Wis A NN \ Zo SMV AY WOON LOS RAY \ ANY WY LY NY AX \ \ \\ \ \ WAY \ \ A AY AON WN \\ \\\ Bh i yh mee! eau mon” Bi c rue iS a* : : “i ia ats iE » ee es ae fae a Vs ie la vey ny Al ? a ae i, ; et f Wes | ie se ap a, a pa Mas 2 ay si : a re J Meine ieee ioe 7 an Wy en oe =a Rei) ne rae OST Teh ie a eee an ti ie aie ah Be ty mie ee Lane ses : — “eh i oF) ue lee ge ree a, one a A i 3 (ny Halt va en fF ia An i iy i os , Pe Math ie Lou one fas.) Os a er) i - y 4 aa ) os : ¢ i ate im ye | Ul ren a ie a) Ny iA a i ih ‘ae 4 1 & | ve y u 7 " ,. Dit He ft eee a I coe - a a ‘y 1 f Ma Gas Tani 2: ry Rus a ot ie rom i Pity us , ‘ La a x NK ee i ‘ “ ‘ | me a i wi , ‘ a oni RM : 9 Po Fy) eae TS if be 7 a) a aay 1 mars es an bi iat ‘ia ry id bie nie ‘ee ry ey tl ae rs a it rt ie “ Ain Bei: 1 RI ih, PK Ry o ete ee a a, Uf , a ). Bi, RY Poms fe ie vi Gi: ay! : a a” eet) ol rare, in 4 a ap y mt i ee ue aby, ak aah iy f : ae TO 1 Pil " Ue f ‘ bib °; ; ; fiat ae . . ait niin nor iy Pty ~~ ie vs oi , shi Ni he \ (rae ou) ) Ve : ey a ty . oe ok oe | ie ‘ "| ner us a fi ie z a ” itt if ch ei Pal AMAR oy ei), ney ne NG Ps Al La OD an? ed 74 ie Re oi a aa ‘ wel fe y 7 A) - : ‘ant o me i is: he e Ne, ha a 1a ‘i ar’ vue “ee iu van oh 1 the ai ik ; ey ye, eon a mM ai" y 1 Hi } oti ay Pati a AG Pe Las 8 es - us Paty Wib ur me i ¥ yi i ket ni nae . ; ieee , aati AA Pea? a Ha y +n a al Bi Ty ie i bi) i ag i i A. a Pe. | ‘A Ay he Sd be ae thi! A i D } aN ie Pu) ne Pht fi i sin ie ih ve oh) ne He maa ' ca i a eth ey a ‘ita ne y Mt aa ; . " 1 ee bs oe a ‘i, a. A ie : mare A re i ae Ha ei i . oe } aie we a ART By Ai , Hs ae Je i i ae Rit a in . ; : ieee 1a ; Bate | Wy i, ia ee a : A v 6 Wk oY + a nd ME Ae 7 A, : i ty ; Y A. a y . Ly) rae ay, aye i. MS : ve ae Oe a as y ly ena vy a ee ae me" : - ee Phir.) #4 NM fe n see Mf } av \ oe it Pt i alk ake ge! ; > ie a . hin hil, “4 a vs a 2 ia it : ea, ; PP ii, y ie Vv ry ri i ‘ ; nee; 9 rae” APs hi, iy wig Sie taut ay ah Pec der? a be ari pe or a ay i i ny is 3 ae 7 a er i, ? it Hi ex ; eee fri ‘yd ile, ae ie A : tue ; ; ia ; r co pe Ne al vi i ite f as ka i a oe ' 2 eee Ng (Tiree “4 ee ae nan ret er iy SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME: 56% WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1926 MU MA : J MOMs ane aie mean » Amor AY aa (TA bs annie ae aA ee tar ace ap epir pemieninat ilies oon Cee A eae ry is 3 UDG ADVERTISEMENT ~ The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The present volume is the sixty-seventh of this series. The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of a ‘series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues. of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear vol- umes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Wasuineton, D. C., May 26, 1926. Ill BAG VAAN i" Sab) pereishe ade heel. 2 a yA ie tus ian ; yet piety NE i hist Ts eeEL ae Anat te caer] Senate” rruat r SPER, iy3 ‘het amines sae if Le =k art § s: E Hs i Uses fastoita, TR reg px ete BT Ht SeigOh & BY P an colt a5, Se SF is ne GARY i - ° ‘ot *, ay 4 } sau as a, Ss. Vio rineepeert it ih what pacts gi Ir LLY e Serra i") 7 siak i cota i hia sor isey shea. at let i i paosabten jaa bento ere seg “ie Chev firta’ « alin bia ig . fire gat fi ihe Pa fe sit Hina ite mere ys, at tS 1A stpetaos Y diel Ca Lah a @ 19 “prthcain | Da * ah sae oti aes vat wT . bola ase 7 Ssysehyaie pit ait} wt 4 ecacla A} rink avalon rth. ot ercar ss! MBB rE Bs i Ba 5 bee ea Maids untae eae uke neh on motes eee TABLE OF CONTENTS AMARAL, AFRANIO DO. South American snakes in the collec- tion of the United States National Museum. No. 2596, pp. 1-30 December 2a too ee te ark Os Bes wt Wk Bartscu, Paut. Three new land shells from Mexico. No. 2994- pp. lb: December, 1925 ‘57 es New species: Holospira (Holospira) orcutti, H. (H.) monclovana, H. (Eudistemma) picta. Basster, Ray S. and Frerpinanp Canu. (See FERDINAND OFS 0) Veet eas eke Cp ELE Yi be Peebles Oe eral oe aMe a eee eee eee Eee Canu, FERDINAND, and Ray S. Basser. Studies on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. No. 2593, pp. 1-124. March AO TOOL Sin REE ER cde Tene ly cea ed OM ose Det ea ore New genera: Chartecytis, Multigalea, Diplocava. New species: Proboscina coarctata, Berenicea parvula, B. grandipora, B. faringdonensis, B. filifera, Clinopora quadripartita, Heteropora nummularia, Multicrescis galaefera, M. parvipora, M. lamellosa, M. mammillosa, M. pulchella, M. (Acanthopora) formosa, Ceriopora tenuis, C. ovoidea, C. angustipedis, C. aequipedis, C. solida, C. parvipora, C. nummularia, C. lobifera, C. fallax, C. spongioides, C. dimorphocella, Defranciopora neocomiensis, Neuropora ramosa, N. arbuscula, N. micropora, N. tenuinervosa, Neuroporella hemi- spherica, Spinopora neocomiensis, Trigonoecia semota, Cardioeciea verticellata, C. faringdonensis, C. pauper, Nematifera incrustans, N. reticuloides, Cea granulata, Diaperoecia(?) simplex, D. orbifera, Plethopora aptensis, Chartecytis compressa, Multigalea marginata, Meliceritites transversa, Ceriocava grandipora, C. junctata, C. multilamellosa, C. ingens, C. tenuirama, Diplocava incondita, D. inordinata, D. orbiculifera, D. globulosa, Leiosoecia aequiporosa, L. grandipora, L. proxima, Clausa cranet, C. zonifera, Repto- clausa denticulata, Tretocycloecia(?) multiporosa, T. densa, Latero- cavea intermedia, Siphodictyum irregulare, Zonopora compressa. New varieties: Stomatopora granulata, var. neocomiensis, Cardioecia neocomiensis parvula, C. n. entalophoroides. Casanowicz, I. M. The dragon god (Dai-Ja) in Idzumo, Japan. A Japanese Tale. No. 2587, pp. 1-4. May 23, ND pe te Sar es Suey yay py ee we fe es ae Article 24 22 21 21 15 1 Date of publication. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS CusHMAN, JosepH A. Foraminifera of the genera Siphogene- rina and Pavonina. No. 2597, pp. 1-24. March 9, 1926 1_ New species: Siphogenerina mexicana, Pavonina mexicana. New varieties: Siphogenerina raphanus, var. tropica, S. striata, var. curta, S. dimorpha, var. pacifica. CusHMAN, R. A. Ten new North American Ichneumon-flies. No. 2595, pp.1=13 3. Mebruary 2, 1926 022 220 aa ee New species: Neotypus americanus, Anisobas nearcticus, A. bicolor, Apaeleticus americanus, Polycyrtus neglectus Brachycryptus niger, Syzeuctus sigmoidalis, S. epischniae, Campoplex digitatus, Cre- mastus (Cremastus) sinuatus. GARDNER, Leon L. The adaptive modifications and the taxonomic value of the tongue in birds. No. 2591, pp. 1-49. September 25,1925 4. a5 ee og ye eee Howe ti, A. Brazier. Asymmetry in the skulls of mam- mals. No. 2599, pp. 1-18. December 31, 19251_______-- Hyman, O. W. Studies on the larvae of crabs of the family Xanthidae.. .No. 2575, pp. 1-22. June 1, 1925+___.-_.2 Kertioce, RemMincTton. Supplementary observations on the skull of the fossil porpoise Zarhachis flagellator Cope. No. 2600, pp». 1-18. Hebruary 24,1926 7— ee MacCatium, G. A. Eggs of a new species of nematoid worm from a shark. No. 2588, pp. 1-2. May 9, 1925722 lus: _- McAteer, W. L., and J. R. Mattocu. Revision of bugs of the family Cryptostemmatidae in the collection of the United States National Museum. No. 2585, pp. 1-42. dune TQ POD 5A Se are Ae 52 RISE ac EEO a oo ee New genera: Ceratocomboides, Hoplonannus, Membracioides. New species: Ceratocombus (Ceratocombus) areolatus, C. (C.) hes- perus, C. (Xylonannus major, C. (X.) cuneatus, C. (X.) vagans, Cryptostemma pedunculatum, C. smithi, C. uhleri, Ceratocom- boides prima, Schizoptera (Orthorhagus) plana, S. (Odontorhagus) bipartita, S. (O.) repetita, S. (O.) clodius, S. (O.) decius, S. (O.) commodus, S. (O.) drusus, S. (Kophaegis) cubensis, S. (K.) similis, S. (Zygophleps) unica, S. (Cantharocoris) reuteri, S. (C.) uhleri, S. (C.) elmis, S. (C.) scymnus, S. (Schizoptera) reticulata, S. (S.) hirta, S. (S.) caudata, S. (S.) mexicana, S. (S.) paraguayana, S. (S.) pilosa, S. (S.) nigrita, S. GS.) apictpunctata, S. (S.) licinius, S. (S.) vitellius, S. (Lophopleurum) sulcata, S. (L.) bispina, S. (L.) tenuispina, Corixidea crassa, C. major, Membracioides parallela, Nannocoris cavifrons, N. nasua, N. schwarzi, N. flavomarginata, Hoplonannus brunnea, Hypselosoma boops. New variety: Ceratocombus areolatus, var. accola. 1 Date of publication. Article 25 23 19 27 28 - kG 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS McATEE, W. L., and J. R. Mattocn. Revision of the Ameri- can bugs of the Reduviid subfamily Ploiariinae. No. 2573, ee ale Aree Ne Oe LOA) ee ee SN ee en a New genus: Polauchenia. New species: Empicoris orthoneuron, E. winnemana, E. reticulatus, E. subparallelus, E. nudus, Stenolemus pristinus, S. pallidipennis, S. variatus, S. interstitialis, S. hirtipes, S. mexicanus, S. spiniger, S. perplexus, Deliastes stramineipes, Emesa (Emesa) marmoratus, E. (Myiagreutes) minor, E. testaceus, E. (Rothbergia) testaceus, EH. (R.) rapax, E. (R.) diffinis, Polauchenia protentor, P. biannulata, Ploiaria brunnea, P. sicaria, P. setulifera, P. varipennis, P. granu- lata, P. bispina, P. albipennis, P. umbrarum, P. pilicornis, P. un- iseriata, P. punctipes, P. similis, P. denticauda, P. aptera, Gardena caesonia, G. crispina, G. domitia, G. eutropia, G. marcia, G. messali- na, G. pipara, G. pyrallis, G. aggripina, G. faustina, G. poppaea, Emesaya banksi, E. incisa, E. lineata, E. modica, E. apiculata, E. pollex, E. manni, Metapterus aberrans, M. neglectus, Ghilianella bicaudata, G. simillima, G. persimilis, G. longula, G. alveola, G. minimula, G. succincta, G. aliena, G. alterata, G. maculata, G. per- sonata, G. perversa, G. apiculata, G. ica, G. pachitea, G. colona, G. aracataca, G. cuneata, G. gladiator, G. stipitata, G. simi ata, G. pendula, G. approximata, G. globulata, G. patruela, G. recondita, G. perigynium, G. signata, G. strigata, G. subglobulata, G. uncinata, G. mirabilis, G. peruviana, G. annectens, G. truncata, G. (Ploeo- donyx) amicula, G. (P.) glabrata. New name: Emesaya. New subgenera: Stenolemoides, Rothbergia. New subspecies: Emesaya brevepennis australis, E. b. occidentalis. Miannooned. Kh. (See MoAtmn. Wl.) ono oe ee eee MarsHat_, Witi1am B. Microscopic sculpture of pearly fresh-water mussel shells. No. 2576, pp. 1-14. March 23, 10 ES ae aR os an Aoi To De ne egg er pr Ee a Mason, Preston W. A revision of the insects of the aphid genus Amphorophora. No. 2592, pp. 1-92. September 23, EL Rae SR ai sai RL a WR Pe tn ata cal ag RIL CN ie cro New species: Amphorophora alni, A. azaleae, A. borealis, A. braggi, A. davidsoni, A. hayhursti, A. laingi, A. maxima, A. minima, A. mitchelli, A. pallida, A. pergandei, A. reticulata, A. rhododendronia, A. takahashii, A. vaccinit. New names: Amphorophora cosmopolitana, A. essigwanat. MERRILL, GEORGE P. A new meteoric stone from Baldwyn, Mississippi. No. 2578, pp. 1-2. May 22, 19251______.-- Notes on the meteoric stone of Colby, Wisconsin. No. 57k ap. 13... May 28, 1905 steko A sentemheh ”poiewgy 20 1 Date of publication. VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Article MuEsEBEcK, C. F. W. A revision of the parasitic wasps of the genus Microbracon occurring in America north of Mexico. . No. 2580; pp: 1-85; Miay 25, 925s 72 8 New species: Microbracon punctatus, M. sphenophori, M. pyralidi- phagus, M. rudbeckiae, M. tenwiceps, M. tychii, M. pini, M. sesiae, M. thurberiphagae, M. pityophthori, M. laemosacci, M. oenotherae, M. tachypteri, M. geraei, M. cerambycidiphagus. New names: Microbracon cushmani, M. ashmeadt. Notman, Howarp. A review of the beetle family Pseudo- morphidae, and a suggestion for a rearrangement of the Adephaga, with descriptions of a new genus and new species. No. 2586, pp. 1-34.. May 25, 19251______....- 14 New genus: Cainogenion. New species: Adelotopus niger, A. puncticollis, A. serie-punctatus, Pseudomorpha falli, P. hubbardi, P. tenebroides, P. alutacea, P. vicina, P. van dykei, P. consanguinea, P. vindicata, P. arrowt, P. confusa, P. champlaini, P. schwarzi. —— A synoptic review of the beetles of the tribe Osoriini from the western hemisphere. No. 2583, pp. 1-26. April SOTO tao so aha a a Gz Sie yg ees eee 1 New genera: Ouloglene, Oryssomma. New species: Ouloglene barberi, Oryssomma_ schwarzi, Osorius hubbardi, O. parviceps, O. breviceps, O. schwarzi, O. minor, O brevipennis, O. laeviceps, O. carinicollis, O. exiguus, O. variolatus O. difficilis, O. crenulifrons, O. manni, O. buscki, O. confusus, O. morio. Ross, CLarENCcE S., and Earu V. SHannon. The origin, oc- currence, composition, and physical properties of the mineral iddingsité: >" No. 25795 pp: 1-19: "May -15) 19257423 228 7 7 Scuwartz, Bensamin. A new species of hookworm from a North American raccoon. No. 2598, pp. 1-4. December 2, 1925 F2,0 Se Dee ot ee Ee A Ae Res ee 26 New species: Uncinaria lotoris. —— Two new larval nematodes belonging to the genus Por- rocaecum from mammals of the order Insectivora. No. 2589: pp. t-8. > May 23 1905002 ae eg New species: Porrocaecum encapsulatum, P. americanum. SHANNON, Haru V. (See CLARENCE S. Ross)_._._.-------- 7 Sprincer, Frank. Occurrence of the crinoid genus Apiocri- nus in America. No 2590, pp. 1-5. April 8, 19251... _- 18 New species: A piocrinus tehuantepec. —— The genus Pentacrinus in Alaska. No. 2577, pp. 1-7. Moaiy?:22.°1925, tion sco nh se ee 2 eee eee 5 1 Date of publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS SPRINGER, FRANK. Unusual forms of fossil crinoids. No. 2esiepoel (a7. Menruary 15, 192602: 2h ck. New genera: Ammonicrinus, Paradichocrinus, Ulrichicrinus. New species: Myelodactylus brevis, M. extensus, M. keyserensis, M, schucherti, Ammonicrinus wanneri, Camptocrinus praenuntius, C. crawfordsvillensis, C. plenicirrus, C. multicirrus, Macrostylocrinus recumbens, Acrocrinus praecursor, A. intermedius, Paradichocrinus planus, Ulrichicrinus oklahoma, Zeacrinus girtyi. TREADWELL, A. L. A list of the annelids collected by Captain R. A. Bartlett in Alaska, 1924, with description of a new species. No. 2601, pp. 1-38. November 18, 19251. ___.-- New species: Enipo cirrata. —— A new species of polychaetous annelid from Uruguay, Aphrodita magna. No. 2584, pp.1-3. April 11, 19251}__- New species: A phrodita magna. WHITEBREAD, CHARLES. The Indian medical exhibit of the Division of Medicine in the United States National Mu- Seume? Now2582/ pp. 1-26. duly 22, 1925)" ey IX Article 9 1 Date of publication. 92069—26 2 ae ee at ey mt ie iad eeu heciiG 4 ‘fi } ; ee is: ; ae eR Poot ‘rie it a ape eistote a ie ue tig at i MR Avi A Rives orate ST AV li - = onal tee thoes Rae ae iia en i ede ot ohh, eon: - ween stbest. 3 ‘ a beer ov ‘ya ne ; Ay hod, af eireeger this es ay iu a PN SS ele el "ee ae ak fool ay ab aN: Behe Bian ea ne ad hainelion, Holisay's Anh & touaitde Ad tA Bee oe ee srobtqiwns eb iain, Rael | nel aan ie AL Shey ; : ker f alr ‘ jachigatre get dig Hine nf Bacon bel on ys Ye cont ma. a- «ee Ya Re batediqie ae % a oe ped an or o carat “byeara vy ostomy ration X sidney aN Pocmocin , Bi 9 Sead ant Tay ifaigg fk, Hat “pestiin, SEN hl od parece 4 ho] Bi Pie Se Ne GS = 1 Aa a ingbiy Sa ataa ip ORE Ie i Ta (tas leva gait ie We PRG se ia aL TN, Wp del) Coa tt a 14 abi ODT RY, 0 RAE es Beal at wy) ae atishy - be oF ty iii ce TE | va ¢ , bf se : ¢ ful ey YS ii 2 9 ST er as > We 3 a” - an 7 . : Mt } . J y ne i i et Nepal 7 ; g Sy othe ROY se 2 om : } ’ 4 ; ae fi - ue F - an ‘ : a 7 Aa : ? : . 7 mi) eS ab x A an os 7 a 4 ba * Lan i'd - faa 1 Vag + er i. . ; J a ; : 4 ‘ : ’ 1 “ ; a f i malik 4 ny . i af 7 ry oa P y he utes eae) i ay Dy, t at j as. at y a , er = - 2 ] —— ‘ J oe 4 49 4 iy - imi » SAVE» -9 a y ry) iy Pay 6 + , ’ "Moa ‘hi j ' 7 iF, ice ra ile. i su . } ry SOL oe) - ha ae ry iw ‘ ? *) a 4 ¢ ag ay, 7 ¥ bai _ ‘ 7 1% Fe # { > ey 34 A ae a 1 oy M i — Mi fi _ i , tet i ' alg ay Pte ee # hay pie a 7 > ‘ we ; ‘ &: OGTR Oy Ta 7 ”~) ; a, 1 ~ f ; . 2 , ey waa te Oe 51 Ae val 7 - 1 Avs ) ui ' 7 \ an , ; Pe 2 sa i - ¢ ies | i] r : ; ae ® Fl 7 : h : 4 1 { a i] ‘ ; i ‘ i9 a9 i i =| ‘ rT ; at : ' 8 : iw See ' 7 } \ - ‘or -, » > . A i fai is Lire ANS | f ‘i : <9 4 oN _ , : ' ; ee 4 ‘ , « ' a : mt Ler ua ; iene 4 ' i a 7 4 * ‘ 4 \ 7 q 4 Fl An i's ae no r = : : ¥f “4 4 ling y o 4 | f : ; j ¢ Gry % Bogs" oS : oy r] nr 2 : . = _ js @ pine : of Las i { 4 F 7 F Dy r 7 ; : =f : : i, ¢ : f Pe (nn ey =? i j 7 ‘ i : a ie i i - oe! i J Ge = ¥ ' i F ‘ a - ane { wy A ° T # ' rh 7, } : As - fn: - - A Ts ‘ cc i : ’ [ I U “ , Y ‘ P { = q ‘ 8 - ud 7 af LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES REVISION OF THE AMERICAN BUGS OF THE REDUVIID SUBFAMILY PLOIARIINAE By W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch Facing page 1. Structural details of Emesopsis, Empicoris, and Stenolemus_...._.___- 136 2. Structural details of Stenolemus and Myiophanes___----------------- 139 3. Structural details of Deliastes, Panamia, Lutevopsis, and Emesa_-__---- 140 4, Structural details of Emesa, Polauchenia, and Ploiaria__..----------- 143 5) suructural. details of Plovaria and Gardena-.._..22 0-5 __- 222-2 144 6. Structural details of Gardena and Emesaya___---------------------- 147 7. Structural details of Metapterus and Ischnonyctes_-.....-.----------- 148 8. puructural details of Gialianclars.2_ 222 e254 25 ee sete 151 eo sceucturalydetails of Ghulianelia =. =20 2-2 Seek ee os 8 tous lls 152 NoTES ON THE METEORIC STONE OF CoLBy, WISCONSIN By George P. Merrill ft; (Metegric stone from Colby, Wisconsim. < --2 =~. 22 4 STUDIES ON THE LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY XANTHIDAE By O. W. Hyman 1-2), Larvae of-crabs-of the family Kanthidac sy. of joe 22 3-5. Xanthid larvae of the genus Neopanope_____.._----__-------_--- 22 6-7. Appendages of larvae of the genus Neopanope_____._____-_-_----- 22 8. Xanthid larvae of the genus Neopanope_____.._...-......_-_--- = 22 9. Xanthid larvae of the genus Hurypanopeus_______.-_-.__--------- 22 105 -Xanthid larvae of thegenus | Panopeuss —— = 552 eee ee 22, le Xanthid larvaervof the sens eianthos )_— bal ee 22 12yylarvyae of crabsof thefamily Manthidacss— 9 =—- 2555220505 ol 22 13, Xanthid larvae of theigenus:, Menippe_ 222-2 22 145 Xanthid Jarvaevot the: cenus Pilumnus. 222-82 se 22 MIcROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSEL SHELLS By William B. Marshall 1-4. Microscopic sculpture of fresh-water mussels_____________________ 14 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS IN ALASKA By Frank Springer 1. The.crinoid genus Pentacrinws im Alaska. 223.21.) 3 20 lessee 5 bs seL2 8 A NEW METEORIC STONE FROM BALDWwyYN, MISSISSIPPI By George P. Merrill 1. The Baldwyn, Mississippi, meteoric stone____________-_-_-------_-- 2 XIT LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS THE ORIGIN, OCCURRENCE, COMPOSITION, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE By Clarence S. Ross and Earl V. Shannon Facing page 1-2. Photomicrographs of Iddingsite-bearing rocks____________.______- 20 A REVISION OF THE PARASITIC WASPS OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON OCCURRING IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO By C. F. W. Muesebeck 1. Details ofsMicrobracor ee teks Ee es Teese ha yee ee 84 2: Wings of Species: Of Miacrobnacon= = ae se ee 84 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS By Frank Springer 1—26= Unusualforms of LOssilicrimOlG Sa ee 98 Tue INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT OF THE DIVISION OF MEDICINE IN THE UNITED StTaTES NATIONAL MuUsEUM By Charles Whitebread 1. History of medicine exhibits—East gallery_.._...._....-.-.---------- it 2. Indian medicineexhibitas 223 222 ae eee eee 1 REVISION OF BUGS OF THE FAMILY CRYPTOSTEMMATIDAE IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM By W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch 1. Structural characters of Cryptostemmatinae:..-....£--.---__.-_-__ 42 2. Structural characters of Schizopterinae. 2 42 225-5 fo ae ee 42 Se Wil SScOL SCHIUZO PTCA ee ee eee ea eg 42 4. Hypopygial characters of Schizopterinae.____..___..-._....--..i--- 42 THE DRAGON Gop (Dai-Ja) 1n Ipzumo, JAPAN (A JAPANESE TALB) By I. M. Casanowicz 13 Dhe dragon god (Dai-Ja) ingidzumo. japan. es se eee 1 e EGGs OF A NEW SPECIES OF NEMATOID WORM FROM A SHARK By G. A. MacCallum 1. Eggs of Capillaria carcharhini, new species___...------------------- 2 Two NEW LARVAL NEMATODES BELONGING TO THE GENUS PoR- ROCAECUM FROM MAMMALS OF THE ORDER INSECTIVORA By Benjamin Schwartz 1. New larval nematodes of the genus Porrocaecum___.---------------- 8 OCCURRENCE OF THE CRINOID GENUS APIOCRINUS IN AMERICA By Frank Springer 1. Apiocrinus and other crinoid generas. 2295222 ease ee eee 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XIII THE ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS AND THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE TONGUE IN BIRDS By Leon L. Gardner Facing page 1. Series illustrating multiple tubular tongues, modifications of a general- IZeGet ype Pattern op} we 8 a4 See ab os Sea Sea ce se skens 34 2. Tongues adaptively modified for an omnivorous diet, fish fare, rap- torial feeding, or food strained from water_.__...-..-.-..-----~-- 35 3. Spearing tongues, tongues of seed and fruit feeders, flower frequenters, ANGETUGIMeNUATYE byPeS oo =e aoe ears = ee ee ee 36 4A. Tongues of various water: birds:. 322525232 2-2-4 58 ole woes Birt Do LON CUCsEOleVATIONS DIGS! soo oa eA Fo Oe ee oe a 38 Gm NoneuestOlevArlOUS DITGS™ 2oia ee aie ae pS a ys oe 39 7. Tongues of Gruiformes and Charadriufermes=—~__..-.......2-...-= 40 Sa bongs Or VATIOUS DIKGS i hg a ee ee ee Se ee 41 Oe Nonguesioiyarlous DITGS <- - -oo + ese ome ee Ce Ae eae 42 On hangues.o@ CaprimUlgins2 95s ot ere ee ee ot eee 43 fieeonpiestoimeasserii OFMes 442 ae eae ee oo eS 44 te hongucs-OlebasseMiOrmeso 2.224 22. eo es Se et 45 3 -Tongueciomibasceriformes= a= 52 = = =< eae oe oc ee oS 46 i lungics Ofme asseriionticge= 5225 kee ie eee eee ee 47 5 sULoneueniOn Passermornics: 302022 Oe Me ea Oe ee ee 48 16a Vonguesof, Passeriiormes. 24. 2s a= 22 Dee eo eS seg 49 A REVISION OF THE INSECTS OF THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA By Preston W. Mason 11S. eApmeds of the genus Amnhorophora-= 2s. 52= "52 2.62 8 - == 74-91 STUDIES ON THE CycLosTOMATOUS BRYOZOA By Ferdinand Canu and Ray S. Bassler 1-31. Lower Cretaceous Cyclostomatous Bryozoa_-_...-------------- 94-124 THREE NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO By Paul Bartsch ie Newland shelisftronteNiexicos 22-2220 2" Naka sneer e 6 FORAMINIFERA OF THE GENERA SIPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA By Joseph A. Cushman i548 Species:ofSiphogencrimas .cse.25 205 nce ee ee 24 Ga Speciesiolohavonevauoven eee oo Ue seek eee ek eee eee 24 ASYMMETRY IN THE SKULLS OF MAMMALS By A. Brazier Howell i. Skullof monkey, Lasvopyga griseovirides= —- -< 2225 2-=--2 2 ele 18 2. Skulliof monkey, Dasiopyga griseoviridis=.._ 12 22 22-2...--_--=-.---- 18 Soop RCN far ort Sate ees eee MO Diapl k e eeee eS eee 18 A hecthieandeskullion gorilla’. 298 see. 2s nee eee ee ee ee 18 Seas MulisronmoniliarandaseaeroOne te ea (he ese e ee ewe ne 18 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facing page 6. Mandibles of gorilla and ‘seajlion= 2 ae ea ee eee 18 7: Skull of male‘sea ‘Vion = 2.5 SS ee See ae eee epee ee 18 8: Skull of female ‘sea, lion 2232 aas ee: See ee eee eee 18 SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF THE FOSSIL POR- POISE ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR COPE By Remington Kellogg 1. Dorsal view of skull of Zarhachts flagellator2. (2202 ee 18 2. Frontal view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator................--_----- 18 3. Posterior view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator..........._._-_------ 18 4, Lateral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator_.._...........______---- 18 5. Ventral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator._......._.._.....-.--_-- 18 TEXT FIGURES UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS By Frank Springer 1, Analysis of calyx of Agassizocrnius._ 222 = ee ee 62 2. (1-9 Zeacrinus; variations in anal area. 1. Z. elegans; 2. Z. comma- ticus; 3. Z. girtyi; 4,5. Z. magnoliaeformis; 6,7, 8,9. Z. wortheni-_- 83 CHONATAR WN 1 THE INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT OF THE Division oF MEDICINE IN THE UNITED States Nationa Musrum By Charles Whitebread py eriest-doctoris lod gewe tt Ske oe ee ae ee eee . A ‘Blackfoot ipriestedoctor: 2. 52 ee ee ee Indian prophet’s lodge 2-55.) jo Sede ee ee eee ee eee Medicine mantremoving diseases ta.) 92. See ee ee . Herbalist doctor preparing medicines 22 2-2 2h 2) Sees eee Medicine man administering to patient__________..___------------- Siouximedicine: Maniss26 6.” aa ee ee . Medicine bowl= st . 34.2228 a a ee ae . ndian-mortar and! pestle ses 2-2 =. ee ae ee ee . Wild=cherry bark. 2-222 222,5- 622522. -- ee eee eee . Sudatory (sweat). baths. cee 3.2 i a a Se ee , uancets and ‘scarificator. see ee ee ee ee A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCHAETOUS ANNELID FROM URvGUAY, APHRODITA MAGNA By A. L. Treadwell and 2. (1) Anterior end X< 7.5. The large facial tubercle is shown under the median tentacle. (2) Fourth parapodium X 2. The elytron is bent so as to lie parallel with the vertical face of the parapodium_--- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XV STUDIES ON THE CycLosToMATOUS BRYOZOA By Ferdinand Canu and Ray S. Bassler Facing page 1. Clinopora quadripartita, new species. A, B, longitudinal and trans- verse sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, AERTS ge LEA TG) ees eee eyes eee RS Cas fe I meh 12 2. Genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1881. Sante-Croix,owluzerland. 2222-5 ee 22 7. Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16, en- tirely across a zoarium. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- Grote SO WloZerlan Ge tes eee Da eed ee ee ra 23 8. Ceriopora aequipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland____________-- 24 9. Ceriopora solida, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower Cre- taceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______________--- 25 10. Ceriopora parvipora, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_____________- 26 11. Ceriopora nummularia, new species. Longitudinal section, X 16, exhibiting the moniliform tubes with large vesicles and the zonal lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland__- 26 12. Ceriopora lobifera, new species. A meridian section, X 16. The zonal lines are transformed sometimes into basal lamellae. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland___________-_- 27 13. Ceriopora fallax, new species. A meridian section, X 16. The zonal lines are transformed into basal lamellae. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______________________-_- 28 XVI 14 15. 16. lye 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facing page Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species. Portion of a meridian section, 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England_-_-_-------- Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909. Meridian section, X 16, showing superposed cellular lamellae, and the thick walls with large vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England_-_-_-_- Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species. Meridian section through a characteristic specimen, 16, with potential zonal lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland__________---- Mecynoecia icaunensis D’Orbigny, 1850. A-—B. Transverse and longi- tudinal sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- Croix, Switzerland. - 52 0056 2 «ho Beye ase eee Genus Trigonoecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Trigonoecia tubu- losa D’Orbigny, 1851. A. Longitudinal section, < 16, of the hollow zoarium, showing cylindrical tubes with dorsal gemmation. B. Transverse section of a branch, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valan- gian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Trigonoecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 18538. Portion of a longitudinal section, X 16, showing the triparietal gemmation and the club-shaped tubes. D. Trans- verse section, X 16, exhibiting the polygonal form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland __-_-____- Genus Cardioecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Cardioecia neocomi- ensis D’Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Cardioecia verticillata, new species. Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. E, F, G. Cardioecia faringdonensis, new species. E, F. Two transverse sections, X 16, with the median lamella short and curved in the second. G. Portion of a meridian section, X 16, showing the form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Far- Ingdon, JM eaN des ees ea NR ee ee rl cee ee ee Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzeriand 2 seis hes aE een oy ye ek op er Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853. Transverse section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______-_ Notoplagioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Two transverse sections, X 16. C. Longitudinal section, * 16, showing the club-shaped tubes, the pseudofacettes, and the vesicular walls. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England____-_-____---_-_- Cea granulata, new species. A, B. Longitudinal and transverse sec- tions, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England____ Fasciculipora flabellata D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal thin sec- tion, X 16. B. Meridian thin section, * 16, in the vicinity of a bifureation. C. Zooecial walls, X 35, showing the arrangement of vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland - Genus Plethopora Hagenow, 1851. A, B. Plethopora malmi Hennig, 1894. A. Zoarium, X 2.6. B. Longitudinal section magnified, showing zooecial tubes (z) and the nematopores (f) (A, B, after Hennig, 1894). Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. C, D. Plethopora aptensis, new species. C. Longitudinal section, * 16, showing the nematopores with thickened walls and the large axial tubes. D. Transverse section, X 16, exhibiting the base of the salient fascicles with open tubes and the thin zone of nematopores. Lower Creta- ceous (Aptian): Earingdon, England=3—2 222 2== SS eee ee 29 30 31 36 38 41 45 48 49 50 51 52 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XVII Facing page Plethoporella ramulosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section, X 8, in a zoarium containing a partially enveloping subcolony, the initial tube of which is at r. B. Portion of fig. A, X 16. C. Part of longitudinal section, X 16, through a tuberosity where the tubes are broader. D. Portion of a transverse section, X 16. E. Tan- gential section, X 16, showing the larger tubes of the tuberosities and the other smaller tubes. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) : EVO eT rE Th CG eee ee open ages cree er weeey aA eeicee Ae SR 5 TOES Wok RN Ste ae Chartecytis compressa, new species. A meridian section, X 16, show- ing the special method of ramification of the branches. B. Longi- tudinal section, X 16, illustrating the peripheral gemmation. C. Transversal thin section, X 16. D. Zooecial walls, X 45, showing the minute central vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- @TOUR SMSO UZELIA IN es oe Rents me eee Ln eearan ys Daas 2 Ee eS Retenoa campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal section, X 16, showing the cylindrical tubes and the intrazoarial gemmation. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland __-_-_---_- Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section, xX 16. The tubes are thickened at their extremity. B. Transverse section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swale ze rl am lee ee Me air ee ele mie Slee Meee Dn eee OR ee Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Transverse section, X 4, showing the origin of a superior subcolony. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian); Sainte-Croix, Switzerland__-_-_---- GMEDO ABEL AS Baty MA Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909. Longitudinal section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England--.--.---------:------ Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845. A. Transverse section X 16. B. Longitudinal section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. The tubes are widened and have dorsal gemmation. Cretaceous: Le- PROT OVS Cee Yeas a Sid a Rg SO oe eee a Meliceritites transversa, new species. A. Transverse section, X 16, made between the orifices. The peristomes were in transverse somewhat oblique rows which causes the helicoidal arrangement of the peripheral tubes. B. Transverse section, X 16, cutting some orifices. C. Longitudinal section, X 16. The clear tubes are cut along the median axis while the shaded ones are cut tangentially to their walls, this arrangement resulting from the disposition of the peristomes in transverse rows. At the center is a long tube which may branch. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England__-- Ceriocava junctata, new species. Transverse section, X 16, through a solid cylindrical branch. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- @rorx- “Switzer lam ce sts SS ed STS REEDS ig te Ceriocava multilamellosa, new species. A. Transverse section of specimen D, X 16. B. Transverse section, X 16. C. Section through a branch, < 16, in which the exterior lamella is engendering an adventitious branch. D. Longitudinal section (see also A), X 16, in which the orifices are arranged in quincunx. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. F. Longitudinal sec- tion, X 16, through a multilamellar branch. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland...--.......---~---------- 54 55 56 59 61 62 63 65 68 XVII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, Facing page Diplocava incondita, new species. A. Longitudinal section, < 16, through a specimen with two joined branches. B. Longitudinal section, X 16, through the extremity of a branch in which the tubes have facettes. The walls are hollow and moniliform. Lower Cre- taceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland________________- Diplocava inordinata, new species. Longitudinal section, X 16, ex- hibiting the variations in diameter of the tubes at their extremity. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland_______- Diplocava globulosa, new species. A. Meridian section, X 16, show- ing the many enveloping lamellae. B. Tangential thin section, eine oagite A spent mata Dane 7 9) i. ra - pee a : ; i P : Vena oy oo: eee antegea, apniaconk: ute uh Aue inn ste So; tay was he a ihe oe by ie eC , ¥ 7 ’ ce we Es Bel | ¥ Saree Hays see oa th ki: pea ee ; get ; * A : ie ?' =a we te if Ap ee gees oe oe ar ters ibe) egatnde ery peo aT ’ 5 Juve - ae af tor : yy i 9AG Rar sf » REE t PY fark 7 ue Ye il a ast. a % ‘obeatoa Rat Bi dy pauhse wilt seine al afte ‘wt i ee A ‘ ; nants. lavas oh kal Ly ay iad igre, area oN, nw & fi kek stan Te eh tee lenativegieng ian tthe Lasa ah og is ee iat genre i“ Ng * Labia et a

me We shat sP saan dex aa eek i : 7 nt F. : — : Oi ad har * cL on aa ts. we ; eeeet ae : dae a +f y aa Aine ry =i , ; 7 : P a 70 ee ees ee ce 4 ee . thas am 5 a8 ia ey . id i Re ere a : 7 j a La — “9 rf eo es Aes be re ean a 4 we r Para 6 ee 2005 ie er ated ek, : v4 *% Po : a is s 7 wie : ss it ou Se “G tps ink sea (Hn se ne Seb wad tani: Debits =. ° ib vor 7 Q Ee 1a iow) i i aa P S*eiii . 7 a ty ie vee, titans ; Yan a by ay eee ®, - a n - : i 1 2 ¢ " , a i Ve ‘ « J ‘ 5 | * - ry n i - 7 : j a j ug Ms ¥ 5 é i Tra.) ‘ — ’ : 2) Se aA : r © ’ = Ny, a ; : , y, ot 7h ai oN ' =) ° i y >in us ne ; mM I : : ive {aie ay ( oe : . 7 5 iy ’ in t en ‘aah ; i, © Sete oe - : . ¢ a v f ae 7 r} ; : . ae 4. : 4 " , d - al 2 . ; = a ' : = ; : a Ve ' gi tall ee i " yi : bm 4 i i we j he 4 : Us =; oe 3 ; =e - i : , ie yy 7 ; & - ial : he «eae a » ; ; von. WT eae VA ree Te : é e > \ ‘ +e , » 48 - tr Pa uty rut a 7 Ving > ahi an as sx ES ong. nt ne ' ra i 7 q VP O's aN Rol G4. oar" a : f : r 2) x in " ar | REVISION OF THE AMERICAN BUGS OF THE REDUVIID SUBFAMILY PLOIARIINAE. By W. L. McArrr and J. R. Matzocu. Of the United States Biological Survey. INTRODUCTION. Begun in an effort to get additional light on certain problems not solved by then-existing literature, this study has gradually grown to the proportions indicated by the title. That we have been able to go so far is due in large part to generous loans of material for which we record our great appreciation. The initial basis of the work was the very good collection of Ploiariinae in the United States Na- tional Museum, but we have been favored with loans of large num- bers of specimens by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, through E. T. Cresson, jr.; the Carnegie Museum of Pitts- burgh, through Dr. W. J. Holland; Cornell University, through Dr. J. C. Bradley; and the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, through Dr. E. L. Bouvier. Smaller, but none the less appre- ciated, lots of material have been received from the Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, through William Lundbeck; the Riksmuseets Entomologiska Afdelning, Stockholm, through Dr. B. Y. Sjostedt; the American Museum of Natural History, New York, through Dr. F. E. Lutz; the British Museum of Natural History, London, through C. J. Gahan; and the Bishop Museum, Hono- lulu, through O. H. Swezey. Dr. Walther Horn, of the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, generously sent us, with other specimens, the type of Phasmatocoris spectrum Breddin. Individuals who have kindly loaned us valuable material are Dr. E. Bergroth, who sent us the types of all his American species; Nathan Banks, H. G. Barber, J. R. de la Torre Bueno, William T. Davis (including the type of Ghilianella productilis Barber), W. Downes, Dr. Carl J. Drake, J.S. Hine, Dr. H. S. Parshley, and Dr. Miles S. Pennington. Assist- ance in reporting on the characters of specimens in their care has been given by Nathan Banks, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge; W. E. China, of the British Museum; and C. W. Johnson, of the Boston Society of Natural History. The No. 2573.—PROcEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, No. I. 94993—25——_1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 collections of the Boston Society, Museum of Comparative Zoology, and Field Museum of Natural History have been examined also by one of the authors during the progress of the work. THE GROUP TREATED. (Subfamily Ploiariinae; Family Reduviidae.) Insects of the subfamily Ploiariinae, in common with all other Reduviidae, have a longitudinal groove between the fore coxae which is invariably microscopically transversely striate, and in which the tip of the beak generally lies when at rest. This groove is called by some writers a “stridulatory groove” but whether it is really so we are unable to say. However, it is highly characteristic, as it is not present in any other family of LE CSISaay pee known to us except the Phymatidae. Absence of ocelli, and presence of anteriorly opening coxal cavities, and of usually very elongate fore coxae are the principal distinguish- ing characters of the Ploiariinae but neither is sufficient in itself for their recognition. The Saicinae also lack ocelli but the fore coxae are less elongate than in most Ploiariinae, the beak is armed with upwardly directed spines and the lower surface of the head is pro- vided with two or more strong bristles. These spines and bristles are absent in the Ploiariinae. The Bactrodinae look considerably like Ploiariinae but differ structurally from them in characters more 1m- portant even than do the Saicinae. The Bactrodinae have less elon- gate coxae than most Ploiariinae, possess ocelli, and the head is in- serted not on the front or at most on the anterior margin of the prothorax but on the dorsum of that sclerite distinctly posterior to the front margin. Expressing the most characteristic differences between these sub- families in key form we have: 1. Anterior coxal cavities opening straight downward; ocelli none; underside of head with downwardly projecting, and beak with upwardly projecting, Dristles: Or Spines ss a22 2 so ee EE Se Saicinae. Anterior coxal cavities opening forward and downward; head and beak without. ‘such ‘armature! 227... 22U ile RACs Si eee ss eee 2 2. Ocelli absent; head scarcely pedicillate, lower anterior border of prothorax scarcely produced beyond upper margin, on which the head is inserted. Ploiariinae. Ocelli present ; head pedicillate; lower anterior border of prothorax produced distinetly beyond the upper margin, behind which the head is inserted. Bactrodinae. The antennae in Ploiariinae are very long and slender, 4-seg- mented, sometimes with a pseudo-suture near apex of fourth seg- ment which is often pointed and more or less angulate or curved; the beak is elongate, curved downward and backward, usually ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH a swollen at base, and acute at tip, and distinctly 3-segmented. The thorax is variously formed and the wings may be either large, re- duced, or absent. The basal abdominal tergite is situated on the posterior part of thorax and the basal sternite is absent, a fact that should be borne in mind in counting the abdominal segments. The male hypopygium opens more or less dorsally, and the apical tergite sometimes entirely covers the orifice. The fore wings of the Ploiariinae (as also those of some other Reduviidae) constitute an exception to a commonly accepted cri- terion to the Heteroptera in that they are of uniform texture throughout. The venation has not been homologized with that of other insects and the names applied by us to the cells and veins are arbitrary terms, which however, are clearly defined in the explana- tion of plate 1. The fore legs of Ploiariinae are adapted for capture of prey by closure hinge-wise of the fore tibia and tarsus against the lower surface of the fore femur. The opposing surfaces of the front fem- ora and tibia are nearly always armed with spines or setulae, the arrangement of which is characteristic, as a rule, in each genus, minor variations in them indicating subgeneric or specific groups. The fore tibia has a rather conspicuous transverse slit (figs. 13, 18, 136, and 145) on the anterior surface near apex which is surrounded by dense pilosity. The fore tarsi present a range of differentiation not found in any group of similarly related forms known to us. In the case of this strictly predaceous subfamily, it is natural to sup- pose that evolution has been in the direction of efficiency in the most important raptorial organs, the front legs. In our opinion, the fore tarsus in its most generalized form consists of distinctly separated segments the terminal one with two equal claws. We assume the course of evolution to be from that condition through forms with poorly defined, heavily chitinized segments with one large and one small claw to a highly specialized stage in which the fore tarsus is thorn-like, the joints entirely fused, and wholly without differenti- ated claw. The mid and hind tarsi are invariably 3-segmented and being used in the normal manner, not for grasping prey, are not specialized. IS TRIBAL DIVISION OF THE PLOIARIINAE ADVISABLE? Attempts have been made to define tribes of Ploiariinae. two of the principal efforts along this line being by Stal? and by Distant.’ Put in the form of indented dichotomous keys these schemes are herewith appended. 1Hnum. Hemip., vol. 4, 1874, pp. 92-94. 2Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, vol. 2, 1904, pp. 201-216. A’. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 TRIBES OF PLOIARIINAE ACCORDING TO STAL. Front femora armed for their whole length beneath with long, slender spines, all or most of them setiform; hind femora surpassing apex of abdomen; front tibia and tarsus together usually subequal in length to front femur, rarely distinctly shorter; body usually winged. . Front tarsi short, segmented, flexible or sub-flexible, two-clawed, scarcely or not at all longer than hind tarsi; front tibia a little shorter than femur; hemelytra of species known to me marked with fuscous; secutellum and post-scutellum armed apically with spines. PLOIARIARIA. Ploiaria (—Empicoris). Malacopus. Stenolemus. . Front tarsi long, scarcely or not at all shorter than tibia, one segmented or composed of three connate segments, subecurved, subcompressed, as seen from the side usually distinctly tapering toward apex, provided with two unequal contiguous or subcontiguous claws, or with one claw; front tibia much shorter than femur, sometimes only about half as long; first joint of antenna long; hemelytra scarcely or only very pale fuscous marked. LEISTARCHARIA. Orthunga. Tinna. Cerascopus. Luteva. A®, Front femur unarmed beneath toward the base or in front of middle; half Ge CX or less than half its length, apically, armed with unequal spines; front tibia and tarsus together shorter than femur; body much elongated ; head with the small eyes scarcely or only slightly wider than apex of thorax. Postocular part of head perceptibly tapering posteriorly, quite slender behind; hind femur distinctly, sometimes far, surpassing apex of abdo- men; legs very long. EMESARIA. Gardena. Ghilianella. Emesa. Ischnob2ena. Postocular part of head scarcely or only slightly narrowed posteriorly, abruptly rotund coarctate at base; hind femur attaining or slightly surpassing apex of abdomen; head armed between the antennae with an usually very distinct tubercle or more often with a spine; tylus usually projecting as a spine. METAPTERARIA. Barce. Metapterus. Ischnonyctes. Bargylia. In criticism of the foregoing arrangement we would point out that: 1. The spines of the front femur of numerous species included under Stal’s first major division are not setiform, but on the contrary, strongly chitinized. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 5 2. Failure of the character of relative length of joints of front leg is admitted in the key. 3. “ Usually winged” is an expression not applicable to Cerascopus. 4, Reference to color markings of hemelytra is entirely out of place in a key to tribes and especially when both sections are the same in this respect. 5. Plotarta in the sense of Ploiariola (=Empicoris) is the inex- plicable but frequent error of using the name of this monobasic genus for a species not the genotype nor congeneric with it. 6. There are no one-segmented tarsi in the genera named by Stal in his Letstarcharia. 7. Orthunga and Tinna are Saicinae not Plotariinae. 8. Cerascopus—=Ploiaria and we include Luteva as congeneric. 9. Head with eyes scarcely wider than apex of thorax is a character not in contrast with that of certain forms in the first division of key, species of Plotaria for instance. 10. The attempt to define the tribes /’mesaria and Metapteraria is futile; all gradations in posterior narrowing of head can be found in the species of the single genus Ghilianella. Most of the species of this genus have a spine or tubercle between antennae which would put the genus in the Metapteraria; and there is confessedly nothing to depend upon in length of hind femur. 11. Barce=Metapterus. Stal’s character for separating them is of no more than specific importance. TRIBPS OF PLOIARIINAH ACCORDING TO DISTANT. A.’ Anterior femora spined beneath for their whole length. B. Anterior tarsi short, not longer, or a little longer than the posterior tarsi; hemelytra present or absent, when present, so far as known, orna- mented with fuscous; scutellum and postscutellum frequently spined at apices. STENOLAEMARIA. Stenolaemus. Ploiariola. Myiophanes. Eugubinus. B. Anterior tarsi long, not, or a very little shorter than the tibiae; hemelytra either not or sometimes very strongly marked with fuscous. LEISTARCHARIA. Bagauda. Luteva. Ploearia. A.’ Anterior femora spined beneath only from about or near middle. C." Head much narrowed at base; posterior femora either almost reaching or passing abdominal apex. EMESARIA. Ghilianella. Gomesius. Ischnobaena. Gardena, 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67 C. Head not prominently narrowed posteriorly; posterior femora nearly reaching or passing abdominal apex; head between antenniferous tubercles distinctly spinous or tuberculous. METAPTERARIA. Ischnonyctes. The criticisms of Stal’s definitions of the tribes mostly apply to Distant’s efforts also; and the lack of contrast in the characters as- signed to the last two tribes is even more apparent. The truth is that the exact nature of important characters has been overlooked and an attempt made to define tribes upon criteria not acceptable even for the differentiation of genera. In our view attempting to recognize tribes of Ploiariinae is no more likely at the present moment to elucidate the relationships of the genera, than one would be led to suppose from the futile attempts of the past. CHARACTERS USED FOR THE RECOGNITION OF GENERA. In arriving at decisions as to what groups constitute valid genera and subgenera we have used as our criteria characters that appear to us to be of phylogenetic value, and in our arrangement have in- dicated what are in our opinion evolutionary steps insofar as the available material has permitted. We have used the wing venation to a greater extent than has previously been attempted in this group, and this character has proved very useful in the alignment of related forms. As noted above the structure ef the fore legs and their armatures, and especially the segmentation and form of the fore tarsi, have been used to an even greater extent than in preceding works upon this subfamily, but these characters have invariably been correlated with venational and other structural characters in the final analysis before assigning any particular species to a genus or subgenus. In our work on this and other groups we have endeavored to utilize as generic indices characters which appear to us to indicate a common origin for the included species, and slight departures from the general rule such as we find in Plotarta and Ghilianella, we have not considered as sufficient grounds for elevating the divergent forms to full generic status. Had we failed to find the intermediate sub- genus Ploeodonyzx, linking (hilianella s.s. and Lissonya we would very probably have considered the latter as a valid genus but with an intermediate form present it is undesirable to give to these closely related segregates the same rank as we accord to such distinctly separated genera as Gardena and Emesaya. In the case of the last two genera there is a striking similarity in wing venation accompanying a great dissimilarity in the structure of the fore legs, the tarsi of Gardena being of the generalized simple type, while those of H’mesaya are heavily chitinized and subfused. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 7 In this case the evidence of the venation of the wings, in our opinion, outweighs that of the fore tarsal structure as an index to relation- ship, and we consider the genera as much more closely related to each other than either is to Stenolemus or E'mesa. That such a re- lationship should be expressed by the use of tribal designation may be urged, but it should not be forgotten that characters of generic value are distributed in many intermeshing combinations and that as a consequence, definition of tribes of phyletic significance becomes impracticable. The characters used as generic criteria in this synopsis of the Ploiariinae may have in allied subfamilies and families either more or less significance, but in our work we have steadfastly adhered to the idea that when classifying these insects we were dealing with a group, which though related to others, is subject to modification through influences that may or may not have affected these related groups. Any group of organisms must be classified on the basis of the characters it possesses, and the value these or other characters have in other groups, has nothng to do with the case. Classified on the basis of venation practically all of the vast family of An- thomyiidae would fall into a single genus, on leg structure the Jassoidea could be but little divided, nor could Coccidae on the char- acters of the beak, and so on. A synopsis of a group should be based on characters inspection proves to be of value for that group. There has been no greater retarding factor in systematic entomology than that of grafting supplementary work here and there upon the old, of using the characters and methods that have been used instead of seeking something of greater significance. Each new piece of synoptic work should penetrate as much further into the heart of things as possible, judiciously noting and using, but neither copying nor worshipping previous contributions to the study. Under each genus will be found a discussion of the characters and a systematic alignment of the included species, the groups being in all cases distinguished by means of characters that we consider are of more than specific value, but not of sufficient importance in most cases to justify the use of a distinctive appellation for the groups concerned. METHOD OF DESCRIPTION. The keynote of descriptions throughout this paper is avoidance of repetition. In other words characters common to the whole sub- family are not mentioned in definitions of genera, and it has been our intention to hold to the minimum, repetition in specific descrptions of characters noted in descriptions of genera, in the keys to the species, or in descriptions of very similar forms. As a result, in some cases, specific descriptions may appear brief and inadequate. Nevertheless 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 we believe the method adopted to be the best, not only because it saves space and therefore cost of printing, but what is more im- portant it avoids burying in a mass of verbiage, the really essential points of characterization. Some entomologists insist upon the so- called full descriptions and while their motive is laudable, a little consideration of actual entomological practice indicates that the results are not those hoped for. It seems the almost certain fate, for instance, when revising a group, to find that no matter how “full” previous descriptions may be, they contain no mention of the particular detail about which information is sought. And this defect is inherent in the very nature of taxonomic practice. In every revision worthy of the name intensive search is made for new characters that will aid in classification of the group and the more success attained in finding them the more will previous descriptions fail to satisfy. Viewed from this standpoint, it is obvious that an isolated descrip- tion, however lengthy, might fail to mention any character essential to recognition of the species. The moral is that the best method of describing new forms is in revisions where keys are given, and other comparisons made with related forms. A few words of de- scription or comparison in such a connection is likely to be worth more than pages of description not formulated as a result of re- visional work. Statements of length in this paper refer to greatest length from front of head to tip of abdomen or of hemelytra as the case may be. PRINCIPAL WORKS CITED. Because of the frequency with which certain writings on the Ploiariinae are cited, it seems desirable to adopt much abbreviated references to them. The shortened forms used and bibliographic references in full for the papers in point are given in the following lists: BANKS. EMESIDAE. 1909. BANKS, NATHAN. Notes on our species of Emesidae. Pysche, vol. 16, No. 3, June, 1909, pp. 43-48, 2 figs. Keys to genera and species of the United States; 6 species described as new. BERGROTH. PLOEARIINEN. 1906. BerGroTH, H. Zur Kenntnis der Ploeariinen. Verhandlungen der kaiser- lich-kbniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. 56, 1906, pp. 305-321. Original descriptions of 6 American species, and redescription of one of Dohrn's species. CHAMPION. Brooara, 2. 1898. CHAMPION, G. ©. [EHEmesinae.] Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. vol. 2, pp. 162-175, pl. 10, figs 7-24, October, 1898. Key to the genera, two of which and 9 species are described as new. ART. 1 ~ AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 9 DowrRn. PMeESINA. 1860. Dourn, ANTON. Beitriige zur einer monographischen Bearbeitung der Familie der Emesina. Linnaea Entomologica, vol. 14, 1860, pp. 206-252, with Nachtrag, pp. 253-255, pl. 1. Key to the genera, of which 3 that occur in the Americas, and 15 species are described as new. Donrn. Nacutrace. 18638. Dourn, ANTON. Same title (Zweites Stiick) and journal, vol. 15, 1863, pp. 42-63, with Nachtriige, pp. 6£-76. Redescriptions of a number of genera and species both of Dohrn and other authors. In the Nachtriige, two genera and 4 species from the Americas are described as new. KEY TO THD GENERA, We have placed in the following key only those genera of which we have examined authentic material, including a few of extralimital distribution inserted for comparative purposes. Notes on other American genera follow the key. 1. Fore tarsi distinctly segmented, sometimes heavily chitinized and the seg- ments subfused, but the dividing sutures always visible under a high- power lens; claws of fore tarsus consisting of an equal sized pair except in some species of Ploiaria and in Deliastes._._.._-____-_-_=»_-_-__-___- 2 Fore tarsi without distinguishable segmentation under the highest power lens (even when cleared), consisting of but one heavily chitinized seg- ment, with an unequal pair of claws, a single claw, or without distinct CONS ae ana a at a a ea Sa ah el alle pile AINE eh EES 13 2. Fore femur without distinguishable ventral spines or bristles, only fine hairs present; third antennal segment as long as second and about three times as long as fourth; mesonotum without, metanotum with a spine; VEAL OM AS LIne £1 SUT ee eee eee a ene an *Emesopsis Uhler (p. 13). Fore femur with distinct spines or bristles on ventral surface which are readily distinguishable from any fine hairs which may be present except in some species of the genus Empicoris; third antennal segment not nearly as long as second and frequently shorter than fourth______ a 3. Ventral spines on fore femur commencing at or very close to base; fore tibia very distinctly over half as long as fore femur________________ 4 Ventral spines of fore femur commencing at or very close to middle; fore tibia not over half~as long” as’ fore femurs] 222 ee 12 4. Forewing with a closed subtriangular cell at basal extremity of the large discal cell, which does not touch margin of wing at any part (fig. 14) ; adults always winged; prothorax always with a deep constriction and distinctly bilobate, often pedunculate______._____-_________ 5 Forewing lacking a closed subtriangular cell at basal extremity of the large discal cell (fig. 11) ; adults sometimes apterous; prothorax neither pedunculate nor lobate, never more than slightly constricted______ 8 5. A longitudinal vein which connects with either the small subtriangular cell or the base of discal cell fuses with the vein joining apex of former at some distance from base of wing so that the disk of wing has 8 closed cells *°The Oriental species of this genus which we have seen have very weak spines on the ventral surface of fore femora and the antennae similar to those of FEmpicoris in general structure. 94993—25—_2 10 =~! vo) 10. abs 12. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM > * VOL.07 (figs. 45, 46, 47); mesonotum and metanotum sometimes with tubercles but without long spines at apices; fore tarsi 3-segmented. Emesa Fabricius (Westermannia Dohrn) (p. 38). When there is a vein connecting with the small discal cell it is usually short and its end is either free or it does not fuse with the other longi- tudinal vein, i. e., disk of wing with but 2 closed cells (figs. 35, 65, 66) 2th ee ae a ee eee ee 6 . Mesonotum and metanotum without long spines; fore tarsi 3-segmented. Myiophanes Reuter (Extralimital). Mesonotum and metanotum each with a long spine or thorn_____-____ 7 . Fore tarsi 3-segmented ; no short vein emanating from costal margin of basal discal cell of forewing (fig. 65) —----__~_ Polauchenia, new genus (p. 47). Fore tarsi 2-segmented; a short vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cellGfics.) 2iei230204 20) ee Stenolemus Signoret (p. 25). . Fore tarsi 2-segmented, the segments nearly fused and subequal in length; Claw SsUneqU als eS eee Deliastes Dohrn (p. 34). Fore tarsi either 3-segmented or the segments not as above and claws equal oT 2 ae a PRE) ee ot Ss ee tas See ee 9 . Pronotum not extending over mesonotum even in the winged forms; fore tarsus long, heavily chitinised, glossy and bare above, the 3 segments fused so closely that the oblique sutures are visible only under a very high-power lens; venation of forewings as in figures 73, 84, 89; adults often apterous=-—~=2 = Ploriaria Scopoli. (incl. Lvteva Dohrn) (p. 48). Pronotum extending over mesonotum to base of wings; adults always winged; fore tarsus short, not heavily chitinized nor glossy and bare above; «the Segmentation. GIStiNCG. = = 2 eee ee 10 Prothorax slightly constricted near anterior margin; mesonotum, meta- notum, and basal abdominal tergite each with a long erect spine; fore tarsi 2-segmented. Empicoris Wolff (=Ploiariodes Buchanan-White) (p. 138). Prothorax slightly constricted at or near middle; mesonotum without a spine ;, fore -tarsis 3-segmentéd = 2. 22 eS ee ee 11 Basal segment of beak shorter than second; fore tibia with a complete series of short ventral denticles; venation of forewing as in figure 43. Lutevopsis Champion (p. 37). Basal segment of beak longer than second; fore tibia with short decumbent pale setulae on ventral surface; venation of forewing as in figure 38. Panamia Kirkaldy (p. 36). Fore tibia almost half as long as fore femur; basal ventral spine of fore femur not longer than the longest of the others; fore tarsus with the seg- ments well defined, not heavily chitinized, hairy above; venation of fore- wing as in figure 94; mesonotum highly glossy___Gardena Dohrn (p. 66). Fore tibia not nearly half as long as fore femur; basal ventral spine of fore femur very distinctly longer than the longest of the others; fore tarsus with the segments poorly defined, heavily chitinized, bare above; venation of forewing as in figure 137; mesothorax sericeous. Emesaya n.n. (for Emesa Authors not Fabricius) (p. 74). . Fore tarsus with two longitudinal series of angularly deflected spines which under a high power appear like elongate knife-like teeth on its ventral surface (fig. 166) ; head with a more or less pronounced spine or tubercle between bases of antennae, labrum closely adherent to base of rostrum, not projecting spine-like (fig. 165); adults never winged. Ghilianella Spinola (p. 90). Fore tarsus with two series of decumbent setulose hairs on its ventral surface (fig: 141): adults sometimes! winged =) eee 14 ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 1l 14. Head normally with two stout tubercles or spines, one between bases of antennae and the other (labrum) above base of proboscis (fig. 189) ; pro- notum in winged form overlapping mesonotum to base of wings. Metapterus Costa (Barce Stal) (p. 83). Head with neither of the above mentioned tubercles or spines (fig. 140) ; pronotum in winged forms not overlapping mesonotum except at anterior OxLremiGyee ss: hee ee i a Ischnonyctes Stal (Extralimital*). NOTES ON AMERICAN GENERA NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING KEY. Emesella DoHRN, Emesina. 1860, p. 239. [Monobasic, H. nebulosa, new species, genotype, Bolivia, pp. 239-240.] From the original description it is impossible to determine the relationships of this group. If Hmesella immitis (Bergroth, Ploeariinen, 1906, pp. 312-314, Venezuela) really is congeneric, we should say from inspection of imperfect specimens of this species, that Emesella probably would place in our classification as a subgenus of Ghilianella near Lissonyx. Signoret adds a species to this genus, namely EH. dohrni Revision des Hemipteres du Chili, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4, vol. 3, 1863, pp. 587-588 [Chili]. Malacopus Srau, C. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna, 1862, pp. 80-81. [Monobasic, M. cellularis, new species genotype, Brazil. ] Palacus Dourn, Nachtriige, 18638, pp. 74-75 [Monobasic P. cubensis, new species genotype, Cuba, p. 75.] See remarks under Deliastes p. 34. The species described by Guerin-Meneville as Ploiaria pallida is put in Palacus by Lethierry and Severin, Cat. Gen. Hemip., vol. 3, 1896, p. 74. The original de- scription of the species occurs in Sagra, Ramon de la, Historia Fisica, Politica y Natural de la Isla de Cuba, vol. 7, Crustaceos, Aragnides e Insectos, 1856 [Cuba]. This name is preoccupied by Ploiaria pallida Montrouzier, P., Essai sur la Faune de l’Isle de Woodlark ou Moiou, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Lyon, ser. 2, vol. 7, Dt 1s 1855." ps, 110) : SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE AMERICAN GENERA In connection with this arrangement we would first point out that in this as in most groups of existing insects there is little to which the much overworked word “ primitive” can legitimately be applied. Rather we have in the modern insect world the products of speciali- zation along a multitude of intercrossing lines, any one of which may be highly specialized in some, and but little specialized in other respects. The selection of the least specialized form and the tracing of the probable course of evolution in a group, is, therefore, a sub- ject upon which opinion may vary greatly, according to the choice of characters of primary, secondary, and lesser degrees of im- portance. Adhering to the idea that development of predatory efficiency is the course of evolution of the Ploiariinae we believe little objection can be made to placing /’mesopsis at the base of the American series of genera. While the venation of this genus is more complex and * There is a damaged specimen of Ischnonyctes in the National Collection, labelled N. O., La., R. H. Browne. We assume this is an accidentally introduced individual, and that it was collected in New Orleans. 12 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM © - vou. 67 therefore less specialized according to a prevalent view of the sub- ject, there can be little doubt that this specialization is secondary, for there is no probability that an insect participating in the long course of evolution of so specialized a group as the Ploiariinae could carry along the whole route a primitive type of venation. Theoretical considerations are involved also in the question as to whether the possession of 2-segmented fore-tarsi (a nymphal charac- ter) is a forward- or a backward-looking specialization. Despite the fact that it would appear to be a step toward greater predatory effectiveness we have been obliged to give greater weight to certain other characters when the whole organization of a genus having 3-segmented fore tarsi seemed to be more perfectly fitted for preda- tion. We have endeavored to strike a fair balance among the characters entitled to consideration in settling upon a systematic arrangement, and believe we have been in a better position for so doing than our predecessors because of the much larger amount of material ex- amined. Fore tarsi segmented. Fore femora without spines or bristles; fore tarsi 2-segmented; forewing reticulate toward base, with about 5-6 discal cells. Emesopsis (p. 18). Fore femora with spines or bristles; forewing (when present) with fewer discal cells. ; Fore femora spined for almost their whole length; fore tibiae rela- tively long. Fore tarsi 2-segmented. Fore tarsi not heavily chitinized, basal segment the shorter, claws equal; apices of mesoe- and meta-thoraces, each usually bearing a spine. Forewing with one discal cell; prothorax scarcely constricted. Empicoris (p. 13). Forewing with two discal cells; prothorax deeply constricted or pediciliatec:» 2-2] 2 ee Stenolemus (p. 25). Fore tarsi heavily chitinized, segments subfused, subequal, claws un- equaled ; meso- and meta-thoraces without spines; forewing with 3 discal cellgut Ute SMT ie ota e tt Ne eee Deliastes (p. 34). Fore tarsi 3-segmented. Fore tarsi usually flexible, hairy, at least above, claws equal. Meso- and meta-notum each with a spine; fore wing with 2 discal COL S22 aac eee cadre eS ee Polauchenia (p. 47). Meso- and meta-nota unspined. Fore wing with 3 discal cells___________----_-- Emesa (p. 88). Fore wing with 1 discal cell____________---- Panamia (p. 36). Lutevopsis (p. 37). Fore tarsi inflexible, polished, sutures inconspicuous, claws usually unequal; fore-wing when present with 1 discal cell. Ploiaria (p. 48). Fore femora spined on distal half; fore tibiae relatively shorter; fore Wille with, 1 @iscal Ce) lie tee ee secant eee eee Gardena (p. 66). Emesaya (p. 74). ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 18 Fore tarsi not segmented (even in nymphs); fore wing (when present) with 2 @GIscalycelishee tae oar et oe ee Fn ee eee Metapterus (p. 88). Ghilianella (p. 90). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES. Genus EMESOPSIS Uhler. Emesopsis UMLER, P. R. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera collected in the Island of St. Vincent by Mr. Herbert H. Smith; with descriptions of New Genera and Species. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 18938, p. 718 [Monobasic, genotype E. nubilus, new species, St. Vincent: Cuba] . In addition to the characters in the key the following may be mentioned for this genus: Head and prothorax similar to those of Empicoris, the prothorax however, without lateral carinae. The mesonotum is produced into a backwardly directed subtriangular proeess which is rounded above, the metanotum has a long erect slender spine at apex, and the basal abdominal tergite has a much shorter spine. Fore tarsi as in Stenolemus: Basal segment of beak about twice as long as second, the latter subglobose; the third joint slender, nearly as long as first. The reticulate venation of corium is very characteristic (see fig. 1). EMESOPSIS NUBILUS Uhler. Hmesopsis nubilus UHurr, P. R. Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1893, pp. 718-9 [St. Vincent: Cuba]. A testaceous yellow species without distinct markings, the fore wings with indistinct yellowish brown mottling; eyes ruby red. Posterior lobe of head convex, distance from posterior margin of eye to back of head about twice as great as from anterior margin of eye to front of head and greater than width of eye; hairs of antennae much shorter than those of mid and hind legs. Fore coxae a little over half as long as fore tibiae, the latter over four-fifths as long as femur. Abdomen elongate ovate, the lateral outline smooth, spi- racles slightly elevated; spical margin of male hypopygium. pro- duced into a subtriangular plate, the apex of which is thorn-like; claspers long, slender, curved at apices; apex of abdomen of female without processes, similar to that of females of E’mpicoris. Vena- tion of fore wing as in figure 1. Length 4-5 mm. Localities—Mount Gay Estate, and Balthazar, Grenada, West Indies, H. H. Smith; Cayamas, Cuba, May 31, June 5, E. A. Schwarz; Cuba, Uhler Collection (U.S.N.M.). Genus EMPICORIS Wolff. Empicoris Wourr, J. F. Icones Cimicum Descriptionibus illustratae, Fasc. 5, 1811, p. 1v [Monobasic, Gerris vagabundus Linnaeus genotype]. Ploiariodes Wuitr, F. BucHANAN. Descriptions of new species of Heterop- terous Hemiptera collected in the Hawaiian Islands by the Rey. T. Blackburn.— 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 No. 3, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 7, 1881, pp. 58-59. [Monobasic, P. whitei Blackburn ms., genotype, Mauna Loa.] Ploiariola Reuter, P. M. Revisio synonymica Heteropterorum palearcti- corum quae descripserunt Auctores vetustiores (Linnaeus 1758—Latreille 1806). II. Acta Soe. Sei. Fennicae, vol. 15, 1888, p. 711 [New name for Ploiaria of Latreille not of Scopoli, the genotype of which, Cimex vagabundus Linnaeus automatically assumed the same relation to the new name. ] Emendations: Ploeariodes; Ploeariola. We are not in ignorance of what has been said® in favor of re- garding Ploiariodes and Ploiariola as distinct genera, but we find the chief character advanced for their separation, namely the lateral carina of pronotum, showing practically all phases from distinct to obsolete.* Even were this character unequivocal we should regard it of no more than subgeneric value in view of the agreement throughout the species in general coloration and habitus as well as in the venation of the forewings and the structure of the fore legs. All species known to us have the legs and antennae as well as the beak with blackish spots or annuli, and the wings are in- variably dark spotted. The head and thorax have silvery hairs, usu- ally arranged in distinct lines, some of these being almost invaria- bly evident on pleura and pectus. The pronotum is more or less distinctly vittate, at least behind the constriction but there are ‘some differences in this respect which are used in defining a few of the species; the carina on side of pronotum is nearly always pale. The abdomen usually is dark, with the spiracles and spots on con- nexivum pale, the venter finely pubescent, with more or less of the median line, and sometimes spots about bases of certain longer hairs, bare. The radial vein runs to beyond the middle of the fore wing, end- ing in the costa, the apical portion of it being what we have called the “ stigma ” which offers some good distinguishing characters for the species both in its shape and color. The pronotum is divided into two parts by a broad constriction, the anterior part being about half as long as the posterior, but there are no species known to us in which the pronotum is at all pedicillate. AJl species have the meso- notum and metanotum, and usually the basal abdominal tergite with a slender thorn on the middle of the hind margin; the presence or absence of a process, on middle of hind margin of the pronotum is a specific character. The spines or bristles on fore femora are some- times difficult to see even with a high power lens. 5 Rspecially Bergroth, E. Ploeariodes B. White und Ploeariola Reut. (Hemiptera-He- teroptera, Reduviidae.) Rev. Russe d’Ent., vol. 9, No. 3, Nov. 1909. p. 324. 6 We have examined several species from the Oceanic region in addition to those treated herein. ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 15 KEY TO THE SPECIES. . Pronotum with the lateral carinae distinguishable only at anterior and pos- terior extremities, obsolete in middle; eighth sternite in male with a large rounded central incision in posterior margin (fig. 2); stigma with a red- dish line along inner or posterior margin from cross-vein to apex. rubromaculatus (Blackburn) (p. 16). Pronotum with the lateral carinae complete, pale colored on their entire length; eighth sternite in male produced in middle of hind margin; stigma without a red line along inner margin apically_____________________ 2, . Pronotum with two dorsal linear yellowish carinae similar to the lateral carinae, extending the entire length of dorsum; dark markings of forewings peppered with minute hyaline dots; lateral carinae of pronotum not capi- tate at anterior extremity________ barberi (McAtee and Malloch) (p. 19). Pronotum without sharp dorsal carinae, with two slight rounded longitudinal elevations; dark markings of forewings solid; lateral carinae more or less distinctly, produced or capitate at anterior extremities_______________- 3 . Hind wings conspicuously spotted with black apically, or fuscous with white TE. tr UTE SAH T O10 Senne ere ee Nee er ne ease ern Senn wea N aA aS TEST 4 Hind wings not spotted apically or very faintly so at extreme tip (cf. TEL DNA ROD ee a ae ee he ee ed ee ee eo 5 . Pronotum with a conspicuous tubercle on middle of hind margin; anterior ex- tremity of lateral carina of pronotum with a small capitate process which projects nearly at right angles to pronotum; fore wings not perceptibly honeycombed as in next species; vein closing posterior half of apex of dis- cal cell much more conspicuously bent than its fellow (fig. 11). errabundus (Say) (p. 24). Pronotum without a median tubercie on hind margin; lateral carina of pro- notum with at most a slight process at anterior extremity which is not capitate nor at right angles to pronotum; fore wings microscopically honey- combed with fine black lines which are most noticeable basad of apex of discal cell and in the dark spots of membrane (best seen in transmitted light) ; veins closing discal cell almost symmetrically formed. reticulatus, new species (p. 20). 5. Both veins closing discal cell of hemelytra at apex nearly straight (fig. 4) ; posterior lobe of pronotum not narrowed in front, a iittle broader than long, without a median process on middle of hind margin, the lateral carina with a small process at anterior extremity ; wing without microscopic honeycomb- ing; hind wings may be faintly spotted apically. orthoneuron, new species (p. 18). At least the vein closing posterior half of apex of discal cell conspicuously bent or angulated; posterior lobe of pronotum as long as or longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly, the sides not straight; wings without micro- SCODLGs NONE VCO MLD TI ee ee ee eee ee ee 6 6. The large fuscous spots on forewings irrorated with minute clear dots; one or two of the spines at base of ventral series on fore femur about as long as the femoral diameter and quite stout; fore coxa stouter than usual, not longer than distance from coxal cavity to upper margin of pronotum; tu- bercle on hind margin of pronotum small, the lateral carina with a small process at anterior extremity which projects at nearly right angles to the DEOROtum ssa eee ee ee ee parshleyi (Bergroth) (p. 22). The large fuscous spots on forewings not irrorated; fore femoral spines not nearly as long as the femoral diameter; fore coxa longer than dis- tance from coxal cavity to upper margin of pronotum anteriorly____ 7 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 7. Pronotum witb a distinguishable tubercle on middle of hind margin-__- 8 Pronotum without a distinguishable tubercle on middle of hind margin- 10 8. Tubercle on middle of hind margin of pronotum very small, the linear white vittae distinct in front of constriction, almost straight, disk almost bare; bases of fore wings spotted with fuscous. subparallelus, new species (p. 21). Tubercle on middle of hind margin of pronotum large________--______ 3 9. Pronotum with two conspicuously curved linear pilose white vittae which are distinct in front of constriction; bases of fore wings white. nudus, new species (p. 22). Pronotum with two moderately broad whitish vittae which do not extend in front of constriction nor to hind margin, the disk with rather con- spicuous white decumbent hairs; eighth sternite in male with a very slender apical process (fig. 8) ------------- armatus (Champion) (p. 20). 10. Stigma linear, entirely black, forming a conspicuous costal streak centered on vein closing costal half of discal cell, the latter much longer than that closing the other half (fig. 6) ; cross-veins in middle of hind wing forming alstraightslines (figs 7) eae eee eee winnemana, new species (p. 19). Stigma widened beyond vein closing costal half cf discal cell, the latter not longer than that closing other half (fig. 3) ; cross-veins in middle of pind .wine forming an-anegulate line 22282) See. eee ee eee 11 11. Stigma with two or three blackish spots beyond the cross-vein; male hy: popygial claspers knobbed, the knob concave at tip (fig. 9). culiciformis (DeGeer) (p. 23). Stigma without dark spots beyond the cross-vein; claspers not knobbed. vagabundus (Linnaeus) (p. 17). SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. Lateral carinae of pronotum incomplete; armature of fore femora consisting of uniform bristly hairs, none as long as femoral diameter; pronotum without tubercle ‘on, hind) margin ye eee aes BE ee ee rubromaculatus. Lateral carinae of pronotum complete. Armature of fore femora consisting chiefly of bristly hairs, often with spine-like bases. Pronotum without a tubercle on hind margin_________- vagabundus. orthoneuron. barberi. winnemana, reticulatus. Prontum with a tubercle on hind margin -__-_______ armatus. subparallelus. nudus. Armature of fore femora more definitely spinous, usually a few spines at base of series are longer than the others. Pronotum without a tubercle on hind margin. parshleyi. culiciformis. Pronotum with a tubercle on hind margin. errabundus, EMPICORIS RUBROMACULATUS (Blackburn). Ploiariodes rubromaculata BLAcKBURN, T. Notes on the Hemiptera of the Hawaiian Islands, Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, 1889, p. 349 [Mauna Loa, Hawaii]. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 17 Ploiariodes euryale Kirxatpy, G. W. Hore trochanter, bareors with only Sott alse me ee ee renee 20: Fore trochanter with soft hairs and a single outstanding bristle anteriorly ; fore femora faintly banded, other legs nearly unicolorous, pale fuscous, knees narrowly pale*_ coe SE bo ees bse ee setulifera, new species (p. 55). 20. Mid and hind femora each with a subapical dark or reddish band______ 21 Mid and hind legs entirely pale____________ varipennis, new species (p. 56). 21. Apical cross-vein of forewing at or close to middle of vein from apex of dis- cal cell; the elongate dark mark in middle of discal cell rather faint. gundlachi (Dohrn) (p. 56). Apical eross-vein at one-third from base of vein from apex of discal cell; elongate dark mark in discal cell linear, almost black, appearing chiti- OU VAS, 0 baled pepe ee EBL De eS he tet Att rufoannulata (Bergreth) (p. 57). REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THE KEY. californiensis (Ploiaria) Baxker, C. F. Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent., vol. 2, No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 226—-7.[Claremont, Calif. ] May be the nymph of P. reticulata Baker. If adult it may be related to P. marginata. fairmairei (Hmesodema) Dourn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 248-249 [West Indies]. megalops (Ploiariopsis) CHAMPION, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2, p. 174, Oct. 1898 [Volean de Chiriqui, Panama]. Apparently granulata of our key is close to this species, which however has much larger eyes and pilose antennae; our species may prove to be the female of megalops. praedator (Ploiariopsis), CHAMPION, G. C. Biologia,- vol. 2, p. 174, Oct 1898 [Capetillo, Guatemala]. Agrees to some extent with our wniseriata, but the eyes are smaller, and the posterior lobe of head not sulcate anteriorly. sonoraensis (Ploiariopsis), VAN Duzrr, EH. P. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 12, No. 11, June 7, 1923, p. 144. [San Diego Id., Gulf of Calif.] -Said to be allied to megalops. terana (Ploiaria), BANKs, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 44 [College Station, Tex.]. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 53 We have examined the type of this species (Mus. Comp. Zool.) and possibly we have renamed it in our P. similis. However, the abdo- men of type is missing and the genitalia have neither been figured nor described ; specific identification thus is impracticable. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. Fore trochanter of normal form, bare, pubescent, or with one or two bristles; spines of postero-ventral series of fore femur nearly uniform in length. Subgenus Luteva, sens. lat. brunnea. sicaria. gundlachi. macrophthalma.,. rufoannulata. setulifera. varipennis. Fore trochanter often produced ventrally as a base for the 1 to 3 spines or bristles with which it is armed; spines of postero-ventral series of fore femur very unequal in size, sometimes in a double row. Subgenus Ploiaria, sens. lat. Wings or wing-pads present in adults. Fore coxa subequal to fore tibia, hind lobe of head with a median ridge. granulata. Fore coxa longer than fore tibia. Hind lobe of head unarmed. albipennis. bispina. carolina. floridana. pilicornis. umbrarum. Hind lobe of head with a median carina. punctipes. similis. uniseriata. Hind lobe of head with orbital spinelets. reticulata. Hind lobe of head with two tubercles and a median spine. denticauda. hirticornis. Wing pads absent in adults; fore coxa shorter than fore tibia. aptera. marginata. PLOIARIA MACROPHTHALMA (Dohrn). Luteva macrophthalmus Donen, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 244-5, pl. 1, figs. 23, 24 [Brazil; Colombia]. A pale brownish-testaceous species with conspicuous black eyes and dark brown to black marks on each side of pronotum and mesonotum, disk of metanotum, and on mesopleura. The fore femur has two brown annuli, one before and the other beyond the middle; 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 mid and hind femora each with a pre-apical and tibiae with a faint sub-basal brown annulus. Forewing with four dark brown clouds, one at base of discal cell, one on costa, and another on hind margin at middle of discal cell, and one on costa at extremity of transverse apical vein. Head as in figure 67; apical antennal segment 0.75 as long as subapical, basal 2 segments long-haired. Pronotum slender, longer than mesonotum, gradually narrowed to near posterior margin, then rather abruptly widened; mesonotum slightly suleate centrally. Hind margin of preapical abdominal tergite broadly concave; hypopygium of male without a central spine, the claspers long, very slender, overlapping and much curved, fanglike. Fore coxa 1.75 as long as pronotum and four-fifths as long as fore femur; tro- chanters pilose; femur slender, the armature consisting of fine shghtly irregular spines; fore tibia half as long as femur and twice as long as fore tarsus, without erect ventral setulae; tip of tarsus falling considerably short of base of femur; mid and hind legs very long and slender. Discal cell of forewing ending in a narrow point (fig. 68). Length, 11-12 mm. Locality, Portobello, Panama, April 18, 1912, February 21, 1911, and March 12, 1911, A. Buseck (U.S.N.M.) PLOIARIA BRUNNEA, new species. A much darker species than macrophthalma, differing as stated in key and in having a much more noticeable white annulus at apex of each of the first two segments of antenna, that on basal one being much narrower. Head as in figure 69, not so much narrowed posteriorly as in macrophthalma. Antennae and fore legs similar to those of pre- ceding species in proportions. Pronotum and mesonotum slightly granulose and subopaque, not conspicuously shining as in macro- phthalma, nor so gradually tapered. Fore wing more conspicuously marked than in preceding species, the dark marks in cells more or less distinctly radiating from a cen- tral spot or streak. Apical tergite of male less concave than in preceding species, the hypopygium with a strong blunt upwardly directed protuberance in center, not conspicuously haired, the claspers stouter and more circularly curved, gradually tapered from base. Length, 7 mm. Holotype—Male, Chapada, Brazil, June (Carnegie Mus.) ; allo- type, Trinidad Rio, Panama, May 7, 1911, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.). Alloty pe.—Female, Cat. No. 26716, U.S.N.M. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 55 PLOIARIA SICARIA, new species. Male.—Coloration similar to that of brunnea but with the lateral margins and a carinate line on each side of disk of mesonotum, white; the costa of forewing is more extensively reddish, and the cell beyond the apical cross vein is entirely fuscous instead of only partly so. Proportions of fore tibia and fore femur 20:35 (in brunnea 25:45); claws of fore tarsi slightly unequal as in brunnea. Upper margin of hypopygium similar to that of béspina (fig. 77) but the spines much shorter; claspers as in figure 70, more abruptly nar- rowed than in brunnea. Length, 8 mm. Holotype.—Uuachi Beni, Bolivia, September, 1922, W. M. Mann. ([Mulford Biological Expedition] (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Cat. No. 26717 U.S.N.M. PLOIARIA SETULIFERA, new species. Female——A_ pale yellowish brown species without conspicuous markings, the apices of hind and mid femora whitish. Forewings with a few brown markings consisting of poorly defined spots or streaks, the most noticeable situated in middle of discal cell and just behind discal cell on inner side of wing. Head similar to that of pélicornis; preapical and apical antennal segments about as in last two species as to proportions. Pronotum almost uniform in width to near posterior margin, where it is | slightly flared, microscopically granulose and not sulcate; meso- notum with a very shallow broad central sulcus. Fore coxa about 1.5 as long as pronotum; fore trochanter with some fine hairs and one or two distinct, but short bristles; fore femur as in preceding two species; fore tibia half as long as femur, with a ventral series of decumbent setulae, which are directed apicad, very minute at base and becoming gradually longer apically; fore tarsus over three fourths as long as tibia, extending almost to base of femur. Forewing as in figure 71. Length, 8 mm. Holotype—West Lake, Cape Sable, Fla., February 26, 1919, A. Wetmore; Paradise Key, Fla.. March 10, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.). Type.—F emale, Cat. No. 26718, U.S.N.M. There are also three nymphs from the same localities which agree in most respects with the foregoing description. The wingpads are present, there are only two segments in the tarsi, and the arma- ture of the fore legs is relatively stronger (especially. in the brist- ling of the trochanter), more noticeably so in the younger speci- mens. 56 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 We have seen a species of this group, very closely related to setulifera, from Hong Kong, China, F. W. Terry (Bueno). PLOIARIA GUNDLACHI (Dohrn). Luteva gundlachi Dourn, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 244, pl. 1, fig. 19 [Cuba]. A pale yellowish species with more or less distinct dark brown markings. The most constant marks are on the mesonotum and before the apices of the mid and hind femora, the former having three rudimentary vittae and the latter a broad subapical band. The wings have more numerous brown spots than in the three pre- ceding species, three on costa (one at base of discal cell, one about one third from base, and the other about one fourth from apex) being most conspicuous; there are two elongate marks, one in discal cell and the other beyond the cell between the longitudinal vein and hind margin, from which emanate brown linear markings giving the wing a reticulated appearance. Head as in figure 72. Pronotum slightly longer than mesonotum, almost parallel-sided to near posterior margin, then dilated, not suleate; mesonotum slightly widened posteriorly and like the pro- notum, opaque and with fine decumbent pubescence. Hind border of male hypopygium without a central spine, furnished with many stiff, backwardly directed hairs on each side near bases of claspers, the latter slender apically, much curved and hairy. Fore legs as _in the preceding species. Transverse apical vein a little less than “midway between apex of discal cell and apex of wing. Length, 9-10 mm. Localities, Balthazar, Grenada, West Indies, H. H. Smith (U.S. N.M.); Cayenne, French Guiana, February, 1917 (Carnegie Mus.) ; Mayaguez, Porto Rico, July, 1914 (Amer. Mus.). PLOIARIA VARIPENNIS, new species. Similar in color to the preceding species, but the preapical fem- oral band and mesonotal markings are very faint or absent. The markings of the forewings are darker, and of about the same pat- tern, but there is only one large dark brown spot on costa, namely, the one about one-third from base of discal cell, the others being very small and not. more conspicuous than the other spots on wing. Head as in gundlacht. Male hypopygium with a slight rounded central, production of the hind border and with fewer and finer hairs than in last species, the claspers more abruptly curved. Fore wing as in figure 73. Fore legs as in figure 74. Length, 10-11 mm. Holotype—A male; allotype, and five nymphs, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alto Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 23. Paratype female, and ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 57 one nymph, same locality, April 11, and four nymphs, April 2, 13, and 21, EK. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.). Type, allotype, and paratype—Cat. No. 26719 U.S.N.M. PLOIARIA RUFOANNULATA (Bergroth). Leteva rufoannulata BrererotH, E. Psyche, yol. 18, No. 1, Feb. 1911, pp. 18-19 [Famaica]. We have examined the type of this species. It is closely related to gundlachi, the principal distinctions being found in the wings. The markings of the forewings appear to furnish a ready means of identification. There are eight dark marks along costa, those op- posite base, and middle of discal cell and the one at apex of the cross-vein being especially conspicuous, while there are two discal linear blackish brown marks that are especially prominent; one in discal cell and the other in the cell below the cross-vein; neither of these marks has radiating streaks emanating from it as is the case in gundlachi. Mid femur with a preapical reddish annulus, fore coxa with most of apical half, and fore femur with three bands of the same color. The abdomen is missing in type so that we can not compare the genitalia with those of gundlachi, but in other structural characters the species are very close. Length to tip of hemelytra, 9 mm. | Holotype.——Mandeville, Jamaica, EK. P. Van Duzee (Van Duzee). PLOIARIA GRANULATA, new species. Female—A dark-colored species with pale legs, the latter very characteristically marked, with a narrow fuscous subapical annulus and a broader apical one on each mid and hind femur, and a mod- erately broad basal annulus on each mid and hind tibia which have a median whitish spot on outer side that does not entirely encircle the tibia. The antennae are yellowish, fuscous at bases and apices of segments, the basal segment with a broad subbasal whitish annulus. The swollen bases of fore femoral spines fuscous, the spines yellow. Eyes small, about half as long as distance from their anterior margin to apex of head; anterior lobe of head with a slight eleva- tion on each side of sulcus; apical antennal segment about 1.75 as long as subapical; head and pronotum minutely granulate, each granule surmounted by a microscopic hair. Wing pads present, the mesothoracic pair largest. Abdomen slightly ovate, each tergite slightly produced on each side posteriorly, the amount of produc- tion increasing gradually to tergite 6, a slight median process near posterior margin of each tergite from second to seventh, inclusive. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 the largest on tergite 6. Fore coxa a little longer than pronotum, minutely granulose, each granule with a microscopic pale hair which is directed towards apex of coxa; fore trochanter with two thorns on elevated bases; fore femur curved outwardly at middle, upper surface granulose as in coxae, the elevated bases of long postero- ventral spines about .as long as the femoral diameter, the longest spines at least twice as long as their bases, the short spines also with elevated bases, one or two between each pair of the longer spines and slightly nearer to ventral surface than that series, the spines of postero-ventral series are curved outward and those of the antero- ventral series inward so that the tibia lies entirely clear of them when it is placed against the under surface of the femur; fore tibia with a series of distinct semierect setulae along postero-ventral surface and a similar series of longer setulae on basal half of antero- ventral surface; fore tarsus about two-thirds as long as tibia, with some setulae along the postero-ventral margin of basal segment. Length, 44.5 mm. Holotype-—F¥emale Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guate- mala, April 20; paratype female topotypical, April 14, E. A. Schwarz and H. 8S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) Type and paratype-——Female, Cat. No. 26720, U.S.N.M. PLOIARIA CAROLINA (Herrich-Schiffer). Emesodema carolina HERRICH-SCHAFFER, G. A. W. Die wanzenartigen In- secten, vol. 9, 1853, p. 8, fig. 986 [Carolina]. A dark brown species with a pale dorso-central line on head and thorax, the fore femora with fairly prominent pale annuli and the apices of mid and hind femora yellowish. The wings are brown and faintly marbled with darker brown, not distinctly reticulated with fine brown lines as in some other species; a darker spot in discal cell. In the nymph there is a rather noticeable central elevation on an- terior margin of posterior lobe of head, but in the mature specimens this is almost or entirely absent. The apterous forms have the pro- notum tapered posteriorly and almost without a constriction be- fore the hind margin on top, the sides somewhat flared; in the winged forms the hind margin ist noticeably flared dorsally also. Male hypopygium with the hind border as in figure 75. Fore femur stout, with 6 or 7 long postero-ventral spines, the longest fully as long as the femoral diameter, the apical one well beyond middle of femur; fore tibia without readily distinguishable setulae, but somewhat densely haired. Length, 4.5-5.5 mm. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 59 Localities, Thomasville, Ga., May 6, 1912, male, Mrs. A. P. Tay- lor (U.S.N.M.) ; Wrightsville, N. C., April 16, 1916, female, W. T. Davis (Davis); Wilmington, N. C., one winged male, one apterous female, and one nymph, H. G. Barber (Barber). PLOIARIA FLORIDANA (Bergroth). Luteva fioridana BrererorH, E. Two new American Ploeariinae (Hem., Re- duviidae), Konowia, vol. 1, 1922, pp. 218-219, August 20, 1922 [Florida]. Male—Very similar to the preceding species, differing as stated in the key. The pronotum is without the shght dorso-median sulcus of carolina, the eyes in the winged form are larger, and the longest spines on the postero-ventral surface of fore femur are not as long as the femoral diameter; fore tibia not so much expanded distally ; central spine on posterior border of hypopygium apparently simple instead of paired (fig. 76). The forewing has the venation as in denticauda (fig. 89). Length, 6 mm. The type which we have eeanned is from Florida (Van Duzee Coll.). We have the species also from Crescent City, Fla., Uhler Coll. (U.S.N.M.) The crossvein connecting the apical longitudinal vein with costa is erroneously stated in the original description to be absent. PLOIARIA BISPINA, new species. Male.—Almost uniformly pale brownish yellow, paler than caro- dina, the fore femur not annulate, mid and hind legs with apices of femora and bases of tibiae whitish. Wings pale brownish, some- what mottled. Width of head across eyes almost as great as its dorsal length. Pronotum a little shorter than mesonotum, very slightly sulcate centrally. Fore coxa 1.5 as long as pronotum, slender, not granu- lose; spines on postero-ventral surface of fore femur numerous, three or four between each pair of the longer spines, the latter not longer than the femoral diameter, the apical long spine very short and but little beyond middle of femur; ventral setulae on fore tibia distinct at least on apical half or more. Posterior border of hypo- pygium as in figure 77. Length, 5.5-6.5 mm. Holotype—Male, Mexico, 2154, no other data, C. F. Baker (U.S.N.M.). Paratype, males, Bartica, British Guiana (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Para, Brazil, August (Carnegie Mus.). Other specimens in poor condition, labelled Cuba, 181 (U.S.N.M. and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Type.—Cat. No. 26721 U.S.N.M. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 PLOIARIA ALBIPENNIS, new species. Male.—A pale stramineous species without conspicuous markings. The forewings are entirely unmarked, the veins on basal half slightly smoky, those on apical half very pale. The fore femora have a faint narrow preapical and a narrower and less distinct apical band brown, while the mid and hind pairs are pale brownish with a rather distinet preapical broad darker brown annulus; knees pale. Basal segment of antenna long-haired, as long as 2+3, fourth about five-sixths as long as third. Fore coxa nearly as long as pronotum and mesonotum, and subequal to fore tibia; trochanter with two moderately strong spines, and a bristle; femur with about six outstanding spines, the intervening short spines set on elevated bases. A pair of slender spines inside of upper border of hypo- pygium as in bispina, the hypopygial claspers slender, abruptly curved near apex and pointed. Venation normal, discal cell about four-fifths as long as vein emanating from its apex, the latter dis- tinctly curved, not reaching margin of wing, the cross vein nearly straight, at two-fifths length of posterior vein from apex. Length, 7 mm. Holotype.—Lower California, 1895, Diguet (Paris Mus.). Para- type, Frontera, Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, C. H. T. Townsend (Iowa). PLOIARIA UMBRARUM, new species. Male.—Brownish testaceous, the wings apparently immaculate; and only the apices of hind femora and bases of hind tibia whitish. The specimens were preserved in alcohol which may have changed the coloring. Width of head less than its length; interocular space less than width of one eye. Prothorax and mesothorax subequal. Hy- popygium without strong paired spines inside the apical border, the claspers rather angularly bent at middle, with acutely pointed tips. Fore coxa fully as long as prothorax and mesothorax com- bined, and very slightly longer than fore tibia; armature of fore femur rather fine, the longest bristles at middle shorter than femoral diameter. Venation as stated in key. Length, 7 mm. Holotype—And one paratype male, Mandeville, Jamaica, in a cave. (U.S.N.M.) This is the only species of the subfamily from the New World which we have any record of as occurring in caves but there are several species so recorded from the Eastern Hemisphere. Type and paratype.—Cat. No. 26722, U.S.N.M. ART. 2 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 61 PLOIARIA PILICORNIS, new species. Male.—Similar to bispina in color but the fore femur has a faint subapical fuscous annulus. The head is slightly broader than in bispina (fig. 78), the pro- notum is not suleate and is more constricted before the hind margin, the fore femora are stouter, the short spines are less numerous, the long spines are longer, the longest fully as long as the femoral diameter, and the apical one is at one-third the length of femur from apex. Hind border of hypepygium as in figure 79. Length, 5.5 mm. Holotype—Higley, Ariz., June 27, 1917, E. G. Holt (U.S.N.M.). Type—Cat. No. 26723 U.S.N.M. PLOIARIA UNISERIATA, new species. Male.—Brownish fuscous, dorsum of mesonotum yellowish-testa- ceous, antennae and legs brown, not noticeably annulated. Wings with dusky reticulation and a more prominent spot in discal cell and in area of wing just posterior to it on inner side. Kyes large, as high as head and nearly half its length, width of one above equal to space between them; posterior margin of anterior lobe of head and anterior margin of posterior lobe each with a short deep sulcus in center, on each side of which the surface is slightly tumid; antennae long-haired. Pronotum not much tapered, very slightly flared posteriorly ; mesonotum gradually widened posteriorly, with a shallow median dorsal sulcus; mesonotum ending in a rounded knob; metanotum with the margin raised and three discal carinae. Fore coxa slender, about 1.25 as long as pronotum; trochanter with one long curved spine and one or two shorter bristles; femur curved, a little thicker than coxa, postero-ventral series of spines consisting of about six, their bases distinctly swollen, the longest more than twice as long as femoral diameter, the spines bent outward; ventral surface fine-haired, with a series of short erect setulae on median third; antero-ventral spines much shorter than postero-ventral, about seven in number, inwardly curved, a wider space in the series near base for the reception of the tarsus; tibia two-thirds as long as coxa, with fine setulae along antero-ventral surface which are about as long as tibial diameter; tarsus about as long as tibia, basal segment with microscopic setulae posteriorly (fig. 80). Transverse vein at one- third of the distance from tip of wing to apex of discal cell, the latter as in figure 81. Hypopygium rather long, black and _ polished medianly, claspers long and slender, much curved and tapered on apical half; apical tergite convex posteriorly. Female.—Similar to the male in armature of the fore legs. The eyes are much smaller; there are only small wingpads present; the 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 abdomen is much more robust, and there are small but distinct proc- esses on middle of hind margins of tergites; seventh tergite horizontal, with a short, triangular median process, the margin concave, then angled each side of it; eighth tergite deflexed, narrowed toward apex, which is transverse. Length, Male, 4 mm.; nymph, 3.5 mm. Holotype.—Male, San Thomas, Brownsville, Tex., May 30, 1904; allotype, Brownsville, Tex., May 21, 1904, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.). Type and allotype.—Cat. No, 26724 U.S.N.M. PLOIARIA PUNCTIPES, new species. Male—Brownish fuscous, with testaceous markings and gray pu- bescence on head and thorax. Legs and antennae testaceous-yellow, coxae and femora spotted and annulated with fuscous. Wings with fuscous markings much as in preceding species, but the dark spot in center of discal cell is more conspicuous and while in uniseriata there is an isolated dark spot just beyond apex of discal cell clear of the longitudinal vein in this species the spot touches the vein; mark- ings somewhat more aggregated in clouds at apex of wing. Posterior lobe of head not sulcate anteriorly, but with a low longi- tudinal median carina; subapical antennal segment fully three- fourths as long as apical. Pronotum narrower and longer than in uniseriata. Fore coxa slender, about 1.25 as long as pronotum; fore femur slender, slightly curved, long postero-ventral spines as in pre- ceding species, but with one or two short spines between each pair of antero-ventral spines, a rather irregular series of short setulae ventrad of them; antero-ventral setulae on fore tibia very short; tibia and tarsus as in unéserdata. Apical sternite less than half as long as preceding one; hypopygium long, dark and polished medianly, claspers long, slender, much curved but not tapered, ending abruptly in a sharp point, posterior hypopygial border with a short stout spike. Discal cell of forewing and the hind wing as in figures 82 and 83. Length, 6 mm. Holotype.—lLa Chorrera, Panama, May 17, 1912, A. Busck (U.S. N.M.). Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26725, U.S.N.M. PLOIARIA SIMILIS, new species. Male——Similar to the preceding species in color and structure, differing as stated in key, and in size. Forewings as in figure 84. Length, 8 mm. Holotype.—Los Borregas, Brownsville, Tex., May 23, 1904, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26726, U.S.N.M. » ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 63 PLOIARIA RETICULATA (Baker). Ploiariopsis reticulata Baker, C. F. California Emesidae (Hemiptera), Pomona College Journal of Entomology, vol. 2, No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 225-6 [Claremont, Calif.]. Male-—Head and thorax testaceous yellow, mottled with fuscous. Antennae stramineous, basal segment fuscous at base and apex and with a rather broad subapical and a narrow apical whitish annulus; beak annulate. Mesonotum with 2 linear submedian brown vittae, laterad of these the disk is grayish, each lateral margin broadly brown. Abdomen black, faintly speckled with yellowish, spiracles white. Legs stramineous, fore pair mottled with blackish and rather imperfectly annulate, mid and hind femora with faint brownish dots on basal half and each with 3 broad brown annuli on apical half. Forewings with brownish fuscous markings, forming reticulations on the greater part of disk, the most distinct marks being 2 long blackish streaks, one in apical half of discal cell and the other beyond that cell and behind the longitudinal vein but distinctly clear of it, the hind margin of the vein narrowly brown. Head about as broad as long, with a small sharp spike at eye mar- gin just behind transverse dorsal constriction, and a small round pro- tuberance behind eye on side of head; antennae long-haired, third segment fully as long as fourth. Pronotum slightly flared poste- riorly. Hypopygium with a bifid process projecting upward inside of hind border, the claspers not very long, curved, tapered at apices. Fore trochanters produced into an acute process below which is armed with 2 or 3 spines. Forewing with discal cell subequal in length to longitudinal vein beyond it. the transverse apical vein faint, situated at nearly three fourths of the distance from apex of discal cell to apex of wing, the longitudinal vein bent down apically. Length, 9 mm. Redescribed from a male paratype, Claremont, Calif., Metz (Cornell Univ.). Dr. C. F. Baker reports the species common about Claremont. PLOIARIA DENTICAUDA, new species. Male.—This species is colored like granulata, but the femoral and tibial annulation is much less distinct. Head as in figure 85. In addition to the characters mentioned in the key it differs from granulata as follows: The fore coxae, fore femora, and pronotum are not granulose and haired as in that species, the postero-ventral spines on fore femur are in an almost regular series, the bases of the longer spines are pale, but little differentiated from the spines and both combined are but little longer than the femoral diameter; the fore tibia has the series of setulae on postero-ventral surface very , 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 weak and short and that on basal half of antero-ventral surface prac- tically absent; the fore tarsi are as long as tibiae. The male hypopy- gium is as shown in figures 86 and 87, the tergites are not produced on sides and the processes on the middle of hind margins of tergites except the last one are very small. The series of males contains winged and subapterous specimens; the venation of the forewing is shown in figure 89. Female——Similar to the male but the apical tergites are as de- scribed in key (fig. 88), and the antennae are very short hispid in- stead of long-haired. Length, 5-5.5 mm. Holotype.—Male, Fort Yuma, Ariz., January 23, H. G. Hubbard; allotype, Palm Springs, Calif., February 7, H.G. Hubbard, paratypes same data as foregoing (U.S.N.M.) ; and Calipatria, Calif., Novem- ber 28, 1921, E. R. Kalmbach (Biol. Survey). Broken specimens not designated as type material: Williams, Ariz., May 27 and June 9, E. A. Schwarz and H. 8. Barber (U.S.N.M.). Type, allotype, and paratypes.—Cat. No. 2672, U.S.N.M. PLOIARIA HIRTICORNIS (Banks). Ploiariopsis hirticornis BANKS, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 44 [Southern Pines, Nixes} Ploiaria carolina Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, pp. 4445 [Southern Pines, N. C.]. The female of P. hirticornis. This species closely resembles the last in structure of the fore legs, but the coxae are more slender and nearly twice as long as the tibiae, the fore tarsi are as long as the tibiae, the elevated bases of the long spines of postero-ventral series are about as in the last species, white, and the spines are blackish; the pronotum is longer and narrower than in granulosa, the abdomen has no lateral projec- tions on tergites and the dorsal tubercles are small anteriorly, in- creasing in size posteriorly; the seventh tergite of the female has the lateral angles slightly produced and a longer central process (fig. 90); the apical border of the male hypopygium is as in figure 91; apical tergite as in figure 92. All our specimens have minute wing pads except one male paratype which is fully winged; the wings are rather closely reticulated with fuscous, the heaviest markings being in discal cell and along hind side of vein emanating from it. Length, 5-6 mm. Localities, Mulligans Hill, D. C., December 10, 1916, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.); Southern Pines, N. C., December 28, 29, 1908, A. H. Manee, type material (McAtee, Mus. Comp. Zool.). The holotype examined. An immature female from Shreveport, La. (Mus. Comp. Zool.) has the abdomen inflated, especially posteriorly, median tubercles ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH . 65 on all tergites, that on five most prominent; eighth tergite concave apically, without process. PLOIARIA MARGINATA (Heineken). Cerascopus marginatus HEINEKEN, ©. Zool. Journ., Jan.May, 1829 (1830), pp. 386-40, pl. 2, fig. 5 [Madeira]. Cerascopus canariensis NOUALHIER, MAurice. Note sur le genre Ploiaria Scop. Reut. (Hmesodema Spin., Cerascopus Hein.) et description de quatre especes nouvelles palearctiques. Rey. dEnt., vol. 14, 1895, p. 168 [Canary Islands]. Male——Brownish fuscous, with a longitudinal central line on head and thorax, two round spots on each lobe of head and upper sides of pronotum, the lateral margins of pronotum and mesonotum and ventral surface of head and thorax yellowish. Antennae and legs brownish yellow, darker just before apices of femora and yellowish at apices. Antennae short-hispid, apical segment about 1.75 as long as sub- apical; eyes small, not occupying over half the height of head, and shorter than distance from their hind margin to posterior margin of head, surface of head microscopically granulose; fore coxa as long as pronotum and about two thirds as long as fore tibia, with microscopic subdecumbent hairs, but not granulose; fore femur stout, surface as in coxa, outer series of strong spines on posterodorsal surface numbering four or five, their bases elevated, their entire length not greater than diameter of femur, the inner series not interrupted opposite bases of the strong spines, consisting of many closely placed setulae; antero-ventral series with no isolated bristle at or near base as in the species which have the tarsus falling short of apex of coxa; tibia two thirds as long as femur, the antero-ventral and postero-ventral hairs short; tarsus extending to middle. of trochanter, fully half as long as tibia, basal segment without evi- dent setulae. Pronotum with a rounded low tubercle each side of neck, tapered posteriorly, constricted just behind anterior margin, widest in front of middle, a distinct constriction between pronotum and mesonotum, the latter widening to above coxal insertions, with a median linear sulcus and slight longitudinal ridge along each side of dorsum separating the pale color of disk from the dark sides. Abdominal tergites without processes, the spiracles on top of con- nexival fold, the apical tergite with hind margin rounded; hypo- pygium as in figure 93, the claspers farther from apex than in any of the other species seen and the apical hook larger. Female.——Differs from male chiefly in character of abdomen, which is broader, especially apically and has the spiracles on outer side of connexival fold; widest part of abdomen about at the junc- ture of fourth and fifth tergites, sixth tergite somewhat narrowed 94993—25 5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor. 67 apically the end slightly convex; seventh tergite semi-circular; eighth a little longer, depressed medianly and emarginate apically. Length, 4.5-5.5 mm. Data for specimens examined: La Valli Province, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 15, 1920, B. S. Donaldson (McAtee); Brazil, on orchids, H. B. Shaw (U.S.N.M.); Teneriffe, Canary Ids., A. Cab- rera; Laguna, Oct. 1, 1910 (Bueno). PLOIARIA APTERA, new species. Female—Much paler than marginata, the dorsum of thorax but little darker than the venter. Head as in the preceding species, but the eyes comparatively larger and the subapical antennal segment appreciably longer than the apical. Fore coxae, femora, and tibiae similar in lengths to those of marginata, the postero-ventral long and short spines in an almost straight series, only two or three of the short spines between each pair of the long spines and none opposite their bases; there is an isolated spine near base on antero-ventral surface, the antero-ventral series of setulae on apical half of tibia is stronger than in marginata. Abdomen ovate, distorted in type, but evidently lacking well de- veloped median processes on hind margins of tergites. Length, 5.5 mm. Holotype.—Female, Galiuro Mountains, Ariz., May 24, H. G. Hubbard (U.S. N.M.). This and the preceding species lack wing pads, the present one having a very faint ridge on each posterior lateral angle of meso- notum and metanotum which may represent the wing pads. We know of no American species of this genus except these two in which the adults have neither wings nor wing pads. Genus GARDENA Dohrn. Gardena Dourn, A., Emesina, 1860, p. 214, monobasic, genotype G. melinar- thrum Dohrn [Ceylon.]; Nachtriige 1873, p. 64.—CuHAmpiIon, G. C. Biologia vol. 2, p. 167, 1898. As amplified in the Nachtrige, Dohrn’s characterization of Gardena may be accepted in the sense of Champion for American species. However, there remains one notable discrepancy to be explained; Dohrn describes the prothorax as being subequal in length to the mesothorax and metathorax together. Measured on the median dorsal surface the prothorax in American species is twice or more than twice as long as the other divisions of the thorax together. However, illustrations of Asiatic species show the same condition, so the discrepancy probably is due to error or is to be explained by difference in method of taking the measurements. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 67 Characters common to all the American species besides those mentioned in the generic key are: head lacking spines, prothorax (measurements taken on dorsum) twice or more than twice as long as meso- and meta-thoraces taken together (even in wingless forms) ; the anterior division of prothorax is trumpet-shaped with a low tubercle each side in front and expands posteriorly in the winged forms into a capacious, inverted, scoop-shaped, highly polished portion which completely covers the mesothorax, hind margin usu- ally somewhat concave with a slight median swelling, but there are notable departures from this character in some species; mesopleura and mesosternum highly polished, either subnude or with a bare stripe in front of coxa; hind margins of sternites 2-6 in both sexes more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally, most pro- nouncedly so on 6; sixth sternite in males visible from above, form- ing apparently an almost complete body ring; in most species it is overlaid dorsally by a flap-like process of sixth tergite; the ninth sternite also is largely exposed dorsally, where it is divided by a broad V-shaped cleft open posteriorly (fig. 97, and others); the surface of hypopygial segments is polished; all of the legs and the antennae exceed the body in length; antennae of males with abun- dant long hairs decreasing in length and erectness distally; espe- cially from middle of second segment; wing venation as in figure 94; fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 95. Coloration in the genus is very uniform, the species being chiefly castaneous, darkest on front legs, prothorax, and genitalia; the mid and hind trochanters and knees are stramineous, the pale base of tibia being more or less interrupted by fuscous; the tegmina and wings in most cases are dusky hyaline, whitish at base. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Males. 1. Cylindrical part of prothorax sulcate in center of dorsum posteriorly ; hind lobe usually transversely wrinkled anteriorly_____________________ De Prothorax without sulcus; hind lobe usually not distinctly wrinkled____ 8 2. Hind margin of hypopygium more or less sinuate or emarginate in middle (figs. 96, 98, 102, 104) ; sixth tergite with a longer slender process (figs. Oi ep OSS) ees Seale Pe Rhee EN MEE PS WLIO AINE TERS Ep sekh. ae 83 Hind margin of hypopygium practically straight (fig. 105) ; 7th tergite with a shorter, and usually more rounded process (figs. 109, 112)_________ 4 3. Supero-posterior angles of hypopygium strongly produced, projecting when viewed from behind, much above hind margin; median process of seventh tergite elongate, but falling considerably short of apex of hypopygium (fig. 97) ; hind margin of pronotum concave, with a slight median swelling. americana Champion (p. 69). 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM . VOL. 67 -] (oa) Supero-posterior angles of hypopygium elevated but little above hind margin; median process of seventh tergite elongate, falling but little short of apex of hypopygium (fig. 108) ; hind margin of pronotum undulated, extending farthest posteriorly on each side of median line. crispina, new species (p. 70). . Apex of hypopygial clasper circularly curved, the supero-anterior angle not produced (fig. 106) ; fore femur not evidently banded. domitia, new species (p. 71). Apex of hypopygial clasper not circularly curved, the supero-anterior angle produced (figs. 99, 100, 101) ; fore femur with one or more bands_____ 5 . Clasper fitting into a groove which extends forward on the outer side below supero-posterior angle of hypopygium (fig. 111) ; posterior angle of clasper a weak hook, process of anterior angle much stouter (fig. 99). eutropia, new species (p. 71). Clasper not fitting into such a groove, and of different shape__________ 6 . Both branches of clasper slender (fig. 100); supero-posterior angle of hy- popygium spine like; hind lobe of pronotum almost smooth. marcia, new species (p. 72). Both branches of clasper stout (fig. 101) ; supero-posterior angle of hypo- pygium, obtuse; snotyspine Wilkes 22 gs ee eee 1 . Antennae copiously hairy; hind lobe of pronotum strongly wrinkled in front, eranulate behind =] 5252s 2226 Se ae pipara, new species (p. 72). Antennae not hairy, hind lobe only slightly wrinkled in front and ‘almost Smooth *behrid ss. te) De ee esse pyrallis, new species (p. 73). . Hind margin of hypopygium with a sharp tooth on each side of a rounded median emargination (fig. 104); seventh tergite with a moderate, pointed median process) (he 14) eee poppaea, new species (p. 74). Hind margin of hypopygium slightly or not at all emarginate, and lacking teeth; seventh tergite either convex or with a distinct process________ 9 . Hind lobe of pronotum much more than half as long as the less than usually slender anterior portion, bearing three pale yellow vittae; forewings al- most uniform stramineous in color; Seventh tergite with a broadly trian- gular process; clasper circularly curved similar to figure 106. agrippina, new species (p. 73). Hind lobe of pronotum not half as long as the very slender anterior portion, without pale vittae; hind margin nearly straight across, the declivity just anterior to hind margin slightly carinate medianly; bases of forewings much paler in color than remainder; seventh tergite convex posteriorly but not produced; clasper not circularly curved (fig. 103). faustina, new species (p. {(33))y Females. . Cylindrical part of prothorax suleate in center of dorsum posteriorly; hind lobe distinctly transversely wrinkled anteriorly; seventh sternite more or less; produced: apiealliye (Hess 1 ial ss) oe ee 2 Prothorax without sulcus; hind lobe not distinctly transversely wrinkled ; seventh sternite convex but not produced apically. faustina, new species (p. 73). . Seventh sternite with a short rather acute process at middle of posterior margin (fig. 107) ; mid and hind femora each with a preapical as well as ap apical pale bandin ses 222 2a eee ee messalina, new species (p. 72). Seventh sternite with a longer process (figs. 110, 113)_~-______________ 3 ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 69 3. Mid and hind femora each with a preapical and an apical pale yellow band; process of seventh sternite long and slender, reaching nearly to apex of INYO Vo ee ee ee ee pipara, new species (p. 72). Mid and hind femora lacking preapical pale band_____-_-__________--__- 4 4. Process of seventh sternite broad, the apex rounded and not reaching apex of Abdomen Chicas) ee nee ee eee caesonia, new species (p. 70). Process of seventh sternite narrower, extending to apex of abdomen, and there somewhat upcurved (fig. 110) ------___- domitia, new species (p. 71). SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THB SPECIES. Cylindrical part of prothorax suleate in center of dorsum posteriorly. americana. ; caesonia. crispina. domitia. eutropia. marcia, = messalina. pipara. pyrallis. Cylindrical part of prothorax not sulcate. agrippina. faustina. poppaea. GARDENA AMERICANA Champion. Gardena americana Cyuampion, G. C., Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 167-8, pl. 10, fig. 12, 1898 (part). We have not identified the female of this species but the males are rather paler in general color than most of the species, being yellow- ish-brown, castaneous on posterior expansion of prothorax, meso- and meta-thorax and genitalia; sternites 7 and 8 distinctly emargi- nate medianly and arcuate laterally; ninth sternite, or hypopygium, with the apical margin triangularly excised medianly (fig. 96) be- tween the elevated supero-posterior angles, within which lie the terete, somewhat curved and capitate hairy claspers; the part of ninth sternite visible from above is longer than sixth tergite without its median process; the latter is ligulate, rounded apically and its length compared to the tergite is as 15:35 (fig. 97). Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 95; fore wings as in figure 94. Length, 18-20 mm. Two specimens seen, one labeled only Cordoba in the Uhler Col- lection (U.S.N.M.), and the other collected by J. S. Hine at Maza- tenango, Guatemala, February 3, 1905 (Ohio State Univ. Coll.). It is only through the great kindness of W. E. China of the British Museum that we are enabled to announce this determination of Gar- dena americana. With a copy of our key in hand Mr. China has worked over the type series and informs us that the specimen figured 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 in the Biologia Centrali-Americana (reference above) has been taken as the type and that it is the present species which we designated as No. 2 in the key sent to him. Mr. China has kindly furnished a re- port upon the entire British Museum series which is well worth re- cording. SERIES OF GARDENA AMERICANA CHAMPION IN THH BRITISH MUSEUM. Mexico. 1, male, Atoyac, Vera Cruz equals species 2, that is, americana. 2, female, Atoyac, Vera Cruz equals species 6, that is, caesonia. 3-8, males, Teapa, Tabasco equals species 2, that 1s, americana. 9, female, Dos Arroyos, Guerrero equals species 6, that is, caesonia. 9a, female, Chilpancingo, Guerrero equals species 6, that is, Cacsonit. Panama. 10-15, males and females, Bugaba equals species 4, that is, faustina. Guatemala. 16, male, Teleman, Vera Paz; prothorax suleated but hypopy- gium mutilated. 17, male, Mirandilla equals species 2, that is, americana. This is the type specimen figured in Biologia, vol. 2, pl. 10, fig. 12. Colombia. 18, male, Mazo equals species 2, that is, americana. 19, male, locality illegible, equals species 2, that is, americana. It is worth noting that the above tabulation agrees in the associa- tion of sexes as concerns species 4 (faustina); and it strongly in- dicates that species 6 (caesonia) is the female of americana. For the present, however, we will allow these forms to stand under dif- ferent names. GARDENA CAESONIA, new species. Female.—Kighth tergite only a third a long as wide, bluntly rounded apically; 9th longer than broad, almost parallel-sided viewed from above, truncate apically; process of 7th sternite long triangular, pointed (fig. 113). Length, 20 mm. Holotype.—Female, Guatemala (U.S.N.M.). Paratype, Frontera, Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, C. H. T. Townsend (Iowa). Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26729, U.S.N.M. GARDENA CRISPINA, new species. Male.——Coloration as described for the genus; hind margins of sternite 7 and 8 moderately emarginate medianly, of 7 slightly con- ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH cL cave, and of 8 a little convex laterally ; 9th sternite polished, its hind margin with a shallow rounded emargination (fig. 98) ; that part of 9th sternite visible from above shorter than 7th tergite without me- dian process, the latter ligulate, rather pointed and nearly as long as remainder of its tergite, proportion to whole tergite as 18 is to 37, (fig. 108). Length, 18 mm. Holotype.—Male Turrialba, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf (U. S.N.M.). Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26730, U.S.N.M. GARDENA DOMITIA, new species. Male—Hypopygium strigate, not so shining as usual, part visible from above about as long as 7th tergite including process, the latter broad, rounded apically, its length compared to the whole tergite as 12 is to 27 (fig. 109); hind margin of hypopygium transverse (fig. 105) ; clasper as in figure 106. Female.——Connexivum elevated posteriorly, pale-edged; 6th ter- gite rounded apically; 8th semi-circular in shape; 9th broad, some- what inflated, depressed on each side apically; 7th sternite promi- nently inflated anteriorly, posterior process as described in key, the margins each side of it slightly sinuate. (fig. 110). Length, 20-22 mm. Holotype—Male, allotype female, with genital segments well pre- served, and another pair with them damaged, Pachitea, Peru. — (Bueno). Paratypes—Male, Lower Mamore River, Bolivia, Dec. 1913, 2 females, La Juntas, Bolivia, Dec. 1913, Quatra Ojos, Nov. 1918, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Mus.) GARDENA EUTROPIA, new species. Mule.—Color about the same as in pipara. Process of 7th tergite of moderate length, in proportion to remainder of tergite as 2 is to 3, its apex rounded. Hind margin of 6th sternite with a broad and deep median emargination, and strong sinuations on each side; sev- enth and eighth sternites distinctly although shallowly concave medianly and convex laterally. Ninth sternite long, opening up- ward, the posterior margin straight; viewed from above the flaring part of cleft.is short, bordered each side by 'a broad, sloping, trun- cate process, beneath which the claspers are withdrawn (fig. 111) ; claspers as described in key (fig. 99). Length, 17 mm. Holotype-——Male, Santarem, Brazil. (Carnegie Mus.) 12 -PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 GARDENA MARCIA, new species. Male.—Color as in pipara; posterior lobe of pronotum almost lack- ing transverse wrinkles. Lobe of seventh tergite very short, in pro- portion to remainder of tergite as 2 is to 5, broadly rounded. Hind margin of sixth sternite broadly and deeply emarginate medianly, arcuate laterally; seventh and eighth sternites shallowly concave medianly and convex laterally, the former nearly straight across. Ninth sternite short, opening posteriorly and upwardly, its hind margin nearly straight; cleft of upper surface opening gradually from the base (fig. 112), supero-posterior angles, produced, elevated and spinelike at apices, hollowed out beneath for reception of the claspers, which are as described in key (fig. 100). Length, 14 mm. Holotype-——Male, Santarem, Brazil. (Carnegie Mus.) GARDENA MESSALINA, new species. Female.—F ore femora each with a faint subapical pale band; mid femora and tibiae each with two pale bands. Seventh tergite very slightly convex on hind margin, eighth moderately long, semi-ellip- tical; ninth very convex transversely, somewhat constricted near middle of exposed portion, rounded apically. Sixth sternite with a deep emargination posteriorly involving the entire hind border; seventh sternite long, with a short, median triangular process pos- teriorly (fig. 107) sides of hind margin slightly concave; eighth sternite broadly exposed on sides, profoundly emarginate in middle. Length, 17 mm. Holotype.—Female, Victoria, Texas. (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26731, M.S.N.M. This is a wingless but mature specimen, which, because of different leg markings is treated as a different species from G’. poppaea, repre- sented by a wingless male, also from Victoria. GARDENA PIPARA, new species. Male.—Head and body chiefly castaneous, the appendages yellow- brown; apex of first antennal segment, two bands on front femur, apex of mid and hind femur and subapical annulus, bases of mid and hind tibia and sub-basal annulus paler; wings dusky fumose. Seventh tergite rather short, its body exceeding the short rounded lobe only as 8 is to 2. Seventh and eighth sternites shallowly emarginate me- dianly, convex laterally ; ninth or hypopygium, long, opening upward and backward, the hind margin nearly straight, the supero-posterior angles moderately elevated, the expanded part of dorsal cleft short, claspers as described in key (fig. 101). ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 13 Female.—Coloration as in male. Seventh tergite broadly rounded, and narrowly abruptly declivate apically; eighth tergite short, rounded apically, almost horizontal; ninth tergite long, slightly inflated above, abruptly narrowed below; the apical half is trans- versely rounded, marked off by two oblique depressions, and the mid- dle of apical margin is slightly excised. Seventh sternite rather prominently inflated subbasally, apical margin straight across except at middle, which is produced as a long, slender pointed process, reaching nearly to apex of body. Length, 18-20 mm. Holotype-——Male, Province del Sara, Bolivia, April 1913, J. Stein- bach. Allotype and paratype—Two females, same locality, 350 meters elevation, December, 1912, J. Steinbach. Paratype, two females, Chapada, Brazil, June. (All these specimens in Carnegie Museum.) Paratype male, La Zanga, Paraguay, V. Benzon (Copenhagen Mu- seum), and another, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, September, 1917 (Pen- nington). GARDENA PYRALLIS, new species. Male.—Paler than G. pipara, the leg markings, etc., therefore not so distinct; hind lobe of pronotum much smoother as described in key; genitalia very similar. Length, 16 mm. Holotype.—Ulanos, Venezuela, F. Geay (Paris Mus.). GARDENA AGGRIPINA, new species. Male.—Paler in ground color and with more pale markings than is usual in the genus; fore femur with three distinct pale bands, and front legs with other pale areas; pronotum with a median broad, and two lateral narrow pale vittae on posterior lobe; wings stramin- eous almost throughout; mid and hind legs pale, the femora and tibiae each with a distinct sub-basal and another faint darker an- nulus. Hind margins of sternites 7 and 8 concave medianly, convex laterally, of 9 nearly straight, cleft of ninth sternite; as seen from above, about one-third the length of part dorsally exposed; process of seventh tergite, well-developed, rounded apically, length compared with that of remainder of tergite as 9 is to 17. Length, 16 mm. Holotype.—Provincio del Sara, Bolivia, 350 meters elevation, Dec. 1912, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Mus.). GARDENA FAUSTINA, new species. Male.—Chiefly distinguished by the long and slender prothorax and the prominently convex but scarcely produced hind margin 94993—25——6 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 of tergite 7 (fig. 115); sternites 7 and 8 are concave medianly, con- vex laterally; part of sternite 9 exposed dorsally about as long as tergite 7, the V-shaped cleft short, the supero-posterior angles trun- cate, not elevated but somewhat flaring laterally, posterior margin shallowly emarginate medianly (fig. 102); clasper ending in a fiat- tish hook the blade of which is long acuminate and directed upward (fig. 103). Female.—The hind margin of 7th tergite is slightly convex, trans- verse; the 8th tergite is semi-elliptical and the ninth longer than wide, somewhat narrowed and bluntly rounded apically; the 7th sternite is moderately convex apically. Length, 20-22 mm. In this species the coxae and adjoining parts vary from yellow to black in color and the hind part of thorax and tip of abdomen are quite dark, contrasting strongly with the yellow-brown abdomen, front part of body, and legs. Holotype.—Male, Porto Bello, Panama, Feb. 28, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; allotype female, Feb. 21, other data the same; paratype males, Porto Bello, Panama, Feb. 15, 28, 1911, A. Busck; Trinidad River, Panama, May 7, 1911, A. Busck. A male and female from Biologia series of “americana” are labelled, Bugaba, 800—1,500 feet, Champion, and Caldera, Panama, Champion, respectively. All preceding specimens in United States National Museum. Four females, Cacagualito, Colombia, May, and one from Chapada, Brazil, Sept. (Carnegie Mus.). One male, French Guiana, Nov., 1914, R. Benoist (Paris Mus.). Type, allotype and paratypes.—Cat. No. 26732, U.S.N.M. GARDENA POPPAEA, new species. Male.—Posterior margin of hypopygium with two teeth, the superoposterior angles considerably elevated (fig. 104), portion of this sternite visible from above as long as 7th tergite including process, the latter barely lapping base of V-shaped cleft of hypo- pygium, its length compared to entire tergite as 3 is to 8 (fig. STOUR : claspers retracted, their form unknown. Length, 20 mm. Holotype-—Male, Victoria, Tex., Feb. 1905, J. D. Mitchell (UZS NM). While this specimen is entirely wingless it is obviously mature. Type—Male, Cat. No. 26733, U.S.N.M. Genus EMESAYA, new name. For mesa of authors not of Laporte (1833, p. 84) who named E£. mantis Fabricius as type. Since this species belongs to the genus ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 75 subsequently called Westermannias the latter name therefore falls into synonymy, and the insects formely known as /’mesa are left without a distinctive name. See fuller data under the name “’mesu as accepted in this paper (p. 38). Genotype.—Ploiaria brevipennis Say. For full reference see under L'mesaya brevipennis Say (p. 78). ‘This new name is intended to combine a reminder of the long familiar term with a tuibute to the pioneer American naturalist Thomas Say. Characters of the genus besides those mentioned in the key to genera are: Mid and hind legs and antennae longer than body; head without frontal spine, the transverse sulcus convex posteriorly, its ends in front of eyes, its middle course between them; prothorax in unwinged forms somewhat shorter than meso- and meta-thoraces together, in winged forms decidedly longer, expanded posteriorly and entirely covering dorsum of mesothorax, its hind margin more or less concave medianly; wings extending only to about middle of abdomen; sutures between tergites difficult to distinguish, those seen are straight; sixth tergite of male ending in a long apically rounded flap covering hypopygium; sutures between sternites convex anteriorly, that between 5 and 6 most so; hypopygium of male long, somewhat compressed, hind margin with a median process; in fe- males the seventh tergite is approximately semi-circular in outline, the eighth is oblong, somewhat tapering apically, with the apex vari- ously modified, yielding the most valuable characters for the separa- tion of species; the connexivum is more elevated in females than in males. Structure of fore tibia and tarsus and venation of wings as in figures 186, 137, and 138, respectively. Coloration in the genus is simple, the general tone varying from stramineous to reddish (erythrization being especially characteristic of maturity); the whole head and body has a fine short sericeous pubescence, bare spots and lines in which account for most of the apparent markings, as a line over anterior half of pronotum and head, forked in front of transverse constriction, a straight line under each eye, cirrhose maculations on pronotum, and dotting over both upper and lower surfaces of abdomen; the mesosternum and meso- pleura are entirely sericeous, not glossy as in Gardena. The front legs are more or less dark spotted and the spines dark-tipped; at least the knees (femora-tibial joints) of mid and hind legs are pale, often there is another distinct pale band each side of this joint. When the antennae are not entirely pale the first segment is pale apically. The wings vary from stramineous to fuscous-hyaline, often paler at base. 76 ’ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 KEY TO THD SPECIES. Males. 1. Hind margin of hypopygium without median process, nearly straight across. manni, new species (p. 83). Hind margin of hypopygium with a median process, sometimes partly con- cealed, by; theyvclaspens bie = pie 2 Sa oF ae oe ep 2 2. Hind margin of hypopgyium nearly straight across, bearing on its inner side a process which extends upward and forward between (and usually concealed by) apices vor-elaspers' “(fig 121!) Sse ee ee 3 Hind margin of hypopygium produced, in the plane of its outer surface, into a process which is not concealed between apices of claspers____----~-~ 4+ 3. Clasper broadly concave on upper Margin, swollen at base and expanded on inner side toward apex into a triangular lobe (fig. 183), not hairy. pollex, new species (p. 82). Clasper convex on upper margin, neither swollen at base nor expanded lat- erally toward apex, hairy, the hairs on inner surface long and erect (fig. DDD) weg ge Si Ee ent a gilt ee ene aE brevipennis (Say) (p. 78). 4, Process tapering gradually from base, slender and pointed, a little recurved apically ; clasper nearly terete, strongly curved and somewhat bulbous api- cally .¢figs: 130-131) eee eee ee apiculata, new species (p. 81). Process notched on the sides at base, broadly expanding apically, with a terminal notch; clasper nearly straight, curved only near apex which is not bulbous ((igss18 2419-9120) ee ee incisa, new species (p. 78). Females. 1. Highth tergite with the lateral angles produced considerably beyond middle Of DMG MALOU AMS S|) See Sa ee ee ee yy) Highth tergite with the lateral angles produced no farther than middle of hind *mareins or: roundedi(figs) 129) VSiliq) ae ee eae ee 5 2. Seventh tergite with a pair of divergent carinae bounding disk, within and distinct from the ridges which divide the upper surface from the down- folded lateral portions of thertergite. (fig, 116) 2252 =e 3 Seventh ‘tergite’ without, such caring ee. ee ee + . Fore femur about 7.5 mm. long; fore coxa hardly twice as long as head. brevicoxa (Banks) (p. 77). Tore femur about 9 mm. long; fore coxa fully twice as long as head. banksi, new species (p. 77). 4. Hind margin of eighth tergite between the processes decidedly concave, the emargination broadly U-shaped; seventh and eighth tergites with a me- dian longitudinal bare and slightly elevated line (fig. 127) ; side of eighth tergite subangulate posteriorly_______________ lineata, new species (p. 81). Hind margin of eighth tergite between the processes nearly straight, the emargination nearly rectangular (fig. 128); seventh and eighth tergites lacking such a line; side of eighth tergite not at all angulate posteriorly CTS a ee ce ee Re ee eee brevipennis (Say) (p. 78). . Hind margin of eighth tergite bisinuate, the lateral angles and median point about equally produced (fig. 129) _-_-_____-___ modica, new species (p. 81). Hind margin of eighth tergite with the lateral angles rounded and the median portion apiculate or-much produced Se 6 G2 1 11JIn partially collapsed or distorted specimens, the seventh tergite is prone to fold along the lines of the lateral and central carinae; these accidental and usually unsym- metrical folds must not be mistaken for the true carinae which are clear-cut and sym- metrical. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH rar 6. Median portion of hind margin of eighth tergite apiculate (fig. 131q). apiculata, new species (p. 81). Median portion of hind margin of eighth tergite produced in a rather long, keel-like process (figs. 184, 185) ---------_-__- pollex, new species (p. 82). REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THB KEY AND SYNONYMY. affinis [Emesa] Dourn, Emesina 1860, pp. 222-8 [Columbia]. No hypopygial characters mentioned; the color markings de- scribed in themselves have no significance; examination of type necessary to identification. Champion (Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 168) synonymizes this species with longipes Dn Grerr=brevipennis Say. longipes [Emesa] Fasrictus, Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 263 [America]. Stal refers this to Zelus. See p. 39. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THD SPECIES. (Females only.) FHighth tergite with the lateral angles produced farther than middle of hind margin. Seventh tergite with a pair of divergent carinae. brevicoxa, banksi. Seventh tergite lacking such carinae. brevipennis. lineata. Highth tergite with lateral angles not so much produced or even rounded, me- dian portion of this tergite more or less produced posteriorly. modica. apiculata. pollex. EMESAYA BREVICOXA (Banks). Emesa brevicora BANKS, N. Hmesidae, 1909, p. 48 [Los Angeles, Calif.]. Described from a single female which remains the unique repre- sentative of the form. This specimen, now in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology has been studied in the course of the present revi- sion. The carinae of seventh tergite, not mentioned in original description are very distinctive, grouping the species with the new form banksi described below. The coloration is scarcely different from that of £. brevipennis; however it was noted that the mid and hind tibiae are entirely pale except for a sub-basal dusky band on each. Approximate measurements are: Length of head and body together 29 mm.; of front coxa, 5 mm.; of front femur 7.5 mm. EMESAYA BANKSI, new species. Agrees with /. brevicowa Banks in carination of seventh tergite (fig. 116; lateral view of female hypopygium, fig. 117) but differs in measurements of front legs as indicated in key. The posterior jateral angles of eighth tergite are less produced than in LZ. brevi- coxa and much less than in average specimens of /. brevipennis 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 67 Say. General color pale reddish-brown, short gray pubescence abundant; leg bands only faintly indicated. Length about 29 mm. Holotype-—F¥emale, San Antonio, Texas, Sept. 18-27 (Museum of Comparative Zoology). Paratype.—F¥emale, vicinity of La Paz, Lower California, 1903, L. Diguet (Paris Mus.). EMESAYA INCISA, new species. Somewhat smaller than /’. brevipennis, and most of the specimens are paler than the average color in the genus, this being especially true of the legs and antennae; the dark annuli therefore unusually prominent. Male.—Ground color stramineous, broad vittae on sides of head and posterior lobe of pronotum (sometimes whole of this expan- sion), dorsum of abdomen more or less, leg bands and dots fuscous. Genitalia as described in key (see figs. 118, 119, 120). Length, 24-27 mm. Males from Palm Springs, Calif., Feb. 25, H. G. Hubbard (holo- type); Monclova, Mex., Nov. 23, 1909, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.) ; Higley, Ariz., July 10, 1917, E. G. Holt (Biol. Survey). Type and paratype—Male, Cat. No. 26734, U.S.N.M. This may be the male of one of the preceding two species. EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS (Say). Ploiaria brevipennis Say, THomas. American Entomology, vol. 3, 1828, pp. 105-6, pl. 47 [Philadelphia] ; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, pp. 105-6. Cimex longipcs De GrErR, CHARLES. Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire des Insectes, vol. 3, 1773, pp. 352-4, pl. 35, figs. 16-17 [Pennsylvania]. This name though older than Say’s is preoccupied by Cimex longipes Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 1767, p. 724. Emesa filum? GrirritH, Epwarp. The Animal Kingdom arranged in con- formity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier * * * with supple- mentary additions to each order by Edward Griffith, vol. 15, 1832, p. 244, pl. 97, fig. 3. [North America.] Index p. 786 states “ Hmesa filum? Filum, read brevipennis of Mr. Say.” Emesa pia Amyor, ©. B. J. and Servitte, A. Histoire naturelle des Insectes, 1843, p. 394. [Philadelphia. ] Emesa pia Herricu-ScHiArrer, G. A. W. Die wanzenartigen Insecten, IX, 1853, p. 114, fig. 9837. [North America.] Dmesa choctawana Kirkautpy, G. W. Hemiptera, Old and New, No. 2, Can. Ent., vol. 41, No. 11, Nov. 1909, p. 888. New name for brevipennis Dohrn not of Say. However, Dohrn’s brevipennis probably is Say’s species and no new name was required. The generic name an obvious typographical error. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES. 1. Processes of 8th tergite shorter and more rounded as seen from above; disk of tergite stramineous, with more copious and longer pubescence, giving it a. ‘sericeous appearance... ==-+- == 6252 ee eee ee occidentalis. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 719 Processes of 8th tergite longer, more slender and pointed; disk of tergite darker pubescence, Shortercandysparsen. ees ee ee 2 2. Pale annuli on mid and hind legs tending to obsolescence, especially in males, OftenetheskHECSEOMLY alee = ee Le ee australis. Full complement of pale leg markings usually evident in both sexes. brevipennis. EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS BREVIPENNIS (Say). In general color this subspecies varies from rubiginous to fuscous with the pale leg markings distinct; nymphs and teneral specimens are paler, mature specimens redder or darker. Genitalia as described in key (figs. 121 to 124). Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 136; wings as in figures 137, 188. Length, 28-36 millimeters. Many specimens have been examined from a range with the fol- lowing States as its extremes: Massachusetts, Missouri, Florida, and Texas. The species has been recorded also from Iowa. The eggs (fig. 125) of this species are about 2 millimeters in length, long-elliptical in outline, the opercle with a large central, truncately conical tubercle, the periphery of which is more or less eroded at the base; the main body of the egg is black in ground color, somewhat compressed and with longitudinal rows of membranous, saw-tooth-shaped exfoliations, the bases of which are almost con- tinuous; these lines of projections are arranged more or less in con- centric ellipses (if we may use the expression) on the flat sides of the egg. Specimens examined were laid by a female captured on Plum- mer Island, Md., October 6, 1912. This individual laid about 20 eggs before October 11. M. Faunce. Another female collected at the same locality by E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber, November 16, 1912, also laid eggs in confinement. Nymphs about 6 millimeters long collected at Plummer Island, April 20, by H. S. Barber are pale ivory color with fuscous markings as follows: A slender vitta from base of antenna along side of head, interrupted at eye; two more or less interrupted vittae along sides of all divisions of thorax; a slender line along outside of each front coxa and trochanter; front femur with a short vitta and 2 partial bands; mid and hind femora and tibiae each with 2 bands near the knee; apex of abdomen below with 2 series of markings, each con- sisting of a dot and-2 dashes; spiracles black. The posterior lobe of head is much more swollen than in adult. EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS AUSTRALIS, new subspecies. From the Gulf States southward to Panama occurs what seems to be a geographical race characterized by a strong tendency, which is almost universal among the males, to lack all pale leg markings except at knees. We have not been able to correlate this character 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 with any structural differences, whether of genitalia or otherwise, although it is noticeable that in this form the processes of the eighth tergite often are shorter than in northern specimens. The obvious question as to whether any of the several synonyms of Emesa brevipennis apply to this subspecies apparently must be answered in the negative. Two of these names, longipes De Geer and pia Amyot and Serville, were founded on specimens coming from the same State as Say’s material, namely from Pennsylvania, where only one form is known to occur. /. pia Herrich-Schiaffer has the characters of the old, not the new, subspecies, and choctawana Kirk- aldy applies to a form agreeing in description with, and which prob- ably is, true 2. brevipennis Say. Dohrn’s key * attributes the prin- cipal character of our new subspecies to 1’. longipes De Geer, but his fuller description (pp. 221-2), based on De Geer’s type, contradicts the statement in the key; De Geer’s description does not mention the character at all, and his name is unavailable, as we have noted in the synonymy. Specimens of the new subspecies examined are: Holotype—Male, Taboga Island, Panama, Feb. 27, 1912. A. Busck; allotype, same locality and collector, June 14, 1911 (U.S. N.M.). Paratypes with the following data: Taboga Island, Panama, June 14, 1911, Feb. 22, 27, 1912, A. Busck; Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama, A. H. Jennings; Limon, Canal Zone, Panama, Aug. 24, 1918, H. Mor- rison; Gamboa, Canal Zone, Panama, July 17, 1918, H. Dietz and J. Zetek; Panama, June 25, Wirt Robinson; Paraiso, C. Z., Panama, Jan. 28, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 8, E. A. Schwarz; Altenas, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf; Ana- huac, Tex., Nov. 8, 1918, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.); Orange, Tex., July, 1914, Wm. T. Davis (Davis) ; Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga., July, 1912; Bainbridge, Ga., July 15, 1912 (Cornell Univ.) ; Gaines- ville, Fla., July 20, 1918, C. J. Drake (Drake). Type, allotype, and paratypes.—Male, Cat. No. 26735, U.S.N.M. EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS OCCIDENTALIS, new subspecies. A pair of specimens from the Uhler Collection (U.S. Nat. Mus.) marked L. Cal. are selected as holotype (female) and allotype (male) of this subspecies. The general color is rufo-stramineous with all markings whether darker or paler much less noticeable than in /. b. brevipennis. Length 31-34 mm. A paratype female from Palo Alto, Calif., July 25, 1892, W. G. Johnson (Cornell Univ.) agrees in hypopygial characters (fig. 126) but is much shorter (26 mm.) and somewhat darker in coloration. 12 Emesina, 1860, p. 217. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH Sl A female of the brevipennis complex from La Belle, Fla., April 28, 1912 (Amer. Mus.) has the 8th tergite merely concave posteriorly, the lateral angles not forming teat-like processes, but since a male collected at same place and time is not separable from /’. brevipennis the unusual character of the female is attributed to individual variation. EMESAYA LINEATA, new species. Female.—Knees of posterior two pairs of legs pale, the middle legs with, the hind legs without, a faint subbasal pale annulus on femur; legs in general pale, head and body dark reddish-brown. Apex of abdomen as in figure 127. Length, 31 mm. Holotype-—Female, Crescent City, Fla. Broken specimen (U.S.N.M.) Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26736, U.S.N.M. EMESAYA MODICA, new species. A dark species varying from reddish-brown to fuscous, the usual pale markings present, however; bare spots about setae on ventral surface of abdomen much less conspicuous than in L’. brevipennis ; hypopygium as described in key (figs. 128, 129). Length, 33 mm. Holotype.—Female, Cordoba, Mex., F. Knab. (U.S.N.M.) Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26737, U.S.N.M. Another female specimen probably of this species, but having the genitalia badly mashed is from Cachi, Costa Rica, April 27, 1910, C. H. Lankester (Acad. Sci. Phila.). Length, 34 mm. EMESAYA APICULATA, new species. Male.—General color deep castaneous, coxal margins, beak except apex, antennal tubercles, wedge-shaped markings behind and inside eyes, margins of posterior lobe of pronotum and connexivum ivory- colored. First joint of antenna pale at apex and near base. Legs in general much paler than body; front ones with the lower sur- faces and a broad subterminal and narrower subbasal annulus on tibia, and two narrow annuli near apex of femur ivory color; mid and hind legs with apices of femora and bases of tibiae ivory, sharply contrasting with general color, the other annuli but faintly indicated. Wings dusky hyaline, scarcely paler at bases. Hypopygium (fig. 130) of moderate length, opening upward, hind margin and claspers as described in key (fig. 131) hind margin of sixth sternite slightly concave medianly, more so laterally; seventh 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 nearly straight across; process of sixth tergite long, but not quite reaching apex of hypopygium, almost parallel-sided for most of its length, a little constricted beyond middle, transversely wrinkled basally, rather abruptly narrowed, bluntly-pointed and punctate apically. Length, 30-32 mm. Specimens: Males, Province del Sara, Bolivia, December, 1913, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5068); Buena Vista, Bolivia, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Mus. Acc. 5573); Rio Autuz, Ama- zon, September, Roman (Stockholm Mus.). The last specimen dif- fers in having hind margin of sixth sternite convex instead of shghtly concave medianly. A female nymph, E. Bolivia, J. Stein- bach (Carnegie Mus., Acc. No. 5572) probably is this species; as usual with nymphs of the genus it is more profusely and boldly marked than the adults. Holotype—tThe first specimen listed. An adult female, for geographical reasons regarded as belonging to this species, bears the following data: French Guiana, R. Oberthiir, 1899 (Paris Mus.). It differs in coloration from the male only in being a little duller, the markings especially of the front legs being less contrasted. The seventh tergite is very broad apically, the whole margin of the disk a little swollen; eighth tergite strongly carinate along the nearly parallel sides of disk, the carinae thickest at base, each with deep impression basally, apex of tergite rounded subangu- late medianly (figs. 131a, 182). E'mesaya precatoria (E'mesa precatorius Fabricius, J. C.13 [Middle America|), seems to be much like #’. apiculata. We have been sup- plied, through the kindness of Dr. William Lundbeck, with sketches and notes relating to the type specimen, which differs chiefly from the species here described in the emargination of the male clasper (fig. 1316) and shape of the apical hypopygial process (fig. 131c). EMESAYA POLLEX, new species. Male—Chiefly castaneous, the legs and antennae paler; the tylus, middle of head just behind it, areas inside eyes and posterior lobe of thorax tending to be paler. Darkening of the disk of latter in some specimens gives the effect of pale marginal stripes. The connexivum is touched with luteous. Front tibia and femur with pale areas but scarcely banded; mid and hind femora with evident terminal and faint subterminal, tibiae with basal and subbasal, pale annuli. Tip of first antennal segment pale. Wings hyaline, a little denser at base. 13 Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, pp. 265-264. arT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 83 Hypopygium long, opening upward (fig. 132@) ; spine and claspers as described in key (fig. 133). Sixth sternite with a shallow rounded emargination medianly, the sides first convex, then concave, pos- teriorly; 7th sternite with hind margin of approximately the same shape, but lacking median emargination. Process of 6th tergite narrowing very gradually, rounded apically, not quite reaching apices of claspers. Length, 23-26 mm. Holotype.—Male, Corumba, Brazil, May (Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 2966). Paratypes male, two, same locality as type, highlands in March; and another, Province del Sara, Bolivia, February, 1913, Steinbach (Carnegie Museum) ; male, Brazil, G. Fallon (Paris Mus.). A female certainly of this species from Santarem, Brazil (Acc. No. 2966, Carnegie Mus.) is selected as allotype. Coloration agrees very closely with that of the male. The seventh tergite is somewhat narrowly rounded apically, and the eighth is rather compressed, deep-sided and pointed apically, otherwise as described in key and figured (figs. 134, 185). Another female, labeled merely Amazon River (Stockholm Mus.), and one Goyaz, Jatahy, Brazil, Breddin (Berlin Mus.). EMESAYA MANNI, new species. General color castaneous, posterior lobe of pronotum, wings, and legs paler brown, the fore femur with a subapical and the fore tibia with two pale bands. Male hypopygium as noted in key, the claspers oblong, not touching each other apically, the extremity pointed within, apical tergite moderately pointed and slightly surpassing hypopy- gium. Length, 32 mm. Holotype.—Male, Huachi Beni, Bolivia, September, 1921, Wm. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26738, U.S.N.M. Genus METAPTERUS Costa. Metapterus, Costa, ACHILLE. Additamenta ad Centurias Cimicum Regni neapolitani. Atti del real Istit. d’ Incorag. Sci. nat. Napoli. 1860, p. 10. This is the only bibliographical reference in the paper not personally veri- fied. We have been unable to find this publication in the largest scientific libraries in the United States. The genotype is Metapterus linearis Costa, whether by original designation or Otherwise, we are unable to say. Barce, Stat, C. Hemiptera Africana descripsit, vol. 3, 1865, pp. 162-163. [A genus without species here.] Analecta hemipterologica, Berliner Entomolo- gische Zeitschrift, vol. 10, 1866, p. 168. [Monobasic, B. annulipes, new species, genotype. ] Carambis Star, C. Hem. Afr. 3, 1865, p. 1638. [A genus without species here. ] Anal, hemip. Berlin Eni. Zeitschr., vol. 10, 1866, p. 168. [Monobasic, genotype, Emesa caspica Dohrn.] This synonymy clears up Stal’s reference to specimens of Carambis from America. (Hnum. Hemip. 2, 1872, p. 127.) 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 \fantisoma, IAKovLEV, V. BE. Materials for the entomological fauna of Euro- pean Russia, Proc. Russian Ent. Soec., St. Petersburg, vol. 7, 1874, pp. 34-35, pl. 1, fig. 2. [Monobasic, genotype M. aplera, new species.] The citation of this genus from Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., sometimes seen, is, of course, in- correct. In the form of the forelegs this genus resembles Hmesaya, Gar- dena, and C@hilianella, but is readily distinguished from them by the characters indicated in the generic key (figs. 139, 141.). In the caudal elongation of the apical abdominal tergite of the male, which covers the dorsal surface of the hypopygium to or beyond the apex, the genus resembles some of the species in @hilianella, but the cephalic and some other characters readily separate it from that genus. The venation of the forewings (fig. 142) is evidence of relationship to Emesaya and Gardena, but the fore tarsal structure and the form of the hypopygia are quite different and indicate that Metapterus is no more closely related to these genera than to Ghilianella. The apical antennal segment is at least four times as long as the sub- apical. Our identification of Barce with Metapterus is based on compari- son of the two type species, the specimens of Metapterus linearis in our hands being some identified by Dr. A. L. Montandon. The male hypopygium of this species has a longer central spine than in the most closely related American species (whleri, neglectus) and this causes the last tergite to appear more decidedly arcuate. The hy- popygial claspers are rectangularly bent at about midway to apices, the apical half projecting upward lke the central thorn, whereas in the North American species the claspers are slightly or almost imperceptibly curved. The female of M. linearis resembles that of uhleri most closely, the apical tergite being without notch, and the sixth sternite without a broad central emargination; the apical tergite is broadly defilexed on apical half. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Males. 1. Basal spine of postero-ventral series on fore femur less than its own length from base of femur; apical outline of hypopygium from side irregular (fig. BB: br) i a ik Pay BA Dac Paha als ane aly I eg oe abe 8 eT, aberrans, new species (p. 86). Basal spine of postero-ventral series on fore femur more than its own length from base of femur; apical outline of hypopygium from side usually regularly rounded] 2) 2) == ss Se ee ee eee ee He 2. Head with a pale yellowish stripe along venter which is of about equal width on its entire length, filling the interocular space, and without a dark spot on each side behind eye; upper margin of hypopygium with a squarish backwardly curved process which is more or less emarginate at tip (fig. 158), no erect spine within the upper border of hypopygium_________ 3 ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 85 Head with a pale yellowish stripe along venter which is narrower than inter- ocular space or has a distinct dark spot on each side behind eye; upper margin of hypopygium not produced backward at apex, with a long spine within upper border (figs. 151, 152) —-----_------------------- 5 3 Hore coxa about twice as long as -foretibias- 2 —--—_-=— -$===- 4 Fore coxa less than 1.5 as long as fore tibia_______-_ banksii (Baker) (p. 87). 4, Mid and hind femora each with more than one brown band; seventh tergite obtusely rounded, projecting little if any beyond hypopygium (fig. 157). annulipes (Stal) (p. 88). Mid and hind femora each with only one brown band; seventh tergite more acutely rounded and projecting more or less beyond hypopygium. fraternus (Say) (p. 89). 5. Apical spine of hypopygium conspicuously backwardly curved at tip (lig. 150) ; general color fuscous; surface rugulae of abdomen both above and below forming a distinct reticulation_________-_~ uhleri (Banks) (p. 86). Apical hypopygial spine straight or almost so, only slightly curved at tip (fig. 153) ; general color stramineous; surface rugulae of abdomen chiefly longi- tudinal, not forming a reticulation_________ neglectus, new species (p. 87). Females. 1. Basal postero-ventral spine on fore femur less than its own length from base of femur; apical tergite entire______________ aberrans, new species (p. 86). Basal postero-ventral spine on fore femur more than its own length from DASCRO tee TNl Ite ca tee eee ne Sige ee ald Seu ne Bones nme one ee es 2 2. Head with a pale yellowish stripe on venter which is not decidedly nar- rower than interocular space nor with a dark spot on each side behind CEN Ee pee OO Be PW Ml FE See Pe ae fares OE OGD ae Bey en ae 3 Head with a pale yellow stripe on venter which is narrower than interocular space or has a dark spot on each side behind eye_______-_-----_--- 5 3. Fore coxa only about one third longer than fore tibia__banksii (Baker) (p. 87). Fore coxa nearly or quite twice as long as fore tibia_________-----__- 4 4. Mid and hind femora each with more than one brown band; spines on pos- tero-ventral surface of fore femur less elongate, the process between bases of antenna less pronounced, wing pads in apterous forms less developed than in fraternus; notch in apex of apical tergite of an open type, its sides varying from concave to nearly straight________~- annulipes (Stal) (p. 88). Mid and hind femora each with one brown band; spines on postero-ventral surface of fore femur more elongate, the process between bases of an- tennae more pronounced, the wing pads in apterous forms better developed than in annulipes; notch in apical tergite of a narrower type, its sides more or less convex, the apex of the notch more acute (fig. 162). fraternus (Say) (p. 89). 5. Seventh tergite entire or barely emarginate at apex (fig. 148) general color OLMSVECCIES | LUSCOUGse es eee 8 ts ee ek Ne uhleri (Banks) (p. 86). Seventh tergite with a short and acute apical incision (fig. 154); general COLOIStranINCOUSS ae se eee eee neglectus, new species (p. 87). SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THF SPECIES, Male hypopygium with an erect spine inside of hind margin. Fore coxa but little longer than fore tibia; first spine of fore femur at less than its length from base of femur. aberrans. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Fore coxa 1.5 or more longer than fore tibia; first spine of fore femur at more than its own length from base. uhleri. neglectus. Male hypopygium with a squarish process on hind margin; first spine of fore femur at more than its length from base. Fore coxa less than 1.5 times as long as fore tibia. panksii, Fore coxa nearly twice as long as fore tibia. annulipes. fraternus. METAPTERUS ABERRANS, new species. ‘A small, dark, robust species, wth characters of male hypopygium and female genital segments similar to those of whleri. ‘The head lacks the process between the bases of antennae and the labrum is but little protruded, in one specimen almost imperceptibly so. The pronotum has a very deep constriction near posterior margin and its hind margin has a short backwardly projecting process in middle. Wing pads small. Apical tergite in female as in whlert but shorter ; male hypopygium as seen from the side as in figure 147, the upper posterior margin with an erect spine. Length, 7-8 mm. Holotype.—Male, allotype, and one male paratype, Austin, Tex., January 3, 1901 (Bueno). METAPTERUS UHLERI (Banks). Barce uhleri BANKS, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 47 [Southern Pines, N. C.]. This species, aberrans and neglectus, agree with linearis, the genotype, in having an erect spine inside the hind border of male hypopygium, but like all the other American species known to us differs from linearis in that the male claspers are not abruptly bent apically and directed upward on each of the apical spine. M. aberrans, uhleri, and neglectus have another character also in common with linearis, namely that the pale streak on lower surface of head is narrower than interocular width or is interrupted by a dark spot behind each eye. The external genital characters of both sexes of Mf. vAleri are illustrated by figures 148 to 151, the fore leg by figure 146. Length, 7-9 mm. Data for specimens examined: Forest Hills, Mass., March 30, 1915, F. X. Williams; Truro, Mass., Sept. 4, 1904; North Attleboro, Mass., Oct. 8, 1920, C. A. Frost (Parshley) ; Hyannisport, Mass., Aug. 18, 1899, J. L. Zabriskie (Am. Mus.); New York (Cornell Univ.) ; Central Park; Long Island;’N: Y:;'April 11, 1915, G., P. Englehardt (Bueno); Sea Cliff, Long Island, N. Y., N. Banks (Paratype, McAtee); Ithaca, N. Y., July 21, 1921, Aug. 22, 1892 (Cornell Univ.) ; White Plains, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1908 (Bueno) ; Cape May County, N. J., April 10, 11, 1911, Wm. T. Davis (Davis) ; Lake- hurst, N. J., May 2, 1908, H. G. Barber; Vienna, Va., Aug., 1919, ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 87 H. G. Barber (Barber); Southern Pines, N. C., December, N. Banks (Paratypes, U.S.N.M.); also same locality, Feb., March, June, Sept., Dec., A. H. Manee (Davis Coll. Cornell Univ., Bueno, Drake, Barber, Parshley); South Dakota (Parshley); Oxbow, Saskatchewan, April 14, 21, 22, 1907, F. Knab (U.S.N.M.). Rarely a female specimen of this species has a distinct notch in posterior margin of apical tergite. The color varies somewhat and the varietal name brunnea Banks** was applied to specimens with pale spots on the connexivum and pale irrorations on the venter; the color of the dorsum suggests bronzed leather. Type examined at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The proportion of winged specimens in the whole material is small. METAPTERUS NEGLECTUS, new species. A larger and much paler species than whleri, the general color being yellowish brown. Male hypopygium similar to that of whler:, differing in having the apical spine without a conspicuously recurved tip (fig. 152, 153). Female differing as stated in the key, the apical tergite as in figure 154. Length, 11-12 mm. Holotype.—Male, Lakehurst, N. J., May 13, 1917, under a pile of old bricks, W. T. Davis (Davis). Allotype, Winchester, Mass., L. L. Thaxter (U.S.N.M.). Paratypes: male, Lakehurst, N. J., March 30, 1907, H. G. Barber (Barber); White Plains, N. Y., one male, August 31, 1909; one male, March, 1919, under a stone; one male, April 4, 1909; one male, April 9, 1911; one female, April 30, 1911; Staten Island, N. Y., March 29, 1903 (Bueno). Allotype-—Female, Cat. No. 26739, U.S.N.M. METAPTERUS BANKSII (Baker). Barce banksii Baker, ©. F. California Hmesidae, Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent. 2, No. 2, May, 1910, p. 227 [Claremont, Calif. ]. Similar in color to fraternus, differing as stated in key. The fore tibia of male is about three-sevenths as long as fore femur while in the preceding two species it is but little over one-third as long. The male hypopygium is very much less keeled on apical half than in fraternus and has the small process at apex above larger, while from the rear view it is much less tapered below (fig. 155). Both sexes have the process between bases of antennae moderately well developed. Length, 9-12 mm. Data for specimens examined: Palm Springs, Calif., February 17; California, no other data, Uhler Coll. (U.S.N.M.); San Mateo County, Calif. (Cornell Univ.) ; Pasadena, Calif., June 17, 1908 (Ball). 14 EHmesidae, 1909, p. 47. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 67 METAPTERUS ANNULIPES (Stal). Barce annulipes Stat, C. Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 10, 1866, p. 168 [Wis- consin]. Emesodema simplicipes Say Ms., Uhler, P. R. Notices of the Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the late T. W. Harris, M. D. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, pp. 4830-431, Nov. 1878 [Salem, Mass.]. The synonymy of this name with annulipes is by no means certain, and would not be adopted on the basis of the original description. The type specimen, however, is re- ported to agree with annulipes. Without this testimony we should be inclined to use the same simplicipes for the following species and to drop Say’s name as unidentifiable. A brownish fuscous species, varying considerably in intensity of color, the darker specimens having the annulations of the legs most distinct. The broad yellowish stripe on ventral surface of head is uniform in width throughout and not narrower than interocu- lar space, a character annulipes has in common with banksii and fraternus. The principal structural characters for distinguishing annulipes among this group of species are enumerated in the key and illus- trated in figures 156, 157, 158, 159; the comparatively small size of the process between bases of antennae appears to be a reliable character, judging from our material, which is quite extensive. The fore tibia and tarsus are illustrated by figure 145. Length, 10-11 mm. Data for specimens examined: Monmouth, Me., Oct. 10, 1920, C. A. Frost; Jackson, N. H., Sept. 22, 1907, Bryant (Parshley) ; Con- toocook, N. H., Aug. 23, 1923, E. W. Hall (Iowa State Coll.) ; Andover, Mass., Nov. 9, 1915, F. X. Williams; Sherborn, Mass., Oct. 17, 1920, C. A., Frost;, North Attleboro, Mass., Oct. 3, 1920, C. A. Frost; Cold Spring Harbor, L. L., N. Y., July 30, Aug. 2, 1922, H.°M. Parshley (Parshley); Cypress Hills, L. I., N. Y., May 18, 1909, Chas. J. Martin (Am. Mus.) ; Indian Lake, Sabael, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1921 (Barber) ; White Plains, N. Y., March 2, 1919, Aug. 31, 1908, Oct. 19, 1919, Nov. 21,.1914 (Bueno); N. Y., Scudder (U.S.N.M.) ; Paterson, N. J., July 25 (Am. Mus.) ; Roselle, N. J., Oct. 5, 1913, H. G. Barber (Barber.) ; Penn Station, Pa., June 6 (Cornell Univ.) ; Aug. 2, 1902. M. Wirtner (Bueno), Aug. 6, 1905, M. Wirt- ner (Cornell Univ., U.S.N.M.); Henson Creek, Prince Georges County, Md. (Cornell Univ.) ; Plummer Island, Md., July 5, 1911, July 17, 1914, July 20, 1911, Sept. 2, 10, 1916, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber, July 22, 1915, Aug. 29, 1905, and 1912, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) ; Glen Echo, Md., July 23, 1921, J. R. Malloch (Biol. Surv.) ; Great Falls, Va., Sept. 5, 1916, W. L. McAtee; Virginia near Plummer Island, Md., March 18, 1917, W. L. McAtee (McAtee), July 21, 1912, R. A. Cushman, Sept. 21, 1912, H. S. Barber, Fair- fax County, Va., Aug. 16, 1911, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.); Glen- ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 89 carlyn, Va., Oct. 10 (Cornell Univ.) ; Vienna, Va., Aug. 9, 1916, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 6, 1887 (Iowa State Coll.) ; Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 14, 17, 1906 (Ball) ; Wis. (U.S.N.M.) ; Winnipeg, Manitoba (Ball); Ames, Iowa, Sept. 13, 1907 (Iowa State Coll.), Aug. 13, 1895 (Ball). METAPTERUS FRATERNUS (Say). Ploiaria fraterna Say, Tuomas, Descriptions of new species of Heteropter- ous Hemiptera of North America, 1831; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, pp. 358-359 [New Orleans]. A fairly common species, closely related to the preceding, averag- ing larger, and with more southern and western distribution. All our specimens from Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and one from Mis- souri are winged, the others including one from Missouri are fur- nished with minute wing pads only. In the winged forms the fore wings are brownish with upper surface irregularly granulose, the slight elevations or granules darker than the remainder of wing. Distinguishable from annulipes as stated in the key, and illustrated in figures 160 to 162. . Length, 12-13 mm. Data for specimens examined: Cold Spring Harbor, L. I, N. Y., July 1902, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; White Plains, N. Y., August 31, 1909, September 4, 1911, September 18, 1919, October 10, 1909, Octo- ber 23, 1921, November 7, 1909; Palisades, N. J., August 20 (Bueno) ; Woodbury, N. J., January 1, 1905 (Drake) ; Bay Ridge, Md., August 3, 1908 (Cornell Univ.) ; Plum Point, Md., August 10, 1918, W. L. McAtee (McAtee) ; Chesapeake Beach, Md., August 3, 1913, A. Wet- more (Biol. Survey), September 4, N. Banks, September 2, 1908 (Cornell Univ.) ; Cabin John Bridge, Md., August, 1907, W. Palmer; Plummer Island, Md., October 4, 1912, October 26, 1913, laid eggs (See figs. 163, 164), H. S. Barber; Jackson Island, Md., July 3, 1911; Offutt Island, Md., October 3, 1919, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) ; Glen Echo, Md., October 15, 1892, O. Heidemann (Iowa State Coll.) ; Washington, D. C., October 7, 1885, November 5, 1881 (U.S.N.M.), July 10, Feb. 5, 1893, F. C. Pratt (Cornell Univ.) ; Great Falls, Va., September 5, 1916, October 4, 1916. W. L. McAtee (McAtee, Drake, Biol. Survey) ; Falls Church, Va., August 30, 1904, October 1, Sep- tember 5, November 2, N. Banks (Cornell Univ.) ; Southern Pines, N. C., December (Parshley) ; Daytona, Fla., (Cornell Univ.) ; Ohio (Drake) ; Natchez, Miss., May 13, 22, 25, 1909, E. S. Tucker; Baton Rouge, La., June 1, 1893, H. S: Weed (U.S.N.M.) ; Falls City, Nebr., July 31, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; Lincoln, Nebr., July, at light (Iowa State Coll.) ; Wichita, Kansas; Missouri; Charleston, Md., October 28, 1915; Durant, Okla., June 2, 1905, F. C. Bishopp; Texas; Dallas, Tex., May 10, 1908, E. S. Tucker, November 27, 1906, R. A. Cush- man; Columbus, Tex., June 16 (U.S.N.M.). 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 It is only by assumption that this species has been identified with that described by Say. The original description is very inadequate, and the few tangible characters mentioned in it do not apply well to the present species. It would be no injustice to drop Say’s name, as unidentifiable. Genus GHILIANELLA Spinola. Ghilianella Sprnoua, M. Di alcuni Genervi d’Insetti Artroidignati nuovamente proposti dal Socio Attuale Signor Marchese Massimiliano Spinola nella sua Tavola Sinottica di questo Ordine. Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Societa Italiana delle Scienze residente in Modena, vol. 25, pt. 1, 1852, pp. 142-143. Monobasic: Genotype, G. filiventris, new species [Para]. The inclusion and brief definition of Ghilianella in the Tavola Sinottica (p. 85) of the same work, is responsible for citation of that reference as the original description of the genus. However, we prefer the reference here given where the genus and its genotype are described at length. Characters of the genus besides those mentioned in the key to genera are: the presence between bases of antennae of a projection varying from a mere wart to a prominent porrect or decurved spine (fig. 165) ; head and thorax more or less granulate, the former with a profound constriction anterior of eyes; meso- and meta-thorax each tricarinate (or with a median carina and lateral rows of tu- bercles above) and usually unicarinate below; abdomen more or less carinate or keeled below; front tibia with a patch of short pale golden hairs on inner side apically and a tuft of longer ones at the apex inferiorly; mid and hind legs and antennae each longer than body. Color varies much according to age, usually the nymphs are pale and the color darkens steadily with age until the final stage is dark reddish brown or even blackish; in some species, however, the adults are pale; when the legs have pale markings they are almost invariably as follows: mid and hind femora with two postmedian bands and a subapical spot, and tibiae with a sub-basal spot; in the pale species, dark markings tend to appear at these same places; frontal and femoral spines mostly pale. The whole head and body of Ghilianella species are sparsely pale haired, the hair tending to aggregate in patches about base of frontal spine, juncture of head and pronotum, and on sides anteriorly of meso- and meta- thoraces. The principal characters for separating the species are derived from the terminal segments of the abdomen and are rarely men- tioned in previous descriptions. We have had little success therefore in identifying described species of which we have not seen specimens. Precise determination of these species depends upon examination of the types practically all of which are in Europe. We have fortu- ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 91 nately been able through the kindness of Dr. KE. Bergroth to examine the types of his species, aid which has been of the utmost value in the study of the present genus. However, inability to inspect other type specimens can not be per- mitted to prevent a revision of the genus which proves to be richer in species than has previously been suspected. This latter fact in itself insures that few of our species will prove identical with the older ones, while the total to be discovered in neotropical regions can only be indicated by an estimate so large that it would be considered ab- surd by many entomologists. KEY TO THD SPECIBS. Males. 1. Mesothorax distinetly longer than prothorax; shape of abdomen varicus_ 2 Mesothorax little if any longer than prothorax; abdomen gradually widen- LITOP EL OTM ASC ee eee ere rere at RAS ead it Seeds ee 20 2. Abdomen with an abrupt bulbous swelling behind middle (figs. 196, COE) ee eee eee aad RAE SE ES A ed ETA ho eet 3 Abdomen without bulbous swelling (figs. 169, 210)_-____--_--__-__ 14 3. Spine between antennae well developed, acute; head and prothorax usually distinctly granulose; claspers of hypopygium with upper and lower mar- gins in most species without a rounded subapical notch above or below; metathorax usually much attenuated anteriorly____________--_-_____ 4 Spine between antennae not developed, a mere wart, blunt; head and pro- thorax but little granulose; claspers of hypopygium long, obtriangular with at least the upper margin notched_____-_______________-______- 13 4. Hypopygium with a large apical hook like process which has an emargina- tion or coneavity on each side of hook, not entirely filled by the claspers (CEES LDS oT OEE 1200) ice eS La ed a ee de 2 12 Hypopygium with a small apical process which is visible only under high magnification, the upper margin of hypopygium but little concave, the claspers entirely filling the space between the margin and the process (Gi) See £76) Peat LO ie ise 6s 6, eS Coes Ue Og EER) S urn! GOS NCTE Ao leAe RE ONeS EMCO S ae 5 5. Fifth tergite bearing a pair of strongly divergent long conical horns, equal in length to entire bulbosity (fig. 205)______ mirabilis, new species (p. 124). Witth-tergite without such-horns!i 23 aa Wei Pe Fol ie) 6 6. Seventh tergite short, sixth entirely incorporated into the bulbosity which thus-appears: almost; terminal. (fig. 201) 2 ee if Seventh tergite long, sixth not wholly incorporated into bulbosity which is distinctly “subtermingke S) ein aiestis biggie galoin onic! 8 7. Sixth tergite more than half as long as fifth, provided with a smaller ele- vation similar in shape to that of fifth (fig. 201). filiventris Spinola (p. 123). Sixth tergite less than half as long as fifth, without elevations. atriclava Bergroth (p. 128). 8. Widest part of bulbosity in fourth segment; top of abdomen with 2 distinct longitudinal lines of gray hairs_____________ globifera Bergroth (p. 110). Widest part/ofibulbosity in fifth: seementit 207 7 bobo itis lista bor | 9 9. Fifth tergite lacking subangulate ridged elevations; sixth trisinuate poste- rion y=) SE Sey ers) dine 3 ran ews claviventris Bergroth (p. 109). Fifth tergite with subangulate ridged elevations; sixth slightly convex PROS ECE TOE] pgp arse eee SS ead eh ee ee 10 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 10. Elevation of fifth tergite distinctly inside lateral margins of disk. approximata, new species (p. 117). Elevations of fifth tergite on lateral margins of disk, the margins passing OWOL QS CAT TING Cs a eae ne 11 11. Elevations of fifth tergite at middle; clasper oblong, about a third as wide as long (figs 197) ose She eR ee eae ee perigynium, new species (p. 120). Elevations of fifth tergite nearer posterior margin; clasper much narrower, terete 20) tr fect ien is Pave ns oP ei recondita, new species (p. 119). 12. Seventh tergite with a longitudinal carina on apieal half, tip of tergite pro- jecting well beyond apex of hypopygium ; apical central hook of latter rela- tively small, not much curved at base and not standing well clear of the sternite at base so that it is only visible as a hook under a.moderate ie reaou Teeny el, (Gates, TGR) ee ee globulata, new species (p. 118). subglobulata, new species (p. 121). Seventh tergite without longitudinal carina, tip of tergite projecting little if any beyond apex of hypopygium; apical hook of latter much curved at base, standing well clear of the sternite so that it’ is usually visible as a hook to the unaided eye (fig. 200) ________ uncinata, new species (p. 122). 13. Hypopygial claspers each with a deep excavation on upper margin before apex, the lower margin entire (fig. 199); fifth sternite with regular mi- scrosecopie striae which run from base to apex and are slightly outwardly directedis2:s frye Vou i os Bee, Bas strigata, new species (p. 121). Hypopygial claspers each with a deep rounded excavation on upper margin before apex, and a deep incision about opposite on lower margin (fig. 194) ; fifth sternite lacking regular striae, granular, the granulations be- ing partially grouped in irregular transverse rows. patruela, new species (p. 119). 14. Abdomen nearly as wide at hypopygium as at any point proximad of it_._ 15 Abdomen notably widest at third or fourth segment; seventh tergite re- markably elongated and slender, projecting beyond apex of hypopygium by. atleast, the length of latter (figs, 187, 188) = 2s 2 ee a ee 19 15. Hypopygium almost annular, the terminal hook large, flanked each side by a space which is not filled by the broadly triangular claspers; seventh tergite not especially narrowed subapically, apex a strong process project- ing well beyond hypopygium (fig. 180)____apiculata, new species (p. 111). Hypopygium more elongate, hook small, concealed between apices of claspers; apex of seventh tergite not strongly tuberculate nor project- ing far beyond hypopygium (fig. 181-22 ee eee ee ee 16 16. Hypopygium somewhat inflated, notably deeper vertically than adjacent part: of abdomen 2.22" 22 rs _ ee Fy) ee a ee ee 18 Hypopygium scarcely inflated and but little deeper than abdomen______ alr 17. Claspers oblong, almost truncate apically, slightly beveled off at inferior ahgles = tie Peis bee te Pa ee Pe egal re ica, new species (p. 111). Claspers broader basally, rather pointed apically, superior angle sloped off with; along sybeyelu@ie: 181) 2-2-2 pachitea, new species (p. 111). 18. Seventh tergite longer, much narrowed and slightly transversely corrugated subapically, the apex pointed and slightly keeled. aracataca, new species (p. 112). Seventh tergite shorter, but little narrowed and faintly transversely wrinkled subapically, the apex triangular, bluntly pointed. colona, new species (p. 112). 19. Abdomen widest at fourth segment, each tergite with a pair of small round spots of pale yellow pile on hind margin; spiracles yellow. assa-nutrix Bergroth (p. 114). ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 93 20. Abdomen widest at fifth segment, tergites lacking pilose spots; spiracles | 0) Eze) ASN aE SE) Ns BE We Pe AAT DS ES yee veg gladiator, new species (p. 115). Hind margin of sixth sternite almost straight; head and thorax copiously, coarsely granulate; seventh tergite triangular apically, not keeled, ex- tending little if any beyond hypopygium (fig. 175); apical antennal seg- ment only a little longer than subapical_-_____ pascoei Bergroth (p. 106). Hind margin of sixth sternite with a broad central rounded concavity and smaller lateral ones, the sternite longest at a point between the lateral margin and POU YSKO CM ah INTO) ey at co aN ee nee ane ee ce a eee ee a 21. Head and UTES conspicuously granulate; length 15 to 17 mm. minimula, new species (p. 105). Head and thorax not conspicuously granulate; longer species______-_ 22 22. Highth sternite visible on its entire width, the spiracle moderately peduncu- Dy ue eel Eek Ag eS pe pees a) 1) E91} eee eee gees Vee Nice) Wa 2 sh a 23 Highth sternite with the sides more or less concealed_______.______- Px 23. Abdomen nearly cylindrical; clasper very broadly triangular, width at apex equaling; lenotha (Giga i)is 2B personata, new species (p. 108). Abdomen otherwise; clasper not so broadly triangular_______________ 24 24. Abdomen clavate, posterior angles of tergites subangularly ampliate; 25. 26. 27. tergites lacking dark warts on middle of hind margins. angulata (Uhler) (p. 128). Abdomen parallel-sided; tergites 2-6 each with a small dark wart at MMGdlenote Hin Gia Maroim: Sone = ee os aes ee ee eee ee ee 25 Narrowed portion of seventh tergite distinctly longer than terminal ex- peandedepart! (esa (0) Ses sees persimilis, new species (p. 103). Narrowed portion of seventh tergite distinctly shorter than terminal ex- DANG Sa pear esse LES a Fae eae Ae vee D aye seer ely ire ist SN ee 85 a) ieee 2 26 Claspers of about same width throughout their length; pale species. productilis Barber (p. 102). Claspers wide subbasally, much narrowed apically ; dark species. simillima, new species (p. 102). Highth sternite visible only at center, its sides, including spiracles, covered; abdomen with flecks of denser pubescence; fore femur gradually thickened from base to first ventral spine___________ maculata, new species (p. 108). Spiracles of eighth sternite exposed; head, thorax and abdomen with patches of dense golden pubescence; fore femur thickened on basal half of that part basad of the first ventral spine (fig. 215). insidiatrix Bergroth (p. 126). KEY TO THE SPECIES. Females. . Mesothorax (viewed from above) longer than prothorax_____________ 2 Mesothorax not; longer than’ prothorax_--- bi eee ee 17 . Abdomen with a bulbous swelling beyond middle, and prominent lateral elevations on either fifth or ‘sixth tergites (figs. 196,201)___________ 3 Abdomen without bulbous swelling or lateral elevations on fifth and sixth GG Te BES ee a ae ta ee Net SS, MCR Pen AEN OPE IM EA 12 . Fifth tergite the widest, its ides before hind margin prominently ele- VAitea wusually Standing above, CONNeXIVUM= 2s BE +4 Sixth tergite about as wide as or wider than fifth, bearing a large median EUDELE Cm (fi Sys 4) a= eee a ee ee tere et eat 15 94 + Cl =| 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 . Sixth tergite lacking a large median tubercle, though fifth and sixth ter- gites may be more or less elevated at middle of hind margin__-_____ 5 Sixth tergite with a prominent, median, faleate tubercle on its hind margin, bethei (Dohrn) (p. 112). Fifth tergite with a pair of divergent, long conical horns, each nearly equal in length to width of tergite (fig. 208) ____mirabilis, new species (p. 124). Fifth tercite without: suchthorns]_ 2 tier others. eh ieee 6 . Elevations of fifth tergite distinctly inside lateral margins of disk. approximata, new species (p. 117). Elevations of fifth tergite on lateral margins of disk, the margins passing over themiasyGarinnetttlet.. 2.2 eee 7 Pronotum not noticeably granulose; abdomen with one or more pairs of large pale pilose spots on dorsum and venter__signata, new species (p. 120). Pronotum distinctly granulose; abdomen not or very inconspicuously spotted... 2 pote sul ge ye Sel es ee 8 Highth tergite asilong.-as wid@2s2e 2 ssf nbn i ae 10 Highth tergite*mueh' shorter than wide.-__ 2) 2s aa eee 9 . Posterior lateral angles of seventh tergite produced no farther posteriorly than median convexity of hind margin which is more or less tuberculate. globulata, new species (p. 118). Posterior angles of seventh tergite produced distinctly beyond middle of hind margin, which is merely convex, not at all tuberculate. subglobulata, new species (p. 121). Posterior lateral angles of seventh tergite produced distinctly beyond middle of hind margin which is not tuberculate___gladiator, new species (p. 115). Posterior lateral angles of sixth tergite produced no farther than median convexity of hind margin which is slightly tuberculate_____________ 11 Seventh sternite about twice as long on median line as sixth, with a broad convex process apically which is slightly emarginate medianly. perigynium, new species (p. 120). Seventh sternite only a third longer than sixth; somewhat angulate apically. recondita, new species (p. 119). Seventh tergite with the posterior angles produced as divergent, acute proc- esses; other tergites ornamented on their hind margins witha pair of spots of golden pubescence ; abdomen boat-shaped__assa-nutrix Bergroth (p. 114). Posterior angles of seventh tergite not so produced; abdomen clavate, not so ornamented=! 222 + ek ae fan tin joe aA Wa Biicg 2 ol fuente ee 13 Tergite 7 about as wide as long, with a distinct median tubercle posteriorly ; sternite 7 merely convex medianly, but little produced. filiventris Spinola (p. 123). Tergite 7 not tuberculate; sternite 7 much produced and acute poste- ViOTly= 202" 25S een ee ea ee ee ee 14 Tergite 7 much longer than wide, middle of hind margin conspicuously declivate, the lateral angles prominent, acute; sternites 5 to 7 as in AT ON 8 eae ee stipitata, new species (p. 116). Tergite 7 little longer than wide, hind margin not declivate medianly, almost straight across, the lateral angles and median point only very slightly em- phasized ; sternites 5 to 7 as in figure 192._similata, new species (p. 116). . Fifth tergite about equal in length to its width at hind margin; abdomen with a bulbous swelling beyond middle____pendula, new species (p. 116). Fifth tergite about twice as long as its width at hind margin; abdomen tapered from base to apex, or slightly clubbed apically______________ 16 art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 95 16. 17 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. bo -] Seventh sternite very slightly longer than sixth, the latter with the hind margin slightly Concavele: S2see2" AeA hess cuneata, new species (p. 113). Seventh sternite at least 1.5 as long as sixth on median line, the latter with a very deep concavity on hind margin____aracataca, new species (p. 112). Posterior angles of tergites more or less ampliate or produced, the outline of dorsum of abdomen as seen from above not a continuous straight or CliiVecimlinem (fossa) mete So eet oe ee ee eee 18 Posterior angles of tergites (except sometimes the seventh) not produced, the outline or dorsum of abdomen a continuous straight (fig. 169) or CUTVE Cl pl Tn eee ERR ea a Eas TE Se ee es ee ey iat ee ba esieie 2 23 Fore femur notably thicker near base than at first strong spine (fig. 2S) RE ee Sed De Dyas Ls or ae ee el 9 tt abe 19 Fore femur enlarging gradually from base to first strong spine (fig. 51 SS) Pome ae ae Rae ne a ES AES aera RA he eee SS) WS ete oh entre ek See wl ef 2 21 A strong tubercle on hind margin of sixth tergite (fig. 184)_________ 20 No obvious tubercle on hind margin of sixth tergite. glabrata, new species (p. 128). Highth tergite with disk prominently elevated each side of a broad median sulcus; ninth tergite convex medianly the margin slightly elevated; cor- rugations of these tergites indistinct________ insidiatrix Bergroth (p. 126). Highth and ninth tergites with disk depressed and margins elevated, each longitudinally carinate and transversely corrugated. amicula, new species (p. 127). Angulations of tergites more pronounced; apex of sixth notably wider thankthatoLseventhy (higs(21Q)))te kh ees 5 a ee aad ep es a oh eee 22 Angulation of tergites less pronounced; apex of sixth tergite scarcely wider than that of séventh sive vu ody ee peruviana, new species (p. 125). Elevated margins of ninth tergite produced apically as distinct spines (fig. Mil) eee otek eT te cers a Bi gee annectens, new species (p. 125). Elevated margins of ninth tergite not forming spines (fig. 218). truncata, new species (p. 126). Basal spine of fore femur at less than its own length from base of femur (i. e. juncture of the trochanter) ; fore tibia and tarsus combined three- fourths as long as femur (fig. 167); spine between bases of antennae much reduced, a2 mere wart___________ galapagensis Heidemann (p. 100). Basal spine of fore femur at distinctly more than its own length from base of femur; other characters not as above____...... 