AX « \ \ \ _ RQ \ UY \ \ QQ NAG XY \\ \ SY AX AWN \) WY I \ \\ IS \\\ \\\ _ AN \ \ AY _ — \ AWW ACK SN ANS \\ \ OY A NY \ UA \ \ ANS RG i » LAY ne Vee ‘ ry Tal I Ho ae a ae Heer i HW ii arate te} aul hy vA th if i cy sa alte at “Ta BRC US | 4 WOM ul eee A ee A FO ee Ae (ti eA a Tia 4 Hh NY pine \ a ih tails Nataly eid ui) Meh j ! TN Me i AO RY) i ne ; a A wale he iy A, Te ey A ave Pa) ee AL ne iin As wi Od mea BAe nea Hayy cm TOM A QRS Ma f Ai fri. f M ; pit a Taye f ii il) i An 7 ru 7H { A i i} r ij te ‘ { f nll 7 i "hy ae a TAO | : bist Te : i Wey oe oy ul f nu : i ; Ne i Hi inn) mn) aN ey ih rine i i iy i 1M TRA , o i Tw a eer } iit a dura Nu “yi ae i a bi A hn wth UNAS i ai PA ne i hoe! mh) ied i My) a tii i e ee Ns \ ia | ae Hs il 4 i We At \ i a at, | oo Mt Bh ano Ne | ) i vi Oa " U hae i py ; Y i a4 : ey PPO a) \ ie ss Mae cay Hy es in Dial i, vig i ma A C i | 1 il tgs) ia han ; ' i ' } ae re i ha Sal hs Pa Pa? bana ep ‘ es aye , ” ay i PM Ta aD) ROP bar Au’ i ; ph he Wir ei! PPA \ : a, ay ms % ig Be . va Pry ee ee aie he Fea FR Una a Pe eka pide ena 7 } oni hit a : ; ary aw ; f hi (aan 1 a nh wh " wr ‘ I i mht | yee ay sy BE" al eae y ha m me, A fae f iG w W) Pie a y. i ait Le Pi wv bs NT ait ven ui Cee : ALD vn rN ‘dpe Pea thx a3) tae 1 a a SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 81 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1933 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publicaffons of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi- zations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The present volume is the eighty-first of this series. The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues of type specimens and special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Wasnineton, D. C., February 3, 1933. II CONTENTS AupricH, J. M. New Diptera, or two-winged flies, from America, Asia, and Java, with additional notes. No. 2932, pp. 1-28. June 30, 1932? New genera: Collinellula, Dyscrasis, Schistochilus, Trophops. New species: Ocnaea trivittata, Collinellula magistri, Leptocera (Limosina) opaca, Dyscrasis hendeli, Kréberia floridensis, Scatophaga gigantea, Sarcophaga (Blaesoxipha) valangae, Leski- omima jaynest, Schistochilus aristatum, Zenillia palpalis, Trophops clausent, Hxoristoides uricht, Achaetoneura nigripalpis. New variety: Scatophaga gigantea obscura. AuicaTa, JosepH EK. A new trematode of the genus Urotrema from bats. No. 2928, pp. 1-4. August 11, 1932! New species: Urotrema lasiurensts. Bartscu, Paunt. A newly discovered West Indian mollusk faunula. No. 2929, pp. 1-12. July 6, 1932! New subgenus: Chondropomella. New species: Chondropoma (Chondropomium) wetmorei, Lucidella beatensis, Hutrochatella beatensis, EH. sphaerula, Ceratodiscus beaten- sis, Cepolis wetmorei, C. lincolni, Plagioptycha (Monodonta) beatensis, Thysanophora beatensis, T. alta, Urocoptis (Autocoptis) beatensis, Macroceramus beatensis, Varicella beatensis. New subspecies: Cepolis trizonalis beatensis. Cuanpuer, Asa C. Notes on the helminth parasites of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in southeast Texas, with descriptions of four new species. No. 2939, pp. 1-15. August 15, 1932 ! New species: Proalaria variabilis, Rhopalias macracanthus, Aspi- dodera harwoodi, Gnathostoma didelphis. Crark, Austin H. The forms of the common Old World swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon) in North America, with descriptions of two new subspecies. No. 2934, pp. 1-15. July 12, 1932} New subspecies: Papilio machaon hudsonianus, P. m. petersit. Fow.er, Henry W. The fishes obtained by Lieut. H. C. Kellers, of the United States Naval Eclipse expedition of 1930, at Niuafoou Island, Tonga Group, in Oceania. No. 2931, pp. 1-9. August 15, 1932! New species: Paramyrus kellersi, Salarias kellersi, S. niuafoouensis. 1 Date of publication. III Article 16 ie IV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Giumors, Cuartes W. On a newly mounted skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum. No. 2041 pp. 1-21. November a8;-1932"_. 3-2) 22 aaa Harwoop, Paut D. The helminths parasitic in the Amphibia and Reptilia of Houston, Texas, and vicinity. No. 2940, pp: 1-71. December 21;.1932 ° 2. 2.0- Leet eae New genus: Diochetos. New species: Polystoma (Polystomoides) terrapenis, Mesocoelium americanum, Brachycoelium storeriae, B. meridionalis, B. daviesi, Glypthelmins subtropica, Haematoloechus floedae, H. uniplexus, Renifer texanus, Cercorchis texanus, C. bairdi, Protenes chapmani, Oochoristica natricis, O. anolis, O. eumecis, O. americana, O. elaphis, Diochetos phrynosomatis, Falcaustra chelydrae, Cruzia testudinis, Pharyngodon warneri, Atractis carolinae, Kalicephalus agkistrodontis, K. rectiphilus, Physaloptera squamatae, Thubunaea letolopismae, Capillaria ser pentina, C. heterodontis. New subspecies: Kalicephalus agkistrodontis flagellus. Hovucu, Water. A cache of Basket Maker baskets from New Mexico.” No. 2933, pp. 1-37 ~Jume-25, 19320222 - ———. Decorative designs on Elden Pueblo pottery, Flagstaff, Ariz. No. 2930, pp. 1-11. July 20, 1932 1__-_- DE LAUBENFELS, M. W. The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. No. 2927, pp. 1-140, December 2, 1932 1__- New genera: Zygherpe, Halichoclona, Xestospongia. New species: Polymastia pachymastia, Hymeniacidon wungodon, Zygherpe hyaloderma, Plocamia igzo, Halichoclona gellindra, Spongia idia. New varieties: Tethya aurantia (Pallas) californiana, Cliona celata Grant californiana, Myzilla versicolor Topsent californiana, Iophon chelifer Ridley and Dendy californiana, Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe) californiana. New name: Anaata. MarsHatu, WitiraAm B. Two new land shells of the genus Bulimulus from Bolivia. No. 2937, pp.1-3. July 28, 1932?- New species: Bulimulus (Scutalus) hessi, B. (S.) bolivianus. 1 Date of publication. VOL, 81 Article 18 UG, 10 14 —————EE CONTENTS Oxapa, YatcutrRo. Report on the hexactinellid sponges col- lected by the United States Fisheries steamer Albatross in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. No. 2935, pp. 1-118. October 19, 1932 ' New species: Pheronema ijimai, P. surugensis, Hyalonema (Cyli- conema) hozawat, H. (Coscinonema) ovatum, Farrea kurilensis, F. wataset, F. beringiana, Eurete nipponica, E. sacculiformis, EF. trregularis, Aphrocallistes intermedia, A. yatsui, A. aleutiana, Hyalascus attenuatus, Aulosaccus fissuratus, A. albatrossi, A. tuberculatus, A. solaster, A. pinularis, Acanthascus pachyderma, Staurocalyptus rugocruciatus, Rhabdocalyptus borealis, R. heter- aster, R. bidentatus. New subspecies: Pheronema globosum kagoshimensis, Hyalonema (Cyliconema) apertum solidum, H. (Coscinonema) kirkpatricki globosum, Farrea sollasit yakushimensis, Aulosaccus fisswratus shimushirensis. Pearse, A. S. New bopyrid isopod crustaceans from Dry Tortugas, Florida. No. 2924, pp. 1-6. June 1, 1932! New genus: Bopyro. New species: Bopyro choprae, Hemiarthrus schmittt. Pricr, EmmMnutr W. The trematode parasites of marine mam- mals. No. 2936, pp. 1-68. October 1, 1932! New genus: Hadwenius. New species: Hadwenius seymourt, Apophallus zalophi. New combinations: Synthesium tursionis (Marchi, 1873), Opis- thotrema dujonis (Leuckart, 1874), O. cochleotrema (Travassos and Vogelsang, 1931), Agamodistomum delphini (Diesing, 1850). Wetmore, ALEXANDER. Birds collected in Cuba and Haiti by the Parish-Smithsonian expedition of 1930. No. 2925, pp. 1-40. July 22, 1932! Wooprina, W. P. A Miocene mollusk of the genus Haliotis from the Temblor range, California. No. 2938, pp. 1-4. August 30, 1932 } New species: Haliotis lasia. ZELIFF, CLARKE Courson. A new species of cestode, Crepi- dobothrium amphiumae, from Amphiuma tridactylum. No. 2926, pp. 1-3. June 18, 1932! New species: Crepidobothrium amphiumae. 1 Date of publication. Vi Article 12 13 15 i ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES New Dieters, OR TWwo-WINGED FLIES, FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA, WITH ADDITIONAL NoTES By J. M. Aldrich Facing Page Dyscrasts. and. Collinellula, new. genera.=.- 4-322 se Se eases A Newuy DiscovERED West INDIAN MoLuusk FAUNULA By Paul Bartsch l—3. New West: Indian mollusks-.=2¢-2 2.2. 222252 oe ee ene COND oe go tO — Tue Forms OF THE COMMON OLD WorRLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTER- FLY (PAPILIO MACHAON) IN NortTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS or Two New SUBSPECIES By Austin H. Clark StPapiio machaon sikkimensts.. 23. sea ee ee ee ee igPamiio machaon: altashe «2.2 3 2225 2 Se ee es eee ee Pamir machaon hudsonvanus. sae = sa- = ee ee Pamitoiomachaon peters. 2) 8 ou ees Se ee ee ee eee Papilio machaon aliaskaand .P.:m.tpetenstt. 22 eesti a ee Undersides of specimens shown on Plate:5_. + 22-4: 4255.2_ 52.2 ase Papilio machaon altaska= =< 22 222 eee ee ee ee ee + Undersides' of:specimens’shown.on* Plate 7.2i2u204) 2 ee eee On A Newry Mountep SKELETON oF DipLopocus IN THE UNITED Stares NationaL MusEuM By Charles W. Gilmore Dinosaur National Monumentio22 S22 ees See ee ee Dinosaur National Monument and Dinosaur National Monument UATE. as a Se a aa ee et Dinosaur National Monument quarry.) 25552532022 ae The Diplodocus skeleton as it was partly uncovered in the face of the QUAITY <2- -22s26 22 Slee oe les ee ee eee Skeleton of Diplodocus longus Marsh as exhibited in the hall of verte- brate paleontology in the United States National Museum__-------- Comparative views of the mounted skeletons of Diplodocus carnegit and. .D LONGUS sae- 4 cee oe oe coe ee eee eee eee VI 28 12 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 ILLUSTRATIONS Vil Tue HELMINTHS PARASITIC IN THE AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA OF Houston, TEXAS, AND VICINITY By Paul D. Harwood Facing Page 1, Polystoma terrapenis, Mesocoelium americanum, Brachycoelium storeriae, B. meridionulis, B. daviesi, Glypthelmins subtropica, Haematoloechus Rl een ad eet kt REE A ee ae ce eu ae Se 71 2. Haematoloechus uniplexus, Renifer texanus, R. aniarum, Lechriorchis validus, Manodistomum occultum, Cercorchis tecanus, C. bairdi, Pro- HE TUCS RCI PD2TUCLTU Dm en aes aa a oe a ee ae ees os 3. Proteocephalus faranciae, Oochoristica natricis, O. anolis, O. eumecis, O. americana, O. elaphis, Diochetos phrynosomatis___----------------- as 4. Diochetos phrynosomatis, Cysticerus sp., Falcaustra chelydrae, Pharyngo- don warner, Alracits-carolingés 2. 3S oh een teks eee ese 71 5. Kalicephalus agkistrodontis, K. rectiphilus, Oswaldocruzia pipiens, Physaloptera squamatae, Thubunea leiolopismae, Capillaria serpen- tina, C. heterodontis, C. heterodontis eggs_------------------------ 71 A Cacue or Basket MAKER BASKETS FROM NEw MExIco By Walter Hough 1. Clay with finger impressions; coiled bowl___.__-_-_---------------- 3 2. Oval bowl; decorative design on oval bowl________-__--------------- 3 3. Carrying basket; large coiled bowl__________-_-------------------- 3 DeEcorATIVE Designs ON ExpeN Pursito Porrrry, FLAGstarr, ARIZ. By Walter Hough Mm bowls with band designs... 22. oe ol elke sesceeeeeeee 11 2. Bowls with bands of lines, zigzags, and spirals__________--_-------- 11 Bedeeiancdied vasesse a2: eo) sok ee ee eee oe all Hee @aniceens/ and DO Wis = 266 sles On ese ee Be ee 11 Peo w as nueual CeSIOtisse 2 fac Soe le eee se eee ese Leen S EL 7. Bowls, gray ware, black decoration. --__._____------------------- mt SmelbivetOrmses- 2 52550 2 ooo t o ee ee Se ee ee ee eee ewe il Omebowls olred) Ware. 223.2 22.5562 cantata hu aceon secest ese see 11 10. Coiled and brown polished ware_.._..._..........---.------...--- 11 Two New LaNp SHELLS OF THE GENUS BULIMULUS FROM BOLIVIA By William B. Marshall 1. New species of Bulimulus from Bolivia______________-_----_------- 3 REPORT ON THE HEXACTINELLID SPONGES COLLECTED BY THE Unitep States FIsHERIES STEAMER ‘‘ALBATROSS” IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC DURING THE SUMMER OF 1906 By Yaichiro Okada 1,2. New species and subspecies of Hyalonema and Pheronema___-------- 116 3. New species of Farrea and Eurete_._______..__..--_---------------- 116 VIII PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 4, 5. 6. WN re SS ore 10. 11. 12. Na Eee eRen VOL. 81 Facing Page ARF OCONTSUES 0S 8 So aie ap ORR Se Sa ps Se Se ed JOR ele iss ee ‘Acanthascus, anwginewa, andy Adlosaccus=. 22-2422 25252822 Seco ee New species of Rhabdocalyptus, Bathydorus, Staurocalyptus, and PTL SCUUG At eR. BES es Ue al eM he ahs tae, eee ee Tur TREMATODE Parasires OF MaringE _ MaMMALS By Emmett W. Price . Fasciola hepatica and Campula oblonga... +. =+-=--=++2=+-1--=-+--==h: . Campula palliata and C. delphint=..-.-----222--s2s4+ stone . Campula rochebruni, Zalophotrema hepaticum, and Lecithodesmus Goliath 2 55632 og ees eles Peles 0s aioe Orthosplanchnus.arcticus and. O. fraterculus.s 2-2 -+-2+2+----+--s==4 Synthesium tursionis and Odhneriella rossica._.-.-----=-----+-=-=-< Hadwenius seymouri, new genus, new species_-_..------------------ Pholeter gastrophilus, Opisthorchis tenuicollis, and Stephanoprora deniiculata= 2 sen eee ene = SERS See ets Sk ee cate Se Cyclorchis campula, Amphimerus lancea, ? Amphimerus lancea, Metor- chis albidus, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum__~---------------- . Cryptocotyle lingua, Apophallus donicus, A. zalophi, Galactosomum erenaceum, and Phocitrema fusiforme. —+ =. 2====----= 225-5 Olivonehis javaceus. s22 5. foc a es tS eas ee Opisthotrema dujonis, O. cochleotrema, and Pulmonicola pulmonale _ - -- Rhabdiopoeus taylori, Ogmogaster plicatus, and Distoma andersont--- -- Birps CoLuEectep IN CuBA AND Hart BY THE PARISH-SMITH- SONIAN EXPEDITION OF 1930 By Alexander Wetmore The Esperanza under sail; Port Ténamo, Cuba, from the sea_-_------- Above the mouth of the Rio Moa, Cuba; near Baracoa, Cuba------- Gonave Island, inland from Anse 4 Galets; the shore line of Petite Gonave Tsland® 222 ee ee Near the mouth of the Baradéres River, Haiti; shore line near Petit row de Nippes; Haiti —... <-eoe ee ee Gown or Coral, Haiti; Bigie Bay, Hatti’2 222-22 eee eee Beret: Baysile a Vache, Haiti... . 4. ee ee Navassa Island; shore line of Navassa Island, showing undercut bound- ALVACHEE ree eee ee ee eee A Mtocenr Mo.uvsk oF THE GENUS HALIOTIS FROM THE TEMBLOR RANGE, CALIFORNIA By W. P. Woodring vilalvotts asta) NEW SpeCles2224os22. 5-22-2422 5852s eee A NEw SPECIES OF CESTODE, CREPIDOBOTHRIUM AMPHIUMAE, FROM AMPHIUMA TRIDACTYLUM By Clarke Courson Zeliff Crepidobothrium amphiumae, new species_.-.-.---------------------- 116 CO © CO Soe oN ILLUSTRATIONS TEXT FIGURES New Diptera, oR TWO-WINGED FLIES, FROM AMERICA, ASIA, AND JAVA, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES By J. M. Aldrich . Sarcophaga (Blaesoxipha) valangae, new species. Side view of male genitalia with forceps from behind_--_--------------------------- Zenillia palpalis, new species. Palpus of female, outer side_________- A New TREMATODE OF THE GENUS UROTREMA FROM Bats By Joseph E. Alicata Urotrema lasiurensis, new species. Ventral view__._---------------- Nores ON THE HELMINTH PARASITES OF THE OpossuM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA) IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FouR New SPECIES By Asa C. Chandler Sketches of eight specimens of Proalaria variabilis, new species, showing variations in size, form of body, and tentacular or sucking organs-_-_._- Large specimen of Proalaria variabilis, new species__---------------- A, Rhopalias macracanthus, new species; B, anterior end with probos- cides retracted; C, anterior end with proboscides exserted__________ Aspidodera harwoodi, new species, tail of male____________-___-___-- Spines from various parts of body of Gnathostoma didelphis, with spines from corresponding parts of body of Gnathostoma spinigerum____--- Tue FisHes OBTAINED BY Linut. H. C. KELLERS, OF THE UNITED States Navat Ecuipse EXxprepition oF 1930, at Nivuaroou IsLtanp, ToNGA GRouP, IN OCEANIA By Henry W. Fowler » Poaramyrus kellersi, new speciés........2-.-.--+.--_..------=.-- 22 PPS COnlasncellerst, New SpeCles = (2.2 2 ee eed Salarias niwafoouensis, new species_______-____----_---------------- On a Newry MovuntveED SKELETON OF DIPLODOCUS IN THE UNITED States NATIONAL MusEUM By Charles W. Gilmore Diagram or quarry map showing the relative positions of the bones of the Diplodocus skeleton as it was embedded in the sandstone__-_-_-_-~ Outline of tenth dorsal vertebra, to show forward inclination of the RDI OUSWDIOCCSS=e set ee ets oe at Ae Recents er a eed Coossified caudal vertebrae of Diplodocus longus_.__---------------- DecoraTIvVE Designs ON ELDEN PuEBLO PoTTEeRy, FLAGSTAFF, ARIZ. By Walter Hough Map showing gray-ware centers, Rio Colorado and Rio Grande STON S eee ee ae en ye eos OP ee ch eh IX Page 16 20 bo bo Oo 11 CO D> bw 11 13 DNOAPwWHH OPP RP PKR RPP RHR WWWWWWWWWWNNNNNWNW NW NWNWD RR BRR Re Re ee SCMWMOONAUONBRWNHRF CHOWAN ANPWNHRF THON ANKPWNRK CHOWN AORWNRK COLO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 81 Tue MarINE AND FRESH-WATER SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA By M. W. de Laubenfels Page . Sketch map showing California localities mentioned in text_--_---_- 2 Leucosolenia: macleays. Dendy 22328. oie eee on eke eae a . Geucosolenva: eleanorsUrbam: 2 2 2. 22s he ee ee eee 8 . Leucosolenia nautilia de Laubenfels.------------------------- sae 10 Geuconia heath, (Urban) 2222-2 -=-S5=s2645- 55 o eee ee eee 13 . Leucetta losangelensis (de Liaubenfels)_.....-...---25-2222 28 5see 15 ~ Rhabdodermella nutiingy Urbans 22-22 28_ 225 ee eS eee 16 . Steurocalyptus solidus Schulze.-=- 2222-52. 5--J2225-2- eee 19 . Halisarca sacra dé Laubentels. 2222. 2 se eee eee 23 . “Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld: oo 22-2 3ee oe ee 26 seiStelleita clarella de ILaubentels- 22.5 52325) 222525 e ea eee 30 . Stelletia estrella de“ Laubentels =: 243232 8 2 See eek Se eae 32 . Poecillastra rickettst de: Laubenfels< .2.- 2-22220 235242 2 ose eee 34 . Poecillastra tenuilaminaris (Sollas)._.._--------------------------- 35 . Penares cortzus de Laubenfels 2. oe sehr eas ae ee ee eee 36 . Papyrulasacchares de Laubeniels.22 2. = 2222 2 2 8 eee 38 , Deretius syrmatitus de Laubentela. =. 52-60 s-2es0 2s) See eee 39 > Penlia mutacilis de-Waubentels: — os ee 41 . Lelilla arb de Laubentels 252.252 secceneeee eae eee eee 43 . Tethya aurantia (Pallas) californiana, new variety__---------------- 45 . Limea authia de Gaubentelso. 25-22 aS 2e2 222 Bae eee Be eee 46 2eaClrona. célata. Grants 9-2 o- 2 oat ee. ae ea ee ee 48 . Spheciospongia confoederata de Laubenfels_______.._---------------- 50 . Polymastia pachymasita; New SpeCieS= 224-2. 4-2 eae ao eae ees 51 . Ficulina suberea (Johnston) lata (Lambe) -.-....------------------ 53 . Prosuberttes'sisyrnus de Laubenfelss22°' 2222522. 232-04 = 225 54 s Suberites gadus:de Laubentels ics =a 2a2 toe Se sear ee ee eee ee 56 »Halichondria panicea: (Pallas)ic.. 4252-2225) eee ee. Seen oe ee 57 . Hymentacidon sinapium de Laubenfels_<--—-..-.----=----=--=---- 59 . Hymeniacidon ungodon; new species. =-.- 2545 >~ 25.22 ee ee 60 - 'Prianos problematicus de Laubenfels..-.- 2.222 283 2= 2p oa ae eee 61 . Biemna rhadia:de: Laubentels._ 2-2 == 2222-22 ee ee ee 64 a Desmacella vagabunda Schmidt. 2522 5522s es eee ae eee 65 . Zygherpe hyaloderma, new species: ./0 224 24-25 22222. Sessa 4 See 66 : Macale bellabellensis: (ambeé) 22222225 fo ee ee ee 67 . Myecale macginitie: de Laubentfelss 2 =. 22-02 25) ae 69 . Parésperelia pstla de Laubentels... 22222225 oe oe a aoe 70 . Lepertopsis originalis de Laubenfels Pedania topsenti de Laubentfels_ 22) =o es ey eee eee 84 . Ledania toxicalis de Laubentfels: 2-22.22: 2255228522 eee 85 .. Nedanione obscurata de Waubenfels.. 2222 22 eee eee 86 CONAN WNH ILLUSTRATIONS XI Page . Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta de Laubenfels_--..--_-------------- 88 . Anaata spongigartina de Laubenfels_..__........--.--------------- 90 eA ncaa orepna declaubentels' 2. = sooo oo Se ee eee 91 Hun pon asoces de iuaubentels: 2-2 se. 2402 =o ee eee 93 . Microciona microjoanna de Laubenfels_..........----------------- 94 . Microciona parthena de Laubenfels___........-.------------------ 96 . Clathriopsamma pseudonapya de Laubenfels___.__.--..------------ 97 Minaried Ue MaNbenlels: S52 sass aanck cose geascceeseaSusasncd 98 . Isociona lithophoenix (de Laubenfels)___..___._--------.----------_- 100 . Plocamia karykina de Laubenfels____..___.-.---_-.-_------------- 101 pe ALOCQINUG 1020-.NeW. SPCClCS saa ae ee ee oe eee sees 102 . Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe) californiana, new variety__-------- 104 REACORIUSTCNIL LACUS Ge WaAlbentels 2242 8222 son eee nese eee 105 eelfemectyon, nye de. Waubentelss = 52-2. 22222222 eee secs 108 ; Cyamon neon de Laubenfels...-._..-+..2-.--...--.--------- 4+ 110 Ee Gellzusedapnus de Waubentels=2=--52 2252225 5.922222 22s eee 112 . Gellius textapatina de Laubenfels_______.__.-..-------------------- 113 . Halichoclona gellindra, new species__...--.----------------------- 114 . Xestospongia diprosopia (de Laubenfels) --..--._.----------------- 115 . Xestospongia vanilla (de Laubenfels)____.._.._...-.-.------------- 116 melauclona ecoasts: de Laubent@ls.=5- =o 222 226 oes oe ee eee 118 . Haliclona enamela de Laubenfels___._._-_._----_.---------------- 119 . Haliclona lunisimilis de Laubenfels_____.___-___.--------------_- 120 . Haliclona cinerea (Grant)_________--__-------__-_---------------- 121 . Spongia tdia, new species.___......._..--------.-------._-------- 122 mevyeidea omblig de Laubentels.. 22... .2sce<52.23.-ceShacsesaeccene 123 Be erongra tivona, de Isaubentelas=2 22225 22 0s222 2555 oe en eae eee 125 mei nlacid glacralied Ly bOWeKija-= soll ese ce cel oe eee oe 126 . Aplysilla polyraphis de Laubenfels__.....__.....------------------ 127 REPORT ON THE HEXACTINELLID SPONGES COLLECTED BY THE Unitep States FIsHertes STEAMER ‘‘ALBATROSS” IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC DURING THE SUMMER OF 1906 By Yaichiro Okada me reronema, t77mat, NEW Species. 2.2.22... = 52. hse eects. 9 . Hyalonema (Cyliconema) hozawai, new species__-_-_--------------- 23 . Hyalonema (Coscinonema) ovatum, new species________------------- 27 Parren curilensts, New SPeCles= 2.25. oo ack eek hes seca e 31 Hanne, watase?, Mew SPeCles= = =] 22 ee 35 Harrea Dermngvana, New SpeClGS\ 222-6 see a ee ee 40 avalascus atteniuainus, New SPCCles== = - 2-2-2 Sa oe ee 70 . Aulosaccus fissuratus, new species___..___.------------.----------- 74 b Aulosaccus albatrosst, new species..2...2.L... tion. The females measure 2.5 and 3.1 mm. long and 1.2 and 1.7 mm. wide. They are more asymmetrical than Richardson’s figures show, and their bodies are bent somewhat more to one side; the fourth and fifth pairs of legs are not widely separated. As Richardson had no male specimens, the following description of the male is given: Body 0.9 mm. long, 0.2 mm. wide, straight except for the abdomen, which is bent slightly toward the left side; consists of a head and 13 free segments. Head rounded along lateral and anterior margins, wider than long, inclosed for a third of its length in the first thoracic segment. Eyes near posterolateral margins of the head, small; 24 25 26 FIGURES 22—26.—Stegias clibanarii Richardson, male: 22, Ventral view; 23, first antenna ; 24, second antenna; 25, head, dorsal view; 26, tip of abdomen, ventral view there are circular spots continuous posteriorly with pigmented sin- uous bands, which reach to the posterior margin of the head. First antennae 3-segmented, second antennae 2-segmented. Thorax com- posed of seven free segments, each of which bears a pair of subchelate pereiopods; first pair of pereiopods smaller than the remaining pairs. Abdomen 6-segmented ; first five segments each bear a pair of conical ventral appendages. Sixth segment terminating in two lateral and a smaller median conical process; asymmetrical, the right process being longer than the left. Types.—Female, in the Peabody Museum, Yale University; male, U.S.N.M. No. 65146. REFERENCES CHOPRA, B. 1923. Bopyrid isopods parasitic on Indian Decapoda Macrura. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 25, pp. 411-550, pls. 11-21, 32 figs. 1927. The littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Manaar. Bopy- rid isopods. Bull. Madras Gov. Mus., Nat. Hist. Seet., vol. 1, pp. 119-122, 2 figs. 1930. Further notes on bopyrid isopods parasitic on Indian Decapoda Macrura. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 32, pp. 113-147, pls. 4-6, 5 figs. Hay, W. P. 1917. A new genus and three new species of parasitic isopod crustaceans. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, pp. 569-574, pls. 98-100. NIERSTRASZ, H. F., and BRENDER A BRANDIS, G. A. 1929. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition 1914-16. Hpi- caridea. I. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, vol. 87, pp. 1-44, 538 figs. 1931. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition. Epicaridea. II. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk naturh. Foren. Kjgbenhavn, vol. 91, pp. 147-226, 125 figs., 1 pl. RICHARDSON, HARRIET. 1905. A monograph on the isopods of North America... U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 54, 727 pp., 740 figs. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: {932 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81, ART: 2) PE THE ‘‘ ESPERANZA’"’ UNDER SAIL PORT TANAMO, CUBA, FROM THE SEA BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI BY THE PARISH-SMITHSONIAN EXPEDITION OF 1930 By ALEXANDER WETMORE Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution INTRODUCTION The Parish-Smithsonian Expedition of 1930 was organized by the late Lee H. Parish, with the cooperation of his father, Semmes W. Parish, for zoological exploration in Haiti, including also in its scope studies along the northern coast of Cuba. Though planned principally to cover work with birds and reptiles, so far as practica- ble the investigations included also collections of mammals, fishes, mollusks, and other groups. The present report is concerned with the birds, of which 558 specimens and six sets of eggs were obtained. The party had at its service the yacht H'speranza (pl. 1), an 80- foot ketch-rigged boat equipped with an auxiliary engine, so that it was practicable to work at a number of important areas, particu- larly in Haiti, that otherwise would have been difficult of access. Besides the two already mentioned, the party included Mrs. S. W. Parish, who assisted in radio communication, in photography, and in the care of specimens, and Watson M. Perrygo, of the staff of taxidermists of the United States National Museum. In addition to being head of the scientific party Lee Parish was captain and navigator, and was untiring in his efforts to promote the success of the work. The party devoted the major part of its time to collections on islands lying off the Haitian coast, as the Esperanza offered an exceptional opportunity for study in these comparatively little-worked areas. The Esperanza left Miami, Fla., in the afternoon of February 15, 1930. The following morning a black-throated blue warbler and two Maryland yellowthroats came aboard, and the first specimen of the expedition, a yellowthroat, was obtained. On the same day the ship passed Bimini and that night anchored at Gun Cay in the Bahamas, but no landing could be made because of stormy weather. After a stormy passage the ship anchored at Gibara, Cuba, on February 20, and remained there until February 28, allowing oppor- No. 2925.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSsEuM, VOL. 81, ART. 2 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 81 tunity for collections along the shore 3 miles east, on Santa Rosalia Lagoon, and on the Rio Gibara above its mouth. On February 26, the naturalists visited a cave approximately a mile south of the town. On March 1 the H’speranza anchored in the bay of Ténamo (pl. 1), where collections were made on the two following days south of town and on Turones Cay. On March 4, the party stopped to collect at Cayo Grande de Moa, and near the mouths of the Moa and Fabrico Rivers (pl. 2), where conditions were so interesting that they remained until March 9. They arrived at Baracoa (pl. 2) on the 9th and remained there until March 11, and then continued through the Windward Passage, arriving in Port au Prince on March 13. The party obtained necessary permits to allow scientific collecting in Haiti through the kind offices of Gen. J. H. Russell, who at that time was American High Commissioner, and of others, and on - March 19 they sailed for Gonave Island, accompanied by Colonel and Mrs. Coyle and Lieut. Faustin Wirkus. That afternoon they landed on Petite Gonave Island, where a number of iguanas and various birds were obtained. (Pl. 3.) This island is of low eleva- tion and has an area of approximately 15 acres, the surface being mainly a sharply eroded limestone with a mangrove swamp at the center. On March 20 the /’speranza anchored near the lighthouse at the western end of Gonave Island, a point where important collec- tions were made, as little or no work had been done in this remote section. On March 21 they moved to Anse 4 Galets and the follow- ing day made a trip into the interior of Gonave to a region known as Palma. (Pl. 3.) They returned on the 23d to Port au Prince to obtain supplies for a voyage along the southwestern peninsula. While here collections were made on March 26, 27, and 28 at Montct, and on March 31 an area southwest of Port au Prince was visited. On April 1 Lee Parish collected near Thomazeau. On April 4 the “’speranza sailed to the westward arriving in the Bay of Baradeéres the following day (pl. 4). On April 6 the party visited two caves near a point called Mapou to explore for bones of extinct mammals. The first cave entered was small and, though so dry that conditions were favorable, produced no bones. A barn owl was taken and some human remains were found on a shelf. The second cave was deep, with water seeping through the ceiling, mak- ing it too damp for bones to have been preserved. Many birds were observed in the area adjacent. Further collections were made on the peninsula near Grand-Boucan on April 7, and on April 9, under guidance of the chief of the section, an expedition on horseback was made up the fertile valley of Petit Trou de Nippes to a cave con- ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 3 taining a large pool of clear water. The first chamber of this cavern was dry but contained no bones, while the inner chambers were damp. On April 10 and 11 collections were made near the mouth of the Baradéres River. (PI. 4.) About dark on April 11 the /speranza anchored off Grande Caye- mite Island, rather large in area, rough and rocky, with broad areas covered with “Madame Michel” grass. The ship remained there until the following day and then moved to Petite Cayemite Island, which resembles the larger adjacent island in being of roughly eroded limestone. Work continued there until April 18, when Mr. and Mrs. Parish crossed to Corail for supplies, stopping on the way to collect at Bug Island, where they obtained numerous birds. (Pl. 5.) On April 21 the party anchored in Bigie Bay (Pl. 5) at the ex- treme western end of the southwestern peninsula, and remained there, because of rough seas, until April 24, to collect in that vicinity and to recuperate from attacks of fever. On April 26 they came to Aux Cayes for supplies, and the following day crossed to Ile a Vache, dropping anchor in the beautiful little land-locked harbor of Feret Bay. (PI. 6.) This bay, at the western end of the island, is lined by sandy beaches behind which grow coconut, cashew, and mango trees. From a boat, carried across into a salt-water lagoon in the interior, crocodiles and many other reptiles were collected. As the island had been unknown zoologically, all collections were important, and the party remained there until May 8. Collections were made throughout the higher ground of the western part of the island, and also on Raquette Cay, a small island off the eastern head- land of Feret Bay, a haunt of pelicans and frigate birds. Among the reptiles taken at [le & Vache were a number of living specimens for the National Zoological Park. On May 6 a trip was made into the swampy region in the eastern part of the island. Going by way of Bigie Bay, the “’speranza anchored at daybreak on May 10 in Lulu Bay at Navassa Island. (PI. 7.) Landing was made by means of a steel ladder, which allowed ascent of the 20-foot cliff that bounds the lower level of the island. The island, unin- habited by man, was covered with low trees and thorny bushes grow- ing over a rough, eroded limestone with little soil. Because of weather conditions the shore party had to return to the ship at 10 a. m., but they covered a good part of the island and obtained a representative set of the birds and a few reptiles. With no shelter from the blazing sun, heat was so intense that the collectors returned to the ship nearly exhausted. High seas prevented further work planned at the western end of Gonave Island, and the boat continued along the south coast of Gonave, anchoring on May 13 at Petite Gon- 4. