Ce IE ER BGA ADR ia pte! Ce Mel athe Wb Ark fh fon § MOBS Bia Me A hh eS apie Ste 2% CRA eT d AG oar ch tpt ee Rar eee ee LF het pte hb, Glink ie ot EG Oe GT 28 OEM Atta Tt td bg hE j Bea ate See ay eh Dasa. hes, fake tele ION NOILALILSNI 2 z = 1= = z a ie = ra) rie ro) wn 2) oO y (72) fo) = oF: a5 a i a E . El ele: : 5 J17_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI = & S re o Kann . ca Kary eS 2) 3 «. tt Mp 3H kz ye | FE a = : SS S DEAS ~ ON NOILNLI : = 2 ~ == | = fos uv = JIT LIBRAR = ‘@ 2S a as AYN t! = S | = , es O~ BORE : ON” NOILNLI. Division of Mollusks 2 Sectional Library = 'g < o¢ io) Ray 117 LIBRAF x 7 Scam | \ co [xf A So] = a) > (ee SI > = S$} x 5 =a i y = Zo MS aa a m = Ww io 9) = ON. NOILALITSNI NVINOSHLINS (S3 luvug ryoul BRARIES = < = ay Re = wet z z + FB “Ut E Zz ip = = es R ae ae : as, 47. LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI w ca Pa?) a ca 2 f tf fy — ae = « Yup = = ““jg§ S S S BK afl is oe ow! pas | ON NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3SI¥VYSgIT LIBRARIES : ce : \ 2 We 5 z < — > \ Xe . \~ > Sy ft oa >» WYN i = FP NIN £ a _NVINOSHLINS S31uVvusII, LILSNI PITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHILIWS S NVINOSHLINS SS3iyva SMITHSONIAN = < =< oO wy AE E = NVINOSHLIWS Sa 1yy) RQ KES WS & = foe : Y & | iNet DNIAN INSTITU u | Y,, ao |B. z Wie < Lg! fo ; ao > | m | wn LINS S3IYV 1 ¢¥ ~” (@) = > z ONIAN_ INSTITU Wy ty A G2 Ys 7 x kd —| ro ze HLIWS S3Qiyuy a o kK 2 = = [¢p) . SMITHSONIAN INSTITU = WX SNS = Ee F NVINOSHLIWS Sa yy? o¢ a NOLLALILSNI_ 83 (uvYdiT_ LIBRARI ES ,,SMITHSONIAN_ INSTITUTION 2 = es Ww = < \ : bGg t : : = > # 8 a LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS ~” Peto te eels _ wn N& SS = x L e = = RK < «x Yr Sp 3 a) s a) 2 SN a = -) z See a S3IY¥VYusgtt SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION c z c RP SEE ati - \W"'5 2 ie 2 Wy wn? | : we OD z a LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvaaglt n z n = 7) = < = ay = = = Zz + Lin oe = 2 : 8 0? j 2 cE ZA Nee Gate Z S B 2 a = _NVINOSHLINS _LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 2 uw 2 us = pS ac a & a S = : : : = oO = mY = fe) b aa WA oO = ro) : rn) a) = ity Zz Ll] Be geo eT HSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IY¥Vvdadl- ante = - kK = gh fy 2 (PD E Es E EY > F 2 = - GY oe = ra \ - 7) — Y — a : ” ‘. =, | NOILNLILSN! NVINOSHLINS Sa iyvug roti BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN | = = =) <<. = Z : z : : Z L B: 2 g 2 E Z = 2 iE = > : = > = 29) h Zz 7) PA w SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION |_NVINOSHLINS a a © a NSS te Giy 2 Rus) 2 Es) WY F noi = 4 \, a YZ, 3 S 5 »~ 2 : : sly 2 a3 Za. Ae) NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS 33 lyvud bit LIBRAR! ES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION at > S) pou san oO Mp ee a \. Ce BR 1 SON = ue i = \ AG i AVG oN (59) em “30 ooy ale Pe | bu f : * earners em nn On] ‘ea eer P< AeA } ae OF pe QL 76 } PROCEEDINGS 744 fos Lap} OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PART XXVII. 1859. [355624 PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ; SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. dete 7 =O Mie LIST OF PLATES. 1859. MAMMALIA. Plate Page LXVII. Notopteris macdonaldit ...... Je psag once udne eoonudde 36 LXVIII. Arctocephalus ursinus (skull) ........ cee ceeecseees 102 LXIX. delatandit(SKuM) i tyacs cro tercleyorle tyes ots one 107 LXX. — Qullespin (Skull) santa sve ceeraccse/eta stews slsteye 107 LXXI. Ornithorhynchus anatinus........ceccccreenvcecencs 213 LXXII. Arctocephalus monteriensis (skull) ............0.0005 358 1p OC0U, TaGUS ING a en podo nd cidobeb oun cONGOU OKO Ob 2 cOuG 353 AVES. Cliss Dendrocincla anabatiunay. aids oes lec lee roe 50 CLI. Chloronerpes sanguinolentus ..........0.000. se ceceee 50 CUS Ol Ot UE OAG SON Masts ecicls ic)scans. Pics sessheloy eke ee «ae 101 CLIU. { ee gambensis se acter saa lala to aRoue pet hele Read seers } 131 mere FUP CLUAU Bert cre sau icra Sy atedeanea stone paene eae CEE VAGCOTOSCDNE ah crssinca lar ior forciovetulwjieis) spore vcloke S spogec@s sme cedc 135 CEWE eC annophaga GOuath ec cln ci else fel oiler) Sei sife teers 160 CEVAC Montefringitlaadamsta ci. neice s ais) otalee oes a cioreley terol « 169 CWA “Laimodon: Glbwentrts; cco cise 6c 6 rictaisis Ai hus ieys oleate 393 CLVIII. Hybrid between Tadorna vulpanser and Casarca cana.. 442 REPTILIA. Callophispintestunalisey atic cele teehee chu cresesie eevee : XVI-{ -—— OUMACULQLUS tar scoerean ic eleporos: Nore) fensiens/o/ seals | TUGHICTIS hoot ne co do60db0 O00 SOCCG05 66 Callopiisunivirgatus.. 2.0.0.5... 6+ 0. ccc+ eesti ease L 79 XVII. : exer a Vermicella Occipitauts yo. acceler + ones es os | IBGIS CEOORWIIS Senco soccg ob oonou He ooo de OCC Do | ee URS Boscccecnees dhadredeuoaepunoouas 3 Cynops ChinenstS... ke ccc ves one + ae mre eo rine oinil 999 ADS { IPiethodon per SumuliSy Wenig oa vee aoe nd osetia } (Ha ACOSMUE UGIMUIGR BoxoeoccdocooeDOdo se cavcod 402 mE tocenalusanidescensi ih ahs cw etias avs ialon iss! } XXI. Geoclemmys macrocephala.... 0... cccvee cree ceecnnes 478 ii . PISCES. Plate VIL. Halichthys teniophora..... oo000000000 00008 Soa00Gd WAS Rentsteiias: iepelt cic aetotels els aieyetetaces eter etet on tenacncnetenars 7 afGlyphisodon brocellaiusris stilts eioeiteres) le lelele ieee IX. : ; &. JNA GURS COSHOTO. noedaooncooDsoonueno ne basDnOoO MOLLUSCA. NUL, JRA FEEOI, GiGo cB ooodnd Gogo aOUdoS DO DOOD DODO OND , UMN, 1a M evn AUSGirOs SO So rao bucnobanetdunaouOouDC BECO XIN aVoluta mamilla’ canine weten een recite ner siop seit sa XLVL Scissurella mantella ailsliavade suaict sha Sia ene Done ePARsuema Ns ere SR enOteNS Cyclostomaranticulatumyiwi se eee ee ie XLVII. Shells collected by Capt. Speke in Central Africa ...... ROUND LS SANG) PORTION Sano ononos ononoepoadonvoenne 55 XLIX. New Shells in Mr. Cuming’s Collection .............. ANNULOSA. LVL. { Ascaris halichoris vile (eiceliscl aha ol ale tae oat in eastane avatars egeneesene QUID SUICICODS As growth proceeds, the milk-teeth are shed, the jaws expand, the great canines succeed their diminutive representatives, the temporal muscles gain a proportional increase of carneous fibres, their bony fulera respond to the call for increased surface of attachment, the sagittal and occipital crests begin to rise: but the brain grows no more; its cranial box retains the size it showed in immaturity ; it finally becomes masked by the superinduced osseous developments in those apes which attain the largest stature and wield the most formidably armed jaws. Yet under this show of physical force, the brain of both Orang and Chimpanzee is still the better and the larger, than is that of the little long-armed ape, which retains throughout. life so much more of the characters of immaturity, especially in the structure of the skull. The Siamang and other Gibbons have smaller, lower but longer upper canines, relatively, than in the Orangs and Chimpanzees; the permanent ones more quickly attain their full size, and are sooner in their place in the jaws ; consequently the last molar teeth, m3, come last into place as they do in the human species. But, if this be interpreted as of importance in determining the relative affinity of the longer-armed and shorter-armed apes to man, it is a character In which, as in their seeming superior cerebral development, the Hylo- bates agree with some much lower Quadrumana with still smaller canines. The systematic zoologist, pursuing this most interesting compa- rison with clear knowledge of the true conditions and significance of a globular cranium and small jaws within the quadrumanous order, first determines and takes as his compass or guide-point the really distinctive characters of the human organization. In respect to the cerebral test, he looks not so much.for the rela- tive size of the brain to the body, as for its relative size in the species compared one with another in the same natural group. He inquires what quadrumanous animal shows absolutely the biggest brain ? what species shows the deepest and most numerous and winding convolu- tions? in which is the cerebrum largest, as compared with the cere- bellum? If he finds all these characters highest in the Gorilla, he * Art. Quadrumana, “ Cyclopedia of Anatomy,’ vol. iv. p. 195. + Ed. 1829, pp. 87, 39. 1] does not permit himself to be diverted from the just inference because the great size and surpassing physical power attained in that species mask the true data from obvious view. The comparative anatomist would look to the caecum and the ischial integument: if he found in one subject of his comparisons (Troglodyées) a long ‘‘ appendix vermiformis ceeci,” as in man, but no ‘callosities,”’—in another subject (Hylobates) the ischial callosi- ties, but only a short rudiment of the cecal appendix,—he would know which of the two tailless Apes were to be placed next “the Monkeys with ischial callosities and no vermiform appendix,” and which of the two formed the closer lmk toward man. He would find that the anthropoid intestinal and dermal characters were asso- ciated with the absolutely larger and better developed brain in the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, and Orang; whilst the lower quadrumanous characters exhibited by the ceecum and nates were exhibited by the smaller-brained and longer-armed but rounder-skulled and shorter- jawed Gibbons. Pursuing the comparison through the complexities of the bony framework, he might first glance at the more obvious proportions ; and such, indeed, as would be given by the entire animal. The characteristics of the limbs in Man are their near equality of length, but the lower limbs are the longest. The arms im Man reach to below the middle of the thigh; in the Gorilla they nearly attain the knee; in the Chimpanzee they reach below the knee; in the Orang they reach the ankle; in the Siamang they reach the sole; in most Gibbons the whole palm can be applied to the ground without the trunk being bent forward beyond its naturally inclined position on the legs. These gradational differences coincide with other characters determining the relative proximity to Man of the apes compared. In no Quadrumana does the humerus exceed the ulna so much in length as in Man; only in the most anthropoid, viz. the Gorilla and Chimpanzee, does it exceed the ulna at all in length ; in the rest, as in the lower quadrupeds, the fore-arm is longer than the arm. The humerus, in the Gorilla, though less long, compared with the ulna, than in Man, is longer than in the Chimpanzee ; in the Orang it is shorter than the ulna; in the Siamang and other Gibbons it is much shorter, the peculiar length of arm in those ‘‘long-armed”’ apes is chiefly due to the excessive length of the antibrachial bones. The difference in the length of the upper limbs, as compared with the trunk, is but little between Man and the Gorilla. The elbow- joint in the Gorilla, as the arm hangs down, is opposite the ‘ labrum ili,” the wrist opposite the “tuber ischii;”’ it is rather lower down in the Chimpanzee ; it is opposite the knee-joint in the Orang ; it is opposite the ankle-joint in the Siamang. Man’s perfect hand is one of his peculiar physical characters ; that perfection is mainly due to the extreme differentiation of the first from the other four digits, and its concomitant power of oppo- sing them as a perfect thumb. An opposable thumb is present in the hand of most Quadrumana, but is usually a small appendage com- , 12 pared with that of Man. It is relatively largest in the Gorilla. In this ape the thumb reaches to a little beyond the base of the first phalanx of the fore-finger ; it does not reach to the end of the meta- carpal bone of the fore-finger in the Chimpanzee, Orang, or Gibbon ; it is relatively smallest in the last tailless ape. In Man the thumb extends to or beyond the middle of the first phalanx of the fore- finger. The philosophical zoologist will see great significance in the results of this comparison. Only in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee are the carpal bones eight in number, as in man; in the Orangs and Gibbons they are nine in number, as in the tailed monkeys. The scapulee are broader in the Gorilla than in the Chimpanzee, Orang, or long-armed apes; they come nearer to the proportions of that bone in Man. But a more decisive resemblance to the human structure is presented by the iliac bones. In no other ape than the Gorilla do they bend forward, so as to produce a pelvic concavity ; nor are they so broad in proportion to their length in any ape as in the Gorilla. In both the Chimpanzee and Orang the iliac bones are flat, or present a concavity rather at the back than at the fore part. In the Siamang they are not only flat, but are narrower and longer, resembling the iliac bones of tailed monkeys and ordinary quadrupeds. The lower limbs, though characteristically short im the Gorilla, are longer in proportion to the upper limbs, and also to the entire trunk, than in the Chimpanzee; they are much longer in both pro- portions and more robust than in the Orangs or Gibbons. But the guiding points of comparisons here are the heel and the hallux. The heel in the Gorilla makes a more decided backward projection than in the Chimpanzee; the heelbone is relatively thicker, deeper, more expanded vertically at its hind end, beside being fully as long as in the Chimpanzee: it is in the Gorilla shaped and proportioned more like the human calcaneum than in any other ape. Among all the tailless apes the caleaneum in the Siamang and other Gibbons least resembles in its shape or proportional size that of Man. Although the foot be articulated to the leg with a slight inversion of the sole it is more nearly plantigrade in the Gorilla than in the Chimpanzee. The Orang departs far, and the Gibbons farther, from the human type in the inverted position of the foot. The great toe which forms the fulcrum in standing or walking is, perhaps, the most characteristic peculiarity in the buman structure ; it is that modification which differentiates the foot from the hand, and gives the character to the order Bimana. In the degree of its approach to this development of the hallux the quadrumanous animal makes a true step in affinity to Man. The Orang-utan and the-Siamang, tried by this test, descend far and abruptly below the Chimpanzee and Gorilla in the scale. In the Orang the hallux does not reach to the end of the metacarpal of the second toe ; in the Chimpanzee and Gorilla it reaches to the end of the first phalanx of the second toe; but im the Gorilla the hallux is thicker and stronger than in the Chimpanzee. In both, however, it is a true thumb, by position, diverging from the other toes, in the Gorilla, at an angle of 60° from the axis of the foot. 13 Man has twelve pairs of ribs, the Gorilla and Chimpanzee have thirteen pairs, the Orangs have twelve pairs, the Gibbons have thir- teen pairs. Were the naturalist to trust to this single character, as some have trusted to the cranio-facial one, and in equal ignorance of the real condition and value of both, he might think that the Orangs (Pithecus) were nearer akin to man than the Chimpanzees (Troglodytes) are. But man has sometimes a thirteenth pair of ribs; and what we term “ribs”? are but vertebral elements or appendages common to nearly all the true vertebree in man, and only so called, when they become long and free. ‘The genera Homo, Troglodytes, and Pithecus, have precisely the same number of ver- tebree ; if Troglodytes, by the development and mobility of the pleur- apophyses of the twentieth vertebra from the occiput, seem to have an additional thoracic vertebra, it has one vertebra less in the lumbar region. So, if there be, as has been observed, a difference in the number of sacral vertebree, it is merely due to a last lumbar having coalesced with what we reckon as the first sacral vertebra in Man. The thirteen pairs of ribs, therefore, in the Gorilla and Chimpan- zee, are of no weight, as against the really important characters sig- nificative of affinity with the human type. But, supposing the fact of any real value, how do the advocates of the superior resemblance of the Siamang’s or Gibbon’s skeleton to that of man dispose of the thirteenth pair of ribs? In applying the characters of the skull to the determination of the Important question at issue, those must first be ascertained by which the genus Homo trenchantly differs from the genus Sima, of Lin- neeus. To determine these osteal distinctions, the author stated that he had compared the skulls of many individuals of different varieties of the human race together with those of the male, female, and young of species of Troglodytes, Pithecus, and Hylobates ; Professor Owen referred to his ‘Catalogue of the Osteological Series in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,’ 4to, 1853, for the detailed results of these comparisons. On the present occasion he would restrict himself to a few of these results. The first and most obvious differential character is the globular form of the brain-case, and its superior relative size to the face, especially the jaws, in man. But this, for the reasons he had already assigned, is not an instructive or decisive character, when comparing quadrumanous species, in reference to the question at issue. It is exaggerated in the human child, owing to the acquisition of its full, or nearly full size, by the brain, before the jaws have expanded to lodge the second set of teeth. It is an anthropoid character in which the Quadrumana resemble man, in proportion to the dimi- nution of their general bulk. If a Gorilla, with milk-teeth, have a somewhat larger brain and brain-case than a Chimpanzee at the same immature age, the acquisition of greater bulk by the Gorilla, and of a more formidable physical development of the skull, in reference to the great canines in the male, will give to the Chimpanzee the appearance of amore anthropoid character, which really does not belong to it,— which could be as little depended upon in a question of precise affi- 14 nity as the like more anthropoid characters of the female, as com- pared with the male, Gorilla or Chimpanzee. Much more important and significant were the following cha- racters of the human skull :—the position and plane of the occipital foramen ; the proportional size of the condyloid and petrous pro- cesses ; the mastoid processes, which relate to balancing the head upon the trunk in the erect attitude; the small premaxillaries and concomitant small size of the incisor teeth, as compared with the molar teeth. The latter character relates to the superiority of the psychical over the physical powers in man: it governs the feature in which man recedes from the brute; as does also the prominence of the nasal bones in most, and in all the typical, races of man. The somewhat angular form of the bony orbits, tending to a square, with the corners rounded off, is a good human character of the skull, which is difficult to comprehend as an adaptive one, and therefore the better in the present inquiry. The same may be said of the production of the floor of the tympanic or auditory tube into the plate called ‘“ vaginal.” Believing the foregoing to be sufficient to test the respective degrees of affinity to man within the limited group of Quadrumana to which it was proposed, in the present memoir, to apply them, the author would not dilute his argument by citing minor characters. The question at issue was the Tespective degrees of affinity as be- tween the anthropoid apes and man. Cuvier deemed the Orang ( Pithecus) to be nearer akin to man than the Chimpanzee (Trog/o- dytes) is. ‘That belief has long ceased to be entertamed. Professor Owen proceeded, therefore, to compare the Gorilla, Chimpauzee, and Gibbon, in reference to their human affinities. Most naturalists entermg upon this question would first look to the premaxillary bones, or, owing to the early confluence of those bones with the maxillaries in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee, to the part of the upper jaw containing the incisive teeth, on the size and direction of which depends the prognathic or brutish character of a skull. Now the extent of the premaxillaries below the nostril is not only relatively but absolutely less in the Gorilla, and consequently the profile of the skull is less convex at this part, or less ‘‘ progna- thic’’? than in the Chimpanzee. Notwithstanding the degree in which the skull of the Gorilla surpasses in size that of the Chimpan- zee, especially when the two are compared on a front view, the breadth of the premaxillaries and of the four incisive teeth is the same in both. In the relative degree, therefore, in which these bones are smaller than in the Chimpanzee, the Gorilla, in this most im- portant character, comes nearer to Man. In the Gibbons the inci- sors are relatively smaller than in the Gorilla, but the premaxillaries bear the same proportional size in the adult male Siamang. Next, as regards the nasal bones. In the Chimpanzee, as in the Orangs and Gibbons, they are as flat to the face as in any of the lower Simia. In the Gorilla, the median coalesced margins of the upper half of the nasal bones are produced forward, in a slight degree it is true, but affording a most significant evidence of nearer 15 resemblance to Man. In the same degree they impress that anthropic feature upon the face of the living Gorilla. In some pig-faced baboons there are ridges and prominences in the naso-facial part of the skull, but they do not really affect the question as between the Gorilla and Chimpanzee. All naturalists know that the Semno- pitheques of Borneo have long noses, but the proboscidiform append- age which gives so ludicrous a mask to those monkeys is unaccom- panied by any such modification of the nose-bones as gives the true anthropoid character to the human skull, and to which only the Go- rilla, in the ape tribe, makes any approximation. No Orang, Chimpanzee, or Gibbon shows any rudiment of mas- toid processes ; but they are present in the Gorilla, smaller indeed than in Man, but unmistakeable; they are, as in Man, cellular, pneumatic, and with a thin outer plate of bone. This fact led the author, in a former memoir, to express, when, in respect to the Go- rilla, only the skull had reached him, the following inference, viz. : “from the nearer approach which the Gorilla makes to Man in com- parison with the Chimpanzee or Orang, in regard to the mastoid processes, that it assumed more nearly and more habitually the upright attitude than those inferior anthropoid apes do.”* This inference has been fully borne out by the rest of the skeleton of the Gorilla, subsequently acquired. In the Chimpanzee, as in the Orangs, Gibbons, and inferior Simie, the lower surface of the long tympanic or auditory process is more or less flat and smooth, developing in the Chimpanzee only a slight tubercle, anterior to the stylohyal pit. In the Gorilla the auditory process is more or less convex below, and developes a ridge, answering to the vaginal process, on the outer side of the carotid canal. The processes posterior and internal to the glenoid articular surface are better developed, especially the internal one, in the Gorilla than in the Chimpanzee ; the ridge which extends from the ectopterygoid along the inner border of the foramen ovale, terminates in the Gorilla by an angle or process answering to that called “ sty- . liform ’’ or ‘‘spinous”’ in Man, but of which there is no trace in the Chimpanzee, Orang, or Gibbon. The orbits have a full oval form in the Orang; they are almost circular in the Chimpanzee and Siamang, more nearly circular, and with a more prominent rim in the smaller Gibbons ; in the Gorilla alone do they present the form which used to be deemed peculiar to man. There is not much physiological significance in some of the latter characters, but on that very account, the author deemed them more instructive and guiding in the actual comparison. The occi- pital foramen is nearer the back part of the cranium, and its plane is more sloping, less horizontal in the Siamang than in the Chim- panzee and Gorilla. Considering the less relative prominence of the fore-part of the jaws in the Siamang, as compared with the Chim- panzee, the occipital character of that Gibbon and of other species of Hylobates marks well their inferior position in the quadrumanous scale. * Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. iii. p. 409. 16 In the greater relative size of the molars, compared with the inci- sors, the Gorilla makes an important closer step towards Man than does the Chimpanzee. The molar teeth are relatively so small in the Siamang, that, notwithstanding the small size of the incisors, the proportion of those teeth to the molars is only the same as in the Gorilla: in other Gibbons (Hylobates lar), the four lower incisors occupy an extent equal to that of the first four molars, in the Chim- panzee equal to that of the first three molars, in the Siamang equal to that of the first two molars and rather more than half of the third, in Man equal to the first two molars and half of the third: in this comparison the term molar is extended to the bicuspids. The proportion of the ascending ramus to the length of the lower jaw tests the relative affinity of the tailless apes to Man. In a profile of the lower jaw, the author compares the line drawn vertically from the top of the coronoid process to the horizontal length along the alveoli. In Man and the Gorilla it is about ;[ths, in the Chimpanzee ;%,ths, in the Siamang it is only ;4ths. The Siamang further differs in the shape and production of the angle of the jaw, and in the shape of the coronoid process, approaching the lower Simie in both these characters. In the size of the post-glenoid process, in the shape of the glenoid cavity which is almost flat, in the propor- tional size of the petrous bone, and in the position of the foramen caroticum, the Siamang departs further from the human type, and approaches nearer that of the tailed Simie, than the Gorilla does, and in a marked degree. — Every legitimate deduction from a comparison of cranial charac- ters makes the tailless Quadrumana recede from the human type in the following order :—Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangs, Gibbons, and the last named in a greater and more decided degree. These comparisons have of late beeu invested with additional interest from the discoveries of remains of quadrumanous species in different members of the tertiary formations. The first quadrumanous fossil, the discovery of which by Lieuts. Baker and Durand is recorded in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ for November, 1836, has proved to belong, like subsequently discovered quadrumanous fossils in the Sewalik (pro- bably miocene) tertiaries, to the Indian genus Semnopithecus. The quadrumanous fossils discovered in 1839, in the eocene deposits of Suffolk, belong to a genus (Hopithecus) having its nearest affinities with Macacus. The monkey’s molar tooth from the pliocene beds of Essex is most closely allied to the Macacus sinicus. The remains of the large monkey, four feet in height, discovered in 1839 by Dr. Lund ima limestone cavern in Brazil was shown by its molar dentition (p a m =) to belong to the platyrrhine family now peculiar to South America. The lower jaw and teeth of the small quadrumane discovered by M. Lartet in a miocene bed of the South of France, and described by him and De Blainville, are so closely allied to the Gibbons, as scarcely to justify the generic separation which has been made for it under the name Pliopithecus. 17 Finally, a portion of a lower jaw with teeth and the shaft of a humerus of a quadrumanous animal (Dryopithecus), equalling the size of those bones in Man, have been discovered by M. Fontan, of Saint- Gaudens, in a marly bed of Upper Miocene age, forming the base of the plateau on which that town is built. The molar teeth present the type of grinding surface of those of the Gibbons (Hylobates), and, as in that genus, the second true molar is larger than the first, not of equal size, as in the human subject and Chimpanzee. The premolars have a greater antero-posterior extent, relatively, than in the Chimpanzee, and in this respect agree more with those in the Siamang. The first premolar has the outer cusp raised to double the height of that of the second; its inner lobe appears from M. Lartet’s figure to be less developed than in the Gorilla, certainly less than in the Chimpanzee. The posterior talon of the second premolar is more developed, and consequently the fore and aft extent of the tooth is greater than in the Chimpanzee; thereby the second premolar of Dryopithecus more resembles that in Hylobates, and departs further from the human type. The canine, judging from the figures published by M. Lartet*, seems to be less developed than in the male Chimpanzee, Gorilla, or Orang ; in which character the fossil, if it belonged to a male, makes a nearer approach to the human type: but it is one which many of the inferior monkeys also exhibit, and is by no means to be trusted as significant of true affinity, supposing even the sex of the fossil to be known as being male. The shaft of the humerus, found with the jaw, is peculiarly rounded, as it is in the Gibbons and Sloths, and offers none of those angularities and ridges which make the same bone in the Chimpanzee and Orang come so much nearer in shape to the humerus of the human subject. The fore part of the jaw, as inthe Siamang, is more nearly vertical than in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee; but whether the back part of the jaw may not have departed.in a greater degree from the human type than the fore part approaches it, as is the case in the Siamang, the state of the fossil does not allow of determining. One significant character is, however, present,—the shape of the fore part of the coronoid process. It is slightly convex forwards, which causes the angle it forms with the alveolar border to be less open. The same character is present in the Gibbons. The front margin of the lower half of the coronoid process in Man is concave, as it is likewise in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee. Prof. Owen was acquainted with this interesting fossil, referred to a genus called Dryopithecus, only by the figures published in the 43rd volume of the ‘Comptes Rendus de Académie des Sciences.’ From these it appears that the canine, two premolars, and first and second true molars, are in place ; the socket of the third molar is empty, but widely open above ; from which the author concludes that the third molar had also cut the gum, the crown being completed, but not the fangs. If the last molar had existed as a mere germ, it would more probably have been preserved in the substance of the jaw. * Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences.’ Paris, vol. xliii. No. 385.—PRoOcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 18 In a young Siamang, with the points of the permanent canines just protruding from the socket, exhibited by Prof. Owen, the crown of the last molar was complete, and on a level with the base of that of the penultimate molar; whence he inferred that the last molar would have cut the gum as soon as, if not before, the crown of the canine had been completely extricated. This dental character, the confor- mation and relative size of the grinding teeth, especially the fore and aft extent of the premolars, all indicate the close affinity of the Dryopithecus with the Pliopithecus and existing Gibbons ; and this, the sole legitimate deduction from the maxillary and dental fossils, is correborated by the fossil humerus, fig. 9, in the above-cited plate. There is no law of correlation, by which, from the portion of jaw with teeth of the Dryopithecus, can be deduced the shape of the nasal bones and orbits, the position and plane of the occipital fora- men, the presence of mastoid and vaginal processes, or other cranial characters determinative of affinity to Man; much less any ground for inferring the proportions of the upper to the lower limbs, of the humerus to the ulna, of the pollex to the manus, or the shape and development of the iliac bones. All those characters which do de- termine the closer resemblance and affinity of the genus Froglodytes to man, and of the genus Hylobates to the tailed monkeys, are at present unknown in respect of the Dryopithecus. A glance at fig. 5 (Gorilla), and fig. 7 (Dryopithecus), of the plate of M. Lartet’s memoir, would suffice to teach their difference of bulk, the Gorilla being fully one-third larger. The statement that the parts of the skeleton of the Dryopithecus as yet known, viz. the two branches of the lower jaw and the humerus, “are sufficient to show that in anatomical structure, as well as stature, it came nearer to man than any quadrumanous species, living or fossil, before known to zoolo- gists *,”? is without the support of any adequate fact, and in contra- vention of most of those to be deduced from M. Lartet’s figures of the fossils. Those parts of the Dryopithecus merely show—and the humerus in a striking manner—its nearer approach to the Gibbons ; the most probable conjecture being that it bore to them, in regard to size, the like relations which Dr. Lund’s Protopithecus bore to the existing Mycetes. Whether, therefore, strata of such high antiquity as the miocene may reveal to us “forms in any degree intermediate between the Chimpanzee and man”’ awaits an answer from discoveries yet to be made ; and the anticipation that the fossil world ‘may hereafter supply new osteological links between man and the highest known Quadrumanay}’’ must be kept in abeyance until that world has furnished us with the proofs that a species did formerly exist which came as near to man as does the Orang, the Chimpanzee, or the Gorilla. Of the nature and habits of the last-named species, which really offers the nearest approach to man of any known ape, recent or fossil, the author had received many statements from imdividuals resident at or visitors to the Gaboon, from which he selected the following as most probable, or least questionable. * Lyell (Sir Charles), ‘Supplement to the Fifth Edition of Manual of Ele- mentary Geology,’ 8vo, 1859, p. 14. +t Ibid. 19 Gorilla-land is a richly-wooded extent of the western part of Africa, traversed by the rivers Danger and Gaboon, and extending from the equator to the 10th or 15th degree of south latitude. The part where the Gorilla has been most frequently met with presents a succession of hill and dale, the heights crowned with lofty trees, the valleys covered by coarse grass, with partial scrub or scattered shrubs. Fruit trees of various kinds abound both on the hills and in the valleys; some that are crude and uncared for by the Negros are sought out and greedily eaten by the Gorillas; and as different kinds come to maturity at different seasons, they afford the great denizen of the woods a successive and unfailing supply of indigenous fruits. Of these Professor Owen specified the followimg sources :— The palm-nut (Hlais guiniensis) of which the Gorillas greatly affect the fruit and upper part of the stipe, called the ‘cabbage.”’ The Negros of the Gaboon have a tradition that their forefathers first learnt to eat the “cabbage,” from seeing the Gorilla eat it, concluding that what was good for him must be good for man. The “ginger-bread tree’ (Parinartum excelsum), which bears a plum-like fruit. The papau tree (Carica papaya). The banana (Musa sapientium), and another species (Musa para- disiaca). The Amomum afzelii and Am. grandiflorum. A tree, with a shelled fruit, like a walnut, which the Gorilla breaks open with the blow of a stone. A tree, also botanically unknown, with a fruit like a cherry. Such fruits and other rich and nutritious productions of the vege- table kingdom, constitute the staple food of the Gorilla, as they do of the Chimpanzee. The molar teeth, which alone truly indicate the diet of an animal, accord with the statements as to the frugi- vorous character of the Gorilla: but they also sufficiently answer to an omnivorous habit to suggest that the eggs and callow brood of nests discovered in the trees frequented by the Gorilla might not be unacceptable. The Gorilla makes a sleeping place like a hammock, connecting the branches of a sheltered and thickly-leaved part of a tree by means of the long tough slender stems of parasitic plants, and lining it with the broad dried fronds of palms, or with long grass. This hammock- like abode may be seen at different heights, from 10 to 40 feet from the ground, but there is never more than one such nest in a tree. They avoid the abodes of man, but are most commonly seen in the months of September, October, and November, after the negroes have gathered their outlying rice-crops, and have returned from the “bush”? to the village. So observed, they are described to be usually in pairs; or, if more, the addition consists of a few young ones, of different ages, and apparently of one family. The Gorilla is not gregarious. The parents may be seen sitting on a branch, resting the back against the tree-trunk—the hair being generally rubbed off the back of the old Gorilla from that habit—perhaps 20 munching fruit, whilst the young Gorillas are at play, leaping and swinging from branch to branch, with hoots or harsh cries of bois- terous mirth. If the old male be seen alone, or when in quest of food, he is usually armed with a stout stick, which the negroes aver to be the weapon with which he attacks his chief enemy the elephant. Not that the elephant directly or intentionally injures the Gorilla, but, deriving its subsistence from the same source, the ape regards the great proboscidian as a hostile intruder. When, therefore, he dis- cerns the elephant pulling down and wrenching off the branches of a favourite tree, the Gorilla, stealing along the bough, strikes the sensitive proboscis of the elephant with a violent blow of his club, and drives off the startled giant trumpeting shrilly with rage and pain. In passing from one detached tree to another, the Gorilla is said to walk semi-erect, with the aid of his club, but with a waddling awkward gait; when without a stick, he has been seen to walk as a biped, with his hands clasped across the back of his head, instinct- ively so counterpoising its forward projection. If the Gorilla be surprised and approached while on the ground, he drops his stick, betakes himself to all-fours, applying the back part of the bent knuckles of his fore-hands to the ground, and makes his way rapidly, with an oblique swinging kind of gallop, to the nearest tree. There he awaits his pursuer, especially if his family be near, and requiring his defence. No negro willingly approaches the tree in which the male Gorilla keeps guard. Even with a gun the experienced negro does not make the attack, but reserves his fire in self-defence. ‘The enmity of the Gorilla to the whole negro race, male and female, is ~ uniformly attested. The young men of the Gaboon tribe make armed excursions into the forests, in quest of ivory. The enemy they most dread on these occasions is the Gorilla. If they have come unawares too near him with his family, he does not, like the lion, sulkily retreat, but comes rapidly to the attack, swinging down to the lower branches, and clutching at the nearest foe. The hideous aspect of the animal, with his green eyes flashing with rage, is heightened by the skin over the prominent roof of the orbits being drawn rapidly backward and forward, with the hair erected, causing a horrible and fiendish scowl. If fired at and not mortally hit, the Gorilla closes at once upon his assailant, and inflicts most dangerous, if not deadly wounds, with his sharp and powerful tusks. 'The commander of a Bristol trader told the author he had seen a negro at the Gaboon frightfully mutilated by the bite of the Gorilla, from which he had recovered. Another negro exhibited to the same voyager a gun- barrel bent and partly flattened by the bite of a wounded Gorilla, in its death-struggle. Negroes, when stealing through the gloomy shades of the tropical forest, become sometimes aware of the proxi- mity of one of these frightfully formidable apes by the sudden dis- appearance of one of their companions, who is hoisted up into the tree, uttering, perhaps, a short choking cry. In a few minutes he 21 falls to the ground a strangled corpse. The Gorilla, watching his opportunity, has let down his huge hind-hand, seized the passing negro by the neck, with vice-like grip, has drawn him up to higher branches, and dropped him when his struggles had ceased. The strength of the Gorilla is such as to make him a match for a lion, whose tusks his own almost rival. Over the leopard, invading ‘the lower branches of the Gorilla’s dwelling-tree, he will gain an easier victory; and the huge canines, with which only the male Gorilla is furnished, doubtless have been assigned to him for defend- ing his mate and offspring. ; The skeleton of the old male Gorilla obtained for the British Museum in 1857, shows an extensive fracture, badly united, of the left arm-bone, which has been shortened, and gives evidence of long suffering from abscess and partial exfoliation of bone. The upper canines have been wrenched out or shed some time before death, for their sockets have become absorbed. The redeeming quality in this fragmentary history of the Gorilla is the male’s care of his family, and the female’s devotion to her young. It is reported that a French natural-history collector, accompanying a party of the Gaboon negroes into the Gorilla woods, surprised a female with two young ones on a large boabdad (Adansonia), which stood some distance from the nearest clump. She descended the tree with her youngest clinging to her neck, and made off rapidly on all fours to the forest, and escaped. The deserted young one on seeing the approach of the men began to utter piercing cries: the mother, having disposed of her infant in safety, returned to rescue the older offspring, but before she could descend with it her retreat was cut off. Seeing one of the negroes level his musket at her, she, clasping her young with one arm, waved the other, as if deprecating the shot : the ball passed through her heart, and she fell with her young one clinging to her. It was a male, and survived the voyage to Havre, where it died on arriving. Professor Owen had examined the skeleton of this young Gorilla in the museum of natural history at Caen, and was indebted to Professor Deslongchamps, Dean of the Faculty of Sciences in that town, for drawings of the skeleton of this rare spe- cimen. There might be more difficulty in obtaining a young Gorilla for exhibition than a young Chimpanzee; but as no full-grown Chimpan- zee has ever been captured, we cannot expect the larger and much more powerful adult Gorilla to be ever taken alive. A bold negro, the leader of an elephant-hunting expedition, being offered a hundred dollars if he would bring back a live Gorilla, replied, ‘‘ If you gave me the weight of yonder hill in gold coins, I could not do it!” All the terms of the aborigines in reference to the Gorilla imply their opinion of his close kinship to themselves. But they have a low opinion of his intelligence. They say that during the rainy season he builds a house without a roof. The natives on their hunt- ing excursions light fires for their comfort and protection by night ; when they have gone away, they affirm that the Gorilla will come 22 down and warm himself at the smouldering embers, but has not wit enough to throw on more wood, out of the surrounding abundance, to keep the fire burning,—‘“‘ the stupid old man!” Every account of the habits of a wild animal obtained at second hand from the reports of aborigines has, commonly, its proportion of “apocrypha.”’ The author had restricted himself to the statements that had most probability and were in accordance with the ascertained structures and powers of the animal, and would only add the averment and. belief of the Gaboon negroes, that when a Gorilla dies, his fellows cover the corpse with a heap of leaves and loose earth collected and scraped up for the purpose. A most singular phenomenon in natural history, if one reflects on the relations of things, is this Gorilla! Limited as it is in its numbers and geographical range, one discerns that the very peculiar conditions of its existence—abundance of wild fruit—needs must be restricted in space ; but concurring in a certain part of Africa, there lives the creature to enjoy them. The like conditions exist in Bomeo and Sumatra, and there also a correlative human-like ape, of similar nature, tooth-armour, and force, exists at their expense. Neither Ourangs nor Gorillas however minister to man’s use either directly or indirectly. Were they to become extinct, no sign of the change or break in the links of life would remain, What may be their real significance ? Reverting finally to the ancient notices which might relate to the great anthropoid ape of Africa, Prof. Owen referred to his first Memoir, of February, 1848, in which was quoted (Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. iii. p.418) Dr. Falconer’s ‘ Translation of the Voyage of Hanno,’ (London, 1797) with his dissertation vindicating the authenticity of the “ Periplus.”” Professor Owen had lately been favoured by -the venerable Bishop Maltby, the first amongst our Greek scholars, with the following translation of the passage supposed to allude to the species in question :—‘‘ On the third day, having sailed from thence, passing the streams of fire, we came to a bay called the Horn of the Seuth. In the recess there was an island like the first, having a lake, and in this there was another island full of wild men. But much the greater part of them were women, with hairy bodies, whom the interpreters called ‘Gorillas.’ But, pursuing them, we were not able to take the men; they all escaped, being able to climb the precipices, and defended themselves with pieces of rock. But three women (females), who bit and scratched those who led them, were not willing to follow. However, having killed them, we flayed them, and conveyed the skins to Carthage ; for we did not sail any further, as provisions began to fail.’’ This encounter indicates, therefore, the southernmost point on the west coast of Africa reached by the Carthaginian navigator. 'To the inquiry by Bishop Maltby, how far the newly-discovered great ape of Africa bore upon the question of the authenticity of the Periplus, Prof. Owen had replied :—‘“‘ The size and form of the great ape, now called ‘Gorilla,’ would suggest to Hanno and his crew no other idea of its nature than that of a kind of human being ; but 23 the climbing faculty, the hairy body, and skinning of the dead speci- mens, strongly suggest that they were large anthropoid apes. The fact that such apes, having the closest observed resemblance to the negro, being of human stature and with hairy bodies, do still exist on the west coast of Africa, renders it highly probable that such were the ereatures which Hanno saw, captured, and called ‘ Gorullai.’ ”’ The brief observation made by Battell in west tropical Africa, 1590, recorded in Purchas’s “ Pilgrimages, or Relations of the World,’ 1748, of the nature and habits of the large human-like ape which he calls “‘ Pongo,” more decidedly refers to the Gorilla. Other notices, as by Nieremberg and Bosman, applied by Buffon to Battell’s Pongo, were deemed valueless by Cuvier, who altogether rejected the conclusions of his great predecessor as to the existence of any such ape. ‘This name of Pongo or Boggo, given in Africa to the Chimpanzee or to the Mandril, has been applied,” writes Cuvier, ‘*by Buffon to a pretended great species of Ourang-utan, which was nothing more than the imaginary product of his combinations.” After the ‘publication of Cuvier’s ‘Régne Animal,’ the supposed species was, by the high authority of its author, banished from natural history ; it has only been authentically reintroduced since the intelligent attention of Dr. Savage was directed to the skull which he first saw at the Gaboon in 1847, and took Professor Owen’s opinion upon. 2. Descriptions OF TWENTY-SEVEN New Species or LAnp- SHELLS, FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. Louis Preirrer. (Mollusca, Pl. XLIII.-XLIV.) 1, Hewrx patricia, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 4.) 7. emperforata’ subdepressa, solida, carinata, superne oblique striata et irre” gulariter malleato-impressa, alba ; spira convexa, apice obtusa ; sutura linearis; anfr. 43 regulariter acerescentes, convexius- culi, ultimus superne convexior, antice deflexus, infra carinam prominentem, acutam, antice funiformem minus convexus, liris spiralibus et plicis radiantibus sculptus ; apertura diagonals, rotundato-rhombea; perist. album, nitidum, expansum et bre- viter reflecum, marginibus callo albo junectis, columellari in- trante, declivi, dilatato planiusculo. Diam. maj. 63, min. 55, alt. 35 mill. Hab. Unknown. 2. Hecrx rarrist, Pfr. (Pl. LXIV. fig. 3.) 7. imperforata, ovato-depressa, tenuiuscula, spiraliter striata et foveolis im- pressis reticulata, fulva, faseus 4 ngricantibus et maculis punctisque luteis variegata; spira brevis, conoidea, apice ob- tusula; anfr. vix ultra 4 rapide accrescentes, ultimus ventrosus, antice deflexus, medio impressus, castaneus ; apertura perob- 24 liqua, truncato-ovalis ; perist. albolabiatum, margine dextro expanso, columellart dilatato, plano, adnato. Diam. maj. 35, min. 27, alt. 19 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 3. Heurx patasensis, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 6.) TZ. late um- bilicata, depressa, solidula, striata et foveolis minutis undique sculpta, fulvida, castaneo-unifasciata ; spira vie elevata ; anfr. 54 convexiuscult, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus depresso- rotundatus, antice deflecus ; apertura perobliqua, lunato-ellip- tica ; perist. albidum, marginibus conniventibus, supero breviter expanso, basali reflexo, versus insertionem sensim dilatato. Diam. maj. 36, min. 29, alt. 13 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 4. Hexwix saspipea, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 5.) TZ. late umbili- cata, depressa, carinata, solidula, oblique costulato-striata, carneo-albida, pallide corneo flammulata et subfasciata ; spira vix elevata, apice cornea; sutura levis, marginata ; anfr. 5 planiuscul, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus utrinque convextor, antice descendens ; umbilicus fere + diametri occupans ; aper- tura perobliqua, transverse oblonga, intus carnea, albofas- ciata ; perist. albidum, marginibus approximatis, supero recto, basali reflexo, ad insertionem dilatato. Diam. maj. 31, min. 26, alt. 10 mill. Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris). 5. Hetix enrovonta, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 2.) 7. umbilicata, depressa, discoidea, solidula, dense striata, pellucida, albido- hyalina ; spira plana, subimmersa; anfr. 73 convex, angus- tissimi, ultimus irregularis, 4 mill. pone aperturam complanatus et intus dentibus 3 perlucentibus munitus, antice dilatatus, vix descendens ; umbilicus dimidium diametri occupens ; apertura - diagonalis, obauriformis ; perist. breviter reflecum, marginibus remotis, dextro flexuoso. Diam. maj. 63, min. 54, alt. 2 mill. Hab. Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser). Nearly allied to Helix pollodonta, Orb. 6. Heiix virera, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 6.) T. peranguste um- bilicata, depressa, solidula, superne irregulariter striata et dense granulata, pallide fulvida, fasciis 2 albidis rufo angu- loso-maculatis (altera ad suturam, altera supra peripheriam) et inter illas strigis rufulis ornata; spira convexa, obtusa ; anfr. 5 convextusculi, ultimus subcarinatus, ad partem peri- pherie aperture oppositam sulco 1 notatus, antice non descen- dens, subtus irregulariter tumidus et impressus, radiato-striatus, fasciis moniliformibus pictus ; apertura diagonalis, subtrian- gulari-lunaris ; perist. album, marginibus remotis, supero ex- 29 panso, basali incrassato, subreflexo, umbilicum lamina dilatata semioccultante. Diam. maj. 37, min. 31, alt. 18 mill. Hab. Brazils. 7. Hevrx monacna, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 7.) TT. imperforata, globoso-conica, solida, rugoso-striata et sub lente minute gra- nulata, castanea ; spira conotdeo-elevata, obtusula; anfr. 5% modice convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice vix descendens, medio obsolete subangulatus ; apertura fere diagonalis, rotun- dato-lunaris, intus livida, nitida; perist. carneum, undique breviter expansum, marginibus remotis, columellart ad inser- tionem in laminam triangularem, adnatam dilatato. Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 19 mill. Hab. Australia. 8. Hentx uystriceia, Pfr. 7. umbilicata, discoidea, tenui- uscula, subconferte costato-plicata, albido et rufo irregulariter radiata ; spira plana vel medio immersa; anfr. 6 infra sutu- ram turgidi, ultimus rotundatus, non descendens ; umbilicus 4 diametri occupans ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, la- mellis 6 acutis coarctata,—2 equalibus in ventre anfr. penul- timi, 4 in margine basali et dextro; perist. simplex, rectum. Diam. maj. 6, min. 53, alt. 24 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). 9, Hevix resect, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 1.) 7. umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, striatula, nitida, fusco-cornea ; spira viz elata, vertice subtili, prominulo ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. fere 5 vix convexiusculi, ultimus latus, depressus, circa umbilicum angustissimum vix pallidior ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari superne in lami- nam parvam triangularem refiexo. Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 5 mill. Hab. North of China (Mr. Fortune). 10. Hexrx cruiosa, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 8.) T. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, carinata, striatula et pilis brevissimis obsita, diaphana, fusca ; spira brevissime conoidea; anfr. fere 6 convextusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus carina distinctius ciliata munitus, circa umbilicum latum (4. diametri equantem) subcompresso-inflatus ; apertura fere diagonalis, rotundato- lunaris ; perist. tenue, breviter expansum, marginibus conver- gentibus, columellari superne subdilatato. Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 4 mill. Hab. North of China (Mr. Fortune). 11. Hevrx Bpreviparsis, Pfr. (Pl. XLII. fig. 4.) 7. umbili- cata, subtrochiformis, carinata, tenuiuscula, irregulariter striata et lineis spiralibus confertis decussatula, diaphana, corneo- albida, ad carinam acutam, breviter barbatam castaneo unifas- 26 ciata; spira convexoconica, acutiuscula; anfr. 63 fere plani, ultimus non descendens, circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium convexior ; apertura diagonalis, angulato-lunaris ; perist. albi- dum, marginibus vie convergentibus, supero expanso, bgsali reflexo, ad insertionem dilatato, patente. Diam. maj. 14, min. 13, alt. 17 mill. Hab. North of China (Mr. Fortune). 12. Hexix piaciociossa, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 3.) 7. anguste et pervie umbilicata, conoideo-semiglobosa, solida, arcuato- striata, fulvo-cornea ; spira conoidea; anfr. 53 planiuscult, ultimus antice descendens, subtus valde constrictus, basi con- vexior ; apertura magna, diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris}; puries aperturalis dente obliquo lingueformi munitus ; perist. albo- callosum, margine supero expanso, basalt reflexo, bidentato — dentibus approximatis, sinistro parvulo, nodiformi, altero ma- jore, sursum producto. Diam. maj. 124, min. 11, alt. 7 mill. Hab. Near Oajaca, Mexico (M. Salle). 13. Hertix apuropitr, Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 2.) 7. imperfo- rata, depressa, tenuis, striatula et sub_lente obsolete decussa- tula, pellucida, nitida, pallide straminea; spira parum ele- vata, vertice minuto, obtuso; sutura albo-marginata ; anfr. 33 rapide accrescentes, convexiusculi, ultimus acute albo-carina- tus, antice vix descendens, constrictus, subtus convexus ; aper- tura obliqua securiformi-lunaris ; columella plana, compressa, arcuatim descendens ; perist. candidum, breviter reflecum, mar- ginibus convergentibus, supero subjlecuoso, columellart dilatato, adnato. Diam. maj. 36, min. 273, alt. 15 mill. Hab. New Caledonia. 14. Butimus canpipisstmus, Pfr. 7’. subperforata, oblongo- turrita, solida, irregulariter striatula, nitida, candidissima ; spira turrita, apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 7% convext, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, basi via attenuatus ; apertura vix ob- liqua, oblonga, intus subcarnea ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar- gine columellari verticali, sursum dilatato, sublibero. Long. 163, diam. 8 mill. Hab. Island of Socotora. 