24 Seventh sternite distinctly produced on middle of hind margin________ 25 Seventh stermitesnotiproduced ase est eee ee STS 31 Hind margin of seventh tergite without tubercle____. 26 Hind margin of seventh tergite concave medianly. personata, new species (p. 108). Hind margin of seventh tergite not concave medianly___-__________ 27 . Hind margin of seventh tergite straight across_semipallida Bergroth (p. 100). Hind margin of seventh tergite angulate, produced medianly but not tu- Dereulate sesh sesame ames Sele Nel ee alterata, new species (p. 107). 28. Median tubercle on hind margin of seventh tergite extending farther poste riorly than lateral angles; ninth tergite with 3 finger-like ridges at apex. (To (2) eee er mo ee eer RS persimilis, new species (p. 103). Median tubercle on hind margin of seventh tergite not extending as far posteriorly as laterial angles; apex of ninth tergite lacking finger-like fOISIEUChAle nese ee x ee en ee a ee 2 29 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 29. Apex of ninth tergite distinctly upcurved, transversely wrinkled and with a low median longitudinal carina; process of seventh sternite large. productilis Barber (p. 102). Apex of ninth tergite otherwise; process of seventh sternite small____ 30 30. Apex of ninth tergite distinctly decurved, longitudinally strigate, and with a strong median carina, the lateral margins depressed. succincta, new species (p. 105). Apex of ninth tergite slightly decurved, the lateral margins strongly ele- vated, depressed median area with a carina which extends from the upper transversely corrugated third of the sternite. aliena, new species (p. 106). 31. Eighth tergite visible only as two small rounded laterally situated protu- berances, below apex of seventh tergite, not continued downward in center over base of ninth tergite (fig. 174) ------__ alveola, new species (p. 104). Highth tergite covering base of ninth tergite_________-_-_____-__-___-_- 32 32. Sixth tergite with a prominent protuberance, seventh with a smaller one On Middle-of hing hava si (hl) ee ee 3 Sixth tergite without a prominent protuberance___--_----_--____--___ 34 33. Abdomen ten times as long as its greatest width; first antennal joint with severaliidark thandsisst. 2 Sa bEeet es ee varicornis Dohrn (p. 101). Abdomen not so long and slender, clavate; ninth tergite rounded apically, the depressed apex overlaid by two short tapering ridges (fig. 179). perversa, new species (p. 110). 34. Hind margin of sixth sternite almost straight; apex of ninth tergite with a strong bidentate tubercle on each side__bicaudata, new species (p. 101). Hind margin of sixth sternite more or less concave__________-_--___-- 35 35. Sixth sternite a third longer on sides than in middle (fig. 176). pascoei Bergroth (p. 106). Sixth sternite not so deeply emarginate posteriorly____________-_______ 36 36. Apex of ninth tergite overlaid by two strong finger-like processes (fig. 173) ; lengthtover s0tmmsssiew = eee ee eee longula, new species (p. 104). Apex of ninth tergite with a low median carina; length less than 20 mm. minimula, new species (p. 105). REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THE KEY. analis (Hmesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 229-280, pl. 1, fig. 5 [Surinam]. This species runs to the division of our key including apiculata and aracataca. Dohrn’s figure shows that the hypopygium is not annular with a large hook as in the former, and that the sixth tergite projects far beyond hypopygium which is not true of the latter. annulata (Hmesa) Dourn. Nachtrige, 1863, pp. 65-6 [S. A.?]. Closely related to analis, “last dorsal segment scarcely petiolate.” This indicates that the species is to be compared with aracataca and may possibly be identical. argentina Bere, Carot. Tres Reduviidae novae argentinae. Communicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 1, No. 6, May 23, 1900, pp. 189-190 [prope Buenos Aires]. Not a Ghilianella, possibly a Ploiaria but the characters given do not permit its being run in our key to that genus. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 97 brasiliensis (Hmesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 227-8 [Brazil]. Abdomen with high and sharp lateral carinae, mid and hind femora each with 2 yellowish rings. buldifera CHAMPION. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 171, pl. 10, figs. 17-18 [Panama]. The male runs to recondita among our species, but has the sixth segment less involved in the bulbosity and the seventh tergite not surpassing hypopygium and apparently not apiculate. The female described by Champion probably is a different species; specimens seemingly agreeing with Champion’s description of that sex are given a new name on page 116. gerstaeckeri (Hmesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 223-4 [Haiti]. There is very little doubt that all of the American species in sec- tion B or Dohrn’s key to Emesa, are (hilianella. ‘The present species is said to have the sixth (that is seventh) segment bispinose apically. gibbiventris CHAMPION. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 172, pl. 10, fig. 20 [Panama]. This species is of a different type from any we have seen, since while the pro- and meso-thorax are subequal in length, the abdomen in the male is bulbous. Granulata CHAMPION. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, pp. 171-2, pl. 10, fig. 19 [British Honduras]. Unidentifiable, the terminal abdominal segments of the type be- ing missing. ignorata DoHRN. Emesina, 1860, pp. 238-9, pl. 1, figs. 9, 11 [La Guayra, and Brazil]. The male runs to recondita in our key but does not have the seventh tergite produced beyond hypopygium. Champion’ de- scribes and illustrates a species under Dohrn’s name, but he de- fines the species on characters not mentioned by Dohrn, and does not speak of seeing the type; hence there is no certainty that the identi- fication is correct. imbecilla (Emesa) Dourn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 228-9 [Para]. Mid and hind femora each with three pale rings; described from a specimen with collapsed abdomen; may not be identifiable. signoreti (Emesa) Donrn. Emesina, 1860, p. 227, pl. 1, fig. 1 [Jamaica]. This species has the mid and hind femora each with apex and two subapical rings paler, not agreeing in this respect with any species having the same shaped abdomen (figured) that we have examined. spinolae DoHRN. Emesina, 1860, p. 238 [Amazon River]. Abdominal segments 1-3 yellow and longer even than in filiven- tris indicates a species distinct from any here described. 15 Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 170-1, pl. 10, figs. 15-16, 1898. 94993—25—_7 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. Claws of fore tarsus two, the inner short, closely applied to the base of outer. (Subgenus Ghilianella Spinola.) Inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of hairs or bristles which may or may not arise from wart-like bases (fig. 186), usually a single spine at apical end of the series; fore femur usually slender. enlarging slightly from base toward first stout spine (fig. 185). Fore femur rather stout, first strong spine at less than its own length from base (that is apex of trochanter) ; abdomen racket-shaped. galapagensis. Fore femur usually more slender, first strong spine at more (usually considerably more) than its own length from base. d A small wart (dark in mature specimens) at middle of hind margin of each of tergites 2-6; spiracles dark, prominent; a dark blotch or spot on inner side of upper surface of fore femur near apex. Metathorax shorter than mesothorax; unspined portion of fore femur shorter than spined part--_--_--_-----~---. semipallida. varicornis. bicaudata. Metathorax nearly or quite as long as mesothorax; unspined por- tion of fore femur nearly equal in length to spined part. simillima. productilis. persimilis. longula. No such warts on tergites 2-6; species lacking the above combina- tion of characters. Mesothorax not longer than prothorax ; abdomen not bulbous. Prothorax longer; spineless part of fore femur shorter than spined DOWEL OT Se eA OE ee ee ee ee, alveola. minimula. succincta. Mesothorax and prothorax about equal in length. Spineless part of fore femur distinctly shorter than spined portion. aliena. pascoei. alterata. Spineless part of fore femur nearly as long as spined portion. maculata. personata. Mesothorax distinctly longer than prothorax; abdomen bulbous. elaviventris. globifera.” Inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of spines (which may alternate large and small or be almost equal in size) and between them longer fine hairs (fig. 204). Fore femur slender in most cases, with the unspined portion rela- tively long; abdominal tergites not angulate produced. Mesothorax shorter than prothorax; abdomen nearly parallel- 96 (= 6 [a ee RNR a = ONLY BES Ep ee APB th ge A 8 oe el perversa. 16 See footnote 17, p. 99. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 99 Mesothorax longer than prothorax. Abdomen long, nearly parallel-sided__________________ apiculata.” ica; Abdomentielavate a 5 204 78 oh ee Ae pachitea. colona. bethei. aracataca. cuneata. assa-nutrix. [filiventris, female]. gladiator, male. stipitata. similata. Abdomen bulbous. Bulbosity longer than wide____--______- gladiator, female. pendula. Bulbosity as wide as or wider than long. Bulbosity. subterminal 93-22-22 approximata. globifera.* globulata. patruela. perigynium. recondita. signata. strigata. subglobulata. uncinata. Bulbosity. termingl= 22s ee atriclava. filiventris, male. mirabilis. Fore femur stouter, the unspined portion relatively short, but little longer than basal spine; abdominal tergites angulate produced at sides posteriorly; prothorax longest, mesothorax and meta- PHOLAXWISUCCESSIVEelysSHOTteT see ee ee ee ee peruviana, truncata. annectens. Claw of fore tarsus single; inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of chitinous tubercles or spines, with a few long hairs intermixed (fig. 212) ; a strong spine on outer side slightly distad of basal spine, out of alignment with the others and slightly outwardly directed; posterior angles of ab- dominal tergites slightly ampliate. Claw separated from tarsus by a suture; fore femur rather slender as 2 whole, but notably thicker near base than at first strong spine (fig. 215) (Subgenus Ploeodonyxs new subgenus, type species Ghilianella insidiatriz Bergroth). insidiatrix. amicula. glabrata. Claw entirely fused with tarsus; fore femur rather stout, little if any thicker at base than at first strong spine; hind margin of prothorax with two rather long, blunt, divergent teat-like processes. (Subgenus Lissonyx, new subgenus, type species Hmesa angulata Uhler.) angulata. 17 Armature of fore femur unknown. 18 Armature of fore femur unknown, the species entered in two places in the list. 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES. GHILIANELLA GALAPAGENSIS Heidemann. Ghilianella galapagensis HEIDEMANN, O. H. Papers from the Hopkins Stan- ford Galapagos Wxpedition, 1898-1899. Entomological Results (1) Hemiptera, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 867-8, Aug. 23, 1901 [Hood Island]. Female——General color testaceous, the abdomen considerably clouded with fuscous; abdomen gradually widened to juncture of fifth and sixth segments and tapered from thence to apex, the expan- sion involving more segments (38-7) and having more of them (4-7) of nearly equal width than in other species; dorsal sutures transverse, the tergites with small but progressively increasing elevations on the hind margins of 2-6; posterior angles of tergite 7 rather prominent, the hind margin between nearly straight, with a median elevation; eighth tergite two-thirds as long as broad, very slightly sculptured, apex very broadly rounded; exposed portion of tergite 9 much shorter than 8, depressed apically on each side of a short keel; hind margins of sternites 4-5 nearly transverse, slightly inclined anteri- orly, of 2, 38, and 6, more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally, 6 most so; seventh tergite convex medianly, concave later- ally, eighth just the reverse, with a large median emargination, seventh with a small one. Fore leg and its armature as in figures 167, 168. Length, 12.5 mm. Holotype—Kemale, Hood Island, Galapagos Archipelago, May 18, 1899 (type No. 4931, U.S.N.M.). A nymph also, Albemarle Island, March 11, 1899 (U.S.N.M.). GHILIANELLA SEMIPALLIDA Bergroth. Ghilianella semipallida BrrcrotH, HH. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 3817-318 [Venezuela ]. Female.—A specimen without antennae, or mid and hind legs, and with the abdomen collapsed, Corozal, Collection E. Bergroth, is the only one we have seen. General color of upper surface stra- mineous, of lower pale castaneous. Frontal spine porrect, sharp. Head sparsely granulate, divisions of thorax with practically no granulations on top and only a few along the sides; mesothorax longer than either of the other divisions. Abdomen very long and slender, apparently widening gradually from base to apex; tergites without tubercles; hind margin of seventh about straight across; eighth semicircular; ninth longer, cuneate portion of disk raised above lateral portions, its point coalescing at apex with the slightly elevated margins. Seventh sternite slightly angulate medianly, slightly concave laterally; eighth sternite broadly exposed on each side. Length, 23 mm. Corozal, Venezuela (Coll. EK. Bergroth). The type. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 101 GHILIANELLA VARICORNIS (Dohrn). E.[mesa] varicornis Doorn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 226-227 [Porto Rico]. Ghilianella variicornis Bererotru, EH. Ploeariinen 1906, p. 317. Dohrn had a male with collapsed abdomen and his description deals mainly with coloration; Bergroth describes the structural characters from a female, the specimen examined during the present revision. Female.—Closely related to G. productilis Barber, of the same long slender form, and coloration including the characteristic dark dots; those on posterior lobe of head and on pronotum are obsolete, however, in the specimen at hand, while there is a faint pair on front lobe of head. Legs stramineous, mid and hind pairs va- riegated, the mid tibiae each with a single distinct, and the femora with numerous indistinct, fuscous annuli; some longitudinal striping each side of the knee-joint. Basal segment of antenna with nu- merous faint brown annuli. Frontal spine prominent, decurved; head and thorax moderately granulate; the divisions of thorax de- creasing in length from front to rear; a tubercle each side of base of head on anterior margin of pronotum, prominent, rather pointed, much more distinct than in G. productilis. Abdomen widening very gradually from base to apex, tubercled as in @. productilis, the lat- eral angles and median tubercle of 7 about equally produced; eighth semi-octagonal in shape, transversely wrinkled and indistinctly lon- gitudinally keeled, the apex rather pointed, and the margins be- tween apex and lateral angles slightly concave; ninth longer than eighth, faintly transversely corrugated, slightly narrowed apically, apex concave, with the lateral angles each side of the concavity dis- tinctly pointed as seen from behind, broader as seen from side. Seventh sternite distinctly concave medianly, the sides of hind mar- gin also shallowly concave. Length, 26.5 mm. Porto Rico (Coll. E. Bergroth). GHILIANELLA BICAUDATA, new species. Female.—Testaceous, legs and thorax above washed with rufous and lightly marked, the thorax below and abdomen above more heavily, variegated, with fuscous; a pair of dark blotches near hind margin of each sternite; species in general appearance much like productilis. Abdomen widening gradually to juncture of fourth and fifth segments, then tapering very slightly to end; connexivum slightly elevated; central strips of tergites with a longitudinal ridge; seventh tergite with the lateral angles slightly flaring and projecting well posteriorly, the hind margin between them nearly straight and bearing at the middle a terete, pointed, porrect tubercle, which slightly exceeds the lateral angles (fig. 169); eighth tergite 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 more than twice as wide as long, strongly transversely corrugated, apical margin wide, erose; ninth tergite longer than eighth, trans- versely wrinkled, narrowed apically, the posterior angles raised into two strong bidentate tubercles; hind margins of sternites 2-6 slightly concave; seventh somewhat convex medianly and concave laterally; eighth narrowly visible on each side. Length, 24 mm. Holotype—Female, Cayamas, Cuba, Jan. 24, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26740, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA SIMILLIMA, new species. A species closely allied to productilis, agreeing with it even in shape of seventh tergite (in contrast to persimilis), but in the single male specimen at hand, dark castaneous so that the characteristic dark dots of this group of species are much obscured. However, they are discernible upon close inspection. Legs and antennae paler castaneous than body but without pale annuli. Hypopygium rather short, opening upward, the sides rather pinched in, the upper mar- gin flaring laterally and ridged posteriorly, claspers as described in key. Length, 29 mm. Holotype.—Male labelled “ Cuba, Sojo, 6 Al. 83” (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA PRODUCTILiS Barber. Ghilianella productilis Barser, H. G. Insects of Florida, vol. 2, Hemiptera, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, pp. 502-8, Aug. 21, 1914. [Marco, Fla.] Male.—General color light reddish-brown, more or less variegated with fuscous; the legs and antennae stramineous, punctate but not annulate with the general color. There is a distinct black dot on the upper surface of each fore femur near the apex, a pair of dots about middle of posterior lobe of head, and another pair sometimes larger than the preceding about middle of pronotum; each abdom- inal sternite from 3-6, also bears near its hind margin a pair of black dots which tend to become larger and blotch-like posteriorly. Pilosity fine, short, pale, more abundant toward apices of mid and hind legs and antennae. Abdomen almost parallel-sided, widest at hypopygium, a black wart on middle of hind margin of tergites 2-6, the connexivum more or less elevated, the spiracles dark. Sev- enth tergite somewhat longer than sixth, a little constricted beyond middle, the apical moiety faintly transversely corrugated, lanceolate in outline, with a rounded keel apically, and projecting a little beyond hypopygium. Posterior margins of sternites 2-6, more or ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 103 less emarginate medianly, and arcuate laterally, most pronounced. on 6; 7 a little emarginate, 8 a little convex medianly, both slightly concave laterally; claspers oblong. Female——Color as in male; form of abdomen much the same, seventh tergite about. one-third shorter than sixth, the lateral angles produced distinctly beyond the keeled and slightly tuberculate mid- dle of hind margin; eighth tergite about semicircular, keeled longi- tudinally and corrugated transversely; ninth somewhat longer than eighth, keeled, corrugated herringbone fashion, narrowed, rounded, and upturned apically; sutures between sternites less sinuate than in male; seventh sternite somewhat shorter than sixth, its hind margin concave laterally and forming a distinct rounded process medianly; eighth sternite appearing as an elliptical plate on each side, spiracle barely visible. Length, 23-25 mm. Holotype——Male, Marco, Fla., April 19, 1912, Wm. T. Davis (Coll. Davis) ; males, females, and nymphs from Big Pine, Fla., March 8, 1919, H. S. Barber; and Vict. de las Tunas, Cuba, W. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.). In the male nymph the eighth tergite is broadly visible across base of anal tube, the ninth apparently is membraneous, the seventh has a large upwardly and backwardly projecting pointed process, and the lateral angles slightly pointed tuberculate; in the female nymph the seventh tergite has a rather prominent erect tubercle, the eighth and ninth are keeled and less rounded apically than in adult since they form the roof of complete segments inclosing the anal tube. GHILIANELLA PERSIMILIS, new species. Male——Very similar to male of productilis; the only tangible difference seems to be that in this species the narrowed portion of the seventh tergite is distinctly longer than the terminal expanded, then apiculate part (fig. 170), while in productilis it is distinctly shorter. Hypopygium of male as in figure 171. Hemale.—Color much as in male; very similar to female of produc- tilis, the chief distinction, being in the form of tergites 7-9 and sternite 7; these have been mentioned in the key, to the descriptions in which may be added that the eighth tergite is much broader than long, transversely wrinkled, and very obtusely angulate at apex; tergite 9 is somewhat wrinkled above and much narrowed apically; hind margin of sternite 7 is only slightly convex medianly and con- cave laterally (fig. 172). Length, 21-23 mm. Holotype.—Male, allotype female, Vict. de las Tunas, Cuba, W. M. Mann. (U.S.N.M.) Type and allotype—Male, Cat. No. 26741, U.S.N.M. 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 67 A female nymph with same data has the lateral angles of seventh tergite less prominent, the median tubercle long, and elevated at an angle of 45°; eighth and ninth tergites indistinctly keeled and trans- versely wrinkled. Another female nymph, apparently of this species has the data: Havana, Cuba, 1908, P. Serre (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA LONGULA, new species. Female——Color dark reddish brown, legs paler, femoral and frontal spines whitish; head and thorax only slightly granulate; hairs throughout abundant, short grayish to yellowish; abdomen attaining nearly its full width at third segment, widening almost. . imperceptibly caudad, except at end of seventh tergite, the posterior angles of which are flaring and moderately angulate-produced; hind margin of this tergite between the produced angles nearly straight, bearing medianly a porrect tubercle considerably shorter than the lateral productions; eighth tergite broad, much wrinkled, the proc- esses much elevated, free and pointed apically (fig. 173) ; hind mar- gins of sternites 2-6, moderately emarginate medianly, and slightly sinuate laterally ; seventh sternite convex medianly, concave laterally. Length, 32 mm. Holotype.—Female, San Blas, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 1918, W. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26742, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA ALVEOLA, new species. Female.—Legs stramineous tinged with reddish; head and thorax testaceous, darker below, conspicuously granulate; abdomen testa- ceous, marbled with fuscous, lightly above and heavily below; ab- domen widening gradually to apex of seventh tergite, lateral strips of tergites and the connexivum coelevated, vertical except at extreme apex; sutures between tergites transverse, each tergite with an in- distinct longitudinal ridge, darker colored posteriorly; seventh tergite roughened on disk, expanded apically, the posterior angles prominent, rounded, the margin between them convex, bearing at the middle a short pointed tubercle; eighth tergite as described in key; ninth transversely corrugated, and broadly longitudinally suleate from base to near apex where elevations each side of the sulcus are interrupted, apical margin elevated, calloused (fig. 174) ; hind margin of sixth sternite decidedly sinuate laterally, the preced- ing sternites with only a suggestion of this form; hind margin of seventh sternite very broadly and shallowly emarginate; eighth sternite visible as an elliptical plate on each side. Length, 20 mm. Holotype.—Female, Balthazar, Grenada, H. H. Smith (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26748, U.S.N.M. ArT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 105 GHILIANELLA MINIMULA, new species. Male.—Head and body dark reddish-brown, legs and antennae yellowish, fuscous near joints; head and thorax decidedly granulate, pubescence short and sparse. Frontal spine strong, porrect, head with a pair of divergent pointed tubercles just behind transverse sulcus. Abdomen widest at the anterior part of fifth segment, tapering gradually both fore and aft; seventh tergite narrowing rather rapidly from middle to the rather broadly rounded apex which projects a little beyond hypopygium. Hind margins of all sternites emarginate medianly, those of 5 and 6 most so, that of 7 very broadly and shallowly, and that of 8, narrowly and slightly. Hypopygium short, opening upward, claspers short, tapering from base to apex. Female.—Color, granulation and pubescence, also spine and tuber- cles of head as in male. Abdomen widening to end of seventh ter- gite, which has a moderate median tubercle a little farther produced than the hind angles. Eighth tergite short, semi-elliptical, ninth moderately long, rounded at apex, each with a median carina and transverse corrugations. Sutures between sternites on the same plan as in male, hind margin of seventh prominent but not produced medianly, concave laterally; eighth visible only on sides. Length, 15-17 mm. Holotype.—Male, paratype female, allotype, female, Chapada, Brazil, September, no date, and August, respectively (Carnegie Mus.). GHIiLIANELLA SUCCINCTA, new species. While this species runs in cur key to the same couplet with G. pro- ductilis, it is not as closely related to that species as is persimli3, lacking the long terete head and characteristic dark dots, in addition to having a distinctively shaped abdomen. Female.—F uscous, spotted and marbled with ochraceous; head and thorax indistinctly granulate, but with plentiful, short, crinkly, pale reddish hair, abdomen more sparsely provided with similar but straight hairs; the seventh tergite is but little longer than wide (in productilis it is twice as long as wide) ; lateral pieces of this tergite produced posteriorly as short rounded angles, the hind margin be- tween them slightly convex but not tuberculate medianly; eighth tergite semi-elliptical, with broad median carina and transverse cor- rugations; ninth as described in key. Hind margin of sixth sternite shightly emarginate medianly and less so laterally, of seventh rather strongly concave, with a short triangular process in the middle. Length, 23 mm. Holotype——F¥emale, Para, Brazil (Carnegie Mus.). 94993—25——_8 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 GHILIANELLA ALIENA, new species. Female.—Legs and antennae yellow, head and body darker, brown, the former practically without markings, the abdomen with some paler marblings. Frontal spine porrect, stramineous; pubescence short, grayish. Prothorax longest, metathorax shortest; thorax and head conspicuously granulate. Abdomen long and smoothly clavate, widest’ at distal part of fourth segment. Seventh tergite nearly square, the hind margin declivate, the posterior angles and median tubercle slightly and about equally produced; eighth tergite semicircular, carinate medianly, corrugated laterally; ninth as described in key. Seventh sternite moderately convex medianly, concave laterally. Length, 18 mm. Holotype—KFemale, Sarare, Venezuela, 1896, F. Geay (Paris Mus.). A teneral female, same data, apparently of the same species, is 21 mm. long. GHILIANELLA PASCOEI Bergroth. Ghilianella pascoei BrrcrotH, ©. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 315-317 [Venezuela]. Male.—General color dark reddish brown (less mature specimens yellow-brown, variegated with darker), hairs numerous but short and little aggregated into patches; abdomen widening gradually from base to hypopygium; seventh tergite a fourth longer than sixth, somewhat corrugated transversely on posterior two-thirds; second sternite slightly sinuate laterally, third and fourth almost transverse, fifth rounded emarginate medianly, sixth almost trans- verse, seventh and eighth shallowly emarginate medianly, slightly convex laterally, spiracle of latter included within border of seg- ment; hypopygium rather short, claspers oblong, narrowed apically the upper margin convex (fig. 175). Sternites 2-7, finely wrinkled transversely. Female—Color as in male; in pale specimens the abdomen is marbled and leg markings are evident; abdomen widening gradually from base to juncture of fourth and fifth segments, narrowing little posterior of that point; connexivum more or less carinate; hind mar- gins of tergites 2-6 very slightly elevated medianly, otherwise un- modified; tergite 7 with the posterior angles prominent and very slightly flaring, middle of hind margin with a small angulate prom- inence, extending about as far posteriorly as lateral angles, margin between prominences slightly concave and declivate; eighth tergite rather long, convex posteriorly, short median line, two transverse lines near upper end of former, and margin, slightly elevated, ar- cuate both transversely and longitudinally, median line almost ArT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 107 carinate on upper third, apex rounded; hind margins of sternites 2-6 emarginate medianly, 6 most so, this sternite a fourth longer on side than on middle (fig. 176) ; seventh sternite a third longer than sixth on median line, its hind margin convex medianly, concave laterally, eighth sternite visible as an elliptical plate on each side, or when exposed, rounded emarginate medianly, convex laterally. Length, 17-22 mm. Pair from La Guaila, Venezuela (Coll. EK. Bergroth), male, the type. Three males, Trinidad, March 26, 1916, R. A. Wood (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; one male Botanic Garden, Port-of-Spain, Trini- dad, Oct. 18, 1918, Harold Morrison (U.S.N.M.). Females agreeing with pascoeé in general appearance and in most characters but differing in details of eighth and ninth tergites from the female assigned to this species by Bergroth are left without definite determinations for the present. All of these have the head and thorax conspicuously granulate, the sternites finely corrugated transversely, and both sternites and tergites up to and including 7 similar to those of pascoeit. Three from Trinidad, March 26, 1916, R. A. Wood (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.), and one from Mont- serrat, Trinidad, June 29, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.), have the eighth tergite depressed medianly, with transverse wrinkles or irregular elevations each side of the depression; and ninth tergite is arcuate both transversely and longitudinally, but is depressed apically and more or less concave between the apices of the somewhat elevated lateral margins. A single female from Ivon Beni, Bolivia, January, 1922, M. R. Lopez (U.S.N.M.), has the eighth tergite distinctly carinate medianly and corrugated transversely on each side; the ninth tergite has a median carina above which widens so as to cover the whole apex, this part of the tergite being distinctly elevated above the sides of the disk, apex truncate. While these variations are rather greater than we should expect in a single species, the weight of evidence in hand seems to be against attributing them to specific distinctness. GHILIANELLA ALTERATA, new species. Female—Dark castaneous; beak, antennae and mid and hind legs yellow-brown but unmarked; frontal spine stramineous. Head and thorax copiously granulate and yellowish-white haired; prothorax longest, metathorax shortest of the three divisions. Abdomen smoothly clavate, attaining its greatest width at posterior part of fourth segment; tergites except 1, longer than wide, seventh with the posterior angles prominent but not produced, median portion declivate and triangularly produced, slightly surpassing lateral angles. Eighth tergite short and broad, faintly rugose; ninth much longer, narrowing rapidly and rounded apically; middle of apex 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67 and some irregular small areas each side of the median line de- pressed. Seventh sternite moderately subangulately produced in the middle of hind margin, concave laterally. Length, 22 mm. Holotype—F¥emale, Sarare, Venezuela, 1899, F. Geay (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA MACULATA, new species. Male——Head, thorax and legs yellow brown; frontal and femoral spines pale; abdomen reddish brown; pilosity of head and thorax gray, abundant, markedly pollinose; pile of abdomen pale tawny, aggregated into irregular spots especially on segments 3-6, spots more numerous anteriorly and on sides of both tergites and sternites; abdomen nearly circular in cross-section, forming almost a smooth cone based on hypopygium; seventh tergite a little longer than sixth, transversely corrugated on posterior third, tapered from the middle, and apiculate, terminating in a moderate point which extends well beyond hypopygium. Sternum without keel; sutures between ster- nites emarginate medianly, arcuate laterally, this condition most pronounced between sixth and seventh; eighth sternite almost trans- verse posteriorly, with a narrow rounded emargination; ninth ster- nite very narrowly visible, with a similar but smaller emargination ; claspers closely fitting the upper margin of hypopygium, their own upper margin broadly emarginate medianly. Fore leg and its arma- ture as in figures 185 and 186. Length, 28 mm. Holotype—Male, Cayamas, Cuba, Jan. 16, E. A. Schwarz. (U.S.N.M.) Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26744, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA PERSONATA, new species. Male—tLight to dark reddsh-brown, almost uniform; head and thorax without granulations, short gray slightly flocculent pubescence abundant, much shorter and less conspicuous on abdomen. Abdomen widening gradually to hypopygium, dorsum convex, without ridges or tubercles, sutures mostly obsolete; seventh tergite long, narrowed gradually from a point two-fifths of its length from base, terminal fifth more abruptly tapering, moderately pointed, thickened and projecting beyond hypopygium. Sternum unkeeled, ventral sutures as described in key, hind margin of seventh sternite nearly straight, and eighth narrowly and slightly emarginate; ninth sternite or hypopygium long, with a transverse impression bounding the thickened margin, opening upward and backward, the apex pro- jecting as a rounded triangle, the claspers broadly triangular, (fig. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 109 177), filling the space between hypopygium and seventh tergite, ex- cept for a narrow vertical space between their apices. Female.—Color and pubescence as in male; abdomen widening gradually from base, the dorsal sutures evident; seventh tergite with the hind angles moderately produced as obtusely pointed pro- cesses, margin between distinctly concave, without tubercle; eighth tergite semielliptical, with a median carina interrupting the trans- verse corrugations; ninth tergite rather short, median carina and cross corrugations low, indistinct, apex narrowly rounded. Seventh sternite moderately produced medianly as a rounded lobe, the sides of hind margin concave; eighth sternite visible only as a long ellipse on each side. Length, 25-28 mm. Holotype—Male, paratype male, allotype female, Chapada, Brazil, collected in July, April, and August, respectively (Carnegie Mus.). GHILIANELLA CLAVIVENTRIS Bergroth. Ghilianella claviventris BrrcrotH, E. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 318-9 [Vene- zuela ]. Male.—Dark reddish-brown, frontal spine, connexivum, hind edge of sixth tergite, posterior third of seventh and a few other edgings, yellowish. Head and thorax scarcely granulate; pale reddish pubescence very short, fine and sparse. Abdomen widening gradually to apical fourth of fourth segment, which is abruptly inflated and together with the fifth and most of the sixth segment forms a globular expansion of the abdomen; remainder of abdomen tapering posteriorly and upcurved. The fifth tergite is finely longitudinally strigate and is smoothly inflated, without ridged elevations laterally. The sixth tergite is distinctly trisinuate posteriorly, and the seventh narrowing from the basal third, has the posterior half transversely wrinkled and an acuminate apex which slightly surpasses hy- popygium. Sutures between sternites concave anteriorly, that be- tween sixth and seventh most so; hind edge of seventh conspicuously emarginate medianly and only slightly less so laterally; eighth sternite visible on its entire width, nearly straight posteriorly; ninth sternite, or hypopygium, rather long, more or less granulate and transversely wrinkled, opening upward, claspers oblong, somewhat upturned and bluntly pointed at apex. Length, 26 mm. Two males, Colonia Tovar, E. Simon 1.11.88 (Coll. E. Bergroth). One the type. Another male Cerro del Avila, 6,000 feet, Venezuela, December, 1913, S. M. Klages (Carnegie Mus.). 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 GHILIANELLA GLOBIFERA Bergroth. Ghilianella globifera Brererotu, EK. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 319-320 [Vene- zuela]. Color throughout dark reddish-brown, legs and antennae without pale markings; the sharp downwardly slanting frontal spine, most of beak, the spiracles and edgings on genital segments pale. Gray pubescence rather plentiful, a little more prominent on fourth to sixth sternites and in two percurrent lines on dorsum. Bulbosity farther forward than in any other species examined, widest at fourth segment and sixth not at all involved in it; seventh tergite long, the process making up two-thirds of length, wrinkled transversely, ridged longitudinally, and punctate apically, rather pointed. Seventh stern- ite well exposed, eighth moderately long, opening upward, claspers oblong, narrowed and incurved apically. Length, 19 mm. Male, Caracas (Coll. E. Bergroth.). The type. Two males, Sarare, Venezuela, F. Geay, 1896; and two (one teneral and damaged), Llanos, Venezuela, F. Geay, 1896 (Paris Mus.). Length of these specimens, 18.5-20 mm. GHILIANELLA PERVERSA, new species. Female—Legs testaceous with more or less distinct dark bands, ground color elsewhere testaceous, but obscured largely above, and almost entirely below, by fuscous to black marbling; granulations prominent on head, inconspicuous on thorax; pubescence short and fine; proportions of pro-, meso-, and meta-thoraces as 8, 6, and 3; abdomen widening gradually to junction of fifth and sixth segments, tapering gradually posteriorly; unusually narrow median strips of tergites with indistinct longitudinal ridge; hind margin of tergite 6 with a prominent backwardly projecting tubercle; that of tergite 7 with a short, porrect, blunt tubercle from which the margin slopes away on each side to the simply rounded lateral angles; eighth ter- gite nearly as long as wide, the general form broadly elliptical, the disk wrinkled and granulate, the apex apiculate. Hind margins of all sternites more or less sinuate laterally, 3 least and 6 most so, the latter sternite a fourth wider on sides than in middle; seventh sternite slightly convex medianly and concave laterally; eighth visible as an elliptical plate on each side (fig. 178). Appearance of female hypo- pygium from rear as in figure 179. Length, 18 mm. Holotype—¥emale, Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia, August 12, 1920, in heavy forest with dense undergrowth, J. A. G. Rehn (Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.). arr. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 111 GHILIANELLA APICULATA, new species. Male.—General color dull blackish, pale vestiture unusually abun- dant, patch at anterior end of metathorax crossing the notum, pubes- cence on top of abdomen arranged in lines: beak, frontal and hypopygial spines pale yellow to reddish, spiracles concolorous; sixth tergite with a slight prominence on middle of hind margin; sternum without keel; sternites 4-6 more or less emarginate medianly and sinuate laterally, this feature becoming more pronounced posteriorly ; seventh sternite broadly emarginate medianly, eighth about trans- verse; ninth with supero-posterior angles prominent, extending as far posteriorly as base of hypopygial hook (fig. 180), the latter ante- riorly and upwardly directed, the apex bent forward, divaricate, and apparently otherwise modified. Length, 27 mm. Holotype.—Male, Blanton Mine, north of San Christobal, Repub- he of Dominica, July 26, 1919, Harold Morrison (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26745, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA ICA, new species. Male.—Color castaneous, chiefly dark, scarcely relieved by pale markings. Frontal process mammiform; head and thorax scarcely granulate. Seventh tergite narrowed gradually from middle to near apex, then rather abruptly pointed, transversely corrugated on pos- terior half. Seventh sternite rounded emarginate medianly, almost straight laterally; eighth nearly straight posteriorly, spiracle mod- erately pedicellate; ninth rather long, opening upward, a little elevated along hind margin which is produced between the claspers, where it bears the anteriorly directed somewhat curved process, which is a little widened and slightly concave at apex; claspers oblong, beveled off on lower side at apex. Length, 28 mm. Holotype.—Male, Rio Ica, Crevaux, 1880 (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA PACHITEA, new species. Male.—Difters from pascoei Bergroth in having the ventral spines on fore femora and the one between the bases of antennae dark brown instead of stramineous; also the spine between bases of an- tennae is much stouter and a little shorter than in pascoei; the cross striation of abdominal sternites is much finer than in that species, and the hypopygium is as in figure 181. Length, 22 mm. Holotype.—Male, Pachitea, Peru (Bueno). 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 GHILIANELLA COLONA, new species. Male.—Similar in general to G. aracataca, but the pubescence of head and thorax less abundant and none of it pollinose; abdomen gradually widening to seventh segment, which differs from that of aracataca as described in key; eighth sternite almost straight on hind margin, the spiracles conspicuously pedunculate. Length, 22 mm. Holotype—Male, Don Diego, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia (Car- negie Mus.). A nymph with same data probably is this species. GHILIANELLA BETHET Dohrn. Ghilianella bethei DouRN, A. Nachtrige, 1863, pp. 68-70 [Bogota]. Female.—F uscous, relieved by ochraceous spots and clouding; leg bands faint. Head and thorax distinctly granulate, short pale pu- bescence rather abundant, that of abdomen shorter and less plenti- ful. Frontal spine pale, decurved. Abdomen widening to apex of fifth segment and narrowing gradually to end, clavate rather than bulbous in shape. Fifth tergite with angular dilatations near hind angles, sixth with a prominent, acute, falcate tubercle; seventh nearly straight across hind margin, the middle of latter slightly elevated and with a short pointed tubercle; eighth tergite semi-cir- cular, transversely rugose, but scarcely longitudinally carinate; 9th rather inflated basally, obsoletely rugose, depressed subapically, with the apical margin rounded and elevated. Sutures between sternites inclined anteriorly and-showing more or less anterior curvature medianly; hind margin of seventh moderately angulate, prominent medianly and slightly concave laterally. Length, 20-22 mm. Cacagualito, Colombia, May; Bonda, Colombia, June (Carnegie Mus.). The specimens listed seem to answer well to the original descrip- tion, the only real discrepancy being that none of them show “a slight cross furrow ” on the apical half of tergite 5. However, this appearance in Dohrn’s specimen may have been due to bending at the time of capture or to some effect of drying. GHILIANELLA ARACATACA, new species. Male——Dark reddish-brown, pubescence rather abundant, more or less pollinose in character anteriorly; beak yellow-brown, frontal spine whitish, leg bands moderately distinct; abdomen gradually widened to fifth segment, sixth narrowed, seventh swollen, as thick as fifth; tergites slightly elevated at the middle of their posterior margins, seventh twice as long as sixth; sternites 2-7 more or less emarginate apically and sinuate laterally, the sixth most pronounced ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 113 in these respects, eighth with a small, triangular median projection, the supero-posterior angles rounded, and the spiracles not conspicu- ously pedunculate (fig. 182). Female.—Similar to the male in color, pilosity somewhat less con- spicuous, pollinosity rather more so; abdomen widest at fifth seg- ment, tapering gradually both fore and aft, tubercle of sixth tergite, projecting posteriorly, bluntly falcate; seventh tergite with a straight median porrect process extending considerably beyond the promi- nent but not produced lateral angles; eighth tergite rounded tri- angular somewhat broader than long; ninth with the sides convexly sloping apically, the median line keeled and apiculate (fig. 183) ; sternites 2-4 slightly emarginate medianly, and sinuate laterally, en- tire posterior margins of sternites 5 and 6 anteriorly arcuate, the latter most deeply, this sclerite being a fifth longer on sides than in middle; seventh sternite concave on sides of posterior margin, with a rather prominent rounded median projection; eighth sternite visible as an elliptical plate on each side (fig. 184). Length, 22-24 mm. Holotype.—Male and allotype female, Aracataca, Magdalena, Co- lombia, Aug. 6, 1920, in heavy forest with dense undergrowth, J. A. G. Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.) GHILIANELLA CUNEATA, new species. Female.—Y ellowish to reddish brown, the leg bands more or less distinct, the abdomen marbled with fuscous; pubescence in no way unusual; abdomen widened gradually to apex of sixth segment, then tapering to apex of seventh; hind margin of all of the tergites promi- nent medianly, sixth with large slightly falcate tubercle, and the posterior angles a little prominent and expanded; the hind margin of the seventh with a short, median, pointed tubercle which extends slightly farther posteriorly than the prominent lateral angles; eighth tergite considerably wider than long, with transverse corrugations and a central keel which is produced in a point slightly beyond gen- eral line of the posterior margin; ninth tergite much longer than eighth, somewhat wrinkled transversely, the narrowed apex with a broad prominent keel; sutures between sternites 2-6 slightly anteri- orly directed, that between six and seven quite concave anteriorly; sternite seven about a fourth longer than six on the median line, its hind margin slightly concave laterally, somewhat produced medianly, the extreme apex with a small emargination; eighth sternite narrowly visible on each side. Length, 23-26 mm. Holotype—Female, Alhajuelo, Panama, April 18, 1911, Aug. Busck; five female paratypes, Porto Bello, Panama, March 16, 1911, 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Feb. 19, A. Busck; Feb. 17, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; Upper Pequiru River, Camp No. 3, Panama, A. H. Jennings; Buena Ventura, Panama, March 1911, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.). Type and paratypes.—Female, Cat. No. 26746, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA ASSA-NUTRIX Bergroth. Ghilianella assa-nutriz BrrerorH. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 314-5 [Venezuela]. Male.—General color dark reddish-brown, frontal spine pale; the usual patches of pilosity a little more extensive than in average species, the metathoracic patches contiguous over dorsum, color of pile in general sordid yellowish, tending to be golden in the denser patches; in addition to the typical patches there are two small rounded spots on the posterior margin of each tergite from 2-6, largest on 4; most of the first tergite and adjacent disk of second also are covered by a patch of golden pubescence; seventh tergite more than twice as long as sixth, strongly transversely corrugated about the middle, and tapering apically into a long, roof-shaped, pointed process which exceeds hypopygium by more than length of latter; sternum unkeeled; sutures between sternites directed moder- ately forward; posterior margin of six and seven rounded emarginate medianly, and arcuate laterally; eighth narrow, transverse, spiracle moderately pedunculate; hypopygium with a terminal, anteriorly and upwardly directed hook, margin receding and arcuate each side of this; claspers oblong, bluntly rounded apically (fig. 187). Female——Color and pubescence as in male. Abdomen widening gradually from anterior part of second segment to about middle of fifth, and increasing in depth, as seen from side, to anterior part of seventh segment. Hind margins of tergites 1-5 nearly straight, of six slightly convex posteriorly, of seven slightly prominent medianly, concave each side of this, with acute divergent lateral processes as described in key; eighth tergite short, semielliptical, depressed medianly, and with obliquely transverse wrinkling each side of the depression; ninth tergite longer than eighth, an oblique impression each side of middle near base, the median line elevated, especially near apex, where it forms a distinct carina joining the raised apical margin; the surface near apex is polished, with two subsidiary oblique ridges each side of the median one. Hind margins of sternites more or less concave posteriorly, that of six most so; seventh slightly convex medianly, and concave laterally; eighth moderately exposed, the spiracle barely visible from the side. Length, 28-30 mm. Male and female San Esteban, Venezuela, March, 1888, E. Simon (Coll. E. Bergroth). One the type. Two males, San Esteban, Venezuela, Oct._Nov., 1910, M. A. Car- riker, jr. (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). One male, Caracas (Cophenhagen Mus.). ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 115 GHILIANELLA GLADIATOR, new species. Male.—General color dark reddish-brown, pilosity much more abundant than usual, short, grayish; abdomen widest at fifth seg- ment, tapering gradually both fore and aft; seventh tergite twice as long as sixth, with a projection similar to that of assa-nutrix; all sternites more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally, 6 and 7 most pronouncedly so; eighth varying from slightly emargi- nate to transverse, narrow, spiracle moderately prominent; hypo- pygial spine small, margins not excavated each side of it, claspers long, narrow, slightly enlarged apically (fig. 188). Female—General color reddish-brown to blackish; short, fine yellowish pubescence abundant, much denser than usual on head and thorax, particularly about rear parts of the posterior divisions of the latter and on the fourth and fifth tergites; bulbosity of abdomen rather long, including half of fourth, all of fifth and sixth, and half of seventh segments; sutures between tergites 2-7 all nearly transverse; the ninth tergite is narrowly keeled along the sides, and more prominently elevated medianly, especially at the narrowed apex; the sutures between sternites 2-5 slope anteriorly, the hind margin of the fifth is emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally, and that of the sixth concave throughout; the seventh sternite is prominently angulate produced medianly, and the eighth is nar- rowly visible on each side. Length, 24-26 mm. Holotype.—Male, allotype female, and paratype male, Trinidad, March 26, 1916, R. A. Wood. (Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila.) Paratype.—Female, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, F. W. Urich (U.S.N.M.), Cat. No. 26747, U.S.N.M. The latter specimen is accompanied by some eggs (figs. 189, 190) and newly emerged nymphs; the former are 1.75 mm. in length, with sparse longitudinally arranged, irregular granulations, a nipple-like longitudinally striate cap, which is surrounded by about 18 delicate, tapered, and finely pointed appendages of the main egg case, the apices of which are bent inward at about the same level as peak of the cap (fig. 189). The nymphs are notable chiefly for the surpris- ingly advanced state of development of the thorax and its append- ages, and for the very undeveloped condition of the abdomen; they are certainly equipped for capture before digestion of prey. The males and females here listed are associated as one species not only because of their general agreement in color and form but specif- ically because they share a character unusual in the genus, namely, absence of central keel on meta- and meso-sterni. 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 67 GHILIANELLA STIPITATA, new species. Female.—Much like the same sex of G. filiventris except in shape of abdomen and details of genital segments. Length of prothorax and mesothorax as 3 is to 4. The abdomen is smoothly, almost round clavate, with the fifth sezment the largest in all dimensions; tergites 4-7 are relatively longer than in filiventris, the last especially being distinctive as described in key (fig. 191). Eighth tergite rather long and narrow, the middle line and margins slightly elevated, apex rounded; ninth tergite longer than eighth, narrowing and rounded apically, the median line, some irregular oblique branches from it, and the apex somewhat elevated. Seventh sternite rather strongly and acutely produced medianly, concave laterally. Length, 25 mm. Holotype—¥emale, Llanos, Venezuela, 1895, F. Geay (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA SIMILATA, new species. Female.—Much like stipitata in form, but head and thorax de- cidedly less granulate, and the mid and hind femora each with 3 pale bands on apical half, instead of unicolorous as in that species. Length of prothorax and mesothorax as 3.75 is to 4. The seventh tergite is as described in key, the eighth nearly semicircular, de- pressed medianly, and obscurely wrinkled; ninth about as long as eighth, but considerably narrower and somewhat tapered posteriorly, margins and median line elevated, apex blunt, slightly convex. Ven- ter as in figure 192. Length, 19-20 mm. Holotype——aAnd another female, Caracas, Meinert (Copenhagen Mus.). GHILIANELLA PENDULA, new species. Ghilianella bulbifera CHAMPION (females) Biologia, vol. 2, p. 171, fig. 18, Oct. 1898. [Bugaba, Panama.] Female.—Color varying from yellowish- to dark reddish-brown, the paler specimens have the abdomen more or less variegated with fuscous and the leg bands more distinct; pubescence and granula- tion in no way unusual. Abdomen rather smoothly clavate, widest at fifth and sixth segments (the sixth tergite widest), but the bulbosity includes the entire sixth segment; posterior angles and middle of hind margin of segments 4-7 prominent, most conspicuously so on six where the median elevation is a large slightly posteriorly in- clined cone; on the hind margin of seventh tergite a small triangular prominence extends slightly farther posteriorly than the prominent but blunt lateral angles; eighth tergite broader than long, rounded apically, ninth a trifle longer than eighth, narrowed, and the margins ART, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH PE? raised apically, but 8 and 9 with low median keels and more or less corrugated; hind margins of sternites 4-6 emarginate medianly, ar- cuate laterally, the lateral convexity on 6 being almost angulate; seventh sternite a third longer than 6, slightly angulate-produced medianly; eighth narrowly visible on each side. Length, 21-24 mm. Holotype.—Female, Cabima, Panama, May 18, 1911, Aug. Busck; paratype female, Alhajuela, Panama, A. H. Jennings; another fe- male without locality. Type and paratype—F¥emale, Cat. No. 26748, U.S.N.M. For disposition of males of bulbifera see page 97. GHILIANELLA APPROXIMATA, new species. Male—Head, thorax and appendages, bulbosity and hypopygium piceous, remainder of abdomen chiefly, frontal spine, anterior tibia and tarsus, and spines of front femur, yellow-brown or paler. Pubes- cence sordid gray, rather dense and matted over thorax and in patches elsewhere. Bulbosity formed chiefly by fifth segment, fourth and sixth only shghtly involved. Seventh tergite rather long, neither wrinkled nor coarsely punctate as in many species, rather sharply apiculate and slightly surpassing hypopygium. Sternites of ordinary form, eighth almost straight across on hind margin, slightly concave laterally, moderately exposed. Ninth sternite long, open- ing upward, claspers oblong, pointed apically. Female.—Generally paler than male, with edgings and much mar- bling of yellow-brown; legs with usual pale markings. Mesothorax shorter than in male, but longer than either of its fellow thoracic parts. Bulbosity involving more of fourth and sixth segments, the elevations of fifth tergite more remote from lateral margins than in male. Hind margin of sixth tergite concave each side the median point, which is about as far produced posteriorly as the rounded lateral angles; hind margin of seventh tergite of similar shape, declivous each side of median prominence; eighth tergite semi-cir- cular, low carinate medianly and radiately corrugated each side in best developed specimen; ninth longer, narrowed and notched at apex, the margins elevated above the disk which has three coarse transverse wrinkles. Eighth sternite broadly exposed, angles each side the median cleft are thickened, pointed, black, and with a tuft of long golden hairs. Length, 24-25 mm. Holotype.—Male, Rurrenabaque, Bolivia, Oct. 1921; allotype fe- male, Huachi, Bolivia, 1922; another female Corenda, Bolivia, 1921, and two males, Huachi, Bolivia, Sept. 1921, W. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.). Type, allotype, and paratypes—Cat. No. 26749, U.S.N.M. LTS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 GHILIANELLA GLOBULATA, new species. Ghilianella ignorata CHAMPION, Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 170-171, pl. 10, figs. 15-16, 1898 [Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Panama], not of Dohrn, Emesina, 1860, pp. 238-9, pl. 1, figs. 9-11 [La Guayra and Brazil]. Male—Color dark reddish-brown, sometimes with irregular dark maculations, legs and antennae without pale annuli or sometimes with markings as described for female; head and thorax strongly granulate; segments 2-4 of abdomen slender, widening gradually to apical fourth of fourth, which is abruptly expanded, bulbosity composed chiefly of the fifth segment which is about three times as wide as anterior part of fourth; fifth tergite angulate dilated at about middle of sides, margin receding abruptly behind the dila- tion; sixth segment about half as wide as fifth, the tergite rounded emarginate posteriorly; seventh tergite about twice as long as sixth, projecting considerably beyond hypopygium, strongly transversely corrugated, and with a conspicuous central keel on posterior half. Sixth sternite with a rather deep rounded median emargination, seventh emarginate, both medianly and laterally, eighth transverse, narrow; hypopygium inflated, with a slightly projecting, moderately large terminal hook, the tip of which is concealed between the ob- long claspers (fig. 194). Female——Color somewhat paler, front femora with two partial bands, mid and hind femora with two bands and a subapical spot, and hind tibiae with subbasal spot, pale; the abdomen is stouter throughout, the fourth and fifth segments in particular being broader and more involved in the bulbosity; sixth tergite shghtly emarginate and a little elevated in the middle behind; seventh tergite equally but only shghtly prominent; eighth tergite about a third shorter than ninth, the latter transversely wrinkled and longitudinally keeled, depressed on each side of keel apically; fifth sternite shallowly and sixth more deeply emarginate posteriorly; 7th with a short rounded projection; eighth sternite visible as a narrow elliptical plate on each side. Length, 23-26 mm. Holotype.—Male, Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 9; allotype female, same locality April 23, 8 male and 4 female paratypes, same locality, March 27, 29, 30, April 2, 7, 15, 18, 22, 26, 29, EK. A. Schwarz and H. 8. Barber; 1 male paratype, same locality June, 1907, and 1 female Nov.—Dec., 1906, G. P. Goll; 1 female, Polochi River, Guatemala, March 22, Barber and Schwarz, 1 male, La Ceiba, Honduras, Jan. 24, 1916, F. J. Dyer (U.S.N.M.) ; 1 female, Yurimaguas, Peru, June 14, 1920, H. S. Parish (McAtee). Type, allotype, and paratypes.—Cat. No. 26750, U.S.N.M. art, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 119 Nymphs.—Several nymphs presumably of this species are at hand from Cacao, Trece Aguas, March 27 to April 26. There is a rather prominent triangular elevation on the middle of the hind margin of each tergite, that on the seventh being most prominent and angularly projecting; the lateral angles also are tuberculate prominent; the eighth and ninth tergite roofing the anal tube of the female have only suggestions of the corrugations and keels they later acquire. GHILIANELLA PATRUELA, new species. Male.—Color dark reddish brown, pale markings of legs merely suggested; granulations of head and thorax nearly obsolete, a few small ones on sides of mesothorax; abdomen about as in strqgata, lacking the wartlike elevations, however, and the suture between the fourth and fifth tergites is straight across, instead of posteriorly convex as in that form; all sternites rounded emarginate medianly, arcuate laterally, the posterior ones more pronouncedly so; hy- popygium rather long, the posterior margin bisinuate on each side, the lower angle conspicuous but by no means so much so as 1n strigata, the more slender genital hook arising from within the angle and directed posteriorly and upwards, the apex simply truncate; claspers and fifth sternite as described in key (fig. 194). Length, 20 mm. Holotype.—Male, San Carlos, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf. CWS IN ME)* Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26751, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA RECONDITA, new species. Color reddish-brown to pitchy-black, legs and antennae without pale annuli, spines of fore tibiae yellowish; spine between antennae also yellowish, and with an enlarged base; head, and thorax dis- tinctly granulate. Male.—Segments 2—4 of abdomen very slender, the fourth abruptly expanded apically, forming anterior fourth of the bulbosity; the latter composed chiefly of the fifth segment which is greatly ex- panded, the sides elevated and forming rather pointed tubercles somewhat behind the middle; sixth segment posteriorly only a third as wide as fifth and somewhat shorter; seventh tergite almost twice as long as fifth, acuminate apically and projecting somewhat beyond hypopygium (fig. 195); seventh sternite slightly emarginate at the middle of hind margin, eighth half as long as the seventh. Female-—Segments 2-4 of abdomen less slender, the fourth not so abruptly expanded, about half of sixth segment involved in the bulbosity (fig. 196); seventh tergite slightly bisinuate apically, the 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 posterior lateral angles and median convexity not at all prominent; eighth tergite about as long as ninth, the latter not especially modi- fied apically, that region being only slightly impressed medianly ; fourth and fifth sternites broadly but shallowly emarginate at the middle of hind margin; seventh sternite shghtly angulated at middle of hind margin; eighth sternite narrowly visible on each side of hypopygium. Length, 18-20 mm. Holotype.—Male, allotype, female, and 3 paratypes, 2 males and 1 female from Minca, Magdalena, Colombia, 2,500 feet, July 24-25, 1920, and 1 paratype male from Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia, dense undergrowth, J. A. G. Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.). GHILIANELLA PERIGYNIUM, new species. Male.—Similar to vecondita in many respects, but longer and with more abundant grayish-yellow pile; general color reddish-brown, connexivum of segments 2-4 narrowly pale; hypopygium much as in recondita, claspers differing as described in key (fig. 197); seventh sternite more deeply emarginate and sixth sternite also with a broad, deep median emargination. “emale.—Similar in color to male, tending to be somewhat paler with dark motthngs; structure about the same as in female of recondita, eighth tergite not depressed medianly near apex and the latter somewhat flaring or upturned and notched medianly, while it is rather rounded off in recondita; hind margin of seventh sternite concave laterally, convex medianly, with a sight emargination at the extreme apex. Length, 23-28 mm. Holotype.—Male, allotype female, and one paratype female, Pachi- tea, Peru (Bueno). GHILIANELLA SIGNATA, new species. Female.—General color dark reddish brown, shading to blackish on distal parts of legs and abdomen; head and thorax unusually free from granulations, some present along dorsal carinae of mesothorax ; pile pale tawny, distribution on head and thorax about typical, aggregated into scattering minute tufts and regularly arranged large patches on abdomen, a pair of latter on posterior margin of fourth tergite, and a pair covering postero-lateral angles of fourth, fifth, and sixth sternites; bulbous expansion of abdomen including fifth segment, posterior third of segment 4, and anterior third of segment 6; lateral elevations of segment 5 somewhat posteriorly directed, a little wrinkled dorsally and bluntly falcate; segments 6 and 7 con- jointly elevated at middle of suture, the elevation surmounted by a minute nipple on 6; tergite 7 a little longer than 6, hind margin ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 121 moderately prominent medianly and laterally, thus being slightly bisinuate; eighth tergite much broader than long, broadly rounded apically, strongly corrugated and keeled; ninth tergite pale basally, with broad, rounded, low, pale side margins; disk dark, corrugated, and keeled, the apex narrowed and bent so that it is at right angles to general plane of tergite (fig. 198); ventral sutures little special- ized; hind margin of seventh sternite slightly angulate-produced medianly, concave laterally; eighth sternite rather broadly exposed each side, the spiracle, however, only barely visible, the hind margin deeply rounded emarginate medianly. Length, 25 mm. Holotype.—Female, Hacienda Cincinnati, Sierra San Lorenzo, Magdalena, Colombia, Trail to Vista Nieve, 4,500—-4,700 feet, July 21, 1920, J. A. G. Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; female paratype, Vista Nieve, Colombia, Dec. 16, 1922 (C. Carriker). GHILIANELLA STRIGATA, new species. Male.—General color yellowish-brown, legs with faint yellowish annuli in the standard positions; the head and thorax are only ob- soletely warty, almost smooth; the mesothorax and the metathorax with a few warts on the sides; abdomen abruptly expanded at pos- terior third of segment 4, segment 5 widest, the tergite with rounded elevations laterally ; segments 2-5 each with a wart-like elevation on middle of hind margin, most conspicuous on 4; segment 6 rapidly tapering to about half width of 5; tergite 7 half again as long as 6, transversely corrugated posteriorly, moderately acuminate and ex- tending slightly beyond hypopygium; sternites 6-8 rounded emar- ginate medianly, arcuate laterally, the eighth about a third as wide as seventh, the spiracle conspicuously pedunculate; ninth sternite longest on lower half, which forms apically a prominent rounded angle from which arises the long anteriorly and upwardly directed genital hook, the apex of which is bluntly trilobate; claspers and fourth sternite as described in key (fig. 199). Length, 22-23 mm. Holotype.—Male, San Carlos, Costa Rica; paratype male, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf (U.S.N.M.). Type and paratype.—Cat. No. 26752, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA SUBGLOBULATA, new species. Male.—Practically a copy of globulata except in the following particulars. Pedicel of abdomen is shorter and thicker, each of seg- ments 2-4 being shorter than width of bulbosity which the corre- sponding segments of globulata equal; sixth tergite not longer than wide at base, while it is distinctly longer in globulata. Ninth sternite not opening so nearly posteriorly as in globulata, the hook higher 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 therefore, and less easily distinguished; claspers oblong, incurved at tips, each with a distinct rounded subapical notch in upper margin. Female—K¥emales assigned to this species are still closer dupli- cations of globulata than is the male, for the reason that the abdomen is short and the segments of the same proportions as in that species. The only tangible difference is that the posterior angles of seventh tergite are distinctly produced beyond median part of hind margin which is merely convex and not at all tuberculate. Length, 19-21 mm. Holotype.—And one other male, allotype female, Venezuela, Noual- hier, 1898 (Paris Mus.) ; two other females, Maracaibo, Venezuela, Wibske (Copenhagen Mus.). Two teneral and damaged females which may belong here have the prominences of fifth tergite more conspicuous, projecting dis- tinctly beyond sides of abdomen. If assignment to the present species is correct the indication would be that these prominences may undergo a reduction from the condition attained in the nymphal or teneral state in the processes of ecdysis or hardening. The data for these specimens is Venezuela, one collected by G. Fal- lon, 1895, the other by Noualhier 1898 (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA UNCINATA, new species. Male—Color dark reddish-brown, head and thorax with more abundant short, semipollinose hair than usual in the genus; legs with faint pale bands disposed as in last species; abdomen a little stouter than in allied species, about a third of segment 4, and about half of segment 6 involved in the bulbosity; tergite 5 widely angu- larly emarginate anteriorly, tergite 6 almost transverse posteriorly, with a small rounded elevation on middle of hind margin; seventh tergite about half again as long as sixth, faintly corrugated, without keel but more or less apiculate, extending little if any beyond hypo- pygium. Sternites all more or less angulate emarginate posteriorly and sinuate laterally, the former condition most marked on 7, the latter on 6; eighth sternite plainly visible, shallowly rounded emar- ginate; ninth sternite long, straight, rather trough-like, terminating in a large, prominent hook; claspers oblong, narrowed above sub- apically, the apices turned inward and slightly upward (fig. 200). Length, 21-25 mm. Holotype—Male, Trinidad Rio, Panama, March 29, 1912, A. Buseck; paratype males same locality March 23, November 2, 5; Cabima, Panama, May 18, 1911; Alhajuelo, Panama, April 15, 1911; Porto Bello, Panama, March 10, 18, 1911; April 21, 1912, all A. Busck; last locality, Feb. 17, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; .and no date, A. H. Jennings, 12 in all (U.S.N.M.). Type and paratypes.—Cat. No. 26753, U.S.N.M. ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 123 GHILIANELLA ATRICLAVA Bergroth. Ghilianella atriclava BrercrotH, FE. New Neotropical Ploeariinae. Psyche, vol. 18, No. 1, Feb., 1911, pp. 19-20 [French Guiana]. Body in general yellow-brown, bulbosity and legs piceous, the latter practically without pale markings. Frontal spine pale, short, decurved. Abdomen long pedicillate, increasing but slightly in thickness from base to posterior third of fourth segment which ab- ruptly expands and together with the fifth and sixth segments forms an almost globular expansion beyond which the short seventh seg- ment projects but little. Elevations of fifth tergite large, subacute, compressed, longitudinally ridged; sixth and seventh tergites very short, the latter transversely corrugated on the apical half, which is short acuminate; ninth sternite short, opening upwards, the claspers oblong, the upper posterior angles truncate. Length, 24 mm. Male, French Guinana (Coll. E. Bergroth). The type. GHILIANELLA FILIVENTRIS Spinola. Ghilianella filiventris Sprno“taA, M. Generi Insetti Artroidignati, 1852, pp. 143, 144 [Para]. Dohrn ?° describes and illustrates a species of Ghilianella as filiven- tris Spinola and it is upon this work that the present identification is based. Certainly the males before us are the same species that Dohrn figured ; discrepancies in color from what he described are not a matter for concern in this genus. The specimens agree also with Spinola’s description and some of them are from the type locality. The association of sexes here made is based on examination of a series of 18 specimens from the same locality collected at the same season, the genitalia of a number of which show evidences of recent use. Male—Color chiefly dark reddish (one specimen has peduncle yellowish); head and thorax copiously granulate; fine, short pubescence plentiful on head and thorax, sparse on abdomen and legs. Abdomen reaching the greatest degree of pedunculation seen in any species, segments 2, 3, and most of 4 forming a stalk of almost uniform diameter, the apex of fourth segment abruptly ex- panded, and together with the fifth and sixth forming a globular expansion which on account of the shortness of the seventh segment seems almost to terminate the abdomen (fig. 201); this is the only species observed to have ridged prominences near posterior angles of the sixth as well as on the fifth tergite; the seventh tergite has the basal portion almost square, this tapering rapidly into a short more or less upturned apiculation, slightly surpassing the hypopygium 19 Hmesina, 1860, pp. 237, 238; pl. 1, figs. 8, 10. 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 (fig. 202). Sternites 5, 6, and 7 are shorter than in less bulbous species and each is broadly emarginate medianly; the ninth sternite or hypopygium is short and opens upward; the claspers are short- oblong, narrowed apically. Fore leg and its armature as in fig- ures 203, 204. Female.—in color like the male, with a greater tendency, how- ever, to yellowish spotting or marbling; granulation and pubescence about the same. The abdomen widens gradually from base to apex of fourth segment, from which point to end of seventh the width is nearly uniform; it is thus a very good illustration of the clavate form; the median line of tergites is slightly elevated, subapically the lateral margins of tergite 6 tend to project beyond the common lateral outline of abdomen, and the hind margin of tergites 5 and 6 is bisinuate, the slight median angulation and the lateral angles projecting about equally posteriorly; hind margin of the seventh tergite slightly concave, with a distinct small median tubercle; eighth tergite almost semicircular, radiately wrinkled; ninth trun- cate cuneate, the base faintly transversely corrugated, the apex raised medianly, more or less concave distally, sometimes faintly longitudi- nally ridged; the hind margins of sternites 2 and 3 are emarginate medianly, those of 4, 5, and 6 are nearly simply concave; that of 7 is convex medianly and slightly concave laterally; and the ex- posed portions of 8 are elliptical. Length, 23-27 mm. Santarem, April—July 1919, S. M. Klages; Chapada, Para, all Brazil (Carnegie Mus.); a male labelled Amazon, Stevens (Stock- holm Mus.) ; two females Itaituba, Amazon, Brazil, Noualhier, 1898; three males, Para, and one Amazonas, Noualhier, 1898 (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA MIRABILIS, new species. Male——Head and thorax moderately granulate; pubescence short; color castaneous, varying in depth, but without definite pale mark- ings anywhere; frontal spine porrect, sharp, stramineous. Abdomen terete and of nearly uniform diameter from base to posterior fourth of fourth tergite which expands abruptly to form anterior wall of bulbosity. The largest component of the latter is the remarkably horned fifth segment described in key (figs. 205, 206), but the sixth segment is wholly included and the seventh is so short that the bulbosity is practically terminal. Seventh tergite an approximately equilateral triangle (fig. 207), corrugated transversely, and elevated and apiculate distally. Hind margin of the fourth sternite with a shorter and deeper median, and broader but shallower lateral con- cavities; fifth deeply concave, thus being very short on median line; sixth also deeply concave but of about same length in middle as on ‘sides; seventh longer, with a short but distinct median emargina- ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 125 tion; eighth sternite barely visible; ninth short, strongly curved, opening upward; claspers oblong, narrowed apically. Female——Similar in general to male, but showing traces of pale leg markings, and abdominal marblings. Abdomen from base to and including fifth segment like that of male, the horns of fifth tergite shorter however (fig. 208); bulbosity much longer than in male, due to greater length of sixth and seventh segments which may be said to form part of it. Hind margin of seventh tergite with the median point and lateral angles slightly more prominent than intervening portions; eighth semicircular; ninth much longer, cuneate, faintly corrugated basally and striate apically, the apex rounded, margin slightly thickened (fig. 209). Sternites up to 6 inclusive of about same shape as in male, seventh much longer on median line than fifth and sixth together, the hind margin some- what convex medianly and slightly concave laterally; eighth broadly exposed on each side. Length, 27-29 mm. Male holotype, female allotype, and a teneral male, Rio Autuz, Amazon, Roman (Stockholm Mus.). GHIILIANELLA PERUVIANA, new species. Female.—Dark castaneous, pubescence short and inconspicuous; head and thorax rather strongly granulate; central region of tergites with a percurrent ridge; a strong blunt tubercle at hind margin of 6; seventh with the hind margin nearly straight, bevelled off medianly on each side of the fairly prominent apex of longitudinal ridge; eighth tergite semicircular, considerably depressed medianly, with a low carina in the depression; ninth tergite tapering rather rapidly, rounded and slightly emarginate apically; with indistinct corruga- tions and no prominent longitudinal or marginal ridges. Length, 22 mm. Holotype.—Female, El] Campamiento, Col. Perene, Peru, June 21, 1920, Cornell University Expedition, Lot 569 (Cornell Univ.). GHILIANELLA ANNECTENS, new species. Emesa angulata Unter, P. R. Heteroptera of St. Vincent, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., pp. 717-8, Nov. 21, 1893 [Panama specimens in part]. Female.—Testaceous, more or less variegated with fuscous and washed with rufous; thorax and head decidedly granular; pu- bescence sparse; abdomen widening gradually to apex of sixth seg- ment, seventh somewhat narrower but nearly parallel-sided; tergites with a percurrent nodulose median ridge, becoming more prominent posteriorly and culminating in a large backward sloping tubercle on hind margin of tergite 6; posterior angles of tergites 3-6 pro- gressively elevated and expanded, thus interrupting the lateral out- 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 line of abdomen as seen from above (fig. 210) ; seventh tergite almost straight across hind margin, the lateral angles slightly prominent and the median line near apex with a small recumbent tubercle which scarcely projects beyond the medianly depressed hind margin; eighth tergite broadly elliptical, wrinkled transversely and with a median keel which is elevated posteriorly and forms a small projection on hind margin; ninth tergite twice as long as eighth, with sinuate transverse wrinkles, a low median keel, the sides elevated and toothed posteriorly, the apex narrowed, depressed and black in color (fig 211); sutures between sternites while not greatly modified have a tendency toward median emargination and lateral sinuation; 6 is more concave behind and 7 somewhat produced medianly and con- cave laterally; an elliptical, vertically ridged and _ horizontally wrinkled portion of eighth sternite visible on each side. Arma- ture of fore femur as in figure 212. Length, 20 mm. Holotype.—Male, Panama, Scudder (Uhler Collection, U.S.N.M.). Type.—Male, Cat. No. 26754, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA TRUNCATA, new species. Emesa angulata Unwurr, P. R. Heteroptera of St. Vincent, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., pp. 717-8, Nov. 21, 18938 [Panama specimens, in part]. Very similar to the preceding; ninth tergite differing as noted in key; eighth with the median keel not projecting behind posterior margin (figs. 2138, 214). Length, 21 mm. Holotype—K¥emale, labelled E’mesa angulata Uhler, Panama (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Cat. No. 27091 U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) INSIDIATRIX Bergroth. Ghilianella insidiatriz, Bercrotu, E. Konowia, vol. 1, pp. 219-220, August 20, 1922 [French Guiana]. Male.—Head and body dark, legs and antennae paler castaneous; front femora with 2 pale bands across the spined portion; antennae pale at base; mid and hind legs with faint pale annuli. Frontal spine short but pointed and decurved; head and thorax practically without granulation but prothorax is obsoletely rugulose; tubercles of pronotum each side of neck rather prominent, also a pair on hind margin; divisions of thorax successively shorter posteriorly. Pubescence golden, short and sparse in general, but aggregated in dense patches as follows: Posterior lobe of head above (front lobe also of more than average hairiness), top and sides of front end of pronotum, top and sides of thorax at sutures between meso- and meta-thoraces, and between metathorax and abdomen; upper surfaces ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 127 of mid and hind coxae, first tergite, series of blotches practically forming a ring about abdomen at front of fourth segment, and simi- lar patches or indications of them on following two segments. Ab- domen widest about middle of fifth segment, holding its width well posteriorly, but narrowed considerably anteriorly especially segment 2; a slight elevation on the ampliate posterior angle of each tergite, and on middle of hind margin of sixth; median strip of dorsum with a series of squarish depressions; seventh tergite obsoletely ridged, wrinkled transversely on posterior half, narrowed in round- ing fashion then abruptly apiculate, apex projecting slightly beyond hypopygium. Sternites of ordinary shape, seventh shallowly emargi- nate medianly, nearly straight laterally, eighth well exposed and broadly convex medianly, retreating laterally but not covered by seventh, spiracle moderately pedunculate; ninth sternite rather long, opening upward; claspers oblong, not narrowed apically. Fore leg and its armature as in figures 215, 216. Length, 21-22 mm. Holotype-——Male, French Guiana [Coll. Bergroth]. Other male specimens: Bourdonville, French Guiana, R. Benoist, August, 1914; Lunier River, Tumac Humac Mts., French Guiana, 1898, IF’. Geay; Napo River, Upper Amazon, 1899, Sarkady (Paris Mus.). This series shows considerable variation in the extent of the patches of golden hair, and some in thickness of claspers, but these are not regarded as of taxonomic import. We are accepting the female (allotype from French Guiana, ex- amined by us) assigned to this species by Bergroth. His specimens of this sex apparently were collected at the same time and place as the males and probably are of the same species. However, among the three species of females of this group we have examined, one (gla- brata) agrees better in structural characters with the male znsidia- trix than does the specimen from Bergroth’s collection. All of the females differ considerably from the male in characters other than those used in defining the subgenus. The frontal spine is much blunter, there are no patches of golden hair, and the leg markings are much fainter. The allotype from Bergroth collection is pale castaneous, with the head and thorax almost free from granulations. The hypopygium is as described in key; the following details may be added: There is no longitudinal carina in the depression of tergite 8; and the apical margin of tergite 9 has on each side two ridges which are confluent medianly. Length, 25 mm. GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) AMICULA, new species. Female.—Description in most particulars would read like that of insidiatriz, from which the present species differs chiefly by hypo- 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 pygial characters as described in key; eighth tergite is moderately long, squarish apically, with subobsolete radiating ridges. Length, 23.5 mm. Holotype-—Female, Charvein, French Guiana, November, 1914; R. Benoist (Paris Mus.). GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) GLABRATA, new species. A rather dark species with the head and body fuscous and the appendages yellowish to reddish-brown. Head and thorax practi- cally without granulations; pubescence rather sparse, short, pale reddish. Central region of tergites nodulose but hardly tuberculate; hind margin of seventh tergite slightly concave, with a small median pointed tubercle. Eighth tergite almost semicircular, strongly trans- versely wrinkled; ninth tergite with a few strong cross wrinkles, tapering rather rapidly, otherwise as described in key. Length, 24 mm. Holotype.—Female, Essequebo River, British Guiana, July, 1921, Aug. Busck (U.S.N.M.). Type.—Female, Cat. No. 26755, U.S.N.M. GHILIANELLA (LISSONYX) ANGULATA (Uhler). Hmesa angulata UHtrr, P. R. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera col- lected in the Island of St. Vincent by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species. Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1893, pp. 717-718 [St. Vincent, W. Li. Male.—General color yellow-brown, more fuscous on underside of thorax and hypopygium; legs banded and upper surface more or less variegated with dark-brown; mid and hind femora each with four dark bands and tibiae with 38, the latter also more or less darkened apically; front tibiae each with one pale band, and femora with two bands and some pale spots above; head and _ thorax with few and inconspicuous granulations; each succeeding division of thorax is shorter than that in front of it; abdomen widening gradually to juncture of fifth and sixth segments and narrowing as gradually to middle of seventh tergite posteriorly; the posterior angles of tergites 3-6 are slightly expanded laterally; tergite 7 is decidedly narrowed about the middle, transversely corrugated and broadly rounded apically, with a prominent median apiculation reaching about as far posteriorly as any part of hypopygium; hind margins of sternites 2-5 fairly straight, a little emarginate medianly, that of sixth decidedly so and arcuate laterally, of seventh and eighth on same plan as that of sixth but less pronounced; spiracle of eighth rather pedunculate; ninth sternite elongate, rather com- pressed posteriorly, with a strong anteriorly and almost horizontally ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 129 directed apical hook; claspers obtriangular, broadened apically, the angles rounded (fig. 217). Female.—F rontal spine and pronotal tubercles much smaller than in male, color of head, thorax, and legs paler, the dark markings merely indicated, abdomen more heavily maculated with fuscous; posterior angles of tergites 3-6 expanded laterally into rather promi- nent slightly backwardly directed teeth; tergites 4-6 each with a tubercle on median line near hind margin; seventh tergite almost parallel-sided, the hind angles but slightly concave, with a small median tubercle; eighth tergite about two-thirds as long as wide, transversely wrinkled and apiculate medianly; ninth tergite trans- versely corrugated, narrowed subapically, the margins raised, the disk depressed and smooth apically; hind margins of sternites 2-5 slightly emarginate medianly and sinuate laterally, of 6 deeply concave; seventh sternite nearly twice as long as sixth, the hind margin convex medianly, slightly concave laterally; eighth sternite barely visible from side. Male, labelled St. Vincent Island, H. H. Smith. Length 17 milli- meters. Female, labelled Balthazar, Windward Side, Grenada, W. I.. H. H. Smith. Length 18 millimeters. The female from Grenada here described, with shorter pronotal tubercles, and with elevations on the hind margins of tergites 4-6, and other differences, may well be a species distinct from the true angulata of St. Vincent. However, settlement of this question may well await the availability of more material. APPENDIX 1. GHNOTYPES OF THE FABRICIAN GENERA. Certain authors claim that Fabricius indicated types of various hemipterous genera by repeating generic characters in the specific descriptions of the so-called genotypes. Much is made also of the fact that in most cases some of the phrases in these descriptions begin with italicized words. In examining these claims it will be well to state the historical background of the case. Of the various early authors credited with the selection of genotypes in Hemiptera, Latreille (Considerations générales, etc., 1810) is the only one who asserts his definite inten- tion (l’indication de V’espéce qui leur sert de type) and who consist- ently names only a single species to a genus. Lamarck and Laporte frequently.cite more than one species to a genus and are only credited with fixing types when they happen to name just one illustration of a genus. Now it is clear that using the term in the modern sense 94993—25——9 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 these last two authors were not selecting genotypes. Because of ex post facto considerations we credit them with so doing when they accidentally mention but one species for a genus, but essentially we are putting a false construction on their work. Their system of citing illustrations of genera was followed by much later authors (as for instance Fieber, 1866) ; Stal who named more genera than any other hemipterist described many of them without any species, and never made a practice of naming genotypes; Reuter also still later paid little or no attention to type designation. In fact conscious selection of genotypes is a comparatively modern development in taxonomy and it is only in the most recent catalogues that an effort has been made to indicate definite type fixations for all the genera in large groups of insects. In the light of these facts what probability is there that Fabricius in 1803 or earlier as in 1794 (as some authors claim) took action that we can consider as genotype fixation? The answer is there is no probability whatever that such was the case. Going further into the matter it should be said in this connection that the works of Fabricius have been viewed in an entirely different way than those of the other early authors. The latter are credited with type fixa- tion only when they chanced to name a single species as an illustra- tion of a genus or in connection with the description of a new genus. Fabricius had only one such instance in the Systema Rhyngotorum (1803), but in numerous cases he gave a preponderantly structural description of one of the species in a genus (not a repetition of the generic characters as has been stated) and in most of these instances he italicized the names of the different anatomical parts described. The statistics in the matter are: 45 genera are recognized in the Systema Rhyngotorum, of which 30 have species with special struc- tural descriptions, and all but 2 of these have the italicized words. If Fabricius had been intentionally indicating genotypes it is highly probable he would have given all the genera uniform treatment; in- stead of only two-thirds of them. Further light can be had by tracing the matter back to the Entomologica Systematica (vol. 4, 1794). Kirkaldy finding some of the chiefly structural descriptions of species in that work logically accepted them as being as good in- dications of genotypes as those in the Systema Rhyngotorum. Other hemipterists do not agree with him, but the so-called type fixations in the earlier work stand or fall with those in the later, as they have exactly the same basis. In both works the descriptions in ques- tions are merely more structural than others (compare genus Mem- bracis for instance), and neither work gives them for all the genera. nor uniformly so far as italicization is concerned. ArT, 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE—McATEE AND MALLOCH 181 The four genotypes accepted by Kirkaldy from the earlier work are here listed with comment on their treatment in the later. 1794 1803 1. Coreus scapha______ Given a much shorter though structural de- scription. 2. Lygaeus valgus_____ The structural description is transferred to tene- brosus, 3. Miris dolabratus___._ No species has a structural description. 4. Gerris lacustris_____ Species is transferred to Hydrometra retaining the structural description. Again we would repeat the question, Does this look like type fixa- tion?, and again we answer, It does not. If Fabricius had been fixing genotypes he would not have altered his choice from a certain species in his earlier to ‘another in the later work (2); after selecting a type in the former treatise he would not have left a genus entirely with- out one in the latter (3); nor would he have attempted to make the same species serve as type for two different genera (4). It has been asserted that Fabricius somewhere has mentioned his intention of selecting genotypes, and that Fallén says he did, etc. We have examined the Philosophia Entomologica, 1778, and there is nothing in it to indicate that Fabricius had any conception of geno- types. He says nothing about selecting types in the Systema Rhyn- gotorum so the requirements of the International Code of Nomen- clature, that type fixation must be definite, are not met. What Fa- bricius or any other author may have thought or said subsequent to publication has no effect on nomenclatorial practice. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 APPENDIX 2. SUMMARY OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Genera seen. ¢ Described | Described New Genus synonyms indented. species species A Total. seerr. not seen. | SPectes. Emesopsis Ubler 1893 — 3 - 90425-2222 1 ear 1 Empicoris Wolfh 18M oe ee ar Sh vahenn a4 4 12 Ploiariodes White 1881. Ploiariola Reuter 1888. Stenolemus Signoret 1858_-_-_----------- - 2 1 8 i Phantasmatophanes Kirkaldy 1908. Stenolemoides, new subgenus. Deliastes, Dohtny 863220020 42-2 = 1 At ee 1 2 Panamialirkaldy 190% 52 eee 1 Re ae Sem tes e4 SIE LS Od Lee 5 1 Lutevopsis Champion 1898_-______------- 1 1 aes eee 2 Emesa Pabriciusal803 52 22 = = 2 4 5 11 Westermannia Dohrn 1860. Westermannias Kirkaldy 1904. Myiagreutes Bergroth 1911. Phasmatocoris Breddin 1904. Rothbergia, new subgenus. Polauchenta mews Genser ee ee ee a ae 2 2 Plovarta Scopoli 1786. - 22s ieer | 8 6 | 14 28 Cerascopus Heineken 1830. | | Emesodema Spinola 1840. Luteva Dohrn 1860. Ploiariopsis Champion 1898. Gardenia -Dolrny! S602 e 2 2 eee 1 peeps have 11 12 Emesaya, new name to 5 628 se se 2 2 az 1 Emesa Authors. Metanteras Costa 186022 Sets ee ADs ee ee 2 6 Barce Stal 1865. Carambis Stal 1866. Mantisoma lakovlev 1874. | Ghilianella Spinola 1852______________-- 13 te 36 61 Ploeodonyx, new subgenus. Lissonyx, new subgenus. ARO GRE ee el he ele ae ae oe een 44 26 90 160 « Three a pointes also aeneribed: i iy Genera not seen. Described Genus. species Total. not seen. Emeselia: Dohrn 186024 22 ee ee ee eee 3 3 Malacopius: Stal W862 5-2 = ee ee eee 1 1 Palacus DohrntS63 S20 oo ee | 2° 2 Total 2) sac. thee a or | 6 6 INDEX Page numbers in boldface type indicate the principal account of the group concerned. Generic names in parentheses are those of combinations not valid in the sense of this paper. Page aberrans, Metapterus __--______ 84, 85, 86 SMUTIS VE MCkP a ee ee eee 77 HIMGSH Vale tee eee ee 17 aecrppinga, (Gardena =. = = 68, 69, 73 peace GCE LOLAT1S) eee en ee ee 23 albipennis; Ploiwria =. 51, 53, 60 aliens Ghilianelia == 22 2 96, 98, 106 alterata, Ghilianella ______ 95, 98, 107-108 alveola, Ghilianella _____.______ 96, 98, 104 americana, Gardena_____ 67, 69, 69-70, 74 amicula, Ghilianella ___-__ 95, 99, 127-128 analis) (umes). 22 oe - en 96 Ghiliane lias ees 96 angulata (Emesa) —-_--___ 99, 125, 126,128 Ghilianella_______ 93, 99, 128-129 annectens, Ghilianella__—__ 95, 99, 125-126 AMAT Gale CHINES A) ese ee ee ee 96 Ghilianelia 2 Sie ee 96 (Westermannia) __________ 38, 40 PAN Wats ermMesa— — = HS ee 40-41 AUNT EST USAT CC) ae ee 83, 88 Metapterus_____ 83, 85, 86, 88-89 apiculata, Ghilianella__________ 92,99, 111 approximata, Ghilianella__ 92, 94, 99, 117 aptera (Mantisoma rs 22. se ee 84 Me Tap tCLUS s2 a eee e 84 PlOUar a ee os 51, 53, 66 aracataca, Ghilianella___ 92,95, 99, 112-113 argentina (Ghilianella) _-__________ 96 ALIZONCHSISA ULC V A) a ee 26, 28 Stenolemus -. _______ 26, 28-29 armata ((Ploiariedes) ==— <———=-_ = 20 armatus, HMpilcoris! ——-- — = 16, 20-21 assa-nutrix, Ghilianella_____ 92, 94, 99, 114 atriclava, Ghilianella __________ 91, 99, 123 SUSELAIS eMIMCNA VA ee 79-80 PACHROGMAG Mee = we eee PA FES SARIN Co Sy er re 5 DS ain Cpe ee 4,5, 11, 83, 84 Bane Vili ee ee ee 4 Danks MIMCSAYA =~ = = ae 76, 77-78 Danks (Barce) 22s ee ee 87 Metapteruss= 22. sa 85, 86, 87 parperl, Hmpicoris —-- 15, 16,19 (lois riodes) sae 19 bethei, Ghilianella _______-___-_ 94, 99, 112 biannulata, Polauchenia ___________ 47,48 bicaudata, Ghilianella _____ 96, 98, 101-102 Disping.Llowria=—— === = 51, 53, 59 brachmanni, Deliastes —--=-__=_ 34, 35 : Page prasiliensis;(fimeésa)) 2222-22 97 Ghillanellaye == sae 97 Ibrevicoxa.| (lumesa) == ae ng FOIMCS AY Qe eee 76, 77 brevipennis, Emesaya__~__~ 75, 76, 77, 78-81 (Plotaria) pees soos Se 75, 78 prunnes (barce) =) a ee 87 Metaptenis=-—— => =. 87 Pl Oia Tine a ee ee 52, 53, 54 bulbiferaiGhilianella= === —=_—-— 97 eaesonia, Gardena—- == -- === 68, 69, 70 ealifornica (Ploiariodes) ____----~- 17 ealiformmicnsiss: Clolariai== == 52 canadensis (Ploiariola) ______-__-- 18 canariensis (Cerascopus) ~----_---- 65 @arambis? £2 oe oa ee 83 earolina (Emesodema) —~_---------- 58 Ploiarias= == 51, 53, 58-59, 64 caspicar(Carambis)iz2222--25——-— = 83 @imeéss)) == ee 83 Metaptecus ==] == 83 cellularis Malacopus=-———=-——- == 11 @erascopus == 22 ee oe eee 4,5 chilensiss uteyopsis =——=— === 38 choctawana: GDmesa))) == oases Sea 78, 80 claviventris, Ghilianella _______ 91, 98, 109 eolona, Ghilianella 22 == 92, 99, 112 concolor (Luteva)) = —=———— === 48 erispina, Gardena —=-=-—-—-=— 68, 69, 70-71 cubensis, Palacus____-_____-____-_ = ot culiciformis. (Cimex)) = ====" 25 Hm picorisa= 16, 23-24 cuneata, Ghilianella _______ 95, 99, 113-114 Deliastess- = == ee 9, 10, 12, 34-86 denticauda, Ploiaria____--___ 50, 53, 63-64 difficilis (Westermannia) __----_ 38, 46-47 @afinis; Mesa 2 = ee eee 45, 46 dolrni, Hmesellal== =a =e 11 domestica. Ploiaria, === —— = = 48 Ggomitia. (Gardenda=-.2—— = ae 68, 69, 71 Message ===! sos = 4, 7,10, 12, 38—47, 74, 75 PIM es ania os ee ee ee 4,5 Hmesaya, -- see ee 6, 10, 12, 74-83 IMeSell ay = oy eee eee 11 Mmesodema. 222 = === = e 48 WMeSODSIS 22 = ae eae 9,11, 12, 13 Hm picorisp 4,5, 9,10, 12, 13-25 errabunda(Plolaria) =~ 2 == = 24 CBloianiodes)) 22 ==s2--——— 23 errabundus, Empicoris ____-__ 133 134 INDEX ‘ Page Page erraticus (Gerris) 7 25:,||)- Mantisoma=>s—5 5 awe ee eee 84 Hugubinusi=) 22: Sis ee ee ae eee Sul mareia \Gardena sa eee 68, 69, 72 euryale:(Ploiariodes)==22-——--=- == 17 | marginata, Ploiaria ______ 48, 51, 53, 65-66 eutropia, Gardeng == ae 68, 69, 71 | marginatus (Cerascopus) ~___--____ 48, 65 fairmairei (Emesodema) —~__________ 52 | marmoratus, Emesa ___-________ 40, 41-42 faustina, Gardena________ 68, 69, 70, 78-74 | megalops (Ploiariopsis) ____________ 49, 52 filiventris; Ghilianella) ===) ee 90, | melinarthrum, Gardena ____________ 66 91, 94, 99, 128-124 | messalina, Gardena ____________ 68, 69, 72 filme (Hm esa) ) ee 30) (ool Metapteraria ee ee 4, 5, 6 floridanas(autey a) =e ee 59) Metapteris === ae 4, 5, 11, 13, 88-90 Ploiarias ieee es 51, 53,59 | mexicanus, Stenolemus ______ 27, 28, 32-83 fraterna®(Ploiaria pete ee ee eee 89 | minimula, Ghilianella__-_____ 93, 96, 98, 105 fraternus, Metapterus _______ 85;/86,/89—90) || minor," mesa eee 43 frogzgatti(bloisriola) ==— = == 17 | mirabilis, Ghilianella___ 91, 94, 99, 124-125 galapagensis, Ghilianella _______ 95, 98, 100 | modica, Emesaya ~_~_____-____=___ 76, 81 Gardena===20 22a. nee 4, 5, 6,10, 12, 66-74 | muiri (Phantasmatophanes)________ 25 gerstaeckeri (Emesa) —-__-_________ 9% | muscicapa, Lutevopsis=2=—= ==> 3} . Ghilianella ee 97 |) Myiaerentes=s === = =e 40, 42-48 Ghilianella_______ 455, 6510; 31, 1390-129) | Myliophanés= === n= ee eee 5, 10, 39 gibbiventris, Ghilianella ___________ 9@ |) mebulosayhimesellay= == a a ee lal glabrata, Ghilianella ______ 95, 99, 127, 128 | neglectus, Metapterus___________ 85, 86, 87 gladiator, Ghilianella _.________ 93, 99, 1125 | nubilus, Hmesopsis———_— 2 = a 13 globifera, Ghilianella _______ 91,98;:995 110) nudus;Empicoris) 222 16, 22 globulata, Ghilianella___ 92, 94, 99, 118-119 | occidentalis, Emesaya ~--_______ 78, 80-81 GOMES Ig = Sa ee A eS eee 5) || ormata(anteavopsis) i= ae ee 36, 37 granulata, Ghilianella 2-2 ee 97 ‘Panamigve so eee 36-37 Ploianiagas=-s-—= = 50, 538, 57-58 | orthoneuron, Empicoris —-____ 15, 16, 18-19 gundlachi"@uuteya )pe== eee 48) 6G" ‘Orthunga t=.) eee ee eee 4,5 Plioiarig=e essa 52, 53, 56 | pachitea, Ghilianella _._________ 92,99, 111 hirticormis: Plolaria.=— == 50;,50,,04—00: |PPalacusy = @Sns. eel eae 11, 34 (Bloiariopsis)== == G4, pallida ala cus eee eee 11 hirtipes|(Eloiariodes) hoo = 18 POIs Tidy = =e eee See ali Stenolemus see 27, 28, 32 | pallidipennis, Stenolemus________ 27, 28, 80 fea Ghilianeliay= ee G2 599) iets | ai rn i ee 10, 12, 36-87 ignorata, Ghilianelia@) === 2-2 97,118 | parshleyi, Empicoris_________ 15, 16, 22-28 imbeciilac(Hmesa)e. = 97 (Ploecariola) === Ze, Ghilianellayes=s se = =a 97 | paseoei, Ghilianella_____ 93, 96, 98, 106-107 MINIMNGEES) OM CR Gl ae eee eee 1s) patruclay Ghilianella == 92,99, 119 INCiSa eM eS Ay A ee ee 76, 78 | pendula, Ghilianella _______ 94, 99, 116-117 insidiatrix, Ghilianella__ 93, 95, 99, 126-127 | perigynium, Ghilianella _____ 92, 94, 99, 120 interstitialis, Stenolemus_____ 27, 28, 831-32 | perplexus, Stenolemus___-----~~ 27, 28, 33 Ischnohbdenava= = So ae ee 4,5 | persimilis, Ghilianella__ 93, 95, 98, 103-104 ISchnonyCtes m= = ee ee 4,6,11 | personata, Ghilianella__ 93, 95, 98, 108-109 Leistanchariavs=—= se) == see ae 4,5 | peruviana, Ghilianella _________ 95, 99, 125 linearis, Metapterus=— = >= ee 83 | perversa, Ghilianella __________ 96, 98, 110 lineata, smomesaya oo. ee ee (6; 0, 5. |) Phantasmatophanes—— = —-- == 25 LiSsOny xo so. ea eee Gr 199 128-129 1 ehasme tocor sae eee 40, 44 longimanus, Lutevopsis _________-__ $4—88'4||) DiaiCHMESa)) ee ee ee 78, 80 LON aA DeSh( Cim ex) ye (ie fS.50) || spLliconnis; elolatia =a. eee 51, 538, 61 (EMESaNh ee ee ee BO ski tay) SOTLOS Sa Gea] OC Au] st) eee ere ee 18 INIMe Saya) See ee ee eres ia lispilosus; Hmpicoris==] =] =e ae 18 (Zelts) ta eee Soh I) Dipara,Gardendee = ae 68, 69, 72-73 longula, Ghilianella ___________ $6.98) 104 | Plocarias eS ee 5, 49 Tteya: = ieee " a 4 ses aah a ORNs SES 10 ke Mike ln ~ i» fe katertap end bo ter magia be - a es a gage Pirie rt ey et Se we Snag ener as tans a, es sett Bch oe Se ar ae ee Epa hae ar Oia bes Pea toe es op Menta s an OG ‘ Rae onsen aN xin —— - PE é Ae ep Litre oe Pa ae om rts 0% ' ry re F. form Aiea Sete ma ae mn aoe eS 1:1) HLL No aD, Mites ae a ¥ | J &@ 3 Vai bi iit na ket aes £5 a9 ee Ae cee tre etait at ps ha “a hate uh / * i \ 14 eae 7 ? © ie ws Ai ge eel «1 Sy gees ped a ve st ont Je de swhust ee ot 28 hig, enw, soi Tis boa gaati isa axtot ofl CD) Seesatat en iat ows stinete to sosig || 5} BP i paTorE, eho noqir ylodaiboragai hoe wot beytt We hs 0G wok we ewe ge he SWINISIOD odt Resqent: ei iB al ib ai eledarund G ti tori * enhclrndes't “ be J ha 3 2 g > itt sav sulk elt jurhd bre eet a ; ro WiluiiWaid tia OF, masih 10 tone AGTiy Lin iq wreocy a R a eG fq. 10 old pwaiabacia oi si bsirradsce aa adenlo. ‘al Fs Ce) bodjony, wy aves ees on SER teal 7 i - 1 7 7 Shelf Patt », ‘ beat ‘ ¥ WY 7% 2 +9 > ~ : ¥) : A ‘ - a oar nis 4 Wu vr wa { ae es Ml) bah } ’ Pee | . £4 4% i —— phe na Bie Gs one weeps tate ea j a { i | ae bate he Sete rist~ eer. ® bere “ey ee eee ee ee ee 1 tS ee fan ——— U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2 PL. METEORIC STONE FROM COLBY, WISCONSIN FOR REFERENCE TO PLATE SEE PAGE 2 y STUDIES ON THE LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY XANTHIDAE? By O. W. Hyman Of the College of Medicine, University of Tennessee The larval stages of the Xanthidae are better known than those of any other family of the Brachyura. This doubtless is due to the fact that the adults habitually are found in shallow water near the shore and usually are very abundant. Ovigerous females may be taken without trouble, and thus the early zoeal stages may be known with certainty. The family is well represented at Beaufort, N. C., and the writer is able to incorporate in these pages descriptions of the larvae of five genera based upon material collected there. Most of the known Xanthid larvae hatch with the prezoeal cuticle still intact. This is shed, however, within a few minutes. The first zoeal stage is characterized by the presence of dorsal, lateral, and rostral spines on the carapace and usually long and Hen antennae. The known zoeas of the family are separable into two groups. Those of Panopeus and Xantho have extremely minute exopodites on the antennae. Those of the remaining genera so far known have a well-developed exopodite. When arranged in a series, the zoea of Panopeus is found to be most highly specialized, while that of Pilummnus is least so. The author is greatly indebted to Drs. Mary J. Rathbun and Waldo L. Schmitt of the United States National Museum for their generous aid in preparing the material of this paper for the press. The indebtedness of the author is also acknowledged to the United States Bureau of Fisheries for the use of the facilities of its Beau- fort, N. C., station. The director, Mr. Charles Hatsel, has been of great assistance in collecting the material presented here 1This is the third of a series of studies on the larval stages of crabs. The first, Studies on larvae of crabs of the Family Pinnotheridae was published in the Proceedings ot the U. S. National Museum (vol. 64, art. 7, pp. 1-9, pls. 1-6), and the second, Studies upon larvae of crabs of the Family Grapsidae, in the same serial, vol. 65, art. 10, pp. 1-8, pis. 1-2. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 Via. 1. Anodontites crispatus Bruguiere. At posterior portion of the disk X 30 diameters. 2. Monocondylea franciscana Moricand. At the upper portion of the disk X 50 diameters. 3. Diplodontites cookei Marshall. At the center of the disk X 50 diam- eters. Pram +2 All figures X 50 diameters Vie. 1. Monocondyluea felipponei Marshall. Anterior to the center of the disk. . Fossula fossiculifera Lea. Anterior to the center of the disk. . Anodontites patagonicus Lamarck. Posterior to the center of the disk. Go bt ee PrAMEIS All figures * 50 diameters Fic. 1, Anodontites tenebricosus Lea. At the upper portion of the disk. . Anodontites inacquivalvis Lea. On the dorsal ridge. . Anodontites patagonicus Lamarck. High up on the disk. C2 DO 14 Iie. 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 PLATE 4 All figures X 50 diameters . “Solenaia” falcata Higgins. At the posterior dorsal angle. It would have been better if this figure could have been arranged to have the striae running horizontally and the growth lines on a slant. Being near the posterior dorsal margin, the striae, which radiate from the beak. are, at this point, nearly parallel to the dorsal edge, and nearly horizontal. . Pleiodon ovatus Swainson. Below the middle of the posterior dorsal ridge. . Spatha wahlbergi IWrauss. Posterior to the center of the disk. ) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. | MICROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE [3 NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 2 Lt é ye 4 & 76 4 pie ‘ Lafie : “ge 4 1 oe ' . ¥ Microscopic SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 13 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 3 Tr mya = ° tus me ¥ . & gre ’# Pa ee i % nF + Mh 3 4 - " aha a hess Sarpue goes. ie ip hr) all tohiat Bish V MICROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 13 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 4 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Microscopic SCULPTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 14 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS IN ALASKA By Frank SprINGER Associate in Paleontology, United States National Museum In April, 1918, Dr. T. W. Stanton, of the United States Geological Survey, submitted to me for examination some crinoid remains col- lected by field parties of the survey in the extreme northern part of Alaska, near the Arctic Ocean. These proved to belong to the true Pentacrinus (Fatracrinus of Austin, de Loriol, and P. H. Carpen- ter) of the lower Jurassic of England and continental Europe, and of the type of P. subangularis Miller, from the Lias of Boll, Met- zingen, Holzmaden, and other localities in Wurtemburg, Germany. I advised Doctor Stanton of this identification in a preliminary re- port, which was published.t_ The occurrence was of much interest as the first discovery of Pentacrinus, with the exception of isolated stem segments, yet made in American rocks, and because these speci- mens gave evidence of an unexpectedly -wide distribution of one of the typical species. A detailed account of the material was deferred in the hope of obtaining more complete specimens from one of the localities, as it was then expected that Mr. Leffingwell might visit the region again. Nothing further has been accomplished, however, and it has been thought advisable to proceed with what we have. The material in hand comes from two localities. The first is on a small island called Black Island, in Canning River, opposite Mount Copleston, longitude 146° 20’ W., latitude 69° 30’ N.; it is about 100 miles above the mouth of the river where it debouches into the Arctic Ocean near Flaxman Point. Here a single specimen was secured, consisting of a small slab containing crinoid remains brought from the island by a native. It was derived from a formation composed of about 4,000 feet of shale called the Kingak shale, correlated by Mr. Leffingwell as of lower Jurassic age.2 The specimen consists of part of a set of arms of a large individual, probably associated with numerous others, in a preservation so exquisite as to induce a strong desire to secure further treasures from the locality. Although won- 1 Professional Paper 109, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1919, The Canning River Region, Northern Alaska, by Ernest de K. Leffingwell, p. 119. 2Idem, p. 119. No. 2577.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 5. 2224895 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67 derful specimens of the species to which this probably belongs have been obtained in various European localities—one of the finest being on exhibition in the hall of Invertebrate Paleontology in the United States National Museum, having complete arms 15 inches long, and 5 feet of stem attached—none of them exhibit such perfection in fine structural details as this, especially in the sharp definition of the pinnules, as shown by the figure herewith. The condition of this specimen indicates that it was part of a considerable colony, in which a large number of these crinoids were imbedded together, as is the case at some of the European localities. The second locality is about 125 miles east of the first, near the international boundary line, on a tributary to Overthrust Creek, 134 miles above its mouth, and about 8 miles west of the one hundred and ‘forty-first meridian. A. G. Maddren, while engaged in geological investigations along the Canada-Alaska boundary during 1911 and 1912, found at this locality a crinoid bed composed of fragments of the same Pentacrinus as the Black Island specimen, in a formation largely made up of black shales which are probably the equivalent of the Kingak shale.* These remains consist of numerous column and arm fragments of large size, rather closely packed together, in- dicating a bed of considerable extent, in which, however, the speci- mens lack the fine preservation of that of locality 1. The matrix is highly ferruginous, with much oxidation at the surface by which the structural details are destroyed, except in some of the column fragments, which have the joint-faces well preserved, showing the petaloid sectors characteristic of the genus. There is a general similarity in size and appearance of the parts recovered from the two localities, which indicates the probability of their being of the same species. ‘They are larger than the corre- sponding parts of specimens as usually found at Lyme-Regis in Dorsetshire, England, but not of greater size than that of many specimens from the Wurtemburg localities. Among Mesozoic crinoids no genus has attracted more attention, both in the literature and in the rocks, than Pentacrinus of the lower Jurassic. From what has been learned in recent years, it probably had a wider distribution than any other. In view of this faet, and of the evidence as disclosed by the material now before us of its great abundance in a region where it was least expected, I have thought it well, for the benefit of those who may not have convenient access to the publications, to give a brief summary of the leading facts rela- tive to the genus. The chief descriptive matter may be found in the works of J. S. Miller, Quenstedt, de Loriol, and P. H. Carpenter; but for a comprehensive and lucid exposition of the genus and the “efingwell, same reference, p. 120. arr, 5 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS—SPRINGER 3 complications relative to it, the reader should consult Bather’s paper on “ Pentacrinus, a Name and a History.” + The name is involved in considerable confusion, and students are apt to be misled by the manner of its use in the literature at certain periods. The two principal species were described by J. S. Miller in his Natural History of the Crinoidea, 1821, as Pentacrinus briar- eus (p. 56, pls. 1 and 2) from the lower Lias, and P. subangularis (p. 59, pls. 1 and 2) from the middle or upper Lias. It is evident from Miller’s descriptions that he had as types specimens from the typical localities: P. briareus from Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire, Eng- land, and P. subangularis from the black slate in Wurtembure, Germany. He credits subangularis also to Lyme-Regis, and de Loriol refers a specimen from France to that species; while Quen- stedt describes several varieties of P. briareus from Wurtemburg localities; but it is open to question whether the two forms are not chiefly confined in Europe to their respective localities and horizons. There is some confusion in the descriptions as to horizon; swbangu- laris is credited to both the middie and upper Lias, and briareus to upper and lower. These two most common species in the Lias of England and Ger- many are extremely abundant, often composing entire strata, in which their remains are beautifully preserved, furnishing most striking specimens, which are to be seen in nearly all museums. The name Pentacrinus as employed by Miller included two types: 1, in which the radials project downward over the proximal col- umnals, and the arms are heterotomous; and 2, in which the radials do not so project, and the arms are dichotomous. The name was also appled to the earlier described stalked crinoids of the present seas, such as P. caput-medusae, P. mullert, P. wyville-thomsoni, P. decorus, etc. Then the Austins in 1848 proposed to separate the species of type No. 1 under a new genus, /wtracrinus, leaving only those of No. 2 under the original name. This course was followed by de Loriol® and by P. H. Carpenter in the Challenger Report on the Stalked Crinoids, and the names were applied by them accord- ingly. Later on it was discovered that the Pentacrinus briareus of Miller, which had been illustrated under the name of the Briarean Penta- crinite by Parkinson in 1808° and of which Miller’s name had been copied into treatises and textbooks generally,’ was the identical species which had been described by Blumenbach in 1802 from a specimen from Dorsetshire as Encrinites fossilis, and as Pentacrin- Natural Science, vol. 12, 1898, p. 254. 5 Crinoides de Ja France, vol. 2, 1868, p. 385. © Org. Rems., vol. 2, p. 248. ‘Dana’s Manual of Geology, ed. 4, p. 778. So?) 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 ites fossilis in 1804.8 Under the rules of nomenclature this name had priority, and Miller’s name would have to be discarded in its favor. Not only so, but as the name Pentacrinus had been attached to the (briareus) fossilis type, No. 1, long before the time of the Austins, it followed that their genus H’xtracrinus must also go into the discard, and all the species which had been ranked under it would now have to be listed as the true Pentacrinus. Furthermore, it was found that the Pentacrinus type No. 2 was covered by the genus /socrinus Agassiz, 1836 (von Meyer, 1837) ; so that the species of that type, which included all the Recent “ Pentacrinus”, would have to be written Jsocrinus, leaving the species of type No. 1 as the true Pentacrinus, typified by Blumen- bach’s original species, P. fossdlis. All this history, of which I am giving but a brief abstract, will be found fully set forth with ample reference to the original sources, in Doctor Bather’s paper already mentioned. Thus when in the literature the name Pentacrinus is encountered for an existing crinoid, or for a fossil species in the works of de Loriol, it means Isocrinus; and where the name “ Hatracrinus” occurs it should be read Pentacrinus. And for. the classic name “ Pentacrinus briareus” there should now be substituted P. fossélis. Quenstedt did not adopt the name “ atracrinus,” but continued to use the original term for both forms. With this explanation to obviate confusion over the names, we are in position to consider the questions relating to the particular forms of the genus suggested by the new material. According to Quenstedt and de Loriol® the true Pentacrinus (type No. 1, above) is divisible into two groups, characterized by stem characters only, which with our present knowledge would be described as follows: 1. P. (briareus) fossils (Blumenbach), 1802. Lower Lias, Dorsetshire, Eng- land. Stem short, sharply pentagonal. Columnals alternating, but not strongly unequal. Internodals few, from 1 near the calyx, to 3 or 4 distally. Cirri large, very long, prismatic or flattened, in whorls of 5 to every nodal. 2. P. subanguirais: Miller, 1821. Upper and middle Lias, Wurtemburg, Germany. Stem very long, subpentangular or round. Columnals alternating, very unequal; internodals numerous, increasing from the calyx distalwards by doubling. Cirri few, small, short and round. In a good specimen from Holzmaden in my collection the cirrus intervals increase from 3 ossicles (1 long and 2 short) beginning with the second large columnal near the calyx, to 7, 15, and 31 internodals at about the fifteenth internode, a distance of about 30 > Abh. Naturh. No. 70, pl. 70. ’ Crin. de la France, vol. 2, p. 385. ART, 5 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS—SPRINGER 5 cm.; the increase is by interpolation of new internodals, which con- tinues progressively further down along the stem, the interpolated columnals appearing at the surface in the form of short and thin lacunae, which gradually widen and coalesce until they become full columnals, and these increase in length until they approach the size of those adjoining them. So the next increase would be to add 32 young thin ossicles to the internode, making 63 in all at about the twenty-fourth internode. Thus the progression would be about like this: AMNtEBNOde ea naswie ONS eles OUt= == ae a ee ee ee ee 3 imternodes*2—9) have’ i long, 2 short;-4 lacunaes2o2__ +. = = 2 7 Internodes 6-10 have 3 long, 4 short, 8 lacunae —_ 2-2 15 internodes) 44—17 thave i lone: 8 short, 16 lacunae 2-2 = 31 Internodes 18-25 have 15 long, 16 short, 32 lacumae_____________-_________ 63 Both groups are cited from Wurtemburg, but apparently only P. fossilis from England. De Loriol gives a list of the species in the two groups, and declares that as to those occurring outside of France they have not been described with sufficient exactness to enable him to recognize them. And the same may be said of most of those from France. In fact the literature is encumbered with the names of more than a hundred species of Pentacrinus, most of them without definition by which they can be recognized. They have been pro- posed chiefly upon isolated stem-ossicles, which differ much in con- tour and markings according to their position in the stem. Outside of the common species the characters are not well known, and nothing short of a thorough revision of all species based upon the type and associated material will afford the knowledge necessary for com- parison. The specimens from Alaska without doubt belong to the second, or subangularis, group. The round column, and strong alternation of columnals as they appear in figure 2 of our plate, establish this conclusively. Enough is visible in the lateral views of the few short stem fragments exposed to show that the internodal columnals merge in the form of lacunae, as shown by figure 4, and as further ex- plained in my paper on Pentacrinus rotiensis from the East Indies.?° No cirri are observable on the parts preserved. The sculpture of the numerous joint-faces exposed on figure 2 is precisely of the type of the Wurtemburg specimens, as figured in the above-men- tioned paper (pl. 1, figs. 3, 4, and herein, fig. 3). But there is to be seen a slight difference in the outline of the columnals, that of the latter being distinctly subpentagonal, while those of our specimens are almost uniformly round, a difference which may be due to dif- ferent positions in the stem. 10 Nederlandische Timor-Expeditie II. Jaarboek van het Mijnwesen, 45e Jaargang, 1916, Leiden, Holland. Published in 1918S. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The set of arms shown in the Black Island specimen (fig. 1) are also clearly of the subangularis type. The brachials are slightly wedge-shaped, giving off a pinnule from the longer side. of each, both on the main arms and the ramules, so that as seen from either margin the pinnules are borne alternately on every second brachial. Their form and proportions, as well as the exquisite delineation of details, are clearly brought out in the photograph. One notable item is the very large size of the first pinnular, which articulates with two brachials. Some of the pinnulars show notches or crenu- lations on the ventral edges. In size there is not much difference between our specimens and the average of those from Wurtemburg. Compared with good- sized specimens from Holzmaden, as figured in Quenstedt, we have the following details: . | | Alaska | Wurtemburg | | | Mim Mm Diammeterko fac olin ss eee een ee eee eee 6-12 12, 13, 15 Width of arm in lower division._______--_-_-________- | i i Number of brachials in interval between ramules____-__-_ | 13-14 13 With the foregoing facts to go on, there would seem to be no good reason for separating the Alaskan form specifically from subangu- laris. Yet in order to allow for probable migrational changes not disclosed by our incomplete material, and for more convenient des- ignation in the literature, I think best to give it a varietal name, Pentacrinus subangularis, var. alaska, which will have at least as good ground to stand on as any of the five varieties based on Wur- temburg specimens into which Quenstedt undertook to subdivide the species P. briareus, to say nothing of the doubt, before mentioned, vhether the type of the (bviareus) fossilis group occurs in that area. Wishing to have the benefit of the fullest information before finally recording my own impression, I sent copies of my figures to Dr. F. A. Bather, requesting him to compare them with the speci- mens in the British Museum, and to favor me with his opinion. This he has very kindly done, and given me a report from which I quote the following extract: Lonpon, 25 May, 1923. DeEAR Mr. SprincerR: I have examined your photographs of Pentacrinus from Alaska with great care, comparing them with the published descriptions, and with the material in this museum from Dorset and Wurtemberg. The only difference I can see is that the few stem fragments visible from the side do not show such- marked or regular alternation in the sizes of the columnals as do all the specimens in this museum. This may depend possibly on the region of the column from which they came, and in any case the evidence of the photograph is not very extensive. The photograph of the arms shows the 32 Petref. Deutschl., vol. 4, pl. 101. ART. 5 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS—SPRINGER 7 pinnules much better preserved than any specimens we have here. The ventral edges of some of the pinnulars show about four notches or crenulation?s. I am “unable to detect these in any of our specimens, but the material is insufficient. I should certainly refer these specimens to P. subangularis in the broad sense. Quenstedt, you will remember, confessed that his attempts to divide up that species were not very satisfactory to him. Perhaps the most interesting feature of the Alaskan discovery is its bearing upon the: geographical distribution of this vigorous Jurassic crinoidal type, which now appears to have spread into al- most all waters, and to have flourished in great profusion in regions remote from each other. Isolated stem-ossicles from Dakota and from Utah described as Pentacrinus asteriscus by Meek and Hay- den,” and as P. white by W. B. Clark, show a still wider spread upon the American continent. And when we consider the further evidence now in hand of the existence of a closely related form in the East Indian archipelago, as given in my paper before cited, we are impressed with the cosmopolitan range of the genus, far exceed- ing that of any crinoid of the present ocean. It is a good illustration of the result of conditions prevailing in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods of deep and clear seas, which were favorable to the develop- ment and spread of marine faunas over large areas with a minimum of checks and interference, in contrast to those of subsequent periods down to the present, in which owing to the great changes in land form affecting the conditions of marine life, and to increasing com- petition arising from the multiplication of forms, the tendency has been toward progressively greater restriction of faunal areas. EXPLANATION OF PLATE Pentacrinus subangularis yar. alaska, new variety Fic. 1. Part of a set of arms, With ramules and pinnules finely preserved. Natural size. U.S. National Museum. Black Island, Canning River. 2. A small slab filled with stem-fragments, many showing the joint-faces in detail, and some in side view showing the very unequal columnals with interpolated lacunae. Natural size. U. §. National Museum. Overthrust Creek, near international boundary. Lower Jurassic, Kingak shale; northern Alaska. Pentacrinus subangularis Miller 3. A typical joint-face, enlarged, for comparisen of structures. 2, Author’s collection. Lower Jurassic. Upper Lias; Boll, Wurtembureg. Pentacrinus rotiensis Springer 4. A stem-fragment containing a complete internode of seven pairs of internodals, to show the mode of growth of younger ossicles by inter- polation in the form of small lacunae not yet meeting at the exterior to form a complete columnal. Collection Dr. G. A. F. Molengraaff, Delft, Holland. ; Jurassic. Island of Roti, Dutch East Indies. 22 Pal. 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Weve Lid Pon ie eh Lapierre Qe tage ai wel! fu chines asi pithy’ eee anh 7 i | eo otge, MEO Opa SOR aN ge 1 ‘a ’ f i, evqrcicny at ee ts well ccege) |) ebsites ka ; : ig rb " i 4 7% fe) vf whe ig BAN" ‘ih ey! ys bul it Ph or %, A aye c jure Fi Cetin, qilotem dy OhOMitist step i te jitlas sitet a aikune Wrage - rs e nt) J" er, Pai a ‘ ef we) rl a ae Ma itt wiikey i wh x” re pene ay ad A : 4 mt yes ANY Su UE I tepith jay We Obl aid Nine ett “arts tet Nothate vn clam tinth Wen. Ob 0 Nitdsotio"y Lael" ately sibs? we? Ribot G8 5 3 fa og \ Pas To : ' WT 7. bs A | #i Pelle hee mihi pee . T 9 9tvehe Be VOSE Pel, HET ART SOS sin J va hu ee te wan sai Sabla : hg te aa f4' ay i eceatit a ie me f J thy P +h At > os On = PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 5 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM THE CRINOID GENUS PENTACRINUS IN ALASKA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 7 A NEW METEORIC STONE FROM BALDWYN, MISSIS- SIPPI By Grorcr P. Merriiu Head Curator of Geology, United States National Museum At the time of the meeting of the Geological Society of America in Washington, December, 1923, the present writer was shown by Prof. L. C. Glenn, of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., a beautifully encrusted meteoric stone weighing about 345 grams, which fell on the farm of Allen Cox, of Baldwyn, Miss., February 2, 1922. Concerning it Mr. Cox furnished the writer aie following sercibon This meteoric stone fell * * * on my farm about one and a half miles northwest of Baldwyn, Miss. Ed. Bush, a negro tenant on my place, who is an unusually reliable and intelligent darky saw it fall and in fact it did not miss hitting him by more than 10 feet. He came to the house and reported it to me and I went with him and picked up the stone which had buried itself about three or four inches in soft clay. It was still hot, not hot enough to burn, but very decidedly warm and gave off a smell very much like brimstone or a flint when it has been struck with steel and sparks have been made to fly. The darky had been so badly scared thet he had been afraid to touch it. He said his attention was first attracted sy a humming noise which he took to be an airplane and he turned to look »m.o the sky for the airplane but saw nothing. The noise increased and in a short space of time described by him as about a minute, but which I am stie was only a few seconds, a rush of air came by his head and the stone buried itself near his feet. He did not at any time see the actual stone until it hit the ground. It first was heard in a northwesterly direction from him and in falling de seribed an arch of about 30 to 85 degrees as nearly as I could tell from the location he gave me for the position of the first sound. As no record of this stone has thus far appeared in print, the pres- ent writer, with Professor Glenn’s permission, cut from it a thin sec- tion from which the following description was prepared: The stone is chondritic though the structure is quite indistinct.: The single thin section examined shows the usual fine g:anular ground with irregularly outlined areas of larger granules, the evi- dent residue of chondrules partially obliterated through metamor- No. 2578.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 6. 22259—25 1 2 PRECEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 phism. The determined silicate minerals are olivine and an ortho- rhombic pyroxene with small, interstitial areas of a clear, colorless, doubly refracting mineral which in a few instances shows plainly the twinning striae characteristic of a plagioclase feldspar. The cut surface shows numerous black veins, some of which are mere lines, but in one instance 4—5 millimeters in diameter enclosing fragments of the silicates, the whole imparting a somewhat breccia structure to the stone (see pl. 1). Under the prevailing system it would be classified as a veined white chondrite. This stone, the doubtfully meteoric iron of Oktibbeha and a small stone that fell near Palahatchie in Rankin County on October 17, 1910, represent the sole contributions of the State of Mississippi to our knowledge of the distribution of these very interesting bodies. O U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 6 PL. | THE BALDWYN, MISSISSIPPI, METEORIC STONE FOR REFERENCE TO PLATE SEE PAGE 2 : _ o Sy es 7 7 6 ye - "> [ee 7 —_— 2 a "7 a a 2a - a ° 7 ot ‘ Le ae. Ree ae 7) ve ~@ 7 oT — : Md y,? oat a oe ' re | “p ai 7 Sab a ~~ oe 7 on ~~, wo =4, “igs rr ; = - a | =¥ 4 F - acing ay - . 7. a ov pene i 7 ‘ = 7 4 ss an ‘ . fees, a wn ” _ = af eS - eo Py Ps a ty - 7 re - a — [ aay Sey be ae Fa Aa ae ew fy ; 7 ae : 7 ots a ee ‘a5 a 7 : ‘ ae _ ' ¥ 7% 7 ¥ g 4 a nat oe’ > 7 : 296 = ae ie | ; ( > es 7 “+ < A “ar aa a Lo « ’ 1 an 7 i a : \ ey 7 es i = 7, ag P- , wna oa bys : . i a : (a ee 4 Be te fe we co " 7 ree ba “ears : a vom oe A ‘ire aes ' ob, { i » ¢@ . =: : se "Sng ers) See 2 |, 5 i 7 io os / baal 7 _ 7 a , - * ro? : _ » ‘ot - . ' / = i ; ; ri , 7 a = am aan ' > ot on oe A ca, ry a ~ =e. J _ 7 7 : a 7 ; a as j ot > a rl oo 7 _ 7 ‘ | ‘ t oJ —@* oi ee 7 a e- St. Pon ae a =. ean 7 Ss _ nN ie ‘a : ’ Pe 4 oe = i, oY, ' 7 Wot ae — -§' ‘ : 7 _ 1 _ _ > ’ 7 - 7 . : : a ea Lp Se a! 7 7 _— . —— ey Ls - re 7 “~ 7 air 7 a if ' 7 oF : ' °€ 7 7 : : je a a of \ ay i? : o - é Sd 7 : ave | ice | «Sg a pee : . “4 ae in > : a | \ “7 .~\¢ ; - 7 ave Pa 8 Tone 1 Ve os ‘ee. 7 i wl - Naty _ 7 4 C-4r -eeee ‘an 7 “Wee a a : : i : a a i kia . a Fomor THE ORIGIN, OCCURRENCE, COMPOSITION, AND PHYSI- CAL PROPERTIES OF THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE By CrarEence 8. Ross Geologist, United States Geological Survey and Eart V. SHANNON Assistant Curator of Geology, United States National Museum INTRODUCTION Dr. A. C. Lawson,! while studying the volcanic rocks in the vicinity of Carmelo Bay, Calif., in 1893, found an undescribed mineral in the rocks called carmeloites, to which he gave the name iddingsite; that, however, the mineral was a distinct species was not generally recog- nized and it is still described in the textbooks as a variety of serpen- tine.2 Subsequent study has shown this to be a widespread and, at times, an abundant mineral in basaltic rocks, but its chemical com- position and real nature have long remained matters of speculation. It is a secondary mineral, rarely entirely free from the olivine from which it is derived; it is rather finely disseminated among other minerals of nearly the same specific gravity, and so investigators have been deterred from making the tedious efforts required for its separation and analysis. The chemical portion of the following paper is based upon eight analyses of iddingsite from six localities, and while the results of these analyses do not give a complete understanding of the chemical composition of iddingsite, they show that it is not serpentine and establish it asa distinct mineral species. All the analyzed iddingsites, and additional materials from widely separated localities from the western United States, have been examined; the physical properties have been determined; its relaticns to the associated minerals have 1 Lawson, Andrew C., Univ. of Calif. Bull. of Dept. of Geol., No. 1, p. 31, 1893. 2 Johannsen, Albert, Determination of rock-forming minerals, p. 361, New York, 1908. Iddings, Joseph P., Rock minerals, p. 381, New York, 1911. Winchell, N. H., and A. N., Elements of optical mineralogy, p. 360, New York, 1909. No. 2579.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSEuUM, VOL. 67, ART. 7. 23555—25 1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67 been studied; and conclusions as to the genesis of iddingsite have been reached. This paper is presented in the belief that the available data on the composition, and a detailed study of the origin of this long discussed mineral will prove to be of interest, as the results are distinctly at -variance with previous views about iddingsite. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS OF IDDINGSITE In a discussion of the rocks of the Eureka district, Nevada, Id- dings*® says of the mineral later named iddingsite: “There com- mences from the surface and from fractures (in olivine) as in the ordinary process a fibration, not in directions always normal to the surface, but in lines parallel throughout the crystal, and parallel also to some direction in the plane of the more perfect cleavage. The fibers have a light yellow color at first, which deepens into a red- dish brown or blood red as the decomposition proceeds; they polarize light brilliantly and show parallel extinction and sometimes faint pleochroism. The resultant mineral is evidently not a compound ageregate, but a crystallographic individual, with parallel orienta- tion in all its parts, for the extinction of light is the same through- out, and the interference figure is that of a doubly refracting crys- tal.” Iddings cbserved occasional well crystallized hexagonal plates in the less altered olivine and found that on treatment with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid the mineral lost color without chang- ing its optical properties. This induced him to think that: “The substance is in this case a nearly colorless micaceous mineral, colored red by iron oxide.” He concludes: That the mineral is a foliated, crystailized form of serpentine seems prob- able from the fact that most of the basalts are so fresh, with the deccomposi- tion of the olivine frequently confined to the weathered surface, that a very radical change is not likely to have taken place, and that simple hydration and oxidation of a very ferruginous olivine would supply all the chemical elements necessary to transform it into anhydrous unsilicate of magnesia and ferric iron; besides which is the fact that the optical properties of the min- eral in question correspond to those given by Miller for thermophyllite. Describing the * Potlach pseudomorphs after olivine” in the Car- boniferous tuffs and dolorite of Derbyshire, Arnold-Bemrose‘ says: The plane of the optic axes is at right angles. to the length of the original crystal, the angle between the optic axes is very small, and the double refrac- tion negative. As a rule the pseudomorphs behave as a crystallographic in- dividual, and not as an aggregate. The traces of the cleavage are generally parallel to the length of the crystal. * * * When mounted, the thin flakes appear brown or brownish-yellow by transmitted light. In convergent light they show a biaxial figure, with a small angle between the axes and negative double refraction. They are sometimes almost uniaxial. When a fragment does 3 Tddings, Joseph P., Appendix B, Mono. 20, U. S. Geol. Survey, pp. 888-390, 1892. 4 Arnold-Bemrose, H, H., Quart. Journ, Geol. Soe., p. 603, London, 1894. ART. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 3 not lie on the cleavage plane it shows dichroism, the greatest absorption taking place when the short axis of the polarizer is parallel to the trace of the cleavage. In his investigation of iddingsite, Lawson’ made qualitative chemical tests and says: Chemically therefore iddingsite is a hydrous nonaluminous silicate of iron, magnesia, and soda. * * * The extraction of iron by acids without decom- position of the mineral indicates that a considerable proportion of that ele- ment is present, not as a part of the silicate molecule, but as a pigment in the form of hematite or limonite, probably the latter. Of the optical properties Lawson says: Under the microscope the cleavage plates prove to be biaxial, and yield with great definiteness a figure which shows that the plane of the optic axis is at right angles to the cleavage and parallel to the e¢ axis, and that the acute bisectrix is perpendicular to the cleavage, being coincident with the a@ axis. In these plates and in all sections transverse to the cleavage in the slides the extinction is strictly parallel to the cleavage, to the fibrous structure, and to the trace of the pinacoids. This shows that the three axes of elasticity are parallel to the three crystallographic axes, respectively, and that the mineral is therefore orthorhombic. * * * In thin section iddingsite becomes trans- parent in colors which range from a deep chestnut brown to citron yellow, or occasionally a clear greenish yellow. The pleochroism is strongly marked in sections transverse to the cleavage, particularly so in those parallel to the axial plane, but usually very feeble in sections parallel to the cleavage. The absorption formula is c>b>a. The double refraction (not given) low. The other properties determined by Lawson may be summarized as follows: Hardness 2.4; Specific gravity variable, maximum 2.893; Infusible before the blowpipe, and not perceptibly altered. Yields water in the closed tube. He concludes: : It is evidently not the form of erystallized serpentine thermophyllite, since it differs from the latter in physical appearance, in behavior before the blow- pipe, in density, in luster, and in color: neither does it correspond optically with serpentine. Moreover, the development of serpentine from olivine by hydration is accompanied by a swelling of the mass. In the case of iddingsite, on the contrary, there is very frequently excellent evidence of shrinkage. * * * There appears to be no good reason for regarding the mineral as a crystallized variety of serpentine. Ransome * studied iddingsite in the eruptive rocks gf Point Bonita and has the following to say of the mineral: Iddingsite is present in many of the slides of the diabase, in rounded ideo- morphic crystals of various sizes up to about 2 millimeters in length, whose outlines are strongly suggestive of olivine. The color varies from light green- ish yellow to dark dingy green. * * * These sections are pleochroic, being dark yellowish green parallel to the cleavage, and light greenish yellow at right angles to that position. Under crossed nicols the undecomposed portions show brilliant mottled polarization colors, crimson and green predominating, 3’ Lawson, Andrew C., Univ. of Calif. Bull., Dept. of Geol., No. 1, pp. 31-36, 1895. ® Ransome, F. L., Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. Calif., No. 1, pp. 90-92, 1894. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 and the double refraction is therefore strong. The mean index of refraction (not given) is rather low. The distinctly terminated prismatic sections are but slightly pleochroic and show no cleavage. The interference colors are moreover low. In general they give a distinct biaxial figure, with a small angle. * * * The plane of the optic axes lies parallel to the longer axis of the prism, and is, therefore, perpendicular to the cleavage planes. * * * The mineral was ascertained to be optically negative. OCCURRENCE Iddingsite is widely distributed in the basaltic rocks of the San Juan region of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, and, indeed, throughout the western United States. Petrographic studies? of these rocks show conclusively that the red or red-brown altera- tion product of olivine is not serpentine and indicate that it is a definite mineral as suggested by Lawson. Iddingsite nearly always gives clear evidence of its derivation from olivine, since the outlines of the original olivine crystals are often beautifully preserved. All degrees of alteration have been ob- served from perfect, homogeneous crystals of iddingsite to olivine crystals with the merest film of iddingsite between cleavage cracks. Usually the outer zone is changed to iddingsite where the alteration is incomplete, but in one large group of rocks the central area is usually iddingsite with an outer zone of fresh olivine. The manner of alteration appears to depend upon some property inherent in the original olivine itself, which allows some parts to be more easily altered than others. Much of the iddingsite seems at first glance to be fibrous, and it has been so described. Close study, however, shows that this effect in dhe material investigated is the result of minute inclusions of spinels, magnetite, or hematite. High magnifications of small grains of iddingsite reveal a clean fracture with no indica- tion of fibers. The photomicrographs in Plates 1 and 2 show the relationships between olivine and iddingsite in a number of different rocks. In many specimens (pl. 1, fig. 1, and pl. 2, fig. 4), there is an outer zone of iddingsite surrounding a core of olivine with a ragged area between the two, with shredlike masses of iddingsite extending into the olivine. In other specimens (pl. 1, figs. 3, 4) there is altera- tion along cracks in the olivine with the same shredlike masses of iddingsite extending into olivine. In some specimens (pl. 1, fig. 3) there is an outer zone of iddingsite around olivine with a sharp con- tact between the two. In many specimens the large phenocrysts are completely changed to iddingsite, while small groundmass grains of olivine of a later generation show little alteration. In one large group of recks (pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, figs. 5, 6) there is an inner core of iddingsite surrounded by fresh olivine. In some specimens (pl. 1, 7 Larsen, Esper S., Bull. 679, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 90, 1921. ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—-ROSS AND SHANNON 5 fig. 4) alteration has occurred along cracks with very sharp contacts between iddingsite and olivine. Much of the iddingsite investigated contains very small grains of magnetite and other spinels arranged in minute lines parallel to the crystallographic axes of the mineral. A pale brown or yellow material is associated with iddingsite in some rocks and this material is represented by analyses 3 and 5. This is usually cryptocrystalline and has a lower index of refraction than normal iddingsite and a small axial angle where it is possible to determine it. It forms a rim around iddingsite in some specimens and a core in others. The contact between the two types of material is sharp in some specimens and transitional in others. The evidence does not clearly indicate whether this pale material is impure, im- perfectly crystallized iddingsite or a different but closely related mineral, Usually there is evidence that there was a very marked loss of volume during alteration of olivine to iddingsite, as the cleavage planes (pl. 2, fig. 1) are marked by widely gaping cracks that oc- cupy 10 to 20 per cent of the volume of the original olivine. ORIGIN Iddingsite has usually been described as a weathering product of olivine. Its origin through the processes of weathering can not be summarily rejected for all occurrences, but in the material studied in the preparation of this paper an origin through weathering seems to be extremely improbable. In the basaltic rocks of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico there is no observable relation between the occurrence of olivine or iddingsite in a rock and the amount of weathering that rock has undergone. In general, there is little weathering in these rocks and iddingsite occurs in the freshest of them, in association with unaltered augite, feldspars that are not even clouded, and basaltic glass (a very unstable material) that is unchanged. It has been observed evenly distributed from top to bot- tom of a basaltic sill 50 feet in thickness where no trace of weather- ing could be found. Its occurrence bears no relation to exposure of surface, proximity to joint cracks or relative age of the various beds. It may be abundant in one flow and be absent in any one or all of either higher or lower flows of a series. Several flows have been identified where iddingsite of similar characteristics is present over very wide areas, showing that the characteristics of the iddingsite are inherent in the rock. In rocks that do show extensive alteration, serpentine and not iddingsite has developed from olivine. Some basalts show a narrow leached zone at the surface, and here impure amorphous aggregates of hydrous iron oxides have formed from the olivine crystals and not iddingsite. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 In many of the rocks studied the relation of fresh olivine and iddingsite present pecularities that appear to give a clew as to the mode of origin. The presence of small grains of ground-mass olivine remaining nearly fresh in the presence of large phenocrysts that have been completely changed to iddingsite suggests that the processes involved in the change are partly dependent on the original composition of olivine. The basalt of the Hinsdale volcanic series of the Rio Grande Valley of northern New Mexico has been traced for 80 miles, and wherever observed it shows cores of iddingsite surrounded by fresh olivine (see pl. 1, fig. 2, and pl. 2, figs. 5, 6). Similarly, rocks from many other sources show a very distinct zonal relationship in the development of the iddingsite. It seems very difficult to explain such relationships on the basis of weathering, especially as these phenomena are characteristic of single flows or single groups of flows over wide areas. On the other hand, these facts suggest very strongly that the alteration was partly dependent upon zonal variations in the original olivine from which the idding- site was derived. This led to an investigation of the olivines of iddingsite-bearing rocks. The basalt of Cerro Mohera, New Mexico, is of the same age and type as that giving rise to the sharp zones of olivine around iddingsite shown (pl. 1, fig. 2, and pl. 2, figs. 5, 6), but is itself little altered. A careful study of the optical properties of this olivine showed that the index of refraction for @ varied from n=1.711 to n=1.722, and the optical character varied from + to —, indicating an appreciable variation in the proportion of iron silicate (Fe,S10,) in the olivine molecule. These facts, supported as they are by the mineral relationships, seem to show that the formation of iddingsite from olivine is partly dependent upon the chemical composition of the olivine. Iddingsite is confined almost exclusively to extrusive or hypa- byssal rocks and is practically absent from deep-seated rocks, but if iddingsite were derived from olivine by ordinary weathering there is no reason why it should not occur in abyssal rocks. The restriction in occurrence shows that specialized conditions are re- quired for the formation of the mineral and that these conditions are most often realized in a cooling extrusive. This restriction in occurrence and the relationships described indicate that the develop- ment of iddingsite is definitely associated with magmas that cooled near the surface. In discussing iddingsite, Iddings® says: There remained in the portion (iddingsite) subjected to acid, well developed, nearly opaque octahedrons, most likely picotite. 8 Iddings, Joseph P., U. S. Geol. Survey, Mono. 20, p. 390. ART. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 7 Ransome ® says: It (iddingsite) includes abundant grains of iron ores, and frequently dark brown microscopic crystals of chromite or picotite. * * * In the Point Bonita iddingsite the limonitic p gment is entirely absent. ; The writers have found very large amounts of magnetite in the iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo., and spinels in that from Brazos River, N. Mex. Small amounts of magnetite or-related minerals seem to be almost always associated with iddingsite. These asso- ciated minerals that have clearly developed by the same processes as iddingsite contribute a very convincing line of evidence that id- dingsite is not the result of ordinary rock weathering. Weathering would produce hydrous iron oxides probably in the form of lmonite and would be very unlikely to yield magnetite and other minerals of the spinel group. On the other hand these would be the very minerals to form if the alteration of olivine to iddingsite were the result of magmatic or deuteric 1° processes. Sederholm says: I think that it would be advisable to discriminate between such metasomatic changes which belong to a later period of metamorphism, i. e. are secondary in the strictest sense of the word, and those which have taken place in the direct continuation of the consolidation of the magma of the rock itself. I propose to call the later deuteric, as distinct from secondary changes. This strongly confirms the evidence presented by the restriction in occurrence and suggests that ¢ddingsite is a deuteric mineral; that is, it has been produced by processes largely-inherent in the magma itself, probably brought about by gases during final cooling. The conclusion that iddingsite is a deuteric mineral first based purely on petrographic evidence is strongly supported by the chem- ical analyses. The ordinary agents of weathering would be ex- tremely unlikely to produce an homogeneous crystal with definite optical properties and the chemical composition of iddingsite. On page 8 is given a typical analysis of iddingsite and the analysis of an olivine from rocks of the same region. A comparison of these analyses shows that the proportion of silica has remained nearly constant, a little aluminum and calcium appear to have been added, the iron has all been changed from the ferrous to the ferric state and its proportion has greatly increased, water has been added in large amount, and magnesium has been largely abstracted. It is clear that in the change of olivine to iddingsite there has been a metasomatic replacement, and the only stages through which these rocks have passed where forces seem- ingly capable of performing such work have been active are those ®Ransome, Frank L., Univ. of Calif. Bull. of Dept. Geol., No. 1, p. 92, 1893. 10 Sederholm, J. J., Com. Geol. de Finlande, Bull. No. 48, pp. 141-142, 1916. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 associated with magmatic cooling. It is, therefore, concluded that iddingsite is most probably a deuteric mineral formed in the pres- ence of heat, water, and gases after the magma has reached a horizon near enough the surface to give oxidizing conditions. The magma must have come to rest before iddingsite formed for though it is a very brittle mineral it is never fractured, or distorted by flow. A similar result may have been produced in other ways. Thus it is quite probable that the heat and gases given off by one lava flow would have a metasomatic action on a previous flow, and iddingsite might be the result of this action. It is doubted, however, if this effect could be widespread, and it could not produce a uniform dis- tribution of iddingsite from top to bottom of a thick flow. A comparison of the chemical composition of iddingsite and ser- pentine shows how different are the processes involved in the devel- opment of the two minerals. Comparative analyses of iddingsite, serpentine, and olivine (1) (2) (5) (4) STO) 5 rth tae ee eg Se no 38. 63 42°17 44,1 38. 76 YNUES Goo Ni en Ra ely eo fs a Se eg ge ee hd 1. 78 | BO} ay tee eee heey ee cee Fo,0s0. 2 OL aphanee ie BD AGy| ie Acbegiut: catal iat Poe as Re Oe ou 2 2 2 et eg ees Toe ee ee |e ee GA eee ae 22. 55 CHORE LM #2 SL Ree Cer ages See ea Dae AT PRR BUOE steM lira ABELL oe: trace Mien BPs ong, shay ile whnce, 1 ian 6.64] 41.33 | 43.0] 38. 52 ETE CO) ee ee ee ae ed ee: ee Hi eerae) iste? 12.9 09 100. 03 99. 73 100. 0 99, 92 (1) Iddingsite from La Jara Creek, Conejos quadrangle, Colo. (2) Serpentine from Fort Henry, New York,” analysis No. 19. (3) Serpentine ideal composition. (4) Olivine from Cerro Mohera near Tres Predias, N. M. In analyzed serpentine aluminum peroxide (AI,O,) and iron peroxide (Fe,O,) reach a maximum of 6 per cent, and a variable amount of iron monoxide (FeO) replaces magnesium oxide (MgO), but-no serpentine even remotely resembling iddingsite has ever been described. Serpentine is generally believed to have been the result of metasomatic changes at some depth and seldom, if ever, the result of surface weathering, and yet its chemical composition is not very different from that of the olivine from which it is derived. The changes in the ratios of the chemical components involved in the derivation of serpentine from olivine are very much less than the changes in ratio when iddingsite is derived from olivine. It is also 1 Dana, James D., Descriptive mineralogy, p. 672, 1909. ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 9 . . . e's . . evident that serpentine forms under conditions where reducing condi- tions prevail, and most of the iron remains in the ferrous condition, while iddingsite forms where oxidizing conditions produce ferric iron. PETROLOGY OF IDDINGSITE-BEARING ROCKS RACE CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE The rock containing the material represented by analysis (1) is and andesite of basaltic habit of late Tertiary age collected from a peak at the headwaters of Race Creek near the south edge of the Creede quadrangle, Colorado, and about 11 miles south of South ' Fork on the Creede branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad. The rock is gray and somewhat vesicular and in the hand specimen shows phenocrysts of oligoclase, quartz, and iddingsite. The modal composition of the rock is as follows: bd Mineral composition of andesite from Race Creek, Colo. OuaG 7 e e s R e 0.5 Eiaetoclasea(OlPOClaSe)) = 2 twas ee Sena ee eee a 60. 0 DN Da eV e a 5 se A SD ac a a tli et a 3 BAe a RIA, EEE AT a EO 185% VEG URRY SASUT REN. SS A A gee 8.5 (OND TS: 2 a a a Se eee ee 3.8 ANE Sa ory LTT ya ea er a a ee 8.0 PAST) EUs Cea an ges eat Oi Sey MES, ows Se ie AC ee eee es 0.5 Ro talle ws coi nes dae gkt leech tlh ets Soe 100. 6 This rock contains augite and magnetite in notable proportions, but the feldspars are sedic and like the Brazos River Rock it would be classed as an andesite. The iddingsite ccecurs in euhedral pseudo- morphs after olivine reaching 3 millimeters in length and in sub- hedral aggregates. The alteration from olivine to iddingsite is not complete in all grains, but the large difference in specific gravity of olivine and iddingsite allowed its elimination. Part of the ma- terial was rich in particles of magnetite, but this was separated magnetically and eliminated before analysis. The particles of magnetite are arranged in lines parallel to the crystal axes of the original olivines. In thin section the iddingsite shows very distinct open shrinkage cracks, and the iddingsite occupies from 15 to 20 per cent less volume than the olivine from which it was derived. LA JARA CREEK, COLO., GCCURRENCE The iddingsite of analysis (2) was concentrated from a nearly nor- mal olivine basalt of late Tertiary age collected near the base of a cliff on La Jara Creek, 19 miles northwest of Antonnito, Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. 23555—25. 2 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The rock is medium-grained, dark gray, and very coarsely vesic- ular. The modal composition is as follows: Mineral composition of basalt from La Jura Creek Colo. Plagioclase: (oligoclase) 2222 es seen ee ee eee 60. 0 AUSIELLO E Se See Eee ake ete PE Re 28.6 Olivine 42 LS se ee ee ee eee 13 POAGIUNSSTG Se 5 Sa Ls eg a 3.8 Maenetites. 2 ee sy oie la eee A ES a on oy pe 6.6 TO tall We sh BEE UE ee ARE NSE a ee 100. 0 The iddingsite occurs in masses of a maximum diameter of 4 millimeters, whose outlines are those of olivine. The olivine is only partly altered to iddingsite, but the greater specific gravity of olivine allows an almost complete separation of the two minerals. Part of the alteration product of olivine was a lemon yellow material, which under the microscope appeared to be cryptocrystalline. This ma- terial has a lower specific gravity than crystalline iddingsite and is represented by analysis No. 3. It contains many minute, highly magnetic black inclusions arranged in lines running parallel to the crystallographic axes, which are undoubtedly magnetite. BERNARDS FERRY, IDAHO, OCCURRENCE A specimen of basalt from Bernards Ferry, Silver City quad- rangle, Owyhee County, Idaho, contained in Lindgren’s!® studied series of rocks yielded the iddingsite used in analysis No. 4. The rock contains abundant reddish brown iddingsite, although Lindgren does not mention olivine or iddingsite in his brief description of the basalts of the region. The rock is coarse-grained, slightly vesicular, and dark gray. The modal composition is as follows: Mineral composition of the basalt from Bernards Ferry, Idaho Plavioclase, “A DasA meas 2 se 2s he ee ee Bi ee ee ee A6. O ANT GE Oy ot bie ae eee ee eee 43.3 QUI Va G5 So bs Se ee | Se a ee 2.6 Vid Gi SiC ee a aes a 2 ee yes) Maeone Gite et Pee 8 Ae Soh eee A ee Re ae ee PP 4 Wo): ern ere El es PS eee ee ee 100. 0 The iddingsite is dark reddish brown and occurs as pseudomorphs after olivine. The larger grains are completely altered to iddingsite, but some of the smaller ones show outer borders of olivine around cores of iddingsite. As in the occurrence previously described, the Bernards Ferry rock contains a cryptocrystalline substance derived from the olivine in the same manner as the deeper red crystalline material which is 12 Lindgren, Waldemar, U. S. Geol. Surv. Ann. Rept. 20, pt. 3. ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE ROSS AND SHANNON Mba represented by analysis No. 5. In some specimens this forms at the core and in others as a border around the crystalline part. It seems clear that the two types of material were not the result of different conditions during formation but are dependent upon variations in the composition of the olivine from which they were derived. SOUTH ELK CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE The rock containing the iddingsite represented by analysis 6 was collected at the cliffs surrounding a cirque at the head of South Elk Creek in the southwest part of the Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. The rock is of the same age as the La Jara Creek and Gato Creek oc- currences. It is a nearly black basalt with conspicuous red areas of iddingsite reaching a maximum diameter of 2 millimeters. The min- eral composition of the rocks is as follows: Mode of basalt from South Elk Creek, Colo. AP TAC OT Cee ae See eT ee ee ea ee Te Ei 52 PANS en Secreta Ls ae Ee ey ip are Jeane oly ive Any 20 BNE C CT Sf eao Ee s e Er) 19 STVIVEY Gran @ trite awe are eI 2 ae eet et a 8 9 EO Pelee to-2s S Bale aes aoe rest ree ae Ra heey de at 2 100 GATO CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE The iddingsite represented by analysis 7 was secured from a dike occurring on Gato Creek, 2 miles above Tipton’s ranch in the north central part of the Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. The rock is a fine-grained, porous gray andesite with about the following mineral composition : Mode of andesite from Gato Creek, Colo. PATTCESING) abet 2 SON ais SPR Ss BAGS aT Sey ae Ey 71 JNU SS SS ea Dre eR 2 Rane es ae Me Se SS CR eee 15 MAGN Sit Ca ah eee ee ee eee ee 10 VES VG GL Ge 8 ak Eee ere Rate Pee ee ee 4 D0) el le Pea es bb eal pee iy Seiten eee gap ere Re OE 100 The iddingsite occurs in rounded grains about 0.5 millimeter in diameter and is clearly derived from olivine. BRAZOS RIVER, N. MEX., OCCURRENCE Analysis No. 8 is an iddingsite in an andesite occurring one-half mile east of the Brazos River in the Rio Ariba County, N. Mex., and about 15 miles south of Osier on the Durango branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The rock appears to be an instru- sive sill of Miocene age that forms a sheer 50-foot ledge at this place. A microscopic study showed that it contained a red material de- rived from olivine, but with no residual olivine. It is rather coarse- 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 grained andesite, is light gray in color, and is very fresh, showing no indications of weathering. Its modal composition is as follows: Mineral composition of andesite from Brazcs River, N. Mew. Plavioclase \(AbeAmig) 2) = 22s soe ee ee 82.9 AUCILG ee eee 8.7 Tddingsite.. 2-222 ee 4.6 Magnetité:..22- 222 2s ee ee eee 3.8 Ota) Mak = ee ew ee ee eek eee 100. 0 This rock contains rather sodic feldspars and is unusually low in femic minerals to be olivine bearing, but the form of the red altera- tion product shows that it was derived from that mineral, and other specimens from the same horizon in the region show olivine in all degrees of alteration to iddingsite. The alteration mineral occurs in irregularly rounded grains, in aggregates of several grains, and as perfectly bounded, pseudomorphs after olivine, varying in size from 0.05 to 2 millimeters. Many of the grains contain minute particles distributed in lines that run parallel to one of the crystallographic axes of the original olivine. In partly altered olivine, between id- dingsite and colorless olivine, may be seen a brown zone which is filled with lines of inclusions that continue into homogeneous id- dingsite. These inclusions are dark brown in color and very small. They are isotropic and have an index of refraction a little lower than 1.74. Their specific gravity is greater than that of iddingsite, since it was possible to separate and reject that part of the iddingsite con- taining them in greatest amount. These things make it seem proba- ble that they are iron-magnesium spinel. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Iddingsite from many localities has been studied, but the material from Brazos River, N. Mex., is the most homogeneous and shows the physical properties in greatest perfection. For that reason the Brazos iddingsite will be described in detail and that from other localities more briefly. The iddingsite of the Brazos River rock is very brittle. The hardness is about 3.5 and the specific gravity 2.80. In small grains the cleavage is somewhat imperfect, but four cleavages can be recognized. If the orientation X=a, Y=b, Z=c (a=a, b=6, c=), proposed by Lawson, is retained, there is one cleavage (100) perpen- dicular to the acute bisectrix; a second (001) is perpendicular to the obtuse bisectrix; a third (010) is parallel to the plane of the optic axes; and the fourth (101) is nearly perpendicular to an optic axis. That is, a cleavage parallel to the macropinacoid, one parallel to the basal pinacoid, one parallel to the brachy-pinacoid, and one parallel to the macrodome. In thin sections three cleavages (100) (001) and ART. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—-ROSS AND SHANNON 13 (010) can easily be recognized, and (101) is seen less frequently. The indices of refraction are: a—1.792+0.003 @ is variable, 1.827 to 1.840+-0.003 ~=1.864+0.003 a—y=0.072 The axial angle is variable, the extreme values of 2V ranging from 60 to 90°, but most of the grains have 2V=80 to 90°. The optical character is usually negative, but in some of the grains the optical angle passes through 90° and the mineral becomes positive. The dispersion is strong: ev when it is positive. The color is deep reddish brown to brownish- ruby red, and the pleochroism is distinct in all but basal sections. The indices of refraction of the iddingsite from the Brazos River rock are rather high but the other optical properties are similar to those of other occurrences. The iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo., is brittle. The hardness is about 3.2, and the specific gravity about 2.54. In small grains the color is dull dark brown. Three mutually perpendicular cleavages (100), (001), and (010) are very good and a less perfect one (101) gives plates that are nearly perpendicular to an optic axis. X=a is the acute bisectrix. The indices of refraction are somewhat variable a=1.608+.005 @=1.646+.005, y=1.655+.005 a—y=.047 2V=20°—50°, but a large proportion of the grains have 2V= 35°—42°, and only a few reach the maximum values given. The optical character is negative. The dispersion is strong pv (strong). Faintly pleochroic. «=1.70+0.01. $=1.72+ 0.01. y=1.74+0.01. o—y=.04. 5. La Jara Creek, Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. Bright reddish brown. Optical properties vary a little. Optically—. 2V=25° to 45°, e£u see Large. | 1. 70 1.72 1a 7e 0. 04 + Wicher Mountain, Colo__-_-_- Large. | 1. 71 1. 74 1. 76 ONO Vee Carmelo Bay, Calif________- Larges | LaiZoe| i 7455) leaiOoy Os0 22a Daton Peak, Routt County, | | Cole _ 2 centr ge wel Pee 35°—42° | 1. 720 | 1. 725 | 1. 760 | 0. 040 — Death Valley, Calif__..---- 42° | 1. 730 | 1. 725 | 1. 765 | 0. 035 = @ About. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Tddingsite has not heretofore been analyzed because of its mode of occurrence, always as small grains, as a rock constituent which made the obtaining of pure material, in amount sufficient for quan- titative chemical examination, exceedingly difficult. In the course of 134, 5. Larsen, Esper S., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 679, p. 91, 1921. ART, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE—ROSS AND SHANNON 15 the present work there were purified and analyzed, more or less completely, sixesamples of clean crystalline iddingsite from as many localities together with cryptocrystalline materials associated with two of the crystalline materials analyzed. In most cases the samples of purified material available amounted to only 0.25 gram. These samples were separated by the use of a powerful electromagnet and heavy solutions from igneous rocks in which the iddingsites formed grains seldom exceeding 2 millimeters in diameter. In general the practice was to crack the iddingsite- bearing rock into small pieces with a hammer and gouge out the visible iddingsite with a sharp steel point yielding a product of high iddingsite content for subsequent treatment. This was crushed and screened to uniform size, the dust removed, and the material sepa- rated magnetically and with methylene iodide gravity solutions. ‘The mineral, as established by previous investigators, is insoluble in acids, but upon digestion in hot hydrochloric acid yields up its iron and probably its other bases, leaving decolorized scales. This phenomenon has been interpreted as evidence indicating that the iron is not essential to the composition but is present as staining films of limonite or hematite. The fallacy of this reasoning is patent when it is recalled that many minerals behave thus, even so common a substance as biotite leaving decolorized scales of silica retaining the original form and optical properties of the mineral, when digested in hot concentrated sulphuric acid. Few would venture to suggest, from this observation, that the iron of biotite is nonessential or extraneous. The analytical results on the iddingsites are given in the following tables: 1. Crystalline iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo. 2. Crystalline iddingsite from La Jara Creek, Colo. 3. Cryptocrystalline material associated with the iddingsite from La Jara Creek of the preceding analysis. 4. Crystalline iddingsite from Bernards Ferry, Owyhee County, Idaho. Specimen collected by Lindgren. 5. Cryptocrystalline material associated with the preceding id- dingsite from Bernards Ferry, Idaho. 6. Crystalline iddingsite from South Elk Creek, Colo. 7. Crystalline iddingsite from Gato Creek, Conejos quadrangle, Colo. 8. Crystalline iddingsite of high index from Rio Brazos, N. Mex. Original analysis. 9. Iddingsite from Rio Brazos. Preceding analysis corrected for impurities and recalculated to 100 per cent. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 (1) (2) | (3) (4) (5) Si@, 2! Bess lmen eee oe eer mene 42.12 | 38.63 44.38 | 40.28] 44.40 TOs... Se ae ee ee ee Bee ee 222) 2 24 | rail 22, 16 ANG ORGS ts 3-5 Be ae sh ie | ee The "Pts? | 2. 65 3. 16 2.28 He, Opeae Soe ee ee 34. 16 32. 49 26. 87 29. 76 29. 00 BeOo. 308 cee'd wel Diep erenene Noneslitdnacens|.f 4° . oleae 2 tl el ae ze CaO sep 2b seek a 1. 72 2.79 2. 54 3. 00 2. 20 BaQeec a 3222 eee oe ee ees ‘racers || “braces \os eee aa eee MeOser: litt. Ssh hae eee 6.40 | 6. 64 5.13 10. 36 7.12 Hs O11 00 (G52 2 a 8. 84 9. 24 10. 09 5. 28 6. 96 He O10? (©2528 aa eee | 7. 20 8. 46 8. 64 8. 12 8. 40 Ota 2 ) nitidugs)- (2rovancher)/ 2-2 =-= 2 - = 50 brachyurus (Ashmead) —~---~~---- 36 | notaticeps (Ashmead) —-~~----____- 26 brevicornis (Wesmael)------~---- Solent PELs a CCTESSOM) eee ee 47 canadensis (Ashmead) —----~-----_~ 79 | oenotherae Muesebeck___--_-_-____ 62 ecaulicola Gahanea2 <3 Se %2-| papaipemae Gahan=—__ == == 63 cecidomyiae (Ashmead) ~---~------ 43 | pembertonit Bridwell___._-___-____- 65 Cephim. Gahan wee eee eee Se 61> | Spiceicepss GVaereck) == — 81 ecerambycidiphagus Muesebeck__--~-- ZG. |SpinieMiuesebec kaa =e = a aa, ee 52 beneficientior (Viereck) _---_------~ 31 | pityophthori Muesebeck______-_____ 55 cinctus, (Provancher)=—=--———————— tial splatynotaes(Cushman)= 5-22 5=——2— 29 colcopnorae-RonWer-—o— === =- na 38 | podunkorum Viereck_.______-_-___ 59 connecticutorum Viereck__---_-_--- 40 | politiventris (Cushman) —--__-__--__ ou cookii, » (Ashmead) 2 == SoS 80 | politum (Ashmead)__~--__________ 42 Cultus CLrOvVancner) ==. 2——s————— 48 | politus (Provancher) ~-_._-----___-_ 47 cushmani . Muesebeck_--_--------- 29> Spsilocovsi Vierecha a= a= oe ane 40 diversicolor (Viereck)-----~ —~---~- 27 | punctatus Muesebeck_-___..-__--~~ 24 COT, 8ALOTECSAY) eee ee 31 | pygmaeus (Provancher)—-~~----~- 38 erucarum (Cushman) ~_--____~-___ 27 | pyralidiphagus Muesebeck _______-- 34 euurae (Ashmead) ==-—22—525 5 ee 43 | quinnipiacorum Viereck____---_~-_-. 24 fungicola (Ashmead) —~_-..-~---.—--. 67 | rhyssemati (Ashmead)_------____- 80 furtiviuse(ityles)——2 sos 2- sone coe 67 | rudbeckiae Muesebeck_.----___~-_~ 45 gastroideae (Ashmead) —----------~- 35 | rufomarginatus (Ashmead)-_------~- 81 gelechiaen(Ashmead)—=— 2 === = 2 26:31 sanninoidese Gahan==_—- == eee 70 |-scanticorum, Viereck=2—-—=--—- === 33 nebetor (Say) ==—5 esse oe a 31 | sebequanash Viereck_--~..__.__.__ 37 hemimense, Rohwer .---s-]-—— 5 == SL. |;sesiae, Muesebecks 2222-222 =o 53 nebpomoke Viereck. ——- oe 71 | sphenophori Muesebeck__-~------_- 25 hopkinsi (Viereck)—~~--.-~-=—.-_—~ 3071 sulcifrons (Ashmead) =222—-=_--—— = 78 NyRlopimVaerecK==— 2 =o See 49 | tachypteri Muesebeck _____________ 68 johannseni (Viereck) ----___-_-----~- 26 | tenuiceps Muesebeck___------_-_-~ 46 jugiandis (Ashmead) =-----=--____ 3! | tetralophae (Viereck)— —.-_---_=--- 26 junc CAshmedg) sess Le Ss ee 38 | thurberiphagae Muesebeck ___--____ 54 JUNCcIcolan CAShMead)/ 37 | tortricicola (Ashmead) ~---.-..---- 69 Konsensisee (Viereck)2= 2 oan SS le i fOur -CAShmead) =o] se oee aes 38 konkapotin Viereck. 222s SS SSE 72) |tychil, Muesebeck== = 2252 =— eos == 51 laemosacci Muesebeck __---_---__-- 56. uncas) Viereck2 ooo 2 ee eee 43 “ct (Ashmead) == ooo eee ee (So |variabilis (Cushman) s2->-===_=-— 29 IUtUS ACE rovancner)=— 2. Sees 75 | variabilis (Provancher) _-_-__..__- 69 malt: (VWiereck) peo —— = ae 30 | vernoniae (Ashmead) -----~---_-__ 65 massasoits Viereck= 2. =) a 38) /-wawequa. Viereck-.-=—-..---2-=- 78 melanaspis (Ashmead) ~~ ---____~-~ 36 | xanthonotus (Ashmead) —~_-___--_-~- 30 mellitor: \(Say)==- 223 os 65 | zanthostigmus (Cresson)—--------- 65 meromyzae (Gahan)=--2------- 41 85 ™s ' wlters | + i+w eee CRs ey ogc Adierainnyae (enn ee enn ARR Seshtoatiaias ‘| de ocd SY eaeibsisiegl © - a infec SS ae Ai wi ©¥49)) be . ve fe 7 Sa ed = - redetooW, seiy - +s. ie iasaniatua. Cee ANiwinhs | > cin pil Nee drape! 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NG, ing mB on thn a SRE domodarl Se ee Neca ae a ak F taptdiene-eed ie pertens are + hese wo ee se oar? en HE) Gayesiattode eae ee Ab Mansy Eeashfgy! Sans th Ct ET al — dwar) elootSauy TAT) vie ee hae = gn seme cme RANE Uogegems ne ee ole was Asrtheoinins £8 nb a ee =p yee As tf SARA erie (Tolpaeye +o ne a Tee erie men @ oe nace ..-.(henede/s.) eljantiaion a S4 Le Sas ee (teh) sotto —- -~ ey ‘mnt ce eee ea aoe tae a wren erewenn (OOO) AON perorga ’ v UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS By Frank Sprincer, Associate in Paleontology, United States National Museum INTRODUCTION It was originally my intention when preparing the monograph on the Crinoidea Flexibilia to follow it up with a similar systematic treatise on the Inadunata. But the time and labor consumed in bringing out such works proved to be too great, and I have been compelled to relinquish the project for the last-mentioned treatise. Many preparatory studies were made, however, with such a work in view, some of which are embraced in the present paper, containing the results of researches extending over many years, which I have long desired to publish, but which have been delayed by the pressure of other matters. The material used is chiefly from my own col- lection, now in the United States National Museum, much of it accumulated with special reference to these researches. Most of the drawings have been made by Mr. Kenneth M. Chapman, of Santa Fe, New Mexico, and some by Miss Francesca Wieser, of the Na- tional Museum. I am much indebted to Dr. R. S. Bassler and Dr. C. E. Resser, of the National Museum, for their assistance in making the photographs upon which the drawings are based. THE USUAL STRUCTURE OF CRINOIDS The generalized picture of a crinoid, as seen in the forms by which the class is most commonly known, is that of a marine organ- ism having a calyx, cup, or theca composed of calcareous plates defi- nitely arranged, inclosing a cavity which contains the visceral organs; attached to the sea bottom or other objects, temporarily or permanently, by a columnar stem formed by a series of centrally perforated segments; and fringed at the opposite end by a ring of inovable, food-gathering appendages called arms; these are likewise built up of calcareous segments, but instead of being pierced by a central opening for a tubular canal, as in the stem, they are notched at one side, forming a groove along which the microscopic food is No. 2581.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 9. 23832—26——1 9, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 carried by means of currents produced by minute cilia to the oral center, or mouth. The arms when gathering food are stretched up- ward or outward, but may be folded together when not so employed in such a manner that the vital organs and soft parts are protected by an outer envelope of hard calcareous material. The excrement is discharged through an orifice, either directly piercing the tegmen, or roof, or at the end or side of a projecting tube, or exceptionally through the side wall of the cup. The plates of which the calyx is composed are arranged usually according to a quinqueradiate plan, most plainly developed on the lower side to which the stem is attached, from which the radiation extends upward and continues into the arms. This is called the dorsal side, in contradistinction to that next to which the arms are located, which is the ventral side or tegmen; and the part of the calyx below the origin of the arms is called the dorsal cup, or simply the cup, which incloses or supports the visceral organs. This cup in the usual crinoid is made up of a base, consisting either of a single ring of five, four, three, or two plates (or some of these coalesced into a single undivided disk), called basals; or of this and another alternating ring below it of five or three plates (also sometimes fused into one), called infrabasals; and following the basal ring another set of five alternating plates, called radials, with sometimes a ring of interradials in line with them. The two rings of cup plates—basals and radials—are the funda- mental elements of the adult crinoid structure. They are found throughout all the major divisions of the class, and of the blastoids also. In the typical crinoid these two elements are symmetrically arranged in alternating contact with each other, and the radials are symmetric among themselves. This is the plan in the great majority of fossil, and practically all the existing, crinoids. But to this gen- eralized type there are numerous exceptions. The general tendency of the crinoids as a class, starting in the earliest Paleozoic with the asymmetric form which they inherited from cystidean ancestors, was toward that of complete pentamerous symmetry. This was attained in the Mesozoic and Recent crinoids generally, and in a few genera of the Paleozoic. In most of the Paleozoic crinoids an incomplete pentamerous symmetry was reached, modified by the bilaterial symmetry due to the presence of anal structures. The course of this development was by no means one of continual progress. It was marked by numerous recessions and sudden changes. Two of the major divisions of the crinoids, Camerata and Flexi- bilia, and for the most part the third, Inadunata, culminated and were extinguished before the end of the Paleozoic. During this vast stretch of time many peculiar modifications of the type as we chiefly ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 3 know it occurred, the causes of which are unknown, but which serve as examples of the infinite variety with which the processes of nature goon. Many of these are already well known, and some others it is the purpose of this paper to illustrate. No general discussion of crinoid morphology is here attempted. For that reference should be had to the works of Bather in part 3 of the Lankester Zoology ; of Austin H. Clark on the Existing Crinoids; of Wachsmuth and Springer on the Crinoidea Camerata; of myself on the Crinoidea Flexibilia; and to various papers by Jaekel. I am simply presenting a number of facts, more or less unrelated, bearing upon some of the unusual features and changes above alluded to, by which the general progress of the crinoids in geo- logical time was characterized; together with discussion of some remarkable parallel modifications which I am now able to illustrate more completely than was possible heretofore. THE COILED BILATERAL STEM While the possession of a stem is one of the characters by which the crinoids as a class are best known—so much so that a large part of the early literature treating of them was devoted mainly to discus- sion of the isolated segments of which it is composed—there was in some instances a remarkable tendency to get rid of it. This append- age probably existed in the larval stage of all crinoids, but in by far the greater part of the existing forms, the comatulids, it is cast off at approaching maturity, and the adult crinoid becomes a free floater. In some, the pentacrinites, it attained a great length; and in some (thought to be due to living on reefs in shallow water) the stem is very short, or even disappears, fixation being accomplished through direct attachment by the fused base. In most of the Paleozoic genera the stem was present, sometimes attached or anchored by remarkable specialized structures (Seypho- erinus, Ancyrocrinus, etc.)1; in many cases only resting in the soft coze of the sea bottom by finely pointed terminals, and often not permanently fixed.? The great Paleozoic divisions, Camerata and Flexibilia, and the chiefly Paleozoic Inadunata, had stems with but few exceptions, such as “£driocrinus in which the base was fused and attached directly to other objects or became rounded and free from attach- ment, and Agassizocrinus in which a free floating stage in some of its species was also attained. The same thing is true of the Mesozoic crinoids. 1 Springer, On the crinoid genus Scyphocrinus, Smiths. Mise. Coll. Publication 2440, 1917, pp. 9-12. ?Dr. Edwin Kirk’s instructive paper on Eleutherozoic Pelmatozoa, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, pp. 1-137. 4 PROCEEDINGS. OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 A special form of stem development which I wish to illustrate is that in which the usually cylindrical or pentagonal straight stem loses its characteristic shape, becomes coiled, and takes on a bilateral symmetry, by which for the greater part of its length it is flattened or concave at the inner side, with the columnals elliptic or crescentic in cross section; and the cirri, instead of occurring in whorls around the column, are borne only in two rows at or near the margins of the flattened or concave side, or sometimes at the back. This structure is correlated—either as a cause or an effect—with a tendency of the crown to bend back upon the stem, and of the stem to coil around it in the opposite direction in such a way that the crown may be tightly enclosed within the coil and completely enveloped by the cirri. The part of the stem proximal to the calyx is circular in section, much re- duced in diameter, relatively short as a rule, but variable in length; and it bears no cirri. The reversed curve is similar to that of a swan’s neck, and for convenience the term “neck” may be used for it in the discussions. This character was evidently protective in origin, as the crown is often very small in comparison with the stem; and in some forms, where the cirri are short and closely packed, the crown is so sur- rounded by the stem structures that it can rarely be seen in the fos- sils; while in others, in which the cirri are more scattered but strong and branching, the neck upon which the crown was borne is long, slender, and exceedingly brittle, not tightly rolled, but evidently loosely enveloped in a fringe formed by the strong cirri. Here it must have been very sensitive to disturbance, for in the fossil the stem is almost invariably broken off at the slender neck. In those forms in which the stem was tightly coiled it could be uncoiled and the crown exposed. This type of stem is found in otherwise unrelated forms from the Silurian to the latest member of the Lower Carboniferous. It occurs irregularly, and so far as yet known, without continuity, and without any definite or exclusive cvolition with other characters. After appearing in several Inadunate species in the Niagaran of America, and the Wenlockian of England and Sweden, closely followed by three in the Lower Devonian and one of uncertain relations in the Middle Devonian, the coiled stem structure reappears after a con- siderable interval in the Burlington limestone of the Lower Car- boniferous, but in a different suborder of the crinoids, the Camerata, in one family of which it continues to the end in the upper part of the Chester. Generic names have been given based upon these occur- rences; but in the Silurian forms, owing to the closely inrolled con- dition in which the stems are usually found, the crown is very sel- dom seen in a state from which the elements of the calyx can be ascertained sufficiently for a proper diagnosis. While there are ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 5 some well marked differences in the details of the columnals and cirri, which furnish excellent specific characters, it is not practicable to correlate them with other characters to form larger groups; and as to the stem itself, its superficial aspect in some of the Silurian forms closely approximates that in some from the Lower Carboni- ferous. So far as can be ascertained, the crown in the Silurian and Lower Devonian forms is of irregular composition, more or Jess deformed— induced perhaps by the restricted mode of life of the crinoid—and of Heterocrinid type. In some of the Carboniferous species the crown, while otherwise regular, is somewhat deformed by pressure. It would appear probable, therefore, that this peculiar modifica- tion of stem structure is a secondary character, arising from some special condition of life, which may be repeated independently without materially influencing the primary characters upon which genera and families are founded, and therefore of minor taxonomic importance as compared with the great alteration in the superficial appearance of the organism which results from it. The Silurian form of the crinoid with coiled stem was first de- scribed by Hall in 1852? under the name Myelodactylus, based upon fragmentary specimens from the Rochester shale which he took to be parts of arms. In 1873 Salter * described a British species show- ing the true relation of the crown to the stem, for which he proposed the name Herpetocrinus. Angelin in the Iconographia, 1878, de- scribed three species from Gotland under Hall’s name; and in 1893 Bather, in the Crinoidea of Gotland (p. 36 and following), revised the whole subject, redescribing Salter’s species, rejecting all of Angelin’s, and adding three new ones of his own. He gave a full summary of all the literature, together with a minute account of the morphology of the stem, with elaborate illustrations which for beauty of execu- tion and fulness of detail leave nothing to be desired. He adopted Salter’s name Herpetocrinus, rejecting Hall’s Myelodactylus because he thought it misleading and based upon incorrect interpretation of the structure. In 1895, in an article in the American Geologist (vol. 16, p. 218) Doctor Bather again discussed Merpetocrinus in con- nection with Brachiocrinus, another genus of Hall, which he rightly considered to be of the same type, but which he also rejected because, as in his first genus, Hall had mistaken his specimens for arm frag- ments instead of stem. Hall’s description of MMyelodactylus, however erroneously con- ceived as to the nature of the specimens, was accompanied by good figures, by which not only the generic type, but also the two species 3 Paleontology of New York, vol. 2, p. 191. 4 Catalog fossils in the Geological Museum, Cambridge, p. 118. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 which he described under it, may be readily recognized. Therefore his name will have to stand, under the rules of nomenclature as now interpreted. Inasmuch as in the type species of Herpetocrinus, H. fletcheri, as redescribed by Bather, the composition of the calyx has been definitely shown to be essentially that of the Heterocrinidae, but with only four rays, while in at least one of the American spe- cies it is now known to be somewhat different, it might be suggested that Salter’s name should be retained, at least for that species. But from the little we know of the crown it is probable that the Silurian species in America are similarly deformed, and so the separation of genera on this ground is problematic. Therefore I think it the safe course, with our present knowledge, to treat all the species under the name first published. Six American species have been described: I. convolutus Hall and M. brachiatus Hall, from the Rochester shale; 7. gorbyi S. A. Miller, perhaps from the Waldron; M/. bridgeportensis S. A. Miller, from the Racine dolomite; M. (Homyelodactylus) rotundatus Foerste, from the Brassfield; M. (Brachiocrinus) nodosarius Hall, from the Helderbergian. To these will be added two new species from the Niagaran; also one from the Keyser, and one from the Linden beds of the Lower Devonian. Furthermore, I have rec- ognized from the American rocks of Niagaran age one of Doctor Bather’s Gotland species of the equivalent Wenlockian, which also occurs in England. From data.now available as to the occurrence of these several species, it may be said that the Silurian type ranges from the early Niagaran through most of its principal formations, and continues into the Lower Devonian. It has not thus far been recognized from the Middle or Upper Devonian, although a re- markable modification of it is now known from the former horizon and will be herein described, which is perhaps more nearly related to the Lower Carboniferous phase of the coiled stem type. Genus MYELODACTYLUS Hall Plates 1-5 Myelodactylus HALL, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 191. Herpetrocrinus BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 1893, p. 36. Silurian to Devonian. Hall’s generic diagnosis, based on the idea that the coiled stem was an arm, is of no service, but the form can be recognized from the two species which he figured and described. With our present Inowledge its characters may be stated as follows: An Inadunate crinoid with coiled stem, which more or less com- pletely envelops the crown. Stem in proximal region evolute, cir- cular in section, composed of very thin uniform ossicles; in middle ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER a and distal regions involute, enlarging, sometimes diminishing again, bilaterally symmetric, elliptic or subcrescentric in section; with two rows of jointed cirri along the margins or the back of the bilateral part varying in arrangement, which may converge over the closely coiled noncirriferous proximal portion like spokes of a wheel. Crown of the type of the Heterocrinidae; without compound radials, and rather resembling Jocrinus than Heterocrinus,; rays ir- recular, more or less unequal in size, four or five in number; arms dichotomous or slightly heterotomous. (Partly adapted from Bather under Herpetocrinus.) As observed by Bather,® the chief diagnostic characters within the genus are furnished by the stem and its appendages. The crown is rarely seen, and owing to pressure resulting from its in- rolled habitus the calyx did not have the freedom to develop in the usual way, and is therefore more or less deformed. Except in the Devonian species, the crown is usually very slender and elongate, so that it can lie along the grooved side of the stem, between the two rows of cirri, without producing any swelling or bulging to indicate its presence. In that condition it is impossible to see anything beyond the general outline of the crown, and we are therefore unable to analyze its composition. In the two cases in which the full contour of the calyx has been seen, one a Silurian and the other a Devonian species, the former has four rays and the latter five. If this difference were known to be constant, it might furnish ground for a subdivision of the genus. But in the presence of so remarkable a specialization the crown was doubtless in a plastic con- dition, and with the evidence we have, or are likely to obtain, there seems to be no other course than to treat these variations as secondary occurrences, incident to the cramped condition in which the crown habitually grew, which necessarily produced more or less suppres- sion or deformation of the parts subject to pressure. On the other hand, the stem was a seat of activity unusual in the stalked crinoids, and the cirri took on special functions analogous to those of the comatulids—that is to say, they became active, per- haps prehensile, organs, free to develop according to their condi- tions; and their modifications, as in the comatulids, furnish impor- tant characters for the discrimination of species. Bather suggests ° (p. 46) that these probably broke off any rooted attachment they may have formed, and that they clung to corals or other objects by their cirri—a mode of life that would furnish the stimulus for nu- merous variations. This suggestion is reinforced by my observa- tions, showing positively that in some species the stem was free from any attachment whatever. 5 Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 45. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Eight or ten different plans of structure and arrangement of the: cirri and columnals, some of them widely different, are seen in the material thus far discovered, and in those cases where we are able to test them in considerable numbers of specimens it is found that they hold good with remarkable constancy. The Silurian species of Europe and American fall into two groups which are somewhat parallel; one in which the cirri, with many vari- ations, are borne upon the margins formed by the two ends of the crescentic or elliptic columnals, which is the most frequent condi- tion, and the other in which they spring more or less from the back of the stem. . As usually found, we have for comparison only the coiled proxi- mal or middle portion of the stem, the longer uncoiled or broadly curved portion being only exceptionally recovered. If we trace the course of the stem from the point where the slender circular portion proximal to the calyx enlarges and changes to a bilateral form with elliptic section, and the reverse curve begins (regions 1 and 2 of Bather’s description), we find that the involute curve usually proceeds for about one to one and a half coils, and then the stem does one of two things; either 1, tapers off rapidly to a narrow pointed end which clings rather closely to the preceding coil; or 2, deviates from this course and goes off in an increasingly wide curve (which sometimes becomes almost straight) for a con- siderable distance, without any marked diminution in width, prob- ably to a terminal of attachment. The first we call a “close coil,” which in some species is all there is; and the second a “ loose coil”; and when in the discussion of species measurement is given of the diameter of coil, it means the same thing ui both types, namely, the primary coil before the deviation into a broader curve. We can not fix a very accurate limit for this distinction, but it serves a conven- ient purpose in description. The “close coil” represents the unat- tached form; the “loose coil” the form which may have been tem- porarily or permanently attached by the stem to the sea bottom or to other objects. Genotype.