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 ave Island. ‘The following day a number of live iguanas were ob- tained for the National Zoological Park, and studies were made that might be used subsequently in preparing a habitat group of these interesting animals. The native fishermen were much afraid of these great lizards, but said that they were easily captured by putting rum in hollows in the rocks, where the iguanas would drink it and become helpless. The six obtained were taken by hand, the dangerous attributes of these animals being entirely imaginary. That evening the party sailed for Port au Prince. Miscellaneous collecting con- tinued in that vicinity until the H’'speranza set sail for Miami on May 24, and Mr. Perrygo left for New York on the steamship Ancon on May 28. The expedition was highly successful in its objective of making collections on remote islands, and the specimens obtained, particu- larly the series of birds and reptiles, form valuable additions to the Haitian collections of the United States National Museum. The success of the work was due largely to the initiative of Lee H. Parish, who was responsible for the organization of the party and whose skill as a navigator and resourcefulness under the difficult conditions of travel in waters remote from ordinary facilities made possible the scientific investigation of a number of little-known locali- ties. Mr. Parish, in addition to these responsible duties, assisted con- stantly in the zoological work, both in collecting and in the prepara- tion of specimens. DISCUSSION OF THE AVIFAUNA The collection from Haiti included skins of the black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens virens) and the black-whiskered vireo (Vireo olivaceus barbatula) as first records for Hispaniola. In addition there were two forms new to science, the Navassa ground dove (Columbigallina passerina navassae) and the Ile & Vache bull- finch (Lowigilla violacea parishi). With these the total list of birds known for Hispaniola is increased to 219. Great interest attaches to the forms of birds that occur on the off- lying islands, as it frequently happens that common species on the larger land mass do not occur on its small dependencies. As indi- cated in the introductory statement of this report, the present expe- dition made special attempt to collect on small offshore islands, and it met with good success in these efforts. The birds recorded from certain of the islands will now be considered in more detail. GONAVE ISLAND The bird life of Gonave Island has been carefully studied by Dr. W. L. Abbott, with later collections from visits by A. J. Poole and W. M. Perrygo, traveling for the National Museum, so that Wetmore U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROGEEDINGS, VOL. 81, ART. 2 PE: 2 NEAR BARACOA, CUBA U.S. NATICNAL MUSEUM PROGCEEDING'S, VOEs 381; ARi.-2) PE“3 GONAVE ISLAND, INLAND FROM ANSE A GALETS THE SHORE LINE OF PETITE GONAVE ISLAND Native fishermen in foreground. ART, 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 5 and Swales? have listed 84 forms from that island on the basis of the collections mentioned. The Parish expedition obtained in addition the tropic-bird (Phaéthon lepturus catesbyi) and the black-whisk- ered vireo (Vireo olivaceus barbatula), which raise the total to 86. The tropic-bird is a nesting species, and the vireo is a migrant that nests in southern Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba. NAVASSA ISLAND The specimens secured on Navassa Island established the subspe- cific distinctness of the Navassa ground dove, described from skins collected by the present expedition as Columbigallina passerina na~ vassae (Wetmore). Other species obtained have been listed’ pre-. viously, though it is interesting to call attention to the collection of. another skin of the ani (Crotophaga ani) from Navassa, further evidence that this cuckoo is a regular resident on the island. PETITE GONAVE ISLAND The island of Petite Gonave at the eastern end of Gonave Island has an area of approximately 15 acres, most of which is a very sharply eroded limestone formation, with a mangrove swamp in the center. The island is the home of a few fishermen and is remark- able especially for the occurrence of iguanas that range there in abundance. Several of these were captured alive for the National Zoological Park. As would be expected, relatively few species of birds were obtained during a few hours’ collecting, the total list numbering only 10. The golden warbler is one of considerable interest, since it is the same form as that found on Gonave Island and differs from that of the main island. The occurrence of the clapper rail is of interest as it is of decidedly local occurrence in this region. Following is the complete list to date, which will be extended principally through the occurrence of migrants, though there are several other resident forms that should occur: Mouisiana Meron sess ek! ski) o eth Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis. Bittleibluewheron ssw. se Florida caerulea caerulescens. West Indian green heron________________ Butorides virescens maculatus. Hispaniolan clapper rail________________. Rallus longirostris vafer. Semipalmated plover___________________. Charadrius semipalmatus. Lesser yellowlegs__________/_-_-_-- 5 Totanus flavipes. Hastern white-winged dove_____________ Melopelia asiatica asiatica. Gravékine pind ee Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis. Gonave golden warbler_________________. Dendroica petechia solaris. Northern water-thrush__..______--_____- Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis. eS a a 2 1U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull, 155, 1931, pp. 47-48. 2Idem, p. 53. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 81 GRANDE CAYEMITE ISLAND The island of Grande Cayemite, located near the center of the northern shore of the southwestern peninsula of Haiti, is nearly 9 kilometers long by 5 kilometers broad, and rises to an elevation of about 152 meters. It is rough and rocky with considerable area of scrub and many patches of “ Madame Michel” grass. The avi- fauna of this island has been known previously from the work of Dr. W. L. Abbott, who recorded there 13 forms of birds from January 4 to 14,1918. The Parish party increased this number by 12, so that it will be of interest to give the entire list as at present constituted. The presence of Ridgway’s hawk, the golden warbler (the same form that inhabits adjacent Haiti), and the clapper rail is of interest. Several species recorded on the adjacent island of Petite Cayemite will undoubtedly be found here also. Following is the list of forms: West Indian brown pelican________-___ Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis. SHOW. hero nam soa Ue ih et ORE Leucophoyaz thula thula. Wowisiana heron ere ine aS CEs ey Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis. Wrest Indian! green herons ic oo Butorides virescens maculatus. Yellow-crowned night heron____________ Nyctanassa violacea violacea. RG sways Maile ea cuae ce ade ela Sah Buteo ridgwayi. Elispaniolan clapper rail 2-2 Rallus longirostris vafer. Hufous-naped plover. Se Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha. MESSERryellowlegsee 20 S30) Re AAI ay Aes Totanus flavipes. east vsangpiper 4s Pisobia minutilla. Black-neckedstiltsic i wes ype ie te Himantopus mexicanus. White-crowned pigeon_______________ Columba leucocephala. ACNALOA COVG= SR We a Zenaida zenaida zenaida. ENSpaniOlanuparrOta oe eee ae Amazona ventralis. PASSING Heese aye LoL AL HELL Ws ee een ra reo SEE Crotophaga ani. Grey Min Sp ir ee ae Berkel aad ehh ly Cid Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis. Eispaniolan flycatcher. 2020 WC n aa: Myiarchus dominicensis. TAMA CAM HVATEO 4 oi eee Cl EN wh a Vireo olivaceus olivaceus. Hispaniolan golden warbler____________. Dendroica petechia albicollis. May ntlesswearblersit: sis ial 2b Suess Anes Dendroica coronata coronata. Black-throated blue warbler____________ Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens. Palminwarblersw vats Svek vite ibaa ees 82 Dendroica palmarum palmarum. Northern prairie warblerz. 2 2.004 Dendroica discolor discolor. Grinnell’s ;:water-thrushoi2_ 325 Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. Yellow-ftacedigrassquits: @ ut su Wine ee! Tiaris olivacea olivacea. PETITE CAYEMITE ISLAND The island of Petite Cayemite, located a little more than a kilo- meter west of Grande Cayemite Island, is about 3 kilometers long by 2 kilometers broad. The surface is of roughly eroded limestone covered with dense growths of ‘‘ Madame Michel” grass and with some scrub, through which travel is difficult as there are few trails. The only previous visit of a naturalist recorded is that of Dr. W. L. ART, 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE vi Abbott, who went there for a few hours on January 13, 1918. The naturalists of the Parish expedition collected 20 species of birds, and one form not obtained by them was secured by Doctor Abbott, mak- ing the known lst 21. There will be various additions as further work is done. Following is the complete list as known at present: Mitte sblue heron 22-222 ee ae Florida caerulea caerulescens. Yellow-crowned night heron____________. Nyctanassa violacea violacea, West Indian red-tailed hawk___________ Buteo jamaicensis jamaicensis. Ridgeway S Nawko=- Buteo ridgwayi. Hispaniolan sparrow hawk______----_-~- Falco sparverius dominicensis. Black-necked: Stilt .0 222-8 8 Himantopus mexicanus, White-crowned pigeon_______-__________ Columba leucocephala. Cubanyeround doves-.=—- 2 eee eae, Columbigallina passerina insularis. ey West.quail-dove o£... eke Oreopeleia chrysia. -Hispaniolan vervain hummingbird_____~ Mellisuga minima vielloti. Hispaniolan mango hummingbird_______. Anthracothorax dominicus. Cave Kan Sin Oe ee Se Le eS Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis. Huspaniolan: flycatcher... -§ = 2! Myiarchus domiinicensis, Hispaniolan mockingbird_______________ Mimus polyglottos dominicus. BaImMaiCans VileCOs 2. Ss ee es, Vireo olivaceus olivaceus. Hispaniolan honey-creeper______________ Coereba bananivora bananivora, Hispaniolan golden warbler____-_______. Dendroica petechia albicollis. Cape Maly warbler... Dendroica tigrina. VTL isla ere ee OE a ey Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus. SUSU SS CANT Lee nam oe Setophaga ruticilla. Yellow-faced grassquit_________________. Tiaris olivacea olivacea. ILE A VACHE Tle & Vache lies off the southern coast of the southwestern penin- sula of Haiti, opposite the town of Aux Cayes, and is between 10 and 12 kilometers distant from the main shore. The island is about 12 kilometers long by 5 or a little more wide. The western end is ele- vated and rolling with many indentations along its shore line, while the eastern section is low and swampy. The island supports a num- ber of families, but has tracts of brush and scrub, and birds are common. The “/speranza was anchored in Feret Bay, which was made the headquarters for work that covered the greater part of the island. So far as known no other naturalists have worked there, so that especial attention was given to obtaining collections as com- plete as possible. The bird list included 387 species, of which the bullfinch, which has been described as Lowigilla violacea parishi, proved new. A noteworthy species is Ridgway’s hawk, of rare oc- currence in most localities. The island seems an especially favorable point for the study of spring migration from the specimens obtained. The black-throated green warbler, obtained here by the Parish Expedition, is the first record for Haiti, and other species were recorded at rather late dates. Following is the complete list of species : 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 81 Antillean: (erebe: 8 33 Soe Sa a 2 es Podilymbus podiceps antillarum. West Indian brown pelican_____________ Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis. eee eh oo) 0 G0 A a a, ce a OW EN Fregata magnificens. MOUISTAT A NESTON ee ees tees eee wel ee eee ea Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis. Ditthle:sblue! herons 22 Be ae ae Florida caerulea caerulescens. | West Indian green heron______________- Butorides virescens maculatus. | Yellow-crowned night heron______-.___- Nyctanassa violacea violacea, West Indian’ tree-ducke 2 eee Dendrocygna arborea. FRAG Sway’ Si Hayy We oe aCe wees cree Buteo ridgwayi. Hispaniolan sparrow hawk___________-_- Falco sparverius dominicensis. Antillean yea lla es eee eae see Te Gallinula chloropus portoricensis. Spotted) sand pipers sac amiie Menino Actitis macularia. Black-necked Ss Chto ose ee ee Himantopus mexicanus. White-crowned pigeon_________________- Columba leucocephala. Wihite-winged| doves wa a ae Melopclia asiatica asiatica. Cubanieround | dovest. 6202 2 a ee Columbigallina passerina insularis. Mane rovenCuckOOl nimi. 2.2 Me ee ee, Coccyzus minor teres. ACT yDtalie a IPR OIN UG a aeeg Crotophaga ani. Hispaniolan mango hummingbird_____~_-. Anthracothoraz dominicus. Grayakine bind ces cee oe ee ae Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis. Hispaniolan flycatcher. --* Myiarchus dominicensis. Bakes WwallO Wee se ee ee Riparia riparia riparia, Hispaniolan cliff swallow--_______-_-__- Petrochelidon fulva fulwa. Hispaniolan mockingbird .__-.______-_ Mimus polyglottos dominicus. JAMAICA AVITCOW 26 oes ee ee ES Vireo olivaceus olivaceus. Black-whiskered vireo__________--______ Vireo olivaceus barbatula. Hispaniolan honey-creeper_____________- Coereba bananivora bananivora. Black and white warbler_______________ Mniotilta varia. Black-throated green warbler__________- Dendroica virens virens. Northern prairie warbler______-_______ Dendroica discolor discolor. Bla ck-poll.wwarbleris 22.26) 42 Dendroica striata. Northern: water-thrush. 2 Seiurus noveboracensis novebora- censis. HIspaniglanngracklex ssa. .s Sie ete BRAUaaS Holoquiscalus niger niger. Tle A Vache palm tanager______________ Phaenicophilus poliocephalus _ tet- raopes. Yellow-faced grassquit._.____._.___._.___. Tiaris olivacea olivacea. Mareh's s2r ass uite 2 ree tee ails Se Tiaris bicolor marchii. Rarish’s bp ulldine pes) Le ae oe 2 ee el Lowvigilla violacea parishi. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 381, ART.72 "RL.4 NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE BARADERES RIVER, HAITI SHORE LINE NEAR PETIT TROU DE NIPPES, HAITI U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81, ART. 2 PL.5 TOWN OF CORAIL, HAITI The Cayemite Islands in the distance. BIGIE BAY, HAITI U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOEs8i. ART. 27 -REs6. FERET BAY, ILE A VACHE, HAITI! FERET BAY, ILE A VACHE, HAITI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 81, ART. 2 PL. 7 NAVASSA ISLAND SHORE LINE OF NAVASSA ISLAND, SHOWING UNDERCUT BOUNDARY CLIFF ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS Order COLYMBIFORMES Family COLYMBIDAE, Grebes PODILYMBUS PODICEPS ANTILLARUM Bangs ANTILLEAN GREBE Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Banas, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, vol. 4, Mar. 31, 1913, p. 89 (Bueyciito, Province of Oriente, Cuba). W. M. Perrygo obtained an adult female and a young bird only a few days old on a small stream near Montet on March 27. The chick does not differ appreciably from the young of P. p. podiceps of the United States. Two other chicks, taken on [le & Vache on May 8, were preserved in alcohol. Order PELECANIFORMES Suborder PHAETHONTES Family PHAETHONTIDAE, Tropic-birds PHAETHON LEPTURUS CATESBYI Brandt YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD Phaéthon Catesbyi Branpt, Bull. Sci. ’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, vol. 4, May 10, 1888, p. 98 (Bermuda). On March 21, 1930, eight pairs of tropic-birds were found along cliffs at the western end of Gonave Island, where they appeared to be nesting. A pair was collected by S. W. Parish. The bird has not been recorded here previously. Suborder PELECANI Family PELECANIDAE, Pelicans PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS OCCIDENTALIS Linnaeus WEsT INDIAN BROWN PELICAN Pelecanus Onocrotalus 8 occidentalis Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 215 (Jamaica). A male pelican, an immature bird with a mixture of gray on the crown, was collected by S. W. Parish at Grand-Boucan on Bara- déres Bay, April 11, 1930. This bird with a wing measurement of 104957—32 2 9 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 465 mm is of the typical West Indian race. Others were recorded at Anse 3 Galets on Gonave Island, March 22, and at Ile & Vache April 28. At the latter locality a female was prepared as a skeleton on May 5. PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin NoRTHERN BROWN PELICAN Pelecanus carolinensis GmeEtin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 571 (Charles- ton Harbor, 8. C.). A female, secured on March 7 at Cayo Grande de Moa, is an adult bird in postbreeding plumage. This specimen has a wing measure- ment of 495 mm and is a representative of the northern race found along the coasts of the Southeastern United States, which is dis- tinguished from the West Indian bird by larger size. It seems probable that the Moa specimen comes from the north as a wan- derer, but its capture suggests the possibility that the resident pelican of the northern coast of Cuba may not be the typical West Indian form, but instead may be the same as the breeding bird of Florida. The writer and Dr. Robert Cushman Murphy arrived independently at belief in the distinctness of this form, which has been recognized also by J. L. Peters.* The name here used seems to be the earliest that has been apphed to the brown pelican of the United States. Pelecanus albicollis C. J. Maynard, described * from Cedar Keys, Fla., is a synonym. Family SULIDAE, Gannets and Boobies SULA PISCATOR (Linnaeus) RED-FOOTED BooBy Pelecanus Piscator LinNAxEvS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 184 (Java Sea). Six specimens of this booby were taken from the hundreds seen on Navassa Island on May 10, 1930. The skins prepared include one young bird in downy plumage with wing and tail feathers partly grown. Two of the specimens are in gray plumage with white tails, and one is in full adult white dress. The breeding colony here ap- pears to be extensive, as the collectors speak of hundreds of birds seen. 3 Check list of birds of the world, vol. 1, 1931, p. 81. 4 Amer. Sportsman, vol. 3, no. 24, Mar. 14, 1874, p. 379. ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE il Suborder FREGATAE Family FREGATIDAE, Man-o’-war Birds FREGATA MAGNIFICENS Mathews FRIGATE-BIRD Fregata minor magnificens MATHEWS, Austral Avian Rec., vol. 2, Dec. 19, 1914, p. 120 (Barrington Island, Galapagos Archipelago). The five skins secured include an adult male, and an immature male with white head and underparts, taken 10 miles east of Bara- déres on April 6, and an adult female and two young shot on Navassa: Island on May 10. One of the young is in down with contour feath- ers appearing on the back. The other has wings and tail partly devel- - oped and adult feathers appearing on back and breast. These speci- mens establish this species as a breeding bird of Navassa Island. Hundreds were observed here on the date when specimens were taken. The frigate-bird was recorded also at Anse & Galets on March 22 and at Ile & Vache on April 28. Order CICONITFORMES Suborder ARDEAE Family ARDEIDAHE, Herons and Bitterns ARDEA HERODIAS ADOXA Oberholser West INDIAN GREAT BLUE HERON Ardea herodias adozxa OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, Dee. 12, 1912, p. 544 (Curagao Island). A female was collected near the mouth of the Gibara River near Gibara, Cuba, on February 24. This specimen has the wing 430 mm, its small size and pale coloration being normal for the West Indian form. A young bird barely grown was caught by a native 10 miles east of Baradéres, Haiti, April 6. The fact that this individual was only recently from the nest indicates breeding for this species some- where in that region, no nesting colonies being definitely known at this time either in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic. Two great blue herons were seen at Anse 4 Galets on Gonave Island on March 22. CASMERODIUS ALBUS EGRETTA (Gmelin) EGRET Ardea Egretta Gmetin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 629 (Cayenne). * An adult female egret was taken by Lee Parish on the Moa River opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 8. The bird is in Le PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 full nuptial plumage in beautiful condition. Barbour® records both the egret and the snowy heron as rare in Cuba to-day. LEUCOPHOYX THULA THULA (Molina) Snowy HERon Ardea Thula Mouina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, p. 235 (Chile). Male and female were taken by S. W. Parish 4 miles east of Gibara, Cuba, on February 22. Both birds are in fully developed nuptial plumage in beautiful condition. In view of the few records of this handsome heron for Haiti, it is of interest to report an adult female in beautiful breeding dress with the plumes fully developed taken by S. W. Parish on Grande Cayemite Island on April 12. The species has not been reported previously from this island. Peters ° is correct in using the genus Leuwcophoyx Sharpe for this species, which differs decidedly from E'gretta garzetta, type of the genus Hgretta, in form of crest and breast feathers. HYDRANASSA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS (Gosse) LOUISIANA HERON Egretta ruficollis Gossr, Birds of Jamaica, 1847, p. 338 (Burnt Savanna River, Jamaica). A male, fully adult, was obtained at the mouth of the Moa River near Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 16. Another male in worn postjuvenal dress was collected at Petit Trou de Nippes, Haiti, April 9. Two others in full breeding plumage were secured on Grande Cayemite Island on April 12, and Ile & Vache on May 6. One was seen on Petite Gonave Island on March 19. A specimen shot on Bug Island opposite Corail on April 18 was pre- served in alcohol. FLORIDA CAERULEA CAERULESCENS (Latham) LITTLE BLUEH HERON Ardea caerulescens LATHAM, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 690 (Cayenne). Two were obtained near Gibara on February 21 and 24; one from Puerto de Tanamo, Cuba, March 2; and one from Cayo Grande de Moa, March 4. One of these is an immature bird in white dress, while the others are adults. ‘The latter resemble other birds from the West Indies in darker coloration when compared with skins from the Southeastern United States. 5 Mem. Nutt. Orn. Club, no. 6, June, 1923, p. 28. 6 Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 1, 1931, p. 113. arr. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 13 Three specimens from Haiti prepared as skins include adults in full breeding plumage taken on Petite Gonave Island on March 19 and Petite Cayemite on April 14. A young bird in mixed slate and white dress was collected on [le & Vache on May 3. Of three of these birds preserved in skeleton form two were taken 4 miles east of Gibara, Cuba, on February 22, and another at Grand- Boucan, Haiti, on April 9. Two taken at Bug Island, opposite Corail, Haiti, on April 18 were preserved in alcohol. BUTORIDES VIRESCENS MACULATUS (Boddaert) West INDIAN GREEN HERON Cancroma maculata BopparertT, Table Planches Enl., 1783, p. 54 (Martinique, Lesser Antilles). Two males collected above the mouth of the Rio Gibara, near the town of Gibara, Cuba, on February 24 and 25, are representatives of the West Indian race of this species. They have wing measure- ments of 166 and 168 mm, respectively. Adult specimens of this heron were taken at Montet near Port au Prince on March 27; on Petite Gonave Island on March 19; 10 miles east of Baradeéres on April 6; Grande Cayemite on April 13 (skeleton) ; and on Ile & Vache on April 28 and May 3. Three young birds were taken from a nest on Ile i, Vache on the date last men- tioned. One of these, recently from the egg, has the long down of the upper surface and wings mouse gray, and of the under surface white. NYCTANASSA VIOLACEA VIOLACEA (Linnaeus) YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Ardea violacea LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143 (South Carolina). A male was collected on Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 4. Three in immature plumage were obtained at Baradéres, Haiti, on April 10, and on Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 15. An adult female was collected on [le & Vache on May 6, and skeletons were taken at the same point April 30 and May 6. One skeleton and two young in alcohol come from Bigie Bay, April 23. IXOBRYCHUS EXILIS EXILIS (Gmelin) EASTERN LEAST BITTERN Ardea cvilis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 645 (Jamaica). Three were obtained at Montet near Port au Prince on March 27, 1930, when about 15 were observed along asmall stream. The two skins preserved, a pair, seem normal in coloration. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE, Ducks, Geese, and Swans DENDROCYGNA ARBOREA (Linnaeus) WeEsT INDIAN TREE-DUCK Anas arborea LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 128 (Jamaica7). One male and three females were secured by S. W. Parish on Ile a Vache in May. Order FALCONIFORMES Suborder FALCONES Family ACCIPITRIDAE, Hawks and Eagles BUTEO JAMAICENSIS JAMAICENSIS (Gmelin) West INDIAN RED-TAILED HAWK Faico jamaicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 266 (Jamaica). Two adult specimens in fine plumage were taken, a male at the western end of Gonave Island on March 21, and a female on Petite Cayemite on April 10. The female has the dark area on the abdomen more extensive and the black more nearly continuous than the male. BUTEO RIDGWAYI (Cory) Rivaway’s Hawk Rupornis ridgwayi Cory, Quart. Journ. Boston Zobl. Soe., vol. 2, Oct., 1883, p. 46 (Samana, Dominican Republic). The three skins taken on Ile & Vache on April 30 and May 1 con- stitute records from a new locality for an interesting bird that ap- parently is now rare except on the Cayemite Islands where Abbott secured a number. ‘T'wo of the skins obtained are adult males, and the third is an immature bird fully grown. The species has been seldom recorded in recent years on the main island and may be dimin- ishing in numbers. A female taken on April 30 was preserved as a skeleton. Doctor Hellmayr informs me that Cory’s types were labeled Sa- mana, the male being taken on April 19 and the female on April 4, 1883, so that Samana, Dominican Republic, is the type locality for this species. Peters ® holds that the group of species usually segregated as the genus Rupornis has no trenchant characters that will separate them from Buteo, in which assumption he appears correct. 7 See Peters, Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 1, 1931, p. 154. 8 Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 1, 1981, p. 228. ArT. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 15 Family FALCONIDAE, Falcons and Caracaras FALCO SPARVERIUS SPARVERIOIDES Vigors CUBAN Sparrow Hawk Falco sparverioides Vicors, Zool. Journ., vol. 3, Dec., 1827, p. 486 (Havana, Cuba). The usual two color phases are represented in the four specimens obtained. Male and female obtained above the mouth of Rio Gibara, near Gibara, Cuba, are in the light phase, while two others, also male and female, from the Rio Fabrico, opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, are strongly rufescent. FALCO SPARVERIUS DOMINICENSIS Gmelin HISPANIOLAN SPARROW HAWK Falco dominicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 285 (Hispaniola). Skins were taken as follows: Male, western end of Gonave Island, Haiti, March 21; Thomazeau, April 1; Petite Cayemite Island, April 14; Ile & Vache, April 27. These show the usual variation in the amount of brown across the chest. Order GRUIFORMES Suborder GRUES Family ARAMIDAE, Limpkins ARAMUS PICTUS ELUCUS Peters LIMPKIN Aramus pictus elucus Prrers, Oce. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, Jan. 30, 1925, p. 143 (Sostia, Dominican Republic). A male, an excellent specimen, was obtained by 8S. W. Parish at Montet near Port au Prince on May 17. This bird has the following measurements: Wing, 317; tail, 132.2; culmen from base, 111.5; and tarsus, 113.5 mm. Family RALLIDAE, Rails RALLUS LONGIROSTRIS VAFER Wetmore HISPANIOLAN CLAPPER RAIL Rallus longirostris vafer WrTMor®, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, yol. 41, June 29, 1928, p. 121 (“troites, Gonave Island, Haiti). Three specimens taken include a male from Petite Gonave Island, March 19; a female from Petit Trou de Nippes, April 9; and a male 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 81 from Grande Cayemite Island, April 11. These agree in color with the series of skins from which this subspecies was described. The three localities represent new records in the distribution of this bird. Measurements are as follows: Males: Wing, 152-154; tail, 65.4-68.7 ; culmen from base, 67.5-68.7 ; tarsus, 59-59.5 mm. Female: Wing, 148.6; tail, 59; culmen from base, 60.8; tarsus, 51.9 mm. The specimen from Grande Cayemite is the first report of this bird from that island. IONORNIS MARTINICUS (Linnaeus) PURPLE GALLINULE Fulica martinica LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed, 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 259 (Martinique). A female was collected by Lee Parish on April 10 near Baradéres. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS PORTORICENSIS Danforth ANTILLEAN GALLINULE Gallinula chloropus portoricensis DANForTH, Auk, 1925, p. 560 (Cartagena La- goon, Porto Rico). Two skins were obtained at Montet, near Port au Prince, where these birds were common, on March 27. On this date a nest con- taining one egg was found. Another was collected at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9, and still another on Ile & Vache on May 6. Skeletons were prepared at all three localities. Order CHARADRIIFORMES Suborder CHARADRII Family CHARADRIIDAE, Plovers, Turnstones, and Surf-birds CHARADRIUS SEMIPALMATUS Bonaparte SEMIPALMATED PLOVER Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 5, Aug., 1825, p. 98 (Coast of New Jersey). A female was collected on Petite Gonave Island on March 19, and two were seen at Montet, near Port au Prince, on March 28. PAGOLLA WILSONIA RUFINUCHA (Ridgway) RUFOUS-NAPED PLOVER Aegialitig Wilsonius var. rufinucha Ringway, Amer. Nat., vol. 8, Feb., 1874, p. 109 (Spanishtown, Jamaica). Two males obtained on March 4 on Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, have the darker dorsal coloration that distinguishes the West Indian arr.2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 17 form of this bird from that of southeastern North America. Accord- ing to Barbour this plover is an uncommon resident in Cuba. Two others shot at the same locality were made into skeletons. In Haiti specimens of this bird were obtained at Grand-Boucan on April 9, and on Grande Cayemite on April 13. OXYECHUS VOCIFERUS RUBIDUS Riley West INDIAN KILLDEER Oxyechus vociferus rubidus Ritey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, Apr. ° 17, 1909, p. 88 (Hispaniola). A female, representative of the resident race of killdeer, was taken at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9. This specimen is very small, having a wing measurement of only 147.1 mm. Another collected at the same time was preserved as a skeleton. SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA CYNOSURAE Thayer and Bangs AMERICAN BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER Squatarola squatarola cynosurae THAYER and Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 5, Apr. 9, 1914, p. 28 (Baillie Island, Arctic America). A female still in winter plumage was shot above the mouth of the Rio Gibara, near Gibara, Cuba, on February 25, and a male in full winter dress was obtained at Grand-Boucan on April 9. ARENARIA INTERPRES MORINELLA (Linnaeus) Ruppy 'TURNSTONE Tringa Morinella LiInNArus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249 (coast of Georgia). One obtained on Bug Island, near Corail, Haiti, on April 18, was preserved in alcohol. Family SCOLOPACIDAE, Woodcock, Snipe, and Sandpipers ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linnaeus) SPOTTED SANDPIPER Tringa macularia LINNAEuS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249 (Penn- sylvania). Skeletons were obtained near the mouth of the Gibara River, Cuba, on February 24, and at Cayo Grande de Moa on March 4. A female in full breeding plumage was collected on Ile 4 Vache, Haiti, on May 6. The date is rather late for this migrant from the north. 