15. Butimus cuENcANUS, Pfr. TT. subperforata, oblongo-tur- rita, solidula, cordato-costulata, pellucida, virenti-albida ; spira regulariter turrita, apice obtusula ; anfr. 6 convexiuscult, ultimus + longitudinis subequans, bast vie compressus ; colu- mella verticalis ; apertura verticalis, truncato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari breviter reflexo, sub- libero. Long. 8, diam. 33 mill. Hab. Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser). 27 16. AcHaTina LAyARDI, Pfr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 5.) T. subfusi- formi-ovata, tenuis, longitudinaliter plicatula, strigis plum- beo-fuscis et rufis necnon maculis crebris fuscis sepe pallide _cinctis ornata; spira conica, obtusula ; sutura leviter margi- nata, subcrenata; anfr. fere 8 convexiuscult, superi leviter decussati, ultimus spiram superans, ventrosus, basi attenuatus ; columella leviter arcuata, subtorta, late truncata, purpurea ; apertura parum obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus c@rulescenti- margaritacea ; perist. simplex, marginibus callo purpurascente junctis, dextro intus rubro-limbato. Long. 139, diam. 66 mill. Hab. Oibo, Kast Coast of Africa (Mr. Layard). 17. AcHATINA FULGENS, Pfr. 7. oblongo-ovata, solidula, levi- gata, pellucida, nitida, corneo-fulva ; spira ovato-conica, apice obtusula ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ad suturam anguste margina- tam striatuli, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, basi rotunda- tus ; columella perarcuata, albo-callosa, oblique sublate trun- cata; apertura verticalis, sinuato-elliptica ; perist. rectum, obtusum. Long. 124, diam. 52 mill. Hab. Unknown. 18. OLEACINA BoUCARDI, Pfr. 7. ovato-oblonga, tenuis, levi- gata, ntida, pellucida, fulvo-cornea, varicibus nonnullis leviter impressis castaneis, antrorsum pallide marginatis, instructa ; spira conica, obtusa ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ad suturam anguste marginatam breviter plicati, ultimus spiram subequans ; colu- mella subtorta, bast breviter truncata; apertura verticalis, sinuato-semiovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro antrorsum arcuato. Long. 13, diam. 6 mill. Hab. 8. Martin, Mexico (M. Boucard). 19, CycLostoma suBconicum (Lepropoma), Pfr. TJ. angus- tissime umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuis, liris filiformibus sub- confertis cincta et striis lamellaribus oblique decussata, vix ni- tidula, castanea, ad suturam luteo-flammulata ; spira conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 6 convex, ultimus spira brevior; apertura parum obliqua, ovali-rotundata, intus cerulescenti-margari- tacea ; perist. tenue, vix expansum, marginibus approximatis. Opere.? Diam. maj. 84, min. 74, alt. 7 mill. 20. CyCLOSTOMA PRINCTIPALIS (CycLostomus), Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig.7.) TT. aperte et mediocriter umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solidula, liris subacutis, crebris cincta, albida, fasciis 2 vio- laceo-fuscis infra medium ornata; spira gradato-conica, ver- tice minuto, acutiusculo ; anfr. 5 convext, ultimus basi et in umbilico liris equalibus subdistantibus munitus ; apertura pa- 28 rum obliqua, ovalirotundata, intus castaneo-bifasciata ; perist. incrassatum et refleciusculum, marginibus approximatis, callo lunari gunctis, columellari adnato. Operc.? Diam. maj. 214, min. 17, alt. 16 mill. Hab. Madagascar. 21. FRASERI (Bourciera), Pfr. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 1.) 7. obtecte umbilicata, depresse conoideo-globosa, solidula, sub lente decussatula, fulvo-carnea ; spira mediocris, conoidea, acutius- cula ; anfr. 44 convexi, ultimus rotundatus, non adscendens, pone columellam profunde excavatus, callosus ; apertura parum obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus citrina ; columella brevissima, retrorsum in dentem acutum terminata ; perist. subincrassatum, albidum, equaliter patens et refleciusculum. Operc. tenue, corneo-purpurascens, arcuato-plicatum. Diam. maj. vix 11, min. 84, alt. 64 mill. Hab. Province of Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser). 22. HeLicina InzZQUALIS (LuciDELLA), Pfr. T. conica, solida, oblique striata et conferte lirata (liris 5in anfr. ultimo fortio- ribus, acutis), pallide flavida; spira convexo-conica, mucro- nata; sutura subcanaliculata, albo-marginata; anfr. 6, vie convexiusculi, ultimus basi planiusculus, spiraliter dense stri- atus, antice constrictus ; apertura perobliqua, bisinuato-trian- gularis, angulo dextro rotundato; perist. album, callosum, late expansum et reflexiusculum, margine supero et basali prope in- sertionem unidentatis. Operc.? Diam. maj. 63, min. 53, alt. 43 mill. Hab. Jamaica. 23. HELICINA ELECTRINA, Pfr. TT. conico-globosa, tenuis, levi- gata, oleoso-micans, pellucida, corneo-lutescens ; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexiuscult, ultimus rotundatus, spira paulo altior ; columella brevissima, callum emittens tenuem ; apertura parum obliqua, semicircularis, ad columellam angu- lata et plica levt munita ; perist. tenue, breviter expansum. Operc.? Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 6 mill. Hab. Aru Islands. 24. Henicina PARAENSIS, Pfr. TT. globoso-conica, tenuis, sub lente plicatulo-striata, diaphana, albido-lutescens ; spira co- noidea, obtusula; anfr. 5 vie convexiusculi, ultimus convexior, spiram subequans; columella brevissima, callum emittens te- nuem, diffusum ; apertura obliqua, integra, semiovalis ; perist. tenue, breviter expansum, margine basalt prope columellam leviter sinuato. Operc. tenue, albidum. Diam. maj. 54, min. 5, alt. 44 mill. Hab. Para, Brazil. = 29 25. HELICINA BEHNIANA, Pfr. 7’. conoideo-depressu, tenuwius- cula, sub lente leviter striatula, oleoso-micans, flavida ; spira regulariter conoidea, acutiuscula; anfr. 44 viv convexiusculi, ultimus peripheria subangulatus ; apertura obliqua, integra, triangulari-semiovalis ; columella brevissima, subincrassata, callum emittens tenuem, diffusum; perist. sublate expansum, margine columellari leviter arcuato. Opere. solidulum, con- color. Diam. maj. 74, min. 52, alt. 45 mill. _ Hab. Nicobar Islands. 26. Hericina arvana, Pfr. TZ. turbinato-depressa, solidula, carinata, superne oblique striata et subregulariter lirata, lutea, albido variegata ; spira conoidea, mucronulata ; anfr. 44 con- ventusculi, ultimus infra carinam acutam rufo-fasciatus, subtus sublevigatus ; columella subtriangularis, nitida, callum emit- tens latiusculum; apertura diagonalis, triangularis ; perist. tenue, vix expansiusculum. Operc.? Diam. maj. 11, min. 93, alt. 6 mill. _ Hab. Aru Islands. 27. HELICINA MINUSCULA (ScHASICHEILA), Pfr. 7. globoso- conica, tenuis, sublevigata, nitida, pellucida, fulva; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr.4 convexi, ultimus ventrosus, pone columellam excavatus, callosus ; apertura parum obliqua, semi- ovalis ; perist. simplex, tenue, rectum, marginibus lamina cal- losa junctis, dextro superne inciso, tum arcuatim procedente, columellari libero substricto. Operc.? Diam. maj. 44, min. 32, alt. 3 mill. Hab. Unknown. 3. DEscripTIOoNs oF Two New Species or MELAMPUS, FROM Mr. Cumine’s Coutxtection. By Dr. L. Pretrrer. 1. Mexampvus Frick, Pfr. T. subperforata, oblongo-fusiformis, solida, longitudinaliter conferte plicata, rufa; spira convexro- conica, mucronata ; sutura linearis, sublacera ; anfr. 10 planius- culi, ultimus spiram paulo superans, basi compressus, medio plicis evanidis sublevigaius ; apertura angusta, basi rotundata ; plica parietalis 1 compressa ; plica columellaris dentiformis, extrorsum prolongata ; perist. simplex, margine dextro intus plicis 5 subin- trantibus munito, columellari calloso, sublibero. Long. 12, diam. 52 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). 2. Metampus scuuptus, Pfr. T. subperforata, fusiformi-ob- longa, solidula, superne distincte costato-plicata, saturate cas- tanea ; spira conica, mucronata; sutura distincta, subcrenata ; anfr. 10-11 planiuscuh, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, sub- 30 varicosus, infra suturam et ad basin attenuatam plicatus, medio levigatus; apertura verticalis, angusta, basi rotundata; plica parietalis unica, levis, profunda ; plica columellaris tenuis, obli- qua, marginem attingens ; perist. simplex, acutum, margine dextro intus obsoletissime transverse plicato. Long. 10, diam. 5 mill. Hab. Admiralty Islands. . Descriptions or Ergut New Species oF ACHATINELLA, rrom Mr. Cumine’s Cottection. By Dr. L. Preirrer. 1. ACHATINELLA concavosPirA (BuLimeL.a), Pfr. T. sub- perforata, dextrorsa, ovato-turrita, solida, striatula, nitida, albida, fasciis et strigis angustis coffeaceis ornata; spira concavo-tur- rita, apice acutiuscula, alba ; sutura valde marginata ; anfr. 7, primi 3 plani, sequentes convexi, ultimus rotundatus, > longitu- dinis subequans ; plica columellaris supera, nodiformis, alba ; apertura obliqua, obauriformis ; perist. hepaticum, margine deatro expansiusculo, columellari perdilatato, reflexo, subadnato. Long. 214, diam. 114 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). Allied to A. terebra, Newc. 2. A. MorBIDA (ButimEtta), Pfr. T. subperforata, sinistrorsa, ovato-turrita, solidula, striata et striis confertis spiralibus sub lente decussata, alba, fusco varie strigata et fasciata; spira elon= gata, gracilis, apice acutiuscula ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 64 viv convexiusculi, ultimus spira paulo brevior, convexus ; plica colu- mellaris alba, brevis, obliqua; apertura obliqua, obauriformis ; perist. incrassatum, breviter expansum, margine columellari per- dilatato, late adnato. Long. 19, diam. 9 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). Allied and similar to A. sordida, Newc. 3. A. FABA (BULIMELLA), Pfr. T. imperforata, dextrorsa, ovata, solidula, irregulariter striata, nitida, alba ; spira convexo-conica, apice acutiuscula ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 5 convexiuscult, ultimus spira paulo longior, rotundatus ; plica columellaris supera, valida, nodiformis ; apertura parum obliqua, obauriformis ; perist. intus crasse labiatum, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari re- flexo, adnato. Long. 16, diam. 103 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). Allied to A. ovata, Fricki, &c. 4. A. saccata (ACHATINELLASTRUM), Pfr. T. subperforata, sinistrorsa, turrita, solidula, striatula, sub lente decussatula, nitida, candida; spira regulariter attenuata, apice acuta; sutura 31 anguste marginata ; anfr. 64 planiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis equans, parum convezus, basi subcompresso-saccatus ; plica colu- mellaris alta, dentiformis, fusca vel carnea ; apertura perobliqua, semiovalis, basi lateraliter producta, intus pallide rosea ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari dilatato, sublibero. Long. 21, diam. 93 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands. Somewhat allied to 4. casta, Newe. 5. A. LILTACEA (ACHATINELLASTRUM), Pfr. TT. imperforata, sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, solidula, leviter striata, nitida, alba ; spira convexiusculo-conica, apice subacuta ; sutura anguste mar- ginata ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, ultimus parum convexus, peri- pheria interdum subangulatus, basi saccatus ; plica columellaris pallide rosea, alta, torta ; apertura obliqua, obauriformi ; perist. rectum, acutum, intus sublabiatum, margine columellari vix dila- tato, adnato. Long. 24, diam. 12 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). This species belongs to the group of A. fulgens, Newc. 6. A. sericea (LAMINELLA), Pfr. T. imperforata, devtrorsa, ovato-conica, solida, subruditer striata, striis spiralibus minute granulato-decussata, sericea, saturate brunnea ; spira convexo- conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. fere 6 convext, ad suturam pallidiores, ultimus 2 longitudinis equans, circa columellam albidus ; colu- mella lamina compressa, brevi, obliqua munita ; apertura obliqua, elliptica ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine dextro fere semicircu- lari, cum columellari calloso angulatim juncto. Long. 17, diam. 94 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). Allied to A. rudis, Pfr., &e. 7. A. SUBROSTRATA (LAMINELLA), Pfr. TJ. imperforata, dex- trorsa, ovato-conica, solida, irregulariter striata, nitidula, fusca, fulvo-nebulosa ; spira ventroso-conica, apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 6, superi 4 vie convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, 2 longitudinis sub- equans ; lamina columellaris fere basalis, acuta, obliqua; aper- tura vie obliqua, irregulariter semielliptica, ad columellam angu- lata, quasi in rostrum producta; perist. rectum, intus albolabia- tum, margine dextro subrepando, columellari parum dilatato, ad- nato. 5 Long. 15, diam. 8 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). Allied to A. albolabris, Newc. 8. A. micans (LamiIneLta), Pfr. T. subperforata, deaxtrorsa, turrita, solidula, sub epidermide lutea, glutinoso-micante alba ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice acutiuscula ; sutura subcrenata; anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis vie superans, rotun- datus ; lamina columellaris parvula, obliqua ; apertura vir obli- 32 qua, subovalis; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari parum dilatato, sublibero. Long. 16, diam. 72 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick). Nearest allied to A. variegata, Pfr. 5. Notes on THE “ Moorvux”’ (Casuartus BENNETTI1). By GrorGe BENNETT. On the 26th of October 1858, the ‘Oberon’ cutter of forty-eight tons arrived in Sydney, having two fine young specimens of the “ Mooruk”’ on board, stated to be male and female. On going on board I found them confined in a very small space, and the Captain informed me he had had them eight months, that he procured them soon after his arrival at New Britain for Sydney, and since that time had been trading about the islands, having these birds on board ; they were fed principally upon yams. I observed they were in poor condition, but healthy in appearance, and plumage in good order. They were about half the size of the specimen sent to En- gland; but one, apparently the male bird, appeared a little larger than the other. Captain Devlin informs me that the natives capture them very young, soon after they are hatched, and rear them by hand. The natives rarely or never can capture the adult bird, as they are so very shy and difficult of approach,—the native weapons being ineffectual against so rapid and wary a bird. These birds are very swift of foot and possess great strength in the legs; on the least alarm they elevate the head, and, seeing danger, dart among the thick brush, and thread about in localities where no human being could follow them, and disappear like magic. This bird, with its strong legs and muscular thighs, has an extraordinary power of leaping: it was from this circumstance the first bird brought from New Britain was lost; from its habit of leaping, it one day made a spring on the deck and went overboard ; as it was blowing a strong breeze at the time, the bird perished. In warm weather, the Captain informs me, they are fond of having a bucket of salt water thrown over them, and seem to enjoy it very much. I succeeded in pur- chasing these birds ; and Captain Slater (the present commander of the ‘Oberon’) brought them to my house in a cab; and when placed in the yard, they walked about as tame as turkeys. They ap- proached any one that came into the yard, pecking the hand as if desirous of being fed, and were very docile. They began by pecking at a bone in the yard, probably not having tasted any meat for some time, and would not, while engaged upon it, touch some boiled pota- toes which were thrown to them; indeed we found afterwards they fed better out of a dish than from the ground—no doubt, having been accustomed early to be fed in that manner. They were as familiar as if born and bred among us for years, and did not require time to reconcile them to their new situation, but became sociable and quite at home at once. We found them next day rather too tame, or, like 33 spoilt pets, too often in the way, One or both of them would walk into the kitchen ; while one was dodging under the tables and chairs, the other would leap upon the table, keeping the cook in a state of excitement ; or they would be heard chirping in the hall, or walk into the library in search of food or information, or walk up stairs, and then be quickly seen descending again, making their peculiar chirping, whistling noise; not a door could be left open, but in they walked, familiar with all. They kept the servants constantly on the alert: if the servant went to open the door, on turning round she found a ““Mooruk”’ behind her; for they seldom went together, generally wandering apart from each other. If any attempt was made to turn them out by force, they would dart rapidly round the room, dodging about under the tables, chairs, and sofas, and then end by squatting down under a sofa or in acorner ; and it was impossible to remove the bird, except by carrying it away : on attempting this, the long, powerful, muscular legs would begin kicking and struggling, and. soon get released, when it would politely walk out of its own accord. I found the best method was to entice them out, as if you had some- thing eatable in the hand, when they would follow the direction in which you wished to lead them. They sometimes also give a smart kick to any person attempting to turn them out forcibly. The house- maid attempting to turn the bird out of one of the rooms, it gave her a kick and tore her dress whilst she was very politely driving him before her. They walk into the stable among the horses, poking their bills into the manger. When writing in my study, a chirping, whistling noise is heard; the door, which was ajar, is pushed open ; and in walk the “ Mooruks,” who quietly pace round the room, in- specting everything, and then as peaceably go out again. If any attempt is made to turn them out, they leap and dodge about, and exhibit a wonderful rapidity of movement, which no one would sup- pose possible from their quiet gait and manner at other times. Even in the very tame state of these birds, I have seen sufficient of them to know that, if they were loose in a wood, it would be impossible to catch them, and almost as difficult to shoot them. One day, when apparently frightened at something that occurred, I saw one of them scour round the yard at a swift pace, and speedily disappear under the archway so rapidly that the eye could hardly follow it, upsetting all the poultry in its progress, as they could not get out of the way. The lower half of the stable-door, about 4 feet high, was kept shut to prevent them going in; but this proved no obstacle, as it was easily leaped over by these birds. They never appeared to take any notice of, or be frightened at, the Jabiru or Gigantic Crane, which was in the same yard, although that sedate, stately bird was not pleased at their intrusion. One day I remarked the Jabiru spread- mg his long wings, and clattering his beak, opposite one of the “‘Mooruks,”’ as if in ridicule of their wingless condition. ‘‘ Mooruk,”’ on the other hand, was pruning its feathers and spreading out its funny little apology for wings, as if proud of displaying the stiff horny shafts with which they were adorned. The “ Mooruks” often throw up all their feathers, ruffling them; and then they suddenly No. 386.—PrRocreEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 34 fall flat as before : they appear to have great power in raising all the feathers ; and the wings are used to aid them in running, but never seem used for defence. Captain Devlin says, the natives consider them to a certain degree sacred, and rear them as pets; he is not aware that they are used as food, but if so, not generally ; indeed their shy disposition and power of rapid running, darting through the brake and bush, would almost preclude their capture. It re- minds me (from the description) of the habits of the Menura, or Lyre bird of Australia ; only it is much larger and more powerful in its actions. The natives carry them in their arms, and are very kind to and have a great affection for them; this will account for their domesticated state with us. The noise of these birds, when in the yard, resembled that of the female Turkey; at other times the peculiar chirping noise was ac- companied by a whistling sound also. The contrast of these birds with the Jabiru was very great. The “ Mooruks”’ were sometimes moving about like the female Turkey in rapid motion or excite- ment, or, when walking quietly, always inquisitive and poking their beaks into everything and familiar with every person. The Jabiru, on the other hand, was a perfect picture of sedate quietness, looking upon all play as injurious to his constitution or derogatory to his dignity, remaining stiff in his gait and serious in his demeanour. Only one egg was brought, and that was partly broken; I have it in my possession. The Captain informs me that they can be pro- cured from the natives, and have generally a hole in them about the size of a shilling, through which the contents have been extracted. The height of the largest or male bird, to the top of the back, was 2 feet 2 inches, and of the female 2 feet. The height of the largest or male bird, when erect, to the top of the head, was 3 feet 2 inches, and of the female 3 feet. 6. DrescrirpTION OF THE ADULT STATE OF VOLUTA MAMILLA, Gray. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc. (Mollusea, Pl. XLV.) We have had in the British Museum for years a young specimen of a shell from Van Diemen’s Land, which I named Voluta ma- milla. It is figured under that name in Sowerby’s ‘ Conchological Thesaurus,’ t. 50. f. 57, 58; it is described by me in my ‘‘ Obser- vations on the Species of Volutes,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 55, under the name of Scapha mamilla ; and it is noticed under the genus Cymbium by the Messrs. A. and H:-Adams, in their ‘Genera of Mollusea.’ But many conchologists have been inclined to regard this specimen as only a monstrosity of some other species,—an idea that could only have been entertained by such as were ignorant of the general struc- ture and physiology of molluscous animals. 35 We have lately received from Van Diemen’s Lan{ three fine spe- cimens of this shell,—two of them fully grown, and the other inter- mediate in size between the young specimen we formerly possessed and the adult state of the species. It may be observed that these shells were all taken while the animals were growing ; the shells have consequently the thin edge incident to that state of the animal, and not the rounded thickened edge to the outer lip which the shell as- sumes while it is in a state of rest after its former growths: though probably the full size of the species, they are none of them what conchologists generally call adult shells. But this form of the outer lip is no proof of the adult state of the shell; for the animal con- stantly increases the size of the shell after such thickening and periods of rest; thus the thickening of the edge of the lip is only a proof that the shell was taken and the animal destroyed while the animal and shell were not increasing its size. The adult shell greatly resembles Scupha magnifica in form and colouring ; but the apex is much larger, irregular, with the apex of the whorl on one side of the tip; and the system of colouring is much broader, and coarser in its character. SCAPHA MAMILLA. (Mollusca, Pl. XLV.) Shell ovate; nucleus very large, spire rather irregular, one- coloured, orange, with the apex on one side; the last whorl irregu- larly markled with dark purple-brown lines having triangular pale spots, and with a subeentral and broad posterior sutural colourless band. Pillar dark orange, with three oblique plaits. Throat yellow. This form of the nucleus is found in another species of the genus Scapha, but not in such a highly developed state, viz. in Seapha fSusiformis, also inhabiting Van Diemen’s Land ; and it is also found in the genus Fulgoraia. Several conchologists, for example the Messrs. Adams, have sup- posed that this shell, on account of the size of the nucleus, ought to be referred to the genus Cymdtum, which is characterized by having an irregular callous tip to the nucleus ; but if the nucleus of /. ma- milla is properly examined, it will be found that it is distinctly spiral, but has the apex of the first whorl of the nucleus excentric or bent on one side; and this is not very uncommon in several species of Chrysostoma and Fusus, &e. The species of Scapha may be thus divided, according to the form and surface of the whole of the nucleus :— I. Spire of nucleus regular, with a central apew. a. Nucleus large; whorls crenulated near the suture. S. vespertilio. S. rutila. S. nivosa. S. magnifica. S. sophia. 36 b. Nucleus large; whorls smooth. S. aulica. 8. leucostoma. S. deshayesii. c. Nucleus moderate or small; spire often subcylindrical, generally truncated or deciduous. S. punctata. S. ferussacii. S. colocyntha. S. pacifica. S. magellanica. S. concinna. S. javanica. i Il. Spire of nucleus rather irregular; the apex excentric, lateral. S. fusiformis, apex moderate. S. mamilla, apex very large. 7. Notice or Nororreris, A New Genus or Preropine Bat FROM THE Ferjer Istanps. By Dr. Joun Epwarp GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ere. (Mammalia, Pl. LX VII.) Among a large collection of the skins of Mammalia, Birds, Fishes, Crustacea, &c., sent to the British Museum by the Lords of the Admiralty, which were collected by Mr. Rayner, Dr. Macdonald, and the Medical Officers of H.M. Ship ‘ Herald,’ during the voyage to the Feejee and other Pacific Islands, under the direction of Captain Denman, R.N., there are two specimens of a small Pteropine Bat from the island of Viti, which has the elongated face and the general appearance of the Kiodote (Macroglossus), but is provided with an elongated, free, slender, tapering tail, nearly as long as the hind legs, which, like the tail of most Bats having this member enclosed in the interfemoral membrane, is arched, the tip being bent ventrally or downwards. Considering that the best genera of Bats are those established on the external conformation of the members, I am inclined to propose for this animal a new generic designation ; and I have no doubt that, when its habits and manners are known, they will be found to differ considerably from those of Macroglossus and Cephalotes, to which it is most nearly allied. Noroprtreris. Head elongate; muzzle produced, subcylindrical ; nose simple, muffle narrow, bald between the nostrils, with a deep central notch. Fars small, lateral. Body covered with rather crisp hair. Wings broad, short, arising from the middle of the back, bald, only sepa- rated by a very narrow line of hair down the vertebral line, and with soft hair on the under side near the body. Thumb elongate ; lower 37 jomt half the length of the upper, and enclosed in a web. The index-finger, of three bony joints; the last joint short, clawless. Interfemoral membrane deeply cut out, fringing the hind legs to the heel, hairy above and on the under side near the body, bald at other parts. Tail elongate, slender, tapering, many-jeinted, arising from, and with the base attached to, the under side of the narrow interfe- moral membrane; as long as the hind legs. The skull elongate, produced and slender in front. Cutting teeth =; canines — ; grinders =. The cutting teeth conical, far apart; the upper are very small, rudimentary, on the middle of the intermaxillary bone between the end of the nose and the canine teeth; the lower rather larger, ~ conical, blunt, separated from each other by a broad lunate space near the front edge of the canine teeth; canine larger, grooved ; grinders compressed, blunt. The upper cutting teeth are conical, small, far apart, placed on the middle of the slender produced intermaxillary bones, which have a small depression near the anterior extremity, like a cavity, whence a second chisel-shaped tooth might be developed ; but as there is no appearance of the tooth in either of the skulls, perhaps it may be where a tooth of this kind has been shed. The lower teeth are small and blunt, placed near the front of the base of the canine tooth. The edge of the front of the jaw between these teeth is rather produced and sharp-edged, and is nicked near the cutting tooth, giving the jaw somewhat the appearance of a se- cond tooth, but it is not enamelled. The canines elongate, conical, acute, curved. The grinders are reniform, compressed, gradually diminishing in size towards the back of the jaws; the front one on each side in each jaw is largest, higher than the rest, and crenated on the crown; the rest have a flat smooth crown. The tongue was not preserved ; but, from the form of the muzzle and of the cutting teeth, I think it is very probably elongate, like that of the genus Macroglossus. In the absence of the claw on the index-finger, this animal agrees with the genus Cephalotes from Timor, as it also does with the ac- count of the wings and the teeth given in the systematic works ; but it differs from that genus very essentially when the specimens of the two animals are compared. The head of Cephalotes is much shorter and broader. The cutting teeth are exceedingly different ; in Cephalotes the cutting teeth are-close together, the upper ones chisel-shaped, the lower ones rather conical, entirely filling up the very narrow space between the base of the large canines; while in Notopteris they are only two far apart, small and isolated. The wings of the two genera arise from the centre of the back ; and the bases of the wings, which cover the back, are naked. But in Cephalotes the nakedness extends over the shoulders to a line even with the front edge of the wings; in Notopteris the naked 38 part only occupies the hinder half of the back or loins, the shoulders being exposed and covered with hair like the rest of the body. The tail in Cephalotes is short and rudimentary, flattened, and formed of four or five very short joints, and not elongated and in- curved as in the new genus. I may observe that, though the index-finger of the Cephalotes peronii from Celebes (in the British Museum, received from the Leyden Collection) is not provided with any distinct, well-developed claw, the end of the bone is curved upwards and rather produced into a resemblance of a claw,—there being no indication of such an appendage in the animal from Viti. Pteropus amplexicaudatus, from Timor, has a rather elongated head, a short free tail; and the wings arise from the sides of the back, with a broad hairy space between their bases; but this differs from Cephalotes in having a small distinct claw on the end of the index- finger, and in having four chisel-shaped cutting teeth in the lower jaw, occupying the whole of the rather wide space between the base of the large canines; and it has four rather conical cutting teeth in the upper jaw. Nororreris MAcpoNALDIL. (Pl. LXVII.) Pale-reddish brown above, rather greyer beneath; the hinder half of the back, which is covered by the bases of the wings, bald, with a very narrow line of short hair down the vertebral line. The rump and upper surface of the base of the interfemoral membrane covered with hair. Hab. The Island of Viti Leon, Feejees. September 1857. Male and female. Iris dark hazel. (John D. Macdonald.) Male. Length of head and body 43, tail 2, fore-arm bone 23, leg bone 1+ inch. Female rather smaller: arm-bone 24 inches. 8. Notice oF A New Genus or LOPHOBRANCHIATE FISHES FROM WESTERN AusTRALIA. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ETc. (Pisces, Pl. VIT.) Among the collections made by the Medical Officers of H.M.S. ‘ Herald,’ above referred to, is a curious and apparently new species of Syngnathide, of which I give a brief description. HALiicuHtTHys. Mouth elongate, quadrangular, with a spine on the middle of each side of the upper edge. Body six-sided. ‘Tail quadrangular. The shields of the head and body with a more or less elongated spine, each ending in a very long slender filiform beard. Under side of 39 body and tail flat, with a very slightly raised central ridge. Pec- toral and dorsal fin distinct. Caudal fin none, or very rudimentary. Egg-pouch ?; none apparent in the specimen. HALICcHTHYS TENIOPHORA. The head compressed, spinose, with a high, arched, central ridge armed with spines, each having an elongated slender filiform beard in front of its base ; the eye-brows produced, crested, with two large curved spines on the upper edge ; the front spine furnished with a very long filiform beard on the front edge; the lower edge of the orbit with two spines, the base of the operculum with one, and the upper edge with a prominent ridge armed with two unequal spines, the hinder one largest and compressed. The head at the back edge of the operculum with an arched ridge armed with four large com- pressed conical spines; and there is a compressed bifid one on the nape between these two arched ridges. Body hexangular, or sub- heptangular from the obscure ventral keel, formed of nineteen rings ; the lower lateral angles are narrower than the rest, which are sub- equal; each plate of the rings is armed witha subcentral spine ; and the spines on the three or four darker rings of the body are furnished with elongated filiform beards. The tail is quadrangular ; the under side is rather the widest and flat, the others are concave; each shield is furnished with a spine like those of the body, and the greater part of the spines are furnished with a filiform elongated -beard. Caudal rings about forty-five, the apical one obscure. Dorsal fin over the vent 26-rayed. : The dry fish is black above, pale beneath, with three distant black spots on each side of the body, and distant black cross bands on the under side of the base of the tail. Hab. Freycinet harbour, Shark’s Bay, W. Australia. Mr. Gould read the following extract from a Letter addressed to him by George Bennett, Esq., of Sydney, dated October 15th, isis) 6 “The semipalmated Goose, I have seen domesticated in Sydney in a poultry-yard, having been hatched by a common hen. This bird in its anatomy evidently approaches the Cranes, and in habits also. Especially when you see it running about the poultry-yard, it re- sembles one of the Grucde more than a Goose. The bird I allude to was one of many hatched under a hen from eggs procured from the blacks at a station on the Mooruya River, near Broulee, south of Sydney. ‘Ten eggs were procured and placed under two hens, five for each, and in three days less than a month produced seven young Geese, which were reared by the foster-mother. The eggs are said to be cream-coloured, not larger than a small-sized goose- egg. The birds lay their eggs close to the water in the lagoons ; they commence to lay about September. The bird was an adult, and differed materially from your drawing, which I consider to represent 40 either a distinct species or, from the peculiarity of the bill and feet, a bird of the first year. The bill, feet, and legs were of a flesh- colour ; the plumage of the head, neck, wings, centre of the back, tail, and thighs glossy-black ; remainder of the plumage white. These birds are readily domesticated, and run about the poultry- yard in the most amicable manner possible. The colour of the beak, feet, and legs were of the same colour when hatched; and the bird, dating from the time it was brought forth, would be one year and eight months old.” Mr. Gould exhibited a drawing of a Pheasant, said to come from the Mountains of Siam, which he considered identical with that lately described by Mr. Blyth under the name of Diardigallus Fasciolatus, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxvii. p. 115. January 25th, 1859. E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Descriptions or New Species OF THE AMERICAN FAMILY TyrRANNID&. By Puivtie Lurury Scuater. 1. ATTILA CITRINIVENTRIS. Rufescens, capite obscuriore et cinereo tincto, dorso imo dilutiore, uropygio citrino-flaro: alis nigricantibus, extus rufescente lim- batis ; gulu cinerascente, pectore rufo, ventre cum crisso citrino-flavo, hypochondriis et tectricibus subalaribus rufis : cauda clare rufa unicolore, basin versus dilutiore: rostro ni- gricante, pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 6°75, alee 3:2, caudee 2°6, rostri a rictu 1:0. oe In valle Amazonum superiore ad ripas fl. Ucayali (Hauz- well). This species of Aéti/a comes nearest to Attila spadiceus of Cayenne and Northern Brazil, and is of about the same size, but may be di- stinguished by its darker and more cinereous head and yellow belly, as well as minor differences. An example in my own collection was received from MM. Verreaux of Paris. One belonging to Mr. Gould was procured by Hauxwell on the Ucayali. As to the position of this genus of birds and the synonymy of the species, I agree with the views of M. de Lafresnaye, as given in his article in the ‘ Revue Zoologique’ (1848, p. 39). 41 The species of the group, of which I possess specimens, may be arranged as follows, beginning with those with the strongest bills :— (1.) Artrua cINEREUS (Gm.).—Muscicapa cinerea, Gm., Max. Beitr. ii. 853; Spix, Av. Bras. i. t. 26. f. 2.—Dasycephala cinerea, Sw.; Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. 85.— Attila rufus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 46. Hab. In Brasil. merid. (2.) Arrma crTREoPyGius* (Bp.).—Dasycephala citreopyga, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 657; Notes Orn. p. 86; Sclater, P. eS. 18575 ps 227. Hab. In Mexico merid., Guatemala, et Nicaragua. (3.) ATTILA BRASILIENSIS, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 360; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 45.—Muscicapa uropygiata, Max. Beitr. ili. 868.— Myiarchus (!) uropygiatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 472. fab. In Brasilia. (4.) ATTILA THAMNOPHILOIDES (Spix).—Muscicapa thamnophi- loides, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 26. fig. 1; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 86. Hab. In Brasil. int. (5.) ATTILA spaDICEUS (Gm.), Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 46.— Muse. spadicea, Gm. — Tyrannus rufescens, Sw. Quart. Journ. Se. xl. p. 278.—Dasycephala uropygialis, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. 686. Hab. In Cayenna. (6.) ATTILA CITRINIVENTRIS, Sclater. fab. Tn valle fl. Amazonum sup. Tam not acquainted with dttila bolivianus, Lafr. (Tyrannus ru- fescens, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb. Voy. p. 308). Next to Aétila, I think, must be placed the curious type Casiornis of Bonaparte, of which the earliest specific name appears to be rubra of Vieillot. Its synonymy is very much confused ; but I am inclined to refer Suirivt roxa, Azar. sp. 188; Muscicapa rubra, Vieill. Dict. xxl. 457, et Enc. p. 831; Muscicapa hematodes, Licht. ; Dasy- cephala hematodes, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i. p. 222; Dasy- cephala rubra, Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. 87; Tyrannula rufula, Harti. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 6, and, probably, Tyrannus thamnophiloides of D’Orbigny (Voy. p. 309), to this bird. MM. de Castelnau and De- ville obtained examples of it at Goyaz during their American travels, and it has recently been described and figured by M. Des Murs in the Ornithology of their Expedition under the name Casiornis typus. Its general structure is very much that of Attila; but the bill is quite short and much more feeble, and the feet are not nearly so strong. * Were it not that M. de Lafresnaye gives ‘“ Colombie”’ as the habitat of his Attila flammulatus, 1 should be inclined to consider his species the same as this, 42 2. MyropyYNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS. Tyrannus audax, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 297. Myiodynastes luteiventris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 657, et Notes Orn. p. 87 (sine descript.). Similis M. audact ex Amer. merid., sed alis longioribus, collo an- tico prorsus albo, et abdomine toto cum subalaribus citrino-flavis diversus. Long. tota 8°5, alee 4°5, caudze 3-4. Hab. In Mexico merid., Guatemala, et America centrali. Mus. P. L.S. This is the representative of M. audax in the northern province of the Neotropical region. Examples of it first came under my notice in M. Sallé’s first collection from Vera Cruz, when, although referring it to audaz, I noticed the probability of its being really distinct. M. Botteri’s series from Orizaba likewise contained spe- cimens, some of which are now in my possession ; and Mr. Skinner has transmitted skins from Guatemala. Prince Bonaparte, in his ‘ Notes Ornithologiques,’ bestowed a couple of new names upon this bird (at least we have no doubt it was this species), without assign- ing any specific characters to it. The examples to which he alludes were from Delattre’s Nicaraguan collection. 3. MyIoDYNASTES NOBILIS, sp. nov. Supra ochracescenti-rufus, nigro variegatus ; plumis medialiter nigris, ochracescenti-rufo undique marginatis : crista brevi ver- ticali interne aurea: loris et macula post-oculari cum striga rictali nigris: fronte et linea superciliari flavicantibus : alis nigricantibus ; tectricibus ochracescenti-rufo, secundariis albo, primaris rufo extus limbatis : cauda ferruginea, rectricum om- nium parte mediali, scapam marginante, nigra: subtus albus, abdomine et crisso citrino indutis, pectore et lateribus nigro flammulatis: subalaribus citrino-flavis : rostro corneo, mandi- bule inferioris basi alba ; pedibus nigris. Long. tota 8°5, ale 4°5, caudee 3°7, rostri a rictu 12, tarsi 0°74. Hab. In litt. reipublicee Nov. Grenadze in vicinitate urbis S. Marthee. This fine Myiodynastes is a close ally of M. audax and M. lutei- ventris, but is readily distinguishable by its stronger bill, longer tail, which is slightly forked, and the lighter surface of the body below ; this is nearly pure white on the throat and middle of the belly, being rather sparingly flammulated on the breast and sides, which latter parts, along with the crissum, are tinged with yellow. The example of this bird in my own collection was obtained from MM. Verreaux of Paris, and was received from their collector at Santa Martha. The true type of the genus Myzodynastes, Bp. (a generic term published by the Prince, like many others, without characters, or even the indication of any exact type), was intended, I believe, to have been the Tyrannus audax, Auct. The name first appeared in 43 print in the ‘ Comptes Rendus’ for April 3, 1854, in connexion with M. luteiventris, which I have described above; but it also occurs in the catalogue of birds collected in Cayenne by M. Des- planches* (p. 11), where it is applied to 7. audaz. The division seems a natural one, connecting Pitangus and Tyrannus. I possess specimens of six species, namely— 1. Mytodynastes audax (Gm.): ex Cayenna, Brasil., Nov. Grenad., ins. Trinit., et Peruy. int. 2. Myiodynastes luteiventris. 3. Myiodynastes solitarius (Vieill.), Azara, sp. 1960: ex Brasil. merid. et Paraguaya. 4, Myiodynastes nobilis. 5. Myiodynastes atrifrons (Tyrannus atrifrons, Sclater, P. Z.S8. 1857, p. 274): ex rep. Kquat. 6. Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (Tsch.).—Scaphorhynchus chry- socephalus, Tsch. Faun. Per. pl. 8. fig. 1; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, eros The last species has the bill rather more flattened, and leads off towards Scaphorhynchus. 4, CONTOPUS MESOLEUCUS, sp. nov. Obscure cineraceus, olivaceo vix tinctus, pileo alis et cauda nigri- cantibus, secundariis dorso proximis albo extus marginatis : subtus obscure cineraceus, vitta longitudinali a mento corpus descendente cum ventre toto albo, flavicante tincto, hypochon- driis et crisso cineraceo adumbratis : fasciculo plumarum utrin- que ad latera uropygii, alis obtecto, albo : rostro nigro, mandi- bule inferioris basi flavida: pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6°75, alee 4:0, caudee 2°7. Hab. In Mexico meridionali, et in rep. Guatemala (Skinner). This bird is easily recognizable by the creamy-white medial line, which passes from the chin to the crissum, expanding greatly on the belly. My examples are from Orizaba, collected by Botteri. Mr. Gould possesses a specimen from Guatemala of the same species. The form is quite typical,—the wings being very long, and the second primary, which is the longest, considerably (by 0°15 imch) exceed- ing the first and third, which are equal. The curious white tufts at the side of the uropygium, covered by the wings, are very notice- able in this species—more so than in my examples of C. borealis. 5. CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS. Obscure cineraceus, tectricum majorum et secundariorum margi- nibus dilutioribus, fere albicantibus : loris albidis: subtus pal- * This little tract is extracted, I believe, from the Mémoires of a learned Society, published at Caen. The only copy I have ever seen was given to me by the author himself in 1857, shortly before his death. In it is established a new genus of Tyrannide—Planchesia—for Muscicapa fuliginosa, Gm. (Pl. Enl. 574. fig. 1) ; and the generic term Syrichtha, the type of which appears to have been unknown to Mr. Gray, is used for Tyrannus curtipes, Sw. 44 lide cinereus, gutture medio albescente, ventre medio et crisso albis: rostri nigrt basi inferiore pallida : pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6:0, alze 3-2, caudze 2°5. Hab. In Mexico meridionali et Guatemala. This Contopus much resembles the preceding, but is considerably smaller in its dimensions, of a rather purer cinereous above, and much lighter cinereous below. ‘This colour passes into whitish on the throat, and nearly pure white on the belly and crissum, without showing the continuous white medial stripe, which renders Contopus mesoleucus so noticeable. In structure it is identical with Contopus virens ; but it has no trace of olive on its plumage. I regard Contopus as a very natural division of the Tyrannida, characterized by its long wings and short tarsi. My collection con- tains examples of the following species, which I refer to it :— 1. Contopus borealis (Sw.), Baird, Rep. p. 188.— T. cooperi, Nutt. : ex America bor., Mexico, et Guatemala. 2. Contopus mesoleucus. 3. Contopus sordidulus. 4. Contopus virens: ex Am. bor., Mex., et Guat. 5. Contopus bogotensis. — Tyrannula bogotensis, Bp. Consp. p- 190: ex Nov. Grenada et rep. Equat. 6. Contopus ardesiacus (Lafr.).—Tyr. ardesiaca, Lafr. R. Z. 1841, p. 80: ex Nov. Grenad. et rep. Equat. Besides these, I have one bad specimen of a S. American species allied to C. mesoleucus, but which, I have no doubt, is distinct. Near Contopus, must be placed, I think, Prince Bonaparte’s genus Planchesia, referred to above. 6. MirTREPHORUS PH£ZOCERCUS. ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 302. ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 296. Supra fuscescenti-olivaceus ; capitis plumis productis ; alis cauda- que obscure nigricantibus, alarum tectricibus rufescente termi- natis, fasciam duplicem alarem constituentibus, secundariis olivaceo extus marginatis : capitis lateribus et corpore subtus cum subalaribus ferrugineis: rostro inferiore flavo, superiore cum pedibus nigris : remige tertia longissima, secunda quartam aquante, prima sextam vix excedente. Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°7, caudee 2:4, tarsi 0°52. Hab. In Mexico merid. et in Guatemala. This little Tyrant was one of several species of this difficult group in M. Sallé’s first collection from Cordova, for which I failed in finding descriptions *. Nor have I been more successful since that time, although I have often had the species under my observation in Empidonax Tyrannula * Although I have examined many specimens of Mexican Tyrannide, I have never succeeded in reconciling any of them to the descriptions given by Mr. Swainson of Platyrhynchus pusillus, Tyrannula affinis, T. obscura, and T. barbi- rostris in his ‘ Synopsis of Mexican Birds.’ Is it possible the present species can be 7. affinis—“ beneath pale fulvous”’ ? 45 collections received from Mexico and Guatemala, and particularly in M. Sallé’s last collection from Oaxaca, where both sexes again oc- curred ; and in M. Botteri’s series from Orizaba. Finally, I have de- termined on giving a name to the bird, to serve at all events as a temporary designation ; and (rather unwillingly, 1 must confess) I have felt myself obliged to make a new generic appellation for it, not knowing any recognized section to which it can be strictly re- ferred. It differs in form from Myiobius (or Tyrannula) in its shorter, flatter, and broader beak, with the rictal bristles but slightly developed ; and from Hmpidonaz, to which I was afterwards inclined to refer it, in its much shorter and more slender tarsi and longer wings. J have chosen its name from its slightly-crested head, which gives it rather a capped appearance. A second species of the genus, and near ally, is Giraud’s Muscicapa fulvifrons (Empidonar fulvi- JSrons, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 301), which will stand as Mitrephorus fulvifrons. 7. PYROCEPHALUS MEXICANUS. Pyrocephalus rubineus, Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 18. p. 127; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 296 ; Baird, Report, p. 201. I believe the Mexican Pyrocephalus, which visits Texas and New Mexico in the summer, and is now included in the ornithology of the United States, is no exception to the general rule, that the species of Tyrannide, as indeed of other families of Insessores, although often closely allied to, and representatives of, southern forms, will, upon strict comparison, be generally found to present essentially distinct characters, sufficient to render it necessary to constitute of them distinct species. Thus we have— In Mexico and Central America, representing in S. America, Muscivora mexicana, Muscivora regia. Cyclorhynchus brevirostris, Cyclorhynchus olivaceus. Myiobius sulphureipygius, Myiobius barbatus. Mionectes assimilis, Mionectes oleagineus. Myiozetetes texensis, Myiozetetes cayennensis. Myiodynastes luteiventris, Myiodynastes audax. Pitangus derbianus, Pitangus sulphuratus. Scaphorhynchus mexicanus, Scaphorhynchus pitangua. and, when the American Fauna is more completely worked out, many other instances will ke found. Indeed, I am inclined to believe that there are very few South American birds, except in the more widely-diffused Accipitres, Gralla, and Anseres, which are really to be met with in Mexico and Central America. My specimens of Pyrocephalus mexicanus differ from the common P. rubineus of Brazil, Cayenne, Guiana, and Trinidad in the lighter shade of the brown colouring and less intense red colour, as well as in the longer bill and generally larger dimensions. In the female of the Mexican bird also the cclours are much paler, the fore part of the body below more white, and the belly, instead of being of a full red, is of a pale ochraceous yellow. According to Professor Baird, 46 however, the shade of colouring on the belly of the female varies considerably. The only other species of the genus of which I possess specimens, are P. nanus of Gould, from the western coast of S. America, extend- ing to the Galapagos (which may be recognized by its inferior size, and the broad white edging of the outer rectrix and pale termination of the others); and P. obseurus, Gould, which I cannot help think- ing is a female of a red species. 8. ELAINIA PLACENS. Elenia ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 297. Supra olivacea, pileo cineraceo, crista interna flava: alis cauda- que obscuris olivaceo extus limbatis : capitis lateribus cum gut- ture albescenti-cinereis, cilits oculorum albis : abdomine et tec- tricibus subalaribus flavis: rostro nigro, mandibule inferioris basi albida: pedibus obscure carneis. Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°7, caudee 2°6, tarsi 0°65. Hab. Tn Mexico merid. et in Guatemala. This is the only species of true Hlainia which I have yet met with from Mexico, the Elenia texensis of my Mexican lists being strictly a Myiozetetes*, and the Elenia variegata belonging to a section which T intend to denominate Legatus (type, Legatus albicollis { Vieill. = Muscicapa legatus, Licht.). M. Sallé has lately kindly sent me for re-examination the specimen of this bird, which I noticed without naming it, in his Cordovan collection ; and I have been thus enabled to determine its identity with a Guatemalan specimen in the posses- sion of Mr. Gould. The Elainie are very abundant in 8. America ; and I have speci- mens of at least twelve or fourteen species of the genus as restricted, among which I may mention Hlainia pagana (Licht.), H. modesta (Tsch.), &. albiceps (Lafr. et D’Orb.), L. olivacea (Lafr. et D’Orb.), E. lutetventris, mihi, EL. agilis (Gm.), #. stictoptera, mihi, and L. griseigularis, mihi. 9. MIONECTES ASSIMILIS, Sp. Nov. Mionectes oleagineus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 296, nec Licht. Olivacea, alis caudaque fusco-nigricantibus, pallido fulvescenti- viridi extus limbatis: abdomine et tectricibus alarum inferio- ribus fulvis: gutture et cervice cinerascenti-olivaceis : rostri nigrt bast rufescente, pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°7, caudze 2°1, rostri a rictu 0°7. Hab. In Mexico merid., Cordova (Sallé), et Guatemala (Skinner). Assimilis M. oleagineo, sed statura majore, rostro longiore, et gut- ture et cervice antica cinerascenti-olivaceis distinguendus. * T so correct this name from ‘“‘ Myiozeta, Bp.,” as given in Mr. G. R. Gray’s List, p. 146. The name was published in Pr. Bonaparte’s ‘Conspectus Syste- matis Ornithologiz ’ (Ann. des Sc. Nat. vol. iv. 1854) without indication of type ; but from specimens in my own collection, marked in the Prince’s own hand- writing, [am enabled to state that this was intended to be Elainia cayennensis, Auct. 47 2. Nores on THE Hasrrs or THE MyYcCTERIA AUSTRALIS OR New Howianp Jasiru (Gieantic CRANE OF THE CoLo- nists). By Georce BENNETT. A short time since, I purchased this rare bird, which was brought alive to Sydney from Port Macquarie, and so little being known respecting its habits, I considered the following notes might be in- teresting to the Society. It appears to be a young male, and walks about the yard of the house quite domesticated, making no attempt to fly, nor showing any inclination to leave its domicile. These birds have a wide range over the colony, more particularly about the northern coasts of Australia, and are seen occasionally within the heads and about the sand-banks of the Clarence and Macleay Rivers; they are very difficult of approach, and consequently but few have been obtained, this being the first specimen ever brought alive toSydney. Among the principal residents in the interior, some inform me that they have only seen four, others only one, during a residence of from twenty-five to thirty years in different parts of the colony. In Leichhardt’s Expedition (according to the account of Mr. Murphy, now residing in Sydney) only two were seen ; and these could not be approached sufficiently near to be shot. In 1839 a specimen was shot on Hunter’s River, and another on the north shore near Sydney about three years since, both of which were pre- sented to the Australian Museum. The person who shot the last bird had the greatest difficulty in procuring it, from its being so very shy and watchful: he was obliged to follow it for several days in its haunts about the salt-water creeks, until he could get sufficiently near to shoot it, which, being a good marksman, he achieved as soon as he could approach within range. Both these specimens were full- grown males, and in fine and brilliant adult plumage. These birds being so rarely seen, and difficult to procure when seen, are valuable as specimens when dead, and much more so when alive. Many of the residents of the northern districts had seen the bird, but rarely, and at a distance, and were aware how difficult it was to procure them ; but none had ever seen it in captivity before, and it was therefore -regarded with great interest. The number of skins of this bird I have seen during my residence of twenty-two years in the colony only amounts to four. The bird is very graceful: its attitudes, and bearing, whether in a state of repose, stalking rapidly, or walking gently over a lawn or yard with its measured, noiseless steps, have a combination of grace and elegance, and it displays an independence of manner that might be expected in a bird so wild and roaming in its habits. It is gentle and good-tempered, soon gets reconciled to captivity, and seems to take pleasure in being noticed and admired, remaining very quiet to be looked at—keeping a bright eye upon the spectator, however, during the time. Although, when first seen, it has an uncouth appearance, from the large size of the mandibles in proportion to the body, yet on a closer acquaintance its manner wins upon you, anda feeling of attachment arises towards it from its placid, tame, domesticated manner, elegance of form, graceful 48 carriage, and beautiful metallic brilliancy of plumage, more espe- cially over the head and neck. This bird had been in captivity four months previous to its arrival in Sydney, having been captured by the blacks. It permits any one to.approach it, only timidly moving away when an attempt is made to touch it. It sometimes stands quite erect, or on one leg, with the other thrown out ; or rests upon the tarsi, like the Emeu and Mooruk, and again upon one leg, with the bill inclined upon the breast. It was very hungry on its arrival at my house, and with the greatest facility devoured 14 lb. of beef cut into small pieces, placed in a tub.of water, or caught the meat in the mandibles when thrown to it. It also feeds on fish and reptiles. When the food is hard or gristly, it is rejected from the mandibles after trying to masticate it, and bruised with the point of the beak until it becomes sufficiently soft to be swallowed. It feeds generally in the mornings and even- ings ; and although the mandibles look so large, it picks up the smallest object with great readiness, and clatters the mandibles with a loud noise when catching flies. It preens its feathers, and removes any dirt or insects from them very neatly with the bill, accompanying the action with a degree of ease and grace pleasing to observe. When a tub of water was placed near it, it placed one leg in it ; and after drinking, filled its bill with water and threw it out again, as if washing out the mandibles. The eye is very large and remarkably brilliant, and yet imparts to the bird a great docility of expression, making it appear—what it is—an amiable bird, familiar with all around it, liking to court admiration, yet on the watch for any.act of aggres- sion. It appears pleased to see any stranger, and evinces but little fear. The horses coming into the yard even close to it, or any noise, does not seem to annoy it ; it only moves gently out of the way. When suddenly startled, it will flap its long and powerful wings as if preparing for flight; and it may be regarded as a bird of flight, the whole bulk of the body being so light in comparison with its powerful organs of volition. This bird is partial to salt-water creeks and lagoons. It is usually seen in such localities on the Hunter, Mac- leay, and Clarence Rivers, which consist, near the entrance and for some miles distant, of salt water with numerous sand-banks, where these birds may be occasionally observed busily engaged in fishing. The beak of this bird is large, broad, conical, and pointed ; the lower mandible is slightly curved upwards; the colour is black. The head is large, and neck thick; both the head and neck are of a rich deep glossy green, changing when it reaches the occiput into beau- tiful iridescent colours of violet and purple, which, when viewed under a brilliant sunshine or in a changing light, display the irides- cent tints in a most brilliant manner, shining with a metallic efful- gence equal to that seen in the Peacock. The greater wing-coverts, scapularies, lower part of the back and tail, dark brown mixed with rich bluish green, which changes in the adult to a rich glossy green tinged with a golden lustre. The smaller wing-coverts, lower part of the neck and back, and upper part of the breast white speckled with ashy brown, which becomes white in the adult; lower part of —— 49 the breast, thighs, and inner part of the wings white. Eyes brilliant, and dark hazel in colour. ‘he legs are blackish with a dark tinge of red, becoming in the adult of a bright red colour, which, as | have been informed, when the bird flies with the legs stretched out, looks like a long red tail. The legs are usually dirty with excremental matter, imparting to them a white appearance, so that the natural colour is seldom seen, except when they just emerge from the water. It is a large feeder, and these birds must consume, in their native haunts, a great quantity of fishes and reptiles. It measures 3 feet 10 inches to the top of the head, and is not yet full-grown ; they are said to attain 4 to 5 feet in height. It is shy in disposition and diffi- cult-of approach in its wild state; this can readily be supposed when it is observed in captivity ; for although very docile and readily tamed, still the keen, watchful eye appears always upon you, with a brilliant and piercing look, which causes a feeling of the impossibility of escaping its penetrating glance. Its feeding-grounds and places of rest being about sand-pits, sand-banks, and exposed morasses near the Sea-coasts, it is impossible to approach this wary bird without being seen. The first evening it was at my house, seeking for a roosting place, it walked into the hall, gazed at the gas-lamp which had just been lighted, and then proceeded to walk up-stairs, but not liking the ascent, quietly walked down again and returned into the yard, and afterwards went to roost in the coach-house between the carriages, to which place it now retires regularly every evening soon after dark. It is always observed to face the sun, and moves about the yard, following the course of that luminary ; it may always be found in that part of the yard where the sun is shining, and with the face invariably towards it. When hungry, it follows the cook about (who usually feeds it); and if she has neglected its food, looks into the kitchen as if to remind her of the neglect, and waits quietly, but with a searching eye, during the time the meat is cutting up, until it is fed. It is amusing to observe this bird catch flies: he remains very quiet, as if asleep, and ona fly passing him, it is snapped up in his beak im aninstant. The only time I observed any manifestation of anger in him was when the “ Mooruks”’ were introduced into the yard where he was parading about: these rapid, fussy, noisy birds running about his range excited his indignation ; for on their coming near him, he slightly elevated the brilliant feathers of the head, the eyes became very brilliant, he ruffled his feathers, and clattered his mandibles as if about to try their sword-like edge upon the intruding * Mooruks ;”’ buthis anger subsided with these demonstrations, except an occasional flapping of his powerful wings. One day, however, on one of the *‘ Mooruks”’ approaching too near him, he seized it with his mandibles by the neck, on which the ‘‘ Mooruk”’ ran away and did not appear in any way injured. No. 387.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 50 3. List or MamMALts AND Birps couiectep By Mr. Joseru LeyLAND In Honpuras, Brenize, AND GuaTemMaLA. By Tuomas J. Moorst, KEEPER or THE Derspy Muse, LIVERPOOL. (Aves, Pl. CL., CLI.) ‘ The collection, of which the following is a list, was made in 1855— 56 by Mr. Joseph Leyland, successor to Mr. Mather, a well-known naturalist of this town. Mr. Leyland collected chiefly in the district of Omoa, but occasionally visited Belize, and in one instance pro- ceeded as far as Lake Peten in Guatemala, in order to obtain the Meleagris ocellata. Yn addition to the free use of his collection, he has kindly furnished me with observations on the habits of many of the species. I am much indebted to Mr. Sclater for naming the Dendrocolap- tine, Formicarine, and others indicated by his initials (P. L. 8.) placed after them. MAMMALIA. 1. CycLoTHuRUS DiDAcTyLUs (Linn.). ‘ Night Walker.” Chilomo River. Not common, or at any rate, owing to their nocturnal habits, not often seen, being principally met with in the early morning. The Spanish residents say they feed on bananas, in search of which they frequent the gardens. Mr. Leyland had a mother and young alive for a short period; but being kept in a box, he had no opportunity of noticing their habits, beyond the fact of the young one continu- ally nestling under the belly of its parent ; but he did not observe that it clung to her. 2. ScruruUs BOOTHI#, Gray, Voy. Sulph. pl. 13. f. 1. Common about Omoa; leave the trees when hunted or shot at, and take to their heels on the ground, where they are otherwise often met with. There is some variation in different examples of this species: of three specimens in the Derby Museum, collected by Mr. Leyland, one has a decided black longitudinal stripe on the sides, dividing the mottled brown and black colour of the upper from the pure white of the under part; in the second this is absent; and in the third a broad rufous band extends across the chest, while the hairs of the tail are much more sparingly tipped with white than in the other two.—(T. J. M.) 3. ScIURUS MOLLIPILOSuUs, Aud. & Bachm. Quad. N. Amer. pl. 19. p. 157. Omoa. Rare ; shy, frequenting the bush and smaller trees. 51 4. GALERA BARBARA (Linn.). Pine Ridges of Belize. Go in troops of fifteen or twenty ; frequenting trees, to which they betake themselves when hunted by dogs, and are thus easily shot. 5. Lurra ——? From a river to the west of Comayagua. 6. Leoparpvus onca (Linn.). Omoa and Belize, occasionally. 7. Leoparpus parpatts ! (Linn.). Imperfect skins of one, if not two species of Ocelot, were obtained from muleteers, who brought them from the interior of Honduras. They were not observed near Omoa. 8. VuLpes ——. An imperfect skin of a small Fox from Comayagua, closely allied to the V. Azare. In addition to the Mammals enumerated above from skins brought home by Mr. Leyland, he mentions the following :— LEOPARDUS CONCOLOR, met with occasionally near Comayagua. DICOTYLES TORQUATUS, common in troops of sixteen or eighteen near Omoa. TAPIRUS AMERICANUS, called the Mountain Cow, frequents swamps in the district of Omoa. ? Cervus (Cariacus 2) ? Cervus (Coassus?) Lrerus ’ Met with occasionally at Omoa. _Dasyrus peBa. One specimen seen near Comayagua; they are spoken of by the natives as occasionally to be obtained, and are esteemed by them as articles of food. AvEs*. 1. Gyparcuus papa (Linn.). Specimens were procured at Omoa and from the mountains of San * CATHARTES AURA? (Linn.). Frequent in the more secluded parts of the district of Omoa. CATHARTES ATRATUS ? (Bartham). Occurs in great numbers about Omoa. Mr. Leyland did not bring home specimens of the above. 52 Pedro. Single adult birds often seen in flocks of the Black Vulture (Cathartes atratus), more rarely two. They are not common about Omoa; but are more frequently seen in the less inhabited districts in the centre of Vera Paz frequenting the higher regions. 2. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (Linn.). Omoa. Tolerably abundant. They have a peculiarly shrill cry, which may be heard for miles, beginning before daybreak, subsiding during the day, but heard again in full force at evening, and continuing till long after sunset. 3. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.). Omoa. Rare ; flies high, chasing smaller birds. 4. RosTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS (Vieillot). Peten. Rare ; only two seen, which were shot among the trees bordering the Lake. 5. Sprzaitus ornatus (Daudin). From Porto Caballos, near Omoa. Rare; shot only two specimens: these were met with in a very solitary place, and sat so quietly on the tree that it was necessary to move back to shoot them. The crop of one was full, and contained small reptiles. 6. URUBITINGA ANTHRACINA (Nitzsch). Omoa. Rare. 7. CYMINDIS CAYENNENSIS (Gm.). Honduras. Rare ; shot only one specimen, which was met with in the San Pedro Mountains. 8. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Latham). Omoa. Common. Prey on mice. 9. PHAROMACRUS PARADISEUS, Bp. (Calurus resplendens, Gould.) The specimens in Mr. Leyland’s collection, and all seen by him, were stated to be from Quezaltenango in the State of Guatemala. He did not meet with them himself. A common method of pro- curing these and other birds is by stunning them with clay pellets blown from light tubes of 8 or 10 feet in length. 10. TrRoGon MASSENA, Gould. Omoa and San Pedro. These birds are met with in pairs; they are very active, making a chattering noise, varied occasionally by a great outery. 11. TroGon caxicatus, Gould. Omoa. Rare ; saw only one, which was very shy. 12. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould. Omoa. Found in pairs ; not so noisy as the 7’. massena. 13. CERYLE TORQUATA. Peten and Omoa. 14. CeRYLE aLcyon (L.). Omoa. 15. CERYLE AMERICANA (Gm.). Old River, Belize. 16. CeERYLE AMAZONA (Gm.). Omoa. 17. CERYLE suPERCILIOSA (Linn.). Lake Peten. None of the above species appeared to be common. 18. GALBULA MELANOGENIA, Sclater. An extremely solitary bird ; frequents the deep ravines overhung with trees, on the road from Omoa to Comayagua, the only place where the species was observed. They feed on insects, have a quick darting flight, and utter no cry. When disturbed, they fly at once to the bush, and not, like many other birds, to the open country. 19, CHREBA LUCIDA, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14. Omoa. Common. 20. EUGENES FULGENS (Swains.). Guatemala. 21. FLORISUGA MELLIVORA. Belize. 22. CAMPYLOPTERUS DEULATTRI! (Less. ). Guatemala. 54 23. CuRYSOLAMPIS MoscHiTUS (L.) ? Omoa. 24. Momorvus uessont, Lesson. Omoa. Common; found always in solitary places, never coming very near the towns. They frequent the low bushes in swampy places, in which it is very difficult to discover them till they betray their pre- sence by their call. Found sometimes in pairs, but generally singly. Mr. Leyland, from frequent observation of the living birds, 1s strongly of opinion that the denudation of the middle rectrices 1s eaused by the birds themselves. 25. HyLOMANES MOMOTULA, Licht. Omoa. Very rare. Leyland saw only the one specimen, which he pro- cured ; it was very shy. 26. EuMomMoTa suPERCILIARIS (dard. & Selby): Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 257. Omoa. Found chiefly in swampy places, about the Chilomo River, on a kind of Sycamore tree very bare of leaves. They are there more plentiful than in the neighbourhood of Omoa itself, where they are rare. They are shy and difficult of approach; but have a very peculiar cry or whistle, not so loud as piercing, by means of which you may ultimately discover them hiding behind the foliage. 27. DENDROCOLAPTES SANCTI THOMA, Lafr. (P. L.S8.). Dense forests in the district of Omoa; also found at Belize. 28. PICOLAPTES —— ! Omoa. 29. DENDROCINCLA ANABATINA, Sclater, sp. nov. (Pl. CL.) Supra olivaceo-brunnea, nucha rufescente variegata: alis extus lete rujis, tectricibus dorso concoloribus, sed harum marginibus obscurtoribus : primariorum ef secundariorum vitta lata termi- nali nigra: cauda rufa unicolore: subtus dilutior, gutture flavicantiore et striolis indistinetis notata, crisso rufescentiore : rostro albicanti-corneo, pedibus obscure corylinis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°4, caudze 2°7, rostri a fronte 0°85. Omoa, 1 ex. This curious species might be mistaken for an Anabates were it not for its stiff spimy tail. In its bill it more resembles some birds of the latter genus than any Dendrocolaptine. For the present Iam content to place it in the genus Dendrocincla, to which it appears to be more nearly allied than to any cther section of the group. (P.L.S.) z ¢, 9 F 7 HY) 50. GYMNOCICHLA NUDICEPS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 274 LS»): Omoa. Rare ; saw only two or three, and those only at Omoa. They frequent the thickets, and make a noise like the breaking of small twigs. The head of this specimen is only partially bald, but it otherwise agrees with G. nudiceps. 31. Formictvora Bovucarnt, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 27 2 (P. L.S.). Omoa. Solitary ; found in thickets. ‘‘ Above blackish cinereous ; large concealed interscapular spot, small round spots at the tips of the lesser wing-coverts, and larger spots at the tips of the greater wing- coverts, and ends of tail-feathers white ; under-surface chestnut.” 32. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Sclater, P, Z. 8S. 1858, p. 245 (P. L. 8.). Belize. Solitary, and found as the preceding, in thickets. Does not seem to differ from New Granadian specimens. 33. SIURUS AURICAPILLUS (Linn.). Omoa. Not common ; found on brambles in the flats and marshes, gene- rally in pairs. 34, TuRDUS MUSTELINUS, Gmelin. Omoa. Not common; found solitary in the thickets. 35. Mimus eracttis, Cab. (P.L.8.). Belize. Common ; not found nearOmoa. Very shy ; its mocking powers, if it have any, are not striking. 36. MELANOPTILA GLABRIROSTRIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p- 279. Omoa. 37. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill. Omoa. 38. TYRANNUS INTREPIDUS, Vieill. Omoa. Migratory ; arrives in flocks of two or three hundred, and stays only a short time before departing south. Very wild, and flies high. 39. MinvuLus TyRANNUS (Linn.). Frequents the Old River and pine ridges of Belize ; plentiful on the 56 flats near Peten ; and occasionally found at Comayagua and Omoa, at which last place at least it is migratory. 40. MyiozeTerrs TExeENs!Is (Giraud.) (P. L.S.). Omoa. 41. PrraNGuS DERBIANUS (Kaup). Belize and Omoa. Common ; always in motion, darting after insects. 42. MyiopYNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS, Sclater, antea, p. 42. Peten. Rather rare, frequenting high trees. 43, PyROCEPHALUS MEXICANUS, Sclater, anted, p. 4d. Common on the flats near Peten, and found on the pine ridges near Belize. These birds have a singular habit of spinning round and round on the wing, and then dropping suddenly with wings loose and flutter- ing as though shot, apparently done for amusement. They lay three or four light-coloured eggs in a small nest composed of light grass and lined with cottony materials. 44, Musctvora Mexicana, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 295. Mr. Leyland shot, but did not bring home, a single specimen of a bird at Chilomo, which he believes to have belonged to this species. He met with it sitting on a bough im a solitary ravine ; the crest was so little elevated as, though the bird allowed him to approach closely, not to be observed till after it was shot. Though he searched care- fully, he did not succeed in meeting with another specimen. 45. Tiryra versonata (Jard. & Selby). Pine ridges, Belize. Common. These are quiet, inactive birds, sitting quietly perched on the broken limbs of the pines; they are found in company with the Provident Woodpeckers. 46. Tiryra ALBITORQUES, Du Bus. Psaris Fraseri, Kaup. Peten. Rare. 47. PACHYRAMPHUS POLYCHROPTERUS (Vielill.). Omoa, close to the town. Much smaller than the Brazilian bird. 48. Manacus canna (Parzudaki) 9°. Peten. o7 49. CYANOCITTA CRASSIROSTRIS, Bp. Old River, Belize. Migratory. 50. CyYANOCORAX GUATEMALENSIS (Bp.). Omoa. Not common, migratory, arriving in October and making only a short stay. They are shy, noisy, and restless, going in flocks of five or six. 51. PsttorHinus morio (Licht.). Omoa and Belize. Very common, in small flocks ; very noisy, and annoys the hunter by quickly giving an alarm. _ Mr. Leyland brought home no samples of this species, but iden- tifies it from specimens in the Derby Collection. 52. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS ”, Linn. Omoa. 53. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould ? Omoa, in the thick bush. Differs from the figure (P. Z. S. 1855, Aves, pl. 83) in having two distinct white bars on the greater wing-coverts, and the tips of the smaller coverts also white. 54. OcyaLus waGLeRi (G. R. Gray). Chilomo. 55. CacICUS MONTEZUM&, Less. Omoa. Common; resorts to the mountains and high forest trees in com- pany with the Toucans. 56. CASSICULUS PREVOSTI (Less.). Omoa and Peten. 57. HypHANTES BALTIMORENSIS (Linn.). A single specimen, adult, shot on one of the Keys or small islands between Omoa and Belize. 58. CassiDIx ORYZIvoRA (Gm.). Chilomo. Frequents the corn fields in great numbers ; are very good eating. 59. CASsSIDIX CRASSIROSTRIS (Swains.) ? Omoa. Common. 58 60. QuiscALus Masor, Vieill. Omoa. 61. IcrERUS MESOMELAS, Licht. Omoa. 62. IctERUS MELANOPTERUS, Hartl. Omoa. Migratory. 63. IcrERUS PROSTHEMELAS, Strickland (P. L. 8.). Comayagua. Common. 64, SrURNELLA HIPPocREPIS, Wagl. ? Rather common on the pine ridges near the town of Mexico, four- teen or fifteen miles from Belize. 65. AGELZuS pH@Nicevs (Linn.)? Peten, rather common; Belize, rarer. During a month’s stay at Peten these birds were never seen in larger flocks than three or four, and sometimes singly. They keep to the neighbourhood of rivers and swamps, darting among the rushes, in which they are difficult to discover till they rise again. Somewhat smaller than the United States’ birds, as pointed out (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 205) ; the dimensions of the male specimen being as follows :—Total length 8'-0"; wings 41/; tail 33'; the bill is somewhat longer, measuring an inch from the tip to the termination of the cuimen. . 66. Spiza crris (Linn.). Omoa; Old River of Belize; Peten. Nowhere common. 67. HepyMELES LuUDOVICIANUS (Linn.). Omoa. Rare. 68. SALTATOR GRANDIs (Licht.). Omoa. Common. 69. SALTATOR ATRICEPS, Less. Omoa. Not common. 70. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBICOIDES (Lafr.). Found on the high road from Omoa to Chilomo, in flocks of three or four ; not common. 39 71. RAMPHOCELUS PASSERINI, Bp. Omoa. Common all through the year; occurs sparely at Duck Run, forty or fifty miles up the Old River of Belize; but neither this nor the following is met with in the intervening country. 72. RAMPHOCELUS SANGUINOLENTUs (Less.). Omoa and Peten. Restless and timid. Not common: migratory. 73. TANAGRA DIACONUS, Less. Omoa, Peten, and Belize. Common. 74. TANAGRA VICARIUS, Less. Omoa, Peten, and Belize, Common. 75. ARA ARACANGA (Gmel.). Honduras, generally distributed. Very common near Omoa, where six or eight pairs may be seen of an evening flying from their feeding haunts to their roosting places. 76. CHRYSOTIS AUTUMNALIS, Linn. Omoa. Occasionally met with. ? 77. CHRYSOTIS Omoa. 78. CONURUS ASTEC, Souancé. Common near Belize River and the pine ridges, in small flocks of sixteen or twenty. Not found near Omoa. 79. RAMPHASTOS CARINATUS, Sw. Honduras. Very common ; confine themselves generally to the tops of the very highest trees, so as mostly to be beyond gun shot. 80. PrreRoGLossus TORQUATUS, Wagler. Honduras. Not common ; make a screeching whistle ; found in larger num- bers and on lower branches than the preceding; restless and shy. 81. CROTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw. Omoa. Common in fiocks, feeding on ticks of cattle, sheep, and goats. 60 82. PrAyA MEXICANA (Sw.). Peten and Omoa. Rather common, but very shy. 83. DipLOPTERUS EXCELLENS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 228 (P21. S.):. San Pedro, Honduras. Rare. 84. CeENTURUS PUCHERANI, Malherbe (P. L. S8.). Common near the town of Omoa. Very lively and restless ; scarcely ever still, flying from tree to tree. Shy, secreting them- selves behind the boughs when approached. 85. CENTURUS SANTACRUZI, Bp. (P. L. S.). Omoa. Rarer than the preceding. 86. Dryocorus scaputaris, Vigors (P. L. S.). Omoa. Common. May be heard for half a mile pecking at the trees, and may readily be mistaken for a woodman felling timber ; their strokes are slower and more deliberate than those of the smaller kinds ; they frequent the large timber. 87. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS (Swains.), Cassin, Ill. Birds Californ. pl. 2. Pine ridges of Belize and Chilomo; more plentiful at the former than at the latter. These interesting birds carry on their provident habit of picking holes in the bark of the pines for the storing of acorns at the ex- pense of the pines themselves, most of the trees dying after the acorns are extracted. 88. CHLORONERPES YUCATANENSIS, Cabot. The specimens from Honduras and Guatemala seem nearly inter- mediate between the Mexican C. eruginosus and the more southern C. rubiginosus.—(P. L. 8.) 89. CELEUS CASTANEUS (Wagl.). Picus badioides, Less. Omoa. Not common ; frequent the smaller timber; appear to feed on insects creeping on the surface of the trees; and not to chip the bark for those beneath. 90. CHLORONERPES SANGUINOLENTUS, Scl., sp. n. (PI. CXLI.). Olivascenti-brunneus: pileo coccineo: dorso toto aurescente, 61 colore sanguineo perfuso: alarum superficie inferiore nigri- cante, albo tessellata : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5°8, alee 3°4, caudee 2°6. Omoa. Rare ; frequents smaller and denser bushes than the preceding. mex: This apparently unnamed Chloronerpes is closely allied to C. olea- gineus of Mexico and C. fumigatus of S. America, but distinguished by its blood-stained back and smaller size.—(P. L.S.) 91. CoLuMBA LEUCOCEPHALA, Linn. ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 04. This species was observed only on the islets or keys between Omoa and Belize; they fly in flocks from island to island, but were not met with on the mainland. 92. LepipoENAS SPECIOSA, Bp. Consp. Gen. Avy. il. p. 54. Columba speciosa, Gmel. Peten, where they are domesticated, becoming very tame. 93. MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 81. Columba leucoptera, Linn. Omoa. Not common. 94. SCARDAFELLA INCA, Bp. San Pedro (Honduras) and Peten. Common, in flocks with Chamepelia rufipennis. 95, PERISTERA CINEREA (Temm.). Omoa. Rare. 96. CHAMHPELIA RUFIPENNIS (Gray). San Pedro (Honduras) and Peten. Common, in flocks. 97. Crax ALECTOR, Linn. ? Common in Peten, and on the ridges of Chilomo; not so shy as many birds, being apparently too bewildered, when it finds itself discovered, to take to immediate flight. 98. PENELOPE PURPURASCENS, Wagler. Gleanings from the Men. & Av. Knowsley, pl. 11. Honduras. Generally distributed. 62 99. ORTALIDA VETULA (Wagler) ? Found plentifully near Omoa. Very noisy and pugnacious. Being very good eating, they are much sought after by the Spanish residents, and the eggs and young taken and placed under hens. The home-reared ones remain do- mesticated and are masters of the poultry, their lightness of wing enabling them to buffet the cocks so effectually as to become masters of the field. 100. MreLeaGris OCELLATA, Temm. Formerly these birds descended the Old River towards Belize ; as the country has become more occupied, they have retired further to the interior, and are now only sparely met with about half-way from Belize to Peten; beyond Peten they are more plentiful. Three wild birds were observed in the summer of 1856 by Mr. Burns, ma- hogany-cutter, residing at the Boom on the Old River, some thirty miles from the town of Belize. They came to the river, near his house, to drink, but took to flight before they could be secured ; they had not previously been seen in the neighbourhood for many ears. : They are sxwenely shy, and keep to the thick woods, except when they go to the outskirts to feed. When thus occupied, their heads may just be discerned above the grass; but should they see any one a mile off, they become alarmed and retreat to the woods. The Spaniards shoot them by night during the pairing time in March, when they betray themselves by their cries while at roost. Their flesh is most delicious eating. The wild cocks tread the hen Tur- keys of the residents at Peten, the produce being a very fine cross. The wild race is called the Pavo del Monte by the Spanish residents, and the domestic race the Pavo Real. 101. Ortyx LEYLANDI, Moore, sp. nov. General colour wood-brown; crest short, brown, darker at the tips; ear-coverts brown; chin black, each feather longitudinally ‘striped with white; stripe above and another below the eye cream colour, bordered posteriorly with black ; nape chestnut ; an irregular band of black feathers spotted on each web with white surrounds the neck ; interscapulium minutely barred with black and brown; back black, each feather having three narrow rufous bands ; rump and upper tail-coverts mottled with black and wood-brown, and banded and tipped with white. Breast, belly, sides, and under tail-coverts rich brown, with prominent irregularly oval white spots bordered with black. Tail ash-brown, with four or five irregular bands of whitish. Primaries ash-brown ; secondaries the same, but freckled on the outer webs; tertiaries rich chestnut-brown, largely blotched with black, banded and tipped with white, with which colour the inner webs are broadly edged. Bill small and black. Feet greyish horn-colour. Total length 63 inches, wings 33, tail 2, bill to end of gape ;%, tarsi 1, middle toe and claw 14. 63 The specimen from which the above description is taken was the only one seen. It was shot as it sprang from the long grass at Flores on the road from Omoa to Comayagua. The species is dedicated to its discoverer, Mr. Leyland. Its nearest ally is O. parvicristata, Gould, of New Granada ; but it is much darker below. 102. Ortyx NIGROGULARIS, Gould. Found in the pine ridges of Belize in flocks of six or eight. Shy, but do not take readily to the wing; on the contrary, they run together and try to escape by running. 103. Trinamus masor (Gm.) ? Ground Partridge of the English mahogany-cutters. Omoa. Common throughout the district ; also met with, but more rarely, at Belize. They lay their eggs about eight or ten in number in a slight de- pression scratched in the angles formed by the projecting buttress- like roots of the mahogany trees. They are very shy, and when they find themselves discovered, they try to hide by diving their heads amongst the brambles. [This is one of the large Tinamous allied to 7. major, remarkable for the roughness of the plates on the back of the tarsus, whence Cabanis has called them Trachypelmus. It is coloured very much like 7. major of Brazil and T. subcristatus of Guiana, but will pro- bably prove ultimately to be distinct.—P. L. S.] 104. CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS, Linn. Omoa. Common ; arrive with the autumnal gales. 105. HorLorrerus cAyanus, Lath. Aloor River, Honduras. 106. TiGRISOMA BRASILIENSE (Linn.), Barking Garling of the mahogany-cutters. Common in rivers and swamps at Aloor River and Omoa, at which last place it remains throughout the year. 107. Nycricorax GARDEN?! (Gmel.). Omoa, common; Peten. A specimen collected by Mr. Dyson of Nyeticorax violaceus (Linn.) is in the Derby Collection, and labeled “* Honduras.” 108. FLoripa c&RULEA (Linn.). Common in the rivers near Omoa, and on the neighbouring beach; also met with at Belize. ; 109. BuroripEs viRESCENS (Linn. ). Swamps of Belize and Omoa. 64 110. GARZETTA CANDIDISsIMaA ? (Gm.). Chilomo river. In flocks of ten or twelve. 111. Limosa repoa (Linn.). Belize. Common. 112. GALLINAGO wILson!, Temm. Omoa. Common. 113. FunicaA AMERICANA, Gmel. Chilomo. Rare. 114. ARAMUS SCOLOPACEUS (Gmel.) ? Clucking Hen of the mahogany-cutters. Common at Belize River and the rivers about Omoa. 115. ARAMIDES CAYANENSIS (Gm.). Omoa. Not common. Make a peculiar noise more like that of a qua- druped than a bird. 116. CoRETHRURA CAYENNENSIS (Gm.)? Omoa. Not common. Run like Quails; make a shrill whistle like that of the Tinamoo, for which its cry may easily be mistaken ; keeps to the bush. 117. PorpaHyrio MARTINICA (Linn.). On the lagoons near Peten. Continually on the move, running with their wings expanded to lessen their pressure on the floating leaves, which they only lightly touch, being generally insufficient to support even their slight weight. The young when yet unfledged accompanying their parents on the water, and are very expert. 118. Parra GyMNnostoma, Wagl. Very common at Belize and Peten ; less so at Omoa, arriving there about September. Habits similar to those of the preceding species; the young fol- lowing the old birds nearly as soon as hatched. The males assist the females in rearing the young; they are very pugnacious and bold in their defence, and will approach an intruder within a yard or two, uttering loud cries. 119. PrerocyaNea piscors (Linn.). Omoa, arriving with the periodical northerly winds in October, in 65 flocks of two or three hundreds, and remaining a month or so. As the swamps dry up, they retire to the neighbouring rivers, where a few remain to breed. They also occur at Belize. 120. Catrina mMoscHATA (Linn.). Peten, rare ; Chimalacon and Aloor Rivers, Honduras, common, and probably breed there. Roost on trees and seldom seen on the water. 121. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS (Gmel.). Aloor River, Honduras. 122. PopILyMBUS CAROLINENSIS (Lath.). One shot at Lake Peten. Dived on being alarmed, and continued to do so, giving some trouble to secure it. 123. Puorus anuinGa, Linn. Peten. Found singly or in parties of two or three with the following, perching on the same trees, but on higher branches ; very wild. 124. PHALACRACORAX MEXICANUS (Brandt.). Peten. In flocks of several hundreds ; stretched in long rows on the mar- gin of the islands of the lake. On approaching in a canoe they dive poe” rise again quickly, and retreat, spread out in a long line abreast. 125. Larus 2 Belize. Liverpool, Jan. 10th. 4, Ow a Species OF Kouis, AND ALSO A SPECIES OF LOMANOTUS NEW TO SCIENCE ; WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIMEN or Eouis CERULEA OF Monracu. By Wriii1Am THOMPSON. CoMMUNICATED BY Dr. J. E. Gray. My dredging labours in Weymouth Bay have again been rewarded by the acquisition of two new species of the Nudibranchs, and by the rediscovery of one of Montagu’s lost species. This last acquisi- tion is very pleasing to me, believing, as I do, that all the species described by Montagu still exist. On a former occasion I was for- tunate enough to obtain his Thecacera pennigera. The species described in this paper I was anxious should not rest on my sole authority ; added to which, I was not sufficiently versed in their anatomy to give an equally full description with those in the No. 388.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 66 valuable work on the Nudibranchs published by the Ray Society. After I had taken my notes, I accordingly despatched them to Messrs. Alder and Hancock, who have kindly placed their deserip- tions at my disposal, and, in the interest of zoological science, I use their descriptions in preference to my own. EoLis ADELAID#&, mihi, n. sp. “« Body nearly half an inch long, slender, tapering to a fine point behind, pellucid orange-red. Dorsal tentacles moderately long, smooth, tapering, divergent, and set a little apart at the base ; orange- red with yellow tips, and a pale lie down the back of each, termi- nating in a clear oval spot on each side behind the tentacles, on which the minute eyes are placed. Oral tentacles a little shorter than the dorsal pair, and of the same colour, the pale line on their sur- face also extending backward to the clear spot. Branchie elliptical, inflated, of the same colour as the body, a little deeper towards the top, apices white; the central gland is yellowish, rather wide, and irregularly folliculated or lobated; they are arranged in twelve or thirteen rather distant transverse rows of three or four papillee each, commencing a little behind the tentacles, and divided by a narrow space down the back; the papillee nearest the dorsal ridge are the largest and the most inflated. Foot pellucid, slightly tinged with orange-red, linear, narrow, tapering gradually to a point a little beyond the branchize behind, truncated in front, with the angles rounded off. “This species most nearly approaches Holis farranni, Ald. & Han., from which it differs in colour, and in the number and form of its papillee, which are broader towards the apex. The spawn also dif- fers, forming a narrower coil, with the free margin undulated.” Hab. I obtained two specimens by dredging in six fathoms water in Weymouth Bay; the first, which was white in colour, I obtained in September 1854, and the second specimen was obtained in the following month. The colour of the last was orange-red ; and this is described by Messrs. Alder and Hancock as the typical example. In each case the Holis was feeding on Plumularia. ‘The difference in the colour here shown is a further evidence of the puerility of considering mere colour as a test of species in the lower animals. I have named this lovely Nudibranch in memory of a little daughter, whose love for zoology, and retentive memory on the subject, pro- mised much. EoLis C&RULEA, Mont. sp. Doris caerulea, Mont. Linn. Trans. vii. 78. pl. 7. f. 4, 5. “ Body half an inch long, slender, nearly linear, tapering to a fine point behind, of a pale pellucid green. Head small, very short, and rounded in front, with a dark mark in front of the dorsal tentacles, caused by the buccal mass. Dorsal tentacles long, slightly tapering, tinged with green and speckled with opake yellow; points rather obtuse and spreading; bases closely approximating, with the eyes close to their outer margins. Oral tentacles greenish, very short 67 and delicate. Branchize fusiform, almost linear, stoutish, moderately long; central gland not quite so wide as the sheath, irregularly fol- liculated and granulated, green below and dark blue above; outer surface of the papillee above pale blue, below pale green; a few yellow freckles in front; tips strongly capped with rich orange-red, banded below with a rim of bright yellow: the extreme points are colourless and pellucid; they are arranged in ten transverse, rather distant rows of five or six papillee in each row; the four anterior rows are rather closer together than the rest, and are divided from them by a widish space; the front row contains only two papille, placed as far forward as the dorsal tentacles. Foot tinged with green, narrow, slightly lobated in front, with the lateral angles con- siderably produced and rather obtuse.”’ This interesting individual was dredged by me in Weymouth Bay, on a rough bottom in six fathoms water, and sent to Mr. Albany Hancock in the latter part of September 1858. In the note accom- panying this description, Messrs. Alder and Hancock remark, that “as Montagu’s description of this very beautiful species is exceed- ingly short and incomplete, and as no one appears to have captured it since his time, it has been thought desirable to redescribe it. How- ever, there can be no doubt that this is Montagu’s species, and its rediscovery, which is due to Mr. Thompson, of Weymouth, is of great interest.” LOMANOTUS PORTLANDICUS, mihi, n. sp. “ Body upwards of an inch and three-quarters long, depressed, quadrilateral, tapering a little backwards, pellucid white, tinged with brownish yellow on the back, in front pale orange-red. Head rounded in front, covered with a distinct veil, bearing on each side two rather long tentacular processes, the outer ones the longer. Tentacles set well forward and placed apart, elliptical, tapering to a pretty fine produced and truncated apex; closely laminated on the upper portion, which is of a pale yellowish colour, with numerous fine laminze much inclined backwards and downwards, and divided in front by a narrow line; the lower portion, colourless and smooth, is contained within a tall, narrow sheath, of an orange-red colour above, with the margins divided into six finely-pointed filaments, those in front shortest. The sides of the back are produced into wide pallial margins, which, commencing in front of the bases of the tentacular sheaths, are continuous behind the termination of the tail ; these margins are deeply and symmetrically undulated, forming on each side four loops, which meet along the medio-dorsal line, and are fringed with numerous short, pointed, orange-red papillee tipped with white ; the papillee die out towards the tail, and are reduced in size on the part of the loop next the foot. Foot white, with the margins nearly parallel, obtusely pomted behind, in front bilobed and deeply grooved, with the anterior lamina notched in the centre ; the lateral angles much produced and recurved.” i I obtaimed this species on two occasions. The first specimen was obtained by me whilst dredging in Weymouth Bay, on the 15th of 68 December 1855, and the second specimen in the same month of the following year. Both these individuals, as soon as I had completed my notes, I sent to Mr. Hancock, who received them in good con- dition, and who, in conjunction with Mr. Alder, I am happy to say, has made drawings of all the species described in this paper,—-I trust, in order to enrich, at an early period, another number of their ad- mirable work on the Nudibranchiate Mollusca. Mr. Hancock sug- gests for this species the specific name of fimbriata; but, whilst admitting the propriety of the name, I trust he will fall im with my wish of identifying the district in which it was first taken. I would here remark the irregular appearance of some of the Nudi- branchs. Two species of Doris, formerly obtainable in Weymouth Bay in moderate abundance, are now scarce; Holis papillosa, at one time very abundant, is now represented by an occasional specimen : these are all tidal species. Holis coronata and landsburgi were never very plentiful, and are not less scarce than formerly ; but far different is it with Polycera 4-lineata and Antiopa cristata. Some three years since, we could obtain a dozen of each of these species any day—I have seen three in one net (both these species appear to be gregarious) ; whilst during the whole of the past summer my cap- tures have not exceeded half a dozen of both species for the whole year. The dearth was occasioned by the severe winter we had some few years since, and which also destroyed many fish, and rendered Adamsia palliata very rare. 5. DESCRIPTION OF SIX HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF Bats. By Rosert F. Tomes. 1. SCOTOPHILUS MICRODON, N. 5. The present species is one having the same subgeneric characters as the common Pipistrelle of Europe and the Scot. greyi and S. pumilus of Australia. ‘Po the latter species it is, by the form of its head and ears, most nearly affine, but may at once be distinguished from it by its greater size and by its smaller teeth. The crown is but little elevated above the facial line; but the muzzle, although short, is more pointed than is usual in the flat- crowned species. The ears are very small, nearly as broad as high, with the outer margin slightly hollowed out about the middle, below which is a faintly developed lobe, and immediately above which is the tip of the ear,—the latter being obtusely angular, and directed outwards. ‘The inner margin is very much rounded, especially at two-thirds of the distance from the base, where the convexity is so prominent as to be quite as high as the tip itself, the portion be- tween this prominence and the tip being nearly horizontal. Alto- gether the ear bears some resemblance to that of Muiniopéeris. Scot. pumilus is the only species which has ears of form similar to those of the present species; but they are, although the species is smaller, rather larger, relatively longer, and have their tips less 69 outwardly directed, and more rounded. The tragus, as in all others of this group, is curved inwards, and rounded at the end ; but it differs from that of some others, in being rather widest in the middle. In relation to the size of the animal, the wings are rather ample, and rather broad for their length, the fourth finger (that which determines the breadth of the wing) being longer than the two basal phalanges of the longest finger*. All the wing-bones are somewhat slender. The thumb is rather long, not quite half enveloped in the membrane. The legs are rather long and slender, the tibiee being quite as long as in S. gouldii, a species of greater size than the present; they are just twice the length of those of 8. pumilus. The feet are large, about the length of those of S. leislert of Kurope, the toes taking up half their entire length, and the wing-membranes extending to half the distance between the extremity of the tibia and the base of the toes. Tip of the tail enclosed in the membrane. The fur of the head extends to rather near the end of the nose; and the upper lips are furnished with moustaches ; so that the only naked space is around and in front of the eye. The fur of the back does not extend on to the interfemoral membrane, and only to a very limited extent on those of the wings; but that of the under parts encroaches on the membranes all round the body, especially beneath the arms, where it reaches nearly to the elbow. A straight line from that joint to the knee would pretty accurately define the hairy portions of the wing-membranes. In quality the fur is soft, and rather long, bicoloured above and beneath. That of the back of a specimen from South Australia is dark brown at the root, with the terminal half of the hairs reddish- brown, uniformly of the latter colour around the rump and on the flanks; beneath, dark brown at the root, with the terminal third light cinnamon-brown, that on the membranes paler and unicoloured. Membranes lightish brown. Another specimen from Van Diemen’s Land differs only from the last in being much darker in colour; the fur of the upper parts black at the root, tipped with sepia-brown ; beneath, the same, but the brown tips lighter and more tinged with rufous, especially that on the membranes and around the pubal region, where it is uni- coloured and reddish-brown. In the following table, the dimensions in column | are those of * In many species of this group the fourth finger is not more than equal in length to the two basal phalanges of the longest; and in the more typical species of the genus, such as the common Noctule, it does not extend much further than the middle of the second phalange of the longest finger. In making use of the relative lengths of the wing-bones, either as a generic or specific distinction, it is absolutely necessary that perfectly adult examples be examined; for in those which are not, they vary so much with the age of the individual, as not only to be useless as a means of distinction, but to lead to absolute error-and consequent confasion. Judging from the figure given by M. Temminck of V. brachypterus, I should expect to find his specimen with the apophyses of the phalanges of the fingers imperfectly ossified. 70 the South Australian specimen, those in column 2 of the one from Van Diemen’s Land, whilst those in the 3rd have been taken from a specimen of 8. greyit from Port Essington (one of the types in the National Collection), and are added to show the difference in the size of the two species,—S. greyit being the only Australian bat ap- pertaining to this restricted group which approaches im size the species here described. 1. Pe 3. Length of the head and body.. 2 6 Za 2) — Omthertalls ~ 46 a5sea ee 1 8 i) 3) = Ofatheyneadas 50 see Onee 0 7 One; Oftheyearsaaee. aot eaes On Ae Ores 0 4 EONS MEETS Soar ooo Ue 0 2 QO 21 of the fore-arm ...... Leo 1 64 1 41 of the longest finger 2248 2 10 of the fourth finger.... 2 0O 2 of the thumb ...... 0 4 0 4 Ofathetibianc seer 0 8 0 8} 0 6 — of the foot and claws.. 0 4 0 4 0 32 ——--— Of the es caleis 0 7 Ones Expanse of wings,........... PRS WW 8 6 The teeth of this species, although not sufficiently examined to furnish a comparative description, are nevertheless seen at a glance to be of very small size, not only in reference to the size of the ani- mal, but also actually smaller than those of several other species of much less size, such as S. ¢rilatitius, S. lobatus, and S. abramis. Hence the specific name of microdon here bestowed upon it. 2. SCOTOPHILUS DARWINI. The next species which I have to describe has been presented to me by Mr. Darwin, with the information that it had been received from the Canary Isles. In a collection of Bats from Madeira, given to me also by Mr. Darwin, I could only enumerate two species, both European, viz. 9. leislert and S. marginatus; and I was somewhat surprised to find in the present species one which I had not before met with. None of the descriptions of African species in the works of Temminck, Wagner, Peters, Smith, and others, apply to this species ; and I there- fore regard it as new, and describe it as follows :— It is one of the same group as the species just described, and as the S. kuhlii and S. pipistrellus of Europe. It is characterized by a somewhat more robust make than these species, and has rather broader ears and tragi. . The head is rather broad and flat, the crown being but little raised above the facial line ; the glands of the lips are considerably developed, and bulge sufficiently to occasion the nostrils to open nearly straight forward, although the interruption in the outer mar- gins of the latter sufficiently indicates that with a more pointed ae ee ee ee 71 muzzle they would open sublaterally ; were the specimen taken from the spirit in which it is preserved and dried, it is probable that this would be the case. In the middle of the face is a kind of hol- low, occasioned by the labial glands on each side being developed in an upward direction, thus leaving a depression between them*. Between the nostrils is a space of moderate extent, and but very faintly emarginate. The ears are rather large, triangularly oval, as broad at the base as they are long, and have their tips brought to a rounded point; about the middle of their outer margin they have a distinct but shallow notch, below which is a lobular portion, as in many other species of this group, but differing from all others which I have seen in having a small but very well-defined notch about its middle. These organs altogether are more like those of S. Auhlii than of any other species, but are larger, besides having the double emargination just noticed+. The tragus is rather short and broad, curved inwards, and with the end very much rounded ; on its outer margin, near the base, is a projecting angular point, without any accompanying notch. The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes, and the latter are half the length of the foot. The thumb is moderate, with the basal phalange much the shortest. The terminal vertebra of the tail is free. The fur of the head extends forwards to between the eyes, and thence in a narrow strip towards the nose. Over each eye is a wart bearing a bundle of stiff hairs; and a similar tuft springs from the top of the labial glands ; the upper lips are also slightly fringed with similar hairs, most conspicuous about the corners of the mouth. The remainder of the face, the ears, and the tragus are naked. The fur of the back spreads on the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane, sparingly, for nearly half its length, as in S. Auhliz, and similarly to a small extent on the membranes near the sides of the body. Beneath, the membrane immediately around the pubes is dusted with very short hairs, more abundant on the vertebree of the tail than elsewhere. On the membrane contiguous to the sides of the body, fur of a much longer kind extends, to a much greater de- gree than in S. kuhlii. On both surfaces of the body the fur is bicoloured: above, very dark brown at the base, tipped with lighter and more rufous brown, that on the membranes wholly of the latter colour; beneath, it is dark at the base, tipped with paler brown, with less of the rufous tinge than that of the upper parts. On the under surface of the membranes the fur is uniformly of the same colour as the tips of the hairs on the belly, but on the pubes it is paler. Membranes dark brown. Such appear to be the colours of the fur, so far as can be gathered from the examination of a specimen in spirit ; but it is necessary to * In the Romicia calcarata of Dr. Gray the lip-glands are so much developed as to leave a deep pit between them. It belongs to the présent group. + I am here comparing a specimen in spirit with others in skin,—a plan not always attended with perfectly satisfactory results. 7s consult others in skin before this point can be determined with ac- curacy. Although in its external appearance S. darwini bears consider- able resemblance to S. Auhlii, it differs, besides having a somewhat differently shaped ear and broader tragus, in the form and arrange- ment of the fore teeth. In S. kuAlii the upper incisors are rather long and slender; the inner ones are deeply forked at their apices, and longer than the outer ones, which are slender and pointed, some- what like small canines; and there is a visible interval between the points of the inner and outer ones. In S. darwini, on the contrary, they are short and obtuse, of nearly equal length, the imner ones faintly cleft at their points, and the outer ones so closely packed to them as to leave no space even between their pots. Again in 8S. kuhlii there is a space between the canine and the ‘‘ carnassier”’ or sectorial tooth, in which is placed a small and conical premolar, within the line of the teeth, but distinctly visible from the outside ; whereas in S. darwint the canine and the “ carnassier”’ are conti- guous, and there is a very small anomalous premolar placed in the inner angle formed at their bases, visible only from inside. These differences in the dentition are alone sufficient to distinguish the species from S. kuAlit. From S. marginatus, S. ursula, and S. nathusii it may be also recognized by the form of the upper in- cisors; and these are the only European species with which it could be confounded. Length of the head and body .......... OL Ne Call anges Cn a ache ae of the head Nee Ae ofstheveanseh oS ae Boas ae Ol Chestrastsh we tee Sab 0.0 Breadthyot: thes trams 0s. e cc. es enethvolithe forearms «sce see sie Ofsthe longest timgerns. ee ee ofthe tour thyfmcer aes ——ofthethumb ...... a ais SU Of the wtibiay. wee. ee en gens of the foot and claws .. ik Olsthe osccalciss 5. ee eae Expanse of wings ...... eS by|R tole el ooocorneK OCC OY Ns OUIWOANMWAAGTE HLS OS Hab. Palma, Canary Isles. Obs. The Madeiran species being European ones, and one of them African also (i. e. S. marginatus), renders it not unlikely that the species inhabiting the Canaries may also occur in Africa, and perhaps in Europe. With a view to the chance of this, I have compared this species with what now remains of the types of Vespertilio ari- stippe, V. leucippe, A. aleythoe, V. vispistrellus, and V. savii, but find nothing which leads me to regard it as referable to any of them ; and I have therefore given such a detailed description as will be amply sufficient to distinguish it from all recorded European species. 73 3. VESPERTILIO CALIGINOSUS, 0. S. This is one of the smallest species of the genus, being rather less than the V. mystacinus of Europe, which in general appearance it very much resembles. Vespertilio parvulus, Temm., is the only species of this restricted group which IJ have yet seen, that is smaller than the present one. There are a few Asiatic species of Bats which possess the characters of the group of which V. mystacinus is typical, but which have the tragus much shorter and less acute, and not so much bent outwards. Vesp. trilatitius, Temm. (not Horsfield), and V. tenuis of the same zoologist, may be mentioned as examples; and the species I am about to describe will constitute a third. The top of the head is rather elevated, about as much so as in /. mystacinus ; and the muzzle is pointed as in that species, but is con- siderably shorter. The ears are rather small, and have narrow but rounded tips, are notched at their outer margin near the base, below which is a distinct rounded lobe, which is almost hidden in the long fur of the neck. The tragus is rather short, not quite half the length of the ear; its inner margin is straight ; its outer one curves evenly from the base to the tip, in such a manner that it is of pretty uniform breadth for about half its length, from which it narrows to a subacute tip. The tragus of V. mystacinus is precisely of this form for two-thirds of its length,—the outer margin being convex, the acute tip being produced, or as it were added, and taking an outward curvature in the dried specimens, but straight when fresh or preserved in spirit. Near the base is a well-defined notch divi- ding off an angular lobular portion, quite at the base. No such notch appears in the tragus of either V. mystacinus or V. tenuis. The wings are proportioned much as in /’. fenuis, excepting that the thumb is much smaller, whilst the bones of the wings, although this species is considerably less, are quite as stout as in that species. The feet are small, with toes which are rather more than half their entire length. Wing-membranes extending exactly to the base of the outer toe, which is much shorter than the others. All the membranes are more strongly marked with lines than those of V. tenuis, and especially the interfemoral, on which may be counted as many as fifteen or sixteen transverse dotted lines, each dot bearing on the under side of the membrane one or more fine, short, bristle-like hairs. In V. tenuis about a dozen such lines may be observed. Nearly the whole of the face is covered with thick soft hair, want- ing only on the end of the snout, the front of the under lip, and im- mediately around the eye. On the glands of the upper lip it takes the form of two distinct tufts, projecting laterally, having the ap- pearance of whiskers. In front of each eye is a single long hair, and a few other similar but shorter ones project from the upper lip and the chin. The fur of both surfaces of the body extends on to the interfemoral membrane very slightly; but the wing-mem- branes are free from hair. 74 On all parts of the body the fur is long and soft, and rather silky ; and it is bicoloured above and heneath, That of all the upper parts is black at the base, more or less tipped with shining yellowish- chestnut, on the head and neck scarcely perceptible, but becoming more marked towards the middle of the back and on the rump, where it is much the brightest. Some of the darker examples of V.. mystacinus bear some resemblance to the present species in this respect, but are less bright. Beneath, the fur is dead black, with the tips of the hairs greyish-brown, a little paler on the pubes. Membranes and naked parts dark brown. The complete ossifica- tion of the finger-joints indicates that the specimen is adult; but the sex has not been ascertained. Length of the head and body........ 1 6 = Olathe tall sabOUt iene aia eel Gite Nead see aeir) ee 0 6 ——— of the ears .......... 