—M yelodactylus convolutus Hall. Distribution —Silurian to Lower Devonian; North America, Eng- land, Sweden. MYELODACTYLUS CONVOLUTUS Hall Plate 1, figs. 1-8 Myelodactylus convoluius Hatt, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 192, pl. 45, figs. 5a, 6, 6a—h. Herpetocrinus convolutus, BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 18938, p. 48, pl. 2, figs. 50-53. Coil close in proximal region; open and broadly convolute distai- wards. Columnals very short, quadrangular and uniform. Cirri ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 9 numerous, flat, and closely apposed; regularly paired, one at each side of successive columnals along greater part of stem. This is one of two thoroughly distinct and well marked forms, both described by Hall when proposing the genus, and illustrated by good figures. It is the most widely distributed species, and the farthest ranging. Bather has described a specimen of it from the Wenlockian of Gotland; and in America specimens which can not be distinguished from it in the condition as found occur in nearly all the formations from the later Clinton through the greater part of the Niagaran. Its range may thus be said to be almost coextensive with the principal Silurian formations of Europe and America. Hall’s type of the species was from the Rochester shale at Lock- port, New York. It is rather rare at that locality, only four speci- mens having been recognized in the abundant material I have from the shales, and one from the underlying limestone of late Clinton age. It has since been found to occur (or two forms indistinguishable from it with our present knowledge) in the Brassfield formation of the upper Clinton in Ohio; the Laurel limestone of Indiana; the Racine dolomite of the Chicago area; and in a closely allied species in the Brownsport limestone of the later Niagaran. T am now able to illustrate the species more fully than was done originally, showing the extent of the column distally, the distribu- tion of the cirri along the greater part of its length, and some of the slender, circular part leading to the calyx, of which we have the crown partly visible in one specimen, but not enough to deter- mine its structure. As shown by these specimens, the stem beyond the close coil is quite long, and the cirri very narrow, flat and closely packed, so that as seen from either side each columnal bears a cirrus. In the large specimen (pl. 1, fig. 1) the stem extends for 12 cm. beyond the close coil, in which it is 4 mm. wide, maintaining this width to the incomplete distal end. In the St. Paul specimen (pl. 1, fig. 7) the stem is broken off where it was beginning to open a short distance beyond the close coil, and it is of the full width cf 4 mm., which is probably maintained for a distance of at least 7 cm. more. There are five other specimens from the St. Paul locality, more or less fragmentary, and in all but one of them the convolutus plan of cirri is constant. The occurrence of this species in the Laurel limestone at St. Paul, Indiana, is an excellent illustration of Foerste’s observation ® that “students of the crinoidea are aware of the frequency with which species occurring at St. Paul find their nearest relatives in the Wal- dron, Brownsport, and Racine, many of them showing Gotlandian affinities.” ° Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 21, Dec. 1920, p. 64. 23832—26 2 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 I also give for comparison (pl. 1) some figures of the type species of Herpetocrinus, H. fletcheri, from the Wenlock limestone at Dudley, England, including my own specimen which shows the crown to consist of 4 rays’; also Salter’s type specimen in the Geological Museum at Cambridge, England, with the crown ex- posed on one side. In these, and in two other specimens in my col- lection, the bead-like form of the slender cirri, which is the chief distinctive character separating it from the closely related Amer- ican species, is thoroughly shown. There is some irregularity in their distribution, as is said by Bather ®; and I find more alternation in successive columnals than his description indicates. H. fletcheri occurs both in England and Gotland, and for a complete revised de- scription see Bather’s work previously cited, especially his beautiful figures on plate 2, and details of the stem structure on page 41. Horizon and locality—Silurian, Rochester shale, and also the later Clinton; Lockport, New York; Brassfield limestone, Xenia, Ohio; Racine dolomite, Chicago; also the Wenlock limestone; Dudley, England, and Gotland, Sweden. MYELODACTYLUS BREVIS, new spccies Plate 1, figs. 9, 9a I figure under this name a solitary specimen from the Browns- port formation of the late Niagaran, which agrees with MM. convolutus in all the diagnostic characters of the columnals and cirri, but differs in the extreme shortness of the stem, and the close coil. It lias no distal extension whatever beyond the tightly rolled coil, as is shown by the rapid taper, which is evidently very near the end. While the specimen may be sporadic amid the great abundance of the pre- valent species of that horizon, yet the agreement with the form from the Rochester shale in the essentials of cirri structure is so complete that it can hardly be ignored, while at the same time the close coil, terminating in a point, is shown by abundant material in another form to be a good specific character. Horizon and locality —Silurian, Brownsport formation; Decatur county, ‘Tennessee. fYELODACTYLUS AMMONIS (Bather) Plate 2, figs. 1-9 Lerpetocrinus dimmonis BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 1898, p. 49, pl. 2, figs. 54-63. Coil very close, stem short, extending but little beyond the prox- imal part of the involute coil; wide in the middle region and taper- ing to a point at the distal end. Cirri numerous, short, flat and "Mentioned by Bather in Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 182, under fig. 38. *Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 46. art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER val closely apposed; either regularly paired on alternate columnals, or regularly alternating, one from the broad end of successive columnals. Crown usually concealed by the coil; its detailed struc- ture unknown. Among the collections made for me by Professor Pate in the Brownsport formation of Decatur county, Tennessee, are upwards of tifty specimens belonging to this genus. With a solitary exception they all have alternating columnals according to one of two plans: either 1, long, hourglass-shaped ossicles as seen from the inner side, with a cirrus at each end and a shorter, lenticular, non-cirriferous ossicle interposed; or 2, uniform wedge-shaped ossicles, with a cirrus springing only from the broad end of each. The cirri are in close contact, short, tapering rapidly, when intact meeting at the center of the coil, or slightly overlapping at the smaller ends—thus filling the entire visible space with a conspicious convergent struc- ture. Seen from either side, there is one cirrus for every two columnals. The difference between this form and d/. convolutus is readily apparent. The latter has twice as many cirri, which are relatively only half as wide, as the former. In the exception above ruentioned the specimen differs so decisively in structure that I have separated it as A/. brevis. These specimens fall into two categories: 1, with a short stem, closely coiled, the distal end tapering while still in contact with the coil, thus indicating that it did not extend much farther, and in fact, when not broken off, narrowing to a point; 2, with stem much elongated, extending by broad curves beyond the small proximal coil, without noticeable dimunition in width to near the distal end— sometimes becoming almost straight. This difference is not due to age, for both large and small individuals have an open coil, while those that are closely coiled are sometimes quite robust, although generally smaller than the former. These forms constitute two well marked subdivisions of the type under consideration, each numerously represented among the mate- rial from the Decatur County area. In a few specimens where the stem is broken off close to the proximal region of the coil the identi- fication is uncertain, but in most cases one can determine from the condition at the point of fracture whether the stem is beginning to taper distalward or not; and the two structures impart a certain superficial aspect by which, when once understood, the forms are readily recognized. In specimens which are nearly complete the difference is apparent at a glance. Each of these divisions includes specimens with both types of columnals as above described, which I have been unable to correlate with any other character for a further and desirable subdivision. Bather, when describing his 77. ammonis, recognized two varicties 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 based upon these characters, which he called bijugicirrus, with the hourglass-shaped, and alternicirrus, with the wedge-shaped, ossicles. He did not think it advisable to separate them as species, because he found the structures somewhat intermingled in his principal type specimen, and also in view of the practical difficulty of distinguishing them owing to the fact that the stem in both varieties, as seen from the outer curve, and also from the side, presents the same appearance, it being usually only on the inner curve that any difference is appar- ent. I have found the same difficulty, and among the numerous specimens now in hand there are several, otherwise well preserved, which I should be unable to identify upon this character alone. The intermingling of the two varieties is well shown on plates 2 and 38, and in one fragment from St. Paul (pl. 3, fig. 12) both are seen to exist in the same specimen. Out of 22 specimens of this species in which the form of the col- umnals can be readily observed, 13 are of the variety bijugicirrus and 9 of variety alternicirrus. And among 21 specimens of the species with the loose coil, M/. eatensus, 7 are of variety bijugicirrus, and 14 of variety alternicirrus. ‘Thus while the two characters are so intermingled as to preclude the basing of species upon them, yet on the strength of preponderance in numbers the evidence of these varieties may be considered as confirmatory of the separation of the two species which we have made upon other grounds. I have referred the close coiled form to JZ. (77.) ammonis, on the strength not only of Bather’s statement in the specific diagnosis, but of the measurements which he gives on page 50, showing the diminu- tion in width of the stem in a distal direction, and of his figure 56 on plate 2, which bears a striking resemblance to many of my speci- mens. For the form with the loose, extended coil I am proposing the new species, Jf. extensus. From the evidence of specimens which I have from Dudley, I judge that the two types with the close and open coil exist among the English forms also. The recognition of this Swedish and English species in the Amer- ican rocks a equivalent age adds another fact to the evidence of the close relationship pee the Silurian faunas of the two regions. As a rule the specimens are tightly inrolled, so that the cirri are usually better preserved than in the open coiled form. They have a very compact, robust, and well-rounded appearance. The stem swells from the proximal region to a considerable width (often wider than in open coiled specimens of much greater length) at about mid- way of the exposed part, and from there diminishes to a narrow point at the distal end, which is just beyond the last contact with the pre- ceeding coil (pl. 2, fig. 3a). Usually this narrow terminal is broken off, but it is present in several specimens (pl. 2, various figures) ; ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 13 even when detached the taper in width of the stem for some dis- tance back is plain to the eye. The diminution is decisively shown by measurements. In six specimens having the stem complete to the narrow distal end, with diameters of coil from 20 mm. down to 12 mm., the diminution from the widest median part to the distal end is from 5—5+44—3—2.5 mm. down to 1 mm. or less; whereas in the five largest specimens of the open-coiled form, with diameters in the corresponding part of the coil of from 24 to 14 mm., the aver- age maximum width is 3 mm., only reaching 4 mm. in one case; and this width is in most cases maintained with but little diminution so far as the stem is preserved. In the largest specimen, with stem extend- ing about 8 cm. beyond the coil, the width is still 3 mm. at the in- complete distal end. In one of the six close-coiled specimens above mentioned, having diameters of 12 and 14 mm., the distal portion diminishes in width from 4 mm. to a point in a distance of only two and a half times its maximum width. In the present species the involute, or bilateral, portion of the stem is limited to about one and a half convolutions with diameters rang- ing from 9 mm. to a maximum of 24 mm., while in the open-coiled form there may be one or two more loose coils, with the stem ex- tending still farther in a broad curve, or nearly straight. In many of the specimens the two outer longitudinal sutures, rem- nants of the primitive five by which the stem was originally divided, are very prominent (pl. 2, fig. 2a), and the stem between them is often raised into a rounded ridge, as mentioned by Bather under H. ammonis.® There is no doubt that this form, with its abbreviated and root- less stem, led a free life; whereas it is probable that the other form, with elongate stem, was sessile, temporarily or permanently. In addition to the specimens from the Decatur County area, I have about an equal number from the Waldron shale at Newsom, Tenn., which I am unable to distinguish from them by any characters disclosed in the fossils, and which have a remarkable uniformity in the characters above desscribed. Hence notwithstanding the dif- ference in horizon, they will with our present knowledge have to be referred to the same species. So far as observed, the form with the open coil does not occur at the Waldron locality. This description is based upon about forty specimens, almost equally divided between the two localities. Horizon and locality.—Silurian, Brownsport formation; Decatur County, Tennessee; and Waldron shale, at Newsom, Tennessee. A small fragment from St. Paul, Indiana, shows that this or the fol- ® Crinoidea of Gotland, p. 51. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 lowing species exists also in the Laurel formation; it has the clrri paired on alternate columnals, the cirriferous ossicles having an hour-glass shape as seen from the inner side of the curve, with a shorter, lenticular one between them (pl. 2, fig. 5). Also Wenlockian, Gotland, Sweden, and probably Dudley, England. MYELODACTYLUS EXTENSUS, new species Plate 3, figs. 1-18a Like M. ammonis, except that the coil is open beyond the proximal region; stem elongate and extended for a considerable distance in a broad curve toward the distal end. This species, differing from the preceding only in the extent and mode of termination of the stem, is represented by a series of about 30 specimens, which for the most part are considerably the largest of the two. In diameter of the corresponding coil they range from 12 mm. to 30 mm., to which must be added the extension of the stem after deviating from the coil. In one specimen with the close coil about 25 mm. in diameter the total length of the bilateral part of the stem is about 16 cm., of which more than half lies beyond the region of the coil, without reaching the distal end, and with but little diminution; and it is almost straight (pl. 3, fig. i). In another, in which the coil is loosely maintained in large curves, the stem is preserved to near the distal end, where it seems to terminate in some small radicular cirri (pl. 3, fig. 3). Another specimen has a close coil of 12 mm., from which it opens in a broad coil for one and a half whorls more for about 12 cm., maintaining a width of about 3.5 mm. to near the distal end, where it diminishes to 2.5 mm. (pl. 8, fig. 5). Another, not figured, has the stem extended beyond the point of deviation for a distance of 12 cm. and is still large, having diminished in width from 5 mm. in the median part to4mm. Besides the other specimens with long extension shown on the plate, there are three more with incomplete extended part from 4 to 6 cm. long, with little or no diminution, thus giving ten specimens in which this character is strongly emphasized, in contrast to the still greater number belonging to M. ammonis in which the stem is restricted to the close coil with its pointed distal end. The small size in which this form also occurs is shown by figures 10 and 11 of plate 3. The open coiled form would seem to be favorable for the discovery of the crown; and in view of the fine preservation of many of the specimens from the Decatur county locality I fully expected to find it. But after diligent search I was only able to uncover it, in imperfect condition, in a few specimens, not well enough preserved to show the composition of the calyx. I then tried grinding, and ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER dG) after several failures succeeded in getting a polished section giving the outline of the crown. All that it shows is that the arms are long and extremely slender, with calyx evidently of the heterocrinid type (pl. 3, fig. 7). To judge by the space it occupies this crown may have only four rays. On plate 9, figure 10, there is a picture of a round stem spirally coiled and tightly wound about another crinoid stem, without any trace of bilateralism. It is shown here in order to caution observers against being misled by a superficial resemblance, in view of the fact that coiled stem fragments like this, attached to other objects, are not uncommon in the same Silurian formation of Tennessee which con- tains species of A/yelodactylus herein described. Such a piece was figured by Roemer in Silurian Fauna des Westlichen Tennessee, 1860 (pl. 4, figs. 11a, 6, c) and discussed on page 57. These spiral stems have not been found in connection with the corresponding crown or calyx. But this form has nothing whatever to do with the bilateral stem of Myelodactylus, and belongs to some entirely different group. These two kinds of stem have formed the subject of an elaborate paper by Dr. K. Ehrenberg upon Coiled Stems in the Pelmatozoa and their relation to Sessility,!? which only came to my attention after the present memoir was nearly completed. In it he refers to another paper devoted especially to Herpetocrinus soon to appear, but which I have not seen. Doctor Ehrenberg divides the crinoids with coiled stem into two general types, the first with nonbilateral stem in which the coiling is more or less limited to the distal part—which would be lke the specimens above mentioned; and the second in which the stem is bilateral, and coiled throughout its entire length, such as A/yelodac- tylus (Herpetocrinus as he prefers to call it) and similar forms. The first type, being capable of attachment by its coiled distal end to other objects, he considers to be adapted to a sessile mode of life. In the second, where the coiling involves the entire stem, and the crown is enveloped within it, there is no indication of sessility, but it had a vagrant, pelagic habitus, somewhat like that of the Ammon- ites. In each type the coiling must be viewed as an adaptation to its particular mode of life. I do not here attempt to follow the author’s discussion of the origin of the coiled stem, and its bearing upon the phylogeny of the Pelmatozoa, but I hope the new facts now being brought out may throw further light upon that phase of the subject. Horizon and locality —Silurian, Brownsport formation of the late Niagaran; Decatur County, Tennessee. 10 Acta Zoologica, Vienna, 1922, vol. 3, p. 271, and following. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 MYELODACTYLUS BRIDGEPORTENSIS S. A. Miller Myelodactylus bridgeportensis, 5S. A. Miter, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., sec. 2, vol. 3, 1880, p. 141, pl. 4, figs. 2a—e. MYELODACTYLUS GORBYI S. A. Miller Myclodactylus gorbyi, S. A. Mitier, 17th Rep. Geol. Sury. Indiana, 1891,. Dei2 pla 2 nhesh OM. When describing these species Mr. Miller still clung to the idea that they represented the arms of a crinoid, and his statements there- fore throw no light upon their specific characters. Both were de- scribed from rather poor material, but under the first one, from the Racine dolomite of the Chicago area, there is enough detail in the figures to show that it is of the type of J. convolutus, having paired cirri on every columnal; and, so far as appears from the speci- mens, it should be referred to that species. As to the second species, M. gorbyi, said to be from the Niagara limestone near Nashville, Tennessee, the single small type specimen as figured shows no diag- nostic character whatever. Nor is there any information to indicate its exact horizon—there being more than one Niagara formation in the vicinity of Nashville. It possibly was from Newsom, which is in that vicinity, but whether it belongs to the same species as the: specimens from that locality siemirin ea under JM. ammonis, can not be ascertained from the figure or ceser pion, and the location of the type is unknown. MYELODACTYLUS ROTUNDATUS (Foerste) Homyelodactylus rotundatus Forrstr, Bull. 19, Sei. Lab. Denison Univ., Dp: 19; ple ne 8) ple 25 fey a: Under the name Homyelodactylus Foerste has described a speci- men from the Brassfield formation of Ohio, equivalent to the late: Clinton, which has all the characters of M. convolutus. As already stated, this species occurs both in its typical horizon, the Rochester shale, and the underlying Clinton limestone at Lockport, and there- fore may well be expected in the Brassfield. MYELODACTYLUS BRACHIATUS Hall Plate 4, figs. 1-10 Myelodactylus brachiatus Hai, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 282, pl. 45,. figs. Ta-e. Herpetocrinus brachiatus, BATHER, Crinoidea of Gotland, 1893, p. 46. Coil open; circular part of stem very long and slender. Cirri few, round, limited to the distal region, and branching; springing alternately from the back of the stem at intervals of several col- ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER De umnals. Crown small, superficially resembling Jocrinus, but calyx elements not fully known. Hall’s description has scarcely anything of diagnostic value, be- ing based, like that of convolutus, upon the idea that the fossils be- fore him were the arms of a crinoid. But his figures clearly show the important fact that the cirri are few, originating at alternate intervals from the back of the stem. These characters enable us readily to identify the prevalent form of the genus occurring in the Rochester shale at Lockport, New York. I have upwards of seventy specimens, assembled from the extensive collection of Doctor Ringue- berg, and the fruits of three seasons’ work in the shales at Lockport by Frederick Braun. This material brings out the further remark- able fact, unknown to Hall, that the cirri are branching—a charac- ter which I believe to be hitherto unknown in any crinoid, fossil or recent, except in cases where the cirri belong strictly to the root.™ This fact emphasizes the broad distinction between the two original species from the type locality, the characters of J/. con- volutus being in strong contrast to those of Af. brachiatus in almost every particular. Instead of the cirri being short, flat, numerous, and extending well toward the proximal region, as in the former species, here there are but few of them, at intervals of several columnals, springing from the back instead of the lateral margins, and restricted to the distal region of the stem. But what they lack in number they make up in size. Notwithstanding the fine preserva- tion of many of the specimens, in which the strong, round cirri are present to the extent of several branches, it is doubtful if we have the cirri preserved to their full length in any of them. But. it is evident that in many cases—perhaps always—they exceeded in length the entire elliptic or crescentic portion of the stem, so that with their numerous branches they formed a complete fringe, by which when retracted by its slender neck the crown was surrounded without being closely infolded as in convolutus and species of similar type We have the stem preserved to the distal end, where it becomes round and tapers rapidly to a point. Among the material obtained by Braun during his campaigns at Lockport in the years 1910, 1911, and 1914, were a number of specimens in which the thick distal and median portion of the stem was seen imbedded in a fine-grained matrix favorable for prepara- tion. Upon carefully following this up, I came first to the slender 1A figure in Goldfuss (Petrof. Germ., vol. 1, 1829, p. 190, pl. 58, T. fig. 7, Z), under the heading of Cyathocrinus pinnatus Goldfuss, of a fragment from the Devonian of the Rheinland, seems to show a coiled bilateral stem, with two marginal rows of cirri, which fork at a distance of several ossicles from the stem. There is nothing to indicate its rela- tion to other forms, not even to the other fragments figured under the same name; and it may be an arm trunk of some Melocrinid. 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 neck forming the round part, which proved to be unexpectedly long, and after executing a doubly reversed curve passed out of the coil and finally terminated at the crown, which thus assumed an erect position. It is small and fragile, and while the arms are preserved to nearly their full length the structure of the calyx can not be fully made out, so that beyond its /ocrinus-like appearance not much can be said about it. Encouraged by this favorable beginning in the new material, expectation was aroused that we should soon have the desired information as to its exact structure. The second specimen investigated followed the same course as the first until the slender neck of the stem turned outward from the coil, and then it suddenly came to an end, broken squarely off, with the crown absent And although I worked every specimen, thirty-four in number, in which the favorable condition appeared, the same result followed. In every one of them the crown was gone—snapped off at time of death. This form must have been peculiarly sensitive to disturbance or change of conditions, causing it to cast off the crown, as certain existing crinoids cast off their arms on being brought to the surface. Conformably to the habitus thus described, I do not find in this species the close coiling of the stem in the proximal region as in the other species. The contrast in thickness between this part of the stem and that lower down is very great. The broad curve in the latter part is always conspicuous, terminating when sufficiently pre- served to show it in a pointed end. ~ In a maximum specimen the diameter of the coil is 15 mm.; length of stem from coil to distal end is 30 mm.; and of the part included in the coil about 35 mm., to which must be added that of the circular part, 20 mm., making the total length of stem 10 cm. Width of stem in middle region 4 mm., in circular proximal part 1 mm. Length of an upper cirrus, branching four times, 2.5 cm.; lower cirri, not fully preserved, undoubtedly much longer. Maximum number of cirri about 12 or 18, at intervals of about 6 or 7 columnals between the cirri at each side. The columnals are quadrangular, very short, and of uniform length, about .5 to .8 mm. The diameter of an average cirrus at its base is 1.5 mm., so that its socket may abut upon 2 or 3 columnals. Minimum specimens may have a diameter of coil of 7 mm. or less, with other dimensions in proportion. This species is comparable to Herpetocrinus flabellicirrus Bather, from Gotland, in the fact that the cirri spring from the back of the stem and are confined to the distal region, but in no other important character. In the Gotland species, instead of single cirri at in- tervals, there are large cirri separated by several columnals bearing successively diminishing cirri, arranged so as to form a fan-like cluster. Compare Bather’s figure 68 of plate 2, with figure 5 of plate 4 herein. arr 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 19 Horizon and locality—Silurian, Rochester shale; Lockport, New York, where it is one of the leading crinoid species. No trace of it has been seen in other horizons in which the genus occurs. MYELODACTYLUS KEYSERENSIS, new species Plate 6, figs. 1-3 Coil open, with stem diminishing but little distalwards. Cuirri numerous, long, slender, closely apposed, slightly rounded but not moniliform; mostly paired on successive columnals. Crown large, with long arms branching repeatedly; its bulk producing a notice- able swelling of the two rows of closely packed cirri inclosing it. Rays 5, irregular, of the Jocrinus type, the anal tube borne on the left shoulder of r. post. Rs. This species differs from all Silurian forms in the conspicuous bulging caused by the large size of the crown. I have nine specimens from the Keyser beds, in all of which the presence of the crown is indicated by this feature. In size, shape, and distribution of the cirri this form does not differ essentially from M/. convolutus, but the bulkiness of the crown differentiates the two readily. In two of the specimens the crown is well exposed, so that its com- position may be studied. The swelling is not due to the calyx, but appears in the arm region, leading to the inference that it is caused by an inflated anal tube or sac, such as occurs in Ohdocrinus, and, though rarely seen, in Anomalocrinus. The rays differ greatly in size in the one specimen in which they can be fully observed (pl. 6 figs. 1-le); 7. post. and r. ant. being narrow, the other three much wider; 7. ant. the widest of all, and branching higher up than the others. The difference in the development of the rays is connected with their relative position in the curvature of the crown. The largest one, 7. ant., being at the outside of the curve, was freest to develop and filled the greatest space; whereas 7. post. and r. ant. were much cramped at the inner side of the curve, compressed, and dwarfed in their growth, especially 7. ant., which does not branch at all. The first bifurcation in the others is at different heights, and beyond that the arms branch five or six times to very fine finials. In the two largest specimens, having diameters at the close coil of about 80 mm., the stems extend for 5 and 6 em. beyond that, and are 4.5 and 5.5 mm. in width, without noticeable diminution; in these the thickness of the swollen part is 6 and 12.5 mm. respectively, being thus about double the width of the stems. In another large incomplete specimen the swelling is 15 mm. thick (pl. 6. fig. 3); and a smaller specimen, with a coil 18 mm. in diameter, has the swelling enlarged to 15 mm. Horizon and locality—Lower Devonian, Helderbergian, Keyser formation; Keyser, West Virginia. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 MYELODACTYLUS NODOSARIUS (Hall) Plate 5, figs. 1-8. Brachiocrinus nodosarius Hatt, Pal. New York, vol. 3, 1859, p. 118, pl. 5, figs: 0; Gris. Dl. Genes. oS: Herpetocrinus nodosarius, BATHER, Amer. Geol., vol. 16, 1895, pp. 213, 217.— Brachiocrinus (Herpetocrinus) nodosarius, TALBor, Amer, Journ. Sci., 20, 1905, p. 832.—Brachiocrinus nodosarius, Kirk, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911, p. 48—Brachiocrinus nodosarius, GoLpRING, Devonian Crinoids of New York, 1924, p. 382, pl. 41, figs. 1-4. Coil open. Stem elongate, extending without sensible diminu- tion considerably beyond the coil, terminating in a bulbous enlarge- ment; columnals short, uniform. Cirri few, short and thick, com- posed of a few rounded cirrals; moniliform, thickest about the mid- dle, where their diameter often exceeds that of the stem from which they spring; alternating, at intervals of usually 1 to 5 columnals. The most remarkable thing about this Lower Devonian form is the ponderous character of its rounded, bead-like, doubly tapering cirri. In this respect it evolved an unparalleled modification, for in ne other known crinoid are the cirri thicker than the stem on which they are borne. Here they are often very much thicker. In three specimens with stems 3 mm. wide many of the cirri are 4 mm. in width; and in all the ten specimens in hand the cirri are nearly all as thick as, or thicker than, the stem. There is considerable irregu- larity in the size of the cirri, and one gets the impression of hyper- trophy due to some unusual stimulus, Some are decidedly swollen in the middle, increasing in size for a few ossicles, and then diminish to sharp extremities. Some are about equal throughout, and often both kinds are seen in the same speci- men; usually the first cirral is shorter than those directly following it. The cirri originate along the curved outer margins of the modi- fied stem, alternately at the longer face of successive cuneate col- umnals, giving them often the appearance of being opposite, and in pairs. Beginning at the distal end of the stem, the first few cirri are in close contact, but higher up they are separated by increasing intervals of one to five columnals, which are short and equal. Oc- casionally the two cirrus-bearing columnals are fused. The cirri are few in number, not exceeding eight to ten pairs in the longest stems observed, which are 5 to 10 em. in length, without being complete. One of these is almost straight for its entire length. The proximal part of the stem, and also the crown, are un- known. Another character wherein this form is unique among its con- geners is that the distal end of the stem terminates in a rounded con- dyle having the appearance of a secondary growth after fracture of anv 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER rea | the stem from its original attachment. This is not a mere casual occurrence; in seven specimens, with the distal end preserved, six have a bulbous termination, and the seventh is irregularly enlarged, followed by a short tapering appendix. The only other known species possessing medially swollen cirri is H. flabellicirrus Bather, from Gotland, in which they are thickly crowded, in fan-like clusters, and originate at the back side of the The material available for this investigation consists of eight spec- imens in the New York Museum at Albany, most obligingly loaned me by Dr. John M. Clarke, in which are included two of Hall’s types. In addition to these I have had the use of some fragments from a different locality showing the full rotundity of the bulbous distal end, for which I am indebted to the courtesy of Prof. Charles Schuchert of the Yale University Museum. The other specimens figured by Hall I have not been able to locate. One of them‘ has about 10 cm. of the stem, with the curvature toward the proximal coil well shown, but not, however, either the proximal or distal end. I see no reason to doubt the conclusion reached by Bather in his discussion of 1895 that, this species is congeneric with those which he referred to Herpetocrinus. The difference from the typical forms in the character of the cirri is of course very great, but not relatively more than that of some of the other species, such as fabellicirrus or brachiatus, while the general type of stem construction remains the same. Horizon and locality-—Lower Devonian, Helderbergian, New Scotland formation; Schoharie, and Helderberg Mountains in Al- bany County, New York. MYELODACTYLUS SCHUCHERTI, new species Plate 5, figs. 9-9e. Coil apparently of the close variety; circular part of stem long, and relatively thick. Cirri round, short, tapering, somewhat irregu- lar in size, paired on successive columnals, which in the cirrus- bearing part are uniformly quadrangular, with straight sides. Crown unknown. Diameter of coil as preserved about 15 mm. Length of main or crescentic portion of stem remaining about 40 mm.; length of columnals in that part average 0.5 mm.; width at place of fracture 4 mm., diminishing to 3 mm. in the curve next to the neck, and then to 2 mm. in the proximal neck, which, as far as preserved, is 2 Paleontology of New York, vol. 3, pl. 5, fig. 5; pl. 6, fig. 1. 13 Idem, pl. 5, fig. 7. 29, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 20 mm. long. Columnals in circular neck average .17 mm. long, except where increased by coalescing to twice that length. This species is of interest as giving us an additional Devonian representative. It is founded upon a single specimen, in excellent preservation as to some details, but unfortunately broken so that both the distal and proximal portions are wanting. The arrange- ment of cirri is upon the plan of MW. convolutus, but they are rela- tively shorter and coarser. The most striking characters are the robustness of the proximal neck, which is about half the diameter of ° the main stem in the next adjoining coil, and the peculiar distribu- tion of the columnals of which it is composed. These are extremely thin throughout, about .17 mm. on the outer side of the curve, but in the portion of the neck which is proximal to the calyx, they seem to become coalesced at either side so as to form for every two ossicles a single one of double their length. Thus in a side view the colum- nals here are about .35 mm. in length at the bottom, and when seen from the top one of the ossicles takes on a lenticular form. At some point between this part, which is that freely exposed in the figures, and that where the reversed curve begins, this doubling in length of columnals seems to disappear, so that it is not continuous for the whole of the neck. The ends of the enlarged columnals, and the form of the lenticular ossicle between them, have nearly the appear- ance of those in the variety bijugicirrus, but in fact they have no facets and bear no relation whatever to cirri. I am unable to give any explanation of this singular structure, which is a very definite one, as shown by the detailed drawings. The species is named in honor of Prof. Charles Schuchert, by whom the unique type was collected many years ago in the course of researches upon the Helderbergian formations of Tennessee. Horizon and locality —Helderbergian, Linden formation; Benton county, Tennessee. AMMONICRINUS, new genus Plate 6 Of the type of Myclodactylus in having the crown enveloped by a coiled bilateral stem; but without jointed cirri, their place being taken by unarticulated solid processes projecting from the two horns of the crescentic columnals; and with calyx of Camerate type. Genotype.—Ammonicrinus wanneri, new species. Distribution —Middle Devonian; Eifel, Germany. AMMONICRINUS WANNERI, new species Plate 6, figs. 4-6 I have proposed this genus and species upon the evidence of two very perfect specimens and some fragments from the Middle De- ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 23 vonian of the Eifel, which have been in my possession for many years, but hitherto undescribed because I was uncertain of their affinities. With the present study of this group it seemed probable that these curious fossils belonged here, although they resemble nothing in the crinoid line that has ever been seen before. Their superficial appearance is that of a coiled shell; but that idea was excluded by the fact that they have a jointed structure, and are built up of movable segments, coordinated by an axial nerve cord lodged in a canal which perforates the coil longitudinally, thus en- -abling it to open and close. Their systematic relation with the group now under consideration was definitely established when upon re- moving the projecting processes from the segments on one side there was disclosed the calyx of a crinoid tightly enveloped within the coil. The extreme width of the segments forming the enclosing struc- ture, in proportion to the diameter of the coil, seemed to preclude any analogy with the stem of a crinoid; but the facts as brought forth by the investigation show conclusively that it can not be any- thing else. They disclose a specialization which amounts almost to a freak, furnishing a fresh exemplification of the truth that in na- ture any modification of an organism may be expected which is not a mechanical impossibility. A few measurements will show to what an extreme the modifica- tion in this form has gone. The coil is tightly closed in both speci- mens, with the distal end closely adherent and tapering rapidly to a point. It is more or less elliptic in both, with: long and short diam- eters, respectively, of 18-22 and 15-16 mm. It is composed of rela- tively few segments, or columnals, which are of great width and thickness, and project on the perimeter of the curve in strong ridges, like cogs upon a wheel. In the smaller specimen there are 20 colum- nals on the exposed surface, a distance of about 50 mm., and in the larger one 24 columnals in a distance of 62 mm. Thus the colum- nals are about 2.5 mm. in thickness, or length longitudinal to the curve, at the exterior. In coils of Myelodactylus ammonis of like diameter there would be about 70 and 85 columnals for correspond- ing lengths of curve. The width of the columnals is still more extraordinary as com- pared with those of any similar form. In the region of greatest width in the two specimens they are respectively 10 and 12 mm. wide. That is to say, this over-developed or hypertrophied coiled stem has a width exceeding half the diameter of the coil. We are accustomed to think of the stem of a crinoid as a much elongated structure, but here we have a stem of which the width is about one sixth of its possible length. The most remarkable thing about the organism, however, is the marginal appendages, which occupy at either end of the segments 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 the same position as the cirri in Myelodactylus. They are relatively of fair length, 5 to 11 mm., and somewhat irregular in shape, al- though mostly tapering to a point. Upon the most careful examina- tion I am unable to find any sign of articulation, sutural division into cirrals, or of any organic structure; yet from the manner in which they overlap toward the center, these appendages must have had a certain amount of flexibility, to adapt themselves to the move- ments of the segments when inrolling. That there was ample facility for movement of this kind among the segments is clearly shown by their crenellated edges and strong beveling at the back in the two principal specimens, and by the presence of a fulcral ridge and fossae for muscles and ligaments as shown in the isolated ossicles. The axial nerve canal by which they are perforated extends to the last of the rapidly narrowing columnals, which are preserved in one specimen almost to the very end, and is also seen in the fragments. It does not seem possible that articulations and intercirral sutures existing in life could have been completely obliterated in these fos- sils, which are unusually perfect and well preserved; but of course if the appendages should prove to be jointed structures the generic posi- tion might depend upon the calyx, as there would be no essential character discoverable to separate it by the stem alone from M/yelo- dactylus or from Camptocrinus. As to the crown, which has been partially exposed by cutting away the appendages at one side, I am unable to ascertain the de- tails of its construction. The calyx is strong and thick, and prob- ably belongs to the Camerata—perhaps to some form of the Hexa- crinidae, which take on many strange modifications. There is a suggestion of Arthracantha in the remnants of calyx and arms which are seen. In general form this species is to be compared with Myelodactylus ammonis, which has a similarly short coil, wide, and narrowly ter- minated, and in some specimens of which the maximum width of the stem is equal to one-third the diameter of the coil. Both were un- doubtedly free, this one completely so, as it is hard to see how the apparently functionless appendages could have served for clinging to other objects. From the little we can see of the crown, which bears no re- semblance to that of the Heterocrinidae, there seems to be no reason to regard this strangely modified form as the end of the Myelo- dactylus series. My guess would be that it belongs to the Camerata, and might be regarded as the beginning of the Camptocrinus series. From the singular way in which the Carboniferous genus Dichocrinus adapts itself to some very broad modifications in the structure of stem, arms, and other appendages, it might reasonably be supposed ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 25 that the prolific genus Zevacrinus among Devonian crinoids would do something of the same kind. This remarkable species is named in honor of Prof. Johannes Wanner, of the University of Bonn, an ardent student of the crinoids, whose works upon the Echinoderms of the island of Timor have brought to light one of the most extraordinary crinoidal faunas ever discovered. Horizon and locality Middle Devonian, Eifel limestone; Prim, Eifel, Germany. CAMPTOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer Plates 7, 8 Camptocrinus WacusMuTH and Sprincer, North American Crinoidea Camerata, 1897, p. 779. Mississippian; Burlington to Chester. Camptocrinus is simply a Dichocrinus with a coiled bilateral stem ; or it might be called a Myelodactylus with a Camerate crown. It is the Carboniferous representative of the type under consideration. Whatever may have been the origin of this extreme stem modifica- tion, it developed independently in the two orders of the Crinoidea, without the slightest evidence of any evolutionary connection be- tween the two genera in which it appeared, and then reappeared after the long time interval from the Lower Devonian to the Lower Carboniferous. The genus Dichocrinus was peculiarly susceptible to secondary modifications upon a primitive type, and underwent a number of striking changes involving the stem and arms. The stem especially was in a plastic condition, yielding a variety of modifications in ad- dition to that of the bilateral, coiled feature, which were not cor- related with any material changes in the structure of the crown. Usually the stem is without cirri (pl. 11, fig. 4), but in some of the later forms ordinary cirri are present, in whorls along the greater part of the stem. I have some excellent specimens showing this. In one species the cirri are developed in numerous crowded whorls, limited to the upper part of the stem, and rising far beyond the height of the calyx and arms (pl. 11, fig. 7). 144There is even some ground for suspecting that the mysterious Hdriocrinus might be an offshoot from the Hexacrinidae. The calyx is fundamentally similar—five strong radials, with a large anal plate of similar form interposed in line with them. As it is now known to be a monocyclic crinoid with four basals (Springer, Crinoidea Plexibilia, 1920, p. 448), the analogy in this respect also is not so very remote. The Hexacrinidae include forms with two and with three basals, why not four? The secondary modification of the base by way of fused basals, often directly fixed without a stem, thought to be a result of reef life in shallow waters, reappears in different geological epochs down to the present time, in wholly unrelated forms; and there is no reason a priori why it may not have occurred independently in the Hexacrinidae. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 The arrangement of columnals varies from uniformly short throughout to alternation with longer ones on different plans. The arms vary from 10, the usual number, to 20, 30, and 40; from uni- serial to biserial; and from dichotomous to a heterotomous arrange- ment. ‘They also in some species take on a recumbent habitus—a modification which occurs independently among the Rhodocrinidae, Melocrinidae, Batocrinidae and Platycrinidae. A reduction of primibrachs to a single small axillary plate forms the genus 7'alaro- crinus, with the calyx elements otherwise similar to Dichocrinus, but with incipient changes in the tegmen by the enlargement of the axil- lary ambulacral, or radial dome plate, which when developed into huge wing-like processes produces the remarkable specialization of Pterotocrinus. Finally the calyx itself begins to add a new element, in the form of additional rings of plates between basals and radials, leading to the extraordinary multiplication of such plates which we find in Acrocrinus, the latest survivor of the Camerata. In the present form, owing to the more solid construction of the calyx and the simple character of the arms, there is no such irregular- ity or deformity as has been observed in Myelodactylus, only a slight distortion at the base due to pressure; and for the same reason the crown is more prominent and better exposed. Therefore it is found in perfect condition in several of the species, so that it may be fully inspected. Throughout the long geological range in which the genus persisted—from the Burlington to the later Chester—we find that the calyx has undergone little material change, and from that alone it will be difficult to differentiate some of the species. In all where the arms are known they are ten in number, and usualy uniserial, the brachials often passing into cuneate form, and perhaps interlock- ing toward the extremities. But as in the Silurian type, the specialized stem offers good specific characters resulting from modifications upon a new plan. In all species, as before, the columnals in the proximal, rounded and non- cirriferous region of the stem are very short and uniform; but be- yond this, where the stem becomes elliptic, the columnals are of dif- ferent lengths, parallel, and have marginal cirri at each end forming two rows along the inner or concave side of the stem. These usually spring from the suture between paired or doubled nodals, with one, two or three internodals interposed, each about the size of the com- bined nodal pair. No wedge-formed columnals have been observed. By far the most frequent plan is that of duplicate or triplicate cirri, of which the outer ones are borne upon facets at the junction of the nodal segments, forming clusters which diminish in size inwards. The cirrus-facet seems to le directly above the suture. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS-—SPRINGER Pat The peculiar modification in stem structure which is manifested in the genus Camptocrinus is itself subject to some singular varia- tions, of which one of the most striking seems to be connected with an effort toward resumption of the usual arrangement of cirri in whorls upon a rounded stem. This tendency is evidenced by the presence of incipient, immature, or rudimentary cirri, supplemental to those in the marginal rows, usually much dwarfed in size; they consist of a few small cirrals, often of only a single ossicle breaking through at the suture between the paired nodal segments, rounded off distally and without any axial canal through which further growth could be innervated. Rarely also it results in fully devel- oped, fairly equal cirri in whorls of five, upon a stem which retains in part the elliptic section. In this genus the form of the coiled stem differs considerably in transverse section from that of Myelodactylus; instead of being crescentic, with a decided concavity at the inner side as in the latter (pl. 1, fig. 6), it is here simply elliptic, with the curvature at the inner and outer sides almost alike, sometimes but little flattened and tending to become circular (pl. 8, various outline figures). In this genus also the rounded proximal part of the stem, or neck, is usually materially shorter than in d/yelodactylus. Distribution—Mississippian, Burlington to latest Chester; lim- ited, so far as hitherto known, to North America, but now found to oecur in the East Indies, in a formation claimed to be Permian. CAMPTOCRINUS PRAENUNTIUS, new species Plate 7, fig. 1 Of large size; stem with broad open coil; round, slender, with reversed curvature in the proximal region, much enlarged in the middle region, and tapering to the distal end, where it begins to assume a bilateral form, with a few short cirri. Crown not closely enveloped by the stem; it is of the type of Dichocrinus angustus, with ten uniserial arms; apparently only a single primibrach, as long as the usual two. This species from the Burlington limestone may be considered as the beginning of the modification leading to the fully developed Camptocrinus. It is the largest of the known species, the stem hav- ing a total length of 19 cm. In the great diminution of the other- wise thick stem in the proximal region, its reversed curvature, and the position of the crown in relation to it, the habitus of the species is thoroughly characteristic of the type; but it lacks the close en- velopment of the crown by the stem and cirri, the stem being round for the greater part of its length. The cirri occur at the inner side 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 of the curve only in the last 5 cm., where the columnals, which are of about equal length throughout, become slightly elliptic; they are small, not very regularly placed, but mostly on alternate columnals. The alternation of paired nodals with one or more large internodals, which is so marked a character in the later species, has not appeared in this one. This form is exceedingly rare, not having been observed by any of the early collectors at Burlington—the fine specimen here illustrated und another imperfect one being the only examples among the numerous collections covering a period of over fifty years at that prolific locality. Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Upper Burlington lime- stone; Burlington, Iowa. CAMPTOCRINUS MYELODACTYLUS Wachsmuth and Springer Plate 7, figs. 2-56 Camptocrinus myelodactylus WACHSMUTH and SprINGER, North American Crinoidea Camerata, 1897, p. 779, pl. 75, figs. 2a and 2b (not fig. 1). Coil close in proximal region. Stem long, extending in the middle and distal portions into a broad curve, tapering to near the end; below the proximal neck, which is relatively short, it is composed of pairs of short columnals (nodals) bearing the cirri in marginal rows at each end, with a longer one (internodal) interposed between them equal in length to the two combined nodals. Cirri strong, rounded, rather long; composed of 15 to 20 diminishing cirrals, and tapering rapidly from their origin; they are doubled (or trebled) from each side of the paired nodals, springing from a large facet midway of the pair, with an additional facet or bifurcation following behind it. Thus there are along each margin at the con- cave side of the stem what appear to be duplicate cirri, separated by the interval of the longer internodal columnal. This is the way they usually appear in well preserved specimens; but actually there is frequently a third cirrus, and perhaps a fourth, each smaller than the one preceding, forming a cluster diminishing in size inward. The innermost cirri beyond the second are only to be seen after most careful preparation under a strong magnifier, being crowded inward and covered by the outer ones overlapping owing to the curvature of the stem. It was only after patient work, under ex- ceptionally favorable conditions of preservation, that the facts were ascertained from which the sketches were composed by Mr. Chap- man, showing the ‘details of these structures in this and other species. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 29 The exact mode of succession of these diminishing cirri is rather difficult to ascertain; the outer one rests in a good sized facet upon the suture between the two short nodals, and each succeeding one seems to be articulated upon the first cirral of its predecessor, some- what as shown by the sketches on plate 7. The occurrence of the cirri in diminishing clusters recalls the more elaborate arrangement seen in Bather’s Herpetocrinus flabel- licirrus. There is no sign of rudimentary cirri, outside of the marginal rows, in any of the specimens of this species. The crown is imperfectly known, being usually closely enveloped by the cirri, as is most of the species of Myelodactylus, but enough is exposed in one specimen to show that it belongs to the usual Dichocrinus type; it was evidently smaller than in the other Keokuk species. Total length of stem in maximum specimen 10.5 em. with probably 1.5 cm. missing at the distal end; length of circular neck about 1 em.; diameter of proximal coil in two specimens having the most com- plete stem about one-fourth the total length of stem. In connection with the original description three specimens were figured, two of which are of the type above described; and it was from these two that the description relative to the details of stem and cirri was made, it being stated that the cirri were slender, composed of about sixteen to eighteen joints ending in a sharp point, and that they arose from alternate columnals—overlooking the fact that in the two specimens above mentioned the “alternate joint” is a pair of short columnals equaling in length the single one interposed. The type locality is given as Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana, and it is from there that the two specimens, together with three others subsequently acquired, were derived. In one of the latter the stem is preserved to nearly its full length, showing its broad and open curve (pl. 7, fig. 5). The original of Wachsmuth and Springer’s figure 1 is from another locality and a somewhat higher horizon; it has a different arrangement of columnals and cirri—a form for which I have proposed the species C. crawfords- villensis. While it is true that the description of the crown was made from this specimen, there is nothing substantially distinctive about it, and as in our present view the decisive specific characters in these forms are to be looked for in the stem, that fact may be disregarded. In the character of multiple cirri springing from a pair of short columnals, this species takes on a plan which became the leading character in the later Carboniferous forms. Horizon and locality——Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, lower horizon; Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 CAMPTOCRINUS CRAWFORDSVILLENSIS, new species Plate 8, figs. 1-8e Camptocrinus myclodactylus WACHSMUTH and SpRINGER, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, pl. 75, fig. 1 (not 2a, b). Coil open, not closely enveloping the crown. Cirri doubled, or rarely trebled, as in the preceding species, or exceptionally single, and springing from a pair of short nodal columnals; but instead of these alternating with a single longer one, there are 2, 3, or excep- tionally 4 internodals interposed between them, each about the size of the combined pair. The marginal cirri on either side are long and fairly stout, composed of 20 to 25 cirrals; and in addition to them there are, especially toward the distal end, remnants of smaller secondary cirri at the back of the same columnals, as if forming rudimentary whorls; where these appear the stem tends to lose its bilateral form and become round. This structure, occurring in a different horizon of the Keokuk from that of the last species, is constant in three specimens. The stem is not preserved to its full length in any of them, but extends well beyond the proximal coil. The calyx is that of the typical Dichocrinus, elongate with base one third the height of the cup. Arms two to the ray, composed of rather long, quadrangular ossicles. ‘The crown is relatively larger than in the succeeding species. Horizon and localtiy.—Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, upper horizon; Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Indiana. CAMPTOCRINUS PLENICIRRUS, new species Plate 7, figs. 6, 6a This species is proposed for a small specimen associated with the preceding which, while of the typical Camptocrinus type in the curvature, form and proportions of the stem and its elliptic section, has the cirri developed into complete whorls of five, nearly equal in size. In the arrangement of columnals, with paired short nodals and a single long internodal, it is like C. myelodactylus, but the cirri are distributed on a different plan; also it comes from a different horizon. From the other Crawfordsville species, last described, it differs in the single internodal, instead of two or more, and in the short, strongly tapering cirri not arranged in marginal rows. Un- fortunately less than half the stem is preserved; if we had the whole of it, I have no doubt we should find it circular toward the distal end. The species represents a stage in the modifications of the type under consideration in which the cirri have resumed almost the distribution of those in a normal crinoid. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 31 Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, upper horizon; Crawfordsville, Indiana. CAMPTOCRINUS MULTICIRRUS, new species Plate 8, figs. 4-9 Camptocrinus cirrifer WACHSMUTH and Sprincer North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, pl. 76, fig. 18¢ (not 13a, Db.). Stem long, tapering almost to a point, becoming round and very slender at the distal end, but throughout the middle region strongly elliptic, and maintaining a nearly uniform width. Cirri doubled or in clusters of 3, diminishing inward; exceptionally single, spring- ing from each end of pairs of short nodal columnals alternating with a long internodal as in C. myelodactylus; they are rounded, long and slender, composed when complete of upwards of 30 cirrals, mostly longer than wide. Besides the prominent marginal cirri in two rows at the concave side of the stem, additional cirri occur at the back in many places tending to form whorls; these secondary cirri are much smaller than the others and appear in a variety of rudimentary stages. Some have two, three or four cirrals; many have only the first cirral remaining, but pierced by the axial canal, indicating that one or more others followed; still others, rather numerous, have the first cirral imperfect with no axial canal, but rounded off like a terminal ossicle, as if it had just broken through without being able to grow farther. These details are fully shown by the instructive sketches made from the two remarkably perfect specimens figured on plate 8 (figs. 4, 4a, 6, 6a). The proximal cir- cular neck is relatively short, and the crown is not closely enveloped by the cirri. The calyx is shorter than in C. crawfordsvillensis, especially the basal plates, which are not over one-fourth the height of the cup; they are frequently deformed owing to compression by the curved stem, so that they are shorter at one side than the other, as shown in figure 4 of plate 8. Arms two to the ray, uniserial with more or less cuneate ossicles; rather longer than is usual in Dichocrinus. Dimensions of a maximum specimen: Total length of stem, 12.5 em.; of circular neck 10 mm.; long diameter of columnal in middle portion 2.5 mm.; short diameter 1.5 mm.; diameter at circular neck 1 mm.; at distal end, rounded almost to a point, .5 mm. This is the most abundant and widely distributed species of the genus, being represented in the collection by upwards of thirty specimens from two well separated areas, namely, that of Hunts- ville, Alabama, and of Monroe county, Illinois. It occurs in the lower part of the Chester, in the Ohara formation at Huntsville, and in what is. regarded as its equivalent formation at the Illinois oo PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 locality. Many of the specimens from both localities are beauti- fully preserved, having the stem to its full length, with the crown plainly showing through the thin fringe of delicate cirri, and some- times completely isolated. The multiple arrangement of the cirri on alternating pairs of columnals is constant throughout all this ma- terial, except that in some specimens near the distal end the col- umnals tend to become more nearly equal in length, and the inter- vals between the cirri somewhat longer. I am figuring characteristic specimens from each of the localities. In none of them is there such a close, compact coil in the proximal region as occurs in @. myelo- dactylus.¥ Horizon and locality—Mississippian, lower part of Chester, Ohara and Renault formations; Huntsville, Alabama and Burks- ville, Monroe County, Illinois. CAMPTOCRINUS CIRRIFER Wachsmuth and Springer Plate 8, figs. 10, 10a Camptocrinus cirrifer WACIISMUTH AND Sprincer, North American Crin- oidea, Camerata, 1897, p. 780, pl. 76, figs. 13a, b (not 18¢c). Like (. multicirrus, except that the cirri are more attenuate, and there is a tendency of the pairs of short columnals bearing the mul- tiple cirri to coalesce so as to resemble a single ossicle; also in some specimens the rudimentary cirri toward the distal end tend to form rather well defined whorls associated with a more rounded stem, which may well mark the end of the specialization by which this whole type is characterized. This species occurs in the upper part of the Chester, the Glen Dean formation, the fauna of which is sharply distinguished from that of the preceding species. The differences from that species are very slight, and if the two occurred in the same formation might well be disregarded. But in view of the changes which took place in other genera of the echinoderms during the considerable time inter- val between the respective formations, it seems best to recognize 1 Camptocrinus indoaustralicus Wanner. Die Permischen Krinoiden yon Timor, vol. 2, 1924, p. 81, pl. 8, figs. 9-11. This species, thé description of which appeared subsequent to the preparation of the text hereof, adds another to the strictly Lower Carboniferous types which have been found associated with the remarkable Permian fauua of the East Indies. The author notes its great similarity to OC. cirrifer, from which he says a separation is scarcely possible by the characters of the calyx and arms, but he thinks the structure of the stem offers sufficient differences to justify a new species. But the similarity is even greater than he thought, when compari- son is made with the form of C. cirrifer now separated under C. multicirrus. For the stem character upon which he mainly relies, namely, two short ossicles alternating with one longer, is most conspicuous in our species; and the “small knots’ which he mentions as occurring along the suture line between the short pair are the remains of budding cirri as above described. ARL 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 33 the modifications, however slight they may appear in the fossils, as indicating a definite specific change. Wachsmuth and Springer’s figure 13c, although not very charac- teristic, must go with C. multictrrus in conformity with the horizon from which the specimen is derived. The extreme tenuity of the cirri in this species is constant in sev- eral specimens, in which they often contain as many as forty nar- row cirrals, which are longer than wide. Horizon and locality—Mississippian, upper part of the Chester, Glen Dean formation; chiefly at Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County, Kentucky, but also at Newman’s Ridge, Bland County, Virginia. THE RECUMBENT ARMS Among existing crinoids those taken by the dredge or otherwise captured have been found with their arms, when preserved, either outstretched or folded together. On the sea bottom, in the case of stalked crinoids, both positions may be assumed, depending upon whether the crinoid 1, was seeking food, in which case the arms would be spread so as to bring the maximum of surface on the ventral side into contact with the water containing the organisms upon which the crinoid feeds, or 2, was in a state of rest, in which case the arms would probably be folded as a matter of protection to the vital organs. Which attitude was most frequent, or longest continued, we have no means of knowing, but among the specimens as taken out of the water both conditions are found. When disturbed by the dredge or tangles, many individuals respond to the contact by opening the arms widely, while others seem to bring them close together, and still others cast them off. Among fossil crinoids the second was undoubtedly the most fre- quent occurrence, for practically nine out of every ten well preserved specimens, deposited so as to become imbedded in soft material, have the arms folded. And in certain large groups, such as the Flexibilia, they are scarcely ever found in any other condition. Therefore it is to be assumed that such was the usual position of the fossil crinoids at death. Any other disposition of the arms by which they become so firmly retracted as to remain fixed in that position after death, and to become fossilized in it, must therefore be associated with some structural modification in the articulation of the arms by which their motion in an upward direction would be restricted. Many instances have been observed in which this is apparently the case, and in which the facts are not explained by sup- posing that the recumbent arms were due merely to casual move- ments by the animal, voluntary or involuntary. It is evident that the mechanics of the arm structure was such that the motion of the 23832—26 » i) 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 arms upon their hinges was downward rather than upward, and that the pendent position, with the dorsal side of the arms pressing backward upon the calyx and stem, was the position of rest, or of greatest fixity. Then the arms, instead of opening out from the top. in order to extend themselves and their pinnules for the maximum. of contact with the water, would be extended from the bottom, the ventral side containing the food grooves being already in position for- complete connection with the currents by means of the pinnules and their softer appendages. The proof of this is found in the fact that in numerous instances the marks of long continued pressure by the arms in habitual posi-. tions are found upon the outer wall of the calyx and the stem, pro- ducing permanent indentations which could not have occurred unless. the arms had become fixed in that position (pls. 9, fig. 9; 18, fig. 4). In the most conspicuous cases of this kind I have observed that the recumbent arms are always profusely provided with long and thickly studded pinnules, and these, standing out from the curving surface of the reversed arms, have all the food-gathering exposure that they could obtain in any other way. It is also worth noting that the entire group Flexiblia, in which the arms are almost invariably found folded together in the fossil state, and in which recumbent arms are unknown, are destitute of pinnules. Neither are the recumbent arms, of the type which I am about to. describe, found among the Inadunata, whether with pinnules or without; and regardless of the matter of pinnules it is probable that the mechanics of the arm joint, both in the Flexibilia and the Ina- dunata, precluded the possibility of any such backward and down- ward motion as would be required for the arms to become settled in that position. While it is true that among the Recent crinoids specimens brought up by the dredge frequently have the arms curved backwards upon the stem, leaving the oral surface open except for its forest of pin- nules, this is merely one phase of arm movement in the natural and usual condition, due to their enormous flexibility. There is not that complete reversal in the habitus of the arm which makes it hang downward as if suspended from the roof of the calyx. For that the solid dome of the Camerata is needed to afford a firm anchorage for the suspended arms, often projecting as it does at the edge of the tegmen out over the dorsal wall below it, and at all events furnishing a rigid means of support. In typical examples to be mentioned the covering plates of adjacent arms are for quite a distance suturally connected, thus preventing the usual motion of the arms. It is only among the Camerata that such a well supported hinge is found; and here the structure occurs in several of its families, occa- ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 35 sionally, as an independent modification, and in otherwise unrelated forms; specifically distinct, and sufficiently rare to fall within our category of “unusual forms.” It is not even a generic character. Hitherto the recumbent type of arms has been observed among the following families and genera of the Camerata : Family Rhodocrinidae, genus G2bertsocrinus. Family Batocrinidae, genus Larrandeocrinus. Family Platycrinidae, genus /ucladocrinus. Family Hexacrinidae, genus Dichocrinus. Family Hexacrinidae, genus Acrocrinus. I have now to add a remarkable new species of Macrostylocrinus among the Melocrinidae, and another of the typical Platycrinus. The oldest example now known, and one of the most characteristic, of this type of arms is Barrandeocrinus from the Silurian of the island of Gotland—a form with the calyx of the Batocrinidae. It exhibits the extreme compactness of the curtain of arms as they press firmly against the calyx and stem, leaving distinct impressions due to the protracted pressure, as is shown by the beautiful figure drawn by Mr. Liljevall from one of the specimens in the Stockholm Museum, published by Wachsmuth and Springer in the North American Crinoidea Camerata (pl. 8, fig. 1), and reproduced herein, as plate 9, figure 6, and by another from a specimen of my own, figure 7, showing the calyx completely enveloped by the arms. The next in order was a holdover from the Silurian, which did not take on the recumbent arm structure until it reappeared under a new species in the Devonian, which will now be described. Genus MACROSTYLOCRINUS Hall Macrostylocrinus Haut, Pal. New York, vol. 2, 1852, p. 208. Silurian to Devonian. MACROSTYLOCRINUS RECUMBENS, new species Plate 9, figs. 1-4 The genus Macrostylocrinus Hall, of the family Melocrinidae, is diagnosed by Wachsmuth and Springer * substantially as follows: Monocyclic. Lower brachials, with well defined interbrachials between them, forming a part of the dorsal cup. Radials in contact all around. Basals three, unequal. Interbrachials few. Anal area much the widest, and quite distinct; three plates in the first range, the middle one large, supported by the sloping shoulders of the two posterior radials, and flanked by a smaller one at either side which, together with the first primibrach, rests upon the upper face of the radial; the middle or anal plate is usually followed by one or two other anals, longitudinally arranged. Radials very large, their upper 16 North American Crinoidea Camerata, 1897, p. 285. 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 corners but slightly truncated by the interbrachials. Arms usually ten, long, biserial, simple throughout. Tegmen low, composed of numerous irregular plates. The genus stands out distinctly from all the other Melocrinidae by having three basals, and in the anal interradius three plates in the first range above the closed radial ring, instead of only one. The form is typically Silurian, six species having thus far been recognized, of which two are from the Rochester shale, three from the Waldron, and one from the Louisville limestone. The speci- mens of these species are rather small. The arms, so far as known, are two to the ray, rather heavy, and of the normal type. When the remarkable Devonian material upon which the present species is described was first seen, its generic affinities were not. ap- parent, because the calyx was completely enveloped in the downward hanging arms, and its composition was thereby hidden; there was no thought of its belonging to a form of which the superficial ap- pearance was so widely different. It was only after removing part of the arms from two specimens that I was able to determine the essential elements which fixed its position as now recognized. Com- parison of the two figures on plate 9 with the foregoing statement of generic characters leaves not the slighest doubt that we have here a well marked representative of Macrostylocrinus, which on pass- ing over from the Silurian to the Devonian has undergone some striking changes. The outstanding difference from all previously described species lies in the number of arms, and their recumbent habitus. Instead of being limited to 10, the arms occur in clusters of 5 to the ray, per- haps 4 in two of them, given a total of 23 to 25 arms, the bifurca- tions being indicated in the tegmen by nodose axillary ambulacrals. The mode of articulation is such that their facets are directed downwards from underneath a projection, or overhang, from the edge of the tegmen, which is thus broader by at least a fourth than the calyx at the arm bases. Accordingly the tegmen is left free and clear as a smooth roof, and the arms, heavy and closely apposed, form a closed fringe or curtain about the calyx, meeting by their distal ends around the stem, and having their outer sides thickly studded with strong pinnules. They do not, however, in this species press closely against the calyx wall so as to leave indentations, as in some other forms, but there is an open space between the calyx and the dorsal side of the arms, so that in case of fracture in the region of the arm bases the calyx may come loose and separate freely from the curtain of arms which surrounds it, as actually happened with the two largest specimens. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER oe In the series of specimens obtained there are 14 individuals, and in all of them, without a single exception, the arms are firmly and regularly fixed in the position above described—a fact which seems to warrant the conclusion that this habitus is associated with a definite structure, and is not a temporary condition due to casual movements of highly flexible appendages. As to minor details: The anal series is strongly developed in this species, forming a more prominent ridge than usual in the Silurian species, being especially conspicuous when seen from the tegmen. ‘The stem is constructed of very short columnals, one of which projects at intervals of five or six, with a beaded perimeter. In point of size, this species presents a wide difference from all the others, which, as stated, are usually small, the largest, and latest in age, WM. meeki Lyon, of the later Niagaran, having the calyx 20 mm. high and 22 mm. wide at the arm bases; whereas our two speci- mens with the calyx exposed are about 25 mm. high and 25 mm. wide at the arm bases. Measured from the surface of the tegmen to the distal end of the pendent arms where they close around the stem, and in width over all at the outside of the pinnules, these dimensions are about 35 mm. and 32 mm. respectively. In figure 1, and in two other specimens not figured, the same measurements give 40 mm. in height and 37 mm. in width. But this by no means represents the maximum dimensions of the species, for among the 14 specimens, ail from the same layer and locality, are two from which the calyx, including tegmen and arm bases, is broken away, that were more than three times as large. Only the hollow shell remains, containing the closely apposed arms from an irregular fractured edge below the arm bases to the distal end. That much of the crown is 12.5 cm. high and 7.5 cm. wide. Inasmuch as one-seventh of the individuals attain this great size, it is clear that the optimum for this species is far beyond that for any of the Silurian forms. Horizon and locality—Lower Devonian, Oriskany; Cumberland, Maryland. The specimens occur in a friable calcareous sandstone, associated with LHdriocrinus, Technocrinus, and numerous other forms peculiar to that horizon. The fossils as found have been leached by the percolation of water, carrying away the calcareous material, and partially replacing it by silica. By this leaching the finer surface markings have been obliterated. The series of specimens under consideration are part of a large collection made by Frank Hartley and acquired by me many years ago; but they have remained undescribed until now for want of time. Some other occurrences of this nature, not all new species, which should be further illustrated, will be here discussed. 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Genus GILBERTSOCRINUS Phillips Devonian to Keokuk. GILBERTSOCRINUS DISPANSUS Wachsmuth and Springer Plate 10, fig. 1 Gilbertsocrinus dispansus WACHSMUTH and SprinceR, North Amer. Crin- Cam., 1897, p. 233. In most of the species of this genus in which the arms are known they tend to hang downward over the cup, emerging beneath an overhang at the edge of the tegmen. One of the species in which the arms are not pendent, G. tuberculatus of the Burlington lime- stone, is so closely similar to one of the same formation in which they are that the two can scarcely be differentiated by other characters. In a species from the Keokuk limestone of Indiana, G. dispansus ™* it now appears from specimens obtained since the description was made that sometimes the arms, which are extremely long and slender, after extending downward for a part of their length bend backward upon themselves and are directed upward toward the tegmen, with the result that the ambulacral furrows and pinnules in one part of the arm appear to be upon the outside, and in another upon the in- side (pl. 10, fig. 1). It is rare to find these two conditions com- pletely shown in one specimen, as is fortunately the case in the one I have figured; and their presence separately in different specimens has led to some curious theories touching the properties of arms pe- culiar to this crincid. This was probably the occasion of the erro- neous figure by Meek and Worthen in the second volume of the Geo- logical Survey of Illinois (p. 220), in which the arms are pictured as recumbent over the dorsal cup, but with the ventral side under- neath, and as to which the authors say, on page 221: In the above cut the minute true arms of the typical species of Gonias- teroidocrinus are seen to branch so as to form nine to each ray. The cut shows only their outside, on which we have seen no indications of ambulacral furrows; these may have been obliterated in cleaning the specimen, or possi- bly they may present the anomalous character of being on the under side and thus differ from those of all other known crinoids. Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Keokuk limestone, lower horizon; Indian Creek, Indiana. Genus PLATYCRINUS Miller Deyonian through Lower Carboniferous. PLATYCRINUS PENDENS Wachsmuth and Springer Plate 9, figs. 5, 5a Platycrinus pendens WACHSMUTH and Sprineer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 647. Among the vast number of species of Platycrinus which were treated by Wachsmuth and Springer in the Camerata Monograph, 17 Wachsmuth and Springer, N. A. Crin. Cam., p. 240, pl. 15, figs. 2a—d. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 39 there were none which showed any indication of recumbent arms. In the closely related H'ucladocrinus the long radial extensions, or tubu- lar appendages, frequently show a tendency to bend backward over the calyx, but always the true arms are folded over the ventral side; ‘even in cases like that of /’. twberosus 1°, where the tegmen is strongly hemispherical, and the arm bases are directed far below the hori- zontal, the arms fold in the normal way. The same thing may be said of other genera with hemispheric calyx, like Megistocrinus, Agaricocrinus, etc. In recent years, however, I have obtained two specimens of Platy- crinus from the well known locality of Le Grand, Iowa, but at a different horizon from that of the numerous species heretofore de- scribed, in which the arms are compactly folded backward upon the calyx and stem, and apparently fixed in that position, after the man- ner of Barrandeocrinus and Acrocrinus. The calyx in both is com- pletely enveloped, and can only be partially exposed, considerably distorted, in one of them. We know that the species belongs to Platycrinus, because both specimens have the twisted, elliptic stem. Of other characters little can be said, and the position of the arms must distinguish the species. I am giving two views of one speci- men; the other is slightly larger, and equally characteristic as to the arms. Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Kinderhook group, lower horizon; Le Grand, Iowa. Genus DICHOCRINUS Minster Plate 11 espe tes WaAcHSMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, ieee Carboniferous, Kinderhook to Chester. Among the changes to which this highly variable genus and its allies were subject, the recumbent arm took a strong hold. This was illustrated by Wachsmuth and Springer under their species Dicho- crinus pendens from the Burlington limestone ?°, and I am now giv- ing some additional figures of it, including one of a specimen with the complete stem and crown, partly to show the persistence of this character, several specimens having now been found, and partly to exhibit the Dichocrinus stem as usually seen, in comparison with one of its remarkable variations (pl. 11, figs. 4,7). The first is without cirri, except in the form of distal root branches, while the latter has cirri in regular whorls, beginning in the upper region of the stem, of such an extraordinary length that they completely envelop the 18 North Amer. Crin. Cam., pl. 72, figs. 4a, Ge. 12Tdem, p. 774, pl. 78, fig. 15. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 calyx, and probably the arms, which are broken off. While there is no trace either of coiling or bilateralism, yet the peculiar behavior of the cirri in this specimen should be considered in connection with what was later developed under Camptocrinus. Wachsmuth and Springer at the same time described from the Warsaw group another species, Dichocrinus oblongus*°, founded upon a unique specimen having only the calyx preserved. Speci- mens subsequently obtained with the arms attached show that these are of the recumbent variety, and I am accordingly illustrating the species anew (pl. 11, figs. 5, 6). In these two species, however, as I see them now, there does not seem to be quite the same structural type, or mode of attachment of the arms, that we have in the preceding examples. .The arms are not so compactly placed, nor connected in the tegmen by their covering plates, and their appearance seems more like that of ordi- nary bending backward as the result of great flexibility. Genus ACROCRINUS Yandell Plates 9, 12, and 18 Acrocrinus YANDELL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 20, 1855, p. 185.— WaACHSMUTH and SprincEer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 805.— BatTuHER, Lankester Zoology, pt. 3, 1900, p. 159. Carboniferous, Burlington to Pennsylvanian. Of a very different character from those last mentioned are the arms of Acrocrinus, the last successor in the family Hexacrinidae, which is thoroughly illustrated in the Camerata monograph (pl. 80). In this form we have in one species a perfect example of the re- cumbent arm structure as I have described it, in which not only are the arms compactly placed, in close contact, connected in the tegmen so as to restrict, motion, directed downward from the edge of the tegmen and closing around the stem, but the calyx is marked by numerous longitudinal impressions following the course of the arms and formed by the continued pressure of the arms from their dorsal side. I think there is no doubt that they grew in that way, and that the mode of life of this species was to have the arms com- pletely recurved with the pinnules on the outside. The species in which the recumbent arm occurs, Acrocrinus am- phora Wachsmuth and Springer, came from a single colony at Huntsville, Alabama, in the Ohara formation of the lower Chester (formerly referred to the St. Louis), in which it was fairly abun- dant. Upwards of sixty specimens were collected by Wachsmuth, and with one or two imperfect exceptions the structure as above set 20 North Amer. Crin. Cam., p. 759, pl. 78, fig. 9. arr 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 41 forth is constant throughout. But this does not apply to the type species, A. shwmardi, which is from a higher horizon, the Glen Dean formation of the upper Chester; of this five specimens are known, and in every one of them the arms are erect, and there is no sign of indentations upon the calyx, while the species is well characterized otherwise by the less height and greater width of the radial plates. Therefore it must be conceded that while this specialization has nothing to do with the genus as a controlling character, since in five of the genera in which it occurs both types of arms are found, it does hold good for the species. While reference should be had to the ample illustrations given by Wachsmuth and Springer on plate 80 of the Camerata monograph, some of which I reproduce, I am for convenience giving some addi- tional figures, especially a new one of the rarer species, A. shumardi. ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS IN THE CALYX In connection with the genera last above discussed, another singu- lar modification is to be considered. As before stated, the dorsal cup of a crinoid consists primarily of a circlet of radials supporting the arms, and one or two rings of basals below them, plus interradial structures if present. While the latter may or may not be present, and when present are regarded as secondary elements which exhibit a wide range of variation in form and number, any departure from the normal two, or three, rings of primary plates has been considered as extremely exceptional. Therefore the occurrence of numerous additional sets or series of plates between the radial and basal circlets in Acrocrinus, the last survivor of the Camerata, has been regarded as a structure sui gen- eris, appearing suddenly at the end of the series, as a reversion to their cystid ancestry. While such a multiplication of plates is not uncommon among the irregular, many-plated cystid types, the definite insertion of an extra ring of primary plates in a form of otherwise regular construc- tion is to be noted in the Ordovician genus Macrocystella, thus pro- ducing a dorsal cup of 4 rings of plates. This modification was not followed up in either of the orders of the crinoids. But it is now of interest to note that the extensive development of such addi- tional plates in Acrocrinus is not the sudden occurrence that we have hitherto supposed, but is the culmination of one of the several remarkable modifications that took place in the generic types repre- sented by Dichocrinus and its derivitives. As evidence of this fact I am able to offer well-marked specimens of two species from widely different horizons. 23832—-26——-4 49 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 ACROCRINUS PRAECURSOR, new species Plate 12, fig. 1 I have given this name to an isolated specimen from the Burlington limestone consisting of the calyx and part of the cuneate arms, some- what displaced, at first supposed to be merely an abnormal Dicho- crinus. The bisected base and the radials with the interposed anal plate are distinct, and in good condition. Between these two primi- tive rings of plates is interpolated a wide band of supplementary pieces occupying more than half the total height of the dorsal cup. Those next to the radials are more than half their size, and form a ring alternating with them; from there down to the basals the plates diminish rapidly in size, and the alternation becomes irregular, but represents the equivalent of at least three additional rings of plates. The smaller size of the lower plates would indicate that they were the latest formed. The anal plate, which is fully as large as the radials, is succeeded downward by a diminishing vertical series of three plates in line with the interbasal suture. As compared with species of Dichocrinus in the same formation the radials are very much shorter, the space which they ordinarily occupy being in part taken by the anomalous additional plates. As the relative height of the radials becomes important, the following measurements of the type specimen may be noted: total height of calyx 9 mm.; of radials 2.5 mm.; of basals 1.5 mm.; of band of sup- plementary plates 5mm. Thus the radials occupy 27 per cent of the height of the cup; whereas in four of the principal species of Licho- crinus of the Upper Burlington limestone the radials constitute from 60 to 66 per cent of the height of the cup; and in no other species from any formation do they occupy less than 50 per cent. In other words, these are not the radials of Dichocrinus. The arms, ten in number, and relatively slender, are somewhat displaced in the fossil, and those which appear directly above the anal series do not belong there. Irom the fact that no such a specimen has ever been seen before in all the numerous collections made at Burlington during more than half a century, it might be suggested that this is a mere sporadic occurrence. And perhaps it is. Nevertheless it is a definite struc- ture, foreshadowing one of the most remarkable derivatives of Dichocrinus, and containing all its essential characters; therefore a place for it must be found. The question is whether to call it a de- layed Dichocrinus or a premature Acrocrinus? This question has in fact been answered in advance; for just such a contingency.as is here presented was provided for by Wachsmuth and Springer in the Camerata Monograph, when in discussing these genera we said on page 804: ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 43 The introduction of a narrow belt of supplementary pieces between the basals and radials would be sufficient to transform any Dichocrinus into an Acrocrinus. When along with this is correlated the further fact that the radials in this form, by reason of their extreme relative shortness, are not the radials of Dichocrinus but of Acrocrinus, the conclusion logically follows that it is best placed under the latter genus. This means that the tendency to this new specialization by way of multiplication of calyx plates began earlier than has been sup- posed; and it will be shown by the next following species that its development to the extreme stage attained by the typical Acrocrinus was by a further gradual process. It may be here observed that along with all these various deriva- iives of Dichocrinus the strong parent genus continued to carry on to the end of the lower Carboniferous, where it is represented by a well defined species, D. superstes, occurring in the latest formation of the Chester. The only one that survived it was Acrocrinus, which held over into the Coal Measures with a degenerate species having only six bands of supplementary plates, actually less like the typical form than is the species just described. Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Upper Burlington lme- stone; Burlington, Iowa. ACROCRINUS INTERMEDIUS, new species Plate 12, figs. 2-5 In this species, presenting a further immature or rudimentary stage of the genus, we are not obliged to rely upon an isolated indi- vidual, but are fortunate in the possession of a series of excellent specimens from a single colony, by which all the characters of this type are thoroughly illustrated. They were found by Frederick Braun while collecting for me in the season of 19137! in Monroe County, Illinois, as a part of a considerable colony of well preserved crinoids from a formation in the lower part of the Chester now des- ignated by the Geological Survey of Illinois as the Renault for- mation. The material consists of two nearly complete specimens, with arms and stem well preserved, and two calices which contribute important information. All agree in having a band of supplementary plates, of either two or of three rings, which diminish downwards, inter- calated between the bisected base and the radials: the plates of the successive rings above the basals alternate regularly except at the posterior side, where there is a vertical series below the anal. Above 21 Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution in 1913. Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 14-16. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 the anal plate, and back from the edge, is a pyramid of small plates marking an opening through the tegmen. As in the preceding species, the radials are relatively short, their average height in the four specimens being 32 per cent out of a total of 6 to 7mm. The calyx is well elongated and conical, with curved sides; height to width at the top being as 1.5 to 1, and at the base as 1.5 to .27. The species is small, the four specimens varying but little from 6 mm. in height of cup. The arms are relatively strong, biserial, erect, and closely fringed with long pinnules. The stem is composed of rounded, nearly equal columnals, about half as long as wide, increasing somewhat in width distally; this is not so evident in one of the figures because not well exposed in the matrix. The striking feature of this series of specimens is the extreme regularity of their construction, with the single exception of the number of ranges of the supplementary plates; two of the specimens having two ranges, one three, and the fourth, which is considerably crushed, apparently has partly both. Thus the addition of the inserted plates is a definite structure, somewhat plastic, heralding their great development to the twenty circlets of the typical Acrocrinus. Presumably the new species preceded the latter in time, but our knowledge of the stratigraphy of their occurrence is not sufficiently minute to furnish the proof of it. A. shuwmardi, from the Glen Dean formation of the Upper Chester, is, of course, later than the present species. A. amphora, from the Ohara forma- tion, may be of approximately equivalent age; both of these species being from a different region. But there is a third very rare species, A. urnaefornis, in the same mature stage, described by Hall from the same region in Illinois as our species,” of which there can be no doubt, as I found a well marked specimen of it in the same layer which produced the types herein described; so that while the ma- tured form continued into the later formations, with our present knowledge it must be considered that both forms existed together at one period. As a result of the facts brought out under the last two heads, we have in the concurrent development in the genus Dichocrinus and its derivatives of two such striking characters as the recumbent arms and an added calyx element, a remarkable example of long preparation for an eventual culmination which is to mark the ex- tinction of the order to which it belongs. Horizon and locality Mississippian, lower Chester, Renault for- mation; Burksville, Monroe County, Illinois. —— = Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 690, pl. 25, figs. 1la, b. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 45 The following species are also illustrated for comparison : ACROCRINUS SHUMARDI Yandell Plate 12, figs 6, 7 Acrocrinus shumardi YANDELL, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 20, 1855, p. 185.—- WacHSMUTH and Sprrncer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 806, pl. 80, figs. 1-3. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Grayson County, Kentucky. ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer Plates 9, figs. 8, 9; plate 12, figs. 8, 9; plate 18, fig. 4 Acrocrinus amphora WACHSMUTH and Sprincer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 808, pl. 80, figs. 4-9. Lower Chester, Ohara formation; Huntsville, Alabama. ACROCRINUS WORTHENI Wachsmuth Plate 12, fig. 10 Acrocrinus wortheni WacHsMuTH, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 7, 1882, p. 348, pl. 30, fig. 13—WacHusMuTH and Sprincer, N. A. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 807, pl. 80, figs. 10a, B. Coal Measures; Peoria County, Illinois. THE WING-LIKE RADIAL PROCESSES There still remains to point out another line of productive modi- fication furnished by this fertile genus Dichocrinus, leading to a specialization of an entirely different type. In this the major de- velopment takes place in the tegmen, at the expense of the arms and the dorsal cup. The arms become short and relatively inconspicu- ous; the radials small and no longer dominating the cup; the two fair-sized primibrachs of the parent genus have been reduced to a single minute triangular piece, which is often invisible; the large anal plate, which was of similar form and size to the radials, is now a pentangular or more or less wedge-formed piece, narrowing up- ward, sometimes to an apex below the level of the radials. The chief developmental activity of the skeleton is concentrated in the ambulacral region of the tegmen, where the axillary plate, or radial dome plate, is hypertrophied into a variety of forms, some thin and knife-like; some thick, rounded, club-shaped, or spatulate; and still others bifurcating, until there is produced the wing-like processes of Pterotocrinus, structures unlike those seen in any other crinoid. They are analogous to the spines of Dorycrinus, but far more spe- cialized and complex; their different forms are shown upon plate 79 of the Camerata monograph. 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 The essential calyx elements of Pterotocrinus are the same as those of Dichocrinus, namely, two basals, a ring of radials, and an anal plate in line with them. The line of succession between them through the genus 7'alarocrinus, as was stated by Wachsmuth and Springer when proposing it, is plain and evident. It is intermediate in structure, and partly so in time. While Dichocrinus carries its strong and simple calyx through from the Kinderhook to the end of the Lower Carboniferous, 7'alarocrinus as one of its off-shoots begins with an isolated species in the Warsaw, and develops mainly in the lower Chester; and Pterotocrinus, although first occurring in one of the lower formations of the Chester, is characteristically a genus of the upper Chester. Zalarocrinus was short lived, sharply limited in time, and is found by the geologists to be an excellent horizon marker. (See pls. 13, 14.) Talarocrinus has the same basals, radials, and anal plate as Dichocrinus, but drops one primibrach, retaining a small triangular axillary. In Pterotocrinus the minute primibrach, sometimes in- visible, is followed by single secundibrachs, also axillary, which often together with the outer tertibrachs rest almost horizontally within the radial facet and are suturally connected with it, so that the ray to that extent is not free, but is incorporated in the dorsal cup. The Zalarocrinus tegmen enlarges with a variety of more or less tumid plates, among which the axillary ambulacral especially begins to develop into prominence, from low convex to sharp, no- dose or spiniferous (pl. 18, figs. 1-15; pl. 14, fig. 6). Not all of these plates are so modified; among several hundred well preserved specimens in which the general tendency can be observed, it appears that about half of them are distinctly enlarged. Some of these are shown by figures on plate 78 of the Camerata mongraph, and the genus has also been extensively illustrated by Ulrich?* and by Weller, from whose figures the many variations can be studied in detail. The modified ambulacral in Pterotocrinus is seated in a distinct facet, from which it sometimes falls out (pl. 18, fig. 20), and the same thing occurs in TYalarocrinus (pl. 18, fig. 18). Along with these tendencies, it is now further instructive to see that occasion- ally in Z'alarocrinus the anal plate is reduced to the acuminate piece of Pterotocrinus (pl. 18, fig. 5). 23 Mississippian formations of western Kentucky, 1917, pls. 8, 9, 10. % Illinois State Geol. Surv. Bulletin 41, 1920, pl. 6. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 47 Genus PTEROTOCRINUS Lyon and Casseday Plates 138, 14 Asterocrinus Lyon, Geol. Rep. Kentucky, vol. 8, 1857, p. 472.—Ptero- tocrinus Lyon and Cassepay, Amer. Journ. Sci. and but I am adding some new figures, 1, to illustrate a species of Lyon and Casseday that was never figured ; 2, to clarify the account of the most remarkable of all the species, not hitherto understood for lack of proper illustration ; and 8, to give along with them a good representation of the other leading species. PTEROTOCRINUS RUGOSUS Lyon and Casseday Plate 138, figs. 17-20 Pterotocrinus rugosus Lyon and Cassepay, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 29, 1860, p. 71. The description, unaccompanied by any figure, is as follows: The condition of our specimen is such that a particular description can not be made; the arrangement of the parts, however, is evidently quite similar to that of P. depressus. The basals, first, second, and third radials are present, together with parts of the wings and a portion of one of the arms. This species differs remarkably from P. depressus in the greater thickness of the pieces, prominence of the base, the knobby protuberances upon it and upon the first radials, the depth of the columnar pit, as well as by its roughness and more robust appearance. This species was founded upon a “single crushed and imperfect specimen,” which I am now figuring after being developed by further preparation, together with three other calices which confirm the de- scription very clearly. This new material shows that instead of being conspecific with Pt. acutus, as Wachsmuth and Springer ** thought it might be, this form is a very well marked variation of the type of Pt. depressus, from which it is distinguishable, as the authors pointed out, by the characters of the base. Horizon and locality—Mississippian, Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Falls of Rough Creek, Breckinridge County, Kentucky. 2 North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 79. *6Tdem, p. 801. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 PTEROTOCRINUS CORONARIUS Lyon Plate 14, figs. 1-8a Asterocrinus (?) coronarius Lyon, Geol. Sury. Kentucky, vol. 3, 1857, p. 476, pl. 1, figs. 1, 1a. Pterotocrinus coronarius Lyon and CASSEDAY, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 4, 1859, p. 302.—WaAcHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey. Pal., pt. 2, 1881, p. 91; North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 795, pl. 79, figs. Ta, b.— H. E. WItson, Journ. Geol., vol. 34, 1916, pl. 3, fig. 11; note by F. S. on p. 492. This species has a singular history. As originally described by Lyon, the type consisted of the tegmen only, being as stated by him a “unique crinoidal fragment,” having “neither basal, radial nor arm plates.” When Wachsmuth and Springer borrowed the type for description in the Camerata monograph we received the same speci- men, and thus figured only the tegmen with the ponderous wing plates. While that work was going through the press I discovered in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard a lead cast of what was apparently the same specimen, but with the complete dor- sal cup attached. No explanation of this fact was to be found, but I made a record of it in a footnote to page 795 of the monograph. When in 1903 I acquired the collection of the deceased Col. Sydney S. Lyon, I found associated with the tegmen constituting the pub- lished type the dorsal cup reproduced in the cast; the two parts were separated, but I have again united them in the position shown by the cast. I was informed by Colonel Lyon’s son, Victor W. Lyon, himself an experienced collector, that the two pieces were found together but detached; and from their color, size and lithological appearance there is every reason to believe that they pertained to the same individual. Mr. Lyon was of the opinion that subsequent to the description in the Kentucky Report his father became convinced that the fragments belonged together and accordingly united them, made and distributed the casts among his correspondents with the intention of amending the description when opportunity offered. This was prevented by the intervention of the Civil War through which he was an officer in the Federal army; the specimens were afterwards separated during one of the periodic inundations of the Ohio River by which the col- lection was submerged. The fact that they belong to the same species is proved beyond question by another specimen found asso- ciated with them having the same dorsal cup with one of the wing plates attached (pl. 14, fig. 2). Along with these, all from the same locality, is a third good cup and two other fragments—so that there is now in hand abundant material for the elucidation of the species.. As now understood, the structure of the dorsal cup is fully as anoma- lous as that of the tegmen, presenting a wide departure from all other- species of the genus. art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 49 In this species the basal plates are very small and flat, while the radials are of enormous size, larger than all the other plates of the cup combined; this being the reverse of the structure in P. capitalis and all other known species. In fact, the relative smallness of the radials is one of the striking differences between this genus in its usual form and its predecessors, Dichocrinus and Talarocrinus, while here the radials completely dominate the dorsal side; but instead of having a cylindrical exterior they form large gibbous protuberances, which occupy the greater part of the surface of the cup. The single primibrach and the secundibrachs are relatively large, and, as usual in the genus, the latter are articulated directly with the radial facet. I am giving figures of the three important specimens upon which the foregoing statements are based. The species is exceedingly rare, no others having been found since Lyon’s time among all the ex- tensive collections made from the Chester group, except some isolated plates now thought to belong to it. Horizon and locality.—Mississippian, lower part of the upper Chester, Golconda formation; Crittenden County, Kentucky. Lyon stated that the species was associated with Pt. (Asterocrinus) capi- talis, another unusual form described by him at the same time. Ex- tensive investigations of the Chester formations in recent years by Doctor Weller have shown that the latter species is an exceedingly characteristic fossil of the Golconda formation of Southern Illinois and Kentucky, which he correlates with the lower Okaw division of the Upper Chester, and that it is limited to that horizon. He has found the plates of capitalis in Johnson and Pope counties, Illinois.” And in a letter of December 29, 1921, he informed me that he had since found fragments of Pt. coronarius in the same beds. A species described by Hall in 1858 ** as Dichocrinus protuberans, from a frag- mentary base, probably is identical with this. It was said to be from Chester, Illinois, which, as collections were made at that time, might mean anywhere in that region. PTEROTOCRINUS CAPITALIS (Lyon) Plate 13, fig. 23 Asterocrinus capitalis Lyon, Geol. Rep. Kentucky, vol. 3, 1857, p. 472, pl. 3, figs. la—-h. Pterotocrinus capitalis, Lyon and CassEDAy, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 1859, p. 301.—WacuHsmMuTH and SprincerR, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 794, pl. 79, figs. 6a, B. Lower part of upper Chester, Goleonda formation; Crittenden County, Ken- tucky, Johnson and Pope Counties, Illinois. 7 Tllinois State Geol. Sury. Bull. 41, 1920, p. 184. 28 Geol. Rep. Iowa, pt. 2, p. 689, pl. 25, fig. 7. 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 PTEROTOCRINUS PYRAMIDALIS Lyon and Casseday Plate 13, figs. 21, 22 Pterotocrinus pyramidalis Lyon and CassrepAy, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 29, 1860, p. 69.—WacHSMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 798, figs. 4a, 0b. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Grayson Springs, Kentucky. PTEROTOCRINUS DEPRESSUS Lyon and Casseday Plate 14, figs. 4, 4a Pterotocrinus depressus Lyon and CassepAy, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 29, 1860, p. 68—WacHSMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 796, pl. 79, figs. 2a—e. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Grayson, Pulaski, and Breckin- ridge Counties, Kentucky. PTEROTOCRINUS ACUTUS Wetherby Plate 138, fig. 16 Pterocrinus acutus WETHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 1879, pl. 11, figs. 2a-e.—WacusMvuTH and Sprineer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 799, pl. 79, figs. 3a—g. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Pulaski and Breckinridge Counties, Kentucky. PTEROTOCRINUS BIFURCATUS Wetherby Plate 14, fig. 5 Pterotocrinus bifurcatus WETHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 1879, p. 186, pl. 11, figs. la-c—WacHsMUTH and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 801, pl. 79, figs. 9a, b. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County, Kentucky. HEHTEROTOMOUS BRANCHING OF THE ARMS In order to complete the story of the ramifications of Dichocrinus, attention should be called to the species D. polydactylus Casseday and Lyon,** from the Keokuk limestone, which has gone off upon a new line in regard to arm structure. All other species have dichoto- mous arms, branching by approximately equal bifurcations. In this one, however, the ray divides into two main branches, from which usually three subordinate branches are given off to the outer side of the dichotom, thus producing one form of unilateral heterotomy— a difference which in other groups has been regarded as sufficient for generic separation. This is not an isolated or sporadic occurrence, for it is one of the strongest species of the genus, from the great 7” Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 5, 1860, p. 18. WacHsMUTH and SPRINGER, ’ North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, p. 756, pl. 77, figs. 1a, b. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—svRINGER 51 erinoid colony at Crawfordsville, Indiana, as is evidenced by up- wards of fifty good specimens in my own collection, all thoroughly constant in this character. Furthermore, I have in recent. years acquired some specimens of this type from the lower horizon at Indian Creek, which per- sistently differ from the Crawfordsville form in characters sufficient for specific definition. Both species attain a large size, far larger than any others that have been referred to Dichocrinus, the crown in mature specimens being upwards of 10 cm. in height; and in both the posterior interradius in the tegmen is raised into a pyramid as high as the cup, the summit of which lodges the anus. In view of this pronounced differentiation in arm structure represented by two species, one of which has to be described as new, it seems advisable to place them in a separate genus based on the foregoing characters, for which I propose the name Paradicho- crinus, with P. polydactylus as genotype. PARADICHOCRINUS, new genus Mississippian, Keokuk. PARADICHOCRINUS PLANUS, new species Plate 10, figs. 2, 3, 4 Similar to P. polydactylus, except that the dorsal cup plates are smooth, without nodes or tubercles with which that species is pro- fusely ornamented, and the arms usually give off four subordinate branches to the outer side of the dichotom, making ten arms to the ray; also the specimens average rather larger than those of that species, a maximum crown being 10.5 em. in height. Five speci- mens have appeared, all from the Indian Creek colony, in which these characters are well maintained. Three have the arms com- plete, showing with but a single exception the number constant at ten to the ray, whereas in P. polydactylus 36 out of 44 specimens with arms, or 80 per cent of the whole, have 8 arms to the ray, five of the others having 9, and one or two 10. All the specimens agree in lacking the pustulose ornament so conspicuous in P. polydactylus, of which for comparison I give a figure showing the base, and an- other a posterior view of the calyx (pl. 10, figs. 5, 6). Horizon and locality—The genus and both species are restricted to the Keokuk limestone of the Mississippian, ?. planus occurring at Indian Creek, and P?. polydactylus at Crawfordsville, Indiana. UNEQUAL RADIALS Usually the radial plates of a crinoid, as well as the arm struc- tures which they support, are symmetrically arranged, and substan- 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, GT tially alike in size and form. Exceptions to this rule must be noted in the cases of compound radials, of a primitive radianal, and of many genera in which there is a regular difference among the rays in the number of arm openings or of arm branches; *° also some shght irregularities in the size of radials and other plates, as in Dolatocrinus.* A conspicuous example of complete departure from equality among the radials is furnished by the family Catillo- crinidae, in which certain radials regularly exceed the others greatly in size, and bear a greater number of arms, which I have already discussed in a separate paper; *? and another equally striking by the family Cremacrinidae, in which, in conjunction with the bending of the crown, one or mostly two arms have disappeared, and of those that remain two are peculiarly modified; the group has been elaborately treated by Bather** under the name Calceocrinidae. Other isolated instances of defective radiation arising from the loss or atrophy of certain rays may be cited, such as Atelestocrinus,. Tribrachiacrinus, Trigonocrinus, Tetracrinus, Lageniocrinus, Mone- brachiacrinus, Embryocrinus, and other new genera described by Wanner from Timor. Another remarkable case of this kind is to be seen in the Silurian genus Cholocrinus of the Flexibilia, which I have described when: treating of that group.’ In that genus, while the radials themselves are not so very different in size, the arms in the two antero-lateral rays are dwarfed almost to the extent of atrophy. In the discussion I alluded to a species described by Whitfield from the Chester in which an opposite irregularity appears, the antero-lateral rays. being disproportionately enlarged. The inequality of the rays in Whitfield’s species goes one step farther than that seen in other species, in that while in them it occurs among the different rays of the same specimen, in this it lies also between the two branches. of the same ray, taking the form of a distinct and constant hyper- trophy of certain arms. I wish here to consider it in somewhat greater detail partly for that reason, and partly because it proves: to be related to a genus which is closely associated geologically with: some of those just discussed, and which, although one of the most numerous and widely distributed forms of the Chester group, and the subject of frequent mention in crinoid literature upon morpho- logical grounds, has hitherto not been understood, namely : *® Springer, Crinoidea Flexibilia, 1920, p. 171-2. 31 Springer, Bull. 115, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1921, p. 18. ® On the Fossil crinoid family Catillocrinidae, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 76, 1923, No 3. 83 Crinoidea of Gotland, 1893, p. 54. Also Jackel, Philogenie und System, 1918, pp.. 86, 88. * Crinoidea Flexibilia, 1920, p. 170. “ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 58 Genus AGASSIZOCRINUS Owen and Shumard Plate 15 Agassizocrinus Troost, Ms., Proc. Amer. Assn, Ady. Sci., 1850, p. 60. Not defined, nomen nudum.—OweEN and SHuMARD, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, 1852, p. 93.—SHuMmarD, Marcy’s Red River Hxped., 1854, p. 1738. Astylocrinus RorMrER, Lethaea Geognost., 1855, vol. 1, pl. 2, p. 229. Agassizocrinus, WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey, Pal., pt. 3, 1886. p. 262.— S. A. Miturer, N. A. Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 221.—Baruer, Lankester Zoology, pt. 3, 1900, p. 103.—ZirreL-EastMaN, Textb. Pal., 1913, p. 224. Mississippian, Upper Chester. The following species, in chronological order, have been described under this genus, or referred to it; all upper Chester unless other- wise stated : 1852. Agassizocrinus conicus OWEN and SHuMARD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 93, pl. 11, fig. 6; Geol. Sur. Iowa, Wis. and Minn., 1852, p. 597, pl. 5B, fig. 6—Merrk and WortsHen, Geol. Surv. Il., vol. 5; 1873, pl. 21; fig. 8: Hlongate conical; no marks for insertion of column; base (IBB) composed of 5 pieces closely adhering, usually anchylosed ; IBB cone ex- tremely high, higher than in any species subsequently described; height to width to height of IBB, in mm., 25/17/15. Chester, Illinois. 1852. Also described in the same publication as Poteriocrinus, and referred by subsequent authors to this genus: A tumidus (Owen and Shumard), p. 90, pl. 11; figs. 8a, b. A. occidentalis (Owen and Shumard), p. 92, pl. 11, figs. 5a, 6. Both Chester, Illinois. 1854. A dactyliformis SHumarp, Marcy’s Red River Exped., p. 173, pl. 1, fig. 7. Washington county, Arkansas. . laevis (RoEMER), Lethaea Geogn., vol. 1, pl. 2, p. 229, pl. 4, figs. 13a—d (as Astylocrinus). Figs. b, c, d are from the small basal cones found in great abundance on Prairie du Long creek in Randolph county, Illinois; fig. @ from a nearly complete specimen said by the author to be from Indiana, but the authentic type is from Chester, Illinois.—PicTeT, Traité d. Pal., 1857, vol. 4, p. 291, pl. 99, fig. 8; copied from Roemer with some changes, among them inserting a circlet of divided plates above the basal cone, making 4 ranges of plates —(As A. dactyliformis Troost), Marek and WorrTHEN, IIL, vol. 5, 1873, pl. 21, figs. Ta, b—S. A. Mititer, North Amer. Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 221, fig. 240.—Troost, Ms., nomen nudum. Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci., 1850, p. 60; Bull. 64, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1909, p. 96, pl. 12, fig. 1. Large, broadly rounded ovate; base fused, with traces of sutures in upper part; IBB more than ¥% total height of calyx; H to W to IBB 21/19/9. Chester, Illinois. 1858. A. gibbosus Hat1, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, p. 686, pl. 25, fig. 6—WorrtHEN, IIL, vol. 5, p. 556, pl. 21, fig. 11. Small, broadly conical; base fused, IBB not over 14 total height of calyx; 12/11/4. Chester, Illinois. 1855. - . = %T am not attempting to give complete synonymy under any of the genera, but only such references as will indicate the chief sources of information and facilitate the consid- eration of the forms under discussion. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 1858. A constrictus HALL, Iowa, p. 687, pl. 25, fig. 10. Small, narrow conical; IBB divided, high, constricted, more than ¥% total height; 14/9/6. Chester, Illinois. 1867. A. papillatus WortTHEN, Bull. 1, Illinois State Mus., p. 36; IIl., vol. 7, 1882s oS ple2o Showa. Small, subovate, wider than high; IBB divided, with 2 or 3 joints. of column attached, very low; 8/11/2. Probably lower Chester, Monroe County, Illinois. 1867. A. hemisphericus WortTuHen, Bull. 1, Illinois State Mus., p. 37; IIL, Volt, L882ipx olGy pla 2o) ne, We Small, low, globose, much wider than high; figures show column facet and divided IBB, but description says no column facet; IBB very low; 6/9/1.5. Randolph County, Illinois. 1878. A. pentagonus WoRTHEN, IIl., vol. 5, p. 556, pl. 21, figs. 10a, b. Small, wider than high, pentagonal outline; BB coneave; IBB divided, with distinct column facet, low; 18/15/4. Chester, Illinois. 1878. A. globosus WorRTHEN IIL, vol. 5, p. 557, pl. 21, figs. 12a, b, c. Small, globose, wider than high; IBB divided, with small, round column facet, very low; 12/14/2. Chester, Illinois. 1873. A. chesterensis WoRTHEN, II1., vol. 5, p. 558, pl. 21, fig. 9. Medium size, ovoid, higher than wide; faint trace of column at- tachment, but no suture lines visible; IBB low. Chester, Illinois. 1873. A. carbonarius WorTHEN, IIll., vol. 5, p. 566, pl. 24, fig. 4. Fused basal cone only. Coal Measures; Shelby County, Illinois. 1896. A. ovalis Mittiter and Gurtiey, Bull. 9, Illinois State Mus., p. 36, pl. 2, figs. 13, 14. Medium size, globose; no evidence of a column; IBB very low; 14/15/3. Randolph County, Illinois. 1920. A. dissimilis Wertirr, Bull. 41, Geol. Surv. Illinois, p. 544, pl. 5, figs. 29, 30. Small, globose, sutures deeply incised; IBB fused. Lower Chester, Paint Creek formation; St. Clair County, Illinois. Although the name Agassizocrinus, and what was formerly held by some authors to be the type species, A. dactyliformis, was given by Troost in 1850, yet it was Owen and Shumard who first published, crediting Troost with the genus, a description and figure of a species of their own, by which the generic characters may be readily recog- nized ; therefore under the law of priority the genus must be credited to them, and their species, A. conicus, must be accepted as the geno- type. The fact that Shumard two years later, in connection with the description and figure of a species which he called A. dactyli- formis, published a short account of the genus, crediting both to Troost, does not affect the record with regard to the genus. Even as to the species the record is peculiarly complicated. The genus is most widely known by the form described by Roemer in the Lethaea Geognostica, 1855, as Astylocrinus laevis, with a beauti- ful figure of what was said to be a “nearly perfect specimen,” made from a cast furnished by Shumard, but having the arms considerably restored. This figure, somewhat amended, was copied by Pictet; ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 55 and afterwards by Meek and Worthen,®* but under the name “Agas- sizocrinus dactyliformis Troost,” as of a “specimen perfect in all its parts,” along with another figure (7b) said to be “from a speci- men in the State collection”; their figure was in turn copied under the same name by S. A. Miller,*? and under Roemer’s name by Zittel in the Grundziige (1895, p. 137), and Zittel-Kastman in Text-book of Paleontology, editions of 1896 and 1913 (pp. 162 and 224) ; thus it was given a wide circulation both in this country and in Europe. Shumard’s description and figure of A. dactyliformis in 1854 were made from an imperfect calyx, consisting only of the fused in- frabasals and part of the basals, and for any close comparison of species may be disregarded. But none of these publications, al- though all using Troost’s name, brought out the authentic type specimen on which Troost proposed the species, which was not done until 1909, when his monograph was published by the U. S. National Museum, edited by Miss Wood. Hence all the figures based on the Roemer type, either the original or copies, must be called A. laevis; and Troost’s species, A. dactyliformis, must fall under it as a synonym. The original specimen from which Roemer’s figure was made is now in my possession, formerly in the collection of B. F. Shumard, and I am giving photographs of it after some additional preparation (pl. 15, figs. 5, 5a). From this it will be seen that while restoring the lacking parts of the arms, Roemer missed the important element of the anal plates, which were not shown in his cast because con- cealed by the matrix. In order to have an authentic starting point, I am also figuring the type specimen of Owen and Shumard’s genotype, A. conicus, now in the United States National Museum (pl. 15, fig. 1). In ad- dition to these, I have prepared a number of figures from complete calices as found in several localities throughout the region in which the genus abounds, among which may be identified some of the numerous species which have been described, based upon the more or less conical or globose form of the calyx (pl. 15). These speci- mens are also important in connection with the newly discovered leading character of the genus, to be presently explained. Agassizocrinus is typically a late Chester form. Its earliest ob- served occurrence is in the upper Ohara, or Renault formation of the lower Chester; but it becomes common in the lower Okaw division of the upper Chester under its local appellations of Golconda, Gas- per, etc., and what is known as the Pentremites godoni bed. It con- tinues in great abundance in the upper Okaw, Glen Dean, etc., $6 T]]., vol. 5, pl. 21, fig. 7a. 87 North Amer. Geol. and Pal. p. 221. 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 division to the end of the Chester, with which it becomes practically extinct—a single species, A. carbonarius, having been recognized by Worthen from an isolated fragment in the Coal Measures of Ih- nois. As showing the broad distribution of this crinoid, I may add that I found a specimen of the common infrabasal cup at Santa Fe, New Mexico, in a formation on the flank of the Rocky Mountains strongly resembling the upper Chester, but now correlated as Pennsylvanian. Fragmentary specimens consisting of the detached bases occur throughout the upper Chester by the hundreds at all the principal localities in southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Vir- ginia, Ohio, and Arkansas. Complete calices are rare, and very few have been seen with any part of the arms attached; but I have been fortunate in obtaining several of these in condition available for the comparison about to be made. One of the generally accepted traditions about A gasstzocrinus, and the character by which it is chiefly known and most frequently referred to in morphological discussions, is that it was a stemless -erinoid, at least in the adult stage. Shumard describes it thus in the Marcy Report: In young individuals the division of the pelvis into 5 pieces is well marked, but in adult age they are usually firmly anchylosed and often all traces of sutures obliterated. This has been adopted as a settled conclusion by Wachsmuth and Springer and authors generally. Nevertheless the known facts do not bear out this dictum without qualification. Among 250 specimens of detached bases from the Gasper forma- tion at Huntsville, Alabama, mostly of medium size, from 7 to 15 mm. in diameter, about 200 have the infrabasals anchylosed, while about 35 below medium size and 15 of medium size or larger have traces of infrabasal sutures and column facet; among these one of the largest in all the collections, 20 mm. in width, has the infrabasals well divided on the inside (compare figures 21 and 23 on plate 15 for the two extremes). From the same formation in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, there are about 70 specimens, of which 23 show the infrabasals divided at the inside, 18 at the outside with the column facet traceable, and the remainder have the infrabasals com- pletely anchylosed; these differences are not strictly related to size, some of those with column facet present being among the larger. Specimens are numerous in the collections from the Glen Dean formation in Grayson and Pulaski counties, Kentucky. Out of up- wards of 200, about one-fourth (mostly the smaller ones but also some of above medium size) show infrabasal sutures on the inside; some of fairly average size have the infrabasals distinctly divided, AR?’ 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 57 and the column facet present (pl. 15, figs. 10, 11); and also a few have portions of arms. In the remainder the infrabasals are fused. From the Chester region, upper Okaw, equivalent to the Glen Dean formation of Kentucky, in Randolph and adjoining counties in southern [lnois, from which most of the described species have been derived, there are about 70 specimens; in about 60 of these all traces of infrabasal sutures are absent, while in 10 these plates are divided, and traces of column facet visible. The specimens range from 8 to 20 mm. in diameter. Roemer’s type is 19 mm. wide, and shows a sutural division at the upper part of the infrabasals, but no trace of a column facet. Among the 15 described species, as shown by the descriptions and figures, the following have the infrabasals completely fused, and all trace of column absent: A. conicus, A. dactyliformis, A. laevis, A. gibbosus, A. chesterensis, A. dissimilis, and A. carbonarius,=%. These have the infrabasals divided, and a column facet present: A. occidentalis, A. twmidus, A. constrictus, A. papillatus, A. penta- gonus, and A. globosus,=6. Of the remaining two, A. hemispher- tcus and A. ovalis, the figures show the infrabasals divided, but the descriptions say there is no evidence of a column. Thus at least 40 per cent of the described species had a column, and there is nothing in either figures or descriptions to indicate that these were based upon immature individuals. On examining the specimens with reference to the fusion of the base several conditions will be found: some have the infrabasals completely anchylosed—usually a good sized cone; some have them well divided, with a facet suitable for the attachment of the column; in some they appear divided only at the inside of the cup; still -others have a more or less imperfect division, with suture lines ragged or curving (pl. 15, figs. 18, 19), as if in a transition state, or one in which the sharp definition of the suture is hindered by a restricted mode of growth, accompanied by the formation of zigzag radiating nerve canals, passing out into the wall of the cup instead of down into a stem (pl. 15, fig. 24). In 1882 Whitfield described a species from the upper zone of the Maxville formation of Ohio, equivalent to the Glen Dean of Ken- tucky, under the name Cyathocrinus inequidactylus.* Some years afterwards, finding the name preoccupied, he republished the de- scription, changing the specific name to C. maavillensis.*® He had three specimens, of which he gave good figures, the arms being partly preserved in two of them. The distinctive character of the 8 Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 219, pl. 9, figs. 5-8. 89 Idem, vol. 3, Feb. 1891, p. 577, pl. 13, figs. 5-8; Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. 8, 1893, p. 465, pl. 9, figs. 5-8. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 species as defined was the inequality of the arms, the structure of which was described as follows: Second radials, or first arm plates, smaller than the first radials and nar- rowing upward; wedge formed above, and each supporting two arms. On the postero-lateral, with the arms slender. On the anterior ray it is short and supports two slender arms; while on the antero-lateral rays they support a slender arm similar to those of the other rays on the anterior side, and on the outer side an arm several times larger and stronger than the others, and composed of longer and stronger plates. That is to say, there are 10 arms, but those on the axillary faces of the antero-lateral primibrachs are unequal, the branch on each outer face (toward the posterior side) being hypertrophied, thus giving two disproportionately large arms, and eight, much smaller, about equal among themselves. In one of the specimens the strong antero-lateral arm is preserved to more than an inch. In all three the infrabasals are distinctly divided, forming a rather low conical cup, to which a well developed stem is attached. Now the radial facets occupy the full width of the radials, and are equipped with a complete muscular articulation, while the anal side is that of the later Poteriocrinidae; so it was long ago evident that this species does not belong to the genus Cyathocrinus. Casting about to find a place for it, having meantime acquired an excellent specimen clearly belonging to the species, I was struck with the re- semblance of the calyx in all essential characters to that of those species of Agassizocrinus having divided infrabasals and a column facet. Upon reviewing my material which has been referred to that genus, I found two specimens with the arms transversely frac- tured which plainly disclosed in cross section the two hypertrophied _ arms, precisely as in Whitfield’s specimens. In both of these also the infrabasals are divided, and a distinct column facet is present. Upon making careful measurements I found that the difference in the size of arms was reflected in the width of the radials at the dis- tal facet, which was nearly the same in the two specimens, the mean of the two, in millimeters, being: . PayT GaP TERT (0 IS lant; | 12 post. | r. post. | r. ant. 5. 2 6.7 |= 7 | 5. 2 This suggested the probability that similar measurements might furnish a clue to the existence of unequal arms in specimens in which only the calyx was intact. I thereupon assembled all such speci- mens supposed to belong to Agassizocrinus, from five of the princi- pal regions, and tabulated the data for the width of the radial facets, measured at the outside in 15 of these, of which 6 have the infrabas- ~ Arr 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 09 sals divided and the column facet or distinct traces of it present, and 9 have the infrabasals fused. Taking the means for the two sets, I obtained a composite for each, and for the whole, as follows: ant. va |) Mpie il ineps ra: | | | 1BBdivided-2-_- CEBU We Ba6h ay bed 7, | | | | 1BB undivided.-..| 63 | 7.3 | 6.1 Sia) NY eal | General average---- 6. 2 Welo | 5.8 5.6 7.05 | | Four specimens not included in the table, while having the same relative widths otherwise, have the anterior radial as wide as, or wider than, the two lateral radials; which indicates that in some specimens the enlargement extended to the anterior ray while the two posterior remained small, which might not be unexpected with an abnormal character like this. Thus it appears that throughout the entire assemblage of speci- mens, which includes representatives of the best known species, including some types, the radials differ in width with a certain regularity which is expressed by the mean of all the measurements; and that taking this mean as conclusive evidence of the facts, the two lateral radials exceed the two posterior radials in width by about 1.8 mm., and the anterior radial by about two thirds of that amount—this excess being enough in most cases to accommodate the greater width of arm on one face of the axillary primibrach, the faces of which differ in the proposition of about 3 to 2, or 5 to 3. Also that this difference is not confined to those forms having divided infrabasals and a stem, but is equally pronounced in those having the infrabasals anchylosed and all traces of stem obliterated. Among the material under consideration are the type specimens of two of the earliest described species of A gassizocrinus: 1. That of the genotype, A. conicus of Owen and Shumard, U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 17937, sent in 1887 from the University of Indiana, where it had been deposited by David Dale Owen, along with other types of species described by him and Shumard in the second of their papers in the Philadelphia Academy of 1852 (those of the first paper being now in the University of Chicago); one radial is not visible (pl. 15, fig. 1). 2. That of Roemer’s A. laevis, already mentioned. Corresponding measurements of these give the following widths: i ere —— 2 — ; i ant la | Sp: | tp: | r.a iE \ ee ewe seats (zed | | Al CONICUSEEe ee eee | 9 | 10 | hep ee See at | 7 | 10. 5 | 9 | | Pair | 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67° Thus we find the same relative excess in width of the lateral radials over the posterior radials. Hence the inequality of radials. shown to exist in the specimens generally is now found to be a. character in the types of those species which have been considered. typical of Agassizocrinus, including the genotype itself. Although. in these two specimens the anterior radial is also more or less en- larged, as in some others before mentioned, it does not follow that the same inequality of arms extends to that ray. For in the A. laevis type I was able, by additional preparation, to expose the: distal faces of the axillary primibrachs all around, with the interest- ing result that while in the antero-lateral rays the faces of the axillary are 6 and 4 mm. respectively, in the anterior ray the faces. are equal at 5 mm.—those in the posterior rays being 4.5 mm.; so that while in some specimens the anterior arms may be a little larger than the posterior, there is probably no such hypertrophy or: inequality as exists in the latter in Whitfield’s species. Not only so,. but this specimen as now prepared affords a comparative view of the posterior arms and the antero-lateral arm next to them, by which. the greater size of the latter can be plainly seen (pl. 15, fig. 5a). By way of a check upon these observations, and in order to see: whether analogous differences might not exist among the rays of other closely related genera, I tabulated the widths of the radial facets in 26 specimens from the same formations and localities, be- longing to three species of Hupachycrinus, which has the anal side identical with that of A gassizocrinus, with the result that the mean width of the five radials differs not exceeding 0.5 mm. between any two of them, and not. according to any definite plan. The composite of the 26 is as follows: ant. as | l. p. | r. p. | 8! Gels Bowe aay | | Pie ra. | | | The obvious conclusion from these facts is that the anomalous arm structure exhibited in Whitfield’s species pertains more or less to the species of Agassizocrinus generally, and that the dominant character of the latter genus is not the absence of a stem but the hypertrophy of certain arms in two (perhaps occasionally three) of the rays, pro- ducing an asymmetry within the ray itself; that the fusion of infra- basals is not entirely a matter of adult growth (although the elimina- tion of the stem is undoubtedly an adult character in the ontogeny of the crinoids) but that the instability of the base follows a tendency to change directly associated with the abnormal modification of the arms. It may thus be a character which became fixed in certain species, or it may have occurred sporadically or at different stages of ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 61 growth in different species. Thus I’. B. Meek commenting in 1874 -on the figures of Agass?zocrinus on plate 21 of volume 5 of the Illi- nois Reports says: Some species, such as those represented by figs. 10 and 12, may even have re- mained attached by a slender column during their whole life.” The further obvious conclusion follows that Whitfield’s species must be referred to Agassizocrinus with a modified diagnosis, and that inasmuch as his original specific name was not preoccupied un- der the genus to which it now proves to belong, it must under the rules of nomenclature be now restored, and the species written Agassizocrinus inequidactylus (Whitfield). I have reserved for special mention the particular specimen which led me to the present investigation, and which by reason of its excel- lent preservation gives us the most striking picture of the remarkable specialization which has developed in this genus. It was acquired with the collection of the late Col. S. S. Lyon, who had recognized its anomalous structure, and, as I have elsewhere stated, proposed to describe it under one of his favorite hyphenated names as Poterio- erinus brachialis-irregularis. The two ponderous antero-lateral arms are almost complete, and they show better than the measure- ments of radials what an enormous difference in size there is between them and the other arms (pl. 15, fig. 18). The specimen has the infrabasals divided, and a column facet with axial opening; and it belongs beyond question to the species described by Whitfield. In the structure of the anal interradius there is no appreciable dif- ference between the species referred to Agassizocrinus and those of Cromyocrinus and E'upachycrinus, which are all closely associated in geological position. Bather in the Lankester Zoology (pt. 3, p. 103), defined Agassizocrinus as “a Cromyocrinus that loses its col- umn in adult life, while IBB fuse to a solid mass.” With the knowledge furnished by the present investigation we are able to place the definition of Agassizocrinus upon a surer basis, distin- guishing it from the other two genera by the inequality of the radii due to the greater size of the two lateral rays, and of one of the arms of which they are composed, and perhaps exceptionally of the an- terior ray also. This will be irrespective of the presence or absence of a stem, although the strong tendency to fusion of the base and elimination of the stem is recognized: Genus AGASSIZOCRINUS Owen and Shumard Poteriorcrininae with calyx elongate to pyriform. Infrabasals five, with facet for round column often present, but more frequently fused into a rounded conical base, on which all trace of column is wanting. Radials unequal, those of the two lateral rays (and some- 40 Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 7, p. 484. 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 times the anterior) larger than the others; primibrachs usually one, that of the lateral rays unsymmetric, and supporting on the longer articular face a greatly hypertrophied arm. Arms ten, unequal, uniserial, brachials mostly quadrangular; pinnules small and closely packed. Ventral sac unknown, probably inconspicuous or wanting. Distribution.—-Carboniferous, Chester to Pennsylvanian. There must now be added to the list of species given above: AGASSIZOCRINUS INEQUIDACTYLUS (Whitfield) Cyathocrinus inequidactylus, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 2, 1882, p. 219, pl. 9, figs. 5-8. Cyathocrinus maxvillensis WHITFIELD, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 5, 1891, p. 557, pl. 18, figs. 5-8; Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. 7, 1893, p. 465, pl. 9, figs. 5-S.—Morssg, Proe. Ohio State Acad. Sci., vol. 5, 1911, p. 361, 362, figs. 3a—d. Belongs to the subconical type, of medium size, and well character- ized by a low cone of perfectly divided infrabasals and a strong ae stem. Highest part of the Chester, Max- OY Oa XN ville limestone (upper zone) and Glen C) Oa ¢) Dean formations. Type locality near OO is Newtonville, Clermont County, Ohio; ay also occurs at Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski OBC County, Grayson Springs, Grayson |) \) ae GH fe U County, and Stephensport, Brecken- ridge County, all in Kentucky, but has © a Y not been reported from the equivalent. as: Okaw of the southern Illinois area. Qa Like many other species of the Glen Wien 1 Pe en oF Dean formation this is a wide ranging : a form. In addition to Whitfield’s types from Ohio, four specimens have been found at three widely sepa- rated localities in Kentucky, all from the uppermost beds of the Chester; they are figured on plate 15. The nearly conical contour of the calyx and low infrabasal cone are constant in all. While I am not essaying a critical review of the species of A gassizocrinus, yet in view of its profuse occurrence and wide dis- tribution, and the desirability of having the status of the species fixed as far as possible, I will attempt briefly to summarize our information regarding them: Of the seventeen described species (including Whitfield’s and a new species), two-thirds of which are based upon specimens from the vicinity of Chester, Illinois, three may be excluded from con- sideration because not sufficiently defined to show more than generic characters, namely: A. dactyliformis Shumard, A. twmidus Owen: and Shumard, and A. carbonarius Worthen. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 63 Five may be accepted distinguished by well defined special char- acters, some of which may be only individual variations, namely : 1. A. conicus Owen and Shumard, by its strictly conical and very elongate form, large size, and great relative height of the infrabasal cone, which is more than half the height of the calyx (pl. 15, fig. 1). 2. A. laevis Roemer, by its broadly rounded, ovoid calyx, of which the base is more than one-third its height (pl. 15, fig. 5); this includes Troost’s Ms. species, A dactyliformis, and the specimen figured by Meek and Worthen in Illinois (vol. 5, pl. 21, fig. 7). 3. A. constrictus Hall, by its very elongate, narrow calyx, and constricted base. 4. A. pentagonus Worthen, by its pentagonal outline, and concave basal plates. 5. A. dissimilis Weller, by its deeply incised sutures. Nos. 1, 2, and 5 have the infrabasals fused. Of the remaining species, which include three synonyms, six might be arranged, for want of any better criterion, according to the gen- eral form of the calyx as used in many of the descriptions, whether subconical, ovoid, or globose; to which may be usefully added the relative height of the infrabasal cone or disk: 6. A. gibbosus Hall, syn. A. chesterensis Worthen ; subconical, but much more rounded and less elongate than conicus, both as to the entire calyx and the infrabasal cone, the height being slightly more than the greatest width, and the infrabasals one-fourth to one-third the height of calyx; infrabasals fused (pl. 15, fig. 8). Widely distributed, found in all the principal Chester areas. 7. A. inequidactylus (Whitfield) ; similar to last, only having infrabasals divided and a column; and being more elongate and more distinctly conical in form (pl. 15, figs. 10-18). 8. A. papiliatus Worthen, syn. A. hemisphericus Worthen; and (7?) A. oc- cidentalis Owen and Shumard; calyx globose, wider than high; infrabasals forming a low disk, less than one-fourth the height of calyx, divided, with a column facet. A. occidentalis is included here with a (?); if the characters were certain it would have to head the group, being earliest in date. Prob- ably from the Paint Creek formation, a lower horizon than all the others except No. 5. 9. A. globosus Worthen; characters not materially different from the last, but it is slightly larger, and from a higher horizon, being characteristic of the Gasper formation, especially in Breckrenridge County, Kentucky (pl. 15, fig. 14). 10. A. ovalis Miller and Gurley; same as last, except that while the figures show divided infrabasals, the descriptions say there is no evidence of a column (DID sies aL alG AL). 11. Agassizocrinus lobatus, new species. A thoroughly distinct species, from the Gasper formation at Huntsville, Alabama, represented by 12 specimens that only came to light in the collection after the foregoing discussion was prepared. It is remarkable for having the infrabasal cup (which is the only part known) strongly lobed next to the top, and more or less divided, while it is rounded and fused at the bottom. I have figured a set of six of the cups in which these characters are fully shown (pl. 26, figs. 13-18). 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 As a fairly general rule, it seems that those forms with a well rounded ovoid or globose calyx, combined with very short infra- basals, have mostly a divided base; but the subconical No. 7 has it also. Thus the recognizable species are reduced to eleven, and it is probable that there are still more synonyms, but the material is not at hand for close comparison of some species. THE INFLATED VENTRAL SAC The leading character of the Fistulate division of the Crinoidea Inadunata is the great development of the posterior interradius, which in some genera takes the form of an elongate anal tube with the opening at the distal end, while in others almost the entire teg- men is extended into a closed sac, in which the anal opening, in- stead of being at the distal end, or at the posterior side, is located at the anterior side of the tube, either at the base, or part way up, sometimes at the end of a lateral spout. This organ exhibits various forms and modifications, some of which are illustrated by Wachsmuth and Springer on plate 7 of the North American Crinoidea Camerata. It is not my purpose to discuss these structures in detail, further than is desirable to clarify our knowledge in regard to one of them that has hitherto been ob- scure, and to supply some needed information regarding certain species which for lack of adequate illustration have not hitherto been clearly understood, several of the important ones never having been figured at all. The modification which I wish especially to consider is the one which is characterized by a peculiar reversal in the posi- tion of the anal opening, by which in certain forms it emerges at the anterior side instead of the posterior, where it is usually ex- pected. This has been a perplexing fact in the morphology of the group, giving rise to some rather far-fetched theories for its ex- planation. Later investigations, as I have hitherto stated in the Flexibilia monograph, indicate that there is no essential difference between the “anal tube,” such as is found in Cyathocrinus, and the “ventral sac,” as in Aulocrinus; and that all forms of tube in which the anus is not at the distal end may be explained by the recurving of the gut with its enveloping tube in its upward or distal extension, from the vertical toward the anterior side, folding or doubling back upon itself more or less completely, so that the opening may emerge through the wall of the tube at any point between the distal end and the base. The tendency of the tube, perhaps primarily owing to some ob- struction in the early stages, is to expand at or near the point where it is bent, either producing a rounded or nodose enlargement, or ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 65 developing a variety of peculiar inflated or spiniferous structures, which have been called balloon-shaped or mushroom-shaped. Some of these extend beyond the limits of the arms, surmounting the crown with a conspicuous expanded appendage; others are wholly enclosed by the arms. All are enlarged extensions of a narrow neck by which they are connected with the cup. This form of sac was especially developed in the Lower Carbonif- erous, where it is characteristic of a considerable group of genera, beginning in the earliest members, the Kinderhook and Lower Bur- lington, with the genus Coeliocrinus, a variable form, which con- tinued with modifications into some of the later formations, and was succeeded toward the close by Hydreionocrinus, which combines one of its forms of sac with a different type of calyx and arm structure, and as thus modified passed on to the Upper Carboniferous. The sac with the infradistal position of the anus is subject to considerable modification in details of structure, and in one form or another occurs as a conspicuous feature in several genera besides the two above named. It is also found associated with different plans of arm arrangement and forms of calyx. As to these characters there is no very stable correlation, and the lack of fixity in this respect is often confusing. For example: Pachylocrinus arboreus (Worthen) and P. florealis (Yandell and Shumard) with more or less dichotomous arms, have the opening toward the top, the former somewhat below the bulbous enlargement, and the latter almost at the very top, next to the ter- minal cluster of a few spiniferous plates (pl. 16, figs. 3-9). Abroto- erinus unicus (Hall), with the arms of Pachylocrinus somewhat modified but having a pentagonal stem, has the anus about midway (pl. 17, figs. 1-3) ; as have also Scytalocrinus and Decadocrinus, with their ten unbranched arms, the former with slender pinnules and the latter with strong armlets or ramules.*t In Aulocrinus, with arms and pinnules of the ecadocrinus type, the opening is at about the same height, but projected from a lateral tube (pl. 19). Zeacrinus, with heterotomous arms and short brachials, exhibits great variation in tube structure: Z. elegans of the Burlington has a rounded sac expanding upwards (pl. 21, fig. 2a); Z. commaticus of the Keokuk has the opening at the base of an elongated sac (pl. 22, fig. 8a) ; while the typical species, Z. wortheni of the Chester, has an altogether different form of sac, being a pyramid narrowing upwards to an apex, but having the opening about midway (pl. 23, fig. 2a). Hydreionocrinus, with a highly distinctive spiniferous sac, and the opening in at least one species about midway, has no less than three 41 North Amer, Crin. Cam., pl. 7, and herein, pl. 17. 238382—26—_5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 different types of arms: H. wetherbyi nearly dichotomous, an inter- mediate stage; H. depressus strongly heterotomous, with the branch- ing toward the inner side of the dichotom (pls. 25 and 26) ; and the British species, 7. woodianus, with the branching toward the outer side of the dichotom. As if this were not a sufficient confusion of characters, it may be added that the two American species have respectively round and pentagonal stems. In view of such lack of constancy in the characters of a single genus of this type, it is not certain that the position of the anal opening, as shown in the species above mentioned, will hold good for other species of the respective genera. This unusual development of the sac represents a hypertrophied condition of the organ, and structures modified by that sort of growth are apt to be more or less unstable. In fact the acquisition of large additions to the collection of the later Inadunate genera, since I discussed the Poteriocrinidae in 1911, has disclosed such an intermingling of characters which in other groups are regarded as distinctive, especially in the arrange- ment of anal structures, as to render the definition of some of these genera, containing a great number of species, perplexing and subject to exceptions. Returning now to the consideration of the process by which the anal opening came to be upon the anterior side of the sac, it is not necessary to assume any extraordinary change in the organic develop- ment of the crinoid to produce this result. It depends merely upon the movements of the gut, which, as I have elsewhere shown,” are the cause of great morphological changes, and have produced many modifications in the external form of the calyx. Beginning in its primitive position in the ontogeny of the growing crinoid at one of the corners between the larval basals and orals, it migrates through a great variety of positions, so that the anal opening may issue and be finally fixed in the calyx of the adult crinoid at any point between the level of the radials and the middle of the tegmen. Its general tendency is towards the latter, that is, an upward growth, which finds expression in a greatly elongated central tube, such as that of the Batocrinidae. But this tendency may be diverted by unknown causes, and the course of the gut completely changed. This occurs for example in the Camerate genus Siphonocrinus, where in some species, instead of growing upward from its original posterior posi- tion, the gut is bent over and continued underneath the plates of the tegmen, passing completely over the oral portion to the anterior side of the calyx, where it opens out at or below the arm regions.** This is precisely what has happened in the Inadunate forms under consideration, except that the deflection and recurving occur at a 42 Crinoidea Flexibilia, pp. 67, 81, 86. : 43 North Amer, Crin. Cam., p. 210, pl. 19, figs. 3a, b, c; and herein, pl. 18, fig. 5. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 67 later stage, involving not only the gut but also its tubular sheath of calcareous plates, and that instead of following a simple curvature continuing along a convex surface, the direction of the tube is more or less suddenly or abruptly reversed. With its upward growth thus arrested, the activity of the organ finds an outlet in different forms of expansion, or abnormal structures, at or near the point where the reversal occurs. As the tube in forms of this group is usually built up of plates arranged in longitudinal columns, it is not difficult to trace the course of these changes. The simplest case is seen in species of Pachylocrinus, such as P- arboreus or P. scoparius (pl. 16, figs. 83-7; 2), where the tube is: greatly curved downward toward the anterior to an opening near’ or above midway; the walls along the line of contact are coalesced and the curved portion considerably swollen, but not rising beyond the limit of the arms. The longitudinal lines of plates forming the sac are distinctly seen in the swollen part. In P. florealis (pl. 16, figs. 8, 9) the opening lies just below the distal end, and the tube is terminated by four spiniferous plates barely surmounting the arms. In Coeliocrinus ventricosus, where the inflation of the sac is at the distal end and takes the form of a narrow-necked balloon, the longitudinal columns of plates which appear in several of the speci- mens testify that this is only the hypertrophied part of the tube incident to its reversal of direction (pl. 24, figs. 1-8). The anus has not been observed in this genus, but we know it must have been somewhere in the narrow neck below the inflated part. Aulocrinus, which with its lateral spout appears to be the most aberrant form of all, really tells the story the best. This may be understood from the figures upon plate 19, made from a remarkable series of specimens in which the spout-like tube is shown in various positions. Here the longitudinal columns of plates are very con- spicuous, being marked by sharp ridges, and it will be observed that the number of these columns when seen in a lateral view is considerably greater above the level of the spout than it is below. This results from the doubling of the tube upon itself, and the fusion of the apposed walls of the parts thus brought into contact ; the process is completely shown by the two specimens in which the tube is exposed laterally (figs. 2 and 3). In figure 2 the ridged rows of plates can be traced continuously from the original tube into the reversed part. From these it will be seen that the tube of Aulocrinus, instead of being curved and inflated as in the preceding examples, is abruptly reversed, as if it might have been bent, almost to the point of frac- ture, and the pieces bound together so that the distal end could continue to grow in the opposite direction from before. At the line 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 where the reversal occurred incipient spines were developed, instead of a swollen sac—a modification which became dominant in Hydrei- onocrinus. Thus the position of the anus on the anterior side depends upon the extent to which the tube grows downward after reversal, and if this is continued far enough the opening will be at the base of the tube, as in “ Scaphiocrinus” elegans; and with the evidence afforded by the above mentioned examples it is clear that its position in all forms where located below the distal end may be accounted for. The genera characterized by the Inflated Sac fall into a fairly well limited group forming a section of the subfamily Poterio- crininae as defined in the Zittel-Eastman textbook, edition of 1913. It has an extreme range from the earliest Lower Carboniferous through the principal subdivisions and into the Upper Carboniferous, and according to Wanner into the Permian. It reached its acme in variety and abundance in the Burlington and Keokuk, and in extrav- agance of form in the later formations. Coincident with the es- tablishment of the mushroom form in the Chester, the group began to decline, and to be replaced by a series of genera in which the strong anal tube as a solid structure disappeared, and the anal plates were lifted out of the calyx until they no longer occupied a place within the ring of radials, and ceased to form an integral part of the calyx wall. This series started with the long-lhved Hupachycrinus, which began, as I now know, in the Keokuk with a rare and isolated spe- cies, and lasted through the Upper Carboniferous; and which, while retaining the strong radianal and anal plates of its predecessors, had only a remnant of the tube. The change progressed through Crom- yocrinus, Agassizocrinus, Ulocrinus, Hrisocrinus, and finally to /’'n- crinus in the Trias, when all trace of anal structures in the calyx was lost. The section with a tube, therefore, all having strong anal plates in the calyx to support it, includes the genera from Poteriocrinus to Scytalocrinus of the subfamily Poteriocrininae above mentioned, with some additions. In view of the close interrelationships of the genera comprising this group, the need of better description and illustration of some of them, and the presence of some new forms, it is desirable to give, along with the new matter, a general summary of their characters. In this group, specialized as it is in regard to the ventral sac, there must be recognized, as already intimated, a considerable com- plexity and intermingling of characters, and the definition of genera is complicated by the occurrence of exceptions in regard to char- acters which in some other groups are considered to be of generic value. We simply have to select some character that appears to be art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 69 - dominant, and hold to it in spite of exceptions and uncertain cor- relations. In the mode of arm branching, for instance, between a ray with two or more subordinate branches always borne on the same side of a main arm, as in Hydreionocrinus depressus—heterotomous—and one in which the arms divide by successive nearly equal bifurcations, as in Pachylocrinus aequalis—dichotomous— there is a clear distinc- tion. The latter, with two or more full bifurcations, would give 8 or more arms to the ray. But if only 1 arm of the second bifurca- tion branches, that would give but 6 arms to the ray, making an in- termediate condition which may occur under either category, and has to be dealt with according to circumstances, as for example in the heterotomous Zeacrinus elegans, or the dichotomous Pachylo- crinus arboreus. So also the stem varies from circular to penta- gonal, occasionally both in one species, and sometimes both in forms not otherwise separable generically. In the case of Abrotocrinus I have utilized Miller and Gurley’s genus, separated only by this character, because it offers a convenient means of subdividing the unwieldy genus Pachylocrinus. It is not a very reliable character in this group. Pachylocrinus aequalis, with usually a round stem, has it sometimes pentagonal next to the calyx, and Abrotocrinus unicus has the stem both ways, but mostly pentagonal. Again, in Zeacrinus, the character most relied on is the very short brachials, which we call quadrangular, notwithstanding the fact that in various specimens some of the lower brachials are clearly cuneiform. Such exceptions, being part of the infinite variety in nature, must not dis- turb us. The following table shows the relations of the genera as they appear in the light of present information : ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA Subfamily PoTERIOOCRININAE. Section A. Poteriocrininae with elongated ventral sac, in which the anal opening is below the distal end, and at the anterior side. Anal plates, including radianal, strongly developed within the cup. IBB 5: 2-3 anals in the calyx. Radial facet round, not filling distal face of R. Sac tapering distally to an apex beyond the arms_____---~ Poteriocrinus. Radial facet straight, filling distal face of R. Sac enlarging distally to a more or less rounded, nodose or spiniferous terminal. Arms branching on or beyond IIBr. Branching usually more than once. Dichotomous, uniserial, brachials cuneiform. Sac strong, club-shaped, occasionally spinose. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Arms rounded and not abutting. IBr not more than 2. Column roundes #2 serie wee eee ee ee ee Pachylocrinus. (Olim Scaphiocrinus). Column: pentagonal tjo4 hace See Ae ae SA NEDA ee Abrotocrinus. IBr more than 2. Arms branching unequally beyond them .=.:2= 3.00 ee ee ot a Culmicrinus. Sae with strong median row of plates______________ Liparocrinus. Heterotomous. Brachials cuneiform or biserial, arms not abutting. Sac balloon-shaped, exceptionally spiniferous. Cupy tabi aeons 228 68 Le oh eee ee ae eS ey Coeliocrinus. Sac mushroom-shaped, spiniferous. Cup) low;,.cup-sha ped ee ees Hydreionocrinus. Brachials quadrangular, uniserial. Sac club-shaped or pyramidal. ATrMsiclosélyi abutting 2.2 se te ae eee ee Ole eee Zeacrinus. Arms branching once on IIBr. Arms not abutting; 4 to the ray, exceptionally 3 or 2. Dichotomous: brachials cuneiform, fairly long____________ Ulrichicrinus. rachials quadrangular, very short, TINS! Ha Viy-See ee WD ee ee See Pree eas Woodocrinus. Arms not branching beyond IIBr. 10 main rami, unbranched. Brachials cuneiform. Bearing strong ramules. Cup usually depressed, with flat or concave base. Anal opening directly through side of sac_________ Decadocrinus. Anal opening at end of lateral spout________________ Aulocrinus. Bearing ordinary pinnules. Cup usually elongate, sometimes obconical to low bowl-shaped, rounded base. Anal opening directly through sae________________ Scytalocrinus. Genus PACHYLOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer Plate 16 Scaphiocrinus Hatt, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 550.—WacHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 112; pt. 3, 1886, p. 235. Pachylocrinus WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 115; pt. 3, p. 242.—Sprineer, New Amer. Foss. Crin., 1911, p. 145.—Zirret- HASTMAN, Textb. Pal., 19138, p. 222. Mississippian ; Kinderhook to Upper Carboniferous. The reason for adopting this name for a majority of the great number of species described under Scaphiocrinus (nomen nudum because its type species belonged to the previously established Graphiocrinus) were set forth in my paper of 1911, above cited. It is ene of the most prolific and long lived of Carboniferous types, containing, before removal of those with pentagonal stem under Abrotocrinus, upwards of 100 described species, ranging from the Kinderhook to the Upper Carboniferous. Although having typi- ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER Th cally dichotomous arms, it will include some intermediate forms in which there are one or two arms branching unequally to the inner side of the ray, provided these are rounded arms, not abutting as in Zeacrinus. Observance of this distinction will help to remedy some of the confusion in the descriptions. ‘The type species, ?. aequalis (Hall) of the Keokuk,** is shown by good figures in Geological Sur- vey of Illinois (vol. 5, pl. 15, fig. 6), in Zittel-Kastman (19138, p. 222, fig. 8323), and herein (pl. 16, fig. 1). It is a very abundant species, and specimens are to be seen in almost all collections. Sac and opening are similar to those of P. arboreus, but rarely seen. Other good examples of this type are: Pachylocrinus (Poteriocrinus) concinnus MEEK and WorTHEN, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 5, 1873, pl. 14, fig. 3. , Pachylocr. (Poteriocr.) jesupi WHITFIELD, Bull. 1, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1881, pls. 1, 2. Syn. of P. swallovi, Merk and WorTHEN, Geol. Surv. Ill., vol. 2, pl. 16, figs. 4a, 0. Pachylocr. (Poteriocr.) covanus WortTHen, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 7, 1883, pl. 27, fig. 1. 12 arms to the ray. Pachylocr. (poterioer.) spartarius MILLER and Guriery, Journ. Cin. Soe. Nat. Hist., 1890, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, 8. 8 arms to the ray. Notwithstanding the abundance of species belong to this genus, specimens showing the position of the anal opening are rare. To illustrate it I have used two species from the later formations, in one of which the opening is the nearest to the distal end of any I have seen. PACHYLOCRINUS AQUALIS (Hall) Plate 16, fig. 10 2 Scaphiocrinus aqualis Haty, Supp. Geol. Iowa, 1860, p. 83. Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. I am figuring a characteristic specimen of this species, which is one of the most conspicuous of its formation, but has not before been illustrated. It attains a large size, some specimens being consider- ably larger than the one here figured, which I have selected for its excellent showing of the sac. I am glad of the opportunity to fur- nish an authentic figure of the species, to help clarify the confusion heretofore existing between the name and that of P. aequalis of the Keokuk. PACHYLOCRINUS ARBOREUS (Worthen) Plate 16, figs. 3-7 Zeacrinus arboreus WorRTHEN, Geol. Sury. IL, vol. 5, p. 534, pl. 20, fig. 5.— Sprincer, Amer. Geol., vol. 26, 1900, pl. 16, figs. 18-23. Chester group, Ohara formation (formerly called St. Louis) ; Huntsville, Alabama. This is a prolific species, found in good preservation, and repre- sented in the collection by upwards of one hundred specimens. The “Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 316. q2, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 rounded end of the sac as shown in the figures is constant in form and position in many specimens, and the opening just below it in several. The species belongs to the intermediate type of arm branching, which has caused it sometimes to be labeled Zeacrinus, while the resem- blance in form of the inflated sac has also led to a reference to Coelio- crinus. PACHYLOCRINUS FLOREALIS (Yandell and Shumard) Plate 16, figs. 8, 9 Cyathocrinus florealis YANDELL and SHuMARD, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, p. 24, ply dy fies Zeacrinus florealis, SHUMARD, Cat. Pal. Foss., 1866, pt. 1 p. 399. Chester group, Glen Dean formation; Grayson Springs, Kentucky. Three specimens of this rare species show the same peculiar small spiniferous termination of the sac above the ends of the arms, with the anal opening near the distal end. The wide difference in the structure of the sac between this and the preceding species empha- sizes the extreme variability of this character. Genus ABROTOCRINUS Miller and Gurley Plates 16, 17 Abrotocrinus MILLER and Gurtry, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, 1890, p. 80; 16th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1891, p. 350. Mississippian; Lower Burlington to Keokuk. As already mentioned, I have utilized this genus, heretofore ranked as a synonym, to include those species of Pachylocrinus which have a pentagonal stem. It offers the medium of a convenient and much needed subdivision of that genus. The character is not a very reliable one, some intermediate forms having the stem pentagonal near the calyx and round lower down. The type species, Abroto- crinus-cymosus Miller and Gurley,*® from the Keokuk limestone of Canton, Indiana, is in its arm structure a beautiful example of the Pachylocrinus type. I am illustrating two species, one from the Upper Burlington which has never been figured, and one from the Keokuk, showing the median position of the anal opening. ABROTOCRINUS RUSTICELLUS (White) Plate 16, fig. 11 Poteriocrinus rusticellus WuHitr, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863, p. 505. Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. Another prominent Burlington species, not hitherto understood. There are several specimens even more conspicuous than the one 46 Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1890, pl. 5, fig. 2. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 73 here shown, but I am figuring it because enough of the sac can be seen on the opposite side, although too much shattered for drawing, to show that it was substantially like that of the other species figured, with the opening about midway. ABROTOCRINUS UNICUS (Hall) Plate 17, figs. 1-3 Poteriocrinus (Scaphiocrinus) unicus Hatt, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 318.—Merrek and WortHEn, Geol. Surv. Ill., vol. 5, pl. 15, fig. 5.—WACHSMUTH and Sprincer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, pl. 7, fig. 6. Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana. One of the very prominent species of its celebrated locality, in which the sac with its midway opening is shown by numerous speci- mens, quite constant throughout. The pentagonal stem, at least next to the calyx, is distinct in more than fifty specimens. Genus CULMICRINUS Jaekel Plate 18 Culmicrinus JAEKEL, Philogenie und System der Polmatozen, Pal. Deut- schl., Berlin, vol. 3, 1918, p. 62. Untercarb. (Kulm). Pro Poterio- crinus regularis H. von Meyer, Herborn. To include Poteriocr. mis- souriensis Shumard. Devonian to upper Chester. Under this name Professor Jaekel has included a form which I have had set apart in my collection for many years as a new genus, containing species from at least four different formations. The dominant character is that it has more than two primibrachs, the number actually ranging from five to ten before the first bifurcation, after which the arms branch a few times at long intervals, with rather sparse pinnules borne on cuneiform brachials. The calyx is elongate, turbinate, with round stem. The remarkable thing about this form is its extremely large sac, rising to the full height of the arms, with the anal opening at the very base. The form with extra primibrachs, varying considerably in other characters, ranges in America from the Chemung through the Waverly or its equivalent into the St. Louis, ending in the upper formation of the Chester. Several Chemung and Portage species have been described by Miss Winifred Goldring under Liparocrinus and three other new genera in the Monograph of the Devonian Crinoids just published by the State Museum of New York, and received too late for detailed consideration here. The species from the Waverly equivalent, or basal Mississippian, as yet undescribed, occurs in the form of imperfect impressions in western Pennsylvania. The other two are figured herewith. 23832—26——_6 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 CULMICRINUS MISSOURIENSIS (Shumard) Plate 18, fig. 3 Poteriocrinus missouriensis SHUMARD, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1857, p. 188, pl. B, figs. a-e. St. Louis limestone; St. Louis, Missouri. One of the best known fossils in the St. Louis limestone, of which many good specimens have been found with the elongate ventral sac preserved, but it is only in the one herewith figured that the position of the anal opening is definitely fixed at the anterior side close down to the base. The species is notable for the slender, grace- ful contour of the crown. In the Revision of Palaeocrinoidea (pt. 1, 1879, p. 114), Wach- smuth and Springer called attention to the fact that this species “differs from all others in this group in having a single arm to each ray, the first bifurcation taking place at the tenth or twelfth plate.” CULMICRINUS ELEGANS (Wachsmuth and Springer) Plate 18, figs. 1, la “ Scaphiocrinus”’ elegans, WACHSMUTH and SprincER, North Amer. Crin- Cam., 1897, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2. Chester group, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley, Kentucky. I have figured at full length the type specimen, of which only a partial figure was given in 1897, in order to show the great size of the sac, this being the best known example of the lowest position of the opening. The tube is actually a little longer than is here shown, as 1t appears in a second specimen from the same locality otherwise not so perfect, which has some nodose plates to mark the change of direction. As in many of the genera of this group, the anterior ray differs from the others, in this case being unbranched. Genus AULOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer Plate 19. AULOCRINUS AGASSIZI Wachsmuth and Springer Aulocrinus agassizi WACHSMUrTH and SPRINGER, North Amer. Crin. Cain., 1897, pl. 7, fig. 9—Sprincrer, Amer. Geol., vol. 26, 1900, pl. 16, figs. 11, 12. Mississippian ; Keokuk group, Indian creek, Montgomery County, Indiana. A monotypic genus founded on the species A. agassiz?, figured as above without definition, or description, but based solely upon the extraordinary form of the ventral sac, which with its lateral spout exhibits a specialization without precedent among the crinoids. Aside from this the form is essentially that of Decadocrinus as to calyx and arms, but differs in the stem and cirri. SPRINGER 75: ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS The species Aulocrinus agassizi is strongly characterized by sharp and prominent wrinkles upon the calyx plates; the angular and keeled brachials; the well defined pores at the sides of the hexagonal tube plates; and the sharp longitudinal columns in which these plates are arranged. The stem is sharply pentagonal, and is pro- vided with strong cirri, which are not shown upon the plate for want of space. The species is represented by ten specimens, six of which show the lateral spout. I am figuring a series of these to show all aspects of the remarkable structures, including a posterior view of the tube to its full length, and three views of the spout in such positions as enable us to trace the longitudinal ridges along the tube past the point where it doubles upon itself and branches backward into the spout. Especially instructive in this respect is the broken specimen (fig. 3), in which the ridges may be followed without in- terruption. ULRICHICRINUS, new genus Plate 20 Upper Carboniferous; Pennsylvanian. Between Pachylocrinus, Scytalocrinus, and Woodocrinus. Of a facies somewhat similar to that of Scytalocrinus, but has more than 10 long, slender, unbranched arms, bifurcating on the I1Br, both or only one, giving 4 or 8 arms to the ray. Brachials cuneiform, which distinguishes it from Woodocrinus, as also does the great relative difference in size of the arms. It has too many bifurcations for Scytalocrinus and not enough for Pachylocrinus. Calyx conical, spreading from the base about the same as in the turbinate Poterio- crininae generally. The tube has not been exposed, but from the elongate series of strong anal plates it is undoubtedly of the type of the related genera. . This genus is proposed for the reception of a species from the Morrow formation of Oklahoma, based upon specimens collected many years ago by Dr. E. O. Ulrich, while engaged in field work for the U. S. Geological Survey, and now placed in my hands for description by Dr. George T. Girty, in charge of Carboniferous re- searches for the Survey, which I have been unable to place under any of the described genera. It was, however, found to be congeneric with a well marked species from the Keokuk of Indiana described by S. A. Miller as Poteriocrinus coryphaeus, which while represented by numerous good specimens has always made trouble in the collections because it would not fit exactly under any known genus. With this addition the new genus is well distributed. I have pleasure in as- sociating with this interesting form the name of the discoverer, my neighbor and colleague, Dr. E. O. Ulrich, of the United States National Museum, and United States Geological Survey. ’ 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 ULRICHICRINUS OKLAHOMA, new species Plate 20, figs. 1, 2 Specimens large, crown about 10 cm. high. Calyx rather low, turbinate; IBr filling distal face of RR. Anal side with strong plates of Poteriocrinid type, with RA; post. B wide, narrowing to a very small apex, barely truncate, followed by a narrow anal plate x, with a large RA at the right. IBB rather tall and erect. BB almost as large as RR. Arms long and deeply rounded, unbranched, pinnulate, of about uniform thickness to near the extremities, where they taper rapidly; they are uniserial, composed of extremely short, cuneate brachials, which in the median portion of the arm interlock to the stage of incipient biseriality, but become uniserial again towards the ends. Hence the pinnules springing from the long faces of the brachials are seen on successive ossicles in the middle portion and on alternate ossicles towards the distal ends. Stem strong, round, composed of alternate long and short columnals, contrasting greatly in length, the shorter ones being almost linear. The species is to be compared with Poteriocrinus coryphaeus 8. A. Miller, of the Keokuk limestone, which has flatter and broader arms, with longer brachials in the lower part, but nowhere tending to in- terlock. Post. B is not quite so narrow at the top, and is of smaller size, but the general type, number and mode of branching of the arms, are substantially the same. There are two specimens of the new species, showing all the characters very clearly, except that the most complete one is dam- aged at the anal side. They were found in the same locality and horizon with the type of Zeacrinus girtyi, hereinafter described. Horizon and Locality—Upper Carboniferous. Morrow forma- tion of the basal Pennsylvanian; near Crittenden, northeastern Oklahoma. ULRICHICRINUS CORYPHAEUS (S. A. Miller) Plate 20, fig. 3 Poteriocrinus coryphaeus S. A. Miter, 17th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1891, p: 44, pl. 9, fig. 1. Keokuk limestone; Canton, Indiana. Abundant at Indian creek, Montgomery county, Indiana. P. brittst S. A. Miller,*® from Boonville, Missouri, may be identical with this, and if so would take the species. P. amoenus S. A. Miller,*7 is only a small specimen of P. coryphaeus. #7 Bull. 4, Geol. Surv. Missouri, p. 30. 4717th Rep. Indiana, p. 45, pl. 9, fig. 6. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 77 Genus WOODOCRINUS De Koninck Plate 26 Woodocrinus De KoninckK, Rech. Crin. Carb. Belg., Supp. 1854, p. 4.— WACHSMUTH and Springer, Rey. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 124; pt. 3, 1886, p. 239.—ZiTtrer-EHaAstTMAN, Textb. Pal., 1913, p. 223—Wricut, Trans. Geol. Soe. Glasgow, vol. 16, 1917-18, pp. 364-391; Geol. Mag., vol. 61, 1924, pp. 270-9. Mountain limestone to Hurlet formation; England and Scotland. Much confusion in the literature was caused by the action of Wachsmuth and Springer in 1886, in referring to this genus a large number of American species previously ranged under Pachylocrinus, Zeacrinus, etc. Subsequent consideration has shown that the ar- rangmeent was not well founded, and it should be disregarded. The genus, with a calyx substantially similar to that of other turbinate forms of the group, is strongly characterized by its few ponderous, rounded arms, composed of extremely short brachials with parallel sutures; they branch into mostly equal divisions some- what irregularly, giving 4, 3, and occasionally only 2, arms to the ray. The plates of the anal side are unusually conspicuous and numerous, passing in a strong series up between the rays, which with the spreading arms indicates a large ventral sac of the expanding type—not yet observed, however. The range of this genus as originally described from the mountain limestone of Yorkshire has been materially increased by the re- searches of James Wright in the Hurlet Limestone of Inverteil, and of Penton Linns, Scotland, where he finds it occurring abundantly, in probably two species different from the type. As the Hurlet formation represents in part the American Chester, passing up into the Coal Measures, this gives a stratigraphic range comparable to that of Zeacrinus and other genera of this group. For comparison I am figuring a characteristic specimen of the type species, W. macrodactylus De Koninck, from Richmond, England (pl. 26, fig. 19). There is also a good figure of it in Zittel-Eastman, 1913 (p. 223, fig. 324.) Genus ZEACRINUS (Troost) Hall Plates 21, 22, 23 Zeacrinus Haty, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 144—-Mrrk and WortTHEN, Geol. Surv. Ill. vol. 2, 1860, p. 186—WacHsMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 125; pt. 3, 1886, p. 248.—BatuHeEr, Edinb. Geol. Soc., vol. 10, 1911, p. 61—Wricut, Trans. Geol. Soe. Glasgow, vol. 16, pt. 3, 1917-18, 380. Mississippian ; Kinderhook to Upper Carboniferous; and Hurlet limestone, Scotland. The characters of this genus as fully set forth by Wachsmuth and Springer in 1879 (Rev. Pal., pt. 1, p. 125) hold good in the 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 main for the typical species, and my chief object in introducing it now is to illustrate more fully the form and structure of the ventral sac, which is especially notable for its variability. Later ac- quired specimens confirm the description of the sac given on page 127 of the work above cited as to some of the species, but exhibit great modification of it in others. They also enable me to show, what was not before known, the position of the anal opening, which notwithstanding the acuminate form of the sac as described, hinting somewhat at the possibility of a distal opening, proves to be strictly in accordance with the type characteristic of the other genera, namely, at the anterior side, about midway. The differences in form of the sac bear some relation to the dif- ferent geological positions of the species in which they occur, and the great stratigraphic range of the genus, from the Kinderhook to the Coal Measures, offers an excellent field for modification of such a special structure. The dominant characters of the genus are the rather flat, closely abutting, infolding arms, meeting by linear margins, branching re- peatedly but only from the outer arms of the ray toward the inner side of the dichotom; and the uniserial brachials, usually short, wide, and quadrangular, but with exceptions in the last respect in the lower part. This excludes nearly all species with rounded, divergent arms, and with wedge-shaped brachials, the inclusion of which by authors has been the cause of considerable confusion; but neverthe- less allowance must be made for intermediate forms, some of which have to be included. It was formerly supposed that the genus re- quired also a depressed cup, basin-shaped, with more or less con- cave base; but we are compelled to admit an exception in a well marked, otherwise characteristic species with an elongate, turbinate calyx, as was recognized in the diagnosis made by Wachsmuth and Springer. In fact, it seems after a final review of the material now available that the only stable character is the heterotomous arm- branching, with mostly uniserial, short and distally quadrangular brachials. Within this may occur: depressed or turbinate calyx; wide or narrow anal area; long or short RA; flat or rounded arms; club or balloon-shaped or pyramidal sac; round or pentagonal stem. Variations in the structure of the anal side have caused some con- fusion in the attempt to formulate a generic diagnosis which would reconcile the differences between the earlier and later species. In the typical Chester species, Z. wortheni, the radianal is a long and narrow plate, often passing down between two basals almost to a con- tact with the infrabasals—a form and position so unusual that 1t has attracted special attention. But all species from the earlier formations are now known to have a short and broad radianat; - art 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 79 and it appears that in the very latest species of all, from the Pennsyl- vanian, the earlier form of radianal was resumed. Therefore such a range of variation in this character must be accepted for the genus. So in regard to the arms. The typical species have the arms flat and closely apposed, touching all around by lnear margins and forming a more or less smooth, rotund or ellipsoidal crown. But we are obliged to admit as exceptions others in which the arms are rounded and not in close contact, with axillaries prominent or nodose, as for instance, Z. asper Meek and Worthen. Again, the sac typically is enclosed by the arms; but in some species, as Z. commaticus and Z. girtyi, it rises distinctly above them, and among the various species appears in the three different forms already mentioned. As a general rule there is only the single axillary primibrach in the four rays other than the anterior, which regularly adds one or more brachials between that and the radial; but to this also there are a few exceptions. Zeacrinus ranges through the entire Lower Carboniferous, begin- ning in the Kinderhook, culminating in the Chester, and passing up into the Pennsylvanian. It has hitherto been regarded as strictly an American genus, but it now appears prominently as a part cf the remarkable crinoidal fauna brought to light in recent years by Mr. Wright from formations in Scotland equivalent to our Chester. A few representative species will now be considered in detail: ZEACRINUS BURSAEFORMIS White Plate 21, fig. 1 Zeacrinus bursaeformis WHITE, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1862, p. 10. Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. A well-defined species, not before figured; represented by four good specimens, besides the type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology; differing from typical species by having the calyx in the form of an inverted, truncated cone, spreading directly to the arm bases, with turbinate base, instead of concave. Arms flat on the back, rather closely apposed, about 8 to the ray except the anterior which usually has 6. To the foregoing abstract from the original description may be added the following remark by the author: This species not only resembles Zeacrinus above the base, but possesses those characters which have been regarded as peculiar to that genus of having but two radials (R+IBr) to four of the rays, and a greater number in the anterior one; yet the body has the true form and development of Poteriocrinus. That is, it is one of the striking exceptions to the type which upon a preponderance of characters must be held within the genus. It 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 has a wide anal area, with posterior basal broadly truncate and a short and broad radianal, as is the case with all Burlington and Keokuk species. Form of the sac is unknown, but from the shape of the crown is probably similar to that of Z. elegans, which the species also strongly resembles in the short, quadrangular brachials, and mode of branching of the arms. There is an undescribed species from the Keokuk limestone at Indian Creek, Indiana, represented by several specimens, with a turbinate calyx like bursaeformis, but otherwise a good Zeacrinus. ZEACRINUS ELEGANS Hall Plate 21, figs. 2-4 Zeacrinus elegans Hau, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 547, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2. Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. The true Zeacrinus of the earlier type, with depressed calyx, post. B broadly truncate, RA short and wide, not passing down between BB. This structure is uniform in 28 specimens showing the anal side; and in a total of 43 specimens all have a single IBr, axillary, in four rays, and 3 or 4 in the anterior. There are 6 to 11 arms to the ray, usually 8 or 10. In this species we have the expanded, club- shaped sac, lying well within the arms, in marked contrast to that of the Chester species. I am figuring a good example of this, also another to show the range of variation in number of arms, and an- other of smaller size. The opening has not been observed. The other Burlington and most of the Keokuk species are true to this type, with variations as to minor details. ZEACRINUS COMMATICUS §S. A. Miller Plate 22, figs. 1-38a Zeacrinus commaticus S. A. MiLurr, Geol. Surv. Missouri, Bull. 4, 1891, p. 36, pl: 55 figs: 10; a1: Upper part Keokuk limestone; Boonville, Missouri. A species remarkable for the introduction within the genus of a new type of sac, which rises above the limits of the arms, and has the anal opening at the base. The term “club-shaped ” is especially well adapted to this sac, as it is in form a veritable war club, with a strong handle and knotted end. The species is abundant and strongly marked. It has the broadly truncate post. B, with short RA, of the earlier type, 49 specimens being all in that condition with little variation; and of these 37 have one [Br in four rays, and 12 have two [Br all around—an exceptional occurrence for the genus, but one which is repeated in the latest species. The project- ing part of the sac with its rounded nodes is shown in many speci- mens, and its full length with the anal opening in two. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 81 ZEACRINUS WORTHENI Hall Plate 23, figs. 1-8 Zeacrinus worthenit Hatt, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 688, also p. 545. Chester group, Okaw and Glen Dean formations; Randolph County, Illinois, Pulaski, Grayson, Todd.and Breckinridge counties, Kentucky. ZEACRINUS MAGNOLIAEFORMIS (Troost) Hall Plate 22, figs. 4-11 Zeacrinus magnoliaeformis, Hau, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 684, also p. 545. Chester group, Gasper formation; Huntsville, Alabama. The two typical species of the genus, in which is introduced the pyramidal form of sac, acuminate instead of rounded distally, which is most commonly associated with the genus, and which was the basis of the description of the sac in Revision of Paleocrinoidea, (1, p. 126). It is best shown in Z. wortheni, which is the more widely distributed and in better preservation. From this we now know the location of the anal opening, about midway, clearly shown in several speci- mens, from which the instructive illustrations are selected. In these species, especially Z. wortheni, is introduced the long, slender radi- anal, producing the narrow anal side which is so different from that of the earlier species. As the two species are among the important fossils of their forma- tions, and their names have been used rather indiscriminately by geologists in listing the fossils collected in various localities of the Chester area, it is very desirable to ascertain which is which. There is nothing in Hall’s formal description of the species to separate them. The principal discussion is on page 545, where it is said that Z. worthent “has a narrow and less rotund base, with the cavity much less deep, and the subradial and first radial plates (BB and RR) proportionately shorter and the latter narrower, while the anterior ray has two intermediate radial plates.” This might be true as between two individual specimens, but will not hold good for the numbers that are now in hand. In a note he says that Z. wortheni is distinct from Z. magnoliaeformis, “ with shorter first radials, extending a little above the plane of the base, and arms much shorter and less robust.” He gives a diagram of each, that of Z. magnoliaeformis from Troost’s type; it does not show the anal side. The diagram of Z. wortheni shows the anal side with post. B acumi- nate like the other BB, not connecting with « (next anal above), and RA narrow, passing low down between BB—that is, a narrow anal area. 