104957—32——3 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 TRINGA SOLITARIA SOLITARIA Wilson EASTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER Tringa solitaria WiLson, Amer. Orn., vol. 7, 1818, p. 53, pl. 58, fig. 3 (Pocono Mountains, Pa.). A female in full summer plumage was taken at Montet, near Port au Prince, on March 28. CATOPTROPHORUS SEMIPALMATUS SEMIPALMATUS (Gmelin) EASTERN WILLET Scolopaxz semipalnata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (New York). A male in full breeding plumage was taken on Cayo Grande de Moa on March 4. Barbour, in his memoir on the avifauna of this island,® says that he has seen few willets in Cuba. TOTANUS FLAVIPES (Gmelin) LESSER YELLOWLEGS Scolopar flavipes GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659 (New York). One preserved as a skeleton was obtained near the mouth of the Gibara River, Cuba, on February 24. A female in summer plumage, except for the back where it is still in molt, was taken on Petite Gonave Island on March 19. Another preserved as a skeleton was taken at the same place on the same date, and one was seen at Montet, near Port au Prince, on March 28. PISOBIA MINUTILLA (Vieillot) LEAST SANDPIPER Tringa minutilla Virtttot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 34, 1819, p. 466 (Halifax, Nova Scotia). A female was obtained at Grand-Boucan on April 9. EREUNETES PUSILLUS (Linnaeus) SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER Tringa pusilla LINNAkUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 252 (Wispaniola). A female was secured at Grand-Boucan on April 9. 9 Barbour, T., Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, no. 6, June, 1923. p. 67. ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 19 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE, Avocets and Stilts HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS (Miiller) BLACK-NECKED STILT Charadrius Mezricanus MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 117 (Mexico). Four skins obtained were collected by Lee and 8. W. Parish at Petit Trou de Nippes and Grand-Boucan on April 9; Petite Cayemite Island on April 13; and He a Vache on May 6. These localities give additional detail in the distribution of this species, which is resident locally in the coastal plain. Order COLUMBIFORMES Suborder COLUMBAE Family COLUMBIDAHE, Doves and Pigeons COLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA Linnaeus WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON. Columba lewcocephala LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Bahama Islands). Two specimens of this widely distributed pigeon were taken on the Rio Fabrico opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 6 and 8. In Haiti seven vthers were prepared as skins as follows: Petite Gonave Island, March 19, two males; Grande Cayemite Island, April 11, male; Petite Cayemite Island, April 12 and 13, male and female; Tle & Vache, April 30 and May 2, two males. In addition to these a number of skulls and skeletons were preserved. The species was common in all these island localities. COLUMBA SQUAMOSA Bonnaterre ScALreD PIGEON Columba squamosa BONNATERRE, Tableau Ene, Méth., vol. 1, 1792, p. 234 (Guadeloupe Island, West Indies). Two were shot on the Rio Fabrico opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 7 and 8. ZENAIDA ZENAIDA ZENAIDA (Bonaparte) ZENAIDA DOVE Columba zenaida BoNAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 5, June 30, 1825, p. 30 (Florida Keys). A female taken at Cayo Grande de Moa, Cuba, on March 6, was preserved as a skeleton, and the following day a male in deeply col- 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 81 ored plumage was obtained. An adult female was taken at the western end of Gonave Island March 21, and a male, prepared as a skeleton, on Grande Cayemite on April 12. The species is here first recorded for the last island mentioned. ZENAIDURA MACROURA MACROURA (Linnaeus) CUBAN MOURNING DOVE Columba macroura LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Cuba). An adult male was taken near Gibara, Cuba, on February 22. Two eggs collected near the same point on February 24 are white and have the following measurements: 27.4 by 20.8 and 27.1 by 20 mm. In Haiti a male mourning dove was secured near Montet on March 28. MELOPELIA ASIATICA ASIATICA (Linnaeus) EASTERN WHITE-WINGED DOVE Columba asiatica LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 168 (Jamaica). A female was taken at Puerto de Tanamo, Cuba, on March 2. This bird has the rump brownish like the back, instead of gray as in other skins seen from Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Old Providence Island. It is the only one from Cuba in the collections of the National Museum. Other skins were obtained on Petite Gonave Island on March 19; ten miles southwest of Port au Prince on March 31; at Grand-Boucan on April 9; and on Petite Cayemite on April 12. Birds were observed near the western end of Gonave Island on March 21. Skeleton or alcoholic specimens were obtained at Bug Island, opposite Corail, on April 18, and at Ile & Vache on May 3, two juvenile birds being included from the latter locality. COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA INSULARIS Ridgway CUBAN GROUND DOVE Columbigallina passerina insularis Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 10, 1887, p. 574 (Grand Cayman). Two males and one female were obtained near Gibara on Febru- ary 21. On February 24 a set of two eggs was taken here, one of them being broken. The other measures 21.9 by 16.4 mm. The size of this egg is similar to that of specimens I have seen from Haiti. Four skins taken on Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 15, and three obtained on Ile & Vache on April 80, are similar to speci- mens from the main island of Haiti. In addition to these, skeletons or alcoholics were obtained at the western end of Gonave Island on March 21, and at Grand-Boucan on April 9, with others from Gibara, Petite Cayemite, and Tle & Vache. ArT, 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 2k It has recently been decided that the generic name for this group, currently known as Chaemepelia (also spelled Chamaepelia), must again become Columbigallina.® COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA NAVASSAE (Wetmore) Navassa GROUND DOVE Chaemepelia passerina navassae WETMORE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 48, Sept. 26, 1930, p. 149 (Navassa Island). This race, similar to C. p. insularis but grayer, less brownish on the dorsal surface, lighter below, and averaging somewhat smaller, was described from two males and three females collected on Navassa Island on May 10 by S. W. Parish and W. M. Perrygo. Following is the original description of the type specimen : Type, U. S. N. M. No. 317212, male adult, Navassa Island, May 10, 1980, collected by W. M. Perrygo (original number, 566). Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts hair brown; hindneck and posterior part of crown dawn gray, with each feather margined narrowly with deep neutral gray, producing a scalloped appearance; forepart of crown slightly brighter than avellaneous; lesser and middle wing- coverts and inner scapulars between vinaceous-fawn and fawn color, becoming grayer toward outer margin of wing, the inner feathers spotted with plum purple, the spots having a metallic sheen; con- cealed portions of primaries and outer secondaries pecan brown; inner secondaries and tips and outer margins of outer secondaries and primaries blackish brown; ninth primary with a very narrow whitish margin on distal part of outer web; sixth to eighth primaries with a narrow margin of pecan brown on outer web; primary coverts pecan brown at base and dull blackish at tips; middle pair of rectrices deep mouse gray; others black with a narrow white edging on outer web of outermost at distal end; chin and throat whitish with a wash of avellaneous; line behind eye vinaceous-fawn; feathers of sides of head and sides of upper foreneck pale vinaceous-fawn, with narrow terminal margins of fawn color; those of lower foreneck and breast blackish basally, with a narrow margin of pale vinaceous-fawn and a very narrow distal edging of fawn color; lower breast and sides between avellaneous and vinaceous-fawn; abdomen dull whitish; under tail-coverts basally hair brown, margined broadly with dull whitish; under surface of wings Mikado brown. Bill blackish at tip; yellowish brown basally; cere blackish brown; tarsus and toes dull sayal brown (from dried skins). Measurements are as follows: Males, five specimens: Wing, 79.6-82 (80.9) ; tail, 51.6-57.5 (54.8) ; culmen with cere, 9.8 (10.87) ; tarsus, 14.8-16 (15.2) mm. 10This name is used in the A. O. U. check-list of North American birds, 4th ed., 1931, p. 155. 4 Four specimens, 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81. Females, five specimens: Wing, 76.2-838 (80); tail, 52.4-57.5 (58.6); culmen with cere, 11.1-11.7 (11.4%); tarsus, 13.8-15.8 (14.7) mm. Type, male: Wing, 81; tail, 55; culmen with cere, 10.8; tarsus, 14.8 mim. The differences marking the ground dove of Navassa Island were first observed in examining three males and three females in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History obtained in July, 1917, by R. H. Beck. These skins were in considerably worn dress, and after some consideration they were laid aside, since there was possibility that the hghter coloration was due to wear and fading. The receipt of five skins in unworn plumage taken during work of the Parish-Smithsonian expedition of 1930 substantiates the earlier observations of lighter color and leaves no hesitation in describing this race. The differences noted are more obvious in females than in males. Though occasional skins of C. p. insularis are closely similar to C. p. navassae, the average of imsularis is decidedly darker. It is interesting to note that the variation of the Navassa Island bird is in the direction of C. p. ewigua Riley from Mona Island in the pas- sage between Porto Rico and the Dominican Republic, environ- mental conditions on Mona and Navassa from available information being much the same. In addition to the skins listed one male was prepared as a skeleton. OREOPELEIA MONTANA (Linnaeus) Ruppy QUAIL-DOVEH Columba montana LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163 (Jamaica). Three specimens, one preserved as a skeleton, were taken 10 miles cast of Baradéres on April 6. There are few records for this species from the Republic of Haiti. OREOPELEIYA CHRYSIA (Bonaparte) Key WEST QUAIL-DOVE Geotrygon chrysia BoNAparTe, Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris), vol. 40, 1855, p. 100 (Florida). A female was secured by Lee Parish on Petite Cayemite Island on April 17. A male obtained on Gonave Island on March 23 was prepared as a skeleton. 2 Three specimens. ART, 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 23 Order PSITTACIFORMES Family PSITTACIDAE, Parrots, Paroquets, and Macaws AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA LEUCOCEPHALA (Linnaeus) CUBAN PARROT Psittacus leucocephalus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 100 (Cuba). Two males and one female made into skins were taken on the Rio Fabrico opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 6 and 7. Others obtained were prepared as skeletons and alcoholics. The form of this bird found on the island of Cuba proper is reputed to be growing steadily more rare. Order CUCULIFORMES Suborder CUCULI Family CUCULIDAE, Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis COCCYZUS MINOR TERES Peters MANGROVE CUCKOO Coccyzus minor teres Pretrers, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, vol. 9, June 24, 1927, p. 112 (Sosfia, Dominican Republic). A female was obtained at Palma, in the interior of Gonave Island back of Anse 4 Galets, on March 23, and a male and a female were secured on Ile & Vache on April 27. The latter seem similar to birds from the main island. SAUROTHERA MERLINI MERLINI d’Orbigny CuBAN LIzARD-CUCKOO Saurothera merlini p’OrBIGNY, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Isla de Cuba, pt. 2, vol. Aves, 1839, p. 115, pl. 25 (Cuba). Skins were forwarded from Gibara on February 25; Tanamo on March 2; and the Rio Moa opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 6. SAUROTHERA LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS (Hermann) HISPANIOLAN LIZARD-CUCKOO Cuculus longirostris HERMANN, Tab. Affin. Anim., 17838, p. 186 (Hispaniola). Male and female were taken at Bigie Bay on April 21. A male secured near Baradéres on April 6 was prepared as a skeleton. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 CROTOPHAGA ANI Linnaeus ANI Crotophaga ani LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105 (Jamaica). Three were obtained at Gibara, Cuba, on February 21, and one on the Rio Fabrico opposite Cayo Grande de Moa on March 8. Other skins were forwarded from near Port au Prince on March 98, Grande Cayemite Island on April 12, fle & Vache on April 27 and 30, and Navassa Island on May 10. The specimen from Navassa seems to indicate that this curious bird is found there regularly, since there is an old skin in the National Museum obtained on this island December 3, 1890, by J. F. R. Dufour. Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE, Barn Owls TYTO GLAUCOPS (Kaup) HISPANIOLAN BARN OWL Strix glaucops Kaur, Jardine’s Contr. Ornith., 1852, p. 118 (Dominican Republic). A female was taken in a cave 10 miles east of Baradéres on April 6. This bird is in the brownish phase of plumage. Family STRIGIDAE, Typical Owls SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA TROGLODYTES Wetmore and Swales HISPANIOLAN BuRROWING OWL Speotyto cunicularia troglodytes Wrrmore and Swates, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 155, Mar. 7, 1931, p. 289 (Haiti). Male and female were taken at Thomazeau on April 1 by Lee Parish. Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Suborder CAPRIMULGI Family CAPRIMULGIDAE, Goatsuckers ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS (Gmelin) CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW Caprimulgus carolinensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028 (South Carolina). A female was shot at Tanamo on March 1. ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 25 Order MICROPODIFORMES Suborder MICROPODII Family MICROPODIDAE, Swifts TACHORNIS PHOENICOBIA PHOENICOBIA Gosse PALM SWIFT Tachornis phoenicobia Gosssr, Birds of Jamaica, 1847, p. 58 (Jamaica). A female of this interesting swift was taken by Lee Parish at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9. Suborder TROCHILI Family TROCHILIDAE, Hummingbirds MELLISUGA MINIMA VIELLOTI (Shaw) HISPANIOLAN VERVAIN HUMMINGBIRD Trochilus vielloti SHaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 8, pt. 1, 1812, p. 347 (Hispaniola). Specimens that were preserved in alcohol were obtained on Gonave Island on March 23, and on Petite Cayemite Island on April 13 and 14. RICCORDIA RICORDII RICORDII (Gervais) RicorD’s HMERALD HUMMINGBIRD Trochilus ricordii Gervais, Mag. Zool., Mar., 1835, Cl. II, pls. 41, 42 (Santiago, Cuba). A male was taken near Gibara on February 21, and a female on Turones Cay, near Puerto de Tanamo, on March 2. ANTHRACOTHORAX DOMINICUS (Linnaeus) HISPANIOLAN MANGO HUMMINGBIRD Trochilus dominicus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 191 (His- paniola). This large hummingbird is represented by five skins and five skeletons and alcoholics taken on Gonave Island on March 21 and 28; Petite Cayemite Island on April 18 and 17; and Le & Vache on April 30 and May 1. The species is common on Gonave, and is reported here for the first time from Petite Cayemite and Ile 4 Vache. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE, Trogons TEMNOTROGON ROSEIGASTER (Vieillot) HISPANIOLAN TROGON Trogon roseigaster Vir1rLor, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vol 8, 1817, p. 314 (Hispaniola). A male and a female in excellent plumage were taken 10 miles east of Baradéres, Haiti, on April 6 by W. M. Perrygo. A skeleton of this species was prepared at Petit Trou de Nippes on April 9, and another at Bigie on April 23. PRIOTELUS TEMNURUS TEMNURUS (Temminck) CUBAN TROGON Trogon temnurus TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., livr. 55, Feb., 1825, pl. 326 (“ Cuba et 4 la Havane”’). Three taken were obtained at Puerto de Taénamo on March 1 and 2, and 2 miles above the mouth of the Rio Moa, opposite Cayo Grande de Moa, on March 6. Order CORACIIFORMES Suborder ALCEDINES Family ALCEDINIDAE, Kingfishers MEGACERYLE ALCYON ALCYON (Linnaeus) EASTERN BELTED KINGFISHER Alcedo aleyon LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 115 (South Carolina). A female was secured near Baradéres on April 11 by S. W. Parish. This bird is in considerably worn plumage and apparently had not renewed its plumage properly at the last molt. Family TODIDAE, Todies TODUS MULTICOLOR EXILIS Barbour and Brooks EASTERN CUBAN Topy Todus multicolor exilis BARBouR and Brooxs, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, vol. 6, Jan. 13, 1917, p. 51 (Preston, Nipe Bay, Province of Oriente, Cuba). Two were taken near Puerto de Tanamo, Cuba, on March 1. Examination of the considerable series of Cuban todies in the National Museum collections indicates that the two races differ- entiated by Barbour and Brooks are easily distinguished, the eastern ART. 2 BIRDS COLLECTED IN CUBA AND HAITI—WETMORE 27 bird having the blue on the side of the neck paler, and the yellow patch at the base of the forehead slightly duller and of less extent. As the ranges of the two forms remain to be worked out in detail, localities for the specimens in our collection are listed, as follows: Todus multicolor multicolor: Banios San Vicente, San Diego de los Bafios, Cabanas, and El Guama in Pinar del Rio Province; Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. Todus multicolor exilis: Santiago, Guantanamo, San Luis, Guama, El Cobre, and Puerto de Tanamo, in Oriente Province. TODUS SUBULATUS Gray HISPANIOLAN Topy Todus subulatus “Gould” Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1, Apr., 1847, pl. 22 (Hispaniola), Skins and alcoholics of the omnipresent lowland tody were ob- tained at the western end of Gonave Island, Haiti, on March 21, and a skin 10 miles east of Baradéres on April 6. 1 Secondary spicules, oxeas (fig. 31 D, E’) ; size, 2u by 80h to 2u by 100n; these em might be regarded as microscleres. ee ae a Remarks.—The systematic position of E those sponges having spicules princi- Ficurw 31—Prianos problematicus pally strongyles needs some explanation. = aye che ae eer The first assignment of such was by mature 4 O. Schmidt to his genus Reniera (1862, page 72), type species ?. aguaeductus. Simultaneously he established £. cratera, which has a spiculation of strongyles only. Vosmaer in 1885 referred to this as genotype of Reniera, but this can not be, as Schmidt plainly stated in his original description that aguaeductus is the type. Among other Renieras with strongyles may be men- tioned PR. amorpha Schmidt (1864, p. 38), R. hebes Schmidt (1870, p. 40), and R. crassa Carter (1876, p. 312), which may be a Strongy- lophora (see below). The first genus created for sponges characterized by strongyle spiculation was Prianos Gray (1867, p. 520) for Schmidt’s Reniera amorpha (see above). This genus was regarded by Vosmaer (1885, p. 234) as not separable from Reniera, and it has therefore been subsequently ignored and forgotten. Prianos amorphus is not 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 82 renierid, however, but contains spicules in confusion; Reniera (Hali- clona) is for sponges with oxeas in isodictyal reticulation. As a matter of fact there is a British sponge that answers rather closely to Schmidt’s description of amorpha. Bowerbank (1874, p. 243) called it Desmacidon colwmella, and subsequent authors, led by Hanitsch (1894, p. 180) have called it Stylotella columella. Stylo- tella Lendenfeld (1888, p. 185), type species as fixed by Hallmann (1914, p. 3848), S. digitata (which is Ridley’s Hymeniacidon agmin- ata), is suberitid. It must be said that the specimen of columella that I collected at Plymouth, in September, 1928, agreed even more closely with Schmidt’s description of amorpha than did Bowerbank’s original description. The species columella and amorpha may or may not be specifically identical, but they are clearly congeneric and not properly Reniera, Desmacidon, or Stylotella. Prianos may quite fitly be employed for them. Other genera with strongyles as principal spicules include the fol- lowing without microscleres: Joyeuxia Topsent (1892, p. 93), type species J. viridis. In this the spicules are almost all dermal, the endosome being nearly devoid of skeleton. Some of the spicules are oxeas. See the genus Phloe- dictyon for comparisons. Batzella Topsent (1893, p. xxxtv), type species B. inops, like the above has very few spicules at all. It had mycalid embryos. Some of its spicules were styles. See /nflatella for comparisons. Liosina Thiele (1899, p. 16), type species Z. paradowa. This may be asynonym of Prianos. Petrosia Vosmaer (1885, p. 338), type species P. dura, is stony hard. It is interesting to compare consistencies here, as both Prianos amorphus and P. columellus are very soft, while P. proble- maticus is intermediate, just moderately stiff and firm. Protoschmidtia Czerniavsky (1879, p. 380), type species P. simplex. This genus is inadequately known; is referred to as halichondroid with hispid dermis, “surface set over with tubes,” spicules strongyles. The following genera with microscleres have strongyles as prin- cipal spicules. In view of the well-known fact that microscleres may be lacking for unknown reasons, all species without them may be but derivatives by reduction, but often it is impossible to ascer- tain the source. Prianos may therefore really be congeneric with some one of the following: Barbozia Dendy (1922, p. 181), type species B. primitiva. The microscleres are amnisochelas and _ discorhabds; the sponge is papillate. Phlyctaenopora Topsent (1904, p. 198), type species P. bitorquis. The microscleres are anisochelas and sigmas; this also is papillate. ART, 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 63 Guitarra Carter (1874, p. 210), type species G. fimbriata. The microscleres are very peculiar and distinctive, and therefore one can hardly believe that this is closely related to the others here mentioned. This is very provocative of thought in view of the im- possibility of sharply separating it were it to lose its microscleres as individuals probably do. Dyscliona Kirkpatrick (1900, p. 352), type species D. davidi, a boring sponge with very peculiar microscleres; this is another rea- son for doubting that similarity of megascleres indicates close re- lationship in absence of other bonds of unity. Strongylacidon von Lendenfeld (1897, p. 110), type species S. sansibarense. This has anisochelas as microscleres. Strongylamma Hallmann (1917, p. 643), type species S. carter?. This had two sizes of spiny microrhabds and contained much sand. Strongylophora Dendy (1905, p. 141), type species S. duriss¢ma- This had smooth microrhabds, often bent, and was stony hard. Although far from certain, it is quite possible that one of or all these last three are congeneric with Prianos. The structures are such that all may be considered much more closely related to Prianos than that genus or any of them is to Renzera. ‘The same should be said of Petrosia and Liosina. It should be kept in mind that, of all these, Prianos (1867) has the priority. Order POECILOSCLERINA Topsent Family DESMACIDONIDAE Gray Genus BIEMNA J. E. Gray BIEMNA RHADIA de Laubenfels Biemna rhadia DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21507; B.M. No. 29.9.30.17. Type locality.—The one specimen was collected by E. F. Ricketts in 1925 from Monterey Bay, Calif., depth 700 meters; it was lodged in a recess of a macerated dictyonine hexactinellid sponge skeleton. Description.—Shape, amorphous. Size, 7 mm hieh, 12 mm in di- ameter. Consistency, stiffly fragile. Color dry, drab. Oscules and pores, not evident, because of cavernous structure. Surface, super- ficially very cavernous. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane about 15p thick; detachable, fleshy, containing microscleres but not megascleres. En- dosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with stiff, ascending, branch- ing tracts. Principal, or ascending, tracts about 400, in diameter, cored by densely packed styles. There seems to be little or no spongin present. 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 Principal spicules, styles (fig. 32, 4); size, about 20n by 1,300n. First microscleres, sigmas (fig. 32, B); size, about 134 by 300u. Sec- ond microscleres, sigmas (fig. 32, (); size, about 4» by 90n. Third microscleres, sigmas (fig. 32, ); size, about lp by 25. Fourth microscleres, smooth raphides (not figured) ; size, Iu by 120 to 2u by 210,; these are usually packed in short fascicular tracts about 50u in diameter. Remarks.—The nearest relative of this form seems to be B. (Des- macella) fortis 'Topsent, 1897, from the East Indies and Red Sea, which differs in not having the larger size range of sigmas. Biemna megalosigma Hentschel, 1912, has the large size range of sigmas as well as the medium and smaller, but has peculiar siliceous spheres mses = = > FiGcurE 32.—Biemna rhadia de Laubenfels, X300. A, termina- tions of the styles, showing their thickness but not their length ; B—D, range in size and shape of the sigmas not in the California species, has megascleres but two-thirds as large, and raphides also much smaller. It may well be that upon making | thorough revision of the genus one would find these and numerous other species of Biemna worthy of reduction to synonymy, but this step does not seem called for at present. Similar species of this genus are reported from practically all parts of the world. Genus DESMACELLA Schmidt DESMACELLA VAGABUNDA Schmidt Desmacella vagabunda O. Scumipt, 1870, p. 53. Holotype.—Location unknown; described from the West Indies. Material examined—One of several specimens (U.S.N.M. No. 21508; B.M. No. 29.8.22.61) growing in the interstices of a macerated dictyonine hexactinellid sponge skeleton collected by E. I’. Ricketts, May 9, 1929, in Monterey Bay, depth 700 meters. ART, 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 65 Description——Shape, amorphous. Size, undeterminable, because of concealment in hexactinellid skeleton. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when dry, drab. Oscules, flush with the cloacal surface of the hexactinellid, each almost filling the cavity left by one of the hexact’s oscules. Pores, not evident. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a very thin, detachable, fleshy dermis. It contains a few scattered microscleres. Endosomal structure, short plumose columns or simple brushes of tylostyles, points toward the surface, accompanied by a surprisingly small quantity of proto- plasmic material. Principal spicules, tylostyles (fig. 33, 4,6); size, about 154 by 600... Microscleres, sigmas (fig. 33, )); length, about 60y. r oo 2 B FicurRE 335.—Desmacella vagabunda Schmidt, 300. OC, an unusual modification of the head of the megasclere Remarks —Schmidt’s Desmacella vagabunda was very briefly described. The sponge now under discussion offers so little material for examination that it can only be said to be imperfectly known. It seems better to identify it with vagabunda than to establish a new species for it, because all that we know of it agrees suffi- ciently well with what we know of vagabunda to make it probable that they are conspecific. ZYGHERPE, new genus This genus is of the family Desmacidonidae and is close to Desmacella, from which it differs chiefly by the addition of the diancistra to the other skeletal elements. Genotype: Zygherpe hya- loderma, new species. ZYGHERPE HYALODERMA, new species Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 22060; B.M. No. 30.10.8.3. Type locality—rThe holotype was collected by me on July 13, 1930, at Point Lobos, intertidal, south of Carmel, Calif. The en- crustation carpeted a rock on the floor of a grotto, which was in- accessible except at very low tide. 107704—32—_5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. $1 Description—Shape, encrusting. Size, 1 to 3 mm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitely. Consistency, soft, fleshy. Color in life, pale ochraceous-yellow. Surface, lipostomous and smooth. A con- spicuous feature of the living and preserved sponge is the very evident system of comparatively coarse canals meandering about beneath the transparent dermis, branching and reuniting. It is to be presumed that contractile minute exhalent apertures riddled the covering to these canals during life, and that similar inhalent open- ings were dispersed over the rest of the surface. Ectosomal specialization, fleshy, abundantly packed with micro- scleres. Endosomal structure, basically fleshy with abundant microscleres and scattered ascending plumose tracts of tylostyles, points upward and out- ward. These make incon- A —— spicuous terminal brushes = at the places where the CIAS ea ak tracts reach the surface. SSS > These tracts are approxi- Ee => mately 50% apart; they Ficurn 34—dZygherpe hyaloderma, new species: branch and anastomose A-E, X300; F-H, X 600 but rarely. Megascleres, tylostyles about 54 by 150y. First microscleres, sigmas 254 to 50» in length of chord. Second microscleres, dian- cistras, the points nearly meeting. Remarks—The diancistra is a very curious and characteristic spicule. Possession thereof can hardly be used, however, as an indication of close phylogenetic relationship, for the three previously described genera having this microsclere differ fully as much from each other as from Zygherpe. In addition to the diancistra, each possesses other spicules as follows: Hamacantha, styles to oxea and toxas with rhaphides; Vomerula, styles and toxas with chelas; Pozziella, exotyles, peculiar styles and very peculiar sigmas. As mentioned above, Zygherpe seems much more closely related to Desmacella than to any other genus. Genus MYCALE J. E. Gray MYCALE BELLABELLENSIS (Lambe) Esperella bellabellensis LAMBE, 1905, p. 14. Esperella fisheri DE LAUBENFELS 1926, p. 570. Holotype—tIn the Museum of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada. Type locality.—The west coast of Canada. Material examined.—There is a magnificent specimen of this sponge at Hopkins Marine Station (Pacific Grove) a good 4 feet ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 67 in diameter; it was taken at a depth of about 50 meters, date not recorded, in Monterey Bay, entangled on a fisherman’s line. It is represented by U.S.N.M. No. 21440 and B.M. No. 28.11.64. KE. F. Ricketts also collected a specimen from Monterey Bay, depth 800 meters, date not recorded. It is represented by U.S.N.M. No. 21470 and B.M. No. 29.8.22.12. Description—Shape, stipitate, older specimens funnel-shaped. Size, up to at least 100 cm high, 122 cm in diameter. Consistency, between spongy and fragile. Color in life and when preserved, drab, Oscules, irregular in size and shape, not definitely delineated, espe- cially in the larger specimens. Pores, represented by even more irregular openings. Surface, superficially very rough with depres- sions sometimes 5 cm deep. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane. It is fleshy, very thin, and contains microscleres and a very few megascleres. Endo- 49 88 3 FIGURBD 35.—WMycale bellabellensis (Lambe), X300. Spicules of Californian specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 21470 and B.M. No. 29.8.22.12). Microscleres B, D, and # in front and side views somal structure cavernous, traversed by spicular tracts which branch but rarely anastomose. Principal, or ascending, fibers up to 1 mm in diameter, cored by abundant styles. Principal spicules, styles (fig. 385, 4); size, 124 by 432 to 13 by 491p. First microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 35, B); length, 70n to 90n, often in rosettes. Second microscleres, palmate ani- sochelas (fig. 35, C’) ; length, 32 to 386. Third microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 35, 1); length, 224 to 27». Fourth microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 35, /’); length, about 22n. Remarks.