00.04. 0 4 OHPNGGENATS Sosa b ee ade oo O yee Of thetore-arity eae. cae 1 22 ——— of the longest finger ........ 14 NO ——— of the fourth finger.......... eb ——— ofthe thumb.............. 0 2 — Othe tibiae nec eo 0 6 —__— of the foot and claws........ 0 22 OS EINGE OWES g pad oo do66 done oe 3/0 Hab. I received this with a number of other Indian species from Mr. Warwick, with the statement that they all formed a part of a collection made by Capt. Boys. Amongst them were several speci- mens of Scot. coromandelicus; and the present species was confounded with them, until they were mounted for the cabinet, when the dif- ferences became sufficiently obvious. 4, VESPERTILIO SERICEUS, Ni. S. A species remarkable for the great beauty of its fur, which is thick, very soft, and with all the gloss of unspun silk. ‘In size and proportions somewhat similar to V. nattereri, and the crown of the head elevated about as in that species; but the muzzle, although pointed, relatively a little shorter. Unfortunately the ears and tragi have been so much injured as to render it impossible to give an exact description of them ; but it is evident that the ears were rather narrow, and more or less emarginate at their outer margin ; and that the tragus was long and narrow, may be seen from what remains of. one of them, the end only being lost. The organs of flight are of medium size and proportions; the thumb is rather long, and has the basal phalange short, and the claw long and slender, with but a slight degree of curvature. The wing-membranes spring from the base of the toes. The feet are rather large,—the toes taking up a little more than half their entire length, and armed with claws, which, like those of the thumbs, are 79 rather long, slender, and but little curved. These parts have much the size and proportions of those of V. nattereri. Nearly the whole of the face is hairy ; but there is a naked space around each eye. A thick moustache borders the upper lips, which, extending from the angles of the mouth upwards and forwards, joins the fur of the forehead, which extends nearly to the end of the nose. The chin is destitute of hairs. The fur of the back encroaches to a trifling degree on the interfemoral membrane ; and the same may be said of that of the belly ; everywhere else the membranes are naked. On all parts of the body the fur is bicoloured: above dark brown at the root, with the terminal third light reddish-brown ; beneath similar, but the brown at the root darker and more extended, the tips of the hairs for one-fourth only of their length being greyish- brown, on the abdomen whitish-brown. Everywhere the fur maintains its peculiar silky lustre, as much so on the under as on the upper parts of the body. This quality of fur will at once distinguish this species from every other which I have ever seen. The dentition, as far as it can be studied in a stuffed specimen, is as follows :—Upper incisors in pairs, placed close together, with a considerable interval in the centre between the pairs, and also an in- terval on each side, between them and the canines. They are rather short and obtusely conical, the inner ones indistinctly bifid at the apex. The canines are rather small and short, and are followed by two small premolars on each side, of a bluntly conical form, the first being the larger of the two. To these succeed the two large pre- molars, or carnassiers, in this species with the point only a little raised above the crowns of the true molars. In the lower jaw the incisors, six in number, are somewhat irregularly ranged and tri- lobed, the canines short, and the two following premolars on each side of equal size, small and conical. The next premolar is of greater size and more acutely conical. The chief peculiarity in the dentition of this species is the shortness of the teeth, whilst they maintain throughout a medium degree of stoutness. “ “ = Length of the head and body, about .... 2 0 Ofsthentarle cir enero Nenana ee Io Ofuthev head ee seis te cer ee ors 0 9 ——— of the forearm ................ ed of thevlongestsfinger. cn oo. 2 2 4 ——-— of the fourth finger ....... Make fairl Oe — of the thumb and claw.......... 0 33 — Ofte stibiay ee eas i eecenes We soe 0 8 — of the foot and claws .......... 0 42 EX Panse OlgWANS Sie) ange suse, weer ee 10 0 Hab. Not known. 76 5. PHYLLORHINA AURITA, 0. 8. In size this species about equals Rhinolophus hippocrepis of Europe. It may be readily distinguished from all others of the genus by the great size of its ears, and seems to hold the same position amongst the species of Phyllorhina that Rhinolophus cornutus does in the genus Rhinolophus. So far as may be learned from the inspection of a specimen in skin, the facial crests greatly resemble those of Ph. bicolor, and the general form of the whole head, face, and ears is pretty much as in that species, excepting that the muzzle is relatively a little more compressed, and the ears much larger. These latter organs are one- fourth longer than the head, and of a broadly ovoid form, are some- what diaphanous, and thickly marked with glandular dots. They have about sixteen transverse sulci, which do not quite extend to the outer margin of the ear, but are bounded by a well-defined line which runs parallel with the margin, and divides off a narrow por- tion, having the appearance of a distinct border. The inner or front margin of the ear has three such parallel lines, all running from that part of the ear which is near to the face, to near the tip. This peculiarity of having the ears margined as described, and the central part sulcated, is not confined to this species ; but it is much more strongly marked in this than in any other which I have seen. Ph. cervina and Ph. caffra exhibit the same arrangement of lines in the ear, but in a much less degree. The wings are broad for their length,—the fourth finger, which determines their breadth, being longer than the third*. They are distinctly reticulated, especially near the side of the body. No great peculiarities are exhibited by the posterior extremities. The fur is strictly confined to the body, with the exception of some on the hinder surface of the ears, at their base, and a narrow fringe on one of the lines bordering their front margin inside the ear. On all the upper parts the fur is bicoloured, nearly white at the base for three-fourths of its length, then of a medium brown colour, with the extreme tips a little paler, giving a slightly hoary appearance. Beneath, it is somewhat similar, but rather paler, especially on the humeral region and down the sides of the body ; but the colours are less clearly made out. On the throat and along the middle of the belly to the pubes it is much lighter in colour, and almost uni- coloured. ‘The membranes are of a medium brown colour. The teeth have not been examined with care, but appear to be * In Rhinolophus hippocrepis these two fingers are of equal length; and the same is the case in Ph. caffra, Ph. speoris, Ph. labuanensis, and Ph. cervina: in Ph. nobilis and Ph. insignis the third is a little longer than the fourth, whilst in Ph. bicolor and the present species, the fourth is the longer of the two. Of course this difference in the relative lengths of the fingers determines the compa- rative breadth of the wings. Meh rather long, especially the canines. They are longer than those of Ph. cervina, which is a slightly larger species. es Length of the head and we Reo ae — of the tail ...... Bias are Cane —— of the head.................. of the ears ..... Breadth of the ears, nearly . . os ene thyolithestore-armiye sett se 7 Oltheslonzest tim sen) sn) cerde «si. of the third finger ... ana —__--— of the fourth finger... 17.5... ——of the) thumb eee wats ieses Wise sk of the tibia . Feige a es = — onthe 100b andl claws A CPM sas [ of the os calcis avi sea expanse Of wines. iscis ce Glens AP ue ese -Hab. Unknown. ote bole — OBRWORHEOWMDO MOOS bole bol woocncoceekeNKH COCO Ke 6. EMBALLONURA FULIGINOSA, 0. 8S. In general form this species somewhat resembles H. monticola, but differs in several important particulars. It is larger; and it has the fur of a uniform sooty brown, whilst in that species it is marked bicoloured, being nearly white at the root. In its general outline the head is very similar to that of the other species of the genus; but the snout, although small and elongated, is not so poited as in the American species, but is nevertheless more so than in the African #. afra, judging from the figure given by Dr. Peters. The nostrils are small and rather near together ; the ears triangularly oval, longer than broad, with the outer margin entire and produced at the base along the face in a line midway be- tween the cleft of the mouth and the eye, and ending immediately between the latter and the angle of the mouth, which are both in a vertical line: all three are therefore in a vertical line. The tragus has its two sides nearly parallel, but it is a little widest at the end ; it curves slightly inwards, and has the end rounded as in the genus Miniopteris, but is relatively broader. Thumb rather long, with the two visible phalanges equal in length (the small terminal one, bearing the claw, being excepted), the basal one wholly enclosed in the interbrachial membrane. Wing-membranes extending to the distal extremity of the tibiee ; hinder limbs rather long and “slender ; toes half the length of the eave foot. Os calcis long ; ; ceatierdPareay al membrane very ample, with three diverging lines from the tip of the tail to its hinder margin; one on each side of these, from the root of the femur to the point of the os calcis ; and two others, one from the distal extremity of each femur to near the middle of the os calcis. Transversely, this membrane has about twenty closely dotted lines. The fur on the crown is long and thick, and approaches rather nearly the end of the nose ; the sides of the face, from the auditory 78 openings through the eyes to the upper lip, naked, or nearly so; but the upper lip is frmged with scattered short bristly hairs. The extreme margin of the lips, both above and below, are naked and smooth. That part of the wing-membranes which is contiguous to the under surface of the body is a little hairy ; and the fur of the ramp extends, to avery trifling degree, on to the interfemoral ; but all other parts of the membranes are perfectly naked. On all parts of the body the fur is rather soft, thick, and long, and perfectly devoid of lustre. It is also perfectly unicoloured everywhere, being above of a deep sooty brown with a slight tinge of rusty, and similar, though a little paler, beneath. Upper incisors, 4, in pairs as in Vespertilio ; they are very small, narrow near the alveolus, and blunt at the tips. Upper canes furnished with a kind of lobe or talon behind, at the base; the lower ones with a similar one in front. Lower incisors very small, symmetrically ranged, and with their cutting edges lobated. “l ~ > = Length of the head and body, about ...... 2 0 ofstheitailic ace ae elise a 0 7Zor8s? ofsthe head) sss .4) Ac aeaeamaes 0 9 Ofstheveanss 2 ap cis cece reac: 0 5} Ot UNGREIS Socguegcocunvcsoas 0 2 Ol ther fore-aninee seis eee ie @ Ofte loneestehMNken ac oan 29 Ota the; toumll AMGEN sas ce occa EAD Ok thie: Gummy eee ee 0 4 Olvthestibia er esie ace tote = 0 8} of the foot and claws ...... 0. 32 SS OUING OF QUIWS. Sok conca dco nsco OBR —___—— from the end of the nose to the hinder margin of the interfemoral mem- DRAG eee aR Me eee nanan e tc B. ) ExpanseOfwines.2)\:. 25 Saeco) Hab. “Island of Ovalee (Figi Islands), August 1856, H.M.S. ‘Herald,’ F. M. Rayner.” Such was the label attached to the spe- cimen when it recently reached Dr. Gray, through whose kindness I am enabled to give the above description. Obs. Several species of Cheiroptera have fur of much the same quality and appearance as this species. Nyctophilus unicolor, from Van Diemen’s Land, Molossus norfolcensis, Norfolk Island, and M. acetabulosus, Mauritius and Natal, are amongst these; and the American species M. nasutus also has fur which approaches closely in texture that of all these species. The present species, although it differs materially from E. mon- ticola, yet bears greater resemblance to it in the form of the head, ears, &c. than to any other species. To the African species, L. afra, Peters, it has some similarity in the form of the snout ; and all these three are species which appertain to the genus Mmballonura as 79 restricted by M. Paul Gervais, who separates, under the name of Proboscidea, those species which have a longer and more pointed snout, such as LZ. sawatilis and EL. villosa. 6. On THE GENUS ExAps or WactER. By Dr. A. GUNTHER. (Reptilia, Pl. XVI.-XVIII.) One of the most happy generic combinations in Wagler’s ‘ System der Amphibien’ is the genus Hlaps. He takes as the character of Hlaps the grooved fangs in front, which are not followed by smaller and smooth teeth (pp. 193, 283), and thus he not only excludes those non-venomous snakes included by Schneider (Hist. Amphib. ll. p. 289), the first founder of the genus, but by this admirably- chosen character he removes also those species of the subsequently discovered genera of Diemansia and Hoplocephalus which Schlegel afterwards united with Hlaps. The diagnosis given by Wagler, p. 193, and more fully detailed at pp. 282,283, is most accurate and definite :— “ Body elongate, equally cylindrical ; head not distinct from body ; tail short, conical ; eyes small ; scales smooth, equal, those of the ver- tebral le not larger ; subcaudals two-rowed. Mandibulary and facial bones only slightly expansible ; grooved fangs in front, without smaller teeth behind.” Thus we see the genus Elaps, as given by Duméril and Bibron in their ‘ Erpétologie Générale,’ already fully circumscribed by Wagler ; and I am surprised that Duméril, when giving a histo- rical sketch of the genus, does not mention that his predecessor was the actual definer of the genus Hlaps. Besides, Wagler had already shown that the species coming from the same part of the globe exhibit common characters; and in enumerating the species he divides them into the following sections :— a. Corpore vittato (ex Asia) ; {. Corpore annulato :— * Ex Africa ; ** Ex America: an arrangement which we see adopted in the “Tableau Synop- tique des Espéces,”’ ‘ Erpét. Génér.’ vil. p. 1207, but without refer- ence to the geographical distribution. Australian Hlapes were un- known to Wagler, it being impossible, without specimens, to trace the genus in the figure given by White, ‘Journ. N.S. Wales,’ App. p- 259. Snake No. 2. I need not enter on a detailed description of the mode of life of these Snakes, as it has been already given by distinguished travellers, who all agree in the fact that they belong to the slowest of the tribe, with the most uniform and sedentary life, always living on dry ground in shady places. No other Snakes exhibit such a similarity to Elaps in its mode of life, and such a powerless muscular organi- zation, as the Calamaritide; and this is why we so often find the former destroying the latter: the venomous snake is able to overpower the non-venomous, even if larger. Specimens dissected by me exhibited ouly a small number of eggs. Notwithstanding this sedentary life, and this diminished faculty of propagation, we find the genus Hlaps 80 spread over all the tropical regions ; but each species of one region exhibits a certaim number of characters common to species of the same region, and different from those of any second, so that we can at once refer thém to their native country. From this circumstance the naturalist, in my opinion, is justified in attributing a generic value to such characters, although they may be subject to variation in another genus, or even in one and the same species. A variation in the number of the rows of scales in the genera Zamenis, Tropidono- tus, &c., is of trifling value only, whilst in other genera the relative number of scales is a constant character (e.g. Calamaria, Oxyrhopus). The number of the ocular shields in species of Zamenis, Pituophis, Tropidonotus, varies much; but in the species of Simotes, Liophis, Dromicus, &c. the number of these same shields is part of the generic character. Thus we see that in one group of animals a part of the organization is constant, and forms a positive character, whilst in another group the same part is liable to very considerable modifica- tion: and this peculiarity (liability to modification) itself constitutes a character of the group. In every instance where naturalists neglect to make this distinction, and try either to allow modification of a naturally fixed character, or to fix modifications of a naturally variable character as positive ones, artificial groups of animals are established. For instance, the East Indian Szmotes is a most natural genus, distin- guished by the form of the rostral shield, by the peculiar system of coloration, and by a single anterior ocular—three naturally fixed characters. Now, if we attempt to force the African Snake (fHefe- rodon diadema) into this genus, we must actually modify two of those characters, and the result of this combination is the establishment of an artificial group*. The same is the case if we try to combine this type of a separate genus with Heterodon+. On the other hand, two East Indian genera, Oligodon and Simotes, form together a most natural group, having the same arrangement and shape of the shields of the head, the same form of the body, and even the same system of coloration—three naturally fixed characters ; but the dentition in these two genera of snakes is liable to variation. Now, if we con- sider the latter character a fixed one, so as to become that of fami- lies, the result is the artificial distant separation of those closely- allied genera from one another. I have made these remarks to show, that to obtain a natural system of genera, we cannot rigidly adhere to certain preconceived constant characters, but we must apply them as they are made obvious by nature itself. Let us apply these views to the illustration of the genus Hlaps of Wagler. Here we sce that all the East Indian species are distinguished from those of the other parts of the world by a more slender, vermiform body, and by two longitudinal series of scales fewer in number than in the others. As Wagler rightly ob- served, the ornamental colourst on the upper parts of the body have a tendency to form longitudinal bands (corpore vittato) ; on the * Catal. Colubrine Snakes, p. 26. + Dum. et Bibr. vii. p. 26. ¢ In contradistinction to the grownd-colour. 81 beily they are arranged in cross-bars, sometimes reaching on to the sides, and interfering with the bands on the back. But this latter character of the coloration not being constant, as WL. calligaster shows a tendency -to vary in coloration, I consider the difference in the number of the scales as more important; and the presence of thirteen rows of scales is, I believe, sufficient to determine any species as being East Indian. All the species of Elaps from other tropical parts have fifteen rows; and the American and Australian species agree in another point, that the ornamental colours of the upper and lower parts are not separated into two systems of different direction, but are united, forming rings round the whole body with regular interspaces. But the nasal shield in the American species is constantly separated into two with the nostril between them, the same shield being single in the Australian species, and pierced by that opening. Lastly, the African species deviates in more than one respect. With the same number of scales, and with the same single nasal as in the Australian, it exhibits only one posterior ocular shield, the head being generally more depressed. ‘The ornamental colours, being in all other species of Elaps arranged with a certain regularity, are here so irregularly and so variably disposed, that distinct cross-bands seldom appear on the belly and sides; the pure ground-colour often predominates along the medial line of the back. Thus I divide the genus Hlaps of Wagler into the following genera, which correspond with the natural divisions of the earth’s surface. A. With thirteen rows of scales. 1. Callophis. East Indies. B. With fifteen rows of scales and— a, with a double nasal shield : 2. Elaps. Tropical America. 6, with a single nasal shield and— a, with two posterior oculars : 3. Vermicella. Australia. (, with one posterior ocular : 4. Pecilophis. Africa. A. CALLoPuis. Elapide with very slender and cylindrical body, with short tail, and with depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth behind the fang. Thirteen rows of scales. Anal entire. Two nasals, nostrils placed between them; six (exceptionally seven) upper labials; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Colours of the upper parts arranged in longitudinal streaks.— East Indian region. The following species are known :— 1. CALLOPHIS BIVIRGATUS (Schleg.). laps bivirgatus, Schleg. Ess. p. 451, pl. 16. f.10, 11; and Abb. taf. 47. Elaps flaviceps, Cant. (Spicil.) Catal. p. 109. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Malayan peninsula, Pinang. No. 389.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 82 In this species the external band only is subject to variation, some- times occupying two series of scales, sometimes being very narrow, and nearly obsolete. 2. CALLOPHIS INTESTINALIS (Laur.). Aspis intestinalis, Laur. Syn. Amph. p. 106. Elaps furcatus, Schleg. Ess. p. 450, pl. 16. f. 12, 13; and Abb. taf. 46. f. 1-8. This species is subject to great variation. a. Javanese variety (Pl. XVI. fig. B), figured by Schlegel, brown, with three yellowish lines,—one occupying the vertebral series of seales, and forked on the head, and each of the two others run- ning along the meeting line of the two outer rows. There is some- times, moreover, another reddish-brown line between the third and fourth outer rows. The ground-colour of the belly is stated to be pale green during life. The lower side of the tail is generally uni- form, without black cross-bands. The tail appears to be shorter, with a thicker conical tip. Java. There is in the British Museum a specimen, said to have been procured at Hong Kong. It is nearest to this variety, but has two black cross-bands on the tail. 6. The Malayan variety (Pl. XVI. fig. C) is well described by Cantor, Catal. p. 107; but this naturalist confounds the ground-co- lour with ornamental colour. In the ‘ Indian Zoology’ of Gray and Hardwicke this variety is figured with the name of Maticora lineata. The vertebral line is rather broader, not continued on the head, and on the tail interrupted by two black rings, which entirely encircle that part; the two outer lines, as in the preceding variety. The reddish-brown line, which occurs in some Javanese individuals only, is here constantly to be found, and is very broad, occupying the whole of the fourth and fifth outer series. Cantor has mistaken it for the ground-colour: but this appears in narrow brownish-black lines only, viz. on the outer half of the first series of scales, on the second and third, and on the sixth. The ground-colour of the belly is stated to be pale citron. The tail is surrounded by two black rings, which, however, are interrupted by the lateral reddish-brown band ; it is short, slender at the tip, and gradually tapering. Malayan peninsula. A specimen, caught in Labuan, and described in ‘ Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of Labuan, by Motley and Dillwyn,’ Lond. 1855, 8vo, p. 45, appears to agree best with the above variety *. ce. The variety of the Philippine Islands (Pl. XVI. figs. A & a) (mentioned by myself, Catal. Col. Snakes, p. 230) perfectly agrees in the form of the tail with that of the Malayan peninsula ; but the colo- * In the work mentioned above, some species of Snakes are excellently repre- sented, but not properly determined :—Plate (p. 46) with the name of Dendro- phis picta represents D. caudolineata; Plate (p.48) with the name of Dipsas Susca represents D. trigonata; Plate (p.49) with the name of Calamaria bra- chyorrhos represents Simotes purpurascens. 83 ration is so modified, as, I think, to have caused Duméril to establish a new species, Hlaps trilineatus (Erp. génér. vii. p. 1227). The black abdominal bands of the other varieties here become rings, encircling all the body, but interrupted by the two reddish-brown bands. The yellowish vertebral line occupies one series of scales and two half series, being broken up by those black rings ; this line is interrupted on the head by the brown colour of the occiput and crown; but both the ends of the fork into which that line terminates in the first va- riety are visible, forming on each side a yellowish streak from above the eye to the side of the muzzle. The two lateral brownish-red streaks of the former variety are likewise present, and continue un- interrupted from the occiput to the tip of the tail. The narrow yel- lowish outer lines of the former varieties are scarcely visible. ‘The tail is surrounded by two rings, and a third, incomplete, middle one. Dumeéril mentions the specimen of the Paris Museum as coming from the west coast of Sumatra; that of the British Museum was brought by Mr. Cuming from the Philippine Islands. 3. CALLOPHIS GRACILIS, Gray. Calliophis gracilis, Gray, Ind. Zool. f. 1-3. Elaps nigromaculatus, Cant. Catal. p. 108. Penang. ; Singapore. 4. CALLOPHIS UNIviRGATUS, Gthr. (Pl. XVII. figs. A & a.) Hlaps univirgatus, Gthr. Catal. p. 232. This new species from Nepal, the most northern known at pre- sent, may be readily distinguished by the black head, with yellowish cross-band behind the eyes, and by the black dorsal streak. The descriptions of the two varieties given in my Catalogue I complete now with the figures. Coming from the same part of the East Indies, they are not climatic varieties; I rather think the difference in the colour depends upon the sexes, although I have not been able to make this out by dissection, on account of the condition of the internal parts. 5. CALLOPHIS TRIMACULATUS (Daud.). (PI. XVI. fig. E.) Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. 8. Vipera trimaculata, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 25. Hlaps trimaculatus, Merr. Tent. p. 143; Schleg. Hssai, p. 449. Coluber melanurus, Shaw, Zool. ii. p. 552. Tenasserim. We are informed by Russell, who discovered this species, which he founded on a single specimen (and a second has not occurred), that he deposited it in the British Museum. TI have been fortunate enough to find this original specimen, which, although the notice of its origin has been lost, so completely agrees in all the details with Russell’s description and figure, that any doubt of its individuality appears to be removed. It proves to be different from the Snake described by Cantor as Klaps melanurus (Shaw), and named by myself Elaps maculiceps. Schlegel, to whom the species was known b Russell’s work only, attributes to it a black vertebral line ; but Russell 84 only mentions some dots on the vertebral line, and several narrow fillets on the sides. These markings, however, have now disappeared, whilst the black coloration of the head and the spots on the tail are still visible. The diagnosis of this species will be—Belly uniform, without any spots ; body above olive, uniform or with narrow lateral fillets ; head above, occiput, and neck black, with some yellowish spots symme- trically arranged ; tail beneath chequered with black ; vertical shield six-sided, rather broad and short; six upper labial shields. 6. CaLttopnis macuticeps, Gthr. (PI. XVI. fig. D.) Elaps melanurus, Cantor, Catal. p. 106, pl. 40. f. 6 (not Shaw). Elaps maculiceps, Gthr. Catal. p. 232. Penang. This is the only East Indian species of H/aps with seven upper labial shields; but this anomaly is of no great importance, as it is effected by the posterior upper labial, which is generally elongated in these Snakes, being here divided into two. Cantor’s description of the colours is correct in every respect; but the vertical shield of our specimen is elongate, and far from being equilateral. The diagnosis of this species will be—Belly uniform, without any spots ; body above light bay, on each side with a series of distant black dots; head with symmetrical black markings ; a black collar ; tail beneath chequered with black ; vertical shield six-sided, elon- gate, much longer than broad ; seven upper labial shields. 7. CALLOPHIS CALLIGASTER, Wiegm. laps calligaster, Wiegm. Nov. Act. 1835, p. 253, tab. 25. f. 2. Elaps collaris, Schleg. Ess. p. 448, and Abbild. taf. 46. f. 10, 11. Philippine Islands. B. Ears. Elapide with slender and cylindrical body, with short tail and with depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth behind the fang ; fifteen rows of scales, anal entire (exceptionally bifid) ; two nasals, nostril placed between them ; six or seven upper labials ; one anterior, two posterior oculars (in one species one). Colours of the upper and lower parts arranged in cross-bands. Tropical America. The following species are known :— 1. Exars coratuinus, L, Coluber corallinus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. p. 33. laps corallinus, Wied, Nov. Act. 1820, pl.4 ; Schleg. Ess. p.440. pl. 16, f. 1-5. Brazil,Surinam, New Granada, Guayaquil, Trinidad (West Indies ?). I consider as varieties of this species— a. Hlaps ecircinalis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1210. b. Vipera psyche, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 320. Laps psyche, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1212. 85 2. ELAPS ALTERNANS, Dum. & Bibr. laps alternans, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1211. 3. ELAaps mipartitus, Dum. & Bibr. Elaps mipartitus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1220.—New Granada. Elaps decussatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1221, appears to belong to the same species. 4, ELAPs SURINAMENSIS, Cuv. Elaps surinamensis, Cuv. Régne Anim. ; Schleg. Ess. p. 445, and Abbild. taf. 46. f. 9. Surinam. 5. Exaprs temniscatus (L.). Coluber lemniscatus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. p. 34; Schleg. Ess. p. 444, pl. 14. f. 6, 7. Brazil, Surinam, Caraccas, Columbia, Trinidad. Varieties of this species are— a. Elaps marcgravii, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1209. b. Hlaps frontalis, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1223, figured by Guichenot in Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares de ?Amér. du Sud, p. 71, pl. 14. This is the Snake first described by Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras. vi. p. 240. 6. Exars rutvus (L.). Coluber fulvus, L. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 381. Elaps fulvus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpetol. iii. p. 49, pl. 10; Dum. Bibr. p. 1215. Southern States of North America, through Central America, to Venezuela. Variety of this species is Elaps tristis, Baird and Girard, Catal. p. 23. 7. ELAPS EPISTEMA, Dum. & Bibr. Elaps epistema, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1222. Mexico. 8. ELAPS BIPUNCTIGER, Dum. & Bibr. Llaps bipunctiger, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1227. 9. Exaps pEcoRATUS, n.sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. A.) Body encircled by black rings, always three together, the middle one broadest. Muzzle and across-band between the eyes black. Ver- tical shield broad, five-sided, with a front side broader than the lateral ones, and behind with an obtuse or a right angle. This species is allied to Elaps lemniscatus: it differs somewhat in the arrangement of the black rings; but the reason why this species must be separated, is the form of the vertical shield, which in E. lemniscatus is much narrower, the front side being shorter than 86 the lateral ones, and the shield terminating in an acute angle. In general habit the species is scarcely more slender than FE. lemniscatus. I count in one of the specimens 196, and in the other 202 ventral plates; in both 19 subcaudals. The shields of the head and the scales do not offer any other peculiarity, except that the sixth upper labial is in direct contact with the occipital, whilst in H. lemniscatus an elongate temporal shield separates that labial from the occipital. There are two nasals; one anterior, two posterior oculars ; and seven upper labials ; fifteen rows of scales; the anal plate in the older specimen entire, and in the younger one bifid. The muzzle in front, the vertical, superciliaries, and the third, fourth, and fifth upper labials are black; the remainder of the head is red. The neck is surrounded by a broad black collar, in front yellow-edged, and be- hind separated from a much narrower black ring by a yellow edge also. Then follow, in regular interspaces, fifteen zones (in the younger individual), or sixteen (in the older one). Each zone is composed of three black rings, with two yellow ones between. One of the zones surrounds the tail. The middle black ring is always broadest ; but in the adult dividual it occupies three rows of scales only, in the young one four; the outer black rings are as broad as the yellow ones, and occupy each two, sometimes only one row of scales. The red interspaces are nearly of the same extent as the zones; and each scale exhibits a black tip. The extremity of the tail is very blunt, rounded, and black. The total length of the large specimen is 19", the head taking 43!’, the tail 14!’. The above description is founded upon two specimens, one of which has been for a long while in the collection of the British Mu- seum ; but being only a young individual, and not in a good state of preservation, it has not been introduced into the Catalogue. In the meanwhile Professor Jan has recognized it as belonging to a species for which he has intended the name given above; and finding the same name mentioned in his ‘ Index of Reptiles of the Milan Museum,’ I have accepted it. I am not aware that the species has been described. The other specimen hag been purchased for the British Museum, and is said to come from Brazil. The specimen in the Milan Mu- seum is from Mexico. 10. Exars Tener, Baird & Gir. Elaps tener, Baird and Girard, Catal. N. Amer. Rept. p. 22. Texas. 11. Evaps rinirormis, n.sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. B.) Laceedingly slender. Only one posterior ocular shield. Body surrounded by black rings, always three together; muzzle, and a cross-band between the eyes, black. This species is as slender as any of the Kast Indian Elapide ; in the number of the ventral plates it even surpasses them. I count 285 ventral, and 38 subcaudal plates. Compared with a specimen of Hi. lemniscatus, which has a head of the same size, it is twice as long. The tail is rather short, but tapering to a fine tip. From all the 87 other American species of Elaps it differs in having only one poste- rior ocular, the eye being very small. The vertical shield is five- sided, with the lateral and posterior sides equal, but with the anterior rather longer ; the hinder angle is acute. The nasal appears to be divided into two below the nostril only; the nostril itself is round, open; seven upper labial shields, the sixth of which is separated from the occipital by an intermediate temporal shield. Scales in fifteen rows. Anal shield bifid. A strong fang in front of the upper jaw, and no smaller tooth behind. It is easy to be seen which parts have been red-coloured during life, and which yellow, slight tinctures of both colours being preserved. The front part of the muzzle and the chin are black ; a narrow yel- low band crosses the posterior frontals ; the following black band reaches to the front part of the occipitals ; the remainder of the head is red. The body and tail are encircled by twenty-two zones, each of which is composed of three black rings and two yellow ones between. The anterior black ring of the first zone forms a collar ; two of the zones encirele the tail, the tip of which is black. ‘The black rings are nearly as broad on the belly as on the back; the . middle one occupies five rows of scales, the outer ones four, the yel- low rings mostly two. The red interspaces are as broad as the outer black ones ; the scales in these interspaces are uniform, without any spot. The specimen is 17" long; of which the head takes 34!", and the tail 15'". Itis in the collection of the British Museum, and has been procured in Para. Doubtful American species of Hlaps are— 12. Exaps GastropEe vs, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1212. 13. Exaprs piastemaA, Dum. & Bibr. p. 1222. Mexico. 14. Exars zonatvus, Hallow. Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1855, ill. p. 35. : Honduras. 15. Evaps pivaricatus, Hallow. /. c. p. 36. Honduras. C. VeRMICELLA, Gray. Elapide with slender and cylindrical body, with very short tail, and with depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth behind the fang; fifteen rows of scales; anal bifid; one nasal, pierced by the nostril ; six upper labials ; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Ornamental colours in cross-bands. Australia. Only one species is known :— 1. VERMICELLA occiPiTALis. (PI. XVII. fig. B.) Elaps occipitalis, Dum. Bibr. vii. p. 1220. Vermicella annulata (Gray), Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn. p. 236. 88 As I have already stated, this Snake was first figured by White in the Appendix to his ‘ Journ. N.S. Wales; then we find it again in the ‘ Erpétologie générale,’ p. 1220, as Elaps occipitalis*. The description is short, and limited only to the coloration ; nothing is said of the scales, shields, or plates, which are so remarkable ; the native country is stated to be Rio de Janeiro; and one specimen is doubtfully mentioned as having been procured in New Holland. From this description I was led to consider F. occipitalis, D. & B., as a spe- cies closely allied to Hlaps corallinus (Catal. p. 234), and to describe the true L. occipitalis as a new form, for which I accepted the deno- mination of Vermicella annulata, written by Dr. Gray on the bottle containing the snakes. Whether the ground-colour of this snake is red, as in the South American species, or white, still remains a question. White, who probably saw the animal alive, figures it as white, and does not mention it as being red. D. PacriLoruts. Hlapide with slender and cylindrical body, with very short tail, and with depressed head, not distinct from neck. No other tooth behind, the fang; fifteen rows of scales; anal entire; one nasal, pierced by the nostril; six upper labials ; one anterior, and one posterior ocular. Ornamental colours distributed in irregular spots. African region. 1. PacrtopHis ayo (Schleg.). Coluber lacteus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. t. 18. f. 1. Elaps hygie, Schleg. Ess. p. 446, pl. 16. f. 14,15 ; Dum. & Bibr. p. 1213. S. Africa. 2. PaciLopHis poRSALIs (Smith). Elaps dorsalis, Smith, Ulustr. Zool. S. Afr. App. p. 21. S. Africa. Duméril, in the ‘ Erpétologie générale,’ continues to place that unfortunate species of Merrem, Elaps lubricus, figured by Seba (ii. 34.4; 43.3; 62.4), with the South American species £. lemnis- catus in front, and with the Australian Vermicella occipitalis be- hind. It is placed in the genus Naja, first with the strange name of NN. sommersetta, by Smith, and in more recent times as N. fula-fula, by Bianconi. Merrem’s figure (Beitr. p. 9, pl. 2) is very easy to be recognized ; but the description is incorrect in several points. Schlegel properly separates it from Zaps, and replaces it in Naja, according to his system. In the ‘ Illustrations of the Zoology of 8. Africa,’ by A.Smith, it is mentioned under two names,—first as dspidelaps lubri- cus, and then as Cyrtophis scutatus. After having been thus strongly recommended as the type of a new genus, it is referred, after all, in * JT am indebted, for the identification of this species with Vermicella annulata, to Professor Jan, who has recently visited the British and Parisian collections. 89 the ‘ Erpétologie générale,’ to Hlaps, which is the least fit for it. Finally, I have tried in my Catalogue to give a proper diagnosis for the name Cyrtophis, given by Sundevall, and published by Smith ; and if I add that the same Snake is the Coluber latonia of Daudin, and the Natriz lubrica of Laurenti, the synonymy will be complete. 7. List oF THE COLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATA COLLECTED BY Mr. FraseR IN THE ANDES OF WESTERN Ecuapbor. By Dr. A. GUNTHER. SAURIA. 1. Anolis eneus. 2. ? Anolis cristatellus, Da & Bibr. 3. Enyalius laticeps, Guichen. in Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares, Rept. p. 20, pl. 5 a, 6 4. Lnocephalus ornatus. 5. Cercosaurus gaudichaudt. 6. Microphractus humeralis, n. g. & sp. 7. Proctoporus pachyurus, Tschudi, Faun. Per. p. 43, taf. 2. f. 2. = Riama unicolor, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 446, pl. xv. fig. 2. 8. dmphisbena fuliginosa. OpuHIDIA. . Rhabdosoma elaps, un. sp., Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn. p. 241. . Liophis teniurus. . Erythrolamprus venustissimus, var. D, Gthr. . c. p. 48. . Xenodon severus, var. C, Gthr. J. c. p. 54. . Spilotes peecilostoma. . Herpetodryas fuscus. . Leptognathus catesbyi, var., Gthr. J. c. p. 251. . Oxyrhopus petolarius, var. sebe. . Leptodeira annulata, Fitz. Dipsas annulata, Schleg. 10. Cr aspedocephalus atrox, var. leucurus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p- 1508. SONOS WD BATRACHIA. 1. Cyclorhamphus marmoratus. 2. Bufo intermedius, nu. sp., Gthr. Catal. Batr. p. 140, pl.ix. f. A. 3. Bufo agua. The male exhibits all the warts covered with spines. Some of the black markings are very conspicuous, as is generally the case in young specimens from Brazil. . Otilophus margaritifer. . Hylodes conspicillatus, n.sp., Gthr. l. c. p. 92. . Hylodes lineatus, Schneid., Gthr. J. ¢. p. 91. Hyla fasciata, u. sp., Gthr. 1. c. p. 100, pl. 7. f. D. - Hyla rhodopepla, un. sp., Gthr. 1. c. p. 112, pl. 7. f. E. Nototrema marsupiatum, Dum. & Bibr., Gthr. J. c. p. 115, pl. 10. f, B, B', BY". ee eG 90 Pisces. 1. Arges brachycephalus, n. sp. 2. Pygidium (Trichomycterus, Val.) dispar, Tschudi. In the figure, given in the ‘ Fauna Peruana,’ the ventral and dorsal fins are too far advanced towards the head. 3. Tetragonopterus peruanus, Miller. 4. Leporinus miillert, n. sp. Nearly all the specimens on which the above list is founded, have been procured for the collection of the British Museum. Having already described the new species of Snakes and Batrachians, I here give an account of one Saurian and of the new Fishes. MicropHRACctus, n. g. (Hopluride). Fingers and toes slender, not dilated. Head above covered with small irregular shields, without any distinct larger one. Body above with very smali granular scales, those along the middle of the back with a distinct keel; scales of the belly imbricate, smooth. Tail rounded, of moderate length, tapering, with rings of oblong scales, each with a strong keel in the diagonal line ; a very low crest along the back of trunk and tail. No femoral nor przanal pores. Tympanum distinct ; a fold on each side of the throat. No palatine teeth. MICROPHRACTUS HUMERALIS, Nl. Sp. Diagnosis.—Above bluish green, marbled with dark brown ; round the shoulder a black band, lighter-edged, interrupted on the verte- bral line ; beneath greenish-yellow ; throat marbled with bluish. Description.—The head is rather short and high, above spherical, with the interspace between the eyes of moderate width and flat ; the muzzle is rather short, blunt and rounded in front. The nostril is directed upwards, round, situated near the outline of the upper sur- face, rather prominent, and formed by a tubular opening of a single small shield. The eyes are of moderate size, with round pupil, not very prominent above the level of the crown. The ear is on the same level with the cleft of the mouth, larger than the eye, irregularly elliptic, and in front bordered by a fringed fold of the skin. All the upper surface of the head is covered by many small shields, irregu- larly arranged and smooth ; they are smallest on the posterior part of the occiput, and on the outer and front edges of the upper eyelid. Such shields occupy the loral region also, the cheeks being covered with granular smooth scales, as the sides of the neck. The upper jaw is bordered in front by a broad, low labial, with a short upper prominence towards the forehead; the side of the upper jaw is covered by only four narrow and elongate shields; above this series is situated another one of still narrower and more irregular shields ; between this series and the eye is a long sword-shaped shield, bor- dering the orbit from beneath. The lower front labial is anteriorly rounded, and has laterally two sides for the symphysis with two shields or with two series of shields, which, somewhat divergent, are 91 separated from one another by a stripe of irregular elongate shields. The outer of these series borders the side of the lower lip, and is formed by five shields similar to the correspondent upper labials ; the inner series is formed by six or seven shields, shorter, quadran- gular, and becoming smaller behind. The triangular space between, of the chin and of the front part of the throat, is covered by minute granular scales. The trunk is depressed, with rounded sides, twice and one half as long as the head ; it is covered by minute, rhombic scales. Those of the vertebral line are largest, not quite the size of those of the belly, each with a medial keel, which, being prominent, form together a low crest from the occiput to the middle of the tail; in several rows, nearest to the vertebral Jine, and especially nearest to the tail, the scales are apparently keeled ; on the neck, between the shoulders and on the sides, the scales are smallest, and exhibit more the appearance of fine granulations ; on the sides of the belly they assume again the ap- pearance of scales, are rhombic on the belly, and arranged in transverse rows, each with about twenty-eight scales. These rows are more oblique on the breast, but they are all perfectly smooth. The tail is not quite one and a half as long as head and trunk together ; it is stout, round, and tapering ; it is surrounded by rings of oblong scales, about the size of those of the belly; each is provided with a strong keel, running in the diagonal line, and prominent behind. The scales of the dorsal line are rather smaller, more of a pentangular shape, and with a keel along the medial line. The extremities are covered with rhombic scales, apparently im- bricate ; the upper ones keeled, the lower ones smooth. The length of the front extremity—from the humeral joint to the base of the fourth toe—is as long as the head ; and the fourth toe is the longest, and half that length. The third is scarcely shorter ; then comes the second, the fifth, and finally the first, beg not quite one-half of the third. They are all slightly compressed, above smooth, beneath rough by the keels of scales, and provided with acute curved claws. The posterior extremity (without the foot) is not quite half as long as the trunk, and the hand one and one-third as long as the head; the fifth toe is separated from the four imner ones, and about as long as the third (from the point where they become free). The fourth toe is far the longest ; then comes the third (and fifth), then the second, and finally the first, the latter being not quite half the length of the fifth. The ground-colour of the upper parts is bluish-green, in one of the specimens greenish-brown, which colour predominates on the head and tail. All the upper parts, the head excepted, or at least the middle of the back and tail, are marked with dark brown. On each side of the shoulder, in front of the base of the fore extremity, is a black eross-band, lighter edged ; it reaches from the fold on the side of the throat, across the shoulder to near the vertebral crest. The lower parts are greenish-yellow, the throat being marked with bluish- green. 92 inch. lines Length of the head (to the front-edge of the tympanum) 0 8% Breadthiot, the heady ani hoe eerste tag tae ch renee Length of the trunks(to the anus)! sapere 2 ce Of tne. Cail Stig ee earn ata ely ona aca ve reeenoiene Oigthe; MUMeT Sia sree eye Ol the foresarmy .ceoise San enna ae eye = Ole t Me ho Ut Li tI CT ol fey at a eee ek el ———— of the first finger sc. 25)5 .aanirde ca ee eee ——— of the entire fore extremity ................ = Of PNORTOMMUM R212 Gis Mase halt Sarelin eae A eyes olathe lower lem ascii stccuscak tule ke : Olgthe foots Ge ae, mga REET EA Goto of the fourth toe .. of the fifth toe .. CARE AT Bee GUE eIN CS Ofithe first toe iim oe eugene se of the entire hinder extremity, ...:..-...)-- Entire length colton} 2o\bo mle) BH ~ipoococoroooos NO CSCOrKWONWONhNOhOOCH ee eee 2 see e ee + te woes oe Oo ee he Coe eee oO ARGES BRACHYCEPHALUS, n. sp. (Stlurid@). The length of the head is one-fifth of the total length; the eyes are situated nearly in the middle of the length of the head; the nostrils are much nearer the extremity of the snout than to the orbit ; ventral fins inserted just below the extremity of the pectoral, on the same level with the dorsal. Brown, dotted with black. Length 7". In other respects the specimens agree with the description given by Valenciennes of Arges sabalo; but those differences in the form, as stated above, are fully sufficient to distinguish the species. There were four specimens, besides several young ones, in Mr. Fraser’s col- lection, the acquisition of which appears the more desirable, as one specimen only of the other species is known to exist in European collections. LEPORINUS MULLERI, n. sp. (Characini, Mill.). B.4. D.11. A. 14. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 5/3. The height of the body is contained 33 in the total length; the length of the head 42; the diameter of the eye is rather longer than one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to the length of the snout. The pectoral fins are not quite as long as the head, and reach to the root of the ventrals; these are inserted just below the front end of the dorsal. Back brownish ; sides lighter; a blackish band from a deep-black spot on the shoulder to the root of caudal-fin. Teeth.—Those in the upper jaw are molar teeth, partly bluntly conical, with a brown top; others have lost their point, and appear rounded. They may be considered to be arranged in three series ; in the front series are two teeth only, the strongest, one-on the left side, and one on the right ; the second series is interrupted in the middle, each half being composed of four teeth; one tooth (the second) stands a little more out of the row, towards the front; the third series is the most complete, is curved, extending on the maxillary, 93 and composed of sixteen teeth, the lateral ones being smallest. There is one series only in the lower jaw: six are situated in front; they are very powerful, slightly compressed; some exhibit a small point on each side; besides these there are two or three small ones on the side of the jaw. Ceca pylorica 6; abdominal vertebre 18, caudal 21 ; no pseudo- branchie. Total length 3inch. 10 lin. ; height of the body 1 inch ; length of the head 9% lin. February 8, 1859. Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. List or Birps rrom THE FALKLAND IsLANpDs, wiTtH Dr- SCRIPTIONS OF THE EGGS OF SOME OF THE SPECIES, FROM SPECIMENS COLLECTED PRINCIPALLY BY CapTaIN C. C. ABBOTT, OF THE FALKLAND IsLaAnps DETACHMENT. By JoHN GOULD, Esa., F.R.S., ETC. CaTHARTES AURA. Turkey Buzzard. Captain Abbott mentions the Turkey Buzzard as inhabiting the Falkland Islands ; and on reference to Mr. Darwin’s ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle,’ I find that the bird which he states is the Ca- thartes aura had also been noticed there by him ; but as much inter- est attaches to this group of birds, particularly as regards the range of the species, it is desirable that Mr. Darwin’s opinion of its being the true C. aura should be confirmed or refuted by the receipt of more examples. The egg of the Falkland Islands bird procured by Captain Abbott is of a light stone-colour, sparingly blotched and streaked with red- dish-brown, some of the blotches being larger and more distinct than others. Length nearly 2 inches, by an inch and a half in breadth. MILVAGO LEUCURUS. Falco leucurus, Forster’s Drawings. Falco nove-zelandie, Gmel. Falco australis, Lath. Burro ERYTHRONOTUS. Halieetus erythronotus, King. Buteo tricolor, D’Orb. The ground-colour of the egg of this species is greyish-white, very 94 slightly atanted or washed in parts with light buff, largely blotched with strongly contrasting umber-brown at the smaller end, and dotted or freckled with the same colour at the larger end. Length 2,3; inches; breadth 12. BuTeo varius, Gould. This bird has been considered by some writers as identical with the preceding species ; but in the opinion of J. H. Gurney, Esq., who has paid much attention to the subject, the two birds are distinct. In a letter from Captain Abbott, that gentleman inquires what are the names of the Hawks sent home by him, as he finds them so different, —thus implying that there are more than one. The following description applies to the egg of this bird, whores it be or be not a distinct species. The general colour is a dull stony- white, blotched all over with light alrectuatnt red, the blotches in- creasing in size at the smaller end; the egg is also thickly sjpmulsies! all over with dots and speckles of the same colour. Length 2,°; inches ; breadth 12. CIRCUS CINEREUS, Vieill. Orus PaLustRis, Gould. TURDUS FALKLANDICUS. The egg, which somewhat resembles that of the English Black- bird, is of a pale green, blotched all over, but pew arerilen fy at the larger end, with reddish-brown. Length 12; breadth 42. Darwin states that the bird “ chiefly inhabits the more rocky and drier hills. It haunts also the neighbourhood of the settlement, and very frequently may be seen within old sheds. In this respect, and generally in its habits, it resembles the English Song Thrush (Turdus musicus) ; its cry, however, is different. It is tame, silent, and inquisitive.” STURNELLA MILITARIS. The egg is somewhat lengthened in form, of a greenish stone- colour, suffused here and there with purplish-red, and blotched and obliquely streaked with dark crooked marks of chestnut-red, parti- cularly at the larger end: blotches and spots of a darker hue also oe appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell. Length 1,3,; breadth 2. The nest, which appears to have been placed on the ground, is of large size, neat and cup-shaped in form, and entirely composed of extremely fine grasses; externally it is 71 inches over, while the internal cavity measures 31. Mr. Darwin states that he ‘‘ met with specimens of this bird on the east coast of the continent, from the Falkland Islands to 31° S., and on the western coast, from the Straits of Magellan to Lima, a space of forty degrees of latitude.” 