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The Z. magnoliaeformis type specimen is from Huntsville, Ala- bama, in what is now known as the Gasper formation of the upper Chester, where the species occurs numerously; while Z. wortheni, as found in several localities in Illinois and Kentucky, is from the next higher formation of the Chester, Glen Dean of Kentucky and Okaw of Illinois. Numerous specimens of both forms enable me to make a close comparison as to the corresponding characters. From the Huntsville locality, Gasper formation, there are about 100 specimens, including 7 complete crowns. Measurement of these for height of crown and diameter of calyx at top of radials gives an average of 57 mm. height (ranging from 45 to 68), and 19 mm. diameter (17 to 21). Out of the total, 79 specimens have post. B broadly truncate, RA large and broad, producing a more or less wide anal area; 12 have post. B acuminate as in the type of Z. wortheni— a narrow anal area; and 9 are in an intermediate stage. Thus with 80 per cent of the specimens having post. B broadly truncate, it may be said in general that the earlier, Gasper, form has a wide anal area. From the later formation, Glen Dean, at the most prolific locality, Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County, Kentucky, there are 65 specimens, among which are 22 complete crowns. Measurement of these yields an average of 30 mm. height (16 to 40) and 13 mm. diameter of calyx (7 to 17). Thus while on an average the absolute height of crown is about twice as great in Z. magnoliaeformis as in Z. wortheni, its relative height to the width of calyx is also much greater, being as3by1to2.3by1. Of the Sloan’s Valley specimens 37 have the post. B acuminate, with a narrow RA passing down alongside post. B almost to a connection with IBB. In the remainder the post. B is truncate to a varying extent, from 18 having a very narrow connection with the succeeding anal, being practically acuminate, to 10 in which the truncation is as broad as in the Huntsville specimens, with some intermediate stages; but in most of them the RA is an elongate plate, and the anal area in 85 per cent of the specimens should be classed as narrow. These data seemed to furnish two good characters for distinguish- ing the species, until I was tempted to inspect the anal side of Troost’s type by removing the hard matrix by which it was en- closed, and found that it has a pointed post. B, and thus falls under the exception instead of the general rule. Nevertheless, we are warranted by the great preponderance of the evidence in claiming the wide anal area as one of the characters for Z. magnoliaeformis, when correlated with the larger crown. From the foregoing facts it results that the decisive difference between the two species as stated by Hall holds good in the greater ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 83 length of crown in Z. magnoliaeformis,; to which may be added that along with this it has usually larger basals, deeper basal cavity, and fewer bifurcations, these rarely exceeding two from the Ji Br, giving 6 arms to the ray, while in Z. wortheni they usually run from 8 to 10, Each species is limited to its respective formation, and thus they are good horizon markers. As in the earlier type, this one has uniformly an extra plate below the axillary in the anterior ray, but only the axillary IBr in the other four. For comparison of the structures of the anal side in these species, and in those of the earlier type, I am giving a series of drawings showing the typical forms and the most notable variations observed in the course of this investigation (text-figures 1 to 9). & & & & a> FIGS. 1-9.—ZEACRINUS ; VARIATIONS IN ANAL ARBA. 1. Z. ELEGANS; 2. Z. COMMATICUS; 3. Z. GIRTYI; 4, 5. Z. MAGNOLIAEFORMIS (SEE ALSO PL. 22, rics. 7-10); 6, 7, 8, 9. Z. WORTHENI (SEB ALSO PL. 22, FIG. 12, AND PL. 23, FIGS. 6, 7, 8) Dr. Bather #8 has described from the Scotch Carboniferous of Fife some cups belonging to this genus under the name Zeacrinus honincki. 48 Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc., vol. 10, 1911, p. 61. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Mr. Wright *’ has given further particulars of the occurrence of the genus in that region, which he finds to be quite abundant in two localities. He has noted variations in the anal area analogous to those which I have recorded for the two Chester species, and it is interesting to observe that out of 45 specimens examined by him 41 have the post. B acuminate with RA more or less elongate, all from one locality, and 3 have post. B truncate, with shorter RA, and are from a different locality. The similarity in this respect to the Ameri- can species adds another significant fact toward the correlation of the two horizons, and we shall await with interest the description of the crowns to see what further resemblance is disclosed. ZEACRINUS GIRTYI, new species Plate 23, figs. 9, 9a This is the latest known occurrence of the genus, having a low cup, long truncate posterior basal, strongly heterotomous arms, partly uniserial; but to some extent with cuneiform brachials, and balloon-shaped ventral sac. The species is founded on a single very well preserved specimen from the basal Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma, of larger size than is usual in the genus, the length of crown being 6.5 cm. Specifically it is exceedingly well marked by the fact that the heterotomy and the inflated sac are developed to an extent unknown in any other species. The rays divide on the second plate above the radial into two main and equal branches; each of these bifurcates further, but unequally—the outer branch of the ray continuing strong and dividing several times, giving off to the inner side of the dichotom successive branches, the lowest about one-third the thickness of the main branch at the point of bifurcation, and con- tinuing simple to the full height of the ray. The differences in size between the outer arm and the inner ramules become less and less until the last division is about equal. This type of heterotomy is the same as that of Z. wortheni of the Chester, but it is more marked in this specimen than in any of that species, the taper of the main arms is more pronounced, and the bifurcations more numerous— there being seven here, whereas I have never seen more than five in the largest Chester specimen. This species has also two primibrachs, so that the ray bifurcates on the second plate above the radial, instead of the first as is the rule in the genus except in the anterior ray, which usually has one or more additional brachials. In Scytalocrinus and similar genera closely allied to Pachylocrinus both structures are found, with many species of each; but in Zeacrinus and the closely related Coelkiocrinus 4) Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 16, pt. 3, 1917-18, p. 380. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 85 and Hydreionocrinus I do not remember to have seen before, except in a few specimens of Z. commaticus, an exception to the rule of a single primibrach to all the rays other than the anterior. The ventral sac, which in other species except commaticus is only about half the height of the arms, is here of extraordinary size for the genus, approaching rather the structure of Coeliocrinus in this respect; it rises entirely above the ends of the arms, which are thern- selves unusually long and slender. While the arm structure, as above stated, is like that of the Chester species, Z. wortheni, it is curious that the calyx of this species is more like that of the earlier forms of the Burlington limestone, such as Z. elegans, in having quite large and prominent basals instead of small ones almost concealed in the basal cavity, and also a short radianal. On the whole, this may be termed an acmic species, recapitulating to some extent the characters found in the genus in earlier periods; and it doubtless represents the culmination of the genus, which has not hitherto been recognized later than the Chester. The specific name of this remarkable species is given’ in honor of Dr. George T. Girty, in charge of Carboniferous researches for the U. S. Geological Survey, to whom I am indebted for the use of the material. Horizon and Locality—Morrow formation of the basal Pennsyl- vanian; near Crittenden in northeastern Oklahoma. Found by Dr. KE. O. Ulrich associated with Ulrichicrinus oklahoma. Genus COELIOCRINUS White Plates 24, 25 Coeliocrinus WHITE, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863, p. 499. Coeliocrinus, subgenus of Poteriocrinus, MEEK and WoRTHEN, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 138. Coeliocrinus, subgenus of Hydreionocrinus, WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pale opt. ts L800; Da lol. Mississippian; Lower Burlington to Keokuk. The prominent features of this genus are stated by the author as folows: First, the large inflated ventral sack, varying in size in different species, from four or five times the capacity of the calyx to ten or twenty times that capacity. It is widest at the top, in some cases extending above the tips of the arms—the lower part being contracted between the arms like the neck of a balloon—and joins by this the anal series. Second, the proportionally small calyx formed by the basal, subradial, radial, and first anal plates, which is so small as to render it certain that could not contain the necessary internal organs for the support of the other parts. These organs must have been located in the plated sack, which I have denominated the ventral sack; thus reversing their usual order of operation, as the mouth 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 was doubtless at the side of the neck, near the base of the arms. This aperture, however, has not been observed, although a separated sack of C. dilatatus has been carefully examined, together with more than half its neck, without the discovery of any aperture whatever, and four plates of the anal series seen, with no better result. The genus was founded upon three species, Poteriocrinus dilatatus and P. ventricosus, previously described by Hall, and Coeliocrinus subspinosus of White, then described, all from the Burlington lime- stone. P. di/atatus was designated as the genotype. The descriptions of these species were unaccompanied by any figures, and none of them has since been illustrated, save by an incidental figure of the inflated sac of C. ventricosus given by Wachsmuth and Springer on plate 7 of the Camerata Monograph, and one of (. dilatatus by Whitfield (not of the type) in 1893. The arm branching is of the hetero- tomous type in principle, but not very well defined, there being usually seen only a single bifurcation beyond the I1Br, on the outer arm of the ray, the inner arm of equal size usually remaining un- branched. It is a sort of intermediate stage between dichotomy and heterotomy, which might fall under either term in some cases. COELIOCRINUS DILATATUS (Hall) Plate 24, figs. 9-18 Poteriocrinus dilatatus Hau, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1861, p. 800. Coeliocrinus dilatatus, WHITE, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863, p. 501.—WAcCHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 1, 1879,, p. 183.—Wurt- FIELD, Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1893, pl. 3, fig. 18. Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. COELIOCRINUS VENTRICOSUS (Hall) Plate 24, figs. 1-8; plate 25, fig. 1 Poteriocrinus ventricosus HALL, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1861, Dp. -a0L: Cocliocrinus ventricosus, WHITE, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1868, p. 501.—WAaACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 188; North Amer. Crin. Cam., 1897, pl. 7, figs. 10a, b. Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. COELIOCRINUS SUBSPINOSUS White Plate 25, figs. 2, 3 Cocliocrinus subspinosus WHits, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 1863, p. 501.—WAaAcCHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pl. 1, 1879, p. 1338. Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. The three foregoing species agree in having a cup-shaped, ex- panding calyx, with a narrow conical base, as distinguished from ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—-SPRINGER 87 typical Hydreionocrinus with a more or less broadly rounded cup and concaye base; in all, the arms are composed of wedge-form brachials, and the branching is more or less of the heterotomous type, not always very distinct. The first two, both from the lower Burlington limestone, have a true balloon-shaped ventral sac, with a narrow neck supporting a widely expanding bag above it, composed of numerous plates sharply sculptured or rising into angular nodes; whereas the third, from the Upper Burlington formation, having likewise a narrow neck, takes on the mushroom form, spreading out into a flattened disk, composed of rather numerous plates, some of which are produced into spines of variable length, like those of the later appearing Hydre- LOnocrinus. The differences between the first two as claimed by their author are rather shght, but between them and the third the distinction is very great, the spiniferous flattened top being constant in 15 specimens from the upper Burlington bed, as against about 25 from the lower in which the sac is always rounded and non-spiniferous; only two or three somewhat intermediate specimens have been seen. As be- tween the lower bed species, the author notes that in C. ventricosus the second radials (IBr) are smaller than the first, and the arms more distinctly wedge-form, while in (. dilatatus the second radials are larger than the first and united at their lateral margins; and that in the former the sac is composed of large plates in the lower part and smaller in the upper, which is the reverse of the latter. Taking the specimens as they come these differences seem not to be very constant, but on the whole the plates of the sac at the distal part appear generally larger in (@. dilatatus than in C. ventricosus. As all three of these species were described without illustrations, paleontologists will welcome the publication of adequate figures now. I am giving photographs of the types of C. dilatatus and C. ventri- cosus now in my possession, formerly in the collection of Dr. C. A. White, together with some other specimens showing the characters of the species more completely; also of characteristic specimens of (. subspinosus as well known to the Burlington collectors. In none of the 40 specimens of the three species is the position of the anal opening disclosed, but it must be at some point below the inflated portion of the sac. T am also figuring two specimens of the inflated sac of one or both the lower Burlington species from the equivalent horizon in southern New Mexico discovered by me in 1883,°° showing the great geo- graphical range of this highly specialized form. 50 Sprigner. On the Occurrence of the lower Burlington limestone in New Mexico, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 25, 1884, pp. 97-103. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 67 Horizon and locality.—Mississippian, lower and upper Burlington limestone as above stated; Burlington, Iowa, and Lake Valley, New Mexico. COELIOCRINUS LYRA (Meek and Worthen) Zeacrinus lyra MEEK and WoRTHEN, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. 5, 1878, p. 482, Dialysis. Alans: Lower Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. This species has been referred to Coeliocrinus. The figures do not show the sac, but the description says that one specimen shows “a ventral prolongation nearly as long as the arms, somewhat expanded and covered with spines at the upper extremity.” It has the strictly heterotomous arms of Zeacrinus, with numerous branches from the outer arm to the inner side of the dichotom; but the wedge-shaped brachials exclude it from that genus. Another species, Zeacrinus dubius of Miller and Gurley,®' from the Keokuk at Bono, Indiana, is almost a duplicate of Coeliocrinus subspinosus. Genus HYDREIONOCRINUS De Koninck Plates 25, 26 Hydreionocrinus Dre Koninck, Bull. Acad. Royale Belgique, vol. 8, 1858, pt. 2, p. 13—WaAcHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt.-1, 1879, p. 129; pt. 3, 1886, p. 245..—Batuer, Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc., vol. 10, pt. 1, 1911-12, pp. 61-76.—-WricutT, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 16, 1917- 18, pp. 364-883.—WaANNER, Permischen Echinod. von Timor, 1916, pp. 150-166. Lower Carboniferous to Upper Carboniferous. The distinctive character of this genus, having the form of calyx and arrangement of anal plates substantially as in Zeacrinus, is the ventral sac, which at the distal end is transversely flattened like a mushroom, abruptly spreading beyond the tips of the arms and forming a low canopy composed of 5 to 35 or more plates; these are either a few, spiniferous and meeting towards the middle, or more frequently many nodose or flattened plates in the middle part, irregularly arranged, and bordered at the margin by a connected ring of spiniferous plates. This wide spreading sac is supported by a narrow tube, in which the anal opening is at the anterior side about midway, as now shown by three specimens. The cup is de- pressed, rounded, bowl-shaped, with the infrabasals, and sometimes basals also, sunken in a more or less deep cavity. ‘This form of cup, and the constant presence of spines on the sac and on many of the brachial axillaries, distinguish the genus from Coeliocrinus, of 51 Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 44, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8. ART 9 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS—SPRINGER 89 which it may be the successor. The genus belongs typically to the later Lower Carboniferous, Hurlet in Britain and Chester in America, and ranges up into the Upper Carboniferous. The British species of the genus have been extensively discussed in recent years by Doctor Bather and Mr. Wright, with the benefit of fine newly discovered material obtained by the latter gentleman in the Hurlet limestone of Scotland, especially of the species H. woodi- anus, in which the structures of the ventral sac and arms are well shown. Along with a careful account of the generic characters, Bather,®? with his usual lucid diagrams and figures, gives the most particular description yet published of the ventral sac and arms. Of the latter he says: Only one ramus, after each bifurcation, bifurcates again, and that is the one next to the middle line of the ray; all branches on the outer side continue single to the end. This excellent description of the mode of arm branching has a special interest in relation to the American species. As to the ventral sac he says: No anal opening is yet known, but it probably lay at the base of the ventral sac on the anterior side, where Wachsmuth and Springer have found it in other fistulate crinoids. Professor Wanner, in his work of 1916 on Permischen Echinod- ermen von Timor (pp. 150-166), has described and figured several species under this genus,°* some of which seem to me to have more the habitus of Coeliocrinus, with the rounded inflated ventral sac. HYDREIONOCRINUS DEPRESSUS (Hall from Troost) Plate 26, figs. 1-2 Zeacrinus depressus HAty, Geol. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 546. Hydreionocrinus armiger, WACHSMUTH and SprinGcer, Rey. Pal. pt. 1, 1879, p. 31; pt. 3, p. 245.—WeEtTHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1881, p. 325, pl. 9, figs. 1-4, 6. Upper Chester; Pulaski and Grayson Counties, Kentucky. HYDREIONOCRINUS WETHERBYI Wachsmuth and Springer Plate 25, figs. 4-12 Hydreionocrinus armiger, WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rey. Pal., pt. 1, 1879, p. 181—WeEtTHERBY, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1881, p. 328, pl. 9, figs. 4-11. Hydreionocrinus wetherbyi WACHSMUTH and SPRINGER, Rev. Pal., pt. 3, 1886, p. 245. Upper Chester; Pulaski and Grayson Counties, Kentucky. 52 Notes on Hydreionocrinus, Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc., vol. 10, pt. 1, 1911-12, pp. 61-76, with one plate. 53 Now, in the second volume of his work, 1924, p. 250, referred to a new genus, Cado- crinus, which, for lack of radianal, does not strictly fall within this subfamily. 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The characters of these two species must be sought chiefly in the work of Wetherby, above cited, where the descriptions are accom- panied by excellent illustrations made from a series of finely pre- served specimens of both, which exhibit the structure of the arms and ventral sac. Although himself in doubt as to their identity with the species previously described from imperfect material, he rede- scribed and figured them under the original names. This course as to the second species was not accepted by Wachsmuth and Springer, who changed it to H. wetherbyi. ea eee s Fig. 1. A very large specimen, with broadly curved stem beyond the proximal coil, showing the closely packed cirri paired on suc- cessive parallel columnals in the bilateral part, some of the noncirriferous proximal coil with circular neck leading to the crown, which is imperfectly exposed from beneath the enveloping cirri. 2. Another specimen, with stem broken off beyond the close coil, and a few cirrals and part of the neck exposed. X 3. 8. Another typical, but smaller specimen, with much of the broad curve intact, and cirri converging at center of close coil com- pletely enveloping the crown. 4+. Fragment of bilateral part of stem seen from the outer side of curve, showing the longitudinal sutures, 4, ». Another fragment from inner side of curve, showing the cirrus- facets at each end of successive columnals. X= &. 6. Joint-face of a columnal from median bilateral part of stem. x 4 7. Specimem from Laurel limestone, St. Paul, Ind.; showing close coil and beginning of broad curve of stem. Cirri not pre- served, but their facets are to be seen like those in the frag- ment following. S. Fragment from same locality, seen from inner side of curve, with cirrus-facets on each columnal. X $. All except 7 and 8 are from the Rochester shale, Niagaran ; Lockport, New York. MYELODACTYLUS BREVIS, new species__----_- => = eae 10 I'tc. 9. The only specimen; a nearly complete coil tapering to the dis- tal end, with cirri paired on each columnal and converg- ing to the center. X 3. 9a. Distal outer view of same, showing taper almost to the end. X 3. Niagaran, Brownsport limestone: Decatur County, Ten- nessee. 23832—26——_ 7 97 O8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Page = ee Oe eee 10 Ite. 10. Salter’s type, in the museum of Cambridge University, Eneg- land, by which the true nature of the fossil was first shown. Drawn from a cast in which the details of calyx and arms are indistinci, but the composition of stem and cirri is evident. 11. A speciznen in the British Museum, showing the form, pro- portions and mutual relations of stem, cirri and crown. By permission of the Keeper of Geology. 12. A specimen in the author’s collection, of which the crown is detachable for inspection at all sides, showing that it bas only 4 radii. X 2. MYELODACTYLUS FLETCHERI (NSalter) 12a. Calyx of same from posterior side, with anal tube resting upon the left shoulder of r. post. Rs. X 6 126. Calyx from anterior side. X 6. 12c. Diagram of calyx and arms. Silurian, Wenlockian; Dudley, England. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDIJINGS;, VOL. 67, ART. 9° PL. | Ws . t/ EM s sit ttt staat UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 97, 98 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 2 wily, dy, W782 | ; ye en A oe i NTL ld dae ated ore Sic oe fee! ATUL “i oot tO ARTETA an > 2 a Pam cm 4 pa i p= —— e-— > 2a Va —_ 4 ql aT qt UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 99, 100 PLATE) 2 All figures not otherwise noted natural size Page. MYELODACTYLUS AMMONIS (Bather) : - 10 Fic. 1. A close coil, with stem tapering to a point; cuneate interlock- ing columnals with a cirrus from the broad end of each; cirri converging to center, completely enveloping the crown. x 3. la. The same specimen, seen from outer curve, showing the rapid taper of stem to a narrow distal end; longitudinal sutures not visible in this specimen. 4. 1b. The alternate succession of columnals in outline—var. alterii- Cirrus. 2. A similar specimen (figure not enlarged), with hour-glass shaped columnals bearing a cirrus at each end, and lenticular, non cirriferous ossicles interposed. 2a. The same seen from the outer curve, tapering to a point, and with longitudinal sutures strongly developed. *« 4%. 2b. The paired succession of cirri in outline—var. bijugicirrus. 3. A small specimen of similar type to last, with strong distal taper. X 4. 3a. The outer side of same specimen as it would appear if stretched out straight; to show the great relative breadth in the middle region, narrowing both ways, and ending distally in a point; outer longitudinal sutures strong. X 4. 3b. The distal end of same. X 3. 3c. The succession of columnals in outline, with paired arrangement of cirri—var. bijugicirrus. 4. A similar specimen, With alternate cuneate columnals; small part of proximal coil is shown. X= 4. 4a, b. The tapering distal end, and the succession of columnals in out- line—var. alternicivrus, 5. Part of a remnant of two coils, from the inner side of the inner- most coil, showing the form and arrangement of columnals for the paired cirri—var. bijugicirrus. X 3. 5a. Transverse view of the fractured sect’on of the two coils, the upper one being near the distal end, therefore thicker and narrower than the lower. X 4. All the foregoing are from the Brownsport limestone, Niagaran: Decatur County, Tennessee. 6. Specimen with three involute coils, taper ng to a narrow distal end, The cirri have mostly fallen away, exposing the proxi- mal evolute coil with the slender, circular neck leading to the faintly outlined crown lying along the concave side of the middle coil. 6a. Outer curve of same, showing distal end and longitudinal sutures. 99 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Fage Fic. 6). The succession of columnals—var,. alternicivrus. 10 7. 7a. Similar views of a fractured specimen of same type, showing form and proportions of first cirrals on three successive coils—var. alternicirrus. 8. Remnant of a fractured specimen associated with the two pre- ceding in the same layer, having paired cirri—var. bijugi- cirrus; a portion of the circular neck and of the crown are visible. X 3. 9, The tapering distal end only of a stem with extremely slender termination. < . The last four specimens (6-9) are from the Waldron shale, Niagaran: Newsom. Tennessee. a D6 Dede |) PEATE 3 All figures not otherwise noted natural size Page MYELODACTYLUS EXTENSUS, new species______________________ 14 ic. 1, A large specimen with stem extended about 8 em. beyond the close coil, nearly straight, not terminating in a point. Has cirri on alternating, cuneate columnals. la. The succession of columnals—var. alternicirrus. 2. Another large specimen with stem extended about 5 em. beyond the deviation from the close coil, and beginning to diminish at point of fracture; the proximal reverse curve is seen. Has paired cirri on hour-glass shaped columnals. 2a. The succession of columnals—var. bijugieirrus. 3. Another specimen with stem extended about 6.5 cm. beyond the close coil, tapering near the end where it seems to termi- nate in small roots of radicular cirri. Has paired cirri. 3a. The succession of columnals—var. bijugicirrus. 4, 4a. A small specimen with some alternating cirri in place, and out- line showing succession of columnals—var. alternicirrus. X 4. 5. A large specimen with very small close coil, and the loose coil, partly restored, extended for about 12 cm. beyond the place of deviation, and not vet terminated. Parts of a few cirri are in place. Columnals of var. bijugicirrus. G6. Smaller specimen with much of extended stem broken off. Proximal coil is seen, with reversed curve of the circular neck, followed by the crown, of which the calyx is indistinct. Columnals of var. alternicirrus. 4. Large specimen with incomplete stem for about 7 em. beyond close coil. Polished section obtained by grinding down to the axial canal, showing the proximal coil, neck, and crown in outline, with scattered cirrals in some places. Columnals =] of var. bijugicirrius, 8, Sa. Reverse sides of a specimen with only the close coil remaining, having the cirri complete, converging at the center. Colum- nals of var. bijugicirrus, 9,10,11. Three small specimens with stems broken off, not far beyond the close coil. All of var. alternicirrus. 12. Fragment of stem from St. Paul, Indiana, showing both paired and alternate cirri in the same specimen. X 3 13. A specimen from the Wenlockian at Dudley, England, with paired cirri in place at the closed coil, and stem extended far beyond that region, not yet diminishing distalwards. 13a. The succession of columnals—var. bijugicirrus, All except 12 and 13 are from the Brownsport limestone, Niagaran ; Decatur County, Tennessee. 102 Ais. Oy = PLE; VOIE. ‘67; PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102 ART 9S) bien 4 VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM sto iti yy | ee ri UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103 PLATE 4 Figures not otherwise noted natural size NEVE LODACTYLUS, BRACHTATUS, Gall. = 2 a Fic. 1. Specimen with the crown preserved, showing the extreme length and slenderness of the proximal neck leading to it at the end of the reversed curve, and outside of the main coil of the stem. Some of the branching cirri are shown, limited to the distal regicn. x 3. la. The crown of same, further enlarged. X 3. A small specimen, with nearly complete stem extending to near the calyx, where the slender neck is broken off outside the main coil, as in all specimens except the preceding. It shows the great relative size and repeated branching of the cirri, which are almost as long as the thickened part of the stem. XK .o- 5, 4. Two specimens with neck similarly broken off, showing the nu- merous branching cirri in various positions rising from the distal region, enveloping the proximal coil like a fringe. Fig. 83 shows the complete stem, tapering to a point at the distal end. X 2. A very large specimen seen from outside of curve, showing the longitudinal sutures, and alternate arrangement of the rounded cirri arising from back of stem, and limited to the distal region, Columnals of this specimen are 6 min. wide at the back. 6. Distal portion of a broken specimen seen from the inner side of the curve. i) 7. Fragment from above the upper limit of cirri, seen from inner side of curve. X 3. S. Transection of stem at about same position as last, showing form of axial canal. X 3. 9. Fragment toward the distal end, seen from outer side of curve, showing origin of cirri at back of stem. X 3. 10. Transverse view of joint-face at about same level, showing the relative narrowing and thickening of the stem approaching a circular form at the termination. X 3. Niagaran, Rochester shale; Lockport, New York. 103 PLATE 5 Figures not otherwise noted natural size MYELODACTYLUS NODOSARIUS Hall__-____- ee 9 ee Itc. 1. One of Hall’s types (Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, pl. 5, fig. 5), showing the great size of the ponderous cirri compared with the smaller stem, and the bulbous terminal at distal end, seen from outer side of curve. 2. A similar specimen in which the terminal bulb ends in a point. 3. Another type (idem, pl. 6, fig. 1), seen from inner side of curve, showing the full length of cirri swollen in the middle. 4. Specimen showing still greater swelling of the cirri. 5. Specimen showing considerable length of the cirrus-bearing part of the stem. G. Distal end of stem, showing relative size of terminal bulb, and first cirrals. Author’s collection. The same structures with addition of several cirri, Showing small size of first cirrals. 8. Inner side at distal end, showing terminal bulb, small size of stem and mode of attachment of cirri. Collection Yale University. Helderbergian, New Scotland formation; Schoharie County, New York. All the specimens not otherwise noted are in the New York State Museum, Albany. =I MYELODACTYLUS SCHUCHERTI, new species_____- eee ers Pe " ric. 9. The only specimen, with both distal and proximal portions broken off, leaving one coil of the main, crescentic region of the stem, followed by the reverse curve, and the very robust proximal neck; several cirri are in place, paired on successive columnals. X 2. 9a, Reverse side of same, showing the same structures. Note the peculiar arrangement of columnals in the exposed part of the proximal neck. X 2. 9b. 9¢. Details of Columnals in the part of the neck towards the calyx; side and top views, further enlarged. X 6. Helderbergian, Linden formation; Benton County, Ten- nessee. Coll. U. S. National Museum. 104 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 = = = = — = = —— = — f Uy ga UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104 6 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM AY Hit \S UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 105, 106 PLATE 6 All figures not otherwise noted natural size MYELODACTYLUS KEYSERENSIS, new species Fig. 1. A nearly complete specimen, lacking only the distal part of the stem; crown fully exposed on both sides by removal of cirri. Seen from the many branched anterior radius, with the unbranched right anterior radius to the left of it. The proximal neck and reverse curve are in full view, and a few cirri are in place distalwards, one to each columnal. la. Reverse side of same, left posterior view, showing the same structures: cirri exposed Gpposite some of those seen in the preceding figure, proving their paired arrangement on suc- ceeding columnals. The crescentic stem toward the ends of the arms is 4.5 mm. wide, while the mass of arms is swollen beyond it at either side until it is 12 mm. thick, measured vertical to the plane of these figures. 10. Calyx and lower part of arms of same specimen, from left anterior radius. X 2. le. Analysis of the crown, showing the presence of five radii, no two alike; r. post. radius at the right with anal tube resting on the left sloping face of the superior half of the radial; r. ant. radius at the left, unbranched; the others branching at different heights. General arrangement similar to that of Tocerinus. 2. Another specimen closely inrolled, with crown completely en- veloped by the long, slender, cirri converging at the center; swollen to a thickness of 8.5 mm. 3. A specimen showing the great swelling of the crown at the distal region, as it lies enveloped in the cirri; it is here 15 mm. in thickness. Seen from outer curve of stem. Lower Devonian, Keyser formation: Keyser, West Virginia. AMMONICRINUS WANNERI, new species__- rig. 4. A small specimen, tightly involled, seen from the side, show- ing the large columnals, tapering to a point at the distal end, with strong, apparently non-articulated processes con- verging toward the center, in the position of cirri. 4a. The same, seen from the reverse side. X 4. 4b. The same, seen from outer side of curve, showing the deep beveling of the columnals, their great width and rapid taper to distal end. X #2. o. The larger specimen; lateral yiew showing the cirrus-like, but unarticulated, processes converging at the center in irreg- ular forms. Note perforation at the fractured distal end for the axial canal. X . reo 105 Page 19 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Page Fic. 5a. Reverse side of same, with the processes partially removed by Pepe preparation, exposing calyx of a Camerate ecrinoid with trace of arms. X #3. 5b. Outer curve of same, showing great width of columnals and their rapid diminution distalwards. 4. 6. Two detached columnals from some other specimen, showing the articulating joint faces, fulcral ridge, perforation for axial canal, and non-articulated processes at the side solidly attached where cirri would be in other forms. % 4, Middle Devonian; Hifel, Germany. fod PLATE, % All figures not otherwise noted natural size Page CAMPTOCRINUS PRAENUNTIUS, new species Ss 5 SE ee 20 Fic. 1. A nearly complete specimen, with scattered cirri at irregular intervals, limited to the distal portion. Natural size. Mississippian, Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. CAMPTOCRINUS MYELODACTYLUS Wachsmuth and Springer —_ 28 IFias.2,8. Two of the types of Wachsmuth and Springer (North Amer. Crin. Cam., pl. 75, figs. 2a, b,) after additional cleaning; they show the doubled nodal columnals, each bearing a cluster of two, three, or rarely four, rather short tapering cirri dimin- ishing in size inwards; alternating with these is a single internodal, nearly the length of the pair; occasionally the internodal is wanting, or the cirri limited to cne. The cirrus clusters form two marginal rows at the inner side of the curve, the outermost cirrus being so much larger than the others of its cluster that the latter often cannot be seen except by very close observation after careful preparation. X 4. It should be noted in regard to these and all the figures showing the marginal cirri, especially the detailed sketches, that we only see one row, that upon the opposite margin being omitted in the sketches. 3a,5b. Detail from the original of figure 3, including 16 cirri counting from the second cirrus next to the broken off distal end. This drawing is made in two parts for convenience in mounting. The elliptic outlines in this and similar figures give the cross sections from measurements at the part of the stem next to them. Distal is to the rght. X 3. 3e. Detail from the same specimen, further enlarged, to show the position of the first cirrus-facet directly over the suture be- tween the nodal pair. X 6. 3d. Another view showing the mode of succession of the cirri fol- lowing the first cirrus in the cluster. X 6. 4. A specimen with the stem tapering nearly to the distal end, show- ing the crowded condition of the cirri as seen unenlarged: in this and the next figure they appear as if chiefly two to the nodal, but the smaller, inner cirri are mostly crowded inward out of sight. 5. The largest specimen, the only one showing the proximal circu- lar part of the stem; it also shows a portion of the calyx, so distorted and cracked that the plates can not be definitely shown. The stem is nearly complete, about 9 em. long from the proximal part distalwards. 23832—26——_S 107 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Fig. 5a. Elliptic section of stem, measured at the widest part at right side about opposite the calyx. 5. 5b. Section measured at about S internodes from distal end, where stem becomes nearly circular. > 5, All Keokuk limestone, Mississippian ; Indian Creek, Indiana. CAMPTOCRINUS PLENICIRRUS, new species lig. 6. Specimen with crowh complete; the stem having the character- istic curves and elliptic section of the preceding species, but the cirri, instead of being limited to two marginal rows of clusters, are distributed as normally in regular whorls of nearly uniform size. 6a. Detail of stem of same specimen, with some cirri restored from the stumps where the dimensions are evident. This should be compared with the figures on plate S showing whorls of dwarfed cirri. X 3. Mississippian, Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana. VOL, 67 Page 28 30 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 7 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FossiL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 107, 108 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 8 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 109,110 PLATE 8 All figures not otherwise noted natural size CAMPTOCRINUS CRAWFORDSVILLENSIS, new species_. Fic. 1. Specimen showing full size and proportions of the crown, with probably less than half the stem preserved; clusters of two and three elongate cirri spring from each nodal pair in mar- ginal rows along the inner side of the curye, together with traces of much smaller rudimentary cirri rather irregularly distributed around the periphery of the nodals at the convex outer side; and two, rarely three, internodals interposed. la. Detail from same next to broken end of stem, with elliptic cross section at right. Distal is toward the left. 3. 2. A similar specimen, with whorl of dwarfed cirri somewhat better defined ; two, or three, internodals. 2a. Detail from same next to broken end of stem: with elliptic section at right. Distal toward the right. %X 3. 3. Original of Wachsmuth and Springer’s plate 75, figure 1, with stem preserved well toward the distal end where it loses its elliptic form; marginal cirri apparently limited to a single one for each nodal pair at either side, and whorls of rudi- mentary cirri, less prominent than in the last specimen, are also seen; internodals mostly three, also two or four. dda. Detail from same near the fracture at bottom in the figure, with elliptic section measured at the widest part of stem to the left. Distal is toward the left. X 3. 3b, 8¢e. Section at the lower fracture, where the stem is nearly round, and at the uppermost fracture where it is entirely so. X 3. 3d,3e. Top and side views of part of same stem at the curve to the left of the calyx, where the columnals have become trans- versely hollowed. X 3. Mississippian, Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indianu. CAMPTOCRINUS MULTICIRRUS, new species____- mw — ig. 4. Specimen from Huntsville, Alabama, with crown and stem com- plete; shows the clusters of two and. three marginal cirri to the nodal pair, and a very large internodal interposed; basal plates unequal, deformed by pressure of Gurve. A minute specimen of Taxrocrinus huntsvillae lies alongside. 3. 4a. Detail from stem of same, with section at right from the median portion; it shows the secondary or incipient cirri dispropor- tionately small, with two or three cirrals developed in some places, and in others only single rudimentary ossicles just broken through on the suture line, without any axial canal to innervate further growth. Distal is toward the left. 109 Page 5 oU 31 eo PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Fic. 5. A very young specimen from the same locality, showing form and proportions of complete crown and stem. 6. A complete specimen from Monroe county, Llinois, with stem preserved to the extreme distal extremity, showing that it terminated in a point, and had no means of attachment to any solid object except by clinging with the cirri. 6a. Detail from same, with elliptic section, showing arrangement of the marginal clusters and the rudimentary cirri, and the undeveloped cirrals lacking the axial canal. Distal is to the right Xs: It should be noted that in the two principal specimens, figs. 4 and 6, both sides are well exposed in some places, showing the presence of the two rows of cirrus clusters in conformity -with the bilateral, elliptic form of the stem. 7,8,9. Three specimens from same locality as last, showing various details of crown and stem. 7a, b. Inner and side views of columnals from stem of specimen 7, showing position of cirrus-facets with and without remnants of cirri adhering. 3. Mississippian, lower part of Chester; Alabama and Tllinois. CAMPTOCRINUS CIRRIFER Wachsmuth and Springer __-___ Fic. 10. Type of Wachsmuth and Springer (pl. 76, fig. 13a). A com- plete specimen, showing the extremely long and slender cirrus clusters. 10a. Detail from same, showing the almost undivided nodals, single large internodals, and first cirrals of small secondary cirri. KO Mississippian, upper part of Chester; Pulaski county, Ken- tucky. VOL. 67 Page 31 95) v= a 7 PLATE 9 All figures natural size unless otherwise stated Page MACROSTYLOCRINUS RECUMBENS, new species__-----__-_-_-_- > oD ig. 1. Side view of a specimen with arms curved backward over the dorsal cup and around the stem; pinnules directed outward. 2. The tegmen of a large specimen in similar condition, showing general outline, origin of arms, and projecting anal plates between the posterior rays. 3. Lateral view of specimen with the arms partly removed; show- ing relation of calyx, arms, stem and cirri, the plates of two radii, and the first iBr between them. 4. Posterior view of a similar specimen, showing calyx from the anal side, with the anal series complete up to the tegmen. Lower Devonian, Oriskany; Cumberland, Maryland. PLATYCRINUS PENDENS, New SPCClCSS= ee ee eee 38 ic. 5. Dorsal view, showing calyx as enveloped by the closely recum- bent arms; much distorted by pressure. ha. Ventral view of same; showing food grooves, and pinnules directed to the exterior. Mississippian. Kinderhook; Le Grand, Lowa. on BARRANDEOCRINUS SCEPTRUM, An¢eln==.2 ee i) rig. 6. A complete specimen showing the relative position of the recum- bent arms and stem, and the depressions caused by the contact of arms with the surface of the calyx. For comparison with preceding species. From a drawing by G. Liljeva'l made for Wachsmuth and Springer. Riks Museum, Stockholm. 7. A specimen in the author’s collection, in which the calyx is com- pletely enveloped by the recumbent arms, Silurian, Wenlock limestone; Gotland, Sweden. ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer -_---_______ 40, 44, 45 ¥ias. 8,9. Specimens showing the tegmen, composition of the calyx, position of the arm bases, and the marks of pressure by arms upon the outer surface. Lower Chester, Ohara formation; Huntsville, Alabama. A coiled stem; not MYELODACTYLUS Ps Pe ee ee 15 fic. 10. A normal stem of unknown species, spirally coiled around a fragment of another stem. For comparison with figures on preceding plates. Niagaran, Waldron shale; Newsom, Tennessee. 9 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 NATIONAL MUSEUM Ss. U. UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 112 10 ART. 9° PL. VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, ~~ 4 ¥ ou La gn, ae 36 ye naar ate gaily, ot Me meee... NNN NYE a STN UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I13 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PLATE 10 All figures natural size Page GILBERTSOCRINUS DISPANSUS Wachsinuth and Springer _ _—_ 38 Fie. 1. Specimen with the true arms in place; to show the arms par- tially recumbent, with the position of the arms and pinnules apparently opposite in the same individual. In the middle part the arms bend downward, and the pinnules are outer- most, away from the calyx; at either side the arms make a reverse curve, bending upwards, so that the pinnules point inwards toward the calyx. The hump at the top is a Platyceras, fastened over the anal opening to feed upon the excrement of the crinoid. Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana. PARADICHOCRINUS PLANUS, new species__- < D1 I'ieé.2. An extremely large specimen, with 5 or 4+ arms to the cluster in each half ray, formed by successive unilateral branching to the outer side of the dichotom. The very thim and smooth calyx plates are much broken by pressure, and their arrange- ment has been restored from other specimens. Interradial view. 3. A smaller specimen in which the arrangement of the calyx plates and their perfectly smooth surface are well shown; it has 5 arms to each outer side of the dichotom. Interradial view. 4. A calyx, to show structure of the tegmen. Keokuk limestone, lower horizon; Indian Creek, Indiana. PARADICHOCRINUS POLYDACTYLUS Cuasseday and Lyon 50 IlieG.5. Dorsal view of a vertically flattened calyx, to show the strong, pustular or nodose ornamentation, in contrast to the smooth surface of the last species. )}. Posterior view of a calyx with nodose ornament, and showing a the great elevation of the tegmen. For the arm = structure of this species see Wachsmuth and Springer (North Amer. Cringe Came ple idee tos ian) Keokuk limestone, higher horizon; Crawfordsville, Indiana. a ba ls} PLATE 11 All figures natural size DICHOCRINUS PENDENS Wachsmuth and Springer ___- Vig. 1. The holotype, figured in North American Crinoidea Camerata, pl. 7S, fig. 15, showing the relation of calyx, pendent arms, pinnules, and stem, Another specimen, showing form of calyx, with the arms mostly removed. 3. A specimen with calyx completely enveloped by arms bent baeck- ward upon the stem; pinnules at the outside. 4. Specimen with complete stem and branching root; no cirri. Upper Burlington limestone: Burlington, Iowa. DICHOCRINUS OBLONGUS \Wachsmuth and Springer ___ Wig. 5. The holotype, calyx only, figured in North American Crinoidea Camerata, pl. 78, fig. 9. 6. A specimen discovered since the original description, showing the pendent arms. Warsaw limestone; Spergen Hill, Indiana. DICHOCRINUS cf. ANGUSTUS White ___ Fig. 7. A specimen with long stem but lacking the arms: having ex- tremely long curri, enveloping the small calyx in an upward direction. Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. 114 Page. 39 40) 39 ART. 9 PE. VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I14 12 ARiicc 9) BES VOL. ‘67; PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I15 PrRATE 12 All figures natural size unless otherwise stated Page ACROCRINUS PRAECURSOR, new species_____ gon Neth i ee 42 Tig. 1. Posterior view of calyx and part of arms, both somewhat dis- placed by pressure, showing numerous ranges of irregular plates between BB and RR. Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. ACROCRINUS INTERMEDIUS, new species. sees 43 Trig. 2. A complete crown with locg stem; r. post, view, showing erect, biserial arms and pinnules, and the anal series with pyramid of small plates surmounting it. Has 3 ranges of plates be- tween BB and RR. X 2. 2a, Diagram of calyx of same; drawn from the posterior side, giving the complete succession of anal plates. 3. Similar view of a detached calyx having 2 and 3 ranges of supple- mental plates interposed. X 2. 4. Right anterior view of calyx of another specimen with 2 ranges of plates interposed. XX 2. 5. Anterior view of a nearly complete crown and stem, with 2 ranges of plates interposed; natural size. Lower Chester; Monroe County, Illinois. ACROCRINUS SHUMARDI Yandell__________________ ___----. 41, 44, 45 Ita. 6. A complete crown, with arms erect. Grayson Springs. 7. Lower part of calyx. After Wachsmuth and Springer. Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County. X 2. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Kentucky. ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer____-____. 40, 44, 45 Iie. S. A specimen from Huntsville, to show relation of base, calyx with supplementary plates, and recumbent arms. 9. A complete calyx without the arms, to show the arrangement of plates. Same locality. After Wachsmuth and Springer. X 4. Lower Chester, Ohara formation; Huntsville, Alabama. ACROCRINUS WORTHENI Wachsmuth _____ ane 2 ee 45 iG. 10. Outline of the calyx, to show relative size. After Wachsmuth and Springer. Lower Coal Measures; Peoria County, Illinois. 115 PLATE 13, All figures natural size unless otherwise noted TALAROCRINUS PATEI Miller and Gurley Figs. 1, 2,3,4. A series of complete crowns, part of a colony of several hundred specimens from one locality; showing variation in number of arms from 4, 8, and rarely 2 to the ray. Fig. 8 shows a normal anal plate, completely separating the adjacent radials. A specimen with abnormal anal plate, wedge shaped, with the two radials meeting above it—a variation toward Ptcroto- cCrinus. 6-12. A series of calices from the same colony showing different forms of tegmen, in which the axillary ambulacral is but slightly developed, or not at all. Fig. 12 is enlarged X 2. 18. Lateral view of a calyx in which the axillary ambulacrals are developed into strong nodes, two of which have been displaced, affording a view of the facets in which they were seated. 18a is the nodose ambulacral which came out of the facet seen directly at the front. X 2. 14. Basal view of calyx. Lower Chester, Ohara formation, formerly called St. Louis, and afterwards Ste. Genevieve; near Sample, Breckinridge County, Kentucky. or TALAROCRINUS SEX-LOBTUS Shumard___---_____________- - Vig. 15. Specimen with very strong spines, closely resembling the form of these plates in some species of Pterotocrinus. X 2. Upper Chester, Gasper formation; Flagpoint, Virginia. PTEROTOCRINUS ACUTUS Wetherby___----_--_____- Fic. 16. The axillary ambulacrals hypertrophied into large, club-shaped appendages, tapering to a point. The remainder of the tegmen is covered by a Platyceras permanently attached over the anus for feeding commensally upon the excrement of the crinoid. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley, Pu- laski County, Kentucky. PTEROTOCRINUS RUGOSUS Lyon and Casseday___- Fies, 17, 18, 19, 20. Lyon’s type (17) with thin wing-like processes; and other specimens showing basal, lateral, and tegminal views— the latter especially showing the facets in which the proc- esses are seated. Upper Chester, Gasper formation; Breckinridge County, Kentucky. 9 117 23832—26 = a4 a 46 50 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM PTEROTOCRINUS PYRAMIDALIS Lyon and Casseday Fics, 21, 22. Lateral and basal views of the type. Horizon and locality same as last. PTEROTOCRINUS CAPITALIS Lyon and Casseday_______- Fic. 23. The type, with extremely large and gibbous basals, and heavy processes, thickening outward to large blunt extremities. Upper Chester, Golconda formation; Crittenden County, Kentucky. VOL. 67 Page 50 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM fan LTA Uy UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS 118 FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES I17, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 14 UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I19 PLaTE 14 All figures natural size Page. PTEROTOCRINUS CORONARIUS Lyon___________________ cae 48 Trias. 1,1a,1b,1e. The holotype, with the dorsal cup added to the teg- minal part originally figured by Lyon, and afterwards by Wachsmuth and Springer; dorsal, ventral, antero- and pos- tero-lateral views: showing the great size of the gibbous radial plates, contrasted with those of all other known species and the huge, massive spatulate processes into which the axillary ambulacrals have developed. 2. A fractured specimen found associated with the preceding, having one of the spatulate “ wing processes ” attached to the dorsal cup, both of the same type as those of figure 1, proving beyond question that the two belong toegther. 3, 8a. Basal and lateral views of another specimen from the same locality, with only the dorsal cup preserved. Upper Chester, Golconda formation; Crittenden County, IKkentucky. PTEROTOCRINUS DEPRESSUS Lyon and Casseday___---------~-- 50 ies. 4, 4a. The species with the *“ wing processes” laterally compressed into thin, knife-like ‘‘ blades,” in contrast to the ponderous appendages of most of the other species. Lateral view of calyx, with two detached ‘‘ blades” in proper position; and a dorsal view for comparison of form and proportions of basal and radial plates with those of fig. 1. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan’s Valley, Pulaski County, Kentucky. PTEROTOCRINUS BIFURCATUS Wetherby _____.___._________-__ 5O Trig. 5. In this species the processes of the heavy rounded type have developed in a still different manner by forking almost at right angles. After Wetherby. The original is in the collec- tion of the University of Chicago. Upper Chester, Glen Dean formation; Sloan's Valley, Pulaski County, Kentucky. TALAROCRINUS CORNIGERUS (Shumard)-__~~------_____-__--_- 46 Pig. 6. A specimen with the axillary ambulacral developed into prominent spines—precursor of the winged processes of Pterotocrinus. Lower Chester, Ohara format on: Tateville, Pulaski County, Kentucky. aD peta ® i ? Latte as Sts : an VN Uae = > PLATE 15 All figures natural size unless otherwise noted AGASSIZOCRINUS CONICUS Owen and Shumard__ a AN 53 Fie. 1. The holotype, from Chester, Illinois. Note the great length of the fused infrabasal cone, over half the total height of the calyx. The sharply conical contour is not an inflexible char- acter for the species, as there is upon the same matrix with the type another specimen with a more rounded ovoid out- line; but the high IBB cone seems to hold good. Coll. U.S. National Museum, No. 17957. 2. A very large specimen also from Chester, more broudly rounded than the type, with IBB half the height of calyx. 3,4. Two very elongate fused IBB cones, perhaps of this species, but much smaller than that of the type; part of a series of 10 or more similar elongate bases found at the same locality in Union County, Illinois, varying in contour from conical to ovoid, but agreeing in the extremely high IBB. Fig. 4 is from a specimen longitudinally bisected, showing the axial canal extending almost to the end of the fused cone. Upper part of Chester, Okaw formation. AGASSIZOCRINUS LAEVIS (Roemer) —-_ > a : D3, Kia. 5. The holotype, original of Roemer'’s figure, formerly in the collee- tion of B. I. Shumard. Be eet See 71 Fig. 1. Posterior view, to show anal side passing into ventral sac, and mode of arm branching. IKkeokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana. PACHYLOCRINUS SCOPARIUS (Hall)_--____ __ EES ee ae Serena 67 2. Lateral view, l. ant., showing the sac curving upon itself toward the anterior. Upper Chester; Grayson Springs, Kentucky. PACHYLOCRINUS ARBOREUS (Worthen) ___________________ 69, 67, 71 3. Anterior view, showing structure of arms and pinnules. * 4. 4. Another specimen, I. post. view, giving also a basal view of the calyx. X #3. 5. R. post. radial view of another specimen, showing anal side and curvature of inflated sac. xX 4 6. R. ant. radial view, showing 1iearly full length of sae, doubling on itself toward the anterior, with opening about midway. x 3. 7. L. post. view of similar specimen, showing full length of sac, with curvature in side view, and anal opening at the left. x 3 Lower Chester; Huntsville. Alabama. PACHYLOCRINUS FLOREALIS (Yandell and Shumard)——~—--~----~ 65, 72 lic. 8. A complete crown, showing the distal end of the sac projecting beyond the arms. 9. Distal portion of sae from another specimen with spiniferous pro- jection, and the anal opening next te it. 3 9a, The spiny projection of same seen from the upper side, consist- ing of four plates. xX Upper Chester: Grayson Springs, Iwentucky. PACHYLOCRINUS AQUALIS (Hall)____- : ase zs 71 10. Posterior view of large specimen showing full length of sac with terminal spine, and arms extending beyond it. Lower Burlington |] mestone; Burlington, Lowa. ABROTOCRINUS RUSTICELLUS (White) —- ae Se G2 11. Complete crown with pentagonal stem attached: Ll. ant. view; the opposite side shows the sac much fractured, not extending beyond the arms, and with opening about midway. Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Towa. PLATE 17 All figures natural size Page ABR OLOCRINUSSUNICUS: (Ela) S22 sase= sss eee 65, T3 Fic. 1. Anterior view of complete crown, to show general arrangement of arms, and pentagonal stem. Posterior view of calyx, with sac completely exposed. Anterior view of crown with sac exposed, showing anal opening midway, and spines at distal end. Keokuk limestone; Crawfordsville, Indiana. DECADOCRINUS HALLI (Hall) 65, 91 Fie. 4. Anterior view of complete crown, showing delicate structure of species in the earlier formations. Posterior view of a similar specimen. Upper Burlington limestone; Burlington, Iowa. On DECADOCRINUS TUMIDULUS (Miller and Gurley) _______-______ 65, 92 Fic. 6. Posterior view of crown, with tumid basal and anal plates, and inflated distal end of sac. For anal opening in sae, see North American Crinoidea Camerata, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5. Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana. SCYTALOCRINUS VALIDUS Wachsmuth and Springer Iie. 7. Anterior view of specimen with sac completely exposed, and anal opening midway; arms broken off about half way up. 8. Another specimen showing full length of arms, and single arm in anterior ray. Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana. 124 17 RIES PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM m7 t ; oe : 2 fo ; 4\\\\\ t bes, : a Gi Ohh 5 we . ” ' | } 19 Da coon el till 1 Li | Yay >» Ss Ti! is a a Vis as di Aa | Gatingnds vine NTA Gape \ a a ed ’ al ah A bh bh Lh boleh hth shah WW X mm UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 124 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 9 PL. 18 see é We . in ay oe e 4448, QPS ASO Fern, . Bayz =Ret ay DD op ot 8 et etna eet Ks SS a UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 126 PLATE 18 All figures natural size CULMICRINUS ELEGANS (Wachsmuth and Springer) Fic. 1. Anterior view of crown, with ventral sac to nearly its full length, and anal opening at the base; arms with about 10 IBr. la. Posterior view of same, showing arms probably extending beyond the sae. Upper Chester; Sloan’s Valley, Kentucky. Fig. 2. (Omitted. ) CULMICRINUS MISSOURIENSIS (Shumard) : = Fic. 3. Anterior view of crown, showing full length of sae, with anal opening at base. St. Louis limestone; St. Louis, Missouri. ACROCRINUS AMPHORA Wachsmuth and Springer ___ —_ Irie. 4. Lateral view of crown, with calyx exposed by removal of part of recumbent arms; to show longitudinal grooves made by pres- sure of arms in their recumbent position. (See also plates 9 and 12:) Lower Chester; Huntsville, Alabama. SIPHONOCRINUS ARMOSUS (McChesney )__ = Fic. 5. Internal cast, with plates of test exfoliated or removed by chemi- cal action; showing the anal tube bent completely over the oral portions of the viscera, so as to emerge at the anterior side below the level of the arm bases. After Wachsmuth and Springer, North Amer. Crin. Cam., pl. 19. Niagaran, Racine formation ; Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Page 74 40 2 66 PLATE 19. All figures natural size AULOCRINUS AGASSIZI Wachsmuth and Springer _______________ Fie. 1. Anterior view of specimen with sac complete, doubled upon itself and projecting downward in form of a spout, at the end of which is the anal opening; the place of bending marked by spinous nodes. 2. Lateral view of another specimen with sac complete, showing its full curvature leading to the spout. Note the longitudinal ridges, which can be traced the full length of the sac upward and following the curve down again into the spout, the number of ridges being correspondingly increased in the doubled part. 2a. Posterior view of same specimen, showing the anal plates, and the sharp angular sculpture of the calyx. 3. Distal portion of another specimen, showing in greater detail the same structures as the last. 4. Posterior view of another specimen, show ng the sac complete to the point of bending, marked by spinous nodes, and the distal end of the spout which projects from the opposite side; the sharp sculpture of the anal and other calyx plates; and the pores with which the hexagonal tube plates are profusely perforated at the middle of their sides. 5. Anterior view of specimen with arms in place to their full length, showing their proportions and the character of the pinnules. Keokuk limestone; Indian Creek, Indiana. 126 ART. 9 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ; ~ Be: se me ie = ke Sy Ss << Sntiadetabas aes UNUSUAL FORMS OF FOSSIL CRINOIDS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE [28 10 26 23832 PL. 20 SF A: Na i 2 aa. Diliae Ee LL mn ey < ED ya Te BP TTT RT LULL teens “ my ae => = _ =] - a “sd = _ on , : as = en ry ra : - pit 7 en = > wo : : = an ©) LB) . 7 _ ° i: . 7 7 | a are au hee i 7 > uJ 7-4 : or a _ - Sa, tb Ae s) My) | ooo a ; Lge roe oe J is ‘ : _ tien” = Bes) , . a , : : 7? - e conn — - _ i 7 ie ~_ - v ’ , : . mat he ; = i 7 a oe : ae 7 Ns a 7 “4 4 ‘2 J as _ " on a) ")] ae = ; 7 * ou - : or v4 ? v - oOo! - %y , : ef 7 7 Sy ; : tes ry r : = a 1 «= '* & oe 7 0 _ ? ‘ » ‘fs cf} : = “4 0 7 i Tr 7 = —— = ad n : th a a _ : a 7 7 rie ’ Los . 7 of ; » . Hotes a ate be a yaa wy af - : = 7 toe: a8 ‘ J 7 - = J 7 . - FT 9 au) * » as ’ a” i oo 7 i _ 7 - 4 7 a) ii 7 - 7.8 Pai = - ss 6 (sem 7 : = 7 -_ i] > as 2 ; Ly 7 | _ i vas 2 a _ ¥ an . ~ ae ww ak - s 7 y 2 ° my 7 al a 7 a 4 — = a 7 i 7 a - 7 " : - : 7 i) 7 iv = 7 — an 7 12 =) 2 =! . oe INDEX {Synonyms in italics] Page ADOC NUS 22. ca6e coca aceeee tek secemse ces 72 CYMOSUSS. Soko ccccncnecteenes:Sepeade ss 72 TUSUICOIISS a) ne oo ate Sets Bea a a 72 RN CUS as eee os ewe Nee a uniaw sew came tees 73 ACTOCHINUS= incon coe cee cecesccesaetescde 26, 40, 43 TAGS Offset soe. a caces nua onsuosees 42 SIMD NOLAtets aoe cee esucease aes 40, 44, 45 INGEMIMCCIUS = a s2a5e caso wes cose sae 43 DISGCCUISOD 2. chao nanaseesssees aaanse seuss 42 STINT eo ee ee a ene 41, 44,45 NIMACLOPIMNIS-s28 ose sone ene ne eee Soe 44 WONbnenio= sss sce tee oe See te 43, 45 Actinocrinidae, rare in Timor-...---.-.------ 93 Additional elements in the Calyx__...-----_- 41 Agaricocrinus..... PE AO pe Rak TEES re ERE ES 8 39 AVASSIZOCNINUSS22- waste accceecccctscsase 3, 53, 61, 68 radials unequal; arms asymmetric------- 60 list of species described.....--...-------- 53 list of species recognized_--......-.------ 63 CULDOILOLUUS Maes ee ere to ene 54, 56, 62 CHESTELENISIO Sas Roe en ee one one oe eee 54, 63 CODICUS a= sass anoos heaeas onan as ae 53, 54, 55, 59, 63 CODSULICUUS Sts o as ceacoceeaeansonesasseacs 54, 63 dactyliformis_....---- Pee Sa pees Saas Oa 53, 54, 55 WUISSIMISSe eee a see eke sa selec eee 54, 63 RIDDOSUS a2 os sc25-50-ecenc eee =2- ase 53, 63 PIQWOSUS 2 esas oe sc sons acne net ac eee eee 54, 63 REMISPRENMCUS <2 oo case n cee eeee eee 54, 63 INGQUIGACEY USS soso eee 57, 61, 62, 63 IBBVAS one Cone e eons coccnenuoees 53, 54, 59, 63 TODabUS- a2. 2 So ack ence see oe 63 OLCIGENINUS =. Sone oe ee 53, 63 OV GNIS see 2 6 occu son nee eee 54, 63 MAP AtUS = eee no eee ee 54, 63 DENUEEONUSS= 222 25c09 22 o-oo eee eee 54, 63 WNDU oes ooh enon oe ace en ceeee we 53 PATMATIONICEINUS =e ao eee ee eee 22 WANNGE han ti 2 een cn eee ae ea ets 22 AMaIKOPenING = 22S s aoa a same cee 64, 66 INT EEG 90 0 se RE ER 64, 67, 68 IRTICUTOCLINUS #22 50 8226 sera oes eee arte 3 ANSON WIND 2) aoe oe oes eeas eh eseeene 5 Armss brancuing Olas. 22) 22022 oo eae 50, 69, 84, 89, 90 foldedkorispread sesso eee eee eee 33, 34 TOSS O1e= ae ea ee eee en a ee, 94 TECUIM DOD Vas ae et 33 SUTUCLOTCG2 = = esas at eee aan eee 1 EA 'SLETOCTI NUS oa es 47 PA STULOCTINUGS UL CDIS aan ae nee ae en 53, 54 A TAlGSLOCTINUS= == oat ete hes ee a 52 23832—26—_l1 Page EA TTIORETIAUIS Mace egestas the oa eat ater ates ea 67,74 Seasciz lames: Si ee ee ee ee 74 Axillary @Mmipulacrals= soe. oe sea noeee ee eae 46 RATTAN GGOCriNUS#se- eee oo es ones poke ewe mone 35 IRasSler wh (Bc e nen cn cecweoecasenesesceee cos 1 Rather he A waes seat eae 3, 5, 10, 52, 61, 83, 89 ‘Batocrinidae, not in’ Timor!- 3-22-2222. 93 Blastoids, abundant in Timor_...-...-_----- 94 IBV OCRINCTI NUS see es ne See eae aoa 5 LOCOSON TUS pt re re ea eee 20 (@alceocrinid seu ae) eae es 52 Calyx COMmposiviomOlee= =e) - =... oe oases 2,6,41 Gameratain lim Obese ee as oe ets 2, 34, 93 Cam ptocrinus = 2s soes8) 5. eto ee 25 Cg ak (7) De Eo ce ee ee oe Eee 32 crawfordsvillensisas--=s-s°s=--=<2s=-==2-== 30 ANGOSUSLAlICUSs ese =~ 5 s= sees ae 32 MUONTICI TUS! =e ee en seers eae 31 Ty CLODSCLYINS saeew eee = eae aa se aes 28 DPIGNICITUS Sas ee set es ee aw cee ee ae 30 DPIACMUNtIUS see esos eee on see eae 27 Catillocrinidses===-s=s=e = ee ee 52 Chapman kc AVI oes ees anaes see cares, 1, 28 Characters of stem and Cirri_-~--_.-._.2-.<.. 7 Cholocrin gs aes ae eee een 52 (ONT yd ts Seca Ie A OF EN eR AS 4,7 EARN EEL I ees sees ee ee er 17 larger than steme-- + -see= = 20 IMUM plO res see eae eran eee 27, 32 rudimentary oss s2- en oe eae see eee as 27 Clarke SATISGING El aaa ee ce ere eee ee 3 Clarke Jolinvy ie ese oe a ee ee eae 21 GoOBLICCKInUS ee eae ete eee = 65, 85, 88 GUS UALS ae en eee se ree 86 1 a Yen ec nh a ey ai a aR ap a 88 SUDSDINOSUSS = ees eae eee 86 VIGIL COSUIS 1 teeter ree eee eee cert Saree 86 IGE NOC Y SUIS See eee ee ee eee 94, 95 Wolled bilateral stempsa 2-0 ne 3, 10, 27 CC OEITAC ULE ae ee par eee eee eee ee 94 Grinoidsfauna Of elmore eee ee ee 93 Crinoids; attached or free: <-- ~~ = 30 TStHAl Structure Ofsss = eee ee eee 1 CTGETVOCHINUS es = =e ee een eee a 61, 68 Crown; separating from stem ---._-___.-.-_--- 4,18 StMUCUUINO Ofseoe ates oe sot eee eee 5, 7,19 @ulmictinist 252222 =2 55 ese ene eee en 73 (GTN asi een pelt teed oie el Toy Ete wt Reale 74 TTTISSOU TIC TISIS sere ee eee 74 OUD HM pLAleSOleenene saan Cee ences eee 2,41 13 6 INDEX Page Page Cyathidium == 22 ee ee 95°.) Lecanocrinidacs. = 625 = er ae cee 93 @yathocrinidae: inv Rimorse. =n 93: illevall; ‘Georg 245222262. ecco sees ceeee 35 Cyathocrinus florealisao=s22 72 \\ Giparocrinus... =. 22222) we: ce ae see eee 73 anequidactyluses= =. 2 eS ee 57,62) |YON, 8: S252 scesaeeens eee eee a eee 48, 61 marxvillensiss 255. a a ee 5762. | ayon, WactoreWieee oe 2522) ee ee ea eee eee 48 pinnatys) eee ee es ee ee / 17 Macrocystella, 4ningsiof plates: ...---csnase 41 bimiduliss 5 ase 92\o' WMiacrostylocrintis: cess. --ee- = oo ose eee eee 35 DecadOcrinus:22 2 Ses Uae ee a eee 65, 91 Mmeekils S42 ee ee ee ee eee ee 37 CATA IS Ss a a er 92 rectlmbens 2. ae ste ee ce eee 35 ATi 2 ee ie ae Se eae eee QU i MEG GI: he Oe nh ee a a ea ne 61 Scalarisi .2 200) 2a he ea ear Sl | Mrédk- and (Wiorthen <== => este naan ene 38, 55 Gumidiliuss 222 ey ee eee eee 92 Megistocrinus.=:<*=.7. 0s eee ees 39 PNonocrintiss==-5 ses sees 25 .36,39,42-43, 45. DO. per lVE TOI a9 cen eee cae ok ee en a 55 MOGLCALIONS: Ofeas se Oe eee 20) || WrOnODrAChiachinUs=== a2 =e ana ene en eee 52, 95 VA CUISISI OF ere ae ee ae ee are 42) i Miyelodacty lis 222222222222 eee ssnees eee 5, 6 ANGUSIUSS=6 3202852 scene see ee eee 27 aninionis22=-* 2225 nese eee 10 OblOn GUS sso cane seen ee 40 Drachintos: 2225 oe eee ee eee eee 16 DendenuS: =. == ssceoss ee ose ee ee 39 DLC VIS eee ee ee eee eee 10 SUDOISUGS= 35s sees os ene eee ee 43 DridSCHOrtensise: 222 Se esse sees 16 Molatocrinuss= == 52 anes ss see coe eee 52 CONV. CLUtUIS? =~ S22 sss S29 eee Sees 8 DOry.ChINUS Splines) Olese= sea eee eae 45 OxtONSUSt 2a tee Re atte eS eee ee 14 MOMOCHNUSs 2 see $e heen eee ee oee ae 3, 25, 37, 95 flabellicirrus (Herpetocrinus) -.--__------ 18, 29 WiNren eres keto eee ne ene ee eee 15 fletcher! (Herpetocrinus) 222222.222-2---- 10 JEMBLVOCEINUS 0! tee ee cee ee ee 52, 94 (HS ff ene eles oa Ip 16 CHIN TIS ates eee cere tc ae ener ee ee 68 KO YSULOHSIS Se eee 19 JF ONY CLOG UCLY UB ae eee eee 16 NOUOSATIUS {225 -- e a e 20 FOUILTULOUULS eee ne ence ae ae es ee ere ee 16 TOUUNGSCOS S406 oan eee ee eee 16 WOrISOCKINUS. soso oo eae tees aoe eee 68 schieliorti:2 =). -2 =. een eee 21 ‘Kucladoctintis:2:°_-s-s2--ssssees2 ces. ean 90; 39° || ‘Owen, David Dales: asst) n= see eem eee 59 GUDELOSUS!--~ 6-0 ses eee eran ee eee 30) | Owenvand Shumards-2 225 -s-teeeee oem 54 Hupachycrmusce os oo eee ee 69 STD OLAS ee eee ee eee 65, 67, 71 Col bertsocrinus:=-t22--225=5-c5 sec 2. =e 35, 38 CONCINNMS soos sen eee eS 71 GISPANSUS2= 3 22 2-— aaet ot ee eee 38 COSANUS..< 22 ee ae nae ees 71 Girty Geox tie 5s es ee ae ee eee 85 Morealist sce == eee: oe ees 65, 67, 72 oldrings Winitted 222 sash see e nee eee 73 jeslipiii2.. 2. s+ coe ee ee ee ee 71 Graphiocr nus see. = a see ee eee aes 70 SCODSMUS . 2 eee ee 67 ial James seca ot -Saneet ae ee ee oe 5, 82 SDALUALIUS 32 ose eee eee 71 Hartley; «Miran. o- Sooo eee ns 37, “Palaegholopus-<--e2 2 ee eee 95 TET DOLOCTUTVES Soe = = ee oe eee eee 5, 10) i Paradi chocnin iss sssce = eer ere 51 QUIN ONS ea os Ree) ee ae eee 10 DIANUS: 2 =~ ee once eee eae ee 51 abellictrrus = 22 — a eoe ne eee ee 18,,29 poly dactVlus==-.--- 2+. sses2-- eee ee 51 Melchert 2 oe an Soc ee oe eee 6,10 | Permian age of Timor Crinoids_-_..-...----- 95 AE C-{ Ko) yore) y bol (0 b:¥: eee ee SE ee na Oey tee 7 | Pinnules on recumbent arms-.-_.-.-.-------- 34 Heterotomous branching of arms-_-_---__-_---- 50' 4) -Platyerinidae in Limon 2--4— oe eee eeeeeee 93 EIOXACTIN GAG tose is oe se eee 2D 30,00) A PlAbYCHIMUS = 0 ees oe eee ee 38 FPOxAChINUS == 8-2. e scene eo eee 25 DONGONSs 2 een eee ee eee 38 TROIQDUS! 22s So se es oa ae eee 95 | Poteriocrinidae in Timor --_.---------..--.-- 93 Hurlet formation of Scotland --.-....-.------ Wa } Loterioerininas; subfamilyseos------s——— 68, 69 SDV. GrelOnNOCEINUS. 22452" + oo eee oe 65, 88 Analysis of the genera -------- 2 see nnnas 69 GEMILOP 2s lta se Seeee tek ee ee S01) “Porertocrinius wmoeniusas. a2 o- seone nee eee ae 76 GOPressus'k 35 wee a eee 66, 89, 90 brachialissinnegidaris. 24a. ene aee ate 61 wetherbyi 4. — 2 eee cee ss see ee 66, 89, 90 OFS i oe te ee ee ae a 76 WVOOCIANUS 222 ore een a Bn eee 66, 89 COTY DNQCUSS. 20 ooo sea ap ae as eee ene 75, 76 WRUNG Sh a ee a oe ee 2, 34 QHGNiE ee nh see waeee ae eee 86 Imtated: Ventral Saei-22-.u5 soscoese ep ae 64 MiSSOUTIENSIS = = ce et coe e cnc 73, 74 Befrabasals' fused 2-22-25 as oe 56, 57 PEQUIATIO ee cae ee ee eee 73 Iptroduction= =... .32-4- 2k sac dec oeee eos eon 1 TUSUCEMUS 0 enone nas sa ncaneeneneeeeeee 72 TOCTINS 55-9 Soe san eos eeace eee eee 7,18 AUNICUS ~ 2 sce ecto hase sco eonaen ceee 73 Dgekel. Oat S00 es ae ae eee ee 3, 73, 92 DENTICOSUS non ean steeeer eee 86 Rr SiG witless == ss eo ee eee 3) Primibrachs5- sen. sone n= es anaeeeoseeee 46, 84, 91 Lagoniocrinusse >< 52-0 eo oe eee 52,94 | Proapsidocrinus--...-.-.----- Li = daosan- = 95 Larvilormiaoin imorss - oeeeaee eee eee 93: i Prophyllocrinusi.22s2s2-eseeeeeeeen eee 95 INDEX 137 Page Page Pterotocrinus 3..2 sas 3-40 se ~ sane - ss san8 26, 46,47 | Timor, crinoid fauna of__._--- Pie ae ee ee 25, 93 ACUiNS hoes oe ws ee asa scae ek eso e 50), |p OLOCrINUsh ee asses eee ea oe 92 ifaireatis asses en ose oe soso a5 60M Dribrachiacrinus! 2:0 o-seeeeee ee eee eee 52 capitalise s f= See =o bs ooo Se sees 401 |) sorigonocrinus® -4--25-<- eee eee eee 52 COLONSUIUSE cee = Seca eoee ee eee 450 Troost; (Gerard 92. cone eee eee eee 54, 55 Gepressusiace. foe eee eco ae OOP RCITICH OH Oye Ss! eee a ee eee eee ee 75 pyramidalissee Se aes eee ete ae oom Ulrichicrinus 25. ete eee Sere eee ee 75 RUZ OSU Bea re tee 47 Cory phaeus)= 2 se= an Jae ee ee eee ee 76 Radial processessisa22 5 2 eke 45 Oklahomauses: 5. sees ee ee eee 76 Radials; relative height’ of. 2... .2=-.5.-2i22 SZ alee mediall radials... + as see ae 51 SVmMIMet Gy Ole e- on ne oe nee eae 2 | Usual structure of crinoids._.......-.-----__- 1 TENG alee ae nee ee eG eee DOL WAVOMLTAISAC tres eee fut ewes 3 64, 65, 81, 87 Recumbentarms- 2623255 --< 222285 2 eo 33 | Wachsmuth and Springer_.--_-_--..-.-- see 3; Ressona Op Wem nae Pek Lo A otek 1 35, 38, 41, 42, 47, 64, 74, 77, 86 Rhodocrinidae, not in Timor--_-..--.--.----- OSs Valner ONAN Seas Here. aoe ee 25, 89, 92 Roemer dO. Rye ees a ee ae 1045 O08 |eaVVOUOr i Sbianvenae a2 2-3-2. 5 eee 49 Salter ww teres cee ks Ue ae ee Dis | MeV VOLDCrD VepAci Gasems= secon ec acon eee 90 SCaphiocriniussee te oss oe nee Se Ose MAAR te Ost At ereme ee soe NU ile 85, 87 Cle Sere ie, MA Ca OSV nitheld Reber est 22 Se 57 BULL mere ees ce ee Ole mwWeeser brancescaces- 02/622) 22 eee ee 1 Schuchert,@harles'=-25. 522.225. scen cesses 21,22 | Wing-like radial processes___........-----__- 45 Scyphocrintis® 22225222 so eee sass ese ob mah OOUolyinas:. 22322252 Sih ls el Se 55 Seytalocrinustess- s+ once ae ac esse ee 65575; 015,92m |(eVVOOGOCTINUS Sec ee seo) aan os cee meee 7 RUDE hens ee es 92 MACLOUACEYUSsese ete Sse 8 See oe ee 77 Shomard 9b sia - eos se ne ee Se DOFOG 000 Wile Db eaAmMes case las 2 ie ee 77, 84, 89 Siphonocrimustee 2220 sos -cse so ee secs owas OGM encrinvistee wey co. knees eee tee 65, 77 Springer Seetis ass oe 3, 25, 52, 66, 94 occurrence of in Scotland.....-.-....___- 83 Stemcharactersiine o- aec ees ee ee 27 Variations}in’analiarea.---=-222-+-422--2"2 79, 83 colledsbilateral lee seu 9 Oe a ee 3 ASDER ACS e ee eT ee Ba a ae eat 79 pentaconalion round =... eee 69, 91 Dursseorm us]. er ee eee 80 Strachure Ofs2 sess cote oes ee 1,7, 15, 26, 27, 69 COMMATICUSH se Ss ean 2! ee ae EN es 79, 81 Stemlessicrinoids ks: 2 ss ase oe eee 25, 56, 95 Gubilsea= ects s eee 88 Symmetry, tendency to222-. 5-2-2 =. 2 ke 2 Clog arise se ek ees ee EE ees 80 TN AIALO GENUS = see Ser ease 26, 46 florealis st Ss eS Fee ee 72 CONHIZONUS so eee ee Suse oe eee 46, 119 Bin bye SUE eee See Daa a Te 79, 84 [OSS a pai Ss et ee eee Sn See 46, 117 LY Pas eee eae Ae 88 SOx-lODAbUS Zee oe a eee See eae 46, 117 INGEN OWABLOLMNS = sae en eee 81 LO PMO Ni Ole t a oes = as eee ee tee ee 46 WOLUHEMI ae teases ee ee ee 79, 81, 84 ALECHNOCHIRUS n= 2-5 cee Slee ee Sipe lb, Zittel=Kastmanert tease sae Se ee ee 55, 77 Metracrinuise= 22.2. . iJ soh: Lee se ee 52 AON. 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E ire +ontongyts i pr AE nal ae lege i wh eke ia Jen hetsa tin FATMY hrc pip siae ensues tplhen oA eget OF : et mer neta = =f ro | sett rE canal fey cere eet os 1D seteaht "Ra es stiememiitetne ss : BS pcs ee rs ~ wr ea-s sene sdehtehatah abate iad nciuesg act). if ans Mplicuiicinte ocr recherche 50, 4 Se Be ae aa ieee 4 es hve PO Ths tin sap ee SOEUR Bae odor < 7 2 ‘3 -- 3w rf ed - ODL = op atresia dee eon i t 4 BELA) ce cA at ary Saya ere tae Bees 2 + ae ea 1 Lv eneeh vee SORE d ores eee Ul en scape en eve eet orabues i tT GG ce aes pore aeoeesr ea tea en FGA EARN Fite Ae ie oe nates cataneearatsisine-roline i wy oy : nie ee Vha J Fe die mens or bt psa trl aa La ere Sewrvaete : jnjarenes Ua aR Sate SS eee ane Re orn oie | to Saos eae Velie susan tbwlattud ae eeeeeeiaaedaan j i K a he ‘ r 4b SS0" TA ls cis tenn pliner et ee Ay 4 age ni —* rf ts See Etioss SE aa See ee Se ess Se 2 10 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM HISTORY OF MEDICINE EXHIBITS~EAST GALLERY FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE | U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 10 PL. 2 INDIAN MEDICINE EXHIBIT FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE |! THE INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT OF THE DIVISION OF MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM By Cuaries WHITEBREAD Assistant Curator, Division of Medicine, United States National Museum INTRODUCTION This paper is a continuation of a previous article! descriptive of the history of medicine exhibits, published by the Museum to meet the demands of visitors for information, copies of labels, and pic- tures of specimens of these exhibits. The exhibit of American In- dian medicine, herein described, was arranged by the late Dr. James M. Flint, U. 8. N., who was for many years honorary curator of the division of medicine, with the assistance and ceoperation of representatives of the Bureau of American Ethnology, department of anthropology, and others. The purpose of the exhibit is to illus- trate original medical practices of the Indians. Acting upon the suggestion of Prof. W. H. Holmes, then head curator of the department of anthropology, of which the division of medicine was at that time a umit, Doctor Flint arranged a series of history of medicine exhibits. Magic and psychic medicines were given first place in the series; then followed exhibits illustrating the medical practices of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The Egyptians, who, according to Pliny, were the originators of the healing art, named mythological deities as the first physicians. The Greeks and Romans also assigned to medicine, as its founders and supporters, ever-ruling gods and goddesses, and the first remedies of the people of these countries were “magic.” It is not surprising, then, that the Indians also associated the technique of medicine with the offices of religious worship; that the physicians of this race were connected with the priesthood: or that their remedies were principally magic. Medical practices were much the same among the various tribes. While nothing attaiming to the dignity of a science existed, still in medicine the Indians used faculties as discriminating and arrived 1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 65, art. 15, no. 2528, 1924, pp. 1—44, figs. 1-24, pls. 1-5. No. 2582.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 10. 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 at results as important and correct as those achieved by other races in a higher state of cultural advancement. RELIGION OF THE INDIANS The Indians believed in an enormous number of spirits existing throughout nature. These spirits were of varying power, and many tribes entertained the idea of a superior or supreme deity associated with the sky or the sun. This conception is evidently the basis for the notion of a great spirit generally attributed to the Indians by the whites. Some of these spirits were considered wholly good and some wholly bad, but as often, or rather more often, a spirit might be propitious or malevolent depending on circumstances. The Indians recognized these spirits in dreams; in numberless signs and omens among birds and beasts; they heard them talk in tempests; they saw them in dark clouds; they beset them in almost every possible angry sound which the jarring elements made; and they were even embodied in the insects which crept out of the earth. The idea of magic power, exerted by means of spirits or through other occult powers of nature, was one of the fundamental concepts bearing on the religious life of the Indians. It existed among all the tribes. That this magic power could influence the life of man, and could in turn be influenced by human activity, was the common belief. This belief in magic power being strong in the Indian mind, all his actions were regulated by the desire to maintain control over it. MEDICINE OF THE INDIANS The following, concerning the medicine of the Indians, is from the Bureau of American Ethnology’s Bulletin 30, Handbook of American Indians: In general the tribes show many similarities in regard to medicine, but the actual agents employed differ with the tribes and localities, as well as with individual healers. Magic, prayers, songs, exhortation, suggestion, ceremonies, fetiches, and certain specifics and mechanical processes are employed only by the medicine men or medicine women; other specific remedies or procedures are proprietary, generally among a few old women in the tribe; while many vegetal remedies and simple manipulations are of common knowledge in a given locality. The employment of magic consists in opposing a supposed malign influence, such as that of a sorcerer, spirits of the dead, mythic animals, ete., by the supernatural power of the healer’s fetiches and other means. Prayers are addressed to benevolent deities and spirits, invoking their aid. Healing songs, consisting of prayers or exhortations, are sung. Harangues are directed to evil spirits supposed to cause the sickness, and often are accentuated by noises to frighten such spirits away. Suggestion is exercised in many ways directly and indirectly. Curative ceremonies usually combine all or most of the agencies mentioned. ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—WHITEBREAD 5 MEDICINE MHN Each tribe had men who professed to mediate between the world of spirits and the world of men. The designation and functions of these persons differed considerably in the various tribes, but they may be classed roughly as priest-doctors, prophet-doctors, and herba- list doctors. Priest-doctors.—The priest-doctor was a magician and the art which he practiced was magic. In some tribes the men who practiced this art formed into societies or associations. They were admitted by a public ceremony, after having been instructed in private, and given evidence of their skill and fitness. Anyone could become a La Sul & | i las Fic. 1.—PRIEST-DOCTOR’S LODGE follower and practicer of this art. The priest-doctors assembled to teach the art of supplicating spirits. These practitioners are to be distinguished from the true priests, whose positions and functions were tribal instead of individual. Catlin? describes the practice and dress of the medicine man pic- tured in figure 2 as follows: Here is a gentleman who gains laurels without going to war—who stays at home and takes care of the women and children. His fame and influence, which often exceed that of the chief of the tribe, is gained without risk of life, but by a little legerdemain and cunning, which are easily practiced upon a superstitious people, who are weak enough to believe that his mystie arts often produce miracles, and which, like all miracles, are difficult to prove or to disprove. 2 Life Amongst the Indians. By George Catlin. and over his patient whom 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Whilst residing in the American Fur Company’s factory at the mouth of the Yellowstone River, on the upper Missouri, I had the opportunity of wit- nessing a Blackfoot doctor’s display, in this identical costume, over a dying patient who breathed his last under his strange and even frightful gesticula- tions and growls and groans under this skin of a yellow bear—hopping over hig. 2.—A BLACKFOOT PRIEST-DOCTOR he had placed on the ground, and was pawing about with his hands and feet, in the manner that a bear might have done. Each one of these Indian physicians, during his lifetime of practice, conjures and constructs some frightful conception for his with skins of deformed animals, reptiles, and birds; claws and toenails of birds, the medicine dress, strung the hoofs of animals, the skins of frogs, of toads, of bats, and every- ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—WHITEBREAD 5 thing else that he can gradually gather, to consummate ugliness of looks and frightfulness of sounds by their grating and rattling noises as he dances underneath them, with his face hidden, adding to them the frightful flats and sharps of his growling and squeaking voice, and the stamping of his feet as he dances and jumps over and around his dying patient. The doctor never puts on this frightful dress until he goes to pay his last visit to his patient, and when he moves through the village with this dress on it is known to all the villagers that the patient is dying; and from sympathy, as well as from a general custom, they all gather around in a crowd to witness the ceremony; and all, with the hand over the mouth, commence crying and moaning in the most pitiable manner. Prophet-doctors.—The art of the Indian prophet was practiced alone, by solitary and distinct individuals who had no associates. Prophets hdl NRC ic te Ser Ri Migr ey Sie, Fic. 3.—INDIAN PROPHET’S LODGE sprang up at long intervals and far apart among the Indian tribes. They professed to be under supernatural power and to be filled with a divine afflatus. The art which they practiced resembled that of the priest-doctors, differing chiefly in the object sought. The priest- doctor sought to control or influence events; the prophet to predict them. Both applied to spirits for their power. Both used material substances, such as stuffed birds, bones, ete., as objects by or through which the secret energy was to be exercised. The general modes of operation were similar. The seventh annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology contains the following with reference to Indian prophets among the Ojibwa Indians: The jessakkid is a seer and prophet: though commonly designated a “jug- gler.” the Indians define him as a “revealer of hidden truths.” There is no 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 association whatever between the members of this profession, and each prac- tices his art singly and alone whenever a demand is made and the fee pre- sented. As there is no association, so there is no initiation by means of which one may become a jessakkid. The gift is believed to be given by the thunder god, and then only at long intervals and to a chosen few. * * * ‘The exor- cism of demons is one of the chief pretentions of this personage, and evil spirits are sometimes removed by sucking them through tubes. * * * (See figs. 4 and 12.) The lodge (fig. 3) used by this class of men consists of four poles planted in the ground, forming a square of 8 or 4 feet and upward in diameter, around which are wrapped birch bark, robes, or canvas in such a way as to form an upright cylinder. * * * When the prophet has seated himself within his lodge the structure begins to sway violently from side to side, loud thumping noises are heard within, denoting the arrival of spirits, Fic. 4.—MEDICINE MAN REMOVING DISBPASE and numerous voices and laughter are distinctly audible to those without. Questions may then be put to the prophet and, if everything be favorable, the response is not long in coming.” Herbalist doctors.—These persons, men and women, were the real physicians of the tribes. They administered liquid and dry medi- cines, bled patients, cupped with a horn, and operated on ulcers, swellings, wounds, ete. Although herbalists were aware that cer- tain plants, roots, etc., would produce a definite effect upon the hu- man system, they attributed any benefit obtained therefrom to the fact that the remedies were distasteful and injurious to the demons in the system and to whom the disease was attributed. In figure 5 the doctor is seated upon a mat inside of a rude tent, holding between his feet a vessel, the contents of which he is stir- ring with his right hand; with his left hand he shakes a rattle, imeantime reciting certain incantations whereby he potentizes his arr. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—WHITEBREAD fi drugs. Figure 6 pictures the doctor, seated by the side of a sick man, shaking a rattle and invoking the assistance of friendly spirits to drive out the malicious spirits which are causing the sickness. A bowl of medicine (fig. 14) is at hand which the doctor usually sprinkles or blows upon the patient in the intervals of the invoca- tions. ORIGIN OF DISEASE AND MEDICINE The Indians believed that disease was not natural, but was due to the evil influence of animal spirits, ghosts, witches, ete., or to the absence of the soul. Some tribes believed in several souls, the loss of one of which caused partial loss of life, that is, sickness, while the loss of all, or of the principal one, entailed death. ic. 5.—HERBALIST DOCTOR PREVARING MEDICINE Mooney in his Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees gives the follow- ing interesting account of this particular tribe’s belief concerning the origin of disease and medicine: In the old days quadrupeds, birds, fishes, and insects could all talk, and they and the human race lived together in peace and friendship. But as time went on the people increased so rapidly that their settlements spread over the whole earth and the poor animals found themselves beginning to be cramped for room. This was bad enough, but to add to their misfortunes man invented bows, knives, blowguns, spears, and hooks, and began to slaughter the larger animals, birds, and fishes for the sake of their flesh or their skins, while the smaller creatures, such as the frogs and worms, were crushed and trodden upon without mercy, out of pure carelessness or contempt. In this state of affairs the animals resolved to consult upon measures for their common safety. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. OT The bears were the first to meet in council in their town house in Kuwahi, the “ Mulberry Place.” and the old White Bear Chief presided. After each in turn had made complaint against the way in which man killed their friends, devoured their flesh and used their skins for his own adornment, it was unan- Fic. 6.—MrEDICINE MAN ADMINISTERING TO PATIENT imously decided to begin war at once against the human race. Some one asked What weapons man used to accomplish their destruction. ‘ Bows and arrows, of course,” cried all the bears in chorus. “And what are they made of?” was the next question. “The bow of wood and the string of our own entrails,” ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—W HITEBREAD ) replied one of the bears. It was then proposed that they make a bow and some arrows and see if they could not turn man’s weapons against himself. So one bear got a nice piece of locust wood and another sacrificed himself for the good of the rest in order to furnish a piece of his entrails for the string. But when everything was ready and the first bear stepped up to make the trial it was found that in letting the arrow fly after drawing back the bow his long claws caught the string and spoiled the shot. This was annoying, but another sug- gested that he could overcome the difficulty by cutting his claws, which was accordingly done, and on a second trial it was found that the arrow went straight to the mark. But here the chief, the old White Bear, interposed and said that it was necessary that they should have long claws in order to be able to climb trees. ‘“*One of us has already died to furnish the bowstring and if we now cut off our claws we shall all have to starve together. It is better to trust to the teeth and claws which nature has given us, for it is evident that man’s weapons were not intended for us.” No one could suggest any better plan, so the old chief dismissed the council and the bears dispersed to their forest haunts without having concerted any means for preventing the increase of the human race. Had the results of the council been otherwise, we should now be at war with the bears, but as it is the hunter does not even ask the bear’s pardon when he kills one. The deer next held a council under their chief, the Little Deer, and after some deliberation resolved to inflict rheumatism upon every hunter who should kill one of their number, unless he took care to ask their pardon for the offense. They sent notice of their decision to the nearest settlement of Indians and told them at the same time how to make propitiation when necessity forced them to kill one of the deer tribe. Now, whenever the hunter brings down a deer, the Little Deer, who is swift as the wind and can not be wounded, runs quickly up to the spot and bending over the blood- Stains asks the spirit of the deer if it has heard the prayer of the hunter for pardon. If the reply be “ Yes” all is well and the Little Deer goes on his way, but if the reply be in the negative he follows on the trail of the hunter, guided by the drops of blood on the ground, until he arrives at the cabin in the settlement, when the Little Deer enters invisibly and strikes the neglectful hunter with rheumatism, so that he is rendered on the instant a helpless cripple. No hunter who has regard for his health ever fails to ask pardon of the deer for killing it, although some who have not learned the proper formula may attempt to turn aside the Little Deer from his pursuit by building a fire behind them in the trail. Next came the fishes and reptiles, who had their own grievances against humanity. They held a joint council and determined to make their victims dream of snakes twining about them in slimy folds and blowing their fetid breath in their faces, or to make them dream of eating raw or decaying fish, so that they would lose appetite, sicken, and die. Thus it is that snake and fish dreams are accounted for. Finally the birds, insects, and smaller animals came together for a like purpose, and the grubworm presided over the deliberations. It was decided that each in turn should express an opinion and then vote on the question as to whether or not man should be deemed guilty. Seven votes were to be sufficient to condemn him. One after another denounced man’s cruelty and injustice toward the other animals and voted in favor of his death. The frog spoke first and said: ‘* We must do something to check the increase of the race or people will become so numerous that we shall be crowded from off the earth. See how man has kicked me about because Im ugly, as he says, until my back is covered with sores; and here he showed the 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. G7 spots on his skin. Next came the bird, who condemned man because “ he burns my feet off,’ alluding to the way in which the hunter barbecues birds by impaling them on a stick set over the fire, so that their feathers and tender feet are singed and burned. Others followed in the same strain. The ground squirrel alone ventured to say a word in behalf of man, who seldom hurt him because he was so small: but this so enraged the others that they fell upon the ground squirrel and tore him with their teeth and claws, and the stripes remain on his back to this day. The assembly then began to devise and name various diseases, one after another, and had not their invention finally failed them not one of the human race would have been able to survive. The grubworm in his place of honor hailed each new malady with delight, until at last they had reached the end of the list, when Some one suggested that it be arranged so that menstruation should sometimes prove fatal to woman. On this he rose up in his place and cried: “Thanks! I’m glad some of them will die, for they are getting so thick that they tread on me.” He fairly shook with joy at the thought, so that he fell over backward and could not get on his feet again, but had to wriggle off on his back, as the grubworm has done ever since. When the plants, who were friendly to man, heard what had been done by the animals, they determined to defeat their evil designs. Each tree, shrub, and herb, down even to the grasses and mosses, agreed to furnish a remedy for some of the diseases named, and each said: ‘I shall appear to help man when he calls upon me in his need.” Thus did medicine originate, and the plants, every one of which has its use if we only knew it, furnish the antidote to counteract the evil wrought by the revengeful animals. When the doctor is in doubt what treatment to apply for the relief of a patient. the spirit of the plant suggests to him the proper remedy. INDIAN THEORIES OF DISEASE The Indians believed that disease was caused by : 1. A malevolent spirit which assumed material form either ani- mate or inanimate and attacked the victim with or without provo- cation. 2, A spirit, or an object supernaturally injected into a person, which acted at the suggestion of a human enemy who possessed su- pernatural powers. 3. The angered spirits of the dead, or those of animals, plants, and other natural objects. 4. Absence of the patient’s soul. ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITS Magic medicine.— Exorcism: Invocation; Incantation; Amulets and charms; Talismans; Fetiches; Transference of disease; Signatures; Evil eye. Pharmacological medicine—Some drugs of the Indians. Surgical medicine.—Sudatory (sweat) bath: Venesection: Cupping; Cautery. ART. 10 INDIAN MEDICAL EXHIBIT—-WHITEBREAD bal MAGIC MEDICINE Magic is the “ pretended art of producing supernatural effects by bringing into play the action of supernatural beings, of departed spirits, or of the occult powers of nature.” The applheation of magic Fig. 7.—-SIOUX MEDICINE MAN to the treatment of disease is magic medicine, exerted through gods or demons, disembodied spirits of men, animals, plants, or minerals, or by occult powers residing in certain natural objects. Type specimens, and descriptive information, illustrating how the Indians brought these magic agents and influences into action for 27284—25——3 Ny PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 the cure of clisease are assembled in the exhibit under the head of magic medicine. Exorcism.—Exorcism is the practice of casting out evil spirits by religious or magic formulas or ceremonies. The Indian medicine man, in the exercise of the function of physician, strove to exorcise the malignant spirits by means of intimidation or cajolery, or through the intervention of friendly spirits more powerful. than the clisease spirit. Siowr medicine man.—Picture of the costume worn by the medicine man or priest-doctor while exorcising the evil spirits of disease. Clad in the skin and mask of a bear with pendants of various small animals, he carries in one hand a drum, and in the other a spear with a carved and decorated shaft (fig. 7). Cat. No. 143117, U-S.N.M. Ita. 8.—ANIMAL MASK AND RATTLES Mask.—Worn by Indian medicine man in the practice of exorcism (fig. Sa). Cat. No. 67957, U.S.N.M. Turtle rattle.—Used by Indian medicine man in the practice of exorcism (fig. 8b). Cat. No. 165848, U.S.N.M. Raven rattle— p= eo Be eee 22 Elytra strongly rugose. Length 5.5 mm____-____ *argentinus Bernhauer. Elytra more or less sparsely and indistinctly punctate__________________ 15 Size larger. Form broader. Posterior angles of the thorax less obtuse. Lene th 8-9! mimes ee ay 2 * crassus Sharp. Size smaller. I?rom narrower; not more than:7) mmi222) 222 16 ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 7 16. a. 19. 20. Zits 99 av. Thorax as long aS broad, with the base scarcely perceptibly narrower than the apex and the sides scarcely arcuate. Length 7 mm. breviceps, new species. Thorax with the base distinctly narrower than the apex__-_-_--------- alr¢ The thorax and elytra distinctly alutaceous. The thorax as broad as long, the sides not sinuate before the posterior angles and feebly nar- rowed posteriorly. The elytra as broad as long. Length, 5.5-6 mm. schwarzi, new species. Thonaixeand. elytra mMOtnalicacCeOUS 222: “28s ake Ee eee eee 18 Third antennal joint short sub-globular. Size smaller. Length +.5 mm. minor, new species. Rirdeantennalizjomt-distinetly, elongates 220) 1.2 ete We eee 19 Thorax narrower, slightly longer than broad, sides not sinuate before the posterior angles. The elytra longer than broad. Length 4 mm. salvini Sharp. Mhorams broader Ss) =. ste gs LAG PO tars et ile AW Poa tae a we, Seer Oe 20 Thorax with sides distinctly sinuate before the posterior angles, rather evenly and strongly convergent posteriorly. The elytra scarcely as long asebroads stenethe 5563/75 mm. eek es eae brevipennis, new species. Thorax with the sides not sinuate before the posterior angles___---__ 21 Thorax with the sides more parallel anteriorly and rather strongly and suddenly narrowed near the base; slightly transverse, not wider than therelytra: selene thears= Gain & 22 snort se ae ee et es pareus Sharp Thorax with the sides more evenly and strongly convergent posteriorly, distinctly wider, than the elytra. == Sse iss as planifrons LeConte. 2, Head coarsely and densely punctured, with a narrow median smooth Sipe MOLe hl SitOvm area = eel aes ee ee ee Se eee 23 Head more or less sparsely punctured: median smooth stripe wider and MOLEC EG CTUC re ae ee ee ee I a aa oe eae eer Zit Abdomen densely and coarsely granulate- punctate. The elytra more strongly and densely punctured. The thorax distinctly narrowed pos- terior ya sbarger: odseneth jymme: tie ae * cordovensis Bernhauer. Abdomen not granulate-punctate. The elytra less distinctly punctate. Smatlersrehensthes:5: mini orilesssates ss jee ee ee ee 24 Medianysmooth striperot the thorax breaderzss22. 2 tate ei es 25 Median smooth stripe of the thorax very narrow and subcarinate or sub- OWSO LEE Cys tet ats as ewes Ae AER te, SEE er Ey 5 Ue eee gt Brn A py oe ety ett 26 . Thorax as wide as the elytra and equal in length, very little narrowed posterionly,., Iuensth!+S:)) aM Mets 4 Se ee eh micros Sharp. Thorax wider than the elytra and slightly longer, more narrowed poste- riorly and more strongly rounded basally. Length 3.5 min. laeviceps, new species. Median smooth stripe of the thorax snbcarinate. The punctuation coarse and dense. The thorax less narrowed posteriorly. Length 3 mm. carinicollis, new species. Median smooth stripe subobsolete. The thorax more narrowed posteriorly, with the punctures finer and less dense. Length 2.5 mm. exiguus, new species. . Thorax coarsely and closely punctured, with a very definite median smooth stripe. The elytra coarsely and moderately closely and deeply punc- tured, longer than the thorax. The abdomen above densely, asperately puncture, and opaque. The eyes larger and more prominent. The thorax more narrowed basally. Length 6 mm _______-__-___ *oculatus Sharp. Thorax sparsely punctured, with the smooth stripe less definite_________ 28 30. 32. 33. 34. 36. 37. 38. 39. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 . Thorax with the median smooth stripe indistinct. The elytra longer than broad, slightly longer than the thorax. Length 7.5 mm__mundus Sharp. Thorax with the median smooth stripe distinctly limited either side by a TOW Of puctures= 222 fhe de ee a ee ea eae oe ee eae 29 . Outer antennal joints not transverse. The thoracic and elytral punctures in general coarser and more numerous. Length 5—-5.5 mm. latipes Gravenhorst. Outer antennal joints distinctiy transverse. The thoracic and elytral punc- turessin: general jsparserand finera = aeeee ie Bogie ee ee ee eee 30 Punctures of the fifth dorsal abdominal segment larger, variolate. The elytra frequently with a distinct discal row of punctures. Larger. Length: '5-5.5).mme. =. 2 alee ont 4 variolatus, new species. Punctures of the fifth dorsal abdominal segment smaller, not variolate. Smaller: length 4,5 mms orilessseus) 2 a eee eee 31 . Thorax slightly wider than the elytra, with the sides more strongly nar- rowed posteriorly. Larger. Length 4.5 mm______ difficilis, new species. Thorax not wider than the elytra. The sides less narrowed posteriorly. Smaller alenethe3:5—£ mms se eee ee brevicernis Notman. Thorax distinctly broader than long. The head with the vertex strongly shining. The clypeal angles prominent. Length 7 mm. *sublaevis Bernhauer. Thorax about, astbroad?! as long 25-82 ae re ee ee ee ee 33 Clypeus emarginate, with the anterior angles more or less distinctly prom- iNnent. eee tee od ene te, Pe tc Peete cy ES 2 ee ee eee 34 Clypeusitruncate or subtruncate. 2 eee 37 Median smooth stripe of the thorax not bounded by seriate punctures. Length: (imme) 2 eee i = eS oe ee * germanus Sharp. Thorax with seriate punctures or more or less coarsely and closely punctured! +2 3.3222 2 ee ee eee 3 5. Elytra subimpunctate. Smaller. Lenght 5 mm____* mexicanus Bernhauer. Blytrarpunctates2 Ss _ 2 ee es Oe ee eee 36 Front of the head longitudinally rugulose between the eyes. The elytra with a few subseriate punctures. Length 8.5 mm__* cylindricus Latreille. Front of the head not rugulose, punctate with a smooth space before the vertex. The elytra coarsely and strongly punctured. Length 10 mm. * solidus Sharp. Thorax without seriate punctuation. The median smooth stripe indistinct. 38 Thorax with distinct seriate punctuation or with the smooth stripe well defined 22 fo 2025 ee ee oe ee ee eee eee 39 Head, thorax, and elytra with coarse punctuation. The head and thorax distinctly alutaceous; the elytra shining. The thorax with the sides sinuate before the posterior angles. Length 9 mm______ *affinis Sharp. Head, thorax, and elytra not distinctly alutaceous, finely, the thorax and elytra very sparsely punctate. The head narrower than the thorax. The elytra longer than the thorax. Length 4.5 mm. * Jaeviusculus Bernhauer. Thoracic punctuation fine and sparse; the dorsal series composed of six rather fine punctures. Length 7 mm__-_---_- * sexpunctatus Bernhauer. Thoracie punctuation coarse or with dorsal series of more numerous punc- CUP ES a EE Ae ae OE RS Le eee a oan 40 ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 9 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. Thorax with the sides parallel to behind the middle, thence suddenly nar- rewed to the obtuse and rounded posterior angles. The head distinctly alutaceous laterally. The elytra distinctly rugose. Length 3.5-5 mm. *parvulus Scriba. Thorax with the sides evenly narrowed throughout_____________________ 41 Head distinctly alutaceous, strongly and rather sparsely punctured lat- erally. The thorax with two rows of strong punctures. The elytra distinctly -rugoses) Length: &:5° mm S22eb *neotropicus Bernhauer. Head not alutaceous, shining, rather closely punctate. The elytra sparsely punctate, rather longer than the thorax. The mandibles with a strong COOGEE Meme tiny rn rr es ee ae Se ee eee et *debilis Sharp. Thorax with a distinct, subentire, median canaliculation_______-_____ 43 Thorax with the canaliculation more or less indist’net and much abbrevi- ED Ti RAEI SPAN A so E eS ELTA DSA bead Ma eee a oe arse eek 4A Head not distinctly narrower than the thorax. The abdomen in large part smooth and shining. Length 9 mm________ * lJaevigatulus Schubert. Head distinctly narrower than the thorax. The abdomen densely IlIcngi- tudinally strigose throughout. Length 9.5 mm__* wasmanni Bernhauer. Clypeus!squarely)| truncate sandvicrenulates2 5252 ss a ee ee 45 Clypeus? not truncate and screnulatel= fers ees ee eee ee AT Thorax distinctly transverse. The abdomen impunctate. Length 8 mm. crenulifrons, new species. Thorax scarcely transverse. The abdomen punctate___________________ 46 Elytra with an irregular row of 5 or 6 rather coarse setiferous punctures along the suture. The thorax with strong foveae before the posterior angles. 5th, 6th, and 7th joints of the antennae alongate. Length BERT TNT Va ese al cre tees een se we MIE DBAS ESTERS WASTE ATE 28 manni, new species. Elytra wholiy impunctate. The thoracic foveae much feebler. 5th, 6th, and 7th joints of the antennae globular. Length 4.75-7 mm. buscki, new species. Mhoraxsdistinethy: stransversesthees21io an Mec Se ee ee Bee 48 RH ORAXaSCATCELYVLOL NOt CLANS VETSCm ass seen tates Baler ae ees yt ae 58 Clypeus tri-emarginate. The eyes strongly convex. The head finely aluta- ceous; punctuation obsolete. Length 8 mm_____________ *boops Sharp. Clypeus imotistri-emancinates sw wai Se oe i ee ee Pa 49 Clypeus simply emarginate. The head very dull and subimpunctate. The elytra subimpunctate. Length 8 mm______________ *opacifrons Sharp. Clypeus more or less distinctly bisinuate and subprominent medially_____ 50 Head and thorax net alutaceous, very finely and sparsely punctured, strongly shining. The elytra densely and strongly rugulose. Length ul Orr yee a Sees DN Me a 2a es *Jatimargo Bernhauer. Head and thorax strongly alutaceous or densely punctured_____________ 51 Head strongly alutaceous, with more or less distinct punctures_________ 52 Head not or scarcely alutaceous, more or less densely or strongly punc- (UE Es ee ee ihn ha ee A Ee OY SO md UUM 9 Ya eh VUES 56 Thorax scarcely alutaceous. The elytra more or less finely and sparsely punctate, shining. The abdomen impunctate___________.________ 53° Thorax distinctly alutaceous. The elytra strigulose. The apical ventral abdominal segment coarsely strigose. The thorax with the sides sinuate pefokesthe;posterionsangless sei Me has es 2 eee ee 54 Thorax one-third wider than long. The elytra more distinctly punctured, TUSUMIOSe en ete il enn = eee BPS ee brasiliensis Guérin. * peruvianus Bernhauer. 27285—25 2 10 54. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62 63. 64. 65. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Thorax one-fourth wider than long. The elytra scarcely punctate, not rugulose.. “Wength!9:5—10;mime 2 ee * sahlbergi Bernhauer. Thorax not so broad, less narrowed posteriorly ; the canaliculation one-half the length of the thorax, strong and rather deeply impressed. Smaller. Tenge thi dO sme oi ar ae cer ee oe ee confusus, new species. Thorax broader, more narrowed posteriorly; the canaliculation fine and short., jJbargerssLensthad 3i5—22 mrss ee ee 55 . Head and thorax less alutaceous, more strongly and closely punctate. The clypeus less prominent medially. Smaller. Length 13.5-14.5 mm. alternans Bernhauer. Head and thorax more alutaceous; punctuation finer and sparser. The clypeus more prominent medially. Larger. Length 18-22 mm. stipes Sharp. Apical ventral segment coarsely rugulose-punctate. The mandibles with- out teeth. The posterior angles of the thorax slightly prominent. hensthisd OS ms.) S25 eet Soe, 3 ei canaliculatus Solsky. Apical ventral segment with a few coarse puncturea. The thorax densely punctaters“Lherelytra sparsely. punctates2. 4-25) oo ee eee DT Thorax broader and less narrowed posteriorly. The mandibles with a well-defined tooth. Length 11 mm_______--__-_-_______- vicinus Sharp. Thorax narrower, more strongly narrowed posteriorly. The mandibles Without ay toothsialLenesthw2 mms == eee puncticeps Sharp. Slypeus subtruncate. The head distinctly punctate. The thorax extremely finely and sparsely punctate. Length 7.5 mm__* laevicollis Bernhauer. Clypeus emarginate, with the angles more or less prominent or more or lessiGistinetl ysbisinuates=—=. 22 ee) Sa oie ee 59 Headeand thorax distinetly, punched ee ee 60 Head and thorax very finely and sparsely or obsoletely punctured______ 64 Clypeus bisinuate, more or less prominent medially. The thorax slightly Tralsverse tie. 2 eee a a ee ee ees 61 Clypeus emarginate, not prominent medially. The apical ventral segments of the abdomen: punctured medially 222 eee 62 Thorax with the sides not sinuate before the posterior angies; the surface alutaceous; the canaliculation very short and indistinct. The apical ventral segments of the abdomen smooth medially. Length 18 mm. *nitens Sharp. Thorax with the sides distinctly sinuate before the posterior angles; the surface not alutaceous; the canaliculation nearly one-half the length of the thorax, coarse but feebly impressed. The apical ventral segment of the abdomen strongly strigose throughout. Length 10 mm. > morio, new species. . Head dull, alutaceous. Length 10 mm-_-___--__-_ * eranulatus Bernbauer. Head smooth; ‘shining: 22) Te 2) Ake ae SS ee ees Se ee nS Clypeal angles not prominent. The head more closely punctured. The abdomen sparsely punctured above. Length 12.5 mm___ * integer Sharp. Clypeal angles rather thick and prominent. The head sparingly punctured. The abdomen impunctate above. Length 11.5 mm_____ * simplex Sharp. Head slightly narrower than the thorax at apex. The clypeus emargi- Mates 2k 20 Sie Ee ee eee ee 65 Head as wide as: the thoranx "ait ay ex ee ee eee ee ee 66 Thorax with the sides not distinctly sinuate. The abdomen impunctate aboye, sparsely punctate beneath. The elytra impunctate. Length 9 mm. * piceus Hrichson. art. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—-NOTMAN 11 Thorax with the sides very strongly sinuate. The elytra with few punc- tures, rather densely aciculate. Length 10.5 mm. * sinuaticollis Bernhauer. 66. Elytra punctate. The head and thorax alutaceous. Lenth 11.5 mm. * columbinus Bernhauer. Hy tram puncyienmeeem ee es See te Ee ee ee eee ee 67 Giz Clypeusmemarcinates= === == ee AAT EG ets ee ee 68 Wily US MeL S Ma a te eee eter te ee Sie te So ee ee ee 69 68. Apical ventral segments of the abdomen moderately Cosel, evenly punc- Gate lben Sth Oem were a eee i ee eee laevigatus Sharp. Apical ventral segments of the abdomen more closely punctate medially than laterally. The elytra not rugulose. Length 10 mm. * propinquus Bernhauer. 69. Size larger—15 mm. The elytra with the sutural stria impressed. The abdomen with the 6th ventral segment punctulate, the 7th impunctate. BSTC gel ey en So es Oe ee ee intermedius Wrichson. Size smaller—10 mm. The thorax with a feeble median canaliculation. The last two ventral segments of the abdomen with rather sparing punctu-: ation. The eclypeus rather obsoletely bisinuate. Length 10 mm. j * dubius Sharp. The original description of Osorius pygmaeus Cast is too short to admit of the species being placed with any accuracy in the above table without specimens from the type locality. The original description follows Long. 2 lignes. Larg. 1% ligne—D’un noir brillant, fortement ponctué; parties de la bouche et antennes rougeaitres; corselet allant un peu en s’élar-, gissant en avant, 4 cdtés droits; élytres un peu rougedatres, surtout latérale- ment; pattes de méme couleur. (Cayenne.) (Htud, ent., vol. 6, $835, p. 130.) OSORIUS HUBBARDI, new species Form slightly broad; color dark castaneous. Head strongly aluta- ceous; punctures very fine and sparse, more numerous over the eyes. Pores very indistinctly alutaceous; punctures moderate in size and sparseness, somewhat elongate laterally. Elytra rather finely rugose and distinctly and sparsely punctate. Abdomen very finely and sparsely punctate dorsally, more distinctly and numerously laterally ; beneath more distinctly punctate; apical segment not at all rugose. Head very slightly narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus with the apical angles produced in long prominent teeth, margin between straight; antennae extending to the anterior one-third of the thorax, scarcely at all incrassate externally, moniliform, the second and third joints elongate, the latter longer; the first as long as the next four. Thorax one-fourth wider than long; sides parallel to the middie, thence moderately convergent and scarcely arcuate to the posterior angles, which are obtuse, slightly sinuate before the angles; anterior angles very minutely denticulate; side margins very slightly expanded basally, where there is a feeble fovea; base and apex finely margined. Klytra as wide as the thorax basally, shghtly wider 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 one-third from the apex, very slightly longer than the thorax and scarcely wider than long; suture impressed and margined. Pro- sternal tuberculation rounded at apex. Length 9.5 mm., width 2.25 m.. Type locality —Jamaica, W. I. (H. G. Hubbard). Type.—Cat. No. 26331, U.S.N.M. OSORIUS. PARVICEPS, new species Form slightly broad; color dark piceo-castaneous, thorax and elytra a little paler. Head very indistinctly alutaceous, thorax and elytra not at all. Head sparsely and rather coarsely punctured medially, punctures more numerous and rugose around the eyes, vertex smooth; thorax somewhat coarsely and closely punctured, punctures elongate; a rather narrow median stripe impunctate, bounded by very irregular and indistinct series of punctures on either side; elytral punctures slightly coarser and sparser; abdomen dorsally somewhat less coarsely and rather closely punctured, more sparsely medially, but without a definite smooth stripe; punctures beneath slightly more coarse, the apical segment not at all strigose. Head distinctly narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus broadly emarginate, angles slightly prominent, bidenticulate; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven distinctly larger, about as long as wide; first joint as long as the next three; second and third slightly elongate, subequal; third more slender. Thorax as wide as long, wider than the elytra, with the sides very slightly convergent to behind the middle, thence rather strongly convergent and moderately arcuate to the posterior angles which are scarcely distinct; anterior angles rather distinctly prominent; side margins fine throughout; base margined, apex unmargined; a feeble impression before the posterior angles. Elytra as long as the thorax, as long as wide; suture scarcely impressed. Prosternal tuberculation rounded at apex. Length 6 mm., width 1.5 m.. Type locality—Crescent City, Fla. (Hubbard and Schwarz). Type.—Cat. No. 26332, U.S.N.M. OSORIUS BREVICEPS, new species Form scarcely slender; color dark piceo-castaneous, nearly uni- form. Head somewhat indistinctly alutaceous, moderately shining; thorax very indistinctly alutaceous; elytra feebly and irregularly rugulose. Head rather coarsely and moderately densely punctate, rugulose around the eyes; without a median impunctate stripe, vertex smooth and shining; thorax coarsely, moderately densely and some- what strigose-punctate with a rather narrow median impunctate stripe which is not bounded by seriate punctures; elytra sparsely and very indistinctly punctate; abdomen rather coarsely and densely ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 13 punctate dorsally, the punctures finer and sparser medially, apical ventral segment rather coarsely and closely granulate and rugulose with a narrow median impunctate stripe which is alutaceous. Head rather small, scarcely narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus subtruncate, the angles scarcely prominent; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven distinctly larger, monili- form, second and third somewhat elongate, subsequal, the third more slender, the first joint as long as the next three or four. Thorax as long as broad; base very slightly narrower than the apex; sides feebly arcuate; posterior angles narrowly rounded, anterior not at all prominent; side margins very slightly wider posteriorly, base and apex unmargined; posterior angles with feeble elongate impressions. Elytra slightly wider, scarcely longer than the thorax, about as long as wide; suture very slightly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation strong, rounded at apex. Length 7 mm., width 1.5 mm. Type locality—San Bernardino, Paraguay (K. Fiebig). Type—Cat. No. 26333, U.S.N.M. OSORIUS SCHWARZI, new species Form scarcely slender; color black, elytra faintly picescent; legs and antennae rufo-piceous. Head, thorax, and elytra distinctly alutaceous. Head indistinctly and sparsely punctured, punctures more numerous and indistinctly rugulose around the eyes; no median impunctate stripe; thorax coarsely, indistinctly and somewhat sparsely punctured, median impunctate stripe not bounded by dis- tinct series; elytra indistinctly and rather sparsely punctate; abdo- men rather densely punctured dorsally with a narrow impunctate stripe on the fifth segment, apical segment beneath rather closely punctate but not at all rugose. Head scarcely narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus broadly emarginate, angles slightly promi- nent and bidenticulate; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven distinctly larger, scarcely transverse, sub- obconic, second and third joints elongate and subequal, about three- fourths longer than wide, the third slightly more slender, first joint as long as the next three. Thorax as broad as long or scarcely trans- verse, base slightly narrower than the apex, sides feebly arcuate, posterior angles minutely subprominent; side margins fine through- out, apex unmargined, base indistinctly margined; basal impressions feeble. Elytra as wide as the thorax, as wide as long; suture dis- tinctly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation rounded at apex. Length 5.5-6 mm., width 1.25 mm. Type locality—Cayamas, Cuba 20.5 (EK. A. Schwarz); 3 Para- types, Cayamas, Cuba, 11.5; 20.5; 30.5 (EK. A. Schwarz). 1 Para- type, Cayamas, Cuba, 20.5 (E. A. Schwarz), in the writer’s col- lection. Type.—Cat. No. 26334, U.S.N.M. 27285—25—3 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 OSORIUS MINOR, new species Form somewhat robust. Color piceous black; legs and antennae pale rufo-testaceous. Head distinctly alutaceous in front; thorax and elytra not alutaceous, shining. Head rather distinctly but sparsely punctured; median impunctate stripe not distinct. Thorax coarsely, deeply, and somewhat sparsely punctured; median smooth stripe bounded by distinct series of punctures. Elytra with three rather distinct discal series of punctures. Abdomen coarsely, uni- formly, and rather densely punctured above; apical ventral segment sparsely and somewhat finely punctured. Head not narrower than the thorax. Clypeus subtruncate with the apical angles denticulate. Antennae exceeding the middle of the thorax; joints seven to ten slightly transverse, four to six globular, third very short, sub- globular, second about twice as long as wide. Thorax scarcely as broad as long; base distinctly narrower than the apex with the sides evenly and feebly arcuate. Posterior angles rounded and obtuse, scarcely distinct; anterior angles minutely prominent. Side mar- gins fine throughout; base feebly margined; apex unmargined; basal impressions obsolete. Elytra just perceptibly wider than the thorax; conjointly slightly wider than long. Sides slightly diver- gent posteriorly; suture rather strongly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation rounded at apex. Length 4.5 mm., width 1.25 mm. Type-locality.—Montserrat, Trinidad, West Indies. June 30, 1905 (Aug. Busck). Type.—Cat. No. 273380, U.S.N.M. OSORIUS BREVIPENNIS, new species Form slightly broad; color black, thorax picescent, elytra, anten- nae, and legs rufo-piceous. Head alutaceous anteriorly, smooth and shining on the vertex; thorax very indistinctly alutaceous laterally, elytra not at all alutaceous but finely and indistinctly rugulose; abdomen more or less alutaceous, particularly the fifth segment. Head coarsely and rather densely punctate with a median impunc- tate stripe, feebly rugulose over the eyes; thorax coarsely and some- what closely punctate, the punctures elongate and distinctly seriate either side of the median impunctate stripe; elytral punctures coarse, sparse, subseriate; abdomen rather densely punctate dorsally with a harrow median impuncate stripe, the apical ventral segment some- what sparsely punctate and not at all rugose. Head scarcely wider than the thorax at apex; clypeus subtruncate, angles scarcely at all prominent; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven distinctly larger, as long as wide, scarcely obconic; second | and third elongate, one-third longer than wide; the third more slender; the first as long as the next three. Thorax as long as wide, slightly wider than the elytra; base narrower than the apex; sides ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 15 rather strongly arcuate and slightly sinuate before the posterior angles which are obtuse, scarcely distinct, anterior angles definite but not prominent; side margins very fine throughout, apex unmar- gined, base margined, basal impressions not distinct. Elytra scarcely shorter than the thorax, scarcely transverse; suture dis- tinctly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation rounded and rather broad at apex. Length 5-6.5 mm., width 1.25-1.5 mm. Type and paratype localities —Type and 4 paratypes, Fort Grant, Ariz., 12, VII (Hubbard and Schwarz). 3 paratypes, Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., 20, V; 11, VI; 14, VI (Hubbard and Schwarz). 1 paratype, Colima, Col. Mex. (Conradt). 1 paratype, Chietla, Pueblo, Mex. 2 paratypes Matamoras, Puebla, Mex. 1 paratype, Mexico. 1 paratype, Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta V. Paz Guatemala, Apr. 18, 1906 (Barber and Schwarz). Type.—Cat. No. 26335, U.S.N.M. 1 paratype, Fort Grant, Ariz., 1, VIZ (Hubbard and Schwarz), in the writer’s collection. OSORIUS LAEVICEPS, new species Form rather slender. Color dark ferruginous. Integuments throughout smooth, shining, not at all alutaceous. Head with rather coarse and moderately dense punctures, an impunctate area on the vertex. Thorax coarsely and somewhat densely punctured, with a definite smooth, median stripe bounded by series of im- pressed punctures. Elytra coarsely, evenly, and somewhat densely punctured. Abdomen similarly punctured and without a median, smooth stripe. Head as wide as the thorax at apex, as long as wide. Antennae reaching the middle of the thorax; second joint one-half longer than wide and slightly thicker; third joint slightly elongate; fourth to sixth subglobular; seventh to eleventh abruptly larger; ninth and tenth distinctly transverse. Thorax as wide as long, strongly narrowed behind the middle, posterior angles very obtuse, anterior angles minutely subdenticulate, side margins very fine throughout. Elytra slightly narrower and slightly shorter than the thorax, conjointly as long as wide, the suture impressed and margined. Abdomen at the fifth segment slightly the widest part of the body. Length 3.5 mm., width .75 mm. One specimen. Ty pe-locality—San Juan, Porto Rico, July 1-5, 1915. (Lutz and Mutchler, sifting.) Type.—tn the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. OSORIUS CARINICOLLIS, new species Form somewhat slender; color dark castaneous, uniform. Above not at all alutaceous. Head coarsely and closely punctate, punc- tures sparser in front, a narrow median impunctate stripe; thorax 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 coarsely and closely punctate, median impunctate stripe narrow and subcariniform. Elytra coarsely, closely, and somewhat rugosely punctate; abdomen rather coarsely and closely punctate above and beneath, median dorsal impunctate stripe not distinct; apical ven- tral segment rather feebly rugose-punctate. Head as broad as the thorax at apex; eyes rather large but not convex; clypeus truncate: antennae longer, extending to the posterior two-thirds of the thorax; joints 7 to 11 distinctly larger; 8 to 10 slightly transverse; second joint elongate, twice the length of the third and stouter; third as wide as long. Thorax as wide as long, as wide as the elytra; base slightly narrower than the apex, sides feebly arcuate, more strongly near the base, not at all sinuate; posterior angles rounded, not dis- tinct, anterior angles definite but not at all prominent; side mar- gins fine throughout, apex not margined, base indistinctly so. Elytra about one-third longer than the thorax, nearly a third longer than wide; suture scarcely impressed. Prosternal tubercula- tion broad, rounded. Length 3 mm., width .75 mm. Type locality.—25.3 Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta V, Paz Guatemala (Barber and Schwarz.) Type.—Cat. No. 26336, U.S.N.M. OSORIUS EXIGUUS, new species Form rather slender; color brownish testaceous (immature?). Integuments above scarcely alutaceous. Head coarsely and rather closely, uniformly punctate, without median impunctate stripe; thorax rather coarsely, closely and indistinctly punctate, median impunctate stripe very narrow, scarcely distinct; elytra moderately coarsely and closely and indistinctly punctate; abdomen closely punctate dorsally, without median impunctate stripe, apical ventral segment coarsely and indistinctly punctate. Head scarcely wider than the thorax at apex; clypeus truncate; antennae rather short, not reaching the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven dis- tinctly larger; five to ten slightly transverse; second joint elongate, stouter, and a half longer than the third, which is not elongate; first joint as long as the next three or four. Thorax as long as broad, as wide as the elytra; sides subparallel, scarcely convergent to behind the middle, thence moderately convergent to the basal angles, which are scarcely distinct; anterior angles distinct but not sharp nor prominent; base and apex not margined, sides finely mar- gined; basal impressions small, rounded, feeble. Elytra as long as the thorax; suture scarcely impressed. Prosternal tuberculation rounded at apex, not broad. Length 2.5 mm., width .5 mm. Type locality —Cayamas Cuba. (E A. Schwarz). Type.—Cat. No. 26337, U.S.N.M. Paratype.—Cayamas Cuba, 5:3 (E. A. Schwarz). ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 7 OSORIUS VARIOLATUS, new species Form slightly slender; color black, antennae and legs piceous. Integuments above scarcely at all alutaceous, strongly shining. Head coarsely and rather closely punctate with a rather broad median impunctate stripe, vertex impunctate; thorax coarsely and rather sparsely punctate, punctures elongate, median impunctate stripe bounded by seriate punctures; elytra coarsely, rather closely and subseriately punctate, coarsely and vaguely rugose; abdomen rather coarsely and moderately densely punctate dorsally with a definite median impunctate stripe, punctures on the fifth segment larger and variolate, apical ventral segment coarsely and somewhat sparsely punctate, but not at all rugose. Head slightly narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus truncate, angles somewhat promi- nent; antennae extending to the middle of the thorax, joints seven to eleven distinctly larger; eight to ten slightly transverse; joints two and three slightly elongate, subequal; second stouter; first joint as long as the next three. Thorax as long as broad, scarcely wider than the elytra; sides nearly straight and rather strongly narrowed to the basal angles, which are broadly rounded and not distinct, anterior angles narrowly rounded, not at all prominent; sides margin narrow throughout, apex indistinctly margined, base rather distinctly margined. Elytra as long as the thorax; suture absolutely unim- pressed. Prosternal tuberculation strong, rounded at apex. Length 4.75-5.5 mm., width 1-7.25 mm. Type locality.—Type and 4 paratypes, Tucson, Ariz., 1, VITI-19 (G. Hofer.) ; 3 paratypes, Tucson, Ariz., (E. D. Edmonston). Type.—Cat. No. 26338, U.S.N.M., 1 paratype, Tucson, Ariz., 1, VITI-19 (G. Hofer) in the writer’s collection. OSORIUS DIFFICILIS, new species Form scarcely slender; color black, attennae, legs and elytral suture paler, piceous. Head rather feebly alutaceous anteriorly, strongly shining; thorax scarcely at all alutaceous; elytra shining, scarcely rugose. Head somewhat coarsely and closely punctate with a rather broad median impunctate stripe, vertex very smooth and shining; thorax rather coarsely and somewhat sparsely punctate; punctures elongate, median impunctate stripe bounded either side by seriate punctures which are somewhat impressed; elytra rather sparsely, in- distinctly and irregularly punctate; abdomen rather coarsely and closely punctate dorsally with a definite median impunctate stripe, apical ventral segment moderately punctate but not at all rugose. Head as wide as the thorax at apex; clypeus broadly emarginate, angles not prominent; antennae long, extending beyond the middle of the thorax; joints seventh to eleventh distinctly larger; joints 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 eighth to tenth distinctly transverse; ninth and tenth one-third wider than long; second and third elongate, subequal; third more slender; first joint as long as the next three. Thorax as long as broad, very slightly wider than the elytra; sides distinctly narrowed posteriorly and evenly and rather feebly arcuate to the basal angles which are rounded and not distinct, just perceptibly sinuate before the angles, anterior angles narrowly rounded, not prominent; side margins fine throughout, apex not margined, base distinctly margined ; lateral im- pressions not distinct. Elytra scarcely longer than the thorax, as long as broad; suture slightly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation strong, flattened at the apex. Length 4.5 mm., width 1 mm. — Type locality—380.6 and 1 paratype 2.7 Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz. (Hubbard and Schwarz). . Type.—Cat. No. 25339, U.S.N.M. One paratype, Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz., 3.7, VII (Hubbard and Schwarz) in the writer’s collection. GSORIUS CRENULIFRONS, new species Form slightly broad; color black, antennae and legs rufo-piceous. Head rather distinctly alutaceous, strongly shining; thorax. very. faintly alutaceous; elytra very feebly and sparsely rugose. Head very finely and sparsely punctate; thorax finely and a little sparsely punctate; elytra and abdomen subimpunctate, not alutaceous; abdo- men beneath alutaceous, basal segments with a few coarse punctures. along the apical margins; fifth and apical segments rather coarsely and closely punctate, the latter distinctly rugose and with a rounded median impression. Head narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus truncate and crenulate in front; front with four foveate punctures and a median impression anteriorly; antennae slender, reaching the middle of the thorax, outer joints not distinctly larger; joints two to six distinctly elongate, outer joints as long as wide; joint three nearly twice as long as the second ‘and as long as the next two; first longer than second and third together. Thorax a third wider than long, base scarcely narrower than the apex, widest at apical third; sides thence nearly straight and moderately con- vergent to the posterior angles which are obtuse but distinct, anterior angles acute and prominent; side margins distinctly wider pos- teriorly where they coalesce with rather large and deep basal impres- sions; apex not margined; base distinctly margined. Elytra scarcely wider than the thorax or wider than long, distinctly longer than the thorax; suture scarcely impressed. Posternal tuberculation strong and rounded at apex. Length 9 mm., width 2 mm. L'ype locality —San Diego, Cuba, February 1, 1917 (Wm. Palmer). Ly pe.—Cat. No. 26344, U.S.N.M. ART. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 19 OSORIUS MANNI, new species Form scarcely broad; color black, antennae and legs piceous. Head finely alutaceous, a little dull in lustre; thorax less distinctly alutaceous, strongly shining; elytra scarcely rugose, subimpunctate except for a row of five rather coarse punctures along the suture. Head very finely and rather sparsely punctate in front, a few coarse punctures over the eyes; thorax very finely and somewhat densely punctate; abdominal segments dorsally somewhat finely and closely punctate posteriorly, the fifth nearly throughout, pubescence long and coarse, beneath punctures finer and less numerous, apical seg- ment nearly impunctate. Head narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus and crenulate; front with four foveate punctures and a median anterior and posterior impression; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax, slender, outer joints not larger; two to six distinctly elongate; outer joints as long as wide; third joint twice as long as the second, and as long as the next two; basal joint as long as the next three. Thorax slightly wider ian long; base very little narrower than the apex; sides feebly arcuate anteriorly, nearly straight and slightly convergent posteriorly, slightly sinuate before the posterior angles which are obtuse but distinct; side margins slightly wider posteriorly where they coalesce with the moderately large but rather deep basal impressions; apex not margined; base strongly margined. Elytra slightly narrower than the thorax, scarcely shorter; suture not at all impressed. Prosternal tubercula- tion strong, rounded at apex. Length 11 mm., width 2.25 mm. Type locality —FPinares Oriente, Cuba, 718 (W. M. Mann). Type.—Cat. No. 26345, U.S.N.M. OSORIUS BUSCKI, new species Form slightly broad; color black, legs, antennae and elytral suture piceous. Head distinctly alutaceous and subopaque; thorax scarcely alutaceous; elytra scarcely rugose, both strongly shining; abdomen shining. Bead very finely, sparsely and somewhat Sndistinetly punctured, a few strong punctures over the eyes; thorax somewhat finely and closely punctured; elytra impunctate; abdomen rather coarsely and closely punctured above especially on the fifth segment, closely punctured beneath, apical segment impunctate. Head dis- tinctly narrower than the thorax at apex; clypeus truncate and crenulate; front with four foveate punctures in a transverse row, another on either side of the vertex; antennae reaching the middle of the thorax; outer joints scarcely larger; joints five to ten monili- form; third joint one-half longer than the second; fourth joint very shghtly elongate; basal joint as long as the next two. Thorax scarcely transverse; base slightly narrower than the apex; sides feebly arcuate anteriorly, nearly straight and slightly convergent 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 posteriorly, just visibly sinuate before the obtuse but distinct poste- rior angles; anterior angles very minutely denticulate; side margins very slightly wider posteriorly, basal impressions feeble; apex not margined; base distinctly margined. Elytra slightly narrower,, scarcely shorter than the thorax, as wide as long; suture scarcely impressed. Prosternal tuberculation more broadly rounded at apex. Length 4.75 mm., width 1 mm. Type locality —Santo Domingo, W. I. 7-8 (Aug. Busck). Type.—Cat. No. 26346, U.S.N.M. Paratype-——San Antonio de los Banos, Cuba. (Jose H. Pazos, collector.) : OSORIUS CONFUSUS, new species Form somewhat broad; color black, outer antennal joints, palpi and tarsi piceous. Head rather feebly alutaceous anteriorly; thorax distinctly alutaceous except medially at the base; elytra distinctly but irregularly longitudinally rugose; the basal dorsal abdominal segment strongly alutaceous, the remaining smooth, shining and sub- impunctate, ventral segments alutaceous with a few coarse punctures along the apical margin back to the middle; the apical segment rather feebly strigose-punctate laterally. Head coarsely and rather closely punctate, vertex smooth, strongly shining; thorax coarsely but less closely punctate than the head. Ilytra finely, sparsely and indistinctly punctate. Head as wide as the thorax at apex; clypeus bisinuage, angles bluntly prominent and denticulate internally, mid- dle lobe less prominent and more broadly rounded; antennae short, not reaching the middle of the thorax; outer joints not larger, moni- liform; second and third slightly elongate, subequal in length and thickness, not stouter than the fourth; first joint as long as the next five. Thorax one-third wider than long; base narrower than the apex; sides feebly convergent and nearly straight to behind the middle; thence somewhat abruptly more convergent and broadly sinuate to the posterior angles which are obtuse but distinct and narrowly rounded; side margins distinctly wider posteriorly, basal impressions broad and rather feeble, apex unmargined, base dis- tinctly margined; canaliculation one-half the length of the thorax, strong and rather deeply impressed. Ilytra scarcely wider than the thorax, slightly wider than long, shghtly longer than the thorax; suture strongly impressed. Prosternal tuberculation broad, emargi- nate at apex. Length 10 mm., width 2.25 mm. Type locality—Omealca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 16, ’08 (Fred. Knab). Type.—Cat. No. 26347, U.S.N.M. ART, 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 21 OSORIUS MORIO, new species Form scarcely broad; color black, apical antennal joints, palpi and tarsi paler. Head scarcely alutaceous, strongly shining; thorax not at all alutaceous; elytra with scattered and irregular channels; basal dorsal abdominal segment alutaceous, the remainder strongly shining and subimpunctate, ventral segments more or less aluta- ceous basally, apical halves coarsely punctate and smooth, fifth seg- ment almost entirely so, apical strongly and uniformly rugose punc- tate. Head rather coarsely and closely punctate anteriorly, ver- tex smooth and shining, no median impunctate stripe; thorax mod- erately coarsely and somewhat sparsely punctate; elytra coarsely and sparsely punctate. Head as wide as the thorax at apex; clypeus bisinuate, the angles bluntly prominent and bidenticulate internally. median lobe less prominent and very broad; antennae short, slightly surpassing the apical margin of the thorax; outer joints scarcely larger, moniliform; second and third joints slightly elongate, sub- equal in length and thickness, not stouter than the fourth; basal joint as long as the next four. Thorax slightly wider than long. base distinctly narrower than the apex; sides very feebly narrowed and nearly straight from the apex to the middle, thence somewhat abruptly more narrowed and broadly sinuate to the rather broadly rounded and somewhat indistinct and obtuse posterior angles: an- terior angles somewhat minutely denticulate; side margins distinctly wider posteriorly, basal impressions very feeble; canaliculation nearly one-half the length of the thorax, coarser but feebly im- pressed, apex unmargined, base strongly margined. Elytra slightly narrower than the thorax, slightly transverse and scarcely shorter than the thorax; suture moderately impressed. Prosternal tubercu- tation broad and truncate at apex. Length 10 mm., width 2 mm. Type locality —Omealea, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 16, 1908 (Fred. Knab). Paratype locality —Jalapa, Mexico (W. Schaus). Nine paratypes in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History; one paratype in the writer’s collection. One paratype Cordoba, Mexico, 12-VI (Fred. Knab). Type.—Cat. No. 26348, U.S.N.M. In addition to the species described as new, the following are identified in the material studied. Those marked (A. M.) are in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. OSORIUS ATER Perty Brazil. Santa Catharina. (A. M.) 29, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 OSORIUS EGGERSI Bernhauer Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., January 19 and Fehruary 3, 1911. August Busck. Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., January 21, 1911. E. A. Schwarz. Montego Bay, Jamaica, March 10, 1911 (sifting). Grossbeck. (A. M.) Santiago de Cuba. (A. M.) OSORIUS POLITUS LeCente Enterprise, Fla., May 19 and 29 and June 15. Collectors, Hub- bard and Schwarz. Crescent City, Fla., February 19. Collectors, Hubbard and Schwarz. OSORIUS SALVINI Sharp S. Geronimo, Guatemala. Champion. Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., January 19, 22,1911. E. A. Schwarz. Panzos, Vera Cruz. Champion. Panzos, Vera Cruz. Champion. (A. M.) OSORIUS PLANIFRONS LeConte Memphis, Tenn., August 11. H. Soltau, collector. New Orleans, La. H. Soltau, collector. Crescent City, Fla. Collectors, Hubbard and Schwarz. 5S. Rita Mountains, Ariz., June 14. Collectors, Hubbard and Schwarz. New Orleans, La. Collector, Chas. Palm. (A. M.) La. (A. M.) Lass Shoele CAC ONE) Jalapa, Mexico. W. Schaus. (A. M.) OSORIUS MICROS Sharp Cayamas, Cuba, 13-2. KE. A. Schwarz, collector. OSORIUS MUNDUS Sharp Mexico. D. F. J. R. Inda, collector. Chiantla, Mexico. Mexico City, Mexico. (O. W. Barrett.) State of Colima, Mexico. (L. Conradt.) ; Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, January 9-16, ‘92 (H. Osborn), in the writer’s collection. arr. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—NOTMAN 93 OSORIUS LATIPES Gravenhorst Brookings, S. Dak. H. Osborn, collector. Webster No. 7005. Topeka, Kans. Collectors, Hubbard and Schwarz. Sioux City, Iowa, April 21. H. Soltau, collector. Kansas City, Mo., May 25 and 30. H. Soltau, collector. Blue Springs, Mo., September 18. HF. Soltau, collector. Pine Bluff, Ark., October 10. H. Soltau, collector. Columbus, Tex., August 16 and 27, September 22-7. Collectors, Hubbard and Schwarz. Greenville, Tex., June 30, 1904. H.S. Barber, collector. Huntsville, Ala., May 10, 1882. L. O. Howard. Dallas, Tex., April 26, 1907. (Schwarz and Pratt), 30 March, 1907; (W. A. Hooker), 29 June, 1905 (W. E. Hinds). Chevy Chase, Md., August 8, December 21, September 30, 1921. H. 8. Barber, collector. Falls Church, Va., May 5,1915. T. E. Snyder, collector. Black Mountains, N. C., May 31. (A. M.) S: Dak. C.F. 3B. Aldrich. °"(A.-M:) Ky. Collector, Chas. Palm. (A. M.) Ks. Collector, Chas. Palm. (A. M.) OSORIUS BREVICORNIS Notman Timms Hmk, Dade Co., Fla. February 24, 1919. H.S. Barber. Knterprise, Fla., November 13 and June 23. Collectors Hubbard and Schwarz. Capron, Fla., March 4. Collectors Hubbard and Schwarz. Colima, Col., Mex. Conradt. Crescent City, Fla., Collectors Hubbard and Schwarz. OSORIUS BRASILIENSIS Guérin S. Bernadino, Paraguay. K. Fiebig, collector. OSORIUS STIPES Sharp Duschi, Rio Beni, Bolivia, September. (W.M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-Expl., 1921-22. Ivon, Beni, Bolivia, February. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio- Expl., 1921-22. Lower Rio Madidi, Bolivia, February. (W.M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-Expl., 1921-22. Rurrenabaque, Rio Beni, Bolivia, Ontober: (W. M. Mann.) Mul- ford Bio-Expl., 1921-22. Tumupasa, Bolivia, December. (M. R. Lopez.) Mulford Bio- Expl., 1921-22. Sta Helena, Bolivia, August. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio- Expl., 1921-22. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Rio Negro, Bolivia, January. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Biol- Expl. 1921-22. Covendo, Bolivia, 1921. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-Expl., 1921-22. OSORIUS ALTERNANS Bernhauer Sta Helena, Bolivia, August. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio- ExpL, 1921-22. Huschi, Rio Beni, Bolivia, September. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio-Expl., 1921-22. OSORIUS CANALICULATUS Solsky Trece Aguas, Guatamala, April 22. O. F. Cook, collector. Cordoba V. C. Mex., January 20, 1908. Frederick Knab, collector. OSORIUS VICINUS Sharp San Carlos, Costa Rica. Collectors, Schild and Burgdorf. OSORIUS PUNCTICEPS Sharp Jalapa, Mex., March. Ex-collector, Mus. Nat. Mex. OSORIUS NITENS Sharp Rio Negro, Bolivia, January. (W. M. Mann.) Mulford Bio- Expl., 1921-22. OSORIUS INTERMEDIUS Erichson San Carlos, Costa Rica. Collectors, Schild and Burgdorf. OSORIUS LAEVIGATUS Sharp Cascades, Trece Aguas, Guatemala. Alta V, Paz, Guatemala. O. ¥.. Cook, collector. CATALOGUB OF OSORIUS LATREILLE FROM NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA afinis Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 385. Amazon. argentinus Bernhauer. Deuts. Ent. Zeits., 1911, p. 403. Argentina. asymmetricus Fauvel. Rev. d’Ent., vol. 20, 1901, p. 72. Vene- zuela. ater Perty. Del. anim., 1834, p. 30, pl. 7, fig. 1. Brazil. boops Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 8, 1882-1887, p. 679. Panama. brasiliensis Guérin. Ic. Ins., 1829-1844, pl. 9, fig. 1la-d. Brazil. breviceps, new species, see p. 12. Paraguay. brevicornis Notman. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 42, 1920, p. 698. Florida. . brevipennis, new speries, see p. 14. Arizona, Mexico, Panama, Guat: mala. buschi, new species, see p. 19. Santo Domingo, W. I. canaliculatus Solsky. Bull. Moscou, vol. 42, 1869, p. 265. Mexico. carinicollis, new species, see p. 15. Guatemala. art. 11 REVIEW OF OSORIINI BEETLES—-NOTMAN 25 conjusus, new species, see p. 20. Mexico. cordovensis Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot., Ges. Wien, vol. 60, 1910. p. 860. Mexico. crassus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 681. Mexico. crenulifrons, new species, see p. 18. Cuba. cylindricus Latreille. Nouv. Ann. Mus., Paris, vol. 8, 1832, p. 86. Mexico. debilis Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 681. Panama. dentatus Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 294. Bolivia. difficilis, new species, see p. 17. Arizona. dubius Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 679. Panama. eggersi Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 54, 1904, p. 19. St. Thomas, W. I. exiguus, new species, see p. 16. Cuba. frater Lynch. Estaf. Buenos Aires, Bol. Ac. Nac. Cord., vol. 7, 1884, p. 345. Argentina. germanus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 680. Guate- mala. hirtulus Fauvel. Rev. d’Ent., vol. 10, 1891, p. 92. Venezuela. hubbardi, new species, see p. 11. Jamaica, W. I. integer Sharp. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 384. Amazon. intermedius Erichson. Gen. Spec. Staph., 1840, p. 754. Colombia. laeviceps, new species, see p. 15. Porto Rico. laevicollis Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 294. Bolivia. laevigatulus Schubert. Deuts. Ent. Zeits., 1911, p. 4, Brazil. laevigatus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 679. (Guate- mala. laeviusculus Bernhauer. Beilage zur Zeits. fur wiss. Ins-biol., vol. Peeps 99(1920). Brazil: latimargo Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 294. Peru. latipes Gravenhorst. Mon. Col. Micr., 1806, p. 198. North America. manni, new species, see p. 19. Cuba. mexicanus Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 60, 1910, p. 360. Mexico. micros Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 682. Guatemala. minor, new species, see p. 14. Trinidad, W. I. morio, hew species, see p. 21. Mexico. mundus Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 432.. Mexico. neotropicus Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 295. Brazil. nitens Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 382. Amazon. oculatus Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 886. Amazon. opacifrons Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 680. Mexico. parcus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 680. Central America. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 parviceps, new species, see p. 12. Florida. parvulus Seriba. Stettin. Ent. Zeits., vol. 16, 1855, p. 300. Vene- zuela. peruvianus Bernhauer. Arch. Natg., 1908, p. 293. Peru. piceus Erichson. Gen. Spec. Staph., 1840, p. 755. Brazil. planifrons J. Iu. LeConte. Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 215. North America. politus J. L. LeConte. Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 95. Florida; puncticeps Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 678. Mexico. pygmaeus Castelnau. Etud. Ent., vol. 6, 1835, p. 130. Cayenne. rugipennis Bernhauer. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 60, 1910, p. 3861. Mexico. salvini Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 682. Guatemala. schwarzi, new species, see p. 13. Cuba. sexpunctatus Bernhauer. Ent. Blatt. Berlin, vol. 8, p. 168 (1912), Argentina. simplex Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 383. Amazon. solidus Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 384. Amazon. stipes Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. 382. Amazon. sublaevis Bernhauer. Beilage zur Zeits. wiss. Ins. -biol., vol. 2, p. 9. (1920). Paraguay. variolatus, new species, see p. 17. Arizona. vicinus Sharp. Biol. Centr.-Amer., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 678. Panama. O A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCHAETOUS ANNELID FROM URUGUAY, APHRODITA MAGNA A. L. TREADWELL, Of the Department of Zoology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. While engaged in the study of the fur-seal and other fisheries of Uruguay, Dr. Hugh M. Smith, former United States Commissioner of Fisheries, secured a large specimen of Aphrodita at Cape Polonia, on December 6, 1922. This specimen, sent me for determination by the authorities of the United States National Museum, proves to be a hitherto undescribed species. APHRODITA MAGNA, new species The holotype (Cat. No. 19124, United States National Museum) is 111 mm. long and 50 mm. in greatest width when measured to the tips of the parapodia and has approximately 40 somites. Dor- sally it is characterized by the unusual development of the large dark-brown and more or less iridescent setae which form a dense fringe along either side of the dorsum and extend to a distance of fully 25 mm. beyond the point of their emergence from the felt. From 10 to 15 of these large setae occur in each somite. The felty covering is very dense and tough, covering the dorsal surface in a band from 25 to 30 mm. wide, and filling all of the spaces between the large setae. The ventral surface has no very noticeable median furrow and has a granular appearance due to the presence of an immense number of globular or oval papille which are slightly darker in color than the general surface of the body. The prostomium (fig. 1) is roughly pear-shaped with the broader end anterior and the narrow portion continued posteriorly as a parallel-sided area which merges with the first somite. When first exposed by the removal of the dorsal felt a single pair of eyes could be seen on the side of the prostomium. After standing for some time in alcohol these became invisible. The cirrophore of the median No. 2584.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67,FART. 12. 27392—25 1: 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 tentacle is slightly constricted at the base and divided by a con- striction into a proximal and a distal portion, of which the former is the larger. The style is slender and is about one and one-half times the length of the prostomium. The facial caruncle is very large and the palps are unusually well developed. The first parapodium lies close to the prostomium and is about equal to it in length. The notopodium is darger than the neuro- podium and irregularly lobed. A slender dorsal cirrus arises from a heavy cirrophore situated a little below the dorsal margin. The neuropodium is two-lobed and carries a cirrus similar in form to the dorsal one with its cirrophore on the posterior face of the neuro- podium. A single acicula comes to the surface between the two lobes. The second parapodium is markedly different from the first yy Fies. 1 AND 2.—1, ANTERIOR BND X7.5. THE LARGE FACIAL ‘TUBERCLE IS SHOWN UNDDR THE MEDIAN THNTACLE. 2, FOURTH PARAPODIUM X2. 'THH ELYTRON IS BENT SO AS TO LIE PARALLEL WITH THE VERTICAL FACP OF THE PARAPODIUM and the two lobes are sharply separated from one another. The neuropodium is long and cylindrical, obliquely truncated at the end, and has a few dark-brown setae. The notopodium expands distally from a narrow base and carries the large milk-white smooth elytron. In the notopodium are a few of the dark-brown setae which extend dorsally through the felt, and a few slender ones. The fourth parapodium (fig. 2) has a long cylindrical notopodium like the second but longer. A slender ventral cirrus arises from a heavy cirrophore. The rounded notocirrus has at the apex a tuft of the slender setae and dorsally some of the heavy brown ones. The elytron (foreshortened in the drawing) is smooth, nearly circular in outline, and rather delicate. Later somites show an increase in the length of the parapodia, followed by a gradual decrease toward the posterior end of the body. There are 15 pairs of elytra. ART. 12 A NEW POLYCHAETOUS ANNELID—TREADWELL 3 The neuropodial setae differ from one another only in size and color and their arrangement is characteristic. At the anterior end of the dorsal margin of the obliquely truncated outer end of the neuropodium the colorless acicula comes to the surface. Posterior to this two large dark-brown setae protrude in such a fashion that they form with the acicula an equilateral triangle. Ventral to these is a horizontal row of not more than four similar but smaller setae, and ventral to these and parallel with them is a second row which may have as many as seven setae. These are more slender than the dorsal ones but in other respects are similar to them. The large dorsal setae resemble the ventral ones in form but are much larger. The smaller ones, which form a dense tuft at the apex of the notopodium, are slender and threadlike with sharp points. ag ce F : aa tI RWGY RIT LIS AS arvana O20 wane A (SE eae ev as aglectt ino! sedtous sae! ire roRib: ogden Lilbageriian ceil’? ao robreirta sult th. notensye weraso #/ Jasna sty se Ped eamiyatg loo ‘ hid “gilt, Lol Daa peak hoimiart vlortpitde: ad Tayararaie teatohaaty Ty ayeanianTD ‘onesie’ edb of esnroo eluoiog aashinked odd, coe bogporemps: — rqufzrt rs fone, ni shire sadsa eevee l ogiel owt anh od a of irdae’. sfyaaiidtesteliups an ahisheadi die atone erie oflemia titd, ralinus snot mph stone Joe, bys yom fet ropipbest (lai onert reas eer odt dive fallateq hur seeds of initue? hag” looted -iobeaioston oteieod Dh” 9kior to ke 2 Tee Oran TERE neds O9 pellet ie tap et NOC ri nddenay ‘tid AOTID (ret vestids nett ae Sete: fea tsteriedy old area 45 phe raed oteal od kis i MiG ocd ig errant er ot did duejnsie teller oD eres veto atadeidiize ef tibiewt) hes whale Fre sens thoaadonn malt Ae: = -— wottenosc4 | REVISION OF BUGS OF THE FAMILY CRYPTOSTEM- MATIDAE IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM By W. L. McAtes and J. R. Matiocu Of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture The present paper is based chiefly on specimens in the collection of the United States National Museum. We have, however, had the great advantage of a loan of material, including types, from the Zoological Museum at Helsingfors, Finland; for this we are greatly indebted to Dr. Richard Frey and to Dr. E. Bergroth. H. G. Barber also has kindly loaned a considerable number of specimens of the genus Ceratocombus. ‘This aid has enabled us to make the present paper practically a revision of the known American species. We adopt the family name Cryptostemmatidae based on that of the oldest genus; this course should satisfy also adherents of the so-called type-genus method of selecting family names as Cryptostemma pre- occupies Dipsocoris upon which the supposed oldest family name for the group was based. At least two other names also have been ap- plied to the family. Reuter used the name Ceratocombidae in his monograph of 1891 (see bibliography) and recognized two subfamilies. This latter policy we follow, though meanwhile these groups have been ranked as families by various authors, and Reuter, treating them so in 1910, made the assemblage one of the primary divisions in his system of the Heteroptera. The definition of this series which he called Trichotelocera in no way distinguishes these insects from certain Anthocoridae and Cimicidae. The more distinctive characters are not mentioned at all and the whole effort impresses us as very weak considering the high taxonomic rank given the assemblage. The Cryptostemmatinae agree in many particulars with some Anthocoridae? (Lyctocorinae), as in number of segments of tarsi, beak, and antennae, and in the slender- ness and pilosity of the apical two segments of latter, possession of ocelli, definite chaetotaxy of head and pronotum, bristly tibiae, and 1 Der Miriden, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 37, No. 3, 1910, p. 67. 2 This was noted by Haliday in 1855. No. 2585.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 1/3. 27513—25 1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 in having the costa thickened and provided with a fracture (forming what are called embolium and cuneus). Upon consideration it becomes apparent, however, that having characters in common does not necessarily imply relationship. The eternal question of taxonomy arises, as to whether characters are of phyletic significance or are mere parallelisms. The antennal and chaetotactic characters so similar in Cryptostemmatids and Lycto- corids may be only parallel adaptations in groups frequenting similar environments. On the other hand, the excessive development of the coxae in Cryptostemmatids which has resulted in great diminu- tion in size of the pleura and conceivably may have had to do with lack of metapleural ostioles, itself is an adaptive character in these jumping insects. However, when we note that the Schizopterids also have no ostioles (although their pleura are well developed) and agree with the Cryptostemmatids, not only in the more ordinary tarsal, rostral, and antennal details, but also in peculiar venational characters, we must conclude that the two groups, though dis- tinct, yet are more closely related to each other than to the remain- ing known Heteroptera. How high a rank they should be given in a general scheme of classification is a matter impossible to decide satisfactorily until the characters of all Heteroptera have been more closely scrutinized and evaluated. We content ourselves for the present, therefore, in say- ing that the more distinctive characters of the group are: absence of metapleural ostioles, possession of only 5 or 6 exposed ventral segments, and the characteristic texture and venation of the wings. The fore wings may be entirely coriaceous or entirely membranous but hardly ever are so differentiated in texture that a definite mem- brane can be recognized. The definite venation of the basal part of the fore wings, and the extension of one or two longitudinal veins entirely to the apical margin, are distinctive. The hind wings have more or less incised margins, simple longitudinal veins, and so far as observed no cross veins (figs. 5-7, 47). The less significant charac- ters of antennae, beak, and tarsi, already mentioned, in connection with the small size of the insects, are useful for ordinary recogni- tion of the group. KBY TO THE SUBFAMILIES 1. Propleurum normal to reduced in size, never swollen anteriorly below eyes; coxae greatly developed, occupying pleural spaces so that only the pro- plerum is near normal size, metapleurum almost suppressed; anterior width of scutellum over one-half that of hind margin of pronotum; costa of fore wing with a definite fracture in macropterous forms; vein along hind margin of clavus crossing clavus obliquely some distance before apex; one or two free veins in apex of wing of macropterous forms (figs. 1-4, 8-9) ; head usually more porrect and less deeply set into the ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 3 thorax, than in the contrasted group, eyes projecting laterally, scarcely overlapping anterior angles of pronotum; head and tibiae usually with strong bristles; hypopygium of male with two or three pairs of distinct clasping organs (fig. 12); abdomen of female in Ceratocombus not depressed, the apical tergite almost vertical, with a small round opening near its lower margin which is always visible from behind; in Cryptos- temma the abdomen of female is as in Schizopterinae__Cryptostemmatinae. Propleurum in most cases much swollen and extending forward as far as or farther than anterior margin of eye (figs. 16-19) ; coxae usually less developed; scutellum small, its anterior width not over one-third as great as hind margin of pronotum; costa of fore wing without fracture; vein along hind margin of clavus strictly marginal, not crossing clavus before apex; three free veins in apex of wing of macropterous forms (various figures on pl. 3) ; head usually more transverse and more deeply set into the thorax, the eyes projecting laterally and posteriorly, over- lapping anterior angles of pronotum; head and tibiae usually without strong bristles (figures on pl. 2) ; hypopygium of male without noticeable paired clasping organs, but with a long coiled hairspring-like attachment which lies on dorsum of abdomen and is not visible from below (figs. 83-84), the apical tergite assymmetrical and frequently furnished with processes on left side (figures on pl. 4); abdomen of female always. depressed, apical sternite uncleft, anal opening at apex on dorsum. Schizopterinae. Subfamily CRYPTOSTEMMATINAE A number of general characters of the subfamily are mentioned in the introduction and in the key to subfamilies and we may add that these insects are notable for their vestiture, being clothed above with a very fine pilosity, with longer hairs on wing veins and costal margin, the hairs on or near margins of thorax also are longer, certain of them sometimes being developed as bristles, the head with paired bristles, of which one between back part of eyes, and about three from lower margins of eyes to clypeus appear to be present in all the species (some have several more especially on base of beak); the antennae are long-haired throughout (fig. 10). The under surface also is copiously pilose, the sides of abdominal seg- ments, especially posteriorly, with longer hairs, and the tibiae are bristly. The male genitalia (described in keys to subfamilies and genera) are remarkable. There is little range of color in the family and the species, whatever shade of the characteristic family colora- tion they exhibit, are mostly very uniformly colored throughout. KEY TO THE GENERA 1. Fore wing with a break about middle of costa in macropterous forms which does not extend to disk, the venation as in figures 1-4; second segment of antenna three or more times as long as first (fig. 10); apical tergite of abdomen in females large, covering the apex of abdomen, with a small round anal opening above its lower margin, apical sternite large in same sex, generally occupying about half of venter, the ovipositor retractile, the sheaths with distinct teeth; genitalia of male with pairs of symmetri- 7 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 eal clasping organs, the basal pair large, emanating from lateral margins of the segment in front of base of the hypopygium proper (fig. 12). Ceratocombus Signoret. Fore wing with a distinet fracture about middle which extends midway across disk, the venation as in figures 8-9; second segment of antenna more than twice as long as first; apical tergite of abdomen in female not noticeably enlarged; apical sternite in Same sex not nearly half the length of venter; hypopygium of male with similar claspers but apparently only on one (the left) side in the single specimen examined (fig. 14). Cryptostemma Herrich-Schiiffer. Genus CERATOCOMBUS Signoret Ceratocombus StcNoreT, V, Ann. Soe. Ent. France, ser. 2, vol. 10, 1852, p. 542, pl 16, fig 83 [Monobasic, proposed at end of description of Astemma mulsanti, new species, pp. 541-2, France] This species is a synonym of Anthocoris coleoptratus Zetterstedt, hence that species is the genotype. Lichenobia v. BAERENSPRUNG, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 1. 1857, pp. 165- 167 [Monobasiec, L. ferruginea, new species, genotype, Germany]. The genotype is Synonymous with Ceratocombus coleoptratus genotype of that genus, hence the name is an exact synonym of Ceratocombus. Reuter (Monograph, 1891) divides the genus Ceratocombus into four subgenera, as follows: Leptonannus, new subgenus, p. 5 [Monobasic, type species C. (L.) biguttulus, new species, Africa, p. 5, fig. 1]. Trichotonannus, new subgenus, pp. 5-6 [Monobasic, type species C'. (T.) setulosus, new species, Nangkovri, pp. 5-6, fig. 2]. Ceratocombus (Signoret), p. 6, type species as in generic reference. AX ylonannus, new subgenus p. 8, [included species, two: C. (X.) corticalis Reuter, Finland, pp. 8-9, fig. 5, and C. (X.) boliviensis, Bolivia, p. 9, of which the former was designated as type by Oshanin in 1912]. Poppius has added (715, p. 77) the subgenus 7agalonannus, type species C. (7.) coloratus, new species [Philippines]. Three subgenera are represented in the American material before us, and we identify them as Ceratocombus, Leptonannus, and Xylonannus. We have seen both of the species, namely, coleoptratus Zetterstedt and brasiliensis Reuter, that Reuter included in the typical subgenus. (. latipennis Uhler and C. minutus Uhler have the same venation of the forewings as figured by Reuter for the type species of Leptonannus and belong here, we believe, although the hind wings are bilobate instead of trilobate as described and figured for the subgenotype. Xylonannus has a good venational distinction and we assign to this subgenus four of the species in our material. No representatives of the other subgenera have been examined. We do not overlook Reuter’s proposal * that Leptonannus be given full generic rank, but we do not accept it. 3 Hemipterologische Miscellen, Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh., vol. 54, p. 65, 1912. ART, 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS——-McATEE AND MALLOCH 5 KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Species with a broad cream-colored fascia * occupying basal third of fore- wings; remainder of dorsum brownish-black____________ fasciatus Uhler. Speclesrcoloredmomlenwise.- tif St a eee 2 2. Forewing with a small closed triangular cell exterior to apex of clavus (figs. 3-4); a bristle behind eye and two on lateral margin of PROTO RUT emcee eee eae Se ee ee Se ee ee ae 3 Forewing lacking the small closed cell (figs. 1-2); no bristle behind eye nor on lateral margin of pronotum (Subgenus Xylonannus Reuter)_-_ 6 8. Two veins emanating from discal cell of forewing (Subgenus Ceratocom- FSS eT) OC Ue) ans (O11 eA) teeter era ee Ee as Pee ee ON eek eee 4 Only one vein emanating from discal cell of forewing (Subgenus FED LONGTUMUSOENCULETA)) oy Cir rey ieeee © eee ee eh ee a 8 4. Forewings glassy in texture, fumose hyaline, the veins opaque, narrowly dusikxyamanrcined 2-5 9. = Ne ee ee areolatus, new species, Forewings not glassy in texture, more opaque, yellowish brown to fus- COUS PaleLeing pa LesOty Che GO Susie™ meen ears eee ee was ee ee eee ee ay Healers thse) rane ON ek a ee SAE brasiliensis Reuter. ETS RIAA Serva a ook ee ae i ee hesperus, new species. 6. Length 2 mm. or more; discal cell of forewing nearly parallel-sided (fig. 1). major, new species. Length less than 2 mm.; discal cell of forewing not parallel-sided ((SSER,, 97.})) enc RON SES, Mk ee Apa tl: Whe PR NPA Rar AIDS Re OED ye AE aN aE Oe Nee IN ANS 7 First apical cell smaller than second; forewing slightly lustrous, outer third and clavus denser in texture than remainder, the wedge-shaped area I between paler fed ce A a cuneatus, new species. First apical cell larger than second (fig. 2), forewing highly shining, with- out a percurrent wedge-shaped paler portion________ vagans, new species. 8. Second rostral segment with at most three pairs of fine dorsal hairs which aretat least as: long Vas its) diameteri Sie oe a minutus Uhler. Second rostral segment with six or more pairs of fine dorsal hairs which AReWNOt As LON SSA's sl tS eGIaINe ce ee oe eee latipennis Ubler. CERATOCOMBUS FASCTIATUS Uhler Cryptostemma fasciatum UHLER, P. R., Proe. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1894 (March 6), p. 197 [Grenada]. Dipsocoris fasciatus LrtTHierrRy L., and SEVERIN, G., Cat. Gen. Hemip., vol. 8, 1896, p. 2382. We have two brachypterous females of this species, one a paratype. On account of the leathery texture of the wings it is difficult to trace the venation, but there are evidently two veins emanating from the discal cell, and from the distribution of the longer hairs, a small cell at inner angle of corium is indicated. In one specimen there is a distinct bristle near anterior angle of pronotum, indicating the proba- bility that this species belongs to the subgenus Ceratocombus. The broad cream-colored band across bases of fore wings readily dis- tinguishes this from any other described species. Length, 1 mm. One specimen from Grenada, and one from St. Vincent, H. H. Smith. *We use this color character to key C. fasciatus because the venational characters are so difficult to make out; as we have seen them, however, they indicate that this species is referable to the typical subgenus. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 CERATOCOMBUS (CERATOCOMBUS) AREOLATUS, new species Head, pronotum, and scutellum castaneous, the fore wing with a pale streak traversing the clavus, the costa and veins dark, and areoles pale as described in key; body color beneath paler than above, legs testaceous. Venation of fore wing as in figure 4. Length, 1.75 mm. Holotype-—¥emale, Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 20, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber; paratypes, both sexes, Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, May 13, 15, 1908, F. Knab. Cat. No. 27569, U.S.N.M. CERATOCOMBUS AREOLATUS, var. ACCOLA, new variety Differs from the foregoing, so far as we can be certain, only by more uniform coloration of the fore wings; the general body color in most specimens also is paler. Length, 1.25-1.75 mm. Holotype-—Female, Grenada, H. H. Smith; also two males with same data. Cat. No. 27570, U.S.N.M. CERATOCOMBUS (CERATOCOMBUS) BRASILIENSIS Reuter Ceratocombus (C.) brasiliensis Reuter, Monograph, 1891, p. 7, fig 3 [Bahia]. We have examined a specimen from La Moka, labelled Spec. typ. No. 3429, Mus. Zool. Helsingfers by Poppius. The preceding spe- cies areolatus, while closely related, is easily distinguished by the characters given in the key. The West Indian records of brasiliensis refer to the species subsequently described under the name major, and the New Mexican record of the same species to latipennis Uhler. CERATOCOMBUS (CERATOCOMBUS) HESPERUS, new species Head and thorax castaneous; fore wings a little paler, shining; lower surface yellowish-brown, the apex of abdomen dusky. Other characters as noted in key. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype-—Female, paratype female, and a damaged specimen (female), Palm Springs, Calif., 7.2, H. G. Hubbard. All brachyp- terous. Cat. No. 27571, U.S.N.M. CERATOCOMBUS (XYLONANNUS) MAJOR, new species Varies in body color from pale to dark castaneous, the fore wings with the veins varying from fulvous to almost black and the mem- pranous parts from yellowish fumose to dusky, in the latter case, however, a large, more translucent, spot remains at apex of corium; antennae and legs stramineous. In keeping with its size, this really robust species, for the family, has all the bristles strong and readily seen. All the specimens we have examined are macropterous and ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH a exhibit characters that seem clearly associated with this condition, namely, pronotum being much wider behind than in front, and the apical constriction well developed so that there is a distinct collum. Eyes distinctly higher than wide, broadly emarginate behind; in all others of the genus seen the eyes are nearly round; clasper of male as in figure 13; venation of fore wing as in figure 1; hind wing as in figure 5. Length, 2-2.25 mm. Sixteen specimens from Grenada and St. Vincent, West Indies (H. H. Smith), of which a male from the former island is selected as holotype. Cat. No. 27572, U.S. N. M. The description of Ceratocombus bifenestratus Poppius® applies very well to the preceding species, but Poppius compares his species with (. brasiliensis Reuter and assigns it to Ceratocombus (s. s.), so we assume it has the small closed cell in corium just exterior to apex of clavus (as figured for brasiliensis) which is lacking in C. major. In Ceratocombus (s. s.) the species seems nearer to brasiliensis than to any other included in our key. CERATOCOMBUS (XYLONANNUS) CUNEATUS, new species General color above fuscous, lustrous in reflected light as usual in the genus, a pale spot in forewing near costal fracture; the vein which separates the two apical cells is present in each elytron, although difficult to see, and that in the left tegmen is forked. The legs are yellowish-brown and copiously bristly. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype——Male, Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil. (Mus. Helsingfors. ) CERATOCOMBUS (XYLONANNUS) VAGANS, new species Color of head, pronotum, and scutellum pale chocolate brown to castaneous, of forewings uniform drab to pale brown; antennae and legs stramineous. Even in macropterous forms the apical constric- tion of pronotum is broadly interrupted in the middle; an impressed line parallels hind margin of pronotum and there is a pair of well separated foveae on disk just behind middle; usually a median longitudinal impressed line is visible on pronotum, and sometimes a similar but fainter canaliculation on scutellum. Claspers of male as in figures 11-12; venation of forewing as in figure 2; hind wing, figure 7. Length, 0.75-1.75 mm. Holotype——A. macropterous male, Glen Echo, Md., sifted from fallen leaves, September 3, 1922, J. R. Malloch; allotype and num- erous paratypes of both sexes, as well as nymphs with the same data; other paratypes: Glen Echo, Md., July 12, 1922, J. R. Malloch, a single female, which was captured while biting the collector; Plum- mer Island, Md., August 10, 1902, August 29, 1905, September 15, 5 Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Firh., vol. 52, 1909-1910, Afd. A, no. 1, pp. 1-2 [Guadeloupe]. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 1907, October 22, 1905, and a few other dates, E. A. Schwarz, H. S. Barber, O. Heidemann; Hyattsville, Md., September 18, 1913, Paint Branch, two miles west of Beltsville, Md., July 30, 1922; Washing- ton, D. C., issued April 5, 15, 1918, from rotten pine wood collected at Piney Branch; Timm’s Hammock, Dade County, Fla., February 24, 1919, H. S. Barber; Porto Bello, Panama, February 238, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; Paint Branch, Md., same data as above, Vienna, Va., August 17, 1922, H. G. Barber; Keene Valley, N. Y., June 29, 1917, H. Notman. The name Ceratocombus niger Uhler*® may possibly have been applied to specimens of this widely distributed species. However, the holotype of C. niger is lost, and the other specimen mentioned in connection with the original description as “somewhat distorted ” is in too poor condition for identification. It is possible also that the name Ceratocombus panamensis Champion‘? applies, a matter which can not be decided definitely without study of the type of that species. Holotype, allotype and paratype.—Cat. No. 27573, U.S.N.M. CERATOCOMBUS (LEPTONANNUS) MINUTUS Uhler Ceratocombus minutus Unter, P. R., Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1894 (March 6), pp. 196-197 [Grenada]. Uhler compared this species with brasiliensis Reuter in his orig- inal description but the species he had under that name is our major. His mnutus is much more closely related to latipennis Uhler, and in venation, both agree well with the figure of the forewing of Leptonannus biguttulus Reuter, an African species. Uhler’s two species are very similar in structure but may be separated by the difference in hairs on the dorsal surface of the second rostral seg- ment as pointed out in the key. The ocelli in minutus are noticeably larger than in latipennis, and in fully winged specimens the vein emanating from apex of the discal cell of forewing is much shorter than the vein forming the upper margin of that cell while in latipennis it is of nearly the same length. In the original descrip- tion Uhler gives the color as dull black but the numerous specimens before us from the type series are of various shades of castaneous; this would seem to indicate fading. Length, 1.5-1.75 mm. Specimens examined: Balthazar, Grenada, St. Vincent, H. H. Smith; Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 11, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. In connection with the original description it is stated that the specimens were collected from April to September. 6 Uhler, P. R., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, 1904, pp. 361-362 [Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico]. 7 Biol. Centrali-Amer. Insecta. Rhynchota Heteroptera, vol. 2, p. 336, April, 1900., [Panama]. ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 9 CERATOCOMBUS (LEPTONANNUS) LATIPENNIS Uhler Ceratocombus latipennis Unirr, P. R., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, 1904, p. 362. [New Mexico]. There are before us four specimens of this species. The type male is in fair condition, lacking the antennae and some of the legs; the allotype is without head, and the wings on one side. A female from the same locality identified as brasiliensis Reuter by Uhler, is in fair condition, and, like the allotype, is brachypterous. The type is macropterous “afta has the venation of the forewing as in figure 3. In this species also fading is evident. Uhler gives the body color as black, with the hemelytra testaceous; the type now is chocolate brown, with the fore wing stramineous. Length, 1.5 mm. Four specimens (all damaged) from Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico, August 8, 18, 17, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Genus CRYPTOSTEMMA Herrich-Schaffer Cryptostemma HerricH-ScHAFrrer, G. A. W., in the continuation of Panzer, G. W. F., Faunae Insectorum Germanicae oder Deutschlands Insecten, No. 135, p. 11, 1835. [Monobasic, genotype C. alienum, new species, Germany.] We have been unable to verify this reference, but Dr. E. Bergroth confirms the date; Haliday thus was mistaken about the name being preoccupied by Cryptostemma Guerin (Arachnida) which was published in 1888. Dipsocoris Hauipay, A. H., Nat. Hist. Review, vol. 2, 1855, Proc. Soc. p. 61, pl. 2, fig. 3. [Monobasic, genotype, Cryptostemma alienum Herrich- Schiffer, Germany]. We have before us the genotype of Cryptostemma,; the minute closed cell at the base of the discal cell of fore wing shown in our figure (9), is present in the genotype, though not indicated in Reuter’s figure of that species. The beak is shorter and stouter in all the known species of this genus than it is in Ceratocombus. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Discal and apical cells of fore wing Separated by a longitudinal vein, that is, the apical cell pedunculate (fig. 8)____pedunculatum, new species. Discal and apical cells of fore wing separated by a transverse vein, that is, thera pica: Cellasegsilew (fie O))) aera a ee Pas 2. Second antennal segment distinctly less than twice as long as first; smaller SPCCLES peluc IIs sine) CN Ghee ae ee oe Se ee smithi, new species. Second antennal segment fully twice as long as first; larger species, 1.25-1.5 pied apie taal CoN okey od ogee ek tk OL 92 Oe a Ee eee eat uhleri, new species. CRYPTOSTEMMA PEDUNCULATUM, new species Head and thorax glistening lutescent, antennae and legs stramin- eous, fore wing dusky fumose, the surface polished and the long hairs on veins glistening. Venation of fore wing as in figure 8; left claspers of male as in figure 14. Length, 1 mm. 27513—25 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Holotype.—Bohio, Canal Zone, Feb. 7, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27574, U.S.N.M. CRYPTOSTEMMA SMITHI, new species Body color rubiginous, fore wings dusky with lustrous surface and pubescence as in the other species. Length, 1 mm. Holotype and one paratype—Females, Grenada, H. H. Smith. Cat. No. 27575, U.S.N.M. Named for the collector, an assiduous field entomologist who brought to ight many rare and interesting insects. CRYPTOSTEMMA UHLERI, new species General color lustrous lutescent to testaceous, fore wings slightly fumose to dusky. Venation of fore wing as in figure 9; hind wing as in figure 6. Length, 1.25-1.5 mm. Holotype.—Kemale, Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 11, 1908, A. Fenyes; paratype, female, St. Vincent Island. (Uhler Coll.) Named for Dr. P. R. Uhler, who did so much indispensable pioneer study of American Hemiptera. Cat. No. 27576, U.S.N.M. Subfamily SCHIZOPTERINAE The vestitute in this subfamily is much as in the Cryptostemma- tinae except for the usual lack of distinct bristles. The genitalia have different, but no less notable characters; these are mentioned further in the keys and also are figured. Contrasting markings are more prevalent than in the other subfamily but so far as seen practically only gradations of black and white (sometimes cream) are present. These minute insects have a wealth of structural characters and the prospects are that study of additional material will greatly increase the number of genera and species. Some of the characters do not seem to have the same significance attached to them in other families of Heteroptera. For instance ocelli may be present or absent in the same genus irrespective of whether the specimens are macropterous or not. The position of the head in most of the genera is decumbent, much as it is in Homoptera, but in one genus (Nannocoris) it is porrect; this is but one of the numerous inter- gradations between this subfamily and the Cryptostemmatinae. KEY TO THE GHNERA 1. Propleurum not conspicuously swollen anteriorly, falling considerably short of attaining anterior margin of eyes in profile (fig. 15) ; venation of fore- Wine aSstin, Hore: 4432 ets ee eee Ceratocomboides, new genus. Propleurum conspicuously swollen anteriorly, attaining or surpassing an- terior margin of eyes’ (figs: 216-19) See ee ee ee 2 art. 18 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 11 2. 3. Metapleurum produced in the form of a prominent sharp spike at inner posterior angle (fig. 18) ; first costal cell of forewing larger than second, the vein bounding apical margin of latter joining costa almost at a right Een are Fey (hake CRS) Pcs nee og 2 el ae een age ep TE Schizoptera Fieber. Metapleurum may be more or less produced but never with a pronounced spike at inner posterior angle; first costal cell in wings of normal shape, equal to or smaller than second, the vein bounding apical margin of latter join: costa: obliquely (figs. 52=58)\2o2 18. 2 tiie as a 3 Forewings but slightly or not at all convex, not entirely heavily coriaceous, normally formed, or the costal margin very conspicuously explanate (figs. 52-53, 55-56) ; .claval suture present__..-_..___-._____-__ 4 Forewings strongly convex, entirely coriaceous, with sometimes a very narrow thinner strip along inner apical margin; claval suture obsolete or almost indistinguishable; habitus beetle-like; tibiae with much stronger setulaesthansin contrasted sroup tee serie er he ee Dee ed (5 Pronotum without a transverse impressed line near anterior margin; first and second costal cells about equal in length, separated by a short straight vein at right angles to costal vein (figs. 53, 55). (See also notes on ORCCEOLESMUSNTE CTs] pi oa) ee ee ee ee ene I aD 5 Pronotum with a very distinct transverse impressed line near anterior mar- gin; first and second costal cells measured along costa very unequal AMBLER STNG USS ano) aii O)) cect ae ee le Eo ee 2 eee 6 Pronotum not at all produced backward, scutellum exposed Corixidea Reuter. Pronotum angularly produced in center posteriorly so as to conceal the scutellum (e320) Lu Membracioides, new genus. . Costal margin of forewing remarkably explanate, viewed from below the explanate portion is over half as wide as venter of abdomen, habitus as in figure 21; first costal cell of wing much shorter than second, separated from it by a straight vein which joins costa at a right angle (fig. 52) ; head depressed in front as usual in the family_____ Tropistotrochus Reuter. Costal margin of fore wing more or less reflexed but not explanate; first and second costal cells of wing about equal in area but the separating vein is oblique so that the first cell is longer along hind margin of costal vein than is the second (fig. 56); head more or less conically produced (Gi SH 22225) pe teen I ee Se oan er ee ete Nannocoris Reuter. Eye small to medium in size, its width distinctly less than interocular space, overlapping not more than a third of lateral pronotal margin; Tenlexeds COStajPerCULGEM baa ee oe he i 8 Hye large, as wide as interocular space, overlapping two-thirds of lateral pronotal margin; reflexed portion of costa evanescent before middle O fe LOLS WAT Gene eee Dee BY, EPEC ER Te TEL ESET A Ee 5 9 Pronotum without a transverse impressed line near anterior margin; venation obvious; eye about one half as wide as interocular space (fig. 2) rented ee eats, AN eee TS a Hoplonannus, new genus. Pronotum with a transverse impressed line near anterior margin, forewing entirely closely reticulate, venation almost obsolete; eye about one-third as wide as interocular space (fig. 27)______________ Ptenidiophyes Reuter. . Venation traceable; forewing with a depressed area bordering entire su- tural margin; that is fitted for overlapping. (fig. 28) (See also notes under OnimatidessWhler p30) pe Glyptocombus Heidemann. Forewing closely punctured throughout, venation obsolete, without depressed area along sutural margin, the latter nearly straight (fig. 30) Hypselosoma Reuter. EY PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 CERATOCOMBOIDES, new genus Tis genus is distinctly intermediate between the Cryptostemma- tinae and the bulk of the Schizopterinae. However, it is more strongly allied to the latter group by the shape of head, lack of costal fracture, and by the venation. The latter is much as in macropterous species of the genus Schizoptera (fig. 44), but the veins are about equally, though moderately, elevated throughout, the radius being no more conspicuously raised than the others. The pronotum has a distinct impressed line near anterior margin; the eyes are higher than long (fig. 15); and ocelli are present. The abdomen of male has 6 visible ventral segments. Genoty pe-—Ceratocomboides prima. CERATOCOMBOIDES PRIMA, new species Male—yYellowish-brown, slightly shining, the legs stramineous. Dorsum of head, pronotum, and veins of corium with pale decumbent hairs. Space between eyes at vertex about 3 times as wide as either eye; head broadly rounded in front when seen from above; ocelli rather large; head and thorax from side as in figure 15. Impressed transverse line on pronotum slightly convex posteriorly ; hind margin of pronotum a little concave; apex of scutellum somewhat produced but not visibly notched; thorax more depressed than in other genera, the pleura nearly horizontal. Hypopygium with a long curled proc- ess as in Schizoptera, but the hypopygium is clearly visible from below; 5th sternite longer than hypopygium. Venation of forewing as in ene 44, Nene tn 0.75 mm. ecg i —Porto Bello, Panama, March 11, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Jat. No. 27577, U.S.N.M. Genus SCHIZOPTERA Fieber Schizoptera FreBer, FP. X., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 4, no. 9, Sept., 1860, pp. 268-269. [Monobasiec, 8S. cicadina, new species, Venezuela, p. 272.] Reuter divided the genus Schizoptera into three subgenera,’ later ® proposing generic rank for one of them, Cortxwidea. We treat 9 all of his segregates as genera and further subdivide the genus Schizoptera, as thus restricted, into seven subgenera as indicated in the following key. KEY TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES 1. Pronotum without a transverse impressed line near anterior margin; suture between pronotum and propleurum running almost straight backward to hind margin, not obliquely from lower hind margin of eye to humerus, hind margin of propleurum without a short angular projection above near 8 Monograph, 1891, pp. 17-18. ® Hemip. Miscell., 1912, pp. 65-66. ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS 10. ae McATEE AND MALLOCH 13 suture (fig. 18); ocelli present; some of the lateral cephalic hairs very long. Subgenus Orthorhagus, new subgenus, subgenotype, S. plana, new rs} OLSXON Ce} Saige Lo Se a SSP a ee fey ERED ESE ee Se plana, new species, Pronotum with a distinct curved or subangular transverse impressed line NEAT ANCeROmpNaArein a(Tes|fo4s oo) Le =e ee ee ee 2 Suture between pronotum and propleurum as in Orthorhagus (last sec- tion), but the propleurum with an angular process or projection near SHEMIREHOnEMtS abinds Maran: Cie yd16) 2. es Se ee a 2 Suture between pronotum and propleurum running obliquely from behind lower margin of eye to humerus, propleurum without a process on its hindimarsinineanlsutuTnet( figs 17s) Siete haa ey 10 Ocelli present; scutellum spatulate apically (fig. 41). Subgenus Kophaegis, new subgenus, subgenotype S. cubensis, new species________________ 9 Ocelli lacking; scutellum not spatulate apically. Subgenus Odontorhagus, new subgenus, subgenotype S. bipartita, new species_______________ 4 Hairs on pronotum erect and quite conspicuous, especially anteriorly, equaling or exceeding in length the second antennal segment, those on veins of corium much longer than the height of the veins above field of wing: fifth abdominal segment of male as in figure 60; membrane of fore wing brown from second apical vein to costa, cream-colored from second apical vein to hind margin___~..___+__-____ bipartita, new species. Hairs on pronotum depressed, much shorter than second antennal segment, those on veins of corium not longer than height of veins above field of wing; membrane of fore wing not bipartite in color as above_______ 5 A large fuscous spot covering apical half of membrane of fore wing, its proximal outline rounded; femora darker than tibiae; fifth sternite OL MmMalevashinl Mou eh Gilles sae ee oe repetita, new species. Membrane of fore wing without a large fuscous apical spot; femora not darkerythanytibige. 228 2 eet ee 2s te be ek aed he eee 6 Space between eyes on vertex as wide as or wider than one eye________ 7 Space between eyes on vertex not as wide as one eye_________________ S Fifth sternite of male with a large thumblike process on left side at AUSSry (HSI G2) teeta Es eebet ee Re eae as eee dy tes clodius, new species. Fifth sternite of male without process (fig. 63) ~~ -______ decius, new species. Fifth sternite of male with a long sharp process at base (fig. 64) commodus, new species. Fifth sternite of male with a short obtuse process at base (fig. 65) drusus, new species. The black color of fore wing not continued along costa beyond outer transverse vein between radius and costa (fig. 45) ; legs entirely yellow cubensis, new species. The black color of fore wing continued in a wedge-shaped mark along costa beyond outer transverse vein; coxae and femora largely dark brown similis, new species. OCeliBaAwWSe wih a hw Ne pee, eee ay ae ete ee ee 1k Ocelliggpr CSc ees sets = SE ee Ny sia aS A oe wd ee Se 2 16 Fore wings not highly convex, the apical part membranous; outer two veins of membrane fusing about a third of their length from apex of wing (fig. 46) ; metapleurum without cross ridge, fifth sternite of male as in figure 67. Subgenus Zygophleps, new subgenus, subgenotype, S. unica, NEWS DECIOG ate Me RR ed he Rs ee eh unica, new species. Fore wings entirely coriaceous and highly convex, metapleurum with cross ridge (fig. 36). Subgenus Cantharocoris, new subgenus, subgenotype, SECU LCT TNC Weis DCClES ae wees ere ad oe ee 12 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 12. Pronotum and fore wings with dense fine erect hairs which exceed in length the second antennal segment, those on forewings on entire surface; cross ridge of metapleurum near middle___________ reuteri, new species. Pronotum and fore wings with short inconspicuous hairs which are much shorter than second antennal segment, those on fore wings confined to veins; cross ridge of metapleurum near lateral margin (fig. 36)___ 18 13. Veins of fore wing only slightly raised, radius distinctly elevated only at base; clavus outlined by rather deep and slightly irregular impressed lines; no closed cells evident; apical sternite of female as in figure 66 scymnus, new species. Veins of fore wing distinctly elevated, or at least the radius moderately or conspicuously ‘so: ‘for its) entire lengtht So. seen he ee ee 14 14. Clavus short, its sutural margin only about twice as long as scutellum; a well-marked closed cell beyond apex of clavus (fig. 50) elmis, new species. Clavus long, its sutural margin more than three times as long as scutel- lum’;"elosed cell eitherindistinet or absent. 220 aes ae ae ee 15 15. A distinct cross vein in fore wing near apex of clavus, that is closed cell Indicated: (he Hy) s Ae ee eee Ree ey ae pitt ESTE ae uhleri, new species No cross vein in fore wing near apex of clavus_____________ reitteri Reuter. 