—The large funnel-shaped Californian specimen (U. 8. N. M. No. 21440 and B. M. No, 28.11.6.4) agrees with Lambe’s rather closely ; but Lambe recorded small sigmas (19 to 304) ; whereas long search has so far yielded only one doubtfully proper sigma in the California specimen, and Lambe’s was much smaller. I have also another specimen still smaller, possibly a juvenile, collected at a depth of about 800 meters in Monterey Bay by E. F. Ricketts. It is 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 only 10 cm high and 6 cm in diameter and is stipitate but not funnel- shaped, being instead rather lobate. It agrees with the funnel- shaped specimens except that it seems to have no sigmas at all, but instead a few toxas about 4u by 400u. It has also numerous palmate isochelas about 22 long, which may be foreign, yet several species of Mycale are recorded with such microscleres in addition to the typical amoschelas. That they and the toxas may not be proper is indicated by the finding of a few such obviously foreign spicules as some plesiasters, tylotes, and short renierid oxeas, but the isochelas are quite numerous. The surface of this specimen is also notably dit- ferent, in having a distinct oscule 4 mm in diameter and definite con- tractile dermal pores, one to three to each square millimeter of surface. MYCALE MACGINITIEI? de Laubenfels Mycale macginitiei ph LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21471; B.M. No. 29.8.22.3. Type locality—Elkhorn Slough (intertidal) on the east shore of Monterey Bay, Calif., collected by Prof. G. E. MacGinitie, March 1, 1929. Several years ago a pile of rocks was dumped at one place in this area of tidal mud flats, and this sponge and a Halisarca have now appeared encrusting them. Description—Shape, encrusting. Size, less than 1 cm_ thick. Patches mostly less than 6 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, about 30, in diameter and about 70 from center to center. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; very thin, detach- able, fleshy, contains spicules in confusion. Endosoma] structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with fibers; little or no reticulation is present. Principal, or ascending, fibers 70u to 100u in diameter, cored by many spicules, but with little spongin. Below the surface they expand in brushes, the most divergent spicules being actually within the dermis. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 36, 4); size, 91 by 250p to 10u by 2804. First microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 36, B) ; length, 30p to 36, often in rosettes. Second microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 36, C’) ; length, about 134. Third microscleres, toxas (fig. 36, D); length, 45» to 75y. Fourth microscleres, sigmas (fig. 36, Z’) ; length, 60, to 75. The microscleres are distributed generally throughout the flesh. The toxas are very rare. Remarks.—The nearest relatives of this species seem to be the Mycale macilenta Bowerbank, 1866, from Great Britain (recorded by Hentschel in 1912 from Australia), and Mycale aegagropila Bower- * Named for Prof. G. EB. MacGinitie, of Stanford University, who discovered this sponge. ABT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 69 bank, 1866, from Great Britain. /. macilenta differs in having enor- mous toxas. M. aegagropila differs in that its megascleres, sigmas, and toxas are 15 to 50 per cent larger than in macginitiei. Were one to synonymize those two, macginitiet would fall as a third synonym. As long as the two mentioned are retained as separate species, macgini- tiet should also stand. Bowerbank put macilenta in Hymeniacidon, aegagropila in Desmacidon,; and Gray, 1867, made a genus Aegagro- phila for the latter. Some recent authors, especially Wilson, 1925, synonymize macilenta with aegagropila. On the other hand, Hent- schel, 1913, gives data that seem to me adequate demonstration of sufficient difference to warrant retaining most of the present species earner eee ee ede) ee ee AOA 66 —~ SD B 5 NN C3 FIGURE 36.—Mycale macginitiet de Laubenfels, 500 of Mycale for our convenience in discussing them, if for no other reason. The differences between these others and macginitiez, though not great, when taken in conjunction with the geographical loca- tions, make it seem advisable to retain it and them as distinct species. Genus PARESPERELLA Dendy PARESPERELLA PSILA de Laubenfels Paresperella psila DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 26. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21478; B. M. No. 29.8.22.38. Type locality—Monterey Bay, Calif., trawled by Prof. 'T. Skogs- berg, on March 30, 1929, depth 15 meters. I found one other specimen, beachworn and macerated, in the wrack at Hopkins Marine Station, March 20, 1929. That the species may be moderately common is indicated by the frequency with which one notes the distinctive serrated sigmas in sponges having obviously foreign spicules. There is this much evidence to indicate its occurrence also in southern California. Description.—Shape, amorphous to massive. Size, 3 cm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, between spongy and fragile. Color in life and when preserved, pale drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, 50 to 200 in diameter; abundant. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane, about 20, thick. It is fleshy, detachable, and contains abundant tangentially placed spicules of all the sorts characteristic of the species. Endosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with very evident threadlike fibers. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 81 Very few of the large sigmas are found in the endosome. Ascending fibers, 100 to 300 in diameter, cored by the styles. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 87, 4); size, about 10% by 410u. First microscleres, giant serrated sigmas (fig. 37, B); length, . about 210u to 265. Second microscleres, sigmas (fig. 37, C’) ; length, about 40% to 454. Third microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 37, D); often in rosettes; length, 32” to 38. Fourth microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 37, #’); length, 16n to 17p. Remarks.—Hentschel (1913) in his summary of the genus Mycale includes Paresperella (Dendy, 1905, p. 162, type species P. serrato- hamata), but I hesitate to drop Dendy’s genus without further study. The size of the sigmas can not be used, it is true, for all grades occur intermediate between the giant ones of Paresperella and the typical small ones of Mycale, but the serration may be a distinctive difference; and for the present, I propose to use it as 2 CLS FIGURE 37.—Paresperella psila de Laubenfels, 300 distinctive of Paresperella, retaining this genus. The only sponge having spicule measurements at all close to those of psila is Mycale fascifibula Topsent, 1904, from the Azores, but its megascleres are polytylote, it has raphides, and its large sigmas not serrated. Lambe (1894, p. 130) records a sponge from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, as ’sperella serratohamata Carter, but it is quite distinct from psi/a and is not certainly correctly identified with Carter’s species. As compared to psla, it has much smaller (3354) mega- scleres, smaller (157) macrosigmas, lacks the smaller anisochelas, and has toxas, which pszla lacks. Genus ESPERIOPSIS Carter ESPERIOPSIS ORIGINALIS de Laubenfels Esperiopsis originalis DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—vU.S.N.M. No. 21441; B.M. No. 29.8.22.54. Type locality.—Pacific Grove, Calif., July 2, 1926, intertidal, col- lected by me. The species is common in this vicinity. At first I ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS wt confused it with Ophlitaspongia pennata (which see); but in addi- tion to the differences between the sponges there is also a difference in the habitat, the two overlapping little if any. As noted elsewhere, pennata occurs nearer high-tide mark than any other sponge of which I know, usually on the sides of bowlders beneath pendant seaweed. £. originalis occurs very near low-tide mark and also be- low it, usually underneath stones. It also grows loose and unat- tached or on coralline algae. It is moderately common in central California, and on March 14, 1926, I found several small patches of this species encrusting rocks intertidally at Laguna Beach. DPescription.—Shape, massive. Size, 2 by 3 by 7 cm. Consistency, stiff, slightly compressible. Color in life, hight brownish red; pre- served, pale drab. Oscules, round, not raised; diameter, up to 2 cm. The oscules are largest and most frequent where the sponge is thickest. One small, undamaged specimen brought into the labora- tory, July 2, 1926, exhibited strong oscular currents, tall transparent protoplasmic “chimneys” being thrown up above the surface by the force of the stream. They were contractile, at times reducing the size of the actual opening to far less than that of the canal or cloaca below, without shortening much if at all. In this sponge the cloacal tubes were about 300 in diameter, and the chimneys raised also about 300u above the surface. Pores, not evident; clearly they must be exceedingly minute. Surface, superficially very smooth. Ectosomal] specialization, a dermal membrane only 2p to 5u thick; detachable, fleshy, contains probabiy but one cell layer and seemingly no spicules. Endosomal structure, a very regular reticulation of strong fibers perpendicular to the surface, containing a little spongin and many rows of styles, points almost always toward the surface. The connectives are merely single spicules, however, but placed almost as symmetrically as the rungs of a ladder. Histological de- tails: The subspherical flagellate chambers are about 30, in diame- ter. Ascending fibers, 25 to 354 in diameter and about 150u apart. Accessory, or transverse, fibers, single spicules only. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 38, A, B); size, 12» by 150. to 13 by 155. Mlicroscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 38, C, D) ; length, 13y to 16x. Remarks—Comparison between this species and Ophlitaspongia pennata is interesting. Neither is typical of the genus in which it is now placed, and either could be shifted over to the other genus with- out violence. The two species are easily separated when the micro- scleres are to be found, however, as the one has only chelas where the other has toxas. #. originalis has also much smaller magascleres. The colors are not quite the same, originalis having a rather brownish tinge where pennata is clear bright red. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 This differs from typical /speriopsis in lacking sigmas. ‘The very symmetrical ladder structure is a bit unusual, though isodictyal struc- ture and fibrous structure are common in this genus. The dermis is typical. The closest relative seems to be L’speriopsis glaber Br¢énd- sted (1924, p. 141) from New Zealand, which has exactly the same architecture, but longer styles (up to 10u by 370u), and has three sizes of sigmas. Ficurn 38.—LHsperiopsis originalis de Laubenfels: Portion of the skeleton. A, Maximum size of the megasclere; B, small size of the megasclere, probably immature; C, D, micro- scleres. D, X1,333; others, x300 Genus WILSA‘* de Laubenfels Wilsa may be defined as of the subfamily Mycalinae, for sponges with smooth monaxon megascleres, palmate isochelas and forceps, typically with macrosigmas as well as sigmas of the more usual size. Genotype: Wilsa hymena. WILSA HYMENA de Laubenfels Wilsa hymena pE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 21515; B.M. No. 29.8.22.62. Type locality—Monterey Bay, Calif., May 9, 1929, depth 700 meters, collected by E. F. Ricketts. The one specimen was on the ‘Named for Prof. H. V. Wilson, of the University of North Carolina. se ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS io macerated skeleton of a dictyonine hexactinellid sponge, and was in intimate contact along one edge with Lissodendoryx kyma (which see). Description—Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 by 18 mm in area; the depth can not be measured, as the sponge penetrated into the macer- ated dictyonine skeleton on which it was growing. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when dry, pale drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; fleshy, detachable, about 30, to 70u thick, containing abundant macrosigmas. Endoso- mal structure, the endosome is so blended with the hexactinellid skeleton that its proper structure can not be ascertained. Principal spicules, smooth styles (fig. 39, 4); size, 10u by 330 to 154 by 600u. First microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 39, D) ; length, 17p to 20u. Second microscleres, giant sigmas or macrosigmas en 3b vuus ry FIGURE 39.—Wilsa hymena de Laubenfels, 300 (fig. 89, B) ; length, about 250u. Third microscleres, sigmas (fig. 39, C’); length, 554 to 75y. Fourth microscleres, forceps (fig. 39, 2) ; length, 10 to 12n. Remarks.—Practically all that can be obtained for this interest- ing sponge is of the nature of ectosome. It contains some tornotes and a very few arcuate chelas, obviously from its neighbor Z. kyma. It is packed with the macrosigmas, has but few of the microsigmas, moderate quantities of the palmate isochelas, and rather numerous forceps. These latter appear smooth with less resolving power than 0.95 numerical aperture, and even with the utmost care only the very faintest traces of spination can be discovered, but very small spines are certainly present. The deeper portions contain a few scattered styles as mentioned, but no scheme of their arrangement could be discovered. The closest relative of hymena is clearly Lundbeck’s Esperiopsis forcipula (1905, p. 17), which should also be placed in the genus Wilsa. Its styles are 540u to 680u; its macrosigmas only 83y; its ~\ 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 microsigmas only 30; its chelas are much larger (38, to 50») and more nearly arcuate than those of hymena, its forceps are larger (17) and much more clearly spined. Some authors (see Topsent, 1928) would regard the presence of forceps as of little taxonomic value. Such conclusions as this are probably correct, but until an extensive revision of the phylum is carried out, consistently eliminating the very numerous genera founded on such bases, it is only consistent to continue using such criteria. Topsent himself continues to found many new genera based upon peculiarities of microscleres. I think he is quite justified in this on the grounds of expediency, and I follow this action of his rather than his suggestion that would lead to making H'speriopsis a genus of a size so large as to be unwieldy. Family COELOSPHAERIDAE Hentschel Genus ASTYLINIFER Topsent ASTYLINIFER ARNDTI® de Laubenfels Astylinifer (?) arndti DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—uU.S.N.M. No. 21485; B.M. No. 29.8.22.4. Type locality—Point Pinos, near Pacific Grove, Calif., inter- tidal, July 8, 1929. Several other specimens were secured the same day in the same general locality, where the species seemed definitely to be a new arrival, frequent earlier searches over a period of some five years having failed to yield this sort of sponge. Description.—Shape, encrusting. A Size, 0.4 to 1.3 mm thick; several centimeters in diameter. Consist- ency, mediocre. Color in life, some a P| Specimens ocher-yellow,others wath purple areas, and some halfway c between the two colors present and te “9 appearing brown. Preserved speci- —————oooooOOOOOeeeeeee mens are drab. ; pores Figure 40.—Astylinifer arndti de Laub- a g a Oscules and ‘oft aD enfels, x 300 not evident. Surface, superticially smooth. Ectosomal specialization not discernible. Endosomal structure, predominantly protoplasmic with scattered fascicular bundles of tylotes, often, but not always perpendicular to the surface. At the very base are a few acanthotylostyles perpendicular to the sub- stratum. Principal spicules, tylotes (fig. 40, 4), 34 by 140p to 4 by 145p. Echinating spicules, acanthotylostyles (fig. 40, (), 8n by 110p to 9p ’ Named for Prof. Walther Arndt, of the University of Berlin. ART, 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS (5 by 130. Microscleres, rhaphides (fig. 40, B); size You by 95h to 1p by 140p. Remarks—The other member of this genus, A. planus Topsent (1927, p. 9), has tylotes of double the measurements of those of arndti and a few toxas in addition to diactinal rhaphides. As a mat- ter of fact arndti is very close to the genus Hymedesmia from which it may be derived. It is interesting to compare it to Wymenamphias- tra cyanocry pta from the same general locality. A. arndti has much smaller acanthotylostyles, which further play a very insignificant part in the sponge as a whole, the bulk of it having only tylotes. In cyanocrypta the tylotes are more distinctively just dermal spicules, and, of course, there are the very peculiar microscleres. A further noteworthy difference is in the shape of the ends of the tylotes, which in arndti are ball-lke, nearly spherical; in cyanocrypta they are elongate-oval with hastate terminations. Family MYXILLIDAE Topsent Genus LISSODENDORYX Topsent LISSODENDORYX KYMA de Laubenfels Lissodendoryx kyma DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. _Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 21511; B.M. No. 29.8.22.60. Type locality—The one specimen was growing on the macerated dictyonine skeleton collected by E. F. Ricketts, on May 9, 1929, in Monterey Bay, Calif., depth 700 meters. DeVere. C3 SF FIGURE 41.—Lissodendoryx kyma de Laubenfels, 3800 Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 mm thick, 28 mm in diameter. Consistency, fragile and friable. Color in life and when dry, pale drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, super- ficially wavy, with the troughs about 2 mm deep. Ectosomal specialization, an indefinite sort of dermal membrane, not detachable; it is packed with tangentially placed tornotes. Endosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with large styles in con- fusion. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 Principal spicules, smooth styles (fig. 41, (); size, 25n by 350p. Secondary spicules, styles with spiny heads (fig. 41,2) ; size, 204 by 340u. Ectosomal spicules, tornotes (fig. 41, A); size, 5» by 205p. Microscleres, arcuate chelas (fig. 41, 2) ; length, 25 to 30p. Remarks.—This species is peculiar for having only the one sort of microsclere, and the disproportion between the ectosomal and endosomal spicules is not common. Similar species of this genus are reported from all parts of the world. LISSODENDORYX NOXIOSA de Laubenfels Lissodendoryr nowiosa DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 21467; B. M. No. 29.8.22.14. Type locality—Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, col- lected by me. This species is very abundant in the Monterey region, growing in a variety of situations in the intertidal zone, but most frequently in crevices or under rocks. Description.—Shape, amorphous. Size, at least 10 em high and 15 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life, yellow; pre- served much paler, nearly colorless. Oscules, there may or may not be present surface openings or depressions of very irregular size and shape, which may or may not be oscules or pores or neither or both. Pores, see remarks above. Surface, primarily smooth but with more or less abundant irregularities in the form of both lumps and pits. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane, about 30» thick; so contractile that it is difficult to study the afferent and efferent openings. It is in places easily detachable, but upon removal it contracts so vigorously as to preclude satisfactory study. Else- where it is very difficult to remove it. Apparently it contains few megascleres, the dermal spicules being employed to support it. After its removal the interstices of the endosomal reticulation are exposed with here and there irregular larger apertures. Endosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with a dense isodictyal reticulation of the styles; meshes usually triangular. The styles are often side by side, so placed as to outline chambers with walls having some re- semblance to those of old-fashioned log cabins.. Principal spicules, styles (fig. 42, B, C); size, 10u by 180u to 12n by 200. These styles almost always have about two to four rather large spines; occasionally they have as many as six or eight, and also a few are entirely smooth. The spines are rather more often to be noted on the heads than on the shafts. Very thin forms of both sorts of megascleres are met with, probably immature stages (fig. 41, D). Ectosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 42, 4) ; size, 4. by 180, ART, 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—bDE LAUBENFELS e to 5u by 200n. First microscleres, arcuate chelas (fig. 42, 7); length, 28» to 332. Second microscleres, contort sigmas (fig. 42, 2’) ; length, 82u to 40p. Remarks—Many species of Lissodendoryx have been described as of Mywxilla, and many differ from one another but slightly. Two Myxillas, properly to be transferred to Lissodendoryx, described by Lambe from the west coast of Canada, particularly merit comparison to noxiosa. The first is dacunosa (1892, p. 70), which differs from nowxiosa in having hastate dermal spicules twice the thickness of those in the California species; it i has styles very similar but i with practically no spination, somewhat larger chelas, and smaller sigmas. ‘The second RE ERTIES is firma (1894, p. 122), which Sa has dermal spiculesshaped like a ee , C those of noxiosa, but twice as ‘ thick, and styles about twice ee as large (up to 19x by 366,), D and with no spines at all. Its “ f YF chelas and sigmas are each much larger than in nowiosa, yrevre 42.—Lissodendorye nociosa de Lauben- but quite noteworthy for their fels, 300. F, row of chelas, one at right panes : : i nearly in end view similarity in shape. The styles of noxtosa are peculiar in having a few large spines, there being usually either smooth styles, or styles with many small spines, or many large ones. The most striking characteristic, how- ever, is the strong, offensive odor of nowiosa. I am familiar with one other Lissodendoryx in the living condition (a West Indian form): that has a pungent odor, seemingly the same. In view of the supposed close relationship of Lissodendoryx with Myzilla, it is interesting to note that none of the Myxillas I have known in the living state had this odor. The odor may not be proper, however, as in 1929 I found two specimens of this species that lacked it. LISSODENDORYX REX de Laubenfels Lissodendoryzr rez DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype —U.S.N.M. No. 21512; B.M. No. 29.8.22.63. Type locality—TVhis sponge was growing on the macerated skele- ton of a dictyonine sponge collected in Monterey Bay, Calif., depth 700 meters, by E. F. Ricketts, on May 9, 1929. Description—Shape, massive. Size, 2 cm high, 3 em in diameter. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when dry, drab. Oscules, not evident. The exhalent openings presumably were toward the 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 81 concavity of the macerated hexactinellid on which this species grew, and therefore impossible to study. The bulk of the sponge was on the outer (convex) part of the hexact, but it ramified extensively into the dictyonine framework. Pores, not evident. Surface, super- ficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; very thin, detach- able, fleshy. The dermis contains many of the sigmas, and a few scattered tangential tornotes, and is held up and away from the en- dosome by numerous fascicular bundles of the tornotes, perpendicular to the surface. The Lissodendoryx with which I am familiar in the West Indian region has just such an ectosomal structure. Endosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with scattered styles, most of which have their points toward the surface. Principal spicules, styles (fig. 43, B) ; size, about 16 by 570p. Ec- tosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 43, 4); size, about 7p by 280n. Micro- scleres, sigmas (fig. 48, C’) ; length, 50p to 55y. C3 = Cc JG FIGURE 43.—Lissodendoryr rex de Laubenfels, xX 300 Remarks.—Generic allocation of this sponge is very difficult, even for asponge. The ectosome is typically Lissodendoryx and so are the sigmas, but the complete absence of chelas makes one doubt that this genus is the proper one to use. Smooth styles in the endosome are also characteristic of Lissodendoryx, but not styles so much larger than the ectosomal spicules, and the structure is radically different. Lissodendoryx should have monaxons in compact and nearly isodic- tyal reticulation; this sponge has the mycalid structure of many Biemnas. Biemna has similar spiculation, moreover, except for the special dermal spicules, so this could be described as a Biemna with the ectosome of a Lissodendoryx. One might erect a new genus, but in view of the scarcity of specimens on hand I regard such action as not at present called for. Lundbeck (1905) would make the distinction between Myai/la and Lissodendorya that the former has anchorate chelas, the latter arcu- ate or palmate. Where the chelas occur this is doubtless the best line of demarcation. In this aberrant form lacking the chelas, however, Lissodendoryx is chosen because, as Lundbeck notes, it usually has art. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 79 smooth principal spicules as against Mymilla’s usually spiny principal spicules. Topsent separated Lissodendory# originally on just this difference. Genus MYXILLA O. Schmidt MYXILLA AGENNES de Laubenfels Miucilla agennes DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—vU.S.N.M. No. 21415; B.M. No. 29.9.80.14. Type locality —The one specimen was collected February 16, 1924, by the University of Southern California at Point Fermin near San Pedro, Calif., intertidal. Description—Shape, amorphous. Size, 25 mm high, 30 mm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in alcohol, drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, superficially very lumpy. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; this is 20u to 60 thick, not readily detachable, fleshy, and contains almost no spicules at all, but those present are tornotes. Endosomal structure, “ crumb- of-bread,” with very numerous spicules, often in confusion, but oc- casionally in vague isodictyal reticulation, and again sometimes in ascending plumose col- umns ending in surface > protuberances. - Principal spicules, B Gags eee Soyles usually curved or, Se bent and usually quite smooth, but now and Ge then with a few spines. © Size, Tu by 155p to 10u Sp <> CS EG by 175y. There are a very few about twice this size that may be foreign. There are also many forms barely 1p or 2» thick, which seem to be developmental stages of those mentioned above (fig. 44, B,C); size, Tp by 155p to 10u by 175. Ectosomal spicules, tornotes with ends microspined (fig. 44, 4); size, 4u by 145, to 4p by 155y, rare. First miscroscleres, anchorate chelas (fig. 44, D, #); length, about 27, rare. Second microscleres, sigmas (fig. 44, #); length, 50u to 36u, rare. Remarks.—This species is remarkable for the almost total loss of all but the styles, and on them of the almost total loss of the char- acteristic spination. The typical Mywilla structure is also almost lost. On the other hand, all the items are there, though in reduced quan- tity; a few characteristic dermal tornotes properly placed, a few spines in the endospicules, a few characteristic anchorate chelas, a few Ficgurn 44.—Myzilla agennes de Laubenfels: F', side view of an anchorate chela, 1,333; others, «300 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 sigmas, and bits of the isodictyal reticulation. A little further re- duction and one would have a Hymeniacidon, which like most every simple sponge genus is probably polyphyletic. MYXILLA PARASITICA Lambe Myzilla parasitica LAMBE, 1893, p. 31. Holotype—In the Museum of the Geological Survey, Gttawa, Canada. Type locality.—The west coast of Canada. Material ewxamined—One specimen was collected January 11, 1925, in the south end of Monterey Bay, Calif. The University of South- ern California collected three: One on April 19, 1929, at Point Fer- min, near San Pedro; one without locality data other than depth 30 meters; and one without locality data other than depth 60 meters. Description (U.S.N.M. No. 21473; B.M. No. 29.9.30.15).—Shape, amorphous. Size, up to 15 mm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, firm. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, indistinct, liable to confusion with the: ——————k{*={=z>_ pores. Pores, at least 200, in Se ey diameter when open. Sur- SOREN ieee aa zg itace, superficially very ir- regular; there are smooth places, also even more numer- ous lumps and depressions. (} Ectosomal specialization C D obscure, doubtful. Endo- somal structure, a typical myxilloid isodictyal reticula- FP tion. Histological details: Kal Eq D ( a J The flagellate chambers are subspherical, about 25 in diameter. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 45, B); size, 10n by 170, to: 15 by 2002. Ectosomal spicules, hastate tornotes (fig. 45, A) ; size, Tu by 170n to 11u by 210n. First microscleres, anchorate chelas (fig. 45, C); length, 48, to 68%. Second microscleres, anchorate chelas (fig. 45, D); length, 14» to 18,. Third microscleres, sigmas (fig.. 45, #, F); length, 22 to 52n. Remarks—The specimen collected by the University of Southern California differs from the Monterey specimens in the shape of the larger chela, its median tooth being very much smaller than the corresponding one in the sponge from central California. This variation within the species is surprising, but the agreement in other ways is so striking that there need be little hesitation in identifying Fieurn 45.—Myzilla parasitica Lambe, < 300 Apr. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 81 the two. The resemblance to Lambe’s sponge is not complete, but it is still so great that I hesitate to create a new species when the geographical location is so close. The principal spicules of the Canadian sponge range somewhat larger, and it has a distinct category of very short acanthostyles that I do not find in the Cali- fornia specimens. Lambe’s description mentions no sigmas more than 26u. Aside from these items the agreement is very close. This species is rather close to Mywilla rosacea Lieberkiihn, which is the type species of the genus, a Mediterranean form. On May 11, 1929, I collected a sponge near Pacific Grove, Calif., that had the megascleres and all the characteristics of I. parasitica, but no microscleres. The literature contains very few references to myxillalike sponges without microscleres (see notes under Mywilla versicolor), so this occurrence is most remarkable. As M/. parasitica is probably common in the vicinity, I hesitate to create a new species for this form, but hazard a guess that it was an aberrant growth of M. parasitica. It was crowded with embryos, ovoid in shape, about 200 in diameter. MYXILLA VERSICOLOR Topsent CALIFORNIANA, new variety Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21474; B.M. No. 29.8.22.20. Type locality —Laguna Beach, Calif., intertidal, March 14, 1926, collected by me. Description.—Shape, amorphous. Size, 15 mm thick, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, fragile. Color in life and when preserved, pale drab. Oscules, not evident. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially tuberculate. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; very easily de- tachable, fleshy, containing abundant tangent tylostrongyles. En- dosomal structure, collenchymatous, with spicules in tracts and others in confusion. Histological details: About 90, below the sur- face was a layer of very dark cells, which may have been algae. Principal, or ascending, fibers about 40% in diameter, cored by abundant styles. Principal spicules, smooth tylostyles (fig. 46, B); size, 8u by 265n to 12» by 250u. There are also a few acanthostyles about Tu by 150 (fig. 46, 4). Ectosomal spicules, tylostrongyles (fig. 46, D, F’) ; size, 4u by 240 to 8n by 235y. Interstitial spicules, tylostrongyles, just like the dermal, are found also scattered through the flesh. Remarks.