95 OPETIORHYNCHUS VULGARIS. Upucerthia vulgaris, D’Orb. & Lafr. Brought from the Falkland Islands by Mr. Darwin. OPETIORHYNCHUS ANTARCTICUS. Mr. Darwin states that the O. antarcticus has been long noticed by voyagers to the Falkland Islands, from its extreme tameness. In the year 1763, Pernety states, it was so tame, that it would almost perch on his finger, and that in half an hour he killed ten with a wand. TROGLODYTES PLATENSIS. MuscIsaAxXICOLA MACLOVIANA. Darwin states that this species inhabits the east Falkland Islands. ANTHUS CORRENDERA, Vieill. The egg of this bird may be thus described :—General hue olive stone-colour, very thickly blotched and sprinkled, particularly at the larger end, with deep umber-brown. Length 13; breadth >. The nest, which is of a cup-shaped form and very neatly made, is entirely composed of the stalks and fibres of fine grasses, the lining, although of the same material, being much finer than the exterior ; its diameter externally is 5 inches, and of the opening 21. MELANODERA TyPica, Bp. Mr. Darwin states that this bird is extremely abundant, in large scattered flocks, in the Falkland Islands. I believe this is the bird which Capt. Abbott calls the Sparrow of those islands ; if so, the following is a description of its eggs and nest :— Ground-colour of the egg pale green, spotted and freckled all over with deep chestnut-brown ; the spots so thickly deposited at the larger end, as to all but exclude the ground-colour. Length 13; breadth 2. The nest is outwardly composed of strong grass-stalks, lined with finer grasses and a few feathers ; it is 54 inches over, the interior cavity being 25. MELANODERA XANTHOGRAMMA, Bp. ‘This species,” says Mr. Darwin, “is common on the Falkland Islands, and it often occurs mingled in the same flocks with the last one: I suspect, however, it more commonly frequents the higher parts of the hills.” CHIONIS ALBA. SQUATAROLA ? CINCTA. As Mr. Darwin states that this bird is common in the upland é 96 marshes of the Falklands, and as Captain Abbott has sent eggs of a bird which he calls the Dottrel, I have little doubt that the follow- ing description applies to the egg of this bird :— Ground-colour pale greenish-olive, conspicuously and strongly blotched and streaked all over with blackish brown; 14 inch long by 1,3; broad. LIMOSA HUDSONICA ? Hamaropus unicoLor? Black Oyster-catcher. A very large egg, the ground-colour of which is olive stone- colour, blotched, spotted, and streaked with umber-brown, some of the blotches being much larger than others, while some are of a more olive hue, are obscure, and appear as if beneath the surface of the shell,—the umber-brown hue prevailing at the larger end. Length 24 inches; breadth 14. NyYCTOCORAX AMERICANA. Egg uniform light greenish blue. Length 2 inches; breadth 14. CuHLOEPHAGA MAGELLANICA (Gm.). This bird lays a beautifully-formed egg, of a uniform light buffy cream-colour, 3+ inches long by 2+ in breadth. CHLOEPHAGA POLIOCEPHALA, Gray. Bernicla inornata, Gray & Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 165 (nec King). BERNICLA ANTARCTICA. The egg of this bird is of a lengthened elegant form, and of a light buffy cream-colour, 24 inches long by 14 broad. QUERQUEDULA CRECCOIDES. A lengthened oval egg, of a uniform buffy stone-colour. Length 2+ inches ; breadth 15%. QUERQUEDULA CHRULEATA. Anas rafiesi, King. Fine specimens were sent by Capt. Abbott. MARECA CHILOENSIS. ANAS? CRISTATA. A handsomely-shaped, somewhat pointed egg, of a uniform vina- ceous buff-colour. Length 22 inches; breadth 2. MICROPTERUS CINEREUS. Anas brachyptera, Lath. A rather long and elegantly-formed egg, of a uniform buffy stone- colour. Length 34 inches ; breadth 21. 97 LARUS DOMINICANUS. A young specimen sent by Captain Abbot. GAVIA ROSEIVENTRIS, Gould, sp. nov. I describe this Gull as new, with a degree of hesitation, since it is hardly to be supposed that a bird of this magnitude, and doubtless, like the other members of the group, of very wandering habits, should not have been noticed and described. Still I can find no description which answers to this somewhat anomalous bird ; neither does it ac- cord with any of the numerous species contained in our national Museum. I make use of the word anomalous, because, although I ° cannot separate it from the little group of Gulls, of which our well- known species Gavia ridibunda forms a part, it differs from them in several particulars. In the first place, the specimen, which is cer- tainly fully adult, has a nearly white head, the hinder part only being clouded with dusky, inducing the belief that a black hood was its characteristic at another season; yet, strange to say, the bill, legs, and feet are of the most intense coral-red ; moreover these organs are very thick and fleshy, much more so than is ever seen in G. ridibunda and its allies ; the gape, also, is wider than in the other members of the group, while the bill and tarsi are shorter; the hind toes of this, the only specimen I have seen, are well developed, but are entirely destitute of nails (probably from accident or injury) ; and, lastly, the neck and breast are suffused with a beautiful pinkish rose-colour—a colour, which, in spite of every care, disappears after a time, and which has sensibly diminished during the two months it has been under my notice; the three first primaries have their ter- minal portions entirely white, and the tail also is white, in which respects it agrees with the Black-headed Gulls in the British Mu- seum, said to be from the Falkland Islands and the Straits of Ma- gellan. The following is an accurate description of this Gull :— Tail, head, neck, and all the under surface white, suffused on the breast and abdomen with rich pinkish rose-colour ; back of the head clouded with dusky ; back and wings silvery-grey ; primaries white, the first narrowly edged on the base of the external web, and broadly warked on the base of the internal web, with black, the remainder broadly margined on the internal web with black nearly to the tip ; tail white; bill, legs, and feet coral-red. Total length 13 inches, bill 13, wing 114, tail 33, tarsi 12. Ground-colour of the egg light olive, elegantly variegated with irregularly-shaped markings of umber-brown, disposed in a zone . near the larger end, and continued more sparingly over the whole surface, some of them appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell: these markings assume various V-shaped, arrow-headed, tail- shaped, and other fantastic forms. A lengthened and very pretty egg. Length 2 inches ; breadth 13. No. 390.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, io 8) 9 MEGALESTRIS ANTARCTICA. (Skua Gull.) A boldly-marked and handsome egg, of uniform greenish-buff, blotched and speckled all over with deep umber-brown, interspersed with large, obscure, clouded blotches appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell. Length 3 inches; breadth 2. PODICEPS ROLLANDI. PODICEPS CALIPAREUS. PELECANOIDES BERARDI. EUDYPTES PAPUA. Ege uniform bluish-white, largely stained im parts with buff. Length 213 inches ; breadth 22. APTENODYTES PENNANTI. CYGNUS NIGRICOLLIS. “MOLLY MAUK.” Supposed to be either Diomedea fuliginosa or Diomedea melano- phrys. A very long, but rather elegant, oval-shaped egg, the ground- colour of which is a stony-white, slightly washed with pink, and with a zone of brownish-buff round the larger end. This buff zone differs in form in different eggs, some having the entire end of this hue, while in others it is merely a ring. Length 41; breadth 22, THALASSIDROMA NEREIS. 2, ON A NEW SPECIES OF OponTOPHORUS. By JouHn GouLp, Ksa., F.R.S., Etc. Two specimens of a fine species of Odontophorus having been placed in my hands by Mr. Sclater, for the purpose of comparing it with the other known members of the group, I beg to state that, after having done so with great care, I can come to no other conclusion than that it differs from the whole of them. It is most nearly allied to the O. speciosus of Tschudi, and the O. hyperythrus, Gould, but differs from the former in the much darker colouring of its upper surface, and in the rich rusty-red colouring of its forehead ; it is also distinguished by having a broad band of the same colour sur- mounting the eye and extending to the nape of the neck, where it is met by a similar band, which commences at the base of the upper mandible, extends under the eye, through the ear, which feature has suggested the name of erythrops as its specific appellation. From the O. hyperythrus it differs in having a shorter and more obtuse bill, and in the well-defined black marking of the throat. The bird was discovered at Pallatanga in Keuador, by Mr. Fraser. 99 ODONTOPHORUS ERYTHROPS. Forehead, stripe over and another below the eye, extending beyond the ear-coverts, deep rust-red ; crown of the head dark-brown; all the upper surface dark chocolate-brown, blotched and freckled with black; a small spot of buffy-white at the tip of each of the wing- coverts ; throat and upper part of the neck jet-black : in the centre of this black mark, near its lower margin, a few of the feathers are snowy- white at the base, forming an indistinct lunar-shaped mark. Under surface, rich deep chestnut; feathers of the short tail and the pri- maries brownish black, the outer margins of the latter freckled with buff; thighs and under tail-coverts rayed transversely with black and lighter chestnut ; bill black; feet blackish horn-colour. Total length 104 inches, bill 4, wing 53, tail 24, tarsi 12. 3. On THE MEMBERS OF THE GENUS RUPICOLA, AND WHETHER THERE BE Two oR MORE Species. By JoHN Goucpn, Esa., F.R.S. At present only two species of this splendid group of birds have been characterized, namely the Rupicola crocea and R. peruviana. It is true that several other specific names have been proposed by various writers, such as aurantia, cayana, and elegans; but I believe these terms all have reference to the first-mentioned species—the Pipra rupicola of Linneeus, the Rupicola crocea of Bonnaterre—a bird sent to Europe, and particularly to France, in the greatest abun- dance from Cayenne. There can be no doubt that the second species, the R. peruviana of Latham, is distinct from the R. crocea; but there is much doubt as to whether the specimens sent from Bogota be identical with the R. peruviana, since it is not to be found in the intervening country of HKcuador, whence we have long received a splendid bird, which I believe is not yet described, and to which I propose to give the name of R. sanguinolenta. At all events I have signally failed in my endeavours to see a male specimen of a Cock of the Rock from Peru, by which means alone the question can be de- termined ; on the other hand, I have a female or young male from that country, which appears to differ from the females or young spe- cimens from Bogota. In the present state of our knowledge of the - subject, it will be advisable to leave the pomt undecided, and describe the bird from Ecuador, which is at once distinguished from its con- geners by the deep blood-red colouring of its plumage, as compared with the bird from Bogota ; it also differs in its smaller size, and in the relative lengths of its wings and tail. Before describing the R. sanguinolenta, | may mention, that specimens of R. crocea from De- merara, although very similar in colour to those sent from Cayenne, differ considerably in the form and size of the crest,—that of the Demerara specimens being much smaller and rounder, and having the terminal crescent of brown much darker than in the more di- lated crest of the Cayenne birds, 100 RupPpicoLaA SANGUINOLENTA. Crest (which is destitute of the terminal crescentic brown mark observable in the other species), the entire plumage of the body, the lesser wing-coverts, the under wing-coverts, and the thighs rich blood-red ; the greater wing-coverts, wings, tail, and the extremities of the larger under wing-coverts velvety-black ; tertiaries very broad, and of a fine silvery grey ; bill and feet yellow. Total length 12 inches, bill 12, wing 7, tail 5, tarsi 14. 4, On a New Species oF DENDROCHELIDON, OR TREE Swirr. By Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., erc. The highly interesting group of Tree Swifts forming the genus Dendrochelidon has recently been augmented by the discovery of a new species in Celebes by Mr. Wallace—the fifth of the form with which we are now acquainted—the four previously known being the splendid D. mystaceus of New Guinea and the Aru Islands, the D. comatus of Manilla and Malasia, the old D. klecho of Java, and the D. coronatus of India. The new species (which is the second in size, being only exceeded in this respect by the D. mystaceus) 1s, as already stated, from Macassar, Celebes ; it is most nearly allied to the D. comatus and D. klecho, but differs from both those birds in its much larger size, and in the deep-blue colouring of its shoulders and wings. ‘This bird, which I have named wallacii in honour of its discoverer, may be thus described :— DENDROCHELIDON WALLACII. Crown of the head deep green, with steel-blue reflexions ; lores black ; over each eye an indistinct stripe of greyish-white ; sides and back of the neck and the upper part of the back green, passing into grey on the lower part of the back and rump, which colour again passes into the bluish-green of the upper tail-coverts ; shoulders blue, with reflexions of green; primaries bluish-black, with green reflexions ; tertiaries greyish-white; tail bluish-black; throat and under surface grey, passing into greyish-white on the vent and under tail-coverts ; bill and feet olive. oon aies length 10 inches; bill, from gape to tip, 5; wing 72, Remark.—The usual chestnut-coloured mark immediately below the ear, indicative of the male, occurs in this as in the other mem- bers of the genus. Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of Crithragra brasiliensis, a na- tive of Brazil, forwarded to him by Mr. Stone of Brighthampton, which was shot in October last at Bampton in Oxfordshire, whilst in company with a flock of Sparrows. It had im all probability been brought to this country caged, but had evidently moulted since ob- taining its freedom. 101 5. On a New Genus or Goat-suCKER, AND ON A New SPECIES or ENICURUS, BOTH FROM DARJEELING, FROM THE COL- LECTION OF Brian H. Honeson, Esa. By Geo. R. Gray, F.L.S. (Aves, Pl. CLIT.) OroTuRix, G. R. Gray, gen. nov. This bird differs from the Indian Batrachostomi in the smallness of its bill, and in the general markings of its plumage, which agree in some measure with the species of true Podargus. The feathers over the upper mandible in front of the head and above the ears are much prolonged into fine hair-like bristles ; they are composed of a long slender stem, having very slender branches, springing from the sides at various distances, and thus agreeing with those of the Australian genus Aigotheles The bill is strong, with the nostrils situated like those of Batrachostomus, and of simi- lar form. These characters induce the proposal of a new division for this remarkably curious species, under the appellation of Ofothriz. OroTurRix HopGsONI. (PI. CLIT.) Head black, each feather banded and slightly margined with ru- fous-white; the back and wing-coverts ferruginous, mottled with black, and varied with occasional blotches of white; the quills, secondaries, and tertials brownish-black, marked on the outer and inner margins with blotches of rufous-white ; tail ferruginous, speckled with black, obliquely banded on each web with rufous- white, which is irregularly margined and marked with black, and tipped with black, slightly edged with white. Beneath the body white, tinged in some parts with rufous, and each feather irregularly marked at or near the tip with black. Total length 103", wings 51. Young bird.— Pale rufous, having each feather barred with black, a band over the eyes crossing the forehead, and some spots on the scapulars pure white. Under surface white, tinged with rufous, and barred with brown. This remarkable bird is named after Brian H. Hodgson, Esq., as it forms part of the enormous collection of Birds made by that gen- tleman in Northern India, especially Nepaul, Behar, &c., many of which were new to science. Some of these have been described by Mr. Hodgson in the ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society,’ &c., while others have been recently described in Dr. Hors- field’s ‘Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum of the East India Company.’ Not content with forming such large collections of skins, he, at the same time, had them represented in a series of in- structive drawings, introducing the sterna and other anatomical illus- trations of peculiarities in their organic structure; while many of them also show the formation of the nests, &c., most of which par- ticulars were hitherto unknown. ‘These collections together form a 102 series of materials for ornithologists that has been but rarely equalled by the collection of any other naturalist of late years. We are therefore well warranted in designating this singular bird in honour of Mr. Hodgson, as showing our appreciation of his labours in the cause of ornithological science. Enicurus nicrirrons, Hodgs. Black ; upper tail-coverts, a band across the middle of each wing, the base of the middle feathers and the two outer feathers of tail, and under surface white; the throat and breast mottled with black and white ; bill black ; legs pale yellow. Total length 6", wings 2" 11'", tarsi 1". This species is easily distinguished from all the rest of the species of Enicurus by the black forehead and mottled breast. 6. On tHE Sea Bear oF Foster, THE URSUS MARINUS OF STELLER, ARCTOCEPHALUS URSINUS OF AuTHORS. By Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P. Ent. Soc. (Mammalia, Pl. LX VIII.) Steller figures and describes a large Seal under the name of Ursus marinus (Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 331, t. 15), which is the author- ity for the Ursine Seal of Pennant (Quad. ii. 526) and Phoca ursina of Schreber, Gmelin, and most succeeding authors. Forster, in Cook’s ‘ Second Voyage’ (i. 203), appears to speak of the same animal under the name of “Sea Bear.” I had not been able to see a specimen of this species in any of the Museums which I had examined on the Continent or in En- gland, or to find a skull of the genus from the Northern Pacific Ocean; yet I felt so assured, from Steller’s description and the geo- graphical position, that it must be distinct from the Eared Fur-Seals from the Antarctic Ocean and Australia, with which it has been usually confounded, that in my ‘Catalogue of Seals in the Col- lection of the British Museum,’ I regarded it as a distinct species under the name of Arctocephalus ursinus, giving an abridgment of Steller’s description as its specific character. The British Museum has just received, under the name Otaria leonina, from Amsterdam, a specimen of the Sea Bear from Behring’s Straits, which was obtained from St. Petersburg. It is evidently not an Otaria, but a true Arctocephalus, and agrees in all its cha- racters with the Sea Bear, Ursus marinus of Steller, and not with the Sea Lion or Leo marinus of that author, which is called Otaria stelleri in my catalogues, and was confounded with Otaria leonina of the Southern Pacific Ocean by Nilsson and most modern authors. The latter animal is still a desideratum in the British Museum and other European Collections. The skin is 8 feet long, and agrees in all particulars with Steller’s 103 description of the adult male of the species, and is most distinct in external character and colour from the Fur-Seal (4. falklandicus) of the Falkland Islands and of A. lobatus from Australia. The skull is equally distinct from the various skulls of all the species of the genus Arctocephalus (both Fur- and Hair-Seals) which are in the collection of the British Museum, and is easily known from them by the shortness of the face and the height and convexity of the nose. See Plate LX VIII. The skull of this specimen is quite distinct from the skull of the Arctocephalus gilliespii of California, recently described by Dr. Mac Bain in the ‘ Proceedings of the Physical Society of Edinburgh,’ under the name of Otaria gilliespii, from a skull in the Edmburgh Natural History Museum, of which we have a cast in the British Museum: but we are not able to ascertain with certainty whether this is aFur- or Hair-Seal, though, from the length of the palate, compared with the width of the skull at the hinder grinders, I am induced to believe that it may belong to an animal which has a soft under fur. This proves that the Seals from the different parts of the West Coast of America are distinct from each other, each specimen having a specific geographical range. ARCTOCEPHALUS URSINUS. Northern Fur-Seal. Adult male grey-black ; hair of the back long, black, reddish, with a subterminal band and a short grey tip ; under fur short, woolly, red; the hair of the neck and front of the body longer, forming a kind of mane; lips and nose reddish; whiskers very long, strong, white, smooth, tapering to a fine point. Skull short, forehead very convex and rounded. Hab. Behring’s Straits. T may state that the name Arctocephalus ursinus is usually applied to the various species of Eared Fur-Seals found in the ditferent English and Continental Museums. 7. DESCRIPTION oF A New Specirs oF Fisu, PrRIsTETHUS RIEFFELI. By Pror. Dr. Kaur. (Pisces, Pl. VIII.) This new species is an inhabitant of the seas of China and perhaps Japan, and shows, with a species of Japan and two of the Moluccas, that the Mediterranean species is not so isolated as we have hitherto believed. The genus Peristethus (Peristedion) is to be placed in the middle of the subfamily Trigline, and connects the similar forms of Dac- tyloptera with those which are near to the genus T'rigla. The highest genera, Cephalacanthus and Dactyloptera, have no separated rays on the pectorals, a thorn-shaped prolongation of the preopercle, and a normal covering of scales without a trace of lateral line. 104 The lowest group shows also a high head, less obtuse, and three free articulated rays on the pectorals, small scales, and a distinct lateral line. To this section belong Prionotus and Trigla. The genus Peristethus, which connects both groups, has only two articulated rays before the pectorals ; and before the commencement of the small fureated caudal are three carinated scales, of which there are two only in Dactyloptera. The strongly-armed body is without a lateral line. From these characters, this genus is more allied to the last than the first group. As in Trigla lyra, the snout is fureated, and along the dorsal line is a series of elevated thorns, hy which the dorsals are placed in a more or less deep furrow. If we see marks enough to connect Peristethus with one or the other group, there is also a series of characters by which this genus differs from all the others. Peristethus shows no trace of teeth in either jaw; and the symphysis of the lower jaw has fringed skin-flaps, more or less moveable, hanging downwards. The head is long and very compressed, with two fork-shaped prolongations on the end of the snout. Every part of this fork is rough on the mar- gins, and on its lower part ave four cavities covered with a thin transparent skin. The long head is only three times the length of the body ; and the body has a pyramidal form with eight sides. Al! the scales are connected one with another, and have in the middle a thorn directed backwards. The pectorals are of middle length, not quite reaching the ventrals, and show only two free fingers. The over-breast and belly are of two shields, with a serrated suture in the middle, and elevated on the margins ; the first shield is larger and longer than the second, which is rarely separated in two. The dorsal commences on the second ring of the body and reaches not quite to tie end of the body. The males are distinguished by the first rays of the dorsal being thin, filiform, and elongated. This is the case in the European species ; and the others are no exception. The anal commences next the anal ring, and is as long as the second dorsal. The colour is red; but this colour changes after death to a dirty ochreous-yellow. The flesh of the smaller species is very dry and is not used. The Mediterranean species is not rare, but the fishermen take it only as a curiosity. The cavities in the two branches of the fork make it very weak and fragile ; and most examples of these fishes have lost one or both parts of their fork. In quite perfect specimens we never find the fork longer than an mch ; therefore the horned fish of Pliny must be distinct from the Mediterranean fish. This horned fish of Pliny had horns of 18 inches in length, and is, according to the opinion of Cuvier and Valenciennes, the Cephaloptera, which Rondelet has never seen or described. It is, in fact, curious, that the old authors never mention the Cataphractus,—the reason probably being its rare appearance, its smallness, and its bad flesh. 105 As I always place the smallest forms with the most rounded skull at the head, and give the bird-types with the largest pectorals, which enable these forms to fly, the second place, and as I see in the Peristethus the bone- or reptile-fish, and in Prionotus the real fish- type, my arrangement of the genera in this little subfamily is as follows :— I. CEPHALACANTHUS. II. DacryLopTERa. Ill. Peristetruus. IV. Prionorus. Vie DRiewa. After this preface, we proceed to distinguish the different species of Genus III. Peristetuus (PERISTEDION*). PeRISTETHUS CATAPHRACTUS. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.) Peristedion cataphractum, Lac. P. cataphractum (3) et chabrontera (@), Risso, iti. p. 402. Octonus holosteon, Raf. Trigla hispanorum chabrontera, Osb. Trigla hamata, Bl. Schn. Malarmat, Rond. p. 237 (3), excellent fig. ; Cuvier & Val. iv. p- 101 (od), excellent fig. Peristedion malamart, Yarr. p. 67 (3 ), excellent fig. This figure of Bloch, t. 49 (3), is bad, shows too many scales and rays in the second dorsal. Diagn.—Front with three thorns. Eye-covers with thorns. Pre- opercle leaf-shaped, without prolongation. The length of the head to the breadth under the middle of the eyes as 2,4: 1. Breadth of the head nearly equal to its height, measured under the eyes. The forks more or less divergent. Not exceeding the length of a foot. Common in the Mediter- ranean, more rare in the Channel. PERISTETHUS ORIENTALIS. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2.) Peristedion orientale, T. & Schleg. Fn. Jap. t. xiv. f. 5, 6; t. xv. sian Similar in length to P. cataphractus, but without thorns on the front, and eye-covering. A female, besides the short rays of the first dorsal, shows the ventral shield separated into two, which is abnor- mal. On the symphysis are three small skin prolongations, and behind it a longer one. I find the true specific character in the form of the head, and therefore doubt whether the number of the rays shows a great dif- ference from the other species. * The name Peristedion is wrongly formed. 106 PERISTETHUS RIEFFELI, Kaup. (Pl. VIII. fig. 3.) Thorns on the front, not on the eye-margins ; parts of the fork broader, and convergent towards the end. The breadth of the head is to the length as 1:12. The height of the head not quite half the breadth. The thorn-shaped prolongation of the preopercle not comparable with those of P. cataphractus and P. orientalis. The eyes are proportionately smaller, the front narrower and more con- cave, than in P. cataphractus and P. orientalis. When we compare its head with those of the other species, we are led to believe that such a head belongs to a larger fish, which, however, is not the case. Our fish is scarcely larger than a large individual of P. cataphractus. In one cavity of the eye of a dry example I found a piece of China paper with the written characters of the country. From that, and the maceration and the varnish, I believe that this example came in an insect-box from China; it is, judging by the short rays of the first dorsal, a female. I have named this very interesting species in honour of the me- mory of my true and excellent friend De Rieffel, who has done so much for our Museum and University. Besides these smaller species of Peristethus, there appear to be two mentioned by older authors, which attain an immense size. The first I call PERISTETHUS GIGAS. Length 3 feet, of which the head is one-third. In Valentyn, ‘Oud en nieuw Ostindien,’ tom. ni. p. 363, fig. 55, is a fish mentioned and figured under the name Tkan Scythan Merah (Red Devil Fish), which belongs, according to Cuvier, to this genus. A bad plate of this is also given in Renard’s ‘ Poissons et Ecre- visses,’ fig. 67. What makes me doubt whether Renard copied the engraving of Valentyn, is that on the surface of the fork are cavities covered with membranes, which we do not see in the figure of Valentyn. Therefore I believe that both authors used one and the same painting belonging to another collection, made at Amboyna, These cavities on the upperside of the bifurcated snout, which we find in the better known species on the underside, permit us to hazard two conjectures. Either this species has these cavities on both sides of the fork, or, by the mistake of the first drawer, the cavities of the under side are erroneously placed on the upper side. According to Renard, this fish reaches the length of 8 feet 7 inches ; but this does not agree with the assertion of Valentyn. According to the latter, the flesh of this fish is dry and without flavour ; Renard says it is similar to that of the Sturgeon. The last opinion is cer- tainly not founded on experience, but on the analogy of this fish with the Sturgeon. I have more confidence in old Valentyn than Renard, and consequently think that the size of 8 feet is an exaggeration, and that the length given by Valentyn is the more exact. Another species, not yet rediscovered, 107 PERISTETHUS BREVIFU RCATUS, is figured, according to Cuvier and Valenciennes, in Cornelius v. Vlaming’s Manuscript, nos. 165, 166. This fish is called Sturgeon of Banda, and has the fork of the snout not more largely developed than in Trigla lyra. Like P. gigas, it grows to a considerable size. A third species is mentioned by Cuvier in few words: ‘ Ainsi l’on doit croire qu’il y a dans la mer des Indes une espéce de ce genre différente de la nétre.”’ This third species of Cuvier is perhaps P. orientalis, or my new P. rieffelt. February 22nd, 1859. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On tHe Earep Seat or THE Carve or Goop Hore (Oraria DELALANDII). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. (Mammalia, Pl. LXITX.-LXX.) At the preceding meeting, I gave an account of the Eared Seal from Behring’s Straits, showing that it was distinct from the species found in other localities. I have since received from Paris a fine specimen of an adult Hared Seal from the Cape of Good Hope, which has been described in the Catalogue as Phoca, or Otaria delalandii. Like the Seal from Behring’s Straits, it proves to be a species of Arec- tocephalus, and, like it, is quite distinct from any of the species of that genus in the British Museum, being well characterized by the form and structure of the skull. It is, like the Behring’s Straits Seal, a Fur-Seal ; that is to say, it has a close coat of red under-fur at the roots of the rigid flattened hair; but this under-fur is much shorter and less abundant in the adult specimen now under examination than in the adult specimen of the Eared Fur-Seal from Behring’s Straits, or in the Eared Fur- Seal of the Falkland Islands. The adult is about the same size as the Seal from the Arctic Circle, but is much paler in its general colour. . ARCTOCEPHALUS DELALANDII. (Pl. LXIX.) Hair rigid, under-fur small in quantity, reddish-brown ; the hinder part of the palate with a deep narrow cavity, acutely angular in front. Junior ? Le petit phoque, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xii. 341, t. 53. Little Seal, Penn. Quad. 243, from Buffon. Phoca parva, Bodd. Elench. 78, from Buffon. Phoca pusilla, Schreb. Saugeth. 314, t. 85, from Buffon. 108 Otaria pusilla, Desm. N. Dict. xxv. 600. Otaria peronii, Desm. Mamm. 250, 382; Encye. Méthod. t. 111. f. 2, from Buffon. Loup-marin, Pagés, Voy. aut. du Monde, ii. 32. Adult. Otaria delalandi, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 423 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 220, t. 18. f. 15, skull. Phoca pusilla, part, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 232. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 220) observes that Delalande brought from the Cape a young specimen 3 feet 6 inches long, of a reddish-grey colour, the ends of the hairs annulated with grey and blackish, rather paler beneath—the whiskers strong, simple, and black—the feet black—the under-fur soft, woolly,—and two skeletons of young, and the skull of an adult specimen. This skull is figured (Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 18. f. 5); but unfortunately, the palate, which is the most characteristic part of the skull, is not figured nor described. The palate of the skull of the younger specimen is described thus :— “Le palais est plus ¢troit, se porte plus en arriére et est échancré. par un angle plus aigu.” Buffon notices a young Seal, which he calls the petit phoque (vol. xiii. t. 53), on which the Phoca pusilla of Schreber and suc- ceeding authors has been founded, which is probably the young of this species. Daubenton states (Hist. Nat. xii. 413) that the specimen figured by Buffon came from India; but it is probable that it was brought from the Cape of Good Hope in a ship coming from India. No Seal has as yet been described as inhabiting the coast of India. Fischer confounded with Phoca pusilla of Buffon a Seal from Rottennest Island, on the eastern coast of Australia (Syn. Mamm. 232). As the British Museum has a good series of skulls of this genus, I am induced to add the following synopsis of the species, charac- terized by the peculiarities of the skull alone. I. Face of skull short. Forehead convex, regularly rounded from the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex. Lower jaw short, thick. ARCTOCEPHALUS URSINUS. Arctocephalus ursinus, Gray, Cat. Phocidee B.M. 41, et P.Z.S. antea, p. 103. Palate rather concave in front, narrowed and flattened behind, with a deep narrow hinder aperture, which has a regular ovate front edge ; outer upper cutting-teeth moderate ; orbit very large; zygoma very strong ; grinders-small. Hab. Behring’s Straits. : A skull of the adult male specimen here described, and from which the figure (Pl. LX VIII.) is taken. 109 II. Face ef skull moderately elongated. Forehead rather conver, slightly rounded from nasal bone to vertex. Lower jaw elon- gated, slender. ARCTOCEPHALUS HOOKERI. Arctocephalus hookeri, Gray, l.c.p.45; Voy. Erebus and Terror, t. skull. Palate deeply concave in front, narrow and rather concave behind, with a deep hinder aperture, which has a transverse truncated front edge with a slight central lobe directed backward; outer upper cutting-teeth very large, conical, acute; orbit moderate; zygoma slender ; angle of jaw bent inwards. Hab. Falkland Islands (and Cape Horn 2). ‘The skull of four half-grown specimens. They are all very uni- form in their characters. We have also the skull of a very young Seal which appears to be- long to the same species. In three of the skulls the outer upper cutting-teeth are very large and acute, more than half the size of the canines, and like them in form. In one skull (perhaps of a female?) the upper outer canines are much smaller and more slender, not half the size of the same teeth in the other skulls of the same size, and the canines themselves are also much more slender; the front of the palate is also more concave. III. Face of skull moderately elongated ; forehead flattened from nasal bone to the vertex. Lower jaw rather short, strong. ARCTOCEPHALUS DELALANDII. Otaria delalandii, F¥. Cuvier. Face rather short; palate concave, hinder aperture narrow, with ayrather acute ovate anterior edge; teeth large; lower jaw short, strong. ' Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Two skulls of adults from the Cape (Pl. LXIX.); and one half- grown, habitat unknown. These skulls agree in the form of the hinder palatine opening, but vary in other respects a little from each other: the two adult ones differ in the aperture of one being wider and shorter than that of the other ; in the young skull the front edge of the aperture is more acute in the centre than in either of the others ; the outer cutting-teeth of the upper jaw are large, but much smaller than the very large canines. ARCTOCEPHALUS NIGRESCENS. Arctocephalus mgrescens, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. f. , skull (inedit.). Face rather elongate. Palate slightly concave, flat behind, hinder aperture narrow, with a nearly straight front edge. Hab. Falkland Islands? 110 A single skull from a half-grown specimen. This skull is very like that of 4. delalandii, but differs consider- ably in the form of the front edge of the hinder palatine aperture : the outer cutting-teeth and the canines are moderately slender, and similar in form ; but the latter are much the larger. ARCTOCEPHALUS LOBATUS. Arctocephalus lobatus, Gray, Cat. Phocide B.M. p. 44. Face moderately elongate ; palate deeply concave, narrowed be- hind, hinder aperture with a semicircular front edge ; lower jaw rather short, strong. Hab. Australia, Port Essington. Houtman’s Abrolhos. The canines are very large and strong; the outer upper cutting- teeth are large and compressed. ARCTOCEPHALUS GILLIESPII. Otaria gilliespti, Macbain, Rep. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1858. The face much elongated; palate slithtly concave, front edge of the hinder aperture ovate ; lower jaw elongate, strong. Hab. California. We have a cast of the original skull described by Dr. Macbam, now in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, from which the figure (Pl. LXX.) is taken. The species is at once known by the length of the face: that is, in all the skulls of the genus we have, a line drawn across the palate at the front edge of the zygomatic arch leaves one-third of the palate behind the line, and two-thirds in front of it; while in this species it leaves only one-fourth behind, and very nearly three-fourths in front of the line. The skull has only four grinders on each side in the upper jaw, but one has evidently fallen out in front of the series and one be- hind ; but the fifth grinder of the complete series, which is usually in a line with the front edge of the zygomatic opening, is in this species rather in front of it. The Eared Seals (Arctocephali) have been divided into Fur- and Hair- (Kared) Seals by the sealers. 4. hookeri and A. lobatus are ~ called Hair Seals, because they are destitute of any under-fur: but this appears to be the case only with the older specimens; for the young of 4. lobatus is said to be covered with soft fur, which falls off when the next ccat of hair is developed. ‘The under-fur is well developed in the adult specimens of 4. ursinus and A. delalandii and the half-grown specimen of A. nigrescens, and entirely absent in the adult 4. hookert and half-grown dA. lobatus in the Museum Col- lection. 111 2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SPECIES OF TANIA. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. (Annulosa, Pl. LVI.) TANIA SULCICEPS. Caput tetragonum, magnum, acetabulis anticis lateralibus, orbi- cularibus, longe segregatis, sulco interposito. Proboscis nulla. Os terminale inerme. Collum longum, lave. Articuli supremi breviores ; deinde longiores, infundibuliformes, angusti; late- ribus undulatis, crenatis. Aperture genitales marginales, uni- laterales. Hab. In intestinis Diomedee exulantis. Longitudo exemplorum in possessione nostra, quee sunt fragmenta solum, unciz tredecim. In Museo Britannico. The colour of this Tape-worm is a straw-yellow. The head is tetragonal in shape, large; and the neck is long, measuring nearly two or three lines, and quite smooth. Upon minute inspection, I could discover no trace of a proboscis ; and the mouth was destitute of hooks of any kind. The joints of the body are small at first, be- coming larger as they descend ; but even when full-grown are narrow, somewhat undulated on the margin, and slightly but irregularly crenated. The suckers on the head are of considerable size, round in shape, and are separated from each other by a rather deep fur- row. ‘The genital orifices are situated on the lower margin of each joint, and are all on the same side. None of the specimens are quite perfect ; but there are two or three fragments, each about 13 inches in length. This Tapeworm was taken by Mr. Edward Gerrard of the British Museum from the intestines of the Albatros (Diomedea exulans), and is now in the collection of Entozoa in the British Museum. The Secretary read the following notice of the habits of the Aye- Aye of Madagascar (Chiromys madagascariensis) by Humphrey Sandwith, Esq., C.B., Colonial Secretary of the island of Mauritius, being a communication made on the 28th of January last, by Dr. Sandwith, to the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of that island, of which he is President :-— “Tl y a déja quelque temps que le grand naturaliste Owen m’a écrit pour me prier de lui procurer un spécimen de cet animal, si cela m’était possible, car le Musée Britannique n’en posséde ni les os ni la peau. Tout petit et insigmifiant que soit le Musée du Port- Louis par le nombre de ses spécimens, il est sous ce rapport plus riche que Yimmense collection de curiosités du Musée Britannique, puisqu ‘il posséde un AyE-Ave empaillé qui, par sa pose et le soin qu on a pris pour le conserver, fait beaucoup @ honneur a Pempail- leur qui l’a préparé. 112 ** Maintenant, Messieurs, lorsque lon examine cette petite créa- ture, on se demande naturellement dans quelle classe du régne animal on doit la placer. Tout homme qui ne connait pas Vhistoire natu- relle dira de suite: C’est un Maki, ou en d’autres termes un Lemur, et certes, je ne pense pas qu'il soit bien éloigné de la vérite, quoique Cuvier lait rangé, comme il doit l’étre, dans la famille des rongeurs, et ait classé avec l’écureuil et le rat. Il y a sans doute de bonnes raisons pour le ranger avec le Maki, autrement dit le Lemur, puis- qu’en premier lieu, il nous vient du seul pays ott se trouve le Lemur, ensuite aucun rongeur ne posséde la rotation des os de lavant-bras et ne peut comme homme mouvoir ses membres séparément et s’en servir comme dinstruments pour prendre les objets, particularité que lon remarque chez les Quadrumanes ; et certes, aucun rongeur n’a les quatre pouces, ceux des pieds de derriére meme, libres et op- posables aux autres doigts; ce fait donne encore a cet animal du rapport avec le singe et le Maki et prouve qu'il est destiné 4 grimper sur les arbres. “D’aprés ce que je viens de vous dire, il doit étre placé dans la classe des Lemurs, surtout puisqu’il nous arrive de Madagascar ; mais nous pourrions bien changer d’opinion aprés lui avoir examiné la bouche. “Or, je vous ferai observer qu'il ressemble au Lemur autant par les mouvements et la forme du corps que par la queue et les pieds ; cependant, si vous l’examinez attentivement, vous verrez qu'il existe une bien grande différence entre ses pieds et ceux du Lemur: Les doigts que lon pourrait appeler les index du Maki sont pourvus dune griffe, tandis que les autres doigts ont les ongles plats comme ceux d’un étre humain ou d’un singe. Vous voyez ici des griffes trés bizarres qui ne peuvent étre comparées 4 celles d’aucun autre animal: elles conviennent éminemment aux habitudes de PAvr Ayr comme les griffes du Lemur sont appropriées 4 ses habitudes; mais elles sont bien différentes. C’est une preuve de plus que la nature se plait 4 tout varier méme lorsqu’elle a en vue les mémes résultats. Le pelage de cet animal est aussi moins laineux que celui du Lemur ; mais c’est en approchant de la téte que vous apercevez une grande différence entre ces deux animaux. “« D’abord, , permettez- moi d’appeler votre attention sur la forme de la téte. A premiére vue, elle vous semble étre celle d’un animal nocturne. Ses oreilles grandes et nues ressemblant beaucoup a celles dune chauve-souris sont faites de maniére 4 pouvoir saisir le plus léger bruit dans le silence de la nuit. Je dois avouer que je fus un peu embarrassé sur ce point, cet animal n’étant point carnassier comme le chat, qui est obligé d’écouter le bruit des pas des petits animaux pour s’élancer sur eux; il est au contraire apparemment frugivore, mais sans doute il ne lest pas exclusivement, autrement ses dents ressembleraient a celles du singe, au moins il n’aurait pas besoin de grandes incisives. Remarquez que ses dents sont formées de maniére 4 pouvoir ronger le bois le plus dur; elles n’ont d’émail que sur le devant, de sorte que la partie postérieure du bout des dents suse beaucoup plus vite que la partie antérieure et leur donne 113 la forme incliné d’un ciseau. Les pulpes qui les forment sont pro- bablement persistantes comme celles des autres rongeurs, de sorte que les dents poussent aussi vite de la racine qu’elles s’usent 4 leurs extrémités. La machoire inférieure comme celle des autres ron- geurs se meut évidemment au moyen d’un condyle longitudinal, de maniére 4 empécher tout mouvement horizontal, si ce n’est de lar- ricre 4 l’avant et vice versa. “Voici done un rongeur trés fort, ayant louie trés fine (combi- naison qui me porte a ajouter foi au récit des habitants de Mada- gascar qui prétendent que cet animal écoute le bruit que fait le ver en mangeant un arbre intérieurement, qu’ensuite il ronge le bois jusqu’ a ce qu'il ait atteint le ver et qu’au moyen de cette phalange trés effilée, il le retire du bois); mais on peut en dire autant des autres rongeurs. Ces animaux surtout: la souris, le leévre, le lapin et un animal encore plus gros, le Chinchilla de ’ Amérique méridio- nale, outre des dents trés fortes destinées 4 ronger, sont doués d’une ouie trés fine, mais ces animaux vivent dans une crainte continuelle des plus gros carnivores. I] leur faut donc une ouie trés fine pour les avertir de Papproche du danger; tandis que le Cheiromys ou Aye-Aye, vivant sur les arbres, dans un pays ow il n’y a pas de Carnivores d’une grandeur dangereuse, n’a rien a craindre des attaques de ses ennemis; louie de cet animal lui servirait donc a attaquer plutét qu’a se défendre. “Or, Messieurs, j’étais arrivé a ce point de mes observations, et jugeant d’aprés la nourriture supposée de ? Avr-AvyE et sa confor- mation générale, plutot que d’aprés ses habitudes et ses dents, je Pavais nourri de bananes et de dattes, pensant avec raison que puis- qwil est destiné 4 vivre sur les arbres et qwil n’a pas de dents canines, loin d’étre carnivore, il doit étre frugivore et insectivore, lorsqu’un soir je le lachai dans mon salon et j’observai tous ses mouvements. I] était trés curieux a voir, grimpant sur les chaises et les tables et regardant avec attention le bois de chaque meuble. Pendant qu "il examinait la cloison, j’entendais constamment un bruit léger qui se renouvelait trés rapidement et je fus quelque temps avant d’en découvrir la cause. Enfin, je remarquai que de temps en temps ce petit animal donnait rapidement de légers coups qui pro- duisaient unt son vibrant avec le second doigt, ce membre effilé et gréle qui ressemble 4 un fil de fer recourbé et au moyen duquel on prétend qu’il retire les vers des arbres. Pendant quwil frappait ainsi le bois, il semblait écouter attentivement. Une fois comme il tra- versait ma chambre, apres avoir ainsi frappé le parquet, il se mit tout- a-coup a déchirer la natte avec les dents. Comme je n’étais pas disposé a le laisser rien détruire, je fus obligé de le chasser, mais je demeurai convaincu qu il mange réellement, comme on le raconte, les vers qwil retire du bois. De sorte que vous avez maintenant chez les animaux ce qu’est le pic chez les oiseaux; car celui-ci, quoique insectivore, strictement parlant, vit aussi de fruits et méme d ceuts. “Une autre particularité trés remarquable de cette petite eréature, c’est sa maniére de boire. Ayant placé une cuvette d’eau devant lui, No. 391.—PRocrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 114 j observai ses mouvements: I] s’approche du vase, étendit le bras et y ayant plongé son doigt effild, il le passa ensuite obliquement dans sa bouche. I] renouvelait ce mouvement avec une telle rapidité que Veau semblait couler du vase 4 sa bouche. Il me semble que cette singuliére maniére de boire est celle qui lui convient le mieux pour puiser l’eau dans le creux des arbres, reservoirs naturels ot il va sans doute étancher sa soif. « J’ai suivi le systéme de Cuvier et placé cet animal dans l’ordre des rongeurs, et cependant, Messieurs, cette classification-ci aussi bien que toute autre que vous seriez disposés 4 adopter, ne semble-t- elle pas inexacte? La nourriture joue sans doute un réle trés im- portant, quelques personnes mémes disent le plus important dans la vie; or, les dents étant des organes les plus nécessaires pour manger, si nous les prenons comme mode de classification, 11 faut avouer que nous rencontrerons d’étranges contrastes. Kn effet, est-il possible un seul instant de comparer cet animal au rat par ses habitudes, par sa forme ou son aspect ? Combien sa queue est différente du membre écailleux du Castor et quel contraste frappant entre les habitudes aquatiques de lun et les dispositions grimpantes de lautre! Et cependant, parce que ces deux animaux rongent le bois et ont tous deux des dents en forme de lime, on les range improprement dans la méme classe. Loin de moi, Messieurs, Pidée de critiquer Cuvier ou de trouver a redire 4 quelque chose qu’ait avancé ce géant de la science naturelle, je ne fais ici que vous indiquer combien il est im- possible d’arriver 4 une classification complete. “Quant a moi, Messieurs, si je pouvais mettre de cdté les entraves de la science et réussir a oublier tout ce que j’ai appris, je m’hésite- rais pas un seul instant 4 appeler cet animal une nouvelle espéce de Lemur, pour cette raison bien simple: que bien qu'il ressemble au Rat ou au Castor sous un rapport, savoir, la forme des dents, il res- semble au Lemur sous presque tous les autres rapports: d’abord par son apparence en général, eusuite par son corps long et élancé, par lhabitude de grimper sur les arbres, par la forme de ses griffes et surtout par sa queue longue et touffue. I] a de plus des particu- larités que lon ne rencontre pas chez le Lemur; elles ressemblent sans doute 4 celles d’autres animaux, je vous les ai déja signalées. Ses dents, par exemple, ressemblent a celles d’un rongeur, ses oreilles et ses yeux 4 ceux d’une chauve-souris, car étant un animal noc- turne, il faut que tous les rayons de lumiére se concentrent dans sa prunelle qui est aussi grande que celle du chat, et son ouie l’aide sans doute. - Ayant entendu dire que les naturels de Madagascar affirment que cet animal mange les moutouks et qu’il se sert de son doigt effilé pour les retirer du bois, je ne crus pas implicitement cette histoire, sachant du reste quels contes absurdes on débite sur les habitudes des oiseaux et des bétes. Les paysans d’ Angleterre, par exemple, croient fermement que le hérisson suce le lait des vaches, et l’en- goule-vent, dit vulgairement ‘ crapaud volant’ ou tette-chévre, celui des chévres, mais quoique lon doive accepter ces idées populaires eum grano salis, il y a tout lieu de rechercher si les habitudes que 115 Yon attribue 2 ?Ayn-Aye sont en harmonie avec sa conformation, Or je ne voyais pas pourquoi il ne mangerait pas les vers des arbres, quoique je ne comprisse pas pourquoi il se servirait du second doigt pour les retirer de leurs trous, ne pensant pas qu'il pit ou percer ou retirer le ver. Cependant, j’eus bientdt occasion de vérifier la vérité de cette assertion. Ayant trouvé des branches d’arbres mangées par les vers, je les plagai dans sa cage et j’observai ses mouvements. Je le vis bient6t grimper sur une des branches et P examiner attentive- ment ; ensuite inclinant les oreilles en avant et appliquant le nez 4 Pécorce, il la frappa rapidement avec ce curieux deuxiéme doigt, comme le pic frappe l’arbre, quoiqu’il fit bien moins de bruit. De temps en temps il intreduisait le bout du doigt effilé dans les trous des vers, comme ferait un chirurgien d’une sonde. II arriva enfin 4 une partie de la branche qui rendit évidemment un son intéressant, car il se mit 4 la déchirer de ses fortes dents. 1 eut bientot enlevé Pécorce, coupé le bois et mis 4 nu le trou d’un ver qu’il retira déli- eatement avec son doigt effilé et le porta &4sa bouche. J’observai ses mouvements avec beaucoup d’intérét et je fus frappé de la ma- nicre merveilleuse dont cet animal est douéd par rapport 4 ses habi- tudes. D’abord son ouie si fine qui le met 4 méme de bien distin- guer les différents sons que font rendre au bois les légers coups qu’il lui donne, ensuite son odorat trés subtil pour laider sans doute dans ses recherches, sa marche assurée sur les branches flexibles aux- quelles il se cramponnait 4 l'aide de ses membres de quadrumane, ses fortes dents de rongeur qui lui permettent de déchirer le bois le plus dur, enfin ce curieux petit doigt qui ne ressemble & celui d’aucun autre animal et dont il se servit tour-a-tour comme d’un plessimétre, d’une sonde et dune curette. a découverte des habitudes d’un animal aussi rare est réellement une bonne aubaine pour le natura- liste, bien que nos recherches, en apparence pudriles, puissent faire sourire ’ homme d'affaires. March 8, 1859. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Descrirprion oF an Arracus FROM THE East INpDixs, HITHERTO APPARENTLY UNRECORDED. By ApAm WuiteE, Assist. Zoou. Der. Brit. Mus. (Annulosa, Pl. LVIT.) ATTACUS EDWARDSII, n. s. (Pl. LVII.) A. fusco-brunneus, colore saturatiore quam in ATTACO ATLANTR ; 116 fenestris ad basin rectis, syuamulis ochraceis cireumdatis, sepi- mentis albis alarum latioribus: alis externe lineis duabus, rivu- losis seu undatis, ochreis et nigro-fuscis. Hab. In Indize mont. (Dhargeeling). Bombyx heec distinctissima, Professori Milne-Edwards clarissimo, a descriptore dedicatur, ‘in memoriam.” This fine insect comes next to the well-known Attacus atlas, but may at once be distinguished from it by its intensely dark colour, especially on that band, bounded by angled and curved, white, defined lines, in which the fenestree occur. This band is of a dark blackish- brown, passing into a rich chestnut-brown above the fenestree of the upper wings and on their posterior margin ; the inner margin of the lower wings is of this red-brown also ; the fenestree are not bounded by a margin of black scales as in Attacus atlas, but by ochreous yellow squamulation; the part of the fenestra towards the base of the wings, which in Attacus atlas is curved convexly, is in Attacus _edwardsii straight ; the fenestra is longer, the white lines on the wings, breaking up the brown so beautifully, are wider, and that on the lower wing is less scolloped than in Attacus atlas ; the mar- gin of the lower wing on the outside has two much-waved lines, the imner is yellow, with thirteen or fourteen undulations, continued on the upper wing till it leaves off where the wing is dilated into the lobe, which gives the wing its hooked-like character ; the lower line is brownish-black, and is straight, except in six places, where the black runs up the nerves triangularly to a point, and meets two of the yellow lobes, which are conjugate. The figure will show this and the other markings better than any description. This insect belongs to that largest group of Bombycide, the co- coons of some of the species of which have been long used in India for the production of coarseish kinds of silk. One of these has been introduced into Algeria, Spain, Italy, and France, where the Ricinus communis, its food-plant, grows readily. The numerous valuable papers of M. Guérin-Méneville must be consulted, to show with what success the experiments have been made. It is not from want of energy, ability, and desire on the part of those who have tried to introduce it, that their endeavours have not been more successful. No silk is likely to supersede that of the old Bombyx morz, even al- though Bombyx huttoni and Bombyx horsfieldii be congeneric. The Silkworm seems, like the sheep, cow, and horse, to have been made for man. All our attempts are, or seem to be, in the main, unsuc- cessful to introduce new silk-producers—new domestic animals. They were created domesticated. 