16. Metapleurum with a feeble, and only slightly curved cross ridge or none (fig. 37) (Subgenus Schizoptera, subgenotype NS. cicadina Vieber)____ 17 Metapleurum with a distinctly elevated, strongly curved cross ridge, par- alleled laterally and posteriorly by an impressed line (fig. 39) (Subgenus Lophopleurum, new subgenus, subgenotype SN. suleata, new species)__ 28 V7. (Metapleurum! lacking "cross: ridge® (figs (37) a2 eae = es eee 18 Metapleurum with a cross ridge (in some cases the light must be at a certain angle to reveal it), the inner portion of the sclerite some- times*elevated 2022 es hha es eS A ee 23 18. Pronotum with an areolate appearance (under magnification) like pebbled leather, the areoles (more reflecting than lines between them) fully equal in diameter to third antennal segment; hairs on pronotum long and erect, at least as long as second antennal segment, the cell between costa and radius with hairs and areolation on almost its entire surface; fifth sternite of male asin figure 68______________ reticulata, new species. Pronotum mottarcolatel as in) lastispeciess) 22 eine ee 19 19. Hairs on upper part of frons and anteriorly on pronotum erect, and like those on corium about as long as second antennal segment; fifth sternite of male as an’ eure’ GOes se ee ee eee eee hirta, new species. Hairs on upper part of frons and on pronotum more decumbent, and like those on corium much shorter than second antennal segment____—~ 20 20. Fifth sternite of male about as long as remainder of abdomen, acutely pointed posteriorly) (ig: 10) ee eee caudata, new species. Fifth sternite of male much shorter than remainder of abdomen______ 21 21. Femora dark, corium entirely dark, base of membrane broadly darkened ; fifth sternite of male as in figure 71_______-_______ mexicana, new species. Femora pale, corium with pale edgings, base of membrane narrowly darkened itt) fn teh Gs END EM 2A APOE Sd eT AS EEL 22 22. Eye less than half as wide as vertex; fifth sternite of male as in figure 72 paraguayana, new species. Eye more than half as wide as vertex; fifth sternite of male as in figure 73 affinis Poppius. ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 15 23. Hairs on pronotum and corium erect and long, most of them longer than second antennal segment, the cell between radius and costa nearly all haired; fifth sternite of male with a compressed chitinized process which isedinectedehackward) (gi (4) eis ee pilosa, new species. Hairs on pronotum and corium much less conspicuous than in last species, decumbent, their length not equal to that of second antennal segment ; fit hySkeLniterotemaleyn otras, AbOVe=.— 2-5) a ee 24 24. Coxae and femora almost entirely black; cross ridge of metapleurum nearer ouLerathan inner margin ‘of the sclerite 22) {2.2222 25 Coxaesandsremoraryellowaeens sa oo oe a eee ee 26 25. Anterior cross vein almost at apex of discal cell, usually close to posterior cross vein; scutellum with two depressed shining spots: fifth sternite OMAN ALS LASWINI BIOS Mio ee ee a es A apicalis Reuter. Antericr cross vein at about one-third from apex of discal cell, well separated from posterior cross vein; scutellum without depressions; fifth sternite Of smMaler;aAssiNeneuren(Ote= sees awe ee eS ee nigrita, new species. 26. Apex of membrane of forewing with a large fuscous spot; fifth sternite OMMALG ASH NENOULC Gen eee ee ee apicipunctata, new species. Apex of membrane of forewing without a fuscous spot________________ PA 27. Fifth sternite of male as in figure 78_________________ vitellius, new species. Hitthysternite of male asin feure’ (OL 222 wee ee licinius, new species. 28. Fifth sternite of male with one short backwardly directed process near TpPexconPMlefi side rGh StS!) ee ew cass AA AN eRe suleata, new species. Fifth sternite of male with two processes on left side________________ 29 29. Hind process on side of fifth sternite of male directed backward (fig. 81). bispina, new species. Hind process on side of fifth sternite of male directed to the side (fig. 82). tenuispina, new species. SCHIZOPTERA (ORTHORHAGUS) PLANA, new species Male——Opaque brownish black, the legs but little paler; membrane of forewing largely cream colored, narrowly blackish at base and fuscous at apex (fig. 49). Eye nearly half as wide as interocular space; two long erect fine hairs on each side of face close to eyes and anterior to ocelli, the other frontal hairs rather long, but decumbent and like those on pronotum and veins of corium, with golden reflec- tions; pronotum slightly narrowed anteriorly, humeri convex; pleura as in figure 18; hind margin of pronotum convex each side of the middle, the sides meeting in a shallowly angulate emargination; scutellum tumid, with no evident preapical notches; metapleurum reticulate and dull except on extreme inner margin; venation of fore- wing as in figure 49; fifth sternite as in figure 59. Length, 1 mm. Holotype.—Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 11, K. A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber. Cat. No. 27578, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) BIPARTITA, new species Male.—¥ uscous, paler below; legs stramineous, membrane from second vein to hind margin much paler than anterior half. Eye about as wide as interocular space. Frons, pronotum, and wing veins 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 with erect hairs which are much longer than usual, many of them equal to or exceeding length of second antennal segment. ‘Transverse impressed line on pronotum deep, curved, its distance from anterior margin at middle nearly as great as length of eye as seen from above. Pronotum shallowly emarginate in front of base of scutellum, the latter with subapical notches; metapleurum of about same texture throughout, reticulate but moderately shining; fifth abdominal ster- nite as in figure 60. Female—Similar to male, but the frons is much wider than one eye (1.75:1). Length, 1-1.2 mm. Holotype.—Male, and 2 paratype males, Livingston, Guatemala, May 12 and 11 respectively: allotype and 1 female paratype, Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 4 and 21, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27579, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) REPETITA, new species Male—Difters from bipartita in having the base of membrane of forewing pale yellow, and the apex with a large dark spot which is rounded on its proximal side, and the femora brown, or fuscous. The frons is nearly twice as wide as one eye, and the pronotum and wing veins have the hairs short and decumbent. Pronotum shal- lowly emarginate in front of base of scutellum, apex of latter some- what acuminate but scarcely notched; metapleurum as in bipartita; head and thorax from above as in figure 34; fifth abdominal sternite is as in figure 61. Female.—Similar to the male in color. The hairs on dorsum are asin male, Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype.—Male, allotype, 2 other males and 1 female, Living- ston, Guatemala, 3 males and 2 females, May 4, 5, 9, 11; Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, 1 male, April 18, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber; Tampico, Mexico, 2 females, December 14, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27580, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) CLODIUS, new species Male—Differs from preceding species in having the entire mem- brane pale yellow, and the legs including the coxae stramineous. The frons is not over 1.25 as wide as one eye, and the dorsal hairs are very short and decumbent. Fifth abdominal sternite as in figure 62. Pronotum shallowly emarginate in front of base of scutellum, the latter with subapical notches; metapleurum as in preceding two species. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype.—Paraiso. Canal Zone, Panama, February, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27581, U.S.N.M. ART. 15 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 17 SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) DECIUS, new species Male—Similar in color and structure, including metapleural surface, pronotal emargination, and scutellar notches, to the pre- ceding species. Differs essentially in the structure of the fifth sternite as shown in figure 63. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype —Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama, April 7, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; paratype male, Cabima, Panama, May 22, 1911, A. Busck. Cat. No. 27582, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) COMMODUS, new species JMale—Similar to preceding two species in color and structure. The frons is a little narrower than one eye, and the fifth abdominal sternite is as shown in figure 64. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype —tLivingston, Guatemala, May 9, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27583, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (ODONTORHAGUS) DRUSUS, new species Male——Similar in color and structure to the preceding species. Ditters in having pronotal emargination more of an angulate type formed by the junction of the slightly convex halves of the hind margin and in having the fifth sternite as in figure 65. Pleura as in figure 16. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, March 30, E. A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber. Cat. No. 27584. U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (KOPHAEGIS) CUBENSIS, new species Female.—Black. subopaque; anterior and lower parts of head, legs. and antennae basally, yellow, the apex of scutellum brownish or yel- lowish; fore wings marked as in figure 45. Ocelli quite conspicuous; distance between eyes at vertex distinctly over twice as wide as one eye. Dorsum of head, pronotum, and veins of corium with micro- scopic decumbent pale hairs. Suture between pronotum and pro- pleurum as in figure 16, the angular projection on hind margin of latter distinct; pronotum rather inflated behind, distinctly elevated above scutellum and fore wings, almost transverse posteriorly, having no distinct emargination; scutellum broadly rounded, spatulate be- yond subapical notches (fig. 41). Vein closing fore part of discal cell of fore wing sloped but little backward, the first transverse vein between radius and costa at or close to middle of discal cell (fig. 45). Metapleurum reticulate, moderately shining. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype.—Also 1 paratype, Cayamas, Cuba, May 20 and 11, respectively, E. A. Schwarz.. Cat. No. 27585, U.S.N.M. 27513—25 3 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 SCHIZOPTERA (KOPHAEGIS) SIMILIS, new species Female.—Differs from the foregoing in having the pronotum less inflated, and the coxae, the greater part of femora, and bases of fore and mid tibiae dark brown, and a wedge-shaped prolongation of black along costa beyond the outer transverse vein. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Also 1 paratype,, Cayamas, Cuba, March 5 and 6, FE, A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27586, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (ZYGOPHLEPS) UNICA, new species Male—Brownish fuscous, legs, antennae, costa, and membrane in part, yellow. Hind margin of pronotum with a broad, shallow, median, and two narrower lateral emarginations, scutellum very slightly notched subapically. The frons is about 1.75 as wide as one eye, the transverse impressed line near anterior margin of pronotum is slightly curved, the hairs on pronotum and fore wings are short and subdecumbent, and the first cross vein of fore wing is about two-fifths from apex of discal cell; apex of wing as in figure 46. Fifth abdominal sternite as in figure 67. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype.—Uivingston, Guatemala, May 7, E. A. Schwarz and H.S. Barber. Cat. No. 27587, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) REUTERI, new species Female.—Reddish brown to brownish black, subopaque. Head at base of beak, the antennae chiefly, and the legs, yellowish; apex of fifth sternite and apices of wings brownish yellow. Head quite convex between eyes when seen from above, either eye about one- third as wide as space between them; ocelli absent. Hairs of head, pronotum, and fore wings denser and longer than usual in the genus, erect, practically the entire upper surface of the fore wings hairy. Propleurum projecting a little beyond anterior margins of eyes when seen from above, without a process on hind margin, the suture between propleurum and pronotum extending obliquely from lower angle of eye to humerus; metapleurum reticulate, with a low ridge across middle, the inner half more strongly shining than outer. Pronotum distinctly, though shallowly emarginate in front of scutellum, the latter depressed, acuminate, slightly notched subapically. Apical sternite a little longer than the preceding two combined. Fore wings highly convex, costa reflexed to apex, but gradually narrowed from base, a broad depression along inner margin of marginal vein of clavus, a deep linear one along the claval suture, and the principal vein of corium noticeably elevated, other venational details almost obliterated; commissure nearly straight, the hemelytra but little overlapping. Hind tibia straight, without obvious erect ventral hairs. Length, 1.25 mm. art. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 19 Holotype.—Polochic River, Guatemala, May 2, H. S. Barbé ; three paratype females, Livingston, Guatemala, May 8, 10, E. A. Schwarz and H. 8. Barber. Cat. No. 27588, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) UHLERI, new species Similar in color to preceding species but the base of beak and the legs are paler, and the apices of fore wings are yellowish. Habitus as in S. reutert but the insect differs in being much shorter haired, in having the cross ridge of metapleurum near lateral margin, most of that sclerite being distinctly shining, and the venation of fore wing more like that of normal species of the genus, though on the declivitous apical portion the veins are almost obsolete and at the extreme apex are entirely so. Pronotum slightly emarginate medianly, the scutellum abruptly narrowed at apex but scarcely notched. Hind tibia slightly bent and with long ventral hairs. Pleura as in figures 17 and 36; base of fore wing as in figure 51. Length, 1 mm. Grenada, H. H. Smith, two females. Holotype and paratype.—Cat. No. 27589, U.S.N.M. Recorded as Ptenidiophyes mirabilis Reuter, by Uhler in his paper on the Hemiptera of Grenada. SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) REITTERI Reuter Schizoptera (Schlizoptera]) reitteri Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, p. 22 [Brazil]. Fuscous, the margins and veins pale brownish, the antennae and legs testaceous. Form of pronotum and scutellum as in whler?; metapleurum and genitalia concealed by mount. Length, 1 mm. Specimen labeled “ Spec. type No. 8924, Mus. Helsingfors.” Blu- menau. In original description this specimen is said to be from Brazil. SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) ELMIS, new species General color black, antennae basally, and legs testaceous, hind margin of pronotum, commissure, and costa brownish; pubescence short; form ovate, broadest behind middle; vertex more than twice as wide as one eye; scutellum shallowly and broadly emarginate in front of scutellum, the latter with subapical notches; commissure curved behind scutellum. Base of fore wing as in figure 50. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Caracas, June 17, 1891, Meinert. Labelled “Sch. flavipes f. brach. Reut. Spec. typ. No. 3997, Mus. Helsingfors.” _However, this specimen can not be from the type material as flavipes was described in 1882; furthermore, Brazil is the only locality given even in the Monograph, 1891. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 * SCHIZOPTERA (CANTHAROCORIS) SCYMNUS, new species Schizoptera (Schizoptera) apicalis forma brachytera Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 21-22 [Venezuela]. Female——Form ovate, pronotum somewhat inflated posteriorly; vertex about twice as wide as one eye. General color fuscous, com- missure testaceous, especially posteriorly, tibiae pale. Fifth sternite as in figure 66. Fore wing as in figure 48. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype-——Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, November 1, 1888, E. Simon. “Spec. typ. No. 3922, Mus. Helsingfors.” SCHIZCPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) RETICULATA, new species Male.—Black, membrane of fore wings fuscous, the flap sometimes whitish; antennae and legs yellow, the femora more or less tinged with brownish. Frons over three times as wide as one eye. Pro- notum with a distinct impressed transverse line which is only slightly curved; hind margin very slightly emarginate, the scutellum narrowed but scarcely notched subapically. Metapleurum reticu- late, the extreme inner margin and spine pale and more shining. Hairs on frons, pronotum and corium longer than second antennal segment, and erect, the disk of corium as well as the raised veins haired. Dorsum of head and the pronotum areolate (as described in key), most distinctly so on latter. Venation of fore wings nor- mal, the veins more elevated than usual in the genus. Fifth ster- nite as in figure 68. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype.—Also three paratypes, Livingston, Guatemala, May 8, 4, and 11, respectively, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber; one para- type, Tampico, Mexico, December 29, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27590, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) HIRTA, new species Male.—Differs in color from preceding species in having the membrane of fore wings pale yellow, with a large apical fuscous spot which is rounded on its anterior margin, and the legs yellow. The frons in male is about twice as wide as one eye, the dorsal hairs are shorter, the pronotum is not areolate; metapleurum as in last species, scarcely paler within; dorsal view of abdomen as in figure 83; and fifth sternite as figure 69. Hind margin of pronotum slightly emarginate medianly, the scutellum with small subapical notches. Metapleurum as in figure 37; hind wing as in figure 47. F'emale.—F rons about three times as wide as one eye. In other re- spects like male. Length, 1.5-1.75 mm. Holotype.—Male and allotype (on same mount), and 3 male para- types, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 4, 18, March art. 13 OCRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH DA 28, 30; one male paratype, Livingston, Guatemala, May 4, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber; four females from Panama also appear to belong to this species; two from Paraiso, April 80, 1911, one from Bohio, February 7, 1911, and one from Portobello, February 21, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27591, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) CAUDATA, new species Male—Brownish black, hind margin of pronotum narrowly yel- lowish, costa, commissure, and membrane of fore wing also yellow, the latter with a large apical brownish spot, legs yellow, femora sometimes darker. Pilosity as in last two species but shorter. Frons nearly three times as wide as one eye. Dorsal hairs short and decum- bent. Pronotum trisinuate posteriorly; the scutellum with small subapical notches; metapleurum reticulate, moderately shining, uni- colorous. Fifth sternite longer than usual, acute and more or less curled apically (fig. 70). Female.—Differs from the male in lacking yellow markings other than that covering most of membrane. Length, 1.5-1.75 mm. Holotype.—Male, allotype, and one male paratype, Tampico, Mex- ico, December 15, 18, and 14, respectively, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27592, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) MEXICANA, new species Male.—Blackish fuscous; hind margin of pronotum narrowly yel- lowish; membrane of fore wing whitish, the dark color of corium ex- tending rather broadly over bases of the apical veins, the apex with a large brownish spot which is rounded anteriorly; femora mostly brown, tibiae brown except apices. Distance between eyes at vertex about 2.5 as great as one eye; hairs on frons a little longer than those on pronotum and veins of corium, the latter very short. Hind mar- gin of pronotum slightly emarginate medianly, scutellum with minute subapical notches. Corium granulose; anterior cross-vein not over one-fifth from apex of discal cell. Metapleurum uniform in color and sculpture, rather dull. Fifth sternite as in figure 71. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype-—Tampico, Mexico, December, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27593, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) PARAGUAYANA, new species Male—Ground color more brownish than in mexicana, pronotum without yellow hind margin, corium with pale edgings, the dark color of corium extending posteriorly but little upon membrane, the latter without dark spot at apex; legs yellow; pubescence short and sparse. Distance between eyes at vertex about three times as wide as one eye. Pronotum slightly trisinuate posteriorly, scutellum with sub- 27513—25——-4 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 apical notches; metapleurum broadly pale within, reticulate, but sub- shining. Anterior cross vein of forewing about one-third from apex of discal cell. Fifth sternite as in figure 72. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype-—San Bernardino, Paraguay, K. Fiebrig. Cat. No. 27594, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) AFFINIS Poppius Schizoptera (s. str.) affinis Poprius, B., Ofv. Finska Vet. Soc. Férh., vol. 52, Afd. A, No. 1, 1909-10, pp. 11-12 [Venezuela]. Male.—Pubescence and general color an in paraguayana, the pro- notum yellowish posteriorly. Distance between eyes at vertex less than twice as wide as one eye. Hind margin of pronotum, and scutellum as in paraguayana; metapleurum pale only along extreme inner margin, granular for the most part, dark; anterior cross vein about one-fifth from apex of discal cell. Fifth sternite as in figure 73. Length, 1.5 mm. Caracas, Venezuela, October 6, 1891, Meinert. Part of the type material. (Mus. Helsingfors.) SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) PILOSA, new species Male—Fuscous, the dark color of corium extending a little over base of membrane, part of latter exterior to the apical veins yel- lowish, the flap whitish; legs yellow. Frons at vertex a little over twice as wide as one eye, dorsum of head, pronotum, and corium with rather dense erect hairs, most of which are longer than the second antennal segment, the hairs on costal portion of corium extending over disk, not confined to veins; inner cross vein about one-fourth from apex of discal cell. Pronotum with pronounced rounded emargination in front of scutellum, the latter with sub- apical notches; metapleurum reticulate, subshining, unicolorous, cross ridge about at middle. Fifth sternite as in figure 74. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Livingston, Guatemala, May 6, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27595, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) APICALIS Reuter Sch. [izoptera] apicalis Reuter, O. M., Rev. D’Ent, vol. 1, 1882, pp. 163-164 [Brazil]. Male.—Color much as in next species (négrita) but membrane not infuscated apically. Otherwise much like négrita except as noted in key. Fifth sternite as in figure 75. Length, 1.5 mm. Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, November 1, E. Simon. Part of the monograph material labelled “ Spec. typ. No. 3591 Mus. Helsing- fors.” ART. 15 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 23 This specimen is of the typical form of apicalis, although the specific name seems more applicable to what Reuter designated as var. @ With little doubt this variety is really a distinct species. On page 20 we have described what Reuter regarded as_ the brachypterous form of apicalis as a valid species (scymnus, new species) and since Reuter mentions that he had several specimens, it is probable that other species can be distinguished in his apicalis material. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) NIGRITA, new species Male.—Dead black, the membrane infuscated basally and apically, legs fuscous; head and pronotum with short decumbent pale hairs. Pronotum broadly but very shallowly emarginate in front of scutellum, the latter acuminate but not visibly notched apically. Metapleurum unicolorous, reticulate, the inner half more shining. Fifth sternite is as figure 76. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 15, 1908, A. Fenyes. Cat. No. 27596, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) APICIPUNCTATA, new species Male.—F uscous, legs, antennae, hind margin of pronotum, costa, commissure, base and inner angle of corium, and membrane yel- lowish; the membrane narrowly infuscated at base, and with a large squarish sooty spot at apex. Head, pronotum, and veins of corium with decumbent hairs of moderate length. Hind margin of pronotum distinctly emarginate in front of scutellum, slightly sinuate each side; apex of scutellum narrowed but not perceptibly notched. Fifth sternite as in figure 77. Inner two-thirds of metapleurum elevated, but only the spine and its immediate base notably polished. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 5, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27597, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) LICINIUS, new species Head, thorax, and corium pale fuscous, membrane whitish, slightly infuscate at base, and fumose on outer half; a smooth species, the only long hairs being a few on head, besides the usual vestiture of antennae. Pronotum slightly emarginate in front of scutellum, the latter scarcely notched subapically. Cross ridge of metapleurum about the middle, the inner half of the sclerite possibly more shining. Fifth sternite of male with a pronounced hook on left side as shown in figure 79. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype—Male, Frijoles, Canal Zone, March 25, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27598, U.S.N.M. 94. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 SCHIZOPTERA (SCHIZOPTERA) VITELLIUS, new species Color about as in preceding species, the membrane less infuscate; vestiture the same except that hairs on veins are a little more prom- inent. Pronotum a little more emarginate in front of scutellum, the latter with slight subapical notches. Cross ridge of metapleurum at about the middle (fig. 38), surface of the sclerite about equally shin- ing throughout. Fifth sternite of male with a more complex hook than in last species (see fig. 78). Length, 1 mm. Holotype.—Male, Livingston, Guatemala, May 10, E. A. Schwarz and H. 8S. Barber. Cat. No. 27599, U.S.N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (LOPHOPLEURUM) SULCATA, new species Male.—Brownish fuscous, pronotum unicolorous; membrane cream colored, with or without a faint darker tinge apically over tips of the veins; legs yellow. Dorsal hairs short and decumbent. Inner three- fourths of metapleurum elevated and polished, the elevated ridge paralleled within on outer and posterior sides by an impressed line (fig. 89). Pronotum slightly emarginate in front of scutellum, the latter narrowed and only slightly notched subapically (fig. 35). Fifth sternite with a more or less evident process on one side near apex (fig. 80). Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype——Also two paratypes, Grenada, West Indies, H. H. Smith; one male evidently the same species, Ancon, Canal Zone, May 12, 1911, at arc light, A. H. Jennings. The Grenada specimens are from the Uhler collection and are labelled “ Schizoptera flavipes Reuter” by Uhler. Cat. No. 27600, U.S.N.M. ; SCHIZOPTERA (LOPHOPLEURUM) BISPINA, new species Male.—Similar to sulcata in pilosity and color but in the type the humeral angles are slightly yellowish, and there is a narrow exten- sion of the dark color of the corium over base of membrane. Hind margin of pronotum slightly emarginate medianly, scutellum nar- rowed and only slightly notched apically. Metapleurum about the same as in swlcata. The principal differences in the shape of the fifth sternite as shown in figure 81. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype-—Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, 1906, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. A specimen from Tampico, Mexico, December 15, collected by EK. A. Schwarz, has the lateral spines on fifth sternite much shorter but is apparently the same species. Cat. No. 27601, U.S. N.M. SCHIZOPTERA (LOPHOPLEURUM) TENUISPINA, new species Male.—Pale fuscous, legs, antennae basally, costa, commissure, base of corium, and disk of membrane yellowish; hairs short, pale, sev. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 25 sericeous. Pronotum shallowly emarginate in front of scutellum, the latter shghtly notched apically. Metapleurum much as in pre- ceding two species from which this form, however, differs strik- ingly in the armature of the fifth sternite (fig. 82’). Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype-—Gatun, Canal Zone, April 7, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27602, U.S. N. M. Genus CORIXIDEA Reuter Corizidea REUTER, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 17-18, fig. 14 [monobasie, genotype, Schizoptera lunigera Reuter, Brazil]. This genus (originally established by Reuter as a subgenus) differs from Schizoptera in the venation of fore wing as described in the key, and illustrated in figure 53, and the costa is merely rounded elevated, not explanate. The inner posterior angle of metapleurum is produced as a rounded lobe, not as a sharp spike, and the suture between propleurum and pronotum runs nearly straight back behind eye (fig. 19). Scutellum with the disk somewhat depressed and the margins slightly elevated, the apex narrowed. There is no impressed transverse line near anterior margin of pronotum in any of the species we have seen. The ocelli are minute. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Veins of the clavus greatly thickened, appearing as rounded ridges between which there is a deep depression about equal in width to either ridge; these thickened veins with conspicuously long hairs____erassa, new species. Veins of the clavus neither thickened nor long haired__________________ Dep . Distance between eyes across back of head about twice the width of one of them; no conspicuous pale marking on fore wings major, new species. Distance between eyes across back of head more than twice the width of one of them; a conspicuous thickly crescent-shaped pale marking on fore wings, the horns of the crescent near humeral angles_____ lunigera Reuter. to CORIXIDEA CRASSA, new species Male—Pronotum fuscous, head and posterior half of fore wings yellowish brown; fore wing with a whitish mark covering disk of clavus and the area between radial vein and clavus from base to apex of latter; antennae and legs yellowish. Frons at vertex fully three times as wide as one eye, with small symetrically arranged pale areas; basal two antennal segments subequal in length. Pro- notum nearly twice as wide as long in center, hind margin regularly convex. Veins of clavus much elevated and thickened, rounded above, the space between them hardly widened apically and not greater than width of either vein. Hypopygium longer than pre- ceding sternite. Length, 1.25 mm. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 Holotype.—Also one paratype, Ancon, Canal Zone, May 12, 1911, at arc light, A. H. Jennings. Cat. No. 27603, U.S. N.M. CORIXIDEA MAJOR, new species Male.—General color blackish, the heavily chitinized portions of upper surface with copious bluish-gray pubescence, that on head notably longer than in lunigera (no bare spots on head), more hyaline portions of forewing bluish cinereous; legs brownish tes- taceous. Head and pronotum from side as in figure 19; fore wing as in figure 53. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype.—Clarksville, Tenn., at light, August, 1915, G. A. Run- ner. S. E. Crumb No. 137. Mr. Crumb informs us that two speci- mens were collected, one on August 13 and the other on August 23. Apparently one has been lost. Cat. No. 27604, U.S.N.M. CORIXIDEA LUNIGERA Reuter Sch. [izoptera] (Corixidea) lunigera Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 24-25 [Brazil]. A specimen from Caracas, Venezuela, June 17, 1891, Meinert, determined as lunigera by Poppius we provisionally accept as repre- senting that species. Considering the diversity of these little in- sects and the distance this specimen was taken from the type locality of lunigera it may well be a distinct species. Moreover, the specimen is in rather poor condition, especially as regards coloration. Evi- dently, however, it had a broad lunate pale marking over base of forewings as described for lunigera by Reuter. Blackish, a broad lunate cream-colored fascia on fore wings extending in middle from apex of scutellum to tip of clavus, anterior lateral prolongations reaching bases of fore wings near humeral angles; membrane whitish to fumose; legs and antennae testaceous. Pilosity pale, short, and depressed; a few pairs of longer hairs on lower part of face. Dor- sum of abdomen as in figure 84. Length, 1.25 mm. Other specimens of both sexes with the following data are as- signed to this species. Trinidad Rio, Panama, June 9, 1912, A. Busck; Ancon, Canal Zone, at arc light, May 12, 1911, A. H. Jen- nings; Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, July 18, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. There are some differences in this series with respect to the small bare spots on head, but we find no other differential characters cor- related with them. It may well be that there are distinct species in the lunigera group but we are unable to define any at present. Van Duzee has described Schizoptera (Corixidea) doddsi,° but the characters assigned do not separate it from lunigera. This has re- sulted chiefly from defects in Reuter’s figure, which is very poor. 10 Proc. Pacific Coast Ent. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 83-34, Jan., 1924 [Mexico]. ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 27 MEMBRACIOIDES, new genus Pronotum produced posteriorly in a median lobe which extends to middle of clavus thus entirely concealing the scutellum (fig. 20) ; the sides of the process are decidedly concave, and the apex mod- erately pointed; there is a distinct median impressed line from anterior margin of pronotum nearly to apex of the posterior pro- longation. Suture between propleurum and pronotum running straight back behind eye; inner posterior angle of metapleurum produced as a rounded lobe; venation as in Corixidea (fig. 5B). Apex of male abdomen from below as in figure 85. Genotype.—Membracioides parallela, new species. MEMBRACIOIDES PARALLELA, new species Male—Blackish, with a broad lunate cream-colored fascia over bases of forewings as in some species of Coriwidea; a narrow band of same color (somewhat obscured medianly) across base of mem- branes, remainder of membranes fumose; legs chiefly testaceous. Pilosity of moderate length (longest on head), pale, decumbent. Symmetrically arranged denuded spots on head as in some Corixidea species; interocular width twice that of one eye. Male hypopygium from below as in figure 85. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype.—Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 27, 1908, A. Fenyes. Cat. No. 27605, U.S.N.M. Genus TROPISTOTROCHUS Reuter Tropistotrochus Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 15-16, fig. 9 [Mono- basic, genotype 7. ampliatipennis, new species, Brazil]. Costal margin of forewing remarkably explanate, the expanded portion when seen from below projecting beyond abdomen about as far as width of latter; venation highly characteristic (fig. 52). Head bluntly rounded both laterally and longitudinally; eyes.small, nearly circular, ocelli relatively large, contiguous with upper ante- rior borders of eyes. There is a well developed pronotal collum depressed below disk, sides of pronotum constricted about middle; scutellum acuminate, elevated apically. Metapleurum truncate posteriorly. General habitus as in figure 21. TROPISTOTROCHUS AMPLIATIPENNIS Reuter Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 15- 16, fig. 9 [Brazil]. Head and thorax brownish yellow, the legs and forewings paler; veins of latter and upper surface of thorax and head with moderately long pale hairs. The unique 'specimen is glued to a card so that the 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 sex is not to be made out; the abdomen has four short and one (apical) long sternites. Length, 1 mm. “Brazil, Blumenau, D. Reitter.” Genus NANNOCORIS Reuter Nannocoris Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, p. 18, fig. 18. [Included species: Sch. [izoptera] nebulifera, new species, Bolivia, p. 23; and Sch. tuberculifera, pp. 28-24, fig. 13, Venezuela, of which the former « was selected as genotype by Kirkaldy, ’06, p. 148]. Remarkably distinguished in its subfamily by the shape of the head; instead of being short, broadly rounded, and bent downwardly and posteriorly as usual, the head in Nannocoris is conspicuously porrect, conical (figs. 22-25), with the beak arising from the anterior extremity; the beak is longer than in the other genera, reaching the hind coxae, the underside of head is grooved (fig. 33) and the sterna obviously troughlke for its reception. Pronotum with distinct col- lum. Pubescence short and decumbent, a little longer on anterior part of head. Other characters as noted in key. Venation illustrated in figure 56. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Dorsum of head with a distinct elongate median tubercle (figs. 22-28) tuberculifera Reuter. Dorsum of head ‘without tubercles. 222222 2222 See ee eee 2. 2. Vertex witha distinct median pitas 92" 2 aes a ee cavifrons, new species. Vertex: without “Com ces try ste a ae be eee 35 8. Head about four times as long as eye (fig. 24-25) ______ nasua, new species. Head not more than three times as long as eye____-__-_-_____________ 4 4. Pronotum wholly dark; length of insect 1.25 mm______ schwarzi, new species. Pronotum pale margined posteriorly ; length 1 mm. flavomarginata, new species. NANNOCORIS TUBERCULIFERA Reuter Sch. [izoptera] (Nannocoris) tuberculifera Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 23-24 [Venezuela]. Fuscous (orginally described as black), membrane, apex of head, top of tubercle, antennae, and legs pale yellow. The head is about two and one-half times as long as eye, somewhat abruptly narrowed in front of eyes and provided with an elongate median tubercle which is highest posteriorly (figs. 22-23). Venation of fore wing as in figure 56. Length, 1.25 mm. Holotype-—Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, 1.11.88, E. Simon. (Mus. Helsingfors). NANNOCORIS CAVIFRONS, new species Male——Opaque brownish black, paler below; antennae, tibiae, and tarsi yellowish; a narrow pale yellow-curved fascia across bases of membranes. Head from above almost equilaterally triangular, rather ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 29 abruptly narrowed in front of eyes and projecting beyond eye about 1.5 as far as length of eye; frontal depression oval. Venation of fore wing similar to that of V. tuberculifera (fig. 56) but the inner cross vein with its inner extremity nearer to middle of the cell and more pronouncedly curved. Fifth sternite without a process on hind margin, slightly swollen on left side; hypopygium with ventral surface almost as long as fifth sternite. Length, 1.1 mm. Holotype—Cacao Trece Augas, Guatemala, April 25, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27606, U.S.N.M. NANNOCORIS NASUA, new species Female—Head tawny yellow, darker on vertex; thorax, corium, and abdomen blackish-brown; membrane broadly pale basally, black- ish apically; beak, legs, and antennae yellow. Head regularly nar- rowed as seen from above, but contracted and upturned apically as seen from side, snoutlike (figs. 24-25); scutellum as in figure 42; fifth sternite as long as preceding three combined. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 19, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber paratype same date except that date is April18. Cat. No. 27607, U.S.N.M. Schizoptera capitata Uhler is closely related to the above species according to sketches and notes kindly supplied by W. E. China of the British Museum. However, the head does not appear so narrowed anteriorly as viewed either from above or the side, and Mr. China reports that ocelli can not be made out. NANNOCORIS SCHWARZI, new species Male.—Blackish-brown, the head in front of eyes, antennae, legs, and venter pale yellow, the costa whitish, and the membrane yel- lowish-hyaline. Head abruptly narrowed in front of eyes (fig. 32) ; fifth sternite emarginate medianly and on both sides, but more so on the right, hypopygium only narrowly exposed; cross-vein between anterior and intermediate costal cells very oblique but nearly straight. Length, 1.5 mm. Holotype—Porto Bello, Panama, March 12, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27608, U.S.N.M. NANNOCORIS FLAVOMARGINATA, new species Female——Brownish-black, head in front of eyes, and legs testa- ceous, hind margin of pronotum, costa, and membrane except a large rounded dusky apical spot yellowish. Head regularly narrowed from eyes to apex, the latter rather pointed. Head from below as in figure 19. Venation about as illustrated for tuberculifera. Length, 1 mm. Holotype.—Paraiso, Canal Zone, April 11, 1911, E. A. Schwarz. Cat. No. 27609, U.S.N.M. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 HOPLONANNUS, new genus ; In addition to the characters mentioned in the key, it should be stated that the head is well rounded both laterally and longitudi- nally; ocelli are lacking; pronotum lacks collum, is depressed, and the hind margin is distinctly concave (fig. 26) ; scutellum small, slightly swollen apically; fore wings with the veins traceable, their inner margins overlapping a little; propleurum much enlarged, extensively hollowed out for reception of the large fore coxae; head closely ap- plied to these enlarged sclerites, the beak emerging distinctly between the coxae. Genotype.—Hoplonannus brunnea, new species. HOPLONANNUS BRUNNEA, new species Female.—Opaque brown, apices of fore wings, antennae, and legs yellow. Dorsal aspect of head and pronotum as in figure 26, upper surface granular, with short decumbent pale hairs, those on front of head longer. Eye longer than high and not so high as propleurum below it. Scutellum shining and depressed at base. Length, 1 mm. Holotype—Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 26, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber. Cat. No. 27610, U.S.N.M. Genus PTENIDIOPHYES Reuter Ptenidiophyes Reuter, O. M., Monograph 1891, p. 25, fig. 15. [Monobasic, genotype P. mirabilis, new species, Brazil, p. 26.] In addition to the characters mentioned in the key we would state that the head is well rounded both laterally and longitudinally; the pronotum is depressed, its hind margin almost straight across; the scutellum moderately elevated throughout. Reuter’s figure of the genotype shows two complete longitudinal lines on each fore wing which give the impression of veins, but the specimen has only the very slightest indication of one vein near the base; the costa is uni- formly explanate throughout. The entire surface of the fore wings is covered with rather large punctures which are separated by about their own width. Ocelli lacking; the eyes do not extend backward along the sides of pronotum beyond the impressed line. General habitus as in figure 27. PTENIDIOPHYES MIRABILIS Reuter Ptenidiophyes mirabilis Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 25-26, fig. 15 {Brazil}. General color opaque brown, darker anteriorly ; legs, antennae, and costal margins stramineous. General habitus as in figure 27; dorsal surface with short, subdecumbent, pale hairs. ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 31 Holotype—* Brazil, Blumenau, D. Reitter” (Mus. Helsingfors). The type is glued to a card so closely that genital and other ventral characters can not be seen. The specimens recorded from Grenada under this name by Uhler belong to the genus Schizoptera and are described under the specific name wAleri in this paper, page 19. Genus GLYPTOCOMBUS Heidemann ”™ Glyptocombus saltator, HeipEMANN, OTvTo, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 192-194, fig. 21A, March 9, 1906 [Maryland]. Front nearly vertical, moderately convex between eyes; Ocelli minute, more removed (thrice their diameter) from eyes than in the other genera; pronotum with a distinct collum, and two large lateral callosities just behind it; scutellum depressed basally, elevated and rounded apically; ventral view of head as in figure 43; fore wings each with a depressed area along commissure so that they may overlap either way (fig. 28) ; venation as in figure 57; male with five distinct ventral segments, the apical one not so long as in the female; hypopygium reflexed on abdomen beneath the very convex forewings (fig, 29). GLYPTOCOMBUS SALTATOR Heidemann Glyptocombus saltator, HEIDEMANN, Orto, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 192-194, fig. 21A, March 9, 1906 [Maryland]. Hypselosoma saltator Horvatu, G., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 6, 1908, p. 565. Black, with the legs, beak, and basal segments of antennae dusky yellow; entire dorsal surface with short, decumbent pale hairs; fore wings coarsely punctured between the veins. Dorsal and lateral views as in figures 28 and 29. Length, 1.2-1.5 mm. Holotype.—Plummer Island, Md., October 4, 1905, D. H. Clemons; paratype same data, EK. A. Schwarz; other specimens, same locality, September 29, 1905, D. H. Clemons; October 14, 1906, C. H. T. Town- send; District of Columbia, January or June, 1879, Theo. Pergande. Genus HYPSELOSOMA Reuter Hypselosoma Reuter, O. M., Monograph, 1891, pp. 26-27, fig. 16 [Mono- basic, genotype H. oculata, new species, New Caledonia]. Characters as mentioned in key; much like Glyptocombus in gen- eral appearance, but lacking ocelli, and prontal callosities; and with the scutellum more pointed. Dorsal view as in figure 30. 4 See remarks under Ommatides Uhbler, p. 33. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 HYPSELOSGMA BOOPS, new species Female.—Opaque black, legs and antennae tawny yellow, base of beak and knee joints brown; black portions with gray pruinescence, the venter with some gray hairs also; a seta near inner margin of eye, and several about base of beak; punctures in an area along com- missure, beginning about a third from base of fore wings and run- ning to apex, broadening posteriorly, coarser than elsewhere; length 1.2 mm. (fig. 30). Holotype—Spirit Valley, Nanking, Kiangsu Province, China, October 24, 1919, H. F. Loomis. Cat. No. 27611, U.S.N.M. NOTES ON UHLER’S GENERA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM W. E. China has very kindly sent us notes and sketches relative to two genera of Uhler the only known specimens of which are in the British Museum. We are thus enabled to give some points that may aid in identification of these forms. To further assist toward this end we quote the original descriptions. Genus ONCERODES Uhler Oncerodes Unter, P. R., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 159-160, Feb. 20, 1894 [Monobasie, genotype O. robusta, new species St. Vincent]. The original description is as follows: ONCERODES, gen. nov. Coleopterine, and resembling an Jssus in form; the hemelytra particularly wide and subglobose, blunt at the anterior end. Head nearly vertical, short and broad, moderately convex before the line of the eyes, transversely im- pressed between them; the cheeks separated by deep vertical lines, the tylus nearly linear; rostrum very short and thick, tapering at tip fitting very compactly into the sternum, reaching to tip of anterior coxae; antennae with the two basal joints thick, the second joint a little shorter and not so thick as the first, the remaining joints threadlike, finely pubescent. Pronotum transverse, nearly crescent shaped, moderately arched, having the anterior angles rounded off to fit the curve of the eyes. Scutellum acutely triangular, much longer than wide. Hemelytra but little longer than wide, suborbicular. narrower at base, corresponding to the width of the pronotum; the veins coarse and [p. 159] prominent, longitudinal, the two middle ones connected on the disk and sending back a branch parallel to the others, all of which continue out to the tip; suture of the clavus deeply defined, the clavus wide and nearly triangular. Legs stout, placed close together. ONCERODES ROBUSTA, sp. nov. Short, thick, very convex, opaque bluish-black, with a velvety aspect above. Base of the hemelytra, including the scutellum, clavus, and a spot expanded on the costal margin, bright yellow. Head transversely rugulose, the front piceous, with the throat and antennae dull honey-yellow; the rostrum a little darker. Legs thick and short, honey-yellow. Venter dull black, rufo-piceous on the genital pieces. art. 138 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 33 Length to tip of hemelytra, 114% mm.; width of pronotum, 4% mm.; width of hemelytra, 34 mm. A single specimen was found on the leeward side of the island. In respect to form of body and longitudinal direction of ,veins on the hemelytra this insect bears some relation to Hypselosoma, Reuter; but in all other respects it seems sufficiently different to constitute a Separate genus [p. 160]. It is evident that Oncerodes is closely related to Corixidea, but the forewing is more coriaceous, the venation slightly different, the ecelli are indistinguishable in the type, and the scutellum is smaller than in Corixidea. It is possible that a brachypterous specimen of Corixidea might present some of the peculiarities of Oncerodes, but meantime it appears advisable to regard the latter as distinct pending the acquisition of more material. In none of the specimens of Corividea examined by us is there any indication of an abbrevia- tion of the fore wings. Head and thorax from above as in figure 40; fore wing as in figure 54. Redrawn from sketches by W. E. China. Genus OMMATIDES Uhler Ommatides Unter, P. R. Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., p. 159, Feb. 20, 1894 {Monobasie, genotype O. insignis, new species, St. Vincent. ] The original description: OMMATIDES, gen. nov. Coleopterine, closely resembling a short thick Geocoris. Eyes very large, oval, projecting diagonally against the anterior corner of the pronotum; front of the head short, bluntly tumid, with the face vertical, protracted downward, and having long lobate cheeks which converge over the base of the rostrum; antenne filiform beyond the second joint, the basal joint shorter than and a little thicker than the second; rostrum thick at base, short, tapering, quite slender toward the tip, reaching almost to the middle coxae. Pronotum very short, almost annular, with the sides rounded off anteriorly to admit the form of the eyes, the posterior margin almost straight. The two forward pairs of legs placed near together; the anterior tibiae greatly thickened at tip and armed with long spines. Scutellum very short, transverse, triangular. Hemelytra high convex, extending amply over the abdomen and much longer than it; the costal border moderately curved, with the middle areole moderately wide, and the thick cubital vein running back parallel with the next inner vein all the way to tip of membrane, and with the two exterlor transverse veins as in Schizoptera. OMMATIDES INSIGNIS, sp. nov. Ovate, blunt, and wide in front; orange, with the pronotum, scutellum, and a broad band behind the scutellum, covering the membrane, blue-black. The bead reddish brown above, yellow below the origin of the tylus, obsoletely scabrous, very minutely pubescent. Legs polished, stout, bright yellow, remotely hairy. Pronotum moderately arched, opaque, a little scabrous. Hemelytra thick, opaque, velvety; the riembrane but little thinner than the 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 corium, with the inner margin straight, not overlapping at tip, the apex a little tapering and rounded at tip. Length to tip of membrane 1 millim.; width of pronotum 5 millim. A single specimen of this peculiar little insect was taken, but no record is given concerning the place where it was found. [p. 159.] This genus appears to be very close to Glyptocombus Heidemann. Without a careful comparison of specimens we do not care to com- mit ourselves further but there is a striking similarity in the general habitus and in the venation of the fore wings of these two genera. The head and thorax from above are shown in figure 31, and the fore wing in figure 58. Redrawn from sketches by W. E. China. OTHER AMERICAN SPECIES NOT SEEN Further Name Type locality ene paper Page Ceratocombus ( Ceratocombus) bifenestratus Poppius___-.-___----_--------- Guadeloupe._-__------- | 7,35 Ceratocombus (Xylonanannus) boliviensis Reuter__.._...-_.------_-_--- 1B Olivas eae cree 4,36: Ceratocombusipanamensis: Champion. ae ts ee ee Ran ainigeases oe ene 33 Schizoptera (Schizoptera) cicadina Fieber -_-_._------.------------------ Wenezuelass2022- 2-2 222 | 12,14,35 Schizoptera (Schizoptera) flavipes Reuter ___.-.--.---------------------- Bees ipa se Deemer eS 19,21 Schizopterccclcganssb OD piss aeee ees eee eee 35 SchizoptenarscutellatasWiblen= 22) = Wea iaiia bes SEEN, 2 ee ee ee | 37 Corizidea doddsi Van Duzee_-_-- 26,34 Nannocoris nebulifera Reuter-___._._.-_--2 === 2-22 z 28,36 INGMNOCOnISICapILaLC Winer yes as ene eee ee eee Vi 29,37 BIBLIOGRAPHY We have intended to include here all papers relating to the Crypostemmatid fauna of the Americas, and also all containing descriptions of new genera and subgenera from any part of the world. v. BAERENSPRUNG. Myrmedobia und Lichenobia, zwei neue einheimische Rhynchoten-Gat- tungen, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 1, 1857, pp. 161-168. Lichenobia, new genus (pp. 165-167) [Monobasic, genotype ZL. ferruginea, new species, Berlin (p. 167)]. A synonym of Ceratocombus Signoret. BerGrotTH, BH. Zwei neue paliiarktische Hemipteren, nebst synonymischen Mitteilungen, Wien. Ent. Zeit., vol. 38, 1914, pp. 177-184. Cryptostemmatidae proposed (p. 184) since Crypostemma Herrich-Schiffer,. 1835, is not preoccupied as alleged by Crypostemma Guerin (Arachnida), 1838. CHAMPION, G. C. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heterop- tera, pt. 2, p. 386, April, 1900. Ceratocombus panamensis, new species described. DISTANT, W. L. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 2 (Heteroptera), 1904. Crescentius, new genus (p. 408) [Monobasic, genotype, C. prinetpatus! new species, Burma (p. 409) ]. ant. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH 35 Distant, W. L.—Continued. No. IX.—Rhynchota. Pt. 1: Suborder Heteroptera. in the Perey Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, vol. 5, Trans. Linn. Soe. London, ser. 2, vol. 16, Zoology 1913-1914, pp. 189-191, pls. 11-18. Seychellesanus, new genus [genotype NS. typicus, new species, Seychelles] (pp. 171-172) ; Ogeria, new genus [genotype O. insularis, new species, Seychelles] (p. 173). The former a Cryptostemmatid, the latter a Schizopterid. Firser, F, X. Exegesen in Hemipteren, Wiener Ent. Monats., vol. 4, No. 9, Sept., 1860, pp. 258-272, pl. 6, Pachycoleus, new genus (p. 268, fig. w) [Monobasic, genotype, P. waltli, new species, Bavaria (p. 272) ]; Schizoptera, new genus (pp. 268-269, fig. w) [Monobasic, genotype, S. cicadina, new species, Venezuela (p. 272) ]. Defines the family Ceratocombidae (p. 267), and gives keys to the four genera then known (pp. 267-269). HorvaTH, G. Hémiptéres nouveaux de Japon, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 3, 1905, pp. 413- 423, 2 figs. Hypselosoma matsumurae, new species (p. 417). Remarques sur quelques Hémiptéres de l’Amerique du Nord, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 6, 1908, p. 565. Places Glyptocombus saltator Heidemann in the genus Hypselosoma. KIRKALDY, G. W. List of the genera of the pagiopodous Hemiptera-Heteroptera with their type species, from 1758 to 1904 and also of the aquatic and semiaquatic Trochalopoda, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 32, No. 2, 1906. Ceratocombidae (pp. 147-148). Designates nebulifera as type of Nanno- coris Reuter (p. 148). LETHIERRY, L., and SEVERIN, G. Catalogue général des Hémiptéres, vol. 3, 1896, pp. 231-234. Catalogue of the known forms: Ceratocombidae with 3 genera and 13 species (pp. 231-232), and Schizopteridae with 6 genera and 14 species (pp. 2338-234). OSHANIN, B. Katalog der paliarktichen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Aucheno- rhyncha und Psylloideae). 1912. Ceratocombus corticalis Reuter selected as type of subgenus Xylonannus Reuter (p. 85). Poppius, B. Neue Ceratocombiden, Ofy. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh., vol. 52, 1909-1910, Afd. A, No. 1, 14 pp., 2 figs. Ceratocombus bifenestratus, new species, Guadeloupe, West Indies (pp. 1-2) ; Teratoneura, new genus (pp. 7-8), [Monobasic, genotype T. mar- ginicollis, new species, Africa (p. 8), fig. forewing]; Issidomimus, new genus (pp. 9-10), [Monobasic, genotype, J. signatus, new species, New Guinea (p. 10)]; Schizoptera affinis, new species, Venezuela (pp. 11-12) ; Schizoptera elegans, new species, Guadeloupe (pp. 12-18). Also various new species from the old world; the new genera are Cryptostemmatinae. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Porrius, B.—Continued. Zur Kenntnis der Miriden, Isometopiden, Anthocoriden, Nabiden und Schizopteriden Ceylons, Ent. Tidskrift, vol. 34, 1913, pp. 239-260. Schizopterops, new genus (pp. 258-259) [Monobasic, genotype S. pusillus, new species, India (pp. 259-260)]; Schizopterinae; Teratocombus, new name proposed for his T’eratoneura preoccupied, Cryptostemmatinae. H. Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbeute: Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Termatophylidae, Miridae, Isometopidae und Ceratocombidae (Hemiptera), Arch. f. Naturges., vol. 80, 1914, Abt. A, 8, 80 pp. Tagalonannus, new subgenus of Ceratocombus (p. 77) [Monobasic, geno- type, C. coloratus, new species, Philippines (p. 78) J. REvUTER, O. M. Sur le genre Schizoptera Fieb., Rev. d’Ent., 1852, pp. 162-164. Includes: Schizoptera cicadina Fieb. (pp. 162-163) ; Schizoptera flavipes, new species (p. 163) ; Schizoptera apicalis, new species (pp. 163-4) ; and Schizoptera lunigera, new species (p. 164), all from Brazil. Monographia Ceratocombidarum Orbis Terrestris, Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae, vol. 19, no. 6, 1891, 27 pp. 1 pl. Ceratocombus Signoret (pp. 49) is divided into four subgenera, namely: Leptonannus, Trichotonannus, Ceratocombus, and Xylonannus, of which all but the typical subgenus are originally described. Four new species are described of which C. (C.) brasiliensis, Bahia, and C. (X.) bolivien- sis, Bolivia, are from the new world. Pachycoleus Fieber (pp. 9-11) and Cryptostemma Herrich-Schiffer (pp. 11-14) have no American repre- sentatives. Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis, new genus and species (pp. 15-16), are described from Brazil. Schizoptera Fieber (pp. 16-25) is divided into three subgenera, Schizoptera, Nannocoris, and Cori«idea, of which the latter two are new. The following three new species from the Americas are originally described: S. (S.) reitteri, Brazil; S. (N.) nebu- lifera, Bolivia; and S. (N.) tuberculifera, Venezuela. Ptenidiophyes mirabilis, new genus and species (pp. 25-26), is described from Brazil. Hemipterologische Miscellen, Ofy. Finska Vet.-Soec. Foérh., vol. 54, 1911- 1912, Afd. A, No. 7. Proposes that two of his subgenera of Ceratocombus, namely, Leptonannus and Trichotonannus, be recognized as valid genera. Leaves Xylonannus in Ceratocombus, which is redefined (p. 65). Also proposes generic rank for Corixidea treated in his monograph as a subgenus of Schizoptera (pp. 65-66). Denies the identity of Glyptocombus Heidemann with Hypselosoma Reuter as claimed by Horvath (p. 66). SIGNORET, V. Notice sur quelques Hémiptéres nouveaux ou peu connus, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 2, vol. 10, 1852, pp. 539-544. Astemma mulsanti, new species, France (pp. 541-542), for which he pro- poses the new generic name Ceratocombus (p. 542). Unter, P. R. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the Families Anthocoridae and Ceratocombidae collected by Mr. H. H. Smith in the Island of St. Vin- cent; with Descriptions of New Genera and Species, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., pp. 156-160, February 20, 1894. ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—-McATEE AND MALLOCH 37 Unter, P. R.—Continued. Records 8 species from the Island. Describes as new Schizoptera scutel- lata, new species (pp. 157-158) ; S. capitata, new species (p. 158) ; Omma- tides insignis, new genus and species (p. 159); and Oncerodes robusta, new genus and species (pp. 159-160). On the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the Island of Grenada, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1894 (March 6), pp. 167-224. The “ Ceratocombus braziliensis Reuter” (p. 196), is described as a new species C. major in the present paper, p. 6; C. minutus, new species, is described (pp. 196-197) ; Cryptostemma fasciatum, new species (p. 197), which really is a Ceratocombus (see p. 5 of present paper). The “ Schizoptera flavipes Reuter” (pp. 197-198) we describe as new (see p. 24) and the “ Ptenidiophyes mirabilis Reuter” also is a Schizoptera we name uwhleri (see p. 19). List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico, collected by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz and Herbert 8S. Barber, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, 1904, pp. 349-364. Ceratocombus niger and C. latipennis, new species described (pp. 361-862). The “ C. braziliensis Reuter” recorded (p. 361), is a female of CO. latipennis. VAN DvuZzEEB, E. P. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae, and Aleurodidae, Uniy. Calif. Publ. Ent., vol. 2, Nov. 30, 1917. List of the recorded nearctic species (4 in number) (pp. 421-422). A new Ceratocombid from Mexico. Proc. Pacific Coast Ent. Soe., vol. 2, pp. 33-84, 1. fig., Jan. 31, 1924. Schizoptera doddsi, new species, Sinaloa, EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 Fic. 1. Ceratocomlus major, fore wing. 2. Ceratocombus vagans, fore wing. 3. Ceratocombus latipennis, fore wing. 4. Ceratocombus areolatus, fore wing. 5. Ceratocombus major, hind wing. 6. Cryptostemma uhleri, hind wing. 7. Ceratocombus vagans, hind wing. 8. Cryptostemma pedunculata, fore wing. 9. Cryptostemma uhleri, fore wing. 0. Ceratocombus vagans, head from above. 11. Ceratocombus vagans, apex of male abdomen from below. 12. Ceratocombus vagans, apex of male abdomen from above. 13. Ceratocombus major, left hypopygial clasper of male. 14. Cryptostemma pedunculatum, left claspers of male. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 67 PLATE 2 Fic. 15. Ceratocomboides prima, head and prothorax from side. 16. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) drusus, head and prothorax from side. 17. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) uhleri, head and prothorax from side. 18. Schizuptera (Orthorhagus) plana, head and prothorax from side. 19. Corizidea major, head and prothorax from side. 20. Membracioides paraliela, head and thorax from side. 21. Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis, dorsal view. 22. Nannocoris tuberculifera, head from above. 23. Nannocoris tuberculifera, head from side. 24. Nannocoris nasua, head from above. 25. Nannocoris nasua, head from side. 26. Hoplonannus brunnea, head and thorax from above. 27. Ptenidiophyes mirabilis, dorsal view (sculpture omitted). 28. Glyptocombus saltator, dorsal view. 29. Glyptocombus saltator, side view, left forewing removed. 30. Hypselosoma boops, dorsal view. 31. Ommatides insignis, head and thorax from above. 32. Nannocoris schwarzi, head from above. 33. Nannocoris flavomarginata, head from below. 34. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) repetita, head and thorax from above. 35. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) sulcata, head and thorax from above. 36. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) uhleri, metapleurum. 37. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, metapleurum. 38. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) vitellius, metapleurum. 39. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) sulcata, metapleurum, 40. Oncerodes robusta, head and thorax from above. 41. Schizoptera (Kophaegis) cubensis, scutellum. 42. Nannocoris nasua, scutellum. 43. Glyptocombus saltator, head from below. PLATE 3 Fic. 44. Ceratocomboides prima, fore wing. 45. Schizoptera (Kophaegis) cubensis, fore wing. 46. Schizoptera (Zygophleps) unica, tip of fore wing. 47. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, hind wing. 48. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) scymnus, fore wing. 49. Schizoptera (Orthorhagus) plana, fore wing. 50. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) elmis, base of fore wing. 51. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) uhleri, base of fore wing. 52. Tropistotrochus ampliatipennis, fore wing. 53. Coriridea major, fore wing. 54. Oncerodes robusta, fore wing. 55. Membracioides parallela, fore wing. . Nannocoris tuberculifera, fore wing. . Glyptocombus saltator, fore wing. . Ommatides insignis, fore wing. Sl) S| 1 ee) ART. 13 CRYPTOSTEMMATID BUGS—McATEE AND MALLOCH PLATE 4 Fic. 59. Schizoptera (Orthorhagus) plana, 5th sternite of male. 60. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) bipartita, 5th sternite of male. 61. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) repetita, 5th sternite of male. 62. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) clodius, 5th sternite of male. 63. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) decius, 5th sternite of male. 64, Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) commodus, 5th sternite of male. 65. Schizoptera (Odontorhagus) drusus, 5th sternite of male. 66. Schizoptera (Cantharocoris) scymnus, 5th sternite of female. 67. Schizoptera (Zygophleps) unica, 5th sternite of male. 68. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) reticulata, 5th sternite of male. 69. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, 5th sternite of male. 70. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) caudata, 5th sternite of male. 71. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) mexicana, 5th sternite of male. 72. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) paraguayana, 5th sternite of male, 73. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) affinis, 5th sternite of male. 74, Schizoptera (Schizoptera) pilosa, 5th sternite of male. 75. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) apicalis, 5th sternite of male, 76. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) nigrita, 5th sternite of male. 77. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) apicipunctata, 5th sternite of male. 78. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) vitelliws, 5th sternite of male. 79. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) licinius, 5th sternite of male. 80. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) sulcata, 5th sternite of male. 81. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) bispina, 5th sternite of male. 82. Schizoptera (Lophopleurum) tenuispina, 5th sternite of male. 83. Schizoptera (Schizoptera) hirta, dorsal view of abdomen of male, 84. Corixidea lunigera, dorsal view of abdomen of male. 85. Membracioides parallela, ventral view apex of abdomen of male. 4 Ty 1a r Hy ? ' , i ; lt ne j ; i, @ al ee i 8h Kote ial ith “ims ese ANRET AE at Va fi ¥ > i hy he pan t esta sir i toi dlarnden deh. WARN aneurin ee et t Sie, A 2m et W. (sant be ne Tee Ae a ar shah nie Sty othe te Aa wiyobartareeny if axon hid ae au 9 tint se at) Rant avn) ) gigi ny? at MMuatebte ote al Pee gratings (# Acree wad) Wrath FAG gaan j ‘achiral sedery: ia av! fis ons unre ALC Mp Kay sAdhayeoNeR } } yTOlqane hes i ste of A ae ak vy he “onto a iqQoshlse ote es es bil ‘asableret he ug cb knead (yiqoehtod ) oytetqos) iia: oe to i hehe ob Pane a om it: Laphanan! y | fariytgeentip eta rphayaifl 1 44 CODE ta “attire we at Ste Aw fey yeeteseny| oa n- ) ty i fy ies wo ey vin shLehi th ie Sess kage S Vi /; idvapesiy Ob try dMQedn ROAD went cieitate. ri aire ae fais bx av ean 4 : Niod iA), esseiy phat i mats uf i) wrosaor bine i" nity tari ewnengonts ) era Gomiviats vl Pie ect oa se ANG oF aie) RBIQE Shee a Baye Mavs PLA ey ha ey.) f mY; Wray sey ey E AS Te on eatrete atte yaad ie, CARS rhe re Acs Rat Sok f LOS ai ey peated dbYid gaa Vat orien ty aataoR (08 4 Wt LES Bash hat a iiss hi ow aneiqoGmadk) mellgomdae ie ey nee Stel uber te fil eee 1s pam it aasa"daeey agin fink) aroha a it A Se : a eo ese iS j , i. kom Vide hanes 1G eens heataok, out Cverapnd tages oleae are dint a bg qwaby heidi ogi ven ares Hts ao" rea hi, Abo eo ote Th) siete, deat ei ian } ; i t } oP rae 2 A i 9 ; { = : | ; « ‘ i . i { : , i i { j Ay ny vk we Lisy ou 0 va, ‘ { pa) tee Aie re ine’ ‘ rt hi t li i ; 1 Bis 4 oa i ; N pir i % ; , F jail i { ' } } 7 } i ae ‘ 4 ‘ f ale } ‘ ] m y - ' i { : { ‘ ) gh bik qe ‘ j : f i { jy ia AN y y j! : Fit) ' = ‘ ad i i 5 i ‘ i / i j ; ' ~ J | ; f ) < % r, i i . re i i 7 i ‘i > ' ‘ ‘ i 4 i ' aash . 7 ! 4 { ant 4 i : i 4 - i Poa ' Wit i m ¢ s j = i i 3 - ea ‘ a Wehexe : P il ry Ue Wa j " ae uF 1 . Wii Psi) i . a | 7 | ua INDEX Page numbers in boldface type indicate the principal account of the group concerned. Generic names in parentheses are those of combinations not valid in the sense of this paper. Page aceola, Ceratocombus 2.—...--—4=---— 6 aftinis, Ceratocombus——_—.—_---_— 14, 22, 35 alienum, Cryptostemma —_~-_~-__~-_ 9 (Dipsocoris) = 2==- 9 ampliatipennis, Tropistotrochus _ 27-28, 36 apicalis, Schizoptera____~ 15, 20, 22-28, 36 apicipunctata, Schizoptera____-__--_ 15, 28 areolatus, Ceratocombus________-~~ 5, 6 bifenestratus, Ceratocombus__-~-~~~ 1, o4;, 00 biguttulus, Beptonannus=—=——.-—.2— 4,8 bipartita, Schizoptera_________-_ 13, 15-16 bispina’t (Schizoptera -—2-_-__--=-_— 15, 24 boliviensis, Xylonannus —~~_-_-_--_~_ 4,3 DOOpSs; Hy pselosoma l= == 2 = 32 brasiliensis, Ceratocombus ~___-_~~ 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 36, 37 brunnea, Hoplonannus __-____--_-_ 30 Cantharocon ss ses a eee 18 capitata, “Nannocoris=22_-—=--—-_ = 34 (Sebizoptera)) == 2-2 a-=— = 29, 34 caudata, Schizoptera___.____._- ~~~ 14, 21 cavitrons. Nannocoris——— ===" === 28-29 Ceratocomboides=—=4= == = Sasa LS 10, 12 Ceratocombuss.2 8a = ee 3-5, 36 cicadina, Schizoptera ____ 12, 14, 34, 35, 36 clodius; Schizoptera=.—* 2) ee 13,16 coleoptratus, (Anthocoris)~--_._---~~ A Ceratocombus===2= === 4 coloratus, 'Tagalonannus______-_- __ 4,36 commodus, Schizoptera__________-~ 135 2% Corixideqe = es = 11,125,26,.39;, 66 corticalis. xXvylonannus|————-—- 22 == = 4,35 crassa, sCorixidea: = — === sea 25-26 33-34, 37 INSULAISO POM ae wee ee 35 WSSIdOMIMUSS2 232 =o ee 35 Kophiterise = anak ee 2 is, 5s Sh 13 latipennis, Ceratocombus _____~~ 5, 8,95 a8 heptonann ses ae ee ee 4, 36 Wichenopia eee =e eee ee oe 4.53 leinius;, Schizoptera.-——__-- = 15, 23 Hophopleuriny ss 2s ee 14 lunigera; sCOrxad cao on 2. ee 25, 26 (Schizoptera) ;__-_____=.— 25, 36 major, Ceratocombus_— = 2-2 5, 6 Corixideal! S22 2 oa a 25, 26 marginicollis, Teratoneura____-____ 35 matsumarae, Hypelosoma__________ 35 Membracioides =e 2-222 5-2 2s a ey, mexicana, Schizoptera_____________ 14, 21 minutus, Ceratocombus___________ 5, 8,37 mirabilis, Ptenidiophyes__ 19, 30-31, 36, 37 mulsanti: (Astemma):“ 222 S22 25 22 4, 36 Nannocoris=ses— 8 2 10, 11, 28, 35, 36 nasa INannocorise-— os eee 28, 29 nebulifera, Nannocoris__—-_~_ 28, 29, 35, 36 (Schizoptera)i-- = 2 28 niger, \Ceratocompuss seo == 8, 37 nisrita, ‘Schizoptera-—o--- =-2 1522.23 oculata;, Hypselosoma = 31 Odontorhacus== 42a wee eee 13 Oi Eri ae ee he SAIS Re 5 35 Omm atid 6s) eee ea lees = A eee 33, 37 Oncerodesic ea wee ae wee ae So 32, 37 Orthorig sss s-ts 2. eee Se 13 Pachycoleusi 2-2 eae ea 35, 36 panamensis, Ceratocombus____-_--_ 8, 34 paraguayana, Schizoptera_______ 14, 21-22 parallela, Membracioides __________ 27 pedunculatum, Cryptostemma ______ 9-10 pilosa, Schizopteray2 oe 2 lel eae 15, 22 plana, iSchizoptera=. ee 13, 15 prima, Ceratocomboides ___________ 12 principatus, Crescentius___________ 34 Etenidiophyesie=s=2 22 11, 30, 36, 37 pusillus, "Schizopterops =—--—-=-==-_ 36 42 INDEX Page Page reitteri, Schizoptera ~.__--~—-__ 14, 19, 36 | sulcata, Schizoptera __-______~~- 14, 15, 24- repetita, Schizoptera____-__------- 113, 06:)| Lagalonannus= 2222-222 eee 4, 36: reticulata, Schizoptera _____-_-----_ 14, 20 | tenuispina, Schizoptera_________ 15, 24-25. reuteri, Schizoptera____--_~-~ 13, 14, 18-19) ||| Teratocombus=2- 2-2 222- —aeeee 36 robusta, Oncerodes ___--------- 82—88,.37 | Teratoneura _-= = 22a 35, 36 saltator, Glyptocombus_-_-_-_----~--- 81,35 \f Mrichotonannus)=———2 "=== eee 4, 36 (Hypselosoma) —__---___~- Si) erOPISLOtrOChUS) 2 == eee eee 11, 27, 36 Schizopterase= s=220 5522 11, 12,14, 35, 36 | tuberculifera, Nannocoris__._---~-~- 28, 36 Schizopterinae 2 =.= sake ee 3,10 (Schizoptera) _.---__ 28 Schizopterong ss ee ee 36 | typicus, Seychellesanus _..--.._--_ 85. schwarzi, Nannocoris ____------_-- 28,29 | uhleri, Cryptostemma _____________ 9,10 scutellata, Schizoptera ___--_------ 34, 37 Schizoptera, —---—-—__ 14, 19, 31, 37 scymnus, Schizoptera 2222222222" 14,20) unica, Schizoptera= 22-222 13, 18 setulosus, Trichotonannus ~-_-_-~_~~- 4 | vagans, Ceratocombus_________--~_~- 5, 7-8: Seychellesanus= 2222252 22Se05 eee 35 | vitellius, Schizoptera_______-______ 15, 24 signatus, Issidomimus____-----__~_- 35 | walthl> Pachycoleus 222222222 35 gimilis,*'Schizopteras 2 13278) i) ylonia ning eee ee eee 4, 35, 36 smithi, ‘Cryptostemma=——-2>-- 9,510") Zygophleps' oS eee 13 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART- 13 PL. | STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF CRYPTOSTEMMATINAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 37 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 13 PL. 2 35 40 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF SCHIZOPTERINAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 38: U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 13 PL. 3 WINGS OF SCHIZOPTERINAE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 38 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 13 PL. 4 81 HYPOPYGIAL CHARACTERS OF SCHIZOPTERINAE FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 39 A REVIEW OF THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMOR- PHIDAE, AND A SUGGESTION FOR A REARRANGE- MENT OF THE ADEPHAGA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES By Howarp Norman Of Brooklyn, New York In the author’s opinion this group of beetles is entitled to rank as a distinct family in the Adephaga. It has been placed hitherto as a subfamily of the Carabidae, from which several characters of importance distinguish it. The most striking, perhaps, is the presence of antennal grooves on the underside of the head between the eyes and the maxillary fissures. More important, however, systematically is the absence of the suture between the mentum and the submentum. This suture is absent in the Amphizoidae also, but is present in all the remaining families of the Adephaga. It is especially well marked in the Dytiscidae. Another character not so well suited for synoptic construction but, nevertheless, more or less significant, is the variability in the form and position of the eye. This organ is always lateral in position and subrotund in form in the Carabidae. In the Pseudomorphidae the genera, which number only eight, show the following differences in form and position. In Adelotopus the eye is on the upper surface of the head, with a well defined, continuous margin beneath it. In Cryptocephalo- morpha the eye is lateral in position but by its conformation con- tinues the cephalic margin which it structurally interrupts—an ex- treme instance of the usually dominant eye-form in subordination to the general form of the head. The eye in this genus, as also in Pseudomorpha, has a strong angulation beneath. In Silphomorpha and Sphallomorpha the eye is round. It is by no means certain that the genus Adelotopus should not be placed in a separate family on account of the difference in the position of the eye as described and its position anterior to the maxillary fissure, a feature characteristic of the Dytiscidae; in which the maxillary fissure extends as far back as the posterior margin of the eye, and also on account of the form of the fissure and the form of the antennae. In Silphomorpha, Sphallomorpha, and No. 2586.—PROcEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 14 27393—25——1 alt 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 especially in Pseudomorpha, the posterior extremity of the fissure is acute as though obliquely truncated by the antennal groove, whereas in Adelotopus the antennal groove and the fissure are par- allel and both are semicircularly rounded at their posterior extremi- ties. The form of the fissure is very similar in Dytiscus. Also, in the latter genus, there is a distinct excavation between the eye and the fissure. The Dytiscidae in general have a tendency to hold the antennae in repose, against the underside of the head. in the Carabidae the relation between the eye and the fissure varies considerably. In the Lebiid genus Agra, the eye is wholly posterior to the latter, whereas in Anisodactylus the fissure extends to about the posterior two-thirds of the eye. This relation is probably correlated with the feeding habits of the beetles. The fissure is apparently always rounded at its posterior extremity. In Silphomorpha, Sphallomorpha, and Pseudomorpha the an- tennae are long and filiform as in the other families of the Adeph- aga; whereas in Adelotopus, they are very short and strongly fusi- form, much more clavate than in many genera of the clavicorn family Staphylinidae. Other indications of association with that family are not lacking. The genera Sitlphomorpha and Sphallo- morpha were separated by Westwood and later made synonymous. They seem to the author, however, to be worthy of maintenance. Westwood distinguished them by the presence of a broad, rather indistinct tooth in the species assembled in Stlphomorpha. In addi- tion, these species are characterized by a more or less distinct angu- lation of the gular sutures. Variability in the form of the gular sutures is frequent in the Staphylinidae, especially in the Lathrobia, but, as far as the author is aware, is unknown in the Carabidae. The Cryptobia, also, are recalled in the densely pubescent spots found on two of the abdominal segments in the males of Pseudo- morpha. The species of Silphomorpha are all uniform in coloration— dark piceous to nearly black. The species of Sphallomorpha are variegated with pale maculae, vittae, or margins. In Pseudomorpha, the only genus known from the western hemi- sphere, the form is elongate, parallel or nearly so and moderately convex, and the color varies from castaneous to nearly black. The legs are very short, with strongly developed femora in all the genera of the family. In the Australian genera Adelotopus, Cainogenion, Silphomorpha, and Sphallomorpha, the form is more variable. Many species of Adelotopus are very elongate and cylindrical, resembling the bark beetles of the family Scolytidae. In Sphallomorpha the form is broad, oval, and depressed like that of the Gyrinidae and the ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—-NOTMAN 3 Dytiscidae. In Adelotopus, also, many of the species are varie- gated with maculae or fasciae of red. The genus Hydroporomorpha is known from Africa. Paussotro- pus' and Cryptocephalomorpha from the East Indies. Pseudo- morpha is also known from Australia. Paussotropus in addition to characters mentioned in the synopsis is distinguished by very short tarsi and the absence of a posterior prolongation of the prosternum. The habits of the Pseudomorphidae are not well known. Many of the Australian species are found under the bark of Hucalyptus trees. Adelotopus has been found with ants and is believed by Sloane to feed on them.? Some species, probably of Sphallomorpha, have been found on flowers and doubtless lead to their association with the Lebias. Though not closely related to the subject of this paper, it may not be out of place in connection with a suggested rearrangement of the Adephaga, to call attention to the structure of the mouth in Pasi- machus. The suture between the mentum and the submentum is very strongly developed and the maxillary fissure is much reduced. Elsewhere in the Carabidae, even in the Searitini, where Pasimachus is placed by the systematists, the fissure extends some distance behind the mentum with a distinct apical arcuation inward, forming a dis- tinct submentum, but in Pasimachus the fissure ends at the base of the mentum. In reality it reaches the base of the mentum only as ¢ suture, for the basal half of the mentum is continuous with the gena and the fissure is open only for the apical half. Throughout the Carabidae, to the extent of the author’s observations, the fissure is open downwards, so that considerable vertical motion is possible in the movement of the maxilla. In Pasimachus the mentum conceals the fissure from beneath and motion in the fissure must be altogether horizontal. These peculiarities of mouth structure, together with the large mandibles and the posterior position of the eyes, seem to afford strong grounds for erecting a distinct family for this and allied genera. In closing this brief discussion of the Pseudomorphidae, one further point may be indicated. The mandibles are without visible scrobes. Dissection shows that this is due to the greater development of the lower edge of the mandibles; a structure corresponding to the upper edge of the scrobe, appearing as an arcuate carina on the upper surface. ‘This recalls the expansion of the lower edge of the scrobe in the Carabid genus Letstus. Whether the absence of the scrobe in the two Lebiid genera Pentagonica and Onota is due to 1 See footnote 4 on p. 5. 2Arthur M. Lea. Australian and Tasmanian Coleoptera inhabiting or resorting to the Nests of Ants, Bees, and Termites. Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, n. s. vol. 28, 1911, pp. 116—230. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 a similar development of the lower edge or not could not be ascer- tained from lack of material, but it seems probable that it is. The rearrangement of the Adephaga here suggested seems to bring into greater prominence characters of importance, while, perhaps, taking less account of habits of life. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the follow- ing for the loan of specimens, suggestive comment, or for permission to examine type material: To the British Museum, through the kind- ness of G. J. Arrow; to the United States National Museum, through the kindness of Dr. E. A. Schwarz; to the American Museum of Natural History, through the kindness of Dr. F. E. Lutz; to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through the kindness of Dr. Henry Skinner; to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, through the kindness of Nathan Banks; to Col. Thomas L. Casey, Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, the Messrs. H. C. Fall, Charles Schaeffer, A. B. Champlain, and Prof. E. B. Poulton. The author is especially indebted to Charles Schaeffer for his encouragement and assistance in undertaking this study and in continuing it to completion. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE ADEPHAGA ® 1. Mentum and submentum not separated by a suture___________________ 2, Mentum and submentum separated by a distinct suture______-________ 3 2. Head with antennal grooves beneath__________________ Pseudomorphidae. Head without antennal grooves beneath___________________ Amphizoidae. 3. Metasternum without an antecoxal piece; prolonged in a triangular process posteriorly ieee ane Ltd Oe ah ee ERP oR 4 Metasternum with an antecoxal piece, separated by a well-marked suture. 5 4. Antennae irregular, very short; abdomen with seven segments; eyes four. Gyrinidae. Antennae slender, filiform or setaceous; abdomen with six segments; eyes EVV. SAE AAA EIA ENE REN SR RP Set ND oe eet ov he ore Dytiscidae. 5. Antecoxal piece of the metasternum not extending from one side to the Other ini b.wt eeio) oe Aeticy Rg Coe) er eee Hygrobiidae. Antecoxal piece extending from one side to the other__________________ 6 6. Antennae arising on the sides of the head between the eyes and the BYDRTN TPO ae a Ee aa IN ee BN a UR Rp te Antennae arising on the front between the eyes and above the mandi- 10) 2X oe ROSES TS ARS EEO RD yee Kein LS Om Sm Pet Etch) Bae ob © US EP EE PURE AE ee gl te 9 %. Seutellum) ;present. 22222) 222 ot bes roo Poe aac hie pean i reggae ve ae 8 Seutellum) absent jo. 2 i es ot ee Omophronidae. 8. Maxillary fissures not extending to the mental suture, concealed from below fap OY SY 0 G2 a, 0 pe aa nO oh lh crue es 2 ee eR WT Tan hs ee Pasimachidae. Maxillary fissures surpassing the mental suture, open beneath__ Carabidae. 9. Antennae 10-jointed. Hind coxae with large plates almost concealing the abdomen. Head vertical. Mandibles not prominent________ Haliplidae. Antennae 11-jointed. Head vertical, with prominent mandibles. Hind COXAESC WaT O Mi aT ea at ee Cicindelidae. 3 Certain authors have discussed adephagous affinities of the Paussidae, Rhyssodidae, and Cupesidae (Burmeister 1841, Raffray 1885, Escherich 1899, Peyerimhoff 1902, Desneux 1905, Boving 1907, and Forbes 1923), but these families are here omitted as too aberrant for inclusion. art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 5 The following are the principal papers dealing with the Pseudo- morphidae, more especially the earlier species: Kirspy, Witt1AM.—A Description of some Insects which appear to exemplify Mr. William S. MacLeay’s Doctrine of Affinity and Analogy. Trans. Linn. Soe. London, vol. 14, 1825, pp. 93-110. WEstwoop, J. O.—Illustrations of the Relationships existing amongst Natural Objects, usually termed Affinity and Analogy, selected from the Class of Insects. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1841, pp. 409-421. WEstwoop, J. O.—Pseudomorpha et Adelotopus, genera duo anomalia e familia Carabidarum synoptice tractata. Rev. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 5, 1853, pp. 395-410. MacLeay, W., Jr.—Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Coleoptera from Port Denison. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, 1864, pp. 106-130. DE CASTELNAU, Count F.—Notes on Australian Coleoptera. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 8, 1868, pp. 95-225. MacLray, W.—Notes on a Collection of Insects from Gayudah. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, 1871, pp. 79-205. Horn, G. H.—Miscellaneous Notes and short Studies of North American Coleop- tera. Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 10, 1882-83, pp. 269-312. MacLeay, W.—The Insects of King’s Sound and its vicinity. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, doc. 3, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 443-480, 1888, The following key of the genera is based on the original descrip- tions only in the case of Paussotropus and Hydroporomorpha since no specimens of the species in those two genera could be obtained for examination. They are marked with an asterisk to indicate this fact. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE PSEUDOMORPHIDAE 1 EVESESUPEEIO Rs 1M POST GTOTEAL Re UTE Foe acd Ci ie ee SI OE SUPE NS CPO Pe PH VESMIAteraliiin y DPOSiETOmess 2c ees Eee ie Oe ee eas Head with a continuous margin beneath the eye. Prosternum not depressed lo ebninc fithe Come Lecabee Ss eA et EYEE a eR ee Adelotopus Hope. Head with the margin interrupted beneath the eye. Prosternum depressed behind the coxae. A prominent process between the eye and the maxil- bo Layee SSure st teak Mile he Pelle A ieee BP Cainogenion, new genus. 3. Head defiexed. Front very convex. Mouth inferior__________________ 4. Headmhorizontals. Mouth santeriori. oe Sat ee ee ee ee D 4. Labrum and mandibles invisible from in front. Eyes angulate beneath. Cryptocephalomorpha Ritsema. Labrum and mandibles visible from in front. Eyes round. * Paussotropus * Waterhouse. 5. Eyes angulate beneath. Head with short antennal grooves; not surpassing Es IN OVS re NP er Pseudomorpha Kirby. Eyes round. Head with long antennal grooves, far surpassing the eyes. 6 6. Mentum entire. Ventral segments four____ * Hydroporomorpha Westwood. Mentum emarcinate:! Ventraliisesments! Sixa {oboe eee ( *QOne species of this genus is known, P. parallelus Waterhouse. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1877, p. 3. Im response to an inquiry concerning this species, Mr. G. J. Arrow writes: “As to Paussotropus there appears to have been a mistake, * * *. The type specimen bears the locality ‘“Batchian,’” but this evidently incorrect, for we have since acquired two specimens taken by Dt. Boulay in West Australia and one labeled ‘Adelaide.’ * * * The form of the head is very remarkable. The eye is nearly circular and placed laterally, its anterior edge just reaching the front margin of the head, but the declivity of the head is elevated immediately in front of the eye and forms a peculiar cup-shaped lobe as seen from the side.’’ 6 ie PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Mentum with a short broad tooth. Gular sutures strongly angulate. Color uniform :piceous)or black? 222-222 te Silphomorpha Westwood. Mentum without a tooth. Gular sutures not angulate. Elytra maculate or vittate or with broad pale margins (metallic green in speciosa Pascoe). Sphallomorpha Westwood. Genus ADELOTOPUS Hope The following key was prepared in large part from the original descriptions only. Such species as could not be identified in the material at hand are marked with an asterisk. Specimens of Adelo- topus dytiscoides Newman, Adelotopus ipsoides Westwood, and Adelotopus rubiginosus Newman which had been compared with the types were obtained through the kindness of G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum, who also compared a specimen from the collec- tion of the American Museum of Natural History with the type of Adelotopus gyrinoides Hope and identified it as that species. Complete descriptions are given for those species only, believed to be undescribed. KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS ADLOTOPUS HOPE i, lead with two; horn-like ‘tubercles _s 2) Pane * cornutus Castelnau. Head: without jtubercless 2.215 va bea 2 ee A a 2 2. Whole upper surface setose, with pale erect hairs______ * analis MacLeay. Upper surface not :Setosests be aes: oo hee Se ee ee 3 3. Head with intraorbital setigerous punctures____________ *insignis Sloane. Head without intraorbital setigerous punctures_______________________ 4 4. form very broad. Thorax three times as broad as long. Elytra about as) long \as broad 2 2 aha. 6 e Ses a ale ee ee eee *celeripes Lea. Form elongate. Elytra distinctly to strongly elongate. Thorax not more than’ twice vas road’: ast Vor gee fet ce ped oe eas Seen EE pe ea a 5; blytra unicolorousjornr. nearly sos. 2 etl ewes see 6 Elytra bicolored; maculate, fasciate or with apex rather broadly and defi- Nitely Teda 2 on eis Wa le ts ee ee one 25 6. Color black or piceous black 22st sie of tee tae ee eae 7 Color palecastaneous or: brownishs-* 3222 2s5) = ses eee ee eee 19 7. Bivtra with: punctationvextremely minute 22-5232 ee 8 Blytra distinctly, punctate.), Abdomen, red2222-- 255302 se eee 18 8. Elytra with the minute punctation variolose. Thorax twice as wide BS LOW ok a et ee bee tert ua ee aly BE ea ae * variolosus Lea. Hlytralspunctation not variolose=]—22= 2) 28 = ee eee 9 9. Thorax with all the angles very acute. Form elongate. Elytra three times! -the Jeneth of wthe* thoraxs— 1450s aes * elongatulusMacLeay. Thorax with the posterior angles much less distinect_.____---_------_--_-~- 10 10; Abdomen ferrucinous) or red. ee eee alal Abdomen blackor*piceous blacket =} kes ee ee 13 11; Kormielongate; narrower.) 2 2 ee eee *tasmani Blackburn Form ‘broader. 5. a Re a TE Ne Lae ie ee 12 12. Seutellum and margins of thorax and elytra paler, piceous. * scolytides Newman. Scutellum and margins of thorax and elytra not paler. hydrobioides Westwood. art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN re 13. Size larger. 9 mm. Basal margin of elytra entire, attaining the SCOUT (cM UT om ace pe TO a di as ea I a 8 oe ke 14 Size smaller, not more than 7 mm. Basal margin of elytra abbreviated, NOt ibteiMinostHeyaSCuce uma: me Us ee a ee ee 15 SHEARS PINT 15 hi Sea hn aa ian iE ae ne 9 A OL mastersi Macleay. Alta CEOS SITIO O TP ACC es tel eee ee A ee dytiscoides Newman. 15. Elytra shorter, twice the length of the thorax. Form ovate. * brevipennis MacLeay. Elytra longer, nearly three times the length of thorax. Form narrower__ 16 16. Form narrower, more cylindrical. Abdomen black____ niger, new species. Horn broad erwmonresdenresse dss ee es ee ee lig 17. Thorax much broader, more than twice as broad as long. Abdomen black. * vicinus Castelnau. Thorax narrower, not more than twice as broad as long. Abdomen paler, DL CCOUS Hee Ree E De oe See nena ee ee as gyrinoides Hope. 183 Mhorax narrower than, the elytra coon ee ee occidentalis Castelnau. Thorax as wide as the elytra. Suture subcarinate apically. *micans Blackburn. 19. Alutaceous, rather opaque. Head deeply immersed in the thorax. * brunneus Castelnau. TSEC OVER Dy SY GUL UU ON = ee ge, See ene Se tO ey ae 20 20: Densely punctate, though shining_~_—+-—--__~ + *punctatus Castelnau Punctation rather sparse or wanting__________ ee 6 es a ae oe WAL HIE SIZeR SI LET wa OMG, os pT TN eee oe eee ee ee ee 22 SUZ MET CT dC mT TV ae eee ee ee ee ee 23 22. Color ferruginous, uniform. Thorax and elytra of equal width. Very minutely punctate and feebly striate____________ rubiginosus Newman. Color pale, rufo-piceous, a little darker on head and thorax. Very shining, impunctate. Elytra a little narrower than thorax____* laevis Macleay. 23. Form broader. Thorax two-thirds wider than long. Sides subparallel posteriorly, rounded anteriorly. Punctation fine but distinct. Size GG pT Ss ks bk ee I CEB 2 BG eet Se Te a aphodioides Westwood. ormmelon gare: Gy lineiricailesss ere See RR is eee wee 24 24. Thorax nearly as long as broad. Elytra slightly narrower than thorax. Punctation very indistinct. Size 6 mm__________ *longipennis MacLeay. Thorax rather strongly transverse, aS wide as elytra, sides straight, nar- rowed from the base. Punctation more distinct. Size 4 mm. castaneus Castelnau. 25. Elytra with the apex more or less broadly reddish_____________________ 26 MiviraymaAculatey Or TASCLALCs smear eo See a Aa hy alee Sn citi 33 26. More or less alutaceous and dull. Form elongate, cylindrical, parallel. hoa MOMS LaLa TO ACen een NS Re ee * linearis MacLeay. ROU DTN OTE Dt chad 8 MAL Zs ok ped 2 ee ol Nie bl ataer are gh sla Bagchee BEL Cg 27 2 hhorax subquadrate, or longer thanvbroadss 22222 i lis, Wai iste 2 Thoraxgdistinetlyatrans verses sts s 2 a eerpen bel Dihles ergy pe ge 29 28. Thorax longer than wide. Apical third or half of the elytra red. * filiformis Macleay. Thorax subquadrate. Elytral apex less broadly red. nemosomoides Westwood. 29F Horm) broader, Tesstoblonewe eel ality oe a apicalis Macleay. Kormenarnower, (more: paralicles i — .tehwes sede Love a 30 SOn NOTH TA VUNCLALC == 6. see nee ae oi a A ee MS 31 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 31. Elytra with sides nearly straight and distinctly narrowed posteriorly. Elytral truncations slightly emarginate__-_--__-_~_ * jacobsoni Ritsema. Elytra with sides parallel, slightly arcuate. Elytral truncations feebly UTC ULE EC eas ae acs eh haemorrhoidalis Hrichson. 32. Thorax punctate medially. Elytral punctation duplex, not regularly se- riate.’’ Hlytra’about- half red-_ puncticollis, new species. Thorax punctate laterally only. Elytra with nine regular rows of punc- tures: uA pex Ted] == 2262 ee serie-punctatus, new species. $3. Dlytra mseulatel «40 ie) oie ore ea ee ia ba 34 Blytra’ fasclate 2% oe 254 a EE Se ee eh eee 35. 34. Elytra with a large, common red macula____--__ * maculipennis Macleay. Elytra with a red macula on the center of each____ * bimaculatus Macleay. 35." Thorax “wider? than ely tras a) eis eS ee 3 Thorax not wider than "elytra 2 Fo ee a ee er ee a 3h 36. Form broader. Basal fascia not extending to one-half the length of the elytra: 8h e Poe EU hee Sus alle tl eens a NO ES EES SEE affinis Castelnau. Form elongate, cylindrical. Thorax narrowed anteriorly. Elytra with two fasciae. Basal-fascia much narrower_----------- * gonatus Castelnau. 37. Thorax about as long as wide, not narrowed in frent. Basal fascia covering two-thirds of the elytra. Form elongate, cylindrical. * fasciatus Castelnau. Thorax transverse, much narrowed in front. Elytra short. Form broader. * papuanus Gestro. ADELOTOPUS NIGER, new species Form elongate, cylindrical, subparallel, nearly three times as long as broad; widest at the middle; sides feebly and evenly arcuate. Color black. Margins of thorax and elytra very finely picescent. Legs, antennae, and mouth parts picescent. Head subimpunctate. Thorax and elytra rather minutely and sparsely and irregularly punctate. Elytra without striae. Suture feebly elevated at apex. Head three-fourths the width of thorax. Thorax slightly more than one-half wider than long. Apex arcuate; sides feebly arcuate and narrowed from base to apex; base very feebly and broadly emarginate. All angles rather narrowly rounded; anterior angles projecting for about one-third the diameter of the eye. Sides rather narrowly reflexed. Base not margined. Thorax not more coarsely nor closely punctured apico-laterally. Elytra more than twice the length of thorax; humeri rounded and less prominent than adjacent thoracic base; basal margin subobsolete. Apical truncatures feebly arcuate; outer apical angles broadly rounded; sutural moderately narrowly rounded. Prosternum indistinctly and sparsely punc- tured; abdomen rather coarsely and closely punctured laterally. Length, 5.8 mm.; width, 2.1 mm. Type—Australia (Koebele). Cat. No. 26168, U.S.N.M. The apex of the thorax is quite distinctly more arcuate in this species than in my new species A. puncticollis, and A. serie-punc- tatus. ART, 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 8) ADELOTOPUS PUNCTICOLLIS, new species Form elongate, cylindrical, subparallel, about two and one-half times as long as wide; widest near the middle; sides distinctly and evenly arcuate. Integuments very shining. Color black. Elytra with posterior two-thirds red on the disk; the black extending some- what broadly laterally to apical third. Margins of thorax and elytra finely picescent. Mouth parts, antennae, legs, and abdomen bright rufo-castaneous. Head two-thirds the width of thorax, moderately convex, distinctly and rather irregularly punctate. Tho- rax one-fourth wider than long, sides rather feebly arcuately nar- rowed from base to apex; anterior angles projecting for about one- third the diameter of the eye, narrowly rounded; sides narrowly reflexed; basal angles rounded. Surface distinctly and irregularly punctured, more coarsely and densely apico-laterally. Elytra rather more than twice the length of thorax, distinctly and irregu- larly punctured; punctures varying in size, the larger forming irregular longitudinal series on basal portion. Basal margin broadly interrupted medially. Striation very faint. Suture very finely margined, feebly elevated close to the apex. Apical trun- catures feebly arcuate; outer angles broadly rounded; sutural angles very narrowly rounded. Sterna rather coarsely, sparsely, and irregular punctured. Abdomen extremely minutely and sparsely punctate and setulose. Length, 5 mm.; width, 2 mm. Type.—Victoria (Hy Edwards Coll.). Collection of the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. ADELGTOPUS SERIE-PUNCTATUS, new species Form elongate, cylindrical, slightly wider near elytral apex; sides scarcely arcuate; rather more than twice as long as wide. Very shining. Color black; elytral apex rather broadly red. Antennae, mouth parts, legs, and abdomen bright rufo-castaneous. Head two- thirds the width of thorax, moderately convex, impunctate. Thorax rather more than one-fourth wider than long; sides rather dis- tinctly narrowed anteriorly, feebly arcuate. Anterior angles closely embracing the head but small, scarcely surpassing the posterior margins of the eye, narrowly rounded. Side margins narrowly re- flexed. Disk impunctate; sides with few rather coarse punctures, more numerous near apical angles. Elytra twice the length of the thorax; margins very narrowly reflexed; basal margin broadly interrupted medially; disk with nine regular series of strong, asper- ate punctures; finer near the apex. Striation completely obsolete; suture very finely margined, distinctly elevated near the apex; apical truncatures nearly straight; outer angles very broadly rounded; sutural angles moderately narrowly rounded. Sterna 27393—25——_2 + 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 coarsely, sparsely, and irregularly punctured. Abdomen with nu- merous, distinct setulose punctures, finer and sparser on sixth seg- ment. Length, 6 mm.; width, 2.5 mm. Type—vVictoria (Hy Edwards Coll.). Collection of the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. The following species of Adelotopus are identified in the material at hand: ADELOTOPUS HYDROBIODES Westwood Victoria—Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS MASTERSI MacLeay Forest Reef, New South Wales (Lea).—Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS DYTISCOIDES Newman Victoria (3), Tasmania (1), Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.) (5), New South Wales, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Mt. Lofty Rgs. S. H. Curnow (Lea) (4).—Coll. A.M.N.H. Australia (Koebele) (5).—Coll. U.S.N.M. Nov. Holl. Austr. (Fry Coll.) 1905, 100.—Coll. Notman. ADELOTOPUS GYRINOIDES Hope Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS OCCIDENTALIS Castelnau Bridgetown (Lea).—Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS RUBIGINOSUS Newman Port Bowen, 75.22.—Coll. Notman. ADELOTOPUS APHODIOIDES Westwood South Australia, (5), Longreach, Queensland (A. M. Lea) (2).— Coll. A.M.N.H. ; Victoria. ADELOTOPUS CASTANEUS Castelnau Victoria (4), Longreach, Queensland (A. M. Lea) (2).—Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS NEMOSOMOIDES Westwood Victoria.—Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS APICALIS MacLeay Victoria, Hobart, Tasmania (Lea), inquiline—Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS HAEMORRHOIDALIS Erichson Victoria (2).—Coll. A.M.N.H. ADELOTOPUS AFFINIS Castelnau Cairns, Q. (A. M. Lea).—Coll. A.M.N.H. ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN i} CAINOGENION, new genus Genotype—Adelotopus ipsoides Westwood. Front margin of head not continuous beneath eye, where it is in- terrupted by a vertical groove which descends to base of antenna but is apparently not an antennal groove. Eyes rounded oval with the long axis nearly vertical. Antennae very short, stout, fusiform, strongly compressed. That portion of the gena between eye and maxillary fissure supporting a large projecting process with a trun- cate apex. Carinate median projection of prosternum strongly depressed behind coxae so that posterior extremity is in contact with mesoster- num, not raised above it by a vertical edge as in Adelotopus. Thorax and elytra coarsely and deeply punctured. Posterior angles of thorax produced posteriorly. The separation of this genus from Adelotopus was suggested by Newman.’ It seems abundantly distinct by the characters given above. In the following synopsis such species as could not be identified in the material at hand are marked with an asterisk, their position being determined from the original description only. KEY OF SPECIES OF GENUS CAINOGENION 1. Prosternum not carinate, obtusely elevated posteriorly________________ 2 Prosternum with a strong median carina on posterior half____________ + 2. Sides of thorax subangulate anteriorly. Color rufotestaceous. * eylindricum Chaudoir. Sides of thorax evenly rounded. Color darker, with a pale basal area on CU ok ee YY EN Oe Ra ee Fea AC Sh eee ee ee: WON 3 3. Integuments finely granulate throughout______________ * bicolor Castelnau. Integuments smooth and shining though punctate_____ ephippiatum Newman. 4, Elytra strongly punctured throughout________________ obscurum Castelnau. Hlytra with humeral, lateral or apical areas much less distinctly punc- GUE gee Beis Fn ee ee STOR La eee Sib ies Wg tO et te 5 5. Humeri only impunctate. Form more elongate__ * creberrimum Blackburn. Humeri, sides, and apex impunctate or nearly so______ ipsoides Westwood. The following species of Cainogenion are identified in the material at hand: CAINOGENION EPHIPPIATUM Newman Victoria (5)—Coll. A. M. N. H. ° Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1856, vol. 3, new series, p. 127. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 87 CAINOGENION OBSCURUM MacLeay New South Wales, Austral. (Edwards Coll.) (8), Albury, New South Wales. (A. M. Lea, Beltana, Nov. 30, 1887 (Lea).—Coll. A. M. N. H. New South Wales, Australia, Jan., 1901, Geo. Compere, Collector (2).—Coll. U.S. N.M. i CAINOGENION IPSOIDES Westwood Victoria (4).—Coll. A. M. N. H. Melbourne (Bowring 63.47*), Adelaide (Bowring 63.47*) —Coll. Notman. Genus CRYPTOCEPHALOMORPHA Ritsema It is uncertain whether Adelotopus collaris Waterhouse, frow Siam, should be placed in this genus. It is the only species de- scribed from anywhere but Australia, whereas Cryptocephalomorpha gaverei Ritsema is known from Java.° If examination of the type shows the species to belong here, it may be distinguished as follows. A specimen of Cryptocephalomorpha marginatus Westwood (=gaverei Ritsema), which has been compared with the type, was obtained through the kindness of G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum. KEY OF SPECIES OF GENUS CRYPPTOCEPHALOMORPHA RITSEMA Elytra each with a round yellow macula—________________ collaris Waterhouse. Hlytra each with an oblique red maculal22222 4) te gaverei Ritsema. Genus PSEUDOMORPHA Kirby The material at hand in this genus includes representatives of all the described species with the exception of cylindrica Casey from North America and /aevissima Chaudoir, gerstaeckert Chau- doir, and argentina Steinheil, from South America. The author was kindly allowed the privilege of examining the type of cylin- drica in the collection of its describer. Laevissima Chaudoir, gerstaeckert Chaudoir and hubbardi Not- man, are probably distinguishable by an impunctuate thorax. The remaining species fall into several series by characters of the head. In angustata Horn, champlaini Notman, schwarzi Notman, con- fusa Notman, and cylindrica Casey, there is a well-marked trans- verse row of coarser punctures on the occiput which is lacking or indistinct in the others, including hwbbardi Notman,. In another series the front margin of the head between the eye and the base of the mandibles forms a very distinct lobe, which is arcuate and usually more prominent at its anterior end near the mandibles. In cronkhitet Horn and excrucians Kirby, the apex of the lobe is *Ritsema, Tijds. v. Ent., vol. 22, 1878-1879, pp. Ixxxvii—lxxxviii. ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN rg truncate and about equally prominent at either end. This series includes angustata Horn and the related species, champlaini Not- man, schwarzi Notman, also the species lacordairei Depan, arrowi Notman, behrenst Horn, castanea Casey, vindicata Notman, and hubbardi Notman. Another interesting character which it was not found necessary to use in the synoptic analysis is found in the margination of the base of the thorax. In the species pilatei Chaudoir, tenebroides Notman, alutacea Notman, vandykei Not- nan, consanguinea Notman, the thorax is finely margined medially at base. This margin is beaded with the setigerous punctures which are found in a series around the lateral edges of both thorax and elytra. The other species are without this margin with the excep- tion of confusa Notman. In the type of the latter the base of the thorax is finely and completely margined. The margin is not, how- ever, beaded with the setigerous punctures. In the anqgustata series the head is distinctly less transverse than in the other species. The elytral punctuation in confusa Notman, and hubbardi Not- man, is simple, consisting of rows of coarse punctures only. In the others the punctures are both coarse and fine, the coarse in rows but the fine sometimes without distinct arrangement. The anal setigerous punctures exhibit a large amount of variability. The number often differs on either side in individuals. Some have but two on either side; others as many as five. The latter was found to be the number in a male excrucians Kirby and a female behrenst Horn. There appears to be no difference in the number between the sexes. The number averages lowest in angustata Horn, and its relatives. The proportions of the thorax are often deceptive and therefore more or less unreliable on account of a tendency to distortion through warping of the integuments. KE. A. Schwarz, who has made a study of the genus, kindly turned over his notes to the author. Characters ofésystematic value, the transverse row of coarse punctures on the head and the variation in the width of the pubescent spots on the third and fourth abdominal segments of the male, are indicated by him. The former character is made use of in the synopsis of the species. The male character will distinguish schwarzi Notman and champlaini Notman from angustata Horn, the spots being narrower in the former. Dr. Schwarz writes that the Pseudomorphas are numerous in their habitat, but are difficult to capture. They live in dead leaves and move with great agility, assisted by the numerous setae with which they are provided. They are easy to capture on cloth when attracted to ight. se eee eee eee 16 13. Form distinctly narrowed! posteriorly.0s) 4 ea eee ae 14 Form paralleliisd: ect 20h ey cept ety _epivesss SU teat ee See Ee ee 15 14. Elytral punctuation very fine, subobsolete______________ cronkhitei Horn. Elytra with eight rows of punctures. The seventh of fine, the others of course: punctures =o. 222 ee ee, ee eee vindicata, new species. 15. Elytra with the rows of punctures confused on the disk____ behrensi Horn. Elytra with the rows of punctures distinct throughout__ castanea Casey. 16. Thorax more coarsely and densely punctured apico-medially. arrowi, new species. Thorax not. PUNCtULed:. ASA DO VCS ee a a a nur art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 15 17. Color rufous. Elytra blackish piceous. Thorax less transverse. Elytra less Melon caterer | eit oe ds Be ee excrucians Kirby. Color above entirely blackish piceous. Thorax more transverse. Elytra MOTE EC ONL Cme re ee eae | Ee et lacordairei Dejean. 18. Elytra finely alutaceous, less shining, with nine rows of coarse punctures. confusa, new species. Bilytrawnotalutaceous, strongly, shining). 020226) et 19 19. Form very elongate, cylindrical. Head scarcely narrower than thorax. Elytra with two rows of coarser punctures__________ cylindrica Casey. Form broader. Head distinctly narrower than the thorax_____________ 20 20. Head larger, about two-thirds the width of thorax. Elytra with a single ROW Of COaTSer PUNCLUTES: Near Suture {- sees oe angustata Horn. Head smaller, scarcely more than one-half the width of thorax. Elytra Pe WLEMe LWVOPROWSE OL COATSEE UNCLUTCS = seen SSN oe eee 21 21. Unicolorous above. Thorax more transverse, with sides more strongly ARO ADU ONG MEY laden Ue aa a ae ee A A fae Sek ee ea te champlaini, new species. Head and thorax rufous; elytra blackish piceous. Thorax less transverse, with sides less strongly rounded. Size smaller___ schwarzi, new species. PSEUDOMORPHA FALLI, new species Form rather slender and cylindrical. Color dark castaneous. Integuments finely alutaceous, moderately shining. Head with sparse, fine punctuation; thoracic punctuation sparse, fine, and very indistinct; a few faint rugae postero-laterally. Elytra with eight rows of strong, coarse punctures, somewhat abbreviated basally; a few fine punctures in the intervals or in the rows of coarser punc- tures. Discal intervals distinctly longitudinally impressed. Head large, two-thirds the width of thorax, rather more than twice as wide as long; preocular lobes not distinct; clypeal suture not dis- tinct. Antennae rather long, slightly surpassing anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide as long. Sides moderately narrowed ante- riorly, evenly and not strongly arcuate; a faint longitudinal median impressed line. Base not margined at any point. Elytra scarcely visibly wider than thorax, three times as long as latter. Sides par- allel; apices truncate; outer angles rounded, inner narrowly rounded. Length, 6.4 mm.; width, 2.7 mm. Male-—Densely pubescent spot at the middle of the fourth and fifth ventral segments about one-seventh the width of the segment. Type.—Male. San Diego County, California. Jacumba, July 1, 190%.) G. Hs W. Collection ot H.C. Fall PSEUDOMORPHA HUBBARDI, new species. (Schwarz Mss.) Form rather broad and depressed. Color varying from pale fer- ruginous to blackish piceous. Integuments above finely alutaceous. Head with two or three punctures near eye. Thorax impunctate. Elytra with four rows of coarse punctures, rather widely spaced. Head three-fifths the width of thorax, about twice as wide as long. Preocular lobe somewhat distinct; clypeal suture feebly marked. - 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Antennae short, not surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide as long, as wide as elytra; apex feebly emarginate; anterior angles very broadly rounded; sides rounded and convergent ante- riorly; posterior angles broadly rounded; margins finely reflexed ; base finely margined medially; a fine median carina behind the mid- dle. Elytra about three-fifths longer than wide, scarcely more than twice the length of thorax, distinctly narrowed posteriorly; apex obliquely truncate; outer angles broadly rounded, inner rather narrowly rounded; suture feebly elevated apically. Length, 6.75- 7.75 mm.; width, 3-3.5 mm. Male.—Densely pubescent spot at the middle of the fourth and fifth ventral segments, about one-seventh the width of the segment. Type—Male. Allotype and 1 paratype (female), Rincon Moun- tains, Arizona. July, 1907. Collection of the author. Paratype (female). Rincon Mountains, Arizona. July, 1907. Collection of the British Museum. Paratype (female). Rincon Mountains, Arizona. July, 1907. Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Paratype (female). Tucson, Arizona. July 21, 1913 (Shreve). Collection of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Penn- sylvania. Paratype (female). Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (Palm Coll.). Collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Four paratypes (2 males, 2 females). Fort Grant, Arizona. July 12, 15, and 23 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz). Collection of the United States National Museum. Paratypes.—Cat. No. 26169, N.S.N.M. PSEUDOMORPHA TENEBROIDES, new species. (Schwarz Mss.) Form elongate, parallel, cylindrical. Color dark rufo-piceous. Integuments finely alutaceous, rather feebly shining. Head and thorax with fine, irregularly scattered punctures. Elytra finely and sparsely punctured with four rows of widely separated coarse punc- tures; the three outer rows much abbreviated basally. Head large, three-fourths the width of thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobe not at all prominent; clypeal suture obsolete. Antennae moder- ate in length, slightly surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax one- half wider than long, as wide or slightly narrower than elytra, sides straight and parallel behind the middle, feebly convergent and arcuate anteriorly. Apex feebly emarginate; anterior angles not prominent, posterior angles rounded; a faint median carina at base; base feebly margined medially. Elytra two and one-half times as long as the thorax, twice as long as wide; sides parallel or slightly divergent posteriorly, straight to apical three-fourths; margins very ArT. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 17 finely reflexed; suture feebly elevated apically; apices obliquely truncate; outer angles broadly rounded, inner moderately rounded. Length, 8 mm.; width 3 mm. Male.—Densely pubescent spot on the middle of the fourth and fifth segments, broad, a little more than one-fourth the width of the segment. Type-——Male. Tucson, Arizona. June 22 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz). Cat. No. 26170, U.S.N.M. PSEUDOMGRPHA ALUTACEA, new species Form rather short, parallel, moderately convex. Color dark rufo- piceous. Integuments above finely alutaceous. Head and thorax finely and sparsely punctured. Elytral punctuation as given in the synopsis. Head about three-fifths the width of the thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobe not prominent; clypeal suture rather distinctly impressed throughout. Antennae rather long, surpassing considerably the anterior coxae. Thorax about four-fifths wider than long. Apex feebly emarginate; anterior angles not prominent, rounded. Sides moderately arcuate and convergent; posterior angles rounded. Base finely margined medially; side margins finely reflexed; sides moderately explanate anteriorly; a very fine and almost entire median line, very feebly impressed. Elytra scarcely more than twice the length of thorax, about one-half longer than wide, sides parallel to apical two-thirds; suture broadly and feebly prominent near the apex; apices obliquely truncate; angles rounded, outer broadly. Length, 7.25 mm.; width, 3.25 mm. Type—Female. Mesilla, New Mexico, 1897 (Cockerell). June 30. Cat. No. 26171, U.S.N.M. PSEUDOMORPHA VICINA, new species Form somewhat broad, moderately convex. Color dark piceo-cas- taneous. Integuments very finely alutaceous, rather moderately shining. Head very finely, sparsely, and indistinctly punctured. Occipital row of punctures just traceable. Thorax subimpunctate medially, distinctly punctate laterally. Elytra with nine or more somewhat irregular rows of fine punctures, alternate rows of slightly larger punctures. Head rather small, slightly more than half the width of thorax, about twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes not distinct; clypeal suture faintly impressed. Antennae rather short, scarcely surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax about twice as wide as long, fully as wide as any part of elytra, rather strongly narrowed anteriorly, with sides only moderately arcuate. Base not margined at any point. Elytra about two and one-half times the length of thorax. Sides distinctly narrowed posteriorly; nearly straight. 27398—25 3 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 Apices rather feebly truncate; outer angles broadly rounded; inner angles also rather broadly rounded. Length, 7.5 mm.; width, 3.2 mm. Male.—Densely pubescent spots on the third and fourth ventral segments about one-seventh the width of the segment. Type.—Male. San Diego County, California. Jacumba July 1, 1907. G. H. F. Paratype (male) Sutro, Nevada. Collection of H. C. Fall. PSEUDOMORPHA VAN DYKEI, new species Form somewhat elongate, slightly depressed. Color blackish piceous, margins paler. Integuments above finely alutaceous, some- what feebly shining; head and thorax finely and rather sparsely punctured; elytra punctured as given in the synopsis. Head three- fifths the width of the thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes not prominent; clypeal suture very indistinct. Antennae rather long, surpassing considerably the anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide as long, as wide or wider than elytra. Apex feebly emarginate, anterior angles rounded; sides broadly arcuate and convergent an- teriorly, posterior angles rounded; sides rather broadly explanate, with margin finely reflexed. Base finely margined medially, a fine and feebly impressed median line anteriorly, a very faint and short carina near the base. Elytra nearly two and one-half times the length of the thorax, slightly more than one-half longer than wide; sides distinctly convergent behind the middle, suture broadly and feebly elevated on apical half; apices obliquely truncate, with the angles rounded as usual. Length, 7.25 mm.; width, 3.5 mm. Type.—Female. Santa Cruz Village, Cobabi Mountains, Arizona. August 10-12, 1916. 32° 1’ N., 111° 54’ W., about 3,100 feet (Lutz) collected at light. Collection of the American Museum of Natural History. PSEUDOMORPHA CONSANGUINEA, new species Form slightly elongate, moderately convex. Color dark piceo- castaneous. Integuments above finely alutaceous, rather feebly shining. Head and thorax very finely and rather sparsely punc- tured; elytra as given in the key. Head three-fifths the width of thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobe not prominent; clypeal suture distinctly impressed. Antennae rather long, sur- passing the anterior coxae. Thorax about three-fourths wider than long, as wide as or slightly wider than the elytra; apex feebly emarginate; anterior angles rounded; sides moderately arcuate and convergent; posterior angles rounded. Base finely margined me- dially; sides scarcely explanate. A fine and much-abbreviated me- dian line, feebly and broadly impressed. Elytra somewhat more than twice the length of thorax, slightly more than one-half longer than wide; sides distinctly convergent behind the middle; suture arr, 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 19 broadly and feebly elevated behind the middle; apices truncate and angles rounded as usual. Length, 9 mm.; width, 4 mm. Type.——Male. San Diego County, California. Morena Dam. July 4,1907. G. H. F. Collection of H. C. Fall. Allotype-—Dewey, Arizona. July 10-20, 1917. Collection of E. C. Van Dyke. PSEUDOMORPHA VINDICATA, new species Form slightly elongate, rather depressed. Color rufo-piceous. Integuments finely alutaceous, rather feebly shining. Head and thorax finely and rather sparsely punctured, sparser medially; elytra as given in the key. Head about three-fifths the width of the thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes prominent, strongly rounded; clypeal suture distinct. Antennae (tips broken off in the type) probably long, surpassing the anterior coxae. Thorax rather more than twice as wide as long; apex very feebly emarginate; sides broadly arcuate and convergent; posterior angles rounded; base not margined medially; sides scarcely explanate; median line subob- solete. Elytra more than two and one-half times the length of the thorax, somewhat more than one-half longer than wide; sides dis- tinctly convergent from the base; suture broadly and feebly ele- vated near the apex; apices rather less strongly truncate than usual. Length, 9 mm.; width, 3.75 mm. Male.—Densely pubescent spots on the fourth and fifth ventral segments about one-sixth the width of the segment. Five setigerous punctures either side at the apical margin of the last segment. Type.—Male. Stockton, Utah. August 1-7 (Spalding). Col- lection of the author. PSEUDOMORPHA ARROWI, new speecies Form slightly elongate, moderately convex. Color blackish pieceous above, dull rufous beneath. Thorax and elytra polished, shining, not at all alutaceous; head finely alutaceous. Head moderately finely and sparsely punctured; thorax as in the key. Klytra with nine rows of coarse punctures, seventh in part com- posed of fine punctures. Head three-fifths the width of thorax, twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes prominent, subtruncate; clypeal suture distinct laterally. Antennae far surpassing the an- terior coxae. Thorax three-fourths wider than long. Apex emar- ginate; anterior angles somewhat prominent; sides arcuate and con- vergent anteriorly ; posterior angles rounded; sides feebly explanate; base not margined medially; an extremely fine median carina on apical half. Elytra not quite two and one-half times the length of thorax, about one-half longer than wide; sides probably slightly convergent behind the middle (not exactly determinable owing to 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 63 the parting of the elytra). Sutures scarcely elevated posteriorly ; apices rather obliquely and feebly subtruncate; inner angles unusu- ally broadly rounded. Length, 9.5 mm.; width, 4.25 mm. . Type—Female. Ciudad, Durango, Mexico 8100 feet. Forrer. Collection of the British Museum. PSEUDOMORPHA CONFUSA, new species Form elongate, subparallel, depressed. Color blackish piceous. Integuments above finely alutaceous, moderately shining. Head with a few scattered, coarse punctures, more numerous laterally. Thorax with sparsely scattered, coarse punctures; elytra punctured as given in the key. Head slightly more than half the width of thorax, not twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes very prominent, oblique; clypeal suture not distinct. Antennae broken, probably surpass- ing the anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide as long; apex emar- ginate; anterior angles somewhat prominent, rounded; sides rather strongly arcuate and convergent anteriorly; posterior angles rounded, broadly and strongly biimpressed basally; base finely and completely margined; median line fine, much abbreviated; a faint trace of a median carina near the apex. Elytra two and one-half times the length of thorax, rather more than one-half longer than wide; sides distinctly convergent behind the middle; suture feebly elevated near the apex; apices feebly subtruncate, inner angles moderately rounded. Length, 10.25 mm.; width, 4.85 mm. Type.—Female. Australia. Collection of the British Museum. PSEUDOMORPHA CHAMPLAINI, new species. (Schwarz Mss.) Form strongly elongate, parallel, moderately convex. Color blackish piceous. Integuments not at all alutaceous, strongly shin- ing throughout. Head and thorax moderately finely and not sparsely punctured; elytra punctured as given in the synopsis. Head scarcely more than one-half the width of thorax, less than twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes prominent, arcuate, oblique; clypeal sut- ure not distinguishable. Antennae very long, considerably sur- passing the anterior coxae. Thorax twice as wide as long; apex scarcely at all emarginate; sides strongly arcuate and rather strongly convergent anteriorly; posterior angles rounded; base not margined; a median fine line, abbreviated at either end, slightly impressed on the disk. Base slightly impressed either side; sides feebly explanate; side margins finely reflexed. Elytra as wide as thorax, two and one-half times as long, three-fourths longer than wide; sides parallel to near the apex; apices broadly subtruncate, suture feebly elevated close to the apex. Length 6.75—7.75 mm.; width, 2.75-3 mm. arr. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN PAS Male.—Densely pubescent spots on the fourth and fifth ventral segments about one-seventh the width of the segment. Type.—Male. Paradise, Arizona. (H. H. Kimball Coll.), Collec- tion of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Allotype.—6,000 feet. Mount Washington, Nogales, Arizona, J. A. Kusche, July 1919-8. Collection of E. C. Van Dyke. Paratype.— (Male) California Collection of Chas. Schaeffer. Two paratypes (male) Oracle, Arizona, 7.7, 9.7. Two paratypes (male) Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, 2.7, 4.7 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz). Collec- tion of the United States National Museum. Paratypes, Cat. No. 26173, U.S.N.M. PSEUDOMORPHA SCHWARZI, new species Form strongly elongate, parallel, moderately convex. Color dark rufous; elytra blackish piceous. Head, thorax, and elytra smooth, strongly shining, not at all alutaceous. Head and thorax with fine, rather sparse and indistinct punctures; the occipital transverse row of coarse punctures not so strongly developed; elytra punctured as given in the synopsis. Head slightly more than one-half the width of the thorax, less than twice as wide as long. Preocular lobes very prominent, strongly rounded, slightly oblique: clypeal suture indistinguishable. Antennae very long, surpassing consider- ably the anterior coxae. Thorax three-fourths wider than long; apex scarcely at all emarginate; sides feebly arcuate; basal angles rounded; base not margined; a fine feebly impressed subentire median line. Base transversely impressed laterally; sides scarcely explanate. Elytra two and one-half times the length of thorax, three-fourths longer than wide; sides parallel and straight to near apex; apices broadly, almost squarely truncate; suture not at all elevated. Length, 6.5 mm.; width, 2.5 mm. Male—Densely pubescent spots of the fourth and fifth ventral segments about one-seventh the width of the segment. Type—Male. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, June 16. (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz.) Cat. No. 26174, U.S.N.M. The following species of Pseudomorpha are identified in the ma- terial at hand: PSEUDOMORPHA PILATEI Chaudoin Yucatan.—Coll. British Museum. PSEUDOMORPHA CRONKHITEI Horn Tulare County, California.—Coll. C. Schaeffer. PSEUDOMORPHA BEHRENSI Horn Walnut Creek, California, July 8, 1903. F. E. L. Beal. Bur. Biol. Surv.—Coll. U. S. N. M. 29) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 57 PSEUDOMORPHA CASTANEA Casey Stockton. Utah, July 238, 1903.—Coll. H. C. Fall. Folsom, California, August 17, 1885 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz) ; Stockton, Utah, July 22, 1902; July 26, 1903.—Coll. U.S.N.M. PSEUDOMORPHA EXCRUCIANS Kirby Covington, Louisiana, July 1, 1892 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz.—Coll. U.S.N.M. PSEUDOMORPHA LACORDAIREI Dejean Brazil.—Coll. British Museum. PSEUDOMORPHA ANGUSTATA Horn San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona, 3,750 feet, Au- gust, F. E. Snow; Baboquivaria Mountains, Arizona, F. E. Snow.— Coll. H. C. Fall. Fort Grant, Arizona, Pinaleno Mountains, July 15, 1917 (2); near Kits Peak, Baboquivaria Mountains, Arizona, August, 7-9, 16.32° 0’ N., 111° 36’ W., about 3,000 feet——Coll. E. C. Van Dyke. Oracle, Arizona, 5.7, 6.7, 10.7, 23:7 (5) (Coll.” Hubbard ‘and Schwarz); Phoenix Arizona; Fort Grant, Arizona, 16.7 (2): 22.7 (2) (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz) ; Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, 18.6 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz); Deming, New Mexico, 22.7 (Coll. Hubbard and Schwarz) ; Morrison, Adana (Coll. Hubbard and Schwartz) ; New Mexico, H. Ulke dedit.—Coll. U. S. N. M. Arizona (Palm Coll.), Kits Peak, Rincon, Baboquivaria Moun- tains, Arizona, 14 August, 1916, 31° 57’ N., 111° 33’ W., about 4,050 feet (7) (at light); Black Dike, Prospect Sierritas, Arizona, July 26-29, 1916, 31° 56’ N., 111° 16’ W., about 3,750 feet (7) (at light) ; Deming, New Mexico, Luna County, July 12, 1917—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Rincon Mountains, Arizona; Rincon Mountains, Arizona (5,000) (2); Rincon Mountains, Arizona, July, 1907 (4).—Coll. Notman. Genus HYDROPOROMORPHA Westwood The species of this genus are altogether unknown to the writer except by the original descriptions. In conformity with the prac- tice followed in the preceding genera, all the species in the following synopsis are marked with an asterisk to indicate that no specimens are at hand. KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS HYDROPOROMORPHA WESTWOOD 1 Blytra pubescent=2 22= Sess ee ee * africana Schaufuss. Blytra not PuUbeScemt aah ys one ag hs oe pa an es aah oS a 2 Labrum not covering the mandibles. Antennae rather stout, with the joints oblong 22... 32222228 22 Oe a * westwoodi Raffray. Labrum covering the mandibles more or less completely_______--------_- 3 2. art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 23 3. 4, Antennae filiform, subsetaceous. Labrum more transverse. * lutea Westwood. Antennae stout; joints 5-9 moniliform. Labrum about as long as wide___ 4 Form ovate. Disk of the thorax strongly sulcate. Elytra feebly striate. SizewSmailleremys miles so ee be 2 ke Be * monilis Westwood. Form longer and more parallel. Elytra with sides nearly straight. Thorax with disk feebly sulcate. Elytra more distinctly striate. Size larger, AE gee ee eee Sk SS oe 8 * obockiana Fairmaire. Genus SILPHOMORPHA Westweod The species of this genus seem especially difficult to separate. A specimen of Stlphomorpha diffictlis Blackburn which had been com- pared with the type was obtained through the kindness of G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum. Such other species as could not be identified in the material at hand are marked with an asterisk in the following synopsis. Complete description of none of the species has been attempied. bo on 10. aE KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS SILPHORMORPHA WESTWOOD . Thorax very wide, about three times as wide as long_________________ ye Thorax narrower; about twice-as, wide as. long.-2--— 2 ee 5 MEDORA SAD SOMILC LY; SINOO UE mews eke Se ee eee es ee 33 TMT rerxa so T WCE lives UT C Getafe verre eee eI ee ee ee 4 . Form broader. Elytra more shining. Striae more prominent apically. Hi DY KOS ats p20} 0) EEA tees 0 pe RO ee ee ee 2 __ *laticollis MacLeay. Form less broad. Elytra less shining. Striae uniform. Thorax with DICCOUS EMA SIN GS ke) eee ey eee te eee froggatti Macleay. . Elytra with the striae strong___.__.____.__._________ striatipennis MacLeay. Elytra with the striae nearly obsolete. Thoracic margins broader and DLCECOUS) A COLOT Nes ei ms ee ee ee st SEE ae * obsoleta Macleay. . Thorax larger, broader than the elytra__________ * denisonensis Castelnau. horas not, broaderjthanwthe elytral- 2s eS eee ee ee 6 . Head larger. Its width about one-half the total length of the beetle. ELVES BDROIMIN Cpe es eee ee a ee ee ee * boops Blackburn. Head smaller. From a third to a fourth the total length______________ r SaOly tra weryve INGIStIGCE Vs State. os Se ee i es hk 8 Hlytra more.or lessistrouehy striate. 4 mows 16 SLvErasvOSOMicel ya SMOOE Mena. bm eS on ee Us 9 Byte * PUM CEA TE serve Oe eee Tee EL a Ty KONE Boe oak erg Fok de Dd UB UT 13 . Side margins of thorax and elytra paler, reddish____ * laevis Castelnau. Side margins not paler_________ Ropeset Fy (oe Die Bg” 1b aM ai i aa ee ase aoe) OL 10 Form oblong. Thorax with the sides more arcuate. Beneath dark brown. Size large, ODI eee See ee Ns * erandis Castelnau. Form oval. Thorax and elytra with sides more continuous. Underside INOLE LOL LESS 22 Coe eeerens eae ee a aon Ree NB, RAEN ORME RAS MAE is REE Ui Ce Ae ial Form.more elongate. Size larger, 9 mm. Abdomen dark with apex broadly UL GREE eco Ec saed TORTS Sere arene ke Ee ec ug eee * westwoodi, new name. Form short oval. Size smaller, 5-6 mm. Underside entirely pale CAS EATIEO US AE Ue eee ae ae eae ee ue a 12 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 12; Elytra not paler*at ‘apexte) aS ee eae * polita Westwood. (% fugax Westwood. ) Elytra with the apex rufescent. Thorax with the margins not explanate. difficilis Blackburn. (? polita Westwood.) 18. Elytra with a marginal series of a few strong punctures near the base. * laevigata Castelnau. blytras ‘minutelyA punctate +2222) 6. eee ee eee 14 14. Thorax alutaceous. Elytra with disk less densely punctate. *fugax Westwood. Thorax Iminutelyspuneiate <== = ees eee ee ley 15. Elytra more distinctly punctate. Side margins not paler. * punctatissima Macleay. Elytra very finely punctate. Side margins narrowly and abruptly paler. *amaroides Newman. 1163 (Sizeslargers motwless; thanvse mm) 332 ss. 2 ee eee 7 Size, Smaller. MOt. MONTES AULA ee TaN ee ee eee ee 24 17. Thorax with side margins much wider in front____ * tasmanica Castelnau. Thorax with side margins not distinctly wider in front_______________ 18 18. Thorax with side margins much narrower in front. Elytra very strongly SUTTER es a ae ed I ee ee ee striata Castelnau. Thorax with side margins not distinctly narrower in front____________ 19 19. Thorax and elytra with side margins paler, piceous. Thorax smooth. Ely- tra -distinetly-“Stria tes sess sw ae ee ee * mastersi Macleay. Thorax and elytra with the side margins not paler________________—___ 20 20, Form broidder. HElytra ‘distinctly Striates—-==— 2 === vicina Castelnau. Form narrower, more parallel. Elytra with striate rather indistinct. fallax Westwood. 21. Elytra with striae confined to apical portion____ * semistriata Castelnau. Elytra with striae extending over median portion_____________ Urn eet 2D 22. Form more oblong. Margins of thorax and elytra paler. Size larger, FGcVMA Ti Dek ek a tee RANA AS Beenie ha ane inde eT TS ces * dubia Castelnau. Form more oval. Margins of thorax and elytra not paler. Size smaller, Py) TUN SAAS 9 oP 0I A - S e * ovalis Castelnau. The following species of Stlphomorpha are identified in the ma- terial at hand: SILPHOMORPHA FROGGATTI MacLeay Laura (Lea) (2).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SILPHOMORPHA STRIATIPENNIS MacLeay Port Darwin, Northern Territory (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SILPHOMORPHA DIFFICILIS Blackburn Australia, 58,124.—Coll. Notman. SILPHOMORPHA STRAITA Castelnau New South Wales (Hy Edwards Coll.).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. j art, 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 25 SILPHOMORPHA VICINA Castelnau New South Wales (Hy Edwards Coll.).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SILPHOMORPHA FALLAX Westwood South Australia (Hy Edwards Coll.) (8); New South Wales, Australia (Edwards Coll.) (2); Mount Lofty, South Australia (Lea); Tintinara, under bark, July 1, 1887, Tepper (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Genus SPHALLOMORPHA Westwood No new species could be distinguished in the material at hand in this genus and no complete descriptions are given. The species are somewhat more easily separated than in the other genera. In the following synopsis the species marked with an asterisk are those known from the original descriptions only, not being identified in the material at hand. KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS SPHALLOMORPHA WESTWOOD 1. Color brilliant metallic green with purple or violet reflections. * speciosa Pascoe. Colorenotabrilliantsmetallicvorcen2 = 2-2 ae eee ee ee Pe 2. Elytra without discal or sutural maculae or vittae_____.__________-_--. 3 Mlytraawith discal’ or sutural maculae or vittaes 2352" a'r 8g 38. Elytra without basal and apical pale fasciae_____-___ decipiens Westwood. Hivtiras with basal and-apical’ pale fasciae {ise 2a sie ue 4. Elytra finely rugose. Thorax entirely pale. Elytral fasciae wider. * flavicollis MacLeay. PE Meystetrsaiete SVT Ost Lae S En Tay ee ee Ee eae ee ee 5 5. Lateral pale vittae of the elytra submarginal. Thorax black, with narrow TLC EOUS UTE OUT = cee eS a a * marginata Castelnau. Materalepalecvictves marcia iste te Pe eae ee eee 6 GeLhoracicn disk entirely: neds a 2 ee ee ee nitiduloides Guérin. Mhoracicadisk, NOGLeENEITeliye Tec ees ia aes See a Pe ee eS if 7. Thoracic disk red with two broad black vittae_-_______- picta Castelnau. HOTACIC disk ‘entire lyn DLAC kee r= es See ete Pe ornata Macleay. SaHlytra, without discal, maculae) om witta ces ee eee 9 Miytraewathy discalamacnlaeronnvitthe == eee. fee eee eee ee AG 9. Hlytra more smooth and shining, scarcely at all alutaceous________-_~~_ 10 Hiytraslessshinine. distinctly alutaceouss 22 == tas eee ee 12 10. Elytra with a common basal pale reddish, triangular macula which includes SUE STUNT T ese ee es tS Oe 2 ON Dee * discoidalis Castelnau. Mlytra note thushmacnlate ss see ae oie eal ee ee ee lal 11. Elytra with common, nearly round, pale macula on posterior half. * gnttifera Castelnau. Elytra with common macula median in position and produced in a point CO SOU ELT CLES CUNT TL a eee ee guttigera Newman. 12. Thorax very broad, about three times as wide as long. Elytra with com- MON UCOLdiTorm: Pale maculae 242 Fale oa ele * cordifer Blackburn. (horaxesnarrower: avout twice as: wide as long===—. = ee 13 18. Thorax and elytra with conspicuous pale margins_____________________ 14 Thorax and elytra without or with very narrow pale margins________ 15 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 14, Elytra with a common’ sutural maculaLlto eee castelnaui Reiche. (marginata Castelnau. } Elytra with an entire sutural vitta, somewhat expanded medially. suturalis Germar. 15. Sutural macula nearly round. Form ovate__--_____~_ * centralis MacLeay Sutural macula oval, more or less produced toward the scutellum______ 16 16. Size larger, 9 mm. Sutural macula larger________ * maculigera MacLeay. Size smaller, 5 mm. Sutural macula smaller________ * thouzeti Castelnau. 17. Thorax and elytra pale yellow with black maculae__ * amabilis Castelnau. Thorax and elytra in large part black or dark piceous________________ 18 18, Thorax ‘and elytra without distinct pale margins 2222222" = ~~ = 19 Thorax and elytra with broad, distinct, pale margins__-________________ 24 19; Hlytra, with: pale maculavion, each] ss. se 2 ae ee eee ee 20 Blytra withsobliquelor: curvedivitthes=22 =) Ss. ee ee 21 20. Elytra with a dull reddish margin. Form slightly broader. colymbetoides Westwood. Elytra without reddish margin. Form slightly narrower. bimaculata Castelnau. 21. Elytra alutaceous, with large, pale macula occupying most of the disk, deeply emarginate toward the suture_____-_-_-_____--_~_ * spreta Blackburn. EXE As SSO OE SLUT Ty ee EN RN NE UN TU SE 22 22. Elytra each with oblique, arcuate vitta, broader and somewhat hooked alsa Uy ee ee ee * bicolor Castelnau. Blytral vitts not arcuate and: hooked 222) ) =) eee 23 23. Elytra each with oblique vitta extending from base near the middle to suture, slightly behind the middle, forming a broad V: * rockhamptonensis Castelnau. Elytra vittae longer, extending nearly to elytral apices. Thorax unusually elongate. Elytra nearly as wide as long___-__--___-__ * macleayi Masters. 24), Plytraseach, swithwoney maculal 322222 ssa * albopicta Newman. Hlytraveach) with two maculaetor a) vitiales=2 2. eee 25 25. ehlytrayeach. with, twormmaculac: == == 5s ae ae ee 26 Mivtray, cachiwithyan’ oblique wittass = ee eee 27 26. Pale margins of thorax and elytra wider. Elytra more strongly alutaceous and less shining. Anterior maculae bifurcate posteriorly. Head larger. Sizedarcer, o(=2;D ome Se a eae ee ee maculata Newman. Pale margins of thorax and elytra narrower. Elytra more shining. Ante- rior maculae produced posteriorly at their middle. Head smaller. Size Smaller 5!Di MMe. 2a a ee eee quadrimaculata MacLeay. . 27. Elytral vittae very broad, covering most of the elytra. * occidentalis Castelnau. Elytral vittae narrower, more or less dilated at the humeri___-_______ 28 28; DPhorax with, a) median dark area=== ses sarees es hydroporoides Westwood. Thorax with a pale yellow median vitta_______________ * pbivittata Gestro. The following species of Sphallomorpha are identified in the material at hand: SPHALLOMORPHA DECIPIENS Westwood Victoria (2), Victoria, Austral (Edwards Coll.), South Australia (Lea) (2).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ~I NOTMAN ys ART. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE SPHALLOMORPHA NITIDULOIDES Guérin Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Victoria (2).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Australia (Koebele).—Coll. United States Nat. Mus. SPHALLOMORPHA PICTA Castelnau Port Denison, New South Wales, Austral.(Kdwards Coll.) (2). New South Wales (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Mus. SPHALLOMORPHA ORNATA Castelnau Cunnamulla, Queensland. H. Hardcastle (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA GUTTIGERA Newman Victoria (2), Lucindale, South Australia (Feuerheerdt) (Lea).— Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA CASTELNAUI Reiche Victoria, Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Murray R., South Australia, H. S. Cope (Lea), Mount Lofty, South Australia (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA SATURALIS Germar Victoria (8), Mount Lofty, South Australia (lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA MACULIGERA MacLeay Cairns Distr., E. B. Dodd (Lea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA COLYMBETOIDES Westwood South Australia (Hy Edwards Coll.) (2), South Australia (2), New South Wales, Australia (Edwards Coll.), Rainbow, Victoria (Lea), Nailsworth (?) (Holmes) (ea).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Australia (Koebele).—Coll. United States Nat. Mus. SPHALLOMORPHA BIMACULATA Castelnau New South Wales, Austral. (Edwards Coll.).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA MACULATA Newman South Austraha (2), South Australia (Edwards Coll.).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA QUADRIMACULATA MacLeay Townsville, Queensland. February 11, 1902, E. B. Dodd (Lea).— Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SPHALLOMORPHA HYDROPOROIDES Westwood Victoria, Austral. (Edwards Coll.), Mount Lofty Rgs., S. H. Curnow (Lea) (5).—Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 CATALOGUE « ApELoTOPUS Hope. 1834, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, vol. 1, pp. 11-12, pl. 1, figs! Tasmania, Australia, New Guinea, Java. Monobasic, genotype, A. gyrinoides Hope, 1834. afinis CaAsTELNAU. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 118.’ Sydney.. analis MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc., New South Wales, 1878, vol. 2, p. 95. Gayndah. aphodioides Westwood. Rev. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 40-4. " Adelaide. apicalis MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol. 1, p. 113. Port Denison. bimaculatus MacLeay. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol. 1, p. 113. Port Denison. =rufoguttatus Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1892-93, vol. 17, p. 295, See Blackburn, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 118. Queensland. brevipennis MacLeay. Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 459. King’s Sound. brunneus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 119. Swan River. castaneus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 119. Swan River. celeripes Lea. Proc. Soc. Victoria, 1911, vol. 23, p. 120. Western Australia: Swan River. cornutus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 177. Arnheim’s Land. dytiscoides Newman. The Entomol., 1842, p. 365. Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 405, pl. 14, fig. 2. Adelaide. =fortnumi Hope. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1845, vol. 4, p. 105. Adelaide. elongatulus MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 459. Kings Sound. fasciatus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 118. Sydney. filiformis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 119. Adelaide. gyrinoides Hope. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1834, vol. 1, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 1 (details). Germar. Linn. Ent., 1848, vol. 3, p. 170. Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 403, pl. 14, fig. 1. Port Phillip, Swan River. =paroensis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117. See Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20, p. 308. Central Australia: Paroo and Dar- ling Rivers. 7This paper is published, probably as a separate, with a pagination of 1-139. The descriptions of the Pseudomorphidae are on pp. 25-34. The references in the Catalogus Coleopterorum of Gemminger and Harold are to this pagination. art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 29 haemorrhoidalis Erichson. Weigm. Archiv., 1842, vol. 1, p. 126. Westwood, Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 407, pl. 14, fig. 3 (Adelaide). Van Dieman’s Land. var, inquinatus* Newman. The Entomol., 1842, p. 366. South Australia: Port Phillip. hydrobioides Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 406. Melbourne. insignis Sloane. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, p. 405. Victoria: Sea Lake, Mallee District. jacobsoni Ritsema. Notes Leyden, Mus., 1909, vol. 31, p. 255. Western Java: Tandjong Prick. laevis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 460. Kings Sound. linearis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 460. Kings Sound. longipennis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 460. Kings Sound. maculipennis MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2, p. 95. Gayndah. mastersiti MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2, p. 94. Gayndah. micans Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 18. South Australia: Quorn. nemosomoides Westwood. Rey. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 408, pl. 14, fig. 4. Adelaide. niger, new species. Australia. occidentalis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117. Swan River. papuanus Gestro. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1893, vol. 33 (ser. 2, vol. 13), p. 287. New Guinea: Ighibirei. politus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117. Brisbane: Clarence River. punctatus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117. Clarence River. puncticollis, new species. Victoria. rubiginosus Newman. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1856, vol. 3, Proc. p. 128. Without locality. seolytides Newman. The Entomol., 1842, p. 366. Westwood, Rey. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 408. South Australia: Port Philip. serie-punctatus, new species. Victoria. tasmanit Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 18. Tasmania: Lake District. rariolosus Lea. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1911, vol. 23, p. 121. New South Wales: Sydney. 8 Though listed as a variety, there is nothing in the description by which to distinguish it from A. haemorrhoidalis Erichson. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 vicinus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 117. Sydney. zonatus Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 118. Melbourne. CAINOGENION, new genus. Genotype, (Adelotopus) ipsoides Westwood, 1837. Australia. bicolor (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 120. Victoria: Loddon River. creberrimum (Blackburn). Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 19. South Australia: Basin of Lake Eyre cylindricum (Chaudoir). Rev. Zool., 1862, ser. 2, vol. 14, p. 490. Melbourne. ephippiatum (Newman). Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1856, vol. 3, Proc., p. 127. Without locality. ipsoides (Westwood). Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 413, pl. 28, fig. 2 (details). Germar, Lin. Ent:, 1848, vol. 3, p. 170. Westwood, Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 405. Adelaide. obscurum (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 120. Sydney. =subopacum (MacLeay). Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2, p. 94. See Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20, pp. 302-303. CRYPTOCEPHALOMORPHA Ritsema. Tijds, v. Ent., 1875, vol. 18, Verslag, p. xcii, Siam, Java. Monobasic, genotype, C. gaverei Ritsema, 1875. collaris (Waterhouse). Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 2. See Ritsema, Notes Leyden Mus., 1909, vol. 31, p. 254. Siam. gaverei Ritsema. Tijds, v. Ent., 1875, vol. 18, Verslag, p. xciii. Java: Batavia. =marginatus (Waterhouse). Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 2. See Ritsema, Tijds, v. Ent., 1878-79, vol. 22, Verslag, pp. Ixxxvii-lxxxviii Java. Paussorropus Waterhouse. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 3. Monobasic, genotype, P. parallelus Waterhouse, 1877. parallelus Waterhouse. Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1877, p. 3. Batchian. PsEUDOMORPHA Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1825, vol. 14, p. 98. America: Georgia to Argentina. Monobasic, genotype, P. excrucians Kirby. =Heteromorpha Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soe. London, 1825, vol. 14, p. 109. Monobasic, genotype, H. excurcians Kirby. Apparently a lapsus for Pseudomorpha. =Awrinophorus Dejean. Iconogr. Col. Fur., 1829, vol. 1, p. 174. Genotype, A. lecontei Dejean (=P. excrucians ?) by present designa- tion. =Drepanus® Dejean. Species Gen. Col., 1831, vol. 5, p. 434. Genotype, D. lecontei Dejean (=P. excrucians ?) designed by Hope 18388. ° Drepanus Illiger 1807 (Mag. fur Insectenunde, vol. 6, ». 344) is a nomen nudum. art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN 31 angustata Horn. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1883, vol. 10, p. 274, pl. 9, fig. 6. Arizona. argentina Steinheil. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., 1869, vol. 12, p, 242. San Luis, arrowi, new species Mexico. behrensii Horn. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1870, vol. 3, p. 76. California. castanea Casey. Can. Ent., 1909, vol. 41, p. 278. Utah. champlaini, new species California, Arizona. confusa, new species. Australia. consanguinea, new species. California, Arizona. e cronkhitei Horn. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1867, vol. 1, p. 151. California. cylindrica Casey. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 1889, vol. 5, p. 40. Texas. excrucians Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1825, vol. 14, p. 101, pl. 3, fig. 8. Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 411, pl. 28, fig. 1, and Rev. Zool., 1858, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 395. =Axinophorus lecontet Dejean. Dejean and Boisduval, Iconogr. Col. Eur., 1829, vol. 1, p. 176, pl. 19, fig. 2. Hope, Coleopt. Manual, 1838, Dis2 p09: =Drepanus lecontei Dejean. Spec. Gen. Col. 1831, vol. 5, p. 4385. Georgia. (?) falli, new species. California. gerstaeckeri Chaudoir. Bull. Moscou, 1877, vol. 52, pt. 1, p. 202. é Brazil: San Paulo. hubbardi, new species Arizona. lacordairet Dejean. Spee. Gen. Col., 1831, vol. 5, p. 486. Westwood, Rev. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 396. Brazil: Rio Janeiro. laevissima Chaudoir. Bull. Moscou, 1852, vol. 25, pt. 1, p. 68. Brazil: Novo-Friburgo. ; pilatei Chaudoir. Rev. Zool., 1862, ser. 2, vol. 14, p. 490. Bates, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Col., vol. 1(1), p. 255, pl. 12, fig. 25. Yucatan. schwarzi, new species. Arizona. tenebroides, new species. Arizona. van dykei, new species Arizona. vicina, hew species California. vindicata, new species. Utah. HyproporomoreHsA Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 409. Raffray. Ann. Soe. Ent. France, 1885, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 307. Africa. Monobasic, genotype, H. lutea Westwood. 1853. africana (Schaufuss). Stettin. Ent. Zeitg., 1882, vol. 48, p. 308. Abyssinia: Anseba. lutea Westwood. Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 410, pl. 14, fig. 11. Abyssinia. monilis Raffray. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1885, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 308, pl. 6, figs. 4 and 4a. Abyssinia: Keren. obockiana Fairmaire. Rev. d’Hnt., 1892, vol. 11, p. 86. Obock. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 westwoodi Raffray. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1885, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 309. Abyssinia: Keren. SILPHOMORPHA Westwood. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 816. Australia. Monobasiec, genotype, S. fallax Westwood. 1837. amaroides (Newman). Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1856, vol. 3, Proe., p. 127. Without locality. boops Blackburn. Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 807. South Australia: Northern ‘Terri- tory. denisonensis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114. Port Denison. difficilis Blackburn. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 17. New South Wales: Tweed River District. dubia Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115. New South Wales. fallax Westwood. Trans Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 416, pl. 28, fig. 4 (details). Westwood, Rev. Zool. 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 396. Australia. =orectochiloides Hope. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1847, vol. 4, p. 104. Adelaide. froggattt MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 457. Kings Sound. fugax (Westwood). Rey. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 398. Sydney. grandis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114. Port Denison. laevigata Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 116. Victoria. laevis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115. Port Denison. laticollis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 457. Kings Sound. mastersii MacLeay. Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866. vol. 1, p. 112. Port Denison. obsoleta MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 457. Kings Sound. ovalis Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 116. Queensland: Pine Mountains. polita MacLeay. Trans, Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2, p. 93. Gayndah. punctatissima MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser 2, vol. 3, p. 457. Kings Sound. semistriata Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115. Port Denison. striata Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114. New South Wales: northern. art. 14 THE BEETLE FAMILY PSEUDOMORPHIDAE—NOTMAN So striatipennis MacLeay. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 456. Kings Sound. tasmanica Castelnau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 115. Tasmania. vicina Castlenau. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 114. Brisbane. westiwood, new name =laevissima (Westwood). Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 497. Morton Bay. SpHALLoMoRPHA~”’ Westwood. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 414. Monobasic, genotype, S. decipiens Westwood. 1837. albopieta (Newman). Zoologist, 1850, vol. 8, Append., p. exxiy. South Australia: Adelaide. amabilis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112. Black- burn, Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1890, ser. 2, vol. 4, Append. p. 1246. Port Denison. bicolor (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 111. Rockhampton, Port Denison. bimaculata (Castelnau). Trans. Roy Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112. Rockhampton. =biplagiata (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112. Brisbane. bivittata (Gestro). Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20, p. 302. Port Denison castelnaui (Reiche). Col. Hefte, 1868, vol. 3, p. 2, new name for mar- ginata Castelnau, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112. Melbourne, Sydney. centralis (MacLeay). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,.1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 458. Kings Sound. colymbetoides (Westwood). Rev. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 403, pl. 14, fig. 10. Adelaide. cordifer (Blackburn). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1894, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 86. Queensland: northern, Cairns. decipiens Westwood. Trans. ‘Linn. Soc. London, 1837, vol. 18, p. 415, pi. 28, fig. 83 (details). Westwood, Rev. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 399. Port Phillip.” discoidalis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 112. Murray River. flavicoilis (MacLeay). Proce. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 458. Kings) Sound. guttifera (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 113. Port Denison. 10 For the synonymy in this genus see Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1884, vol. 20, pp. 302, 303. For notes on distribution see “astelnau, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868. vol Sin; 116. 11 No locality is given with the original description. 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 guttigera (Newman). The Entomol., 1842, p. 367. Westwood, Rey. Zool., 1858, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 398, pl. 14, fig. 4 (Adelaide). South Australia: Port Phillip. hydroporoides (Westwood). Rey. Zool., 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 401. Adelaide. macleayi (Masters). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1895, ser. 2, vol. 10, Suppl. p. 18, new name for bivittata (MacLeay). Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 459. Kings Sound. maculata (Newman). Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, vol. 4, p. 365. Germar, Linn. Ent. 1848, vol. 3, p. 171. Westwood, Rev. Zool. 18538, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 401. Adelaide. =quadrisignata (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, Dp. alae Victoria, South Australia. maculigera (MacLeay).Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol. 1, p. 1138. Port Denison. =brisbanensis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, pe 113: Brisbane, Port Denison, Clarence River. nitiduloides (Guérin). Mag. Zool. 1844, ser. 2, vol. 6, pl. 140. Pseudo- morpha cinctipennis Westwood, ms. olim. Westwood, Rey. Zool. 1858, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 402, pl. 14, fig. 9 (Port Philip). Poullaouen. occidentalis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 113. Swan River. ornata (MacLeay). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2. vol. 3, p. 458. Kings Sound. picta (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 111. Queensland: Northern, Rockhamp- ton, Port Denison. quadrimaculata (MacLeay). Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1866, vol. als joy) 2a Port Denison. rockhamptonensis (Castelnau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. alley Rockhampton. speciosa (Pascoe). Journ. of Ent., 1866, vol. 2, p. 26. Queensland. spreta (Blackburn). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1888, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 805. South Australia, Northern Territory. suturalis (Germar). Linn, Ent., 1848, vol. 3, p. 171. Westwood, Rey. Zool., 1853, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 400, pl. 14, fig. 6. . Adelaide. =rufomarginata (Macleay). Trans. Ent. Soc. New South Wales, 1873, vol. 2, p. 94. Gayndah. thouzeti (Castenau). Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1868, vol. 8, p. 113. Rockhampton. Sip U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 15 PL. | U THE DRAGON GoD (DAI-JA) IN IDZUMO, JAPAN FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I THE DRAGON GOD (DAI-JA) IN IDZUMO, JAPAN. A JAPANESE TALE By I. M. Casanowicz Assistant Curater, Division of Old World Archeology, United States National Museum The Rev. J. C. Calhoun Newton, President Emeritus of Kwansei Gakuin, Union Methodist College at Kobe, Japan, in forwarding a photograph of the dragon to the National Museum, wrote to F. W. Hodge under date of April 27, 1921: * * * YT am sending under another cover a description of the Dai Ja of Tdzumo Shrine, an ancient serpent god of that place. Some time ago an enlarged photograph of this serpent god was entrusted to Bishop Walker R. Lambath, D. D., with the request that he deliver it to Doctor Hough, and will you kindly pass over to him the enclosed description of it. *..* = [See plate.) An abstract of President Newton’s description as far as it bears on this serpent cult in Japan is as follows: Every year from ancient times all the gods in Japan assemble at ‘“Ameno- hizuminomiya,”’ in Idzumo Province, for the marriage conference. This is the reason why October is called in Japan, especially in Idzumo, the ‘“‘Assem- bling Month of the Gods.” In this month a sea-god named ‘‘ Wadatsuminokami’”’ sends a white serpent to the “ Inasa Shrine’ with his message. On his way the serpent is found by a certain devotee and taken into the shrine, where he is made for that year the pacifier of storms, fires, and floods. This legend is derived from the “ Susano” mythology. Susanonomikoto, the son of Isanakinomikoto, after his father’s death goes to Idzumo. This terri- tory Was possessed by an old man and his wife named “Ashinadzuchi” and * Tenadzuchi,” at this time. A terrible eight-headed dragon lived there, and many young Women were captured by him. So Susanonomikoto killed him by giving him a strong drink, in order to save the old couple, and then he married the daughter, named ‘“ Kushinada hime,’ of this old man and WODIAD esta ek: oF At the present day there are two “Shinto” shrines in Idzumo, the one, “Yaegaki Shrine,” dedicated to Kushinada hime, the goddess of marriage, and the other, “ Kitsuki,” dedicated to “ Okuninushi,” son of Susano Mikoto, the god of fortune. Every year, from the 11th of October until the 17th, there is a great festival in these two shrines, and during those days there was once a dreadful storm in ’ No. 2587.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 15 29110—25 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 this Province. The people ceased their house building, roof covering, enter- taining, social gatherings, singing, playing on instruments, and all other kinds of business. This probably came from the tradition of Susano mythology. While Susano was killing the Dragon for the old man and woman, they were watching if, staying near by until the awful monster was dead. In China and Japan there is a widespread tradition that such a dragon has something to do witha dread- ful storm. A fuller account of this story is given by Aston.t Susa no wo, the deity of rainstorm and brother of Amaterasu, the sun goddess, in coming on his wanderings to the province of Idzumo, he observed a chopstick floating down the river Hi, so thinking that there must be people living further up the stream, he went in quest of them, and found an old man and an old woman weeping, with a young maiden set between them. He asked of them, “ Who are ye?” The old man replied, “Thy servant is a deity of earth, and his name is Ashinadzuchi, son of the great God of the Mountain. My wife’s name is Tenadzuchi, and my daughter is called Kushi- nada hime.” He further inquired, ‘Why weep ye?” He answered, saying, “JT have had eight children, girls; but the eight-forked serpent of Koshi came year after year and devoured them. It is now the time of its coming, and therefore do we weep.” ‘“ Describe to me this serpent,” said Susa no wo. “Its eyes are as red as the winter cherry. It has one body with eight heads and eight tails. Moreover, its body is overgrown with moss, pines, and cedars. Its length extends over eight valleys and eight hills. Its belly is always all bloody and inflamed to look upon.” Then Susa no wo said to the old man, “If this be thy daughter, wilt thou give her unto me?” “ With reverence be it said,” replied the old man, “I know not thy honourable name.” “JT am the elder brother of the Sun-Goddess, and have now come down from heaven,” replied Susa no wo. Then the deities Ashinadzuchi and Tenad- zuchi said, “In that case, with reverence we offer her to thee.” Susa no wo straightway took that: young maiden and changed her into a many-toothed comb, which he stuck into his hair, and said to the deities Ashinadzuchi and Tenadzuchi, ‘“Do you brew some saké of eight-fold strength. Also make a fence round about, and in that fence let there be eight doors, at each door let there be eight stands, on each stand let there be a saké-tub, and let each saké-tub be filled with the saké of eight-fold strength. Then wait.” So having prepared everything in accordance with his august bidding, *#hey waited. Then the eight-forked serpent came, indeed, as had been said, and bending down one head into each of the tubs, lapped up the saké. Hereupon it became drunken, and all the heads lay down to sleep, when straightway Susa no wo drew his ten-span sword from his girdle and slew the serpent, so that the river had its current changed to blood. Now, when he cut the middle part of the tail the edge of his august sword was broken. Wondering at this, he pierced it and split it open, when he found that within there was a great sharp sword. He took this sword, and thinking it a wonderful thing, reported his discovery to the Sun Goddess. This is the great sword Kusanagi ¢{ Herb-queller). Doctor Aston points out the striking resemblance of this story to that of Perseus and Andromeda, and quotes from Sydney Harland’s “ Legend of Perseus” (chapter vill), 1w. G. Aston, Shinto: The Way of the Gods, 1905, p. 103f. ART, 15 THE DRAGON GOD OF JAPAN—CASANOWICZ 3 that we have in this incident a reminiscence of the abolition of human sacrifices to deities in the shape of lower animals. * * * In certain stages of civiliza- tion, sacrifices of the kind are practiced, and are frequently offered to water- spirits conceived in animal form. * * * It may, of course, be that the monster sent to devour Andromeda is to be regarded simply as the personifica- tion of water or of specific rivers in their sinister aspect. Doctor Aston adds then, concerning the dragon of the Japanese story: The circumstance that the scene of this episode in Susa no wo’s career is the bank of a river is, therefore, by no means immaterial. Indeed, we may plausibly conjecture that the description of the serpent with its eight (or many} heads and eight tails, its length extending over eight valleys and eight hills, its body overgrown with moss, pines, and cedars, and its propensity for de- vouring human beings, is nothing more than a fanciful representation of the river, with its serpentine course, its tributaries and branches, its wooded banks, and the danger by drowning in its pools or at its fords. The conception of a stream as a serpent or dragon, or one of these animals as the embodiment of a water-deity, is widespread. There is for the imagination a close nexus between a river and serpent. The sinuous, often winding and twisting course of the former and its mysterious movement without legs represents it to the fancy as a great, long-stretched serpent, while the beautiful wave-lhke motion of the latter and the water habitat of many of the species connects it with rivers and streams as the gendus loci. Even in the Rig Veda there is deification of the cloud-snake. In later times they (the serpents) answered to the Nymphs, being tutelary guardians of streams and rivers.” The Arabs still regard medicinal waters as inhabited by jinn, usually of serpent form, [and] on the borders of the Arabian field we have the sacred fountain of Ephea at Palmyra, with which a legend of a demon in serpent form is connected.2 A dragon’s well is mentioned in Nehe- miah II, 18, and a snake river in Josephus, Jewish War, V, 3, 2. In the Babylonian creation myth the primeval watery chaos is symbolized by the monster Tiamat, and the conflict between Bel Marduk and Tiamat is a favorite theme of Assyro-Babylonian glyptic art. Tiamat is there pictured either as a composite dragon or—more rarely—as a long-stretched serpent. Thus on a cylinder seal in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, a cast of which is on exhibition in the United States National Museum, Tiamat is repre- sented as a large serpent with a peculiar horned head fleeing before Marduk, who pursues her with a sickle-shaped scimitar. The per- sonification of the watery chaos by the dragon or serpent Tiamat may have been suggested to the Babylonian fancy by the waving billows of the agitated sea. Reminiscences of the overthrow of Tiamat by the sun-god Marduk may be traced in the Old Testament where, of course, not Marduk, 2E. W. Hopkins, The religions of India, 1895, p. 376, n. 3. 5 W. Robertson-Smith, Religion of the Semites, 1889, p. 153f. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 but the true God of Israel quelled and put to silence the evil dragon. Thus Isaiah LI, 9: “Art thou not it that cut Rahab and wounded the dragon.” Rahab, which means raging, insolence, tumultuousness, is not unsuitable as a title of the chaos dragon, com- pare Isaiah XXX, 7. Psalm LXXXIX, 10: “Thou hast broken Rahab in pieces, as one that is slain.” Job XXVI, 12: “He stilleth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through Rahab,” compare Job LX, 13. Im all these passages Rahab is evi- dently an alternative for the Babylonian Tiamat and at the same time an emblematic synonym for Egypt. Isaiah XXVITI, 2: “In that day the Lord with his sore (properly, hard) and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing (Revised Ver- sion, the swift, and margin, gliding or fleeing) serpent, and leviathan the crooked (Revised Version, margin, winding) serpent, and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea.” The three monsters in this passage are not unplausibly interpreted by some com- mentators (so, for instance, by Franz Delitzsch) as designating the three rivers, the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile, and symbolic of Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, respectively, the three hostile powers of the world which were situated on these rivers. The “swift” or “ fleeing leviathan’ (compare the description of the Tiamat cylin- der seal above) is a fit designation of the Tigris with its swiftly running course and rapids, whence its name, which is derived from old-Persian tigrva, pointed, and tigri, arrow, characterizing it as darting or shooting forth like an arrow, compare Horace Odes IV, 14, 46: rapidus Tigris. Its Hebrew name, hiddekel, means sharp. The “crooked” or “winding leviathan” may well describe the Euphrates with its many windings and bendings; while the dragon, Hebrew, tannin, originally a personification of the sea or the floods, was subsequently applied to Egypt, compare Isaiah LI, 9; Ezekiel XXIX, 3. An instance in which a deity personifies the fructifying river Euphrates and is on this account denominated a serpent is found in an early Babylonian hturgy. Ninlil (also called Nintu and Nin Kharsag), spouse of Enlil, the supreme god of Nippur, who repre- sents or symbolizes the female element of reproducing nature, is called serpent (Assyrian, Si7),* and the Euphrates itself was called the “river of the snake.” Finally, the symbol of representing the world under the form of a serpent biting its tail is explained from the fact that in the cosmogony of Egypt, Babylonia, Greece, and India, the earth was believed to be circumscribed by an ogean or “ celestial river,” whose circular course is compared to a serpent. *George A. Barton, Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions, 1918, pp. 16, 41, 48, and 46, compare. J. P. Peters, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 41, pp. 181 and following, especially pp. 142 and following. O EGGS OF A NEW SPECIES OF NEMATOID WORM FROM A SHARK By G. A. MacCatitum Of Baltimore, Mad. On July 6, 1924, we examined at the United States Bureau of Fisheries at Woods Hole, a large shark, Carcharhinus commersoni, and I found on the white under surface of the nose, in front of the mouth, a curious figure, which appeared like a drawing made with a fine pen with India ink. The figure was formed by a delicate tracery of lines extending over a patch about 214 inches by 11%. We could not imagine why such a tracing should be there, and, as nothing of the particulars could be made out with the naked eye, I sliced off portions of the figure and placed them under the microscope was surprised to find that the lines were made up of black eggs laid in the grooves between the scales. We had never seen anything like it before and were at a loss to know what form could have laid them there, how it was done, and how they were kept in place and not swept away when the fish made its way through the water. Careful examination has failed to show any female worm which could have laid them. Vertical and horizontal sections of the skin were made, after decalcifying the scales with hydrochloric acid, and in these the eggs were plainly seen to be those of some small worm, and attached to the grooves between the scales by some transparent, very adhesive glutinous material which surrounds them. They are dark brown, almost black, where the shell is thickest, and are of an elliptical form, measuring 0.10 mm. in length by 0.005 mm. in width. Ante- riorly each has a closed orifice at the end of a short neck. * Dr. N. A. Cobb, who was kind enough to examine them, thought that they much resembled the eggs of Z'richocephalus dispar in form, and later it was decided that they belong in all probability to a member of the genus Capillaria. Since it has been impossible to find the female worm that laid them, the question arises as to whether it may be that, as in the case of the common wild rat in which a nematode of this general type lays eggs in fine lines over No. 2588.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. I6. 29109—25 1 y PRECEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67, art. 16 the surface of the liver, the female after this is complete dies and disappears. In another shark of the same species the same eggs were found in lines on the lighter colored portions of the anterior edges of the fins. Since they have not appeared in any other species of shark, I have named them as deposited by a member of the genus Capdllaria, which should be called Capillaria carcharhini, new species. Although the other members of the genus are well known in other animals, this is possibly the only one recorded as having been found in a fish. The type specimen has been deposited in the United States National Museum, Helminthological Collections under the number 7812. EXPLANATION OF PLATE Capillaria carcharhini, new species Fie. 1.—Portion of skin of shark with eggs of the parasite. 2.—Interior of egg showing embryo. 3.—Exterior of egg. O U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Ea@aGs OF CAPILLARIA CARCHARHINI, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 2 - _ 7 _ 7 = a > am oe - e a a 7. oy > w om 7 = a aor ’ yo - a — * 70 , ' 7 ’ =] 7 ee a Pr, > - - = — a » > 7 = as <, — - =? _ 7 i: _ Sp & oF u i 7 * on : > oe ce a os ; } — a Du - fi ._ 2 = i. ; re : a - _ : ‘ > =i a, hae - a ; ty 4 7 7 _ 7 7 a Se - os 7 as; 7 - - , pe ee - a - aa 0 an B on : -_ ' a ’ - 1’ 7 = = _ - : 7 - : 5 - 7 > es 7 a Fae 7 - - a0 cane u es 7 7 a : y Poa nd me t= 7 7 : = i iu - v n 7) ' . 1 - = a TWO NEW LARVAL NEMATODES BELONGING TO THE GENUS PORROCAECUM FROM MAMMALS OF THE ORDER INSECTIVORA * By BENJAMIN SCHWARTZ Of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture Under date of October 22, 1924, Dr. Paul Bartsch of the United States National Museum, forwarded to this laboratory encysted lar- val nematodes, collected by Miss F. A. Cook from under the skin of a short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) in the District of Colum- bia. The cysts are spherical in shape, from 2 mm. to 4 mm. in maxi- mum diameter, each containing a spirally coiled nematode, visible through the rather transparent cyst wall. Two nematodes were freed from their cysts by dissecting the cyst wall and several cysts were cleared without injuring the cyst wall. Examination of the worms showed that though they were sexually immature, they could be readily identified as belonging to the genus Porrocaecum, on the basis of the oblong esophageal ventriculus, the absence of an eso- phageal appendix, and the presence of an intestinal cecum. Owing to the feeble development of the lips and accessory mouth structures in the worms in question it is neither possible nor desirable to assign them to any of the known species of the genus, and follow- ing a common usage among zoologists, these parasites, though sex- ually immature and otherwise incompletely developed, are given specific rank, the name Porrocaecum encapsulatum being proposed for them. PORROCAECUM ENCAPSULATUM, new species Immature worms, occurring in globular cysts from 2 mm. to 4 mm. in maximum diameter, lodged under the skin of the host. The worms are long, slender, superficially resembling filaria, lying spirally coiled within their cysts (fig. 8). The cuticle is striated transversely throughout the entire length of the worms. One speci- men extracted from the cyst measures 36 mm. in length by 0.865 mm. in maximum width. The head when viewed from the side shows No. 2589.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. I7 29111—25 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 two small cuticular protuberances (fig. 7) whose morphological nature appears uncertain. When viewed en face, three feebly devel- oped lips surrounding a small opening, the mouth, and what appear to be six rather large papillae could be made out. The esophagus consists of two portions, namely (a) the muscular esophagus proper and (6) the ventriculus (fig. 6). The esophagus proper is filari- form in shape, its diameter increasing in the posterior portion. In one specimen the esophagus is 1.2 mm. long by 125y in maximum width in the region of the base, and 62» in minimum width just below the head. In another specimen the maximum width of the esophagus is 178y. The ventriculus is oblong in shape (fig. 6) from 293 to 232 long by 1254 to 178. wide. The intestinal cecum (fig. 6) is long and slender and lies alongside the esophagus. The distance from the top of the intestinal cecum to the base of the ven- triculus, slightly below which the former originates, is 6830p and 756 respectively, in two specimens examined. The intestine ter- minates at a distance of 1334 from the posterior extremity (fig. 5) and has a more or less uniform diameter, which measures 115y in the region of the middle of the body. In the anal region a number of structures presumably glands, stand out rather prominently. The tail (fig. 5) ends in a spinose tip which measures about 25y in length. No opening of the reproductive system or any evidence of the presence of gonads could be distinguished in the specimens examined. Host.—Blarina brevicauda. Location.—Under the skin. Locality.—Dhistrict of Columbia. Type specimens.— United States National Museum, Helminthologi- cal Collections No. 26052. On June 27, 1923, Dr. E. A. Chapin of this bureau discovered an encysted nematode under the skin in the costal region of a mole (Scalopus aquaticus), that had been trapped at Falls Church, Virginia. On July 10, 1923, Doctor Chapin found another encysted nematode under the skin of the same species of mole, trapped in the same locality. Doctor Chapin freed these larvae from the cysts and identified them as belonging to the genus Porrocaecum, basing his generic determination on the structure of the esophagus and on the presence of an intestinal cecum. One specimen was evi- dently lost or destroyed. The second specimen was returned to Dr. N. A. Cobb of the Bureau of Plant Industry, to whom the material in question belonged and to whom the present writer is ‘indebted for the privilege of studying it. The present writer is also indebted to Doctor Chapin who furnished information concern- ing the location of the cysts in the host and the appearance of the larvae within the cysts. ART, 17 NEW LARVAL NEMATODES—SCHWARTZ 3 An examination of Doctor Cobb’s specimen showed it to be an immature Porrocaecum considerably smaller than Porrocaecum encapsulatum, the mouth structures being, however, somewhat more developed than those in the latter species. The larval nematode from the mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is quite distinct from the form found in the shrew (Llarina brevicauda) and is described as a new species, the name Porrocaecum americanum being proposed for it. PORROCAECUM AMERICANUM, new species The worm in its preserved state has been removed from its cyst, and is coiled in a loose spiral, having the shape of the figure 6 (fig. 8). Doctor Chapin states that the worm in its encysted con- dition was tightly coiled, completely filling its capsule. The speci- men is 7.9 mm. long and 225y, wide in the middle of the body. The cuticle is cross striated throughout the entire length of the specimen, the striations in the middle of the body being approximately 15y. apart, the distance between the striations diminishing as the two extremities are approached. The mouth structures are more developed than those of Porrocaecum encapsulatum, the three lips (fig. 2) appearing as distinct and well-defined structures, the dorsal lp being larger than the two lateral lips. In lateral view, cuticular prominences, such as those in Porrocaecum encapsulatum, are not distinguishable. The esophagus (fig. 4) con- sists of two parts, namely, the esophagus proper and a ventriculus. The former is about 690» long and the ventriculus which is oblong in shape is 133y long by about 80u. in mamimum width. The nerve ring 1s located at a distance of 178, from the anterior extremity. The intestinal caecum (fig. 4) is 440. long and les alongside the esophagus. The intestine whose diameter is more or less uniform, measuring about 80y in the middle of the body, terminates at a dis- tance of 107 from the posterior extremity (fig. 1). The tip of the tail (fig. 1) is apparently broken off as the posterior extremity of the specimen has a truncate appearance that suggests an artifact. No evidence of a genital opening or of gonads could be found in this specimen. Hosts.—Scalopus aquaticus, Location.—Under the skin. Locality —F alls Church, Virginia. Type specimen.—United States National Museum, Helmintho- logical Collections No. 26060. EARLIER REPORTS OF ENCYSTED NEMATODES IN INSECTIVORA The first record of the occurrence of encysted nematodes in Insec- tivora was published by Goeze (1782), who found some spirally coiled worms inclosed in cysts and lodged in the peritoneal cavity of 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 a European mole, presumably 7’alpa europaea. The worms which have the shape of the figure 8 as they lie in the cyst are described and figured by Goeze, who recognized their ascarid structure and placed them in the genus Cucullanus. The specific name Cucullanus talpae was proposed for these parasites by Schrank (1788). Zeder (1803) named them Fusaria incisa and Rudolphi (1802) called them Ascaris incisa, by which name they have been commonly known to helminthol- ogists. Leuckart (1842) records encysted larval nematodes from the abdominal cavity and liver of the European shrew (Sorex tetragon- vurus) similar to and possibly identical with Ascaris incisa. Leuckart’s specimens are from 10 mm. to 18 mm. long, whereas Ascaris incisa is only from 8 mm. to 10 mm. long according to various observers. Without expressing any definite opinion, Leuckart considers the possibility that the forms from the shrew are distinct from Ascaris incisa and proposes the tentative name Ascaris acanthura for his specimens. According to Seurat (1916) Spiroptera strumosa Mégnin (1881) is synonymous with Ascaris incisa Rudolphi (1802). Under the name Spiroptera strumosa Mégnin records encysted nematodes from the surface of the stomach and intestines of a European mole. This writer finds that although these cysts are six times as large as Trichinae cysts, they have been mistaken for the latter. Baylis (1924) expresses the opinion that encysted nematodes from small mammals, such as shrews, belong to the genus Porrocaecum. This opinion is apparently based on Leuckart’s idea that Ascaris incisa is a larval stage of Ascaris depressum (Porrocaecum depressum). The two species of Porrocaecum larvae described in this paper are related to the various forms described from Europe, but they differ from the latter as regards location, occurring subcutaneously, where- as the European specimens have been recorded from the abdominal cavity. Ascaris incisa, is in all probability, a group name, similar to Ascaris capsularia, a collective name including various agamic nematodes encysted in fishes. According to Seurat’s diagnosis (1916) Ascaris incisa occurs in branching cysts, the capsules being multiple and connected to each other by peduncles given off from the cyst wall. This is borne out by Leuckart’s figures of Ascaris incisa (Leuckart, 1876). Mégnin’s figure of Spiroptera strumosa likewise shows a pedunculated cyst. Goeze’s figures of Cucullanus talpae, and Leuckart’s figures of Ascaris acanthura, which he considered as probably identical with Ascaris incisa, show nonpedunculated cysts, from which it may be concluded that under the name Ascaris incisa two or more species are probably included. Porrocaecum encapsulatum differs strikingly from all previously described nematode larvae from Insectivora in size, since it is four times as long as Ascaris incisa and twice as long as the longest ‘specimens of Ascaris acanthura. Porrocaecum encapsulatum is ART. 17 NEW LARVAL NEMATODES—SCHWARTZ 5 tightly coiled, the comparatively large number of coils filling the cyst completely, whereas Ascaris incisa assumes the shape of the figure 6 or 8 within the cyst, the interior of the latter being but partially filled by the parasite. Ascaris acanthura has a shape more or less resembling the figure 8, and only partially fills the cyst, so far as can be judged from Leuckart’s figure. The species from the mole described in this paper (Porrocaecum americanum) is similar in size to Ascaris incisa, but in view of the fact that the latter ap- pears to be a group name, and that a precise account of its morph- ology has not been published, it is more desirable not to add to the already existing confusion, and accordingly the form from the American mole (Scalopus aquaticus) may best be considered dis- tinct from that from the European mole (7Z'alpa europaea). THE GENUS PORROCAECUM RAILLIET AND HENRY 1912 The genus Porrocaecum is included in the family Ascaridae, and according to a recent revision of this family by Baylis (1920), it is assigned to the subfamily Anisikinae Railliet and Henry, 1921, emended by Baylis, 1920. Baylis defines the genus Porrocaecum as follows: “ Esophagus with anterior muscular portion and posterior ventriculus of oblong shape, the latter short in the genotype, but in other species frequently long and bent at an angle so as to open into the intestine laterally. An intestinal cecum present. No eso- phageal appendix. Interlabia present, usually small dentigerous ridges present.” Fifteen species belonging to this genus are listed in the catalogue of the Zoological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the hosts being fishes, amphibia, birds, and marine mam- mals. At least one species (Porrocaecum crassum) is probably of economic importance, since it occurs in ducks. It is not improbable that further investigations will add to the number of species of Porrocaecum on the one hand and subtract from it on the other hand. Only five species listed under this genus are regarded by Baylis (1920) as probably belonging to it, while the same writer regards. certain species from fish with a type of alimentary canal characteristic of the genus, but not as yet included in it, as requiring further investigation. It may be concluded, therefore, that our knowledge of the genus is as yet incomplete, and that further investi- gation will probably result in bringing to light additional species which may lead to a new conception regarding the affinities of the various members now included in it. = LIFE HISTORY OF SPECIES OF PORROCAECUM Our present knowledge of the life history of species of Porro- caecum is very fragmentary, the essential facts being understood in only two species, so far as the present writer has been able to ascer- 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 tain. In the case of Ascaris decipiens (=Porrocaecum decipiens) of the Alaskan seal, the source of infection with this parasite accord- ing to Stiles and Hassall (1899) is to be found in certain fish that constitute part of the food of the definitive host. Stiles and Hassall (1899) say that immature ascarids, representing various stages inter- mediate between the adult forms of Ascaris decipiens and the so- called Ascaris capsularia, which is a collective name applied to larval nematodes found encysted in various species of fish, occur in the stomach of seals, and that this suggests that these animals acquire the infection with Porrocaecum decipiens as a result of eating in- fected fish. Although Stiles and Hassall did not carry out any feeding experiments, they report finding encysted ascarids in the Alaskan pollock and the Pacific cod, which were identical with the youngest forms, presumably of Porrocaecum decipiens, found in seals. Since these fishes are known to be eaten by seals, Stiles and Hassall conclude with a fair degree of certainty that the definitive host acquires the infection as a result of eating the intermediate host. So far as concerns Ascaris incisa it was suggested by Leuckart (1876) that it is the larval form of Ascaris depressa (—=Porrocaecum depressum), a nematode that occurs in various birds of prey such as hawks and owls. Leuckart’s view has been commonly accepted by helminthologists, although no experimental evidence has been obtained to prove this relationship. The occurrence of encysted Porrocaecum larvae in mammals sug- gests a relationship between the intermediate and the unknown de- finitive hosts similar to that described by Stiles and Hassall (1899) for Porrocaecum decipiens. The unknown definitive hosts in the cases reported by the present writer and by others are in all probability birds, presumably hawks and owls, and other flesh-eating birds. Two species of Porrocaecum from hawks are represented in the Hel- minthological Collections of the United States National Museum. One species is from Circus hudsonicus and the other is from alco columbarius, both from Fishers Island, New York. The form from Circus hudsonicus has a very small intestinal cecum. An American species of Porrocaecum is described by Smith, Fox, and White (1908) as Ascaris ardea (=Porrocaecum reticulatum) according to Baylis and Daubney (1922), from a North American blue heron (Ardea herodias). Smith, Fox, and White fail to mention the ven- triculus and the esophageal bulb. Baylis and Daubney (1922) are convinced, however, that the species described by Smith, Fox, and White is a synonym of Ascaris reticulata von Linstow 1899 (=Por- rocaecum reticulatum). According to the former writers this species has a well-developed intestinal cecum and a less conspicuous ven- triculus, which they describe as short and oblong. While the larval ART. 17 NEW LARVAL NEMATODES—SCHWARTZ a4 forms described by the present writer have a well-developed intes- tinal cecum, they also have a conspicuous ventriculus, and are there- fore probably not identical with Porrocaecum reticulatum. WHow- ever, as already stated elsewhere in this paper, the immaturity of the present writer’s specimens does not warrant comparison with any known adult forms. The determination of the adult stages of Porrocaecum encapsu- latum and Porrocaecum americanum must await the examination of probable definite bird hosts in the vicinity of the District of Co- lumbia and Virginia for parasites of the digestive tract, and the experimental infection of birds with Porrocaecum as a result of feeding them encysted larvae from intermediate hosts. SUMMARY Two encysted larval nematodes occurring in Insectivora are de- scribed for the first time from the United States, and are definitely shown to belong to the genus Porrocaecum. These forms appear to be related to encysted nematodes described from moles and shrews in Europe under the name Ascaris incisa and under other names, but are distinct from the European forms as regards location in the host as well as regards certain morphological characters. Porrocaecum encapsulatum described in this paper from the shrew (Blarina brevicauda) is strikingly larger than any of the related forms heretofore known, and Porrocaecum americanum from the mole (Scalopus uquaticus) though agreeing in size with Ascaris incisa is considered distinct, because the latter is probably a group name and has been incompletely described, so that there exists no definite basis on which to make morphological comparisons. The adult forms of the larvae here described (Porrocaecum encap- sulatum and Porrocaecum americanum) probably occur in birds of prey, such as hawks and owls. Owing to the incomplete state of development of these larvae, particularly as regards the mouth parts, it is impossible to compare them to any advantage with adult speci- mens of Porrecaecum collected from American birds of prey. ‘The ultimate solution of the question of the adult stages of the larvae described in this paper will have to be based on more complete knowledge of the species of Porrocaecwm that occur in American birds of prey and on feeding experiments. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE CITED BaAynrts: JH. A. 1920.—On the classification of the Ascaridae. 1. The systematie value of certain characters of the alimentary canal, Parasitology, Cambridge [Eng.], vol. 12, ser. 3, Sept., pp. 253-264, figs. 1-6. 1924.—Some considerations on the host-distribution of parasitic nema- todes, Linnean Soe. Journ.,-Zool., vol. 86, April, pp. 13-238, 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Bayuis, H. A.; AND DAUBNEY, R. 1922.—Report on the parasitic nematodes in the collection of the Zoologi- cal Survey of India, Mem. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 7, ser. 4, Dec., pp. 263-347, figs. 1-75. GorzE, J. A. E. 1782.—Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewiirmer thierischer KGrper. xi-+-471 pp., 44 pls.. quarto. Blankenburg. LEUCKART, FRIEDRICH S. 1842.—Helminthologische Beitriige (Zoologische Bruchstiicke). Part 2, 60 pp., 2 pls., quarto. Freiburg. LEUCKART, Kart G. F. R. 1876.—Die menschlichen Parasiten und die von ihnen herriihrenden Krank- heiten. vol. 2, pt. 8, pp. 518-882, 119 figs. octavo. Leipzig. MEGNIN, JEAN-PIERRE. 1881.—Sur de petits helminthes enkystés qui peuvent étre facilement con- fondus avee la Trichina spiralis (Owen), Gaz. méd. de Par., vol. 52, ser. 6, vol. 3, juin, pp. 332-333. RUDOLPH, Cary A. 1802.