many particulars from other species these differences do not seem to warrant generic distinction. Again in this same paper Nordmann described (p. 508) and figured (pl. 7, figs. 5-8) some specimens which he referred to Beneden’s species krgyeri, but which are certainly distinct, and hence they have been given the new name nordmanni. In his discussion of this genus”? Goggio established a new species which he named ichiae, but the following year he acknowledged it as a synonym of Brian’s trachuri. # Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 37, 1864, p. 510. 2*Atti Soc. Tosana Sci. Nat., Pisa, vol. 22, 1906, p. 144. ART. 5. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 37 Richiardi”* gave a brief description, without figures, of a new species of Lernanthropus, which he named micropterygis. Goggio in the paper just referred to (1906) claimed to recognize Richiardi’s species, and gave figures of male and female adults. He also claimed that Brian’s species thompsoni®? was a synonym of micropterygis. Brian himself in his Copepodi Parassiti dei Pesci d’Italia, 1906 (p. 66), made thompsoni a synonym of gisleri, but later published an error slip stating that this was a mistake and that it should be a synonym of micropterygis. In this same paper (p. 65) Brian claimed that Heider’s species “krgyeri, var.” was a synonym of Richiardi’s brevis, but Goggio, in the Pisa paper already referred to, identified brevis very differently and gave good figures of both sexes. If his interpretation is correct then Heider’s name must be retained and does not become a synonym. Heider, Valle, and Brian have each stated that probably the spe- cles described by Heller as trigonocephalus is identical with the one established by Krgyer-as seribae. Heller frankly acknowledged that the two species had many similarities, but contended that they differed enough to warrant keeping them separate. LERNANTHROPUS CAUDATUS, new species. Plate 1, figs. 9-11; plate 2, figs. 12—15. Host and record of specimens.—Three adult females were obtained from the gills of the sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus, at Beaufort, North Carolina, July 25, 1905. The best specimen was selected as the type of the species with Cat. No. 54061, U.S.N.M.; the other two become paratypes with Cat. No. 54062, U.S.N.M. Specific characters of female—General form short and thickset; cephalothorax narrowed anteriorly, swollen posteriorly, the lateral lobes produced considerably in front of the central margin. Anterior portion of dorsal plate produced into a large lateral lobe on either side, which curves over ventrally, leaving prominent rounded corners both anteriorly and posteriorly. Posterior portion of plate nearly a circle in outline, its margin evenly and smoothly rounded. First antennae indistinctly six-jointed, not visible except in a ventral view. Second antennae of the usual pattern, the stout ter- minal claw strongly curved. Mouth tube rather small; maxillae also small and weak; second maxillae large and powerful; maxilli- peds with a stout terminal claw nearly as long as the basal joint and jointed once near the center. First legs small and hidden beneath the maxillipeds, the endopod a conical knob tipped with a single long spine, the exopod flattened into a lamina, tipped with five short 21 Processi verbali Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat., Pisa, vol. 4, 1885, p. 82. 2 Atti. Soc. Ligustica Sci. Nat., vol. 9, 1898, p. 17, pl. 3, fig. 16. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vor. 60 and stout spines. Second legs with the basipod much swollen, almost spherical, but with the rami much smaller than those of the first pair. The exopod is flattened, circular in outline, and armed with several minute spines arranged irregularly. The endopod is boot shaped and apparently unarmed. The third legs are excep- tionally long and narrow; the fourth pair are divided to their bases and project nearly their entire length behind the dorsal plate. Their rami are flattened into thin laminae, which are widest in the center and taper toward either end. The anal laminae are long and narrow-lanceolate, their tips reach a little beyond the posterior mar- gin of the dorsal plate. None of the females carried egg strings. Color a uniform yellowish gray. Total length, not including fourth legs, 3.30 mm. Width of ante- rior portion of dorsal plate, 2 mm. Length of four legs, 2.85 mm. (caudatus, long-tailed.) Remarks.—The distinguishing characters of this species are the large lateral wings on the anterior portion of the dorsal plate and the broad rami of the fourth legs which project nearly their entire length. The females of trigonocephalus, pagelli, and scribae also have large lateral wings, but their fourth legs either do not reach the posterior margin of the dorsal plate, or barely pass it. The plate in trigonocephalus is so narrowed posteriorly that the fourth legs sometimes project beyond its lateral margins, but they hardly pass the posterior margin, and they are only cut to their center, while here the rami are separated to their very base. The boot shape of the endopod of the second legs is also pecultar and unlike that of any other species. These parasites are not at all common, since many sheepsheads were examined during the summer, but only these three specimens were obtained. The side view shown in figure 12 gives the best idea of the lateral lobes of the anterior thorax and also of the excep- tional length of the third legs. LERNANTHROPUS TENUIS, new name. Lernanthropus, species Brian, Atti Soc. Ligustica Sci. Nat., vol. 9, 1898, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 14. Remarks.—In the reference above given Brian described a species of parasitic copepod which he referred to the present genus, but to which he gave no specific name. In going over the described species for the purpose of making the key which appears above it was found that this species did not belong with any hitherto described.