7 2. DESCRIPTIONS OF UNRECORDED SPECIES oF AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA OF THE FAmiLics CaRABIDe, BUPRESTIDS, LAMELLICORNIA, Lonercornia, ETC. By ApAm Wuirts, Assist. Zoou. Depart. Brit. Mus. (Annulosa, Pl. LVIII., LIX.) CaTApromus, Macl. CaTADROMUS ELSEYI. (PI. LVIII. fig. 3.) C. nitido-ater ; thorace elytrisque viridi marginatis; thorace postice subquadrato; pectore ante propedes, lateraliter viso, recto; elytrorum basi, ad suturam, et pone scutellum, utrinque quadri-punctata. Hab. In Australia boreali. This fine Beetle was found on the Upper Victoria, Australia, in lat. 17° 30'S.,in April 1856, by the lamented Mr. Elsey, the Surgeon of Mr. Gregory’s famous Exploratory Expedition. It is as large as Catadromus tenebrioides, Macleay (Ann. Jav. p. 18, Carabus t., Oliv.) ; the pectus, as in that species, is notched deeply in one sex, as Mr. Ford’s admirable figure shows, less deeply in the other. It is an insect with the same long elytra as in that Javan species and in the Australian C. australis, differing from the C. caraboides from Australia, in which the elytra are much shorter. PLATYSMA. PuatysMA sturTIH. (PI. LVIII. fig. 1.) P. mgerrime levigatum; thorace antice latiore quam longo ; elytrorum lateribus basi et ante apicem dilatatis ; dorso sul- cato-striato, interstitis depresso-convexis. Hab. In Australia interiore. Mr. Bakewell kindly gave to the Museum this species: it was found with the following, after a violent flood, and was washed from the plains of the interior into the province of Victoria. I have given to it the name of the great Australian explorer, Capt. Sturt. PLaTysMA FLINDERSII. (PI. LVIII. fig. 2.) P. thorace elongatulo, lateribus rectiusculis ; elytrorum basi ca- yina abbreviata, lateraliter extensa. - Hab. In Australia interiore. Found at the same time as the last. Both seem to be females, and nearly resemble each other: the thorax in this is much more elongate, the shortish outstanding keel at the base is not extended . so far down the elytron at the side as in the last; but the general flattened character of the elytra and their dilated hind margin nearly agrees with it. They may be sexes of the same species. The first joint of the antennze is longer than the rest, somewhat as in Trigonotoma. I have named it after Capt. Flinders, the great Australian navigator, whose naturalist was “ Robertus Brown, Botanicorum facile prin- 118 ceps,”’ and one of whose midshipmen was the distinguished Arctic explorer, Sir John Franklin. These two insects should be placed ina new genus ; but shortness of time and other reasons force me to refer them to Platysma, or Percus. Mr. Ford’s admirable figures will make them known. Avuxacorpris, White. AvLacopris REicui. (Pl. LVIII. fig. 5.) A. aterrimus ; thoracis dorso carinis decem elevatis longitudina- libus, quatuor antice et sex postice positis; elytris muricatis, singulis seriebus tribus longitudinalibus tuberculorum. fab. Yn ripis fluvii Yarree (Australia). Mr. Bakewell kindly gave the Museum this fine new species, which I have named in compliment to my excellent friend Mr. Reiche of Paris, who has studied the Lamellicorns so much and described them so well. I remember seeing his fine collection in 1841. This is one of the Minthophilides of Lacordaire’s third volume, in Sec- tion 2, where the pygidium is covered by the elytra. It has a broadly notched lobe on the front of the head, the surface of which is punctured. The femora of the fore legs have a strong, ridged hook on the under side. The deeply grooved thorax has its grooving produced by four elevated ridges on the fore part and six shorter ridges behind, the two portions separated by a transverse groove extending from side to side. The edges of the thorax are crenulated ; on each side of the Hyboma-shaped elytra are four rows of pointed tubercles. The tarsi of the hind legs (the specimen is deficient of the tarsi of the other legs) are nearly equal in width throughout. The inside of the hind tibize is crenulate or tubereled. All the femora are two-keeled below. ‘The pectus of the metathorax is grooved on the hinder edge, and ends in a ridge. We have only one specimen. It is a most remarkable Australian form of the family Copride. ORYCTEs. OrycTes Mitueranvus. (PI. LVIII. fig. 4.) O. levigatus, brunneo-niger ; thorace vatde dilatato, dorso valde cavato, margine antico ad medium cornu apice subfurcato armato, lateribus singulis cornu crasso angulato armatis. Hab. In Australia sept. (Fitzmaurice River). This remarkable Beetle, with its much dilated thorax hollowed deeply out on the back, and with a somewhat recurved, slightly forked, projecting horn in front, and a short, angled, strong upstand- ing horn, like a truncated snag-front, was found by the distinguished botanist Dr. Miller, on the Fitzmaurice River, N. Australia, during Mr. Gregory’s exploration, on Oct. 18, 1855, as the late Mr. Elsey told me. Dr. Miller’s able papers im the Linnean Society’s ‘ Pro- ceedings’ must be valuable additions to Botanical science. 119 This species belongs to a new genus; but I prefer at present referring it to the old genus, as I have not data from which to de- scribe it. SCHIZORHINA. ScHIZORHINA (HEMIPHARIS) BAKEWELLII. (PI. LVIII. fig. 7.) S. (.) bakewellit, White, Anu. & Mag. Nat. Hist.1859, ui. p.290. S. rufescenti-flava; capite, corpore subtus, pedibus thoracisque vitta lata mediana longitudinali nigris ; thorace supra levi- gato, postice ante seutellum dilatato ; elytrorum scutello sutura- que nigris ; marginibus corporis supra maculis sericeo-albis no- tatis; pygidio transversim aciculato, apice emarginato. Long. une. 1, lin. 54. Hab. Australia (ad ripas fi. Yarre). DIAPHONIA. DIAPHONIA METALLESCENS, White. (Pl. LVIII. fig. 8.) D. subrugosula, hirtula, viridi-enea, obscure purpureo lavata ; thorace linea mediana levigata longitudinal. Hab. _ A species, cather hairy, which may be known from all the others by its slightly metallic bronzy-green hue tinged with purple. STIGMODERA, Solier. Among the Australian Buprestide, and evidently belonging to the genus Stzgmodera, we have in the Museum, through the great liberality of Mr. Bakewell, a species of interesting form, which at first sight resembles a Sternocera in form, or an Lulodis; unfor- tunately I cannot test the character of the diffuse antennal pores, or of these same pores being concentrated into one mass in a fossette of each joimt,—characters, very slight, by which Lacordaire divides important groups. The species ought to belong to his third tribe, being somewhat like the Stigmodera goryi, but much longer and cylindrical. STIGMODERA BAKEWELLII. (PI. LIX. fig. 4.) S. subcylindrica, Iulodiformis, seu Sternoceree speciet, primo visu, subsimilis ; elytris elongatis simplicibus, luteis, punctato- striatis ; thorace purpureo-flavo, coloribus cyaneis et viridibus micante, rude et creberrime punctato; corpore subtus ceruleo viridi fasciato ; pedibus ceruleo-viridibus. Long. une. 1, lin. 10. Had. Australia, in dumetis Lucalypti dumosi vulgo dictis “ Maillee serub.” In honorem Dom. Roberti Bakewell, qui in Australia detexit, et specimen unicum Museo Britannico cum multis aliis insectis raris munificenter in dono dedit. STIGMODERA PARALLELA. (PI. LIX. fig. 3.) S. elongata, parallela ; capite thoraceque fusco-purpurascentibus 120 crebre et regulariter punctatis, thorace unicolore; elytris nigro-purpureis, sutura marginibusque letioribus, dorso longi- tudinaliter sulcato-striato; singulis flavo sex-plagatis, plagis duabus lateralibus, prima basali elongata, secunda ad medium ; plagis quatuor dorsalibus longitudinaliter directis, tertia ob- liqua, quarta subtriangulart ; elytris ad apicem integris, interne oblique subtruncatis ; pedibus corporeque subtus obscure pur- pureis. Hab. In Australia (‘“‘ Moreton Bay’”’) (Mr. Diggles). StigmMopEerRA GuLiELMI. (Pl. LIX. fig. 2.) S, elongata, longo-elliptica, thoracis lateribus antice convexis, postice fovers tribus profunde impressis. Hab. Australia (Moreton Bay). Dedicated to my kind friend William Jeakes, Esq., the possessor of a large and ever-increasing collection of insects of the families Buprestide, Longicornia, Carabide, &c. TEMOGNATHA. Among the Australian Buprestide we have a fine species from the Swan River, which I have named imperatriz, from its rich, royal, gold and green enamelled surface. TEMOGNATHA IMPERATRIX, n. 8. (PI. LIX. fig. 5.) T. fava; elytris ad apicem mucronatis, sutura etiam apiculata, dorso aureo-flavo, suture marginibus lateralibus (spatio pone basin excepto) purpureo-nigris ; ad medium dorsi maculis 3-4 parvis transversis purpureo-nigris ; pedibus viridibus ; corpore subtus flavo, viridi decorato. Long. unc. 1, lin. 6. Hab. Australia (Swan River). Buprestis. Buprestis (CarysopEema) Louisa. (PI. LIX. fig. 1.) B. lete viridis ; antennis, tarsorum articulis quatuor basalibus et apice extremo pedum rufulo-flavis ; tarsorum articulo ultimo lete cupreo-viridi ; elytris sulcato-lineatis, horum laterum dimi- dio magjore apicali denticulato, dentibus purpureis, ad latera vitta elongata depressa ; superficie metallica, cupreo-viridi, pilis curtis rufulis obsita. Hab. In “ Figi Islands, Ovalau ” (Mr. John Macgillivray). Louise, conjugis carissimee Caroli Hyde, Eq., (in exercit. Brit. capitani,) Lepidopterorum preesertim studiosissimee, insectum hoc pedibus antennisque pallidis valde distinctum, nomen fert. There is no figure in Gory and Laporte, nor in any of the recent French or other voyages, which resembles this. The elegant species has a depressed flattened thorax, with an impressed line down the centre ; and the surface is rather thickly clothed with punctures, some of which have a tendency to accumulate into four depressed spots ; the 121 somewhat grooved lines are deepest behind, and are punctured ; the under side and legs are metallic green. ZorPHEROsIsS, White. _Zoruerosis Georeu. (PI. LIX. fig. 6.) Z. subparallelus elongatus, carbonaceo-niger, subnitidulus ; ely- tris rugosissime tuberculatis, dorso generali elytrorum deplanato, lateribus tuberculatis, ad suturam tuberculis minoribus, apice elytrorum subdeclivi, tuberculis ante apicem maximis ; thoracis lateribus rectiusculis, paulo curvatis, antice posticeque extensis, superficie dorsali valde irregulari, medio postice sulco profundo impresso, medio antice levi, parte levi postice sulcis angustis profundis sinuatis marginata. Long. lin. 14; lat. max. elytror. pone medium lin. 44. Hab. Australia (“‘ New South Wales”’) (Mr. John Macgillivray). In general appearance this remarkable insect closely resembles the species of the genus Nosodendron, particularly the N. morbillosum from Chili; but it evidently (as Mr. Waterhouse, who kindly exa- mined it, and after whose Christian name its specific name is derived, remarks) is closely allied to Zopherus, G. R. Gray. Like that genus, it has the deep groove on the under side of the thorax, for the re- ception of the antennee. This groove is widest at the end, and must effectually screen these organs from injury. The antenne have the first eight joints with the inner edge straight, and forming a con- tinuous line, while the outer edges of each of these joints are some- what rounded, and give a moniliform appearance to the outer edge ; the second joint is the smallest, it is very short, and widish compared with its length ; the third joint is considerably longer than the joints from the fourth to the eighth ; the three terminal joints form a short club, the sides of which have two notches, caused by the middle part of each joint across being the widest and the sides tapering to this point. The thorax and elytra are very like those of some species of Nosodendron ; the tarsi, on the under side, have a widish groove, each of the sides of which have a keel; the prothorax below has a deep curved sulcus close to the margin, and two faint grooves behind it, and the sternal plate between the fore legs, which plate has on each side of the trochanter a curved groove, neatly impinged on the outer side. The species of Zopherus are all from the New World; and as there are several species which agree together, others from Australia may be found agreeing with this: it may be called Zopherosis. The last segment of the abdomen has on each side a deep transverse bi- sinuated groove, This may possibly be sexual; but as the Museum only possesses a single specimen, I cannot tell. DisTICHOCERA. In the Proceedings of this Society, Mr. Newman, two or three years ago, described the species of this genus. I here add the de- scription of a new species. 122 DisTICHOCERA THOMSONELLA, n. s. (Pl. LVIII. fig. 6.) D. thomsonella, White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. - D. velutino-nigra ; capite, thorace elytrisque maculis albo-seri- ceis notatis ; pedibus nigris ; femoribus, apice atro excepto, rubris (3). Long. lin. 64. Hab. Australia. Named in compliment to the well-known author and publisher of the ‘ Archives Entomologiques’ and other finely illustrated ento- mological works. RHYTIPHORA. RuytipHora amicuta. (Pl. LIX. fig. 7.) R. pilis cinereis delicatule obsita, plagulis rufulo-flavis varie- gata; elytrorum apice subtruncato, ad basin verrucis nigris paucis exstantibus, dorso carinulis duabus (saltem) haud pro- minentibus longitudinalibus. Hab. In Australia septentrionali (Dom. Elsey). The late Mr. Elsey found this species at the Victoria River depot, on Mr. Gregory’s expedition ; it is of a most delicate ash-colour, and slightly ornamented with dots of reddish-yellow hairs. A species closely allied to Rhytiphora polymita of Mr. Pascoe. The antenna-joints, after the second, are fringed with hair ; the head and thorax are thickly punctured under the hairs, and varied with tufous-yellow dots; the antennze are cinereous, the fringe blackish, evanescent on the last joint. SYMPHELETES. SYMPHELETES (PLATYMOPSIS) ARMATULUS. (Pl. LIX. fig. 8.) S. argenteo-cinereus, plagulis indistinctis rufescenti-flavulis, ma- cula subobliqua subquadrata nigro-fusca in lateribus ely- trorum ante medium, parte basali elytrorum colore subobfuscato, spinis curtis conicis paucis lineatim directis subarmata, spinis paucis in medio ad suturam, et paucis semiobsoletis in par- tibus alteris elytrorum ; elytris ad apicem externum spinigerum ad suturam truncatis ; thorace spinis (tuberculis potius) duabus transverse in medio dorsi positis, tuberculo in lateribus sin- gulis thoracis ad angulum anticum. Hab. In Australia septentrionali. Collected by the late lamented J. R. Elsey, Esq., Surgeon to Mr. Gregory's Exploring Expedition. In this species the silvery grey pubescence, blackened somewhat on the base and on the hinder parts, and the squarish brownish-black spot on the sides before the middle, with a very short white oblique band before it, directed back- wards, and another light and longer band considerably behind it, and directed forwards, and reaching almost to the suture, the conical spines on the back of elytra at the base and along the suture, and 123 other characters, mark it out as distinct from any other. The Sa- perda obliqua of Donovan is not unlike it. The hairs fringing the inside of the antennze are whitish ; while the eyes are nearly divided into two portions, the connecting part being very small. I must say I do not see any very trenchant characters to separate Nyphona and Saperdopsis or Sympheletes, Newm. In one Lamia (L. pedicornis), the great spine proceeding from the trochanters is a sexual character, possessed to a greater extent (and considerably curved) by a curious Longicorn from the Aru Islands, which will doubtless be described by my friend Mr. Pascoe, who studies the Longicorns so much, and who has described so many. In this the tibiee of the fore legs are curved and have a spine at right angles to the tibia and near its tip. In the genus Platymopsis, established by Buquet in the ‘ Archives Entomologiques,’ the head is flatter and broader than in Sympheletes. As we have not the ‘Archives’ in the British Museum, I can only quote it on Mr. Pascoe’s authority. The head in S. (Pl.) armatulus is widish and hardly notched. 3. Description or Two New SpreEcizes oF BULIMUS FROM THE CotuecTion oF Mrs. pE Burcu. By Loveuit Reeve, F.L.S., F.G.S. BuLimus DEBURGHI®. Bul. testa elongato-ovata, crassiuscula, parum ventricosa, intense c@rulescenti-viridi, infra suturas flavicanti-viridi abrupte interrupta, strigis flavidis longitudi- nalibus oblique undatis subdistantibus ornata, linea nigra sptraliter decurrente ; anfractibus sex, declivi-conveais, levibus, apertura parviuscula alba; labro refiexo ; columella eburnea, valide implicata. Long. 22 in. Lat. 14 in. Hab. Peruvian side of the Amazon. A fine solid shell, encircled by a broad dark-green band, which suddenly stops short within a quarter of an inch of the suture, where the shell is yellowish-green, and it is crossed obliquely with yellow lightning-marks, which on reaching a thin black spiral band become narrower and more numerous. ‘The columella; which is strongly plaited, and the aperture, are’of a shining porcelain white. Buuimus PEELII. Bul. testa elongato-ovata, subfusiformi, bast effusa, albida, maculis undatis ferrugineo-griseis albipunctatis fasciatim marmorata ; anfractibus sex, levibus aut longitudt- naliter plicato-striatis ; columella subappressa et oblique con- torta vivide aurantiaca ; apertura parviuscula, depressa ; labro tenuiter reflexo, intus vivide aurantiaco. Long. 24 in. Lat. 2 in. Hab. Peruvian side of the Amazon. This very elegant species belongs to the Bolivian and New Gra- nada type of the genus represented by B. fusoides, murinus, lino- 124 stoma, and spectatus. It is painted with white-dotted rust-grey waved bands upon a white ground, the columella and border of the aperture being tinged with bright orange. I have the pleasure of naming it after Capt. John Peel. 4. Some ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON ZOANTHUS COUCHII. By E. W. H. Houpsworts, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc. Some fine groups of Zoanthus couchii from Torbay having lately come under my notice, I have been enabled to obtain a better know- ledge of the species than I possessed when I recently laid before the Society a description of its characters. I therefore venture to add a few remarks on certain points, which before were considered as re- lating to particular specimens, rather than to the species generally. First, as to size. The dimensions given in my previous com- munication were those of the largest Polypes that I had seen alive, and which were described as being from 2 to 3% lines in height by about 14 in breadth; such also is the size of many that I have seen since; but among them have been several examples in which these measurements have been nearly doubled, and with the increase of size a power of varying the shape of the body has been exhibited, almost equalling that of Corynactis, so well known for the remark- able changes of form that it undergoes. This mutability of shape is dependent in a great measure on the degree of density of the external coating of sand, which does not increase in proportion to the growth of the animal ; so that while the half-grown Polype is closely im- prisoned in its hard covering, older and larger individuals are less thickly clothed ; and when in a state of expansion, the grains of sand are sufficiently separated to allow the integument to be seen between them, and thus to permit that mobility of body which is so characteristic of the Zoanthide. The rigid form in the first spe- cimens that I examined, was one of the difficulties that I met with in identifying them with Mr. Couch’s description of the species. There are some other points of disagreement which I have little hesitation in saying are due to a misconception on the part of Mr. Couch when preparing the original description. I refer especially to the statement that “the surface of the body is minutely glan- dular,’”’ and that “radiating from the *mouth are numerous rows of whitish glandular-looking bodies, which are the tentacula in a con- tracted state ;’’ in both these cases it is evident that the character of the sandy covering has been misunderstood. Secondly, as to the growth of the basal membrane. I have previously referred to it under the linear and expanded forms, which I then ventured to think were only modifications in the development of one species: the re- cently captured specimens throw some further light on the subject. Among various groups on one large shell, I have found lines of Po- lypes sometimes sending out lateral shoots from the basal membrane, and these again dividing ; others expanding, so as to include two or three Polypes in parallel series, and in one instance a single specimen yt 125 was observed with the basal expansion extending equally on every side: again, the membrane leading from a group spreads at times over the surface of the shell in an irregular manner for a consider- able distance, without any bud arising from it; so that no special form of growth can be considered as characteristic of the connecting” membrane in this species. The rate of development in the members of a group is also of the same uncertain character—a large Polype being occasionally followed by a very small one, and that succeeded by two or three of intermediate but varying size; in fact, except in certain characters, the development of this Zoanthus is subject to great irregularity ; and the cases above mentioned appear to me to confirm the opinion that I have before expressed of the specific iden- tity of the linear form of growth with that which has been found in the Northern seas, overspreading the entire surface of small uni- valves. 5. Nore oN THE ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF SALMON. By A. D. Bartuertt. The Committee of the Australian Association have been trying a series of experiments with a view of ascertaining the possibility of conveying Salmon to Australia, for the purpose of introducing this noble fish into the rivers of that country. The difficulty is to convey them across the tropics; and the object of these experiments, which have been carried on in the Crystal Palace under my supervision, has been— 1. To filter a sufficient quantity of water to supply a running stream for the spawn or young fish. 2. To ascertain the highest amount of temperature in which they would live. 3. To discover the best and most economical means of lowering the temperature, that they may be kept alive while passing the tropics. In order to accomplish the first object, arrangements were made with the Charcoal Filter Company to fix filters to supply a running stream through long boxes, which were partly filled with gravel and small stones, upon which the Salmon ova were to be placed. Mr. Ramsbottom being engaged to obtain the ova and to ensure their being perfectly impregnated, and to deposit them in the breed- ing place in the Crystal Palace, proceeded to Wales, and on the 5th of February obtained from two female fish at least 20,000 ova, which, by the usual process adopted in the artificial propagation of fish, he rendered fertile, and then starting immediately for the Crystal Palace, arrived there February 7th, and deposited the ova in the breeding- boxes, which had been duly prepared. Unfortunately, at this time the filters had ceased to act, and the water supplied by the Lambeth Water Company was obliged to be laid on in its usual state. Ina few days the ova and the bottom of the breeding-boxes became co- 126 vered with a dark deposit, from the impure condition of the water, and large numbers of the ova died daily in consequence. Another batch of filters was then fixed, and a fresh supply of filtered water obtained ; and no more sediment was deposited upon the ova. Not- withstanding this, they continued to die for some days; but about the 20th, the whole of the deposit, which had settled upon the bottom of the boxes and upon the ova, began to rise towards the surface in the form of Confervee ; the bottom of the boxes and the remaining ova appeared quite fresh and clean; the surviving ova rapidly assumed the perfect state of the young fish; and on March 7th the young fry began to move about (the outer covering being thrown off), endeavouring to hide themselves between the stones and gravel. The temperature of the water during this experiment was 57°. In order to ascertain if any advantage could be gained by placing some of these in filtered water at a lower temperature, a number of them were carefully removed to a glass tank, supplied with a fountain at the temperature of 54°. In this they appeared to be doing well, were evidently larger and more active, and exhibited great promise. Unfortunately, on the morning of the 13th, the workmen having been ordered to make some alteration in the water pipes in the build- ing, turned off the water, leaving the young salmon, together with the ova which had not yet been hatched, five or six hours without fresh water, in the tropical end of the building: in consequence of this, they were all destroyed, and this interesting experiment delayed for a whole year, as it is impossible to obtain the ova until the next breeding-season. There are, however, some important facts learned from this expe- riment, one of which is the early period of hatching. Previous ex- periments have shown that 60 days usually expire before the young come to life; sometimes 140 days have passed. This experiment has proved that the young fish can be hatched in 30 days: it yet remains to be tested whether this is an advantage. It is certain that in the case of more highly organized and warm-blooded animals, their production at an earlier period than the ordinary one is at- tended, if not with death, at least with great debility ; while, on the other hand, it is not possible to retard the operations of nature beyond the ordinary period without destroying the mother or the offspring. There are many circumstances that induce the belief that the young fish would be stronger by the early development ; but no positive conclusion can be arrived at without further experiments. Mr. Gould took occasion to lay upon the table specimens of all the known species of the genus H/anus, and made some observations upon their habits and economy, and their distribution over the face of the globe. With the exception of Hlanus leucurus, which is confined to America, all the other species of the genus are inhabit- ants of the Old World, the Hlanus melanopterus being found spa- ringly in Southern Europe, Africa, the Indian Peninsula, and pro- 127 bably Java,—the Hlanus awillaris inhabiting Australia, and perhaps extending its range to Java (he said perhaps, because a slight difference is observable between the only Javan specimen he had seen and those from Australia), and the fine Hlanus inscriptus having been hitherto found only in Australia. To these he now added, to the Old World a fourth species, and to the entire group a fifth, by cha- racterizing a fine bird from Celebes as Elanus hypoleucus. This new species is one of the largest members of the genus, and is rendered conspicuous by the entire under surface being white, even the basal half of all the primaries being of this hue,—in which respect, and in its larger size, it materially differs from the HF. melanopterus, the only bird with which it could be confounded. ELANuS HYPOLEUCUS, Gould. Adult.—Face, space over the eye, ear-coverts, all the under sur- face of the body, under tail-coverts, under surface of the tail feathers, and the thighs, pure white; the under surface of the wing is also pure white ; basal half of the under side of the first six primaries white, slightly speckled with grey, passing into blackish grey; on their apical halves this grey hue also pervades the under surface of the remaining primaries ; crown of the head, back of the neck, back, and scapularies, deep grey; on the shoulders a large patch of black ; secondaries and basal half of the primaries deep grey, passing into blackish grey at their tips; two centre tail feathers grey above, the next on each side grey on their outer margins, the rest white ; cere and legs orange yellow; bill and nails black. Total length, 14 inches; bill, 14; wing, 122; tail, 63; tarsi, 12. Young.—At apparently about nine months old differs from the adult in having the crown lineated with reddish brown, and a cres- cent of white at the tip of the primaries, secondaries, scapularies, and wing-coverts. Hab. Vicinity of Macassar, Celebes. Remark.—The above description of the adult is taken from a fine example in the possession of J. H. Gurney, Esq., which, as well as the young bird in the possession of Mr. Gould, was collected by Mr. Wallace. Dr. Crisp exhibited a hen, six years of age, that had taken on the plumage of the cock ; the bird also had spurs an inch long. On dissection, the ovary was found converted into a hard cartilaginous mass of uniform consistence. He placed the specimen before the Society, not because this abnormal state of the ovary, and consequent change of external character, was of rare occurrence, but rather for the purpose of ascertaining whether such changes of plumage oc- curred in birds living in a state of nature. Dr. Crisp had seen them in the Hen, tame Duck, and common Pheasant ; but the last-named bird in this country could scarcely be called a wild bird. There was one curious physiological deduction which he might notice: viz. that when quadrupeds were castrated (young), they 128 assumed a feminine appearance ; but birds, on the contrary, when the function of the ovary was destroyed, put on the male character. March 22nd, 1859. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Gould exhibited and characterized two new species of birds, one belonging to the family Cuculide, the other to the Coturnicee, and remarkable as forming probably the smallest species of the groups to which they respectively pertaimed. For a small Shining Cuckoo, killed at Port Kssington, on the north coast of Australia, and of the same form and very nearly allied to the Chrysococcyx lucidus of New South Wales and the C. basalis of Java, Mr. Gould proposed the name of Chrysococcyx minutillus ; and for the Quail, which belonged to the genus Hxecalfactoria of Bonaparte, that of Excalfactoria minima. The following are the descriptions of these new species :-— Curysococcyx MINUTILLUS, Gould. Head, all the upper surface, and wings shining bronzy-green ; all the under surface white, barred with bronzy-green, the bars being most distinct on the flanks ; primaries and secondaries white on the basal portion of their imner webs; two centre tail feathers bronzy- green; the next on each side bronzy-green on the outer web, rufous on the inner web, crossed by a broad band of black near the tip, and with an oval spot of white across the tip of the inner web ; the two next on each side bronzy-green on their outer webs, their inner webs rufous, with large spots of black near the shaft, most conspicuous in the outermost of the two feathers; their inner webs are also crossed near the tip with a very broad band of black, and have an oval spot of white at the tip; the outer feather on each side is barred alter- nately on the outer web with dull bronzy-green and dull white, and on the inner one with broad decided bars of black and white, and tipped with white ; bill black ; feet olive. Total length 53 inches, bill 2, wing 34, tail 23, tarsi 4. Remark.—This bird is perhaps more nearly allied to the Java species, C. basalis of Horsfield, than to the C. ducidus; but it is as much smaller than the C. dasalis as that bird is less than C. lucidus. The type of C. basalis, which is the only one I have seen, is not a fully adult bird; and yet the measurement of its wing exceeds by half an inch that of the C. minutzllus. EXxcALFACTORIA MINIMA, Gould. Forehead and sides of the head grey ; crown of the head, all the upper surface, and wing-coverts reddish-brown, conspicuously spotted Contents (continued). i Page. Exhibition of two rare species of Arctic Birds, Colymbus -adamsi and Eurinorhynchus pygmeus, by Puitie Luriey CTA ER COCCI. co oe samc s sagt ules Grails, alaneouihicalinnia te 201 On the Development of dur elia aurita in the Society's Aquaria. By E. W. H. Houipsworrts, F.L.S. 201 On a New Species of Mollusk of the Genus Seissur ella, a’ Orb. By 8. P. Woopwaprp, F.G.S.. 202 Note on Cyclostoma articulatum. By S.P. “Woopwarp, F.G.8. 204 Indications of the Existence of a Second Species of Emeu (Dro- meus). By A. D. Barrett... 205 A Record of the Number of Days of Incubation of Birds which breed in the Society’s Gardens. By Painie Lutiny SOMATHIR CSCC. Zion k Seite bee Sone Maho eke eens Seo 2093 Remarks on exhibiting specimens of Two Species of Divers (Colymbus), from Mr. Gurney’s Collection. By Puinip Lo MEE S OLATHE, OCCU Liga.) dere cit sna borin ye ciid at elis 206 On a new Lepidopterous Insect from Australia. By A. W. Scott, Member of the Legislative Assembly of New South INV CS ere ace cre Mu ataraca Miley a: nlavata wintete aus sirisl® eneies 207 Description of a species of Perga, or Saw-fly, found feeding upon the Eucalyptus citriodora of Hooker, or Wide Bay Lemon-scented Gum-tree. By Dr. GrorGe Pee of wUS., and A. W. Scott ...... 209 bill (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). By Dr. _{Ere, ot Sydney, Pe AiSv a. Week Screw 213 SF 8 _ Flying-Opossum (Belideus flaviventris), in a state oi ture and in ee By Dr. Grorce ae IRE NA IN Aer an Notes on Australian Cuckoos. ‘By ‘Dr. Gro. Bennett, F.Z.8. 221 On the Fish called Glyphisodon biocellatus. age Dr. GrorGE BENNETT, F.Z.S.. 222 Notes on Sharks, more particularly o on two enormous 6 Guadnere of Carcharias leucas. By Dr. George BENNETT, F.Z.S. 223 Notes on the Range of some Species of Nautilus, on the mode of Capture, and on the use made of them as an article of Food. _ By Dr.-Grorce Bennett, F.Z.8. .......--- 226 Descriptions of New Speciés of Salamanders from China and Siam. By Dr. J. EH. Gray, V.P.Z.5., SU CR eRe Ree 229 Description of Scapha maria-emma, a New Species of Volute. By Dr. J. BE. Gray, V.P.Z.8., &e........ 230. Description of some new reeent Hntomostraca from ‘Nagpur, collected by the Rev. S. Hislop. By W. Barron, M.D., &. 231 Notes on the Habits of Two Mammals observed in the Soméli country, Eastern Africa. By Capt. J. H. Sprxe, 46th On a Collection of Birds from Vancouver's Island. By Painip AF UTEEY SCLATERS SECS Zi Seeue ioe ae.) oat ee eh hls iediol 235 Synopsis of the known Asiatic species of Silk-producmg Moths, with descriptions of some New Species from India. By BREDERIC MOORE Oeics ce ae ee ia stra eee 237 A General Review of the Genus Terebra, and a Description of New Species. By Mons. DesHaves ...............-- 270 A Synopsis of the Thrushes (Turdide) of the New World. By Puiip Lurury Scuarer, M.A., F.L.S., Sec. Z.S. 321 On some New Freshwater Shells ¢.5m Central Aiea: By 8. P. Woopwarp, F.G.8, ..... Tees a ie 348 ee9e%9 © & @ ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. TERMS FOR THE ADMISSION OF FELLOWS. FreLitows pay an Admission Fee of £5, and an Annual Contri- bution of £3, or a Composition of £30 in lieu thereof; the whole payment, including the Admission Fee, being £35. Honorary, Foreren, and CorrEsPONPING MEMBERS pay no contribution. PRIVILEGES OF FELLOWS. Fretiows have personal admission to the Gardens with Two Com- panions daily. On Saturday they have the power of admittmg Two Friends to the Gardens, by written Order, txstead of by their per- sonal introduction; on Sunday they have the power of admitting Two Friends by written Order, in addition to Two by their personal introduction. They receive also Twenty Tickets on payment of their Annual Subscription, for the admission of Friends to the Gardens at any time. The Wire of a FeLtow can exercise all these privileges in his absence. Honorary, Foreien, and CorRESPONDING Memsers have personal admission to the Gardens on all occasions when they are open to the Fellows. Fretitows, Honorary, Forrien, and Corresponping Mrem- BERS are entitled to one copy of the Scientific Proceedings of the Society on application at the Office, and are entitled to purchase the Transactions and other publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less than the price charged to the Public. They may obtain, on the payment of One Guinea annually, an Ivory Ticker, which will admit a named person of their immediate family to the Gardens, with One Companion daily. They may obtain a TRANSFERABLE Ivory Ticket admitting Two Persons, available throughout the whole period of Fellowship, on payment of Ten Pounds in one sum. They: may also obtai any number of Tickets, in packets of Twenty each for Adults or of Forty for Children, in addition to those to which they are ordinarily entitled, for the Free Admission of the Bearer to the Gardens at any time without personal introduction, by an increase of the Subscription, in the proportion of One Pound for each packet. Fellows are expected to give their names on entering the Gardens. The Gardens are open from Nine o'clock a.m. till Sunset ; and the Office, where al! communications should be addressed, from Ten till Five, and on Saturday from Ten till Two o'clock. _ PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A, Secretary. 1] Hanover Square. PROCEEDINGS ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1859. PART II. MARCH—JUNE. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ; SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS, PATE RNOSTER ROW. [Price 2s.| LIST OF CONTENTS OF PART IL. Page Extract from a Letter received by Mr. S. Stevens from Mr. A. R. Wallace, dated Batchian, Moluccas, Oct. 29,1858 .. 129 Exhibition of Drawing of Tringa pectoralis, by G. R. GRay.. 130 Description of a New Species of Owl of the a) Ciccaba. By Painie Lutuey ScuaTer, Sec. Z.S. 5 j 131 Note on the Spur-winged Geese (Plectr opterus) 1 now w living i in the Society’s Gardens. By Puiure Lutuny Scuarur.. 131 Notes on the Scaly Ant-eater (Manis javanica), taken during life and after death. By ArtHur Apams, F.L.S., Surgeon OF MUS :35 Act aeon Gira cutee) reel shie als sieteteie rs ene, eters 133 List of the First Collection of Birds made by Mr. Louis Fraser at Pallatanga, Ecuador, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species. By Puinie Lutiry Scuater, Sec. Z.8... 135 Description of a rare ;Entozoon from the Stomach of the Du- gong. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S., &. ...... . 148 List of Birds collected at Tavoy, in the Tenasserim Provinces, by Capt. Briggs, Deputy Commissioner of Tavoy. By JOHN GouLn, V.P.Z.S., F.R.S., &e. 0... ee we ee 149 List of Birds collected in Siam by Siv R. H. Schomburgk (11.B.M. Consul at Bangkok). By Joun Goutn,V.P.Z.S., LDA Sey Oe Snr ep Soe NGrely Hera a yw onen GS uo aad 0 Tot On the Nidification of the Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). By JoHN GouLupy V-PZ:Ss EoRiSs. Ses oc oes ee 152 List of the Birds lately sent by Mr. A. R. Wallace from Dorey or Dorery, New Guinea. By Grorce Rosert Gray, BLS), Ca) iat ie AA a Sees le talents 153 List of New Caledonian Birds. By Grorcse Roperr Gray, _ LO DSP TUE MTA SOR A DOES A TO ca Pha AN RUE. Oia 4 160 Description ‘ofa New Species of Diver (Conn). By GrorGE ROBERT, GRAVE ARES (cree ac ae ee ae 167 On some new Freshwater Shells from Ecuador and New Gra- nada, in the Collection of Hugh ee Esq. By Dr. VON ‘DEM BUSCH (iis Seem ssn cso ae one 167 The Birds of Cashmere and Ladakh. ‘By A. Leira Apams, A: MUM. B., 22nd) Reciment 224. c. ne eee 169 On some New Species of Synallaxis, and on the Geographical Distribution of the Genus. By Puitie Luriey Scuater, SeeiZiS. vec use oes e aerae seas ie msn ears Cane nage 191 Descriptions of some Asiatic Lepidopterous Insects belonging to the Tribe Bombyces. By Freperic Moore ...... 197 Exhibition of numerous Preparations illustrative of a new pro- cess of preserving Animal Substances, by Professor Rapp1 200 Exhibition of some specimens of Birds of the ae Urocissa (Corvide), by Joun Gourp, V.P.Z.S8., F.R.S. . 200 ‘Instance of a Bantam Hen sitting ae the Eggs of a Water- Ouzel, related by Dr. Crisp. 200 [ Contents aonrnneind) 8 on foe 3 of Wr oan 129 and minutely freckled with brownish-black, a line of buff down the crown and nape, and a narrow line of brownish-white down the centre of the feathers, changing to broad and conspicuous stripes of buff on the lower part of the back and tail-coverts ; wings pale brown ; chin and throat black, on each side of which is an oblong patch of white encircled by a narrow line of black ; below the black a broad crescent of white, fringed on the sides with black, and bounded below by a narrow semi-crescent of deep black ; under surface grey, mottled on the flanks like the upper surface ; line down the centre of the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts chestnut-red ; bill black ; feet yellowish. Total length 3 inches, bill 1, wing 23, tarsi 2. Hab. Vicinity of Macassar, Celebes. Remark.—For this, the most diminutive species of the Gallinacee ys discovered, we are indebted to the researches of A. R. Wallace, sq. It is of precisely the same form and very nearly allied to, but quite distinct from, the well-known Chinese Quail, Excalfactoria chinensis (Coturnix chinensis of authors). The following extract from a Letter received by Mr. S. Stevens from Mr. Wallace, dated Batchian, Moluccas, Oct. 29, 1858, was read :-— ** Here I have been as yet only five days ; but from the nature of the country, and what I have already done, I am inclined to think it may prove one of the best localities I have yet visited... Birds are as yet very scarce; but I still hope to get a fine collection, though I believe I have already the finest and most wonderful bird in the island. I had a good mind to keep it a secret, but I cannot resist tellmg you. I have a new Bird of Paradise! of a new genus!! quite unlike anything yet known, very curious and very handsome!!! When I can get a couple of pairs, I will send-them overland, to see what a new Bird of Paradise will really fetch. Had I seen the bird in Ternate, I should never have believed it came from here, so far out of the hitherto supposed region of the Paradiseide. I consider it the greatest discovery I have yet made ; and it gives me hopes of getting other species in Gilolo and Ceram. There is also here a species of Monkey—much further eastwards than in any other island; so you see this is a most curious locality, combining forms of the East and West of the Archipelago, yet with species peculiar to itself. It also differs from all the other Moluccas in its geological formation, con- taining iron, coal, copper, and gold, with a glorious forest vegetation and fine large mountain streams: itis a continent in miniature. The Dutch are working the coals ; and there is a good road to the mines, which gives one easy access to the interior forests. “TI can do nothing at drawing birds, but send you a horrible sketch of my discovery, that you may not die of curiosity. I am told the wet season here is terrible, and it begins in December ; so I shall probably have to leave then.”’ No. 392.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 130 The sketch alluded to in the above extract having been placed ia Mr. G. R. Gray’s hands for examination and comparison with the other known species, the following notes of that gentleman, relative to it, were read to the meeting :— “This Paradise-Bird proves, as Mr. Wallace remarks in his lettre, to be a new form, differing from all its congeners, approaching most nearly to the King Bird of Paradise; but in place of the lengthened caudal appendages, it has, springing from the lesser coverts of each wing, two long shafts, both of which are webbed on each side at the apex. It is the possession of these peculiar winged standards that induces me to propose for it the subgeneric appellation of Semio- ptera. : “‘T have endeavoured to transform the rough sketch into the probable appearance of the living bird ; and I further add the pro- visional specific name of Paradisea wallacii, which appellation I think is justly due to Mr. Wallace for the indefatigable energy he has hitherto shown in the advancement of ornithological and ento- mological knowledge, by visiting localities rarely if ever travelled by naturalists. “J wait for the arrival of the specimens before venturing to give more detailed accounts of its subgeneric characters, or a full de- scription of its coloration, &c., which I hope to have the pleasure of laying before the members at some future meeting of the So- ciety.” Mr. G. R. Gray laid before the meeting a drawing of Tringa pec- toralis, which was made by the late Mr. Adams, Surgeon of H.M.S. ‘Enterprise.’ It exhibited the bird in the act of having inflated its throat and breast in the manner of the Pouter Pigeon. From the correctness of the other drawings by the same gentleman, Mr. Gray had little doubt that Mr. Adams observed this singular phenomenon in the specimen from which the drawing was taken. The drawing was more especially placed before the members, in the hopes of learning whether such a singularity of habits had been noticed before in this species or in any other of the Tringe. The bird has peculiar feathers on its breast. 13] April 12, 1859. Professor Busk, F.R.S., in the Chair. The following papers were read :-— 1. Descrirtion or A New Species oF OWL OF THE GENUS CiccasBa. By Partie Luruey ScuaTer. Mr. Gurney has invited my attention to the example of an Owl of the genus Ciccaba, which I now exhibit. It has already passed through my hands once, having been submitted to my examination by M. Verreaux, along with other birds from Southern Mexico, of which I gave some account in these ‘ Proceedings’ for last year. As will be seen by referring to my remarks given on that occasion *, I then somewhat unwillingly referred it to Ciccaba huhula. My. Gurney, however, having acquired the specimen for the Norwich Museum, agrees with M. Jules Verreaux (whose opinion to that effect I have already recorded) in insisting on its distinctness. And having lately had an opportunity of examining a second specimen of this bird in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, I am now quite prepared to coincide with their views, and to characterize this Mexican Ciccaba as an indépendent species, differing from, though closely allied to, the S. American Ciccaba huhula. It may be recognized at once by the more uniform colour above, there being hardly a trace of white transverse markings, except on the elongated feathers of the neck-collar; and by the ground-colour below being pure white, crossed by frequent narrow bands of black, each feather ’ showing three or four of such cross-bands. I propose to call this bird CICCABA NIGROLINEATA. Sehistacescenti-nigra, colli postict plumis elongatis et albo ter qua- terve transfasciatis : maculis in regione superciliart eé auri- culari quibusdam albis: subtus alba, lineis nigris crebro trans- fasciata: mento nigro: subalaribus albis, nigro variegatis : cauda nigra, albo quinquies transfasciata: rostro et pedibus flavissimis : tibis nigris, albo sparsis. Long. tota 15:0, alee 10°5, caudee 6°78, rostria rictu 1°35, tarsi 2°1, Hab. In Mexico Meridionali. Mus. Norfolciense et Parisiense. 2. Nore oN THE SPUR-WINGED GEESE (PLECTROPTERUS) NOW LIVING IN THE SociEtTy’s GARDENS. By Puitie LuTLEY SCLATER. (Aves, Pl. CLIII.) The Society have frequently possessed living examples of the Spur- winged Goose of Western Africa (Plectropterus gambensis) ; and we * See P.Z.S, 1858, p. 96, 132 have at present two male examples of this bird in the Gardens. Last summer, along with the Secretary-birds (Serpentarius reptilt- vorus), came two Spur-winged Geese from Eastern Africa. They were placed in the Gardens along with the W. African pair, and immediately attracted the notice of those who take an interest in such matters, as being apparently of a different species. Comparing the males of the eastern and western birds together, we observe that the former is larger, stands considerably higher, and has longer tarsi and larger feet. There is a large oblong naked space of bare pink skin on the throat, which is wholly wanting in the West African bird; the beak is longer, and the bony protuberance on the front is much larger and more elevated. We have not, unfortu- nately, the female of the eastern species ; but Ruppell tells us that in her too there is a stripe of naked skin between the eve and the base of the bill. Now in the western bird the whole sides of the head in both sexes are closely feathered : the male has a frontal pro- tuberance (much smaller, however, than in the eastern species) ; the female has none. It appears therefore that two species have been confounded together under the name gambensis. The West African bird, originally brought from the Gambia (whence the name), and which has been described and figured as such by Latham, Yarrell, and other writers, is obviously the proper owner of the title Plec- tropterus gambensis; while the East African bird, first accurately figured and described by Dr. E. Rippell in the third volume of the ‘Museum Senckenbergianum,’ may very appropriately take the name of Plectropterus riippellii. On examining the stuffed specimens in the gallery of the British Museum, as I have been enabled to do through Mr. G. R. Gray’s kindness, I find examples of both species. Of the larger Plectro- pterus riippellii there is a male bird procured during Clapperton’s expedition in Central Africa, and a female which died in the Zoolo- gical Gardens. Of the smaller Plectropterus gambensis there is one from Western Africa, and one of which the locality is not marked. An immature bird from the Cape is certainly referable to the smaller species. The separation of these two birds may not perhaps be entirely satisfactory until we have had an opportunity of examining their internal structure, several parts of which, particularly the trachea, are well known to afford good characters for discriminating nearly allied species among the Anatida, as has been so successfully shown in Mr. Eyton’s Monograph. In the accompanying plate (Pl. CLIII.) are represented the male birds of Plectropterus gambensis aud Plectropterus riippellii. 133 _3. Norres on THE Scary ANvT-EATER (MANIS JAVANICA), TAKER DURING LIFE AND AFTER DEATH. By ArtruurR ADAMS, F.L.S., Surgeon H.M.S. ‘Acton.’ A. During Life. Two living specimens of this smgular mammal having come under my observation, I am induced to offer some account of their habits as far as I was enabled to make them out. Our first Ant-eater is a female, and rejoices in the sobriquet of *Scales.”” She is crepuscular, and remains coiled up in a ball during the day, secure in her scaly panoply ; but at the decline of day she grows lively. Now a creature whose habits require to be studied by the aid of a dark lantern must needs be interesting even to the most incurious ; and a Lizard-like Mammal whose every movement and attitude is probably a living illustration of those great extinct qua- drupeds which once peopled the earth before man was created, must certainly have the power of arresting the attention, if not of stimula- ting the imagination. I doubt not Professor Owen would have lain prone on his stomach all the livelong night to watch the evolutions of this gnome-like mountaineer. And indeed there is something old-world and weird in her aspect as she prowls about at night. The Scotch would say she has an “uncanny” look ; and truly, if but ten times bigger, she would unmistakeably remind one of the times before the Deluge. When she walks she treads gingerly on the bent- under claws of her fore feet, and more firmly on the palms of her hind feet. A very favourite attitude with her is that assumed by her gigantic extinct analogue the Mylodon, as seen in the wondrous model of Waterhouse Hawkins in the Gardens of the Crystal Palace. The fore feet in my ‘“ Madam Scales” are raised ; and the animal is supported by the strong hind limbs, and firm, flattened, powerful mus- cular tail, the head and body being at the same time moved from side to side, and the little round prominent eyes peering curiously about in every direction. In walking, the fourth toe of the hind foot is also extended. The Chinese, in their sly manner, say that she pretends to be very quiet ; but “‘s’pose no man lookee,’’ she runs very fast. She is certainly of a very timid and retiring dispo- sition, tucking in her head between her fore legs on the least alarm. So apathetic a quadruped appeared our ‘“‘ Pangolin”’ (for such is she called by the Malays), that, coiled up in a strong net, I considered her properly secured, and carefully deposited her in my cabin. But no sooner did the last gleam of light vanish from my little “scuttle ’’ than she knew the period of her lethargy had expired, and, bursting the trammels of her hempen toil, she roamed abroad ; and the first intimation I had of her escape was the ominous bark of Master “‘ Wouif,” a clever little terrier we had on board. Dog, puzzled by the queer scaly rat he had suddenly encountered, regarded with im- potent rage the lizard-like intruder; while ‘‘ Scales,’ secure in her coat of mail, bid defiance to the attacks of her canine assailant. The Sealy Ant-eater is called by the Chinese of Quang-tung 134 “‘ Chun-shau-cap,’’ which literally means ‘‘Scaly Hill-borer.” They also name it “ Ling-li”’ or ‘‘ Hill-Carp ;”’ and it seems to be regarded by them as truly “a fish out of water.” They say it lives in the sides of the great mountains, and that it lays a trap for insects by erecting its scales, when, suddenly closing them, flies, ants, and other intruders are secured, and, when dead, fall out and are eaten. They also assert that it feeds upon fish; but both these stories appear to be myths something similar to those told of our own familiar «‘ Hedge-pig ”’ sucking the teats of cows, and impaling apples on her quills in the orchards. The Manis javanica is sold in the markets at Canton, and is often carried about the streets as a curiosity. The scales are employed by the Chinese for medicinal purposes ; but the flesh does not appear to be eaten, though it is very excellent food when roasted, as I can testify from personal experience, having had a portion of the defunct “Scales” nicely cooked. The Manis climbs very well, and can suspend itself head downwards by means of its strong flat tail. We fed our ‘“Scaly Hill-borers” on raw eggs and chopped raw beef, on which they seemed to thrive. The unfortunate “Scales ”’ fell a victim to female curiosity. Exploring the hold of the ship in one of her midnight rambles, she was lost for a time, and at length found her way back to her box, where she died of starvation. B. After Death. Our specimen was an adult female, weighing 4 lbs. The length from the end of the nose to the root of the tail was 144 inches, of the head 3 inches, and of tail 102; extreme length 2 feet 13 inch. Head.—The eye is protuberant, and the cornea remarkably convex; the vision is lateral; the eye-lids are pyriform, the pomted end for- ward, the upper lid well-rounded ; the iris is brown, with a tinge of green. The nostrils and lips are fleshy, naked, and, when the animal is alive, constantly moistened by a mucous secretion. The ears are naked and open. The tongue (used as a feeler during life) is 9 inches in length, and is enclosed in a membranous sheath; it is highly re- tractile and muscular, subcylindrical at the base, flattened at the an- terior half, grooved on the upper surface, and beset with prominent papillae. At the hinder end of the groove, arranged in the form of an equilateral triangle, are three pores which secrete a viscid fluid. The epiglottis is broad and hood-like; the thyroid glands are 24 inches in length and 17 in width: they are very large, ovate, and pointed at each end. Thorax.—The mammary glands are large, pectoral, two in number, and well developed. The lungs are composed of three lobes on the right, and two on the left side; the middle lobe very small; the lower lobe furnished with a process which embraces the base of the heart. The heart is central, large, and oval; the auricles very di- stinct ; the ventricles thick and fleshy ; the column carnez and chorda tendinea very strong ; the vena cava very large. The liver is large and five-lobed ; the upper lobe is large, the middle is notched in front, irregular and trilobate; the left lateral is rounded, with a 135 thin edge; the right lateral is subcylindrical and truncate below. The gall-bladder is large, and placed between the upper central and right lateral lobes of the liver. The pancreas is of loose texture, transversely elongated, flattened and pointed, obliquely truncate at one end, angular and pointed at the other; coiled up imbedded in a sac on the outer surface of the truncate extremity, was a small slender worm. The omentum is thin and membranous, with no fat; the mesen- tery is membranous and transparent, the vessels conspicuous, and the glands large, brown, and flattened. The stomach is simple, 4 inches in length, the greatest breadth 3 inches ; coats muscular, especially at the pyloric extremity, where the muscle is thickened so as almost to form a fleshy gizzard. The mucous membrane is loosely corrugated at the cardiac end, and densely covered with papillee at the pyloric extremity. There is a central pyriform tubercle suspended from the lesser curvature, pro- jecting into the cavity of the stomach. Between the thickened parts of the stomach, imbedded in the coats on the greater curvature, and midway between the cardia and pyloris, is a small sac surrounded by a mass of glands, the use and structure of which is to me unknown. The small intestines are 10 feet 10 inches long, and half an inch in circumference ; they are dark-coloured and vascular. The caecum is 24 inches in length and | inch in circumference. The large intestines are 10 inches long and 14 inch in circumference. The kidneys are ovoid, large, and smooth; the pelvis ending in a single follicle or sac; the ureters end near the neck of the smail pear-shaped bladder. The ovaries are } inch long, small, yellow, ovoid, and spotted, and situated at the inner side of the horns of the uterus. The uterus is divided above into two horns, which are curved in- wards and downwards; each cornu is 1 inch in length; body of uterus 14 inch long and subcylindrical. Fallopian tubes 2 inches in length. Vagina long and muscular. Anus immediately behind vulva at root of tail; there is a transverse linear opening leading to a cul de sac 4 inch deep, studded with conical papillee, and which is the seat of the peculiar odour of the Manis, which is alliaceous. A second Entozoon was found in the muscles of the lumbar region. 