—The nearest relative of this form seems to be Myavlla versicolor 'Topsent (1893, p. xli), from Banyuls, France (on the Mediterranean coast), which differs in having much larger (400,) endosomal tylostyles, more so and more usually spined, and in show- ing a variety of colors not yet found in the Californian form. 107704—32-—_6 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 81 Similar species of this genus are reported from nowhere else, the complete absence of microscleres being noteworthy. As noted under Mywilla parasitica, I collected another myxillid sponge in California with no microscleres, rather clearly an aberrant form of a common local species. Mywxilla versicolor seems the only member of the group definitely attended with such a deficiency, and equally well marked by the peculiar dermal spicule. Ficurn 46.—Myzilla versicolor Topsent californiana, new variety, 300. C, problematical spicule, probably a very early stage of the megascleres, perhaps an uncommon microsclere (a rhaphide) In M. versicolor californiana the dermal spicules are also numerous in the endosome, and the typical Afywilla reticulation is lacking. This latter may or may not be true for the Mediterranean form, all of Topsent’s specimens having been very thin incrustations. Genus IOPHON J. E. Gray IOPHON CHELIFER Ridley and Dendy CALIFORNIANA, new variety Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21401; B.M. No. 29.9.30.7. Type locality—A handful of fragments of this sponge was dredged by the University of Southern California on December 27, 1916, south of San Pedro, Calif., depth 48 meters. Description—Shape, amorphous. Size, the largest fragment is about 2 cm in diameter; the size of the complete sponge (colony) can not be ascertained. Consistency, fragile. Color in alcohol, very dark brown. Oscules, very irregular; diameter, about 1 mm. Pores, minute. Surface, superficially very lumpy and irregular. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; it is fleshy, not easily detachable, and contains few spicules. The tylotes are bunched irregularly at or near the surface. Endosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with a dense myxilloid isodictyal reticulation of acanthostyles, cemented together by a small quantity of spongin at the nodes. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 47, A); size, 124 by 265p to 13n by 2902. Ectosomal spicules, tylotes with heads microspined (fig. 47, C); size, 64 by 250n to 8u by 240u. Interstitial spicules, smooth styles (fig. 47, B); about 3p in diameter; they are probably ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 83 developmental stages of the principal spicules. First microscleres, palmate anisochelas (fig. 47, G); length, 15y to 33». Second micro- sclere, bipocillates (fig. 47, #) ; length always very close to 15, the shorter illustrations in the figure being end views. Remarks.—This form differs from the typical species in having all its spicules, except the palmate anisochelas, somewhat smaller. Lambe (1893, p. 30) describes sponges from the Pacific coast of Canada as lophon chelifer, which should be regarded as synonymous with the new variety. Wilson (1904, p. 143) records sponges from Ficure 47.—Jophon chelifer Ridley and Dendy californiana, new variety : E-G, X1,333; others, 300. F, above and below, spicules more sug- gestive of anchorate chelas than of bipocillates. Such series as this, very easily noted in microscopical preparations of Jophon, point to the pathogenic distortions of chelas the eastern tropical Pacific (Albatross Station 3384) as chelifer, variety ostia-magna. This seems not so close to the Californian form as Lambe’s. The type of the species is from subantarctic waters (Ridley and Dendy, 1886, p. 349). Genus TEDANIA J. E. Gray TEDANIA TOPSENTI ® de Laubenfels Tedania topsenti DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype.-—U.S.N.M. No. 21490; B.M. No. 29.8.22.2. Type locality —Just below low-tide mark at Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., July, 1926; the holotype and several other specimens were all collected by me. ® Named for Prof. Emile Topsent, of the University of Strasbourg. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 Description —Shape, massive to encrusting. Size, up to 3 em thick and more than 8 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life, reddish orange; preserved, very pale drab. Oscules, diameter 0.8 to 11 mm. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth with numerous tubercles less than 1 mm high. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; it is exceedingly thin and difficult to detach intact, and it contains tangentially placed tornotes. Endosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with spicules in confusion. When collected the numerous embryos were conspicuous by their bright red color; they were subspherical and 220u to 270p in diameter. Histological details: The flagellate chambers are sub- spherical, 32 to 40 in diameter. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 48, B); size, about 11p by 2504. Ectosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 48, 4); size, about 8 to 200u. Microscleres (?), rhaphides (fig. 48, (); size, about 2” by 180p. Ficurk 48.—T'edania topsenti de Laubenfels, X< 300 Remarks.—As compared to the other local Tedania, T. towxicalis, this form differs markedly in general appearance and color. It has fewer and thicker rhaphides; its endosomal subtylostyles are half again as thick; and the shape of the dermal tornotes of topsenti is quite peculiar. They are notable for the swollen shape of the central part of the shaft. The spicules here called rhaphides are not at all the rhaphides typical of the genus 7’edania, but instead are possibly merely very young forms of the two sorts of mega- scleres. The general structure, however, and the spiculation of der- mal tornotes over smooth styles are by definition Z’edania. One isochela was found in a boiled-out spicule preparation, but several other similar preparations were made and they and several sections of the sponge itself were studied very carefully without the dis- covery of any more; it was doubtless foreign, but its occurrence should be recorded in view of the faint suggestion of resemblance to Lissodendoryx. One might use Kirkpatrickia but for the very distinctive architecture of the one species (A. variolosa) of that genus. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—bDEz LAUBENFELS 85 TEDANIA TOXICALIS de Laubenfels Tedania tovicalis DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—uU.S.N.M. No. 21492; B.M. No. 29.8.29.24. Lype locality—Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, collected by me. In 1925 this species was abundant in one place and about a dozen specimens were collected, all within a range of a few square meters. In 1926, only a few specimens were observed at the same place, and at no time have I found any in any other locality. This species was found associated with Phyllospadizx, growing around the bases of the stems of this seaweed. Description—Shape, massive; a compound of smoothly rounded parts resembling masses of foam or froth. Size, 3 cm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, softly fragile. Color in life, brownish red; preserved, very pale drab. Oscules, not readily made out, as the surface has numerous pits, from 1.5 to 3 mm in diameter; some of these may be due to seaweed that grew through the sponge, others but “blind” depres- sions, others oscules, SSS, and some of the small- llllllllllEETETee Ss 4 er may be large in- ae halent apertures. Pores, not evident. (Le eee Surface, superficially smooth with numerous cavities as noted above. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; this is fleshy, detachable, about 20. thick, and contains tangentially placed tylotes. Kndosomal structure, “ crumb-of-bread,” with numerous cavities about 1 mm in diameter surrounded by spicules tangent to their periphery, and in places vague tracts of spicules. Principal tracts about 30u in diameter. Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 49, B); size, 2u by 100u to 74 by 200p. Ectosomal spicules, tylotes (fig. 49, 4); size, 84 by 2004 to 14% by 200n. Microscleres, smooth rhaphides (fig. 49, C) ; size, about 24p by 150p. Remarks.—This is sharply marked off from most species of the genus by the tylote nature of its parenchymal monaxons. It has another striking character, its evident toxic nature, which may or may not be present in other species, as most lack descriptions of their characteristics when freshly collected. If a specimen of it be placed in a bucket with other living sea animals, as for example, fish, crabs, mollusks, and worms, in an hour or less they are ob- served to die, while in controls lacking the sponge they survive. Ficure 49.—Tedania towvicalis de Laubenfels, 300 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 This is interesting enough to warrant much further investigation, but since 1926 I have been unable to locate any more examples of this species. Genus TEDANIONE Wilson TEDANIONE OBSCURATA de Laubenfels Tedanione obscurata DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 21494; B.M. No. 29.8.22.25. Type locality —The one specimen is from my personal collection, taken at Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925, intertidal. It was completely covered by a thin growth of a compound ascidian of the family Diademnidae. Description—Shape, amorphous. Size, 25 mm high, 5 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life and when pre- served, drab. Oscules, slightly less than 1 mm in diameter. Pores, not evident because of the overlying ascidian. Some of the open- ings resembling oscules may really be inhalent. Surface, covered as described above. CG Ficurn 50.—Tedanione obscurata de Laubenfels, 300 Ectosomal specialization, none. Endosomal structure, “ crumb- of-bread,” with abundant scattered spicules in confusion. Principal spicules, tylotes to strongyles with heads microspined (fig. 50, A, B) 3; size, 64 by 200 to 12” by 300u. Microscleres, rha- phides (fig. 50, C’); size, about 2 by 80z. Remarks.—In boiled-out spicule mounts one finds a few smooth styles, not shown in the figure. As these are very uncommon and do not show up in the sections of the sponge itself, they are prob- ably foreign, yet they deserve mention. If they are proper, this would be a Z'edania, having almost the entire sponge given over to ectosomal skeleton. Since this specimen had the ectosome proper replaced by the ascidian above mentioned, this is all quite puzzling. The nearest relative of this form seems to be 7’. wilsoni Dendy, 1922, from the Indian Ocean, which differs in having all its spicules about half as thin as the California form; it also had distinct tracts and in general a more orderly structure. It, of course, was not com- bined with an ascidian, but was a thin crust on a hexactinellid sponge. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 87 Family HYMEDESMIIDAE Topsent Genus HYMENAMPHIASTRA de Laubenfels Hymenamphiastra may be defined as differing from Hymetrochota in having unsymmetrical desmalike amphiasters instead of symmet- rical birotulates. Genotype and only species: Hymenamphiastra eyanocry pta. HYMENAMPHIASTRA CYANOCRYPTA de Laubenfels Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—vU.S.N.M. No. 21455; B.M. No. 29.8.22.18. Type locality —Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925, col- lected by me. In July, 1929, I searched for this species, but did not find it. Several other investigators, however, discovered it, and ac- cording to their description it was in the same locality as in 1925, one sufficiently difficult to locate that I had missed it. Judged from their remarks, the colony had more than doubled in size during the four years'elapsing. This species has an unusual habitat. There are numerous rounded granite bowlders piled one above the other, the top layer exposed only at very low tides. This top layer bears abundant life, but if one lifts many stones it is observed that the deeper ones are bare of life; they are, of course, in the dark. It was while investigating to see if any life at all occurred in these depths that this species was discovered. Though in 1925 it was found only about 60 cm below low-tide mark, in 1929, by enlarging its area, it had come up within 20 cm of that point. Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, less than 1 mm thick but spreading laterally from stone to stone so that probably more than a square meter was covered. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life, rich dark cobalt blue, growing gradually paler and paler in alcohol; after four years much blue remains. Oscules, not evident. Pores, at least 10u in diameter; perhaps larger when expanded. Surface, superficially velvety. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane only some 7» thick, not easily detachable, fleshy, containing very few spicules. There are extensive subdermal spaces of great variation in size, some more than 100n% deep. Endosomal structure, at the base of the sponge, where it is in contact with the substratum, there is a thin layer of spongin, at least 10u thick, perhaps much more. Many of the acanthostyles have their heads embedded in this, very nearly per- fectly perpendicular to the substratum. Above this is a zone where some of the acanthostyles are strewn in confusion. Above this, near 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 81 the surface, is a zone where there are few acanthostyles, instead tornotes (subtylotes with hastate ends) in bundles and in confusion. Histological details: Some at least of the flagellate chambers are about 184 in diameter. Throughout the sponge, but especially in the ectosomal regions, there are abundant dark blue spiral microbes, 4y or 5u long and about 1%, thick, very probably symbionts, and certainly responsible for the blue color of the sponge. Bowerbank’s Hymeniacidon gelatinosa (1866, p. 222, probably a Laxosuberites) and a sponge, perhaps identical, which Carter (1882, p. 355) identi- fied as T'erpios coerula, have very similar color and symbionts. Car- ter called these microbes Hypheotria cocrula. Topsent (1900, p. 199) says that he submitted them to M. Lignier, professor of botany at the University of Caen, who identified them as Beggzatoa alba var. é ; re Ficgurp 51.—-Hymenamplhiastra cyanocrypta de Laubenfels: A—D, xX 300; others, * 1,333. H, one of the peculiar microscleres in end view marina Cohn. Recent taxonomic botany does not admit any colored forms to the genus Beggzatoa. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 51, A, B); size, 10u by T5p to 18u by 280u. Ectosomal spicules, tornotes (fig. 51, (7); size, 3p by 160p to 34 by 170. Microscleres, amphiasters (fig. 51, D-H) ; length, 10 to 11p. Remarks—The amphiasters are located abundantly throughout the sponge and might be regarded as greatly modified birotulates, but oftenest they closely resemble desmas. In one place in this sponge were found some anchorate isochelas 264 long, some others 36u long, and some sigmas about 16 long. From their exceedingly local distribution, these would seem branded as foreign inclusions, but they are worthy of mention in view of the indicated relationships. This form is obviously most clearly related to Hymetrochota rotula Topsent (1904, p. 168), type species of and only species in the ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 89 genus. If separate genera, such as Lissodendoryx and Myzilla are to be established upon a distinction of chela form, the Californian form with its contort desmalike obscure birotulates deserves a sep- arate genus from Hymetrochota. H. rotula has megascleres much larger than those in Hymenamphiastra, and has neat symmetrical birotulates of the Jotrochotatype. Reference to the anchorate chelas and the sigmas found in one place in H. cyanocrypta is interesting, because that portion exactly answers to the description of Bower- bank’s Hymedesmia. Hymenamphiastra, Lymetrochota, Hymedes- mia, and Hymesigma are clearly very closely related. Genus ANAATA de Laubenfels, new name - Aaata pE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27 (preoccupied). The genus Anaata may be characterized as of the family Hymedes- miidae, with smooth monaxons in the ectosome, spiny monaxons in the endosome, and isochelas as microscleres. Genotype: Anaata spongigartina. ANAATA SPONGIGARTINA de Laubenfels Aaata spongigartina DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 21428; B.M. No. 29.8.22.13. Type locality—Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., May 11, 1929, intertidal, collected by me. At this locality is a spot, readily recognized from year to year, where there has been a growth of this sponge since 1925. It must either persist or recur regularly with brief absences; the former theory appearing much the more plausi- ble. I know of only this one colony of this species in central Cali- fornia. On July 18, 1914, the University of Southern California collected this species on the wood pilings of the “ Long Wharf,” which was at Santa Monica, in southern California. Their speci- men resembles the type to the most minute details that I could observe. Description—Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 mm thick and about 4 by 10 cm in area as growing. The specimens removed were but portions of this. Consistency, spongy. Color in life, rich brown, slightly reddish; preserved, very pale drab. Oscules—pores—cra- terlike openings over the entire surface, about one to each four square millimeters. Only the one sort of opening could be observed, and no decision is given as to whether all are exhalent or some in- halent. Each crater is externally a subspherical pit about 200 in diameter surrounded by sphinctrate contractile tissue. This does not operate so as to obliterate the pit by contraction, but as follows: At the rim of the crater is a palisade of very straight subtylostyles, points outward, about 100» of each extending beyond the protoplas- 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 81 mic structures. With contraction of the sphincter these spicules are tilted inward till their points almost or quite meet at an apex, cre- ating a conical shield or cap over the aperture. At the base of the chamber there is typically a constriction, so that the opening from it to the ramifying canals of the endosome is only about 100 in diameter. I have never observed the complete closure of the cap above referred to, at the least an opening of 100 being left, but it may be assumed that upon appropriate stimulation, as perhaps by attempted entrance of some enemy, complete closure would be possible. Surface, superficially smooth, with projections as described above. Ectosomal specialization, spiculous; about 100u to 200» thick of spicules (principally the straight smooth subtylostyles) felted to- gether exceedingly densely so there is room for but a minimum of = > VY Qo> ‘ “~ “ Sais = — + oF 493 : we 4 — aAtvsoadd FicuRD 52.—Anaata spongigartina de Laubenfels, x 300 protoplasm. This makes an almost solid siliceous armor. From the difficulty in tearing or cutting this layer, one may guess the presence of spongin, but no evidence of it could be noted in sections. Endo- some, a rather dense protoplasmic structure, with moderately numer- ous acanthotylostyles, typically perpendicular to the substratum, points upward. Histological details: There are flagellate chambers up to nearly 50 in diameter. Ectosomal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 52, A); size, 64 by 190p to 5 by 210n. Endosomal spicules, acanthotylostyles (fig. 52, B, C) ; size, 13 by 115y to 134 by 390u. First microscleres, arcuate isochelas (fig. 52, F); length, 42u to 50u. Second microscleres, arcuate iso- chelas (fig. 52, #) ; length, 23y to 25p. Remarks.—The nearest relative of this species would seem to be Leptosiopsis Topsent (1927, p. 13), type species LZ. ¢naequalis. This has anisochelas of the anchorate type and is much subject to deforma- tion, thus separating that genus from Anaata decidedly. L. inae- qualis has its ectospicules often polytylote and its endospicules ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 91 almost twice as large as those of spongigartina. The peculiar nature of the orifices of spongigartina is most noteworthy. Another genus worthy of mention here is Leptosastra Topsent (1904, p. 194), type species Z. constellata, which has astrose micro- scleres instead of the chelas. If these asters be derived from such deformed chelas as are found in Leptostopsis, and the chelas of Leptosiopsis be regarded as deformities of the symmetrical ones of Anaata, then these three genera might be regarded as a linear series. This is, of course, mere speculation. ANAATA BREPHA de Laubenfels Adata brepha pe LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 21427; B.M. Nos. 29.8.22.86, 29.8.22.57. Type locality.—Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., intertidal, May 11, 1929, collected by me. It was growing over the shell of a Hinnites (a large sessile bivalve mollusk). The locality was about 5 meters from that of the holotype of Anaata spongigartina. Deseription.—Shape, encrusting. Size, well under 1 mm thick, and covering a shell about 7 cm in diameter. Consistency, mediocre. Color in life, salmon red; dry, brownish red; in alcohol, pale flesh color. The Hinnites was full ® , of minute ova and was C Pe Bee ee extruding these at the time of collection. The See sponge was exactly the ( D A same color as these eges. Oscules, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth but following the very rough contours f t} * ] l l f the Figure 53.—Anaata brepha de Laubenfels: A—C, 0 we she 0 € % 300; others, 1,333 E i G scallop. Ectosomal specialization, not discernible because of the extreme thinness of the sponge. The styles were very definitely dermal, how- ever. Endosomal structure, no order discernible (note above), be- cause of the thinness of the incrustation and the great irregularity of the substrate. Ectosomal spicules, styles (fig. 538, A); size, 3u by 190p to 3p by 210». Endosomal spicules, acanthotylostyles (fig. 53, B):; size, 8. by 954 to 8» by 130. Microscleres, arcuate isochelas (fig. 538, C- G); length, 17 to 21p. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 81 Remarks.—The nearest relative of this form seems to be Anaata spongigartina from the same locality, which differs in having a sec- ond (larger) size range of chelas, and much larger megascleres. A. brepha also fails to show the very peculiar apertures of spongigar- tina, perhaps because of its exceedingly thin size. Various conjec- tures naturally arise. Is this but an immature form of spongigar- tina? Monaxon sponges are not known to show pronounced in- crease in spicule size with age. Are the differences due to some such ecological item as food, for example? We absolutely do not know, and consequently, in view of the very distinct differences, I make a new species for this, particularly because of the distinct difference in chela shape between the two forms, a difference seldom seen within a species. Family EURYPONIDAE Topsent Genus EURYPON J. E. Gray EURYPON ASODES de Laubenfels Eurypon asodes pr LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 27. Holotype.—vU.S.N.M. No. 21442; B.M. 29.8.22.29. Type locality—Pescadero Point, near Carmel, Calif., intertidal, May 11, 1929, collected by me. Description—Shape, encrusting. Size, 0.2 to 0.5 mm _ thick; the incrustation in the field covered a space about the size of a hand, but the largest specimens obtainable were about 1 cm in diameter. Jolor in life, rich yellow; preserved, pale drab. Oscules, puncti- form, diameter about 100u, abundant. Pores, not evident, or con- fused with the oscules. Surface superficially smooth, slimy. Ectosomal specialization, vague. Kndosomal structure, there is a basal layer of what seems to be spongin, in which are embedded, Hymedesmia-like, the heads of acanthostyles of two sorts. There are larger, less spiny ones, and shorter more spiny ones. Free in among the protoplasmic structures are very numerous long straight smooth tylostyles and abundant microscleres. Principal spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 54, 2); size, 84 by 100. to 13h by 345n. Interstitial spicules, tylostyles (fig. 54, A); size, 3u by 180u to 4p by 250u. Microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 54, C—£’) ; length, 3 to 13p. Remarks.—The nearest relatives of asodes seem to be Hurypon microchela Stephens (1916, p. 240), where stress is laid upon the chelas being as small as 8p. £. microchela is from about 1,000 meters depth off the coast of Ireland. Its megascleres are more than twice the size of those of asodes, in addition to the difference in micro- scleres. Another species worthy of mention here is Thiele’s Micro- ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—pDs LAUBENFELS 93 ciona discreta (Thiele, 1905, p. 447) from the coast of Chile. It has toxas as well as chelas, which latter we note are remarkably small (Su), and its spicules, other than the dermal, are much thicker than those in asodes. It also differs in having plumose ascending columns of spicules. Topsent (1914, p. 618) made this the type of his genus Dictyciona, That this genus is synonymous with Hurypon may well be argued. The smallness of the chelas of asodes is phenomenal. Very ac- curate measurement showed many as small as 0.0035 mm in total length. Whitelegge (1906, p. 471), describing Esperiopsis canalicu- lata, lists chelas 0.0014 mm long, but does not speak in his text as if Dex esas — > os ff Ficurn 59.—Isociona lithophoenia (de Laubenfels): EH, F, 1,333; others; x 300 mal spicules, tylostyles (fig. 59, 4); size, 34 by 180 to 4p by 305p. Third type of spicules, acanthostyles (not figured) ; size, about 124 by 180n. Fourth type of spicules, smooth styles (tig. 59, B); size, 9u by 200pu to 144 by 180, rare. First microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 59, #, F); length, 192 to 24y. Second microscleres, toxas (fig. 59, D); length, 23 to 110p. Remarks.—The only other described species of Jsociona is tuberosa Hentschel (1911, p. 8326), which lacks the toxas and the rare smooth endosomal styles and has small (4» by 90) endosomal spicules, less spiny than in Lithophoenixw. This West Australian sponge was dredged from 3 meters. Hentschel described it as Lissodendoryx with much hesitation, commenting that a new genus might be needed. In 1920 (p. 768), Hallmann discussed it further and erected Jsociona for it. I agree heartily with Hallmann. ART, 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 101 Family PLOCAMIIDAE Topsent Genus PLOCAMIA O. Schmidt PLOCAMIA KARYKINA de Laubenfels Plocamia karykinos DE LAUBENFELS 1927, p. 262. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21480; B.M. No. 29.8.22.35. Type locality—Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925. The species is very abundant in central California but seems lacking in the southern part of the State. Description—Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 4 cm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitely. The thickness is usually well under 1 cm. Consistency, firm, woody. Color in life, brilliant scarlet; preserved, drab. Oscules, sometimes with slightly raised collars; diameter 1 to 2 mm; about one to the square centimeter. Pores about 180, in diameter when fully | open; about one to the cL square millimeter. Sur- LAG oc le ie ES face, superficially his- E: pid; level. | Ectosomal specializa- B tion, vague or lacking. The tylostyles classed CC __ , as interstitial are also found rather frequently C at the surface. Endo- awe Ss - somal structure, plu- —_? mose ascending col- Se. umns with ladderlike (caine B eee connectives. Ascend- ing fibers, 50 to 100. Figure 60.—Plocamia karykina de Laubenfels: Two 3 . spicules (Ff), 1,333; others, 300 in diameter, cored by subtylostyles. Accessory or transverse fibers consisting of single spicules only, the tylotes. Principal spicules, subtylostyles with microspined heads (fig. 60, B); size, 182 by 175p to 22u by 220n. Secondary spicules, tylotes with microspined heads (fig. 60, C) ; size, 16» by 210p to 22u by 175p. Interstitial spicules, tylostyles (fig. 60, A); size, 2u by 200n to 3p by 160; besides occurring interstitially these are almost common enough at the surface to be considered also as ectosomal. First microscleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 60, /, /); length, 10p to 174. Second micro- scleres, toxas (fig. 60, D) ; length, 18, to 80z. Remarks.—This species has a characteristic useful in field de- termination—upon injury, it emits copious quantities of a colorless slime not conspicuous before the injury. 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 81 As for the relationships of this species, I may quote my 1927 article (p. 263), as follows: Its closest relatives are P. manaarensis Carter, 1880, from India, and P. novi- selanica Ridley 1881, from New Zealand. Both of these, however, are Gorgonia- like in architecture, the former has an isodictyal structure, the latter has its tylotes entirely spined and both have very large smooth styles quite unlike any in our local form. There is in the United States National Museum a small fragment of a sponge with no more definite locality record than from ‘The Coast of California,” which Mr. L. M. Lambe identified as P. manaarensis. It certainly is not the Indian sponge, but there is not enough of it to be sure if it is P. karykinos or some other Plocamia. PLOCAMIA IGZO, new species Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 22058; B.M. 30.10.8.1. Type locality.—Collected by me at Point Pinos, Calif., intertidal, July 11, 1930. Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, 9 mm thick. Consistency, stiff to fragile. Color in life, carmine-red. Oscules, not evident. Pores, very evident; 20p to 25 in diameter and only about 70 to T5n apart, center to center. The surface was minutely hispid, very lumpy. Ectosomal specialization, a very intangible protoplasmic dermis, not separable; it contains abundant microscleres. Kndosoma] struc- ture: There are rather SS meandering but in gen- ——— 3 eral ascending plumose Cc tracts, containing per- ee haps a little spongin. sa D The total diameter of ? ( = FE each is about 200p, Wr and each is profusely ms echinated by smooth monaxons. FicuRE 61.—Plocamia igzo, new species, 300, except There are r Se eon H, X2,400 where the flesh contains practically no spicules except the microscleres. Principal spicules, tylostyles with heads often but apparently not always spined, the spines varying from coarse to exceedingly fine (fig. 61, A—-C’) ; the common range is from 11p by 190p to 385 by 240n. Some very thin ones are probably imma- ture or undeveloped examples of this spicule sort. These spicules make up the bulk of the megascleres; namely, the plumose columns. Secondary spicules, tylotes, with heads varying from rather coarsely spined to very finely so, or not at all (fig. 61, D-/’) ; the size range is commonly about 13n by 130n, but there are much thinner ones, pre- art. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 103 sumably immature. These tylotes are chiefly interstitial but occur here and there in the plumose tracts. The microscleres are arcuate isochelas 14 long (fig. 61, G, H). Remarks.—The probability must be considered that this is a varia- tion of Plocamia karykina, from the same locality, which has very similar megascleres and architecture. P. karykina shows no signs, however, of varying toward the characteristics of 7gzo in the respects wherein the latter differs from it. P.igzo is darker red than kary- kina, its chelas are very different in shape, approaching those for which Topsent (1927, p. 17) separated denticulata from Plocamia into his new genus Plocamiancora. P. karykina has few chelas and many toxas. It seems advisable, therefore, to regard zgzo, at least provisionally, as a separate species. The closest description to that of Plocamia igzo is that of Plo- camia plena Sollas (1879, p. 44), which, however, differed in having small entirely acanthose styles in addition to the spicule sorts of zgzo. It had toxas and isochelas that seem to have been either an- chorate or arcuate (it can not be ascertained which from the figures or description). It was collected from deep water off the west coast of Africa. Family ? (MICROCIONIDAE or DESMACIDONIDAE) Genus OPHLITASPONGIA Bowerbank OPHLITASPONGIA PENNATA (Lambe) CALIFORNIANA, new variety Holotype.—U.8S.N.M. No. 21475; B. M. No. 29.8.22.37. Type locality—Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925. This variety is very abundant in central California, where I have found it nearer high-tide mark than any other sponge; it seems always to be so placed as to avoid direct sunlight, however, shaded usually by seaweed. Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 2.5 mm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitely. Consistency, firm, slightly spongy. Color in life, scarlet; preserved, drab. Oscules, not peculiar as seen in life, but on drying or taking out of water each is seen to be in the center of a stellate figure of radiating grooves that is locally very dis- tinctive; the size is about 0.6 mm in diameter. Pores, minute, abundant. Surface, superficially velvety. Ketosomal specialization, vague or lacking. Endosomal struc- ture, permeated by plumose tracts cored and echinated by smooth subtylostyles. At the surface these make extensive brushes or tufts. The echinating spicules often make a picture strongly suggestive of Esperiopsis originalis (which see, for further comparisons). As- cending fibers, 604 to 90 in diameter. 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM yor. 81 Principal spicules, subtylostyles (fig. 62, 4); size, 17» by 215p to 22u by 261p. Microscleres, toxas (fig. 62, C); length, 454 to 55p. There are also rhaphides or very slender tylostyles (fig. 62, B) ; size, about 2 by 140n, which may be regarded as microscleres or as interstitial megascleres. Remarks—The original name for this species was Lesmacella pennata Lambe (1894, p. 129), from Vancouver Island, about lati- tude 48° 20’ N., longitude 123° 40’ W. (holotype, now U.S.N.M. No. 7488). It had styles with microspined heads, total size from erred ahhyad A ee eghigere A arg a IN 8 Were ey ee LD G Ba Figure 62.—Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe) californiana, new variety, 3800 16u by 170 to 19p by 379, and toxas both more numerous and much larger (72u to 255) than in the Californian form, which is there- fore described here as a new variety. Family ACARNIDAE Topsent Genus ACARNUS J. E. Gray ACARNUS ERITHACUS de Laubenfels Acarnus erithacus DE LAUBENFELS 1927, p. 258. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21480; B.M. No. 29.8.22.32. Type locality —Near Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal. Material ecamined.—Nine specimens, as follows: 1. Collected about 1850 from “ California.” Zoological Museum, Berlin. . No date nor data, except southern California. Univ. Southern California eoll. 3. January 28, 1924, Santa Catalina Island, 36 meters, bottom temperature 15°. Univ. Southern California coll., U.S.N.M. No, 21416. 4. July, 1925, Pacific Grove; intertidal (holotype). 5. August 1, 1925, Whites Point (near San Pedro) (southern California) ; intertidal. Univ. Southern California coll., U.S.N.M. No. 21420. . July 25, 1926, Pescadero Point (central California) ; intertidal. U.S.N.M. No. 21481. . January 24, 1929, Carmel, Calif., intertidal. March 30, 1929, Monterey Bay, 15 meters; trawled by Professor Skogsberg. . May 9, 1929, Monterey Bay, 700 meters; trawled by E. F. Ricketts. U.S.N.M. No. 21506. Description—Shape, encrusting to massive. Size, up to 5 cm thick, 10 mm in diameter. Consistency, firm, slightly compressible. bo co Ma) a> ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 105 Color in life, brilliant scarlet; preserved, drab. Oscules, round, often with elevated, craterlike rims; diameter about 4 mm; distance apart 2to5cm. Pores, abundant, minute, represented by the spaces between the distal ends of the ascending columns. Surface, super- ficially hispid. Ectosomal specialization: There is an occasional patch of a very thin dermal membrane covering the larger spaces between the sum- mits of the columns. Endosomal structure, characterized by con- spicuous ascending tracts. Histological details: The flagellate chambers are subspherical and about 30, to 40u in diameter. Ascend- ing fibers, 200u to 350y in diameter, nearly 1 mm apart. Ficurn 63.—Acarnus erithacus de Laubenfels: J-K, 1,333; others, 300. #, D, uncommon intermediates between C and F Kctosomal spicules, tylotes with heads microspined (fig. 63, B) ; size, 34 by 185p to 4u by 175u. Interstitial spicules, cladotylotes (fig. 63, C); size, 1lp by 230u, chords 354. Coring spicules, styles (fig. 68, A) ; size, 18 by 345p to 17p by 425n; these are the most con- spicuous spicular element. Echinating spicules, acanthocladotylotes (fig. 63, #’); size, 3 by 80n, chords 11p and larger. First micro- scleres, palmate isochelas (fig. 63, G, /-A); length, 14, to 16p. Second microscleres, toxas (fig. 68, H); length, 40u to 340p. Remarks——The most conspicuous spicules are the smooth styles, which are grouped, points toward the surface, in ascending plumose tracts held together by a small quantity of nearly invisible spongin. 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 81 The chelas are quite commonplace, of the AZicrociona sort, and very abundant. The toxas are also often abundant and exhibit a most amazing variation in size, at least 40» to 340, with all sizes in be- tween of approximately equal abundance. The so-termed dermal tylotes are more properly secondary or tangential connections between the ascending columns near the sur- face of the sponge. Their terminal spines, often just four in num- ber, are nearly 2u long but so very fine that they can not be clearly seen without 011 immersion. Deeper in the sponge their place seems to be taken by the cladotylotes, which are only fastened at one end, so that they are also quite properly to be termed echinating spicules. In this species they are remarkable for their tetrasym- metrical plan, so that they become hexactinal spicules, superficially resembling the clavules of the proper hexactinellid sponges. ‘The embedded end (encased in spongin) shows four hemispherical pro- trusions matching the four clads at the other end. Besides the larger, smooth-shafted “palm trees” (fig. 63, C) there are small curve-spined “rose stems” (fig. 63, /). Intermediates in size, with but a few spines, occur (fig. 68, #'), but are rare. Heated cladotylotes when studied with oil immersion do not show connection between the axial canals of the clads and that of the rhabd. Those of Acarnus ternatus have usually three clads, and were used by Dendy and Ridley (1886, p. 157) as a chief argument for the theory that monaxons were closely related to the tetraxons, but in tetraxon spicules (such as anatriaenes) the clads have their axial canals connected to that of the rhabd. In Acarnus these spicules seem to have been first tylote, with the clads added later. This is completely homologous with the ends of the rays of hexac- tinellid discohexasters (see Lendenfeld, 1915, pl. 9) and the ends of hexactinellid amphidisks (see Kirkpatrick, 1910). There is further homology between the hexactinellid amphidisks and those of such monaxonid genera as Jotrochota and E'phydatia. Monaxonid chelas are merely amphidisks with the central shaft displaced laterally until it has coalesced with teeth with which it has made contact. Spicules very strongly suggestive of hexactinellid relationship are to be found in such diverse monaxonid genera as Acarnus, Awxos, Cliothoosa, Dolichantha, Endectyon, Proteleia, Hymeraphia, and Raspailia. Undoubtedly many seemingly monaxonid sponges, such as the epipolasids, are really reduced tetraxonids, but the majority are rather closer to the hexactinellids. Separate orders are indicated from monaxons and triaxons, but Dendy’s Astrotetraxonida and Sigmatotetraxonida imply relationships not borne out by the evidence. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 107 Acarnus erithacus shows a variability that will be discussed with reference to the list given above of the nine specimens studied. These display the following range of variation: All were brilliant scarlet in life, as far as known, except No. 9, from very deep water. It was drab in life. All had very similar consistency except No. 3. This consisted of several handfuls of separate sponges, all rather soft and compressible. No. 7 was crowded with brilliant-red embryos about 150p to 350p in diameter. The tissue around them was somewhat paler thar aor- mal so that they showed distinctly. Nos. 1, 7, and 8 lack the “ palm tree ” sort of spicule entirely. This is of great importance as to possible bearing upon value of spicula- tion in taxonomy, and this species will bear careful study in the years to come. It may be noted that Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 9 were known to be collected during summer months, and all had the “ palm trees.” Nos. 3, 7, and 8 were known to be collected during winter months, and of them only No. 3 had this sort of spicule, and it came from a water temperature that is decidedly high for the coast of California ; furthermore it very definitely is not in breeding condition, and No. 7 certainly was, and No. 8 possibly so. Can it be that the “ palm trees ” are lost in connection with the breeding season and that the temperature has some connection with the time of reproduction ? Pending much further investigation this is but surmise. The great similarity between No. 9, from the very considerable depth of 700 meters, and the other specimens, from intertidal or very shallow water, is quite interesting. Linearly, the point of col- lection was but about 10 kilometers from the localities for Nos. 4 and 8. Family RASPAILIIDAE Hentschel Genus HEMECTYON Topsent HEMECTYON HYLE de Laubenfels Hemectyon hyle DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype—U.S.N.M. No, 21418; B.M. No. 29.9.30.4, Type locality.—The one specimen was collected by the University of Southern California on February 16, 1924, at Point Fermin, near San Pedro, Calif. Description.—Shape, frondose. Size, 28 mm high, 20 mm in diam- eter. Consistency, between spongy and cartilaginous. Color in alco- hol, pale drab. Oscules and pores, not evident. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane about 75 thick; it contains scattered dark cells or foreign bodies. Endosomal structure, divided sharply in two portions, an axial region and a peripheral 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vo. 81 zone. The axial region consists of much protoplasmic structure with smooth styles in confusion, showing perhaps a trace of reticulation; they are held together by small quantities of spongin. The peripheral zone is about 400 thick and is a dense forest of peculiar acantho- styles, points out. These, as characteristic of this genus, have the basal third curved and smooth, the spines very large and recurved. Since most of the lamellate fronds are less than 2 mm in thickness, the axial portion averages only about 700, thick. Kctosomal or echinating spicules, acanthostyles (fig. 64, A, B); size, 12 by 180 to 20u by 320u. Interstitial spicules, smooth, ends so regularly broken that it is not certain what sort they were (fig. 64, E’) ; size, 10u by at least 800, rare, probably several millimeters long >> A Cc B \ ' CG F D E wee Ficurn 64.—Hemectyon hyle de Laubenfels: A, 300; others, X100. #, fraction of total length of spicule shown when intact. Coring spicules, smooth styles (fig. 64, C); size, 15 by 430u to 20u by 5504; also smooth strongyles (fig. 64, D); size, 16 by 350 to 194 by 370u. Microscleres, oxeote rhaphides (fig. 64, 7) ; size, 24 by 200 to Qu by 330n. Remarks.—The nearest relative of this form is Hemectyon hamata Schmidt (1870, p. 62) from the West Indies. This, the only other member of the genus, was inaccurately described by Schmidt and put in the genus Raspailia. It is correctly redescribed by Topsent (1920, p. 26), who erected the genus Hemectyon for it. The species hyle clearly belongs in this genus, but it has many features of specific difference; hamata has a strongly reticulate axial region with much spongin. Its smooth styles are smaller, only 300u to 350 long. Its interstitial spicules are shorter than those of hyle, being only up to about 600. Its peripheral region had definite radiating fibers echi- nated by the acanthostyles; such fibers are lacking in Ayle. Its ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 109 rhaphides were stylote, not oxeote as in hyle. The similarities are even more remarkable, however, especially the distinctive form of the acanthostyles and their peripheral localization, and the unusual axial core of styles in spongin. Family ? (RASPAILIIDAE or EURYPONIDAE) Genus CYAMON J. E. Gray CYAMON NEON de Laubenfels Cyamon neon DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21412; B. M. No. 29.9.30.5. Type locality—Between Point Dume and Newport (near San Pedro, Calif.), depth and date not stated. Additional material examined.—Two specimens, like the holotype, collected by the University of Southern California, one (U.S.N.M. No. 21384) from south of San Pedro, depth 86 meters, September 24, 1924; the other from Point Fermin, near San Pedro, February 16, 1924. Description—Shape, massive. Size of largest specimen, 2 cm thick, 7 cm in diameter; the other two are much smaller. Con- sistency, spongy. Color in alcohol, dark brown. Oscules, not evi- dent (see below under “ Surface”). Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially a dermal membrane; this is fleshy, detachable, about 15y thick and contains very abundant cells about 154 diameter, hav- ing conspicuous very dark granules. There are no pores visible in it, it probably having contracted, thus obliterating them. Very few spicules are in it, and some of those, as for instance a few short (1004) oxeas, are probably foreign. Endosomal structure, densely protoplasmic. In places there are spicules in confusion; again there are definite ascending fibers of spongin containing spicules as de- scribed below. Much rather coarse sand occurs throughout. Ascend- ing fibers are 40p to 50 in diameter and about 150» apart. Interstitial spicules, styles (fig. 65, D); size, about 15 by more than 1,700; these occur scattered in the flesh, usually with points per- pendicular to the surface, and they project scatteringly from the surface of the sponge. Coring spicules (7%), styles (fig. 65, (); size, about 35 by 630u; these are to be regarded as coring spicules only upon surmise, as they are quite rare, and I am not sure of their exact location in the sponge, but it seems they are in the very center of the spicule bundles of the fibers. Echinating spicules, triacts or tetracts (fig. 65, A, B); size of rays, about 15 by 60, to 20n by 120. These are usually triacts, with two rays smooth and lying lengthways in the fiber, the third ray distally microspined and projecting from the fiber to echinate it. The ends are sometimes 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 81 strongylote and sometimes oxeote. Tetracts show in boiled-out preparations but are not readily found in sections. Remarks—Cyamon and Trikentrion are in a little group by them- selves, very distinct from other sponges. Practically all the species of Cyamon hitherto described have had their distinctive (polyactine) spicules entirely and finely spined, the other spicules styles. In contrast, 7'r7kentrion has its polyactine spicules usually triacts and with only one ray spined, but that coarsely so and with diactines as accompanying spicules. C’. neon is a very distinct type, answering the definition of Cyamon but being very different from any of the genus. On paper it reads a bit like Z'rikentrion flabelliformis Hentschel (1912, p. 377), from the East Indies, but the illustrations sella ae a 3 Tilly ede ihe Fiaure 65.—Cyamon neon de Laubenfels: A, X300; others, 80. D, fraction of total length of spicule shown show great differences. The comparison is mentioned only because flabelliformis shows us a species with both monacts and diacts, with the polyactines mostly triacts and only one ray spined; these are coarse spines, however, and there are numerous differences in spicule size, and general architecture of the sponge. Order HAPLOSCLERINA Topsent Family SPONGILLIDAE Gray Genus SPONGILLA Lamarck SPONGILLA LACUSTRIS (Linnaeus) Spongia lacustris LINNAEUS, 1759, p. 1848, Spongilla lacustris LAMARCK, 1815. Material examined —U.S.N.M. No. 21516; B.M. Nos. 29.10.81.1, 29.9.30.3. These bright green digitate fresh-water sponges were collected by Prof. W. K. Fisher, of Stanford University, at Lake Tahoe, elevation 2,040 meters, August, 1925. art. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS Lil Description—No gemmules could be found in this material, but the smooth oxeote principal spicules, about 11 by 3830p, and spiny microxeas, about 6” by 65, as well as all other characteristics, are those of the cosmopolitan and abundant Spongilla lacustris. Remarks——Gemmules are absolutely necessary for certain identi- fication of most fresh-water sponges, but the probabilities are very great that this is lacustris. Genus EPHYDATIA Lamouroux EPHYDATIA ROBUSTA (Potts) Meyenia robusta Ports, 1887, p. 225. Ephydatia robusta WELTNER, 1895, p. 127. Occurrence.—Potts (1887) recorded this species from Honey Lake Valley near Susanville, Calif., in northeastern California, at an elevation of about 1,400 meters. Annandale (1907, p. 24), recorded it from Bhim Tal, Kumaon, northern India, at an elevation of 1,350 meters. These seem to be the only records for this species. Genus CARTERIUS Petr CARTERIUS TUBISPERMA (Potts) Carterella tubisperma Ports, 1881, p. 150. Carterius tubisperma SmirH, 1921, p. 15. Occurrence.—Smith (1921, p. 15), recorded a specimen of this species as being in the United States National Museum with locality listed as Fresno, Calif. It was collected by Gustav Eisen and determined by Potts (U.S.N.M. No. 5979). This species is probably cosmopolitan, there being numerous records from localities scattered over the Eastern United States and Europe. It was originally de- scribed without name by Mills (1880, p. 132). Family HALICLONIDAE * Genus GELLIUS J. E. Gray GELLIUS EDAPHUS de Laubenfels Gellius edaphus DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21444; B.M. No. 29.8.22.17. Type locality—Pescadero Point, near Carmel, July, 1926; all my specimens have been removed from a mass at this point, readily identified as to location from year to year. There is every indication that it is the same sponge that remains there. Its placement is ecologically most interesting; it grows in a cavern at low tide, where sponges are extraordinarily abundant as covering the walls and ceil- ings; but it is the only one growing on the floor. It is just below low tide, hence never out of water. It is very unusual to find sponges 7¥or Haploscleridae Topsent. There is no sponge genus “ Haplosclera.” 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 growing on a rocky coast where they could be stepped on without turning a rock. Additional material examined —A sponge in the collection of the University of Southern California, from Point Fermin, near San Pedro, Calif., intertidal, April 19, 1924. Description—Shape, massive. Size: The mass in the field was about 20 em thick and 30 or 40 cm in diameter. Consistency, friable, almost stony hard. Color in life and when preserved, almost white. Oscules, round; diameter, about 1 mm; distance apart, about 8 mm. Pores, abundant, about 1504 in diameter. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a dermal membrane; it is about 10, thick, fleshy, not detachable, and contains some tangent spicules, but the special ectosomal reticulation so characteristic of this genus is not in evidence. Endosomal structure, densely packed with spicules in con- siderable confusion, with just an indication of basic isodictyal plan. ee A B FIGURE 66.—Gellius edaphus de Laubenfels, 300 Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 66, A); size, 184 by 260p to 15p by 270. Microscleres, sigmas (fig. 66, B); length, 30u to 100z. Remarks.—The nearest relative of this form seems to be Gedlius centrangulatus I. Sollas, 1902, from the East Indies, which differs in having very renierid structure and even smaller spicules. Most species of Gellius have much larger spicules than edaphus. G. im- perialis Dendy, 1924, has spicules about the size of those of edaphus but has a very furrowed surface and structure with conspicuous tracts. Most species of Gellius, however, are separated by very narrow margins, and a reviewer with abundant material might be able to carry out extensive synonymy. This might even be regarded in common with perhaps a score of others as being within the range of variation of Gellius flagellifer. GELLIUS TEXTAPATINA de Laubenfels Gellius textapatina pE LAUBENFELS, 1926, p. 567. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21446; B.M. No. 28.11.6.5. Type locality—The one specimen was in the small collection of Stanford University, date of collection unknown, locality Monterey Bay, Calif.; estimated depth, 720 meters. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 113 Description.—Shape, concavo-convex lamellate. Size, 1 cm thick, about 12 cm in diameter. Consistency, fragile. Color in alcohol, very pale drab. Oscules (on the concave side only), diameter 0.7 to 1.2 mm; distance apart, about6 mm. There is a very thin (10?) transparent membrane over the entire oscular surface, except for the openings of the oscules themselves, and it even closes them par- tially, in a sphinctrate manner. Pores, apparently only on the convex side. The above-mentioned dermis also covers the porous surface. The meshes of the skeleton are 0.7 to 1.1 mm in diameter, but the round apertures in the dermis, which may be considered the real pores, are but 100 to 200u. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, an optically evident reticulation of large spicules; the polygonal meshes are 0.5 to 0.8 mm in diameter. This dermal skeleton is about 0.2 mm thick. Endosomal structure, in places a typical renierid isodictyal reticulation with spongin nodes, elsewhere confused and vague. Most of the microscleres are endo- FIGURE 67.—Gellius textapatina de Laubenfels, 300 somal. Histological details: There are spherical flagellate chambers of very great variation in size, namely, from about 30, to 60. in diameter. There are also fairly numerous embryos, about 350 in diameter, grouped principally about the canals in the deeper portions of the endosome. A few of them have fairly numerous full-sized sigmas and minute straight rhabds in their peripheral region. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 67, A); size, 20n by 340u to 22u by 460. Microscleres, sigmas (fig. 67, B); length, 50p to 80z. Remarks.—The almost complete lack of microscleres in the ecto- some is remarkable. Both megascleres and microscleres are large as compared to most species in the genus. HALICHOCLONA, new genus The genus may be briefly characterized by comparison. It has the endosome of Haliclona (isodictyal reticulation of oxeas) plus the ectosome of Halichondria (detachable, with a definite dermal skele- ton of tangential spicules). It may also be described as Gedlius with- out the sigmas. Genotype, Halichoclona gellindra, new species. 107704—32——_8 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 81 HALICHOCLONA GELLINDRA, new species Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 22063; B.M. No. 30.10.8.6. Type locality —The holotype was collected by me at Carmel, Calif., intertidal, on July 27, 1930. Additional material studied—At Laguna Beach, on March 14, 1926, I took a somewhat similar specimen with larger spicules, but in very poor condition for study, as it was growing over the macer- ated remains of a textraxonid sponge of radiate structure. This specimen was designated G'ellius (?) epocheomaius in de Laubenfels (1930, p. 28). It was so difficult to allocate, even generically, that it could scarcely be regarded as a synonym of 7. gellindra, but it is not worth treating as a separate species because of its similarity to gellindra. Description—Shape, encrusting. Size, 2 to 4 mm thick, some- what more than 4 cm? in area. Consistency, fragile. Color in life, pale lavender. Oscules, few and irregular in shape, about 1 mm in diameter, often with raised collars nearly 1 mm high. Pores, abundant, 30u to 50% in diameter. Surface, superficially smooth. Ectosomal specialization, a crust of tangentially placed oxeas, its thickness being only about 20u. It is much like the ectosome of eae the genus Gellius, and also like that of Halichondria panicea; it is possible to <= remove it in flakes with moderate ease. ore er Endosomal structure, oxeas in very regu- lar isodictyal reticulation, united (by spongin?) at their apices only. This is much like Gellius and Haliclona. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 68) ; size, 384 by 110» to 4n by 120n, but the vast majority are very near to the latter size. The specimen from Laguna Beach had spicules 84 by 150n to 10p by 170p. Remarks.—Haliclona is characterized by spicules of rather uni- form size and by its reticulate endosome without trace of special tangential dermal skeleton. Halichondria is characterized by its spiculation of most varied lengths and by its confused endosomal structure with very distinct tangential dermal skeleton. Gellius has the same sort of isodictyal endosome as that of Hali- clona, with the special ectosome resembling Halichondria, but has microscleres, namely, sigmas. Halichoclona is compared to these three genera, but of the three, the most closely related in my judgment is Gellius. When I found the Laguna Beach specimen aforementioned, I considered it a Gellius that had lost its microscleres, it being in rather poor condi- tion if not actually dead, before collection. It also might have been ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 115 altered by its growth within the surface of the macerated tetraxon sponge. The specimen from central California was alive and in excellent condition, however. All our local Gelliws species have spicules very much larger than either of the specimens above re- ferred to the new genus Halichoclona. We may eventually merge all genera that are alike except for differences in microscleres, though there are practical reasons for depreciating such amalgamation. For the present there seems good reason for retaining this as distinct from Gedlius. XESTOSPONGIA, new genus This genus is characterized by having only oxeas as spicules and these so abundant that any reticulate arrangement is obscured; there is no special dermal skeleton. Genotype, Xestospongia diprosopia. XESTOSPONGIA DIPROSOPIA (de Laubenfels) Haliclona diprosopia DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 21509; B.M. No. 29.8.22.59. Type locality.—The one specimen was collected in Monterey Bay, Calif., depth about 500 meters, by E. F. Ricketts. Description.—Shape, lamellate. Size, 1 to 4 em thick, 6 by 12 em in area. Consistency, friable. Color dry, very pale drab. Oscules, on one side only; diameter, 8 mm; distance apart, 15 mm; over very shallow cloacas that branch almost at once into about a dozen diverti- cules. Pores, at least 1004 in di- ameter; principal- ly on the nonos- cular face. Sur- face, superficially smeoth, with low rounded protuberances 5 to 15 mm high on the oscular surface. Ectosomal specialization, lacking, although there is a false appear- ance as of a special ectosomal reticulation, because of the fact that the endosomal reticulation is finer above and coarser below. En- dosomal structure, reticulate, with polygonal meshes about 0.5 to 0.7 mm in diameter, bounded by fascicular bundles of spicules. The spicule size is notably uniform. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 69) ; size, about 30. by 400p. Remarks.—This specimen was collected from the same general locality as Gellius textapatina and Poecillastia ricketisi and is note- en benavebeny FIGURE 69.—Xestospongia diprosopia (de Laubenfels), 300 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 worthy for external simulation of these two sponges. We must con- clude that the remarkable structure is in a large part an ecological adaptation. ‘This should not be interpreted that this is some common shallow-water sponge that has lightly assumed such shape because of its surroundings, but that this species has by selection or some other determiner come to have this structure. It is remarkable further in that it is the slightly convex side that is oscular; usually in con- cavo-convex sponges the reverse is true. This very unusual cir- cumstance is also reported for Xestospongia (Petrosia) coralloides Dendy (1924, p. 325). It may bea generic tendency. X. diprosopia is remarkable for this character, which it shares with coralloides, and for the large size of its spicules, by which it may be distinguished from that species and most others. XESTOSPONGIA VANILLA (de Laubenfels) Haliclona vanilla DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21452; B.M. No. 29.8.22.45. Type locality.—Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925, collected by me. This is one of the most abundant sponges in central California, oc- curring usually on the under side of bowlders in the lower half of the intertidal zone. Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 1 cm thick, spread- ing laterally indefinitely. Consistency, stony hard. Color in life and when preserved, white or very pale yellowish drab. Oscules, round, often with raised rim, diameter 1 to 1.5 mm, distance apart about 1 cm. Pores, approximately Papas 100% in diameter. Surface, super- ficially smooth. a ae Ectosomal specialization, vague or lacking. Endosomal structure, a re- ticulation of canals in a ground sub- stance in which the spicules are so densely packed that no pattern can be discerned in their arrange- ment. The canals, however, are usually either perpendicular or parallel to the surface and often meet at right angles, so that they make a symmetrical pattern. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 70) ; size, 11 by 150 to 12 by 160z. Remarks.—Petrosia was erected by Vosmaer (1885, p. 338) for Reniera dura of Schmidt (1862, p. 76), to replace Schmidtia of Balsamo Crivelli; that name being preempted. He lists various forms and specifies stony consistency, spicules crowded together, oxeas, strongyles, and rarely styles. Ridley and Dendy (1887, p. 9), define Petrosia thus: Ficurn 70.—Xestospongia vanilla (de Laubenfels), 3800 Sponge usually hard or even stony; generally with numerous, well-defined large oscula. Skeleton more or less confused; spicules oxeote to strongylote, akT. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS ALY usually short and thick, packed close together in tracts. The most obvious feature of this genus is its hard, often stony texture. It would seem that two distinct generic types are included in the sponges assigned to the above diagnosis. One group typically has large thick strongyles, plus large thick oxeas plus very small spicules apparently representing a distinct category, because they are found of considerable diameter although short. The spicules that seem clearly to be immature are nearly as long as, though much thinner than, the type they are approaching by their growth. The ectosome seems unknown for the genotype, but most of the species having the above characteristics, as for example Petrosia lignosa Wilson (1925, p. 403), have special dermal tangential skeletons. A second group lacks this ectosmal specialization and therefore may be taken as wor- thy of generic separation; a further parallelism seems to be that this group has only oxeote spicules. I would suggest that the group exemplified by Petrosia lignosa and probably by the genotype, P. dura, is most closely related to Gellius and Strongylophora (and possibly even to Halichondria %), while the second group is most closely related to Haliclona. The second group comprises several sponges described by Dendy, for example Petrosia densissima (1905, p. 145) and coralloides (1924, p. 324), and perhaps several other species, such as P. variabilis Ridley (1884, p. 415), P. similis Ridley and Dendy (1886, p. 327), and P. fistulata Kirkpatrick (1907, p. 290). Most of the earlier authors and some of the later ones fail to give adequate data concerning surface structure. The new generic name Xestospongia is proposed for this latter group. Genus HALICLONA Grant MALICLONA ECBASIS de Laubenfels Haliclona ecbasis pE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p 28. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21449; paratype, B.M. No. 29.8.22.48. Type locality —K¥ rom the floating dock of the Yacht Club in San Diego Bay, Calif., collected by Prof. C. M. Child. Additional material examined—tI have found the same species growing abundantly on the floating dock of the Yacht Club at Wilmington (near San Pedro). On March 4, 1926, I found small bits of an encrusting sponge, intertidal, at Laguna Beach, which may be of the same species. Description.