—Fortsetzung der Beobachtungen tiber die Eingeweidewiirmer, Arch. f. Zool. u. Zoot., Braunschweig, vol. 2, ser. 2, pp. 1-67, pl. 1. SCHRANK, FRANZ VON PAULA. 1788.—-Verzeichniss der bisher hinliinglich bekannten EHingeweidewiirmer, nebst einer Abhandlung tiber ihre Anverwandtsechaften. 116 pp. Miinchen. . SEURAT, L. G. 1916.— Contribution a l’étude des formes larvaires des nématodes para- sites hetéroxtnes, Bull. scient. de la France et de la Belg., Par. & Lond., ser. 7, vol. 49, 6 juillet, pp. 297-877, figs. 1-14. SmitH, ALLEN J.; Fox, HERBERT; and WHITE, C. Y. 1908.—Contributions to systematic helminthology, Univ. Penn. Med. Bull., Phila., vol. 20, Feb., pp. 283-294, pls. 2-10. Stites, C. W.; and HASSALL, A. 1899.—Internal parasites of the fur seal. (Jn Jordan, David Starr, and others. The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean. Pt. 3, pp. 99-177, figs. 1-100. quarto. Washington) ZEDER, J. G. H. 1803.—Anleitung zur Naturgeschicbte der Eingeweidewtirmer. xvi+-432 pp., 4 pls., octavo. Bamberg. EXPLANATION OF PLATE a.—anus. int.—intestine. b.—base of esophagus. oes.— esophagus. c.—intestinal cecum. t.—posterior extremity. gl.—glands. v.—ventriculus. h.—anterior extremity. Tics. 1-4.—Porrocaecum americanum, new species (lateral views). 1, posterior end; 2, anterior end; 3, outline drawing of entire worm; 4, esophageal region. lias. 5-8.—Porrocaecum encapsulatum, new species (lateral views). 5, poste- rior end; 6, esophageal region; 7, anterior end; 8, encysted worm with cyst partially removed to show the worm. O 17 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM New LARVAL NEMATODES OF THE GENUS PORROCAECUM FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 8 ie - an a a : ie fy 7 7 - eae 7 a i + a : NG So ft : a= ar, ie ee o- ay ~~ ; . A 7 = es ey ry - a, } as he 7 —- “4 > a ae be -P , are ps ee Zee a the 1 ers) . = J a woe o 7 4 7 @y =) a) Se og an ak. _ 7 . iv ; he = es : a 7 ae > ee 1 *y — . —_= - - U 7 < a 7 - 7 i : 1] Pa : a - - _ 7 a we Ae "sae Cie - &» . = - - 7 oe ia oo a, Sy 7 — or WHtaet ss 5 => at § . [_—- i a, | -) = Ss < _ a oe , ‘ : —— ae ZT] a _? sutanlesy? wise on e ort: . iO eC Ron of Be . i “poeta behinne Anand B sealantes Monk dng in . tere vit re walbutos Pe ‘iy Ree wee : Ves 4 OD ae wae by a tsi a thee! ies : Wats 1 1 ROP ; x a a a Nae bic ivnle ae ne ui OCC. oo ally ‘ an ‘a ar bi aby ats at ee Wales af ; * we ; a SNS ee yok te ¢ ‘ 1 . Se ial |} Di. eee S } as Led aie Ms > hay bf Foe) is eo cee A eoaleinties ators inet: ara | hissube: Avis Masia " f shel sé, eet t pilentoWaswe Aik? Se) alliage aly oth? Mlolayeq (ait alk. hate: Wd Sei inl ow? 2a MiIAL me 96, “ata yetostiaty” este tegege 1 a at ene n ; 2 elm i a desea HS . artreeolé, tannin de heliall toljpattps . 2° Aston : | ott ven ; 1 f : i L , U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 18 PL. | APIOCRINUS AND OTHER CRINOID GENERA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 6& THE ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS AND THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE TONGUE IN BIRDS By Leon L. Garpner, Of the United States Army Medical Corps Since the work of Lucas? there has been little systematic investiga- tion on the tongues of birds, and with the exception of an occasional description the subject has been largely neglected. It is in the hope of reopening interest in the subject that this paper is written. As is well known the tongue is an exceptionally variable organ in the Class Aves, as is to be expected from the fact that it is so inti- mately related with the birds’ most important problem, that of obtaining food. For this function it must serve as a probe or spear (woodpeckers and nuthatches), a sieve (ducks), a capillary tube (sunbirds and hummers), a brush (Trichoglossidae), a rasp (vul- tures, hawks, and owls), as a barbed organ to hold slippery prey (penguins), as a finger (parrots and sparrows), and perhaps as a tactile organ in long-billed birds, such as sandpipers, herons, and the like. The material upon which this paper is based is the very extensive alcoholic collection of birds in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., for the use of which and for his abundant aid in numberless ways I am very much indebted to Dr. Charles W. Richmond, associate curator of the Division of Birds. To Dr. Alexander Wetmore, assistant secretary in charge of the United States National Museum, I wish to express my thanks for his kind assistance in reviewing the paper and for his help in its preparation. Part of the material is from my own collection which is now filed with the Museum and which came to me in many ways. Dr. Witmer Stone, director of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, furnished me with much from foreign sources for which I am greatly Lucas, F, A. The Taxonomic Value of the Tongue.in Birds, The Auk, vol. 13, No. 2, April, 1896, pp. 109-115. , Lucas, F, A. The Tongues of Woodpeckers. Bulletin No.7, U. 8. Department:-of Agri- culture, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy. : : Lucas, F. A. (1897). The Tongues of Birds. Report of U.:S. National Museum, 1895, pp. 1003-1020. ; r No. 2591.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 19. 43316—25——_1 sit] Berity 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 indebted. J. Eugene Law, Altadena, Calif., provided me with much valuable fresh material, as did also George Willett, Los An- geles, Calif., to both of whom I wish to express my thanks. Finally I am much indebted to Prof. Charles F. Baker, Los Banos, Philippine Islands, for his assistance, and to my wife for her aid in the preparation of the illustrations. Before reviewing the variations undergone by the tongue a brief consideration of the histology may be of interest to throw some light on the function. ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS A cross section through the anterior one-third of the tongue re- veals the following: The section is very irregular in shape, with a deep groove dorsally. In the center of the tongue is the single car- tilaginous and bony mass of the fused ceratohyals. Surrounding this is a complex interlacing of adipose and connective tissue, strati- fied skeletal muscle, blood vessels, and nerve trunks. Embedded deeply in tissue are found groups of mucous glands, ducts of which here and there can be traced to the dorsal surface of the tongue. Dorsolaterally is seen a double row of cornified spines or hairs, from the base of which strands of cells are scattered deeper into the tongue. Small nerve corpuscles are seen grouped chiefly about the cornified spines. Finally the surface of the tongue is composed of stratified epithelium through which ducts of mucous glands pass. TYTO PRATINCOLA The extreme tip of the tongue is composed almost entirely of corni- fied epithelium. Posterior to this on section the tongue is concave dorsally, the epithelium covering this surface being a relatively thin layer. The center of the tongue is occupied by the bony mass of the ceratohyals surrounded by connective tissue with interlacing fibers of striated muscle. At the mid point between the tip and posterior margin of the tongue mucous glands make their appearance, and from this point posteriorly become abundant. The glands in this species are quite superficial, being embedded in the layer of stratified epithelium itself and opening to the sur- face through pores which are visible, with the unaided eye or a small lens, on gross inspection. Nerve corpuscles are either absent in this species or very infrequent. PICA NUTTALLI On section the tongue is concavo-convex, with the concavity rep- resenting the dorsal surface. The ventral surface is composed of cornified epithelium. The dorsal surface is covered with a deep layer of noncornified stratified epithelium. Glands in this species do not appear except at the extreme posterior portion of the tongue. Nerve corpuscles are infrequent. ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 3 CARPODACUS MEXICANUS FRONTALIS The section is cordiform in shape. The ventral and lateral sur- faces are covered with thin cornified epithelium. The dorsal sur- face is composed of a thick knoblike mass of stratified squamous epithelium through which no glandular ducts were seen to pass. Several large nerve trunks pass through the length of the tongue beneath the branches of the ceratohyals. Nerve corpuscles are found in the posterior end of the tongue. It is apparent even from such a brief survey that the tongue must serve, in part in some species at least, as an accessory salivary gland. In addition tactile sense must be ascribed to it, if not even that of taste, as Botezat* suggests. The variations found in bird tongues are very extensive and often complex. Embryological study shows that this organ in birds is primitively a paired structure arising from the second and third visceral arches. This paired condition reflects itself in the hyoid bones, the two fore- most of which, the ceratohyals, being typically unfused and em- bedded in the flesh of the tongue itself. Posterior to this paired position is a median unpaired tract, the basihyal. Upon this foundation are constructed all the elaborate variations to be found among the tongues of birds. Thus the tongues of woodpeckers, which at first sight seem to be constructed on a wholly different pat- tern than that of a robin, are, on last analysis, seen to be but an extensive modification of this rather primitive type, the ceratohyals being fused to a small spearlike tip and the basihyal greatly elon- gated. This is represented superficially by the small barbed sharp tip, the true tongue, while behind this is the fleshy cylindrical extensive basihyal portion often spoken of as the tongue. As Lucas * pointed out in his work, the tongue of a robin (fig. 1) serves as a ground pattern for many modifications. In this bird it is a slender, horny, lanceolate organ, wider and fleshier at the base than the tip and narrowing to the tip, which is translucent, corni- fied, somewhat split and frayed, with a tendency to curl. Posteriorly the tongue ends in a free edge which is deeply con- cave, with the concavity looking caudad and armed with many sharp conical spines which are firm in texture but bend readily. Laterally, 2Botezat, E. Die sensiblen Nervenendapparate in den Hornpapillen der Végel in Zusammenhang mit Studien zur vergleichenden Morphologie und Physiologie der Sinnes- organe, Anat. Anz., vol. 34, 1908. Botezat, E. Die sensiblen Nervenendapparate und die Geschmacksorgane der Vogel. Vortrag, gehalten auf der 77. Vers. der Naturf. u. Aerzte in Meran 1905. Referat in den Verhandlungen der Gessellschaft. Botezat, E. Morphologie, Physiologie und phylogenetische Bedeutung der Geschmacks- organe der Vogel. Anatomischer Anzeiger, vol. 36, 1910, pp. 428-461. *Lucas, F. A. The Tongues of Birds. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, pp. 1003-1020. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 the tongue ends in two main branches, tipped with heavy spines many times larger than the marginal spines. In this type of tongue there is a definite line of demarcation between the fleshy body of the tongue and the translucent cornified tip which is frayed. In studying such a tongue for factors that are constant, one is forced to conclude that beyond the general shape and appearance there is nothing that can be accepted as invariable. The number of posterior spines is inconstant within the species, although they may be counted on to be in a single row (in contradistinction to the multiple rows as seen in owls, for example). The length depends on the amount of wear. In aseries of meadow- lark tongues collected in one day in South Dakota the length varies from 16 mm. to 20.5 mm. The birds were feeding almost entirely on grasshoppers that were at that time a serious pest. The main posterolateral or heaviest spines are not invariable in arrangement; while always present they may be bifid or in birds, as some of the sparrows, where they are normally split into two, there may be three or four subdivisions. The curling, splitting, and fraying is also variable within the species and shows individual modifications, although, as will be seen later, these characters serve as very important adaptive features and undergo extensive variations in certain families. Bearing in mind these inconstant factors it is of interest to trace the modifications that may be found of this fundamental pattern. With slight differences in curling, splitting, length, and arrange- ment of spines this tongue is to be found in a large number of pas- serine birds, as the warblers, vireos, thrushes, thrashers, crows, fly- catchers, shrikes, wrens, bulbuls, drongos, and the like, with Glareola closely simulating it. The divergence from the type, however, is most marked and comes to its greatest development in the flower- frequenting forms. The typical tongue has an inherent tendency to curl, split, and fray, and any one or all of these tendencies may be combined to make up the tongues of the flower frequenters. Thus splitting alone with little tendency to curl and no fraying is exemplified by the tongue of the flowerpeckers or Dicaeidae, which is deeply split, forming very slender long forked tips, two in Dicaewm and four in Prionochilus. On the other hand marked curling is seen in the Old World sun- birds (Nectariniidae), where it may be a complete tube for the greater part of its length, without fraying of the margins of the tube and with splitting into two tips either absent or very slight. Whether the tongue be a relatively short one, as in Hermotimia (fig. 141), or very long as in Arachnothera, this perfect tubular arrange- ment exists in the anterior two-thirds of each. Splitting is not ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 5 present in some individuals, or if present is not very deep, although Anthreptes is rather deeply cleft, forming two fringeless tubes. Curling and fraying of the lateral margins is illustrated by the Drepanididae. In Hemignathus (fig. 19), Himatione, Chlorodre- panis, Vestiaria, and Heterorhynchus it is long and slender, curled into a complete tube, the edges of which are delicately frayed, with the tip ending in a much frayed but not bifid brush. Finally, beginning with Dendroica tigrina (fig. 2), an interesting series of split and frayed tongues can be demonstrated. In this warbler the maximum of curling in the Mniotiltidae is reached, Baird ¢ going so far even as to suggest a separate genus for it. From this it is a near step to the curled tongues of Zosterops simplex and Z. japonica, which are described by Beddard * as being curled into almost a complete tube with a much frayed tip. The next step can be traced through the Icteridae, where in /cterus (fig. 3) it is curled, in the anterior one-third to one-half, with elaborately frayed edges and somewhat split to form two semi- tubular fringed tips. The Coerebidae carry this still further. Glossoptila (Huneornis) makes no advance, with only moderate curling, splitting and fraying at the tip. Chlorophanes (fig. 4) is curled in the anterior one-half and is split and frayed, but the tongue is not yet tubular nor has it reached that stage in Cyanerpes. But in Diglossa and Coereba (fig. 5) it is found to have become a complete tube by the overlapping of the upcurled edges and the splitting involves the entire anterior one-half of the tongue, so that, instead of one, we find two complete tubes highly fringed and frayed. Finally this splitting has reached its maximum in the Meliphagidae, so that in Myzomela rubratra (fig. 6) it has become i completely curled tongue in the anterior half, splitting into four tubular frayed tips. The examples might be unnecessarily multiplied. Suffice it to say that such a study brings to light a most interesting series of elabo- rately modified tongues, the exact correlation of diet with which offers material for future study. Returning to the ground pattern we can see a close resemblance be- tween it and the tongues of some of the motmots and todies (see fig..74), in which birds it is rather flat and the thin horny trans- lucent tip constitutes as much as one-half of the organ. A curious little variation is seen in the titmice (see fig. 123). In these birds the cartilaginous tips of the ceratohyals project through the tip of the tongue and with two lateral projections form what has been likened to a four-tined pitchfork. The nuthatches (fig. 4Baird, 8S. Ff. Review of American Birds, November, 1864, pp. 161-162. > Beddard, F. E. Ibis, ser. 6, No. 3, 1891, pp. 510-512, Tongue of Zosterops. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 121) modify this by having six or seven tangled tips well calculated to collect small insects and spider eggs from the crevices of tree bark. Such, in brief, is a survey of the modifications of the type pattern seen among birds. There are, however, many tongues that are ap- parently fashioned on other foundations. Among these are found many of the shore and water birds. Thus the tongue of a gull (fig. 28) (Larus) might be selected asa type. In these forms, according to Giebel,®° the ceratohyals tend to fuse into one bone. Superficially one sees this manifested by a rather fleshy organ which, while having a median depression or groove running the length of the tongue, still has no tendency to curl and, while often very slightly incised or frayed at the tip, is not split to any degree. Such a tongue, varying in length and breadth, is to be found in a large series of rails, sand- pipers, terns, plovers, and the like. Some interesting adaptations are to be noted especially among the fish feeders. If the tongue is edged laterally with sharp spines for one-half or more its length we would have it as seen in the petrel tribe, fulmars (fig. 25) and shearwaters; loons (fig. 23) modify the pattern by concentrating all the spines in one large sharp patch posteriorly. Finally if this process is continued so that the whole surface of the tongue is covered with retroverted spines we would have the condition as represented by the penguins. Another ground pattern is seen among the woodpeckers (fig. 13). As has been noted the basihyal has been greatly lengthened in these birds whereas the ceratohyals are fused as a small conical tip. The true tongue then is represented by the sharp horny white tip armed with lateral, backwardly directed spines, while behind this is the long extensile wormlike basihyal portion which, when drawn back into the mouth, inverts and forms a sheath into which the rest of the organ can be retracted. This portion is covered with minute spines scarcely visible to the unaided eye, the apparent function of which is to hold the saliva, which is especially abundant in these birds. This pattern is characteristic of the family Picidae and is seen in no other forms. An odd pattern is assumed by the Ardeidae (figs. 31-84) in which it is long, fleshy, and cylindrical, the characteristic feature being, however, the absence of sharp spines at the posterior margin of the tongue. Instead is found only a soft, fleshy flap, somewhat ser- rated in outline, ending laterally in large but flexible tips. Among the Anatidae (fig. 9) again this organ assumes a char- acteristic appearance undergoing many interesting variations to be described later. ® Giebel, C. Die Zunge der Végel und ibr Geriist, Zeitschr. fiir die Gesammten Natur- wiss., vol. 11, 1858, pp. 19-53. —_ — ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 7 Hawks, owls, and vultures have powerful rasping tongues, a structure that does not seem to be based primarily on the funda- mental pattern. For in most of these birds the ceratohyals, accord- ing to Giebel,® are fused the greater part of their length except at about the mid point, where by reason of failure of fusion a hole is left. Parrots display an individuality of their own. In many of these birds the tongue is broader at the tip than at the base, forming almost a finger, with the anterior margin convex. It may be flat, cupped, grooved, rolled into a tube, or even brush-tipped (figs. 70-73). Finally, without considering the various rudimentary tongues there are a host of odd types scattered throughout the class Aves, such as the curious feathered tongues of the toucans (fig. 87); that organ as found in the puff-birds (fig. 83), the cuckoos, the flamingoes, and the like. One is constantly impressed with the fact that no reliable guess as to the tongue form can be made by the appearance or function of the bill and that any generalization is a very un- certain procedure. The color of the tongue is interesting only in passing. Usually flesh colored, it may not be so, however, often taking the color of the bill or assuming a color of its own. Thus it is black in the crow and its allies; has brown spots in some swallows; may: be entirely black with white spines in that odd cuckoo, the road-runner (Geococcyx californianus), or be almost entirely fiesh-colored, mottled with black, in other members of the same species. It is pink in the red- billed Heermann gull (Larus heermanni). It is said to be scarlet in the black cockatoo. Still again a light blue is seen. Some of the hawks, as the marsh hawk (Circus hudsonius), have the posterior end and the spines this color. Out of this confusing multiplicity of form it seems possible to make certain groupings as to function and adaptation. And if this is done one finds approximately eight natural groups are formed: 1. An omnivorous diet is productive of a rather generalized pat- tern. This includes the great majority of tongues found in the Passeriformes, as has been described. The chief adaptive feature lies in the presence of the posterior marginal spines. The tongue is capable of being depressed at the tip and elevated posteriorly. When worked rapidly backward and forward it can be used to force resistant food down the throat. The efficacy of this is most astonishingly manifest if, for instance, a bit of cloth be fed to a nestling. In such an instance it is only with difficulty that the cloth can be withdrawn from the throat without injury to the bird, so eagerly is the tongue with its spines used to resist the effort. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 _ In this group falls also the simple fleshy tongues of the gallina- ceous birds (fig. 7). 2. Fish eaters, where the tongue is used to hold slippery prey. In these it is found to be plentifully supplied with sharp, stiff retrorse spines. These may be distributed over the whole sur- face, as in the penguins, edging the lateral margin only as in the fulmars and shearwaters (fig. 8), as a patch of stiff spines situated at the base, as in the loons, or a double row on the surface, as in mergansers (fig. 10). A distinction must be drawn between. fish eaters that use the tongue and those in which the food is bolted whole, where it has lost its function and a different condition pre- vails. 3. A diet of a multiplicity of small things strained from the water is associated with the complex tongues of the Anatidae (fig. 9). Typically it is roughly rectangular in shape and is thick and fleshy. The tip is composed of a cornified rounded flaplike process. Pos- terior to this the tongue is broad with a median groove and provided laterally with a double row of heavy hairs, the upper overhanging the lower like a thatched roof. Toward the posterior half the upper row, by a process of agmination of the hairs, becomes converted to a series of large, heavy spines, which vary in number with the differ- ent species. Coincidentally the edges of the median groove become cornified with rough, toothlike processes. Lateral to these the sur- face of the tongue is nodular or papillar and plentifully supplied with openings of ducts of muscous glands. The posterior portion of the tongue is made up of a fleshy eminence heavily armed with strong spines. The method of use is interesting. The tongue is depressed, allow- ing water to run along the groove, it is then raised against the palate, the water squirted out from the sides through the hairy edges, straining out and leaving the solids. Considerable variation is seen, depending on the use of this organ and the width of the bill. Thus in the geese and swans where it is used for tearing up weeds and grasses it has become a very power- ful tearing structure. In Cygnus buccinator, for example, the edges of the median groove instead of consisting of rather rounded eminences become very sharp, long tearing spines. A similar purpose is accomplished by Branta nigricans by con- version of the entire lateral row of hairs into spines; in other words, all of the lateral hairs have become agglutinated into spines, and this process extends quite to the tip. On the other hand the red-breasted merganser (fig. 10), having taken to fish fare, has developed sharp dorsal spines and lost one row of marginal hairs, tending to approach in type the fish eaters. ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER J 4, Flesh feeders or the birds of prey, including the owls, have developed heavy rasping tongues. The anterior portion is often very rough and hard and in some forms somewhat curled as in eagles and lammergeiers. The posterior spines, which may be in a single or multiple row, are stiff and hard. Opening to the surface are ducts of many mucous glands the function of which is manifest. A curious modification of form is seen in the deep trough-shaped tongues of the vultures and the condor, which are armed with sharp marginal spines (figs. 36-438). 5. Where the food is probed for and consists largely of insects we see the structure as exemplified by woodpeckers. Lucas? has dem- onstrated an interesting correlation with diet. Flickers (fig. 14), having made a departure from the regular fare and having taken to an ant diet, are found to possess a blunt-tipped tongue with but two or three reduced barbs, while the extensibility is greatly increased and the whole dorsal tract (basihyal position) plentifully supplied with minute spines to hold mucous. In these birds also the sub- maxilliary salivary glands reach their maximum development, a combination well adapted to catch ants. In Melanerpes (fig. 15), where the diet has become more gener- alized, it will be found that the extensibility is reduced and instead of spines at the tip there has been a conversion to vibrissae or hair- like processes. Finally in the sapsuckers (fig. 16) the extensibility is reduced to a minimum. The dorsal tract is bare of spines except posteriorly, where it is widened into a shieldlike structure bearing papillae. At the tip and along the lateral edges there is a fine brush of hairs which serves well for capillarity but is ill adapted to spearing grubs nor are many of these found in an analysis of stomach contents. Among this group should be classed the spearing and impaling organs of the titmice, and nuthatches, already described. 6. Seed and nut eaters have fleshy and strong tongues. In this group are to be classed those of the typical parrots (fig. 17) and finches (fig. 18). In parrots it has been described. In finches it is cylindrical or tends toward that form and slopes from base to tip. Since the ability of a bird to project the lower mandible is very lim- ited the rolling of seeds in the act of husking would be difficult. With the inclined surface of the tongue, however, acting as a sur- face against which seeds may be rolled, this is actually accomplished most dexterously. In many finches for reasons not entirely under- stood the tongue is often scoop-shaped or even rolled into a semi- tubular structure, as will be illustrated later. 7™Lucas, F. A. The Tongues of Woodpeckers. Bull. No. 7, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Div. Ornith. and Mammalogy. 43316—25 2 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 7. Flower frequenters (fig. 19) have most complex. tongues. Among these we find the fringed split and tubular tongues of the Drepanididae, the Nectariniidae, Dicaeidae, some of the Icteridae, the Zosteropidae, and the Meliphagidae. In this group also falls the Trochilidae. Finally a most remarkable adaptation is found in the flower frequenting parrots of the family Trichoglossidae (fig. 70), where the tongue is curled at the tip and supplied with a stiff brush of vibrissae. The correlation of such tongues with a nectar, pollen, insect, diet is easy to see. Of further interest is the fact that members of most of these families possess the ability to very greatly extend the tongue. The hyoid bones are prolonged over the occiput in the same manner as that adopted by the woodpeckers, and like the latter may even extend well down to the base of the bill. 8. Rudimentary. Finally a natural group is formed of tongues that have lost the greater part or all of their function, a condition found among many families. Thus birds that bolt their food whole have this organ often merely a little fleshy cylinder a few milli- meters long and no wider. This structure prevails in many of the fish eaters, as the booby, pelican, stork, gannet, darter (fig. 20), man-of-war bird, cormorant, and the like. Again in the huge-billed hornbills we find only a small and unimportant tongue; neither is this organ very large or of much apparent use in their allies, the kingfishers, or again in many of the Caprimulgidae, in which family it is often to be found small and rather simple in structure. It is apparent in such a review that in a large number of forms tongue structures can be correlated with some special diet and the method of its procurement as might well be expected of an organ so intimately concerned with the function of obtaining food. The exceptions, however, are numerous and present most interesting prob- lems. For example, no special adaptation is to be noted in the tongues of gulls, rails, sandpipers, and the like unless, as it seems not at all improbable, special tactile or even taste sense is located in them. Added to these are certain odd and rather complex tongues the unusual shapes of which are difficult to explain. An instance is this organ in the fruit-eating trogons (fig. 21). It is triangular, thick, heavy, horny tipped, with a central groove bordered by dis- tinct ridges and heavily armed posteriorly with spines. The mot- mots have a long slender structure, thin and horny and much frayed laterally, somewhat resembling that found in toucans (fig. 87), in which birds, again, a most curious featherlike organ is found with the frayed lateral margins directed anteriorly, the significance of which can not be evaluated at present. ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER Al In addition a most difficult problem is the explanation of varia- tions in closely related birds where presumably the diet is very similar. Thus Lucas® called attention to the variation found in the genus Melospiza. In M. fasciata a much-frayed tip is found, while in /. léncolmi the tip is only slightly bifid and not frayed. To this may be added the genus Zosterops, with a forked and smooth tongue in Z. /ateralis, while it is much curled and frayed in Z. simplex and Z. japonica. Still again among the warblers of the genus Dendroica it varies from a flat and only slightly split organ in D. petechia (fig. 155) and D. fusca (fig. 158) to a much curled split and frayed one in D. tigrina (fig. 2). The taxonomic value of the tongue in birds is an interesting question which can only be answered by a systematic survey. It is evident that the most useful characters for classification are those founded on strict morphological bases and any structure highly modified in response to external stimuli is of the least value. But no one organ has ever been found that can serve as a complete basis for classification. The history of ornithology evidences many mistakes due to the use of one character alone, as witness the old group Pinnatipedes, including phalaropes, coots, and grebes, through sunilarity of foot structure. In considering the value of the tongue it must be recognized that it is a highly adapted organ, but this should not rule it out from all taxonomic consideration. If every structure adaptively modified be omitted no part of a bird can be used, since to a greater or less extent this includes the whole organism. Lucas,° taking note of the adaptive modifications, gives it very little taxonomic value. There is, however, need of a sys- tematic study of this organ in every group, with an evaluation of it in each one. While tongues are adaptively modified it may well be that these changes are constructed on a type pattern distinctive of the group to which the bird belongs and thus indications of affinity be given. Order COLYMBIFORMES Loons are distinguished from grebes by the fact that the tongues of the former have a large patch of spinose processes at the base, while the grebes have but a single row posteriorly. Gavia immer (fig. 23) has a relatively large patch, while this is not so prominent in the Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (fig. 22). Podilymbus podiceps and 4’chmophorus occidentalis among the grebes have but a weak row of spines, which in the eared grebe Colymbus nigricollis cali- fornicus (fig. 24) are prominent but broad and flat. § Lucas, F. A. The Taxonomic Value of the Tongue in Birds. The Auk, vol. 13, No. 2, April, 1896, pp. 109-115. i bea PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Order SPHENISCIFORMES The penguins so far as known have a characteristic tongue. It is rather long and pointed and the surface is entirely covered with large stiff conical retroverted spines. Order PROCELLARIIFORMES In this group there is considerable variation. On the whole it tends to be rather small in comparison to the bill and gape. In Bulweria bulweri it is very small, approaching rudimentary, while in Macronectes and Prion it is larger and more nearly matches the bill in size. In some genera it is well armed with spines, not only posteriorly but along the sides almost to the tip. Thus Ful- marus glacialis glupischa (fig. 25), Pterodroma hypoleuca, and Puffinus cuneatus have lateral spines for the posterior third, while Bulweria bulweri extends this to one-half and Puffinus griseus (fig. 8) and Priofinus cinereus are supplied the whole length of the tongue. This characteristic does not hold good for the entire family Procellariidae, however, since lateral spines are lacking in Halobaena coerulea and Prion desolatus. In the former one finds a rather small, cylindrical, fleshy tongue armed with a single row of very weak spines and tapering to an unsplit tip. The latter has lost most of the posterior row, so that this edge is often a smooth, rounded margin. Occasionally one finds a few inconspicuous spines buried in tissue, the value of which must be negligible. The Hydrobatidae have very small tongues. Oceanites oceanicus and O. gracilis possess small fleshy cylinders with a weak row of spines. Order CICONIIFORMES This is a rather unwieldy group with tongues that vary from minute rudimentary structures to the large fleshy one of the fiamingoes. The Steganopodes are characterized without exception, so far as 1s known, by rudimentary tongues. In Phalacrocorax, Sula, Pele- canus, and Anhinga it is a mere toothpick of flesh. Anhinga anhinga (fig. 20) has a curious little tonguelike eminence on the dorsum of the cylindrical rudiment. Phalacrocorax has a tongue composed of two plates of cornified tissue meeting in the midline and sloping sharply like a steep roof. Fregata minor presents a small triangular structure which has not as yet lost all form and on the surface of which posteriorly are to be found abortive spines. The Ardeidae have a most characteristic organ already described, the most outstanding feature of which is the soft fleshy posterior ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 18 flap connected with flexible lateral “horns.” So far as has been determined this is a form not approached by any other family of birds and once having been seen is so characteristic that it could not be confused with any other form, most especially with the storks with which herons have often been classed and with which they agree in feeding habits. It is long in Ardea herodias (fig. 32) and shorter in Vycticorax nycticorax naevius (fig. 31) but with the same general structure throughout, including E'gretta candidissima, Cas- merodius egretta, Botaurus lentiginosus (fig. 33), and Butorides wirescens anthonyt (fig. 34). Of great interest is the fact that in that odd-billed form the boat-billed night heron (Cochlearius zeledoni) the same structure is preserved. The tongue is very short but is constructed exactly as in the other herons, much as if the tongue of Ardea was cut to the length of an inch or less. The storks (Ctconiidae) have rudimentary tongues, as do the Ibididae (Threskiornithidae). Ciconia ciconia (fig. 26) has a flat almost formless structure, while Plegadis guarauna has one that is very small but with some semblance of structure, as there are well- defined spines present which, however, are flexible and functionless. The flamingoes (Phoenicopteridae) are characterized by fleshy tongues supplied on the dorsum with conical spines and posteriorly with a patch of spinose processes. These curl downward, as do the bills. Figure 11 illustrates the tongue of Phoenicopterus ruber. It is interesting to note that the four suborders are readily sepa- rated by tongue form. The Steganopodes by rudimentary cylindrical ones (except Fregata), Ardeae by their characteristic ones, Ci- coniae by flat rudimentary, and Phoenicopteri by large fleshy tongues. Order ANSERIFORMES The screamer (Chauna chavaria) of the Palamedeidae has a flat tongue with a single row of spines posteriorly not at all like the Anatidae, but resembling more that organ in the gallinaceous birds. The Anatidae have a characteristic organ which, while modified in response to diet, is readily recognizable as distinct from all others. Most mergansers have a long slender structure with but one row of lateral hairs, while Mergus serrator (fig. 10) has a double row along the entire dorsal surface. In Branta canadensis and B. nigricans, for tearing purposes, all of the hairs of the two lateral rows have been converted into strong backwardly directed spines, one row on each side, while the dorsal surface is smooth, without the usual gutter. Such an organ is incapable of much if any sifting. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Chloéphaga leucoptera has a very curious flat tongue. Ante- riorly there is a single row of very weak lateral spines or hairs which a little further back develops into three heavy conical tearing “teeth.” Posteriorly it ends in a patch of small spines. This is, so far as has been seen, the simplest form found in the family. The swans have the typical structure found in the family, which is modified, however, by having heavy tearing “teeth” along the edges of the median groove. This is true of Cygnus gibbus, C. buceinator, and C’. columbianus. Coscoroba coscoroba has a very heavy organ, but the edges of the median groove are smooth without corrified processes. Cereopsis novaehollandiae has a most aberrant form of tongue. Typically there is a very weak row of lateral spines, which may be entirely worn away as in the specimen illustrated (fig. 35). Pos- teriorly there are various fleshy processes which may be covered with weak spines, absent in the one figured however. The number of lateral “teeth” vary throughout the family and roughly follows subfamily groups. Thus the Fuligulinae tend to have from three to five, usually four on each side. While members of the same species may not show a constant number the variation will be found to be within these limits. This is true of Oidemia, Charitonetta, Histrionicus, Arctonetta, Marila, and Frismatura jamaicensis (fig. 29). On the other hand the Anatinae present from 5 to as high as 12 lateral spines. This is true of Dendrocygna, Anas, Dafila, Poecilonetta, Mareca, Nettion, and Querquedula cyanoptera (fig. 9). Spatula, being a broad and long tongued form, has as many as 12 on each side. Aix, Plectropterus, Cairina, and Dendronessa average four to the side, while typically this group is marked by an absence of cornifica- tion of the edges of the median groove. Throughout this group there is a similarity of tongue form that makes each one recognizable as belonging to the family Anatidae. The modifications that exist are all based on a type pattern which is characterized briefly as a fleshy organ with at least one, and usually two, rows of lateral hairlike processes, a few or all of which may be agglutinated to form solid cornified toothlike projections. In these instances it is notable that dissimilarity of diet has not destroyed evidences of relationship. Conversely, similarity of diet as compared with unrelated forms outside the family has not pro- duced similar tongues. As instance witness on the one hand the tongues of several fish eaters—mergansers, loons, and grebes—and on the other the ruddy duck with its diet closely following that of the American coot, and yet without paralleling it in tongue pattern. ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 15 Within the family there is no reliable basis for separation on tongue form alone. The mergansers are recognizable as a separate group, as are the heavy tearing tongues of the geese and swans, and roughly the Fuligulinae may be distinguished from the Anatinae by the number of lateral “teeth.” But with the exception of certain very odd types that mark special genera, as Chloéphaga and Cere- opsis, or a Characteristic wide tongue as in Spatula, there is often doubt as to what genus and subfamily a single specimen should be referred. Order FALCONIFORMES In this group the tongue is a heavy rasping organ. The Cathar- tidae and the Vulturidae have a deeply curled organ, trough-shaped, with the upcurled margins armed with strong rasping spines. These range in size from the relatively small one of the buzzard, Cathartes aura septentrionalis (fig. 38), to the large powerful object of the condor, Sarcoramphus gryphus and Gyps fulvus, with extreme uni- formity of pattern. In the hawks the posterior border of the tongue may consist of one row of spines or of many, and on this character they may be divided into two natural groups; that is, the Buteonidae, with a single row, and Falconidae, with many spines distributed over the basal portion, as was first suggested by Beddard.° Among the Buteonidae the following genera have been found to present but a single row of spines posteriorly : Milvus. Accipiter (cooperi, fig. 43). Circus (hudsonius, fig. 40). Astur. Leucopternis. Elanus. Spizaétus. Urospiza fasciata. Archibuteo. Ictinia. Dryotriorchis. Rupornis, Morphnus. Buteo. Asturina. B. Vineatus elegans (fig. 12). Urubitinga. B. borealis calurus (fig. 37). Gypohieraz. B. albicaudatus (fig. 42). Pandion haliaétus has a single row, but occupies a family of itself. The following Falconidae have been found to have many spines distributed over the posterior portion of the tongue: Tinnunculus alaudarius. Milvago chimango. Hieracidea berigora. Polyborus (plancus, fig. 41). Falco. F. sparverius phalaena (fig. 39). ® Beddard, F. E. On the Modifications of Structure in the Syrinx of the Accipitres, with Remarks Upon Other Points in the Anatomy of That Group. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1903, vol. 2, pp. 157-163. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 The tongue of the limmergeier Gypaétus barbatus (fig. 36) is very much curled in the anterior third and converted into a scoop or trough-like structure. In searching for evidences of affinity one is struck by the close simi- larity of the heavy, rasping, mucous gland bearing, spinose tongues of the owls, which with their multiple rows of spines, resemble the Falconidae. A connecting link to the Buteonidae indeed would seem to be shown through the hawk owl (Surnia ulula, fig. 44). Since other evidence does not support this appearance of relation- ship it is apparent that convergent evolution and similarity of diet have so altered this organ in these divergent types that little de- pendence may be placed on it outside of limited groups. The Galliformes, so far as has been determined, all have fleshy tongues, varying with the length of the bill, usually somewhat grooved and provided with a single row of rather prominent pos- terior spines. The hoatzin Opisthocomus cristatus (fig. 45) has a triangular- shaped flat tongue the surface of which is set. with small spinules. Order GRUIFORMES The Rallidae have simple fleshy tongues varying in length with the length of the bill. They are upcurled along the edges to form long, slender, guttered or grooved organs that are usually frayed at the tip and provided posteriorly with short and rather inconspicuous spines. They are long and slender in Pardirallus r. rytirhynchos, Rallus levipes (fig. 47), Neocrex erythrops, and Hypotaenidia waken- sis, while in the coots (Fulica americana, fig. 53) and gallinules (Gallinula galeata, fig. 30, and Ionornis martinica, fig. 59) they are shorter and broad, and the same holds true for Porzana carolina. The Weka rail Ocydromus earli has a rather large and heavy one which anteriorly is trough shaped, the edges and tip of which are split to form stiff forwardly directed fimbriations. Aramidae: Aramus vociferus (fig. 49) has a long slender tongue considerably split at the tip. Psophiidae: Psophia leucoptera has rather prominent posterior spines. The tip is characteristically frayed and the general appear- ance not at all unlike that seen in rails. Otididae: Otis tarda has a flat tongue that is heavily armed with powerful spines along the posterior edge and the lateral borders for two-thirds of the distance between base and tip. This is rather suggestive of the tearing organ seen in the geese. Rhinochetidae: Rhinochetus jubatus has a long, slender tongue with weak posterior spines, very slightly grooved and ending in a cornified tip that is somewhat frayed. Eurypygidae: Hurypyga helias (fig. 52). anr,19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 17 Order CHARADRIIFORMES The tongues of the Limicolae very much resemble those of the rails. They usually are commensurate in length with the bill, al- though in Vumenius, Recurvirostra americana (fig. 50), and d/eso- scolopax borealis they lie only in the floor of the mouth and do not extend far toward the tip of the bill. The last-named species has an exceedingly narrow tapering organ that in the anterior portion becomes almost threadlike and does not measure more than one- third the length of the bill. In the rails the tip was found often to be split and frayed while the sandpipers generally have a tip entire. Usually the tongue is guttered or grooved but in the genera mentioned above it tends to be flat. It may be very long as in Cato- ptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, and the long-billed dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus, fig. 48) and less so the wander- ing tattler, (eteroscelus incanus, fig. 46), while it is very short in the semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus, fig. 60). Other variations are seen in Actitis macularia (fig. 54), Oxyechus vociferus (fig. 58), Haematopus palliatus (fig. 61), and Lreunetes pusillus (fig. 57). There is nothing unusual about this organ in Oreophilus ruficollis ruficollis, Pisobia minutilla, Crocethia leucop- tera, or Squatarola squatarola. In this group, as in the hawks and owls, due to convergent evolution or to the fact that feeding habits are alike there has developed a very close resemblence to the tongues of rails and an indication of affinity when in fact it is not as real as this organ would lead to believe. So close is the appearance between the groups that given a single tongue one would often be in doubt as to its true connection. The gulls have a rather broad fleshy tongue that is somewhat grooved and is often forked at the tip, as illustrated by Larus heer- mannéi (fig. 27) and L. occidentalis (fig. 28). The terns have long, slender, often forked tongues (Sterna forsteri, fig. 56) and S. antil- larum, fig. 55). Gygis alba kittlitzi has remarkable fine backwardly directed serrations for the anterior one-half of this organ. Rynchops nigra (fig 51) has a rather short, wide tongue, some- what scoop shaped. Pigeons have flexible tongues that are grooved and posteriorly are supplied with soft spines that are without resistance. These are illustrated in the following figures, Zenaida vinaceorufa (fig. 65), Columba gymnophthalma (fig. 66), Histriophaps histrionica (fig. 63), and Geopelia cuneata (fig. 64), while Nesopelia galapagoensis is very similar. 43316—25——3 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOU. 67 Order CUCULIFORMES In the cuckoos the tongue is rather heavy, long,and well provided with spines. There may be considerable variation in length in the same species, as illustrated by that odd form Geococcya californianus (figs. 67, 68), while the color may be entirely black with white spines or flesh colored with a few black spots. Sawrothera dominicensis (fig. 69) has much fimbriated edges which are directed forward. Coccyzus melacoryphus has a very similar structure. Carpococcyx radiatus is well armed posteriorly, but the edges are not split nor is the tip. Order PSITTACIFORMES The parrots are characterized by considerable differences in tongue shape. In the common grass parakeet (MJelopsittacus un- dulatus, fig. 72) it is flat and broad, while it is broad but hollowed out in A prosmictus cyanopygius (fig. 71), Conurus auricapillus (fig. 17), and Poiocephalus senegalensis. It is tightly rolled in Calopsitta novaehollandiae (fig 73), while, as is well known, it is brush tipped in the Trichoglossidae, as illustrated by Psitteuteles chlorolepidota (fig. 70), Glossopsitta, Lypocharmosyna, and Trichoglossus, and in which group the tongue is used as the main taxonomic feature. Order CORACITFORMES Coracias caudata has a lingual structure very similar to that of a robin, with a horny split tip. It is not commensurate in size with the heavy bill, while posteriorly there are very few spines. Eurystomus. In this large heavy-billed form the tongue is wide and flat, the anterior one-half is horny and frayed, while at the back there are three to four large heavy spines on each side. The motmots have flat, heavy tongues that are considerably frayed laterally with laciniae that are directed forward. In H’umomotus superciliaris this is carried to such a degree that it strongly sug- gests the feathered structure seen in the toucans. Momotus caerulei- ceps is not unlike the tongue of Sawrothera in its general appear- ance. The todies have the anterior half thin, horny, and translucent, but the edges are merely roughened and irregular and not deeply in- cised. Zodus multicolor (fig. 74) is illustrative. In kingfishers (Alcedinidae) this organ has become rudimentary. In Ceryle alcyon (fig. 75) it is flat without the posterior row of spines although Ceryle rudis may show a few. The large billed Pelargopsis (Ramphalcyon) has a structure very similar to Ceryle with the exception that the tip is either square or even somewhat ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 19 indented while the whole organ is quite rudimentary. There is no suggestion of affinity between these forms and the motmots. The hornbills (Bucerotidae) also have rudimentary tongues, al- though they are not without form. Thus in Lophoceros melanoleucus (fig. 84) it is flat, slender, and square tipped, while in the huge billed Hydrocorax mindanensis it is rather triangular, fleshy and supplied with a few small spines, and this is true also for Dichoceros bi- corns. Upupidae: The hoopoes have exceptionally small rudimentary tongues which are reduced to a mere triangle of flesh without form or function. Such a review shows that a wide range of variation is seen in the suborder Coraciae, with few indications of affinity shown and in many forms a rudimentary structure through loss of function. The suborder Striges have tongues very closely resembling those of hawks, a suggestion of affinity that is misleading. They are horny tipped and well beset with papillae, while mucous gland pores are abundant, an appearance much like that of the Falconidae and due either to convergent evolution or to the rap- torial diet. There is usually a certain degree of curling and the tip is often somewhat incised. As examples are shown 7'yto pratincola (fig. 78), Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea (fig. 76), Otus asio bendiret (fig. 79), Spiloglaux novae zealandiae (fig. 80), and Asto wilsonianus (fig. 77). The hawk owl (Surnia ulula, fig. 44) has but one row of spines posteriorly, the reason for which is not apparent. The horned owl (Bubo virginianus) has a broad, flat tongue well covered with spines. Suborder CAPRIMULGI In this group, Wetmore ’® finds four main types of tongues. First that of Vyctibiws, which he describes as “small in proportion to the mouth cavity as in other Caprimulgi. In form it differs consider- ably from the tongues of related genera. The tip of the tongue in Nyctibius is somewhat elongate, with the lateral outlines at first concave. ‘The postero-lateral margins are produced as elongate points that equal the anterior portion in length. The outline of the lateral margin of these is convex.. In general the form of the tongue is that of the head of a spear point, with a deeply incised base, spreading posterior angles, and slender point.” He finds the lateral margin supplied with spines and a few minute spines on the upper surface. - Podargus is described as having an elongate tongue, being “ much larger in proportion to the size of the mouth cavity than in ‘other 10 Wetmore, A. _ On the Anatomy of Nyctibius, with Notes on Allied Birds. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 577-586, 1918. 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 forms examined. The anterior end of the hyoidean apparatus forms a thickened, pointed projection in the tongue base. * * * Ante- rior to this strong base the tongue is thin and translucent, being not much thicker than a sheet of ordinary writing paper.” Steatornis caripensis shows a “tongue shaped like an arrowhead, with rather elongate, bluntly pointed tip, convex lateral outlines, and spreading, somewhat slender posterior processes that project beyond the hinder border. The margins of these posterior processes are armed with soft, slender, backward projecting papillae, and smaller papillae of the same nature are found on the upper surface of these projections.” The tongue of Phalaenoptilus nitidus “is small, measuring 9.5 mm. long by 3 mm. broad. The postero-lateral spinose processes are elongate and pointed. The lateral margins in outline are approxi- mately straight lines. Spinose backward projecting papillae begin at a point anterior to the center and become stronger and heavier toward the base of the tongue. The upper surface of the tongue for its basal two-thirds is thickly set with small horny papillosities all projecting backward. Because of the posterior elongation of the lateral processes, the basal margin appears deeply incised.” This is the general form of the remaining genera of the Capri- mulgidae. The tongue of Chordeiles virginianus is described as showing a “slightly different development. This organ in the nighthawk is small in comparison to the size of the mouth opening, but is strong and heavy. It measures approximately 9 mm. long by 4.7 mm. broad at the base, so that it is short and broad in comparison with the lingual appendages of other genera in this family that have been described. * * * JInoutline the tongue of Chordeiles virgin- zanus is triangular with the lateral margins slightly concave. * * * The lateral margins of the tongue are armed with spinose papillae which are small and weak anteriorly and become strong and heavy toward the base. Stronger processes arm the posterior margin, and the broadened basal third of the tongue has its dorsal surface cov- ered with pointed harsh papillosities all directed toward the pharynx.” With this description the tongue of Chordeiles acuti- pennis texensis (fig. 81) agrees, with the exception that there are no papillosities on the dorsal surface. The tongues of Nyctidromus albicollis, Caprimulgus europaeus, and Setochalcis vocifera are described by Wetmore as resembling in form that of Phalaenoptilus nitidus, while that of Chordeiles acuti- pennis is like that of C. virginianus. It can thus be seen that there are considerable differences mani- fested in this group not easy of explanation and which do not give any important information as to affinities. The Cypselidae do not show any striking tongue characters. In some forms there is a close resemblance to tongues of swallows, as ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 21 Lucas™ pointed out in the case of Collocalia (fig. 85, after Lucas) while others have a longer, more slender tongue somewhat curled as in the tree swift Macropteryx coronata (fig. 82). The humming birds (Trochilidae), however, have most character- istic tongues, which are distinct from any others in the class of Birds. The cartilaginous portions of the ceratohyals are divided in the anterior half of the tongue to form separate shafts. These are invested with a membranous covering which is expanded as a lateral flange at the tip, but which inrolls as the base of the tongue is approached to form a rolled membranous tube on each side. (See fig. 86, Calypte anna.) Tt is not composed of parallel muscular tubes, as has often been described, for the cartilaginous shafts of the tongue are solid; but it is the inrolled fringe of membrane along the lateral margins of these shafts that make up the capillary tubes. This is an entirely different condition than prevails in the passerine flower frequenters where two or more muscular tubes are formed by splitting and curl- ing of the body of the tongue itself. It is very elastic in the humming birds and capable of great pro- trusion, the hyoid apparatus also being especially long to permit of this action. This is a most characteristic organ which readily identifies any bird possessing it as a member of this family, and while markedly modified in response to flower-feeding habits is nevertheless dis- tinctive of the group and hence of taxonomic value. The trogons have flat, heavy tongues supplied with numerous spines and with a cornified tip. There is a central groove bordered by raised margins, a condition most unusual and not seen elsewhere, except in members of the next group. (Pyrotrogon neglectus, fig. 21.) The puff-birds (Bucconidae) have odd flat tongues that about the center widen to form prominent shoulders, gradually narrowing from this point anteriorly to a blunt tip. The surface is flat except in the anterior third, where a groove is seen, the margins of which are raised forming parallel prominent ridges on the surface. This is well illustrated by Bucco bicinctus (fig. 83) and is also seen in Notharchus dysoni and Nystalus maculatus striatipectus. These are very unusual appearing structures the exact functions of which are not known. The Ramphastidae are characterized by exceptionally odd feath- ered tongues which are long and narrow and with deeply incised lateral margins forming anteriorly directed laminae. The fleshy hyoidean portion forms but a small part of the tongue posteriorly while anterior to this it becomes thin, horny, and translucent. This The Auk, vol. 13, pp. 109-115, April, 1896. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 change is marked by the dotted line on figure 87, of the tongue of Pteroglossus frantzi. This is so striking and characteristic an ap- pearance that it would seem useful for taxonomic purposes. The Picidae possess a tongue so distinctive of the group, that while modified in response to diet, it could in no way be con- fused with that of any other family. Even the odd little piculet Picumnus, with its rounded tail so unlike that of woodpeckers, has a tongue which, except for its small size, is perfectly typical of the group as exemplified by Dryobates. This is the more interesting since the diet of so small a bird must much more nearly approxi- mate that of the creepers, titmice, and nuthatches than of its larger allies and yet the tongue remains in all respects truly that of a woodpecker. Typically the tongue is very extensile and the tip is armed with six or seven. sharp backwardly directed barbs. This is found in Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (fig. 88), Dryobates nuttalli (fig. 89), Picus, Gecinus, Xenopicus albolarvatus (fig. 13), Geocolaptes, Den- drocopus, Centurus, Chryserpes, Micropternus, Dyctiopicus, and Yungipicus. Picoides americanus dorsalis has a rather small tongue for so large a bird, while the barbs at the tip are delicate. Veni- liornis cecilii has a small tongue with but a few barbs and the same is true for Vesoctites micromegas. It is also surprising to note that the very large Phloeotomus pileatus, with its large, heavy bill, has an astonishingly small tongue in comparison with the rest of the body. The tip is very short and small and is armed with but four or five barbs. Colaptes cafer collaris (fig. 14) has the most extensible tongue, but it is not so well accommodated for impaling objects as the tip is not as sharp, nor are the barbs prominent, being reduced to but two or three. Melanerpes (formicivorus bairdi, fig. 15) has converted the barbs to hairlike processes and Sphyrapicus (thyroideus, fig. 16) has ex- tended this process for the greater part of the length of the tongue, while the ability to project this organ is much reduced. The wrynecks or Jyngidae are distinguished from the other mem- bers of the family by the fact that while the tongue is long, worm- like, and extensile, the sharp tip is not supplied with barbs. In this group they are lost, and the tip while sharp, is smooth. Tt is interesting to note that in these birds as in the piculets the tail is soft without spiny shafts, which is misleading from a taxo- nomic standpoint, and that thus in both of these groups the tongue is a better guide to relationship. Furthermore the Dendrocolaptinae possess stiff spiny tails which would mislead one in the conclusion that they are allied to wood- peckers when no relationship exists; whereas, in spite of the fact ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 28 that feeding habits are similar to the latter, the tongues are wholly unlike and therefore yield more reliable evidence. In this family the tongue fulfils all the requirements for taxonomic use in that differences in feeding habits in related forms have not altered the fundamental pattern in the group, so that the tongue alone is sufficient in all instances to refer its owner to the family and in many instances to the correct subfamily and even genus. Conversely, similar feeding habits in unrelated forms (Dendro- colaptinae) have not produced tongues like these, and this is the more striking since the tail, in response to such habits, has taken on the spiny character so common to that of woodpeckers. Order PASSERIFORMES In this heterogeneous group where so much variability is found in all of the anatomy it is not surprising to find the tongue taking part in this diversity in form. A brief survey of this has already been given in an earlier part of this paper; it remains to classify and group such differences. In many families the thin horny tongue, slightly curled and frayed at the tip, as described for the robin, is found with but slight differences in length and width. Such a tongue has no outstanding character sufficient to identify the particular family to which it belongs and serves to do no more than to indicate a member of the order. As example Pitta erythrogaster (fig. 90) is illustrative. The flycatchers (Tyrannidae) have tongues which are often broad- ened at the middle, somewhat curled, incised at the tip and often shghtly frayed. As examples, are Myiochanes richardsoni (fig. 91), Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus (fig. 92), Sayornis sayus (fig. 93), and S. nigricans (fig. 94), Nuttallornis borealis (fig. 95), E'mpi- donax griseus (fig. 96), Tyrannus verticalis (fig. 97), and Tol- marchus gabbi (fig. 98). The tongue of Culicivora stenura is very similar to these forms as is that of Muscisaxicola maculirostris. See figure 99 which illustrates Mytarchus dominicensis. There is nothing remarkable about the organ in Pachyramphus viridis viridis. The South American bell bird, Chasmorhinchus, has a rather simple flat tongue that is slaty black, matching the gape in color. The postero-lateral branches are long armed with slender spines while the tip is slightly incised and the whole organ is comparatively small in relation to the size of the mouth. The Dendrocolaptidae are interesting in that the feeding habits of many of them are similar to woodpeckers without developing tongues like the latter. In most of these the anterior two-thirds or more of the tongue is thin, horny, and translucent, and somewhat 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 frayed, while the whole organ is of good length in proportion to the length of the bill. This is true of Dendrocolaptes picumnus and several species of Picolaptes. But one specimen of Drymornis bridgesi was available and in an excellent state of preservation. In this bird the tongue was exceptionally small, out of all proportion to the huge sickle bill and not at all like the above-mentioned genera. The appearance was much as if the horny anterior end of the tongue was either absent or had been shed. Whether this is an accidental or natural state is not known. Figure 100 illustrates the tongue of Furnarius agnatus, which is somewhat fleshier than ordinary and is not supplied with so great a proportion of horny tip. This is true also of Cinclodes. Figure 101 illustrates Sittasomus, species. (?) The Formicariidae have thin horny tongues that are frayed some- what more than the ordinary, extending well back along the sides, as exemplified by that of Gymnocichla nudiceps (fig. 102). Tham- nophilus bridgesi (fig. 103) shows much the same structure. Figure 104 illustrates the tongue of Oligura superciliaris, one of the Timaliidae. Among the Pyecnonotidae, Pycnonotus shows a simple flat tongue that is bifid but not frayed, while Zole philippinensis has one some- what curled and both forked and frayed at the tip. There is little to characterize the Muscicapidae, as the tongues seen are with minor variations much like the standard pattern. The thrushes and their allies depart from the usual structure by the addition of papillosities on the dorsal surface of the tongue around the basal portion. This is exemplified by Hylocichla guttata (fig. 106), Mfyadestes townsendi (fig. 105), Mémus polyglottos leu- copterus (fig. 107), and Sialia mexicana (fig. 108). Polioptila caerulea obscura (fig. 116) does not have this arrange- ment, but is supplied with only a single posterior row while the tip is considerably frayed. Cinclus mexicanus (fig. 110), of the family Cinclidae, has a simple rather fleshy tongue slightly curled and frayed. The wrens, Troglodytidae, are marked by very thin, horny, trans- lucent, long tongues through which the contained bones are plainly visible. The posterior spines are prominent and needlelike, while the main postero-lateral projections consist of prominent rounded horny spines; an apperance that is quite characteristic, and is not Jacking even in that nonwrenlike form Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi. Figures 112 and 111 represent this organ as seen in Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus and Thryomanes bewicki charienturus, re- spectively. Chamaea fasciata has a trough-shaped square-tipped tongue well supplied with entangling hairlike processes very suggestive of that ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 25 seen in the nuthatches. The tract between the base of the tongue and the glottis has many pores of mucous glands. Swallows have a simple flat tongue somewhat split at the tip, as illustrated by Petrochelidon lunifrons (fig. 115), and very similar in appearance to Collocalia (fig. 85, after Lucas). The “cuckoo-shrikes” (Campephagidae) have tongues of the standard pattern, with perhaps more fraying than usual. At least this is true of Pericrocotus exvsul and Malindangia macgregori. Lalage niger shows very fine lateral fraying, while Graucalus has much the same appearence, the tongue, however, not matching in size the large bill. In the drongos (Dicruridae) this fraying becomes in some forms very elaborate. Thus, in Chibia hottentotta, the tongue is deeply split and the sides are incised. forming long, delicate, forward- pointing hairlike fringes, the delicate strands of which are very uniform in size and length. This is only slightly less marked in Dicrurus longicaudatus while in Bhringa remifer the processes are very short and delicate. Dissemurus paradiseus is much the same, while Bhuchanga longa has considerably less fraying. Some of the Bombycillidae have simple flat tongues (Bombycilla), In appearence much like those of swallows, while Pulus dominicus (fig. 117) has a much curled tip, which is frayed. The shrikes are an ill-defined group, Laniidae. There is little characteristic about the tongue. That of Strepera graculina is il- lustrated in figure 133, while Lantus ludovicianus gambelii is illus- trated in figure 114. The vireos have simple flat tongues, as represented in figure 119. Vireo, species from Tortuga Island, Lawrencia nana (fig. 118), and by figure 120, Vireo belli pusillus. The Sittidae as well as the Paridae have impaling organs through the ends of which the cartilaginous tips of the ceratohyals often project. This is illustrated in figure 121, Sitta carolinesis aculeata, and figure 122, Sitta pygmaea. The titmice and chickadees have four-pronged tongues. See figure 124, Baeolophus inornatus, and figure 128, Penthestes gambeli baileyae. The verdin, Auriparus flaviceps (fig. 126), and the bush-tit, Psaltriparus minimus californicus (fig. 125), have very irregular lacerated tips, while Certhia familiaris zelotes (fig. 113) is not far removed. The Corvidae have a tongue the anterior third of which is com- posed of thin, translucent, horny tissue which is often rather deeply incised and is whipped out. The main postero-lateral spines are bifid or double, while over the surface around this region there are many small papillosities. As examples are Aphelocoma californica (fig. 128), Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (fig. 180), Nucifraga colum- 43316—253—_4 bo 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 biana (fig. 132), and Pica nuttalli (fig. 129). The entire appearance is very characteristic. The tongues of some of the Sturnidae are of the standard pattern as pecmeliaed by Scésstrostrum dubium (fig. 181), while Lamproco- ‘vax chalybea and L. metallicus are very similar. The tongues of the next six families are some of the most elaborate and marvelous throughout the Class of Birds. The Dicaeidae have small tongues that are flat posteriorly but at about the middle become abruptly narrower and begin to curl into a semitube which is deeply cleft at the tip, the margins of which are smooth, forming two slender semitubular tips. This is found in Dicaeum cruentatum, D. sanguinolentum, D. flammeum, and D. cele- bicum. In Acmonorhynchus aureolimbaius the same holds true ex- cept that the edges of each tube show a slight notching, with an at- tempt at the production of four tips, while in Prionochilus these notches have deepened to actual splitting with the formation of four semitubular fringeless projections. The tongue of Dicaewm trigonostigma as figured by Gadow * shows a complete tubular arrangement by overlapping of the up- curled edges, which are not frayed. The tip is deeply bifurcated, forming two equal tubes, and the tip of each one of these again is cleft, forming a quadruple tongue. The Zosteropidae.—As to this family some are simple in struc- ture, being rather flat with only a slight tendency to curling, while the tip is deeply slit. Gadow?* finds this true of Z. simplex. Z. atrifrons (fig. 135) shows some fraying of the margins, which is true also of Z. sarasinorum. This may be carried to the point where, with curling added to the process, elaborate curled split and fimbriated tongues are found as described of Z. simplex and Z. japonica by Beddard.™ The Nectariniidae——In this family curling is the outstanding feature, so that the anterior one-half to two-thirds is a completely rolled tube the upcurled margins of which are overlapped and are not fringed or frayed. In some species there is some forking at the tip to form two tubular projections. Arachnechthra asiatica has a very long tube for the anterior two- thirds, without splitting or fraying. Arachnothera, species (?) has a very long tube slightly frayed at the tip. Cinnyris (Cyrtostomus) pectoralis and C’. jugularis woodi have slender tubes, both somewhat forked at the'tip. Hermotimia, species (?) (fig. 141) shows the same arrangement. 2Gadow, H. Strueture of Certain Hawaiian Birds. The Birds of the Sandwich Islands, Wilson and Evans, London, 1890-99, pp. 219-241. ‘8 Gadow, H. Proe, Zool. Soe., London, 1883, p. 63. ‘Beddard, i. Ibis, ser. 6, No. 3, 1891, pp. 510-512. ART. 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 27 Cyanomitra verticalis has a long slender tongue, longer than the bill, completely tubular, and somewhat forked, and this is true also for Chalcomitra fuliginosa and Aethopyga boltoni. In Anthreptes fraseri, malaccensis, and wiglesworthi, the bifurcation is more marked than in any of the others, so that practically a double tongue is formed. On the other hand the tongue of Chalcoparia phoenicotis (fig. 189) is not at all like the above, and this fact together with other evi- dence has led Oates to separate this species from the family. In view of the fact that there is such a regularity of tongue form in this family the divergence from it as seen in Chalcoparia may well have the significance that Oates gives it. The Drepanididae typically have tubular tongues. ‘These are formed as are all tubular ones by an upcurling of the margins of the horny anterior part which constitutes the major portion of the tongue in these birds. The edges of the dorsally rolled sides meet in the midline and finally overlap. As the tip is approached the edges become broken up and spht, forming delicate laciniae. At first one side completely overlaps the other but as these fimbriations become more prominent they interlace in a complex manner finally forming at the tip a whipped-out brush. This is the fully developed tongue and is well illustrated in the long-billed Hemignathus procerus (fig. 19). This same appearance is seen also in Vestiaria coccinea, Chlorodrepanis, and Himatione sanguinea, all of these, however, being shorter than the above. In Heterorhynchus wilsont it is completely tubular only in the anterior third and is bifurcated. Loxioides bailleut, which Doctor Gadow ** first classed among the Fringillidae, is described by him as follows. The tongue is Thick and fleshy, much shorter than the bill, very slightly protractile, tip rounded off and ending in a neat horny scoop, which is formed by the lower horny covering of the tongue projecting a little; the brim of this scoop is slightly frayed out, as is the case in many Fringillidae. Oreomyza (OCreomystis) bairdi he describes as: A little shorter than the bill, thin and horny but at first sight apparently different from that of the Drepanid'dae. However, the lateral horny margins are raised up dorsally and frayed out. The distal fourth of the tongue is slightly split into a right and left half but far less than in Coereba. This broader, shorter, and decidedly less tubular tongue is in conformity with the slightly broader bill. Loxops coccinea he describes as “short, in conformity with the bill, but ending in a frayed-out single brush, which, like the whole 16 Wauna of British India. HK. W. Oates. Birds, vol. 2, p. 372. 18 Gadow, H. Structures of Certain Hawaiian Birds. The Birds of the Sandwich Islands, Wilson and Evans, London, 1890-99, pp. 219-241. 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 organ, is formed exactly like that of the other Drepanididae.” The tongue of Hemignathus olivaceus is “short and less tubular, being intermediate in structure and appearance between those of Him- atione and Vestiaria. Psittirostra psittacea (fig. 140) has a flat, fleshy tongue in which the long, horny curled portion is absent. The tip is blunt and not frayed. The appearance is almost exactly as if the tubular portion of the tongue of Hemignathus procerus had been cut away leaving the basal uncurled portion. An entirely different arrangement is seen in the finchlike 7'e/e- spyza cantans, however (fig. 186). Here the entire tongue is thick and fleshy, much as in some of the finches (compare Passerculus rostratus, fig. 1387), with an uprolling of the thick margins to form a fleshy rolled tubular tongue not at all the same in appearance or arrangement as the tubular tongues of the foregoing forms, made up, as they are, by a prolongation and curling of the natural thin horny tip of the standard tongue. It is apparent, therefore, that in this family there is a wide range in tongue forms, from which no reliable evidence as to relationship is to be drawn, as is evidenced by the error made by Doctor Gadow in the case of Lowiordes. The Coerebidae have tongues that are curled, split, and frayed, but not all to the same degree, and a fine series of modifications can be traced through this family. Thus in Glossoptila (Huneornis) campestris the tongue is practically flat in the posterior two-thirds. The anterior third shows a moderate upcurling of the lateral mar- gins, with delicate fraying into a fringe that rolls inward but does not meet the opposite side. The tip is bifid, thus converting this portion into two very imperfect semitubular fringed projections. Cyanerpes cyanea (fig. 188) has the anterior one-half curled in much the same manner, while the tip may or may not be bifurcated. Cyanerpes lucidus shows very little fraying of the margins of the tube, while (. caeruleus is deeply cleft and frayed. In Chloro- phanes spiza (fig. 4) the tube is becoming more perfect by a close approximation of the upcurled edges. Finally in Coereba bana- nivora (fig. 5) the edges completely overlap, forming a true tube which by splitting becomes double tubes, the curling margins of which are much frayed. ‘This same appearance is seen in Coereba portoricensis and Piglossa plumbea, the latter of which shows a surprisingly long tongue in comparison to the short bill. The Meliphagidae have elongate quadruple tongues. The curled tongue first splits into a right and left half with marked fraying of the edges, forming two fringed tubes, and these are again deeply split and frayed, so that four elaborately frayed brushy tips are formed. The whole organ is as long or longer than the bill. ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 29 The appearance is illustrated by Myzomela rubratra (fig. 6), and the same appearance is seen in M/. nigriventris and M. sanguinolenta. Whether the bird and tongue be a large one, as 7’ropidorhynchus and Microphilemon, or of moderate size, as Meliphaga (Ptilotis) carunculata, there is a surprising conformity to the pattern de- scribed. This same long quadruple tongue is present also in Melz- ornis australasiana, Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris, Myzantha gar- pula, and Acrulocercus braccatus. So far as is known this extraordinary quadruple brushy tongue is limited to and characteristic of this family. It is an interesting fact that the formation of the multiple tubular and brushed tongues of these several families of flower-frequenting birds follows different lines of development using one or more of the fundamental tendencies of the type tongue to curl, split, and fray. Thus, as has been demon- strated, the Nectariniidae have almost purely tubular tongues, the Drepanididae tubular tongues with frayed margins, the Coerebidae combine curling, splitting, and fraying, to form double tubes, while the Meliphagidae carry this to the degree that four curled brushy tips are formed. Among the Mniotiltidae there is a rather wide range of variation. As is the case with the type pattern these are tipped with horny thin translucent tissue which may form nearly one-half of the organ (see fig. 142, Dendroica dominica) or may be absent, which was the case in a second specimen of the same species and is also illustrated by Vermivora celata lutescens (fig. 143) and Dendroica petechia gundlachi (fig. 144). The tongue may be a thin, flat structure as in Catharopeza bishopi (fig. 145), Dendroica occidentalis (fig. 146), and Dendroica palmarum (fig. 147), or curled at the tip as in Grana- tellus francescae (fig. 148), by upcurling of the fraying margins a process which is carried to its greatest extreme in this family by Dendroica tigrina (fig. 2). There may be rather marked differences in shape as is evidenced by a tongue of Wilsonia canadensis (fig. 149), which is very broad at the middle, while others from the same species showed this to a lesser degree or not at all. Certhidea salvini (fig. 150) has a rather thick fleshy tongue, grooved shallowly and rather suggestive of the fringilline type. There is thus in this group considerable variation even in such a small series as in the one genus Dendroica, as may be observed by the following figures: D. nigrescens (fig. 151), D. auduboni (fig. 152), D. vigorsi (fig. 153), D. discolor (fig. 154), D. petechia (fig. 155), D. striata (fig. 156), D. castanea (fig. 157), D. fusea (fig. 158), and PD. virens (fig. 159). Other members of this family are 7eretis- tris fernandinae (fig. 160), 7. fornsi (fig. 161), Welsonéa citrina (fig. 162), Wilsonia pileolata pileolata (fig. 163), Vermivora luciae (fig. 164), Compsothlypis americana (fig. 165), Oporornis tolmiei (fig. 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 166), Helmitherus vermivorus (fig. 169), Icteria virens (fig. 168), and Oreothlypis gutturalis (fig. 167). Family Tanagridae.——In some of this group the tongue is flat and thin, as in Zachyphonus (fig. 170) and in Z'anagra (HKuphonia) violacea (fig. 171). In others it is fleshy, as in Thraupis darwine (fig. 172), Stephanophorus leucocephalus (fig. 173), and Rampho- celus brasilius (fig. 174), while in the very large billed Pztylus grossus (fig. 175) the tongue is cylindrical and fleshy while the anterior half is hollowed out and scoop-shaped, very suggestive of some of the finches. Phaenicophilus poliocephalus has a longer tongue (fig. 177), which is considerably frayed at the tip. The Ploceidae have a structure very similar to the finches, with a cylindrical fleshy tongue having a depression anteriorly to form a scoop. This is illustrated by Munia punctulata (fig. 178). The horny under surface is often folded over the dorsum to form a grooved tongue as in some of the finches and as is illustrated by Steganura paradisea (fig. 179). This is seen also in Ploceus megar- hynchus, P. benyalensis, and a species of Foudia from St. Helena Island. The Icteridae, as typified by /cterus cucullatus nelsoni (fig. 180), and Jcterus icterus (fig. 3), have upcurled frayed margins to the tongue which may be deeply split to form double frayed semitubu- lar tips. This is found also in /. partsoruwm, I. wagleri, I. bullockt, I. mesomelas, and I. northropi, all of which have tongues very sug- gestive of the Coerebidae with less advanced degrees of curling. The blackbirds, as exemplified by Molothrus atronitens (fig. 181), have upcurled margins without fraying, forming a guttered organ with the tip somewhat whipped out. This is seen in Agelaius phoeniceus, A. tricolor, Molothrus ater, and Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Gymnostinops montezwmae has little curling; the tip is bifurcated and frayed, while MMegaquiscalus major macrourus has a_ bifid curled and much frayed organ, much like /cterus. Pseudoleistes (fig. 182) has a thin tongue somewhat curled and whipped out at the tip. The Fringillidae have cylindrical fleshy tongues, which show much variation. Ordinarily the horny under surface projects beyond the tip, and this is often frayed and somewhat curled so that a small scoop-shaped end is formed. This same horny under surface invests the lateral margins of the tongue and often curls over the dorsal sur- face as indicated in Lowia leucoptera (fig. 185). The tongue may have long posterior branches as in the odd form assumed by Passer domesticus (fig. 183), or, as is usually the case, they are closely com- pressed to the basihyal portion. It may have simply a flat surface, as indicated in Oberholseria chlorura (fig. 186), or there may be a deep groove formed as in Zamelodia melanocephala (fig. 191). In ART., 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 31 the genus Passerculus the grooving is very marked so that in some of the species a rolled or tubular tongue is formed (see fig. 137 Pas- serculus rostratus). In conclusion it is obvious that the tongues of birds subserve many different uses, a wide range of function that is paralleled by changes in form, ranging from simple rudimentary nodules of flesh to the highly complex multiple tongues of the flower-frequenting birds. Furthermore, when classified as to adaptations, eight natural groups are formed, to which many of these differing patterns may be assigned. The type pattern of tongue is composed of a fleshy basal part which is tipped with a more or less extensive thin horny translucent anterior portion, which has an inherent tendency to curl, bifurcate, and fray laterally. One or all of these tendencies are utilized to produce many adaptive modifications, a fine series of which may be traced through the flower-frequenting birds, where they undergo the greatest development, producing elaborate and complex tubular, brushy, and multiple tongues. Fundamentally the tongue is a paired structure arising, as it does, from the second and third visceral arches, and upon this founda- tion must be constructed all the variations seen. Practically, how- ever, in the fully developed organ the alterations have become so great, through fusion of some parts and suppression or exaggeration otf others, that it is not possible to select a fundamental pattern from which all others may be derived, but, instead, many of these must be recognized. With regard to the taxonomic value of this organ in birds the evi- dence is conflicting. Much of it tends to support the conclusion that it is of little or no value, since, either from similarity of diet or due to convergent evolution, appearances of affinity are formed where no true relationship exists. Furthermore, differences in struc- ture are seen in closely allied birds where presumably the diet is the same. On the other hand, in many families, in spite of changes in re- sponse to diet a uniform and characteristic pattern is traceable which gives definite indications of affinity and provides valuable taxonomic features. Among the groups in which this is true are the Ardeidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Picidae, Trichoglossidae, Buteonidae, Falconidae, Trochilidae, and possibly the Meliphagidae, Bucconidae, Ramphastidae, Corvidae, and Nectariniidae. To these with more study, others may be added. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barrp, S. F. 1864, November. Review of American Birds, pp. 161-2. Batu, W. 1906. Die Geschmacksorgane der Vogel and Krokodile. Arch. Brontologie, vol. 1, pp. 1-47. BeEpDARD, F. E. 1891. On the Tongue of Zosterops, Ibis, ser. 6, no. 3, p. 510. 1898. Note on the tongue of Podargus. Structure and Classification of Birds, p. 234. 1903. On the Modifications of Structure in the Syrinx of the Accipitres, with Remarks Upon Other Points in the Anatomy of That Group. Proce. Zool. Soe. London, 1903, vol. 2, pp. 157-1638. 1903. A Note Upon the Tongue and Windpipe of the American Vultures, with Remarks on the Interrelation of the Genera Sarcorhamphus, Gypagus and Cathartes. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1903, vol. 2, pp. 386-392. BoTezaT BH. 1910. Morphologie, Physiologie und Phylogenetische Bedeutung der Gesch- macksorgane der Vogel. Anatomischer Anzeiger, vol. 36, pp. 428— 461. CHAINE, M. J. 1904. Remarques Sur La Musculature de la Langue des Oiseaux, Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Paris, vol. 56, pp. 991-2. 1905. La Langue des Oiseaux, Bull. Scient. de la France et de la Belgique, vol. 39, pp. 487-504. Evans, A. H. 1899. Birds. Cambridge Natural History. Macmillan & Co. Gapow, H. 1883. On the Suctorial Apparatus of the Tenuirostres. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, pp. 62-69. 1890-99. Structure of Certain Hawaiian Birds. The Birds of the Sand- wich Islands. Wilson and Evans, London, pp. 219-241. Garrop, A. H. 1873. Tongue of Steatornis caripensis. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 531. GIEBEL, C. 1858. Die Zunge der Vo6gel und ihr Gertist, Zeitschrift fiir die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, vol. 11, pp. 19-53. 1862. Zur Anatomie der Papageien. Zeitschr. fiir die Ges. Naturw., vol. 19, pp. 133-152. Ka.uius, E. 1905. Beitrage zur Entwickelung der Zunge Anas boschas L. Passer domesticus L., Anat. Hefte, vol. 28, pt. 2. Vogel, pp. 311-586. LIEBER, ADOLPH. 1907. Vergleichende Anatomie der Spechtzunge. Zoologica, vol. 20, pt. 51, Stuttgart ’07. 32 ART, 19 CONCERNING BIRDS’ TONGUES—GARDNER 33 LINDAHL, JOSHUA. 1879. Some New Points in the Construction of the Tongues of Wood- peckers. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 18, p. 48-44. Lucas, F. A. 1896. The 'Taxonomic Value of the Tongue in Birds. The Auk, vol. 13, No. 2, April, 1896, pp. 109-115. The Tongues of Woodpeckers, Bulletin No. 7, U. S. Dept. of Agric., Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy. 1897. The Tongues of Birds. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1895, pp. 1003-1020. MaAcGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM. 1839. Note on tongue of Setochalcis vocifera. In Audubon, J. J., Ornitho- logical Biography, Edinburgh, 1839, vol. 5, p. 306. 1839. Description of tongue of Antrostomus carolinensis. Audubon, J. J., Ornithological Biography, Edinburgh, 1839, vol. 5, pp. 402-403. 1839. Tongue of Chordeiles virginianus. Same reference, p. 407. 1840. Tongue of Caprimulgus europaeus. History of British Birds, Lon- don, vol. 3, pp. 630 and 634. MARSHALL, M. E. 1905. Note on the Tongue of Phalaenoptilus. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soce., vol. 44, p. 215. Monee, G. P. 1901. Lingual Myology of Parrots. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 1, p. 277-8. OaTEs, EK. W. Tongue of Chalcoparia. Fauna of British India. Birds, vol. 2, p. 372. WALLACE, A. R. 1870. Note on the tongue of Chalcoparia, Ibis, p. 49. WETMORE, ALEXANDER. 1918. On the Anatomy of Nyctibius with Notes on Allied Birds. Proc. U. S. National Museum, vol. 54, pp. 577-586. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING BIRD TONGUES PLATE 1 . Planesticus migratorius. . Dendroica tigrina. Icterus icterus. . Chlorophanes spiza. . Coereba. bananivora. . Myzomela rubratra. 34 Oop wd U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. | snl iis ATT Ee par rE le i f | a SERIES ILLUSTRATING MULTIPLE TUBULAR TONGUES, MODIFICATIONS OF A GENERALIZED TYPE PATTERN. (3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 5 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 2 TONGUES ADAPTIVELY MODIFIED FOR AN OMNIVOROUS DIET, FISH FARE, RAPTORIAL FEEDING, OR FOOD STRAINED FROM Water. (No II ONE- HALF NATURAL SIZE, OTHERS * 3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 8 No. 7. Callipepla squamata. 8. Puffinus griseus. 9. Querquedula cyanoptera. 10. Mergus serrator. 11. Phoenicopterus ruber. 12. Buteo lineatus elegans. PrAnie PLATE 3 No. 13. Xenopicus albolarvatus. 14. Colaptes cafer collaris. 15. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdii. 16. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. 17. Conurus auricapillus. 18. Carpodacus cassini. 19. Hemignathus procerus. 20. Anhinga anhinga. 21. Pyrotrogon neglectus. 36 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 3 1 YE) Day SESS IES SSS EE EOS SPEARING TONGUES, TONGUES OF SEED AND FRUIT FEEDERS, FLOWER FREQUENTERS, AND RUDIMENTARY TYPES. (3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 9 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 4 TONGUES OF VARIOUS WATER BIRDS (xX 2) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I] PLATE 4 . Gavia pacifica. . Gavia immer. . Colymbus nigricollis californicus. . Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. . Ciconia ciconia. . Larus heermanni. . Larus occidentalis. . Erismatura jamaicensis. . Gallinula galeata. 37 PLATE 5 No. 31. Nycticorax naevius. 32. Ardea herodias. 33. Botaurus lentiginosus. 34. Butorides virescens anthonyi. 35. Cereopsis novaehollandiae. 38 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 5 Nu, cf . ' b, a : i eel i a i toy , it i y i 3 } i q a | : i 2 M P ‘ : i +h i i \\ i i i j i i il H i } F \ ; if 4] | q i | | pit i al : ci | i i | it H a i; 4 4 i) { i | 33 i I i } | i gl | it 4 :f : | i | | ff | i t ff | | 32 TONGUES OF VARIOUS BIRDs. (No. 35 NATURAL SIZE, OTHERS * 2) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 13 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 6 yy TONGUES OF VARIOUS BIRDS. (No. 42 «2, OTHERS X3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I5 No. 36. 37. 38. PLATE 6 . Gypaétus barbatus. Buteo borealis calurus. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. . Faleo sparverius phalaena. . Circus hudsonius. . Polyborus plancus. . Buteo albicaudatus. . Accipiter cooperi. . Surnia ulula. Opisthocomus cristatus. . Chrysolophus pictus. 39 PLATE 7 No. 46. Heteroscelus incanus. 47. Rallus levipes. 48. Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus. 49. Aramus vociferus. 50. Recurvirostra americana, 51. Rynchops nigra. 52. Hurypyga helias. 53. Fulica americana. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 7 maya teste WER ROTI ERE WBN seat ete. : Peat ee cea ee er Sere Be Pe ogs = is Tonio ciae oe Cees (ane id ATL PIT REYNE MOMENT OY INT IOI EN Se rears 2 ————_ Cn ercannt Meee RTT | | \ | 50 52 y TONGUES OF GRUIFORMES AND CHARADRIIFORMES (Nos. 49 AND 52 oat OTHERS X 3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE |6 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. \ eae ange eerie - ARM 66 TONGUES OF VARIOUS BIRDS. (NCS. 59 AND 61 X 2, OTHERS X3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I7 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. PLATE 8 Actitis macularia. Sterna antillarum. Sterna forsteri. EHreunetes pusillus. Oxyechus vociferus. Tonornis martinica. Charadrius semipalmatus. Haematopus palliatus. Colinus virginianus cubensis. Histriophaps histrionica. Geopelia cuneata. Zenaida vinaceorufa. Columba gyumnophthalma. 41 PLATE 9 . Geococcyx californianus. . Geococcyx californianus, (to show differences in length). . Saurothera dominicensis. . Psitteuteles chlorolepidota. 71. Aprosmictus cyanopygius. . Melopsittacus undulatus. . Calopsitta novaehollandiae. . Todus multicolor. . Ceryle alcyon. . Speotyto cunicularia hypugaed. . Asio wilsonianus. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 9 —— ee ~ Spy 2S f. han fk i TONGUES OF VARIOUS BIRDS. (X 3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I8 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 10 ee = —= = ZA = ——— =~ Shs ———— — Se = EE a N No: \ J TONGUES OF CAPRIMULGI. \ \ 88 C37 FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 19 No. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84, 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. PLATE 10 Tyto pratincola. Otus asio bendirei. Spiloglaux novaezealandiae. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. Macropteryz coronata. Bucco bicinctus. Lophoceros melanoleucus. Collocalia, sp (from Lucas). Calypte anna. Pteroglossus frantzit. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. Dryobates nuttalli. 43 PLATE 11 No. 90. Pitta erythrogaster. 91. Myiochanes richardsoni, 92. Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus. 93. Sayornis sayus. 94. Sayornis nigricans. 95. Nuttallornis borealis. 96. Hmpidonaz griseus. 97. Tyrannus verticalis. 98. Tolmarchus gabbi. 99. Myiarchus dominicensis. 100. Furnarius agnatus. 101. Sittasomus, sp. 102. Gymnocichla nudiceps. 1038. Thamnophilus bridgesi. 104. Oligura superciliaris. 105. Myadestes townsendii. 106. Hylocichla guttata. 107. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus. 44 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. I} wy ‘\ at Mut { se oe 105 TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. ( X 3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 12 vy 127 TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (%X 3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 25 PLATE 12 No. 108. Sialia mexicana. 109. Toxostoma redivivum pasadenense. 110. Cinclus mezxicanus. 111. Thryomanes bewicki charienturus. 112. Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus. 118. Certhia familiaris zelotes. 114. Lanius ludovicianus gambeli. 115. Petrochelidon lunifrons. 116. Polioptila caerulea obscura. 117. Dulus dominicus. 119, Vireo, sp. 118. Lawrencia nana. 120. Vireo belli pusillus. 121. Sitta carolinensis aculeata. 122. Sitta pygmaea. 123. Penthestes gambeli baileyae. 124. Baeolophus inornatus. 125. Psaltriparus minimus californicus. 126. Auriparus flaviceps. 127. Xanthoura luxuosa (apparently injured). 128. Aphelocoma californica, PLATE 13 . Pica nuttalli. . Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis. . Seissirostrum dubium. . Nucifraga columbiana. . Strepera graculina. . Sturnella neglecta. . Zosterops atrifrons. . Telespyza cantans. . Passerculus rostratus. . Cyanerpes cyanea. . Chaleoparia phoenicotis. . Psittarostra psittacea. Hermotimia, sp. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 13 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM mb eaR ye i (4 eT RAT NS Sel 138 137 TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (NO. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 26 133 X 2, OTHERS xX 8) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 14 I44 | TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 29 No. 142. 1438. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. alstss. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. PLATE 14 Dendroica dominicia, Vermivora celata lutescens. Dendroica petechia gundlachi. Catharopeza bishopi. Dendroica occidentalis. Dendroica palmarum. Granatellus franciscae. Wilsonia canadensis. Certhidea salvini. Dendroica nigrescens. Dendroica auduboni. Dendroica vigorsii. Dendroica discolor. Dendroica petechia. Dendroica striata. Dendroica castanea. Dendroica fusca. Dendroica virens. Teretistris fernandinae, Teretistris fornsi. Wilsonia citrina. Wilsonia p. pileolata. Vermivora luciae. Compsothlypis americana. Oporornis tolmiei. Oreothlypis gutturalis. Icteria virens. Helmitherus vermivorus. Tachyphonus, sp. 47 PLATE 15 No. 171. Tanagra (Euphonia) violacea. 172. Thraupis darwini. 178. Stephanophorus leucocephalus. 174. Ramphocelus brasilius. 175. Pitylus grossus. 176. Tanagra, sp. 177. Phaenicophilus poliocephalus. 178. Munia punctulata. 179. Steganura paradisea. 180. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni. 181. Molothrus atronitens. 182. Pseudoleistes, sp. 188. Passer domesticus. 184. Tiaris olivacea. 185. Lowxia leucoptera. 186. Oberholseria chlorura. 187. Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus. 188. Spinus pinus. 189. Passerculus savannarum alaudinus. 190. Oryzborus, sp. 191. Zamelodia melanocephala. 48 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. 15 Nyt! Ey e73 \y 2 ™ 74 STITT AT aan, — pr eR an 178 I38 * TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (x 3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 39 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 19 PL. TONGUES OF PASSERIFORMES. (3) FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 30 No. 192 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. PLATE 16 . Pipilo aberti. Chondestes grammacus strigatus. Passerculus beldingi. Amphispiza belli. Spizella passerina arizonae. Passerella iliaca stephensi. Junco hyemalis thurberi. Passerella iliaca. Pipilo crissalis senicula. 35 16—25——_4 49 } p ¢ i > ; ‘We f iy re) Gl ore ct i ee ed dad Sight SOL of Je ogee: SOU MEE vy ky baat GL | — hashiviad autDroenn OL ; . JMod wotqhidaath Or onhosinn Uitentgey plfosige les Jigeenigat aon olsen Tel Sul aiowonyt oda Ber yowile pyiowsrend BOL Sheol yn: nv. Bieta | al abnght OE : nk a ane he OLERES = ' 3 A S ‘ * ae + : > e A REVISION OF THE INSECTS OF THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA By Preston W. Mason Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture This paper represents principally a systematic study of the aphid genus Amphorophora Buckton. There has also been included what is known of the biology of each species. The meager facts that are available indicate very forceably the need of rearing work in connec- tion with any systematic study in this family of insects. The genus was erected by Buckton in British Aphides?! for a new species which he described on the same page. Since that time various other species have been added by other writers. Several authors have discussed the species common to their own State or country, but the species of this genus of the entire world have never been brought together in one paper. The present writer has attempted to do this here. In this work I have had the use of all specimens in the United States National Museum and the Bureau of Entomology; the collec- tion of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, loaned by Dr. Edith M. Patch; the Swain collection of Leland Stanford University, loaned by Prof. G. F. Ferris; a part of the Canadian collection loaned by William Ross; and the private collections of W. M. Davidson, Dr. Thomas Guyton, and Harold Morrison. Prof. J. J. Davis has kindly loaned certain slides from his collection and from the Monell collection. Prof. E. O. Essig has loaned specimens from the Uni- versity of California. Prof. R. Takahashi sent Japanese material. The National collection contains metatype slides of certain of Van der Goot’s species. Frederick Laing and Prof. F. V. Theobald have dis- cussed through correspondence the HKuropean species and Professor Takahashi the Japanese and Formosan species. Prof. O. W. Oest- lund has compared drawings sent to him with species discussed by him in his report of 1887. Certain aphid workers who have visited Washington recently have examined some of the slides with the writer and expressed their opinions as to the identity of the species. These include Miss Patch and Messrs. Ross, Guyton, Davidson, and Potgieter. 1 Vol. 1, 1876, p. 187. No. 2592.—PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 20+ 43328 —25——1 1 Po PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEU, VoL. 67 Dr. A. C. Baker of this Bureau, under whose immediate direction the work has been done, has given many valuable suggestions and has helped in many ways. The writer also wishes to thank Dr. A. L. Quaintance for making it possible to undertake the work. Genus AMPHOROPHORA Amphorophora Bucxton, British Aphides, vol. 1, 1876, p. 187. Macrosiphum OxrstLuND, Minn. Geol. Survey Rept., no. 14, 1886, p. 27. Macrosiphum Dru GueErcio, Nuove Rel. Staz. Firenze, ser. 1, 1900, no. 2, lad): Pea cae ScHOUTEDEN, Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., ser. 5, vol. 45, 1901, p. 112. Eunectarosiphon Det Gumrctio, Redia, vol. 9, 1913, p. 188. Rhopalosiphum VAN pER Goot, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. 56, 19138, p. 146. The above is copied from Baker’s Generic Bulletin.? For a dis- cussion of this synonymy see Baker’s paper. The species convolvula Kaltenbach, which he refers to Amphorophora in his discussion proves to be a Myzus, according to letters received by the writer from both Laing and Theobald. I am of the opinion that Baker’s characterization of the genus should be modified so as to exclude certain species in which the antennal tubercles are covered with small scales or imbrications. Tubercles of this type may be either converging or diverging. I am excluding these species from my conception of Amphorophora and leaving them for a future study. The antennae are usually longer than the body, dark colored in the majority of the species, and imbricated. The sensoria are sub- circular and vary greatly in number in the different species, some having only a row on segment III, while other species have segments III, IV, and V thickly covered. The hairs are plainly capitate on some species. In other species they are indistinctly so, if at all. The hairs are sometimes nearly as long as the width of segment III, while in other species they are very minute. The antennal tubercles are very prominent in most species, but occasionally are almost wanting on the outer side. The beak usually reaches about to the second coxae, but may be longer. The wing venation is normal. Some Amphorophorus-like species have a brownish tinge to the veins but most of these fall in the group with imbricated antennal tubercles, which I am excluding from the genus. A few species are dusky near the tip of the wing. The legs are very long, the posterior ones being much longer than the length of the body. The cornicles are long, much longer, as a rule, than the cauda. IL have given considerable latitude to the amount of dilation, some 2U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 826, p. 54. Art. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 3 being very prominently swollen, others being very slender, but at the same time, plainly dilated. There is a distinct distal flange in all species. One group of species has the tip of the cornicles very conspicuously reticulated. Another group has no reticulations, but often two or more lines or imbrications. Certain species are inter- mediate between the reticulated and imbricated ones. Some have small scales or imbrications over most of the length of the cornicle, while in others these organs have an almost smooth surface. The shape of the cauda varies from those that are strongly con- stricted to those that are conical. The number of hairs on the cauda differs in the different species, but, as a rule, there are 2 to 4 sets of lateral ones. Tubercles are not conspicuous in the genus as a whole, but several species show prothoracic, lateral ones. A few species have them on the lateral margins of the abdominal segments. One species has two dorsal ones on the head and two on the dorsum of the prothorax. Intermediates between the alate and apterous forms appear to be fairly common in the genus as I have seen them in three species, nabali Oestlund, sensoriata Mason, and essigwanai, new name. The type of the genus is Amphorophora ampullata Buckton, which is described in British Aphides.s It was taken on the fronds of Cystopteris montana. 'The type slide still exists in the British Museum and contains three apterous viviparous females. A very similar species was taken from ferns on the American continent, and drawings of it were sent to Frederick Laing for comparison. He says in private correspondence that in all of the type specimens of ampullata ‘the sensoria reach nearly the length of Segment III and number from 30-34.” The species from this continent, he says, seems to be the same as one which he reared in England from a fern and the same as Van der Goot described as ampullata Buckton.* I learn from correspond- ence with Professor Oestlund that his 1887 description of ampullata Buckton is of the same species. William’s ampullata Buckton? (1910) is very probably the same, but I can not tell from his deserip- tion, and his specimens seem to be lost. There is also in the National Collection the same form from Takahashi. It is probable that all references in literature to ampullata Buckton, except those cataloguing the original description, refer to this new form. Laing writes that he had given to this new form a provisional varietal name, but sug- gests that the writer fix the status as he thinks best. In view of the differences in the number and position of the sensoria on Segment III of the apterous viviparous female, it is my opinion that it is entitled to standing as a distinct species, and it is described in this paper as A. laingi, new species. A. ampullata Buckton, therefore, at present is known only from the type slide. 3Vol 1, p. 187. 4 Beit. Z. Kennt. der Holland, Blattlaiuse (191°). 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The genus Amphorophora seems to be world-wide in its distribution. From data at hand various species of the genus are found in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, India, and Japan. Certain groups of plants are favored as hosts. The genus Rubus has eight of the species discussed in this paper. Ribes has four species. In the family Ericaceae the genus Vaccinium has one, Gaultheria one, Epigoea one, Azalea one, and Rhododendron two spe- cies. The family Compositae is host to five species. This family is known to be the summer host of one of these five and will probably prove to be the same for the others. The Coniferae furnish hosts for one species in this country and one in England. There are practically no data on the alternation of hosts in this genus. Only one, and probably two species are known to have alter- nate hosts. Some of the others seem to live on the same plants throughout the year. Very little can be said on the origin and phylogeny of the group, as the species are too imperfectly known at present. I am not in a position to say where the genus originated or on what plant. In fact, I can not be absolutely certain that I am dealing with a phyllogenetic group. It seems probable that those species on a cer- tain host group originated from a common ancestor, as they seem to be rather closely related. In the group of forms mentioned as living on Compositae there are several very closely related ones. These include cosmopolitana (lactucae Kaltenbach), carduellinum Theobald, oleraceae v. d. Goot, formosana Takahashi, sonchifoliae Takahashi. There are also some other specimens in the National Collection which could be described as new species with about as much difference as is given for most of the species mentioned, but I hesitate to do this until more is known of them. This group is so closely related that it is often difficult to place an individual specimen. There should be extensive rearings to settle definitely the number of species concerned. Until this is done I am retaining as valid species those which have been described, with the exception of sonchifoliae Takahashi. He admits that it is very near oleraceae v. d. Goot, but his differences do not hold when checked against metatype specimens. Certain species which have been placed in this genus by various writers are not included here, since they belong to the group men- tioned as having imbricated antennal tubercles. These include rhinanthi Schouteden, subterrans Wilson, magnoliae Essig and Kuwana, lonicericola Takahashi, and hydrangeae Matsumura. Other species properly belonging to Megouwra have been placed in Amphorophora at times and there is some evidence for considering Megoura as a synonym of Amphorophora. However, I have decided to retain it as a valid genus, separating the two on the shape of the ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 5 cornicles. In Megoura they are practically the same thickness from the base to the center, after which they narrow to the flange. This often gives the center the appearance of a slight bulge. In Amphor- ophora the cornicle narrows considerably between the base and the swollen central portion, giving an actual, conspicuous dilation. In the tables of measurements the first line for each specimen refers to the left side, such as left antenna or left cornicle. When a species is described from one specimen only, this speci- men is designated as the type. When a species is described from several specimens, all from the same colony, these specimens are designated as cotypes, and there is no type. When a species is described from several specimens taken from different colonies, either in the same or different localities, the speci- mens from one colony are designated as cotypes, those from the other colonies as paracotypes. The following keys will help to separate the species. It has been necessary to omit betae from the keys as no specimens were avail- able for study and the published description does not give sufficient details. KEY TO ALATE VIVIPAROUS FEMALES 5 He Cornicles! distinctly reticulated]. = = == 2s Sei en eee hee Ree 2 Cornicles not reticulated, often imbricated at tip__________-__-------- 15 2. Cornicles'shorter than segment III of antennae_--.-.-=___2-----_-=+- 3 Cornicles equal to or longer than segment III___________-_-_-------- 11 3. Segment III of antennae light colored____________----_- corylina (Davidson). Sesmenillotantennacimdanrk colored= 2 a2 245") 4. seein Ae ae + AM Seommenoulavaloncer than Vee 2 pace oS Se eater Sie At OL hihi hes 5 pepmenecivqshorter than. V.2.!<" oe BS se ioe: by eee E 10 5. Cornicles not longer than width of head through eyes____-____------- 6 Cornicles considerably longer than width of head through eyes_-_--_____ 8 Gmsesment wiVewiborsensorla.. 2. sesne. Sot oie Pee brittenii (Theobald). MEgMmenuMUVaWAUNOUL.SEMSOE AG .. ip 0). Sie theo ee 7 7. Cauda with about six lateral hairs. Cornicles very broad. essigwanai, new name. Cauda with about two lateral hairs. Cornicles more slender (On Acon- EGTA) hae So tt BR en amy ei ici ak MILE MALS CORES E aconiti (v. d. Goot). 8. Til with.a row-of about.16 sensoria._.._.. 22.121 J10l 52 vaccinii, new species. Antennae Wwithonumerous senGria 4. 22k oie ea ee 9 OM WVawilthee W415 Senoriaw 2s eee os ho hayhursti, new species. Vewith-5—lOvsensoriaek Sie Baie? . OFC tos mitchelli, new species. 10. Smallest diameter of cornicle one-half of widest diameter (On Spiraea). spiraecola (Patch). Smallest diameter of cornicle two-thirds of widest diameter (On Rubus). reticulata, new species. CRE WwathitSeCNSOFAt oe == .. 22 = sete Ee brittenii (Theobald). TV Ae ovat 1YO UGE SETAS O Tl Oh tes cen) pc eae o_o Ge IS NE A hE 12 5 Roman numerals refer to the number of the segment of the antenna, as segment III. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 12. III with 9-11 senoria in a row (On Cupressus) .-------- morrisoni (Swain). Ti with 13—45isensorias (Onwhwows) eases ee ee ee 13 1Zi-cAntenmae ll etc ore cee eee eee ee maxima, new species. Antennae dark-colored sts Je SMe se ee ee ee eee 14 14. III with 20-30 sensoria and noticeably shorter than counicle! Distinct dusky spot on:tip,of wing! 22-12 deg ai ie seek rubicola (Oestlund). III with 34-42 sensoria and subequal with cornicle, tip of wing with a faint: dusky, border: 222622555 = o> = eee davidsoni, new species. 15. Cornicles slightly longer than segment III___-_--------- nervata (Gillette). Cornicles not:louger thanChhy ss! 2s) ss ae ee ee es ee 16 16. Cornicles' distinctly shorter thant )V22_ 22-2 2 ae Ssne ee ee eee 17 Cornicles\notijshorterthangiVoss. Ses) yore Eee eines eee a eee 22 U7... IV wathout.sensorias. 422 = ops 8 ee a a Pa A noe 20 EW with S@mSOrd aioe oy eh a ge 18 ie Weiatlor O=s Semcon) (On Julie)! ne ee sensoriata Mason. Veith S=S/Sens Oris te 5 fet 8 1s enn Ce pe See Be ieee ape eee eee yee mee 19 19. Hairs on antennae capitate and about as long as width of segments pergandei, new species. Hairs inconspicuous, shorter than width of segment_ carduellina (Theobald). 20. Cornicles considerably swollen (On Ferns)------------- laingi, new species. Cornicles slender y lessisivviollll eres eee ees eee 21 Divi withrol=—oil sSeNSOmlas s.20 ee ee ee ee ee vagans (v. d. Goot). LDL with 30=50 sensoria (On Rubus). veel ie rubi (Kaltenbach). 22. Cornicles longer than width of head through eyes____---_------=---=- 23 Cornicles equal to or shorter than width of head through eyes_-_-_------ 27 23. Antennae very tuberculate.22 2-222 =2 = (6 S2 eee eee 24 Sénsoria ina straight tow... --li-2.. ee Aes See 25 24% ‘Cornicles' three times base ofl 2st e see ae eee braggi, new species. Cornicles more than four times base of VI____-_------- nabali (Oestlund). 25. With sensoria on IV and V_____----------------1-- minima, new species. Without sensoriaon. LV and. Vi 22 ees See Sena ee eee 26 96. Cauda-with about 4 lateral hairs. 3252222 2922 Genesee ee cicutae Shinji. iad ae vvaitiln 2a ext esreea eka nr ee nervata (Gillette). P75 -Wliewith: G=SiseMSOnd asa. 2 se Se eet ae eee solani (Thomas). Antennae tuberculates2: 3 Soe 2 ee ee eee 28 28. IV with about 27 sensoria. V with 12 sensoria____ oleraceae (v. d. Goot). IV with 9-19 sensoria. V with 1-7 sensoria__--_ cosmopolitana, new name. KEY TO APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES t., Cornicles:distinetly,reticulated._-2=- 12222-22225 — = eee 2 Cornicles not reticulated, often imbricated at tip..-.----------------- 13 ) .. Cornicles muehsshorter than segment [ll +=. "= 2 == eee 3 @ornicles notrshorter than ill 222-2) Saeene esas eee A asepures op 2 eer 5 3. III with about 25 sensoria over nearly entire length___ aconiti (v. d. Goot). PDUs wrirtlwl@seuse ra OW ies oe ee eee ee ee 4 4. III with 2-3 sensoria near base. Cauda with 2 lateral hairs. pallida, new species. MUR ayaqiar Gece caso es 5 See ee Se eee essigwanai, new name. 5. Cornicles much longer than ITI_. 4 24 -.s2+ 212-=-3- 4. = 4e5e 2-2 ee 6 @ornicles subequal with Ill‘. 2-22 oe a ee 8 Glileleapvatt dS la eS NS OTS ee rubicola (Oestlund). TIL with 1=6ismall sensoriaee ss ee ee ee ee ee 7 7. Cauda as broad as antennal tubercles__--------------- morrisoni (Swain). Cauda not as broad as antennal tubercles____ rhododendronia, new species. ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 7 8. Cauda not constricted, with 2 or 3 lateral hairs......_....._.....------ 9 Cauda long, slightly constricted, with 3 lateral hairs... ~____- Pa age 3S ae 10 vcauds, with 2 setsiof lateral hairs... _.=2..-.2.2--- 2... alni, new species. Cauda: with’3sets’of lateral (hairs. 22) 225222) 022.004 azaleae, new species. HOM Anitennaeyandaconniclesy darks COlOTeC Cassese eee ee ee ee Ital Segment ib and conniclesslighter= 2484.00 6 oho co) ea ke A 12 11. Widest diameter of cornicles about one half length of base of VI. 12. borealis, new species. Widest diameter of cornicles more nearly one-third length of base of VI. vaccinil, new species. III about twice the width of head through eyes_-_______ spiraecola (Patch). III about one and one-half times the width of head through the eyes. rhododendronia, new species. Poe liehalt as longrarain as;cormicles 9) 6g 2.22 ce ee 23 JUTE SLOW ONE EVR 4 a oy OE i ie coerce a leet RW he eA a ge ge oe fata dS 14 (AOE with 40=50'sensoriat ss! s se ET Se. el nabali (Oestlund). NEE watchrO=s0) sensor) tT osteo Ae Pete cyt ised eee 15 dae swathowtesensOnias —sameye st ong ey PELL Yrs cere tn nervata (Gillette). Pith Ms Ora eee em ey a bat et eT fe 16 GRU hel AB ENSOM As See as Sek ey cee ge Cage tS a as oo ee 17 ils waGhies— so OrsensOn hes. wt eee er eee et ae LT er 19 jee Cornicles black. Ae a I ee formosana Takahashi Gornicles\creen or whites oO) Iie ee SEPT ee Bae) yi pies 18 tsi, CGorniclesjercen,, On Pines #2)! oo) aS PL kee ed evansi Theobald. @ornicles whiter, Oni Polite. 2020-22. .3 =n te takahashii, new species. LOMSRVeand Ve wilihasensOlasas see Bee eee ee ee 20 IM PaAnGe yawilhout.SensOra.o- sos we ee ee ene a oe 21 20. III with 17-20 sensoria. IV with 3-6 sensoria___-__- carduellina Theobald. III with 22-28 sensoria. IV with 10 sensoria. V with 4-6 sensoria. oleraceae (vy. d. Goot). 21. Cauda long, broad, not constricted, hairs shorter than width__________ 25 Cauda constricted, with hairs longer than width_____________________ 22 22. Antennae with capitate hairs as long as width of segments. 23. 24. 25. 26. pergandei, new species. Hairs inconspicuous, much shorter than width of segments. cosmopolitana, new name. III with 7-18 sensoria grouped near base_._-___ ______- laingi, new species. ITE with sensoria along’entire lemeth =). _ i.e eee neal 24 Venyilarge species. (On) Hérmgiuoi. ool) legs fyi ti ampullata Buckton. smaller species... On uhus hens 520th to Nt oe sensoriata Mason. Unguis of VI distinctly longer than III (12 times longer). zhuravlevi Mordvilko. Unguisvof, Vi shorter or subequal with like: =" Soo eee ee ee 26 Cornicle light colored. Cauda with 5-6 lateral hairs.___ rubi (Kaltenbach). Cornicle dark. Cauda with 3-4 lateral hairs_____ ___ amurensis Mordvilko. AMPBOROPHORA ACONITI (Van der Goot) Figs. 169-173 Rhopalosiphum aconiti VAN DER Goot, Tijdschr. voor Ent., vol. 55, 1912, p. 73; Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Hollaindischen Blattliuse, 1915, p. 140.— THEOBALD, The Entomologist, vol. 50, 1917, p. 81—Wuson and VICKERY, Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 29. One alate and one apterous specimen, sent by Van der Goot, are available for study. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Alate viviparous female.—The antennal segments are as follows: 5 ; lI on til IV Vv VI 1.264 mm. 49 0.688 mm. 0.608 mm. 8+(?) mm. | 1.280 mm. 50 0.688 mm. OF560rmmy 42s tS eee The sensoria of segment III are tuberculate and evenly distributed throughout nearly the entire Jength. Other segments without sec- ondary sensoria. VI with a group of six small sensoria adjacent to the larger one. IV and V faintly imbricated, V more distinctly so toward the tip. I slightly gibbous on inner side. Head 0.608 mm. wide through the eyes. Antennal tubercles fairly prominent. Beak reaching nearly to second coxae. Cornicles 0.624 mm. long, distinctly reticulate for a distance of 0.16 mm.; largest diameter, 0.088 mm.; smallest diameter, 0.064 mm.; flange,0.08mm. The cauda is twisted in our specimen, but Van der Goot states that it is of the same length as the cornicles. There appears to be two sets of lateral hairs. Spiracles and hairs of abdomen as shown in figure 172. Apterous viviparous female.—The only specimen we have is in very poor condition. The single antenna present is slightly longer than the body, the segments being as follows: | Ill IV Vv VI | 1.184 mm. | | | | 0.624 mm. 0.56 mm. 0.128+ (0.8+) | The third segment has about 25 sensoria scattered over nearly the entire length. The head is 0.608 mm. wide through the eyes. The antennal tubercles are distinct. The beak reaches almost to the third coxae. The one cornicle which is present is 0.64 mm. long, being distinctly reticulated for a distance of 0.128 mm.; widest diameter, 0.096 mm.; narrowest diam- eter, 0.064 mm.; flange, 0.08 mm. Theobald says they are variable in form, some being almost cylindrical. The cauda is twisted; Van der Goot says that it is of the same length as the cornicles. His figure shows it to be broad and not constricted. Host.—Aconitum napellus. Distribution.—Holland, Bergedorf near Hamburg, Germany (deter- minations verified by Van der Goot), and Yorkshire, England. Metatype.—Deposited in the U. S. National Museum. ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 9 AMPHOROPHORA ALNI, new species Figs. 1-3 Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, slender; hairs shorter than width of segments, one to three small sensoria near base of III, antennal measurements as follows: S i | No. Ill on tit IV Vv VI i eee 0. 896 3 0. 736 ON 7205 4 0. 192+ 1. O88 0. 864 S | Oxso2 0. 688 0. 192+1. 088 ee 0. 768 1 0. 672 0. 656 0. 160-+0. 992 0. 720 2 0. 640 0. 640 0. 192-+1. 072 Se oe ae 0. 832 1 0. 720 0. 656 0. 192+1. 072 0. 832 1 0. 688 0.656 | 0.176+ # (?) Antennal tubercles large and prominent. Capitate hairs present on vertex and on basal antennal segments. Beak reaching third coxae. Cauda long, broad, not constricted, with two sets of lateral hairs. Cornicles very long, moderately swollen on distal half, dis- tinctly reticulate at tip. Cornicles No. Head Cauda ] Length Reticulated Wide X | Small X Flange 12S 22/57 05496 0. 368 0.864 | 0. 064 0. 104 0. 048 0. 064 0. 864 0. 064 0. 096 0. 048 0. 072 Zee (OF 480 0. 352 | 0. 800 0. OSO 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064 0. 800 | 0. 064 0. O88 0. 048 | 0. 064 eee Ore OGu OT oOS | 0.880 | 0. 096 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064 | 0.880 | 0.080} 0.112) 0.048) 0.064 Last Instar Apterous Nymph Cornicles Head Iil IV Vv VI — Length | Width 0. 384 0. 528 0. 496 0. 512 | 0. 16+0. 928 0.640} 0.112 0. 512 0. 528 0.512 | 0.16+0.960 ; 0.640 0.080 0. 352 0. 544 0. 480 0. 512 | 0. 16+-0. 928 0.640 0. 064 0. 560 0. 512 0.480 | 0.16+0.896 | 0.576; 0.112 Described from specimens submitted by Miss Patch, taken at Orono, Me., on Alnus incana, August 7, 1916 (Maine No. 127-16). Three apterous viviparous females and several nymphs. No alates. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 67 One apterous viviparous female was also taken at Orono on Alnus incana on June 26, 1909 (Maine No. 45-09), and one in 1904 (Maine No. 48-04 Sub. A). Cotypes.— Deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 26370. Paracotypes in the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. AMPHOROPHORA AMPULLATA Buckton Amphorophora ampullata Bucxton, Brit. Aph., vol. 1, 1876, p. 187.— LicHTensTEIN, Les. Puc. Aph., 1885, p. 19.—KirKaupy, Can. Ent., vol. 37, 1905, p. 415.—Wiuson, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, 1910, p. 320.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 202, 1912, p. 180.—WiLson and VickERY, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 33. This is the type species of the genus. The type slide (bearing three apterous viviparous females) exists in the British Museum. Frederick Laing writes that segment III of these specimens have from 30-34 sensoria, reaching nearly the length of the segment. Drawings kindly loaned by him show the hairs of III to be less than half the width of the segment and capitate. The cornicle is shown to be about three-fifths as long as III, moderately slender, conspic- uously swollen, and with no reticulations or imbrications. As explained on page 3, this species is known only from the type slide. AMPHOROPHORA AMURENSIS Mordvilko Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi amurense MORDVILKO, Fauna de la Russie, vol. 1, liv. 2, 1919, p. 267. Mordvilko described this form as a subspecies of rubi Kalten- bach. I have not seen it, but judging from his description it is a good species. It may be separated from its near relatives by the characters given in the key on page 54. I quote herewith a trans- lation of Mordvilko by A. J. Bruman. Apterous viviparous female——Body spindle shaped. Depth of frontal fur- row is two-sevenths to one-third the distance between the bases of the antennae. Antennal tubercles quite convex. The projection of the vertex is distinct. Antennae only slightly longer than the body (one and one-twenty-fifth to one and one-fourteenth times). The third segment is one and one-fourth to one and one-third times longer than the fourth, and the fourth nearly that many times longer than the fifth. The base of the sixth segment is one-sixth to two-thirteenths the length of the third, and the tip of the sixth is only very slightly less than the length of the third segment (for instance eleventh-twelfths of that length). The capitate hairs on the third segment reach four-fifths to three-fifths the diameter of the proximal part of the segment. Near the base this segment has 6-12 secondary sensoria. The cornicles reach two-ninths to one-fourth the length of the body. At a distance of one-third from the end they are swollen. From here toward the base they first become narrow and then at the very base they widen considerably. In front of the flange there is another slight (hardly noticeable) swelling. No sculpture is seen on the walls of the cornicles. The cauda is two to two and one-half times shorter than the cor- arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON Ab nicles, elongated—triangular, at times with a weak constriction at some distance from the base. On each side there are usually four bristly hairs, at times on one side only three hairs. Size of body, 3.25-1.23 mm.; 4.21-1.44 mm. Color green or light green (may be inclined toward light brick or light reddish). An- tennae dark, brownish with the exception of the base of the third segment which is somewhat lighter. The cornicles are dark tawny, darker toward the end (almost black) and lighter toward the base. The ends of the femora are dark; the ends of the tibiae and tarsi are brown. Eyes reddish brown. The color of the extremities is generally darker than in the other subspecies of rubi Kalten- bach. Measurements of two spectmens.—4.14-1.44: Frontal furrow, 0.07; between the base of the antennae, 0.26; mouth of furrow, 0.19; width of furrow at the middle of its depth, 0.15, at base, 0.10; central vertex projection, 0.011; hairs on each side, 0.060; antennae, 4.49; with the following lengths of segments: 0.17, O210;* 1.23, -0:98° (0.96)7°0°75 (0:73), 0:19 (0:20) +1.07 (1.09). Hairs on third segment up to 0.040; diameter of the proximal part of the segment, 0.053. Sensoria, 10 (6). Cornicles, 1.02; their thickness 0.12 (base), 0.066 (0.38 from base), 0.11 (0.32 from end), 0.53 (0.05 from end), 0.060 (0.03 from end), 0.056 (in front of flange), 0.066 (flange). Cauda, 0.48; its thickness 0.20 (base), 0.14 (0.24 from end); on each side 3-4 bristly hairs. Posterior femora, 1.53; tibia, 2.74; tarsi, 0.14 (0.04:0.12), claws, 0.046, hairs on tibia, 0.029—-0.063; diameter of proximal part of tibia, 0.066. 4.03-1.44: Frontal furrow, 0.08; between basis of antennae, 0.26; mouth of furrow, 0.15; width of furrow at the middle of its length, 0.12, at base, 0.08. Projection of vertex, 0.010; hairs on its side, 0.056. Antennae, 4.39; with the following lengths of segments: 0.17, 0.10, 1.21 (1.16), 0.93 (0.94), 0.73, 0.19 +- 1.06. Hairs on the third segment, 0.027—0.035, diameter of the proximal part of the segment, 0.054. Sensoria near the base of this segment, 9 (12). Cor- nicles, 0.90; their thickness, 0.12 (base), 0.073 (0.27 from base), 0.11 (0.26 from end), 0.055 (0.04 from end), 0.056 (0.02 from end), 0.053 (in front of flange), 0.073 (flange). Cauda, 0.45; its thickness 0.21 (base), 0.15 (0.32 from end), 0.16 (0.29 from end), 0.15 (0.20 from end); on each side of the cauda are four bristly hairs. Posterior femora, 1.57; tibia, 3.08; tarsus, 0.14 (0.04, 0.11); claws 0.043, hairs on tibia, 0.040-0.060; diameter of proximal part of tibia, 0.073. This form differs from the European (rubi Kaltenbach) in the darker coloration of the antennae, legs, and cornicles, frequently by a more constant small, hardly noticeable swelling of the cornicles in front of the flange and by the lesser num- ber of hairs on the sides of the cauda (in the specimens which I examined there were not more than four on each side). Apparently the North American Micro- siphum rubicola Oestlund, at least by its dark coloration of the antennae and cornicles stands closest of all to Ac. rubi amurense. Distribution.—The subspecies is known so far only from the shores of the lower Amur. Habits.—These aphids were collected from the ends of shoots and from the under side of the leaves of raspberry. Their life habits are apparently similar to those of Ac. rubi rubi. AMPHOROPHORA AZALEAE, new species Apterous viviparous female.—Body light colored. Antennae about one and one-half times as long as body, dark; the tips of the seg- ments and all of segment VI darker; hairs very small and incon- spicuous; III, with 2-3 sensoria near base. Antennal tubercles 110, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 prominent. Spines on head small. Cornicles dark colored, long and slender, slightly swollen, the tips distinctly reticulated. Cauda light colored, broad, and conical, not constricted, with three sets of rather small lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: IIL fone IV YY, | ae [eke SP DIE Ue Ss ons | 0. 688 3 0. 464 0. 480 0. 144+0. 868+ 0. 672 2 0. 464 0, 522 0. 144-++-0. 496 Cornicle | Head Cauda Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange 0. 415 0. 288 0. 672 0. 048 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 0. 672 0. 048 0. 064 0. 040 | 0. 048 Described from one adult apterous viviparous female and several alate and apterous nymphs taken on Azalea indica in a nursery at Glen St. Mary, Fla., February 23, 1924, by W. T. Owrey. Host.—Azalea indica. Distribution.—F lorida. Cotypes.—Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26945. AMPHOROPHORA BETAE (Theobald) Rhopalosiphum betae THrEosatp, Journ. Bd. Agr., vol. 19, no. 11, 1918, p. 918. Macrosiphum betae (Theobald) Winuson and Vickrmry, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 42. I have not seen this species. Judging from Theobald’s figures it probably should be included in this genus. Host plants—Beets and mangolds. Distribution.—England. AMPHOROPHORA BOREALIS, new species Figs. 109-111 Received from Dr. Edith M. Patch one slide bearing a single adult apterous viviparous female and several very small nymphs (Maine No. 101-18), taken on checkerberry at Orono, Me., June 26. 1918. Doctor Patch had given this species the manuscript name of borealis, but gave the writer the privilege of describing it in this paper. Her manuscript name is adopted. Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae slightly longer than body, basal segments nearly concolorous with body, distal segments darker, III with a single sensorium near base, hairs inconspicuous, shorter than width of segment. Antennal tubercles large and heavy. Beak reaching beyond second coxae. No prothoracic or ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 13 abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles dark colored, long, dis- tinctly swollen, tip plainly reticulated, remainder imbricated. Cauda long and broad, distinctly constricted at base; three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: III IV V | VI = | 0. 576 0. 416 0. 448 0. 144-0. 752 0. 560 0. 416 0. 448 0. 144+ 0. 792 Cornicles Head Cauda Length Reticulated Wide X | Small X Flange | 0. 400 Ont, 0. 560 0. 064 O5072—,) 6) 0,032 a, OF048 0. 576 0. 064 0. O8O | 0.032 | 0.048 | Host.—Checkerberry. Locality.— Orono, Maine. Cotypes.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. AMPHOROPHORA BRAGGI, new species Figs. 4-6 Alate viviparous female.—Antennae slightly longer than body, dark colored, very tuberculate, hairs as long as or longer than width of segment, not plainly capitate. Antennal tubercles rather small. Beak not reaching second coxae. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles. Abdomen light colored, without lateral dark patches, as in cosmopolitana. Cornicles very dark, lighter at base, short, strongly swollen, reticulated but not showing plainly on the black background. Cauda short, strongly constricted, one set of lateral hairs before constriction and three sets beyond constriction. Legs very dark, except bases of femora. s orig Ss id Ss i | Ba reir oalySlNad hs acneE hl cli ctl) ea vi | | ‘ = ee 1. 072 93 0. 528 35 0. 480 3 0. 112+ (0. 784-++) 1 O72 87 0. 560 31 0. 496 5 0. 112+ (0. 768+) Cornicle Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 0. 560 0. 336 0. 592 0. 136 | 0. 048 0. 064 0. 608 0. 136 | 0. 048 0. 064 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Described from a single alate viviparous female taken by L. C. Bragg on lettuce at Marblehead, Mass., October 4, 1920. This species can be distinguished from cosmopolitana on lettuce, by its larger size, more numerous sensoria, darker legs, and by its lighter colored abdomen without lateral dark patches. Type.—Deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26371. AMPHOROPHORA BRITTENIL (Theobald) Figs. 7-9 and 62-66 Rhopalosiphum brittenii Tarosaup, Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 7, 1912, p. 107.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 225, 1914, p. 68.—WILson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 46.—Jacxson, The Scot. Natur., 1917, p. 85; 1919, p. 158. I have not seen this species. The alate and apterous viviparous females are described by Theobald. Miss Jackson (1919) gives a description of the oviparous female. Host plants.—Red and black currants and gooseberries. Distribution.—England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Cotypes.— Deposited in Theobald’s collection. AMPHOROPHORA CARDUELLINA (Theobald) Figs. 45-48 and 67-69 Rhopalosiphum carduellinum Tuerosaup, Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 6, 1915, p. 113.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 49.—THroBALp, Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 11, 1920, p. 67. In Theobald’s first paper he described the alate form of this species and also described an apterous form. In his second paper he gave another description of an apterous form, stating that his first deserip- tion referred to another species. Dr. J. T. Potgieter has shown the writer specimens from South Africa which he considers to be this species. The apterous form seems to agree more nearly with the second description of Theobald than with the first one. Doctor Potgieter’s specimens however have sensoria on segment V of the antennae. These specimens will be fully described in Doctor Pot- gieter’s forthcoming paper on South African Aphiidae. The chief difference between this species and cosmopolitana seems to be in the presence of sensoria on segment IV and V of the apterous form. Ina large series of cosmopolitana which I have examined there are sensoria only on segment III. The range of sensoria on segment. IIL of corduellina seems to be somewhat greater while in the alate form the range on segment III seems to be somewhat less than in cosmopolitana. The cotype specimens were taken on Carduus species in Transvaal in 1914. Those belonging to Doctor Potgieter were taken on Sonchus species. Arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 15 Theobald says in his 1915 paper that the cotypes are deposited in his collection. In his second description of the apterous form (1920) he writes that the cotypes are in the British Museum. “AMPHOROPHORA CICUTAE Shinji Figs. 80-84 Amphorophora cicutae Sutnit, Can. Ent., vol. 49, 1917, p. 51. The type of this species was loaned to Dr. A. C. Baker, of this bureau, who made the following manuscript description: “TIT, 0.8 mm.; IV, 0.736 mm.; V, 0.56 mm.; VI (0.144 mm.+ 1.04 mm.). “The sensoria (15) form an even row along the segment. They are moderate in size; cornicles, 0.736 mm.; flange, 0.08 mm., nar- rowest diameter, 0.048 mm.; widest, 0.096 mm.; cauda, 0.382 mm., the extremity extending about to the tip of the cornicles, which have no reticulations at tip but a few transverse imbrications.”’ This is somewhat different from Shinji’s description. The present location of the type is not known. Essig says in a letter that it must have been taken by Shinji when he left the Uni- versity of California. No other records of the species have been made. Host.—Cicuta virosa, var. californica. Locality.— University of California campus, Berkeley, Calif. Date of collection.—April 20, 1915. AMPHOROPHORA CORYLINA (Davidson) Figs. 98-100 Rhopalosiphum corylinum Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 7, 1914, p. 134.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918. p. 63.—Swain. Univ. Cal. Publ. Tech. Bulls., vol. 3, Nose OLOSs sp. Sie The following description is from specimens on the type slide. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, slender, faintly imbricated, hairs shorter than width of segments. Antennal measurements as follows: Il euvorg IV Vv | VI on III | | | 0. 800 mm. 20 0. 448 mm. 0.496 mm. | 0. 144+0. 832 mm. 0. 752 mm. 24 0. 448 mm. 0. 464 mm. | 0. 144+-0. 864 mm. 0. 688 mm. 22 0. 448 mm. 0.448 mm. | 0. 160+0. 792 mm. 0. 672 mm. 20 0. 432 mm. 0. 448 mm. | 0. 144+0. 768 mm. | 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Antennal tubercles prominent. Width of head through eyes, 0.464 mm. Beak reaching second coxae. Cornicles, 0.56 mm. long; reticulate for 0.08 mm.; imbricated; widest diameter 0.064 mm., smallest diameter 0.048 mm.; flange, 0.064 mm.; cauda 0.208 mm. long, conical not constricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Pupa, alate viviparous female.—Antennal measurements: Ill | IV | V VI 0. 496 mm. 0. 288 mm. | 0. 352 mm. 0. 112+0. 704 mm. 0. 448 mm. 0. 304 mm. 0. 336 mm. 0. 128+0. 688 mm. 0. 512 mm. 0. 320 mm. | 0. 368 mm. 0. 112+ 0. 768 mm. 0. 480 mm. 0. 320 mm. 0. 384 mm. 0. 112+0. 768 mm. Cornicles 0.496 mm. long, flanged, slightly swollen. This species was first recorded from Corylus. Davidson recently told me that he doubts if Corylus is an important food plant, it being much more common on ninebark. Host plants.—Corylus rostrata, Physocarpus capitatus. Distribution.— California. Cotypes.—Deposited in U.S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26854. AMPHOROPHORA COSMOPOLITANA .new name Figs. 14-26 and 33-44 Aphis lactucae KaLTENBACH, Mongr. der Familien der Pflanzenlause, 1843, is BC Aphis lactucae (Linnaeus) WALKER, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 2, 1849, p. 49. Rhopalosiphum ribis (Linnaeus), Kocu, Die Pflanzenlause Aphiden, 1854, p. 39.—Bvucxton, British Aphides, vol. 2, 1879, p. 9.—Lows, Geneva Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 139, 1897, p. 663.—VaN DER Goor. Beit. zur Kennt. der Hollandischen Blattlause, 1915, p. 146. Rhopalosiphum lactucae (Kaltenbach) PassEerini, Aphidide Italicae, 1863, p. 20.—WatLkeER, The Zoologist, ser. 2, no. 53, 1870, p. 1997. FERRARI, Ann. del Mus. Civ. di Stor. Natur. di Genova, vol. 2, 1872, p. 60.— BucktTon, British Aphides, vol. 2, 1879, p. 10—Maccutati, Bull. della Soc. Entom. Ital., vol. 14, 1892, p. 244——SanprErson, Canad. Ent., vol. 33, 1901, p. 70.—ScHouTEDEN, Mem. de la Soc. Entom. de Belg., vol. 12, 1906, p. 236.—Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., 1910, p. 377.—Essie, Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, 1911, p. 463.—TuHxroBaALD, Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 7, 1912, p. 105.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 225, 1914, p. 53.—Morpvitxo, Fauna de la Russie, livr. 2, 1914, pp. 51, 58.— GILLETTE and Braaa, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 8, 1915, p. 100.—Dosroy- KIANSKY, A List of Aphids Found on Cultivated Plants in the Govern- ment of Kharkov, Bull. on Pests of Agr. Khorkov, 1916.—TULLGREN, Meddelande fran Centrolanstalten for Jorsbrukforsch, Entomologiska andelmingen, no. 27, 1916, p. 104.—TueEosatp, Fruit, Flower and Vege- table Trades Journ. London, Oct. 13, 1917.—Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 331.—QuarnTANcE and Baker, U. 8. Dept. arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 17 Agr. Farm. Bull. 804, 1918, p. 28.—Das, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 6, no. 4, 1918, pp. 165, 273.—Havitanp, Ent. Month. Mag., 1918, p. 201.— Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 11, no. 3, 1918, p. 289.—Essi@ and Kuwana, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 8, no. 3, 1918, p. 835.—Wi1son and VickERyY, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, pp. 49, 97.—Jacxson, Scott. Nat., 1918, p. 85; 1919, p. 159.—Swain, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 82.—Takanasul, Rev. Formosa Agr. no. 182, 1921, p. 63.—Dru Guercio, Redia, vol. 14, 1921, p. 109. Siphonophora lactucae (Linnaeus) Tuomas, 8th Rept., Ill. State Ent., 1879, p. 60. Nectarophora lactucae (Kaltenbach) OrstLuNpD, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, pp. 85, 91—Hunrter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, 1901, p. 115. Siphonophora lactucae (Kaltenbach) Witu1ams, Univ. Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p. 16.—ScuourepEN, Ann. de la Soc. Entom. Belg., vol. 44, 1900, pp. 115-119. Macrosiphum lactucae (Kaltenbach) SanBorN, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, p. 240. Macrosiphum lactucae Schrank? Davis, Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 10, 1913, p. 109. Amphorophora lactucae (Kaltenbach) QuaINTANCE and Baker, U.S. Dept. Agr. Farm. Bull. 1128, 1920, p. 30.—BuANcHarp, Physis, vol. 5, no. 20, 1922, p. 207.—Parcu, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. no. 34, 1923, p. 301. The synonymy of this species is somewhat involved but is ex- plained as follows: Aphis ribis Linnaeus, based on Linnaeus’s description in Fauna Sueca refers to Réaumur (vol. 3, pl. 22, figs. 7-10) incorrectly, as the plant there shown is mountain maple and not Ribis. It should refer to plate 24, figure 4, which is a gooseberry leaf with character- istic pseudogalls. This, then, is Myzus ribis (Linnaeus). Aphis lactucae Linnaeus cites only Réaumur (pl. 22 figs. 3-5). Réaumur described two forms, a green and a bronze one, which are evidently a Macrosiphum, being, as Réaumur says, like the rose species. Miiller in his translation of Linnaeus, 1774, also indicates a Macrosiphum. Miiller also says that Linnaeus considers Réaumur’s lettuce as cultivated lettuce, whereas Réaumur had in mind wild lettuce. Kaltenbach refers to this also. This is immaterial, how- ever, since both the Macrosiphum and the Amphorophora live on both wild and cultivated lettuce. Aphis lactucae Kaltenbach is based on Kaltenbach’s description, but he also cites Réaumur (pl. 22, figs. 3-5), as did Linnaeus. Since Linnaeus’ species is different from Kaltenbach’s and since Linnaeus based his species entirely on Réaumur, Kaltenbach erred in citing Réaumur. He should also have used another name, since lactuce was preoccupied by Linnaeus. Most of the older writers cite Réaumur and Linnaeus and give no descriptions of their own. Walker seems to have confused the 43328—25}—_2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 Amphorophora and the Macrosiphum as Passerini and Sanderson have pointed out. He described two or more species with both swollen and slender cornicles as varieties, calling the species Aphis lactucae Linnaeus and cited both Linnaeus and Kaltenbach. Koch under the name of Rhopalosiphum ribis Linnaeus seems to confuse two species on ibis, describing and figuring one with swollen cornicles and also speaking of the pseudogalls of Myzus ribis Linnaeus. Buckton follows Koch in calling the winter form Rhopalosiphum ribis Linnaeus but figures the typical pseudogalls of Myzus ribis Linnaeus. He calls the summer form Rhopalosiphum lactucae Kaltenbach. Van der Goot refers the species to Rhopalosiphum ribis Linnaeus. Both he and Buckton also have Myzus ribis Linnaeus. Three names have then been applied to this species—ribis Lin- naeus, lactucae Linnaeus, and lactucae Kaltenbach. Aphis ribis Linnaeus is accepted to be Myzus ribis Linnaeus. Aphis lactucae Linnaeus is a Macrosiphum. Aphis lactucae Kaltenbach is a homonym of Aphis lactucae Linnaeus, and can not be used. A new name is therefore necessary and the name cosmopolitana is here proposed. This species seems to have very close relatives, both on currant and on its summer hosts. On currant I am describing in this paper pergandei, new species. On Sonchus there are several forms as discussed on page 4. Apterous spring form on Ribes.—Antennae shorter than body, light colored, not conspicuously imbricated, hairs inconspicuous, much shorter than width of segment, III with 1-3 small sensoria at base. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching between second and third coxae. Cornicles short, thick, plainly swollen, the tips darker and imbricated. The cauda narrow, strongly constricted in some specimens, less so in others, three sets of lateral hairs. No. | II ras IV Vv VI | eth a od Rs | =A0F 576 i OF280" | 20.240 0. 096+0. 320 | 0. 560 3 0.320 | 0. 256 0. 096-+0. 320 Tico ees | eso 1 0. 224 0. 240 ? Cornicle No. Head | Cauda Length Wide X | Small X Flange | J LRA ene | 0. 464 | 0. 304 0. 592 0.128 0.040 0. 048 Dee er 0448 a On224: 0. 448 0. 096 0. 040 0. 048 0..512 0.088 | 0.040 0. 048 arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 19 Spring Migrant on Ribes.—Antennae dark colored, somewhat longer than body, tuberculate, hairs inconspicuous, shorter than width of segment, I gibbous on inner side. Antennal tubercles very small. Beak short, not reaching second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles showing. Abdominal segments with lateral dark patches. Cornicles rather short, moderately swollen, slightly imbricated at tips. Cauda long, strongly constricted, with three sets of lateral hairs. Antennal measurements | | sho ped bana geared Mate mer es Me aa ae Wie | | 1 es , 0. 688 46 0. 392 15 0. 336 6 | 0. 112+0. 848 | 0. 720 50 0. 392 18 0. 320 5 | 0. 112-0. 832 | : 0. 640 42 0. 400 ibe 0. 288 6/|0.128+ ? | 0. 696 40 0. 384 15 0. 344 7.) O: 128-- 0784 | ose sy: 0. 736 42 0. 392 17 0. 336 6 | 0.112+0. 736 | 0. 704 46 0. 400 ICG 0. 320 5 | 0..104--0. 768. | Other measurements Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange SEL TT nod 0. 464 0. 272 0. 416 0. O88 0. 040 0. 048 0. 416 0. O88 0. 040 0. 048 DNebe SMe Bete BAS 0. 448 0. 240 0. 448 0. O88 0. 040 0. 056 Om ee | 0. 464 0. 248 0. 416 0. OS8 0. 040 0. 056 | 0. 416 0 O88 0. 040 0. 056 | | Alate viviparous female (on Sonchus).—Antennae about one-quarter longer than body, dark colored, imbricated, numerous sensoria, hairs shorter than width of segment, somewhat capitate. Antennal tuber- cles very small. Prothoracic lateral tubercles present, a hair in front of each. Abdominal segments with lateral dark spots, each spot imbricated and having several hairs and usually a tubercle. The spiracle shows either on or near this dark spot. A large dorsal dark area above and between base of cornicles. Cornicles short, distinctly swollen, the tip with about two imbrications. Cauda long, slender, strongly constricted, the lateral edges above constriction showing as dark colored. An occasional specimen has the cauda much broader and not strongly constricted. Three sets of lateral hairs on cauda. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Antennal measurements VOL. 67 No. Locality ETE neo a oy: ria on V “aa VI 1 Ee Red B Jaw yee ee 0. 640 ar, |) On3s52 13 |} 0. 304 3 | 0. 120+0. 0. 608 38 | 0. 336 9 | 0. 304 1 ? Aig ey RN a SP 0. 800 47 | 0. 480 15 | 0. 384 5 | 0. 112+0. 0. 800 42 | 0. 464 3S Orsst 5 | 0. 096+-0. Sulae soe. 0. 656 42 | 0. 368 ORTON320 3.) 0. 096+ AY bel D )(Ojeee 0. 656 Sey |) Oday Lon Osa20 3.) 0. OSO+ 5 yal tall D Pox Came 0. 704 44 | 0. 448 14 | 0. 288 1 | 0. 096+0. 0. 656 43 | 0. 416 1) |) (0), SY 1 | 0. 112+0. (oyad lied BIR Oe caret 0. 784 45 | 0. 448 17 | 0. 8368 4! 0.112+0. 0. 784 49 | 0. 448 19 | 0. 336 6 | 0. 112+0. (falta DM Ouleme t) 0. 816 53 | 0. 480 18 | 0. 400 1 | 0. 112+0. 0. 768 54 | 0. 496 16 | 0. 368 7 | 0. 112+0. SeeD:(Camta 0. 672 40 | 0. 368 13 | 0. 304 3 | 0. 096+ | 0. 672 42) | 0.1352 12 | 0. 280 2 | 0. 096+ 9| AD Gs 2 0. 672 39 | 0. 400 10 | 0. 320 6 | 0. 112+0. 0. 688 42 | 0. 392 14 | 0. 368 7 | 0. 128+0. 10.) {Dp Cl. 2s 0. 640 44 | 0. 336 13} 0. 320 1 | 0. 112+-0. | 0. 592 AUS (0) Gay ORS 20 3 | 0. 11240. oi to! Cl sp el ELA mre ae 0. 768 26 | 0.528; 18 | 0. 400 3 | 0. 144+0. 0. 768 47. |\.0:.528 L510; 4116 3 | 0. 144+0. TOW TDS Gye, Se 0. 688 41 | 0. 400 16 | 0. 224 1) 0"096=-0: | 0. 688 46 | 0. 384 15 | 0. 288 6 | 0. 096+ Wis) ke3 | Pal SN Chee 0. 896 | 57 0. 488 176 |) (Oy Zee, 4] 0. 144+1. 0. 880 (a) |) (0). al 18 | 0. 400 1 | 0.128+1. HAS © tees 0. 640 44 | 0. 368 12 1208320 6 | 0. 112+0. 0. 624 47 | 0.352 10505336 5 | 0. 128-+0. 15 | De Crs = 0. 736 48 | 0. 432 160] OF 3852 3 / 0.11240. 0. 752 49 | 0. 432 15 | 0. 336 6 | 0. 112+0. POA gts ere 0. 592 34 | 05352 13 | 0. 288 3 | 0. 112-+0. 0. 640 S42 Ons s4: LSA OF 240 4} 0. 104+-0. Lie ce o'r tio Ricozy2|40. 736 46 | 0.432 | 12 | 0. 352 3 | 0.112+0. | 0. 704 | AI 0) 4:16 1102368 3 | 0. 112+0. 18 | iaetseyeees 0. 752 42 | 0. 4382 13 | 0. 336 3} 0. 112+0. 0. 784 43) (O;4116 11 | 0. 368 4 | 0. 112+0. LOU Galits sii 0. 672 43 ) 0.352 10 | 0. 320 1 | 0. 112+0. 0. 640 38 | 0. 384 9 | 0. 336 1 | 0. 128+0. 20) \-Calita == 0. 800 | 46 | 0. 448 14 | 0. 384 2 |) 0. 128+0. 0. 800 47 | 0. 464 TM (AORSGSNE FEE 0. 112+-0. 214 |) Calif 6. - ONG7Z25) 40 | 0. 448 14 | 0. 304 3 | 0. 112+0. | | 0. 704 46 | 0. 424 LOW Os oLe, 4} 0.112+0. 800 864 $32 592 528 arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 21 Other measurements Cornicle No. Head Cauda = : Length Wide X Small X Flange 1a US 0. 4382 0. 208 0. 400 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 2 aE 0. 464 0. 256 0. 448 0. OSO 0. 040 0. 048 3 pea | 0. 480 16 2? ? ? ? 408 ts © 0. 480 0. 224 0. 480 OA? 0. 040 0. 048 eye hE 0. 480 0. 192+ 0. 480 0. 096 0. 040 0. 056 G2G 082! 0. 480 0. 240 0. 448 0. 096 0. 040 ? oe ate. 0. 496 0.256 | 0.496 | 0. O88 0. 040 0. 056 Sula 0. 448 0. 224 0. 384 | 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048 GUA! 2 0. 464 0. 224 0. 400 0. O8O 0. 040 0. 048 OE of 0. 432 0. 176 0. 368 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 1 ee 0. 480 OF2 72 0, 512 0. 096 0. 048 0. 056 Zee ees 0. 448 0. 240+ 0. 416 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048 geass 0. 496 0. 224 0. 480 0. O88 0. 056 0. 040 ban? 0. 448 0. 224 0. 400 0. O8O 0. 040 0. 048 Oe = 0. 456 0. 224 0. 480 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 16222 0. 440 02224 3) Uehy 0. 064 0. 0382 0. 048 oe: 0. 464 0. 240 0 416 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048 See = 0. 432 OF 242 0. 448 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048 [QO = 0. 456 0. 240 0. 432 0. 088 0. 040 0. 056 2022. = 0. 464 0. 320 0. 464 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048 Pi Pe 0. 480 0. 272 0. 448 0. 096 0. 048 0. 056 Color notes (Pergande MSS.).—‘‘October 30, 1899, the winged form is pale yellowish green, with the head, antennae, thoracic lobes, lateral spot in front of anterior wings, sternal plate, lateral spots in front of nectaries, apex of femora and tibiae and tarsi black; a broad dusky band across prothorax; a dusky band about the middle of the abdo- men, the more or less confluent bands in front of nectaries, or all three may be joined laterally, forming an angulated edge; the last band is joined posteriorly by two, posteriorly diverging, stout branches between the nectaries; no bands behind them, though there are two dusky lateral spots behind the nectaries, the anterior one much the largest. Legs, nectaries and tail yellow, the apex of the nectaries dusky. Stigma very pale dusky, subcosta yellowish, veins blackish. November 10, 1899, found again a number of apterous and one winged female, the latter being considerably larger than those found October 30, with the spots on the abdomen larger and deep black, though structurally they are all alike. Found also two migrants, larvae and pupa on Lactuca canadensis. The migrants are smaller than the one on Sonchus though otherwise alike.” Apterous viviparous female (Summer Form on Sonchus).—Antennae about equaling length of body, hairs small, heavy, III with a row of 5 to 20 sensoria, distal segments imbricated, I and II gibbous on inner side. Antennal tubercles fairly large and prominent. Beak reaching slightly beyond second coxae. No dark patches or tubercles showing as in alates. Cornicles short, plainly swollen, with about 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 two imbrications at tip. Cauda long, strongly constricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Antennal measurements No. | Locality III conser IV Vv VI Lee iG te 0. 592 11 0. 336 0.288 | 0. 096+0. 592 0. 592 9 0. 336 0. 304 0.096+ ? Dis WN lia, ean. 0. 736 13 0. 432 0. 352 0. 096+-0. 688 0. 720 11058 0. 432 0. 352 0. 112+-0. 784 Sea) 1G sue eyes el (G50 8 0. 368 0. 288 0. 112+-0. 560 0. 672 i 0. 384 0. 304 0..112+-0. 576 Ae sD) tO rey re bys 0. 624 8 0. 384 0. 304 0. 096+0. 784 0. 592 9 0. 368 0. 320 0. 096+ 0. 704 Deel ye D, ( Cary ere 0. 720 Bl 0. 480 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 832 0. 736 9 0. 464 0. 320 0. 112+0. 800 Gee | HDC aa 0. 640 iit 0. 368 0. 288 0. 096+-0. 784 | 0. 624 10 0. 368 0.304 | 0. 112+0. 816 (ee ly HC acai Bes | 0. 640 6 0. 352 0.288 | 0. 080+0. 608 See la gees i 0, 624 9 0. 368 0. 336 0.112+ ? 0. 656 13 0. 416 0. 336 0. 112+ 0. 496 Oe Sh D.C 2:8 = feels 10: 672 9 0. 400 0. 336 0.128+ ? 0. 704 9 0. 416 0. 368 0. 128+-0. 800 ADs oh DiC are at 0. 624 7 0. 352 0. 336 0. 112+0. 736 Mack DiCiaps ee 0. 640 itl 0. 416 0. 304 0. 112+ 0. 816 0. 640 9 0. 400 0. 336 0. 112+-0. 816 > Ds We hae ee ee 0. 720 11 0. 384 0. 240 0. 064+ 0. 592 0. 688 15 0. 400 0. 320 0. O80+ 0. 640 Veal mal BJ Crp 0. 672 16 0. 416 0.320 | 0. 096+0. 816 0. 672 13 0. 432 0.320 | 0. 112+0. 848 AL EI PEEE WT SALE 5} 0. 576 4 0. 336 0. 288 0. 096+-0. 720 | 0. 576 4 0. 336 0. 288 0. 112+-0. 704 | la ae ck 0. 672 16 0. 416 0. 352 0. 112+ 0. 720 0. 672 15 0. 416 0. 320 0.112+ ? 1G ae\hCalitee a eats " ? ? ? y iia nance ns == 0. SOO 16 0. 496 0. 416 0. 144-++-0. 768 0. 848 19 0. 528 0. 432 0. 128+0. 832 Se BC alten see 0. 592 8 0. 336 OR 72 0.112+ ? 19__| Belgium____| 0. 640 ai | 0. 432 0. 352 0. 112+0. 688 20__; Belgium__--| 0. 672 14 0. 368 0. 336 0.112+ ? 0. 656 14 0. 384 0. 336 0.102+ ? Other measurements | | Cornicle | No | Hea Parse Length | Wide X Small X Flange lees a 0. 448 (Oh Diy 0. 448 0. O80 0. 04 0. 048 pee ss ES: 0. 480 ie 0. 512 0. 096 0. 04 0. 056 Sik Se 0. 464 0. 304 0. 496 0. 096 0. 04 0. 056 fs ae 0. 480 ¢ 0. 480 0. O80 0. 04 0. 048 Rue 0. 496 0. 240 0. 512 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048 Gans 0. 448 0. 240 0. 480 0. O8O 0. 04 0. 048 tir a = 0. 416 re 0. 480 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048 SGUTe _ 0. 496 0. 288 0. 544 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048 (0) sie et 0. 304 0. 304 0. 560 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048 OMe 0. 432 On 0. 448 0. OSO 0. 04 0. 048 [25 NTRS Le 0. 448 0. 288 0. 512 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048 cea (ane 0. 480 0. 288 0. 496 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048 lives red pear 0. 464 0. 288 0. 496 0. OSO 0. 04 0. 048 peer Biden -| 0. 448 0. 224 0. 416 0. 064 0. 04 0. 048 | Ls) eee 0. 504 0. 240 0. 560 0. 096 0. 04 0. 048 la Gmeeeees| 0. 480 0. 288 0. 496 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048 PAE | 0. 512 0. 320 0. 640 0. 102 0. 048 0. 056 I ps oe 0. 480 0; 272 0. 416 0. OSS 0. 04 0. 048 LOE ; 0. 488 | 0. 320 0. 496 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048 2) ee 0. 480 % 0. 448 0. O88 0. 04 0. 048 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 23 Color notes (Pergande MSS.).—‘‘Apterous females, larvae and pupae very pale yellowish green, pale bluish green or almost white with but a slight yellowish or greenish tinge; the head is generally palest, frequently white; all are covered with a delicate pruinose secretion; antennae and legs white or faintly brownish, tip of tibiae and tarsi darkest, tip of tarsi and claws blackish; apex of antennal joints 3 to 5, the basal section and apical one-third or more of the spur of the sixth black. Eyes brown; nectaries and tail of color of legs. The thorax and wing pads of the pupa are almost white with the external edge of the wing pads blackish.”’ Fall migrant (On Ribes).—Antennae longer than body; dark col- ored, III, IV, and V with sensoria, tuberculate, distal segments imbri- cated; hairs shorter than width of segment, I gibbous on inner side. Antennal tubercles very small, especially on outer side. Beak short, hardly reaching second coxae. Prothoracic lateral tubercles dis- tinct, a spine showing in front of each. Abdominal segments with large lateral dark areas, each bearing a tubercle and one or more spines. Cornicles comparatively short, conspicuously swollen, slightly imbricated at tip. Cauda long, strongly constricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Antennal measurements Ses) | ke ee aime sgl i ec il esa sate 0. 768 45 0. 480 12 0. 400 3 0. 144+ 0. 656 Onion 44 0. 472 11 | 0. 400 3 0. 128+ ? Dera 0. 768 42 0. 464 15 0. 384 2 0. 144+0. 848 | 0. 800 44 0. 432 12 0. 356 0 0. 112+ 0. 816 BeBe 0. 752 51 0. 464 15 0. 352 3 0. 128+-0. 704 | 0. 800 ol 0. 464 13 0. 352 | 4 0. 112+ 0. 800 ANd ' 0. 800 45 0. 512 19 0. 432 6 0. 128+ 1. 216 ' 0. 800 47 0. 512 16 0. 416 6 0. 112+1. 152 jae | 0. 736 46 0. 448 19 0. 384 | 8 0. 128+-0. 864 | 0. 736 43 0. 432 16 0. 368 U1 0. 128+-0. 848 | Other measurements | Cornicles No. Head Cauda | naa F | Length Wide X NAELOW Flange eortet 8 0. 480 0. 272 0. 464 0. 088 0. 648 0. 056 0. 464 0. 096 0. 040 0. 048 DE Be 0. 480 0. 208 0. 432 0. O88 0. 040 0. 056 0. 448 0. 088 | 0. 040 0. 056 ape 0. 488 ? 0. 416 0.080 | 0. 040 0. 048 0. 400 0.088 | 0. 040 | 0. 048 A a 0. 520 0. 208 0. 400 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 056 0. 400 0.088 | 0. 040 0. 056 ieee 0. 480 0. 208 iy ? | ie % 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Pergande left the following color notes: ‘‘The winged form is either yellowish or yellowish green. Head, antennae, band across prothorax, thoracic lobes and sternal plate, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi, lateral spot in front of wings, 3 lateral spots in front of nectaries black; the lateral edge of this spot is more or less sharply 3-dentate; the anterior angle is formed of two very fine black and curved lines, uniting at the ends in a large black spot; the other two angles are formed of 3 broad, and shorter black bands, with the last band sometimes very fine and barely visible except at the angle; the space between these lines and bands is of the color of the abdo- men, though sometimes they may be confluent so as to form a com- plete black spot; nectaries pale dusky, tail yellow; subcosta yellow- ish, the stigma pale dusky.”’ I have received a single alate specimen from Dr. J. T. Potgieter taken on sycamore at Columbus, Ohio, October 6, 1922. I can see no specific difference between it and the form described above from currant. It is probable that it was simply resting on the sycamore. Alate male-—Antennae longer than body, dark colored, imbricated, III, IV. and V with numerous tuberculate sensoria; hairs shorter than width of segments. Antennal tubercles very small. Beak short, about reaching second coxae. A small lateral prothoracic tubercle with spine in front of it. Abdominal segments with a dark area and several smaller ones on dorsum of abdomen. Cornicles short, strongly swollen, slightly imbricated at tip. Cauda short, broad, conical, not constricted, with 3 sets of lateral hairs. Measure- ments as follows: Antennal measurements Not | rom HReRROHENEiay | gBsaeaal haw) | eee) NOR A) 9155 0. 736 44 0. 480 18 0. 392 8 0. 128+1. 104 0. 816 39 % t ? ? 0. 128+ 1. 248 5591 0. 800 Sh 0. 504 19 0. 448 ? ? 3/2 0. 912 55 0. 432 11 0. 464 8 0. 144+ ? Other measurements Cornicle No Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 9155 0. 472 0. 144 0. 384 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048 0. 384 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048 | 5591 0. 512 0. 144 0. 416 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048 3/2 | 0. 416 0. 08 0. 04 0. 048 arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 95 No. 9155, described above, was taken on Sonchus asper January 24, 1900, District of Columbia. No. 5591, 3/2, was taken at Fair- bury, Ill., on Sonchus oleracea on October 15, 1894, along with alate viviparous females. Apterous oviparous female.—Antennae about the same length as the body; on some specimens a little longer than body, light colored, faintly imbricated, III with a row of 2-9 sensoria. Antennal tubercles prominent. Beak reaching beyond second coxae. No thoracic or abdominal tubercles showing. Hind tibiae with numer- ous sensoria, especially on basal three-fourths. Cornicles plainly swollen; about two imbrications at tip. Cauda short, plainly con- stricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Antennal measurements No. reat Bacar IV Vv VI 1 lee pate 0. 384 6 0. 304 0. 256 0. 112+ 0. 640 0. 432 5 0. 288 0. 272 0. 112-+0. 656 Dike vee 0. 384 4 0. 256 0. 192 19 0. 432 9 0. 288 0. 232 0. 104+-0. 496 Piel Daa 0. 440 8 0. 272 0. 240 0. 112+0. 624 0. 440 6 0. 272 0. 232 0.112+ ? Aye 0. 464 ie e272 0. 224 0. 112+0. 480 0. 464 6 0. 272 0. 240 0. 112+ 0. 464 MLE 0. 4382 4 0. 288 0. 240 0. 112+ 0. 608 0. 448 2 0. 296 0) 272 0. 112+ 0. 640 (ojeacester< 0. 400 4 0. 262 | 0. 240 OVIN2 =F ee? 0. 416 4 0. 240 0. 208 0. 112+ 0. 560 (carer rene 0. 408 3 0. 256 0. 224 0. 096+0. 552 0. 432 4 0.272: || 0. 240 0. 096+ 0. 544 Other measurements Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange ieseeepicn. 0. 400 0. 160 ? +a? Us X Davee 0. 408 0. 176 0. 416 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040 0. 400 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040 See ees 0. 376 0. 144 0. 352 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 0. 368 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 AE 0. 400 0. 208 0. 400 ? ? ¥¢ 0. 400 ? ? ? ere er= 0. 400 ? ON352 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040 0. 384 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040 6h. 3: 0. 360 0. 144 OF3s52 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040 0. 368 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040 (gests 0. 400 0. 192 0. 352 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040 0. 352 0. 072 0. 032 0. 040 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 67 Pergande left the following notes: ‘Pale yellow and slightly pruinous. Apex of antennal joints 3-6 and terminal one-half of the spur blackish; apex of tibiae and tarsi dusky, eyes brown. The nectaries are sometimes very pale brownish, also the legs, with extreme tip of nectaries dusky.’’ Biology.—This species alternates between various species of Ribes and such plants as Sonchus, Lactuca, ete. On Ribes it occurs on the leaves, usually on the underside, often causing them to curl and cluster. Sometimes it is associated with Myzus ribis (Linnaeus). It is probable that a few individuals remain throughout the year, but most of them have left by the latter part of July. On the summer hosts it is very numerous on the leaves, stem, and flower heads. It produces two or more generations, remaining on these plants until late autumn, we having records as late as No- vember 24, and on a potted plant of Sonchus as late as January 24. In the autumn it returns to Ribes, where the eggs are laid. The earliest record we have in this country of the sexual forms is October 21, and females have been found until late in November. The eggs are laid on the twigs of currant and are shining black in color. Van der Goot found nearly mature oviparous females on Deutzra crenata. Miss Jackson reports it to be attacked by Hmpusa (Lntomophthora) aphides Hoffman and Empusa (Triplosporium) fresenta Nowakowaki. Theobald found it in the crops of young fowls. Food plants.—Ribes species, Sonchus species, Lactuca, Lampsana vulgaris, Viburnum opulus, Cichorium endivum, Picris hieracioides, Taraxicum, milkweed (Swain), Deutzia crenata (Van der Goot). Distribution.—United States, Europe, India, Japan, Argentina, Brazil, and Porto Rico. Type.—Kaltenbach’s type of lactucaé is undoubtedly lost. Speci- mens which [ am considering as typical and which agree with descriptions of other authors are in the United States National Museum. AMPHOROPHORA DAVIDSONI, new species Figs. 27-32, and 139-141 Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach) Swatn (not rubi Kaltenbach), Univ. Cal. Pub., vol. 3, No. 1, 1919, p. 54: This species can be separated from closely related ones on Rubus by its shorter cornicles which are subequal with III, by its dark antennae, the distal segments of which become lighter, by its long antennal hairs, and by the larger number of sensoria on III, 34--42. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about equal to the length of the body, III dark, the other segments lighter, hairs very con- spicuous, usually longer than the width of the segment, distal seg- ments imbricated, III with 34-42 sensoria, not in a row. Antennal ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——-MASON 27 tubercles prominent. No dorsal or lateral tubercles showing on head, thorax, and abdomen. Beak reaching beyond second and nearly to third coxae. Cornicles not very dark, somewhat swollen, distinctly reticulated, the rest of the cornicles imbricated. Cauda light colored, long, conspicuously constricted, three to four sets of lateral hairs. Margin of wing cloudy, but not a distinct dusky spot as in rubicola Oestlund. Measurements as follows: Antennal measurements No. | Ul | Renspria | IV | Vv | VI | pe aera" ie | 0. 824 Bub | 0. 464 0. 432 0. 128+ (0. 336+) | 0. 848 36 | 0. 432 0. 456 0. 128+ 0. 880 OnE Serene 0. 856 1 | 0. 464 0. 448 0. 128+ 0. 896 | OPSs2 ac) v4 0. 480 0.464 | O. 128+ ? OP ete| 0. 816 | Bi 0. 480 0. 4382 | 0. 128+ (0. 528+) | 0.896 | a 0. 480 0. 480 | 0. 096+ 0. 880 | | Other measurements No. | Head Cauda Length Reticulated Wide X Small X | Flange | i | Le ? OF352" 702880 0. O80 0. 096 0. 056 | 0.072 | | 0. 848 0. 096 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 Dee OW49G 0.304 0. 848 0. 080 0. 104 0.056 | 0. 072 ! | 0. 848 0. 096 0. 096 0.056 | 0. 072 3---| 0. 544 0. 336 0. 880 0. 096 0. 120 0.056 | 0. 0. 880 0. 080 0. 120 0.056 , 0. 080 Alate nymphs (last instar) Til IV V VI Head width Cornicle 0.512 | 0. 288 0. 304 0. 112+0. 624 0. 456 0. 688 0. 496 0. 288 0. 288 O12 0, G08 4a fe eae 0. 624 0. 528 | 0. 336 0. 336 0. 112+ 0. 736 0. 544 0. 768 0. 528 0. 336 0. 352 OF LO4520,-640. Eta Pbiahs fee OFT 0. 560 0:,352 0. 336 0. 112+.0. 720 0. 512 0. 720 Apterous nymph (last instar) Ill IV V VI Head width Cornicle 0. 480 0. 288 0. 288 0. 112+ 0. 640 0. 448 0. 640 0. 480 0. 288 0. 288 0. 096+-0. 640 2 0. 640 This species was taken by Davidson at San Jose, Calif., July 4, 1911, on thimbleberry. The collection consists of three alate vivi- parous females, several alate nymphs, and one apterous nymph. As explained under rubi Kaltenbach, I believe the specimens which Swain received from Gillette and which he described as rubi Kalten- 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 bach are in reality this new species. There is an alate male and several oviparous females in this collection. The following descrip- tions and the drawings are made from these slides. Alate male.—Antennae longer than body, dark colored, segment. III darker than the other segments, hairs nearly or quite as long as the width of the segment, segments III and V with large subcircular sensoria, the number being shown in the table, segment IV without. sensoria. Beak reaching third coxae. Abdomen with lateral tubercles. Cornicles long, moderately but conspicuously swollen, dark colored, imbricated over the entire length, the tip plainly reticulated. Cauda short, not constricted, lighter colored than cornicles, with about three sets of hairs. ING I Benson IV Reuecrle Vv | Sens VI | iewpermentetons 0. 720 41 0. 512 | 0 0. 432 Te 0. 128+ 0. 928 0. 688 48 0. 544 | 0) 0. 4382 12 0. 128-+-0. 848 Cornicle | No. Head | Cauda Length |Reticulated) Wide X | Small X | Flange | [ae ae rs ? 0. 128 0. 672 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 | 0. 064 ? 0. 064 0. 072 0. 048 | 0. 064 Oviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, light colored; tips of segments and base of VI darker, hairs about as long as width of segments, segment III with an uneven row of subcircular sensoria. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching third coxae. Prothoracic lateral tubercles distinct. Hind tibiae with numerous sensoria on basal half, becoming less numerous beyond middle with none on distal portion. Cornicles very long, moderately but plainly swollen, lighter colored than in the male but the tips dark, less imbri- cated than in male, the tips plainly reticulated. Cauda small, short, broad, not constricted; about three lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: No. | I Soe IV Vv VI ) Leer et es 0. 672 9 | 0. 480 0. 400 0. 144+-0. 688 | 0.720 | 10 0. 464 0. 384 0. 144+-0. 656 Belyct- 3 | 0. 656 13 0. 416 0. 336 0. 104+ 0. 640 0. 688 117 0. 400 0. 400 0. 096+ 0. 576 oe ee 0. 688 17 0. 448 0. 384 0. 128+ 0. 672 0. 704 10 0. 440 0. 400 0. 128+ 0. 640 AS ee 0. 656 8 0. 464 0. 352 0. 096+ 0. 592 0.624" "| it 0. 480 0. 368 0. 104+ 0. 640 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 29 Cornicle No. Head Cauda 5 = = Length /Reticulated) Wide X Small X Flange | meee See eae 0. 464 0. 144 0. 992 0. O80 OF Maz 0. 056 0. 072 0. 976 0. 080 0. 120 0. 064 0. O80 ide ee ee A ees 0. 456 0. 208 0. 800 0. 064 OFZ 0. 064 0. O80 0. 848 0. 064 0. 104 0. 064 0. 072 SS ate ee 0. 408 ? 0. 928 0. 064 0. 160 0. 056 0. 072 zt et A 0. 448 0. 224 0. 960 0. 064 0. 120 0. 064 0. O88 | 0. 952 0. 064 0. 120 0. 064 0. O80 Cotypes.—Alate viviparous female deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Cat. No. 26375, in the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station and in the collection of Harold Morrison. Paracotype slides of the male and oviparous female, which are a part of the Swain collec- tion, are returned to Stanford University. AMPHOROPHORA ESSIGWANAI, new name Figs. 101-108 Rhopalosiphum indicum v. pv. Goot of Essig and Kuwana, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 8, no. 3, 1918, p. 55. In 1916 Van der Goot described and figured his Rhopalosiphum indicum from the apterous form only, taken on an unknown host plant. In 1917 he described the alate form of what he considered to be the same species, taken apparently on the wing. Both of these collections were made in India. In 1918 Essig and Kuwana, not having received the above description of the alate, described the alate form of what they considered to be this species, taken on Eus caphis japonica and Staphylea bumalda in Japan. The two descrip- tions apparently do not refer to the same species. [Essig kindly loaned me some of his specimens. I also have specimens sent by Takahashi taken in Formosa on an unknown host and determined by him as indicum v. d. Goot. They are most certainly different from Essig and Kuwana’s specimens, and they agree very well with Van der Goot’s description. Van der Goot’s description of the alate must be accepted as indicum until proven otherwise, and I am referring Takahashi’s specimens to this species. A new name must therefore be given to Essig and Kuwana’s species and I here propose essigwanai. I am removing indicum vy. d. Goot from the genus Amphorophora, where it was placed by Takahashi, as it is not typical. In 1918 Matsumura described his Rhopalosiphum miniatum, which Takahashi says is synonymous with indicum v. d.Goot. I have not seen it, but I am accepting Takahashi and am not considering it in connection with the Amphorophora. The following descriptions and the drawings are made from the specimens furnished by Essig. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Alate viviparous female.—From one specimen, taken on Huscaphis japonca in Japan. Antennae slightly longer than body, rather heavy, dark colored, conspicuously imbricated, hairs very prominent, but shorter than the width of segments, III tuberculate, other seg- ments without secondary sensoria, unguis of VI rather short. An- tennal tubercles not prominent. Beak reaching beyond second coxae, Cornicles dark colored, short and heavy in appearance, strongly swollen, plainly reticulated. Cauda small, conical, not constricted, with at least six sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: | UI | peuscn IV | Vv VI | 0. 992 | 53 0. 784 0. 512 0. 144-++0. 656 1. 008 | 54 0. 784 0. 560 0. 144-++0. 560 | Cornicle Head Cauda Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange 0. 704 0. 240 0. 800 0. 1441, OF 256 0. 072 0. 096 0. 864 0. 144 0. 208 0. O80 0. 104 Apterous viviparous female.—From one specimen taken on Staphy- lea bumalda in Japan. Antennae longer than the body, imbricated,. hairs conspicuous, shorter than width of segments, III with 6-8 small sensoria near base. Il IV Vi VI | 1.216 0. 688 0. 544 0. 192+0. 736 ee tee 0. 672 0. 544 0. 192+ 0. 816 | Head 0.576 mm. across eyes. Antennal tubercles small. Beak reaching nearly to third coxae. Left cornicle not showing. Right cornicle black, 0.768 mm. long, reticulate for 0.08 mm.; widest diameter, 0.144 mm.; smallest diameter, 0.08 mm.; flange, 0.096. mm. Cauda not showing. Intermediate.—One specimen furnished by Essig, taken on Staphy- lea bumalda in Japan. Antennae shorter than body, dark colored (Balsam mount), imbricated, hairs fairly numerous, shorter than width of segment. Segment III with about seven small, round inconspicuous sensoria. Antennal measurements as follows: Ill | IV < a I Arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 31 Head 0.72 mm. across eyes. Antennal tubercles not prominent. Ocelli present but very small. Wings represented only by lobes. Cornicles dark colored, short and not conspicuously swollen, —0.736 mm. long, reticulated for 0.08 mm.; widest diameter, 0.16 mm.; smallest diameter, 0.08 mm.; flange, 0.112 mm. Host plants.—Euscaphis japonica and Staphylea bumalda. Distribution.—J apan. Cotypes.—Deposited in the University of California. AMPHOROPHORA EVANSI Theobald Figs. 85-88 Amphorophora evansi THEOBALD, The Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, ser. 3, No. 97, 1923, p. 24. I have not seen this species. The cornicles seem to be very slender for an Amphorophora and the host plant, Austrian pine, is very unusual. When the alate is known, it may prove to belong to another genus. AMPHOROPHORA FORMOSANA Takahashi Figs. 70-71 Amphorophora formosana TAKAHASHI, Aphididae of Formosa, pt. 2, Report No. 4, Dept. of Agri., Government Research Institute, Formosa, Japan, 1923. p..30. I have not seen this species. AMPHOROPHORA HAYHURSTI, new species Figs. 89-91 Alate viviparous female.—Body light colored, head and thorax somewhat darker than abdomen. Antennae somewhat longer than the body, dark colored, very tuberculate, hairs nearly as long as width of segment, heavy but not distinctly capitate. Antennal tubercles prominent. Beak about reaching second coxae. Legs dark, light at base of femora. No thoracic or abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles short, heavily swollen, dark colored, lighter at base, indistinctly reticulated at tip. Cauda long, narrow, strongly constricted, four sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Sg r | F | A ee ee eee lies 1. 136 125 0. 608 53 0. 512 | 14 | 0. 112+? 1. O88 122 0. 592 | 45 0. 544 | 15 | Osis Cornicle | Head Cauda “i Length | Reticulated Wide X | Small X Flange 0. 552 0. 4 0. 624 | 0. 032 0. 144 0. 056 0. 064 0. 624 | 0. 032 0. 144 0. 056 0. 064 By PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Described from a single alate viviparous female received by Per- gande from Paul Hayhurst (Hayhurst No. 121), collected at Columbia, Missouri, on ibis gracile, with the following note: ‘“‘On leaves of Ribis gracile, very rare; general color green.” These were received December 12, 1906. The date of collection is not given. Type.—(Pergande No. 9987). Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26372. AMPHOROPHORA LAINGI, new species Figs. 112-117, 189 Rhopalosiphum ampullata (Buckton) OrstLuNnpD, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 77.—Wuu.iams, Univ. Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p. 19.—Hounter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, 1901, p. 106.—SanBorn, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, p. 242.—Vawn prER Goort, Beit. zur Kennt. der Holland. Blattlause, 1915, p. 142. Amphorophora ampullata (Buckton) WiuuraMs, Univ. Neb. Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 1910, p. 72.—Davis, Univ. Neb. Contr. from Dept. Ent. no. 5, 1912, p. 25.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 202, 1912, p. 180.—RoBeErts, Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist, vol. 10, no. 3, 1917, p. 78.—JackKson, Scottish Naturalist, 1919, p. 158. Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) ampullatum Bucxton, Fauna de la Russie, 1919, p. 247. As explained on page 3, this is considered to be a distinct species from ampullata Buckton. I take pleasure in naming it after Laing, who first called my attention to the differences. I learn from corre- spondence with Professor Oestlund that his 1887 description of am- pullata Buckton is in reality of this new species. Van der Goot’s 1915 description is plainly so. I can not tell from William’s 1910 description of “ampullata Buckt?’’ what he had, and his specimens seem to be lost, but it was very probably not ampullata Buckton, since this is not known from this continent. In view of the rather common and widespread distribution of this species it is very probable that all the references in literature to ampullata Buckton, except those which simply catalogue the original description, refer to this species and they are so treated here. I have selected as cotypes cer- tain specimens from Dr. E. M. Patch, of Orono, Me., as this is the only collection I have which has both alate and apterous forms in the same collection. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae one and one-half to two times as long as the body, dark colored, hairs shorter than width of seg- ment, capitate, segment III with 38-51 sensoria, not in a row; other segments with no secondary sensoria. Antennal tubercles very large and prominent. Head with capitate hairs. Beak reaching beyond second coxae. Legs light colored, tips of segments dark. Cornicles Jong, rather slender, distinctly swollen, basal part light, remainder dark, indistinctly imbricated at tip. Cauda conical, scarcely con- stricted, concolorous with body, with 7-8 groups of lateral hairs. ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 33. Antennal measurements COTYPE SPECIMENS No. ul ee IV 4 VI eee 1. 280 38 SG 0. 944 0.312+ ? 1. 280 40 i lye 0. 912 0. 288-+1. 520 Pag oti tS Thy 1232 44 i¢ 2? ? 1. 264 42 1. 168 0. 960 0. 288-+1. 504 See le aly 54 1. 184 0. 960 0. 304-+1. 568 1. 328 51 ie t52 1. 008 0. 386+1. 488 PARACOTYPE SPECIMEN 1. 328 i | 1. 056 | 0. 896 0. 304-+1. 520 1. 280 it | e220 | 0. 928 0. 288-+1. 504 | | Other measurements COTYPE SPECIMENS Cornicles No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange ECE ee 0. 664 0. 368 0. 768 On ek? 0. 056 0. O80 0. 768 OM 0. 056 0. O80 ae ae 0. 656 0. 400 0. 688 0. 112 0. 056 0. O88 2 0. 720 0. 120 0. 056 0. 080 Sees. 0.720 | 0. 432 0. 832 0. 120 0. 064 0. O88 | 0. 768 0. 120 0. 064 0. O88 | | | PARACOTYPE SPECIMEN ! hg a 0. 672 | 0. 336 0. 720 0.120 0. 056 0. 08 | 0. 720 Oma? 0. 056 ? Apterous viviparous female—Antennae about one and one-half times as long as body, light colored, distal segments imbricated, IIT with 7-20 sensoria, all on basal half, not in a straight row. Antennal hairs shorter than width of segment; heavy, not pointed. Antennal tubercles unusually large. Hairs on front of head capitate. Beak reaching second coxae, often nearly to third. Cornicles light colored, rather slender, conspicuously swollen, somewhat imbricated at tip. Cauda long, broad, conical, not constricted, with 5-6 groups of lateral hairs. 43328—25}——3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Antennal measurements COTYPE SPECIMENS No. III pete IV Vv VI Digs, set 1. 296 10 . 1. 088 0. 960 0. 320+1. 648 1. 280 11 1. 120 0. 864 0. 300+ 1. 616 . Dra oa 4s 1s 312 7 1. 008 3 ? 1 280 10 1. 040 0. 880 te yaa ae Pak 1. 344 18 1. 104 0. 800 0. 272+1. 520 1. 328 11 1. 072 0. 848 0. 256-+1. 552 Biss Se 4. 1. 088 10 0. 976 0. 752 0. 256+ 1. 568 52 12 0. 960 0. 768 0. 272-+1. 504 PARACOTYPE SPECIMENS Ras oes 1. 280 14 1. 072 0. 912 0.320+ ? 1. 280 16 1. 104 0. 880 0.320+ ? Go Sab ee 1. 200 14 0. 880 a le 1. 216 20 0. 880 ? 14 1. 488 12 1. 104 0. 864 0. 240+1. 264 1. 424 14 | 1. 152 0. 928 0. 228+ (1. 28+-) 1. 296 10 ? te 19 1. 504 14 ? i i 1. 408 15 0. 976 0. 912 0. 312+1. 600 1. 440 15 1. 056 0. 832 tf Other measurements COTYPE SPECIMENS | Cornicles No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange d parece ge 0. 704 0. 400 0. 816 0. 128 0. 056 | 0. 080 0. 816 0; 128 0.056 | 0. 080 Delve a 0. 728 0. 392 0. 800 0. 128 0. 056 0. O80 0. 800 1. 128 0. 056 0. 080 But 0. 736 0. 432 0. 880 1. 128 0.056 | 0. 088 0. 864 ile A 0.064 | 0. 096 AI 0. 688 Ons52 0. 800 0. 120 0.056 | 0. 080 0. 800 Oy hate 0. 056 0. 080 PARACOTYPE SPECIMENS l ee te 0. 320 0.752 | 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072 O2752 05 0. 104 0. 072 0. O88 3 ee] 0. 736 0. 304 0. 720 | 0.112 0. 064 0. 088 0. 736 0. 400 0. 856 | 0. 128 0. 064 0. 088 0.832 | 0. 128 0. 064 0. 088 0. 736 ? 0. 848 | 0. 152 0. 064 0. O88 | 0.848 0. 160 0. 072 0. 096 0. 736 Oy o52 0.800 | 0. 152 0. 072 0. 096 0. 800 0. 144 0. 064 0. 096 0. 704 0. 416 0.768 | 0. 136 0. 064 0. 088 0. 800 | 0. 136 0. 064 0. 088 | 0. 712 0. 432 0. 800 | 0. 136 0.064 | 0.088 0.800 | 0. 128 0. 056 0. 088 | 0. 656 0. 400 0. 736 0. 120 0. 064 0. 088 | OF 752 Onit2 0. 056 0. 080 arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 85 Van der Goot describes the oviparous female and the male. Described from three alate viviparous females and four apterous viviparous females taken by Dr. Edith M. Patch on Onoclea sensibilis at Orono, Me., July 21, 1922 (Maine No. 172-22). Paracotype specimens were taken by T. L. Guyton at Inglenook, Pa., July 1, 1920 (Guyton number 20-58), by Hayhurst at Sheridan, N. Y. (Hayhurst No. 209, Pergande No. 9986), and were received from Takahashi (Q No. 22018). Host plants.—Onoclea sensibilis, O. struthiopteris, Polystichum species, Asplenium species. Distribution.—United States (Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Minnesota), England, Holland, Russia, Japan. Cotypes—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Paracotypes deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26373. AMPHOROPHORA MAXIMA, new species Figs. 174-176 This is one of the largest species of Amphorophora I haveseen. We have only a single alate specimen and several nymphs. Like rubicola Oestlund the cornicle is conspicuously longer than segment III, but it can be distinguished from rubicola by its light-colored antennae and by the smaller number of sensoria on III, about 13-17. The wings are torn, so that I am unable to determine whether or not it has a dusky spot. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than the body, light colored, ends of segments and VI darker, hairs about as long as width of segment, III with 13-17 sensoria on outer side; other seg- ments inbricated; length of segments as follows: Ill ID Vv VI 0. 848 0. 656 0. 560 0. 160+ 0. 824 0. 868 0. 656 0. 448+ ? | Antennal tubercles prominent. Head 0.608 mm. across eyes. Beak reaching third coxae. No dorsal tubercles showing on head or prothorax. Lateral tubercles present on prothorax and abdomen. Cornicles dark colored, 1.056—-1.072 mm. long, distinctly reticulated for 0.08—0.144 mm., the remainder conspicuously imbricated; widest diameter, 0.112—0.064 mm.; flange, 0.08 mm. Cauda light colored, 0.32 mm. long, rather broad, distinctly constricted, tip somewhat upturned. Described from one specimen taken on salmon-berry in California in 1911. The slide, which bears a number of very young nymphs has the Pergande number 124121. Pergande’s notes under this number give no additional data, except that they were received in August. Cotypes.—Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26378. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 AMPHOROPHORA MINIMA, new species Figs. 177, 178 A single specimen (Maine No. 67—05) was received from Dr. Edith M. Patch, taken on the wing. It is included in this genus with hesitation. Alate viviparous female.—Very small. Antennae about one and one-half times as long as body; numerous sensoria, but not tubercu- late; plainly imbricated; hairs very short and inconspicuous. The head is twisted, but the antennal tubercles appear to be large and distinct. Beak short. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles showing. Small dark-colored areas at lateral margins of abdominal segments. Cornicle very light colored, long, slender for two-thirds of its length, then suddenly and strongly swollen; no reticulation or imbrications present. The cauda is twisted, but it is light colored and appears to be long and broad with three pairs of lateral hairs. | ur | Sempra | ay | Sameera] oy | Sensei v1 | 0. 416 il OF272 ail 13 0. 272 6 0. 096+-0. 896 0. 416 29 0. 272 12 0. 272 4 0. 096+0. 880 Cornicle Length Wide X Small X | Flange 0. 384 | 0. 064 0.032 | 0.040 Type.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. AMPHOROPHORA MITCHELLI, new species Figs. 127-129 A single alate viviparous female was taken on a wild Rhododendron on the top of Mount Mitchell, N. C., altitude 2,100 meters, by Carlo Zeimet on August 29, 1922. Mr. Zeimet says that two other speci- mens were observed at the same time but were not captured. This is evidently a native species of the wild forest, as no cultivated areas were close at hand. The following description and the drawings are from the one specimen. No other records have been received. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than the body, black, heavily tuberculate; hairs conspicuous, not capitate, about 0.32 mm. long. Antennal measurements as follows: | A, : é t a Beer eA Das Oe oI vk 1. 072 mm. 124 0. 544 45 0. 416 is 0. 104+ 1. 088 1. O88 112 0: 512 44 0. 464 10 0. 096+ 1. 056 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON ae Antennal tubercles small. Head 0.496 mm. across eyes. Head and thorax dark and abdomen light, in balsam mount. No thoracic or abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles light at base, remainder black. Measurements as follows: Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange 0. 576 0. 032 0. 120 0. 048 0. 056 0. 592 0. 032 0. 112 0. 048 0. 056 Cauda lighter in color than cornicles, 0.336 mm. long, slender, 4 sets of lateral hairs. Type-—(Q No. 20138). Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26374. AMPHOROPHORA MORRISONI (Swain) Figs. 92-97 Nectarosiphon morrisoni Swatn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 44, no. 772, 1918, p. 8; Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull. Ent., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 78. Descriptions and measurements from 11 slides furnished by Harold Morrison, after whom the species was named. Alate viviparous female.—This is a comparatively small species with antennae about one and one-half times as long as the body. Seg- ments slender, not conspicuously imbricated; hairs few and small, III with 7 to 11 small circular sensoria in a row on the outer edge. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching beyond third coxae. Cornicles long, conspicuously swollen, distinctly reticulated at tip. The cauda is long, conical, not constricted, with 3-4 sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: No. I ee IV Vv | VI he A [Sian BES Be as | 0. 624 9 0. 544 0. 560 0. 176+0. 752 0. 608 9 0. 560 0. 608 0.192+ ? 1) eae a elle 0. 608 10 0. 496 0. 592 0. 208+ 0. S00 0. 592 7 0. 480 0. 544 0. 176+ 0. 688 Bie ee 0. 496 11 0. 448 0. 464 0. 176+ 0. 736 | 0. 464 8 0. 400 0. 464 0.160+ ? ie elbeat tc IP Eo 0. 608 9 0. 512 te ? ? | 0. 608 9 0. 480 0. 496 0. 176+ 0. 176 | a ee eee 0. 624 9 0. 480 0. 496 0. 192+ 0. 720 0.624 | 6+ 0. 496 ? ? ? | 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length |Reticulated} Wide X Small X Flange 1 eee a 0. 512 OR 0. 688 0. 08 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064 0. 656 0. 08 tf ? 0. 064 Deer aegs Pe te 0. 304 0. 640 0. 08 iy 0. 040 0. 064 0. 640 0. 08 ? if 0. 064 ieee es oe 0. 496 0. 224 0. 560 0. 08 0. 112 0. 048 |. 0. 064 7 0. 608 0. 08 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064 Bei as, 2 Nige ie 0. 240 0. 592 0. 08 0. 104 0. 048 0. 064 0. 592 0. 08 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064 ay 0. 480 0. 304 0. ape is 0. ae 0. 048 0. 064 ? ? ? ? 2 Mr. Morrison furnishes from his notes the following color descriptions: “General color green (pale and dark apple). Head pale green, slightly yellowish. Eyes dark brown, appearing almost black. Ocelli pale, spots black. Antennal segments I and II like head, yellowish pale green, rest black or blackish. Base of III like I and II. Prothorax dark pale green, front edge Prussian green, hinder edge darker. Thorax, ground color apple green, the median ce- phalic lobe light Van Dyke brown, and the two dorsal lateral, each with a large outer brown spot and a smaller inner one. A lateral lobe on each side below wings light Van Dyke brown. Wing inserts and base of subcosta very pale green. Subcosta and stigma grayish. Veins brown, dark. Beak, III black, II dusky, tip of I dusky, I pale green. Femora pale green, tips dusky, tibia and tarsi blackish or black. Abdomen uniform dark apple green. Ventral anal plate with indistinct dusky band. Cauda like the abdomen, or very slightly paler. Cornicles pale apple green at base, rest dusky to blackish, tips a little lighter.” Specimens collected about a month later show the following differences : “Head quite yellowish (greenish yellow). The prothorax is brownish pale green, with a darker line along the front edge, and with the hind margin no darker, the membrane "pateeen it and thorax being heht Hooker’ sgreen. The ground color of the thorax appears in these specimens to be brown (pale) with the lobes mentioned in the first description only a little darker. It requires a careful ex- amination to separate the inner and outer lobes of the thorax, as there is only a narrow line of color between them. The median caudal lobe projecting into the abdomen is somewhat blackish and the darkest of all. The abdomen shows a’very faint darker stripe down the center. Cauda distinctly but only slightly lighter than abdomen. Cornicles no lighter at tip.” ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 39 Apterous viviparous female.—Size small, body oval, antennae one and one-fourth to one and one-half times as long as body, slender, faintly imbricated, hairs small, III with one to six, usually one, small circular sensoria near base. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching beyond third coxae. Cornicles distinctly but mod- érately swollen, distinctly reticulated at tip. Cauda broad, not con- stricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Antennal segments No. ul IV Vv VI TE Seg Ba ee Sy a 0. 592 0. 496 0. 480 0. 176+0. 576 0. 592 0. 480 0. 480 0. 160+ 0. 592 Pepe, a RD 0. 624 0. 480 0. 480 0. 176+ 0. 720 0. 608 0. 400 0. 448 0. 176+ 0. 656 Se ee ea 0. 640 0. 496 % ? 0. 624 0. 496 0. 512 0. 176+0. 704 A mE He ee. 2 0. 624 0. 464 0. 480 0. 192+ 0. 752 0. 624 0. 464 0. 480 0. 176+ 0. 720 ise es (eee SOLE EARS 0. 496 | ik ? ? 0. 448 0. 352 0. 384 0. 144+0. 512 (5 ee = OFF 2: 0. 528 0. 400 0. 400 0. 144+ 0. 592 0. 544 0. 384 0. 384 0. 144+0. 592 en Rts Fae a Te 2 0. 528 0. 384 0. 464 0. 160+ 0. 672 0. 528 0. 400 0. 464 0. 160+ 0. 608 Cornicles No Ae Cauda ; Length ae Wide X | Small X Flange Pere © t 0. 496 0. 224 0. 752 0. 080 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064 | 0. 704 0. 080 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072 Pie S eweh es, 0.480 | 0. 320 0. 736 0. O80 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072 ON52 0. OSO Ov? 0. 056 0. 072 fast owe TL 0. 480 0. 336 0. 720 0. 080 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064 | 0. 704 0. 080 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064 Pee SO es ae ee epee eee 0. 672 0. 080 0. 128 0. 056 0. 064 | ye 0. 432 ? 0. 448 0. 064 0. 112 0. 048 0. 056 0. 480 0. 064 0. 096 0. 048 0. 064 | (je eee 0. 416 ? 0. 592 0. 080 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064 | 0. 592 0. O80 0. 104 0. 048 0. 064 Weaeteers fs: 0. 480 0. 240 0. 624 0. 096 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064 | 0. 608 0. 080 ONL? 0. 058 0. 072 Morrison furnishes the following color description from his note files: “General color green (dark apple to Hooker’s green). Head pale green. Eyes very dark brown, almost black. Antennal segments I and II pale green, slightly yellowish green. Base of III similar, remainder black. Thorax dark apple green, shading imperceptibly into Hooker’s green on the abdomen. Abdomen Hooker’s green, edges paler. Last segment dark apple green. Cauda apple green. Cornicles, base apple green shading into dusky, tips black. Femora 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 dusky pale green. Tibia dusky yellow, tips and tarsi black. Last abdominal segment and cauda in some specimens distinctly pale ereen.”’ This species was first found on Cupressus in the Stanford Uni- versity nursery by Childs and Crawford on February 21, 1912, and the above color notes were written by Morrison on this date. Both alate and apterous forms were present. It was taken again at the same place on March 17, 1912, and April 14, 1912. It was again taken by Morrison on May 21, 1915, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, alate and apterous adults and apterous nymphs, and by Harold Compere at the same place during the same month. In August, 1916, Swain found the apterous form on terminal leaves in Exposition Park, San Diego. Host plants.— Cupressus macrocarpa and C. guadalupensis. Disiribution.—California (San Francisco, Palo Alto, and San Diego). Sg ee ee in the U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 56. Paracotypes.— Deposited in the University of California collection, No. KOE 88, and in the Swain collection of Leland Stanford Uni- versity. Specimens from Harold Morrison are in his collection and in that of the U.S. National Museum. AMPHOROPHORA NABALI (Oestlund) Figs. 118-126, 194 Rhopalosiphum nabali OnstTLuNpD, 14th Report, Minn. State Geol., 1886, p. 34; Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 77.—W1L.IAMs, Univ. Neb. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p. 26—Hunter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, 1901, p. 106.—KirKaLpy, Can. Ent., vol. 38, 1906, p. 12.— SANBORN, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, p. 241.—Wiutson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 1138. Amphorophora nabali (Oestlund) Patcu, Conn. St. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., no. 34, 1923, p. 302. There is in the national collection a metatype slide, containing two adult alate viviparous females, two alate nymphs, one apterous viviparous female, and one intermediate. This collection was made in Minnesota from Nabalus albus on July 11, 1903, by Pergande and determined by Oestlund. All drawings were made from this slide, and the following descriptions are chiefly from this slide, supple- mented by comparisons with certain other specimens. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, dark colored, segments III, IV, and V very tuberculate for their entire lengths; one specimen with only a few on V; hairs conspicuous and heavy with a tendency to be knobbed. Antennal tubercles rather short. Beak reaching second coxae. Radial sector going somewhat closer arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 4] to medius than is usual for the genus. Cornicles medium in length, considerably swollen, imbricated, very indistinctly reticulated, if at all. Cauda long, slender, conspicuously constricted, with 4 sets of lateral hairs. Most of the hairs of the body more or less capitate. Antennal measurements No. | Ill IV V VI | oan Oval Peres Jag auene (hs 136.2nm 0. 528 0. 464 0. 096-+-0. 768 | 1. 072 0. 528 0. 496 0. 096+ (0. 432+) jae ses 1. 056 0. 528 0. 432 0. 096+ (0. 416+) Other measurements Cornicles No. Width of head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 1 Sia 0. 528 0. 400 0. 640 0. 120 0. 048 0. 064 | Pdi peri ks 0. 544 0. 448 0. 688 0. 136 0. 048 0. 064 | Pergande left, in his notes, the following color description, made from the metatype specimens: ‘‘Head yellowish, eyes brown, ocelli clear, bordered at inner side with purplish brown. Antennae black. Prothorax greenish, thoracic lobes brownish yellow. Abdomen green, variegated with yellowish green. Nectaries dusky, greenish toward base. Legs black, the femora yellowish green at base, growing darker toward or beyond the middle. Stigma dusky, blackish along inner edge. Subcosta vellowish.”’ Last instar alate nymph Il IV Vv VI Head width | Gormice 0. 560 0. 352 0.336 | 0. 080+ 0. 832 0. 496 0. 560 0. 576 0. 336 0.336 | 0; O80--OvS1G: fie 2 re = 0. 560 | 0. 576 0. 368 0. 336 0. 096+ 0. 928 0.528 | 0. 544 | 0. 624 0. 384 0. 352 OFOS0-- Or S48 Sra Ss 0. 544 | 0. 672 0. 384 0.320 | 0. 096-40. 928 | ..0.528 | 0 612 | 0. 656 0. 352 0.336 | OFO8G FAO O70. fl ai ae 0. 528 Third instar alate nymph | ies laa | Vv VI Head width | Cornice | | | 0. 480 0. 288 0. 288 0. 08+ (0. 56+-) 0. 496 0. 480 0::08-PO. S255 seode russ 0. 480 | 0. 560 0. 288 0. 288 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Pergande says of the metatypes: ‘‘Pupae green; wing pads yellow- ish; antennae yellowish or greenish with apex of joints 3-5 and the 6th black.” Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae longer than body, with con- spicuous knobbed hairs, III with from 3 to 15 sensoria. Antennal tubercles prominent. Beak reaching second coxae. Cornicles of medium length, conspicuously swollen, tips imbricated, sometimes with indications of reticulations. Cauda long, slender, constricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Antennal measurements No. III IV Vv Vali et ss ee 0. 912 0. 544 0. 480 0. 096+ 0. 960 0. 896 0. 528 0. 464 0. 112+1. 088 PO Th PELE ei 0. 880 0. 464 0. 368 0. 080+ 1. 008 0. 880 0. 432 0. 384 0. 096+ 0. 992 joe eae ae 0. 896 0. 400 0. 416 0. 096+ (0. 656+) 0. 912 0. 432 0. 432 0. 096+ 0. 960 Otis Bes eee en 0. 880 0. 496 0. 464 0. 112+1. 104 0. 928 0. 480 0. 432 0. 1124-1. 120 Other measurements Cornicles No. Head width Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 1 ee ene 0. 480 0. 432 0. 688 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064 0. 704 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064 7 Be 0. 448 0. 368 0. 592 0. 112 0. 048 0. 056 0. 608 0. 120 0. 048 0. 064 See te 0. 464 0. 416 0. 592 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064 0. 656 OM 2a) 0. 048 0. 064 Aig ant 0. 480 0. 400 0. 688 0.112 | 0.048 0. 064 0. 704 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064 Last instar apterous nymph III IV Vv VI Head width | Somisle 0. 400 0. 224 0. 224 0. O8+ 0. 736 0. 448 0. 480 0. 400 0. 224 0. 224 ON03S S085 2) | see ees 0. 480 0. 496 0. 288 0. 304 0. 08-+0. 912 0. 464 0. 496 0. 512 0. 288 0. 304 OOS {0S 04.55 | aaa 0. 496 Pergande’s notes furnish the following color description of the metatype apterous female: ‘‘Green, polished; eyes brown; nectaries pale greenish yellow at basal half, the other half brown; tail greenish or dusky. Antennae dusky to black; if pale, the apexof jts. 3-5 and the 6th with spur black; femora pale bluish green; tibiae brownish yellow, greenish at base; apex and tarsi black.” arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 43 It is probable that Pergande referred to the intermediate when he said ‘antennae dusky to black” as the second part of his description, “‘nale, the apex of jts. 3-5 and the 6th with spur black,” seems to apply better to the apterous forms. Intermediate.—The one specimen available (metatype specimen) has antennae which are intermediate in color between the black ones of the alates and the lighter ones of the apterous forms. Both antennae are abortive, one having only a very short fifth segment and no sixth, while the other has the fifth, base of sixth and a very short unguis. III and IV are thickly covered with rather small sensoria. V of the one antenna has six small inconspicuous sensoria. No ocelli showing. Wings very small and abortive, about equally developed on each side, hooks showing on both hind wings. Corni- cles and cauda appearing about as in the alate and apterous forms. Measurements as follows: Cornicle | I IV Vv VI Se | GIT Length Wide X | Small X Flange | 1. 008) 0. 528) 0. 384) 0. 096+0. 08) 0. 56) 0. 464; 0. 800) 0. 128) 0. 048) 0. 064 | OSO44 ORAS 0 NOs d4 aie Se ee al ee 0. 784) 0. 136 0. 056) 0. 072 | Oestlund reported this species as ‘‘very numerous on the upper stalk and flower heads of Nabalus albus.” Pergande took them on the stem and under side of leaves. Miss Patch says it is not uncom- mon in the east. The only dates recorded are September 28, 1897, at Zoological Park, D. C., and July 11, 1903, at Minneapolis, Minn., both by Pergande. Host.— Nabalus albus. Distribution.—Minnesota, District of Columbia, Connecticut. Metatype.—Deposited in U.S. National Museum. AMPHOROPHORA NERVATA (Gillette) Figs. 130-138 Rhopalosiphum nervatum GILLETTE, Canad. Ent., vol. 40, 1908, p. 63.—Davip- son, Journ. Ec. Ent., vol. 7, 1914, p. 134.—Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 331.—Swa1n, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bulls. Agr. ep Sta. Ent., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 84.—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 282, 1919, p. 220. Rhopalosiphum arbutt Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 3, 1910, p. 378.— Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bulls. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p.331. The writer has had the privilege of examining the cotype specimens of nervatum Gill. from rose and of arbuti Davisdon from Arbutus and considers them to be the same as has already been pointed out by 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 others. The amount of dilation of the cornicle varies somewhat, some specimens being only very slightly swollen, but the species undoubtedly should be placed in Amphorophora. Alate viviparous Female.—Rather small. Antennae slender, dark colored, about one and one-half times as long as body, imbricated, hairs small and inconspicuous, III with a row of sensoria along outer, basal edge. Antennal tubercles moderate in size. Beak reaching second coxae. Cornicles long, slender, not strongly swollen, con- spicuously imbricated, not reticulated. Cauda long, conical, only slightly constricted, two sets of lateral hairs. Antennal measurements No. Ill Sensoria IV V VI 1 ae Cee 0. 592 13 0. 448 0. 392 0. 128+ 0. 800 7 pasa fa sts, 0. 640 16 0. 432 0. 424 0. 144-++0. 848 0. 624 14 0. 464 ? ? OL ee ee 0. 576 14 0. 416 0. 432 0. 152+ 0. 800 :: een na 0. 560 14 0. 448 0. 448 0. 144+ (0. 496+) 0. 544 13 0. 416 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 752 Spans cana yee 0. 608 15 | 0. 480 0. 432 0. 144+-0. 848 0. 624 us 0. 480 0. 448 0. 144-- 0. 848 Ge he ce 0. 624 15 0. 560 1 te 0. 640 2, 0. 544 0. 544 0. 176+ 0. 992 tccsbeuss 0. 4382 13 0. 368 0. 336 0. 112+ 0. 800 0. 4382 ? 0. 368 0. 336 0. 112+? Se ie hh 0. 592 14 0. 432 0. 432 0. 128+ 0. 752 0. 624 ? 0. 400 0. 400 0. 128+.0. 752 Ce eee 0. 672 17 0. 592 0. 480 0. 144+ 0. 976 0. 704 ? 0. 560 0. 480 0. 144+0. 992 iL 0 Sees ae ee 0. 448 12 ON352 0. 360 0. 128+ 0. 848 0. 448 16 0. 352 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 848 Other measurements No. Head width Cauda | Length Wide X Small X Flange Lae 0. 408 0. 240 | 0. 608 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 | 0. 608 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 ira % 0.240 | 0. 624 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 | 0. 560 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 Bee ie 0. 240 | 0. 624 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 0. 608 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 An for 0. 384 0. 176 0. 528 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 0. 528 0. 048 0. 032 0. 048 ipabaleys ? 0. 256 0. 640 0. 056° 0. 040 0. 048 ? 0. 048 0. 0382 0. 040 GRE ae 0. 440 0. 272 0. 688 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 0. 688 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 ae 0. 352 0. 128 0. 464 0. 056 0. 032 0. 040 0. 480 0. 056 0. 032 0. 040 Sirs 0. 384 0. 224 0. 592 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 0. 560 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 Onna 0. 416 0. 256 0. 768 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048 0. 768 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 Osee 0. 368 ? OF ar 0. 048 0. 032 0. 040 arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 45 Davidson in his description of arbuti says, ‘‘Jomt III has about 20 small sensoria, joint IV about 8 smaller ones.”’ I have been unable to see any sensoria on IV in the specimens which he furnished me. Apterous viviparous female.—Small. Antennae nearly twice as long as body, light colored, the tips of segments and all of VI darker, faintly imbricated, hairs tmeconspicuous, no secondary sensoria. Antennal sensoria prominent. Beak reaching third coxae. Cornicles Jong, slender, slightly but distinctly swollen, imbricated, not reticu- lated. Cauda very broad, scarcely constricted, with two sets of lateral hairs. Antennal measurements No. | Ill EV V VI | | hens ae 0. 608 0. 448 0. 400 0. 128+ (0. 576+) 0. 608 0. 416 0. 368 0. 128+ (0. 256+) Pa ee Se 0. 528 0. 320 0. 336 OL112-- 0.736 0. 528 0. 320 0. 320 0. 112+ 0. 704 Sires 4, 0. 576 0. 384 0. 336 0. 120+ 0. 816 0. 560 0. 384 0. 352 0. 112+0. 800 it re Oe oe a 0. 480 0. 352 0. 320 0. 112+ (0. 656+) 0. 464 0. 352 0. 320 0. 112+0. 752 Pyaa SRNL N 4 Sl 0. 640 0. 496 0. 416 0. 136+ 0. 864 0. 672 0. 512 0. 416 0. 128+ 0. 848 Ga7. eyiage_ 0. 720 0. 624 0. 504 0. 152+ (0. 784+) 0. 752 0. 640 0. 496 0. 160+ 0. 928 f (re ro ee ae es 0. 576 0. 464 | 0. 400 0. 144+0. 800 0. 560 0. 448 0. 384 0. 144+ 0. 784 Soe ee Peres i 0. 592 0. 432 0. 416 0. 186+ 0. 816 0. 592 0. 448 0. 384 0. 128+ 0. 720 1 op Owrepery. t_ s3) 0. 544 0. 482 0. 368 0. 128+ 0. 688 | 0. 528 Oe4RGra = by 100384: 0. 144+0, 784 TORE 2p ee 0. 560 0. 448 | 0. 384 0. 128+.0. 720 | 0. 544 ? DP fost? ? | Other measurements Cornicle No. Head width Cauda | Length Wide X Small X Flange | 1 eet 0. 400 0. 304 0. 656 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 0. 656 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 ipaeeacce 0. 368 0. 352 0. 528 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 OF528: | 0. 064 0. 040 is pee ie 0. 256 0. 576 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048 ? 0. 064 0. 032 0. 048 Ae ee Ss 0. 352 0. 208 0. 560 0. 072 0. 032 0. 048 0. 560 0. 072 0. 032 0. 048 De wee. 0. 400 0. 240 0. 720 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048 0. 704 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048 re G25) -! 0. 424 0. 320 0. 864 0. 096 0. 040 0. 048 0. 864 | 0. 088 0. 040 0. 048 eae 0. 392 0. 256 Oni52) || 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 0. 720 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 eS e <6 ee 0. 368 0. 256 0. 640 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 (Saget 0. 392 0. 240 0. 640 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 | Oe 20} 0. 400 2 0. 736 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The last instar nymph of the apterous viviparous female measures as follows: | UI | IV Vv | VI Head width Beet ie | | | 0. 448 | 0. 384 0. 336 | 0. 096-++ 0. 768 0. 400 | 0. 448 0. 432 0. 416 0. 352 0::096 On 2) ries 4 i Ase | 0. 480 | | Alate male——Antennae slightly more than one and one-half times as long as body, imbricated especially beyond III, inner side of I gibbous, III 0.608 mm. long with 30 sensoria, IV 0.512 mm. long with 16-17 sensoria, V 0.464, mm. long with 12-14 sensoria, base of VI 0.144 mm. long, unguis 0.792 mm. long. Antennal tubercles mod- erate in size. Head 0.416 mm. across eyes. Cornicles 0.624 mm. long, widest diameter 0.064 mm., smallest diameter 0.040 mm., flange 0.048 mm. wide, conspicuously imbricated, not reticulated. From one metatype specimen on rose at Fort Collins, Colo., November 3, 1914. Biology.—In California this species seems to migrate between rose and Arbutus. The only transfer was made by Swain. I agree with him and with Essig that arbuti Davidson from Arbutus seems to be structually the same as nervata Gillette on rose. The writings of Davidson and Gillette would indicate that the species may be found throughout the year on either plant. Host plants.—Rose, Arbutus menzeisii, Arbutus unedo Linnaeus, Photinia arbutifolia and Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry. Distribution.—Colorado and California. Cotypes.—Specimens of nervata Gillette are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 26855, in the Colorado Agri- cultural Experiment Station, and in the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station. Those of arbuti Davidson are in the U.S. National Museum and in the collection of Davidson. AMPHOROPHORA OLERACEAE (Van der Goot) Figs. 49-54 Rhopalosiphum lactucae (Kaltenbach) Maxi, Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Formosa No. 103, 1913, p. 22. Rhopalosiphum oleraceae VAN DER Goot, Zur Kenntniss der Blattlause Java’s 1917, p. 40. Amphorophora oleraceae (Van der Goot) TaKauasui, Aphididae of Formosa, pt. 1, Form. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1921, p. 28; Rev. Form. Agr., no. 182, 1921, p. 63. Amphorophora sonchifoliae TAKAHASHI, Aphididae of Formosa, pt. 2, Rept. Agr. Gov. Res. Inst. Formosa, no. 4, 1923, pp. 31 and 84. This species is very close to cosmopolitana and is found on the same summer hosts. It can be distinguished by the larger number of sensoria, especially in the apterous form. The sensoria are not quite ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 47 as protruding, the hairs are less conspicuous, and the antennal tubercles are slightly larger. Takahashi has described Amphorophora sonchifoliae as a new species on Sonchus arvensis. He says, “closely related to A. oleraceae (v. d. Goot), from which it differs in the more slender cornicies.”’ He says the cornicles of the alate form are eight times as long as wide, while those of the apterous form are seven times as long as wide. I have compared apterous specimens sent by Takahashi with metatype specimens of oleraceae v. d. Goot. While there are some slight differences, I can not at present consider the two as distinct. (See discussion on p. 4.) In the tables of measurements given below I have separated those of sonchifoliae from oleraceae for the benefit of those who have not seen specimens. Alate viviparous female (oleraceae v. d. Goot).—Antennae about the same length as the body, dark, hairs very inconspicuous (more so than in cosmopolitand) , numerous rather large, but not strongly protruding sensoria on III, IV, and V. Mneemsl tubercles small, but somewhat larger than in conn anoliane, Beak reaching ehoue to second coxae. Small prothoracic tubercles. Abdomen bearing a middorsal dark area and lateral dark patches, these having a tubercle and spines as in cosmopolitana. Cornicles of moderate length, somewhat swollen, the tips imbricated, not reticulated. Cauda constricted, three to four sets of hairs. Toe ieeeatl ita ag | an gees ve 1 ape 0. 720 46 0. 448 | 2 0. 400 12 0.128+0. 800 | 7 ile ei 0. 736 51 0. 448 | ? 2 ik Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange cs Sees 0. 448 0. 272 0. 480 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040 0. 480 0. 064 0. 032 0. 040 7 ee 0. 472 0. 256 0. 464 0. 072 0. 032 0. 040 Apterous viviparous female (oleraceae v. Antennae slightly longer than body, light colored, tips of segments darker, hairs very inconspicuous, III, IV, and V with large, nonprotruding sensoria. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching beyond second coxae, nearly to third. Cornicles short, moderately swollen, the tip imbricated, not reticulated. Cauda strongly con. stricted, three sets of lateral hairs. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 mn Ill penser IV Senate Vv gue pe VI 1 eyereess 8 . 640 28 0. 368 10 0. 360 4 0. 128+? Yi Sos . 640 26 0. 416 10 0. 344 6 0. 128-+0. 688 . 688 PA 0. 424 10 0. 352 5 0. 136-+0. 704 Sere pt . 640 22; ? ? ? ? vd Cornicle =| No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange eae ? O82 i 0. 464 0. O80 0. 040 0. 048 Dayoan 3 0. 256 0. 520 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040 0. 512 0. 064 0. 040 0. 040 ie ate Re 0. 456 0. 304 0. 448 0. 072 0. 040 0.040 | Measurements of A. sonchifoliae Takahashi No. UL Ben en IV Eeakos | Vv — on VI Nee Srays, . 656 31 0. 408 8 0. 376 2 0. 136+-0. 768 OMe 24 0. 400 10 0. 384 2 0. 144-+-0. 752 QPos 7 . 624 26 0. 384 7 0. 336 1 0. 112+ 0. 672 . 608 22 0. 368 5 0. 352 0 0. 120+? Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange Bhe32 4. ? 0. 208 0. 480 0. 060 0. 040 0. 048 0. 480 0. 060 0. 040 0. 048 jai e AE, ? 0. 288 0. 464 0. 064 0. 040 0. 048 Host.—Sonchus species, Lactuca debilis. Distribution.—Java, Formosa. Metatype.—Specimens in collection of U. S. National Museum. AMPHOROPHORA PALLIDA, new species Figs. 55-58 This species was received from Dr. Edith M. Patch under the At her suggestion it is described in manuscript name of pallida. this paper, and I take pleasure in adopting her manuscript name. It was taken on Clintonia at Orono, Me., on August 8, 1918 (Maine No. 288-18 and 289-18). viviparous females were received. No alates. Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about one and one-half times as long as body, slightly darker in color, indistinctly imbricated, hairs inconspicuous, shorter than width of segment, III with 2-3 Three adult and several nymphal apterous arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——MASON 49 sensoria near base. Antennal tubercles very large and long. Beak reaching beyond second coxae, nearly to third. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles. Cornicles very light colored, long, strongly dilated on distal half, but not much reduced at flange, reticulated for a short distance, not imbricated. Cauda concolorous with body, long, broad, strongly constricted at base; two sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: | No. II weeps IV Vv VI P42 i atemcs- 0. 656 3 0. 560 0. 528 0. 144+-0. 960 0. 656 2 0. 560 0. 5386 0. 160+-0. 992 7) Eee ORES 0. 568 3 0. 512 0. 544 0. 152+1. 024 0. 592 3 0. 488 0. 544 0. 144-+-1. 040 Ste ag th. 0. 688 2 0. 560 0. 536 0.168+ ? 0. 672 2 0. 560 0. 544 ? Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length /|Reticulated| Wide X Small X Flange beers. ON 0. 432 0. 320 0. 560 0. 040 ve Xe 0. 056 ' (0. 560 0. 040 ue & 0. 056 7) gal Salt 0. 384 0. 224 0. 496 0. 040 0. 080 iy 0. 048 out tie 0. 368 0. 320 0. 560 0. 040 0. 096 0. 048 0. 056 0. 584 0. 040 0. 096 0. 056 0. 048 Host.—Clintonia. Distribution.—Orono, Maine. Cotypes.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. AMPHOROPHORA PERGANDEI, new species Figs. 72-77 Pergande took the apterous forms of this species on the under side of currant leaves at Washington, D. C., on May 6, 1897. On May 12 he reared from them a single alate specimen. These cotype specimens furnish the only records we have of the species. This species can be distinguished from cosmopolitana on the same host by the larger number of sensoria and by the very long, capitate hairs of the antennae. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as body, dark colored, very tuberculate, III with 125-130 sensoria, IV with 40-45 sensoria, V with 5-8 sensoria, hairs capitate and as long as or longer than width of segment. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching about to second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles not showing. Abdomen without the lateral dark patches as in cos- mopolitana. Cornicles of moderate length, strongly swollen, dark colored, lighter at base, tips very faintly imbricated. Cauda very long, narrow, constricted, four sets of large lateral hairs. 43328—25}——4 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM III | IV VI 1. 056 0. 576 0. 496 0. 112-+- 1.120 1. 072 0. 552 0. 496 0. 104-+-1. 104 Cornicle Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 0. 528 0. 336 0. 560 0. 112 0. 048 0. 064 0. 544 0. 120 0. 048 0. 072 VOL. 67 Notes by Pergande.—‘‘Color green, thoracic lobes pale brownish; medio dorsal line darker green; nectaries grayish green, their basal one-third pale green. Antennae and legs black; basal half or three- fourths of femora greenish; two basal jts. of antennae dusky, base of first jt. yellowish, eyes brown. Stigma pale dusky; subcosta yellow, veins black.”’ Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae slightly longer than body, light colored, not plainly imbricated, hairs very conspicuous, capitate, as long as or longer than width of Segment III with 12-27 small sensoria at base, not in a row. Antennal tubercles fairly large. Beak reaching about to third coxae. Cornicles short and thick, plainly swollen, tips imbricated or slightly reticulated. Cauda very long, narrow, constricted, with 4—5 sets of lateral hairs. No. Ill ceo IV Vv VI | eae ae 0. 832 18 0. 496 0. 400 0. 096-+1. 152 0. 848 13 0. 464 0. 432 0.104+ ? Dee SB 0. 848 WW 0. 480 0. 432 0. 112+1. 152 0. 832 PH 0. 496 0. 448 0. 104+ 1. 152 os teh 0. 792 19 0. 512 0. 416 0. 112+0. 960 0. 800 18 0. 496 0. 416 0. 096-+-0. 880 el: le ke 0. 720 12 0. 384 0. 336 0. 088+-0. 760 H455- 2 0. 736 19 0. 432 0. 368 0. 104+0. 848 0. 736 18 0. 482 0. 376 0. 104-++0. 808 Oso 0. 848 26 0. 528 0. 488 0. 128-+-1. 136 0. 848 22 0. 512 0. 464 0. 120+ 1. 136 Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange p eee! 0. 520 0. 416 0. 704 0. 120 0. 056 0. 072 0. 120 0. 056 0. 072 VE MESS 0. 504 ? 0. 720 0. 120 0. 048 0. 072 0. 720 0. 120 0. 056 0. 072 {pope 0. 520 0. 416 0. 704 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064 0. 672 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064 Ae or 0. 480 0. 400 0. 656 0. 120 0. 048 0. 064 See aye 0. 480 0. 448 0. 672 0. 128 0. 048 0. 056 0. 664 0. 128 0. 048 0. 064 On 0.512 0. 482 0. 704 0. 136 0. 056 0. 064 0. 688 0. 128 0. 056 0. 072 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——MASON 51 Notes by Pergande.—“Color of all uniformly yellowish green; antennae, legs and nectaries paler; tips of antennal jts. 3 and 4 dusky; tip of the fifth and sixth and terminal half of the last black; tibiae brownish toward the end, the tarsi black.” Described from one alate and six apterous specimens taken by Pergande on currant at Washington, D. C. Cotypes.— Deposited in U.S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26376. AMPHOROPHORA RETICULATA, new species Figs. 142-143 Alate viviparous female-—Small species. Antennae more than twice as long as body, slender, dark colored, hairs inconspicuous, much shorter than width of segment, III with 20 sensoria in a row, I, Il, and base of III lighter, concolorous with head. Antennal tubercles of moderate size. Beak reaching slightly beyond second coxae. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles present. Cornicles uniformly dark colored, very long, slender, plainly swollen, very distinctly reticulate at tip. Cauda light colored, conical, not con- stricted, three sets of hairs. Measurements as follows: | : ul | oes IV Vv VI 0. 672 20 0. 544 0. 592 0. 176+-0. 880 0. 672 20 0. 568 0. 624 0. 192+-0. 880 | Cornicle Head Cauda Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange 0. 440 0. 176 0. 584 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 0. 584 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 Described from one specimen taken by Pergande on raspberry in Washington, D. C., July 27, 1907. Type.—Deposited in the U.S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26377 AMPHOROPHORA RHODODENDRONIA, new species Figs. 59-61 A slide bearing four apterous viviparous females was received from Dr. Edith M. Patch (Maine No. 168-22). These were taken on Rhododendron rhodora at Orono, Maine, July 21, 1922. They are not typical Amphorophora but no doubt should be placed here, at least until the alate in known. The host plant belongs to a family on which are several members of this genus of aphids. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 67 Apterous viviparous female —Antennae about one-third longer than body, imbricated, basal segments light colored, distal part of V and all of VI dark with 1-7 sensoria, hairs capitate and very conspicuous, especially on III. Antennal tuvercles very prominent. Beak reaching beyond second coxae. A small prothoracic tubercle showing on some specimens. Cornicles long, slender, slightly swollen, imbricated, tip dark and reticulated. Cauda long, conical, scarcely constricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: | No. Ill Se IV Vv VI | | i pApe rita Rote Sew 0. 784 8 0. 544 0. 624 0. 160+ 0. 800 0. 784 6 0. 608 0. 576 0.176+ ? ete ink Weck Calla 0. 576 il 0. 464 0. 464 0. 128+ 0. 800 Tasted 2 Oe, 0. 832 5 0. 528 0. 576 0. 144+0. 832 0. 816 4 0. 560 0. 560 0. 144+0. 848 Le en ae 0. 656 3 0. 528 0. 544 0. 168+ 0. 800 | 0. 672 2 0. 528 0. 528 0. 160+ 0. 832 Cornicle No. Head Cauda | Length /|Reticulated; Wide X | Small X Flange Be sey es 0. 464 0. 352 0. 800 0. 064 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 0. 832 0. 080 0. 088 0. 040 0. 056 Po sop ea Rie 0. 384 0. 224 0. 504 0. 048 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 0. 528 0. 048 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 So ene ee 0. 448 0. 336 0. 736 0. 080 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 OS at2 0. 064 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 7 oe oa Be) 0. 464 OFS12 0. 704 0. 080 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 0. 744 0. 064 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 Specimen No. 2 is smaller, has four hairs on cauda instead of three, and is somewhat different in other ways. Since it was taken from the same host, I hesitate to describe it as new until more is known of it. Host.—Rhododendron rhodora. Distribution.—Orono, Maine. Cotypes.—Returned to Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. AMPHOROPHORA RUBI (Kaltenbach) Figs. 150-157, and 190 Aphis rubt KALTENBACH, Monographie der Pflanzenlause, 18438, p. 24. Siphonophora rubi (Kaltenbach) Kocn, Die Pflanzenlause Aphiden, 1854, p. 191.—Bucxton, British Aphides, vol. 1, 1876, p. 140.—TuHomas, 8th Rept. Ill. St. Ent., 1880, p. 64.—Licurenstemn, Les Pucerous, Mono- graphie des Aphidiens, 1885, p. 40.—Wututams, Univ. Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p. 7.—ScuouTepDEN, Ann. de la Soe. Ent. Belg., vol. 44, 1900, p. 116.— Wiuurams, Kans. Univ. Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 1910, p. 84. Nectarophora rubi (Kaltenbach) OrsttuNnpD, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 87.—Hunter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, pp. 116, 130. ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA——MASON 53 Macrosiphum rubi (Kaltenbach) Det Gusrcio, Nuove Rel. Staz. Firenze, ser. 1, no. 2, 1900, p. 159.—ScuouTepEN, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 45, 1901, p. 271.—Sansorn, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, pp. 248, 268.—Davis, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 4, 1911, p. 329; Nebr. Univ. Studies, Ent., no. 5, 1911, p. 34; Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 10, 1913, p. 104.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 148. Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach) Schourepgen, Mem. de la Soc. Ent. de Belg., vol. 12, 1906, p. 242.—GiLLETTE, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 4, 1911, p. 381.—THEOBALD, Ent., vol. 50, 1917, p. 79; Fruit, Flower and Vegetable Trades Journal, London, Oct. 13, 1917.—Suing1, Can. Ent., vol. 49, 1917, p. 52.—Essia, Univ. Cal. Pub. vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 329.—Swain, Univ. Cal. Pub., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 54. Rhopalosiphum rubi (Kaltenbach) VAN DER Goot, Beit. kennt. der Holland. Blattlause, 1915, p. 153.— MuLuEer-THURGAU, OSTERWALDER, SCHNEIDER- OrELLI, Rept. Dept. Plant Phys. and Plant Path. Swiss Exp. Inst. for Fruit, Vine and Garden Cult. at Wadenswil for the year 1915-16, 1917; Sept. from Landwist schaftl. Jahrbuch der Schweiz, p. 416. Eunectarosiphon rubi (Kaltenbach) Det GueErcio, Redia, vol. 9, 1913, p. 188. Acrythosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi rubi (Kaltenbach) Morpvintko, Fauna de la Russie, 1919, p. 251. Nectarosiphon rubi (Kaltenbach) Patcu, Conn. St. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 34, 1923, p. 310. Siphonophora fragariella THEOBALD, Rept. Econ. Zool. year ending Apr. 1, 1905, p. 35. Macrosiphum fragariellum THEOBALD, Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 8, no. 3, 1913, p. 124. Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi fragariellum (Theobald) Morpviixo, Fauna de la Russie, 1919, p. 263. This species seems to be widely distributed in Europe and on the North American continent. In America, however, there is another similar species (see sensoriata Mason) which, no doubt, has often been confused with rubt. In many of the references in literature it is impossible to tell to which one the writer referred. Gillette had this new species when he wrote: “‘A very similar species taken by Mr. Bragg at Lawrence, Kans., differs by having cornicles decidedly shorter and having joint 4 of the antenna in the alate viviparae well set with sensoria.”” Dr. C. P. Gillette kindly lent me this slide for examination. Still another species which might be confused with rubi Kaltenbach is described in this paper as reticulata, new species. The typical rubt Kaltenbach, as fixed by Gillette, Van der Goot, and Mordvilko and which is accepted here, has sensoria only on segment III, while sensorrata Mason has them also on IV and V. Gillette says that specimens from England examined by him are a little smaller but agree in other respects with American specimens. The species described by Swain in 1919 is not rubi Kaltenbach. He described specimens received from Gillette. JI have had the privilege of examing these same slides, kindly lent by Ferris, and they 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yoL. 67 prove to be the same as other specimens which I had already described in manuscript as davidsoni, new species. Swain did have specimens of rubt Kaltenbach from other sources, but did not describe them. Mordvilko under rubt Kaltenbach considers four subspecies. One of these is the typical rubi Kaltenbach. Another is fragariellum Theobald which I believe to be the same as rubi Kaltenbach. The other two subspecies are apparently distinct and I have elevated them to the rank of species. These are discussed under the indi- vidual species. I give herewith a translation of Mordvilko’s key for the separation of his four subspecies. 1. (6) The third segment of the antennae exceeds the fourth only slightly, for instance, one and one-third to one-seventh times; the unguis of the sixth segment almost equals the third segment (in wingless females somewhat shorter and in winged, somewhat though very little longer). 2. (5) The base of the sixth segment of the antennae consists of one-seventh to one-sixth the length of the third segment, reaching 0.17—0.19 and almost 0.20 mm., but at times (in the case of long antennae) 0.22. 3. (4) The cornicles even in the wingless females are dark, in front of the flange they are usually very slightly but nevertheless noticeably swollen; they reach one-fourth to two-ninths the length of the body (in wingless females) ; cauda with 3-4 bristly lateral hairs____--__- Ac, rubi amurense, new subspecies. 4. (3) Cornicles in wingless females light colored; in front of the flange there is hardly any swelling noticeable; the cornicles reach two-sevenths to one-third the length of the body; on the sides of the cauda are 5-6 bristly hairs§22 2 ei eS ee See ae See ee Ac. rubi rubi (Kaltenbach). 5 (2) The base of the sixth segment of the antennae consists of one-fifth the length of the third, reaching 0.22 mm_------ Ac, rubi fragariellum (Theobald). 6. (1) The third segment of the antenna exceeds the fourth distinctly, for instance, one and two-fifths to one and one-half times and the unguis of the sixth segment, even in the wingless females exceeds the third segment distinctly, for instance, one and two-fifths to one and one-half times and the unguis, even in wingless females exceeds the third segment distinctly, for instance, one and two- ninths times; the base of the sixth segment consists of about one-fifth the length of the third reaching 0.17—0.18 mm_-______- Ac. rubi zhuravlevi, new subspecies. Alate viviparous female.—Warge species. General color green. Antennae longer than the body, rather slender, dark colored, hairs nearly as long as width of segment, capitate, more conspicuously so in some specimens, III with 30-50 sensoria over the entire length, not strongly tuberculate. Antennal tubercles very large. Beak reaching second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles large. Cornicles very long, moderately swollen, the tips imbricated but not reticulated. Cauda long, broad, conical, not constricted, with 4-6 sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 55 No. III healt IV Vv VI 1 ts wae 1. 104 44 0. 944 0. 816 0. 208+1. 200 1. 104 48 0. 960 0. 832 0. 192+1. 248 ial io ad 1. 152 40 1. 008 0. 832 0. 200+ 1. 200 1. 136 45 0. 928 0. 832 0. 208+1. 232 at in teen 1. 056 38 0. 960 0. 800 0. 192+1. 216 1. 088 33 0. 944 0. 912 0.192+ ? TS Oe 1. 168 42 0. 848 0. 640 0.160+ ? Betieet ps 1. 168 36 0. 896 0. 688 0. 160+1. 136 1. 200 41 2 ? ? ? Gc ess 1. O88 32 0. 816 0. 576 0: 144-— ? 1. 104 34 0. 800 0. 624 Teint Ont 1. 200 31 0. 864 0. 752 0/1764 ? 1. 120 29 0. 704 0. 720 0. 160+1. 232 SISA roe 1. 136 30 0. 864 0. 608 0. 160+1. 008 1. O72 33 0. 864 0. 624 | Oboe —? Gis 1 Hi! 1. 152 42 0. 912 0. 640 0.160+ ? 1. 152 37 0. 880 0. 656 | 0. 160-40. 928 TO. S510 1.088 a7 1. 040 0. 880 0. 208+1. 296 1. 056 2 1. 040 0.848 | 0. 192+1. 264 POS 1 SCT. 1. ORB 30 0. 928 0.768 | 0. 192+1. 280 | 1. 040 31 0. 880 0.768 | 0.208+1.312 | Cornicle | No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange ests 0. 560 0. 448 0. 896 0. 088 0. 056 0. 072 0. 912 0. 088 0. 056 0. 072 Sens 0. 528 0. 432 0. 864 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080 0. 912 0. 096 0. 048 0. 072 = IGaN aU 0. 528 0. 448 0. 816 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080 0. 864 0. 096 0. 056 0. 080 Ait haiet 0. 560 ? 0. 848 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 0. 816 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 Baten et 0. 560 ? 0. 880 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 0. 864 0. 104 3. 056 0. 072 ae 0. 512 0. 384 0. 768 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 miei S. 0. 544 0. 384 0. 800 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 See ie 0.528 | 0.416 0. 800 3. 096 0. 048 0. 064 ori ? 0. 496 0. 896 0. 104 0. 056 0. 064 106.0) 0/544 0. 368 0. 864 0. 088 0. 064 0. 080 Tt i.) 0.1544 0. 320 0. 800 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080 0. 800 0. 080 0. 056 OLN72 Color Notes by Pergande.—“‘ The abdomen is greenish, with a darker green median stripe, with a row of 3 to 4 dusky or blackish spots on each side in front of nectaries. Nectaries whitish, their apex black. Tail of color of body. Antennae black, the two basal jts. head, and prothorax yellowish, terminal 14 or more of femora, and apex of tibiae and the tarsi black, rest of legs yellowish. Eyes and thoracic lobes brown.” Apterous viviparous female.—Large, green. Antennae somewhat longer than body, light colored, becoming darker towards the distal end, imbricated, hairs very conspicuous, nearly as long as width of segment, capitate on some specimens, III with 4-19 sensoria on outer 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 side of basal half. Antennal tubercles very large. Beak reaching beyond second coxae. Prothoracic tubercles present, a hair near each one. No abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles long, slender, but plainly swollen, tips imbricated, not reticulated. Cauda large, long, conical, not constricted, with about five sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: [ No. I peau IV | Vv VI fie eee 1. 216 10 0.968 | 0.720 0. 168+ 1. 088 1. 264 13 0.960 | 0.760. | O. 160+ PAINE Se a hay Test? 19 0. 896 | 0.752 |} O. 192+ fe 1. 280 NS: 0. 944 0. 768 0. 208+1. 216 SE seen Cee: 1. 282) 9 0. 976 0. 800 0. 176+1. 240 1. 240 10 1. 000 0. 784 | 3.176+1. 216 Ae Alc Gia es 1. 104 9 0. 976 0. 720 | 0. 192+ 1. 152 1. 152 10 0. 960 0.720 | 0. 176+ ? Ld pie See ahs ts 1. 264 9 1. 040 0.816 | 0. 208+ ? 1. 282 9 1. 024 0. 768 0. 192+ 1. 200 Gite _f Rec’ 1. 216 8 0. 896 0. 768 0. 192+ 1. 168 1. 184 9 0. 960 0. 752 0. 200+ 1. 200 fp ee a ape te 2o2 13 | 1. 024 0. 856 0. 224+ 1. 328 Sain ee tts 1. 248 14 1. 024 0. 816 0. 192+-1. 264 1. 248 12 0.992 | 0. 848 0. 192+ 1. 280 OU a ae 1. 184 Zf 1. 056 0. 896 0. 216+ 1. 200 LOseL te tee 20) 9 0. 768 0. 560 0. 168+ 1. 008 1. 136 a 0. 848 0. 584 0. 144+-0. 992 Pias a Le 1. 056 5 0. 608 0. 480 0. 144++ ? 1. 024 4 0. 608 0. 456 0. 144-++ ? gL 8 ge 1. 186 11 2? ? 1¢ 1,152 8 | 0. 864 0.648 | O. 160+ t Cornicle No. Head Cauda | Length Wide X Small X Flange | ES. & 0. 584 | 0. 512 0. 992 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080 0. 992 0. 096 0. 064 0. 072 Drit fe 0. 600 0. 544 0. 992 0. 096 0. 056 0. O80 1. 008 0. 096 0. 064 0. O80 ee 0. 544 0. 512 1. 056 0. 096 0. 064 0. O88 | 1. 072 0. 096 0. 064 0. 088 (oe 0.584 | 0. 464 0.960 | 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080 | 0.992 | 0.088 | 0. 064 0. O80 Gab. 0. 608 0. 520 0. 976 0. 104 0. 064 0. 080 | | 1. 024 0. 104 0. 064 0. 080 open DA CS 0. 544 0. 464 | 0. 960 0. 088 0. 056 0. 080 | | 2? 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080 eae | 0.608 | 0. 496 1. 024 0. O88 0. 056 0. O80 1. 008 0.088 | 0. 056 0. 072 S=r2225 0. 600 0. 528 1. 008 0. 096 0. 064 0. 080 1. 008 0. 104 0. 064 0. 080 te A SS 0. 576 0.496 | 0. 976 0. O80 0. 048 0. 064 | 0. 960 0. 080 0. 056 0. 072 102 0. 576 0. 480 0. 928 0: 112 0. 064° | 0. O80 0. 912 0. 112 0. 056 0. 072 Pi bs Aes ees 0. 496 0. 464 0. 832 0. O88 0. 056 0. 072 i pee ak 0. 568 0. 480 0. 960 0. 120 0. 064 0. 072 0. 896 0. 112 0. 064 0. 080 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 5 Alate male.—Antennae much longer than body, dark colored, especially III, hairs nearly as long as width of segment, III and V with sensoria, IV without. Beak about reaching second coxae. Cornicles dark colored, long, moderately swollen, tips imbricated. Cauda as seen from the side, is of moderate length, not constricted and with 3 or 4 lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Tag eee, ad¥epasorey tian aBaav ee v1 0. 944 67 0. 720 0 0. 736 18 0. 192+-1. 312 0. 976 64 0. 768 0 0-712 19 0.176+ ? Cornicle Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X | Flange ood Se ah ee Eas Anes | ? 0. 144 0. 576 0. 064 0. 040 | 0. 056 0. 576 0. 064 0. 040 | 0. 056 Apterous Oviparous Female.—This is described by Van der Goot. Biology.—This species is found on probably a large number of the members of the genus Rubus, both wild and cultivated. Exact specific records of the host plants are, however, often wanting. So far as known it has no alternate host, and it has been found throughout the summer on Rubus. Pergande found them singly on the under side of leaves. He called attention in his notes to the difference between this and the habits of sensoriata Mason, which are found on the canes. In his account of fragariellum, Theobald gives additional biological data. It is probable that this species is responsible for the spread of mosaic, but there are no definite published data as yet. Theobald reports it from the dissected crops of young fowls. Food Plants.—Rubus, strawberries. Distribution.—Europe, North America (Massachusetts; Maine; Ottawa, Canada; New York; District of Columbia; Virginia; Ohio; Minnesota; Colorado; New Mexico; and California). Type.—Kaltenbach’s type is undoubtedly lost. Specimens which I consider to be this species and which agree with descriptions of other authors are in the National Collection. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 AMPHOROPHORA RUBICOLA (Oestlund) Figs. 144-149, 193 Macrosiphum rubicola O—EsTLUND, Minn. St. Geol. Rept. no. 14, 1886, p. 27; Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 78 —Wuuuiams, Univ. Nebr. Spec. Bull. 1, 1891, p. 22.—HuntsEr, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, 1901, p. 110—Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 233, 1914, p. 270. Nectarosiphon rubicola (Oestlund) Kirkaupy, Canad. Ent., 1906, p. 12.— SANBORN, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 8, 1906, p. 269.—Wixson, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 3, 1910, p. 318; Proc. Brit. Colum. Ent. Soc., vol. 5, 1915, p. 83.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 149.—Swarn, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 3, no. 1, 1919, p. 77.—Patcn, Conn. St. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., no. 34, 1923, p. 310. Nectarosiphum rubicola (Oestlund) Essie, Univ. Cal. Pub. Tech. Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ent., vol. 1, no. 7, 1917, p. 327.—Suing1, Psyche, vol. 24, no. 3, 1917, p. 84. Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund) Davipson, Journ. Econ. Ent., 1914, p. 136. This large species on Rubus is rather close in appearance to two other species on Rubus which are described in this paper as davidsoni and maxima. It may be distinguished from them by the large dusky spot on the tips of the wings and by the dark colored antennae, segment III of which is conspicuously shorter than the cornicle and has 20-30 sensoria. Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about as long as body, dark colored, except base of IIT, hairs conspicuous, about as long as width of segment, III with 20-30 sensoria scattered over nearly the entire length and not in a straight row. Antennal tubercles fairly large. Beak extending usually to third coxae. In some specimens there are two tubercles showing on the posterior, dorsal portion of the head. The prothorax has two dorsal tubercles, and a lateral tubercle on each side. The front wings have a dusky spot at the tips. This is darker in some specimens than in others. The abdomen has several lateral tubercles, one specimen showing five in front of the cornicle and one caudad of the cornicle. Hairs are present around each tubercle. The cornicles are long, curved, conspicuously swollen and distinctly reticulated. The cauda is long, slender and constricted, with 5-6 lateral hairs. Antennal measurements No. raat pias Vv VI 2 lie Se eae 0. 896 26 0. 592 0. 560 0. 112+ (0. 592+-) 0. 864 25 0. 608 0. 528 0. 112+ (0. 496+) 2 ee 0. 928 23 ts 7s t 0.960 | 22 0. 832 0. 784 0. 160+ 1. 008 eat eee 0. 848 Pel 0. 576 0. 512 0. 152+ 0. 928 0. 848 28 ? ie a ES ee 0. 992 30 0. 656 0. 576 0. 152+0. 880 0.976 | 7p. 0. 688 0. 576 0. 144+0. 880 ee Ee Re 0. 848 | 21 0. 576 0. 480 0. 128+-0. 816 0. 832 ? 0. 592 0. 480 0. 128+ 0. 864 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 59 Other measurements Cornicle No. Head Cauda = Length |Reticulated| Wide X Small X Flange eae es 0. 560 | 0. 304+) 1. 024 0. 080 0. 192 0. 072 0. 088 1. 040 0. O80 0. 192 0. 072 0. 088 ae ee 0. 544 | 0. 320+) 1.312 0. O80 0. 156 0. 064 0. 088 1. 280 0. 096 0. 144 0. 064 0. 080 Se eee | 0. 544 | 0. 336 1. 184 0. 080 0. 160 0. 064 0. 080 1. 184 0. 080 0. 176 0. 064 0. 080 YY Re 0. 512 | 0. 448 TSG 0. 096 0. 120 0. 064 0. 080 | 1. 120 0. 080 0. 120 0. 064 0. 080 ee eS 0. 512 | 0. 368 152 0. 080 OnI52 0. 064 0. 080 | 1. 200 0. 048 0. 192 0. 064 0. 080 Patch gives the most compact color description, although it is taken from a rather dark specimen. Apterous viviparous female—Antennae about as long as body, light colored except distal ends of segments and VI, hairs numerous, about as long as width of segment, II with 13-15 sensoria on basal half. Beak reaching nearly to third coxae. The only tubercles showing are the lateral prothoracic ones. Cornicles very long, not as conspicu- ously reticulated as in the alates, somewhat imbricated. Cauda small, somewhat constricted. Measurements as follows: No. III coon IV Vv VI he eS een 0. 944 14 0. 544 0. 480 0. 112+0. 848 0. 944 15 0. 560 0. 432 0. 112+ ? Qacesn seas 0. 768 13 0. 560 0. 512 0. 128+0. 944 0. 864 13 rf ? ? Cornicle No. Head i = Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange ee ee 0. 528 1. 424 0. 032 0. 144 0. 064 0. 080 1. 392 0. 048 0. 152 0. 064 0. 072 Qesto lh 0. 528 j. 120 0. 032 0. 128 0. 064 0. 072 1. 200 - 0. 128 0. 064 0. 072 Pergande left the following color description of metatype apterous specimens, taken on Rubus strigosus at Minneapolis, Minn., July 14, 1903: ‘Color greenish yellow, marked with a broad dark green median and lateral stripe. Eyes dark brown; nectaries stout and dusky. Antennae whitish; apex of jts. 3-5 and the last black femora pale bluish green; tibiae pale yellowish, darkest toward the end, tarsi black. Head yellowish, tail greenish, body not or but faintly pruinous.” 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Alate male.—Only one specimen is available for study, and this specimen has lost one antenna and all but a part of segment III of the other. This portion is 0.704 mm. long, dark colored, lighter at. the base, thickly covered with 57 circular sensoria, hairs almost as. long as width of segment. Antennal tubercles not targe. Head 0.496 mm. across eyes. No tubercles showing on thorax or abdomen. Tips of wings with dusky spot. Abdomen light colored. Cornicles light colored, reticulated at the tips, imbricated over the entire length, measurements as follows: Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange | 0768 mm. 0. 064 0. 104 0. 048 0.064 | 0. 752 0. 064 0. 104 0. 056 0. 064 | Oviparous females.—Light colored. Antennae light colored, about equal to the body in length, hairs conspicuous, nearly as long as width of segment, with a group of sensoria near base of III. An- tennal tubercles of moderate length. Beak reaching to third coxae. Cornicles light colored, darker at the tips, reticulated. Cauda conical, not constricted, with three sets of lateral hairs. Posterior tibiae with numerous sensoria on basal half, becoming less numerous on distal half. Measurements as follows: No. II ee | IV Vv VI 1] Pee ere 0. 672 5 0. 4382 0. 400 0. 120+0. 672 0. 672 5 0. 424 0. 408 0.136+ ? Dake mile Se 0. 704 6 0. 496 0. 432 0. 120+-0. 688 0. 752 10 0. 480 0. 400 0. 112+ 0. 688 bs | ee eal annie ns 0. 688 7 0. 448 0. 400 0. 120+0. 672 0. 720 9 0. 480 0. 368 ? A oceecoee 0. 736 11 0. 496 0.416 | 0. 112+0. 720 ? ? ? 0.416 | 0. 120+0. 720 Cornicle No. wins of | Cauda Length |Reticulated| Wide X Small X Flange | ese ee 0. 512 0. 208 0. 944 0. 064 0. 176 0. 064 0. 080 0. 992 0. 064 ¢ 0. 064 0. 080 ye ee ae 0. 512 0. 176 1. 008 0. 064 0. 168 0. 064 0. 080 0. 960 0. 064 0. 160 0. 064 0. 080 SY 1k 0. 528 ? 0. 976 0. 064 0. Ae 0. yon 0. ost ? % ? ? 7 go abet aie 0. 520 0. 240 0. 912 0. 064 ig 0. 064 0. 080 1. 040 0. 080 0:,112 0. 064,|} 0. O80 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 61 The alate male and oviparous females just described were taken by Dr. A. C. Baker on wild raspberry. No viviparous forms were taken, but I feel certain that the specimens must belong to this species. Biology.—But little is known of the biology of this species. It is found on the leaves and shoots of various species of Rubus. Dr. Edith M. Patch took an alate female with eight nymphs on wild red raspberry on August 1, 1906, in Maine. In Minnesota Pergande took apterous females and nymphs on July 14, 1903. In California Shinji took alate and apterous viviparous females on March 20, 1915, at Berkeley; Essig found them at the same place on March 29, 1916, at which time ‘there were also a number of young pink forms not observed during the summer”’; he also found the species abundant on May 24, 1916; Davidson took them in the hilly canyons of Contra Costa County, on May 138, 1913—‘‘at that date about 95 per cent of the lice were large pupae or recently transformed adults.” Ross took alate and apterous forms at Ottawa, Canada on July 21, 1917, and Wilson at Vancouver, British Columbia, on July 12, 1915. Shinji took his males at Berkeley, Calif., on April 4, 1915. Oe6est- lund found them in Minnesota “as late as November first, together with the oviparous wingless females.’ Baker took the sexes de- scribed above at Guelph, Ontario, October 10, 1910. Distribution—From Maine to California; Ottawa and British Columbia. Host.—Rubus. Cotype.—Oestlund’s collection. AMPHOROPHORA SENSORIATA Mason Figs. 158-163 Amphorophora sensoriata Mason, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, No. 9, 1923, p. 188. As explained under rubi Kaltenbach, this is the species mentioned by Gillette as differing from rubi. It seems to be rather common on this continent and has no doubt often been confused with rudv. So far as I know, it is not found in Europe, the type continent of rubt Kaltenbach. It is easily distinguished from rubi by the sensoria on IV and V of the alate, by the larger number of sensoria on III in both the alate and apterous forms, by the shorter hairs on the antenna, by the shorter cornicles, and by the smaller number of hairs on the cauda. Alate viviparous jfemale.—Large species. General color green. Antennae longer than body, dark colored, imbricated, hairs incon- spicuous, much smaller than in rubz, numerous sensoria on III, IV, and some on VY. Antennal tubercles large. Beak very short, in 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 some specimens not reaching second coxae. Prothoracic and abdominal tubercles not showing. Cornicles fairly long, moderately swollen, the tips imbricated, but not reticulated. Cauda of medium length, broad, not constricted, with about three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: The first three are from cotype slides, the others from paracotype slides. Soils) «Lay Renata) (lary embed (mx pata Beg vi 1 Walad A ores Elle Paaky (pers! 75 0. 800 39 0. 576 5 0. 192+. 0. 960 1. 104 82 0. 848 47 0. 560 3 0. 192+0. 960 > ae 1.072 62 0. 936 30 0. 512 4 0. 176+0. 960 1. 024 62 0. 800 34 0. 544 5 0. 176+ 0. 928 A eee See pu Parad Ban b7 33 65 0. 896 32 0. 608 1 0.192+ ? 1. 184 66 0. 848 38 0. 640 2 0. 192+1. 040 Ys Neptoeten UR 1. 040 61 0. 784 32 0. 544 0 0. 176+0. 928 1. 120 69 0. 864 36 19 2 | ? tj estan ar -| 1. 040 62 0. 768 36 0. 544 0 0. 176+ 1. 040 G2 ee -| 0. 960 55 0. 736 31 0. 528 5 0. 160-+-0. 928 (ae eat _| 1.040 59 0. 672 20 0. 496 33 0. 160+ 0. 880 Se. os -| 1. 008 62 0. 784 31 0. 480 4 0. 160+ 0. 800 O es: Brae 1. 008 49 0. 768 33 0. 496 5 0.176+ ? Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange iD een eel 0. 536 0. 288 0. 544 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 0. 560 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 Pj a ee 0. 528 0. 272 0. 480 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 0. 512 0. 072 0. 040 0.048 | 5 eae 0. 544 0. 256 0. 528 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 |: 0! 512 0. 080 0. 048 0. 056 7, Gal oie 0. 528 ON 272 0. 576 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 0. 576 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 On. 0. 512 0. 288 0. 560 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048 (ee 0. 480 4 0. 496 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 (eee ORS 12, 0. 240 0. 512 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 BL kas 0. 504 0. 272 0. 560 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 Ope eves 2 0. 544 0. 288 0. 608 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 048 The following color notes were made by Pergande from the cotype specimens: “Color of abdomen of migrant light to dark bluish green and highly polished; head and thoracic and sternal plate yellowish brown, the sutures of the lobes more or less black; disk of prothorax very pale brownish, darkest along its posterior margin; eyes reddish brown; ocelli bordered with black at inner margin; antenna black; legs black, the femora brownish yellow at base; nectaries black, greenish at base; tail greenish, or yellowish green; wings colorless, subcosta brown or yellowish brown, stigma dusky, veins black, those of stigmal vein and branches of third slighly clouded at tip.”’ ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 63 Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about a third longer than body, imbricated, the hairs inconspicuous, much shorter than width of segment, III with a row of sensoria. Antennal tubercles large. Beak reaching about to second coxae. Cornicles moderately long, plainly swollen, the tips imbricated, but not reticulated. The cauda broad, conical, not constricted, with about three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: No. 1 is from the cotype slide. Other are paracotypes. No. III eo Iv Vv vI eee ene 1. 088 ? 0. 864 0. 608 0. 162+. 0. 992 gS eae eee 1. 088 32 0. 864 0. 576 0.192+ ? ica pera a 1. 152 34 0. 864 0. 592 0.176+ ? 4ti is posurs 1. 088 30 0. 704 0. 480 0. 176-+0. 760 Cf ee pee 1. 104 23 0. 816 16 ? Cornicle No. Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 1 ie es 0. 536 2 0. 608 0. 072 0. 040 0. 048 Die Be 0. 544 0. 352 0. 608 0. 088 0. 040 0. 048 he eae 0. 544 0. 288 0. 592 0. 088 0. 040 0. 048 Ahintee 0. 528 0. 256 0. 576 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048 1S a 0. 496 0. 256 0. 608 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048 Pergande left the following color notes of the cotype specimen: “‘ Apterous female pale bluish green; antennae black, the two basal joints and front edge of head brownish yellow, eyes brown, legs yellowish brown, the base of femora very pale bluish green; nectaries dusky, paler at base, tail of color of body.” Intermediate.—Similar to other forms, except for very small wings, larger on left side, and for the number of sensoria, III have 37 on one side and 39 on the other, IV having 5 on each antenna. No ocelli present. Measurements as follows: III | IV Vv VI te isp | 0. 912 0. 560 0. 192+0. 896 1. 152 | 0. 848 0. 544 0. 192+-0. 720 Cornicle Head Cauda = = Length Wide X Small X Flange 0. 496 0. 336 0. 640 0. 080 0. 040 0. 048 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM voL. 67 Biology.—I have found this species sparingly on the stems of raspberry, never on the leaves. Pergande says in his notes: ‘‘ Found on stems of Rubus, which they sometimes covered for a distance of several inches. Drop readily, if disturbed.” It probably remains on Rubus throughout the year. I have examined specimens taken June 26, 1903, in Virginia (type); July 11, 1903, Minnesota; June 20, 1905, District of Columbia; July 10, 1919, West Virginia; June 20, 1920, Pennsylvania; September 20, 1921, Maryland; and September 13, Massachusetts. Distribution.—Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Minnesota, and Kansas. Host.—Rubus. Cotypes.—Deposited in U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 26379. Paracotype slides in the National Museum and in the collection of Dr. T. L. Guyton. AMPHOROPHORA SOLANI (Thomas) Figs. 10-13 Megoura solani Tuomas, Rept. Ill. State Ent., vol. 8, 1880, p. 73.—LicHTEN- sTEIN, Monographie des Aphidiens, 1885, p. 41—AsHmeEapD, Bull. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. 14, 1887, p. 18.—Wiuxson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol. 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 158. Rhopalosiphum solani (Thomas) OrstLuND, Rept. Minn. St. Geol., vol. 14, 1885, p. 29; Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 4, 1887, p. 76.— Hunter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60, 1901, p. 107.—Davis, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 3, 1910, p. 495; Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 10, 1913. p. 100. Myzoides persicae (Sulzer) VAN DER Goot, Beit. zur Kennt. der Hollandis- chen Blattlause, 1915, p. 170. This species is not known to me. It was first taken by Thomas at Carbondale, Tll., on May 26, 1878, and described by him in 1880. In 1913 Davis redescribed it from specimens in the Illinois collec- tion, which he considered to be the type specimens and gave camera lucida drawings. These appear to be of a valid species of Amphoro- phora. Ashmead ° discusses a tomato aphis under this name, but I am not certain that he had the same species. Host plant.—Tomato. Distribution.—Ulinois. Type.—Deposited in collection of Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. (U.S. Diy. Ent. Bull. 14, 1887, pp. 18-19. ART. 20 THE APHID. GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 65 AMPHOROPHORA SPIRAECOLA (Patch) Figs. 164-168 Macrosiphum spiraecola Patcu, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 233, 1914, p. 271.—Witson and Vickery, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters, vol, 19, pt. 1, 1918, p. 161. Nectarosiphon spiraecola Patcu, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 34, 1923, p. 310. The writer has had the privilege of examining the cotype specimens which were kindly lent by Dr. Edith M. Patch. In the original account only the apterous form was discussed. Doctor Patch later took a single alate viviparous female in company with apterous forms. The drawings and the following description are from this specimen. Alate viviparous female——Antennae nearly twice as long as body, rather slender, dark colored, length of hairs less than half of diameter of the segment, III with 15-17 circular sensoria of varying sizes and not in an even row, IV, V, and VI distinctly inbricated and with no secondary sensoria; length of segments as follows: Ill IV Ms VI 0. 896 mm. 0. 816 0. 880 0. 224+ 1. 312 0. 848 0. 848 0. 896 0. 224+ 1. 280 The specimen which lays on its side shows a tubercle slightly back of the center of the head, with a knobbed hair directly in front of it. The antennal tubercles appear rather small from the lateral view. The beak is short, not reaching beyond the second coxae. The cornicles are moderately swollen, 0.784 mm. long, reticulated for 0.08 mm., imbricated over nearly the entire length, widest diameter 0.12 mm., smallest diameter 0.048 mm., flange 0.064 mm. wide. The cauda is twisted, but appears to be very long and moderately wide. Doctor Patch, in a letter furnishes the following color notes: ‘“Thorax pale brown; body pale brown; cornicle pale, tip dark.” Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as body, lighter colored than in the alate, hairs inconspicuous, shorter than width of segment, III with 3-7 sensoria near base, distal seg- ments faintly imbricated. Antennal tubercles large and conspicuous. Beak reaching second coxae. Cornicles long, moderately swollen, distinctly reticulate at tip. Cauda long, conical, slight indication of constriction, three sets of hairs. 43328—251——5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Antennal measurements Ill Sensoria on III IV Vv VI 1. 088 3 0. 880 0. 816 0. 192+ 1. 120 1. 088 5 0. 880 0. 832 0. 192+ 1. 088 0. 992 3 0. 912 0. 848 0. 208+ (0. 736+) 0. 976 4 0. 880 0. 880 0. 208+ 1. 120 0. 992 7 0. 880 0. 848 0. 208+ 1. 264 0. 992 6 0. 848 0. 816 0. 208+ 1. 232 1. 088 5 0. 912 0. 840 0. 208+ 1. 168 1. 056 6 - 0: 912 0. 880 0. 208+ 1. 200 0. 864 3 0. 816 0. 800 0. 224+ 1. 152 0. 944 3 0. 800 0. 816 0. 208+-1. 152 0. 784 3 0. 736 0. 608 0. 176+ 1. 040 0. 784 ? 0. 704 0. 592 0. 192+ 1. 232 Other measurements Cornicle Head width Cauda Length Reticulated Wide X Small X Flange 0. 480 0. 480 0. 976 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064 0. 976 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064 0. 480 0. 400 0. 864 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064 0. 928 0. 064 0. 088 0. 048 0. 064 0. 464 0. 448 0. 896 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064 0. 896 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064 0. 536 0. 480 1. 008 0. 064 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 0. 992 0. 064 0. 096 0. 056 0. 072 0. 496 0. 416 1. 024 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064 0. 912 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 064 0. 416 0. 960 0. 064 0. 080 0. 056 0. 064 0. 960 0. 064 0. 080 0. 048 0. 072 0. 480 0. 416 0. 752 0. 064 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064 0. 768 0. 064 0. 072 0. 048 0. 056 This species was first taken by Doctor Patch on August 20, 1910, on the ventral side of the leaves of Spiraea van houtter at Orono, Me. The collection consisted of apterous viviparous females and nymphs. On July 11, 1916, she took a single alate female with young, and apterous females with young on Spiraea salicifolia at Orono, Me. There is in the National Museum a single slide containing two 4pterous viviparous females. These were taken by A. N. Caudell at Kaslo, British Columbia, June 23, 1903, on Spiraea species. I know of no other collections. , Cotypes.—Deposited in the collection of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station—apterous No. 97-10, alate No. 84-16. art. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 67 AMPHOROPHORA TAKAHASHIIL, new species Figs. 78, 79 Amphorophora, species TAKAHASHI, Aphididae of Formosa, pt. 2, Report No. 4, Dept. of Agr., Government Research Institute, Formosa, Japan, 1923, p. 32. Takahashi discusses this form without giving it a name, simply. calling it Amphorophora, species. While I have not seen it, I do not recognize it from his description as belonging to any of the named species in this genus. It is evidently a border line species between Amphorophora and Macrosiphum. I take pleasure in naming it after Takahashi and quote his description. Wingless viviparous female-—White, somewhat pale yellowish. Eyes black. Antennae white, apices of the third, fourth, and fifth joints, and the sixth black. Cornicles white with black apices. Legs white, apical halves of femora, apices of tibiae, and tarsi black; tibiae somewhat pale brownish on the basal half. Cauda white. Body oval, with some short bristles. Frontal tubercles large, some- what convex on the inner side. Antennae very long and slender, provided with a few short hairs; the third joint provided with one or two small circular sensoria near the base; the fourth very slightly imbricated, lacking sensoria; the relative length of joints as follows: III-75, IV—53, V-48, VI-115 (18+97). Rostrum reaching beyond the hind coxae. Cornicles long, a little longer than the fourth antennal joint, about 1.8 times as long as the cauda, cylindrical, very slightly dilated about the middle and on the base, with a little imbrication at the tip. Cauda large, ensiform, with a few lateral bristles. Legs very long and slender; tibiae provided with many short bristles; tarsi rather short. Length of body, 2.1mm. Antennae, about 3.2mm. Cornicle, 0.6 mm. Host.—Pollia japonica, attacking the leaf. Distribution. Formosa; Rimogan near Urai. Collected by Messrs. Kurosawa and Sueta in July, 1921. Cotype.—Specimenstin the Entomological Laboratory of the De- partment of Agriculture Government Research Institute, Formosa. AMPHOROPHORA VACCINII, new species Figs. 179-188, 191-192 Alate viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as body, dark colored, imbrications not conspicuous, hairs small and incon- spicuous, III with a row of 12-16 circular sensoria on outer edge, other segments without secondary sensoria. Antennal measure- ments as follows: No. rest Beueorls IV Vv VI it an 0. 720 LS 0. 608 0. 576 0. 160+0. 896 0. 688 16 0. 624 0. 592 0. 176+0. 784 pte a Pea ea 0. 704 14 0. 560 0. 544 0. 176+0. 896 0. 688 i 0. 560 0. 566 0.176+ ? 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Antennal tubercles large and distinct. Beak reaching about to second coxae. Cornicles light at base, remainder darker, long and slender, plainly swollen, somewhat imbricated, distinctly reticulated at tip. Cauda light colored, long and slender, only slightly con- stricted, with three sets of lateral hairs. Cornicle No. Head Cauda 1 Length een Wide X | Small X Flange 1 Pees east ees 0. 44 0. 464 0. 688 0. 096 0. 072 0. 040 0. 064 0. 688 0. 112 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 ih epee 2 0. 40 te 0. 688 0. 096 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 | 0. 672 0. 096 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae about twice as long as body, somewhat lighter in color than in the alates, imbrications not conspicuous, hairs very small and inconspicuous, a row of 2—4 sensoria near base of III. Antennal measurements as follows: | No. IIL Sensoria on III | IV Vv VI irate hy 0. 672 3 0. 512 0. 480 0. 160-+0. 816 0. 672 ve 0. 512 0. 480 0. 160-+0. 864 ise 0. 704 4 0. 528 0. 496 0. 176-+0. 896 0. 736 4 0. 528 OF aT 0. 160-+0. 896 Seca 0. 768 4 0. 608 0. 608 0. 176-++0. 880 Anan ae 0. 704 4 0. 496 0. 496 0. 144+0. 800 0. 688 4 0: 512 0. 504 0. 160-+-0. 784 We ab are’ 0. 624 3 0. 480 0. 464 0. 160-+0. 816 0. 640 3 0. 480 0. 480 0. 144+ 0. 960 Gee ase 0. 672 2 0. 528 0. 560 0. 176+ 0. 832 | 0. 672 3 0. 544 0. 544 0. 176+ 0. 880 tee eae 0. 672 3 0. 496 ON SL2Z 0. 176+ 0. 832 Sera. 0. 640 2 0. 448 0. 464 0. 160-++0. 816 0. 640 2 0. 480 0. 496 0. 176-+0. 848 OL 0. 672 3 0. 496 0. 496 0. 160+ 0. 752 0. 688 33 ON512 0. 496 0. 160+ 0. 752 L0G 22 0. 800 2 | 0. 576 0. 656 0. 208+ 1. 408 0. 784 2? | 0. 624 0. 672 0. 208-41. 216 Gs On io2 2 0. 656 0. 688 0. 192+ 1. 216 0. 752 2 0. 656 0. 704 0. 192+ 1. 104 2 (Ges 0. 768 74 0. 656 0. 688 0. 176+ 1. 152 0. 768 74 0. 640 0. 672 0. 192+ 1. 120 | 13 Gast 0. 688 4 0. 544 0. 512 0. 176-++0. 848 | 0. 688 3 0. 560 0. 512 0. 176+-0. 848 14G___| 0. 640 3 0. 512 0. 528 0. 160+ 0. 864 0. 640 2 OF SL? 0. 512 0. 176-+0., 848 0. 624 4 0. 4382 0. 448 0. 176+0. 912 T5Gzes| 0. 608 4 0. 448 0. 448 0. 176+0. 912 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON 69 Antennal tubercles very large and distinct. Beak reaching be- yond second coxae. Cornicles long, slender, somewhat swollen, plainly reticulated at tip, swollen portion imbricated.. Cauda long, slender, not distinctly constricted, three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Cornicles No. Head Cauda ; a Length | Reticula- | wigex | smallX | Flange t Eee ee 0. 408 ie 0. 624 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 048 0. 640 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056 Deen er a6 0. 352 0. 704 0. O8O 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056 0. 704 0. OSO 0. 064. 0. 040 0. 056 uve Er 0. 432 0. 368 0. 880 0. 112 0. 072 0. 048 0. 056 0. 896 0. 104 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 7 nari eases 0. 416 0. 304 0. 672 0. O8O 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 0. 704 0. 096 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056 [Ss pape 0. 416 0. 320 0. 656 0. OSO 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056 | 0. 672 0. 080 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 Gree ows 0: 416 0. 296 0. 720 0. O80 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 056 0. 704 0. O80 0. 064 0.040 | 0. 056 ee aes 0.400 | 0. 272 0. 608 0. O80 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056 0. 656 0. OSO 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056 ile. eee 0. 400 0. 304 0. 752 0. O8O 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 ONZ52 0. O8O 0. 072 0.040 | 0. 064 Quast t 0. 408 0. 304 0. 720 0. OSO 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 0. 704 0. O80 0. 072 0. 040 0. 064 IOC MES Ss 0.448 | 0. 336 0. 720 0. 096 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 0. 720 0. 096 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 THEGS 1s 0.:448 | 0. 320 0. 720 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 0. 704 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 A2GO___ s 0. 392 0. 304 0. 704 0. OSO 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 0. 704 0. 080 0. 072 0. 040 0. 056 TIGO.-_£ 0. 416 ? 0. 688 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 0. 688 0. OSO 0. 064 0. 040 0. 056 Ta Gee 0. 384 ? 0. 560 0. O8O 0. 056 0. 040 0. 064 0. 560 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056 hy Ge eae 0. 376 0. 232 0. 512 0. 048 ? iY ? 0. 496 0. 064 0. 056 0. 040 0. 056 Apterous nymphal measurements Head Cornicle Til IV Vv VI 0..352 0. 368 0. 240 0. 208 0. 288 0. 096-+0. 592 0. 368 0. 240 0. 208 0. 272 0. 112+ 0. 592 0. 360 0. 384 0. 232 0. 208 0. 256 0. 112+-0..568 2 0. 240 0. 208 0. 280 0.120+ ? 0. 416 0. 560 0. 480 0. 528 0. 528 0. 160+ 1. 008 0. 560 0. 480 0. 512 0. 520 0. 152+ 1. 008 ? 0. 560 0. 432 0. 384 0. 416 0. 144+0. 736 0. 560 0. 448 0. 384 0. 400 0. 128+0. 752 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Apterous oviparous female.—Antennae about one-third longer than body, light colored (in balsam mount), imbrications not con- spicuous, hairs small, shorter than width of segment, III with one to three circular sensoria near base. Antennal measurements as follows: No. Il IV Vv VE ieee S 0. 720 0. 608 0. 608 0. 160+ 0. 928 0. 736 0. 608 0. 608 0. 160+0. 912 7 IA Se eB: 0. 640 0. 592 0. 560 0. 184+ 0. 848 0. 640 0. 608 0. 560 0. 184-++ 0. 864 nes AE soa 0. 592 0. 528 0. 544 0.176+ ? 0. 592 0. 544 0. 560 0. 176+-0. 864 Antennal tubercles large and prominent. Beak reaching second coxae. Hind tibiae with usual sensoria present, more numerous in center than at ends. Cornicles long and slender, only slightly swollen, distinctly reticulated at tip. Cauda conical, not constricted, with three sets of lateral hairs. Measurements as follows: Cornicle No Head Cauda E Length Reveals: Wide X | Small X Flange j dbase chee a et 0. 448 0. 304 0. 656 0. 064 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064 Be nearer Os| pegs peg Sk 0. 672 0. 064 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064 ere e 0. 4382 0. 296 0. 704 0. 048 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064 fe SRN Fae a aield 0. 704 0. 048 0. 064 0. 048 0. 064 5 Ee Oe 0. 424 0. 304 0. 640 0. 048 0. 048 0. 040 0. 056 Lele Te, Pt 0.624 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.040] 0. 064 Described from two alates, nine apterous viviparous females, and three apterous oviparous females, all taken by H. V. Scammell at Whitesbog, N. J. The alates and viviparous apterous forms were taken on blueberry on June 28 and July 11, 1915. The oviparous females were taken on December 1, 1914, on ‘‘three square’ while cranberry bog was being flooded. The specimens marked in the tables of measurements as 10G, 11G, and 12G were collected by Dr. T. L. Guyton at Hartstown, Pa., June 22, 1921, on Vaccinium corym- bosum. They are designated as paracotypes. Those marked 13G, 14G, and 15G are from Guyton, taken on Vaccinium stamineum and appear to be the same, but on a different species of Vaccinium. I have also received a single apterous viviparous female taken on Vaccinium, species in Massachusetts on July 8, 1921, by Harold Morrison. Cotypes.—Deposited in the U. S. National Museum, No. 26380. Paracotypes in the collection of Dr. T. L. Guyton. arr. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—MASON 71 AMPHOROPHORA VAGANS (Van der Goot) Rhopalosiphum vagans VAN DER Goot, Records of the Indian Museum, vol. 13, pt. 4, no. 2, 1917, p. 177. All I know of this species is in Van der Goot’s original account. AMPHOROPHORA ZHURAVLEVI Mordyilko Acyrthosiphon (Amphorophora) rubi zhuravleri MorpvitKo, Fauna de la Russie, vol. 1, liv. 2, 1919, p. 265. Mordvilko described this form as a subspecies of rubi Kaltenbach. I have not seen it, but judging from his description it is a good species. The apterous form can be distinguished from rubi Kaltenbach by the differences in proportion of the antennal segments (see page 54). I quote herewith a translation of Mordvilko by A. J. Bruman. Apterous viviparous female-——Depth of frontal furrow represents about three- tenths the distance between the bases of the antennae. Mouth of furrow about two-thirds this distance. The projection of the vertex is distinct. Antennae somewhat longer than the body. The third segment is one and three-sevenths to one and one-half times longer than the fourth and this one is only slightly longer than the fifth. The base of VI equals one-fifth to two-elevenths the length of the third segment, and the unguis of the sixth segment is one and two-ninths times or thereabouts longer than the third. On the third segment near the base there are 3-4 sensoria, its longest hairs reach three-fifths to four-fifths of the diameter of the proximal part of the segment. The cornicles reach one-fifth to two-ninths the length of the body; toward the base they become wider, at one-fourth to one-third from the base they become narrow, from the point to one-third from the end they widen and finally, at the flange they again become narrow. Cornicles without sculpture, except at the very tip one may notice 2-3 trans- verse, ring-shaped ribs. The cornicles are two and one-half to two and one- third times longer than the cauda. The cauda is long-triangular with uneven laterial edges, with 4-5 bristly hairs on each side. Length of body of two speci- mens was 3.11-3.21 mm. Color as in Ac. rubi rubi; that is, pale yellowish-green. Measurements of two specimens from Uralsk 3.11—1.47: Frontal furrow, 0.07; between bases of antennae, 0.23; mouth of furrow, 0.14; width of furrow at the middle of its depth, 0.12, at base 0.08; frontal vertex projection, 0.009; hairs on each side, 0.053. Antennae, 3.43, with the following measurements of individual segments: 0.13, 0.10, 0.86, 0.57 (0.59), 0.54, 0.18 (0.17), 1.06. Hairs on the third segment, 0.017—0.035 (0.017—0.031) ; diameter of proximal part of segment 0.0438, near base 3 sensoria. Cornicles 0.66 (0.68), their thickness: 0.10 (base), 0.056 (0.22 from base), 0.070 (0.23 from tip), 0.046 (in front of flange), 0.063 (flange). Cauda, 0.26; its thickness 0.15 (base), 0.12 (0.11 from tip); on each side there are four hairs. The posterior femora, 1.16; tibia, 2.15: tarsi, 0.15 (0.046, 0.13); claws, 0.043; hairs on leg, 0.33, 0.066; the diameter of the proximal part of the leg 0.050, 3.21, 1.54. Frontal projection, 0.009; hairs on the sides, 0.060. Antennae, 3.52, with the following size of separate segments: 0.13, 0.10, 0.86, (0.87), 0.59 (0.61), 0.56 (0.58), 0.18 (0.17), 1.10 (1.06). Hairs on the third segment, 0.014- 0.027; diameter of proximal part of segment, 0.047; near the base are 4 sensoria. Cornicles, 0.67; their thickness, 0.10, 0.053 (0.19 from base), 0.070 (0.22 from tip), 0.046 (0.016 from tip). 0.046 (in front of flange), 0.070 (flange). The cauda is 0.29 (length), 0.17 (base), 0.10 (0.14 from end); on each side 4-5 hairs. Posterior femora, 1.16; tibia, 2.32; tarsi, 0.15 (0.046, 0.12); claws, 0.043. Hairs on posterior tibia, 0.026—0.066; diameter of the proximal part of the tibia, 0.053. Male.—The males are winged. Vertexasin Ac.rubirubi. Inthe antennae the third segment considerably (for instance one and two-fifth times) exceeds the fourth, and this one is one and one-fifth longer than the fifth. The unguis of the sixth segment is one and one-sixth times longer than the third segment, the base 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE’ NATIONAL MUSEUM yOL. 67 of the sixth segment is one-sixth the length of the third. The hairs on the third segment reach almost two-thirds the diameter of the proximal part of the segment. Secondary sensoria are found not only on the third and fifth segments, but also on the fourth. The cornicles reach one-fourth the length of the body, they-widen toward the base; from this point to one-fourth from the base they become narrow, then to one-third from the end they widen; from this point to the flange they become narrow again. The head, prothorax, and tubercles of thorax are dark or tawny; the antennae, with the exception of the base of the third segment, and the cornicles are tawny. On the upper part of the abdomen there is on some specimens a median dark stripe (of spots) and on seg- ments 2—5 there are marginal dark disks. Measurements of one specimen 2.12—0.68: Frontal furrow, 0.07; between the bases of the antennae, 0.20; mouth of furrow, 0.13; width at the middle of its depth 0.11; at base 0.08; frontal vertex projection, 0.007. Antennae, 4.27, with the following measurements of individual-segments: 0.12, 0.08, 1:14 (1.13), 0.88 (0.82), 0.69, 0.18+1.23. Hairs on the third segment, 0.017—0.029; diameter of proximal part of segment, 0.047. Sensoria on the third segment placed thickly over its entire length; on the fourth segment there are 3 (8) sensoria; on the fifth 15 (14) in addition to the permanent one. The cornicles are 0.55; their thickness, 0.066 (base), 0.042 (0.12 from base), 0.066 (0.17 from end), 0.042 (0.013 from end), 0.040 (in front of flange), 0.062 (flange). Cauda, 0.16 (length), 0.12 (base), 0.08 (0.09 from tip); on each side are five hairs. The posterior femur, 1.14; tibia, 2.28; tarsi, 0.14 (0.04, 0.11); claws, 0.043. Distribution.—These aphids are so far known from the environs of the city of Uralsk. Apparently it is distributed over Siberia, at least Western Siberia. Unfortunately there is no material at present from various parts of Siberia. On the lower part of the river Amur occurs Ac. rubi amurense. Life habits—During the first part of September in the vicinity of Uralsk there were collected wingless females, a young oviparous female (in the fourth stage of development), a winged male and a nymph of a male. In general the life history must be identical with that of Ac. rubi rubi. SPECIES NOT PLACED Following are descriptions of two alate males, which I have not placed specifically. Pergande No. 5591 Antennae about twice as long as body, dark colored, very tuber- culate; hairs small, much shorter than width of segment. Antennal tubercles very small. Small prothoracic tubercles showing. Abdo- men with lateral dark patches. Cornicles of uniform color, long, plainly swollen, faintly imbricated at tip. Cauda constricted, one dorsal and three lateral hairs present. Ill esis Iv Ponaara Vv Bénserin vI | 0..768 56 0. 512 25 0. 448 8 0..128+ 0. 784 0. 752 60 0. 512 22 0. 432 9 0.:152+ 0. 928 Cornicle Head Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 0. 480 0. 16 0. 352 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048 0. 400 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048 ART. 20 THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA—-MASON is Pergande left the following note: “©5591? Rhop. lactucae? December 4.94. Found one winged male on under side of leaf of turnip, which may belong to this species. Dark parts black; light parts yellow. Prothorax in front and behind orange; base and end of abdomen orange, rest yellow, six dusky transv. medio-dorsal spots; lateral spots black. Mounted in balsam.” Quaintance No. 22023, Bragg No. 117 Taken on grass at Marblehead, Mass., October 11, 1920, by L. C. Bragg. Alate Male.—Antennae dark colored, very tuberculate. Hairs long, heavy, conspicuous. Antennal tubercles very short. Beak reaching second coxae. No prothoracic or abdominal tubercles showing. Cornicles long, moderately swollen, dark colored, lighter at base, inconspicuously reticulate at tip. Cauda long, slender, constricted. Measurements as follows: Antennal measurements No. Fle en | eye eee \ agh peooiay VI 1 [aes ee 0. 864 90 0. 480 25 0. 448 14 0. 112+? 0. 832 81 0. 448 24 0. 492 16 0. 112+? De LEY: 0. 816 69 i | ond a ? ts 0. 816 66 ? eee ? i ? | Other measurements Cornicle Cauda Length Wide X Small X Flange 0. 184 0. 488 0. 080 0. 04 0. 048 0. 160 0. 448 0. 072 0. 04 0. 048 0. 432 0. 072 0.04 0. 048 Last instar nymph Ill | IV Vv VI Head Se oie 0. 480 0. 304 0. 304 0. 08+ 0. 784 0. 608 0. 416 0. 096 0. 480 | O22 0. 288 0.08+ ? 0. 416 Osa 43328—25t|——6 EXPLANATION OF PLATES PuatTEe 1 1-3. Amphorophora alni, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 1. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 2. Head of apterous form. 3. Antennae of apterous form. 4-6. Amphorophora braggi, new species. (Drawings by Mrs. Awl.) 4. Antennae of alate form. 5. Head of alate form. 6. Cornicle and cauda of_ alate form. 7-9. Amphorophora brittenit (Theobald). (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.) 7. Antenna of apterous form. 8. Antenna of alate form. 9. Cornicles of alate form. 10-13. Amphorophora solani (Thomas). (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Davis.) 10. Antenna of alate form. 11. Head of alate form. 12. Cauda of alate form. 13. Cornicle of alate form. 74 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM bl 39Vd 33S 31V1d 40 NOILYNV1dxXa HO4 VYOHdOYOHdUWY SNN35 AHL AO SGIHdY INR fo. PA) dee 2 VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Qi aDWd 33S 3Livid JO NOILVNV1dx3 yO4 VYOHdOHOHdWY SNNAH AHL JO SCIHdV PLATE 2. 14-26. Amphorophora cosmopolitana, new name. (Drawings by the author.) 14. Cornicle and cauda of apterous spring form (drawing by Mrs. Awl). 15. Antenna of apterous, spring form (by Mrs. Awl). 16. Head of apterous spring form (by Mrs. Awl). 17. Antenna of alate summer form. 18. Antenna of apterous summer form. 19. Cornicle and cauda of apterous summer form. 20. Head of oviparous female. 21. Cornicle and cauda of alate summer form. 22. Head of apterous summer form. 23. Cornicle and cauda of oviparous female. 24. Head of summer alate form. 25. Antenna of oviparous female. 26. Posterior tibia of ovi- parous female. 27-32. Amphorophora davidsoni, new species. (Drawings by Mrs. Awl.) 27. Cornicle and cauda of oviparous female. 28. Head and antenna of oviparous female. 29. Cauda of male. 30. Antenna of male. 31. Posterior tibia of oviparous female. 382. Cornicle of male. 75 PLATE 3. 33-44. Amphorophora cosmopolitana, new name. (Drawings by the author.) 33. Antenna of male. 34. Antenna of alate spring form (drawing by Mrs. Awl). 35. Deformed antenna of male (drawing by Mrs. Awl). 36. Cornicle and cauda of alate spring form (drawing by Mrs. Awl). 37. Head of alate spring form (drawing by Mrs. Awl). 38. Head of male. 39. Head of fall migrant. 40. Male. 41. Cornicle and cauda of male. 42. Abdomen of male (drawing by Mrs. Awl). 48. Cornicle and cau da of fall migrant. 44 Antenna of fall migrant. PEs 3 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM {™~ oon . a: [TRE Q9L 3DvVd 33S 3LlvV1d JO NOILWNW1dx3 HYO4 VYOHdOYHOHdWY SNNAH AHL AO SAIHdY F003 3 vy fog a0 oT Ore tg : ee ST ares ae pete cae } = = i ee ah N Ie tee Fe Re Te at POOREST peace | RRA Ov ART. 20 PL. 4 VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LL 39Vd 33S ALW1d 4O NOILWNW1dxKa HO4 VYOHdOYOHdWY SNN3AS) AHL AO SCIHdY PLATE 4 45-48. Amphorophora carduellina (Theobald). (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.) 45. Antenna of apterous form. 46-47. Cornicle of apterous form. 48. Cauda of apterous form. 49-54. Amphorophora oleraceae (v. d. Goot). (Drawings by Mrs. Awl.) 49. Antenna of apterous form. 50. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 51. Head of apterous form. 52. Head of alate form. 53. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 54. Antenna of alate form. 55-58. Amphorophora pallida, new species. (Drawings by author.) 55. Head of apterous form. 56. Antenna of apterous form. 57 Cauda of apterous form. 58. Cornicle of apterous form. 59-61. Amphorophora rhododendronia, new species. (Drawings by author.) 59. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 60. Head of apterous form. 61. Antenna of apterous form. ris 62-66. 67-69. 10-11. W211. (S19: PLATE 5 Amphorophora brittenii (Theobald). (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Jackson.) 62. Head and antenna of oviparous female. 63. Cornicle of ovipa- rous female. 64. Cauda of oviparous female. 65. Segment III of antenna, oviparous female. 66. Posterior tibia and tarsi of oviparous female. Amphorophora carduellina (Theobald). (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.) 67. Cornicle of alate form. 68. Head and antenna of alate form. 69. Alate form. Amphorophora formosana Takahashi. (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Takahashi.) 70. Cornicle of apterous form. 71. Head of apterous form. Amphorophora pergandei, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 72. Antenna of alateform. 73. Head of alateform. 74. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 75. Head of apterous form. 76. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 77. Antenna of apterous form. Amphorophora takahashii, new species. (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Takahashi.) 78. Head of apterous form. 79. Cornicle of apterous form. 78 PL. 5 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 8L 39Vd 33S 31VvV1d JO NOILYNW1dx4 yO4 VYOHdOYOHdWY SNN3A5) AHL 4O SGIHdV PE. 6 VOL. 67, ART. 20 PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 61 3DVd 3aS 3ivid 40 NOILWNV1dxXa3 YHO4 VHYOHdOYOHdWY SNN35H AHL 4O SCIHdV 80-84 85-88 89-91 oo 4 PLATE 6 . Amphorophora cicutae Shinji. (Drawings by Mrs. Awl from photomicrograph of type.) 80. Cauda of alate form. 81. Cornicle of alate form. 82. Antenna of alate form. 83. Antennal segment III of apterous form (from 84. Cornicle of apterous form (from Shinji). . Amphorophora evansi Theobald. (Redrawn by Mrs. Awl from Theobald.) 85. Head and antenna of apterous form. 86. Cornicles of apterous 87. Cauda of apterous form. 88. Tibia of apterous Shinji). form. form. . Amphorophora hayhursti, new species. (Drawings by author.) 89. Head of alate form. Antenna of alate form. . Amphorophora morrisoni (Swain). (Drawings by author.) 92. Antenna of alate form. 90. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 91. 93. Head of apterous form. 94. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 95. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 96. Head of alate form. 97. Antenna of apterous form. 79 PLATE 7 98-100. Amphorophora corylina (Davidson). (Drawings by the author.) 98. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. Antenna of alate form. 101-108. Amphorophora essigwanai, new name. (Drawings by the author.) 101. Head of intermediate form. 102. Cornicle of intermediate form. 103. Antenna of intermediate form. 104. Antenna of apterous form. 105. Antenna of alate form. 106. Cornicle of apterous form. 107. Head of alate form. 108. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 99. Head of alate form. 100, 80 PEt PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 08 39Vd 33S 31V1d 4O NOILWNVW1dxX3 HO4 VYOHdOYHOHdWY SNN3AS) AHL AO SCIHdY EES anusastars atone > 5 nie eID a LOL oiieraancr roar BE ol ART. 20 PL. 8 VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 18 aDVd 34aS 3ivid 4O NOILWNV1dx3 HO4 VHYOHdOHOHdWY SNN3H AHL JO SAIHdV PLATE 8 109-111. Amphorophora borealis, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 109. Antenna of apterous form. 110. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 111. Head of apterous form. 112-117. Amphorophora laingi, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 112. Antenna of alateform. 113. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 114. Head of apterous form. 115. Head of alate form (drawing by Mr. Awl). 116. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 117. Antenna of apterous form. 81 PLATE 9 118-126. Amphorophora nabali (Oestlund). (Drawings by the author.) 118. Antenna of intermediate form. 119. Antenna of alateform. 120. Head of alate form. 121. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 122. Head of apterous form. 123. Cornicle and cauda of als: form. 124. Cornicle and cauda of intermediate form. 125. Antenna of apterous form. 126. Head of intermediate form. 82 ART. 20 PL. 9 VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 08 39vVd 33S 31v1d 4O NOILYNW1dxa yO4 VYOHdOYXYOHdWY SNN35) SHL 4O SGIHdy Boss 3° eee ot, 05% 00.90 90 058 BS O92 Aig 1D 10: eee 10 PE ART. 20 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM €8 3OVd 33S AlV1d 4O NOILVNVW1dxa HO4 VYOHdOHOHdWY SNNAS AHL 4O SGIHdVY Puate 10 127-129. Amphorophora mitchelli, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 127. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 129. Antenna of alate form. 130-138. A mphorophora nervata (Gillette). (Drawings by the author.) 130. Antenna of male. 131. Head of male. 133. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 134. Head of apterous form. 135. Head of alate form. 136. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 137. Antenna of alate form. 136. Antenna of apterous form. 128. Head of alate form 132. Cornicle of male. . 83 PuatTE 11 139-141. Amphorophora davidsoni, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 139. Antenna of alate form. 140. Head of alate form. 141. and cauda of alate form. 142-143. Amphorophora reticulata, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 142. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 144-149. Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund). (Drawings by the author.) 144. Antenna of apterous form. 145. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 146. Head of apterous form. 147. Head of alate form. 148. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 149. Antenna of alate form. Cornicle 143. Antenna of alate form. PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM $8 39Vd 33S 31W1d 40 NOILWNV1dx3 HOY VYOHdOYOHdUWY SNN35) FHL 4O SGIHdYy 12 ART. 20 PL. VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM gg aDWd 33S 31lvid 4O NOILWNV1dx3 4O4 VHYOHdOHOHdWY SNNAH AHL 4O SCIHdY PuatTr 12 150-157. Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach). (Drawings by the author.) 150. Antenna of male. 151. Head of alate form. 152. Cornicle of male. 153. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 154. Antenna of alateform. 155. Antenna of apterousform. (Drawing by Mrs. Awl.) 156. Head of apterous form. (Drawings by Mrs. Awl.) 157. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. (Drawing by Mrs. Awl.) 85 PLATE 13 158-163. Amphorophora sensoriata Mason. (Drawings by the author.) 158. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 159. Cornicle and cauda of alate. 160. Head of alate form. 161. Head of apterous form. 162. Antenna of apterous form. 163. Antenna of alate form. 164-168. Amphorophora spiraecola (Patch). (Drawings by the author.) 164. Antenna of alate form. 165. Head of apterous form. 166. An- tenna of apterousform. 167. Cornicle of alate form. 168. Cor- nicle and cauda of apterous form. 86 PL. 13 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 98 3DVd 3358 3LW1d JO NOILYNV1dx3 HOY VYOHdOYOHdWY SNN3AS) AHL AO SCIHdY Be VOL. 67, ART. 20 PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 18 39Wd 33S 3lvid JO NOILYWNW1dxX3 HOH VYOHdOHOHdWY SNNAS AHL AO SACIHdV PuaTE 14 169-173. Amphorophora aconiti (van der Goot). (Drawings by the author.) 169. Head of alate form. 170. Head of apterous form. 171. Cornicle of apterous form. 172. Abdomen and cornicle of alate form. 173. Antenna of alate form. 174-176. Amphorophora maxima, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 174. Antenna of alate form. 175. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 176. Head of alate form. oe Puate 15 177-178. Amphorophora minima, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 177. Antenna of alate form. 178. Cornicle of alate form. 179-188. Amphorophora vaccinii, new species. (Drawings by the author.) 179. Antenna of oviparous female. 180. Antenna of apterous form. 181. Antenna of alate form. 182. Posterior tibia of oviparous female. 183. Cornicle and cauda of alate form. 184. Head of alate form. 185. Cornicle and cauda of oviparous female. 186. Head of oviparous female. 187. Head of apterous form. 188. Cornicle and cauda of apterous form. 88 20) RES 5 ART. VOL. 67, PROCEEDINGS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 88 39vVd 33S 3lvid 4O NOILWNV1dx3 HO4 VYOHdOHOHdWY SNNAS) AHL AO SACIHdY U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 PL. 16 190 APHIDS OF THE GENUS AMPHOROPHORA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 89 PLATE 16 (Drawings by Carlo Zeimet.) 189. Amphorophora laingi, new species. 190. Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach). 89 PLATE 17 (Drawings by Carlo Zeimet.) 191. Amphorophora vaccinii, new species. Apterous form. 192. Amphorophora vaccinit, new species. Oviparous female. 90 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 20 192 APHIDS OF THE GENUS AMPHOROPHORA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 90 PL. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 67, ART. 20 PL. 18 APHIDS OF THE GENUS AMPHOROPHORA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 91 PuatTE 18 (Drawings by Carlo Zeimet.) 193. Amphorophora rubicola (Oestlund). 194. Amphorophora nabali (Oestlund). Intermediate form. 91 INDEX This index contains the generic and specific names of aphids used in this paper. Valid generic names are in bold-face type; valid specific names belonging to Amphorophora are in lower case roman; valid specific names not considered to belong to the genus .4mphorophora are in small caps; synonyms are in italics] Page aconit (vanider Goot)2-.2-- 2 EG ve alni Mason: 22 ee ee ee ae 7,9 Amphorophora Bucktone-- 2-2 sa eee 2 ampullate Buektonsessesas22-s6 o-oo 3, 7, 10, 32 amurensis Mord vilkoz-2--22 2). - 22 oe. 7, 10, 54 arbuti (Davidson) ---------- HE he 5 eae 43 azalese: Mason: =-=- soa se oe eas Cent betae:(iheobald) 2-222 22S oe ae 12 Dorealis'Mason=4 2c. s)he ee a eae 7,12 brag gieNViaSOn tases eae eee ees 6, 13 Dritlemie (neon ald) eee a a ee reas 5, 14 earduellina (Theobald) _-..-.-------=---= 4, 6, 7,14 Gicutae Shin jie 2 =e eee eee 6, 15 CONVOLVULDT Kaltenbachz:----222=22-=2522 = 2 conyvlina) (Davidson) ha===s= == eae §, 15 cosmopolitana Mason ----_------ 4,6, 7, 14, 16, 46, 49 davidson Miason: seen eee 6, 26, 58 Eunectarosiphon Del Guercio---------------- 2 e@ssigwanaidViasonss--- == ee ee ee 3, 5, 6, 29 Ovansi Eheobald sss. o-oo ee eee 7, 31 formosanavvakahsshiessp ses eee 4, 7,31 jragarielia (Theobald)- =-=_=-----=-- === 53, 54, 57 NayhurshiViason sss ee 5, 31 HYDRANGEAE Matsumura---_---------------- 4 INDICUM (vanider Goot)m-_ see en 29 lactucae (Kaltenbach) _-___-_------ 4, 16, 17, 18, 26, 46 LAGTUCAT: TInnaeuse foe ee eee 16, 17, 18 JaingimViasone sae ote ae eee ee 3, 6, 7, 32 LONICERICOERA ‘Takahashi= ==22 esse? oes 4 Macrosiphum Del Guercio (not Macrosiphum iPasserini)\= +--+ 2-o2eoc-ee seer sooe eee 2 Macrosiphum Oestlund (Not Marcosiphum Passerini)ic2 22 2.2 222i noose eee See eee 2 92 Page MAGNOLIAE Essig and Kuwana-___---------- 4 Ms xia) MiaSOne. 232) cee sae eee ae 6, 35, 58 Megoura, Buckton_-- 52 3-es ses = poeee eee 4,5 mintatum Matsumura 22-222 ae ee 29 Minima Mason .2522 232-22 nee ee ee eee 6, 36 mitchelli Masone..-= 5.052 22 See eee 5. 36 Morrison (Swain) see ee ee 6, 37 Myzotdes van deri Go0ta- 22-2 22) =- 64 Mykus: Passerint<2 222-8 Jeo see 2 nabali(Oestlund) 22 = ee ee 3, 6, 7, 40 Nectarosiphon Schouteden --.--..------------ 2 mervata (Gillette) -- 4-93 ee ee 6, 7, 43 oleraceae (van der Goot)-._-_-_--------+--- 4, 6, 7, 46 pallida Mason. te ee eee 6, 48 pergandei Masonic! 22eineseiesst a. __ 6, 7, 18, 49 PERSICAH( Sulzer oo ee 64 reticulata Mason 2-22) =5ssene ene eae 5, 51 RHINANTHI Schouteden= 22222255 = eee ee 4 rhododendronia. Wason:_-----=-= =e 6; 7,51 Rhopalosiphum van der Goot (not Rhopalo- siphum: Koch)". 2220 =o) ee 2 RIBIS WinnAeuS: -22 <2 ee eee 16, 17, 18 rubi (Kaltenbach)----------- 6, 7, 26, 27, 52, 54, 61, 71 Tubicola (Oestlund) see ee ee 6, 27, 35, 58. Sensoriata Masons === 3, 6, 7, 53, 61 Solani' (Thomas) .2==22-22-2- 2222s -42— ee 6, 64 sonchifoliae Takahashi-__---------------- 4, 46, 47, 48 spiraecola (Pateh)/_-22=222=- = 12 5, 7, 65 SUBTERRANS) Wilsons-¢-=-5 eee eee 4 takahashii. Masonee ese peene ee ee eee 7, 67 Vaccinil Mason. ..o22--5- se-2see> eee ee 5, 7, 67 vagans. (van der GOot) = assesses seen 6, 71 7huravlevin NLOLG Vil KO ene. see eee 7, 54, 71 STUDIES ON THE CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA By Frerpinanp Canu Of Versailles, France AND Ray S. Basser Of Washington, District of Columbia The present paper is our second contribution to the above subject, the first having been published in 1922! under the subtitle of “ Fossil and Recent Parallelata and Rectangulata.’”’ As explained in this first paper, our efforts are especially directed, first, to the study of the internal structure of these organisms by means of thin sections in order to determine the method of gemmation and the occurrence and structure of the various kinds of tubes, and, second, to the function of reproduction as brought out by the ovicells. Cyclostomatous bryozoa are extremely abundant in certain Mesozoic rocks; indeed, they form almost the entire bryozoan fauna of most formations before the Upper Cretaceous. 2. LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA The Cretaceous Cyclostomata have received attention from many authors, but particularly through the work of D’ Orbigny in volume 5 of the Paléontologie francaise and Gregory in his two volumes of the Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum. Both of these authors, in fact most previous students, have adoped an artificial classification which in the number of genera proposed and the slight reasons for their existence is amazing. Gregory’s two volumes are valuable contributions to the bibliographic and _histori- cal sides of the subject and his studies of the internal structure mark a great advance in the science. Our studies carry Gregory’s efforts still further; in fact, our main object has been an effort to determine the natural generic characters in this group. We have undertaken the study of the Lower Cretaceous Cyclosto- mata at this time due to our possession of ample, well-preserved 1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, pp. 1-160, 28 pls., 40 text figs. No. 2593.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 21. 53648—26——1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 collections from the two classic localities, Farmgdon?, England, and Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. The Faringdon specimens coming from the Aptian division of the Lower Cretaceous were secured for us per- sonally by W. E. Crane, of Washington, D. C., who with his usual generosity presented all of the material to the United States National Museum for study. Mr. Crane not only obtained an excellent rep- resentation of the large forms but also made extensive siftings of the Faringdon sands, thus securing many small ramose examples which are usually overlooked by collectors. The Swiss Lower Cretaceous material from the locality in the Val- angian division at Sainte-Croix was loaned us for study through the courtesy of Dr. Samuel Henshaw, director of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. All of the type specimens from Faringdon are the property of the United States National Museum while those from Sainte-Croix are shared with the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Gregory’s excellent bibliography of papers dealing with Cretaceous bryozoa published in volume 2 of his Catalogue of Fossil Bryozoa in the British Museum makes it unnecessary for us to quote the litera- ture upon this subject. We have not been able to rediscover all the species described from the two localities studied, but we give in the following two lists all of the species considered in the present paper. ALPHABETIC LIST OF BRYOZOA LOWER CRETACEOUS (APTIAN) FARINGDON, ENGLAND Berenicea faringdonensis, new species. Berenicea filifera, new species. Berenicea grandipora, new species. Berenicea pulchella De Loriol, 1863. Berenicea (Reptomultisparsa) tenella De Loriol, 1868. Berenicea parvula, new species. Cardioecia faringdonensis, new species. Cardioecia pauper, new species. Cea granulata, new species. Cellulipora spissa Gregory, 1899. Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species. Clausa cranei, new species. Clausa zonifera, new species. Clinopora quadripartita, new species. Diaperoecia orbifera, new species. Diaperoecia simplex, new species. Heteropora nummularia, new species. Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853. Laterocavea intermedia, new species. Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845. Meliceritites cunningtoni Gregory, 1899. ? The several spellings of this name are known to us but we understand that the present form of the word is the correct one. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER Meliceritites haimeana D’Orbigny, 1851. Meliceritites semiclausa Gregory, 1899. Meliceritites transversa, new species. Microecia (Proboscina) cornucopia D’Orbigny, 13851. Multicrescis mammilosa, new species. Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909. Multigalea marginata, new species. Neuropora micropora, new species. Neuropora tenuinervosa, new species. Neuroporella hemispherica, new species. Notoplagioecia faringdonensis, new species Plethopora aptensis, new species. Proboscina coarctata, new species. Proboscina depressa D’Orbigny, 18¢- Proboscina radiolitorum D’Orbigny, 1351. Proboscina ricordeauana D’Orbigny, 1868. Proboscina virgula D’Orbigny, 1851. Proboscina zic-zac D’Orbigny, 1851. Radiopora tuberculata D’Orbigny, 1850. Reptoclausa denticulata, new species. Reptoclausa hagenowi Sharpe, 1854. Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909. Seminodicrescis nodosa D’Orbigny, 1854. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849. Siphodictyum irregulare, new species. Sparsicavea irregularis D’Orbigny, 1851. Stomatopora calypso D’Orbigny, 1850. Tholopora virgulosa Gregory, 1909. Tretocycloecia densa, new species. Tretocycloecia multiporosa, new species. LOWER CRETACEOUS (VALANGIAN) SAINTE-CROIX, SWITZERLAND Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1837. Berenicea confluens Reuss, 1846. Berenicea flabelliformis Roemer, 1839. Berenicea gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838. Berenicea pulchella De Loriol, 1863. Cardioecia hyselyi De Loriol, 1869. Cardioecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853. Cardioecia verticellata, new species. Cardioecia verticellata, var. entalophoroides, new variety. Ceriocava grandipora, new species. Ceriocava ingens, new species. Ceriocava multilamellosa, new species. Ceriocava junctata, new species. Ceriocava tenuirama, new species. Ceriopora aequipedis, new species. Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. Ceriopora fallax, new species. Ceriopora lobifera, new species. Ceriopcra nummularia, new species. Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. Ceriopora parvipora, new species. 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Ceriopora solida, new species. Ceriopora spongioides, new species. Ceriopora tenuis, new species. Chartecytis compressa, new species. Corymbopora neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1854. Cyrtopora campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species. Diplocava globulosa, new species. Diplocava incondita, new species. Diplocava inordinata, new species. Diplocava orbiculifera, new species. Fasciculipora flabellata D’Orbigny, 1853. Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species. Leiosoecia constanti D’Orbigny, 1850. Leiosoecia grandipora, new species. Leiosoecia proxima, new species. Mecynoecia icaunensis D’Orbigny, 1850. Mecynoecia verticillata Goldfuss, 1827. Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853. Microecia cornucopia D’Orbigny, 1857. Multicrescis (Acanthopora) formosa, new species. Multicrescis galaefera, new species. Multicrescis lamellosa, new species. Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841. Multicrescis parvipora, new species. Multicrescis pulchella, new species. Multicrescis tuberosa Roemer, 1839. Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. | Multitubigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Nematifera acuta D’Orbigny, 1853. Nematifera incrustans, new species. Nematifera reticuloides, new species. Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, 1853. Neuropora arbuscula, new species. Neuropora ramosa, new species. Proboscina crassa Roemer, 1839. Proboscina toucasiana D’Orbigny, 1851. Proboscina zic-zac D’Orbigny, 1851. Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853. Reptoclausa meandrina De Loriol, 1868. Reptoclausa neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853. Reptomulticava bellula De Loriol, 1869. Retenoa campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Spinopora neocomiensis, new species. Spiroclausa neocomiensis De Loriol, 1863. Stomatopora filiformis De Loriol, 1863. Stomatopora granulata, var. neocomiensis, new variety. Trigonoecia haimeana De Loriol, 1863. Trigonoecia (Mesenteripora) neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853. Trigonoecia semota, new species. Trigonoecia tubulosa D’Orbigny, 1850. Zonopora arborea Koch and Dunker, 1837. Zonopora compressa, new species. VOL, 67 ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 5 Order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk Division INOVICELLATA Family DIASTOPORIDAE Gregory, 1899 Forma STOMATOPORA Bronn, 1825 STOMATOPORA CALYPSO D’Orbigny, 1850 Plate 26, fig. 11 1899. Stomatopora calypso GreGcory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9. (Bibliography, geologi- cal distribution.) Our specimen approaches, in its small oral dimensions, Figure 9 of Gregory, 1899, which represents a specimen from the Albian of Hun- stanton. Here the aperture measures only 0.10 mm. in diameter. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69829, U.S.N.M. STOMATOPORA FILIFORMIS De Lorsiol, 1863 1863. Stomatopora filiformis Dr Lortou, Les invertéhbrés du Néocomien inférieur du Mont Saléve, p. 132, pl. 16, figs. 6, 7. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 by 0.10 mm. (0.07- 0.10 mm.); diameter of peristome, 0.12 mm.; diameter of zooecium, 0.14 mm. (0.15-0.17 mm.); length of zooecium, 0.56—0.60 mm. (0.50- 0.70 mm.). The Sainte Croix specimens are mediocre, and we have based our determination on a good specimen from the Canu collec- tion, in which the orifice is elliptical. The measurements in paren- theses are the extremes shown on specimens from the Geneva Museum determined by De Loriol. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Mont Saléve, near Geneva (Haut- ervian) and Sainte Croix (Valangian), Switzerland. Cat. No. 69830, U.S.N.M. STOMATOPORA GRANULATA, var. NECCOMIENSIS, new variety 1838. Alecito granulata Minne Epwarps, Mémoire sur les Crisies, Annales Sciences naturelles, vol. 9, p. 205, pl. 16, fig. 3. 1853. Stomatopora granulata D’OrBiaNy, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 836, pl. 628, figs. 5-8. 1868. Stomatopora granulata Dr Loriot, Monographie des couches de etage Valangien d’Arzier (Vaud), Paléontologie Suisse, ser. 4, pl. 5, fig. 12. Gregory, 1899 (p. 3), published a long synonomy of this species, in which the geological occurrence is also equally great. This does not seem to us perfectly exact and we prefer to form a special vari- ety for the Lower Cretaceous specimens corresponding to the figures of Milne Edwards and of D’Orbigny. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zooe- cium, 0.30 mm.; length of zooecium, 0.70 mm. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. The authors have noted this species at Arzier (Vaud), at Vassy (Haute Marne), Les Saints-en-Puisaye and Les Crofites (Yonne), and Morteau (Doubs), France. Cat. No. 69831, U.S.N.M. Genus CELLULIPORA D’Orbigny, 1849 1849. Cellulipora D’OrxBiany, Description de quelques genres nouveaux de Mollusques bryozoaires, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 500. CELLULIPORA SPISSA Gregory, 1899 Plate 26, figs. 8, 9 1899. Berenicea spissa Grucory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 108, pl. 7, fig. 4. Gregory, 1899, wrote: ‘‘The name of the species refers to the thick form of the zoarium, but the most interesting feature of this bryozoan is its tendency to grow in a series of zoarial groups, as if it were a very primitive form of Cellulipora.”’ There is no reason to separate this species from the group Celluls- pora, the exterior aspect being absolutely identical; the cellules are very short and cylindrical. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England, and Eirvy, Switzerland. Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69832, U.S.N.M. Forma PROBOSCINA Audouin, 1826 PROBOSCINA TOUCASIANA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 26, fig. 10 1853. Proboscina toucasiana D’OrsteNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 856, pl. 634, figs. 5, 6. Gregory, in 1899, identified this species with Proboscina fasciculata Reuss, 1845. This is possible, and we refer the reader to page 29 of his catalogue for the synonomy and geological distribution. How- ever, it differs from Proboscina zic-zac D’Orbigny, 1851. Our speci- mens correspond to the figure given by D’Orbigny and we therefore cite only this reference. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69833, U.S.N.M. PROBOSCINA CRASSA Roemer, 1839 Plate 27, fig. 3 1853. Proboscina crassa D’OrpBiGNY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 848, pl. 631, figs. 9-11 (divaricata). 1899. Proboscina crassa Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p.34. (Bibliography and geologic distribution.) ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 7 From our study of the Sainte-Croix specimens we have observed: (1) The variety alectodes Gregory, 1899 (p. 38), known hitherto only from the Upper Cretaceous, is now recognized in the Lower Cretaceous by specimens indicating it is only one of the zoarial forms. (2) A specimen was noted expanded almost into the Berenicea growth form, as in the variety elevata Gregory, 1899, from the Lower Cretaceous. (3) Another specimen corresponds rigorously to the figure pub- lished by D’Orbigny. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland, Censeau (Doubs), Villers-le-lac (Jura), and Berklingen (Germaine), France. Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69834, U.S.N.M. PROBOSCINA RADIOLITORUM D’Orbigny, 1851 Plate 27, figs. 1, 2 1899. Proboscina radiolitorum Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 48, pl. 3, fig. 5. (Bibliography, geolog- ical distribution.) The figured specimen is incrusting asponge. Although this species is easy to determine, it has not hitherto been observed in the Lower Cretaceous. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69835, U.S.N.M. PROBOSCINA ZIC-ZAC D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 29, fig. 7 1853. Proboscina zic-zac D’OrBieNny, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 847. pl. 631, figs. 6, 7. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.16 mm.; length of zooecium, 0.32-0.40 mm. It seems to us that Gregory is in error in identifying this species with Proboscina fasciculata Reuss. The micrometric dimensions are different. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Geological distribution.—Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian): Vassy (Haute Marne), France, and Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (D’Orbigny). Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69840, U.S.N.M. PROBOSCINA RICORDEAUANA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 27, figs. 7, 8 1853. Proboscina ricordeauana D’OrxtIeny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 850, pl. 750, fig. 6. The specimen which we illustrate seems to agree very well with the one figured by D’Orbigny. It incrusts a sponge. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Geological distribution.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian):Les Croutes, Gurgy, France (D’Orbigny). Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69836, U.S.N.M. PROBOSCINA VIRGULA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 27, figs. 9, 10 1853. Reptotubigera virgula D’OrBtany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 753, pl. 631, figs. 15-17. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.06 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.08 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.32-0.40 mm. The peristomes are not grouped in bundles, and we are ignorant of D’Orbigny’s rea- son for classifying this species in his genus Reptotubigera. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Geological distribution.—Cenomanian: Le Mans (Sarthe), France. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69837, U.S.N.M. PROBOSCINA DEPRESSA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 27, figs. 5, 6 1853. Proboscina depressa D’OrBtany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 849, pl. 631, figs. 12-14. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.10-0.12 mm.; diameter of zooecium, 0.14 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.48-0.60 mm. The fine specimen here figured incrusts a sponge. It corresponds very well to D’Orbigny’s description and figure. The type preserved in the Museum of Paris is worn, according to Pergens, 1889. With our new illustration we are able to maintain D’Orbigny’s species. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Geological distribution.—Lower Cretacous (Neocomian): Vassy and Nozeroy, France (D’Orbigny). Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69843, U.S.N.M. PROBOSCINA COARCTATA, new species Plate 28, fig. 1 Description.—The zoarium encrusts shells. It is formed of diverg- ing, ramified fronds, each of which is claviform, much narrowed at the base and contracted in its inferior third; the surface is covered with large overlapping, concentric wrinkles. The tubes are invisible. The peristomes are very salient, thin, and much scattered. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.035 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.08 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40-0.80 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.40 mm. The distance and separation of the peri- ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 9 stomes are quite variable. The submedian contraction of the fronds very well characterizes this species. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—-Cat. No. 69000, U.S.N.M. Forma BERENICEA Lamouroux, 1821 BERENICEA FLABELLIFORMIS Roemer, 1839 1839. Aulopora flabelliformis RommeEr, Die Versteinerungen des Norddeutschen Oolithen-Gebirges, App., p. 15, pl. 17, fig. 4. 1840. Rosacilla flabelliformis RobMpR, Die Versteinerungen der Norddeutschen Kreidegebirges, p. 19. 1863. Berenicea flabelliformis Dr Loriou, Les Invertébrés du Neocomian inférieur du Mont Saléve prés Genéve, p. 134, pl. 17, fig. 2. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.18-0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.60 mm.; separation of tubes, 0.60 mm. Affinities.—De Loriol’s determination was based upon specimens from Germany which still exist in the Museum of Geneva. The type of De Loriol’s figure bears transverse wrinkles. In its micro- metric dimensions this is an intermediate species between Berenicea gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838, and Berenicea grandipora, new species. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian): Mont-Saléve, near Geneva and at Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Geological distribution.—Neocomian at Shéppenstadt, Hanover, Germany (Roemer). Cat. No. 69838, U.S.N.M. BERENICEA GRACILIS Milne-Edwards, 1838 1899. Berenicea gracilis Greacory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, p. 73. (Bibliography and geological distribution.) Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.06—-0.07 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.18 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.50-0.60 mm. A ffinitees.—From the bibliography given by Gregory it is necessary to eliminate Aulopora flabelliformis Roemer, 1839, which is a much larger species. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Cat. No. 69839, U.S.N.M. BERENICEA CONFLUENS Reuss, 1846 Plate 27, fig. 4 1899. Berenicea confluens Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 110, pl. 5, fig. 4. (Bibliography and geolog- ical distribution.) Affinittes.—Our illustrated specimen resembles the one figured by Gregory as a young zoarium which was obtained from the Albian at Cambridge, England. The dimensions of the orifice, 0.10 mm., is in 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 accord with that of Gregory, but the zoarium is only 2 mm. in diam- eter. In exterior aspect it corresponds still more to Discosparsa cupula D’Orbigny, 1852, from the French Turonian, but our zoarium is not free, as it incrusts a shell. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotype. Cat. No. 69841, U.S.N.M. BERENICEA PARVULA, new species Plate 28, figs. 8, 9 Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges, in a small flabelliform lamella. The tubes are distinct, very convex, separated by a deep furrow, smooth, very small. The peristomes when broken are ellip- tical but intact are orbicular and oblique, always thin. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.06 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.12 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.32 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.40 mm. Affinities.—This species is still smaller than Berenicea gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838. It is distinguished again by the rectilinear form of the tubes and by its separation always superior to the distance. The convexity of the tubes, the flabellate arrangement, the great saliency of the peristome, and the still smaller zooecial dimensions do not permit confusion with Berenicea pulchella De Loriol, 1863. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (very rare). Holotype.—Cat. No. 69842, U.S.N.M. BERENICEA PULCHELLA De Loriol, 1863 Plate 28, fig. 4 1863. Berenicea pulchella Dm Lontot, Les invertébrés du Neocomien inférieur du Mont Saléve pres Genéve, p. 135, pl. 16, fig. 9. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.16 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40-0.48 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.48 mm, Affinities—The type at the Museum of Geneva is not very well preserved; our determination, based solely on the small micrometric measurements, is therefore a little doubtful. The studied specimens were incrusting Meliceritites. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (very rare). Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesioty pe. Cat. No. 69845, U.S.N.M. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER Lt BERENICEA GRANDIPORA, new species Plate 28, figs. 2, 3 Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges. The tubes are arranged in fan-shape around the ancestrula and form an irregularly discoid colony; they are visible, convex, separated by a furrow, some- what wrinkled transversely, and often swollen in their median part. The peristome is orbicular, thin, little salient. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12-0.15 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.24 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.32 mm.; distance of tubes, 0.66 mm.; separation of tubes, 1 mm. Affinities. —Gregory, 1899, has figured from the Aptian of the Isle of Wight (pl. 5, fig. 1) under the erroneous name of Berenicea gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838, a specimen in which the dimensions are very close to our species and which could indeed be the same species. This species has much larger micrometric dimensions than Berenicea gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1838, and Berenicea flabelliformis Roemer, 1839, which Gregory incorrectly identified with B. gracilis Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69846, U.S.N.M. BERENICEA FARINGDONENSIS, new species Plate 29, figs. 5, 6 Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges in lamellae with irreg- ular edges. The tubes are indistinct, smooth, somewhat convex. The peristome is thick, salient, perpendicular to the zooecial plane, orbicular. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.15-0.16 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.70—0.80 mm.; separa- tion of peristomes, 0.60-0.64 mm. Affinities.—This large species differs from Berenicea grandipora new species in the irregular arrangements of its peristomes and in its indistinct tubes. In exterior aspect it resembles Diastopora neocomiensis De Loriol, 1863, but differs in its incrusting zoarium and its much larger dimensions. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69847, U.S.N.M. BERENICEA FILIFERA, new species Plate 29, figs 3, 4 Description.—The zoarium encrusts sponges in thin and irregular lamellae. The tubes are arranged in quincunx, much scattered; they are distinct, separated by a salient thread, concave in the longi- tudinal direction; the frontal is ornamented with small salient in- terrupted, longitudinal threads. The peristome is orbicular, thick, salient, perpendicular to the zooecial plane. i lp?) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12-0.13 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.17 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.24—0.30 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.60—-0.70 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.80 mm. Affinities.—This species is very well characterized not only by its concave tubes but also by its frontal ornamentation and especially by its small salient threads arranged in quincunx. Occurence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (very rare). Holotype.—Cat. No. 69848, U.S.N.M. BERENICEA (REPTOMULTISPARSA) TENELLA De Loriol, 1868 Plate 29, figs. 1, 2 1868. Reptomultisparsa tenella Dx Loriot, Monographie des Couches de l’etage Valangien d’Arzier (Vaud), Paléontologie Suisse, ser. 4, vol. 2, p. 61, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16. \\ Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; di- ameter of peristome, 0.12 mm.; distance of tubes, 0.34 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.40 mm. NG Affinities—The figured specimen is not in the i Reptomultis parsa form of growth but is an irregular \\ Wy Berenicea; it encrusts asponge. The zone of growth pil is not visible. The exterior aspect of the tubes is A that of the figure of De Loriol, but this author has Fig. 1.—Clinoporo eis : 3 quedripartita, new VeVer given the micrometric measurements. Our species. A,B.Lon- determination remains therefore doubtful. gitudinal and trans- mats ; é ‘ FE a verse sections, x16. _ Uccurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faring Lower Cretaceous don, England. (Aptian): Faring’ Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69849, U.S.N.M. don, England Genus CLINOPORA Marsson, 1877 1877. Clinopora Marsson, Die Bryozoen der weissen Schreibkreide der Insel Riigen, Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, vol. 4, p. 24. This genus is still little understood. The published sections are not in accord, and those which we give are still somewhat different. We have not been fortunate enough to discover the ovicell. The anastomosing lines which ornament the surface and form the chief generic characterictic seem to correspond only to parietal thickenings. Genotype.—Clinopora (Entalophora) lineata Beissel, 1865, Cre- taceous. CLINCPORA QUADRIPARTITA, new species Plate 29, figs. 8-11 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated in the same plane. The tubes are visible, separated by salient threads di- vided into four parts by other anastomosing threads. The orifice is ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 18 orbicular or elliptical. The peristomes are somewhat salient, thin, scattered, arranged in quincunx. Measur ements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri- stomes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of branches, 0.75 mm. Structure.—In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, equal, with adjacent and very thick walls. In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, with axial gemmation. The thickening of the walls seems to correspond to the salient threads of the exterior sur- face. The sectioned specimen was very small and did not permit of better observations. This species differs from Clinopora striatopora Vine, 1885, from the Albian of Cambridge, England, by its much smaller micrometric measurements and very different arrangement of its salient threads. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69852, U.S.N.M. Family HETEROPORIDAE Pergens and Meunier, 1886 Genus HETEROPORA Blainville, 1830 HETEROPORA NUMMULARIA, new species Plate 20, figs. 6-8 Description.—The zoarium is free, discoid, little convex, unilamel- lar, ornamented with feeble tuberosities. The apertures are orbic- ular, arranged in quincunx, placed at the bottom of a small infundi- buliform cavity. The mesopores are small, irregular, polygonal, widely spaced. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.04 mm. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69853, U.S.N.M. Genus MULTICRESCIS D’Orbigny, 1852 MULTICRESCIS TUBEROSA Roemer, 1839 1909. Multicrescis tuberosa Greaory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 205, figs. 52-54, pl. 9, fig. 4. (Bibliography and geological distribution.) Our specimen corresponds exactly to Gregory’s figure, so that a new figure is unnecessary. Canu, in 1902, has noted the occurrence of this species at Sainte-Croix. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 MULTICRESCIS GALAEFERA, new species Plate 21, figs. 1-4 Description.—The zoarium is large, massive, subcylindrical, hollow at the base, solid at the summit, multilamellar. The orifices are polygonal or subcircular, oblique, ornamented by a very short and irregularly placed visor. The mesopores are polygonal, somewhat smaller than the apertures. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of meso- pores, 0.06 mm.; dimensions of zoarium, 2.5 by1.5 mm. Structure.—Very probably Multicrescis, provided with visors, as in the present species, belong to the family Li- chenoporidae, but in the absence of ovicells we prefer to preserve the zoarial classification. The longitudinal sec- tion shows that the la- mellae are formed by orbicular subcolonies united laterally. Hach of them arises from the development of a SEES ) lateral tube of an in- ferior subcolony. The NA tubes acylindrical, with Fic. 2.—Genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1881. A. Multicrescis la- dorsal gemmation and mellosa, new species. Portion of a transverse section, X 16, with : A two lamellae. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, with thickened walls. Switzerland. B. Multicrescis galaefera, new species. Meridian he mesopores are num- section, X 16. The subcolonies grow from a lateral tube of an inferior subcolony. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- erous and of un eq u al Croix, Switzerland length. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69854, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative Zoology. MULTICRESCIS PARVIPORA, new species Plate 20, figs. 9-11 Description.—The zoarium is globular, borne on a narrow base, formed of many completely enveloping lamellae. The orifices are very small, arranged in quincunx, ornamented with a very small irregular visor. The mesopores are very small, polygonal, arranged quite irregularly. ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 15 Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.04 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.03 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 7 mm. Structure.—The meridian section shows cylindrical tubes with solid thickened walls. The lamellae are formed by orbicular subcolonies invisible externally. The epithecal lines are thin and rare. The basal lamellae are thick. The mesopores are long and of little diameter; they are only visible in the portions where the subcolonies are cut in the same axis as their initial cell. Affinities —This species differs from Multicrescis galaefera in its still smaller micrometric measurements and its globular and smaller zoarium. Reet oat ee ESPEN GOen5 a5 Fig. 3.—Genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1852. A, B. Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841. A. Portion of a meridian section, X 16, showing two superposed lamellae. B. Sketch, 30, exhibiting annular structure of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C. Multicrescis par- vipora, new species. Meridian section, X 16. The tubes of the enveloping lamellae are perpendicular to the tubes of the primitive zoarium. Each lamella is formed of a variable number of subcolonies. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland It differs from Reptomulticava fungiformis, Gregory, 1909, from Faringdon, England, in its much smaller zoarium and in the presence of small visors on the tubes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69855, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative Zoology. MULTICRESCIS (?) LANDRIOTI Michelin, 1841 Plate 20, figs. 12-15 1909. Semimulticavea landrioti Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 242. (Bibliography.) 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.08 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.06 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 2.5 by 1.5 cm. Structure.—The zoarial base is an epitheca concentrically wrinkled flat, or concave. Some zoaria completely surround small shells. Exteriorly there are no subcolonies visible, as in D’Orbigny’s fig- ure, so that our determination of the species, made according to zoa- rial analogies, is doubtful. We know, however, that this character disappears easily upon the least superficial alteration. In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical and the mesopores of variable length. The tubes are annular and their walls vesicular. The small parietal vesicles correspond to the successive annuli of the tubes. The subcolonies are clearly outlined by their initial tubes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69856, U.S.N.M. MULTICRESCIS LAMELLOSA, new species Plate 21, figs. 7-9 Description.—The zoarium is free, large, lamellose, orbicular, formed of many thin superposed lamellae. The inferior face is wrinkled concentrically. The apertures are polygonal, arranged in irregular quincunx. The mesopores are smaller, polygonal, irregularly placed. Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.12 mm. ; diameter of meso- pores, 0.08 mm.; zoarial diameter, 2.5 cm. Structure.—The specimen figured is the largest fragment observed ; it belonged certainly to a large orbicular colony. In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical, short, recurved at their extremity. The mesopores are rather short. The walls are entire. Affinities.—In zoarial aspect this species much resembles that which we have called Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841, but differs in its greater micrometric dimensions and in sections by the nonan- nulated tubes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69857, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative Zoology. MULTICRESCIS MAM MILLOSA, new species Plate 21, figs. 5, 6 Description.—The zoarium encrusts shells and is formed of many thin superposed lamellae. The orifices are polygonal or suborbicular, arranged in quincunx. The mesopores are few in number, polygonal, smaller than the orifices, irregularly placed. The zoarial surface is mamumillose. Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.10 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.06 mm. ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER AT Affinities.—This is a Multicrescis in which the tubes have neither visors nor peristomes. We did not have enough specimens to pre- pare thin sections. The species differs from Semimulticavea variolata Gregory, 1909, in its much smaller micrometric dimensions. It differs from Heteropora subaequiporosa Gregory, 1909, in its smaller micrometric measure- ments and in its zoarium, which is not free. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69860, U.S.N.M. MULTICRESCIS PULCHELLA, new species Plate 21, figs. 18-18 Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, branched, hollow in the interior. The orifices are circular, oblique, arranged in quin- oF ee 3 ——_— Fia. 4.—Multicrescis pulchella, new species. A. Transverse section, X 16, of a hollow zoarium. The ex- ternal lamella seems to have had only one tube of origin. B. Longitudinal section through the same zoarium, X 16, showing the tube of origin which gave rise to the external lamella. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland cunx, ornamented with a tuberose visor placed inferiorily. The meso- pores are numerous, polygonal, smaller than the orifices. Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.06-0.08 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.04 mm. Structure.—The zoarial branches are solid at their extremity. When the visors are worn the aspect of the surface is that of an ordi- nary Heteropora. The base is orbicular, little expanded, garnished with a concentrically wrinkled epitheca. The one we figure is not 53648—26——_2 ts PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 hollow; many lamellae curve about a solid branch, as in Letosoecia proxima. In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gem- mation on a basal lamella; they are much recurved at their extrem- ity. The mesopores are long, numerous, variable in diameter and length. The exterior lamella has its origin in a tube of an internal lamella; the tubes and the mesopores are very much shorter, but they have the same characters as the tubes of the internal lamella. In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with thin and adja- cent walls. They are much smaller in the vicinity of the basal lamella, which proves that these tubes are club-shaped in their infe- rior part and cylindrical as soon as they are recurved. Affinities. —This species much resembles Acanthopora pulchella De Loriol, 1868. According to the figures of this author, the zoarial sur- face presents small very regular tuberosities surrounded by radiating mesopores. We have not had occasion to observe the genotype and we understand little of this particular arrangement. We believe that this is a figure somewhat fanciful of a Multicrescis, with tube- rose visors, like the present species. However, as we are not able to prove this supposition, we will maintain the generic term Multicrescis. If by chance it is identical with De Loriol’s species the name of the genus would only be changed and all Multicrescis with visors would then be Acanthopora. It is to be noted that the exterior lamella appears to have only a single origin. In the other known Multicrescis there are alway several points of origin. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69859, U.S.N.M., and Museum Comparative Zoology. MULTICRESCIS (ACANTHOPORA) FORMOSA, new species Plate 21, figs. 10-12 Affinities Only the figured specimen has been found, and a description is not given, for we have not been able to make thin sec- tions, and on the surface we can not see the difference between the orifice of the tubes and those of the mesopores. This species has an aspect very close to Acanthopora pulchella De Loriol, 1868, but the zoarial tuberosities are here triangular visors diversely oriented, so that it is difficult to discover the pores to which they correspond. The genus Acanthopora D’Orbigny, 1840, differs from Neuropora in that the thickened borders of the peristomes present small conical points in place of the elongated veinules (Haime, 1854). The figures given by Haime and by De Loriol, 1868, indicate clearly that the ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 19 small cones replace a consolidated tube. This is not the case here. More material is necessary in order to establish the nature of the genus Acanthopora. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69859, U.S.N.M. Genus SEMINODICRESCIS D’Orbigny, 1854 SEMINODICRESCIS NODOSA D’Orbigny, 1854 Plate 22, fig. 1 1854. Seminodicrescis nodosa D’Orsiany, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 1067, pl. 800, figs. 12-14. Our zoarium is smaller than that figured by D’Orbigny, but the aspect is very much the same. It is hollow and thin at the two extremities. The nodosities do not present any particular character and correspond to the mammillosites of many other species belong- ing to the genus Multicrescis D’Orbigny, 1854. As we have not en able to make any section, we maintain D’Orbigny’s name. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Geologic distribution —LLower Cretaceous (Aptian), Saint-Dizier (Haute-Marne), and Les Crofites (Aube), France (D’ eek Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69861, U.S.N.M. Genus CERIOPORA Goldfuss, 1827 and Genus REPTOMULTICAVA D’Orbigny, 1854 In Ceriopora the colonies are unilamellar, more or less massive or lobed, and formed of cylindrical tubes without peristomes and with peripheral ‘gemmation. In Reptomulticava the zoaria are multi- lamellar. The structure of these genera is not as simple as their diagnoses would indicate. In thin sections they present important peculiari- ties for observation. Zonal lines.—In longitudinal or meridian sections the zonal lines are curved concentric regular bands of very little width. They are closer together at the summit of the colony than at the base. They do not interrupt the tubes as the diaphragms. They are transformed frequently in a part of their length into basal lamellae supporting not subcolonies but series of tubes differently oriented (Ceriopora ovoidea, C. solida, C. lobifera). This phenomenon is more frequent in the lateral portions of the colonies, where it is manifested externally by the lamellae appearing entirely surrounding the colony (Cerio- pora) or superposed (Defranciopora). 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Rarely the zonal lines become transformed into epithecal lines in a portion of their length (Ceriopora acquipedis). A zonal line is formed by divers elements, diaphragms, transverse bands of vesicles, and at the intersection of the zooecial walls by large vesicles with thicker walls. They correspond, therefore, along the entire extent of their length to the tubes contracted and with denser calcification. They may be only potential and manifested only by simultaneous deformations of the tubes (Defranciopora). ¢ i f/ FiG. 5.—Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. A. Meridian section, X 16, through a zoarium with definite zonal lines. Lower Cretacious (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland We are ignorant of the significance of the zonal lines. They per- haps correspond to the arrests of growth occasioned by the seasons. Their arrangement in the ensemble of colonial architecture seems to be more a question of mathematics than of biology. Zooecial walls —The walls of the tubes are very variable in thick- ness and in structure, characteristics which determine the species. Two different species have always a different vesicular constitution. ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 21 They are vesiculose either totally or partially (at the extremity). The vesicles are quite variable in form and in size. When large they give to the walls a moniliform aspect, which reveals sometimes annular tubes. When they are very small the tissue is dense and the preparations are little transparent. Finally, if their distal and proximal walls are thin, the zooecial walls seem then entirely hollow. The vesicles are very difficult to draw and it is only by photog- raphy that they can be figured with fidelity. In the course of this study we have not paid enough attention to the structure of the zooecial walls not only of the Ceriopores but also of many other species described, for in searching for the general laws we have neglected the details. We can affirm that very close study is always necessary because we are convinced that the microscopic structure of the zooecial walls is the best specific character. Good photographs with an enlargement of at least 50 diameters are also necessary. Transverse sections.—The structure of the Certopores does not differ from that of other cyclostomata, and we have found in transverse sections the characters observed and described hitherto. We have observed (1) polygonal zooecia with thin adjacent walls occurring more often in the central part of the zoarium; (2) round, nonadjacent zooecia, corresponding to the tubes with vesicular walls and with their separation depending upon the thickness of their walls; (3) polygonal zooecia in which the interior is rounded, corresponding to the tubes with walls having many longitudinal rows of vesicles; and (4) tubular zooecia which correspond to the recurved parts of the tubes and are always vesicular. CERIOPORA TENUIS, new species Plate 22, figs. 12-14 Description.—The zoarium is very thin and encrusts shells. The orifices are polygonal and regular, with walls little thickened. Measurements.—Diameter of aperatures, 0.10 mm. Only the fig- ured specimen has been found. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Holotype—Cat. No. 69862, U.S.N.M. CERIOPORA OVOIDEA, new species Plate 22, figs. 2-5 Description.—The zoarium is free ovoid, pedunculate, borne on a very small flat base, formed sometimes of lamellae entirely covering the base. The apertures are polygonal and irregular. The zonal lines become transformed in basal lamellae. 99 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.10 mm.; maximum zoarial width, 9 mm.; zoarial height, 14 mm. Structure.—The zoarial form is rather constant, ovoid or fusiform. On the base, viewed from below, the tubes are arranged fan-shape in the manner of Berenicea. Many of the zoaria appear to be formed of many lamellae inserted one on the other. In reality thin sections show that this is not so for there are no successive complete basal lamellae; sometimes the Fiq. 6.— Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. B. Meridian section of another zoarium, X16, in which the zonal lines -have been transformed into basal lamellae. The main zoarial tubes are oriented in a different direction from those of the primitive zoarium. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land zonal lines are transformed into basal lamellae but only along a part of their course. This is an arrangement intermediate between that of Ceriopora and of typical Reptomulticava, so that we do not know into which genus this species as well as most of the following should be placed. The‘ tubes are cylindrical, with concave diaphragms and with peripheral gemmation. The walls are rather thick, moniliform in a part of their course, and formed of two rows of vesicles in their ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 23 enlarged portion. The zonal lines are formed by vesicles which are larger and have very thick walls; they become transformed some- times into true partial basal lamellae. The new tubes arise from a rootlike base and we can suppose that they cover tubes in which the polypide is aborted or diseased and is not able to continue its skeleton with enough of regularity. Affinities. —This species differs from Ceriopora angustipedis in its more elongated zoarium, in the smaller diameter of its orifice, and in the presence of false lamellae covering the zoarium. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Fig 7.—Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16, entirely across a zoarium. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland CERIOPORA ANGUSTIPEDIS, new species Plate 22, figs. 15-17 Description.—The zoarium is free, globular, with a narrow base, somewhat broader than high, entire or apparently covered by lamel- lae wholly enveloping it. The tubes have thickened walls; the aper- tures are polygonal and arranged in quincunx. Zonal lines are rare. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; maximum Z0- arial width, 9 mm.; maximum zoariai height, 8 mm. Structure.—In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical, with very thick walls; these walls are very finely vesicular but never moniliform; the diaphragms are concave and very irregularly placed. Our sectioned specimen did not show zonal lines very clearly. It is probable that the specimen shown, which exhibits at the base three enveloping lamellae, would in sections show the zonal lines transformed into basal lamellae, as in Ceriopora ovoidea. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Affinaties.—This new species differs from Ceriopora ovoidea in its larger aperture (0.12 mm. and not 0.10 mm.), in its zoarium broader than high, and, in section, in the zooecial walls, which are thicker and of different structure. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Velangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69864, U.S.N.M. CERIOPORA AEQUIPEDIS, new species, Plate 22, figs. 9-11 Description.—The zoarium is irregularly hemispherical, generally broader than high, with the base equal to the zoarial width. The orifices are polygonal and the tubes are very thick. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; maximum zoarial diameter, 9 mm.; maxi- mum zoarial height, 5 mm. Structure—In meridian sec- tion the tubes are long, cylindri- cal; the walls are moniliform, with large vesicles. The zonal lines are numerous, very close to- gether, and are transformed par- tially into basal lamellae. Affinities.—Ceriopora aequi- pedis differs from C. angustipedis, in which the diameter of the aper- tures is identical, in the hemi- Fic. 8.—Ceriopora aequipedis, new species. Merid- spherical zoarial form, in the un- ian section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): narrowed base, and, in sections, Sainte-Croix, Switzerland : sits in the moniliform tubes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69865, U.S.N.M. CERIOPORA SOLIDA, new specie Plate 22, figs. 6-8 Descriptions.—The zoarium is free, massive, convex, with a flat or concave base apparently covered by many enveloping lamellae. The tubes have little thickness; the apertures are large, polygonal. Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.16 mm.; zoarial width, 15 mm.; zoarial height, 9 mm. Structure.—In meridian sections the tubes are long, sinuous; the diaphragms are concave and numerous; the zooecial walls are little ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 25 thickened and are moniliform. The zonal lines are irregular and may be transformed partially into basal lamellae. Affinities.—In its zoarial form this species approaches Ceriopora aequipedis but differs in its large zoarium, its much larger aperture (0.16 mm. and not 0.12 mm.), and, in sections, in the irregularity of the zonal lines. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69866, U.S.N.M. ee aN ay \ \ a : EN Sy ’ Hy =< \ as _ = Hc e a ee oe ee a F ao; Fig. 9.— Ceriopora solida, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- Croix, Switzerland CERIOPORA PARVIPORA, new species Plate 28, figs. 5-7 Description.—The zoarium is large, globular, with a concave, nar- rowed base. There are false enveloping lamellae. The tubes are thick; the apertures are polygonal and irregular. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 7 mm. 296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Structure.—The zonal lines are numerous, very close together, formed in large part by diaphragms; they sometimes are trans- formed into basal lamellae. The walls of the tubes are quite thick and formed of a large number of small orbicular vesicles, arranged irequently in two rows. This struc- ture is more visible in tangential sections, where all the small vesicles are quite visible between the polygonal tubes. Affinities—tIn its zoarial form this species is rather close to Certopora aequi- pedis, but it differs in its much smaller aperture (0.08 mm. and not 0,12 mm.) and, in sections, in the nonmoniliform zooecial walls. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Val- Fig. 10.— Ceriopora parvipora, new species. angian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzer- Meridian section, X 16. Lower Creta- land (common). ee EER eens A Switzer- Cotypes.—Cat. NG: 69867, U.S.N.M. CERIOPORA NUMMULARIA, new species Plate 23, figs. 1-4 Description.—The zoarium is free, orbicular or elliptical, lenticular, convex, apparently covered over by one or two enveloping lamellae; the base is somewhat concave. The tubes are little thickened; the apertures are polygonal, somewhat oblique, surrounded by very small and irregular tuberosities. Fig. 11.—Ceriopora nummularia, new species. Longitudinal section, 16, exhibiting the moniliform tubes with large vesicles and the zonal lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 7 mm. Structure-—In meridian section the tubes are cylindrical, with peripheral gemmation; the walls are thin and moniliform. The zonal lines are little separated and formed by calcareous thicken- ings. Diaphragms are rare. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 27 Our section does not indicate the enveloping false lamellae, but on certain specimens not sectioned these are quite visible. The zoarial form characterizes this species very well exteriorly. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69868, U.S.N.M. CERIOPORA LOBIFERA, new species Plate 23, figs. 11-17 Description.—The zoari- um is large, free, subcylin- drical; it bears lateral lobes more or less developed. The zoarial surface sometimes ex- hibits small tuberosities. The tubes are thin; the aper- tures are polygonal and very irregular. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; di- ameter of zoarium, 10 mm.; length of large fragments, 25 mm. Structure.—The base is a somewhat expanded disk (fig. 13); the inferior part (fig. 14) shows the characteristic loz- enge-shaped tubes recurved at their extremity, radiating around the ancestrula. In thin sections the tubes are cylindrical, recurved at their extremity. The walls are : : : Fic. 12.— Ceriopora lobifera, new species. A meridian sec- thin and formed of a single tion, X 16. The zona] lines are transformed sometimes row of small vesicles. The _ into basal lamellae. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): : : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland zonal lines are widely sepa- rated and formed by the thickening of parietal vesicles. The dia- phragms are almost always placed on the zonal lines. The latter are transformed into basal lamellae in the inferior part of the colonies. The arborescent form of this species clearly distinguishes it from all other species from the same locality. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69869, U.S.N.M. 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 CERIOPORA FALLAX, new species Plate 23, figs. 8-10 Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, elongated, appar- ently formed of many enveloping lamellae. The tubes are thin; the apertures are polygonal, irregular, with heteroporoid aspect. Measurements.—Diameter of large apertures, 0.16 mm.; diameter of small apertures, 0.08-0.12 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 5 mm. Structure.—This species is very deceiving. Certain parts of the surface have large and small tubes, as in Heteropora; but sections do not show mesopores in the strict sense, for here some shorter tubes or others with a smaller diameter may be seen. The lamellae, visible exteriorly, are not complete and arise by the development of partial basal lamellae. The zooecial walls are vesicular and moniform; the vesicles are little swollen and their lateral walls only are very thick. Diaphragms exist only at the center of the colony. Occurrence.—Lower Fia. 13.—Ceriopora fallaz, new species. A meridian section, X 16. Cretaceous (Valangian) : The zonal lines are transformed into basal lamellae. Lower Sainte-Croix (Vaud) Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 4 Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69870, U.S.N.M. CERIOPORA SPONGIOIDES, new species Plate 24, figs. 7-10 Description.—The zoarium is free, subglobular or massive, with a very narrow base. The tubes are thick; the apertures are very irrreg- ular and give to the surface the aspect of a calcareous sponge. Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.12 mm.; length of zoarium, 12 mm.; height of zoarium, 8 mm. Affinities.—Our sections were not good and we have been unable to study the structure of this fossil. The species differs from Cerio- pora angustipedes in the aspect of the surface and in its zoaria, which are higher than broad. It differs from Certopora ovoidea only in the general aspect of the surface, which is of a nature that may represent only alteration in fossilization. We figure traces of ovicells which are possibly those characteristic of Leiosoecia. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Cotype.—Cat. No. 69871, U.S.N.M. “ART, 23 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 99 CERIOPORA DIMORPHOCELLA, new species Plate 24, figs. 1-6; Plate 31, figs 7, 8 Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, with short, lobed branches. The tubes are thick; the apertures are polygonal, with two different sizes, and ornamented with very small tongues. Measurements.—Diameter of large apertures, 0.08 mm.; diameter of small apertures, 0.04 mm.; zoarial diameter, 10 mm.; minimum height of fragments, 20 mm. Structure.—The fragments found do not show the base; the colony should be, therefore, rather large and dendroid. An examination of the surface indicates a Heteropora; the large apertures are surrounded by smaller ones, which are Gee ; rather regular in their dimen- pat ; : i f : sions. But in meridian sec- vt ke ai tions there are no mesopores; | | the small orifices correspond to \ the ordinary tubes, in which the walls are thicker on the zo- ad ifs arial margin. This phenom- 2% W\G yt iy” é enon is, moreover, rather ir- : regular, as tangential sections indicate. There are neither diaphragms nor zonal lines. Affiniies.—This species differs from Ceriopora fallax in its much larger zoarium and in its smaller micrometric dimensions. Occurrence.—Lower Creta- ceous (Aptian): Faringdon | a” EK ngland (r are) : Fia. 14.—Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species. Portion of Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69872, meridian section, x 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England U.S.N.M. é REPTOMULTICAVA FUNGIFORMIS Gregory, 1909 ses te, St eee oy 2 >. a ye : ; RN Ne f° “a Ke Bn SOB Plate 24, figs. 11-17 1909. Reptomulticava fungiformis GrecoryY, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 135, figs. 38, 39, pl. 7, fig. 6. (Bib- liography.) Structure-—Our specimens are much smaller than those in the British Museum, although their appearance is identical. Moreover, the aperture is much smaller (0.10-0.12 mm. and not 0.20 mm.), although its form is similar to that figured by Gregory. Finally, our sections are quite similar to those of the English author. It appears 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 to us impossible to identify otherwise the numerous specimens col- lected in the same locality, Faringdon. In meridian section the zoarium appears to be formed by complete, superposed lamellae, with their basal lamella entire. The latter is quite visible on account of a short zone of growth. The zooecial walls are very thick and formed of two or three rows of small vesicles, which, in tangential sections, are very irregular. Affinitizes.—In the micromet- ric dimensions, as well as in sections, our specimens are very close to Reptomulticava Fie. 15.—Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909. micropora Roemer, 1839, but Meridian section, X 16, showing superposed cellular they differ in the zoarial form lamellae, and the thick walls with large vesicles. . F Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England and in the arrangement of the apertures In quincunx. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (common). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69873, U.S.N.M REPTOMULTICAVA BELLULA De Loriol, 1869 Plate 24, figs. 18-20 1869. Reptomulticava bellula Dr Lorton and GriturerRoNn, Monographie paléon- tologique et stratigraphique de l’etage Urgonien inferieur de Landeron (Neuchatel), Memoires de la Société helvetique des Sciences naturelles, vol. 23, p. 41; pl. 3, figs. 9-11. We refer to this species the unique specimen which we have figured, but the micrometric dimensions seem to us a great deal smaller, and there are 25 apertures to the square millimeter in place of 15, as indicated by Gregory. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (very rare). Genus DEFRANCIOPORA Hamm, 1881 DEFRANCIOPORA NEOCOMIEMNSIS, new species Plate 25, figs. 13-15 Description.—The zoarium is free, claviform, composed apparently of many discoidal superposed subcolonies. The base is narrower than the zoarium. The tubes are little thickened; the apertures are polygonal and close together. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; maximum zoarial width, 7 mm.; maximum zoarial height, 10 mm. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 31 Structure.—As in the other Cerioporas from Sainte-Croix, the exte- rior aspect of this species is deceiving, for in longitudinal sections the subcolonies are not complete and have a basal lamella only at the periphery of the colony. There are no zonal lines, as in Ceriopora, but instead imaginary concentric lines (potential) uniting at the basal lamella and marking the zooecial deformations in a manner that each subcolony seems to have acertain autonomy. This differ- ence of structure from Ceriopora justifies the maintenance of the Defranciopora Hamm, 1880. Many of the diaphragms bear two tubes. The. zooecial walls are moniliform and much expanded at their extremity; the vesicles are very small. . Fig. 16.—Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species. Meridian section through a characteristic specimen X 16, with potential zonal lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud) Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69874, U.S.N.M. Genus NEUROPORA Bronn, 1825 ? 1825. Neuropora BRonn. Proposed to replace Chrysaora Lamouroux, preoccu- pied by Péron. The zoarium is free, more or less claviform or arborescent. The surface is traversed by irregular veinules radiating from a special center. The orifices are ornamented with short visors. The tubes 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 are cylindrical, polygonal, crossed by numerous diaphragms; the walls are thick, vesicular, perforated, and united with the visors. Genotype.—Neuropora conuligera Hennig, 1893, Cretaceous. The genus was at first referred to the bryozoa; then it was classed among the hydroids, but in 1893 Hennig’s study of the genus definitely established its structure. The Lower Cretaceous species are simpler and less well characterized than those of the Upper Cretaceous. The veinules are formed by solidified tubes. We are ignorant of their physiological function. NEUROPORA RAMOSA, new species Plate 25, figs. 9-12 Description.—The zoarium is free, ramose, borne on a very small base, with the branches often pyriform. The orifices are rather large, polygonal, arranged in quincunx, ornamented with tubercles at the angles. The veinules are irregular and converge toward the extrem- ity of the lobes. Measurements.—Diameter of the orifice, 0.12 mm. Affinities—The form of some zoaria approaches that of typical Neuropora, but such specimens are rare. The lobes become elongated generally into veritable branches, although pyriform also. In longi- tudinal sections the tubular walls are thick, formed by a compact tis- sue which corresponds to the exterior tubercles. The tubes, solidified and meeting at the point of convergence of the venules, are some- what wider than the others. The sections of this species are very opaque and difficult to interpret. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Cotype.—Cat. No. 69875, U.S.N.M. NEUROPORA ARBUSCULA, new species Plate 25, figs. 1-3 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, arborescent, with short branches. The orifices are polygonal, arranged in quincunx, ornamented with a lateral somewhat salient tuberosity. The vein- ules are irregular and longitudinal. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; width of zoarium, 6 mm. Affinities—In the exterior aspect this species is very close to Neuropora pyriformis, but it differs in its cylindrical zoarium, its much broader base, and its somewhat smaller zooecial diameter. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Cotype.—Cat. No. 69876, U.S.N.M. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 33 NEUROPORA MICROPORA, new species Plate 25, figs. 4-8; Plate 30, fig. 20 Description.—The zoarium is free, hemispherical or pyriform; the base is always narrower. The orifices are very small, polygonal, irregular, surrounded by short points. The veinules are rare and irregular. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; length of large zoaria, 20 mm. Structure.—This species is very well characterized by the smal diameter of its orifices. The longitudinal section is quite identical with that of the geno- type admirably figured by Hennig in 1893. It is quite complicated by the very large number of diaphragms. A certain number of the latter are simultaneous and form a kind of zonal line. The walls are thick and formed by a very finely vesicular tissue. Gemmation is peripheral. In tangential sections the tubes are polygonal, not adjacent, sepa- rated by a vesicular tissue. A second orbicular tube is placed in their interior. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69877, U.S.N.M. NEUROPORA TENUINERVOSA, new species Plate 25, figs. 16-19 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, branched, borne on a base of less diameter. The orifices are small, polygonal, arranged in quincunx, separated by little salient tuberosities. The centers of convergence of the veinules are large smooth, salient tuberosities. The veinules are numerous, very narrow, often little visible, arranged in radiating lines around the zoarial tuberosities. Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.06-0.08 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 5 mm. A ffinities.— Neuropora tenuinervosa differs from N. micropora in its branched zoarium and in the presence of salient centers of convergence. It differs from Neuropora arbuscula in its smaller orifices, in its less salient visors, and in the presence of salient centers of convergence of the veinules. The veinules are very narrow, quite transitory, as they disappear upon weathering, so that certain specimens lack them entirely, thus exhibiting the aspect of Spinopora. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69878, U.S.N.M. 53648—26 = vo 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Genus NEUROPORELLA Hennig, 1894 1894. Neuroporella Hennia, Studies 6fver Bryozoerna; Sveriges Kritsystem. II Cyclostomata Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, vol. 30, No. 8, p. 26. The zoarium is formed of irregular incrusting, uni or multi lamellar masses. The centers of convergence of the veinules form smooth salient points. The internal structure is identical with that of Neuropora. Genotype.— Neuroporella ignabergensis Hennig, 1894. Cretaceous. This genus is only a zoarial form of Neuropora, but we maintain it provisionally in order to facilitate determination and because our sections are not numerous enough for a more detailed study. NEUROPORELLA HEMISPHERICA, new species Plate 26, figs. 1-5; Plate 31, figs. 5, 6 Description.—The zoarium is massive, hemispherical, with a con- cave and somewhat narrower base; it is formed of many superposed lamellae. The orifices are polygonal, separated by small salient tubercules. The veinules are broad, sailient, smooth, and bifurcated. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12—0.16 mm.; diameter of large zoarium, 17 mm. Affinities—This species differs from Neuroporella zgnabergensis Hennig 1894, in the absence of centers of convergence of the very salient veinules and in its much larger orifices. In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical with peripheral gemmation, traversed by numerous diaphragms. A large number of the diaphragms are formed simultaneously and form the zonal lines. In tangential sections the tubes are polygonal and their walls are very thick and opaque. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69879, U.S.N.M. Genus SPINOPORA Blainville, 1830 The zoarial surface bears very salient, smooth tuberosities, but veinules are not present. The tubes have internal spines. The orifices and the internal structure are identical with Neuropora. Genotype.—Spinopora (Ceriopora) mitra Goldfuss, 1827. Creta- ceous. The large tuberosities correspond to the solidified tubes like the centers of convergence in Neuropora. This genus appears to us, therefore, asa Neuroporella without veinules. The genotype from the Campanian of Sweden and the Island of Riigen is the only species heretofore known. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 85 SPINOPORA NEOCOMIENSIS, new species Plate 26, figs. 6, 7 Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, hollow, branched. The orifices are polygonal, small, arranged in quincunx, separated by very salient tuberosities. The zoarial tubercles are very salient, smooth, much scattered, arranged in quincunx. Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.16 mm.; diameter of zoa- rium, 4 mm. Affinities.—The zoarial form in this species is very different from that of the genotype, but the external characters are absolutely iden- tical. We have not been able to make sections. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Cotype.—Cat. No. 69880, U.S.N.M. Division OVICELLATA Subdivision PARALLELATA Waters, 1887 Family MECYNOECIIDAE Canu, 1918 Genus MECYNGECIA Canu, 1918 MECYNOECIA ICAUNENSIS D’Orbigny, 1850 Plate 1, figs. 1-4 1850. Entalophora icaunensis D’OrBIGNY, Prodrome de Paléontologie, vol. 2, D: or. 1853. Entalophora icaunensis D’Orsigny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 781, pl. 616, figs. 12-14. Measurements.— pera ak & ae Sane | oer : “i | Small Large M. probos- | branches branches cidea | Mm. Mi. Mim. WigMeLenOlADErLulot = en ee ee ee ee eee, Boke 0. 16 0.12 0. 16 Dianieteroleperistomic: = 2 8-- S20 se Sy Eee 2 ee) oe . 24 24-.30 . 16-.20 Distance Of PErISLOMES a ana. ena ees Se eS eS 1. 20 (1.76) 1. 20 1. 20-1.40 Separationvotsperistomos os 2 2 ae Os i a 2 ee) . 80 80 . 30-.40 Affinities —This species was identified by Pergens, in 1889 with Entalophora proboscidea Milne-Edwards, 1838, and by Gregory, 1899, with Entalophora virgula Hagenow, 1840. According to these authors, it begins in the Neocomian and still exists in the recent seas. The Neocomian species appears to us distinct and to differ from the recent species in its more crowded and smoother tubes. We figure a few variations. The structure is identical with that of the recent species and of some Tertiary specimens of which we have published sections 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 in 1920. The transverse section especially is puzzling and we can not explain its structure because the tubes in it are not rounded. This structure is peculiar to this group, and it is little probable that all the species which we have cited as belonging to this genus because of the nature of the ovicell, have an identical structure. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud) | Switzerland, and Censea (Doubs), France. Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69881, U.S.N.M. ? MECYNOECIA (SPIROPORA) VERTICILLATA Goldfuss, 1827 1850. Spiropora neocomiensis D’ORBIGNY, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 708, pl. 742, figs. 1, 2. 1865. Spiropora verticillata BrtissEL, Ueber die Bryozoen der Aachener Kreidebildung, Naturkundige Verhandelingen Hollandsche Maatschappij der Weltenschap- pen te Haarlem, ser. 2, vol. 22, p. 70, pl. 8, figs. 91-93. 1869. Spiropora neocomiensis Dr Lorio., Monographie de l’etage Urgonien de Landeron, Memoires de la Société helvetique des Sciences naturelles, vol. 23, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 18. 1909. Spiropora verticillata Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 256, pl. 11, fig. 5. (Bib- liography and geological distri- bution.) 1922. Mecynoecia ? verticillata Canu and BassterR, Studies on the Cyclo- stomatous Bryozoa, Proc. U.S. National Museum, vol. 61, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 16, 17. Fic. 17.—Mecy noecia icaunensis D’ Orbigny, 1850. Measurements.—Diameter of peri- A-B. Transverse and longitudinal sections, 3 5 X16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte- Stome, 0.20—-0.24 mm.; distance of Croix, Switzerland verticells, 0.60-0.90 mm. The measurements are identical with specimens from the French Conia- cian. In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, with regular ‘peripheral gemmation. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- ‘zerland, etc. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER Ot Genus MICROECIA Canu, 1918 MICROECIA CORNUCOPIA D’Orbigny, 1851 Plate 28, figs. 5-7 1899. Proboscina cornucopia Gruaory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 45, pl. 3, figs. 6, 9, 10; pl. 4, fig. 1. (Bibli- ography, geological distribution.) Our specimens from Faringdon found incrusting shells correspond fairly well to Gregory’s Figure 6b. They do not exhibit the large berenicoid expansions like the type specimen, but they have the same small dimensions. A specimen from Sainte-Croix appearing to correspond to Figure 1, Plate 4, of Gregory, is ovicelled and belongs to the genus Microecia. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Faringdon, England (Aptian), and Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (Valangian). Plesvotype.—Cat. No. 69882, U.S.N.M. Genus TRIGONOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922 TRIGONOECIA SEMOTA, new species Plate 1, fig. 5 Description.—The zoarium incrusts shells; it is suborbicular, bere- nicoid; the zone of growth is thin and irregular. The tubes are long, cylindrical, visible, convex, arched; the peristomes are thin, orbicular or elliptical, much scattered from each other. The ovicell is elongated or transverse, symmetrical, convex, wrinkled transversely ; the oeciostome is small, salient, orbicular, opening on the same plane as the peristomes. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.16-0.18 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48-0.64 mm.; sepa- ration of peristomes, 0.64—0.72 mm.; diameter of oeciostome, 0.07 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 5 mm. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland (common). Holotype.—Cat. No. 69883, U.S.N.M. TRIGONOECIA TUBULOSA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 4, figs. 138-15 1853. Diastopora tubulosa D’OrBIGNyY, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé vol. 5, p. 827, pl. 635, figs. 1-3. Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.09 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.10 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.90 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.50 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.12-0.14 mm. Structure.—The tubes become dilated in their free terminal por- tion, so that the diameter of the peristome is greater than that of 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 the tubes. The distance of the peristomes is quite variable. In certain portions the peristomes are very close together and in other places they are grouped in transverse rows. The ovicell, in its complete form, is a large pyriform quite salient sack, very convex, perfectly symmetrical, and terminated by a very small oeciostome. But it often presents forms less symmetrical in = Bias asses Sse a S$ Ro) A ie) oO goa é A > i a < a ~ a A Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 18.—Genus Tvigonoecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Trigonoecia tubulosa D’Orbigny, 1851. section, X 16, of the hollow zoarium, showing cylindrical tubes with dorsal gemmation. B. Transverse section of a branch, X16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Trigonoecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853. of a longitudinal section, X 16, showing the triparietal gemmation and the club-shaped tubes. X 16, exhibiting the polygonal form of the tubes. NY shape. However, it is very rare that on the same specimen of cyclostomatous bryozoan all the ovicells are identical in shape. {rregularity is the rule. In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, long, with tri- parietal gemmation on the basal lamella and narrowed at their base ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 39 In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with thin walls adjacent. The tubes adjacent to the lamella are small, because they correspond to the inferior part of the tubes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzer- land; Hauterivian, Censeau (Doubs), France (Valangian), Fontenay and Auxerre (Yonne), france (Rhodonian). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69884, U.S.N.M. TRIGONOECIA HAIMEANA De Loriol, 1863 Plate 1, figs. 6-12 1863. Reptomultisparsa haimeana Dr Lorton, Les Invertébrés du Neocomien inférieur du Mont Saléve prés Genéve, vol. 2, p. 136, pl. 17, fig. 4. 1883. Reptomultisparsa haimeana KeEpina, Fossils of the Neocomian of Upware and Brickhill (Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire), p. 137. 1899. Reptomultisparsa haimei Greaory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 117, fig. 5. Measurements.— Ste.-Croix | Faringdon| Gregory Type DiametermotiapertuTre._ 22864 Fs sep os Sa ee 0. 10 0. 10 0.10 0.10 DAMES (OMe PELISLOMO = 8. oan ee oe ee pee .16 | BL Ua) a ae eran Fe al hee Wiamoterokeibes me = ease Tee es . 20 . 20 20- . 25 | 18-. 22 DISTANCE) OMOTISLOMMES son a ee pe cee ee . 72-. 80 . 64 SO0H 100 oe rene eee e Separation ofiperistomes: 22. 5-08 eee Wwe $48-s'60!to os g2822 oo | ee Affinities.—De Loriol’s type is not very well preserved, but our specimens, which we have compared with it, are much better. The zoarium incrusts sponges and shells over considerable surfaces (fig. 6). The large transverse overlapping wrinkles characteristic of the species have been observed in specimens from Sainte-Croix (fig. 7), as well as Faringdon (fig. 10). The ovicell is triangular, very convex, and quite similar to that in other species of the genus. Its dimen- sions are quite variable, varying from once to twice the size. The ovicell shown in Figure 12 is the largest one observed. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Varappe, near Geneva, Switzer- land (De Loriol) (Hauterivian), Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (Valangian); Faringdon and Upware, England (Aptian). Plesvotypes.—Cat. Nos. 69885, 69886, U.S.N.M. TRIGONOECIA (MESENTERIPORA) NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 2, fig. 11 1853. Mesenteripora neocomiensis D’OrBieaNny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 808, pl. 756, figs. 7-9. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14-0.16 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.18-0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 1.00-1.20 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.70 mm. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Structure.—Although very beautiful, D’Orbigny’s figure is not com- plete. A considerable number of tubes bear at: their base large trans- verse wrinkles. They are not constant, it is true; when the tubes are very long and are inserted between two peristomes (distance of 1.20 mm.), the wrinkles are quite visible in the inferior nonsalient portion; when the tubes are short (distance, 0.70 mm.), the wrinkles have disappeared. We have not observed the ovicell, but we classify the species provisionally in the genus Trigonoecia because the sections are identi- cal with those of other species of the genus. The fronds being un- dulated, there is never perfect symmetry in the sections. Pergens and Gregory have erroneously identified this species with Diastopora compressa Goldfuss, 1827, in which the micrometric measurments are much smaller. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix, Switzerland (Val- angian); Morteau (Jura), France (Urgonian). Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69887, U.S.N.M. Genus CARDIOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922 The ovicell is triangular, transverse, cordiform, little convex, smooth, symmetrical; the oeciostome is small, salient, median. The tubes are club-shaped, with triparietal gemmation on a basal lamella. Genoty pe.—Cardioecia (Bidiastopora) neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853. Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian, Aptian). The ovicell is less salient and more expanded than in Trigonoecia. The tubes are longer and club-shaped. The latter character is clearly visible in transverse sections, which have a larger number of tubes and increase regularly from center to circumference. We have observed only the free forms of growth, but encrusting forms are quite possible. The oeciostome always measures 0.10 mm. and the oeciopore 0.06 mm. No exceptions to this have been found. CARDIOECIA NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 2, figs. 1-7 1853. Bidiastopora neocomiensis D’OrBiaNY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 800, pl. 784, figs. 9-11. 1902. Bidiastopora campicheana Canv, Bryozoaires fossiles, Collection Campich. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 4, vol. 2, p. 11. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.16 mm.; zooecial diameter, 0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40-0.50 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.50 mm.; width of large fronds, 3 mm. Variations.—This species is very irregular and D’Orbigny’s figure represents only one phase of it. In their perfect form the tubes are visible and salient (fig. 2). This character disappears easily even on ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 41 the same fragment of frond (figs. 2, 7); the tubes cease to be visible and the peristomes are very salient (fig. 2). The latter frequently are less developed (figs. 3, 4, 6) and the superficial aspect is totally different. In some very rare cases they become almost adjacent (fig. 5.) The ovicell shown in Figure 3 is the typical and perfect form; it is heart-shaped, transverse, convex, smooth, symmetrical, and its Longitudinal IR Y We Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, sys E, F. Two transverse sections, X 16, with the median 3 A, B. Cardioecia neocomiensis D’ Orbigny, 1853. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Cardioecia Longitudinal and transverse sections, 16. lamella short and curved in the second. G. Portion of a meridian section, X 16, showing the form of the tubes. Switzerland. E,F,G. Cardioecia faringdonensis, new species. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England and transverse sections, < 16. verticillata, new species. Fig. 19.—Genus Cardioecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. small oeciostome is placed in the median axis; but regularity and symmetry disappear rather easily (fig. 6). The oeciostome meas- ures 0.10 mm. and the oeciopore 0.06 mm. The zone of growth is short but very thick (figs. 2, 5). Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are long, club-shaped, much expanded at their extremity, where, in consequence of the closeness of the peristomes, they appear closed by pseudofacettes. 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 The gemmation is triparietal on a basal lamella (=median). The walls are thick and vesicular. In transverse section the tubes are orbicular or elliptical, largest at the periphery, with very thick walls. The median (basal) lamella is almost rectilinear. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69888, U.S.N.M. CARDIOECIA NEOCOMIENSIS PARVULA, new variety Plate 2, fig. 8 The micrometric measurements are somewhat smaller and the ovi- cell less regular than in the typical form. The tubes are visible. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.14 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.64 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.50 mm. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Holotype.—Cat. No. 69890, U.S.N.M. CARDIOECIA NEOCOMIENSIS ENTALOPHOROIDES, new variety Plate 2, figs. 9, 10 The zoarium is cylindrical or somewhat compressed. The peri- stomes are arranged in verticells. The ovicell is more globular and less transverse. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.16 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.56 mm.; distance of peri- .stomes 0.34 mm. The separation can be measured only in the portions of the sur- face where the peristomes are arranged in quincunx. The ovicell appears less cordiform and more globular because the zoarium is sub- cylindrical. This is not EHntalophora neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853 in which the tubes are visable and more distant. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Cotype.—Cat. No. 69889, U.S.N.M. CARDIOECIA VERTICELLATA, new species Plate 3, figs. 1-4 Description.—The zoarium is cylindrical, arborescent. The tubes are very short, flat, indistinct or separated by a salient thread; the peristomes are thick, salient, orbicular, generally arranged in close verticells. The zone of growth is a broad cone. The ovicell is tri- angular, elongated, very convex, smooth; the oeciostome is small salient, orbicular. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 43 Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.14 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.30 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.40 mm. Variations.—The tubes with prominent threads are visible only on the specimens with worn and little salient peristomes. The sepa- ration of the peristomes can be measured only on specimens where they are arranged in quinqunx. The ovicell is somewhat different from that in other species and resembles Trigonoecia. It differs, nevertheless, in the absence of transverse wrinkles. Moreover, we know that the typical expanded form visible on the lamellar zoarium disappears easily on these cylin- drical specimens. Structure.—The sections are, indeed, those of the genus Cardioecia. In longitudinal section the tubes are club-shaped, with moniliform walls, but very thick and strongly calcified; the gemmation is tri- parietal on the median lamella. In transverse section the tubes are orbicular or elliptical, with diameter increasing toward the periphery. The walls here are very thick. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69891, U.S.N.M. CARDIOECIA HYSELYI De Loriol, 1869 Plate 3, figs. 5-8 1869. Mesenteripora hyselyi Dr Lortou and GiLLiERoN, Monographie paleon- tologique de l’Urgonian de Landeron, Memoires Société helvetique des Sciences naturelles, vol. 23, p. 40, pl. 3, fig. 1. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.26 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.24 mm.; distance of peri- stomes, 0.40-0.70 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.52—0.60 mm. Affinities —We have not examined De Loriol’s figured type and we are not very certain of our determination. De Loriol’s descrip- tions and figures were always incomplete and inexact. The tubes are visible or invisible; the peristomes are little or very salient, sometimes arranged in verticells. The ovicell is cordiform, rather regular, little convex. The zone of growth is thick. The sections are identical with those of Cardioecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853, but the present species, which has a similar exte- rior aspect, differs in its larger peristomes and in its foliated and much broader fronds. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzer- land; (Valangian), Landeron (Neuchatel), Switzerland (Urgonian). Plesvotypes.—Cat. No. 69892, U.S.N.M. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 CARDIOECIA FARINGDONENSIS, new species Plate 3, figs. 9-15 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical or compressed, with bifurcated fronds. The tubes are short, visible, convex, separated by a little developed furrow; the peristomes are obicular, salient, thick, arranged in quincunx or in close verticells. The zone of growth is broad or conical. The ovicell is cordiform, little salient, smooth; the oeciostome is salient, small, orbicular. The base is a little expanded. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri- stomes, 0.28 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48-0.60 mm.; separa- tion of peristomes, 0.80 mm. Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are long, club-shaped, with moniliform walls, much expanded in their terminal portion; they appear closed by pseudofacettes on account of the closeness of the peristomes. The gemmation is triparietal on a median lamella. In transverse section the tubes are round, increasing in size toward the periphery, separated by the vesicular tissue of the thickened walls. The median lamella is not always rectilinear. In meridian sections the tubes are lozenge-shaped in the axis of the median lamella, which does not entirely traverse the zoarium; the lateral tubes have the normal form. Affinties.—This beautiful species has the exterior aspect of Car- dioecia neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853, but it differs in its larger micrometric dimensions in its fronds being much less expanded and more frequently cylindrical. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69893, U.S.N.M. CARDIOECIA PAUPER, new species Plate 5, figs. 1, 2 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical. The tubes are indistinct, scarcely convex, smooth. The peristomes are arranged in transverse rows or in quincunx; they are orbicular, thin, little salient. The zone of growth is an elevated cone. The ovicell is small, elliptical, transverse, little convex, smooth. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.18 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48—0.56 mm.; sepa- ration of peristomes, 0.64 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 3 mm. Affinities.—We figure the two sides of the same specimen in order to show that the peristomes are arranged in transverse rows on one ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 45 side and in quincunx on the other. This irregularity provokes an equivalent irregularity in the sections. Those that we have made show the same characters as in the preceding species, thus leaving no doubt as to the generic placing. The species differs from Cardioecia faringdonensis in its smaller, more crowded and less salient peristomes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (rare). Holotype.—Cat. No. 69898, U.S.N.M. Genus NEMATIFERA Canu and Bassler, 1922 The ovicell is an elongated sack, subsymmetrical, irregular, scarcely convex; the oeciostome is terminal, very small, hardly salient. All of the tubes are bordered with sali- ent threads exteriorily. The tubes are short, cylindrical, polygonal; the gemmation is triparietal on a basal lamella. Genotype.— Nematifera (Hlea) reti- culata D’Orbigny, 1853. Lower Cre- taceous (Neocomian, Urgonian). The ovicells so far discovered are little distinct but clearly different from those of Trigonoecia, although the structure in sections in these two genera is very similar. The tubes Fic. 20.—Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, are bordered exteriorly by a salient 1S, Lenstudna nd rosvae sins thread, which never occurs in J7ri- — Croix, Switzerland gonoecia. According to the exterior resemblances, this genus ought to have Jurassic representatives. NEMATIFERA RETICULATA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 4, figs. 1-4 1853. Elea reticulata D’OrsBieGNyY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 629, pl. 782, figs. 9-12. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri- stomes, 0.24 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.60 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.64 mm. Affinities.—This species is not at all a member of the Eleidae. The peristome is orbicular, but, through weathering, it becomes semielliptical. There are no facettes, but these are the walls of the tubes themselves that are very short because of the close approach of the peristomes. The tubes are almost always bordered with a 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 salient thread, a phenomenon produced in many other species with tubes much longer. Finally, there is never an operculum, and the ovicell is very different from that in the Eleidae. The separating threads outline the peristome entirely, a characteristic which deceived D’Orbigny. : Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are short, cylindrical, somewhat expanded nevertheless in the vicinity of the pseudofacettes ; gemmation is triparietal on a basal lamella. The transverse section does not show a large number of tubes; they are polygonal, with thin and adjacent walls; the smallest are in the vicinity of the median lamella. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (Valangian); Morteau (Doubs), France (D’Orbigny) (Neocomian). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69894, U.S.N.M. NEMATIFERA ACUTA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 4, fig. 12 1853. Bidiastopora acuta D’OrsBiaNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 799, pl. 784, figs. 3-5. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08—0.10 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.12 mm.; diameter of zooecium, 0.20 mm. This species is well characterized by its very thin and sharp zoa- rial margins. The separating threads turn around the peristome, which is thin; the pseudofacettes are flat. We have not had the chance to discover the ovicell, and we have classified the species according to its exterior analogies and the trans- verse section which is always easily observed. According to Pergens, 1889, Bidiastopora campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853, is a synonym, but we do not believe this is true; moreover D’Orbigny’s figure indicates an altered specimen. Marsson, 1887, believed he had found this species in the Cam- panian of Riigen. We have not rediscovered it ourselves. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69895, U.S.N.M. NEMATIFERA INCRUSTANS, new species Plate 4, figs. 5-7 Description.—The zoarium encrusts shells, with many irregularly arranged lamellae; it emits free, thick expansions irregular around a median lamella. The tubes are distinct, separated by a salient thread, flat, short (pseudofacettes). The peristomes are orbicular, salient, ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 47 arranged in quincunx. The zone of growth is rather broad and formed of three or four series of tubes. The ovicell is suborbicular, little convex, smooth. Measuremenis.—Diameter of orifice, 0.12 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.22 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.64 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.52—0.60 mm. A ffinities.—The superb figured specimen measures 5 centimeters in length. Some free broken expansions show the median lamella and consequently the identity with the other species of the genus. This species differs from Trigonoecia haimeana De Loriol, 1868, which exhibits also large multilamellar specimens, in the presence of salient threads, in the absence of overlapping wrinkles, and in the very different form of its ovicell. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (very rare). Holotype.—Canu collection. NEMATIFERA RETICULOIDES, new species Plate 4, figs. 8-11 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated, or reticu- late. The tubes are distinct, flat, separated by a salient thread, forming pseudofacettes when they are short. The peristomes are orbicular, salient, thick, arranged in Pervpora, that is to say, in groups of closely arranged transverse rows. The zone of growth is a cone, little elevated. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zooe- cium, 0.20-0.24 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40—0.64-0.80 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.64 mm. Affinities—The peristomes are rarely arranged in quincunx and their distance is about 0.64 mm. They are somewhat salient and adjacent when they are arranged in transverse lines; with weather- ing they are no longer orbicular and their form is close to that of the peristomes in the Eleidae, but they never have opercula. The dis- tance between the groups of transverse lines is from 0.80 to 1.00 mm. This species differs from Nematifera reticulata D’Orbigny, 1853, in its smaller micrometric dimensions, in the arrangement of the peri- stomes in the Perzpora form, and in the cylindrical zoarium. It differs from Nematifera acuta D’Orbigny, 1853, in the oral dimensions and in the cylindrical and not lamellar zoarium. The transverse section shows that the zoarium is sometimes a little compressed. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69896, U.S.N.M. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Genus MESENTERIPORA Blainville, 1834 MESENTERIPORA MARGINATA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 6, fig. 3 1899. Diastopora marginata Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 137. (Bibliography and occurrence.) Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14—0.16 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.22 mm.; diameter of tubes, 0.27 mm.; distance of peristomes, 2 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.64—0.72 mm. Structure.—We provisionally place this beautiful species next to Nematifera because of the presence of separating salient threads, but we have not yet been able to discover the ovicell. More- over, the transverse section is of a type entirely special. ——__ + There’ is no basal lamella, Fig. 21—Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853. Transverse section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Val. and although the lamellar angian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland zoarium has two sides they are not formed by two lamellae placed back to back. The tubes are polygonal, with thin walls arranged in quincunx and confused. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland, and Villers-le-lac (Jura), France. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69897, U.S.N.M. Family PLAGIOECIIDAE Canu, 1918 Genus NOTOPLAGIOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922 The ovicell is an irregular convex capsule, replacing many peri- stomes. The tubes are short, club-shaped, with moniliform walls thickened at the extremities. The gemmation is dorsal. There is no basal lamella. Provisional genotype.—Notoplagioecia farrngdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922. ° Range.—Cretaceous (Aptian, Coniacian). NOTOPLAGIOECIA FARINGDONENSIS Canu and Bassler, 1922 Plate 5, figs. 3-5 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical or compressed. The tubes are indistinct, very little convex, smooth. The peristomes are orbicular, thin, arranged in quincunx or in transverse rows. The zone of growth is an elevated cone. The ovicell is an irregular sack covering many adjacent tubes. ——— ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 49 Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.16 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.20 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.48—-0.56 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.72 mm.; di- ameter of branches, 3 mm. Structure.—In longitud- inal sections the tubes are short, club-shaped, much expanded at their termi- nal parts, sometimes showing pseudofacettes. The gemmation is dorsal, AX BOON Te although triparietal in & ce See pice ane ofthe S< ee Ly NN rssh , little length of the tubes. The walls are moniliform, much widened at their extremity. In transverse sections the tubes are rounded, much smaller at the cen- ter than at the circumfer- ence, with vesicular walls much thickened, espe- cially at the periphery. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England ; A Aa as Fic. 22.—Notoplagioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922. (common) : A, B. Two transverse sections, X 16. C. Longitudinal section, Coty p e o— 6 at. N O. <6; Showing the club-shaped tubes, the pseudofacettes, and the vesicular walls. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, 68718, U.S.N.M. England Genus CEA D’Orbigny, 1852 A CEA GRANULATA, new species Plate 5, figs. 6-14 Description.—The zoarium is free, formed of narrow, compressed bifurcated fronds. The tubes are rarely visible. The orifices with- out facette are large, polygonal, irregular, elongated or transverse. The facettes are indistinct, flat, granular. The peristomes are orbi- cular, thin, salient, arranged in quincunx. The zone of growth is large, becoming thinner on the median lamella. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri- stomes, 0.14 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40 mm.; separation of 53648—26——4 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 peristomes, 0.40 mm.; diameter of orifice without facettes, 0.20— 0.24 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 3 mm. Structure.—The most frequent aspect is that of Figure 9; the ori- fices are large and more or less transverse. The latter are sometimes elongated (fig. 11). The tubes are occasionally visible below the orifices, but they remain indistinct. As in all the Ceidae, the fa- cettes are rarely preserved (fig. 13) ; they are perforated by an orbicular aperture. In longitudinal section the tubes are club-shaped with walls thickened at their extremity; the gemmation is triparietal on a basal lamella. In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with thin walls in the vi- cinity of the basal lamella. They have a center, rounded toward the Fig. 23.—Cea granulata, new species. A, B. fs : C Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 16. periphery by an internal secretion Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, hecause the polygonal walls are al- England eles ways visible. The ovicell is not known. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69899, U.S.N.M. Family DIAPEROECIIDAE Canu, 1918 Genus DIAPEROECIA Canu, 1918 DIAPEROECIA (?) SIMPLEX, new species Plate 4, fig. 16 Description.— The zoarium is unilamellar; the noncellular face is transversely striated. The tubes are quite salient, arranged in quincunx; the orifices are orbicular; the peristomes are thick. The ovicell is a limited sack, very convex, perforated by a normal tube; the oeciostome is small, salient, placed at the middle of the ovicell. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.18 mm.; diameter of oeciostome, 0.10 mm. Affinities.—This species is not a typical Diaperoecia, but we have classified it in this genus because of the median oeciostome. It ap- pears intermediate between Diaperoecia and Tubulipora, but more specimens are necessary before the species can be classified without doubt. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69900, U.S.N.M. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 51 DIAPEROECIA ORBIFERA, new species Plate 8, fig. 17 Description.—The zoarium is subcircular; it incrusts shells. The tubes are very short, little distinct, finely granulated, and frequently longitudinally striated; the apertures are elliptical; the peristomes are thin, very close together. The ovicell is large, orbicular, very convex, traversed by the subjacent tubes. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.06 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.10 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.40 mm.; separation of peristomes, 0.40—0.48 mm. Affinities.—This species is very close to Berenicea papillosa Reuss in the closeness of its peristomes. It differs from it in its ovicells, which are orbicular and not elliptical and very elongated. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69901, U.S.N.M. y) ow. Mt ; Fig. 24.—Fasciculipora flabellata D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal thin section, X 16. B. Meridian thin section, X 16, in the vicinity ofa bifurcation. ©. Zooecial walls, x 35, showing the arrangement of vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland Family FRONDIPORIDAE Busk, 1875 Genus FASCICULIPORA D’Orbigny, 1846 FASCICULIPORA FLABELLATA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 7, figs. 1, 2 1853. Fasciculipora flabellata D’OrsiaNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 669, pl. 783, figs. 8-11. D’Orbigny has figured only isolated fascicles, but in reality the zoarium is bushy. The fascicles are strongly and largely attached by their base; they are very irregular in form and size. The tubes open at the extremity of the fascicles and often laterally. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The base of the small zoarium is pointed, but in the large zoaria it is somewhat wider; they are flabelliform, and it is difficult to understand how they were able to maintain equilibrium on their support. In longitudinal section the tubes are long, cylindrical, with intra- zoarial gemmation; the walls are vesicular but with very small elements. The zoarial walls are thickened. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69902, U.S.N.M. Family CYTISIDAE D’Orbigny, 1854 Genus CYRTOPORA Hagenow, 1851 CYRTOPORA CAMPICHEANA D’Orbigny, 1853 1853. Cyrtopora campicheana D’Orstaeny, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 673, pl. 761, figs. 14, 15. Fig. 25.—Genus Plethopora Hagenow, 1851. A, B. Plethopora malmi Hennig, 1894. A. Zoarium, X 2.6. B. Longitudinal section magnified, showing zooecial tubes (z) and the nematopores (f) (A, B, after Hen- nig, 1894). Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. OC, D. Plethopora aptensis, new species. C. Longitudinal sec- tion, X 16, showing the nematopores with thickened walls and the large axial tubes. D. Transverse section, X 16, exhibiting the base of the saliant fascicles with open tubes and the thin zone of nemato- pores. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England Our transverse section confirms that of Gregory, 1909. The tubes are very large, polygonal, with thin adjacent walls. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69950, U.S.N.M. Genus PLETHOPORA Hagenow, i851 1851. Plethopora Hagrnow, Die Bryozoen der Maastrichter Kreidebildung, p. 45. The tubes are cylindrical; they are grouped in salient, orbicular bundles opening in all directions. The nematopores are arranged entirely around the zoarium. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 53 Genotype.—Plethopora verrucosa Hagenow, 1851. Cretaceous (Aptian, Maastrichtian). The place of the nematopores is variable in the Cytisidae, according to the nature of the genera. In Plethopora they are arranged entirely around the zoarium, while in other genera they are found only on the dorsal. PLETHOPORA APTENSIS, new species Plate 7, figs. 3, 4 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated. The zooecia are grouped in fascicles, which are salient and orbicular. The nematopores are small, polygonal, arranged entirely around the zoarium. Measurements.—Diameter of fascicles, 0.56 mm.; diameter of branches, 2 mm. Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, long, with peripheral gemmation; they occupy the essential and principal part of the zoarium. The nematopores appear solely on the zoarial margin in small spaces between the fascicles, thus confirming the thin section of Hennig. In transverse sections the larger tubes are in the middle. These, in branching, engender the axial tubes of the fascicles. On the borders the small pores are those of the peripheral nematopores. Affinities—The distinction between the species of this genus is rather difficult to make from the published figures. Comparisons of specimens, on the contrary, permit a differentiation, according to the relative size of the orifices, of the nematopores, and the form of the fascicles. The circular form of the latter and the large size of the zoarium well characterize this species. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69903, U.S.N.M. Genus PLETHOPORELLA Canu and Bassler, 1922 The ovicell is elliptical, elongated, large, little convex, smooth. The tubes are cylindrical, without peristome, with orbicular orifice; their walls are moniliform; they are recurved at their extremity. The gemmation is peripheral around a bundle of axial tubes. No adventitous tubes. Genotype.—Plethoporella (Plethopora) ramulosa D’Orbigny, 1847. Range.—Cretaceous (Campanian, Maastrichtian). History.—D’Orbigny was in error in comparing the genotype with Plethopora verrucosa Hagenow, 1851. The internal structure is very different, for not only are there no nematopores but the tuberosities which ornament the zoarial surface are not formed of bundles of tubes. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 PLETHOPORELLA RAMULOSA D’Orbigny, 1847 1847. Monticulipora ramulosa D’ORBiaNy, Prodrome de Paléontologie Strati- graphique, p. 279, no. 1345. 1854. Plethopora ramulosa D’OrBtany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, p. 1045, pl. 799, figs. 1-3. Structure.—D’Orbigny was deceived by the tuberosities which ornament the zoarial surface and classed this species in Plethopora incorrectly. The section which he illustrated, however, indicates not a single bunch of tubes. We have prepared several excellent longitudinal sections, one of which made from a normal zoarium showed on one side two subcolonies, while on the other side the tubes continued to grow regularly. The enveloping lamella partially sur- rounded the primitive colony and had its origin in a normal tube. All the species with peripheral gemmation pass easily from the free form to.the incrusting form and conversely. Another longitudinal section shows that the tubes of the tuberosities are simply somewhat wider than the tubes of the intermediate spaces. The moniliform structure and the gemmation are identical in the two cases. The walls are formed of large vesicles. In transverse sections the central tubes are equal in size and polygonal. The smaller ones, which appear sporadically, are indic- ative of the peripheral gemmation. The lozenge-shaped ones of the periphery represent the superior and recurved part of the tubes. In tangential sections the tubes are subcircular and buried in a thick vesicular coenenchyma. They are smaller in the intertuberose zones, in conformity with the longitudinal section. The small tubes which appear sporadically are young tubes; they reveal the peripheral gemmation. This structure is exactly that of ramose Certopora, and it is in this genus that we would have classed this species had we not had the chance to discover the ovicell. The latter is analogous to that of other Cytisidae and is simply more elliptical. Occurrence.—Cretaceous (Campanian): Montmoreau, Brossac, Draullard, St. Aulais, Echebrune and Daviat (Charente), France. Cretaceous (Maastrichtian): Royan (Charente inferieure), Manie Roux and St. Lheurine (Dordogne), France. Plesiotypes.—Canu collection and Cat. No. 68980, U.S.N.M. Genus CHARTECYTIS, new genus Greek: Chartes, sheet, in allusion to the form of the branches. The ovicell is elliptical, transverse, placed in the vicinity of the bifurcations. The tubes are cylindrical, with greatly thickened walls, with regular peripheral gemmation. The orifice is lozenge- shaped, much elongated, without peristome. Fe5° le Sesss —". ont mi ~— coco DEt y BRAZOS oo py will je | Tr necttclie A uh WR a Ca SSS Fia. 26.—Plethoporella ramuiosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section, x 8, ina zoarium containing a partially envelop- ing subcolony, the initial tube of which is at r. B. Portion of fig. A, X 16. C. Part of longitudinal section, < 16, through a tuberosity where the tubes are broader. D. Portion of a transverse section X 16. E. Tangential section, x 16, show- ing the larger tubes of the tuberosities and the other smaller tubes. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian): Royan, France pa See : : ¢ ' Pres ot) [Md "Me " ae ¢ i) Pt is} 4 ia 1-7 4 7 Loan T he = i % , " om : " , a 7 , . 2 K e Gilera fares) ae) Avon AU wows OLE ieee bl DAE aT ele SRERD Gedrgite aay enn ee hl figeals . i pes 14 9PPSah Cleo) Ea | on Ald Cat wy eg Oo Tt} hs ia i scith- weaenayre Ao Sar awa i ; aT me his uA Alb AL # OCs Webshel'y abe gill 9 ‘. Ki © no 4 A eyo oe area ati eagllss teat iti iii at bP Dy ee ltd Welt aay Od Mey Cal ie ime * Sal Tor en ht - oy 7 4 vt (i a es hy ie ae) ri a a yi = Va Rais : Ls hy oe : ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 55 Genotype.—Chartecytis compressa, new species, Neocomian. In the family Cytisidae zoarial forms with compressed fronds have not yet been noted. This form is the result of very regular pe- ripheral gemmation; moreover, the extremity of the branches have the aspect of Heteropora. C. Transversal thin section, * 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland A. meridian section, X 16, showing the special method of ramification of the B. Longitudinal section, < 16, illustrating the peripheral gemmation. st D | g Ss iy } J y, y Fic. 27.— Chartecytis compressa, new species D. Zooecial walls, < 45, showing the minute central vesicles. branches. CHARTECYTIS COMPRESSA, new species Plate 7, figs. 8-12 Description.—The zoarium is free, branching, with compressed fronds. The orifices are elongated slitlike areas, lozenge-shaped, irregular, arranged in quincunx, without peristome. The ovicell is orbicular or elliptical, elongate or transverse, smooth, very salient, limited, and placed on: the dorsal of the inferior tubes. 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of branches, 2.5 mm.; length of orifice, 016—0.20 mm. Structure.—In transverse section the tubes are cylindrical, with greatly thickened walls; the central tube is perhaps a little larger. In longitudinal section the tubes are very long, with peripheral gem- mation, very regular, with thickened walls. This structure is quite simple. In general these forms of the tubes are oriented on one zoarial side; here the colony has two cellular sides, a rare occurrence. \ Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous. Valangian at \ ; Genus RETENOA Gregory, 1909 | | Genotype.—Retenoa (Frondipora) campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. | This genus is little different from Homoeosolen \ 1909. Retenoa Grecory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 28. Cytisidae, with an erect frondose zoarium, com- posed of a network of dichotomous, anastomosing branches. The apertures all open on one face of the zoarium. The tubes are cylindrical, with loz- enge-shaped orifices, with intrazoarial gemmation. Sainte-Croix, Switzerland; Hauterivian at Censeau (Doubs) ; Neocomian at St. Claude and Cinquetral (Doubs), France. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69904, U.S.N.M. Lonsdale, 1850. It differs exteriorily in the absence ice os Rien edt FOL pinnules, and especially in its reticulate zoarium, picheana D’Orbigny, which is a character of little importance. However, 1853. Longitudinal tl ti cant “ial 1 td l hich - section, X 16, showing the gemmation is intrazoarial and not dorsal, whic the cylindrical tubes jg a genuine difference. Gregory erroneously in 1909 and the intrazoarial : c : : ° Oc classified this genus in the family Theonoidae; it is gemmation. Lower Cretaceous (Valan- one of the typical Cytisidae on account of the nature gian): Sainte-Croix, : : ll Switzerland of its ovicell. RETENOA CAMPICHEANA D’ Orbigny, 1853 Plate 7, figs. 5-7 1853. Frondipora campicheana D’Orsiany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 678, pl. 783, figs. 12-16. 1909. Retenoa campicheana Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 28. (Geologic distribution.) Structure.—We have had the good fortune to discover numerous ovicelled specimens. The ovicell is an elliptical capsule, limited, convex, smooth, placed laterally on the dorsal, usually beneath the bifurcations. ANT. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER by In transverse section the tubes are equally rounded, with thick walls. In longitudinal sections they are cylindrical, with peripheral gemmation oriented around an imaginary axis. The dorsal tubes are closed (intrazoarial gemmation). The zooecial walls are vesic- ular, with very small elements. This is very much like the section in Frondipora, but the ovicell is altogether different. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaecous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69905, U.S.N.M. Family THEONOIDAE Busk The family Theonoidae, as defined by Gregory in 1899 and 1909, embraced the following genera: Actinopora D’Orbigny, 1853, Conotubigera D’Orbigny, 1853 (Serie- tubigera D’Orbigny, 1853), Multitubigera D’Orbigny, 1853, Theonoa Lamouroux, 1821, and Retenoa Gregory, 1909, with Multifascigera D’Orbigny, 1853 (= Meandrocavea), Lopholepis Hagenow, 1851, and Radiofascigera D’Orbigny, 1853, probably belonging to the Osculi- poridae. In its ovicell Retenoa is a typical member of the Cytisidae. Radiofascigera in its ovicell, classed with doubt in the Osculiporidae, ought to be maintained in the vicinity of Actinopora (multiserial) and of Multitubigera. The known ovicells are close to those of the Cytisidae without being perfectly identical. The family of Theonoidae could be main- tained therefore with some restrictions. Unfortunately, the ovicell of the type genus Theonoa is still unknown. On the other hand, the uniserial Actinopora of the complanata group (=organisans) have a different ovicell of the type of Plagioecia. If the family should be maintained it ought to contain the following genera: Actinopora (multiserial) D’Orbigny, 1853, Radiofascigera D’Orbigny, 1853, Multitubigera D’Orbigny, 1853, and probably according to zoarial resemblances Multifascigera D’Orbigny, 1853, Lopholepis Hagenow, 1851, Theonoa Lamouroux, 1821, and Serietubigera D’Orbigny, 1853. Although established on simple zoarial appearances, all of these genera, after a study of the known sections, appear to have an evi- dent reality, the mode of gemmation and the arrangement of the tubes serving as generic characters. Genus ACTINOPORA D’Orbigny, 1853 ACTINOPORA STELLATA Koch and Dunker, 1837 Plate 6, figs. 1, 2 1909. Actinopora stellata GreGorY, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa, vol. 2, p. 21. (Bibliography.) (Actinopora regularis D’Orbigny, 1853.) 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 The young zoaria are berenicoid, like the one we have figured. Waters discovered the ovicell and has sent us a drawing, which we reproduce. The ovicell is an ovoid capsule with limited outlines, interrupting the fascicles. It belongs to the group of the Cytisidae, although somewhat smaller. This species has been chosen as the type of the genus Actinopora D’Orbigny, 1853, by Gregory, 1909. The fascicles are multiserial. Canu, 1917, discovered the ovicell of Actinopora complanata Roemer, 1840 (=organisans D’Orbigny, 1851). It is of the type Plagioecia. The fascicles are uniserial. Under these circumstances it is necessary, then, to maintain in the Cytisidae (or Theonoidae) the multiserial species (genus Actino- pora) and in the Plagioeciidae the uniserial species (genus Discotubi- gera). We still maintain the genus Desmeplagoecia, as it is not certain that all of the Discotubigera have the same ovicell. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix and Villers-le-Lac, Switzerland. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69906, U.S.N.M. Genus MULTITUBIGERA D’Orbigny, 1853 1853. Multitubigera D’OrBIaNyY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 767. Theonoidae with a compound zoarium composed of many confluent Actinopora. Genotype.— Multitubigera gregaria D’Orbigny, 1850. Cretaceous. MULTITUBIGERA CAMPICHEANA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 6, figs. 4-8 1853. Multitubigera campicheana D’OrBteny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 768, pl. 763, figs. 10-13. The ovicell is a small ovoid capsule with definite outlines, inter- rupting an intermediate fascicle between two other complete ones. It is analogous to that of Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1837; it belongs to the group of the Cytisidae, although a little smaller. The zoaria of this genus are formed of confluent Actinopora. The general form is quite variable. Very often the zoarium is flabelliform and formed of two incomplete subcolonies united by their dorsal. Again the zoarium remains flabelliform and formed of three disks of Actinopora. Finally, the zoarium may form an irregular mass measuring as much as 3 centimeters in diameter and containing as many as eight confluent subcolonies. In all these cases the base is an edge more or less thin which does not permit one to ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 59 understand the mode of attachment and how the colony is able to retain its equilibrium. The tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gem- mation. The fascicles are bi-or triserial. The ovicell is always placed on an exterior flabelliform subcolony in the neighborhood of the margin of growth. The zoarial pentagons figured by D’Orbigny are exaggerated; in reality the central subcolonies are irregularly orbicular. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69907, U.S.N.M. Fia. 29.—Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section, X 16. The tubes are thick- ened at their extremity. B. Transverse section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 7 Genus RADIOFASCIGERA D’Orbigny, 1853 1853. Radiofascigera D’OrpicNy, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol 5, p. 691. Theonoidae of subcylindrical branches formed of numerous con- fluent colonies of Actinopora. Genotype.—Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853. Cretaceous. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 63 RADIOFASCIGERA RAMOSA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 6, fig. 10 1853. Radiofascigera ramosa D’OrxiaNyY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Cré- tacé, vol. 5, p. 682, pl. 783, figs. 17-19. The ovicell is a small capsule with limited outlines, absolutely analogous in form and position with that of Actinopora and Multi- tubigera. It belongs, therefore, in the group Cytisidae but the dimensions are smaller. The oeciostome, rarely visible, seems to be a very minute perforation more or less terminal. According to D’Orbigny, the zoarium is formed of subcolonies of Actinopora grouped in cylindrical branches. In reality the colonies are more often claviform and never branched. The subcolonies are rarely orbicular, but are generally incomplete and flabelliform (Pavotubigera). In transverse sections the tubes are polygonal, with adjacent walls. In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, with dor- sal gemmation. It is difficult to decipher the subcolonies exteriorily visible. D’Orbigny’s figures are clearly diagrammatic. The zoaria are very irregular and become almost massive when they become greatly enlarged at their extremity. The multiserial fascicles are a great deal shorter than in Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1847, and Multitubigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. For these various rea- sons we believe that the genus Radiofascigera D’Orbigny, 1853, can be maintained at least provisionally. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69908, U.S.N.M. Genus MULTIFASCIGERA D’Orbigny, 1853 1853. Multifascigera D’OrBIGNY, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 687. Theonoidae composed of superposed lamellae, each formed of sub- colonies in the Actinopora and Lopholepis growth stages. Genotype.— Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853. Cre- taceous. MULTIFASCIGERA CAMPICHEANA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 6, fig. 9 1853. Multifascigera campicheana D’Orstany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 688, pl. 762, figs. 7, 9. This species is very remarkable in its structure and the size that it attains—6 centimeters in diameter. The zoarium is formed of ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 61 superposed lamellae. Each lamella is supported on the fascicles of the inferior lamella, serving as pillars; it is formed of distinct subcolonies in the form of Actinopora or of Lopholepis, intimately joined together. Each of the subcolonies has a distinct origin and arises from a tube of a fascicle of the inferior lamella. The section figured by D’Orbigny is incomplete, for it does not cut the basal portion of a subcolony and therefore does not show exactly the formation of the zoarium. A section properly made shows that the tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gemmation, vertically elevated. The fascicles are irregular, ovoid, rather short, irregularly multiserial. The specimen which we figure shows at the right a subcolony in the form of Actinopora and at the left a sub- colony in the form of Lopholepis. Fic. 30.—Multifascigera campicheana The spaces between the fascicles are snowing tro ocisin of a superior suberlony smooth. We have not been able to — Lower Cretaceous (Valangian); Sainte: discover the ovicell. She a Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69909, U.S.N.M. Subdivision RECTANGULATA Waters, 1887 Family LICHENOPORIDAE Smitt, 1866 MULTIGALBEA, new genus The ovicell is elongate, star-shaped, with many branches; the branches are separated by uni- or biserial groups of zooecia. The tubes have an exterior, triangular, very fragile visor (=galea). The tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gemmation, elevated in their su- perior half. The zoarium is composed of orbicular subcolonies irreg- ularly superposed. The cancelli are small and denticulated in the interior. Genotype.— Multigalea (Reptomulticava) canur Gregory, 1909. This new genus differs from Radiopora D’Orbigny, 1849, in the presence of ovicells and in the occurrences of visors on the tubes. MULTIGALEA CANUI Gregory, 1909 ° Plate 19, figs. 1-6 1854. Reptomulticava tuberosa D’OrBieny, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 1036, pl. 791, figs. 13, 14. 1909. Reptomulticava canui Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous, Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol 2, p. 128. (Bibliography.) 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 Structure.—The zoarial aspect is that shown in D’Orbigny’s figure. The subcolonies are superposed and joined to each other by tubes of greater diameter. In each of them the tubes are arranged in quin- cunx. The visor is salient and triangular. The visors are very fragile; they disappear at the least weathering; then the tubes and cancelli are indistinguishable and appear as polygonal tubes with thickened walls of an aspect very similar to that of D’Orbigny’s figure (14). The ovicells are visible only in the protected parts of the zoarium. They have the usual aspect of the ovicells in the Lichenoporidae, but a remarkable phenomenon is that the tubes between which they are arranged are grouped in radial uni- or biserial lines and that on the zoarial surfaces the tubes are arranged in quincunx and never in lines or in fascicles with adjacent tubes. In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, with dorsal gemma- tion; the cancelli are ramifications of more or less length and of a diameter almost equal to that of the tubes, The interior spines of the cancelli, although visible exteriorly, are very fragile and disappear in sections. The subcolonies are little distinct Fig. 31.—Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909. in small zoaria. Longitudinal section, X 16. Lower Cre- Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous taceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (Aptian) : Faringdon, England. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69910, U.'S.N.M. MULTIGALEA MARGINATA, new species Plate 19, figs. 7-10 Description.—The zoarium is large, cylindrical, borne upon an ex- panded base. The subcolonies are orbicular, convex, bordered by a smooth lamella of more or less width. The tubes are polygonal, arranged in irregular quincunx, provided superiorly with a short and fragile visor. The cancelli are little distinct from the tubes. Affinities —This species differs from Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909, in its tubular walls little thickened and in the presence of smooth margins around the subcolonies. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69911, U.S.N.M. ART. 21 Genus THOLOPORA Gregory, 1909 THOLOPORA VIRGULOSA Gregory, 1909 Plate 20, fig. 1 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 63 1909. Tholopora virgulosa GrrGoryY, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 277. (Bibliography, geologie distribution.) Our fine specimen corresponds very well to the figures of Goldfuss, 1829, and of Simonowitsch, 1871. It differs from the isolated colo- nies of Tholopora colligata Gregory, 1909, in the smaller diameter of its aperture (0.12 mm. and not 0.20 mm.). Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69912, U.S.N.M. Genus RADIOPORA D’Orbigny, 1849 RADIOPORA TUBERCULATA D’Orbigny, 1850 Plate 20, figs. 2-5 1909. Radiopora tuberculata Grecory, Catalogue of the Creta- ceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2 p. 288, pl. 4, fig. 8. (Bibliography, geologic distribution.) Diameter of the orifices, 0.16-0.20 mm. This species is well characterized by the large size of its aperture. The zoarium is formed of many super- posed lamellae of orbicular subcolonies. The study of the inferior face is interesting; it shows that the larva fixes itself on a grain of quartz and that the basal gem- mation operates fan-shaped fashion as in Berenicea. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Plesiotype.-—Cat. No. 69913, U.'S.N.M. Family LOBOSOECIIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1922 Genus LOBOSOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1922 LOBOSOECIA SEMICLAUSA Michelin, 1845 Plate 14, figs. 12-13 1922. Lobosoecia semiclausa CANu and BassuEr, Studies on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Proceedings U. S. National Fic. 32.—Lobos . coecia semiclau- sa Michelin, 1845. A. Transverse section, X 16. B. Longitudinal section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. The tubes are wid- ened and have dorsal gemma- tion. Creta- ceous: Lemans, France Museum, vol. 61, p. 81, pl. 12, figs. 4-11. (Bibliog- raphy.) Measurements.— *) Aperture fha = 0.08 ay RCE trER hela (max. 0.30) mm. la= 0.09 mm. lf =0.20 (max. 0.30) mm. Diameter of branches, 1mm. Our specimen from Faringdou shows facettes a little longer than 0.32 by 0.20 mm. species it should possibly be considered as a variety. If it belongs to this Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England (very rare). ' Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69914, U.S.N.M. 53648—26—_5 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Family ELEIDAE D’Orbigny, 1852 Genus MELICERITITES Roemer, 1840 MELICERITITES HAIMEANA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 13, figs. 18-20 1853. Entalophora haimeana D’OrBtieny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, pl. 617, figs. 11-14. 1853. Meliceritites haimeana D’OrBIany, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 618. 1889. Meliceritites haimeana PERGENS, Revision des Bryozoaires du Crétacé figures par D’OrBiany, Memoires Société Belgé de Geologie, etc., vol. 3, p. 399. Pergens, 1889, notes that the specimens in the Museum of Paris seem worn. This is in effect the habitual aspect of this species and such specimens are in reality normal. Those which we have found at Faringdon correspond very well with D’Orbigny’s figure and descrip- tion. The facettes are separated by furrows and not by salient threads. Certain specimens seem to be multilamellar. Measurements.— ha=0.06 mm-lracettes| =0.30 mm. la =0.08 mm. lf=0.16 mm. Diameter of branches, 1.20 mm. _ Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous. Albian, Grandpré (Ardennes), France; Aptian, Faringdon, England (very common). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69915, U.S.N.M. Aperture} MELICERITITES TRANSVERSA, new species Plate 12, figs. 1-12 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, ramified, borne on a little expanded base, formed of many superposed lamellae. On the central zoarium the peristomes are salient, adjacent laterally, and arranged in close transverse rows; the facettes are quite short and separated by very short threads. The aperture is triangular, some- what transverse. The ovicell is very short, transverse, occupying all the zoarial width, quite convex, smooth; the oeciostome is a little salient tube. On the exterior lamellae the peristomes are arranged in quincunx; on the basal lamella they are little salient and almost orbicular. Measurements.— ha=0.08 nu Hacettesy © euuuie mm. la =0.10 mm. lf =0.16 mm. Diameter of zoaria at the extremity, 1.5 mm.; diameter of zoaria at the base, 2.1 mm.; length of ovicell, 0.64 mm. Variations.—When the peristomes are very salient the facettes are little visible (figs. 2,3). On the same branch the peristomes may Aperture} ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 65 be salient or not (fig. 4), in transverse regular rows (fig. 4), irregular (fig. 5), or oblique (fig. 6). On the exterior lamellae the peri- stomes are arranged in quincvunx (figs. 7, 8). The facettes are visible only on the specimens with little salient peristomes (figs. 4,7). On the basal lamel- lae the peristomes are little sali- ent and almost orbicular (fig. 10). The incrusting exterior lamellae are enveloping subcolo- nies of reenforcement. The longitudinal section shows a central bundle of very long cylindrical tubes emitting laterally by dorsal gemmation, short tubes narrowed at the base but much expanded in their re- curved terminal part. In transverse section the cen- tral bundle is formed by several large tubes around which are smaller tubes representing the base of the tubes with facettes. The opercula are very rare. We have observed some cases of regeneration. Affinities —This species re- sembles greatly Meliceritites for- icula D’Orbigny, 1853, of the French Turonian. It differs in moe. 33—Meliceritites transversa, new species the transverse aperture and in 4: Transverse section, x 16, made between the orifices. The peristomes were in transverse some- the transverse and not elongated what oblique rows which causes the helicoidal ovicell. arrangement of the peripheral tubes. B. Trans- verse section, < 16, cutting some orifices. C. Lon- Occurrence.—Lower Creta- gitudinal section, X 16. The clear tubes are cut ceous (Aptian) : Faringdon Ene- along the median axis while the shaded ones are 2 2 cut tangentially to their walls, this arrangement land (very common) ° resulting from the disposition of the peristomes in / eS trans Ss . At the ce isal j Crepe Gh Nc, “C9016, oe eicers Aisa enter aio ste U.S.N.M. don, England MELICERITITES CUNNINGTONI Gregory, 1899 Plate 13, figs. 1-8 1899. Nodelea cunningtoni Grecory, Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 308, figs. 35, 36. Variations.—Gregory, 1899, gave an incomplete description of this species. The orifices are transverse; the peristomes are thin, adja- 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 cent, arranged in transverse rows (fig. 2) and more rarely in quincunx (fig. 6). Opercula are frequent (fig. 2). The eleocellaria are ordinary zooecia in which the aperture is elongated and presents two lateral denticles (fig. 4). The chief characteristic of this species is the frequent presence of a tranverse fossette placed below the aperture (fig. 5). The fusion of this fossette with the aperture engenders the eleocellarium (fig. 4). The longitudinal section of this species has been figured by Gregory, 1899. The ovicell is unknown. Figure 7 represents an arrest of development, resulting in a false base. Measurements.— fha =0.16-0.18 aa hf =0.44 mm. Aperture 4150.20 mm. Facettes j1¢_ 0.44 mm. Diameter of the branches, 3 mm. Affinittes.—This species is very well characterized by the nature of its eleocellaria and by the transverse fossettes which adorn a cer- tain number of zooecia. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (common). Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69917, U.S.N.M. MELICERITITES SEMICLAUSA Gregory, 1899 Plate 11, figs. 12, 13 1872. Meliceritites gracilis Rnuss, Die Bryozoen und Foraminiferen des unteren Planers, Paleontographica, vol. 20, pt. 1, p. 120, pl. 29, figs. 12-16 (not synonymy). 1899. Meliceritites semiclausa (part) GreGory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 328, pl. 14, fig. 2 (not figs. 1, 3). Affinities.—Our examples correspond almost exactly in aspect and measurements with the specimen figured by Gregory (pl. 14, fig. 2), the single slight difference being in the more elongate form of the eleocellarium. The ovicell belongs to the group of Meliceritites transversa in its great width. Unfortunately, the ovicell of our figured specimen was broken. The species differs from Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845, in its much larger micrometric measurements, in the presence of an eleocellarium, and in its semicircular aperture. Measurements.— = 2 hf =0.40-0.48 mm. penne eaten aa Hucetves i =0.27-0.30 mm. Diameter of large branches, 2 mm. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (rare). ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 67 Geological distribution.—Lower Cretaceous (Cenomanian): Le Mans (Sarthe), France, Warminster, England, and Plauen, Germany. Plesvotype.-—Cat. No. 69918, U.S.N.M. MELICERITITES, species undetermined Plate 12, figs. 13-15 We have found two very curious specimens of Meliceritites, one with ali the facettes perforated and the other with some of them perforated. These perforations are enigmatical. We believe the specimen worthy of illustration, but we are unable to affirm that they belong to a special species until a larger number of examples has been collected. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Cat. No. 69919, U.S.N.M. Subdivision RECTANGULATA Family CERIOCAVIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1922 Genus CERIOCAVA D’Orbigny, 1852 (See Canu and Bassler, 1922, for definition) CERIOCAVA GRANDIPORA, new species Plate 9, figs. 14-17 Description.—The zoarium is free, arborescent, formed of cylindri- cal or compressed branches; the base is quite small, orbicular, non- adherent to the substratum. The orifices are large, polygonal, arranged in quincunx or in transverse rows. The ovicell is capsule- shaped, deep, digitate, with an exterior concave and smooth surface. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.32-0.40 mm.; diameter of large branches, 4 mm. Affinities.—This species is well characterized by the large size of its orifices and by its digitate ovicell. In the Jurassic species the ovi- cells are entire and nondigitate. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (very rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69920, U.S.N.M. CERIOCAVA JUNCTATA, new species Plate 9, figs. 11-13 Description.—The zoarium is hollow, cylindrical, formed of frag- ments irregularly joined together or anastomosing; the branches are selid, with the normal section. The orifices are elliptical, placed at the bottom of a polygonal peristome; they are arranged in quincunx. 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Measurements.—Diameter of interior orifice, 0.16 by 0.20 mm.; diameter of exterior orifice, 0.22 mm.; diameter of branches, 2.5 mm. Structure—The basal parts of the zoarium have the Semicava growth of D’Orbigny, but the branches which they emit are solid and their sections are identical with those of Cerrocava. It is difficult to predict the direction of the tubes in an incrusting colony in order to section it correctly. Gf ik In tangential section it may be noted that Fic. 34.—Ceriocavajunctata, the tubes are polygonal, adjacent, but their in- new species. Transverse terior is calcified and thus forms a rounded section, X 16, througha , 5 solid cylindrical branch, IMterior tube. Lower Cretaceous (Valan- Qecurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : gian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- : ; 6 senland Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69921, U.S.N.M. CERIGOCAVA MULTILAMELLOSA, new species Plate 9, figs. 1-10 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, dichotomous, formed of many enveloping lamellae; the outermost lamellae are incomplete and show at their extremity a short zone of growth. The facettes are hexagonal, arranged in transverse rows, perforated at the center by the aperture. The aperture is orbicular and surrounded by a thin and somewhat salient peristome. The orifices of the tubes without facettes are irregularly polygonal. Measurements.—Diameter of apertures, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peristomes, 0.10 mm.; diameter of facettes, 0.16 mm.; diameter of larger branches, 2.5 mm. Structure.—The extremity of the branches is conical, as in all colonies in which the tubes are expanded. This conical part is con- sidered as the zone of growth and the orifices here do not bear facettes (fig. 3). The exterior lamellae grow around the interior trunk and appear around it as a rather thick but short zone of growth (fig. 2); these lamellae bear facettes like the central trunk. The facettes are often well distributed over all the colony (figs. 2, 3), but frequently they appear only in zones (fig. 5). We can not aflirm that their existence is normal, for entire branches are deprived of them and seem even never to have had them (fig. 9). The appear- ance of facettes in the genus Ceriocava still remains a mystery. Per- haps they are very fragile, as in Meliceritites, and disappear easily by slight abrasion. . ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 69 The longitudinal section of the extremity of a young branch shows the disappearance of the central bundles of tubes, the latter expanding in fan-shape around the zoarial axis. A longitudinal section made through a branch with facettes was not very success- ful, as silicification had invaded the tubes of the exterior lamella. The peristomes were arranged in quincunx and the tube appeared with thickened walls without any of them having been sectioned tangentially. In transverse section the central bundle is quite apparent. Fig. 35.— Ceriocava multilamellosa, new species. A. Transverse section of specimen D, x 16. 3B. Trans- verse section, X 16. ©. Section through a branch, X 16, in which the extericr lamella is engendering an adventitious branch. D. Longitudinal section (see also A), X 16, in which the orifices are arranged in quincunx. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. F. Longitudinal section, < 16, through a multilamellar branch. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland We have had the fortune to find a branch containing these sup- posed lamellae with their zone of growth. The longitudinal section of this branch shows that the tubes are arranged in a different direc- tion from that of the interior lamella; their extremity is alone visi- ble and they appear there shorter than they are in reality. The study of the transverse section confirms this arrangement. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 The exterior lamellae could become elevated to form false ramifications. The longitudinal section shows a number of tubes cut tangentially and appearing in gray or in black. The facettes were in reality arranged regularly in transverse rows. In Ceriocava the longitudinal section has different aspects accord- ing as the facettes are arranged in quincunx or transversely. This obsvervation was known, but it is important that it has been con- firmed on the same species. The central tubes grow by axial gemmation around a single tube which branches only at the bifurcations of the branches. This tube appears in transversal sections with a larger diameter. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud) | Switzerland (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69922, U.S.N.M. CERIGCAVA INGENS, new species Plate 8, figs. 8-12 Description.—The zoarium is free, large, arborescent; the branches are compressed or cylindrical. The facettes are distinct, separated by a furrow of little depth, somewhat convex, smooth, arranged in quincunx, pierced at the middle by the aperture. The aper- ture is orbicular and surrounded by a thin, little salient peristome. The orifices of the tubes without facettes are large and irregularly polygonal. Measurements —Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.17 mm.; diameter of facettes, 0.30-0.40 mm.; diameter of orifices without facettes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 10 mm. Affinities.—As in all species of the genus, the orifice of the tubes without facettes is expanded; if measures internally at the base of the visible peristomie 0.17 mm., but externally its diameter is about 0.40 mm., exactly equal to that of the tubes with facettes, The species differs from Diplocava inordinata in its monomorphic zooecia, its large zoarium, and its much larger micrometric measure- ments. On the figured specimen the tubes with facettes are at the bottom of the zoarium; the branches are deprived of them. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (very rare). Cotype.—Cat. No. 69923, U.S.N.M. CERIOCAVA TENUIRAMA, new species Plate 10, figs. 1-4 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated, formed of small branches. The orifices of the tubes without facettes are lozenge-shaped, elongated, arranged in transverse rows. The orifices ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER Tt of the tubes with facettes are terminal, orbicular, with a peristome thin and little salient; the facettes are elongated, hexagonal, little distinct. Measurements.—Diameter of peristomes, 0.14—-0.16 mm.; diameter of orbicular orifices, 0.10 mm.; diameter of lozenge-shaped orifices, 0.06-0.08 mm.; diameter of branches, 1 mm. Affinities —This new species differs from Ceriocava multilamellosa in its smaller branches, in the lozenge-shaped tubes without facettes, and in the terminal position of the orifices on the facettes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69924, U.S.N.M. DIPLOCAVA, new genus Ceriocavidae with dimorphic zooecia. Genotype.—Diplocava incondita, new species. Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian). In this genus tubes without facettes and much larger dimensions appear. They are most frequently in more or less orbic- ular and salient groups; rarely they are scattered. They are not constant, and it is not rare to discover zoarial fragments which lack them. The determination of species of this genus is therefore very difficult, especially on isolated specimens. The ovicell has not yet been discovered. DIPLOCAVA INCONDITA, new species Plate 10, figs. 5-12 Deseription.—The zoarium is free, dichotomous, in unilamellar fronds or in wrregularly cylindrical, multilamellar fragments. The large zooecia are always open, grouped in salient orbicular areas which are separated from each other by zones of small zooecia with facettes. The facettes are hexagonal, distinct, separated by a furrow, convex, smooth, perforated in the middle. The apertura is large, orbicular, surrounded by a thin and salient peristome. The ovicell is star-shaped, with four branches, placed in the midst of the large tubes. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.14 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.20 mm.; diameter of facettes, 0.30 mm.; diameter of exter- nal orifice of large tubes, 0.30 mm.; diameter of external orifice of small tubes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of the large branches, 5 mm. Variations.—This species is very irregular in its external aspect. We have observed some lamellar fragments simple or double with monomorphic zooecia, arborescent fragments formed of small tubes only, fragments formed of tubes with facettes only, irregular frag- ments formed of an inner trunk of zooecia with facettes, covered 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 over with irregular lamellae with open dimorphic zooecia. The nor- mal aspect is that which shows salient groups of large zooecia sur- rounded by variable zones of small zooecia with facettes; these zones may become very large. A longitudinal section taken at the extremity of a large branch shows the tubes expanded and recurved at their extremity, with axial gemmation around a large central ramified tube. The small tubes are grouped in special zones. The walls of the tubes are moniliform in their recurved parts. A. Longitudinal section, X 16, through a specimen with two joined B. Longitudinal section, X 16, through the extremity of a branch in which the tubes have facettes. The walls are hollow and moniliform. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland branches, Fia. 36—Diplocava incondita, new species. A fragment which exteriorily appeared regularly branched showed in longitudinal section the union of two fragments of different origin. Finally, a meridian section in a large irregular zoarium shows an extreme complication occasioned by the multiplicity of the envelop- ing lamellae. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER (3 Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland (common.) Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69925, U.S.N.M. DIPLOCAVA INORDINATA, new species Plate 11, figs. 1-5 Descrivption.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, arborescent; the base is enlarged and placed on a substratum. The large tubes appear very irregularly among the others, sometimes isolated, some- times grouped. The facettes are hexagonal, little visible, smooth, very little convex, perforated at the middle by the aperture. The aperture is orbicular, large or small, according to the nature of the tubes, surrounded by a peristome which is scarcely salient and very thin. The orifices of the tubes without facettes are polygonal. Measurements.—Inner orifice of small tubes, 0.16 mm.; diameter exterior orifice of small tubes, 0.20 mm.; diameter inner orifice of large tubes, 0.20—0.24 mm.; diam- eter exterior orifice of large tubes, 0.30 mm.; diameter aperture, small tubes with facettes, 0.10 mm.; diameter aperture, large tubes with facettes, 0.14 mm.; diameter of the large branches, 3 mm. Variations.—As our specimens are numer- ous, we have been able to study the varia- Cpe tions. We have observed zoarial fragments eee eel ection, formed uniquely of large (fig. 3) or small x 16, exhibiting the variations in (fig. 2) zooecia, fragments with both kinds seme ot ie tees ae eras y. Lower Cretaceous of zooecia (fig. 4), and finally a fragment (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, with tubes bearing facettes (fig. 5). pains In longitudinal sections the tubes have a diameter quite variable in their recurved expanded parts. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69926, U.S.N.M. DIPLOCAVA ORBICULIFERA, new species Plate 11, figs. 6-8 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, ramose. The large tubes are grouped in very regular orbicular areas irregularly arranged on the zoarium. The small tubes are much more numerous, hexag- onal, arranged in quincunx. Measurements.—Diameter orifice of small tubes, 0.10 mm.; diam- eter of large tubes, 0.20 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 10 mm. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Affinities.—This species differs from Diplocava incondita in its larger zoarium, in the smaller measurements, and in the considerable separation of the groups of large tubes. It differs from Diplocava globulosa in its arborescent zoarium and in the separation of the groups of larger tubes. The sections show the usual structure of Diplocava. They indi- cate that the central colony may be covered over by an exterior incrusting lamella. Occurrence.—Lower Creta- ceous (Valangian): Sainte- Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (very rare). Cotype.—Cat. No. 69927, U.S.N.M. DIPLOCAVA GLOBULOSA, new species Plate 11, figs. 9-11 Description.—The zoari- um is a globular multilamel- lar mass; it is free or incrusts shells (Semimulticava). The large cells are grouped in or- bicular spaces which are somewhat convex. The small zooecia form zones of more or less width around each group of large orifices. Measurements.— Diameter interior. of large tubes, 0.16 mm.; diameter interior of small tubes, 0.10 mm.; di- ameter of zoarium, 10 mm. Structure.—In sectioning the elliptical zoarium along the large axis one would ex- pect to cut the zooecia along their length, but this does not happen, as the section cuts only the expanded extremity of the tubes. In this genus the direction of the tubes is absolutely inde- pendent of the zoarial form and the direction can only be surmised from the exterior. As may be readily observed, the large tubes occur only in the convex portions, while the small tubes are limited to the concave portions; the difference between them is of little importance. In tangential section the tubes are rounded and included in the thick hexagonal walls. The difference in size between the large and Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, A. Meridian section, X 16, showing the many enveloping lamellae. Dimorphism occurs. B. Tangential thin section, x 16. Fia. 38.—Diplocava globulosa, new species. Switzerland . ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 15 the small tubes is quite considerable. According to these two latter observations, it might be concluded that the dimorphism observed in Diplocava is more apparent than real and that it occurs only at the terminal part of the tubes. Affinities. —This species differs from Diplocava incondita in its non- arborescent zoarium, its smaller micrometric dimensions, and in its less apparent dimorphism. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland (very rare). Cotype.—Cat. No. 69928, U.S.N.M. Cenus SPIROCLAUSA D’Orbigny, 1852 SPIROCLAUSA NEOCOMIENSIS De Loriol, 1863 Plate 11, fig. 14 1863. Spiroclausa neocomiensis Dr Loriou, Les Invertébrés du Neocomien in- férieur du Mont Saléve pres Genéve, p. 137, pl. 17, fig. 5. Our figured specimen does not much resemble that of De Loriol, but not being able to make sections, we do not believe we ought to create a new species for it. ‘ Its relationships seem to us to be with the Diplocava, for the supe- rior tubes of the spires are much larger than the others. In each spire there is always one or more circles of inclosed zooecia. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix (Vaud), Switzerland. Plesiotype.-—Cat. No. 69929, U.S.N.M. Family LEIOSOECIIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1920 Genus LEIOSOECIA Canu and Bassler, 1920 LEIOSOECIA AEQUIPOROSA, new species Plate 16, figs. 15-18 Descrvption.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical. The orifices are suborbicular and slightly polygonal; the peristomes are thick, non- salient, arranged in quincunx. ‘The mesopores are little numerous, irregular, polygonal, equal to the apertures. The ovicell is large, orbicular or somewhat elliptical, thin, very convex. Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.10 mm.; diameter of meso- pores, 0.08—0.10 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 2.5 mm. Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical. The mesopores are rare, rather long, with thickened, hollow or moniliform walls. "6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with adjacent walls. The thickening of the walls of the mesopores forms a thick parietal zone. In tangential section the mesopores are smaller than the tubes because their orifice is infundibuliform; they are separated by a thick, lamellose tissue. A. Longitudinal sec- Transverse Longitudinal thin section, B. Transverse section, X 16, of the same specimen. D. Leiosoecia grandipora, new species. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C. Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species. Lower Cretaceous. tion, X 16, through a specimen with an extra lamellar layer. X 16, showing the rarity of mesopores. thin section, xX 16. Fia. 39.—Genus Leiosoecia Canu and Bassler, 1920. A-B. Leiosoecia prozima, new species. A ffinities.—This species differs from Leiosoecia grandipora, in which the mesopores have the same dimension, in the smaller zoarium, in the smaller aperture (not 0.12 mm.), and in the less regular ovicell. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land (rare). Cotype.—Cat. No. 69930, U.S.N.M. ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER it LEFOSOECIA GRANDIPORA, new species Plate 16, figs. 1-4 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated. The ori- fices are polygonal; the peristomes are thin, nonsalient. The meso- pores are large, polygonal, few in number, irregularly placed. The ovicell is large, orbicular, convex, smooth. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.12 mm.; diameter of meso- pores, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 4 mm. Structure.—In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, with very thick walls, recurved at their extremity, with axial gemmation. The mesopores have a variable length; they appear at all heights and their distinction from the tubes is very difficult; they appear little numerous. In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with adjacent walls, as large at the center as at the periphery. The terminal thickening of the tubes and of the mesopores forms a thick parietal zone. Affinities.—The species differs from Letosoecia aequiporosa in its apertural diameter of 0.12 mm. and in its larger zoaria. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69932, U.S.N.M. LEIOSOECIA CONSTANTI D’Orbigny, 1850 Plate 17, figs. 1-5 1850. Ceriopora constanti D’OrBIaNy, Prodrome de Paléontologie, vol. 2, p. 143. 1854. Heteropora constanti D’ORsiany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 1071, pl. 799, figs. 6, 7. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.14 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.06 mm.; diameter of terminal branches, 3 mm.; diameter of large branches, 7 mm. Structure—We have found very typical specimens corresponding to D’Orbigny’s figures. They have, indeed, polygonal orifices sur- rounded by small mesopores. Moreover, the zoarial surface presents undulations and in places circular areas of mesopores. Other specimens, less typical in appearance, have the same aper- tural diameter, the same orbicular area of mesopores, the same char- acters in longitudinal section, but the zoaria lack the undulations, and the mesopores (0.07, 0.08 mm.) are a little larger. It is difficult to recognize two species in these specimens. The first lot seems to us to be the terminal branches, the second, more- over, larger, are the large adult branches. On the other hand, on the same specimen it is easy to observe the variations in the size of the mesopores. In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, with rather reg- ular peripheral gemmation. The mesopores are rather long and 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 little numerous. There are zonal lines, rather regular, very convex, scattered in the inferior part of the branches and approaching more closely at the summit. The zoarial margins are occupied by epithe- cal lines, very numerous, close together, represented in a drawing with difficulty. The diaphragms are widely spaced and their simul- taneous occurrence forms the zonal lines. The extremity of the tubes is thickened and moniliform; the tubes are not then rigorously cylindrical but show constrictions more and more close to each other. In transverse sections the tubes are polygonal, with thin and adjacent walls. On the edge the epithecal lines are so close together r Soe a 2, on (y ome L7 Orin Fig. 40.—Leiosoecia constanti D’Orbigny, 1850. A. Longitudinal section, * 16, showing the zonal lines and the undulated tubes with their diaphragms. B. Portion of a transverse section, X 16, illustrating the polygonal form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland that they form an exterior epithecal zone so opaque that photog- raphy can show its complexity only imperfectly. In tangential section the tubes are little polygonal and the meso- pores are very small. The calcareous tissue which surrounds them is alveolar. This species has the same internal structure as Levosoecia multi- porosa and Leiosoecia grandipora, but the zonal lines and the epithe- cal lines are more numerous. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix, Switzerland (Valan- sian); Grandpré (Ardennes), France (Aptian). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69933, U.S.N.M ART, 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 719 LEIOSOECIA PROXIMA, new species Plate 17, figs. 12-15 Description.—The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, bifurcated. The orifices are orbicular or subpolygonal, with salient peristomes. The mesopores are polygonal, smaller than the apertures, few in number. The ovicells are orbicular, very convex, smooth. Measurements.—Diameter of aperture, 0.10-0.12 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.08 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 4 mm. Affinities.—In its exterior aspect this species is very close to Leio- soecia constantt D’Orbigny, 1854. We believe, however, they are dis- tinct. The zoarium is, in fact, multilamellar, as the longitudinal and transverse sections prove. There are no epithecal lines. Finally, in spite of irregularity of the specimens, the gemmation is peripheral but more axial and the central bundle of tubes is smaller. Our longitudinal section is very interesting, as it shows the begin- ning of the exterior lamella. This is a tube which is prolonged on the surface of the primitive trunk which in turn is covered by the proliferation of its successive ramifications by dorsal gemmation. The phenomenon is then absolutely identical with that of lamellate Reptomulticrescis forms. It is thus proved that in such zoarial forms as Heteropora, Reptomulticrescis, and Reptomulticava there are two kinds of gemmation, dorsal and peripheral. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69931, U.S.N.M. Family CLAUSIDAE D’Orbigny, 1854 Genus CLAUSA D’Orbigny, 1854 CLAUSA CRANEI, new species Plate 17, figs. 6, 7 Description.—The zoarium is free, claviform. The peristomes are thin, nonsalient, arranged in interrupted transverse lines, and sepa- rated by small numerous, polygonal dactylethrae. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 1 mm. Affinities—Only the type specimen has been found, and we have figured it not only because of its perfect preservation but in order to show that the genus Clausa appears to be well represented in the Lower Cretaceous, where it has hitherto never been noted. The species differs from Clausa zonifera, new species, in its peri- stomes not grouped in zones and in its smaller orifices. The specific name is in honor of W. EK. Crane, who collected the fine bryozoan fauna here described from Faringdon. 53648—26——6 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (very rare). Holotype.—Cat. No. 69934, U.S.N.M. CLAUSA ZONIFERA, new species Plate 17, figs. 8-11; Plate 31, fig. 9 Description.—The zoarium is free, cylindrical, borne upon a slightly expanded base, branching dichotomously in the same plane; the branches are cylindrical, rarely claviform. The peristomes are very thin, nonsalient, grouped in irregular zones, and separated by polyg- onal dactylethrae few innumber. The tubes are cylindrical, with peripheral gemmation regularly developed around a central axis and at allheights. The ovicell is unknown. Measurements.—Di- ameter of orifice, 0.12 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.15 mm.; diam- eter of large branches, 2.50 mm. Structure.—Exterior- ly this species has the appearance of a Zono- pora. The grouping of the peristomes in circu- lar zones is a deceptive generic character be- Fia. 41.—Clausa zonifera, new species. A. Longitudinal section, : tard t l xX 16. The dactylethrae are produced by dichotomous branching cause 1 oes not al- of the walls (peripheral gemmation). B. Transverse section, ways correspond to the x 16. The dispersion of the small tubes among the large ones : show that gemmation occurs at all distances from the central same internal struc- axis by regular peripheral dichotomous branching. Lower Cree ture. Itis the same as taceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England in the clavulate zoarial form; indeed, in this species we have observed this form, although rarely, and we figure a superb unbranched specimen. In longitudinal sections the tubes are cylindrical, recurved at their extremity, more or less long according to their distance from the central axis, and narrowed at their base. Their walls divide in two, engendering thus a new tube. This is the usual method of gemma- tion in the heteroporoids (peripheral). The peripheral tubes are thus ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 81 shorter and shorter; a certain number aborted (by the disappearance of the polypide), closed by a calcareous pellicule and become the dactylethrae. An examination of the extremity of a branch also reveals the same heteroporoid structure, This feature has been described by D’Orbigny, 1852, and by Gregory, 1899, who have established the family Clausidae upon it. In transverse section the tubes are polygonal, with thickened walls, a little larger toward the periphery. Among the large tubes appear smaller tubes irregularly scattered; these are newly formed young tubes whose thin base is thus sectioned. The dactylethrae appear as smaller tubes visible only at the periphery. In tangential sections the tubes are polygonal, with thick and adjacent walls but in which the interior is rounded. The dactyl- ethrae are smaller and their interior remains polygonal. A ffinities.—This is the only species of the Clausidae in which the peristomes are grouped in circular zones separated by narrower zones of dactylethrae. This simple exterior character is sufficient to distinguish it from other species of the Cretaceous and notably from Clausa heteropora D’Orbigny, 1851, very commonly observed in the Cenomanian of Europe, as well as Clausa cranet, new species. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69935, U.S.N.M. Genus REPTOCLAUSA D’Orbigny, 1853 1853. Reptoclausa D’OrsIaNyY, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 887. Based on historic considerations and the right of priority, Gregory in 1897 classified the species of this genus in Jdmonea Lamouroux, 1821. The zoologists have not yet admitted this classification, which would necessitate a complete rearrangement of the bibliography relative to Idmonea. We have nothing to add to this discussion, and while awaiting a decision on the question as to whether [dmonea was clearly defined we will continue to follow the principle of least change. We will preserve, therefore, D’Orbigny’s name for the curious forms herein described. The tubes are grouped in idmoneiform fascicles, but the tubes do not have adjacent peristomes. The spaces between the fascicles are of real tubes or aborted. They are ramified on the tubes of the fas- cicles primitively formed and their coalescence engenders new fasci- cles. At the exterior they are visible or invisible, according to the thickness of the tissue. 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 REPTOCLAUSA DENTICULATA, new species Plate 18, fig. 1 Descrvption.—The zoarium creeps over shells in fronds branching at aright angle. The tubes are arranged on each side of the median crest in transverse rows. There are two tubes in each row; the peri- stomes are denticulated and nonadjacent.’ All the branches are sur- rounded by a more or less broad foliaceous expansion formed of aborted tubes. Measurements.—Diameter of peristomes, 0.16 mm.; maximum diameter of branches, 1 mm. Affinities.—In its zoarial simplicity this species much resembles Idmonea alipes Gregory, 1899, but differs in its denticulate peristomes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Holotype.—Cat. No. 69936, U.S.N.M. REPTOCLAUSA HAGENOWI Sharpe, 1854 Plate 18, figs. 2-5 1899. Idmonea hagenowi Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 152, pl. 8, fig. 1. (Bibliography.) Structure.—We have been able to make some sections of this spe- cies. In transverse section through a fascicle the tubes are rounded, and in the vicinity of the crest they are surrounded by a strong solid epitheca. In longitudinal section the tubes are short, oblique, club-shaped; the crest is a thickened continuous epitheca. On the fascicles the tubes are arranged in quincunx; the peri- stomes are orbicular and somewhat salient and their diameter is larger in the vicinity of the crest of the fascicles. Oceurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Faringdon, England (Aptian); Villers-le-Lac (Doubs), France (Valangian). Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69937, U.S.N.M. REPTOCLAUSA MEANDRINA De Loriol, 1868 Plate 18, figs. 6-8 1868. Reptoclausa meandrina De Loriot, Valanginién d’ Arzier, Paléontologie Suisse, Liv. 4, p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 1. The zoarium encrusts Terebratulas and oyster shells. The peri- stomes are wider than in Reptoclausa hagenowi and the fascicles are arranged much more irregularly. The interfascicular tubules are often visible exteriorly. We have found beautiful specimens in our collections. Occurrence—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix and D’Arzier, Switzerland. Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 69938, U.S.N.M. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 83 REPTOCLAUSA NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853 1853. Reptoclausa neocomiensis D’ Orsiany, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 888, pl. 765, figs. 1, 2. 1899. Idmonea neocomiensis Grecory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 155. (Bibliography.) This species is well characterized by its short fascicles arranged in quincunx. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix and Mont Salevé, Switzerland, and Villers-le-Lac (Doubs), France. Family TRETOCYCLOECIIDAE Canu, 1919 Genus TRETOCYCLOECIA Canu, 1919 TRETOCYCLOECIA (?) MULTIPOROSA, new species Plate 16, figs. 5-8 Description.—The zoarium is small, cylindrical, bifurcated. The orifice is orbicular; the peristomes are thin, salient, arranged in quincunx, scattered or in annular rows. The mesopores are large, numerous, polygonal, irregularly placed around the orifices. The ovi- cell is orbicular. Measurements.—Diameter of aper- ture, 0.08 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.10 mm.; diameter of zoar- ium, 1.25 mm.; diameter of meso- pores, 0.10 mm. Affinities —The mesopores seem to be parietal. Their exterior dia- meter is perceptibly equal to that of the peristomes. The ovicells Fic. 42.—Tretocycloecia densa, new species. A, Sra, B. Longitudinal sections, X 16. The meso- found were broken and difficult to _ poresare almost closed by thick tissue. Lower miterpret.. Che tubes arecylindrical. “eeu Aptian): Faringdon, England The species differs from Tretocycloecia densa by its very numerous mesopores as large as the peristomes. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (rare). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69939, U.'S.N.M. TRETOCYCLOECIA DENSA, new species Plate 16, figs. 9-14 Description.—The zoarium is free, small, cylindrical, bifurcated. The orifices are orbicular; the peristomes are thin, salient, close together, sometimes adjacent, arranged in quincunx. The mesopores are little numerous, small, irregularly distributed around the aper- 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 tures, short, parietal, sometimes closed by a lamella. The ovicell is orbicular, nonsalient, traversed by 15 tubes. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.09 mm.; diameter of peri- stome, 0.11 mm.; diameter of mesopores, 0.04 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 1.25 mm. Structure.—In transverse section the tubes are cylindrical or polyg- onal, with adjacent walls, with regular peripheral gemmation. In longitudinal section the tubes are long, cylindrical, narrowed at the base, with regular peripheral gemmation in the vicinity of the zoarial axis; they are recurved at their extremity. The mesopores are parietal, but, as their arrangement around the aperture is irregular, they are cut in sections irregularly and present the most varied forms; Fic. 43.—Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853. A. Meridian section, X 16, through a growing branch, showing the lozenge-shaped areas. B. Longitudinal section, X 16, with an accessory exterior lamella at the left. C. Meridian section, < 16, showing mesopores only in the lateral faces. D. Transverse section, X 16, through a normal branch. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, illustrating the cylindrical tubes with triparietal gemmation around a central tube. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England their walls are very thick. In tangential sections the mesopores are very small and surrounded by very thick calcareous tissues. Affinities —This species differs from Tretocycloecia multvporosa in its much smaller mesopores. It differs from Heteropora keepingi Gregory, 1909, which has a similar exterior aspect, in its much smaller zoarium, and in its smaller zooecial diameter (0.09 and not 0.15 mm.). Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England (common). Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69940, U.S.N.M. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 85 Family ASCOSOECIIDAE Canu, 1919 Genus LATEROCAVEA D’Orbigny, 1853 1853. Laterocavea D’OrBIaNy, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 933. Original diagnosis.—‘‘Colonie fixe par sa base, d’ou partent des rameaux tres comprimés, divisés par des dichotomisations sur le méme plan et représentant un ensemble flabelliforme dendroide. Chaque branche comprimée est pourvue, sur ses deux faces larges de lignées transversales espacées, composées d’une seule rangée de cellules tubuleuses; entre ces lignées sont de nombreux pores inter- médiaires. Sur le cote étroit des branches sont des surfaces tres. grandes, couvertes seulement de pores opposés épars, ou par lignes longitudinales bifurquées dans des sillons.”’ Diagnosis.—The zoarium is dichotomous and formed of compres- sed fronds. The tubes are oriented toward two cellular faces; they are cylindrical, with peristome; their gemmation is axial around a central tube. They are separated by parietal mesopores. The two noncellular sides are formed only of parietal mesopores. The ovicell is placed on a side with mesopores. Grenotype.—Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853. Cretaceous. LATEROCAVEA DUTEMPLEANA D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 15, figs. 1-6 1853. Laterocavea dutempleana D’OrsiaNny, Paléontologie francaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 933, pl. 772, figs. 7-10. We have discovered some excellent specimens of this remarkable species, which have permitted us to study the detailed structure. In transverse section the tubes are round and grouped around a central tube. The parietal mesopores have very thick walls; they form an exterior zone, regular, enlarged laterally. In longitudinal section the tubes are cylindrical, short, somewhat narrowed at their base. The gemmation is axial around a central tube, which ramifies at the dichotomisations. In their terminal recurved portion the tubes are separated by parietal mesopores, with thickened walls. In meridian section the axial tubes have the lozenge-shape derived from their orientation toward the broad sides. The lateral tubes are aborted and emit only parietal mesopores much longer than the others. In tangential section the orifices are elliptical, often adjacent later- ally, and separated in the longitudinal direction by irregular groups of 4 or 5 mesopores. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 We have sectioned a specimen containing on one side an exterior accessory intrazoarial lamella. It is a curious phenomenon which we have observed for the first time. On the broad sides the peristomes are arranged irregularly on the median axis and in laterally transverse lines, an arrangement close to that observed in Hornera. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Grandpré (Ardennes), France; Faringdon, England (common). Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69941, U.S.N.M. LATEROCAVEA INTERMEDIA, new species Plate 13, figs. 9-17 * Description.—The zoarium is small, cylindrical, dichotomously branched. On the principal branches the orifices are arranged lat- erally, although the entire anterior surface is occupied by mesopores. On the terminal branches the orifices are disposed entirely around the colony. In the cellular parts the orifices are arranged in irregu- lar transverse lines; the peristomes are almost always adjacent and separated longitudinally by groups of four mesopores. The ovi- cell is globular, elliptical, large, and always placed on a side with mesopores. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; zooecial width, 0.14 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.25 mm.; diameter of branches, 1 mm. Affinities —The arrangement of the orifices is absolutely contrary to that in Laterocavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853, because they are lateral and not on the plane of dichotomisation. Furthermore, the small branches, bearing orifices entirely around the colony, offer the aspect of Petalopora Lonsdale, 1850. Complete zoaria present, therefore, all the characters intermediate, between the two genera Laterocavea and Petalopora. This species differs again from Latero- cavea dutempleana D’Orbigny, 1853, in its rounded instead of com- pressed and much smaller branches. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69942, U.S.N.M. Genus SIPHODICTYUM Lonsdale, 1849 1849. Siphodictyum LonspaueE, Notes on Fossil Zoophytes, Quarterly Journal Geological Society London, vol. 5. p. 94. The ovicell is an elliptical, very convex sack, perforated by a certain number of tubes (type of Ascosoecia). The tubes are short, with peristome, with triparietal gemmation around a central axis. The zoarial epitheca is very thick and perforated all around the col- ony by small numerous vacuoles, issuing from aborted tubes and arranged at the bottom of the sulci. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—CANU AND BASSLER 87 Genotype.—Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849. Cretaceous (Ap- tian, Albian and Campanian). Affinities. —Gregory, 1899, classified this genus in the Horneridae. This is correct so far as the exterior aspect and the nature of the tubes is concerned, but the ovicell is quite different and is of the type characteristic of the Ascosoeciidae. The genus differs for Laterocavea D’Orbigny, 1853, in the nature of the adventitious pores, which are vacuoles and not mesopores. In the occurrence of large noncellular areas the two genera are very close but the areas are arranged quite differently. Siphodictyum differs from Reteporidea D’Orbigny, 1853, in the nature of the adventitious pores, which are vacuoles minced at the bottom of the sulci, and in its nonreticulate zoarium. The aineatollenrl function of the vacuoles in recent Hornera is not known, and we are unable, therefore, to understand the impor- tance of the large noncellular spaces on species of Laterocavea and Siphodictyum. Certain branches are petaloporoid, as they have orifices entirely around the zoarium. SIPHODICTYUM GRACILE, Lonsdale, 1849 Plate 14, figs. 14-21 1899. Siphodictyum gracile Greaory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 363, fig. 45, pl. 12, figs. 14, 15. (Bibliog- raphy.) Measurements.—Diameter of orifices, 0.08 mm.; diameter of zoo- ecia, 0.16 mm.; distance of orifices along margin, 0.40 mm.; diam- eter of large branches, .070 mm. Structure.—The zoarium is cylindrical, dichotomously branched. The peristomes are salient, adjacent, and arranged in transverse rows interrupted in the middle, on the anterior face of the colony. They are separated in the longitudinal direction by 4 to 6 vacuoles. On the posterior face only vacuoles occur, at the base of broad sulc} of little depth; the sulci are rarely longitudinal and are almost always more or less oblique. This arrangement prevents the discovery of the true nature of the pores as observed in thin sections. The dorsal is sometimes much reduced. In longitudinal section the zoarium appears surrounded by a very thick lamellar epitheca; the tubes are short, cylindrical, with peri- stome, recurved at their extremity, with triparietal gemmation, and arranged around a central axis. The tubes oriented toward the frontal are complete and separated in the recurved portions by the epitheca perforated by vacuoles; the tubes oriented toward the 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 frontal dorsal are aborted and engender the vacuoles of the non- cellular face. Our longitudinal sections do not correspond exactly with those of Gregory, 1899 (p. 364), which seem to show parietal mesopores (=maculae). The sections of Lonsdale are incomplete. The meridian section confirms the longitudinal section, but the tubes are symmetrically arranged on each side of the central axis. Moreover, diaphragms appear sometimes. In transverse sections the zoarial epitheca is thick, lamellar, per- forated by irregularly scattered vacuoles; the tubes here are almost equal and polygonal. Fia. 44.—Genus Siphodictyum Lonsdale, 1849. A-E. Siphodictywm irregulare, new species. A. Trans- verse section, X 16, showing the polygonal tubes. B. Another transverse section, X 16, exhibiting the central axis. C. Tangential section, < 16, illustrating the arrangement of the vacuoles around the orifices D. Longitudinal section, X 16. The vacuoles perforate the epitheca all around the zoarium. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, showing the cylindrical tubes and the vacuoles perforating the epitheca. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. F-H. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1879. F. Trans- verse section, X 16. QG. Meridian section, X 16. H. Longitudinal section, X 16, with the vacuoles perforating the thick epitheca. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England In these various sections the zoarial pores appear, therefore, as the extremities of small tubes perforating the zoarial epitheca; these are vacuoles, as in the genus Hornera. Moreover, the general aspect of the species is also that of Hornera, although the ovicell is decidedly different, being that of the Ascosoeciidae. Affinities —This species differs from Srphodictyum irregulare in the salient peristomes arranged in transverse rows and more numerous on the cellular face; finally, branches formed entirely of vacuoles have never been observed. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, Folkestone, etc., England. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69943, U.S.N.M. ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 89 SIPHODICTYUM IRREGULARE, new species Plate 14, figs. 1-11 Description.—The zoarium is cylindrical, slender, dichotomously branched. On the cellular face the orifices are arranged in irregular quincunx or in transverse lines interrupted in the middle; the peri- stomes are salient, thick, adjacent, or scattered; they are separated by groups of 2 to 4 vacuoles. On the dorsal face the vacuoles occur at the base of sulci of little depth, arranged longitudinally and obliquely. At the extremity of the branches the peristomes occur entirely around the colony. The cellular groups are separated by noncellular spaces showing only vacuoles. The ovicell is a large, very convex sack placed in the noncellular portion of the zoarium. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.08 mm.; zooecial diameter, 0.12 mm.; distance of orifices, 0.28—0.32 mm.; diameter of largest branches, 0.65 mm. Structure.—The longitudinal section of the cellular branches shows on the frontal a thick peripheral epitheca perforated by vacuoles, short cylindrical tubes with triparietal gemmation around a central axis, and dorsal tubes analogous but aborted and engendering the vacuoles. The longitudinal section of the noncellular branches show identi- cal characters, but all the tubes are aborted and engender numerous vacuoles. The transverse section shows a very thick epitheca perforated by vacuoles, by complete tubes, or by incomplete tubes. The tangential section of the cellular face shows the orbicular orifices and a variable number of small vacuoles very irregularly arranged and immersed in a thick epitheca. Irregular veinules indi- cate the presence of the sulci. The tangential section of the non- cellular portions exhibit very small vacuoles arranged in quincunx and immersed in a thick epitheca in which the veinules are indicated by the darker portions. This species has afforded sections closer to those of Gregory, 1899 (p. 364); but the walls of the adventitious tubes are much thicker and seem to indicate vacuoles rather than mesopores. The orifices are arranged in transverse rows, interrupted or in quin- cunx. On the same zoarium there are large cellular spaces with peri- stomes on a single side, but they alternate with the large noncellular spaces. At the extremity of the branches the orifices are disposed entirely around the colony. The lateral dichotomisations are always very short. 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Affinities —This species differs from Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849, in its more slender branches showing only 8 or 4 longitudinal series of tubes and in the presence of noncellular zoarial portions. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 69944, U.S.N.M. Genus ZONOPORA D’Orbigny, 1854 ZONOPORA COMPRESSA, new species Plate 15, figs. 15-17; Plate 31, fig. 1 Description.—The zoarium is free, dichotomous; the fronds are muchcompressed. The peristomes are small, thin, nonsalient, arranged in irregular quincunx, grouped in zones separated by wide areas of mesopores and surrounded by some mesopores. Measurements.—Diameter of orifice, 0.10 mm.; diameter of meso- pores, 0.04—0.06 mm.; distance of peristomes, 0.24—0.26 mm.; sepa- ration of peristomes, 0.36—0.40 mm. Structure.—The sectioned specimens were accidentally hollow, giv- ing the sections a strange aspect which might make them appear to belong to another genus. However, we have found the usual structure seen in sections of Zonopora. The longitudinal section in Zonopora is very difaeult to interpret because of ‘the ereat multiplicity of tubes and of their vesicular walls. Those which we have made are not clear enough to be reproduced, but we have been able to observe the essential characters. Affinities.—This is the only species of Zonopora in which the fronds are compressed. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. Cotype.—Cat. No. 69945, U.S.N.M. ZONOPORA ARBOREA Koch and Dunker, 1837 Plate 15, figs. 7-10; Plate 31, figs. 2-4 1909. Multizonopora arborea GrEGoRY, Catalogue Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 220, figs. 57-61. (Bibliography and geologic distribution.) Measurements.—Diameter of the orifices, 0.08 mm.; diameter of the mesopores, 0.04 mm. Structure.—The specimens from Sainte-Croix are large and rough, but they are not multilamellar. The cellular zones are very irregular and quite variable in their extent. The determination by the exterior features alone is always difficult if the observer is not acquainted with all the known variations in such fossils. The illustrated sections of this species are those of Pergens, 1889, and of Gregory, 1909. Our specimens from Sainte-Croix were silici- ART. 21 CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA—-CANU AND BASSLER 9] fied and could not be sectioned, but a well-preserved example from Berklingen has afforded some interesting results. In the transverse ‘section here figured the tubes are polygonal, with a rounded center, cylindrical, of uniform diameter. The recurved parts of the tubes and the mesopores have very thick vesicular walls in confirmation of Gregory’s figure 61. Gemmation takes place especially in the vicin- ity of the central axis. The tangential section shows small scattered mesopores embedded in the zoarial epitheca. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous: Sainte-Croix, Switzerland (Valan- gian); Berklingen, Germany. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69946, U.S.N.M. Genus SPARSICAVEA D’Orbigny ,1853 SPARSICAVEA IRREGULARIS D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 15, figs. 11-14. 1853. Sparsicavea irregularis D’Orsiany, Paléontologie fran- caise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p. 949, pl. 617, figs. ale : Measurements.—Diameter of aperture 0.07—0.08 mm.; diameter of peristome, 0.12 mm.; diameter of zoarium, 1-2 mm. Structure.—Our determination is exact, as our specimens are rigorously analogous to those of D’Orbigny. His figure is not altogether exact, as admitted by himself, the unequal spacing of the peristomes not being visible. Our photographs show this feature very well. Mesopores are rather numerous; they are infundibuliform at their ex- tremity and appear consequently smaller in tangen- tial section. The peristome is salient and thick. FIG. 45.—Sparsicavea The longitudinal section shows the usual feature = 7ularis eee of Sparsicavea, namely club-shaped tubes, peripheral ee can and axial gemmation, parietal mesopores (—macu- &- aia oat aces lae of Gregory), with very thick walls. In transverse © er cretaceous (Ap- section the thickening of the walls of the mesopores _ ! Sei aes forms a regular epithecal zone. All the known ovicelled species with Sparsicavea characters are referred to the genus Parascosoecia, but until the ovicell of the present one is known we believe it best to refer it to the older name. Occurrence.—Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England; Machoremenil (Ardennes), France. Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 69947, U.S.N.M. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 6T Family CORYMBOPORIDAE Smitt, 1866 Genus CORYMBOPORA Michelin, 1845 CORYMBOPORA NEOCOMIENSIS D’Orbigny, 1853 Plate 8, figs. 13-16 1853. Corymbopora neocomiensis D’OrBiIGNY, Paléontologie frangaise, Terrain Crétacé, vol. 5, p, 670, pl. 783, figs. 20-23. 1909. Fasciculipora neocomiensis Gregory, Catalogue of the Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 37. (Bibliography.) B. Transverse section, X 8. por, pe caernsass ces =. TPrigonoecia tubulosa D2 Orbieny, i853222-05_-------_-__=+- 13. Zoaria, natural size. 14. Ovicelled specimen, «12. The oeciostome is minute but long and salient. 15. Specimen, «12, showing two large ovicells. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Fig. 16. Diaperoecia simplex, new species..____----—- Se ees The ovicelled type specimen, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Page 45 46 46 | oO 50 PLATE. 5 Hies: 1,2. Cardioecia paunen mewaSpecles-——- aoe 1. Ovicelled branch, X12, showing side on which peri- stomes are arranged in quincuny. 2. Opposite side of same specimen, 12, exhibiting ovi- cell, and peristomes arranged in transverse rows. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Frias. 3-5. Notoplagioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922 _.______ 3. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 4 Cylindrical branch, 12, showing the irregular arrange- ment of the peristomes and the conical zone of growth. 5. Example with ovicell (broken), 12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. 6. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 7,8. Branch, X12 and 25, on which the granulated tubes are visible exteriorily. 9,10. The most frequent aspect of the branches, X12 and X25. 11,12. Branches, X12 and X25, showing the small, elongated orifices, 13, 14. Branch, X12 and peristomes. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. 25, with granulated facettes and Page 44 48 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 5 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 98 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 6 POT eeeOT ILE 4 Fe on ak, p LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 99 PLATE 6 ies. 1, 2. Actinopora stellata Koch and Dunker, 1837_- 7 1. Young berenicoid zoaria, <6. 2. Entire ovicelled zoarium, <6. (After sketch by Wa- ters.) Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fria. 3. Mesenteripora marginata D’Orbigny, 1853-_----___ __ | Fragment, 12. Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Frias. 4-8. Multitubigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853 4. Two zoaria, natural size. 5, 6, 7. Base, side and upper surface, 2, of same zoarium. 8. Portion of the zoarium, «12, showing the ovicell. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fig. 9. Multifascigera campicheana D’Orbigny, 1853__._____._.___--_--- Zoarium, 6, formed (on the right) by two discoidal sub- colonies in the Actinopora stage and (on the left) by a sub- colony in the Lopholepis growth form. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Fic. 10. Radiofascigera ramosa D’Orbigny, 1853___...__._----__------ Ovicelled specimen, 12, with irregular subcolonies. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. 99 60 60 PLATE 7 Ries: 1; 2: Fasciculipora fladellaia D’ Orbigny,.1853=— === eee 1. Lateral view of a specimen, 6, with little expanded base. 2. Zoarium, 6, viewed from above, showing the orifices of the tubes at the extremity of the fronds. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fires. 3, 4: Plethopora antensis, new species2 24 =-5- == pee era ein es, © 3. Zoaria, natural size and enlarged. 4. Bifurcated zoarial fragment, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fires, 5-7. Retenoa campicheana DD’ Orbigny, 1S hoes. 2s. 22-2 eee 5. Fragments, natural size. 6. Posterior noncellular (dorsal) face of a branch showing an ovicell below a bifurcation, 12. 7. Cellular (anterior) face of a bifurcated branch, «12. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Paqs..8=12. Chartecytis. compressa. mewsSpeClesSa2 = == 45 ee 8. Zoarium, natural size. 9. Bifurcated zoarial fragment, X12. The orifices of the tubes are lozenge-shaped slits. 10. Compressed zoarial with trace of ovicell, X12. 11. Surface of same specimen, X25. 12. Extremity of a branch showing the conical zone of growth. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. 100 Page 51 56 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 7 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 100 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 8 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE IOI PLATE 8 Fics. 1-7. Cerymbopora cupula D’Orbigny, 1853__-____--_._--_______- 1-3. A zoarium with broad base, 6, showing superior (1) lateral (2), and inferior sides (3). 4. Zoarium, 38, formed of several agglomerated sub- colonies. 5-7. An ovicelled zoarium with narrow base, 6, exhibit- ing upper (5), lateral (6), and lower sides (7). Cretaceous (Cenomanian): Le Mans, France. Fras. 8-12. Cerfocava ingens, new species_-_-_-___ 8. Zoarium, natural size. 9,10. Portion of a large zoarium, «12 and *25, where the tubes have preserved their facettes. 11,12. Portion, X12 and X25, in which the facettes are ] wanting. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fics. 13-16. Corymbopora neocomiensis D’Orbigny, 1853___--__-_-__--.. 13, 14, 15. Zoaria, natural size and enlarged. 16. Base of two zoaria enlarged; the base is a lit- tle expanded adherent disk. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Fig. 17. Diaperoecia orbifera, new species An ovicelled zoarium, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. 101 No) bo PLATE 9 Eres. 1-10) Cemocava multtlametlosa, new species] 222 ae = =e 1. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 2. An example, X12, on which a lamella with facettes covers a portion without facettes. 3,4. Young branch, X12 and X25, showing the round median orifice in the hexagonal facette. 5,6. Branch, X12 and X25, on which the tubes with facettes falternate with the others. 7,8. Fragment, X12 and X25, with facettes, showing the zone of growth of a second lamella. 9,10. Branch without facettes, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. Eres. Vle=l3. Cernocava yunctata. new. SPCCl6S== 42 = ee 11. Zoaria, natural size. 12, 13. Portion of a hollow unilamellar zoraium without facettes, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. Rigs. 14-17. ‘Cerzocava gnandipora, new Species.=-—— =) —-— 2 a ae eee 14,15. Fragments, natural size and X3. The base is orbicular and the extremity of the branches is conical. 16. Ovicelled specimen, X12. 17. Normal specimen without ovicells, X12. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. 102 67 67 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 9 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 10 Pie *0¢,0.28 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103 Prare 10 Fics. 1-4. Ceriocava tenwirama, new species___________ ee ote 1. Fragments of zoarium, natural size. 2. Specimen, 12, showing the habitual aspect. 3,4. Example, X12 and X25, showing tubes with facettes and an orbicular orifice. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Figs. 5-12. Diplocava incondita, new species____________-_____-_--=-- 5. Fragments, natural size. 6. Specimen, <6, showing normal aspect. The groups of large tubes are surrounded by small tubes with facettes. 7,8. Surface of arborescent zoarial fragment, X12 and 25, with monomorphic tubes. 9,10. Bilamellar zoarial fragment, «12 and 25, showing tubes with facettes. 11. Ovicelled lamellar zoarium, 12. The parts with large orifice are little visible. The ovicell is star- shaped with four branches. 12. Group of large zooecia without facettes, 25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. 105 Page 70 PLATE 11 Kies. Jo. Diplocava inondinata; mew Speclesie = 922) a ee 1. Zoarial fragments, natural size and base of a young zoarium, 3. 2. Fragment with small tubes, X12. 3. Portion of zoarium with large tubes, 12. 4. Fragment with both large and small tubes, «12. 5. Example containing tubes with their facettes, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fies. 6-8. Diplocava orbiculifera, new species---------- 22a 6. The ramose zoarium, natural size. 7,8. Zoarial surface X12 and X25, showing the orbicular arrangement of the groups of large tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fics. 9,11. Diplocava globulosa, new species _____-_----------- See Sosy 9. The small massive zoarium, natural size. 11, 10. Portion of the zoarial surface, X12 and 25, showing the two kinds of tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Hires» 12; 13. Meliceritites semiciausa Grerory, 1899 22 =a ee 12,13. A typical specimen, natural size and X12, showing the transverse ovicell and the eleo- cellarium which is oval and longer than a facette. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, Eng- land. Pre. 14. Sprreclausa neocomensis De luoriol; 1863-2222 52-2) eee ee Specimen 12, attributed doubtfully to this species but which is in reality a Diplocava. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. 104 Page 73 66 a | or PLS PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2I U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Xe Ps * c Se ee oe ee a] LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 12 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 105 PuatTe 12 Page Fics. 1-12. Meliceritites transversa, new species__________-___.-_______- 64 1. Two branches, natural size. 2,3. Ovicelled specimen, X12 and X25. The peristomes are salient and arranged in transverse rows. Zoarium, 12, with peristomes little salient. 5. Same specimen as Figure 4, X25. Portion where the peristomes are irregularly arranged. 6. Another surface of Figure 3, 25, illustrating por- tion with peristomes arranged in oblique rows. 7. Multilameller specimen, *12. The central zoarium is surrounded by two exterior lamellae. 8. Same specimen as Figure 7. Portion of an exterior lamella, 25, showing peristomes irregularly ar- ranged and a regenerated zooecium at the top. 9,10. Zoarial base, 6, and portion, X12, showing the multiplicity of the exterior lamellae. 11. Portion of exterior lamellae same example, 20, showing little salient, subcircular peristomes. 12. Basal part of zoarium, 6. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fres. 13-15. Meliceritites, species_____.._________________-______-_-_-- 67 18, 14. Two branches, X12. 15. Surface, X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. 105 PLATE 13 Ries. 1=8. Meliceritites cunmningtont ‘Gregory, 1899-22225] eee ee 65 1. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 2. A bifureated branch, X12, with the peristomes arranged in transverse rows. 3. Same specimen as Figure 2, X25. Some of the tubes are operculated. 4. Portion of a branch, 25, showing two denticulated eleocellaria. 5. A branch, 25, illustrating that the eleocellarium results from the union of an orifice with the proximal pore. 6. Zoarial surface, <25. The peristomes are arranged in quincunx. Example, 6, with the zoarial base somewhat expanded. 8. Branch, X12, with peristomes arranged in quincunx. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Eras. 9-17. Laterocava intermedia, Mew SpeCiessoa2 5-2" sen = eee 86 9. Two fragments, natural size. 10. Zoarial fragment, X12, showing that the frontal face is covered by mesopores; the celluliferous faces are lateral. 11. The terminal branch of a specimen, 12, with peri- stomes all around the colony. 12. Lateral celluliferous face, X25. 13. Frontal face, X25. 14, 15. An ovicelled specimen, X12 and X25. 16, 17. Example, X12 and X25. The ovicellis placed on the frontal face among the mesopores. The two branches are petaloporoid. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Figs. 18-20. Meliceritites haimeana D’Orbigny, 1853_-_-------- ee 64 18. Two fragments, natural size. 19, 20. Zoarium, X12, and a portion, X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 13 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 106 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 14 “2s ass % ‘ Ye getas « %» ay a . * ° , » 16 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 107 PLATE 14 1. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 2. Noncellular posterior face of zoarium, 12. The vacuoles are placed at the bottom of the oblique sulel. Fias. 1-11. Siphodictyum irregulare, new species 3. Surface, «25, showing the arrangement of the frontal vacuoles between the peristomes. 4,5. Thetwo faces of the same zoarium, X12. The peri- stomes are arranged in quincunx. 6. Celluliferous (anterior) face, X12. The peristomes are arranged in regular or interrupted transverse rows. 7, 8. Two zoaria, X12. The celluliferous spaces alternate with the noncellular spaces. 9, 10. Two branches, X12. At the extremity of the branches the peristomes are arranged entirely around the colony. 11. Same specimen as Figure 9, X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fics. 12, 13. Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845______----_-_________ 12, 18. Branch, X12 and X25. The facettes are elon- gated. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, Eng- land. Fias. 14-21. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849 14. Two branches natural size. 15. Branch, X25. The peristomes are incomplete or interrupted transverse lines. There are 4 to 6 vacuoles to a tube. 16. Lateral view of same specimen, 25. 17. Dorsal view, *25, with vacuoles placed at the bot- tom of the sulci. 18. Surface, 25, with the peristomes placed in quin- cunx. There are 4+ vacuoles to a tube. 19. Dorsal face, «25. The vacuoles are at the bottom of the very oblique sulci. 20. Celluliferous face of a specimen, 12, in which the orifices are arranged almost around the colony, the dorsal face being very small. 21. Dorsal side of the same specimen, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. 107 65 PLATE 15 Fics. 1-6. Laterocavea duiempleana D’Orbigny, 1853___-.._____.-_-__-- 85 1,2. A bifureated frond, natural size and 12, showing the broad celluliferous frontal face. 3. Celluliferous face, X25. 4,5. Lateral noncelluliferous face, X12 and X25. 6. Tangential thin section, X25, showing the arrange- ment of the mesopores around the peristomes. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Figs. 7-10. Zonopora arborea Koch and Dunker, 1837 -______________-_ 90 7. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 8, 9. Portion of a specimen, X12 and X25, exhibiting no zones of mesopores. 10. Specimen, 12, showing a false ovicell. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fics. 11-14. Sparsicavea irregularis D’Orbigny, 18538_______.-_______- 91 11. Specimens, natural size. 12. A reticulated specimen, X12. 13. Specimen showing the large areas of mesopores, X12. 14. Same specimen, X25. The apertures are rounded and the mesopores are polygonal. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fics. 15-17. Zonopora compressa, new species.__---__.._2------==__2_ 90 15. Fragments, natural size. 16,17. A bifurcated frond, X12, and portion, X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. 108 15 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 108 PL. 16 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM So a” : ae * i LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 109 PLATE 16 Fias. 1-4. Leiosoecia grandipora, new species __-___-.------ 1. Fragments, natural size. 2, 3. A bifurcated specimen, X12, and surface, X25. Meso- pores are rare. 4. Ovicelled specimen, 25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fias. 5-8. Tretocycloecia multiporosa, new species______------_-___-__- 5. Branches, natural size. 6. Extremity of an ovicelled specimen, 1 7, 8. Ovicelled specimen, 12, and surface, cell is broken and incomplete. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fics. 9-14. Tretocycloecia densa, new species _______-___-_-___-_-_----- 9. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 10. Ovicelled specimen, 12. The ovicell shows a por- tion of the enclosing superior lamella. 11. Ovicelled specimen, 12, exhibiting the transverse section of a broken branch. 12. Specimen with salient peristomes, «12. 13. Bifurcated, ovicelled fragment, 12. 14. Tangential section, 25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 15-18. Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species ______-__-__-----_--_- 15. Fragments, natural size. 16. Extremity of an ovicelled branch, 12. 17. Specimen, 12, showing the internal structure of the ovicell. 18. Portion of Figure 16, 25. 19. Tangential thin section, «25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. « =. \ x25. The ovi- 109 9 So PLATE 17 Hicgs.l=5. Lerosoeciarconsianti 1) Orbiony.. S50 eee 1. Two fragments, natural size. 2,3. A mammillated specimen, 12 and 25, showing the polygonal orifices and the small mesopores. 4. Portion of an ovicelled branch with large mesopores, x12. 5. Surface, X12, with large mesopores and showing a cir- cular area of mesopores. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fies..6,-7 Clausa crane, new species:=._ 2. Ses er 6. Young zoarium, 12, with the peristomes arranged in transverse rows. 7. Same zoarium, 25. Extremity showing tubes of the same size and revealing peripheral gemmation. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Pigs. S=11) Clausa zonitfera, new Speciess 4. = 5] 8, 9. Specimens, natural size and several <2. 10. Young zoarium, 12, showing the zones of dactyl- ethrae. 11. Same specimen, 25, illustrating the arrangement of dactylethrae around the orifices. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fies. 12-15. Letosoecia proxima, new species --.-.______..--..-.-_-~--_- 12. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 13. Specimen with convex ovicell, X12. 14. Specimen with ovicell little convex, X12. 15. Surface, X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. 110 Page cd ‘ 7 ~I © ul 9 17 PL. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ' . # Ky “Se _ * |! OWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I10 53648—26 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 18 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE III PLATE 18 Fig. 1. Reptoclausa denticulata, new species___________.____--_-_-- 7 82 The encrusting zoarium, 6. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 2-5. Reptoclausa hagenowi Sharpe, 1854____ ~~ a ee eee eee a 82 2. An encrusting zoarium, 6. 3. Lateral view of a fascicle, «12. 4. Longitudinal section, 25, showing the thickness of the crest and the oblique arrangement of the tubes. . Transverse section of a branch, X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Figs. 6-8. Reptoclausa meandrina DeLoriol, 1868_._-_____ Se ee ene 82 6, 7. Portions of the same zoarium, 6, on opposite sides of a shell. 8. Branches of a zoarium, X12. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. or al HE PuaTEe 19 Frias. 1-6. Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909 1.%4The massive zoarium, natural size formed of a large number of superposed subcolonies. 2. Two subcolonies, X12. At the left the tubes are pro- vided with visors. 3. Tubes, X25, with their triangular visors. The cancelli are irregular. 4. Almost complete ovicell, X12. The branches are not symmetrical, 5. Surface, X12, with an ovicell, in part broken, showing the internal lines of tubes in radial arrangement. 6. Surface, X25, showing tubes without visors. The walls are thick. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 7-10. Multigalea marginata, new species.....--...__-----.--__.- 7. Lateral view of zoarium, natural size. 8. Two subcolonies, X12, with their smooth margins. 9. Marginal lamella af a subcolony, 12. 10. Worn portion of a subcolony, X12. The cancelli are little distinct from the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. co i) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 19 uf agi met Fe y Sees : Rae ih wer Us 2p * ; ” # ¢ 2 * o © EF » r * Pp 10 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 112 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL, 67, ART. 21 PL. 20 12 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I13 PuLatTE 20 Page Hrewlemunolomorawirgulosa Gregory, L909_. 2-2-2. 2-222 = o es 63 Zoarium, 12, formed of four superposed subcolonies. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Pia. 2-5. Radiovora tuberculata D’ Orbigny, 1849-2. .....----..-...-.-.- 63 2. Zoarium, natural size. 3. Two subcolonies, 12, showing the large diameter of the tubes. 4, A portion of the surface, X25. 5. Base of a zoarium, X12, showing the fan-shaped arrangement of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 6-8. Heteropora nummularia, new species. ---------------------- 13 6. Zoarium, natural size. 7, 8. Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fies. 9-11. Multicrescis parvipora, new species____.------------------ 14 9. Two zoaria, natural size. 10, 11. Portion of the zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing the small irregular oval visors. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. 15 Fies. 12-15. Multicrescis landrioti Michelin, 1841_------------------- 12, 13. Top and basal view of a large zoarium, natural size. 14, 15. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. 113 Fias. Fies. Fics. Fias. Fias. PLATE 21 1-4. Multicrescis galaefera, new species________-_______.__---_-- 1, 2. Lateral and basal views of zoarium, natural size. 3, 4. Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. 5-6. Multicrescis mammillosa, new species _____._---___---_-___-- Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. 7-9. Multicrescis lamellosa, new species______-.--.-____.____-_-- 7. Portion of the lamellate zoarium, natural size. ~ 8,9. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing the great irregu- larity of the mesopores and apertures. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. 10-12. Multicrescis (Acanthopora) formosa, new species____--____- 10. Fragment of zoarium, natural size. 11,12. Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. 13. Zoarial fragments, natural size. 14. Zoarial base, 3, showing the central stem sur- rounded by encrusting lamellae. 15, 16. Specimen, X12 and X25, with very salient visors. 17, 18. Zoarial fragment, X12 and 25, showing the small visors and the oblique apertures. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix Swit- zerland, 114 Puge 14 16 16 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 21 CEM MT, A. LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I14 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 22 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I15 PLATE 22 Page Fig. 1. Seminodicrescis nodosa D’Orbigny, 1854_-_____---------------- 19 Part of zoarium, X12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 2-5. Ceriopora ovoidea, new species_----.---------------------- 21 2. Three zoaria, natural size. 3, 4. Aspect of the surface, X12 and X25. 5. View of the base, 6, showing tubes radiating from the ancestrula. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Hires. 6-8. Centopora solida, newsspecies_.... -2£.-_-=----=---s=.=+---- 24 6. The solid zoarium, natural size. 7,8. Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Wies:.9-1t. Ceriopora aequipedis, new species.-......+..-------+-+=s5- 24 9. Three zoaria, natural size. 10, 11. Portion of the surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland, Pies. 12-142 Certopora tenuis, new speCieés:_..2....-- «-.2-=--2-5-ss25 21 12. Zoarium, natural size. 13, 14. Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. Fias. 15-17. Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. ..._.---------------- 23 15. Group of small colonies, natural size. 16, 17. Portion of .the zoarial surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland. 115 PrAtHe23 Frias. 1-4. Ceriopora nummularia, new species --~--- Sie ee 1. Zoarium, natural size. 2, 3. Fragment of the zoarial surface, X12 and X25. 4. Base of a zoarium, X12, showing the arrangement of the tubes around the ancestrula. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. PIGS: 0-1. 1Ceniopora: parurpord. MG we SPCClCS == s2——= == === == = eee 5. Zoarium, natural size. 6, 7. Part of the zoarial surface, showing the small] oral tuber- osities, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. res. 8-10; Cerionora jallacsmew SPeCleS==— 2 == ete ee eee 8. Two zoaria, natural size. 9,10. Fragment of the superior part of the zoarium, show- ing the large and small aperture, X12 and 25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. 11, 12. Specimens with short and irregular lobes, nat- ural size. 13, 14. Zoarium, natural size, and base of same, X12. 15, 16. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25. 17. Portion of the sectioned zoarium showing the mammillosities of the surface, «6. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. 116 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 23 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I16 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 24 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 117 PLATE 24 Figs. 1-6. Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species-____.------------__.- 1,2. Two fragments of the ramose zoarium, natural size. 3, 4. Portion of zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing the small oral tongues. 5, 6. Surface of a colony, «12 and 25, less well preserved and with oral tongues very rare. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 7-10. Ceriopora spongioides, new species 7. Four zoaria, natural size. 8. Zoarial surface, with traces of ovicell, 12. 9,10. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25 Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fies. 11-17. Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909 11. Three zoarial forms, natural size. 12, 18. Lateral view, X3, and basal view, X6, of a mas- sive specimen with several superposed lamellae. 14,15. Globular specimen, 6 and surface of same, 25. 16,17. Zoarial surface, showing several superposed lamel- lae, X12 and 25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Frias. 18-20. Reptomulticava bellula De Loriol, 1869 18. Zoarium, X2. 19, 20. Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Swit- zerland, ILAes bo a) PuLaTE 25 Page Neuropora arbuscula, new SPeCles= a4]. nee eee eee 32 1. Two zoaria, natural size. 2,3. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25, showing the salient interapertural tuberosities. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. . Neuropora micropora, New SpeCleSs 2542 soa se 22 = eee 33 Fics. 9-15 4. Zoaria, natural size. 5,6. Portion of the surface, X12 and X25, showing the irregularities. 7. Surface, 25, exhibiting oral denticulations. 8. Tangential section, 25, illustrating structure of the tubes. There are some solidified groups. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Neunopora TAMmosa, NewuSPeCles= {=.= 32 9. Two zoaria, natural size. 10. Portion of surface of specimen without veinules, 12. 11. Extremity of a zoarial lobe with a veinule, «12. 12. Surface, 25, showing the oral tuberosities forming visors. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- Jand. Figs. 13-15. Defranciopora neocomiensis, new species______-_____--__-- 30 13. Zoarium, natural size. 14, 15. Zoarial surface, X12 and X25, at the extremity of the colony. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land. Fics. 16-19. Neuropora tenuinervosa, new species-___._____.._..------- 39 16. The solid ramose zoarium, natural size. 17. Specimen with delicate veinules, 12. 18. Portion of a specimen without veinules, 12. 19. Portion of the surface, X25, showing the zooecial asperities and the oral denticulations. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. PE. 25 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM did 4 weet eg ‘ ag —-ee Ot ae” ee Gwe oe: ~ sm Sy ~~: “» =e ey 8 2 ae ¥, — e "6 b ee. ee > cl a cs Ra APES Sel 7 sot Ree Sy Oe ease OES >"s, ‘ 7 os ° ef * at ° '* . caf a + al {os a ) ‘ eu ae : ey Re Ras LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 26 1 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 119 PLATE 26 Page Fias. 1-5. Neuroporella hemispherica, new species.___-_---------~---- 34 1, 2. Lateral views of two zoaria, natural size. 3. Basal side of specimen, 3, showing the arrange- ment of the tubes and the superposed lamellae. 4. Portion of the surface, X12, with the salient veinules. 5. Portion, *25, showing the details of the surface and of the orifices. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Frias. 6, 7. Spinopora neocomiensis, new species___-_--------_- Salen eS 35 Branch of zoarium, natural size and 12, with its wide- spaced salient tuberosities and its numerous small oral asperities. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Figs. 8,9. Cellulipora spissa Gregory, 1899.._.__.__------------------ 6 8. Specimen, «12, showing possibly a trace Of ovicell. 9. Orifices, 25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fig. 10. Proboscina toucasiana D’Orbigny, 1853 _—---____~ Seay eee eee Complete zoarium, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. res tie stomatopora calypso: DiOrbiony, 1850-_ 2 -__ -- 2-2 = 5 Portion of zoarium, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. for) 119 PLATE 27 Hires. 1,2. Proboscina nadvolitorum, DD Orbicny, sole = == se ee Zoarium, X12, and a portion, X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fig. 3. Proboscina crassa, var. alectodes Gregory, 1899 Zoarium, X12. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Fria. 4. Berenicea confluens Reuss, 1846 The discoid, incrusting zoarium, 12. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Fras. 5, 6. Proboscina depressa D’Orbigny, 1853 Zoarium, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 7, 8. Proboscina ricordeauana D’Orbigny, 1853 Zoarium, 12, and portion, 25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fias. 9, 10. Proboscina virgula D’Orbigny, 1853 Zoarium, X12 and X25 Lower Cretaceous (Aptian: Faringdon, England. 120 Page Cod ( ~! U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 27 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 120 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2! PL. 28 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 121 PLATE 28 Fic. 1. Proboscina coarctata, new species Zoarium, X12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Figs. 2,3. Berenicea grandipora, new species___...________-_-_-__-_-__- The type specimen, X12, and a portion, 25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Faringdon, England. Fig. 4. Berenicea pulchella DeLoriol, 1863_________-____- Zoarium, X12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fies. 5-7. Microecia cornucopia D’Orbigny, 1851_________---___-____- 5. Ovicelled specimen, X12. 7, 8. Unovicelled example, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fics. 8, 9. Berenicea parvula, new species Zoarium, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. 121 Page il 10 10 PLaTE 29 Fras. 1, 2. Berenicea (Reptomultisparsa) tenella DeLoriol, 1868_-------. Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fries. 3, 4: Berenicea filifera; mew speciese--2s- - == Sea = eer Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Figs. 5,6. Berenicea faringdonensis, new species.-.—..-----------==_-= Surface, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Hie: 7.-Proboscina-2ic-cac D’ Orbigny, 185322. 22e ee 2- ee Zoarium, X12. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fies. 8-11; Clinopora quadripartita, new species... 2252222 —5= === s=eee 8. Fragment, natural size. 9, Specimen, 12 showing several bifurcations. 10,11. Specimen, 12 and X25, showing the arrangement of the anastomosing threads ornamenting the sur- face. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian). Faringdon, England. Page 12 1a ual 12 PiET.29 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 122 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 30 LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 123 PLATE 30 Hires, 1-4. “Spinopora mira Goldfuss, 1827....-._---.-.._-t-2==.-.=-- 1,2. Colony, natural size, and the same enlarged. 3. Longitudinal section, «9, showing the tubes (0) with numerous diaphragms, and the solidified wide tubes (s), forming the spinous tuberosities of the surface. Tangential section, X26, showing the irregular spines which line the interior of the tubes. (1-4, after Hennig, 1894.) Fics. 5-8. Neuroporella ignabergensis Hennig, 1894_-_______------- a 5, 6. Colony, natural size, and the surface enlarged, show- ing the nervures and the centers of convergence. 7. Meridian section, showing the structure of the tubes, with numerous diaphragms, and of the solidified tube (s), corresponding to the nervures. S. Tangential section through a portion with nervures. (5-8, after Hennig, 1894.) Frias. 9-19. Neuropora conuligera Hennig, 1893__.---___-____- 9-12. Lateral view of four colonies, natural size. 13. Superior view of a lobe, X12, showing the nervures and their center of convergence, a. Longitudinal section, 4. 15. Portion of a longitudinal section, *25, showing the reciprocal arrangement of the tubes, with dia- phragms and their thickened vesicular walls (p). 16. Portion of a longitudinal section, 9, showing false zonal lines and the structure of the zooecial walls. 17. Portion of a transverse section, X18. The central portion a is formed of ascending bundles of tubes; the peripheral portion 6 shows the re- curved part of the tubes, with their usual structure. He 18. Central part of a transverse section, 75, showing the polygonal zooecia and the walls ( etal vesicles. 19. Tangential section, 18, exhibiting the solidified tubes a, s, forming the nervures. (9-19, after Hennig, 1893.) p) of pari- ture of the walls. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Page 34 34 Oo (JS) PLATE 31 Bie: 1. Zonopera: compressa, Dew Speciess=-- 2 =-- = ee ee e Portion of transverse section, 25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Fras. 2-4. Zonopora arborea Woch and Dunker, 1837 2. Transverse section, 25. 3, 4. Tangential section, X12 and X25. Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian): Berklingen, Germany. Figs. 5, 6. Neuroporella hemispherica, new species---------------_---- 5. Meridian section, 25, showing the internal structure. 6. Tangential section, 50, exhibiting the microscopic wall structure. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Higs. 7,8. Cemopora dimorphocella; new Specles.—— o 222] eee Tangential section, «12 and X25, illustrating the wall structure. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. Hig. 9. Clausa zonifera, Mew SPeCleS. 2222252522255 5 6 eee eee Tangential thin section, «25. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England. O Page 90 90 34 29 80 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 21 PL. 3l ee fi H 4 u 3 \ | # ~| = | i] F t ; se ETAT area nee LOWER CRETACEOUS CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 124 THREE NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO By Paut Bartscu Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum In a recent sending of land mollusks from Mexico, received from C. R. Orcutt, are three new Urocoptid land shells, which are here described. HOLOSPIRA (HOLOSPIRA) ORCUTTI, new species Plate 1, figs. 5, 6 Shell large, cylindro-conic, flesh colored with a pinkish flush. The last half of the last turn marked with pale-brown, which is also the color of the base. Nuclear whorls 2.3, large, strongly rounded, smooth, forming an almost mammillate apex. Early postnuclear whorls increasing rapidly in size, marked by rather strongly decidedly retractively slanting threadlike riblets which are separated by spaces three and four times the width of the riblets. These riblets become evanescent on the sixth turn and on the whorls that follow there are mere indications of them. The last turn and a half is again ribbed and on the latter portion of the last whorl the riblets are almost lamellar. The early whorls are slightly over-hanging, while the rest are appressed at the summit. About one-tenth of the last turn is free at the summit, and the angle of the summit stands out markedly here. There is a subobsolete constriction where the side of the whorl meets the basal portion, the axial ribs extending over the base into the umbilical region. The umbilicus is rimate, but not open. Aperture rather large with a very broad, thick, slightly reflected, wide, shining peristome. Interior of aperture pale-brown. The type, Cat. No. 361960, U.S.N.M., has 14.5 whorls and measures: Altitude, 25.3 mm.; greater diameter, 8.4 mm. It was collected on a limestone paredon at Coahuila, Mexico. No. 2594.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 22. 54205—25t 1 Ve PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 Twenty-four additional specimens, Cat. No. 361961, U.S.N.M., paratypes, yield the following measurements: Number Diame- || Number Diame- of whorls Length ter of whorls Length ter 14. 5* 2D 2 8. 4 14. 5 3 9. 0 14. 0 24. 9 8. 4 13. 5 26; 5 9.8 13. 8 De 8. 0 lp} & 23s, 33 8. 0 13. 3 Way, 3 8. 4 12.8 Pees, 8.9 Ze Y 2a 8. 9 13. 0 21. 0 iS By 3 DPA Al 8. 5 Me} 83 2253 8. 4 1452 PBR { 8. 3 eA. 2.0 ne 8.1 ley 7 Al, & 8. 1 12. 6 20. 6 8. 3 14.0 24.8 8. 5 Hoare 2255 8.8 13. 0 23. 8 9.1 13. 8 24. 2 9. 2 1475 Pa 8. 1 14. 0 23. 6 8. 0 142 Dom 8. 0 13,3 21.9 7.9 14. 4 ie D 9. 3 Greatest= aaa. see ae 14. 5 27.9 9.8 east a) Soak 1 emer 12. 4 20. 3 7.8 AVCTAG Cl Rese sey te = ee oe 13. 62 23. 57 8. 49 *T ype. HOLOSPIRA (HOLOSPIRA) MONCLOVANA, new species Plate 1, figs. 1, 2 Shell acicular, bluish-white. Interior of aperture brown. Nu- clear whorls 21%, rather large, well rounded, smooth. The postnu- clear whorls are rather narrow. The first seven increase slowly in size and form a narrow cone. They are marked by numerous, slender, decidedly retractively slanting axial riblets, which are about one-third as wide as the spaces that separate them. These riblets grow suc- cessively weaker from the first to the seventh of these turns and on the succeeding whorls, which are moderately rounded, they are indi- cated at best only as lines of growth. The last whorl is marked by strong, somewhat irregular, curved axial ribs, which are about as wide as the spaces that separate them. Suture moderately impressed, Periphery of the last whorl marked by a rather strong carina. This carina is separated from the posterior portion of the whorl by a some- what pinched-in zone. The last fifth of the whorl is free from the preceding turn at the summit and the angle of the summit forms a strong carina, while the space between it and the preceding turn, that is, the outside of the parietal wall, is flattened. Anterior to the peripheral carina the base slopes toward the umbilical chink, which is rimate but not perforate. This portion of the base is marked by ART. 22 NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO—BARTSCH 3 rough lines of growth. Aperture broadly pear-shaped with the outer lip decidedly expanded, thickened, and reflected into a disjunct peristome. The type, Cat. No. 361962, U.S.N.M., was collected at southeast Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. It has 16.5 whorls and measures: Length, 20.9 mm.; diameter, 6.3 mm. Cat. No. 361963, U.S.N.M., contains 24 additional specimens which yield the following measurements: Number Diame- | Number Diame- | of whorls Length ter of whorls Length ter 16. 5* 20. 9 6.3 1595 ZOE 6. 0 15. 0 19. 6 5.9 || 15.8 20. 3 5. 9 UG 7/ 21.8 5. 9 15. 0 19. 4 5. 4 16. 7 D930) 5.9 | 148 19. 2 5. 8 Noy s 20: 2 5.9 14. 2 17.9 5.3 T5aS 20. 4 Lats: 15. 8 19. 7 Bae 15. 0 19. 2 5Sei ba O 19. 0 5. 4 14. 4 18. 0 5. 6 15. 0 20. 0 ond 15, 2 20. 4 6. 0 I, B 19. 6 58 14.0 18.1 a I RS) 19. 6 is} 1653 21.6 5. 4 15. 0 19. 2 56 15. 4 20. 1 5. 9 14.3 18. 4 ne 16; 7 20. 5 5. 4 Greatest =e see ae 16. 7 223 653 CaS Fae ere er eee 14. 0 17.9 9: 2 AV ETAGCL. eee fp ee ee | 15.39 19.8 Dan *Type. HOLOSPIRA (EUDISTEMMA) PICTA, new species Plate 1, figs. 3, 4 Shell acicular, bluish-white, with a narrow zone of rusty-brown immediately below the summit. The area immediately behind the aperture is also very dark-brown, the basal portion being a little paler. Interior of aperture brown. Nuclear whorls 2.2, well rounded, with an indication of distantly spaced axial lines of growth which hint at a progressive state of sculpture; that is, the postnuclear sculpture is passing up on the nuclear turns. Postnuclear whorls narrow, the early ones well rounded, the later only moderately so, all appressed at the summit. The first four are marked by decidedly retractively curved, slender axial riblets which are about one-third as broad as the spaces that separate them. The riblets become increasingly less developed from the first to the last of these turns after which they become quite obsolete, so that the following turns are marked only by indications of lines of growth. However, on the last two 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 and one-half turns we again have ribs appearing, but these ribs are large, broad, rough, and rather ill-defined. Suture moderately impressed. Periphery of the last turn, which is rather high, marked by a very strong carina with a pinched-in area immediately above and below it. The basal wall sloping to the umbilical chink is marked by numerous, rough, slightly lamellar ribs. There are here also some indications of spiral sculpture. Aperture moderately large, more or less triangular, with a broad, expanded and reflected, wide peristome which is free. The summit of the free portion of the last whorl forms a strong carina. The outside of the free portion of the parietal wall is marked by the continuation of the axial ribs. The type, Cat. No. 361964, U.S.N.M., was collected east of Mon- clova, Coahuila, Mexico. It has 17 whorls and measures: Length 22.1 mm.; diameter, 5.38 mm. Twenty-four additional specimens, Cat. No. 361965, U.S.N.M., yield the following measurements: Number Diame- || Number Diame- of whorls Length ter of whorls Length ter B-) | 17. O* Doel bad 15. 0 19.1 4,7 16. 2 20. 6 4.8 1625 ZARO 4.9 ao LOG i. ¥ 15. 0 19.8 4.5 7a Zone 4.8 16. 5 210 5. 0 14.8 18. 4 4.9 15. 4 18. 9 4.8 ize (0) Dileney 5. 0 16.3 20:°5 4.8 15:3 18. 9 4.9 16. 2 19.8 4.9 line 2251 4.9 1596 20. 8 os 1 15. 8 20. 6 5. 4 W522 19. 1 Hy a 1G}, 3° 19. 4 4.9 16. 0 Dine yee IGS (0) 18. 5 5. 0 16. 2 20. 8 5. 0 159, <5) 19. 6 4.9 16. 0 20. 8 5. 2 17. 0 210 4.9 ) \ Greatest. es Sater eerie, mallee, PB 33 aS Wf Mido! F723 =| raat Oi ee 14.8 18. 5 4.5 Average a: sed isp-heee bai 15. 99 20. 34 4,98 *Type. Another lot, Cat. No. 361966, U.S.N.M., taken at an altitude of 3,000 feet, about halfway between Nueva Leon and Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico, appears to belong to this species. Twenty-fou specimens of this lot yield the following measurements: ART. 22 NEW LAND SHELLS FROM MEXICO—BARTSCH | Number Diame- || Number Diame- of whorls Length ter || of whorls Length ter 14.8 Wi. 4 4.9 l6n3 20. 4 4.8 1155.0 18. 6 4.5 1s, 9 18. 9 4.8 14.8 IS eY/ 4.7 15a 20. 4 tas, PF T5NS 1907 4. 6 115% 55 19. 6 4.8 1453, 7/ 19.1 4.3 15. 4 19. 0 5: I 15. 3 18. 7 4,7 14. 5 18. 4 iy 83 15. 0 18. 5 4,1 15.8 19. 5 4.5 15. 0 18. 1 4,4 16. 2 20. 0 4,2 16. 0 2052 4.3 14.8 18. 7 5s 14.3 18. 5 WE las, 20. 5 4.6 16. 0 PALS 4,4 GS 5) 19. 2 5. 0 14, 2 Wifeno 4.5 16s3 20. 6 4. 7 Greatest=A-56- 32 Soe es 16. 3 QA Dad, easten ape eee cee Soh»: 14, 2 1G fa: ae nlle oe: eat IAC CT aE Capes tee te AO er 15032 19. 23 4, 72 EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fia. 1. Holospira (Holospira) monclovana B. 2. Holospira (Holospira) monclovana, showing internal lamellation. 3. Holospira (Eudistemma) picta B., showing internal lamellation. 4. Holospira (Eudistemma) picta. 5. Holospira (Holospira) orcutti B. 6. Holospira (Holospira) orcutti, showing internal lamellation. O i irs i Pee = - "' rr, bY ae A i ~ a > MOST AL oda Rao Pe PR : 5 ' N 5 let Bi nee Pra i wee : ~* ie 5 eet , ye xy +o - ; Anant d weap, |) aia a) a eoak | laud bh ae ; Geen) a ea wii (mth P= Fel? een + F, TFN + a ; ee Pi “> a) te St To BOS: & fie tt b Te Oe ee oe Re bin a Se 8 BY |, &0S - & Oh, R Ye ee ¥ 3) BS OODLE al ee eee ane As © OL RUBE) Soa ae be ad bi Af BR 5. feerye' le, ae ob ot) Ra ee pa ee Se Oe Pam by hel en: & be igen ene BE, iy tn 2 ee foe Pe Oe S bt. Al, iat Cb EWE YY DBA BEe Rhee ee cpt A Oe Aah FA y bis cH) ( YS ol BUN neh A Bue po GSE ‘ ey es Se ae ~~ — = _ - “- ope [et a {wy es 6 i Bt - al WO ii Se eee Lio gees eu aa s} oh megs . eRe 1s ERs Sn Ste Pp SR k A | “i a) of = - - 7 + YTAI4 TO HOPE CEATER : ~ CJ 7] 2. a i i "17 Diy alco tel VARA) S/agghite Aa ae r 4 7 _ 4 * ‘ | ¥ i! LES RAE aI TN yet Lf), hahaa CT Lyre Ah): arieeaole A. & as oe VAS! Larwlat paler wea Gatien Briel 26: \ -viniy (ant nee R) tteolael RF ot Alene (ayeiralo) seclowl ae y A - aod Ts ‘ ae" A : Sol ialtoatel bieriog tt syaseariy A aete: (oad nepeteate nL eee ' "ad rt re ees. . | i y a) = AL 4 Sak ; = : ie ae eo ‘ a " P os ae f} ,e. I4 = i] 7 hy | ig ¢ . . | Dhaai IF y if ; , ) NU i iste es % “oe AT ' / a” We mh : ; y j U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 22 PL. I NEw LANDSHELLS FROM MEXICO FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 5 _ aa “% . . i] 7 = 2 - oS 7 he ’ _ . i] = s uy - 7 7 7) ie a) € al 7 > 2 ae san © bo Be * sabe ae 70 . ¢ 4) : vs = - Li y 7 “ohye ale — ee #) \° ae _ aa shh iow a - <9: , aia * tae - wea i 7" , ‘vy - 7) a Pia f oe ae 7 7 4, to la 8 he aos a “rue a Yn i ® “ese , ae tree - ar YS ai (i bs a ¢ : La 7 iol a » 5) ee Las : > e " = ‘/ "7 - “ee, : f an 2 eee ne ao! rev la - - = a _ wok. reg. 2 SS i,” Fala ee : ee - : Qret oon i ™ oa a = = * 7 -§@ 7 7 = " 2 od % >) | <75. Specimen by transmitted light. 4a, b. Siphogenerina columellaris. X75. a, front view; b, apertural view Specimens from the North Pacifie. 5. Siphogenerina dimorpha. X30. Figure of type specimen. (After Parker and Jones.) From the Abrohlos Bank, Atlantic. 6a, b. Siphogenerina dimorpha, var. pacifica. 65. a, front view; b, aper- tural view. Specimen from the North Pacific. 7,8. Siphogenerina bifrons. X70. Figure 7, megalospheric, figure 8a, microspheric form, figure 8b, apertural view. Specimens from off Japan. 9. Siphogenerina bifrons. X65. Specimen from the Philippines. 10a, b. Siphogenerina bifrons, var. sydneyensis. (After Goddard and Jen- sen.) a. X90; b, showing pores and structure of wall. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 67 PLATE 4 Fias. 1-3. Siphogenerina bifrons, var. striatula. X75. Specimen from the Philippines. 4. Siphogenerina bifrons. X75. Broken, microsphericspecimen. From off Japan. 5, 6. Siphogenerina columellaris. (After Millett.) 100. Figure 5, mi- crospheric specimen, showing the internal structure; figure 6, megalo- spheric form. Specimens from the Malay Archipelago. 7. Siphogenerina brannert. X75. Specimen from the type locality. 8,9. Siphogenerina virgula. (After Heron-Allen and Earland.) 100. Specimens from the Kerimba Archipelago, Southeast Africa. PuaTe 5 Fias. 1, 2. Siphogenerina raphanus. 75. Specimens from Porto Rico. 3a, b. Siphogenerina advena. X75. a,front view; b,apertural view. Speci- mens from. Tortugas region, Gulf of Mexico. 4a, b. Siphogenerina mexicana. X75. a, front view; b, side view. Speci- mens from the Upper Eocene, Alazan Clay, Mexico. 5, 6. Siphogenerina striata, var. curta. 75. Specimens from the Philip- pines. 7,8. Siphogenerina raphanus, var. tropica. X75. Specimens from the Philippines. 9-11. Siphogenerina columellaris. X75. Figures 9, 10, megalospheric forms from the Philippines; figure 11, microspheric form from Samoa. PLATE 6 Fias. 1-4. Pavonina flabelliformis. (After Heron-Allen and Earland.) 1. Young with the textularian stage just completed. 50. 2. Early stage showing the semicircular chambers already developed. X50. 3. Adult specimen with the chambers nearly annular. 50. 4. Side view of specimen mounted in balsam, showing the arrangement of chambers in the development of the test. x70. (Specimens from the Kerimba Archipelago.) Fias. 5,6. Pavonina atlantica. Young specimens from the coast of Florida, showing the tex- tularian young, and the wedge-shaped test instead of the broadly curved chambers of the preceding species. The ornamentation of the biserial portion is much coarser than that of the later uniserial chambers. X 100. Fias. 7-9. Pavonina mexicana, new species. 7. Somewhat broken specimen, showing the trucate initial end, the proloculum and spiral chambers followed by a number of textularian chambers. ‘The uniserial chambers show no tendency to become nearly annular. X50. 8. A young specimen, showing the details of the early chambers. X 100. 9. A partially developed specimen. 50. (Specimens from the Alazan Clays of Mexico.) O U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25. PL. | ; t SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 PL. 2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23 PL. 3 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 PL. 4 SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 24 PL. 5 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SPECIES OF SIPHOGENERINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 24 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 25 PL. 6 SPECIES OF PAVONINA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 24 A NEW SPECIES OF HOOKWORM FROM A NORTH AMERICAN RACCOON By BengamMiIn SCHWARTZ Of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture In the course of a post-mortem examination of a raccoon (Procyon lotor) that was captured in Prince Georges County, Maryland, on February 7, 1925, by Dr. W. S. Gochenour of the Bureau of Animal Industry, a number of hockworms were found in the duodenum. Associated with the parasites lesions resembling those usually pro- duced by hookworms were observed in the intestinal mucosa. Heretofore three species of hookworms have been recorded from raccoons of the genus Procyon. Molin (1861) has described Doch- mius bidens and PD. mawxillaris from a South American raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). These species were transferred to the genus Uneinaria by Stossich (1899). Bayls and Daubney (1923) have described a third species, Tetragomphius procyonis from a raccoon (Procyon, species) at the Zoological Garden, Calcutta, India. These authors note that their species may be identical with one of Molin’s species but that Molin’s descriptions are so incomplete that the species are unrecognizable. Like Baylis and Daubney the present writer has been forced to disregard Molin’s species because the im- perfections of the descriptions make recognition impossible. The form from Procyon lotor is therefore considered to be of a new species. For this species the name Uncinaria lotoris is proposed. UNCINARIA LOTORIS, new species In their normal location on the mucosa of the intestine the worms were considerably twisted. After being placed in hot alcohol they straightened out. The cuticle is very finely striated transversely. The ventral wall of the mouth capsule presents a moderate curvature when viewed from the side (fig. 1). The mouth capsule is consider- ably longer than broad, its actual size varying in different specimens. In lateral view, the distance from the anterior extremity of the body to the base of the mouth capsule was found to vary from 162 to 216u No. 2598.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 67, ART. 26 538651—25 al VOL. 67 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 2 and the greatest width measured from the cuticle on the dorsal sur- face to the cuticle of the ventral surface of the head was found to vary from 107 to 144p in different specimens. The surface of the mouth capsule as observed in a lateral view of the worm, presents a num- ber of sutures that divide it into five sections (fig. 2). Two sutures Fd Lo = LJ = = fj = i) oe P94 = J = _— = = a iF =] = => 9 — oan xe ‘ al SORE PH Dy tN? a TS = omeet nanowire erring YO! 1, ANTERIOR END OF WORM VIEWED FROM 2, SURFACE VIBW OF THD ANTERIOR END OF THE WORM, FROM THE SIDE, SHOW- a@., ANUS; d., DORSAL RAY; €. d., Fics. 1-3.—UNCINARIA LOTORIS, NEW SPECIDS. TED SIDE. SUTURES. 3, POSTERIOR END OF FEMALE. EXTERNO-DORSAL RAY; €. 1, EXTERNO-LATERAL RAY; gub., GUBERNACULUM ; I. v., LATERO- VENTRAL RAY; m. l., MEDIO-LATERAL RAY; p. I., POSTERO-LATERAL RAY; 8p., SPICULD; As ING THE ©. V., VENTRO-VENTRAL RAY are transverse, the more cephalad suture being longer and extending across the anterior portion of the capsule, the other suture extending across the posterior portion of the capsule. Two sutures are longi- tudinal, extending from the anterior wall of the capsule to the more cephalad of the transverse sutures. The latter is irregular in shape ART, 26 « HOOKWORM FROM A RACCOON—SCHWARTZ 3 and extends from what appears to be a joint in the dorsal wall of the capsule to a corresponding joint in the ventral wall of the cap- sule. The posterior transverse suture extends from what appears to be a joint in the ventral wall of the capsule and runs diagonally cephalad to the dorsal wall of the capsule but does not meet a joint. The sutures are best seen in a surface view of the capsule. They are not superficial grooves, but extend quite deeply into the capsule, and are still visible, in part, in deeper focus (fig. 1). In a lateral view of the mouth capsule the dorsal wall presents a series of narrow lacunae (fig. 1). In dorsal view these spaces appear as a series of circular openings arranged in two rows, one on each side of the dorsal gutter. In most specimens only from four to five openings YOM. Fic. 4.—UNCINARIA LOTORIS, NHW SPECIES. POSTERIOR END OF MALE. FOR LETTERING, SEE PREVIOUS FIGURES can be distinguished on each side of the dorsal gutter. The number of distinguishable openings on each side of the dorsal gutter was found to exceed five in several specimens examined, the maximum number of openings that could be seen on each side being nine. The two ventral teeth are triangular in shape, the apex of the tri- angle being rather sharp. The esophagus is from 558 to 738y long by 144 to 198. in maximum width. The nerve ring is located at a distance of from 400 to 440u from the anterior extremity of the body. The excretory pore is slightly posterior to the nerve ring and the cervical papillae are a little posterior to the excretory pore. Male—The male is from 5.5 to 6 mm. long by 234 to 254p in Maximum width. The lateral lobes of the bursa (fig. 4) are a little 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 more than semicircular in shape. The postero-lateral ray is thicker than the medio-lateral ray. All the rays with the exception of the dorsal ray are more or less sharply pointed at the ends and do not reach the margin of the lobes. The terminal portion of the dorsal ray is bifurcated, each branch being tridigitate. The spicules are slender and tubular from 738 to 828, long and terminate in finely pointed ends. The gubernaculum is an elongate slender structure about 90» long. Female.—The females are from 7 to 11 mm. long by 306 to 324p wide. The position of the vulva corresponds approximately to the beginning of the posterior third of the body. The distance from the anus to the tip of the bristle that is inserted in the end of the bluntly rounded tail is from 180 to 2384p (fig. 3). The eggs are from 71 to 76u long by 41 to 46 wide. Host.—Procyon lotor. Location.—Duodenum. Locality.—Prince Georges County, Maryland. Type specimen—vU. 8. National Museum, Helminthological Col- lections No. 26070. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE CITED Bayuis, H, A. AND DAUBNEY, R. 1923.—A further report on parasitic nematodes in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 25, pt. 6, Dec., pp. 551-578, figs. 1-20. Monin RAFFAELE. [1861a].—I! sottordine degli acrofalli ordinato scientificamente seconde i risultamenti delle indagini anatomiche ed embriogeniche, Mem. r. Ist. Veneto di sc., lett. et arti, Venezia (1860), vol. 9, pp. 427-633, pls. 25-38. StossicH, MICHELE. 1899d.—Strongylidae. Lavoro monografico, Boll. Soc. adriat. di se. nat, in Trieste, vol. 19, pp. 55-152. O ASYMMETRY IN THE SKULLS OF MAMMALS By A. Brazizrr HowE.y Of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture Reference to moderate asymmetry in human skulls is not infre- quent throughout medical literature, but marked asymmetry in the crania of the other mammals (save the toothed whales, in which this state is the normal one) must be considered as a very rare condition. Careful examination of the material in any large collection would doubtless result in the discovery of a number of specimens showing some disparity between the development of the two sides of the skull; but it is exceedingly seldom that one occurs in which such condition is readily to be noted. Application to those in charge of some of the larger mammal collections of North America have pro- duced but four specimens, two of which exhibit more emphatic dis- tortion than seems ever to have been recorded. Asymmetry in a skull may be brought about by a change in the size or relationship, through accident or disease, of the individual bones of one side of the head, an alteration, through the same agency, to one or more of the large muscles upon a single side, or a combi- nation of these two factors. A further analysis of these reasons will suggest, as fundamental causes, a more or less permanently pain- ful condition of some part of the head, as a sore tooth, a diseased, mandibular condyle, or other such state causing the animal to chew entirely upon the teeth of one side, or otherwise to use the muscles in an uneven manner so as to ease the pain of the offending part as much as possible. This at first is voluntary, although it may later become entirely involuntary, and it implies a long-continued period of painfulness of the part originally affected. Again there may be a definite alteration in the shape of a bone, through fracture and later healing in a twisted position, changing the interrelationship of other parts of the skull, as the mandible. Accidental severance of certain nerves may also be productive of similar results. In al! such cases of asymmetry in the skull, initial injury at a comparatively early age is a necessity—the earlier the injury the more pronounced will be its effects, other things being equal. The pathological conditions resulting from the healing of a severe injury to the bone after the animal has attained full growth does not No. 2599.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 67, ART. 27, §3194—25,——1 1 9 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM TOnTaT here concern us, for any resulting asymmetry will be purely me- chanical, affecting only the immediate portion injured, and probably having no appreciable effect whatever upon other portions of the skull. That this premise is founded on fact is shown by a skull of Ursus eltonclarka (No. 232382, Biological Survey collection) from Chichagof Island, Alaska. This is of an adult whose entire right coronoid process is missing. The bone healed well, proving that the injury antedated the death of the animal by a considerable period. Had this happened during the youth of the animal, the practical de- struction of function of the right temporal muscle would have re- sulted in profound cranial changes, but there is now not the slightest asymmetry. Attention should here be called to the study by Hollister! of the skulls of captive lions. In this it is argued that certain condi- tions—notably massiveness—to be met with in the skulls of lions raised in captivity are the result of myological stimul, the muscles being effected by conditions brought to bear during captivity. If this be the case, then the criteria usually employed for judging the strength of askull and its musculature must be altered. A thorough examination of Hollister’s material? by the present writer, however, has produced new evidence and led him to the conclusion that the conditions obtaining in the skulls of these captives are pathological rather than myological. Published references to asymmetrical skulls of mammals other than man include an experiment conducted by Anthony,’ in the course of which he cut the left temporal muscle of a puppy upon the day of its birth. The dog, killed by accident when something less than one year old, showed marked atrophy of one temporal muscle, even in life; but the only really definite asymmetry to be noted in the skull is the absence upon the left side of the ridge which normally marks the medial boundary of the origin of the temporal muscle. The left, or “abnormal,” zygomatic arch, as compared to the right, is less than 1 mm. deeper, less than 3 closer to the cranium, and is practically the same in length. The latter points are of interest as showing the trend of the abnormal side, but the differences are too slight to be of much significance in the present study. The same investigator, as senior author,‘ experimented upon two more dogs at a later date, with results that duplicated his first efforts. 1 Hollister, N., Some effects of environment and habit on captive lions, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, pp. 177-193. 2 Howell, A. B., Pathologic skulls of captive lions, Journ. Mamm., vol. 6, 1925, pp. 163-168. 3 Anthony, M. R., Introduction a l’étude expérimentale de la morphogénie, Bull. et Mems. Soc. Anthr, Paris, 1903, no. 2, pp. 119-145. ‘Anthony, M. R., et Pietkiewicz, W. B., Nouvelles expériences sur le rdle du muscle crotophyte dans la constitution morphologique du crane de la face, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., vol. 149, 1909, p. 870. ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL 3 There is described and figured by Paravicius® the skull of a dug exhibiting a marked dextral twist to the rostral region. Unfortu- nately, this specimen lacked the lower jaw, for the characters strongly indicate that the reason for the asymmetrical condition was the sub- normal development of the right ramus of the mandible, due to a fracture during puppyhood. There is no appreciable asymmetry of the temporal fossz. Toldt ® discusses the asymmetrical skull of a fox in the Vienna Museun. On account of a diseased condition of the left, lower, fourth, premolar the animal had used the temporal muscle of the right side as exclusively as possible. The myological condition resulting was a slight increase in the size of the right temporal, shifting its ridge a bit entad. Atrophy, or rather nondevelopment, of the left temporal was marked, its ridge developing considerably laterad of the normal position, and there is practically no lambdoidal crest upon that side. The left supraorbital process and the portion of the temporal fossa immediately caudad thereto, however, are shown in the illustration to be better developed upon the left side. A somewhat puzzling cireum- stance is the fact that in the drawing, the left zygomatic arch is shown to be about 2 mm. farther from the cranium than the right, while the text also mentions that the disparity is slight. This state of the left zygoma is at variance with what one would naturally expect to accompany a reduced temporal muscle. I imagine, however, that there was some special disparity between the masseter muscles to account for it—an hypothesis which can hardly now be proven. An instance is mentioned by Leisewitz’ of slight asymmetry in the skull of a monkey of the genius Lagothriz. The bilateral disparity is very poorly defined, however, and the author is mainly concerned with consequent slight differences in tooth wear. The skulls at hand exhibiting definite asymmetry number four. Two of them are of primates, whose musculature of mastication is adapted to the absence of true glenoid fossx, and hence, to a con- siderable movement of the mandible in all directions. The remaining two skulls belong to a single species of pinniped—a carnivore having true glenoid fosse, which permits practically no lateral nor propali- nal motion of the mandible. ASYMMETRICAL SKULLS OF PRIMATES The writer is indebted to Mr. G.S. Miller, jr. for permission to study the skull of a form of gorilla in the National Museum collec- tion (see pls. 3, 4,5, and6). This bears the data ‘‘ No.239883, male, 5 Paravicius, G., Asimmetrie cranio fasciali in un cane, Atti Soc. Ital. scienze nat., 1902, pp, 349-352. 5 Toldt, Von K., Asymmetrische Ausbildung der Schlifenmuskeln bei einen Fuchs infolge einseitiger Kautitigkeit, Zool. Anz , vol. 39, 1905, pp. 176-191. 7 Leisewitz, W., Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bilateralen Asymmetrie des Siiugetierschidels, Sitzungs berichten der Gesells. fiir Morph. und Phys. in Miinchen, 1906, pp. 1-15, 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 Africa, Belgium Congo, Ree’d. 1923, Benj. Burbridge.”” It is the skull of a large adult and is in good condition. The specimen is definitely asymmetrical, though not to astartling degree. The cause of this was due either to an injury to, or a diseased condition of, the right side of the head at a sufficiently early age so that the bones were still plastic. It may be mentioned that a slight, chalky deposit upon some parts of its surface is probably attributable to the method of cleaning rather than to a pathological condition of the bone. Direct indica- tions of abnormality are as follows: (a) A searred condition and marked lateral shortening of the right mastoid, as well as of the neighboring exoccipital (measurements, foramen magnum to lateral extremity of mastoid; left, 72.2; right, 59.5 mm.) (b) A malformation, encircling the right jugular foramen, of the petrous portion of the temporal and adjacent portions of the basioc- cipital. (c) A marked deformity of the inferior wall of the right auditory meatus, including some change in the part of the squamosal immedi- ately above, resulting in an enlargement of this passage and a lateral shertening of its inferior wall. (d) An alteration in the condition of the right glenoid fossa, dam- age to, and partial restoration through healing of, the postgienoid process, and a pitted condition of the surface immediately craniad of the fossa. (ec) A shortening of the right condyloid neck of the mandible, with alteration in the shape, and pitting of the articular surface, of the condyle. (f) The absence of the lower left canine, with complete healing and filling in with bony tissue of its alveolus. (g) A recession of the alveolar margins and septa between some of the teeth. The possible causes of these results should first be considered. Healing of all malformed parts has been complete. There are now no signs of old fractures and there is little evidence from which to decide whether the conditions are the result of disease or of an acci- dent. If they be due to disease, then this is most probably the result either of a severe abscess, an infection of a local wound origi- nally slight, or improbably to some true disease of the bone. If the original injury were due to an accident, then this was caused either by a bullet, which I am inclined to doubt, by a native arrow or spear, or the piercing of the fleshy parts by a sharp stick or stone during a fall from a considerable height. Even though the theory of an accident be accepted, then severe, local infection most probably followed. ART, 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL 5 Inquiring more fully into the pathological situations present it is found that— (a) The right mastoid is unusual only in being shortened laterally and in having a marked process inferiorly. The laterai shortening of the whole right side of the occipital is probably because of injury to, and subsequent abnormal development of, the muscles originating upon the infero-lateral part of its surface. (b) The deformity of the petrous portion of the temporal is not marked, aside from its misplacement. Its chief point of interest lies in the fact that there is almost complete closure of the jugular fora- men and obliteration of its fossa, probably through the healing of a small, diseased portion of both the petrous and occipital margins of the foramen. The occipital was, perhaps, chiefly instrumental, for its border has extended farther forward than normal, and the pet- rous is correspondingly displaced. It is, of course, impossible that the jugular vein was suddenly severed, else the animal had died at once. Rather was its gradual atrophy brought about, enabling other veins to care for the venous blood that is normally carried by the right jugular. The functional alteration has not, however, re- sulted in any increase in the size of the left jugular foramen, for the latter is, in fact, smaller than seems to be usual in this genus. (c) The condition of the right auditory meatus indicates much damage to the inner ear, very possibly causing complete deafness upon that side, induced by severe suppuration of the parts. The passage is greatly enlarged, both superiorly and inferiorly, being about 13 mm. in diameter, as against 7 for this measurement of the left passage. The lateral length of the inferior border of the meatus, measured from the carotid foramen, is about 18 mm. shorter upon the right than the left side. This was evidently brought about by suppuration and partial absorption of the bony lining of the meatus, with subsequent healing and growth of new bony tissue only upon its outer or inferior face. (d) The right glenoid fossa proper is not greatly altered, but the eminentia articularis, anteriorly adjoining, is flattened and much pitted. The same condition of pitting obtains upon the squamous eminence adjoining the process of the tensor palati. The conditions to be observed in the glenoid region are naturally correlated with the following: (e) The right articular surface of the mandibular condyle is flat- tened, broadened in an antero-posterior direction, and much pitted and roughened, and the neck, as measured from the base of the coronoid process, shortened by about 7mm. It is very likely that the functions of the abnormal side of the jaw were even more se- verely interfered with than can now be told from an examination of the skull, through destruction of part of the condyloid ligaments. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 (f) There is no possibility that the left lower canine was congen- itally absent, for the tissue now occupying the position of the nor- mal alveolus is, in texture, different from the surrounding bone. This scar seems to be slightly smaller than the alveolus of the right canine, indicating that the left was lost some time during the youth of the individual. Another indication that the tooth was not lost in later life is that the healing of the alveolus would then hardly have been as perfect. The surrounding bone is smooth and healthy, and the prominence upon the chin formed by the root of the normal canine is absent upon the left side. There is no indication of how or why this tooth was lost. (g) Many of the alveoli are markedly pathologic. This condition takes the form of excessive shrinkage, or lowering of the bony bor- der, and is most marked in the septa between the tooth rows, espe- cially between the second and third molars of both sides and the first and second of the left side, of the lower series; and between the second and third molars of both sides of the upper series. The majority of the remaining molariform teeth of the upper series are also affected, but in lesser degree. The bone involved is smooth, however, showing no sign of scars or injury, and the abnormality was not caused by suppuration. A study of the above situation and a consideration of all possible solutions points with probability to an intensely interesting expla- nation. At the age when this individual had just cut the front teeth of the permanent set, he suffered an injury, most likely followed by inflammation of the muscles of the right side of the head and neck. For an indeterminate interval thereafter the act of chewing food, and very likely that of swallowing as well, was so painful that the animal brought itself to the verge of starvation. From this cause, a state of malnutrition followed, reaching its maximum severity at a time during or immediately subsequent to the cutting of most of the rear molars, which occurs some time after the appearance of the anterior teeth of the permanent set. Any deficiency in the diet having an osteological effect at the time that tooth change is occur- ring would manifest itself at just this point, where the process of absorption of old, and formation of new, bony tissue renders this part most subject to any adverse influences. It is likely that the permanent cheek teeth were rather well formed when the condition of malnutrition was most acute, however, else their emplacement would show some abnormal irregularity, which is not the case. The state of the posterior borders of the alveoli of the third molars or “wisdom” teeth points to the conclusion that before the appearance of the latter, the animal had ceased to suffer pain, had resumed a normal diet, and had thus terminated the period of malnutrition. =I ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL An alternative hypothesis, in no wise dependent upon the original injury to the skull, was suggested by Capt. R. W. Leigh (MS), of the Army Medical Museum, to account for the alveolar condition. This is to the effect that the molariform teeth grew into position with abnormally large spaces between them, into which became more or less permanently wedged particles of fibrous foods, this finally fore- _ing the recession of the alveolar borders. I have occasionally noted just this state of affairs between two or three teeth of ungulates and rodents, and I deem it very likely that the same situation operated to aggravate the abnormal condition in the gorilla; but that this was the original and sole cause for the recession of the bony borders I strongly doubt. An examination of the skull impresses one with the probability that certain muscles suffered considerable violence, either directly or in consequence of severe infection after injury. The evidence indi- cates that the muscles thus involved were chiefly the digastric, tra- chelo-mastoid, sterno and cleido-mastoids, splenius, rectus capitis lateralis, and the levator and tensor palatis. It is not improbable that the obliquus superior was also affected. There is no satisfactory evidence that any other muscle suffered directly except in so far as the pathological condition of the articulation of the right side of the jaw means previous infection, to some extent, of the muscles sur- rounding it. The direct results of injury, reflected in the stresses exerted by other muscles of the head, were of a more profound and lasting char- acter. Injury to and subsequent healing of a muscle causes, under certain conditions, shrinkage of its length, and other strains may develop. It should here be understood that the term “pull” of a lesioned muscle, ‘‘shrinkage,” etc.,is merely relative and not actual. Shrinkage is very seldom sufficient for a muscle so affected to exert true tension upon a part; but a muscle of this character not only resists full relaxation, but by the same token resists normal growth. Hence, for all practical purposes, it does not matter, when speaking of a case where asymmetry of a bone is due to difference in the development of either of a pair of muscles, whether one conceive that the abnormal side of a bone has been pulled around by con- traction (7. e., resistance to normal growth), or that the growth of the normal side has pushed the other out of line. With respect to the long axis of the skull, the foramen magnum is displaced toward the right in such a manner as to suggest that the articulation of the condyle with the atlas was forced in that direction, logically, by the pull of the lesioned obliquus superior and rectus capitus lateralis, and perhaps other, muscles upon that side. The basioccipital naturally is obliged to follow this tendency, and it 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 67 is similarly displaced, but the other sutures of the occipital are not traceable. Because of the fact that so few of the individual bones ot the cranium can be defined, it is impossible to tell whether the lateral shortness of the right mastoid and exoccipital, which also means the lambdoidal crest upon this side, is due entirely to the effect. of the cervical muscles involved, or also to that of the tem- poral. In all probability both have contributed to the existing state of affairs. It also seems likely that the right cervical musles pre- viously enumerated were relatively weak. The medial portion of the right petrous temporal has been ad- vanced several millimeters, with corresponding displacement of the origins of the palati muscles. The origin of the right internal ptery- goid is larger than the left, but the difference is not of greater degree than occurs in symmetrical skulls. The right curve of the palatal shelf extends slightly farther craniad than the left, indicat- ing a corresponding disparity between the insertions of the two tensor palati muscles. An examination of the superior aspect of the skull at once dis- closes the fact that the right temporal fossa as a whole is consider- ably smaller than the left. It is not less deep, to any appreciable extent, but the sagittal crest is displaced toward the right and the right lambdoidal crest is shorter. The fact is disclosed, however, that the anterior part of the right temporal was of greater mass than upon the left. This resulted in the displacement, in both anterior and lateral directions, of the right frontal, now best shown by the position of the supraorbital ridging. The origin of this part of the muscle is thus more extensive upon the right side, and it may well have been thicker also. For certain work the right side of the jaw must have been favored to a marked degree. The right condylar articulation was either permanently painful when stressed, which I am inclined to doubt, or what is more likely, there was some mechanical handicap to its use, such as lesions of the ligaments or condylar capsule, causing the animal to rely largely upon the left side of the jaw. It seems certain that this is the proper explanation for the fact that the pos- terior part of the right temporal muscle was smaller than the left. The fact that the anterior part of the right temporal was larger than the corresponding portion of the left is somewhat unexpected. It would be entirely logical were the temporal muscle divisible into an anterior and a posterior part, but according to Sonntag ° the division is rather into a superficial and a deep portion. The vacuity of the tem- poral fossa, inclosed by the zygomatic arch, is shorter and broader (transversely) upon the right side, and as the two zygomatic arches ? Sonntag, C. F., The morphology and evolution of the apes and man, London, 1924, pp. 1-364. ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL g are otherwise of equal development, it is impossible now to be sure whether the muscles passing beneath (within) the arch were of greater bulk upon one side than the other, or whether the masseter of one differed somewhat in development from its fellow. The right coronoid process is about 5 mm. longer than the left, but this is due to the fact that the mandibular notch is correspondingly lower upon that side, and not to differences in the lower-border-to- coronoid measurement. The reasons for this state of affairs are too obscure and complicated for satisfactory interpretation. At first thought it would appear that the displacement towards the right of the rostrum is attributable to the effect of the teeth of the mandible having been pulled in that direction by the action of the asymmetrical muscles attached to the latter. Although it seems that this hypothesis should be the logical one, a closer scrutiny of the existing state of affairs demonstrates that the rostrum (¢. e., the portion of the face craniad to the frontals and orbits) primarily has been deflected towards the right. The reason for this rostral move- ment is obscure. As there are no powerful muscles connected with this region, it can only be presumed that the displacement was in response to certain muscular forces operating asymmetrically upon the bones with which the rostrum articulates. It is clear that the man- dible, through its condylar articulation, has resisted this dextral trend of therostrum. The lower border of the mandible exhibits a tendency to remain in normal position, while the alveolar margin, in response to the force exerted by the teeth of the rostrum with its dextral twist, is also twisted towards the right. Extremely grotesque is the skull of a monkey (pls. 1 and 2)—Lasi- opyga griseoviridis (Desmarest)—for the loan of which 1 am indebted, through Dr. G. M. Allen, to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This is a fully adult male (No. 15720, Mus. Comp. Zool.), bearing the data ‘Sudan, Blue Nile, Magangani, 29 Jan., 1913, Phillips Sudan Ex. 1913, Col. G. M. Allen, J. C. Phillips, orig. 84”. Recent injuries, received by the skull at the time when the specimen was col- lected, consist of the breaking away of a part of the upper alveolar border, including the two left incisors, and injury to the right tem- poral, including mastoid, auditory and squamous portions. Old osseous scars comprise a fracture of the nasal bridge, which probably has had no effect upon the conformation of the skull, the absence of the right lateral, maxillary incisor, broken off at the root, and the absence of the entire posterior portion of the left ramus of the man- dible, including angular process, the whole condyle, and all but the extreme anterior border of the coronoid process. There is no indi- cation of disease, so it is likely that the mandibular fracture was due to an accident of some sort, such as a glancing rifle ball or a long fall. The portions of bones detached were either absorbed, or sloughed off 53194 25,——2 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 67 through an open wound. It is certain that this occurred when the animal was less than half grown, or probably very young. The injury immediately caused a profound alteration in the mech- anism of the lower jaw. As fully half of the bone upon the left side measuring from the last molar to the condyle, was lost, there was no articulation between the mandible and that side of the skull, and the only motion possible was a sort of rotation of the lower jaw. It is certain, of course, that the mouth could be opened sufficiently for the insertion of required food, but it is hardly likely that possible move- ment was sufficient to enable the animal to use its canines for any practical purpose. The lower canines to some extent, and the upper ones especially, are developed in length well beyond what is normal in this genus. The mandible is further characterized by a stunted or infantile condition of the left ramus, which results in an abnormal, crowded position of the third molar upon that side. The balance of the asymmetry exhibited by the mandible is due to the more normal growth of the right ramus and the twisting effect exerted, through the teeth, by the maxillary deformities. _ In considering the form of the skull proper it must first be remem- bered that the insertions of the left pterygoid muscles have been totally destroyed, and those of the left temporal and masseter, largely so. To just this extent are the effects of these muscles upon the skull destroyed, except as there may have been fractional, aberrant functions through chance secondary attachments. The supraorbital ridging and the relational position of the two orbits may be said to be the only symmetrical part of the skull The occipital plane also shows practical symmetry, although the basioccip- ital does not. The growth of the right side of the skull has been as nearly nor- mal as the limitations of the left side would permit. This has re- sulted in a disproportionately swollen appearance of the right side of the cranium, and in a sharp twisting of the face to the left. A somewhat fantastic, though expressive, way of describing the present effect is to imagine the juvenile skull as having been made of soft rub- ber, held rigid in the vicinity of the left zygomatic process of the maxilla, and the rest of the skull then inflated and expanded. This appearance, as previously mentioned, has been attained through nongrowth of the left side. All parts of this side have remained infantile, especially the length of the zygomatic arch, which has ensued upon the virtual destruction of functions of the muscles of mastica- tion upon the left side. One result of the infantilism of the maxillary border upon the left was the failure of the alveolar row to increase in length, with the consequence that insufficient room was provided for the normal em- placement of the permanent first molar. This has resulted in the ART, 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL ry inward and upward growth of the roots of the tooth and the altera- tion of its shape. Of significance is the practical nondevelopment of the outer ptery- goid plate upon the left, following the destruction of function of the muscles normally attached to it. A more detailed description of the individual bones of the skull, although of interest, is hardly suffi- ciently instructive for presentation here. ASYMMETRICAL SKULLS OF PINNIPEDS It is through the kindness of Dr. J. Grinnell that the writer has been enabled to study the pathological skull of a sea lion from the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (pls. 5,6, and 7). This is a male specimen of Humetopias jubata (Schreber), adult but not aged, and evidently somewhat stunted by its condition. It now bears the data ‘No. 4964, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, July 2, 1907, Ana Nueva Id., California, John Rowley, 257.” In asymmetry it is far more spectacular than the skull of the gorilla already discussed, but its condition is considerably easier of inter- pretation. The specimen was probably shot, as evidenced by a hole in the right frontal and a larger one obliquely opposite within the orbit. In addition it seems that the skull has since been dropped upon a hard surface, for the cranium is badly fractured. John Rowley, the collector of the specimen, writes (MS) that it ‘“‘was apparently as fat and husky as any of the others.”’ The only evidence of old scars upon the skull is to be found in the posterior half of the left zygo- matic arch, and upon the medial portion of the left glenoid fossa. It is possible that there was also partial fracture along the suture formed by the left jugal with the maxilla, for this is now obliter- ated, whereas it is strongly defined upon the opposite side. Although no full tables of measurements of the four skulls herein discussed have been thought necessary, a number of the most signifi- cant ones of the abnormal sea lion, compared with a normal one which is somewhat larger, but probably of about the same age, are found to be of interest. Injured Normal male male Mm. | Mm Rovalleng chee se ome mee eke ee Eee eS es 331 369 FUostralliiwyiclictre: Ses oes eee ee pee ae peer oe et enh ORL Ae 96 88 Exoccipital to anterior border of canine_ __________- Maree: aa \ 313 Bengttvofsunallce: sence mamta Sune eat ears ne gee ona ico é right__ 267 Total length, mandibular ramus —. =2..-.---=--=-=-- left 249 278 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 It is clear that the original injury was received by the animal when the bones were extremely plastic. It is equally apparent that the injury was in the nature of a smart blow upon the side of the head, such as might have been received by a fall from a ledge upon a sharp rock some distance below. The occipital bone is entirely symmetrical, but this, perhaps with the pterygoids, is the only portion of the skull of which this may be sald. Beginning at the point of original injury, it is seen that the jugal has been fractured in at least one and possibly two places. This, however, as well as the distal end of the zygomatic process of the squamosal, is now so distorted that but little can be told from it. That the injury took place during the very early life of the animal can be seen not alone by the general distortion, but from the fact that the left zygomatic arch is very much stunted; not that it is short- ened, of course, but that it has failed to grow at anywhere near the normal rate. An examination of the glenoid fossa upon this side dis- closes the fact that the medial portion of its concavity is granular and distorted in form. There was assuredly further injury at this point, and some sort of fracture or derangement of the precise rela- tionship between the bones immediately caudad, so that they failed to grow at the normal rate. This certainly seems to be the sole ex- tent to which the skull was directly injured, all other details of asym- metry having been due to indirect influences. An early and complete fusion of the adjacent sutures evidently followed the injury to the last-mentioned region, which resulted in a permanent stunting of this portion of the skull. The left auditory and petrous part of the temporal are especially affected, being small and misshapen. The resistance to growth may have been augmented by the pressure of the left mandibular ramus against its glenoid fossa, caused by increasing displacement of the rostrum, although this was not the primary factor in causing the condition. _ The dis- tance between the left zygomatic process of the squamosal and the normal mastoid is but 4.5 mm., while the same distance upon the right side measures 18 mm. As the mastoids, occipital, and lamb- doidal crests are entirely normal, or at least symmetrical, it is seen that there is a sharp bending of the cross axis of the skull, through the glenoid fossae, of four degrees. This, carried at right angles to the anteriormost point of the mandibular symphysis, would show a lateral deflection from the normal axis of the skull (as projected at right angles to the occipital plane) of about 20 mm., even were there no other asymmetrical forces operative. As a matter of fact, other conditions have contributed to increase this deflection so that it actually approximates 65 mm., as near as can be calculated. ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL Ls The above theoretical deflection of the symphysis by 20 mm. is purely mechanical in character. All the remaining forces of asym- metry that have operated to alter the skull are either myological or developmental (growth of bone). An examination of the superior aspect of the skull indicates that in comparison with normal crania the one under discussion seems to be unusually small, as well as can be judged from general criteria of age. Not only is it short, but the sagittal crest is more poorly developed. The cephalic musculature was therefore undoubtedly below normal, although one may presume that it was entirely ade- quate for the feeding needs of the animal. The sagittal crest is displaced about 10 mm. toward the left, but with this exception there is no decided indication that the posterior portion of the right temporal muscle was more powerful than that upon the left. There is striking evidence to this effect, however, in the anterior part of the right temporal fossa. As clearly shown in the illustration, this portion of the right temporal was several times the larger, not only displacing the sagittal crest but extending well forward upon the frontal and modifying the shape and size of the right supraorbital process. The sinistral displacement of the rostrum is largely attributable to the disproportionately great development of this part of the muscle, coupled with the fact that the right zygomatic arch and masseter were free to accomplish anterior growth. On the other hand the stunting of the left zygomatic arch resisted normal growth of the left half of the skull, and necessarily limited the size of the mass of muscle that could pass within the zygomatic vacuity of the temporal fossa. These would seem to be the two causes that tended to limit the growth to the left temporal muscle, while the reduced length of the zygomatic arch upon that side prevented normal growth, and undoubtedly strength, of its attached masseter. Thus, during the development of the animal, the root or base of the left side of the rostrum was held back, while that of the right side was pushed forward, resulting in the great dis- placement toward the left exhibited by that part of the skull. Another consequence has been the disproportionate, dextral bowing of the mesethmoid, and undoubtedly of the cartilaginous septum, which resulted in a crowding of the right ethmoid and, therefore, expansion of the left nasal passage, from which the ethmoid is now missing. This whole process has naturally effected a disproportionate devel- opment of the individual bones of the rostrum which is of interest; but there is no necessity here for dwelling at greater length upon their individualities. Returning to an examination of the mandible, one notes that there is no indication of asymmetry in its muscular insertions. It is clear, however, that the displacement of 20 mm., caused by the shifting 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 of the left glenoid fossa, has been much augmented ,by the rostral twist. In fact the latter is so great that the mandible has resisted it, through the interlocking of the teeth. Thus, the mandibular canines have been forced to incline toward the left, while the max- illary canines and lateral incisors have been pushed toward the right. The result is that although the rostrum as a whole turns strongly to the left, the anterior portion of its alveolar border exhibits a slightly dextral counter twist. The mandible reflects the varied stresses in a form difficult to describe with accuracy, but to attempt to do so is hardly necessary. Another skull of Humetopias jubata showing some asymmetry was also discovered. This is No. 131895 of the United States Biological Survey collection, and bears the data “9? , California, Santa Cruz Id., W. J. Hockmeier, 4386X.”’ It is of an adult, though not aged individual (pl. 8). The original cause leading to present asymmetry was a pathological condition of the left auditory and petrous tem- poral, which are now misshapen, with rough surfaces, and a large perforation inferiorly. An abscess probably constituted the original cause. The result has been a stunting of the region involved, and the distance from craniad of the glenoid fossa to the paroccipital process is 7 mm. less upon this side than the right. The zygomatic arches are also involved, probably through lack of normal growth of this process of the left squamosal, for the left arch is about 6mm. shorter than the other. This, in turn, has evidently been instru- mental in limiting the growth of the anterior portion of the tempo- ral muscle, as clearly shown by the differences in the development of the supraorbital processes and the ridging between them. The remainder of the temporal fossae do not show any appreciable disparity, however. Very slight asymmetry exhibited by the posterior half of the ros- trum is probably due to dissimilarity in the development of the two zygomatic arches and the temporals, while the decided sinistral twist of the rostral extremity is attributable, through the interlocking of the canines, to the displacement of the left glenoid fossa, and hence, the mandible. An interesting point which can hardly be explained entirely by the foregoing conditions is asymmetry in the occipital region. This is precisely the opposite of what might be expected, for the distance between the foraminal margin of the occipital condyle and the paroc- cipital process is, upon the left, 61, and on the right, 54mm. It is due to growth of the left paroccipital process and the exoccipital rather than to displacement of the foramen magnum. One might hazard the opinion that it is the result of a compensating development of the attached muscles, as the digastric, or to some pathological ART. 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL 15 condition of the cervical region; but all such hypotheses are pure speculation. CONCLUSIONS From the study of these four specimens it has been concluded that the primary cause inducing asymmetry in the skulls of mam- mals other than toothed cetaceans is probably, in most instances, by accident or disease, to the bones or muscles of a single side of the head at a comparatively early age, and that this must be of such a character as to result in a stunted or infantile condition of a crucial part of the bony framework, and a reduction in the rate of growth, or strength through lesions, of the muscles of a single side. Asym- metry usually is directly dependent upon unevenness in the strains developed upon the two sides of the head while an animal is eating. Certain injury to the bones of the head causes a premature oblit- eration of the sutures, as already indicated. Published data respect- ing human crania have shown that such early obliteration of the sutures may also occur from obscure causes without violence having been suffered by the individual. It is doubtless fortuitous that no skulls of this character have been available in the present study. Con- versely, it is known that retarded obliteration of certain sutures be- yond the usual time for their disappearance results in the hypertrophy of the corresponding part of the skull. It is only a question of time before material illustrating the latter point in the mammalia other than man is brought to light. One of the most conspicuous results of this investigation, and one that deserves to be stressed, is the conclusion that normal develop- ment of the bones of the skull is directly dependent upon the growth of the attached muscles. In other words, if for any reason the mus- cles of an animal remain infantile and fail properly to grow, the bones to which they are secured will remain proportionately undersized. This assertion can not be proven in the case of the masseter muscles until the myology of asymmetrical skulls can be more fully investi- gated. It is also apparent that the smaller the origin or fossa of a muscle the smaller must the muscle itself be.° The significance of these facts, when considered with reference to specific (and higher) variation of the skull, is profound. It is apparent that asymmetrical development of a skull inclines to progress both forward and backward from a center that is rather uniform. In other words, it always appears as though a part of the skull were held stationary while the portions craniad and caudad 9 Of interest in this connection is a paper by J. A. Howell (An experimental study of the effect of stress and strain on bone development, Anat. Rec., vol. 13, 1917, pp. 233-252) comparing the leg bones of a dog, the muscles upon one side of which had been transected when the animal was very young. The diameter of the bone was very greatly diminished thereby, but its length was but little below normal. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 67 were both forced either to the right or to the left. This center is not precisely the anterior one of the three segments of the cranium proper, as has been claimed,’ but the ‘“‘dead center’? may be consid- ered as passing through the frontals above and palatals below. Either of these pairs of bones may vary somewhat in accordance with the portion of the skull either craniad or caudad thereto, according to whether the more powerful influence lies in one direction or the other. In the four skulls examined the original seat of injury has been in the neighborhood of one of the glenoid fossae. It is difficult, if not impossible, to speculate with any degree of certainty upon the relative development of the temporals and mas- seters, considered as separate muscles, because of their extreme interdependence. The previous condition of the masseters can only be deduced from the configuration of the zygomatic arch. Reduc- tion in the size of one temporal muscle is not necessarily followed by asmaller zygomatic arch, and therefore by inference, a smaller mas- seter upon that side; but reduction, for any reason, of the size of the arch does seem to result in a lessened volume of the adjacent temporal muscle. The interrelationship of the anterior with the posterior portion of the temporal muscle is somewhat obscure, but fluctuations in the size of this muscle are not necessarily uniform for the two parts. The size of the anterior portion of the temporal fossa—lying immediately adjacent to the supraorbital processes in carnivores—may be very much larger, indeed, upon one side when the posterior portion—over- lying the brain case proper—is but a trifle more extensive than upon the opposite side. The explanation of this fact is believed to be that the extreme cranial portion of the temporal muscle is the part that is used in contributing the ultimate contracting power of which the jaw muscles are capable. As this final force can hardly be applied upon the weaker side of the head, because of pain or mechanical disability, nondevelopment of the anterior part of the temporal muscle upon that side of the cranium results. Certain it is that a disparity in the development of the anterior, as compared with the posterior, part of an abnormal temporal fossa recurs sufficiently often to indi- cate a substantial difference in the precise functions of the two corresponding portions of the temporal muscle. The pterygoid plates and fossae naturally reflect the development of the pterygoid muscles, and a smaller plate upon one side means that the muscles attached thereto were correspondingly weaker. Asymmetricai development of the rear half of the skull—at least of the superior portion—is closely correlated with size and strength 10 Howell, A. B., Individual and age variation in Microtus montanus yosemite, Journ, Agric. Research, vol. 28, 1924, pp. 977-1016. ART, 27 ASYMMETRY IN SKULLS OF MAMMALS—HOWELL iy of the temporals jand{masseters, but such a condition of the face," when marked, can not be due primarily to myological stimuli. It may be attributable first to a setting out of plane, through nongrowth of one side, of the bones with which the rostrum articulates, as a house may be thrown out of plumb by the settling of one side of its foundation; or it may be due to the pull, through the interlocking of the canines, primarily exerted by a glenoid fossa, and hence the mandible, which has been displaced. Asymmetry of the occipital plane may be ascribable in part to differences in the size of the lambdoidal crests induced either by the temporal muscles, or by variation in certain of the cervical muscles, or both. As only the insertions, and not the origins, of the latter are available for examination, interpretation of the few facts presented is difficult. The form of an asymmetrical mandible is determined mostly by the positions of the glenoid fossae at one extreme, and by the force that may be exerted by the interlocking canines at the other. Vari- ation in size between the mandibular processes of the two rami is not likely to be as great as are certain asymmetrical differences in the skull proper. In other words, the muscular origins seem to be more sensitive to asymmetrical influences than are their insertions. Asymmetry of the mandible, in fact, seems to be due chiefly to mechanical stimuli. 11 For convenience the posterior portions of the zygomatic processes of the maxXilles are here considered as not belonging to the face proper. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 Upper figure, dorsal view of mandible; and lower figure, ventral view of asym- metrical skull of monkey—Lasiopyga griseoviridis (No. 15720, Mus. Comp. Zool.). PLATE 2 Upper figure, frontal view; and lower figure, dorsal view, of asymmetrical skull of Lasiopyga griseoviridis. PLATE 3 Ventral view of asymmetrical skull of gorilla—G@orilla beringei mikenensis (No. 239883, U. S. Nat. Mus.). PLATE 4 Upper figure, right, lateral view of maxillary molars; and lower figure, dorsal view, of asymmetrical skull of gorilla. PLATE 5 Upper figure, frontal view of asymmetrical skull of gorilla. Lower figure, frontal view of asymmetrical skull of male sea lion—Humetopias jubata (No. 4964, Mus. Vert. Zodl.). PLATE 6 Upper figure, dorsal view of mandible of asymmetrical gorilla. Lower figure, dorsal view of asymmetrical mandible of male sea lion (No. 4964, Mus. Vert. Zool.). PLATE 7 Upper figure, dorsal view; and lower figure, ventral view, of asymmetrical skull of male sea lion (No. 4964, Mus, Vert. Zodl.). PLATE 8 Upper figure, dorsal view; and lower figure, ventral view, of asymmetrica] skull of female sea lion—Eumetopias jubata (No. 131895, Biol. Surv. coll.). 18 O . NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. | SKULL OF MONKEY, LASIOPYGA GRISEOVIRIDIS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 2 SKULL OF MONKEY, LASIOPYGA GRISEOVIRIDIS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 3 SKULL OF GORILLA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 4 TEETH AND SKULL OF GORILLA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 5 SKULLS OF GORILLA AND SEA LION FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 6 MANDIBLES OF GORILLA AND SEA LION FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I|8 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 7 SKULL OF MALE SEA LION FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 27 PL. 8 SKULL OF FEMALE SEA LION FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 18 SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF THE FOSSIL PORPOISE ZARHACHIS FLAGELLATOR COPE By Reminaton KELLOGG Of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture During the past ten years a rather large number of vertebrae and other portions of skeletons of cetaceans have been obtained from the Calvert Miocene formation of Maryland. Most of these speci- mens were obtained by digging into the Calvert Cliffs. During severe storms many tons of sandy clay are dislodged from the face of the cliff by the undercutting action of the incoming tide. Many specimens are destroyed in this manner and at the same time others are exposed. Worn vertebrae and fragments of bones are found at frequent intervals on the beach along the Calvert Cliffs after a storm. With the exception of the zygomatic processes and the condyles, the bones of the skull do not withstand being rolled about by the waves and are soon broken up. When remains of pelagic mammals are found undisturbed in the greenish sandy clay, they are usually well preserved. Complete skeletons of these mammals are rarely found, but broken ends of bones and portions of skulls are often found protruding from the face of the cliff. Norman H. Boss, to whom we are indebted for most of the speci- mens described in this and the preceding papers, has been extremely fortunate in locating and collecting specimens of fossil porpoises. One of the skulls which he collected during the past year belongs to the Miocene porpoise, Zarhachis flagellator. Although incom- plete, this skull supplies most of the structural details which were missing on the other specimen. The locality at which this skull was obtained is less than 214 miles south of the previous discovery. The only certainly known remains of Zarhachis flagellator from the Atlantic coast province of North America belong to four indi- viduals. One of these is the type specimen, a single anterior caudal vertebra; a fairly complete skeleton which was described in 1924 represents the second specimen; the third is the cranial portion of a skull hereinafter described and figured; and of the fourth the right periotic alone was collected. 1 Kellogg, R., A fossil porpoise from the Calvert formation of Maryland. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 63, publ. 2482, pp. 1-39, pls. 1-18. March 26, 1924. No. 2600.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSEuM, VOL. 67, ART. 28. 54286—26{——1 ] By PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 67 The Calvert formation of Maryland has yielded a rather large number of porpoises and in the main these species have their nearest affinities with those in the Tortonian stage of Europe. ; ina i Y ine eH a int : f hat a aN f ‘ ye ee, a Dian Teak rae i i 4 ) al eds! i, mut ee iy wie Ms i i. rn ; pnt i: eae ny Ve me no nd i 4 are i. aa 7 A Paeen hast ee 4 rf a ih, AA Bey a; Pa he 7 iy 7 ¥ Ohl my at pineal a it ae MLA) di co Mag elena ca aa se ; ge Woe a v ay 4 . 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