—Shape, ramose or digitate, often with an axial hollow about one-third the diameter of the branch. Size, up to 10 em high, about 1 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life: Prof. C. M. Child, writing of his specimen, collected during the summer, says: “ The color in life is purple, apparently becoming brown later 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 in the season.” My specimens doubtfully referred to this species (collected intertidally in March), were bluish lavender. My speci- mens clearly of this species, collected from a similar situation to that of the holotype but in April, were drab. Oscules, few, apical, diameter 2 to 5 mm. Pores: There are open- ings over the entire surface very irregular in size and shape, varying at least from 60, to 200u in diameter. Surface, superficially hirsute, on account of projecting fiber ends nearly 1 mm high. Ectosomal specialization, vague or lacking. Endosomal structure, a fibrous reticulation with polygonal meshes about 75y in diameter. There is a groundwork of spicules in confusion amid the protoplas- mic structures. Ascending fibers 102 to 20u in diameter, cored by 4 to 7 rows of spicules. Accessory or transverse fibers 10 to 20 in diameter, cored by 4 to 7 rows of spicules. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 71); size, usually about 54 by 100y; a few much thinner ones are probably developmental stages. FRemarks.—Linnaeus (1759) lists a Spongia oculata that may well be the same species as <= that which Bowerbank in 1862 (p. 1126) made <_< the type of his genus Chalina, namely C. ocu- Ficure 71—Haliclona lata, This is a very common British sponge. cee Sey hanrentels: Oddly enough Bowerbank accredited the genus to Grant, though I can find no mention of the name in Grant’s writings. In 1841 (p. 5), however, Grant erected a genus Haliclona for a species that he called occulata, obviously a misspelling of oculata. His figure is an excellent repre- sentation of the common oculata. This seems to be the first generie name other than Linnaeus’s all-inclusive Spongia to be apphed to this species, and it appears to have been mere oversight on the part of the early spongologists that it has not been in use ever since. Grant’s Halina, a nomen nudem, has little or no bearing here. Against employment of Haliclona it may be argued that the orig- inal description could have included Acervochalina limbata, or even Isodictya palmata. It must be admitted that Grant would probably have diagnosed either of these as Haliclona. There is no doubt, however, that the well-known ocwlata was included, and there is grave question whether Grant had any specimens of the rarer species resembling it. Grant’s genus Cliona, as he described it, might well have included 7’hoosa, yet we should hardly drop it for that reason. It seems quite as logical to employ Haliclona as to use Cliona. As compared to the type of oculata, ecbasis averages more spicules to the fiber, and fiber less kinky. As compared to the type of lumbata (made type species of the genus Acervochalina Ridley, 1884), ecbasis averages finer mesh, has less visible spongin, yet seems re ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 119 tougher. Conditions of preservation may be the cause of this dif- ference. As compared to the type of stmulans (made type species of the genus Adocia Gray, 1867, p. 522), the fibers of ecbasis stand out more conspicuously from the other tissues, and it has smaller spicules. No comparison can be made to Pachychalina Schmidt (1868, p. 8), which is little more than a name; its type species, P. rustica, 1s represented by no specimens, and from its very brief description it may have belonged to any of many different genera. As for the matter of few as contrasted to many rows of spicules in the fiber, while some species of Haliclona have definite tendencies one way or the other, the type species regularly exhibits, within a single specimen, portions that have the isodictyal reticulation char- acteristic of so-called Reniera, and portions of fiber having the many rows of spicules, which supposedly determine the group Pachychalina. HALICLONA ENAMELA de Laubenfels Haliclona enamela DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21450; B.M. No. 29.8.22.8. Type locality—Laguna Beach, intertidal, collected by me. On numerous other occasions I have seen sponges in the field that I feel confident were of this species, but in most cases I have been unable to detach specimens without injuring them excessively. The species is very thin, grows on hard rocks of great irregularity of surface, and is so firmly attached that utmost care is required to obtain fragments large enough to work with. Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, 1 to 2 mm thick, spreading laterally indefinitely. Consistency, spongy. Color in life and when preserved, drab. Oscules, with raised collars, diameter 1 to 1.5 mm, distance apart about 1 em. Pores, very minute. Surface, superficially smooth to .——————____ verrucose. (EE SS SS A TERRA Face Ectosomal specialization, vague or lack- Le ing. Endosomal structure, a fibrous retieu- "VP Ae Cane lation, meshes rectangular and 75p to 125p in diameter; the plan is very symmetrical, though numerous spicules not in the fibers but strewn in confusion among them tend somewhat to obscure the regularity of arrangement. Ascending fibers, 15p to 25u in diameter, cored by 6 to 8 rows of spicules; the spongin is very pale. Accessory or transverse fibers, 5. to 10u in diameter, cored by 1 to 2 rows of spicules. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 72) ; size, about 4p by 120. Remarks—Were one to use the diagnoses affixed to the names Reniera, Chalina, and Pachychalina, placing this sponge would be dificult. Thin crusting was supposedly characteristic of Reniera, 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 while the architecture of enamela is microscopically that of Pachy- chalina and Chalina, which were supposed to be usually ramose forms. Although moderately close to every one of the numerous species of Haliclona, I find no one species to single out as closest to enamela. HALICLONA LUNISIMILIS de Laubenfels Haliclona lunisimilis DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype—U.S.N.M. No. 21451; B.M. No. 29.8.22.34. Type locality—Pacific Grove, Calif., intertidal, July, 1925, col- lected by me. Additional material examined.—Two specimens taken at Laguna Beach, October, 1925. The species is moderately common in central California. So far, all the specimens I have found were growing on and around coralline algae near low tide. Description.—Shape, massive, subspherical, attached only to coral- line algae. Size,up to2 by 3by5cm. Consistency, toughly spongy, yet easily damaged. Color in life and when preserved, very pale drab. Oscules, craterlike, with raised rims; diameter about 4 mm; distance apart, more than 1 cm. Pores, —— 20u to 604 in diameter. Surface, super- me eee ficiallyesmooth! it Ectosomal specialization, vague or lack- FiGuRE 73.—Haliclona lunisim- . : ilig de Laubenfels, x 300 ing. Endosomal structure; there is a groundwork that is a very fragile, typi- cally renierid isodictyal reticulation. Throughout this there is a course reticulation of tough spongin fibers about 75 in diameter, crowded with many rows of spicules in typical pachychaline fashion. This species admirably shows the impossibility of separating genera upon these characteristics, which are, however, of supplementary value in species descriptions. This particular species may be charac- terized as one fitting the diagnoses of the old genus Reniera and the so-called Pachychalina. Ascending fibers 70u to 100 in diameter, cored by many rows of spicules. Accessory or transverse fibers 70u to 100u in diameter, cored by many rows of spicules. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 73); size, 8u by 110u to 10u by 125z. Remarks.—This seems a well-marked species, though numerous sponges described as Reniera and as Pachychalina resemble it more or less. See notes given above in the description of the endosome. HALICLONA CINEREA (Grant) Spongia cinerea GRANT, 1827, p. 204. Halichondria cinerea FLEMING, 1828, p. 521. Isodicitya cinerea BOWERBANK, 1866, p. 274. Reniera cinerea Scumipt, 1870, p. 77. ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 121 Holotype.—Probably in the British Museum of Natural History. Type locality —Europe. Material examined.—This species is at times abundant intertidally in central California; at other times rare. In the summer of 1925 it was most conspicuous, a year later it was rare, in the winter of 1929 a few specimens were seen, late in the spring none could be found. In southern California, at Laguna Beach, on March 14, 1926, I found a few little nubbins of a sponge agreeing in spiculation and structure with cinerea and probably of the same species, but brownish instead of the lavender color usually so regular on this coast. Description (U.S.N.M. No. 21448; B.M. Nos. 28.11.6.1; 28.11.6.2) — Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 3 cm thick, 6 cm in diameter. Con- sistency, softly fragile. Color in life, lavender ; occasional drab speci- ——— mens are probably pathological. Preserved, drab. Oscules, conspicu- SS Se oe wach raised, craterlike ec Figure 74.—Haliclona cinera (Grant), diameter, 2 to 5 mm; distance apart, x 300 usually a little more than 1 cm; see notes under “Surface.” Surface, superficially very porous, crowded with depressions about 200, in diameter; all or many of these probably represent actual pores. Ectosomal specialization, inconspicuous; there are traces of a diaphanous, fleshy, nondetachable dermal membrane. Endosomal structure, a pronounced isodictyal reticulation with a few vague spicular tracts. Principal spicules, oxeas (fig. 74) ; size, 64 by 150» to 8u by 150p. Remarks.—In almost all parts of the world where sponges have been studied are found species that lack characteristics that would separate them from cinerea, so this is said to be a cosmopolitan species. Order DICTYOCERATINA Minchin Family SPONGIIDAE Gray Genus SPONGIA ? ? ? SPONGIA IDIA, new species Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 22059; B.M. 30.10.8.2. Type locality —The specimen was collected by me intertidally at Point Lobos, south of Carmel, Calif., July 12, 1930. It was grow- ing in a cave that was uncovered only at very low tide, and that was abundantly lined with sponges. 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 81 Description.—Shape, massive. Size, 4 by 7 by 12 cm. Consist- ency, spongy. Color in life, slaty ectosome over drab ectosome. As collected the sponge appeared lipstomous on account of the closure of apertures, and even in the aquarium the sphincters did not relax. It would seem that both pores and oscules must be less than 100p when open. Surface, profusely conulose, the conules less than 1 mm high and about 1 mm ye apart, apex to apex. EKctosomal special - zation, an organic Hl on | 7 dermis not readily ! Me ' detachable, opaque and melanistic; this ati oo \| a) from 3800p to 700 thick. Endosomal ra px, structure, a flesh (4 a . if ie i packed with spheroi- i ( SS i a dal flagellate cham- I bers about 25 to 30u in diameter, and also containing rather nu- merous evenly dis- tributed foreign spic- c ules and fragments Cini of spicules, a little Se a and aolon dé- bris. The skeleton \\ is a reticulation chiefly of solidsecond- Go ary fibers 60p to 200p FIGURE 75.—NSpongia idia, new species, X18, drawn from a : : section taken perpendicular to the surface. Only the fiber in di a ame ter. The and dermis are drawn, the flesh and foreign intrusions spongin 18 ie ath ere bei itt their inclusi secur ing omitted because eir inclusiom would obscure the gran ular-surfaced structures to be illustrated and medium dark brown, very like that in the commercial sponges. The fibers are often contorted, but the meshes are usually rectangular, about 200 to 500 in diameter. Here and there through the reticulation are principal fibers ascending perpendicularly to the surface. These are recogniz- able by having slight, scattered content of coring spicule fragments, but more so by somewhat fasciculated or fenestrated architecture. Remarks.—With some hesitation this species is here described in the genus Spongia, from typical members of which it differs sharply by having semifasciculated principal fibers. It agrees closely with Spongia in most or all other points, and this genus may well be employed pending revision of the horny sponges. Met 2 ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 123 Family DYSIDEIDAE § Genus DYSIDEA Johnston DYSIBEA AMBLIA de Laubenfels Duseideia amblia DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype-——U.S.N.M. No. 21424; B.M. No. 29.9.30.8. Type locality—* Long Wharf,” Santa Monica, collected by the University of Southern California, July 18, 1914. Additional material examined—On February 25, 1926, following a severe storm, I found enormous quantities of this species cast up at Venice, southern California. This is only about 8 or 10 kilometers from the type locality. On the following day immense quantities of it were reported, with specimens brought me for identification, from near Ventura, about 90 kilometers from the type locality. I found no other species of sponge in the wrack with this one, but it must have been tremendously abundant, as bushels could have been col- fected. In all the dredging and other collecting of the University of Southern California, how- ever, they seem to have taken but one fresh specimen. In July, 1930, I collected a massive speci- men, intertidally, at Point Lobos, south of Carmel, Calif. It is certainly a Dystdea and probably conspecific with the southern specimens, though dif- fering in shape and having all its fibers more loaded with coarse sand grains. Description.—Shape, digitate, Ficure 76.—Dysidea amblia de Laubenfels, somewhat ramose. Size, up to - an oe ee 20 or 30 cm in height, about 1 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in alcohol, drab. Oscules, inconspicuous, barely 100u in diameter. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially conulose with conules usually less than 1 mm high and less than 1 mm apart. Ectosomal specialization, a very thin dermis, not detachable. Endosomal structure, a fibrous reticulation with meshes about 250 in diameter. Principal, or ascending, fibers 100, to 200n in diameter, cored, sometimes superabundantly, by scattered sand grains often more than 100 in diameter. Accessory or transverse fibers 10 to 25 in diameter, often uncommon, usually free from inclusions. ‘The flagellate chambers are conspicuous, crowded together, and about 45» to 55y in diameter. 8 For Spongeliidae Lendenfeld, because Dysidea supplants Spongelia. 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 81 Remarks.—This genus has often been called Spongelia, but Spon- gelia of Nardo, 1834, is a nomen nuden. It is first described by John-— ston (1842, p. 185) as Duseideia or (preferably) Dysidea. The genus falls rather sharply into two divisions, fine-surfaced grays and coarse-surfaced purples. The first includes the genotype, D. fragilis Montagu. The second includes pallescens Schmidt, the geno- type of Spongelia according to Vosmaer (1885, p. 363), and this might be retained as a separate genus, though the affinities are so close this seems to me inadvisable. Our Californian form is very close to fragilis, but differs in rather smaller fiber, which is also more sparsely cored, and by the frequency with which the principal fibers are horizontal as well as vertical. Family VERONGIIDAE ° Genus VERONGIA Bowerbank VERONGIA THIONA de Laubenfels Verongia thiona DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 28. Holotype.—U.S.N.M. No. 21500; B.M. No. 29.8.22.31. Type locality—Laguna Beach, Calif., intertidal, March 14, 1926, abundant. Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, up to 4 cm thick, 12 cm in diameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in lfe, lemon yellow with greenish tints; in alcohol very dark purple. Oscules, few and scat- tered; diameter 2 to 7 mm. Pores, not evident, evidently very con- tractile. Surface, superficially smooth with conules 0.5 mm high, irregularly scattered. Ectosomal specialization, a cellular dermis about 7p thick. Endo- somal structure, as typical for this genus, of the general consistency of a rather stiff jelly, permeated by meandering canals (about 1 mm in diameter) and by rather scattered fibers in reticulation. These fibers are clear yellow, with a core often apparently empty, again filled with opaque substance. In this species the thickness of the peripheral portion seems much more constant than the size of the pith, which is larger in the larger fibers, smaller in the smaller. The mesh is so very irregular in outline that it is very difficult to assign it measurements, but one is safe in saying that the mesh size averages more than 1 mm. Histological details: The flagellate chambers are spheroidal, 25. in diameter. Principal fibers 80, to 150 in diameter, cored by the usual pith as found in this genus. Pith of the fibers, 504 to 110p in diam- eter. (Fig. 77.) ®* For Aplysinidae Schulze, because Verongia supplants Aplysina art. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 125 Remarks.—All or nearly all the species of Verongia are very near the genotype, V. fistularis Lamarck, 1815, and can only be separated by little differences that may well be insignificant. If the accepted criteria be used, however, this form approaches in size of mesh, size of fiber, and size of pith only one other species of this genus, that described as Aplysina procumbens Lendenfeld (1889, p. 416), from New Zealand. That is also an encrusting form, but it is de- : scribed with black fibers, a very ficure 77.—Verongia thiona de Lauben- great difference. Incidentally, fels,, X40; typical Aber cut obliduely at = : s one point to show the lamellate, pithed it is very briefly and inadequately Seructire described. Verongia thiona is moderately common, at times at least, in the intertidal areas of southern California. I know of no other local form from which it may not easily be distinguished by its tendency (very common in this genus) to change from yellow to very dark blue or purple upon drying. Order DENDROCERATINA Minchin Family DARWINELLIDAE Merejkowsky Genus APLYSILLA F. E. Schulze APLYSILLA GLACIALIS (Dybowski) Simplicella glacialis DyBowsk1, 1880, p. 65. Aplysilla glacialis LENDENFELD, 1889, p. 706. Holotype.—Location unknown. Type locality—Arctic (White Sea). Material examined.—Numerous specimens, all collected intertidal- ly at Pacific Grove, Calif., in which vicinity the species is rather common. It occurs on granite bowlders fairly high up in the inter- tidal zone, seeming to be a very hardy sponge. Description (U.S.N.M. No. 21432; B.M. No. 29.8.22.23).—Shape, encrusting. Size, 1 to 2 mm thick, 5 to 6 cm in diameter. Con- sistency, weakly spongy. Color in life, colorless to rosy red; in alcohol, drab. Oscules, round and scattered; about 1 mm in di- ameter. Pores, not evident. Surface, superficially glabrous, with conules about 1 to 2mm high and 2 to 3 mm apart. Ectosomal specialization, a dermis about 8» thick, fleshy, and rather slimy. Endosomal structure, a rather dense mass of flagel- late chambers and other protoplasmic structures permeated by canals and dendritic fibers. Histological details: The flagellate chambers 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL, 81 are eurypyllous, often polygonal in section, and typically about 304 by 50n by 70u in size. Principal fibers, 80% to 255, in diameter, obviously of concentric layers. A pith often occupies as much as 80 per cent of the total, especially near the base of the sponge. These fibers arise from a basal plate (very thin) and branch a few times, but I find no anastomoses. The distal ends of the fibers cause the conules. (Fig. 78.) Remarks.—It is quite remarkable that the Californian specimens agree so WIGURE 78.—Aplysilla glacialis “17 oe : Gy bOw EA arinens (se 40 closely with the original specimen from north of Europe, and with Lenden- feld’s description of what he records as the same species from Australia. APLYSILLA POLYRAPHIS de Laubenfels Aplysilla polyraphis DE LAUBENFELS, 1930, p. 29. Holotype-—U.S.N.M. No. 21434; B.M. No. 29.8.22.41. L'ype locality.—The one specimen, or group of specimens, is from my personal collection, taken at Pacific Grove, Calif., July, 1925. Description.—Shape, encrusting. Size, 5 mm thick, 3 cm in di- ameter. Consistency, spongy. Color in life and when preserved, purple. In collecting this sponge, it was necessary to detach its rather thin encrustation from the rock under water. Upon doing this, such copious quantities of deep purple coloring material were emitted that the entire tide pool, about a meter in diameter, was rendered purple. The sponge was put in a bucket of sea water to be taken to the laboratory, and this was also colored purple. The first jar of alcohol in which it was placed was colored so deeply as to become opaque, but the alcohol was changed twice, and the third filling remains uncolored, though the sponge appears as dark as ever. Oscules, not evident as distinct from the pores (which see). Pores, skeletal, 120 to 3002; protoplasmic, probably up to 200 when fully open, but closed or nearly closed in my specimen. Surface, super- ficially smooth, with scattered conules 1 mm high. Ectosomal specialization, a fibrous reticulation in one plane, with meshes having openings 120u to 300p in diameter. The fibers are about 80% to 180u in diameter and are densely packed with foreign spicules; these are presumably united by spongin, but remain united during only very slight maceration, more vigorous maceration sep- arating them easily. Endosomal structure, a minimum of proto- plasm with relatively enormous quantities of foreign spicules, the ART. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—pE LAUBENFELS 127 mass permeated by dendritic fibers, and all set on a tough basal plate of spongin. Ascending fibers, 80% to 200u in diameter, without for- eign inclusions, with lamellate structure, and terminating above in the conules. (Fig. 79.) Remarks.—Because of the enormous quantities of siliceous matter present (mostly foreign spicules) and because of the extreme opacity of the cells (they are packed with purple granules that are almost black), the difficulties in studying this sponge were excessively great. Recourse was had to hydrofluoric acid as a solvent for the siliceous matter, but the resulting material was badly shriveled and distorted, so that the method helped very little. By dint of making many sections some data can be given, however. There is a basal plate of spongin from which dendritic processes rise. These are typically about 130 in diameter near the base, and about 0.8 to 2.7 mm high, with occasional branching but no anastomosing. The spongin is now dark, perhaps stained by coloring matter dissolved into the alcohol from the cells. Near the base these fibers are rather obviously cored with pith, but their struc- ture is in general that of several concentri- cally placed cones, a hollow within the inner, smallest ones. This organization of fiber is quite typical of the genus A plysilla. All through the flesh are enormous quantities of spicules. It would seem that ie as eet ees every species in the vicinity was repre- at yin sented. There is but cramped space left raphis de Laubenfels, X50; for the protoplasmic structure. As the section of macerated skele- 4 ‘ ; ton; free-hand drawing spicules are placed to avoid closing the dermal pores there is at the surface that which resembles a reticula- tion of foreign spicules, densely packed. From the ease with which these are macerated apart, I judge they are not held together by spongin. I find no foreign inclusions in the fibers themselves. Very careful search was made for the flagellate chambers. I be- lieve that in this sponge, on account of the small size of the inter- stices between spicules, the flagellate cells are poorly organized into chambers. I find a few that seem to be eurypyllous, about 80n wide by 1002 long. Others in this section are round, and about 380 in diameter. These may be cross sections of the eurypyllous ones. On all counts, the closest species to polyraphis is violacea Lenden feld (1883, p. 237), from Australia. It had sand grains in its basal plate of spongin, which I think is probably true of polyraphis. From it and all others of the genus, however, the California sponge is very widely separated by its profusion of foreign spicules. BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNANDALE, N. 1907. Notes on the freshwater fauna of India. No. 9. Descriptions of new freshwater sponges from Calcutta, with a record of two known species from the Himalayas and a list of the Indian forms. Journ. Proc. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, vol. 3, pp. 15-26, 7 figs. BowERBANK, J. S. 1860. List of British sponges, in McAndrew’s List of the British Marine Invertebrate Fauna. Rep. 30th Meeting British Assoc., pp. 235, 236. 1862. On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe. London, vol. 152, pp. 747-829, 1087-1135, pls. 27-385, 72-74. 1863. A monograph of the Spongillidae. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, pp. 440— 472, pl. 38. 1864. A monograph of the British Spongiadae, vol. 1, 290 pp., 87 pls. Published for the Ray Society, London. 1866. A monograph of the British Spongiadae, vol. 2, 388 pp. Published for the Ray Society, London. 1872. Contributions to a general history of the Spongiadae, pts. 1-3. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 115-129, 196-202, 626-635, pls. 5, 6, 10, 11, 16-19. 1874. A monograph of the British Spongiadae, vol. 3, 263 pp., 92 pls. Pub- lished for the Ray Society, London. BR¢GNDSTED, H. V. 1924. Sponges from the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Vid. Medd. Kjobenhavn, vol. 75, pp. 117-167, 36 figs. Burton, M. 1929. Porifera. Part 2. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (“Terra Nova”) Expedition, Zoology, 1910, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 8393-458, pls. 1-5. CARTER, H. J. 1874. Descriptions and figures of deep-sea Sponges and their spicules from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. “ Porcupine,” chiefly in 1869; with figures and descriptions of some remarkable spicules from the Agulhas Shoal and Colon, Panama. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 14, pp. 207-221, 245-257, pls. 138-15. 1876. Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. “ Porcupine,” chiefly in 1869. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 18, pp. 226-240, 307-324, 388-410, 458-479, pls. 12-16. 1878. Parasites of the Spongida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 2, pp. 157-172. 1879. Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 3, pp. 284-304, 343-360, pls. 25-29. 1882. Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 9, pp. 266-801, 346-348, pls. 11, 12. CZERNIAVSKY, V. 1879. The littoral sponges of the Black and Caspian Seas. Preliminary report. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, vol. 53, pt. 2, Ann. 1878, pp. 375- 379, pls. 5-8. 128 arr. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS 129 Denpy, A. 1891, A monograph of the Victorian sponges. Part 1, The organisation and classification of the Calcarea Homocoela, with descriptions of the Victorian species. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 38, pp. 1-81, pls. 1-11. 1893. On a new species of Leucosolenia from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, new ser., vol. 5, pp. 178-180. 1905. Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902, in Herdman, Rep. Pearl Oyster Fisheries, suppl. 18, pp. 57-246, pls. 1-16. 1921. The tetraxonid sponge-spicule: A study in evolution. Acta Zool. Stockholm, 1921, vol. 2, pp. 95-152. 1922. Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H. M. 8. “ Sealark” in the Indian Ocean. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 18, pp. 1-164, pls. 1-18. 1924. Porifera. Part 1, Non-Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (“ Terre Nova”) Expedition 1910, Zoology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 269-392, pls. 1-15. Denpy, A., and RIDLEy, §. O. 1886. On Proteleia Sollasi, a new genus and species of monaxonid sponges allied to Polymastia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 18, pp. 152-159, pl. 5. Denpy, A., and Row, R. W. H. 1913. The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges; with a reference list of all the described species, systematically ar- ranged. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, pp. 704-818. DUCHASSAING DE FONBRESSIN, P., and MICHELOTTI, G. 1864. Spongiaires de la Mer Caraibe. Nat. Verh. Mij. Haarlem, vol. 21, pp. 1-124, pls. 1-25. DyYBOWSKI, W. 1880. Studien iiber die Spongien des russischen Reiches, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Spongien-Fauna des Baikal-Sees. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersbourg, ser. 7, vol. 27, 71 pp., 4 pls. Ertis, J. 1786. The natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, col- lected from various parts of the globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander, 206 pp., 63 pls. London. FLEMING, J. 1828. A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca and Radiata of the United Kingdom, 565 pp. Edinburgh-London. GEORGE, W. C., and WILSON, H. V. 1921. Sponges of Beaufort (N. C.) Harbor and vicinity. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 86, 1917-1918, pp. 183-179, pls. 56-61. GRANT, Ropert BE. 1827. Notice of two new species of British sponges. Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., vol. 2 (18267), pp. 208, 204. 18383. On the classification of the organs of animals, and on the organs of support in animalecules and poripherous animals. The Lancet, 1833-34, vol. 1, pp. 193-200, figs. A-—D, Nov. 2. 1841. Outlines of comparative anatomy. Porifera, pp. 5-9, 310-313, figs- 24. London. 107704—32——_9 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you, 81 Gray, J. E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 492-558, pls. 27, 28. HAECKEL, E. (H. P. A.) 1872. Die Kalkschwimme. Eine Monographie in zwei Binden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Berlin. HALLMANN, E. F. 1914. A revision of the monaxonid species described as new in Lendenfeld’s “Catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum.” Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 39, pp. 263-3876, 397-446, pls. 15-24. 1917. A revision of the genera with microscleres included, or provisionally included, in the family Axinellidae; with descriptions of some Australian species. Proc. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 41, pp. 683-675, pls. 29, 33, 88, 39, 41-44. 1920. New genera of monaxonid sponges related to the genus Clathria. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 44, pp. 767-792, pls. 86-40, figs. 1-3. HAnitscHu, R. 1894. Revision of the generic nomenclature and classification in Bower- bank’s “ British Spongiadae.” Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., vol. 8, pp. 173-206. HENTSCHEL, HE. 1911. Tetraxonida, Teil 2. Jn Michaelson and Hartmeyer’s Fauna Siid- west-Australiens, vol. 3, pp. 279-893, 54 figs. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwaimme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abh. Senck. Ges., vol. 34, pp. 295-448, pls. 13-21. 1918. Uber einen Fall von Orthogenese bei den Spongien. Zool. Anz., vol. 42, pp. 255-267, 1 fig. Hicern, T. H. 1877. Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steam- yacht “Argo” in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Ann, Mag. vat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 19, pp. 291-299, pl. 14. Hozawa, 8S. 1929. Studies on the calcareous sponges of Japan, Journ. Faculty of Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, sect. 4, Zoology, vol. 1, pt. 5, pp. 277-3889, pls. 12-28. Ig1ma, I. 1897. Revision of hexactinellids with discoctasters, with descriptions of five new species. Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 1, pp. 43-59. JOHNSTON, G. 1842. A history of British sponges and Lithophytes, 264 pp., 28 figs., 25 pls. Edinburgh, London, Dublin. KIRKPATRICK, R. 1900. Description of sponges from Funafuti. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 6, pp. 345-862, pls. 13-15. 1907. Porifera of Lambay. Irish Nat., vol. 16, pp. 86, 87. Dublin. 1907. Preliminary report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 20, pp. 271-291. 1910. On hexactinellid sponge spicules and their names. Part 2, Supple- mentary. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 5, pp. 347-850, 5 figs. LaMaAnrckK, J. B. P. A. pe M. 1818-1814. Sur les polypiers empatés. Ann. Mus., vol. 20, pp. 294-312, 370-386, 432-458. ar. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS lat LAMARCK, J. B. P. A. pp M.—Continued. 1815. Suite des polypiers empaités (dont Vexposition commence au 20° volume des Annales, p. 294). Mém. Mus., vol. 1, pp. 69-80, 162-168, 331-840. LAMBE, L. M. 1892. On some sponges from the Pacific coast of Canada and Behring Sea. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. 10, sect. 4, pp. 67-78, pls. 3-6. 1893. Sponges from the Pacific coast of Canada. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. 11, sect. 4, pp. 25-438, pls. 2-4. 1894. Sponges from the western coast of North America. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soe. Canada, vol. 12, sect. 4, pp. 113-188, pls, 24. 1905. A new recent marine sponge (Hsperella bellabellensis) from the Pacific coast of Canada. Ottawa Nat., vol. 19, pp. 14, 15, pl. 1. LAUBENFELS, M. W. DE 1926. New sponges from California. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 17, pp. 567-5738, figs. 1-15. 1927. The red sponges of Monterey Peninsula, California. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 19, pp. 258-266. 1930. The sponges of California. Stanford Univ. Bull., ser. 5, vol. 5, no. 98, pp. 24-29. LENDENFELD, R. VON. 1883. Ueber Coelenteraten der Siidsee. Neue Aplysinidae. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 38, pp. 284-818, pls. 10-138. 1888. Descriptive catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. (Pub. of the Australian Museum.) 260 pp., 12 pls. London. 1889. A monograph of the horny sponges, 936 pp., 50 pls. London. 1897. Spongien von Sansibar. Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., vol. 21, pp. 93-133, pls. 9, 10. 1907. Die Tetraxonia. Wiss. Erg. “ Valdivia,” vol. 11, pp. 59-874, pls. 9-46. 1910. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross,” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U.S.N., Commanding, and of other expeditions of the ‘“‘Albatross,”’ 1888-1904. The Sponges. I. The Geodidae. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodi., vol. 41, no. 1, 259 pp., 48 pls. 1915. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross,” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U.S.N., Commanding, and of other expeditions of the “Albatross,” 1891-1899. The Sponges. 8. Hexactinellida. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 42, 396 pp., 109 pls. LIEBERKUHN, N. 1859. Neue Beitriige zur Anatomie der Spongien. Arch. Anat. Phys., pp. 353-382, 515-529, pls. 9-11. LINNAEUS, C. VON. 1759. Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 2, Vegetabilia. 1767. Systema naturae, ed. 12, vol. 1, pt. 2, Insecta, Vermes. Holmiae. LUNDBECK, W. 1905. Porifera (part 2). Desmacidonidae (part). Danish Ingolf-Expedi- tion, vol. 6, 219 pp., pls. 1-20. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 81 McAnprew, R. (BOWERBANK, J. S.). 1861. List of the British marine invertebrate fauna. Rep. 30th Meeting Brit. Assoe., pp. 235, 236. MARSHALL, W. 1892. Spongiologische Beitrige. Festschrift 70. Wiederk. Geburtst. Leuckart, 36 pp., 8 pp. explanation, 8 pls. Mrs, H. 1880. Fresh-water sponges. Amer. Journ. Micr., vol. 5, pp. 125-132. MINCHIN, E. A. 1900. A treatise on zoology. Part 2, The Porifera and Coelentera, pp. 1-178, 97 woodcuts. (Edited by E. Ray Lankester.) London. Monracu, G. 1818. An essay on sponges, with descriptions of all the species that have been discovered on the coast of Great Britain. Mem. Werner Soc., vol. 2, pp. 67-122, pls. 3-16. Narpo, G. D. 1833. Auszug auS einem neuen System der Spongiarien, wornach bereits die Aufstellung in der Universitits-Sammlung zu Padua gemacht ist. Isis von Oken, Coll. 515-524. 1834. De Spongiis. Isis von Oken, Coll. 714-716. PALLAS, P. S. 1766. Elenchus Zoophytorum. Hagae-comitum apud Petrum van Cleef. Potts, E. 1881. Some new genera of fresh-water sponges. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1881, pp. 149, 150. 1887. Contributions toward a synopsis of the American forms of fresh water sponges with descriptions of those named by other authors and from all parts of the world. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1887, pp. 158-279, pls. 5-12. Riptey, 8. O. 1884. Spongiida. Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo- Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H. M. S. “ Alert”? 1881-82, pp. 3866-482, 582-630, pls. 89-48, 58, 54. London. Ripitey, S. O., and Drenpy, A. 1886. Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S&S. “Challenger.” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 18, pp. 325-351, 470-493. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. “ Challenger” dur- ing the years 1873-76. Rep. Sci. Res. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 20, pt. 59, 275 pp., pls. 1-51, 1 map. Scumipt, (E.) O. 1862. Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres, 88 pp., 7 pls. Leipzig. 1864. Supplement der Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. Enthaltend die Histologie und systematische Ergiinzungen, 48 pp., 4 pls. Leipzig. 1868. Die Spongien der Ktiste von Algier. Mit Nachtrigen zu den Spon- gien des adriatischen Meeres. (Drittes Supplement.) 44 pp., 5 pls. Leipzig. 1870. Grundztige einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes, 88 pp., 6 pls. Leipzig. Sonvuwze, F. E. 1887. Report on the Hexactinellida collected by H. M. S. “ Challenger” during the years 1873-1876. Rep. Sci. Res. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 21, pt. 53, 514 pp., 104 pls., 1 map. art. 4 SPONGES OF CALIFORNIA—DE LAUBENFELS foe ScHuuzp, F. E.—Continued. 1899. Amerikanische Hexactinelliden nach dem Materiale der Albatross- Expedition bearbeitet, 126 pp., 19 pls. Jena. SELENKA, EH. 1879. Ueber einen Kieselschwamm von achtstrahligem Bau, und _ iiber Entwicklung der Schwammknospen. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 33, pp. 467-476, pls. 27, 28. SMITH, F. 1921. Distribution of the fresh-water sponges of North America. Bull. Nat. Hist. Surv. Illinois, vol. 14, art. 11, pp. 9-22. SoLLas, IGERNA B. J. 1902. On the sponges collected during the “ Skeat Expedition” to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. Proc. Zool. Soe. London, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 220, 221, pls. 14, 15. SoLuas, W. J. 1879. On Plocamia plena, a new species of echinonematous sponge. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 4, pp. 44-53, 4 woodcuts. 1886. Preliminary account of the tetractinellid sponges dredged by H. M. S. “ Challenger,” 1872-1876. Pt. 1. The Choristida. Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., vol. 5, pp. 177-199. 1888. Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. ‘“ Challenger,” during the years 18738-1876. Rep. Sci. Res. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 25, 458 pp., 44 pls., 1 map. STEPHENS, J. 1916. Preliminary notice of some Irish sponges.—The Monaxonellida (sub- order Sigmatomonaxonellida) obtained by the fisheries branch of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, Ireland. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 17, pp. 232-242. THEE. J; 1898. Studien tiber pazifische Spongien, I. Zoologica, Heft 24, pp. 1-72, pls. 1-8. 1899. Studien tiber pazifische Spongien, II. Zoologica, Heft 24, pp. 1-383, pls. 1-5. 1905. Die Kiesel- und Hornschwiimme der Sammlung Plate. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. 6, pp. 407-496, pls. 27-383. TOPSENT, E. 1889, Notes spongologiques. Arch. Zool. Exp., ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. xxxiii- xliii. 1892. Contribution 4 l’étude des Spongiaires de Atlantique Nord. Ré- sultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert I*T Prince Souverain de Monaco, fase. 2, 165 pp., 11 pls. 1893. Nouvelle série de diagnoses d’éponges de Roscoff et de Banyuls. Arch. Zool. Exp., ser. 3, vol. 1, pp. xxxiii—xliii. 1894. Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. I, Tetractinellida. Arch. Zool. Exp., ser. 3, vol. 2, pp. 259-400, pls. 11-16. 1896. Matériaux pour servir 4 l’étude de la faune des Spongiaires de France. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 9, pp. 113-133. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d’Amboine. Rey. Suisse Zool., vol. 4, pp. 421- 487, pls. 18-21. 1900. Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France, vol. 3, Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Arch. Zool. Exp., ser. 3, vol. 8, pp. 1-331, pis 1-8. 1904. Spongiaires des Acores. Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accom- plies sur son yacht par Albert I°’ Prince Souverain de Monaco, fasc. 25, pp. 1-280, pls. 1-18. 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM _ Vo. 81, arr. 4 TopsENT, E.—Continued. 1914. Spongiaires de l’expédition antarctique nationale écossaise. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 49, pt. 3, no. 9, pp. 579-648, pls. 1-6. 1920. Spongiaires du musée zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides, Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, no. 381, 36 pp., 5 figs. 1925. Etude de Spongiaires du Golfe de Naples. Arch. Zool. Exp., vol. 63, fase. 5, pp. 628-725, pl. 8, figs. 1-27. 1927. Diagnoses d’éponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert I*T de Monaco. Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco No. 502, pp. 1-19. 1928. Spongiaires de l’Atlantique et de la Méditerranée, provenant des croisiéres du Prince Albert I°* de Monaco. Résultats des cam- pagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert I°", Prince Souverain de Monaco, fase. 74, pp. 1-876, pls. 1-11. ('RBAN, F. 1902. Rhabdodermella nuttingi, nov. gen. et nov. spec. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 71, pp. 268-275, pl. 14. 1905. Kalifornische Kalkschwiimme. Arch. fiir Nat., vol. 72, pp. 33-76, pls. 6-9. VERRILL, A. HE. 1907. The Bermuda Islands. Porifera: Sponges. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 12, pp. 330-3844. VosMAgER, G. C. J. 1882-1886. Porifera, in Bronn’s Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 2, pp. 1-496, pls. 1-260. Leipzig. Most of the references to this work are to the part that appeared in 1885, hence show that date. 1928. Bibliography of sponges, 1551-19138. Edited by G. P. Bidder and C. S. Vosmaer-Roéell. 2384 pp. Cambridge. WELTNER, W. 1895. Spongillidenstudien, pt. 3, Katalog und Verbreitung der bekannten Siisswasserschwiimme. Arch. fiir Nat., vol. 66, pp. 114-144. WHITELEGGE, TH. 1906. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H. M. C. 8. ‘ Thetis” off the coast of New South Wales in February and March, 1898. Part 9, Sponges. Australian Mus. Mem., vol. 4, pp. 453-484, pls. 48, 44. WItson, H. V. 1904. The sponges. (No. 30 of Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. 8. Fish Com- mission Steamer “Albatross,” during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z, L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding.) Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodél., vol. 30, no. 1, 164 pp., 26 pls, 1911. Development of sponges from dissociated tissue cells. Bull. U. S. Bur, Fish., vol. 80 (1910), pp. 1-30, pls. 1-5. 1925. Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. 8S. Fisheries Steamer “Albatross ” during the Philippine Expedition, 1907-10. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 2, pt. 4, 532 pp., 52 pls. INDEX (SYNONYMS ARB GIVEN IN ITALICS) Aaata, 89. brepha, 91. spongigartina, 89. Acanthascus, 18. platei, 18. Acanthosaccus tenuis, 3. Acarnidae, 104. Acarnus, 104, 106. erithacus, 4, 104. ternatus, 106. Acervochalina, 118. limbata, 118. aculeata, Farrea, 3. Adocia, 119. simulans, 119. Aegagrophila, 69. aegagropila, Mycale, 68. agassizti, Geodia, 4, 25. agennes, Myxilla, 79. agminata, Hymeniacidon, 62. Alcyonium aurantium, 45, vesparium, 50. amblia, Duseideia, 128. amblia, Dysidea, 123. amorpha, Reniera, 61. amorphus, Prianos, 61. Amphilectus, 99. Amphoriscidae, 15. Anaata, 89. brepha, 91. spongigartina, 89. andrewsi, Spirastrella, 50. angulata, Sidonops, 4, 23. Aphorme, 17. horrida, 17. Aphroeallistes, 21. vastus, 21. whiteavesianus, 21. Aphrocallistidae, 21. apicalis, Leucandra, 4, 11. Aplysilla, 125. glacialis, 125. polyraphis, 126. violacea, 127. Aplysina, 124. procumbens, 125. Aplysinidae, 124. aquaeductus, Reniera, 61. arb, Tetilla, 42. arndti, Astylinifer, 74. Ascilla convallaria, 3, 6. Ascute, 10. uteoides, 10. asodes, Eurypon, 92. asper, Rhabdocalyptus, 20. astrosanguinea, Microciona, 95. Astrotetraxonida, 106, Astylinifer, 74. arndti, 74. planus, 75. atlantica, Poterion, 50, aurantia californiana, Tethya, 44. aurantium, Alcyonium, 45. authia, Timea, 45. Axinellidae, 56. Axos, 106. Barbozia, 62. primitiva, 62. Bathydorus dawsoni, 20, Bathyxiphus subtilis, 3. Batzella, 62. inops, 62. bellabellensis, Esperella, 66. bellabellensis, Mycale, 66. bicolor, Sidonops, 4, 23. Biemna, 638, 78. fortis, 64. megalosigma, 64. rhadia, 63. bitorquis, Phlyctaenopora, 62. brepha, Aaata, 91. brepha, Anaata, 91. breviana, Geodia, 4, 25, bucklandi, Dercitus, 39, 40. bucklandi, Halina, 39. Hymeniacidon, 39. Calcarea, 5, 6. californiana, Cliona celata, 47. Jophona chelifer, 82. Myxilla versicolor, 81. Ophlitaspongia pennata, 103. Tethya aurantia, 44. calyx, Chonelasma, 21. canaliculata, Esperiopsis, 93. candidata, Papyrula, 38. Carterella tubisperma, 111. earteri, Strongylamma, 63. Carterius, 111. tubisperma, 111. caruncula, Hymeniacidon, 58, 59. celata californiana, Cliona, 47. centrangulatus, Gellius, 112, Chalina, 118, 119. oculata, 118. chelifer californiana, Iophon, 82. chelifer ostia-magna, Iophon, 83. 135 136 Chonelasma, 21, Calyx, (21, tenerum, 21. Choristida, 5, 23. ciliata, Grantia, 11. Cinachyra, 44. cinerea, Halichondria, 120. Isodictya, 120. Reniera, 120. Spongia, 120. cinerea, Haliclona, 120. clarella, Stelletta, 29. Clathria, 93, 95. coralloides, 95. Olathriidae, 93. Clathrina, 8, 9. Clathriopsamma, 96. pseudonapya, 96. Cliona, 47, 118. celata californiana, 47. Clionidae, 47. Cliothoosa, 106. coacta, Sycandra, 4, 10. coactum, Sycon, 10. Coelosphaeridae, 74. coerula, Terpios, 88. columeila, Desmacidon, 62. Stylotella, 62. columella, Prianos, 62. Columnitis squamata, 46, 47. compressa, Poecillastra, 33. econfoederata, Spheciospongia, 48. constellata, Leptosastra, 91. convallaria, Ascilla, 3, 6. convallaria, Leucosolenia, 6. convolvulus, Farrea, 20. coralloides, Clathria, 95. Petrosia, 117. coralloides, Xestospongia, 116. coriacea, Leucosolenia, 7. coronata, Spongia, 11. Sycandra, 3, 11. coronatum, Sycon, 11. cortius, Penares, 35. Coscinoporidae, 21. Craniella, 48, 44. erassa, Reniera, 61. cratera, Reniera, 61. cribrosa, Papillina, 50. Cyamon, 109. neon, 109. eyanocrypta, Hymenamphiastra, 75, 87. Cydonium miilleri, 25. Darwinellidae, 125. davidi, Dyscliona, 638. dawsoni, Bathydorus, 20. dawsoni, Rhabdocalyptus, 20. Dendoryx luciensis, 99. Dendroceratina, 6, 125. densissima, Petrosia, 11T. Dercitus, 38. bucklandi, 39, 40. syrmatitus, 38. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 81 Desmacella, 64. pennata, 4, 104. vyagabunda, 64. Desmacidon columella, 62. Desmacidonidae, 63, 103. Dictyciona, 93. Dictyoceratina, 6, 121. digitata, Stylotella, 62. diprosopia, Haliclona, 115. diprosopia, Xestospongia, 115. discreta, Microciona, 93. Dolichantha, 106. domunculus, Suberites, 53. Donatia parasitica, 47. dowlingi, Rhabdocalyptus, 18. dowlingi, Staurocalyptus, 18. dujardini, Halisarca, 22. dura, Petrosia, 62, 117. dura, Reniera, 116. durissima, Strongylophora, 653. Duseideia amblia, 123. Dyscliona, 63. davidi, 63. Dysidea, 123. amblia, 123. fragilis, 124. Dysideidae, 1238. dysoni, Spongia, 50. ecbasis, Haliclona, 117. edaphus, Gellius, 111. eleanor, Leucosolenia, 3, 8. enamela, Haliclona, 119. Endectyon, 106. Ephydatia, 3, 106, 111. robusta, 111. epiphytum, Prosuberites, 55. epocheomaius, Gellius, 114. erithacus, Acarnus, 4, 104. Esperella bellabellensis, 66, fisheri, 4, 66. Esperella serratohamata, 70. Esperiopsis, 70. canaliculata, 93. foreipula, 73. glaber, 72. originalis, 70, 103. estrella, Stelletta, 31. Euretidae, 20. Eurypon, 92. asodes, 92. microchela, 92. Huryponidae, 92, 109. Euspongia hospes, 3. Farrea, 20. aculeata, 3. convolyulus, 20. ocea, 3. fasciculatus, Staurocalyptus, 19. fascifibula, Mycale, 70. Ficulina, 52. ficus, 53. suberea lata, 52. ficus, Ficulina, 53. ART. 4 fimbriata, Guitarra, 63. firma, Myxilla, 77. fisheri, Esperella, 4, 66. fistularis, Verongia, 125. fistulata, Petrosia, 117. flabelliformis, Trikentrion, 110. flagellifer, Gellius, 112. forcipula, Esperiopsis, 73. fortis, Biemna, 64. fragilis, Dysidea, 124. Fusifer, 97. gadus, Suberites, 4, 55. gelatinosa, Hymeniacidon, 88. gellindra, Halichoclona, 114. Gellius, 111, 114. centrangulatus, 112. edaphus, 111. epocheomaius, 114. flagellifer, 112. imperialis, 112. textapatina, 4, 112. Geodia, 25. agassizii, 4, 25. breviana, 4, 25. mesotriaena, 4, 25. mesotriaenella, 4, 25. ovis, 4, 25. Geodiidae, 23. Geodinella robusta, 4, 28. var. megasterra, 28. glaber, Esperiopsis, 72. glacialis, Aplysilla, 125. glacialis, Simplicella, 125. Grantia ciliata, 11. Grantiidae, 11. Guitarra, 63. fimbriata, 63. Hadromerina, 5, 44. Halichoclona, 118, 114. gellindra, 114. Halichondria, 56, 114. cinerea, 120. lururians, 59. panicea, 56. Halichondrina, 5, 56. Haliclona, 62, 114, 117. cinerea, 120. diprosopia, 115. ecbasis, 117. enamela, 119. lunisimilis, 120, occulata, 118. oculata, 118. vanilla, 116. Haliclonidae, 111. Halina bucklandi, 39. Halisarea, 22. dujardini, 22. sacra, 22. Halisarcidae, 22. Hamacantha, 66. hamata, Hemectyon, 108. Haploscleridae, 111. INDEX 137 Haplosclerina, 5, 110. Hardwickia, 50. heathi, Leucandra, 4, 12. heathi, Leuconia, 12. hebes, Reniera, 61. heliophila, Stylotella, 60, Hemectyon, 107. hamata, 108. hyle, 107. Heterocliona, 50. Hexactinellida, 5, 17. hilgendorfi, Papyrula, 38. horrida, Aphorme, 17. hospes, Euspongia, 8. hyaloderma, Zygherpe, 65. Hyalonema, 17. populiferum, 17. Hyalonematidae, 17. hyle, Hemectyon, 107. Hymedesmia, 75, 89, stellata, 47. Hymedesmiidae, 87. hymena, Wilsa, 72. Hymenamphiastra, 87. eyanocrypta, 75, 87. Hymeniacidon, 57. agminata, 62. bucklandi, 39. earuncula, 58, 59. gelatinosa, 88. pulvinatus, 50. sinapium, 57. ungodon, 60. Hymeraphia, 106. Hymesigma, 89. Hymetrochota, 87, 89. rotula, 88, 89. idia, Spongia, 121. igzo, Plocamia, 102. imperialis, Gellius, 112. inaequalis, Leptosiopsis, 90. Inflatella, 62. inops, Batzella, 62. Iophon, 82. chelifer californiana, 82. chelifer ostia-magna, 83. Iotrochota, 89, 106. Isociona, 4, 99. lithophoenix, 99. tuberosa, 100. Isodictya cinerea, 120. Isodictya palmata, 118. japonica, Leucosolenia, 6. Jia, 97. jia, 97. Joyeuxia, 62. viridis, 62. kagoshimensis, Leucosolenia, 6. karykina, Plocamia, 4, 101. karykinos, Plocamia, 101. Kirkpatrickia, 84. variolosa, 84. kyma, Lissodendoryx, 73, 75. ‘ 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol 81 lacunosa, Myxilla, 77. lacustris, Spongia, 110. lacustris, Spongilla, 110. laminaris, Poecillastra, 34. lata, Ficulina suberea, 52. latus, Suberites, 52. Laxosuberites, 55, 88. lendenfeldi, Stelletta, 31. Leptosastra, 91. constellata, 91. Leptosiopsis, 90. inaequalis, 90. Leucandra apicalis, 4, 11. heathi, 4, 11. sagittata, 11. Leucandra solida, 15. Leucascidae, 13. Leucetta losangelensis, 13. sagittata, 3, 11. Leucilla, 17. amphora, 17. nuttingi, 15. Leuconia, 4, 11. heathi, 12. losangelensis, 13. sagittata, 11. Leucosolenia, 3, 6. convallaria, 6. coriacea, 7. eleanor, 3, 8. japonica, 6. kagoshimensis, 6. macleayi, 6. nautilia, 9. stipitata, 6. Leucosoleniidae, 6. lignosa, Petrosia, 117. limbata, Acervochalina, 118. Liosina, 62. paradoxa, 62. Lissodendoryx, 75, 84, 100. kyma, 73, 75. noxiosa, 76. rex, 77. lithophoenix, Isociona, 99. lithophoenia, Plocamia, 4. longispinus, Prosuberites, 55. losangelensis, Leucetta, 13. losangelensis, Leuconia, 13. luciensis, Dendoryx, 99. lunisimilis, Haliclona, 120. luxurians, Halichondria, 59. macginitiei, Mycale, 68. macilenta, Myecale, 68. macleayi, Leucosolenia, 6. manaarensis, Plocamia, 3, 102. megalosigma, Biemna, 64. megans, Sidonops angulata, 23. megasterra, Geodinella robusta, 28, mesotriaena, Geodia, 4, 25. mesotriaenella, Geodia, 4, 25. Meyenia robusta, 8, 111. microana, Sidonops angulata, 25. microchela, Hurypon, 92. Microciona, 93. Microciona astrosanguinea, 95. discreta, 98. microjoanna, 93. parthena, 95. prolifera, 95. Microcionidae, 93, 103. microjoanna, Microciona, 93. milleri, Cydonium, 25, mutabilis, Tetilla, 40 Mycale, 66. aegagropila, 68. bellabellensis, 66. fascifibula, 70. macginitiei, 68. macilenta, 68. Mycalinae, 72. Myxilla, 79. agennes, 79. firma, 77. lacunosa, parasitica, 80. rosacea, 81. versicolor californiana, 81. Myxillidae, 75. Myxospongida, 5, 22. 77 nautilia, Leucosolenia, 9. neon, Cyamon, 109. nodulosus, Rhabdocalyptus, 20. Normania tenuilaminaris, 35. noxiosa, Lissodendoryx, 76. nuda, Rhyzaxinella, 56. nuttingi, Leucilla, 15. nuttingi, Rhabdodermella, 3, 15. obscurata, Tedanione, 86. occulata, Haliclona, 118. ocea, Farrea, 3. oculata, Chalina, 118. Spongia, 117. oculata, Haliclona, 118. Ophlitaspongia, 4, 95, 103. pennata, 71. pennata californiana, 103. _originalis, Esperiopsis, 70, 103. orthotriaena, Sidonops angulata, 23. Osculina, 50. ostia-magna, Iophon chelifer, 83. ovis, Geodia, 4, 25. Pachastrella, 35. Pachychalina, 119, 120. rustica, 119. pachymastia, Polymastia, 51. pallescens, Spongelia, 124. palmata, Isodictya, 118. panicea, Halichondria, 56. panicea, Spongia, 56. Papillina cribrosa, 50. Papyrula, 37. eandidata, 38. hilgendorfi, 38. saccharis, 37. sphaera, 38. paradoxa, Liosina, 62. parasitica, Donatia, 47. Myxilla, 80. ART. 4 Paresperella, 69. psila, 69. serratohamata, 70. parthena, Microciona, 95. Penares, 35. cortius, 35. tyloaster, 37. pennata californiana, Ophlitaspongia, 108. pennata, Desmacella, 4, 104. Petrosia, 62, 116. coralloides, 117, densissima, 117. dura, 62, 117. fistulata, 117. lignosa, 117. similis, 117. variabilis, 117. Phloedictyon, 62. Phlyctaenopora, 62. bitorquis, 62. planus, Astylinifer, 75. platei, Acanthascus, 18. plena, Plocamia, 1038. Plocamia, 101. igzo, 102. karykina, 4, 101. karykinos, 101, lithophoenixz, 4, 99. manaarensis, 3, 102. plena, 1038. Plocamiancora, 103. Plocamiidae, 101. Poecillastra, 32. compressa, 33. laminaris, 34. rickettsi, 32. schultzei, 33. tenuilaminaris, 35. Poecilosclerina, 5, 63. Polymastia, 51. pachymastia, 51. Polymastiidae, 51. Polynia, 17. polyraphis, Aplysilla, 126. populiferum, Hyalonema, 17. Poterion atlantica, 50. Pozziella, 66, Prianos, 61. amorphus, 61. columella, 62. problematicus, 61. primitiva, Barbozia, 62. problematicus, Prianos, 61. procumbens, Aplysina, 125. prolifera, Microciona, 95, Prosuberites, 54. epiphytum, 55. longispinus, 55. rugosus, 55. sisyrnus, 54. Proteleia, 106. Protoschmidtia, 62. simplex, 62. pseudonapya, Clathriopsamma, 96. psila, Paresperella, 69, pulvinatus, Hymeniacidon, 50. INDEX 139 radiata, Tetilla, 42. Raphyrus, 50. taspailia, 108, Raspailiidae, 107, 109, Reniera, 61, 119, 120. amorpha, 61. aquaeductus, 61. cinerea, 120. crassa, 61. cratera, 61, dura, 116, hebes, 61. luxurians, 59, variabilis, 59. rex, Lissodendoryx, 77. rhadia, Biemna, 63. Rhabdocalyptus, 20. asper, 20. dawsoni, 20. dowlingi, 18. nodulosus, 20, tener, 20. Rhabdodermella, 15. nuttingi, 3, 15. Rhaphiophora, 50. Rhizaxinella nuda, 56. rickettsi, Poecillastra, 32. robusta, Ephydatia, 111. Geodinella, 4, 28. robusta, Meyenia, 8, 111. rosacea, Myxilla, 81. Rossellidue, 17. rotula, Hymetrochota, 88, 89. rugosus, Prosuberites, 55. rustica, Pachychalina, 119. saccharis, Papyrula, 37. sacra, Halisarea, 22. sagittata, Leucetta, 3, 11. Leucandra, 11. sanguinea, Spongia, 59. sansibarense, Strongylacidon, 63. Schmidtia, 116. schultzei, Poecillastra, 33. serratohamata, Esperella, 70. Paresperella, 70. Sidonops, 23. angulata, 4, 23. angulata megana, 23. angulata nicroana, 23. angulata orthotriaena, 23. bicolor, 4, 23. Sigmatotetraxonida, 106. similis, Petrosia, 117. simplex, Protoschmidtia, 62. Simplicella glacialis, 125. simulans, Adocia, 119. sinapium, Hymeniacidon, 57. sisyrnus, Prosuberites, 54. solida, Leucandra, 15. solidus, Staurocalyptus, 18. sphaera, Papyrula, 38. Spheciospongia, 48. confoederata, 48. Sphinctrella, 34. spinosa, Tetilla, 48. 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM _ Vor. 81, art. 4 Spirastrella, 51. andrewsi, 50. Spongelia, 123, 124. pallescens, 124. Spongeliidae, 123. Spongia, 121. cinerea, 120. coronata, 11. dysoni, 50. idia, 121, lacustris, 110. oculata, 118. panicea, 56. sanguinea, 59. spongigartina, Aaata, 89. spongigartina, Anaata, 89. Spongiidae, 121. Spongilla, 110. lacustris, 110. Spongillidae, 110. squamata, Columnitis, 46, 47. Stauroealyptus, 18. dowlingi, 18. fasciculatus, 19. solidus, 18. stellata, Hymedesmia, 47. Stelletta, 19. clarella, 29. estrella, 29. lendenfeldi, 31. Stellettidae, 29. stipitata, Leucosolenia, 6. Strongylacidon, sansisbarense. 63. Strongylamma, carteri, 638. Strongylophora, 61, 68. durissima, 63. Stylotella, 62. columella, 62. digitata, 62. heliophila, 60. suberea lata, Ficulina, 52. suberea, Suberites, 52. Suberites, 50, 51, 58, 55. domunceulus, 53. gadus, 4, 55. latus, 52. suberea, 52. Suberitidae, 52. subtilis, Bathyxiphus, 8. Sycandra coacta, 4, 10. coronata, 3, 11. Sycettidae, 10. Sycon, 4, 10. coactum, 10. ecoronatum, 11. Sylleibidae, 17. syrmatitus, Dercitus, 38. Tedania, 83. topsenti, 83. toxicalis, 84, 85. Tedanione, 86. obseurata, 86. wilsoni, 86. tener, Rhabdocalyptus, 20. tenerum, Chonelasma, 21. tenuilaminaris, Normania, 85. tenuilaminaris, Poecillastra, 35. tenuis, Acanthosaccus, 3. ternatus, Acarnus, 106. Terpios coerula, 88. Tethya, 44, 46, 47. aurantia ealiforniana, 44. Tethyidae, 44. Tethyopsilla, 48. Tetilla, 40. arb, 42. mutabilis, 40. radiata, 42. spinosa, 48. Tetillidae, 40. tetractis, Timea, 47. textapatina, Gellius, 4, 112. Thalysias vespara, 50. Theneidae, 32. thiona, Verongia, 124. Thoosa, 118. Timea, 45. authia, 45. stellata, 46. tetractis, 47. Timeidae, 45. topsenti, Tedania, 838. toxiealis, Tedania, 85. Trikentrion, 110. flabelliformis, 110. tuberosa, Isociona, 100. tubisperma, Carterella, 111. tubisperma, Carterius, 111. tyloaster, Penares, 37. ungodon, Hymeniacidon, 60. uteoides, Ascute, 10. vagabunda, Desmacella, 64. vanilla, Haliclona, 116. vanilla, Xestospongia, 116. variabilis, Petrosia, 117. Reniera, 59. variolosa, Kirkpatrickia, 84. vastus, Aphrocallistes, 21. Verongia, 124. fistularis, 125. thiona, 124. Verongiidae, 124. versicolor californiana, Myxilla, 81. vespara, Thalysias, 50. vesparium, Alcyoniwm, 50. violacea, Aplysilla, 127. viridis, Joyeuxia, 62. Vomerula, 66. Vosmaeria, 17. whiteavesianus, Aphrocallistes, 21. Wilsa, 72. hymena, 72. wilsoni, Tedanione, 86. Xestospongia, 115. coralloides, 116. diprosopia, 115. vanilla, 116. Zygherpe, 65. hyaloderma, 65. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1932 A NEW TREMATODE OF THE GENUS UROTREMA FROM BATS By JoserH E. Auicata Junior Zoologist, Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture A trematode that appears to be a new species is described in this paper. This fluke belongs to the family Urotrematidae Poche, 1926, and to the genus Urotrema Braun, 1900. Three specimens were col- lected by the writer in June, 1931, from the intestine of a red bat (Lasiurus borealis) captured in Washington, D. C. UROTREMA LASIURENSIS, new species FIGURE 1 Specific diagnosis —Urotrema: Body elongated, 3 mm to 3.5 mm long by 890, to 967» wide in middle region of body, flattened dorso- ventrally; anterior end attenuated and posterior end bluntly rounded. Cuticular spines present on anterior two-thirds of body and absent on posterior third of body. Oral sucker subterminal, 124p to 156u long by 140. to 1564 wide. Prepharynx apparently absent; pharynx 78 to 938 long by 68. to 76u wide; esophagus 91p to 106 long; intestinal ceca sinuous in outline, terminating 358, to 390u from pos- terior end of body. in the Carnegie Museum gives first-hand evidence that the scapula in saur- opodous dinosaurs occupied a more horizontal position. In this con- nection it is of interest to note that Prof. R. S. Lull has reached the same conclusion as illustrated by the skeleton of Camarasaurus lentus and Brontosaurus excelsus recently mounted under his direc- tion.?¢ TABLE 4.—Comparative measurements of scapula and coracoid of Diplodocus ieee U.S.N.M. | 0. M. No. No. 10865 84 Mm Mm Combined length of scapula and coracoid.........-.....-.....-.-.-----<---- ------ 1, 508 1, 600 Greatest lengthtot’scapalat fe — Sa S52 DS ee eae oe ee 1, 153 1, 240 Greatest; breadth ofiscapula:- 2<....- 2-22. enon occ sec sc el ooo tence eee 602 605 Teastibreadthiofiscapula !-< 2222-22. 22 soc ee a Eee ee 228 204 Lengthiol coracold eee eee eee eee ee eee woe eke a eare eam seer 355 612 Greatest oxpanseol glenoid cavity.-2.).2-. 202 2S a ee eee! 320 274 Pelvis—The complete pelvic arch was recovered. The ilia were found attached to the sacrum, but the pubes and ischia, though each pair remains articulated, had been shifted to the eastward of the main part of the skeleton. These bones are in full accord with Hatcher’s description of the pelvis of Diplodocus and call for no special comment here. Their principal dimensions are given in Table 5. 2% Gilmore, C. W., Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 376, pls. 14, 17, 1925. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 19, p. 3, fig. 1, 1930. ART. 18 ON A NEW SKELETON OF DIPLODOCUS—GILMORE 19 Taste 5.—Measurements of pelvic bones of Diplodocus Measurement Re roses . Mu aS Mm Mm ren vesmmene tno iuim= <2 25. nese eee eee ee on eee te eS et seccke 945 1, 089 Greatest width of pelvis across the posterior end_---.-_.-.------------------------ 920) |S 22 eee ses Greatest depth of ilium through greater peduncle__..._-.-----.------------------- G36. S252" 2222 Greatest-widthiof acetabulum: —222< coscceces ooSecc seca sseseset be esas th fesse 380 N25 assess se Greatest width of centrum of fifth sacral......-.-~_.--....--.---..-.----------<.=- 384: | cco e eas rentestiengenol pibes sac sec se ose os Sanaa eee een hoes nae eee tl hss eee 820 1, 000 Greatest breadth of proximaliend =... rey wap crt in ieee om 1 4) ON aR UT Rae ATR te,» tally t ta D: ; ih hl - me i f , : 4 rs \ « : ‘s ' if ih mek iy" me ri 5 vue vi p OA ae hae tA ib al a oh i ves on & co if Aner Aai349. wrens ta pastas cera eos: anne iii mi re r ite ‘ rt iq Bh Tal Pa ae can {Vr POLY Aco sere F AL luge sy TAU AM “ he ie ie 1 - : i ‘co 4A tn Tey igs) ea Misr hes ‘L. —— a oe ee vr ae ae oe icin wi vr i. 7 ae 7 ah ie? vk ee ma : a Ber ; ' ii oe ce Ore : igi 7 as a 7 7 mh, M “a be i, hae B) r Bat) Sh NE +cat pao ae rane ne ae oe td Ra yb aD 7 Pe 7 Wha no ae Pi tae r fh oe Le i a” / hi ey ayy a im : : P i ,. ys Teeny’ meh: ee Kh oT eo, ig be dt i mee A a i ie SD hs AD LIRA Sik ae nae d SF mm Fae a Gr oe yi, in vU mee a abe: i Be eT | Se uy of 9G Oh ee gt : Ta a Mw j . Sli) « ek ae ar 7 | ae ‘* ae» =, oe on ay ie v 7, y - 7 Ea na) - va oe : ee 7 Mi Liars i = iia la 6 gen a 1° @ 7 7 ie 4 at vy iN ie a8 7 i 7 = j ma) eh 7 a ee i a, Oa a | =) pits i ; sd 7 ‘ae ( Wik eerunine, ale | i LD ul ie in"! Sta a 7 7 en! Nand ys oe, oo. oa hy - : i 5 Pees i Bice ; : i - al ee : - a ave a D i 7 ; / - se ti a. Coe ' . a 7 iia a See re ; - _. oat) OP vg 7 ; =) aes 7%) 4 ..g ie ‘ ef) ' a it : eee)! 3 : ; aim ~ i i Z haa y 7 ¢) 7, : oy: a 1 ay J i - at Z a 7 , 7 mas " ‘ vig’ * om = , / : ; iby ; ? 7 ca » oS 7 7 =) : 7 ae | ya os 7% ’ 7 a - = 1 ; re A Pea 7 gre! 6 a ' ? ia - 7 . mb 7 ime a * 4 — s a - ee > ran ih ¥ fi : 1, - a 3) > wo Dy =? a thy 7 : a me Roser: s i om)... uae: Nye j wl “ou Aa hi, 1 ce ay > ue es ar ah pe ab ie os Pa 7 ae 44 ie a 7 “ a 7 > a j nal | > | nit am a i ma oan > o>, nl ‘ : i . hi Bea a ete: dy’ zs * hay ey a Ag : hs Cys, he fy . 4 Ue eS ' : ei y ie pr hae t 4A _ Hie. - . i at 4 a ap p>, a tat A on a nae ae) Z il ei y 5 7 i r ian . x 7 we i . : n . 4 ' i ‘+ mh ive i Vy, i" ony 7 .* fd aay - - a ‘ee a De i) " ey 4 ae :, wey : Diet or 7 £8 ee ee a ; i ve mS ie n y of, cer yrs aes, ¥ ere Py Oe haa a ‘ at ‘e tay as a Was no a Lt UP i Vie Py MAR is oe 7 i i a p i. nein} ‘ : = oP.) alt *) i aay i ; P aa 7 i ai cs 7 a aby , . a ne : - ; i a a a uk hie ae © | ; » Ase a : a 4) 4K rr Tare i Te A i ; a. if ae my A Ch | one bse ; te ange iT. . i a ray ‘en it CO So ed aL Yo Saws : ; — tr - yw eh a 7 pies ‘ Ne _) ' ’ 7 Y - = et Av, A A 7 : AM cm _ pun! ; . ca ay wih 7 ts . + ie an 7 ae 4 an 7 ee nih 1 iz a? | . Pi “i . he on a - ee ae 2 # hs " 7. 2 wc : are de i ; . id. - i ee hh. Un ee tea es Mo. 7 ; ai oy fj tele i. hog > Me ay a Ve vs tis i Rn OMA dae, OAi BS ; ue a ae f . oer 7 ul ee 7” wd me 1. i, 4 a oF a ; iy? Kia — “iy ‘ex Ds ve rae nis ° 7 > i" a ri sd a ne ye a Orr Vig ‘sf be, Fo) ae, Sea ice ve ae ris ace : 7 a} ase ; a Ae ei y hk a - re splat oe TTT 01420 9621