4, List oF THE First CoLLecTION oF BIRDS MADE BY Mr. Lovis Fraser at PatuaTaAnGa, Ecuapor, witH Notes AND Descriptions oF New Srecies. By Painie LuTvey ScCLATER. (Aves, Pl. CLIV.) Mr. Fraser passed part of the month of August, the whole of Sep- tember and October, and part of November last year at Pallatanga, a pueblo lying to the 8.K. of Riobamba on the Pacific slope of the 136 Western Cordillera of Ecuador in the tierra caliente. The branch of the Rio Chimbo, which flows through the ravine on which this place is situated, joins the main stream below, and enters the gulf of Guayaquil. The place is marked in Dr. Villvicencio’s Map of Ecuador, and described in his ‘ Geografia,’ p. 326. The following list gives the species contained in Mr. Fraser’s first collection from this locality, a second and larger collection not having been received by reason of the blockade of Guayaquil by the forces of the neighbouring republic of Peru. This is by far the best locality for birds that Mr. Fraser has yet visited. The collection contains 290 skins, represent- ing 102 species, among which are several interesting novelties. In the first rank of these must be placed the new Umbrella-bird, Cepha- lopterus penduliger, which I have already exhibited to the Society. Other apparently new species are Vireo josephe, Nemosia ornata, Anabates subalaris and A. temporalis, Dysithamnus unicolor, For- micivora caloptera, and Pachyrhamphus homochrous, all of which I have described below; and Odontophorus erythrops, which Mr. Gould has already described in these ‘ Proceedings.’ Besides these, we have some scarce Humming-birds—Panoplites mathewsu, Heliotrypha viola, and Bourcieria fulgidigula,—and some rare and beautiful Tou- cans—Andigena laminirostris and Aulacorhamphus erythropygius. I forbear making remarks upon the general character of the orni- thology of this locality until the arrival of Mr. Fraser’s second col- lection, formed on the same spot, shall give us a further insight into its peculiarities. J. PASSERES. 1. Turpus GiGas, Fraser. Irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet orange. 1 ex. 2, Sept. 2. Turpus ATROSERICEUS (Lafr.).—Merula atrosericea, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 3. “ Bill, rim round the eyes, legs, and feet orange.” 1 ex. ¢. 3. TURDUS ALBIVENTRIS, Spix. ‘«$,irides light brown ; bill greenish-yellow.” 4. CATHARUS FUSCATER (Lafr.).—Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 341; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 64. Several specimens, ¢ and 9. Sexes alike. Merlo. ‘Bill and rim round the eyes red; legs and feet orange. Frequents swampy places. Contents of stomach—fruit, seeds, and insects.”’ Comparing these specimens with examples of Catharus melpomene I can see no ground for generic separation, and therefore propose to unite the genus Malacocichla to Catharus, of which the six species will then stand as follows :— C. melpomene, ex Mexico (Cf. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 971). . C. aurantiirostris, ex Venezuela. C. mexicanus, Bp., ex Mexico. ON 137 4. C. fuscater, ex Noy. Granad. et rep. Equat. 5. C. dryas, ex Guatemala, 6. C. maculatus, ex ripis fl. Napo. >. TROGLODYTES FURVUS (Gm.). Two ex. agreeing with specimens from S. Martha, Trinidad, and the Lower Amazon. 6. ParRULA BRASILIANA (Licht.). Already noticed from New Granadian collections. See P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 143. 7. SETOPHAGA VERTICALIS ( Lafr. et D’Orb.). “ Trides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.’ Seemingly a common species. Mr. Fraser has sent many examples. 8. BASILEUTERUS CHRYSOGASTER, T'sch.—Setophaga chryso- gastra, Tsch. F. P. p. 276. One ex. Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet orange. 9. BasILEUTERUS CoRONATUS (Tsch.). — Setophaga coronata, Uschi chs Rp.) 6: Two ex. ‘“Irides hazel; bill brown, darker above; feet nearly orange.” 10. BasiLeurERuS BiviTTatus (Lafr. et D’Orb.).—Muscicapa bivittata, Lafr. et D’Orb. — Myiodioctes tristriatus, Tsch. Av. Consp. p. 283. Two ex. “Irides white; bill nearly black ; legs and feet flesh- colour. bt aaa i45 70. PHaiitHornis Guy (Less.): Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. iy. 71. PHA#THORNIS SYRMATOPHORUS, Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. iv. “ Quindi amarillo: irides hazel; upper mandible black; lower — red, tipped with black; legs and feet dark flesh-colour. Stomach contained yellow insects: all insects previously examined amongst the Humming-birds have been black.”’ ; 72. PHmOLHZMA RUBINOIDES (Boure. et Muls.): Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. xvi. Irides dark hazel ; bill black; legs and feet dark flesh-colour. 73. BoURCIERIA FULGIDIGULA, Gould, Mon. pt. vil. Three ex. ‘‘Irides dark hazel; bill black above, blue beneath ; legs and feet light blue.’’ 74, ADELOMYIA MELANOGENYS (Fraser): Gould, Mon. pt. ix. Bill black ; base of lower mandible red ; legs and feet dark flesh- colour. 75. METALLURA TyRIANTHINA (Lodd.): Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, pl. 55. 76. PerasopHora CyANorTis (Bourc.): Gould, Mon. pt. iv. Three ex. “ Ivides dark hazel.” 77. PerasopHora rouata, Gould, Mon. pt. iv. ** Quindi real: a very common species.” 78. Ca@LicenaA witsont (Delattre et Bourc.): Gould, Mon. pt. xi. “ Trides dark hazel.”’ 79. Panopuites MaTHEwsit (Boure.), Gould, Mon. pt. viii. “Inside of mouth and bill black ; legs and feet reddish flesh- colour.” 80. SPATHURA MELANANTHERA, Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1851, Pel pl SO: One example, a male. ‘‘ Feet white.”’ 81. HetiorrypeHa vious, Gould. Two examples of this beautiful species. 82. AMAZILIUS RIEFFERI, Boiss. Many examples. “ Irides dark hazel.”’ 83. CHLOROSTILBON ATALA (Less.). Many examples. No. 393.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 146 84. CALOTHORAX MULSANT! (Boure.): Gould, Mon. pt. ii. Many examples. ‘“‘Irides hazel.” II. ScaANsoREs. 85. PrayA MEHLERI, Bp. Several specimens. “‘Irides red ; bare space round the eyes, and base of mandible green ; bill yellow, with a greenish tinge ; legs and feet blue.” 86. RHAMPHASTOS AMBIGUUS, Sw.; Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2. pl. v. Two ex. “Irides green; space round the eyes green, with a yellow- ish finge; legs green; feet blue: gizzard containing fruit and large orange-coloured seeds.”’ 87. ANDIGENA LAMINIROsTRIS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 93; Mon. Ramph. ed. 2. pl. xxxvii. Three examples of this curious species, two males and a female. Sexes alike; but the female smaller, and the bill shorter. ‘“‘ Irides red; naked space before, behind, and over the eye bright blue, beneath it yellow ; bill black; bases of both mandibles maroon; a horn-coloured spot on each side of the upper mandible; legs and feet green: gizzard contained a fruit called Guelicon. Native name, Marra.” 88. AULACORHAMPHUS H&MATOPYGIUS, Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2. pl. 45. Three ex. “‘Ivides and cerered ; white margin to both mandibles ; bill black, with an indistinct reddish patch at the base of the upper mandible ; legs and feet olive-green. Found on the high trees in the mountains ; very noisy. Food, fruit and small seeds.” 89. Eusucco BouRCIER!I (Lafr.). “Trides red; bill greenish-yellow; legs and feet green: gizzard contained fruit and remnants of insects. Found solitary in the high trees. Somewhat stupid.” 90. Dryocopus Grayit, Malh. 91. DRYOCOPUS ALBIROSTRIS, Spix. 92. CHLORONERPES FUMIGATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.). Several examples, ¢ and @. “Irides dark hazel ; lower mandible, and base of upper, bluish ; tips of upper mandible black ; legs and feet greenish.” 93. ConuRUS ERYTHROGENYS (Less.).— Psittacara erythro- genys, Less.—Conurus rubrilarvatus, Mass. et de Souance. A young bird, apparently of this species. 147 94. PrlonuUS CHALCOPTERUS, Fraser. Irides hazel; bill reddish-yellow; legs and feet reddish flesh- colour : gizzard contained small seeds. 95. Pronus coRALLINUS, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 148. One ex. “Irides hazel ; bill red.’ This is the northern representa- tive of Pionus maximiliani (Siy, Azara, no. 286) of Paraguay and Bolivia, and a very close ally. The Pionus corallinus, spoken of by Mr. Cassin in Page’s ‘ Narrative of the U.S. La Plata Expedition ’ (New York, 1859), p. 601, is doubtless Azara’s species. Ill. Accrerrres. 96. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (L.). One example. 97. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS. “Gabilan.” Twoex. Specimen No. 874, “d, by dissection : irides hazel, cere orange, bare space round the eye yellow; legs and feet orange: gizzard contained insects and a lizard. This bird feeds principally, if not entirely, on the ground.” Specimen No. 1122, *« ©, by dissection: irides, cere, bare space round the eyes, legs, and feet orange.” 98. URUBITINGA UNICINCTA, Temm. One ex. “ Huarro. 2, by diss. Irides hazel; legs and feet yel- low; cere and gape yellow; bill blue at the base, black at the tip : gizzard empty. The toughest bird I ever had to skin.” IV. CoLumBz. 99. COLUMBA RUFINA, Temm. ‘‘Trides pink ; rim round the eye, legs, and feet red.” 100. LepropTiLa VERREAUXII, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 73? Two ex. “TIrides orange ; naked space round the eyes, legs, and feet red.” V. GALLINE. 101. ORTALIDA RUFIVENTRIS, Tsch. Two ex. “Irides, legs, and feet red; bill black.” 102. OponToPHORUS ERYTHROPS, Gould, antea, p. 99. Two ex. ‘ Cubalan. Irides red ; legs and feet blue: stomach con- tained seeds and grit. Found on the ground. Flight like that of Perdiz (Tinamus) ; but they build their nests high up in the trees. @ irides hazel.’’ 148 5, DESCRIPTION OF A RARE ENTOZOON FROM THE STOMACH OF Tur Duconc. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S., &e. (Annulosa, Pl. LVI.) In the Museum of the College of Surgeons there is a preparation of an Ascaris from the stomach of the Dugong. In dissecting this animal, Professor Owen discovered several specimens of an intestinal worm, which he named Ascaris halichoris. The preparation was made in 1831, and the ‘Catalogue of the Physiological Series of Comparative Anatomy’ was published by the College in 1833. About the same period, but in a different part of the world, Riip- pell found the same species of worm in the stomach of the same species of animal. He very briefly notices them in describing a Dugong which he found in the Red Sea, but merely mentions that these Entozoa ‘were found in a clustered glandular apparatus in the stomach, and were 5 inches long.’ His description of this Dugong was sent in a letter to Dr. Sommering, and is dated from the Island of Dahalac on the Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea, in the month of January, 1832. This paper was published in the first volume of the ‘Museum Senckenbergianum,’ m 1834. In the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ m 1838, there is an ela- borate paper by Professor Owen, descriptive of the principal viscera of the Dugong ; and in this paper he again notices these worms, and there mentions that they were originally found in a remarkable glandular apparatus situated near the cardiac extremity of the stomach. In the article Hntozoa in Tod’s ‘ Cyclopzedia of Anatomy and Physiology,’ the Professor again alludes to them in reference to its peculiar digestive apparatus, showing the presence of a caecum, which arises from the upper portion of the intestine. This organ he considers a kind of accessory to the digestive apparatus, and of rather a peculiar nature. ‘The second example,” he says, ‘of an accessory digestive gland occurs in a species of Ascaris infesting the stomach of a Dugong : here a single elongated caecum is developed from the intestine at the distance of half an inch from the mouth ; and is continued upwards, lying by the side of the beginning of the intestine, with its blind extremity close to the mouth; from the position where the secretion of this caecum enters the intestine, it may be regarded as representing a rudimental liver.” The next mention we find of this worm is in the ‘Mémoires de I’ Académie Impériale de St. Peétersbourg.’ In the 7th volume of the Mémoires (the 5th volume of the ‘ Sciences Naturelles’), Brandt has published a paper entitled ‘Symbol Sirenologicee,’ illustrating the natural history of the Rhytina borealis or stelleri, a specimen of a Cetacean allied to the Dugong, in which he mentions the fact that Steller had found a number of white worms in a gland attached to the stomach of that animal; and in a note to his paper he says, ‘“ they are similar to those found by Owen and Riippell in the Dugong.”’ Lastly, Diesing, in his valuable work, ‘Systema Helminthium,’ 1851, apparently not aware of Professor Owen having named this Ascaris, enumerates it, along with a number of others, amongst his 149 list of doubtful species, or “Species inquirende,’’ under the name of Ascaris dugonis—a name which of course cannot stand, as that of Professor Owen has the precedence of nearly twenty years. ‘The species found in the RAytina by Steller appears to have been six mches long, the same length as those observed by Riippell in the Dugong ; but as this latter animal was found in the Red Sea, whilst the former was taken in Behring’s Straits, they can scarcely be iden- tical. Be that as it may, however, the Ascaris halichoris, though named long ago, has never been fully described or figured, and I now propose to fill up this blank. ASCARIS HALICHORIS, Owen. (PI. LVI.) Caput nudum, epidermide stricte adnata ; os labus rotundatzis, porrectis ; corpus, in utroque sexu, extremitatibus magis at- tenuatis ; extremitate caudali brevi, subulata, nuda. Long. feminze, 31 unc. ; maris, 24 unc. The body is of a whitish colour, thickest in the centre, gradually tapering to each extremity. The body is strongly striated across ; in the female, apparently all its length ; in the male, till nearly about half an inch from its posterior extremity. This latter portion is smooth or slightly striated lengthways. In the female, the vagina is situated at about two-thirds of its length from the anterior ex- tremity. The spicula of the male appear very short. The intes- tine, as described by Professor Owen, has a cecum developed from it at the distance of about half an inch from the mouth, and is con- tinued upwards, lying by its side, and terminating in a blind extre- mity near the mouth. The specimens, now in the British Museum, are shorter than those noticed by Riippell. (The figures will explain this structure. ) In the Collection of the British Museum. May 10, 1859. John Gould, Hsq., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. List or BIRDS COLLECTED AT TAvoy, IN THE TENASSERIM Provinces, BY Caprain Briges, Deputy Commissioner or Tavoy. By Joun Gouxp, V.P., F.R.S., etc. To none is the naturalist more largely indebted for a knowledge of the productions of distant countries than to the officers of our military and civil services, since no inconsiderable number of them devote the little leisure at their command to the acquisition of the many interesting objects with which they are surrounded; and I 150 have much pleasure in adding the name of Captain Briggs, the De- puty Commissioner of Tavoy, to the number of those who have so creditably distinguished themselves,—that gentleman having lately transmitted to me a most interesting series of birds procured by him at Tavoy in the Tenasserim Provinces. These I have carefully iden- tified, and, aware that the publication of a list of the birds from this little-known locality will be regarded with interest, I have the plea- sure of sending it for insertion in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings.’ Pandion halieetus. Accipiter badius. Ketupa ceylonensis. Kphialtes lempiyt. Athene cuculoides. Crypsirhina varians. Sturnopastor contra. Acridotheres fuscus. Ploceus manyar. Copsychus saularis. Jora typhia. Orthotomus edela. Garrulax albogularis. Gampsorhinus ? Pycnonotus nigripileus. jocosus. jinlaysoni. Brachypodius melanocephalus. Reguloides proregulus. Motacilla luzoniensis. Budytes viridis. Petrocincla affinis. Huspiza aureola. Anthus malayensis. richard. Nectarinia fammazillaris. Diceum trigonostigma. cruentatum. Lanius hypoleucus. Oriolus melanocephalus. Kdolius paradiseus. Dicrurus macrocercus. Irena puella. Mirundo rustica. Centropus philippinus. Zanclostomus sirkee. Hudynamys orientalis. Cuculus sonnerati. Paleornis cyanocephalus. Tiga tridactyla. Gecinus dimidiatus. Megalaima virens. Xantholema indica. Rhyticeros subruficollis. Hydrocissa albirostris. Cymbirhynchus affinis. Coracias affinis. Merops viridis. philippinus. Haleyon atricapillus. leucocephalus. Ceryle varia. Alcedo bengalensis. Caprimulgus mahrattensis. nipalensis ? Treron bicincta. Carpophaga enea. Chalcophaps indicus. Turtur suratensis. humilis. Gallus bankiva. Genneus lineatus. Turnx pugnax. Mycteria australis. Tantalus leucocephalus. Herodias garzetta. drdetta flavicollis. cinnamomea. scapularis. Lobivanellus goensis. Hoplopterus ventralis. Charadrius virginicus. Gallinago stenura. Actitis hypoleuca. Rallus gularis. Gallinula ° pheenicura. Hydrophasianus sinensis. Micropterus rufonotus. Dendrocygna arcuata. Casarca leucoptera. Nettapus coromandelicus. Pelecanus philippinus. Carbo cormoranus. 151 2. List or Birps COLLECTED IN Si1AM By Sir Roserr H. ScuompureK (H.B.M. Consut ar Banexox). By Joun Goutp, V.P., F.R.S., Etc. I have lately received from Sir Robert Schomburgk, Her Majesty’s Consul at Bangkok, a collection of Birds collected by him in Siam, and which has been transmitted to me in furtherance of ornitholo- gical science, and particularly of my work on the ‘ Birds of Asia ; ’ and being aware that a knowledge of the species inhabiting that little- visited country will be of interest to all naturalists, I have carefully identified and ascertained the names of the species with the view to their publication im the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society. The collection now received, which is to be followed by others, comprises sixty-four species. Halhastur indus. Accipiter badius. Strix flammea. Urocissa magnirostris. Garrulax albogularis. Reguloides proregulus. Acridotheres nigricollis. javanicus. Sturnia elegans. Ploceus hypoxanthus. Munia punctularia. Estrelda amandava. Copsychus saularis. Petrocincla affinis. Orthotomus edela. Anthus pratensis. richardt. rufulus. Anthreptes malaccensis. Nectarinia flammazillaris. Diceum cruentatum. Edolius paradiseus. Lanius longicaudatus. Artamus fuscus. Leucocerca javanica. Oriolus chinensis. Hemichelidon latirostris. Mirundo rustica. . Pycnonotus goiavier. Eudynamys orventalis. Centropus philippensis. Zanclostomus sirkee. Chalcites xanthorhynchus? Paleornis cyanocephalus. alexandri. barbatus. Tiga tridactyla. Aantholema indica. Coracias affinis. Merops viridis. sumatranus. philippinus. Upupa nigripennis. Haleyon leucocephalus. collaris. atricapillus. Alcedo bengalensis. Columba intermedia. Treron bicincta. viridis. Turtur suratensis. humilis. Turnix pugnax. Francolinus sinensis ? Ardetta scapularis. fiavicollis. ? Nycticorax europeus. Lobwvanellus goensis. Esacus recurvirostris. Gallinula phenicura. Glottis canescens. Rhyncophilus glareola. Actitis hypoleuca. 152 3. On THE NiprricaTION OF THE KINGFISHER (ALCEDO ISPIDA). By Joun Goutp, V.P., F.R.S., ere. Ornithologists are divided in opinion as to whether the fish-bones found in the cavity in which the Kingfisher deposits its eggs are to be considered in the light of a nest, or as merely the castings from the bird during the period of incubation. Some are disposed to con- sider these bones as entirely the castings and feces of the young brood of the year before they quit the nest, and that, the same hole being frequented for a succession of years, a great mass is at length formed ; while others believe that they are deposited by the parents as a platform for the eggs, constituting in fact-a nest,—in which latter view I fully concur; and the following are my reasons for so doing. r On the 18th of the past month of April, during one of my fishing excursions on the Thames, I saw a hole in a precipitous bank, which I felt assured was a nesting-place of the Kingfisher ; and on passing a spare top of my fly-rod to the extremity of the hole, a distance of nearly three feet, I brought out some freshly-cast bones of fish, con- vineing me that I was right in my surmise. The day following, the 9th of May, I again visited the spot with a spade, and, after removing nearly 2 feet square of the turf, dug down toethe nest without dis- turbing the entrance-hole or the passage which led to it. Here I found four eggs placed on the usual layer of fish-bones ; all of these I removed with care, and then filled up the hole, beating the earth down as hard as the bank itself, and replacing the sod on the top in order that barge-horses passing to and fro might not put a foot in the hole. A fortnight afterwards the bird was seen to leave the hole again, and my suspicion was awakened that she had taken to her old breeding-quarters a second time. The first opportunity I had of again visiting this place, which was exactly twenty-one days from the date of my former exploration and taking the eggs, I agai passed the top of my fly-rod up the hole, and found not only that the hole was of the former length, but that the female was within. I then took a large mass of cotton wool from my collecting-box, and stuffed it to the extremity of the hole, in order to preserve the eggs and nest from damage during my again laying it open from above. On re- moving the sod and digging down as before, I came upon the cotton wool, and beneath it a well-formed nest of fish-bones, the size of a small saucer, the walls of which were fully half an inch thick, together with eight beautiful eggs and the old female herself. This nest and eggs I removed with the greatest,care ; and I now have the pleasure of exhibiting it to the Society, before its transmission to the British Museum, the proper resting-place of so interesting a bird’s nest. This mass of bones then, weighing 700 grains, had been cast up and deposited by the bird or the bird and its mate, besides the unusual number of eight eggs, in the short space of twenty-one days. To gain anything like an approximate idea of the number of fish that had been taken to form this mass, the skeleton of a mimnow, their usual food, must be carefully made and weighed; and this I may 153 probably do upon some future occasion. I think we may now con- clude, from what I have adduced, that the bird purposely deposits these bones as a nest ; and nothing can be better adapted, as a plat- form, to defend the eggs from the damp earth. 4. List or THE BIRDS LATELY SENT BY Mr. A. R. WALLACE FROM Dorey or Dorery, New Guinea. By GEORGE Rosert Gray, F.L.S., etc. [The * indicates those that are for the first time recorded from Dorery, New Guinea. | Amongst the series of New Guinea birds received from that inde- fatigable naturalist and collector Mr. A. R. Wallace, are several which prove of so great an interest, that I am induced to draw up the following list of them, as an Appendix to my paper on Aru and Ké Island-Birds, which I laid before the Society the 23rd of March, 1858. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 169.)* FAaLCONID. 1. HaLiastuR LEUCOSTERNUS (Gm.). 2. *Baza stenozona, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 169. 3. AsTUR LONGICAUDA, Legs. The collection contains a female specimen of this rare bird, which has hitherto been supposed to belong to the subfamily Accipitrine ; but the examination of this example proves that it would be more correctly placed in that of Milvine, as it possesses all the characters which are essential to that group. It forms part of the genus Pernis ; but as it exhibits some slight differences in the wings, &c., from the type of the genus, I have ventured to propose the subgeneric appel- lation of Henicopernis, instead of adopting Dedalion (Dedalia), as suggested by Prince C. L. Bonaparte, because the latter word was long since given by Savigny as a more classical term for that of Astur. It should therefore stand thus— Pernis (HENICOPERNIS) LONGICAUDa, G. R. Gr. fe) DG! Bill, Beneath the body white, slightly tinged with rufous, and longi- tudinally streaked with blackish-brown. 4, *ACCIPITER POLIOCEPHALUS, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p.170. g juv. Greyish brown, more or less margined with rufous ; tail greyish-brown, with narrow bands of black; under surface white, marked down the middle of each feather with rufous, enlarged in some at the tip; thighs and under wing-coverts rufous ; bill black ; feet yellow. * See also Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea, in the British Museum, 1859. 154 CAPRIMULGID&. 5. *PODARGUS MARMORATUS (juv. 2). Podargus marmoratus, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pt. i. 6. *ASGOTHELES WALLACII, G. R. Gr. Black, reticulated and blotched with white, especially on the wing-coverts; the front and crown of head blotched with rufous-white ; tail black, with narrow and irregular reticulated bands of white; be- neath the body rufous white, darker on the front of throat and breast, reticulated and blotched with black ; mentum rufous white ; upper mandible black, and lower mandible white. Length 8", wings 4" 9!’, 7. *CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS, Gould. HiruNDINID-. 8. Hirunbo FRONTALIS. Q. & G. CoRACIAD. 9. *EURYSTOMUS PACIFICUS (Lath.). ALCEDINID&. 10. *DacELo GAupIcHAUDI (Q. & G.). 11. DaceLo MACRORHINUS, Less. 12. *HALCYON ALBICILLA, Less. 13. *Haucyon sanctus, Vig. & Horsf. 14. TANYSIPTERA GALATEA, G. R. Gr. Alcedo dea, Less. Voy. Coq. 1. 697 (juv.). Tanysiptera dea, Vigors, Linn. Trans. xiv. 433; G. R. Gr. Cat. Mamm. & Birds of N.G. p. 20. 3. Black, tinged with deep blue: front, crown of head, inner border of shoulder, and lesser wing-coverts, verditer blue; beneath the body and rump white, slightly tinged with rufous; lateral fea- thers of tail white, margined outwards with cobalt blue ; middle tail- feathers slightly narrowing towards the tips (which are of a broad spatulate shape), and of a silvery blue, with the inner margin slightly bordered with white ; bill red. Length 15", wings 4" 3!" This bird is at once distinguished from the type of Linnzus’s Alcedo dea by the formation of the two middle tail-feathers. In the type these feathers are broad at their bases for a short distance, and then suddenly narrowed for a space towards the broad spatula- shaped terminations, as 1s distinctly shown in all the old figures (Seba, 1. t. 46. f. 3; Briss. Orn. iv. t. 40.f.2; Pl. Enl. 116). 155 15. Ceyx souiTartra, Temm. 16. ALCYONE AZUREA, var. LESSONII (Cass.). MeERopPID&. 17. *MEROPS ORNATUS. Merops ornatus, Lath. PROMEROPID. 18. Erpimacaus MAGNIFICUS, Cuv. 19. NECTARINIA ASPASIA (Less.). 20. NECTARINIA ZENOBIA (Less.). 21. *NEcTARINIA EQUES (Less.). MELIPHAGID&. 22. *Myzomeva nieritA, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 173. 23. PTILOTIS CHRYSOTIS. This bird is the same as Tropidorhynchus chrysotis (Less.), and Ptilotis fiigera, Gould. See Cat. Mamm. and Birds of N. Guin. pp. 23, 25. 24. *PriLoTis stmris, Homb. & Jacq. 25. *PTILOTIS MEGARHYNCHUS, G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 174. 26. TROPIDORHYNCHUS NOv# GUINEA, Mill. & Schl. 27. *ENTOMOPHILA ’ SPILODERA, G. R. Gr. Olivaceous-grey ; feathers of the crown margined with dull brown ; quills and tail brown ; throat white, spotted with dull brown ; breast and abdomen yellowish-white ; bill and feet pale. Length 5", wings 2! 5!" LUSCINIIDE. 28. *PerROIcA HYPOLEUCA, G. R. Gr. Slaty-black ; cheeks, line from nostrils extending above the eyes, bases of the tertials, secondaries, and primaries, and beneath the body, pure white. The white on the cheeks extends up to the mar- gin of the eyes, in a short and narrow band. The black colour continues from the hind-head, and forms a narrow pointed band on each side of the breast. Length 5" 9'", wings 3" 3!" TURDIDA. 29. *Prrra mackuotTt, Temm. 156 30. Pirra Nove GUINE&, Mull. 31. Or1ioLus srriatus, Q. & G. 32. PoMATORHINUS IsIDORI, Less. MuscicaPiIp&. 33. *PrEZORHYNCHUS LUCIDUS. 3. Myiagra lucida, G. R. Gr. P. Z.8. 1858, p. 176. 2 ?. Piezorhynchus rufolateralis, ibid. .34, *PIEZORHYNCHUS CHALYBEOCEPHALUS. Muscicapa chalybeocephala, Garn. Voy. Coq. t. 15. f. 2. 35. 'Topopsis CYANOCEPHALA, &c. (Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 177), is to be altered in the following manner :— * g. Crown of head silvery blue, extending towards the nape ; front and sides of the head deep silky black; upper part of back and scapulars greenish-blue ; quills dull black ; secondaries mar- gined with green; tail verditer blue, darker at the tip, which is slightly margined with white ; beneath the body deep blue. Length 5! 8", wings 2! 5! 2. Todus cyanocephalus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 5. f. 4. Philentoma cyanocephala, Pucher. Voy. Pole Sud, t. 20. f. 2. .Todopsis ceruleocephala, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1854. Todopsis cyanocephala, G. R. Gr. P. Z.8. 1854, p. 177. Topopsis BONAPARTII, G. R. Gr. 3. Todopsis cyanocephala, G. R. Gr. Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 177, pl. 134. 3. @. Deep rufous; crown and hind head blue; over the nostrils and sides of the head black tinged with blue; quills fuscous-black, margined with rufous ; tail dull blue, broadly tipped and the mar- gins of the outer feathers white ; throat and sides of breast deep hlue ; breast and abdomen white ; sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale rufous. Length 6", wings 22". Hab. Aru Islands. 36. RurprpurA GULARIS, Mull. & Schl. 37. *MoNnARCHA DICHROA, G. R. Gr. Shining glossy black; breast, abdomen, and under wing-coverts pure white. Length 6! 3’, wings 3! 3!, 38. MonarCHA TELESCOPHTHALMA (Garn.). 39. *Micr@ca CONSPICILLATA, G. R. Gr. Olivaceous greyish-brown ; head, quills and tail greyish-brown, 7 margined with olive; spot over the nostrils, ring round the eyes, and the under surface white, tinged on the breast with pale rufous. Length 4", wings 2! 1'', AMPELID&. 40. *Dicrurvs assrmiuis?, G. R. Gr. P.Z. 8. 1858, p. 179. 3S. Length 12", wings 6". Laniip&. 41. Recrres kKIRROCEPHALUS (Less.). 42. *RECTES sTREPITANS, Pr. B. 43. MyIoLEesTES MEGARHYNCHUS (Q. & G.). 44, *CRACTICUS PERSONATUS, Temm. CorvipD. 45. Corvus ORRU. Corvus corone, pt., Wagl. Corvus coronoides ?, G. R. Gr. Cat. Mamm. & Birds of N. Guin. p. 35. Corvus orru, Mull.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 385. 46. *Corvus FUSCICAPILLUS, G. R. Gr. Corvus orru, pt., Cat. Mamm. & Birds of N. Guin. p. 35. Corvus macrorhynchus, pt., Wagl. Head and neck obscure brownish-black ; rest of the body black, slightly tinged with purple. Bill very large, measuring 3! 2! from the gape, culmen elevated and much arched ; that of the ¢ entirely black, of the 2 white tipped with blue and black. “ Iris sky-blue.”’ —Wallace. » Length 23”, wings 13! 3!". 47. GYMNOCORVUS SENEX (Less.). PARADISEID. 48. PARADISEA PAPUANA (Less.). Mr. Wallace has offered some remarks in reference to the sup- posed variety of Paradisea apoda, which will be best explained by quoting his own words :—“I cannot consider the Paradisea apoda of Aru a new variety, because I believe al/ the specimens known have come from there. You will find, I think, the same difference of colour between my Paradisea papuana and the native skins, which - arises from my care in covering up the plumes during the period of drying, which preserves their colour, while the natives bleach them by weeks of exposure to sunshine. The pale colour of the head also is from my specimens not being shrunk and smoked, as all the na- 158 tive ones are.’”” Under these circumstances, I now propose that the name of Var. Wallaciana (given Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 181) should be erased from the list. STURNIDA. 49. Manucopta aTrRA (Less.). 50. MANUCODIA KERAUDRENI * (Less.). Juv. entirely purplish glossy black, without any trace of green re- flexions. 51. *CaALoRNIs vIRESCENS, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 182. Calornis metallica, Sclater, Proc. L. S. 1858, p. 164. 52. GRACULA DUMONTII (Less. ). BuCEROTID. 53. BucEROS RUFICOLLIS, Vieill. PsITTACIDA. 54. PLATYCERCUS AMBOINENSIS (Bodd.). Psittacus dorsalis, Q. & G. 55. *CHARMOSYNA PULCHELLA, G. R. Gr. List of Psitt. p. 102. 56. Lorius TRICOLOR (Linn.). 57. Lorius CYANAUCHEN. Psittacus (Lorius) cyanauchen, Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ind. p. 107. Lorius superbus, Fr. Zool. Typ. pl. 55. Hab. Mafor Islands. 58. Eos CYANOGENIA. Eos cyanogenia, Pr. B. P. Z.S. 1850, p. 27, pl. 14. Hab. Mafor Islands. 59. *Kos FUSCATA. Eos fuscata, B). Journ. A. 8. B. 1858, xxvii. p. 279. Eos (Chalcopsitéa) torrida, G. R. Gr. List of Psitt. p. 102. 60. ELectus Linn#&1, Wagl. The Aru specimen differs from those of Dorey in the abdomen being pure blue ; in those from the latter place it is purplish blue. * The specimen figured by Mr. Gould, in his ‘ Birds of Australia,’ as from Cape York, is of a uniform glossy golden green, with the feathers of the neck of a less pointed form than those of the Dorey examples. It is certainly distinct from the M. keraudreni of Dorey, and therefore will warrant a new specific name being given to it; and I now propose that of Manucodia gouldiz. 159 . 61. TRICHOGLOSSUS NIGROGULARIS, var.,G. R. Gr. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 183. 62. *Psrrracus PUCHERANI (Pr. B.). Pionus fuscicapillus, Womb. & Jacq. 63. PsirracULA DESMARESTII (Garn.). 64. CacaTua TRITON, Temm. 65. MicRoGLOssUM ATERRIMUM (Gm.). The Aru examples should more properly be placed under Miero- glossum alecto, as they are of a smaller size than those found at Dorey. CucuLipD&. 66. CENTROPUS MENEBIKI, Garn. 67. EUDYNAMYS PUNCTATUS. CoLUMBID&. 68. PriLoNopus suPERBUS (Temm.). 69. CarropHaca PUELLA (Less.). 70. CARPOPHAGA PINON (Q. & G.). 71. CARPOPHAGA ZOEH (Less.). 72. CARPOPHAGA RUFIGASTRA (Q. & G.). 73, MacropyGiA DOREYA, Pr. B. 74, *CHALCOPHAPS STEPHANI (Homb. & Jacq.). 75. *Goura coronata (Linn. ). MEGAPODID. 76. TALEGALLUS CUVIERI, Less. 77. MEGAPODIUS REINWARDTI, Wagl. ARDEID. 78. BoraurRus HELIOSYLUS (Less.). RALLiID&. 79. *RALLINA TRICOLOR, G. R. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1358, p. 188. 160 5. List or New CaLepontiANn Birps. -By GrorGe ROBERT Gray, Ese., F.L.S., erc. (Aves, Pl. CLV.) This list contains an enumeration of the Birds recorded by For- ster as obtained by the naturalists who accompanied the great cir- cumnavigator Cook, while the expedition lay off New Caledonia, with the addition of those which have been lately received from the same locality. It has been thought that these would together form the nucleus of an Ornithological Fauna of that little-known island and of the smaller islets dependent upon it. 1. PANDION HALIAETUS? Falco haliaétus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 257. Hab. Isle of Pines (Isle of Spruce-trees of Forster). 2. HALCYON SANCTUS. Halcyon sanctus, Vig. & Horsf. Linn. Trans. xv. 266. Hab. Loyalty Islands (B.M.); Island of Nu, Port de France, New Caledonia (B.M.). 3. GLYCIPHILA MODESTA. Upper surface obscure cinereous, darker on the head ; back varied with olive; quills and tail fuscous-black, margined outwards with olive ; throat, breast, and sides greyish-brown, varied with cinereous white ; abdomen pale greyish-brown, tinged with yellow ; ear-coverts shining grey. Length 5! 6!', wings 3", bill 103". Hab. Island of Nu (B.M.). 4, GLYCIPHILA POLIOTIS. Fuscous, tinged with olive; beneath pale fuscous, tinged with olive ; ear-coverts grey ; quils and tail fuscous-black, margined with bright yellow. Length 6", wings 2" 11'", bill 1. Hab. Loyalty Islands (B.M.). These two species are nearly allied to G. ocularis, but they are without the yellow spot behind each eye. 5. ——? CHLOROPHAEA. Certhia chlorophaea, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 264. Hab. New Caledonia. 6. ? FASCIATA. Certhia fasciata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 263. Hab. New Caledonia. The ? INCANA. Certhia incana, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 296. Hab. New Caledonia. 161 8. TROPIDORHYNCHUS LESSONI. Tropidorhynchus diemenensis, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 401 ; Pucher. Arch. du Mus. 1855, t. 21. Hab. Port St. Vincent, New Caledonia (B.M.); Isle of Pines (B.M.); Loyalty Islands (B.M.). 9. ACANTHIZA FLAVOLATERALIS. Head and upper part of neck cinereous ; back olivaceous; quills blackish-fuscous, margined with olive; throat, breast, middle of the abdomen, and a line frem nostril to above the eye cinereous white ; sides of abdomen bright yellow ; tail fuscous, lateral feathers black, marked near the tip of each with white ; bill and feet black. Length 3" 8!", wings 2! 1!’ Hab, Island of Nu. (B.M.) 10. ZosTEROPS XANTHOCHROA. Yellowish-olive ; lore and beneath the eyes black, the latter sur- rounded with white ; throat and under tail-coverts yellow ; sides of abdomen rufous-grey ; middle of abdomen white, tinged with yellow ; bill and feet plumbeous ; the former long and acutely pointed. Length 4" 3!", wings 2! 4!" Hab. Islandof Nu. (B.M.) 11. ZosTEROPS GRISEONOTA. Head, lower part of back, margins of the wings, and tail olive- yellow ; upper part of back cinereous; throat and under tail-coverts yellow ; breast pale cinereous, tinged with rufous ; sides of abdomen rufous-grey ; middle of abdomen white, tinged with yellow ; bill short and conical. Length 4" 6!", wings 2! 7!"'. Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.) 12. TURDUS XANTHOPUS. Turdus xanthopus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 266; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 151. Hab. New Caledonia. ‘“ Degbe”’ of the natives. Island of Nu. (B.M.) The Merula vinitincta of Mr. Gould (P. Z. S. 1855, p. 165) is closely allied to this species. ( 13. Perroica Turdus minutus, Forst. Descr. Anim. pp. 88 and 257. Hab. Isle of Pines. 14. Mvy1iAGRA PERSPICILLATA. Greyish slate-colour ; ring round eyes white ; throat and breast rusty red ; abdomen and middle of breast rufous-white ; under tail- coverts white; quills fuscous-black, very slightly margined with No. 394.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 162 rufous-white ; tail fuscous, with the lateral feathers more or less tipped and the outer web of the first feather white. Length 5" 9'", wings 2" 9'"’, bill from gape 9!". Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.) Allied to M. oceanica, H. & J., but smaller, especially in the size of the bill. 15. MyIAGRA VIRIDINITENS. Black, with glossy green reflexions; breast, abdomen, under tail- coverts, and margins of lateral tail-feathers white; quills black, slightly margined with grey. Length 6" 6", wings 3". Hab. Loyalty Island. (B.M.) Allied to t. 12*. f. 4, Voy. au Pole Sud. 16. EorpSALTRIA VARIEGATA. 3. Upper surface olivaceous-brown ; head cinereous ; throat white, with the feathers slightly margined with black; breast and sides of abdomen pale brownish-grey ; middle of abdomen yellowish- white; under tail-coverts yellow; quills fuscous, margined with rufous- olive. Q. Upper surface obscure olivaceous-brown, rather darker on the head ; quills fuscous, margined with olive; margins of greater wing- coverts and tertials rufous; throat pale yellow, with the feathers slightly margined with black ; breast and sides of abdomen rufous- grey ; middle of abdomen rufous-white ; under tail-coverts yellow. Length 6", wings 3! 6!”. Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.) 17. EopsauTriA { CALEDONICA. Muscicapa olivacea, G. Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 271. Muscicapa caledonica, Gmel. 8. N.1. 944. Hab. New Caledonia. 18. PacHYCEPHALA XANTHETRAEA. Muscicapa xanthetraea, Forst. Deser. Anim. p. 268. Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Magga”’ of the natives. Island of Nu. (B.M.) 19. CAMPEPHAGA CALEDONICA. Corvus cinereus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 260; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 53. Corvus caledonicus, Gmel. 8. N. i. 367. Corvus cesius, Cuv., Pucher. Arch. du Mus. 1855, p. 323. Pica cinerea, Wag). Syst. Av. Gazzola caledonica, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 383. Campephaga caledonica, G. R. Gr. Gen. of B. p. 283. Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘Ghewa”’ of the natives. Isle of Pines. (B.M.) 163 20. CampepHaGa (LALAGE) NEVIA. Musicapa nevia, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 269; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 159; Gmel. S. N. 1. 944. Hah. New Caledonia; Island of Nu (B.M.). 21. ARTAMUS MELALEUCUS. Loxia melaleuca, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 272; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 40. Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Keeuh”’ of the natives. Island of Nu. (B.M.) This species is quite distinct from 4. leucorhynchus, being of a darker colour on the upper surface. 22. Corvus CORONE ? Corvus, n. sp., Licht. Descr. Anim. p. 279. Corvus corone, Wagl. Syst. Av. __ Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Maga” of the natives. 23. CORVUS MONEDULOIDES. Corvus moneduloides, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 329. Corvus inflatus, Temm. MSS. Physocorax moneduloides, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1853. Hab. New Caledonia. 24. APLONIS*® STRIATA. Coracias pacifica, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 261 ; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 54, upp. fig. * The other species of this genus are A. TABUENSIS, Friendly Islands. Lanius tabuensis, Gmel. Aplonis marginata, Gould. Aplonis tabuensis, Hartl. A. CASSINII. Fiji and Tongatabou. Lamprotornis fusca, Peale. Aplonis marginalis, Hartl. Aplonis marginata, Cassin. A. BREVIROSTRIS. Navigators’ Islands. Lamprotornis brevirostris, Peale. Aplonis brevirostris, Hart. A. FUSCA. Australia. Aplonis fusca, Gould. A. ZEALANDICA. New Zealand. Lamprotornis zealandicus, Quoy & Gaim. Aplonis zealandica, G. R. Gr. A. OBSCURA. New Zealand. Lamprotornis obscurus, Dubus. Aplonis obscura, G. R. Gr. ? A. NIGROVIRIDIS. —? = Lamprotornis nigroviridis, Less. 164 Coracias striata, Gmel. S. N. i. 381. Lanius striatus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Hab. New Caledonia; Island of Nu (B.M.)? 25. APLONIS VIRIDIGRISEA. Slaty-grey, with glossy green reflexions ; top of head and cheeks glossy purplish-black ; quills and tail black ; tertials and secondaries bordered with slaty-grey; beneath the body greyish slate-colour, tinged with olivaceous-yellow ; under tail-coverts greyish-white. Coracias striata 2, Gmel. S. N. i. 3812; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 54, low. fig. Length 7", wings 4", bill from gape 11 Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.) 26. APLONIS ATRONITENS. Sooty black ; feathers on the back margined with green reflexions, and those beneath the body are broadly margined with grey; quills and tail deep fuscous-black ; bill and feet black. 5 Length 8" 3'", wings 4" 3!", bill from gape 1". Hab. Loyalty Islands. (B.M.) 27. ESTRELDA PSITTACEA. Fringilla pulchella, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 273; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 153. Fringilla psittacea, Gmel. 8. N.i. 903 ; Lath. Syn. pl. 48; Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 32. Estrelda psittacea, G. R. Gr. Gen. of B. 11. 369. Erythrura psittacea, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 457. Poephila pandoni, M‘Gill. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858. Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Durubeea,”’ “ Gherubeea”’ of the na- tives. Island of Nu. (B.M.) 28. Puatycercus (NYMPHICUS) CORNUTUS. Psittacus bisetis, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 258; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 43; Lath. Syn. pl. 8. Psittacus cornutus, Gmel. 8. N. 1. 327. Platycercus cornutus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. 1. 528. Nymphicus bisetis, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 522. Nymphicus cornutus, G. R. Gr. List of Gen. of B. 1855, p. 86. Hab. New Caledonia (B.M.). ‘‘Kere,” “ Keghe”’ of the na- tives. South Harbour, south end of N. C. (B.M.). 29. PLATYCERCUS CALEDONICUS. Psittacus caledonicus, Gmel. 8. N. 1. 328. Psittacus bisetis 2, Shaw. Platycercus caledonicus, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 532. Hab. New Caledonia. 30. CucuLus (CACOMANTIS) BRONZINUS. | Allied to C. cineraceus, Vig. & Horsf. ; but the bill is larger, and 165 the bird is altogether of a deeper colour, especially beneath the body, which is of a rusty colour; the white spots on the sides of the tail- feathers are very small, and unconnected with one another. Length 10" 9", wings 5! 6!" Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.) 31. PTILONOPUS GREYI. Ptilonopus greyi, G. R. Gr. List. of Col. p. 4. Ptilopus purpuratus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. 19? Hab. Loyalty Island (B.M.) ; Isle of Pines (B.M.). 32. PrILONOPUS HOLOSERICEUS. Columba holosericea, Temm. Pig, t. 32. Ptilonopus sericeus, G. R. Gr. Gen. of B. 11. 467. Lamprotreron holosericea, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. 18. Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.) 33. CARPOPHAGA (PHZNORHINA) GOLIATH. (PI. CLV.) 3. Greyish slate-colour on the head, neck, breast and back ; wings slaty-black, with slight green reflexions, and the middle feathers of the wing-coverts of an obscure purplish-red ; outer webs at the base of the primaries greyish-white, hardly appearing on that of the first quill ; tail slaty-black, with green reflexions ; inner web of the first, and both webs of the second to the fifth feathers, more or less of a deep brownish-red, two middle feathers with only a space in the middle of each web of an obscure brownish-red ; abdomen deep brownish-red ; thighs and under tail-coverts rufous-white ; bill red, with the tip black ; feet red. , Length 19" 9", wings 13! 3! Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.) The specimen exhibits the nostrils only partly covered at the base, and the openings entirely exposed ; which has not been observed in any other species of the family Columbide, therefore might be sup- posed to form a subgeneric division, with the name of Phenorhina. 34. CarpopHaGa (IANTH@NAS) HYPQ@NOCHROA. Tanthenas hypenochroa, Gould, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 136. Carpophaga (Janthenas) hypoinochroa, G. R.Gr., List of Columb. B.M. p. 24. Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.) 35. CHALCOPHAPS CHRYSOCHLORA, var. Chalcophaps chrysochlora, Gould ? Hab. Island of Nu. (B.M.) 36. CHARADRIUS —— ? Charadrius glaucopus, var., Forst. Deser. Anim. p. 258 ; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 124. Hab. New Caledonia. ‘‘ Poemanghee’’ of the natives. 166 37. STREPSILAS INTERPRES. Tringa interpres, Linn. Strepsilas interpres, G. R. Gr. Hab. New Caledonia. 38. ArpEA (HERODIAS) ALBOLINEATA. Closely allied to 4. sacra, Gm. (A. jugularis, Forst.); but the white is wider and extends less down the throat, and the tarsi are rather longer, being 3" 6! in length. Hab. Isle of Pines. (B.M.) 39. NycTICORAX CALEDONICUS. Ardea ferruginea, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 274; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 111. Ardea caledonica, Gmel. S. N. i. 626. Ardea sparrmannii, Wagl. Syst. Av. Nycticorax caledonicus, Steph. Hab. New Caledonia. 40. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA. Anas leucophrys, Forst. Deser. Anim. p. 93; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 77 Anas superciliosa, Gmel. 8. N. i. 537. Hab. New Caledonia. 41. ANAS PUNCTATA, var. Anas punctata, Gould. Hab. New Caledonia. 42. STERNA GRACILIS. Sterna gracilis, Gould, B. of Austr. HTab. New Caledonia. 43. STERNA MELANAUCHEN. Sterna melanauchen, Temm. PI. Col. Hab. Loyalty Islands (B.M.) ; New Caledonia. 44, STERNA (HALIPLANA) FULIGINOSA. Sterna serrata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 476; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 110. Onychoprion serrata, Wag). Sterna fuliginosa, Gmel. 8. N. i. 605. Haliplana fuliginosa, Wag). Hab. New Caledonia. . LARUS NOVZ HOLLANDIA. i us scopulinus, Forst. Descr. AAD pp. 106 & 257 ; G. Forst. Icon. ined. 109. Larus nove hollandie, Steph. Larus jamesoni, Wils. Ill. of Zool. +, 23. Hab. Isle of Pines. 167 46. SuLA FUSCA. Pelecanus plotus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 278. ** Pelecanus fiber, Linn.,”’ G. Forst. Icon. ined. 108. Sula fusca, Briss. ? Hab. New Caledonia. 6. Descrietion or A New Species oF Diver (Cotymsus). By Greorce Rosert Gray, Esa., F.L.S., ere. CotymBus ApaAmsil, G. R. Gr. Closely allied to C. glacialis ; but the head and collar round the neck shining bluish-black, except on the top of the head and neck, which have a slight green reflexion ; the rows of spots of the tertials and secondaries very much larger and more like those of C. arcticus, while the spots on the sides of the abdomen and upper tail-coverts are smaller than those of C. glacialis. This bird is easily distin- guished from either of those species by its larger bill, by having the gonys more strongly developed, and by its bill being of a yellowish- white colour. Length 31"; bill from gape 5", from the base of culmen 3! 9!" ; wings 15". Hab. Russian America. This fine species is named after the late Mr. Adams, Surgeon of H.M.S. Enterprise, commanded by Capt. Collinson, in the voyage made by him through Behring’s Straits. Mr. Adams employed his pencil in producing beautiful drawings of the remarkable birds ob- tained during the voyage; but after his return to this country, he undertook the appointment of surgeon to one of H. M.S. on the West African Station, where he soon fell a victim to the unhealthy climate. 7. On some New Fresuwater SHELLS FROM ECUADOR AND New GRanaDa, IN THE CoLLEcTION oF Hugu Cumine, Esa. By Dr. Von vem Buscu. 1. MrLanta Fusco-puncrata, V. d. Busch. Testa ovato-turrita, tenuis, levis, nitida, lutea cum numerosis punetis fuscis in seriebus transversis circumdata; anfractibus 4 parum convexis ; margine columellari albo ; apertura ovata, alba, intus maculis fuscis nonnullis ornata. Long. 8'", diam. 5!’ apertura 4!" alta, 3!’ lata. Hab. Ecuador. This fine Melania, found, according to the statement of Mr. Cunnng, by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, is particularly distinguished by numerous red-brown points, which are arranged in transverse lines 168 or bands from the apex of the shell to the base, but are only distinctly visible by means of a lens, and are more distinct on the two inferior than on the two upper whorls. 2. MeLANiaA FRASER], V. d. Busch. Testa oe rito-subulata, tenuis,.nitida, apice decollato; anfracti- bus 74 subconvexis ; sutura mediocris ; anfractus inferiores olt- vacet et cum flammulis fuliginosis ornati, superiores autem so- lummodo fuliginosi, basis striata ; apertura ovata, effusa. Long. 14!", diam. 3'"; apertura longa 3!"’, lata 2!’. Hab. Yicuador. This Melania, which was also found by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, and which I dedicate to him, is distinguished by the coloration of the shell; the inferior whorls are of olive-yellow colour, upon which appear dark-brown flames; the upper whorls are, however, of a uniform dark-brown colour. 3. AMPULLARIA souiDA, V. d. Busch. Testa oblongo-conoidea, solida, levis, haud nitens, imperforata, anfractibus 4 conveaxis, olivacea, fasciis fuscis obsoletis cir- cumdata ; apertura ovato-oblonga, alba, intus cerulea ; labrum crassum ; columella subcallosa, alba. Altit. 18-19", latit. 13’; apertura 9'" longa, 6!” lata. Hab. Ecuador. ; This Ampullaria, found also by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, seems to be in every respect like the 4. spencei, Reeve, figured under 124 of his ‘Monograph of the Genus Ampullaria, and is perhaps only a variety of it. 4. AMPULLARIA MODESTA, V.d. Busch. Testa globosa, solida, imperforata, haud nitida, apice ‘eroso ; fusca sine fasciis, sed costulis levibus sparsim circumdata ; anfractibus 4; spira brevis; apertura ovata, intus cesia ; labrum solidum, luteum. Altit. 16!, latit. 10!" ; apertura 9!"' longa, 6!" lata. Hab. Ecuador. A mean-looking species, somewhat solid, distinguished by some dispersed fore ribs upon the last whorl, visible with the naked eye. 5. AMPULLARIA QUITENSIS, V. d. Busch. Testa globoso-ventricosa, solida, profunde et anguste umbilicata, spira exserta, anfractibus 5 convexis ad suturam impressis ; virescens, obscure fasciata ; apertura ovata, intus cinereo striata ; labrum vivide aurantio-rufum. Altit. 17', latit. 14!" ; apertura 9!" longa, 7! lata. Hab. Ecuador. Distinguished by the fire-red lip. On the interior of the aperture are visible the indistinct bands of the exterior of the shell, as more or less distinct grey bands. 169 6. AMPULLARIA NOV&-GRANAD&, V. d. Busch. Testa globosa, tenuis, nitida, perforata; spira exserta, ovata ; anfractibus 5-6 convexis ad suturam planis ; ultimus anfractus valde globosus, + totius altitudinis equans ; virescenti-olivacea fasciitis obscuris circumdata ; apertura ampla, semicircularis, nitida, intus plus minusve cerulea ; lubrum tenue, subreflecum, acutum ; margo columellaris luteus. Altit. 24!, latit. 19’; apertura longa 18!", lata 13!" Hab. New Granada. The obscure bands of this fine olive-green Ampullaria, which comes, according to the statement of Mr. Cuming, from New Gra- nada, are distinctly visible in the interior of the aperture. 8. Tar Biros or CASHMERE AND Lapaxkn. By A. Lerra Apams, A.M., M.B., 22npn RecGImMeENrT. (Aves, Pl. CLVL) The indefatigable naturalist, Mr. Hodgson, has made us well acquainted with the ornithology of Nepal and the Eastern Himalayan ranges ; but towards the west, including Cashmere and the neigh- bouring districts, there is yet much to be discovered. The follow- ing list, I fear, falls short of its object, inasmuch as it is very defi- cient in water-birds. This is owing to the circumstance that my visits were made durmg the summer months, when the migratory species had left the lakes and fens of Cashmere for the cooler regions of Chinese Tartary. Rapid movements through an extensive tract of mountainous country are not calculated to secure comprehensive or even very correct information of its natural history. I was for- tunate, however, in being enabled to make a large collection, inclu- ding several new species ; among the latter may be mentioned the Pyrrhula aurantia (Gould’s Birds of Asia, Part X.), Chelidon cashmeriensis (P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 356), and Montifringilla adamsi (Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 482). For the information of those desirous of pursuing this delightful study in the countries visited by me, I may state that among the vast mountain chains of the Hindoo Coosh and Kaftfiristan a great field lies unexplored, and, as far as I am aware, as yet untrodden by a single naturalist. Great is the variety as regards the climate, ap- pearance, and vegetation of the Himalayas ; and in the same manner does its fauna vary : indeed nothing can be more illustrative of this fact than a comparison of the birds of Nipal and those of the districts through which I travelled. This dissimilarity is even apparent in the birds of adjoining districts ; so that I have found it requisite to include in this list only the species I observed during my travels in Cashmere and Ladakh. Notices of other species frequenting the ranges towards the east will be found in my papers on the ‘ Birds of India,’ published in these ‘ Proceedings’ for last year. 170 1. GypaiTus BARBATUS (Linn.). Common on the lesser ranges near the Punjab, Vale of Cashmere, and northwards in Ladakh and Chinese Tartary. The measure- ments of several adult males were, from tip of bill to extremity of tail 3 feet 10 inches; between tips of wings 9 feet. Weight 12 lbs. Iris of adult, red ; in young, hazel. ; 2. Gyps 1npicus (Scop.). Common on the Cashmere mountains. 3. GyPs BENGALENSIS (Gmel.). Same distribution as the last ; not so common. 4. NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS (Linn.). Not common in the Vale of Cashmere, but often seen on the ranges near the plains of the Punjab. It does not proceed any distance towards the interior of the Himalayan Mountains. 5. AQUILA ? On one occasion, on the mountains near Leh, Ladakh, and at an elevation of about 17,000 feet, I saw a fine Kagle: “‘ Head and neck were white; rest of plumage black ; tail long and wedge-shaped.” I was struck subsequently with its similarity to the Aquila malay- ensis (Gray). 6. Hatraitus macer (Temm.). Abundant on the lakes and Jhelum river in the Valley of Cash- mere. This noble-looking bird is an interesting object in the Cashmere landscape. 7. Fatco TINNUNCULUS, Linn. ; Common on all wooded mountains around the valley and cultivated districts in Ladakh. 8. Fatco cencurRis, Naum. Not so common as the last ; has the same distribution. 9. ACCIPITER BADIUS (Gmel.). Valley of Cashmere and surrounding ranges ; pretty common. The inner wing-coverts of certain specimens were ochrey-white, while others were barred and spotted. Some were more rufous on the back than others; and the spots and bars on the lower parts were more distinct in the specimens, with barred under wing-coverts. These may be only sexual differences. 10. Mitvus Govinpa, Sykes. Cashmere, common. Builds in the walnut and chunar trees in the valley. Not seen in Ladakh or northwards of the Valley of Cashmere. 171 . Corvus corax, Linn. ae common in the Valley of Cashmere ; abundant all over Ladakh, found at very high elevations in the latter mountains; ex- tends northwards to Chinese Tartary. (Vide Thomson’s ‘ Travels in Tibet and Nobra,’ p. 430.) The species is common in the Northern Punjab, Upper Scinde, and Afghanistan. I have compared specimens with Corvus tibe- tanus (Hodgson), and consider them identical. 12. Corvus cutminatus, Sykes. Common on the ranges southward of the Valley of Cashmere. 13. Corvus coroneE, Linn. - Valley and mountains of Cashmere; common. I have not been able to find this species in any list of birds from the Western Hima- layas, and unfortunately the specimens I killed in Cashmere were lost; but I have no doubt as to their identity. It is a native of Afghanistan. Note. — Corvus frugilegus is a winter visitor to the districts forming the north-western boundary of the Punjab. Certainly not a summer resident in the Valley of Cashmere, but may be found there in winter. 14. Corvus ? Intermediate between the European Jackdaw and the last species, there is a crow which I consider distinct from any yet described, and which at first sight might easily be confounded with the last*. Generally seen in flocks on the lesser Himalayan ranges ; is abun- dant on the mountains around the Valley of Cashmere, and eastward on the ranges near the Kuropean stations at Dugshai and Simla. The collection contaiming specimens of this bird was lost. I have, however, preserved the following notes :—‘“‘ Nostrils covered with incumbent bristles; uniform colour, metallic black. Tail wedge- shaped. The tertials are mucronate at the tips. Its flight is rapid and strong, habits familiar ; and is generally seen feeding in villages or around the hill stations. I consider this species distinct from C. corone on account of its smaller size. I propose the name Corvus intermedius for this species.” 15. Corvus MONEDULA, Linn. Very common in the Valley of Cashmere ; but does not proceed northwards. Builds in all the old and ruined palaces, and migrates to the Northern Punjab during the winter months. 16. Corvus SPLENDENS, Vieill. Not common in Cashmere. Seldom seen any distance from the towns or villages. * See J. A. S. No. LXIX. 601. Indian Oology, by W. Theobald, Esq.—‘ A small black Hill-crow which builds in chunar trees.”” Evidently this species. 172 17. FreGitus GRAcuLvs (Linn.). On the mountains of Cashmere. Seen generally in flocks, feeding around the margin of melting snow at high elevations. Its call is rough and harsh. Migrates to the Punjab in winter. 18. PyrRRHOCORAX ALPINUS, Vieill. Ladakh and Tibet ; pretty common; not seen on the Cashmere ranges ; strictly alpine, and confined to the interior chains. Feeds on the mulberry and other fruits; gregarious. Easily distinguished from the last by the yellow colour of the bill and dark legs. 19. Pica TIBETANA, Hodgs. Extends all over Ladakh and Tibet, but is not found on the Cash- mere ranges or southwards. This peculiarity in the habits of the Asiatic bird is striking ; it prefers the bleak and woodless wastes of Ladakh to the highly-cultivated lands and forests of Cashmere. I believe it is identical with P. dactriana, Bonap. ; and the distinc- tions between it and the British bird are by no means well-marked. I am inclined to consider the eastern bird only a local variety. 20. DENDROCITTA VAGABUNDA (Vieill.). Pretty common in the woods and jungles of the lesser Himalayan Ranges. 21. Urocissa occrPitatis (Blyth). Is not uncommon in the jungles and woods of the lesser ranges around Simla; replaced on the mountains of Cashmere by the Uro- cissa flavirostris (Blyth), which was often met with on the banks of the Jhelum in its mountain course from the Valley of Cashmere. It was not seen but in this situation; and, until I saw Mr. Blyth’s description in J. A. 8. xv. p. 28, I considered it an immature bird of the U. occipitalis. It appears Mr. Blyth’s specimens are from Cashmere. Its habits are similar to those of the other species. 22. NucirraGAa HEmISPILA, Vig. Pine forests of Cashmere and surrounding mountains. Call loud and discordant. 23. CoRACIAS INDICA, Linn. Very common in the Valley of Cashmere, and frequently seen in cultivated districts in Ladakh and Tibet. Note.—Mr. Blyth, in the ‘Cat. As. Soc. Mus.’ p. 51, mentions the C. garrula as found in N.W. India and Cashmere. I have not seen it anywhere in the Punjab or Western Ranges, including Cash- mere, and doubt if it frequents any part of N.W. India eastward of the Khyber Pass. 24. GARRULUS GULARIS, Gray. Not common on the Cashmere Mountains; often seen on the lesser Himalayan Ranges, near Simla, to the eastward of Cashmere. 173 25. STuRNUS UNICOLOR, Marmora. Very common in the Valley of Cashmere. Its nest is built of dried grass, and placed in holes of decayed trees. Gregarious. 26. StuRNUS VULGARIS, Linn. Valley of Cashmere ; common. 27. STURNIA PAGODARUM (Gmel.). Pretty common on the lesser ranges southwards of the valley. 28. ACRIDOTHERES GINGINIANUS (Lath.). Sometimes in the valley, but oftener seen on the ranges southward. Gregarious. 29. AcRIDOTHERES TRISTIS (Linn.). Very common in the valley and in the villages on the lesser ranges. 30. PALHORNIS ALEXANDRI (Linn.). On the wooded slopes of the lesser ranges southward of Cash- mere; not common. 31. PALZORNIS TORQUATUS (Briss.). Common in all wooded districts on the lesser ranges and in the Valley of Cashmere. 32. PALZORNIS SCHISTICEPS (Hodgs.). Never seen out of the mountains ; least common of all the species named. 33. PALZORNIS CYANOCEPHALUS (Linn.). Pretty common in and out of the valley southwards. 34. Bucco Granpis (Gmel.). Seen frequently in the dense jungles on the lesser ranges and in the Valley of Cashmere. Flight very rapid ; cry loud and harsh. 35. Picus squamatus, Gould. Woods and forests of Cashmere, and the lesser ranges; pretty common; solitary in its habits. 36. Picus HIMALAYANUS, Jardine and Selby. Forests of Cashmere, and likewise occasionally in the jungles southward ; common. 37. Picus 2 Seen on one occasion in a pine forest of the Northern Cashmere Ranges. About the size of the lesser Woodpecker: head white ; neck and breast bluish-black ; belly and vent red. 174 38. BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS (Linn.). Woods and forests of Cashmere, not seen in the valley ; by no means common. 39. CERTHIA HIMALAYANA, Vig. Woods and forests of the lesser ranges and Cashmere; pretty common. 40. SITTA HIMALAYANA, Gould. Generally distributed in wooded districts in the valley and sur- rounding mountains. 41. Upupa epoprs, Linn. Plentiful in the Valley of Cashmere and in Ladakh, but only during the summer months. Migrates southwards to the Punjab and India in winter. 42. TicHODROMA MURARIA (Linn.). Its favourite haunts are rocky and precipitous, sides of rivers and streams in and out of the valley ; generally seen single ; has no call note. 43. CeRYLE RuDIS (Linn.). Pretty common on the rivers and streams in the valley and ranges southwards. 44. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS, Gmel. A common tenant on all the streams and lakes in the Vailey of Cashmere. 45. Merops viripis, Linn. Not seen in the Valley of Cashmere or in Ladakh, but pretty common on the lesser Himalayan Ranges. 46. MERops APIASTER, Linn. Common in the valley and surrounding mountains ; generally seen in flocks. 47. OxYLOPHUS MELANOLEUCUS, (Blyth). Very common in the dense brushwood in the Valley of Cashmere. A noisome bird, and more frequently heard than seen. 48. CucuLvus canorus, Linn. Common in the valley and Ladakh. Continues its well-known call until the end of June. I have seen the Cuckoo among the stunted birch-trees on the high ranges at an elevation of 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. It wanders all over the Western Hima- layas wherever vegetation exists, and may be heard calling even in July close to the confines of perpetual snow. 49. CENTROPUS ? This bird is common in bushy places on the lesser ranges; gre- garious ; call loud and harsh; flight feeble. In habits resembles the bush Thrushes. The specimens were lost, but I have preserved the following notes descriptive of the species :—Size, a little larger than the Fieldfare ; bill much curved, hooked at the tip, and scarlet, becoming fainter towards the tip ; upper parts brown; lower surface of the body an ochrey-browa ; wings rounded ; tail long, broad, and fan-like ; tarsus large and strong; feet small; versatile toe nearly equal to the lateral: general caste of plumage lax ; points of feathers spinous, particularly about the head and neck ; gizzard contained an entire lizard of about 3 inches in length, and parts of locusts, beetles, and large insects. 50. CypsELUS AFFINIS, Gray. Common on the banks of the Dras River in Ladakh, and on the lakes and streams of that country. Often seen in the city of Siri- nuggur, Cashmere, during summer evenings, sporting around the ruined walls of the palace. 51. CypsELUS MELBA (Linn.). Frequently observed in the Valley of Cashmere and on the ranges southwards. 52. Cypse.us apus (Linn.). In the valley and surrounding mountains ; common during the summer months. 53. HiruNDO FILIFERA, Steph. Valley of Cashmere during the summer months; migrates with others of the family to the Punjab and India in winter. 54. Hirunpo rustica, Linn. Common on the ranges between the plains of the Punjab and Cashmere. Very common in the valley. ‘‘ The Swallow twittering from the straw-built shed,” is to me a pleasing remembrance of the happy valley. Moore in his ‘ Lalla Rookh’ might have introduced the Swallow in place of the Nightingale. “The Nightingale’s hymn from the Isle of Chunars”’ is a creation of the poet’s imagination. The Luscinia philomela is not found in the Western Himalayas. 55. Hirunpo paurica, Linn. Mountains around Cashmere: common ; not seen in the valley. 56. CHELIDON CASHMERIENSIS, Gould, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 356. This new species is plentiful in the Valley of Cashmere, and on the banks of the Ladakh rivers. The distinctions between it and Ch. urbica are well-marked : it is not so large as C. urbica; and the axillary feathers are brown instead of greyish-white. The difference 176 between it and Delichon nipalensis, Hodgs., are likewise distinct. The even tail and more robust bill will always distinguish the Nipal from the Cashmere Martin, independent of the other distinctions with respect to plumage. It migrates to the Punjab during the winter months. 57. CoryLe RIpaRiA (Linn.). Rivers and lakes of Cashmere and the lower ranges. Ladakh, common: frequently seen on the banks of the Chimouraree lake. 58. Coryite sussoccata, Hodgs. ? I found this bird abundant in July on the Chimouraree lake, Ladakh, and during the cold months on lakes and pools among the Salt ranges of the Punjab. It is distinct from the C. riparia; neither is Hirundo minuta, Hodgs., no. 333, Cat. Brit. Mus., which is equivalent to C. sinensis and Hirundo brevicaudata of M‘Clelland, the same bird. C. subsoccata, Hodgs., no. 332, is the only species which I have not been able to compare with my specimen, and which is at all likely to prove identical. Description :—Total length 4 inches. Upper parts greyish-umber. Wings darker, length 3,2; inches, as long as the tail. Tail mode- rate, and nearly even. Throat dirty white; an irregular band of greyish umber across the breast. Belly, vent, and under tail-coverts white. Tarsus almost naked, except a minute tuft above the inser- tion of the hind toe. 58*. CoryLeE —— ? The specimen was lost from which the following description was taken :—A small striated Swallow: is common on the lakes and streams in the Vale of Cashmere during the summer months, and likewise in the Punjab at certain seasons. Total length 43 inches. Bill small, robust ; crown of head rufous, speckled with narrow black lines; back glossy-black ; wings bluish-black ; rump inclining to white ; tail black, slightly forked; breadth between tips of wings 10 inches; throat and breast white, with numerous black lines ; belly and vent white, with the black lines more sparingly dispersed ; tarsus naked ; inner surface of wings brownish-black. 59. PARUS CINEREUS, Vieill. Cashmere and the surrounding ranges, common. 60. ParuUs MELANOPHUS, Vig. Generally seen in flocks in the forests and plantations in the valley and lesser ranges towards the south. Sometimes associates with Paroides flammiceps (Burton). 61. Parus ——? I killed a specimen of this species, in company with the last, on the oak-covered slopes of one of the lesser ranges nearsthe Valley of Cashmere. The following is a description :—Crested ; total length 177 5 inches. Iris brick-red ; bill bluish-black ; forehead and between ear-coverts a dirty white; all upper parts, wings and tail leaden ash ; breast, belly, and vent ochrey white; tail moderate, slightly forked ; legs and claws leaden blue. Specimen a male.—In vain I have searched authors and journals for a description of this species, which is probably new. Note.—It agrees almost with the Parus rufonuchalis (Blyth). 62. PAROIDES FLAMMICEPS (Burton). By no means common. I saw it only on one occasion, when the Specimen was procured. Frequents the same localities with the Tits —wooded mountain sides or dense jungles on the lesser Himalayan ranges. 63. PsALTRIA ERYTHROCEPHALA, Gould. Not common: seen occasionally in the oak woods of the lesser ranges along with the Parus cinereus (Vieill.). 64. PyRRHULA AURANTIA, Gould, B. A. pt. x.; Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. xxv. p. 222. “The orange-coloured Bullfinch.” The male has the crown of the head, neck, breast, back and belly a rich orange. The female has the head and neck an ash colour, like the female of P. vulgaris; back the same, rather fainter, and tinged with orange ; lower parts like the male, but not so brilliant, and approaching to olive. This new and beautiful species I met with for the first time on the wooded slopes of the lesser ranges in March 1852, and subsequently in the woods and forests of Cashmere, where it is not uncommon. The P. erythrocephala, Vig. was not seen during my visits to Cash- mere, although frequently observed on the ranges near Simla. 65. PassER DOMESTICUS (Linn.). Most abundant in the valley on the lesser ranges, and northwards in Ladakh. 66. PasseR CINNAMOMEUS, Blyth. Pretty common in the valley and surrounding mountains; gene- rally seen in small flocks. 67. CaRPODACUS ROSEUS (Vieill.). Pretty common in cultivated districts in Ladakh and Tibet. Its favourite food is the seeds of a vetch cultivated by the natives of these countries. 68. Carrpopacus —— ? Similar in plumage to No. 67, but larger, with the red on the throat and breast more brilliant. In flocks on the sides of the moun- tains forming the northern barrier to the Valley of Cashmere, high No. 395.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 178 up and close to the margin of melting snow,—strictly alpine in its habits. A specimen was not procured. It is possible this may be the Carp. rhodochrous (Gould). 69. HespERIPHONA ICTERIOIDES (Vig.). In small flocks in the dense pine forests of the Cashmere moun- tains. Its call-note is loud and plaintive, and can be heard at a long distance. 70. MonTIFRINGILLA HZMATOPYGIA, Gould. Common on the mountains surrounding the Chimouraree Lake in Ladakh. Generally seen in small flocks along with Linota brevi- rostris (Gould), feeding on the seeds of a wormwood. 71. MontTIFRINGILLA ADAmsiI, Moore, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 482. (Pl. CLVI.) This new and, until lately, undescribed species, at first sight seems closely allied to M. gebleri, but differs from that bird in several well- marked appearances. It is a native of the barren wastes and moun- tains of Ladakh, particularly near the Lamestry at Lamayeroo. Ge- nerally observed in small flocks, it is strictly terrestrial im its habits ; and in its call-note, and mode of progression when on the ground, is very similar to the true Larks. The nest is composed of dried grass, and usually placed in dykes and stony places by the wayside. Larger than M. gebleri ; but with the bill of the same shape and appearance. Tris hazel. Head and back greyish ash ; upper tail-coverts white ; primaries black; tips and inner webs of the secondaries white, the two last having both webs white. Wing-coverts white, with black tips. Tertials greyish ash ; bastard wing white, tipped with black ; two centre tail feathers black ; the other remiges white, with a black band at the tip, which narrows on the external remiges. Au- riculars grey. Chin and throat pale grey. Below white. Axillary feathers pure white. My specimens were shot in July 1852. Iam indebted to Sir William Jardine, Bart., for having directed my atten- tion to the specific differences between the above and M. geblert; and I take this opportunity of expressing the obligations which I owe that distinguished naturalist for his valuable assistance on many points connected with the natural history of India. 72. MEeTOPONIA PUSILLA (Pallas). Very common in all the wastes and uncultivated districts in Ladakh. Seen generally in flocks. Habits and call-note closely resemble the European Redpole. 73. MOTACILLA BOARULA (Linn.). A common tenant of all the Cashmere rivers and mountain streams ; not so plentiful in Ladakh: seen at Leh and Iskardoh. 74. MorTactLLa LUZONIENSIS (Scop.). Generally distributed over Cashmere and Ladakh. 179 75. BupyvTes viripis (Gmel.). Cashmere and lesser ranges. Generally seen in flocks by the sides of pools and damp situations. 76. BupyTES CITREOLA (Pallas). Tn marshes and wet situations all over the valley, and in like places in Ladakh: common. 77. ENICURUS MACULATUS, Vig. Common on the mountain-streams southwards of the valley. Among the tangled jungles by the sides of the mountain torrent this beautiful creature sports from rock to rock: it flutters like a huge butterfly, intently searching after its winged prey: now and then uttering a harsh scream, as it runs along the water’s edge with its tail expanded like a fan.— MS. Notes. 78. ENICURUS SCOULERI, Vig. Frequently seen with the last species, but is not so common, and prefers the mountain-streams of the higher ranges. Often seen on the Chenab river near Kishtewar. Both this and the last species were often observed with the Rutzcilla fuliginosa (Blyth), and Ruti- cilla ?, No. 82. 79. RUTICILLA ERYTHROGASTRA (Guld.). I first met with this bird at Ghia, a few marches north of the Chimouraree Lake, Ladakh: it is common on the streams and sides of the lakes, but was not observed in the Valley of Cashmere or its mountains, where, probably, its place is taken by the next species. The female has no white on the forehead, and the head and back are a brownish ash. ‘This is the state likewise of the young. 80. RuTIcILLA LEUCOCEPHALA (Vig.). Common on all the streams from the lesser ranges northwards to Ladakh. It is partial to the lower Himalayan ranges and wooded and cultivated mountain tracts. 81. RUTICILLA FULIGINOSA (Vig.). With the last species, but not nearly so common. Secluded mountain torrents on the high mountains are its favourite haunts. 82. Ruriciia ? In like situations with the last, a species was often seen. It is smaller: colour a leaden ash, with several whzte feathers in the tail. Specimen not procured. 83. RuticiLua 1npica, Blyth. Common in the valley and on the lesser ranges, very plentiful on the wastes and mountains of Ladakh, Nobra, and northwards. 180 84. CALLIOPE PECTORALIS, Gould. Frequents the high and rocky mountains around the Valley of Cashmere; not common. 85. Pratincoua tnpica, Blyth. Common on the lesser ranges, but not seen in the valley or ranges northwards. 86. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (Linn.). Plentiful between the plains of the Punjab and Cashmere; not seen in Ladakh. 87. SAXICOLA ATROGULARIS, Blyth. Common on waste lands in the valley, and generally all over La- dakh and Tibet. 88. ? SAXICOLA. At the Salt Lake in Ladakh, on one occasion a bird evidently of this genus was observed, about the sise of the Whinchat ; upper parts a bluish-black; breast black; belly and lower parts white. This I consider a rare, if not an undescribed species. A specimen was not procured. 89. CoLLuRIO LAHTORA (Sykes). Valley of Cashmere ; common. 90. Lanrus caniceps, Blyth. Pretty common in the valley and on the surrounding ranges. 91. TEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANA (Hardw.). A solitary bird, and seen in the villages and fields of the lesser ranges ; not plentiful. 92. Dicrurus LoneicaupaATus, Hay. On the lesser ranges and Valley of Cashmere: common. The nest is built of lichens and bark, carefully interwoven and lined with hair ; it is placed on the fork of a branch. The female lays from three to five eggs, white, with dull or red spots ; scarcely two eggs are exactly alike. 93. HypDRoBaTA ASIATICUS (Swains.). Generally distributed on all rivers and streams from the lesser ranges northwards even to Chinese Tartary. 94. Hypropata cincuus (Vieill.). Not uncommon on the mountain-streams of the higher ranges around the Valley of Cashmere; often seen in Ladakh, Mr. Gould 181 states that my specimen “more nearly resembles melanogaster than cinclus ;”” but as many consider the former only a variety of cinelus, I prefer the latter name. I am informed by Sir William Jardine that a specimen from Russia in his collection, nearly quite black below, has twelve feathers in the tail; H. melanogaster of Temminck is said to have ten. 95. Turpbus unicoLor, Tickell. This is the regular Song-thrush of the Valley of Cashmere, and is heard in every garden and grove during the breeding-season; its song resembles the Blackbird’s. Builds its nest in vineyards, and in poplar trees around the villages. Seen on the ranges around the valley, but not on the lesser ranges near the plains of the Punjab. 96. Turpvus viscivorvus, Linn. In the forests and in sequestered valleys of the Cashmere ranges, particularly pine or oak forests ; pretty common. 97. Orn1oLus kuUNDOO, Sykes. Seen in flocks in the valley, and met with occasionally in the woods and jungles of the lesser ranges. 98. My1opHONUS TEMMINCKH, Vig. Generally distributed over the lesser ranges and Valley of Cash- mere; frequents mountain-streams ; and builds a nest like that of the Blackbird, to which in habits and general appearance it bears a resemblance. Its note is soft, short, and little varied. 99. PETROCINCLA LONGIROSTRIS, Blyth. Seen always single; pretty common on the barren wastes and mountains of Ladakh in rocky and sequestered situations ; seldom seen on the lesser ranges southward of Cashmere. 100. MontTicoLa CINCLORHYNCHA (Gould). Forests and woods on the Cashmere ranges ; not common. 101. Pycnonotus LEuCoGENyYs (Gray & Hardw.). All wooded situations in the valley and lesser ranges ; common. 102. PycNonorus BENGALENSIS, Blyth. Never seen in the valley, although common on the ranges near the plains of the Punjab. 103. HypstpeTes psARoives (Vig.). Frequents the dense jungles of the lesser ranges; gregarious ; flight strong and rapid; a noisy bird, and oftener heard than seen ; secretes itself among the foliage ; imitates the songs of other birds. 182 104. TROCHALOPTERON RUFIGULARE (Gould). Common in the dense jungles of the lesser ranges; generally seen in flocks. Call loud and harsh. 105. MALACOCERCUS LINEATUS (Vig.). Bushy places on the lesser ranges near the plains of the Punjab ; generally seen in small flocks ; flight feeble, flutters from bush to bush, uttering a low chattering note. 106. Muscieetra pARADIsI (Gould). Groves and wooded situations in the valley and lesser ranges ; flies with great rapidity ; shy and wary: common. 107. Hyporuymis MELANopsS (Vig.). Inhabits dense jungles and bushes on the lesser ranges ; generally - single: its chirp resembles the Redbreast’s; and its habits are very much like. 108. PERIcCROCOTUS FLAMMEUS (Swains.). Seen generally in flocks from fifty to a hundred ; not unfrequently the sexes separate, and flocks composed of males or females only are observed. “‘What more pleasing sight ¢an there be than, in a delightful evening in July, to observe flocks of these beautiful creatures pursu- ing their gambols around the tall walnut trees of a Cashmere hamlet ! Their soft twittering notes and graceful motions have often excited in me feelings of admiration and pleasure, until the Govind Kite or some unwelcome intruder has driven the gorgeous little fairies away.’’— MS. Notes. 109. HemicHELIDON FULIGINOSA, Hodg. Pretty common in woods and groves in the valley and on the lesser ranges. Its habits closely resemble those of the true Fly- catchers. The young bird is spotted until the first moult. 110. Syivia arrinis (Blyth). In bushy places in the valley ; common. 111. PaHyxtioscorus Tristis, Blyth. Pretty common on the lesser ranges in jungles and wooded situa- tious. 112. PaHyLLoscorus LuGcuBRis, Blyth. Same situations as the last ; pretty common. 113. ABRORNIS ? Common in the woods and thickets of the lesser ranges. Ap- proximates pretty closely to the Abrornis wanthoschistes, Hodgs., but SS eae 183 differs in some respects. Size of Motacilla trochilus, Linn.; bill long, slender, and slightly notched, with a few weak bristles at the gape; head, neck, and back leaden-ash, a white line over the eye; rump and sides tinged with yellow; wings brownish black, with edges of quills tinged with yellow; tail pretty long, olive; wings rounded, first quill very short, second not so long as third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, which are about equal ; throat, neck, breast, and lower parts lively yellow; tarsus long, slender, and light brown ; lateral toes unequal. Call-note loud; often seen with the Parus melanolophus, Vig. 114. ZosTEROPS PALPEBROSUS (Temi. ). In all wooded districts on the lesser ranges. 115. ACROCEPHALUS BRUNNESCENS (Jerdon) ? At certain times all the fens in the Valley of Cashmere swarm with these birds; their harsh notes are heard all over the lakes. I have not been able to confirm its identity with the above, but am inclined to think it is the same. Total length 8 inches; bill long, slender, and notched, light brown ; all the upper parts olive brown, wings and tail inclusive—first quill minute, second not so long as the third, and fourth the longest; lower parts dirty white; vent and sides of the body have an ochrey tinge; legs long, tarsus lengthened, inner toe shorter than outer, claws slender and slightly curved, legs a leaden ash ; tail soft, and rounded at the tip. 116. Larvivora cyANngA (Hodg.). In bushy places among the mountains around the valley. Habits resemble the Robin’s. Call-note a feeble chirp. 117. LARVIVORA 2 Generally seen solitary in the thick jungles of the lower ranges. Habits of the true Flycatchers. Total length 44 inches. Bill black, triangular, with a prominent culmen, notched, bristles of gape di- rected forwards ; a white line over the eye; all upper parts titmouse- blue ; throat, neck, breast, and belly pure white ; first quill spinous, second much shorter than third, and fourth the longest ; tail mode- rate, slightly forked; legs black, tarsus long. 118. NrztTava sunDARA (Hodg.). Solitary in its habits; frequents like situations with the last, and resembles that species in its habits. 119. Prinia crinicERaA, Hodg. Pretty common in the jungles and bushy hill-sides of the lesser ranges. Call-note loud, harsh, and ringing. 120. Printa Graciuis, Franklin. Pretty common on the lesser ranges around the valley in bushy situations ; Punjab. 184 121. Sracuyris curys@a, Hodg. Pretty common in bushy situations on the ranges southward of the valley. Iris red. 122. FRINGALAUDA NEMORICOLA, Hodg. Gregarious ; common on the lesser ranges during the winter months, but moves towards the high ranges as spring advances ; found in summer on the high mountains of Cashmere and Ladakh, where large flocks may be observed feeding close to the snow. Its - call-note is like the Linnet’s. 123. EMBERIZA CANICEPS, Gould. Common on the grassy mountain-sides of the lesser ranges and in various parts of Ladakh. There is a close resemblance between this species and the next ; and they are frequently seen together. 124. EMBERIZA CIOIDES, Temm. ? Pretty common on the lesser ranges southward of the Valley of Cashmere. Its call-note resembles that of the Yellow Bunting. 125. Emperiza ALBipA, Blyth, J. A.S. xvii. 811. On the ranges near Simla, and once northwards, on the mountains of Cashmere ; not common in the latter situation. 126. CaRDUELIS CANICEPS, Vig. Common on the ranges near the Punjab during the winter months, at all seasons in the Valley of Cashmere. The song of this species does not differ in any respect from that of the C. elegans (Linn.). Occasionally observed in cultivated districts in Ladakh. 127. CHRYSOMITRIS SPINOIDES (Vig.). Wooded districts in and out of the valley. Song closely resembles that of the European bird. 128. MELANOCORYPHA TORQUATA, Blyth. Although not seen in a wild state, it is a common cage-bird in Cashmere, and, I was informed, is a native of that country. Its song sweet and melodious. 129. Linora BREVIROSTRIS, Gould. Plentiful in the plains and barren wastes of Ladakh. It may be doubtful if this is other than a variety of LZ. montium. ‘The young birds have the edges of the quills with more white, and in adult specimens the pink of the rump is paler than in L. montium. 130. ALAUDA ARVENSIs, Linn. Valley of Cashmere and cultivated districts in Ladakh ; ; common, =F 4 185 131. ALAUDA RAYTAL, Blyth. Wastes of Ladakh ; common. 132, HeTerura sytvana (Hodg.). Common on the grassy hill-sides of the lesser ranges southwards of the valley. Habits like the true Pipits. 133. ACCENTOR sTROPHIATUS, Hodg. Pretty common among the furze and brushwood in Ladakh, near the Great Chimouraree Lake. Its call-note is very like that of the Siskin, Chrysomitris spinus, and its nest and eggs are almost exactly similar to those of the Emberiza citrinella (Linn.). 134. REGULUS CRISTATUS (Ray). Pretty common in the forests of Cashmere. 135. TROGLODYTES NIPALENSIS, Hodg. Its favourite haunts are rocky mountain-sides on the high ranges around the valley ; it is often seen at great elevations around the sides of melting glaciers, in the secluded valleys of the Northern Pinjal. 136. GALLUS FERRUGINEUS (Gmel.). Now and then met with in dense jungles on the lesser ranges southward of Cashmere. 137. CERIORNIS MELANOCEPHALA (Gray). A few are found on the tops of the Southern Pinjal range, among the dense forests and jungles on their southern slopes ; not common. Tts call-note is usually heard at dusk or early morn, and is loud and plaintive. 138. LopHorpHoRUS IMPEYANUS (Lath.). At high elevations on the Cashmere Mountains ; nowhere abun- dant, but pretty generally distributed over the northern ranges. On the Chor Mountain near Simla it is very common. 139. PerpIx HopGsoni# (Gould), B. A. pt. ix.: Sacfa hodg- sonie, Hodg. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxv. p. 165. Science is indebted to Mr. Hodgson for the discovery of this species; but my friend Capt. Smith, 75th Regiment, in the summer of 1853 shot a male specimen in Nobra, north of Ladakh, from which the beautiful delineation in Mr. Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia’ was taken. Probably Nobra is the southern limit of this species on that part of the Himalayas. 140. CaccaBis CHUKAR (Gray). Pretty common on the bare mountain-sides of the lesser ranges and mountains of Cashmere. It was seen now and then in Ladakh, but is not common there. 186 141. CorurN1x PENTAH (Sykes). Often observed on the lesser ranges southwards, in small flocks in bushy places. 142. TETRAOGALLUS HIMALAYENSIS (Gray). Frequents the high ranges around the valley and mountains of Ladakh, close to the confines of perpetual snow. Its peculiar, wail- ing cry is very striking ; but from its tardy motions when on the ground, and colour of the plumage, it is not easily discovereduntil approached within a few yards. 143. Lerva nivicoxa, Hodg. Frequents like situations with the last species. Seldom seen under 10,000 feet, on the high ranges of Cashmere and Ladakh ; generally seen in flocks from sixteen to twenty. Call-note, a harsh whistle. 144, FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS, Stephens. Common in cultivated localities on the lesser ranges; never in the Valley of Cashmere or Ladakh. The bird of the hills differs in size from that found in the plains of India; and its plumage is more bril- liant. I have not compared the two. Many sportsmen consider them distinct ; I think the differences are merely local. 145. FRANCOLINUS PONTICERIANUS (Gm.). Is abundant on the low hills of the lesser ranges bordering the Punjab, but not near the Valley or northwards. 146. Pucrasta MACROLOPHA (Lesson). Common on the ranges near Simla eastward. There is a species very common in the jungles and woods of Cashmere, which I have not examined and am inclined to consider different from the above. Its crow is like that of the domestic cock, but not so prolonged. The Valley of the Duchinpara and surrounding ranges of the Northern Pinjal are its favourite and particular localities. 147. GALLOPHASIS ALBOCRISTATUS (Gould). Rare on the Cashmere ranges ; more plentiful on those near the Punjab. This and P. macrolopha are not seen in the same localities. Both are common on certain ranges around Simla,—the G. albocris- tatus low down, while the P. macrolopha inhabits the oak and pine forests at higher elevations on the same ranges. 148. SyRRHAPTES TIBETANUS (Gould). Flocks of this species may be seen around the freshwater lakes of Ladakh. In habits they resemble the other species of Sand-grouse, and emit a similar cry when on the wing. Not found southward of Ladakh. 149. PreROCLES FASCIATUS (Scop.). Confined to the jungles of the lesser ranges near the Punjab. Pretty common. 187 150. CoLUMBA PALUMBUS, Linn. Pretty generally distributed over the lesser ranges. The clay- colour of the nuchal patch seems peculiar to the Eastern species. 151. CotumBa tivia, Linn. In the usual localities all over the Cashmere ranges ; frequently seen associating with the next species. There is a variety of C. livia which might easily be confounded with C. leuconota, if indeed it is avariety, and not a distinct species. The back and wings are a light blue, inner surfaces of wings white ; rump white ; tail-coverts leaden black; a broad white band across the middle of the tail, its tip black ; belly and lower parts bluish-white. This variety I found abundant on the rocky banks of the Dras river, Ladakh ; and my reasons for supposing it only a variety of C. livia were the constant companionship of the two, and some variety as regards the colouring of both; however, it is possible they may be distinct species. I saw this bird nowhere else. 152. CotumBa LEvcoNoOTA, Vig. Gregarious ; common in certain sequestered mountain-valleys on the northern Cashmere ranges. Seen often with C. livia, feeding in fields in the Wurdwun Valley ; it was met with in Ladakh on one occasion. I have seen no variety of C. leuconota. The drawing in Gould’s ‘ Century of Birds from the Himalayan Mountains’ is iden- tical with my specimens ; the legs, however, are lobster-red, and not yellow. 153. TurTUR ORIENTALIS (Lath.). In fields and cultivated districts in Cashmere and Ladakh. 154. TurtuR HuMILIs (Temm.). Valley and lesser ranges: common. 155. Turtur te This species is common in certain localities on the Cashmere ranges and Ladakh ; plentiful hkewise to the east towards Simla. Fre- quents grassy mountain-sides or valieys in the lesser ranges. De- scription from a young male—Total length 12 inches. Bill slender, soft at its base, and of a beet-root colour, tip bluish ; nostrils slit- like. Iris red; eyelids bare, and of the same colour as the bill. Head bluish-ash, black semicircle on the back part of the neck ; back and rump leaden-brown ; wings blackish, their coverts broadly margined with rust-colour, giving the bird a spotted or mottled ap- pearance. Tail pretty long, rather narrow, bluish-black, with a broad white tip; lower parts brown, turning to white towards the vent ; inner surface of wings leaden colour ; tarsus and toes beet-root colour ; vent-feathers white. A specimen marked 7’. meena (Sykes), in the Derby Museum, comes close to this bird. 156. There is a beautiful species with ronze wings on the lesser 188 ranges, not common, and most difficult of approach. A Columba probably. 157. TRERON PH@NICOPTERA (Lath.). Confined to the woods and dense jungly parts of the lesser ranges. Not often seen. Wary and difficult to approach. 158. Boraurus sTELuARis (Linn.). A resident in the lakes and fens of Cashmere. 159. ARDEA NIGRA, Linn. I killed a young bird of this species on one of the branches of the Jhelum, in the Valley of Cashmere. I have not observed it else- where. 160. ARDEA CINEREA, Linn. Common on all rivers and lakes of Cashmere and in the surround- ing mountains. There is a large heronry on the Chunar trees in the famous gardens of the Shalimar. The herons are preserved with care by the present and former ruler. Their plumes adorn the heads of the princes and nobility of Cashmere. 161. LoBpivANELLUS GoENsIS (Gmel.). In all wet and damp situations, in and out of the Valley south- wards, not Ladakh. 162. CHARADRIUS LESCHENAULTII (Blyth). Common on the banks of the Chimouraree Lake, Ladakh, where it breeds. 163. HraticuLa PHILIPPINA (Sonn.). Pretty common in the valley. 164. PARRA sINENSIS (Gmel.). On the Dul Lake, near Sirinugger ; sometimes strays into the valleys among the northern mountains. Flight irregular and like the Magpie’s. Builds its nest on the broad leaves of the lotus and floating plants ; runs along the surface of the weedy parts with great celerity. Call-note loud and harsh. Named “ Water Pheasant” by Europeans. 165. GALLINULA CHLOROeUs (Linn.). Common on all the Cashmere lakes, not seen in Ladakh. 166. Fuurca arra, Linn. Lakes of Cashmere. 167. NumEntus arquata (Linn.). At all seasons in the lakes and fens of Cashmere. 168. Is1poRHYNCHUS STRUTHERSII, Vig. Seen on one occasion only on a mountain-stream near a glacier in Ladakh. 189 169. ScoLopax RusTICOLA, Linn. Generally distributed over the Cashmere mountains, in woods and forests, where it breeds. 170. GALLINAGO SCOLOPAUINA, Bonap. 171. GALLINAGO GALLINULA (Linn.). Winter visitor to the lakes and marshes; not observed during the summer months. ; 172. GALLINAGO soLiTARIA (Hodg.). I killed two specimens of this bird on the mountain-streams of the lesser ranges. It is rare. 173.GLOTTIS CANESCENS (Gmel.). Lakes and fens of Cashmere: common. 174. Toranus ocuRopvs (Linn.). Lakes and rivers of Cashmere, and in the lesser ranges south- wards: seldom more than a couple are seen together. A solitary bird, and is often met with by the sides of pools in secluded moun- tain-valleys. In Ladakh I frequently observed a Sandpiper, which appeared to me only a variety of the above. Its peculiarities were, the upper parts being jet black, rump, tail, and lower parts white. 175. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCA (Linn.). On all the rivers and streams of Cashmere, and along the Indus and its tributaries in Ladakh and Tibet. 176. GracuLus carso (Linn.). Often seen on the lakes and Jhelum river in Cashmere. 177. GRACULUS SINENSIS (Shaw). Frequents the same localities as the last. 178. Popiceps mrnor (Gmel.). Lakes of Cashmere : common. Another species was seen in the same situations, lighter in plu- mage. A specimen was not procured. 179. ANSER FERUS, Stephens? Abundant on the large lakes in Ladakh, where it breeds; migrates southwards to Cashmere and India in winter. 180. Casarca RUTILA (Linn.). In great numbers on the Ladakh lakes in summer, on the bare hills around the pools, where it breeds. Migrates southwards in winter. 190 181. Anas poscuas (Linn.). A few remain in the valley all the summer; but the majority migrate northwards to the lakes of Chinese Tartary. 182. SpaTuLA CLyPEATA (Linn.). Common in Cashmere all the year. 183. Dariza acuta (Linn.). Cashmere lakes in winter. - 184, QuERQUEDULA CRECCA (Linn.). Cashmere lakes all the year: pretty common. 185. NyrRoca LEUCOPHTHALMA, Bechst. Common all the year in Cashmere ; abundant on the Dul Lake, near the city of Sirinugger. 186. MARECA PENELOPE (Linn.). I did not see this species during my travels in the Himalayas, but on good authority was informed it arrives in autumn with the other migratory species, and is common on the lakes of Cashmere during the winter months. 187. STERNA HIRUNDO, Linn. Rivers of Ladakh and the great Chimouraree Lake. Pretty common. 188. LARUS BRUNNEICEPHALUS, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. xiii. 225. This species I found common on the lakes of Ladakh during the summer months. Not having seen the above bird, I merely apply the name in consequence of the similarity in the colour of the head. Total length 1 foot 5 inches; between tips of wings 3 feet 5 inches. Bill and inside of mouth lobster-red, likewise the margins of the eye- lids ; white circle around the eyes. Iris white; whole of the head, throat, part of neck greyish-brown, turning to black on the neck ; rest of neck, breast, belly, vent, and tail pure white; back wing- coverts and secondary quills leaden ash ; first six primaries with the proximal half white and the distal half black: near the points of the two first quills there is a white spot ; this and the other markings on the quills are very distinct when the bird is on the wing. Legs lobster-red. Tail short, even. 189. SrERNA MELANOGASTRA, Temm. Abundant all over the Valley of Cashmere. Seen often in flocks hunting for insects in the fields. There is a variety worthy of notice : some specimens wanted the black on the belly, and had scarcely any markings on the head—I fancy, young birds ; they were killed in July. 191 9. On some NEw SPECIES OF SYNALLAXIS, AND ON THE GEO- GRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION OF THE GeENUs. By Putwrp Luttey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., Secrerary To THE So- CIETY. 1. SYNALLAXIS PUDICA, Sp. nov. Murino-brunnea, alarum remigibus et cauda obscurioribus : pileo cum fronte et alarum tectrictbus omnibus rufis: subtus cine- rascens, ventre imo albicantiore, lateribus brunnescentibus : rostro superiore nigricante, inferiore plumbeo ; pedibus validis, nigris : cauda elongata, rectricibus decem. Long. tota 7:0, alee 2°6, caudze 4:0, tarsi 0°95. Hab. In Nov. Granada int. . This species is allied to Synallaxis fuliginosa, and of the same form, but easily distinguishable by its red head. From S. elegans (also from New Granada) it differs in its earthy-brown tail and cine- reous colour below. The single specimen in the British Museum is a “Bogota” skin. I have likewise an example in my own collection, received from MM. Verreaux of Paris. 2. SYNALLAXIS STICTOTHORAX, Sp. NOV. Murino-brunnea, uropygio rufescente ; alis caudaque intus nigri- canti-brunneis, extus rufo late limbatis : superciliis a fronte et lateribus cervicis albidis, nigro obsolete punctatis : subtus alba, lateribus et ventre imo rufescentibus ; pectore toto maculis triangularibus nigricantibus asperso : rostro nigro, basi alba, pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 4°75, alee 2:0, caudee 2°25, tarsi 0°75. Hab. In rep. Equator. I first noticed a specimen of this Synallaxis in Sir William Jar- dine’s collection. The British Museum contains an example trans- mitted from Guayaquil by Mr. Barclay. The species is not very like any other Synallazis that I am acquainted with, and may be distin- guished easily by the arrow-headed or triangular spots on the breast, which are partly continued up the sides of the neck, and of which there are also some faint indications on the superciliaries. 3. SYNALLAXIS SCUTATA, Sp. Nov. Supra murino-brunnea ; dorso toto, alis extus et cauda rufis: supercilis ante oculum albis, post oculum magis cinnamomeis ; remigum parte interna ngricante: subtus alba, pectore cinna- momeo lavato, plaga distincta quadrilaterali in cervice antica nigra: rostro plumbeo, basi pallidiore ; pedibus pallide brun- neis. Long. tota 5°75, alee 2°25, caudee 2°75, tarsi 0°8. Hab. In Brasilia. I have as yet only seen one specimen of this distinct species, which is in the British Museum. 192 I subjoin a list of the numerous species of this genus, as far as Iam acquainted with them; and a table showing their geographical distribution :— 1. S. RUFICAPILLA (Vieill.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p.97; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 38; Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1859, p. 116. Brazil, prov. S. Paolo, Minas Geraes. 2. S. sprx1, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 98; Pelzeln, 7. ¢. p. 117. —Synallaxis albescens, Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. 39. Brazil, prov. S. Paolo. 3. S. eLuGANS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 25 ; Pelzeln, U. c. p. 21. New Granada and Western Ecuador. 4, §, ALBIGULARIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 53. Eastern Ecuador, Rio Napo. 5. 8. ANTISIENSIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 457. Ecuador, Cuenca. 6. S. paturpa, Max. Beitr. i. p. 691. S.E. Brazil. 7. S. ALBESCENS, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. fig. 2. Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana and N. Brazil. 8. 8. pupica, Sclater, supra. New Granada. 9. S. rutrernosa, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1543, p. 290. New Granada. 10. S. BRUNNEICAUDIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 62. Eastern Ecuador. 11. S. eryTHROTHORAX, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 75, pl. 86. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 12. S. eutaris, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 290. New Granada and Ecuador. 13. S. tamosticTa, mihi. — S. cinnamomea, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p- 290 (nec Sw.). New Granada. 14. 8S. rerresrris, Jardine, Ann. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 80. Island of Tobago. 193 15. S. masta, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 26. New Granada. 16. S. rutiians, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. fig. 1; Pelzeln, /. c. p. 119. _ Northern Brazil. 17. 8. casranra, Sclater, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856, xvii. p. 466. Venezuela. 18. S. rorquata, Max. Beitr. i. p. 697. astern Brazil and Bolivia. 19. S. sorpipa, Less. —S. flavigularis, Gould ; S. modesia, Eyton. Chili and Patagonia. 20. S. anruoipes, King, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 30.— S. rufigularis, Gould. Chili. 21. S. numico.a, Kittlitz, Mém. Acad. Se. Petersb. 1830, t. 6. Chili. . 22. S. porso-macuLaTa, Lafr. et d@Orb.: d’Orb. Voy. pl. 14. fig. 1. Paraguay. 23. S. maturoipEs. Lafr. et d’Orb.: d’Orb. Voy. pl. 14, fig. 2. Paraguay. 24. S. srriaticers, Lafr. et d’Orb.: d’Orb. Voy. pl. 16. fig. 1. Paraguay. 25. S. HGITHALOIDES, Kittlitz, Mém. Acad. Se. Petersb. 1830, t. Wes Chili. 26. S. pHRYGANOPHILA, Vieill.; Temm. Pl. Col. 311. fig. 1. Bolivia and Paraguay. 27. S. RuFicaupDA, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxxii. p. 310. Brazil. 28. S. ateitora, Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx. p. 16, et xxiv. p. 120. Interior of Brazil and Bolivia. No. 396.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 194 29. S. 1vorNnaTA, Pelzeln, /. c. xx. p. 161, et xxiv. p. 120. Northern Brazil. 30. 8. vutpina, Pelzeln, /. c. xx. p. 162, et xxiv. p. 122. Interior of Brazil. I possess examples of all these thirty species in my own collection. For specimens of the last three I am indebted to the courtesy of Herr August von Pelzeln of Vienna, who kindly sent them to me in exchange for examples of other species which were deficient in the Imperial Cabinet. Of the next following eleven species, I have examined specimens, namely :-— 31. 8. caniceps, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 98. In Mr. Kyton’s collection. A specimen of this bird in the Leyden Museum is from Brazil. 32. S. FLAMMULATA, Jardine, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 82, pl. 56. Keuador. In Sir William Jardine’s collection. 33. 8. unrRuFA, Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1843, p. 290. New Granada. 34. S. muLtosrriaTa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 273. New Granada. Mus. Paris. : 35. S. canpz1, Lafr. et d’Orb. Rev.. Zool. 1838, p- 165. Littoral of New Granada, Cartagena (Mus. Berol.), Rio Hacha ( Delattre, Mus. Derb.). 36. 8. serartra, Temm. Pl. Col. 311. fig. 3. Brazil. Mus. Lugd. 37. 8. CINERASCENS, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. fig. 3. Brazil. Mus. Lugd. 38. 8. aLBrceps (Laf. et d’Orb.): d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 241. Corrientes in rep. Arg. Mus. Brit. supra. 39. S. crinnAMomEA, Sw. (S. ruficauda, Spix). Brazil. Mus. Brit. 40. S. strcrorHorax, Sclater, supra. Ecuador. Mus. Brit. 41. 8. scutara, Sclater, supra. Brazil. Mus. Brit. 195 “xe1Oy}oryyArO "COLLOULW [e1JUID “epeueiyy MON pue oorxemy yynog § 6 i I G ¢ Eo = aa i -eotpnd “eVCLIYS-OF[NUL e4Sc0Ul “CJ OTJSOULR] “suaosaqye *sugasoqye “sudosaqe *stIe[ns *strepng “pinhysng “eSOUIST[NT *XB.101]}0901}8 -eynaTN *suvSalo *suesayo *(3) epneogns *slIe[NSIq[e “eyeTNUMUIeE °827]090)02.498 *(2) eytdeogn1 *eaueyseo *SII]S9110} “sIpneoreuunsq *SISUOISIFUL “Tepueo eueIny “ejaNzaUe A. “peprlulty, oseqoy, sesoueay fiespureatery "9 4 ‘9 "¢ } “e % ‘T 196 TABLE (continued). “DIUUNAG -pawuohnj0d “soployeqyise *nyoydar0gnay “SODIONINL “eprpsos “saprozhpojbo.2 “B1U0Seye “GT “eon “"saploreyyisae “eye MoVUl-Os.10p *saployyue *eprIp1os eiticte) ‘v1 6 ol G *eqyenb104 é epneoyns e10TIG{e -eprydouesAiyd | -eyrydoueZArqd “TURT[IUITXB UT “TUBI[LUITX UT ¢ 22uh09.40,.p "1ubrg.40,p (é) sysuazojd | -saproyeyysee "21 8|NIVU-OSIOP ssdaoumbynf *Soprloanyeul “sdaorqye “sdao1e1ays ssdaone1ys "SUTIN (2) epdeogna (2) warez | -(2) Bydeoyna peuqnd z aueely “VIATIOY Nila uslayseq | pue Aenseieg “st “6l “Teil 91 Ol 2724N9S “2 IDIOULPS *249105q0 “(¢) segyf “epneouns "evenb10} “pasautaIUMas *pausodhy *“DUDIOULIS *sp1aadojo “eutdjna *eamouleunLo “sdaormes *suaosaq[e “SYD UOLL ‘onbudoud “rxids *e]VUIOUL “epryed “2uDN] OY “RIILIIS “eAOTIGIe *suaoseiauia *suvTyDI “el[ideoygns é Bypidvoyna | ca fhog. | wa HON ‘Or 6 | 197 i only know by name eighteen species which have been described as members of this genus, namely, S. striaticollis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 290; S. drachyura, Lafr. ibid. ; S. kollari, Pelz. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx. p. 158, pl. 1. fig. 3; S. striolata, Pelz. ibid. p. 159 ; S. propingua, Pelz. ibid. xxxiv. p. 101; S. alopecias, Pelz. ibid. ; S. hyposticta, Pelz. ibid. p. 102; S. frontalis, Pelz. ibid. p. 117 ; S. fitis, Pelz. ibid. p. 123; Leptoxwyura semicinerea et L. obsoleta, Reichb. Nat. Syst. pp. 170, 171; Bathmidura @orbignyt, Reichb. ibid. p. 163; Leptasthenura platensis, Reichb. ibid. p. 160 ; S. fuli- giniceps, Lafr. et @Orb.; S. troglodytoides, Lafr. et dOrb.; S. leucocephala, Lafr. et d@Orb.; S. patagonica, Lafr. et dOrb.; and S. brunnea, Gould, Voy. Beagle, p. 78. The table indicates the geographical distribution of the genus, as far as it is at present known, the species of which I have not seen specimens being printed in 7falics. 10. Descriprions oF soME Asiatic LEePipopTErROoUS INSECTS BELONGING TO THE TRIBE BoMBYCES. By Freperic Moore, Assist. Nat. Hist. Derr. Museum, Inpia House. (Annulosa, Pl. LX.) Genus TRypANoPHORA, Kollar. Trypanophora, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. ii. p. 457 (1844); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 3. TRYPANOPHORA SEMIHYALINA. (PI. LX. figs. 1, 2.¢ 9.) 2 Trypanophora semihyalina, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. i. p. 457, pl. 19. f. 1 (1844); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. u. p. 434. 2 Syntomis humeralis, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. vii. f. 1593 (1856). Hab. Kaschmir (Kollar); N. India (Col. Buckley). The male of this very curious insect differs from the female in having the antennee thickly bipectinated (these in the female being minutely bipectinated and slightly clavate at the tip); the wings are narrower, the hyaline spots on the fore-wing are less in size, and the two spots near the posterior angle are covered with ochreous scales ; the entire dise of the hind-wing is hyaline. The larva is represented among the original drawings of General Hardwicke, now in the British Museum (vide vol. 10999. fig. 181, and vol. 11001. figs. 23, 26 & 90), and is also figured among the drawings made in N. India by A. Grote, Esq. of Calcutta, who states that it “feeds on Raphiolepis.” Genus Syntomis, Ochs. SYNTOMIS MARSDENI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 3.) Blackish-brown : fore-wing with five whitish transparent spots, 198 one within the discoidal cell, two on the posterior margin, and two near the apex; hind-wing with yellowish base, and small, whitish, transparent discal spot; front of head, collar, shoulders, and abdo- minal bands ochreous-yellow ; antennee tipt with white. Expanse ;°;ths of an inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). SYNTOMIS VIGORSI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 4.) Male, black, glossed with metallic green: fore-wing with five quite transparent spots ; hind-wing with a rather large transparent discal spot ; body dark metallic green; antennee filiform, tipt with yellow. Female duller-coloured, and having larger spots. iixpanse of male 1 inch, female 14 inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). SYNTOMIS PFEIFFERH, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 5.) Male dark brown: fore-wing with five pale yellow spots, one dis- posed at the base of posterior margin, inwardly oblique across the disc, and two from near the apex; hind-wing with a discal spot and along abdominal margin yellow; face, collar, spots on thorax, and abdominal bands yellow. Female, ferruginous-brown, the spots larger and ochreous-yellow. Antenne filiform in both sexes. Expanse of male 14, of female 12 inch. flab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). Remark.—This species is somewhat allied to Syntomis tenuis, Walker, from Celebes. SYNTOMIS WALLACIT, n. sp. (PI. LX. fig. 6.) Purple-brown : fore-wing with five, and hind-wing with two, small, rounded, semitransparent yellowish spots ; face, collar, and abdominal bands bright yellow; tip of antennee and first joint of tarsi white. Expanse 1+ inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). SYNTOMIS PENANG, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 7.) Fuliginous-black : fore-wing with two narrow longitudinal yellowish streaks from the base to one-third of its length, also with two upper and one lower silvery transparent spots ; hind wing with a trans- parent discal space, suffused anteriorly with yellowish; collar, lower part of thorax, and narrow abdominal bands yellowish; antenne bipectinated, margined with whitish to near the tip. Expanse 1 inch. fab. Penang (Dr. Cantor). SYNTOMIS RAFFLESI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 8.) Male, fuliginous-black : fore-wing with two very narrow ochreous- yellow streaks at the base, and. three transparent spots on the apical half, two being disposed transversely to posterior angle, the other near the apex ; hind- wing with a transparent spot on the abdominal margin, also a small yellow discal spot ; front of head, collar, base 199 of thorax, and narrow abdominal bands ochreous-yellow. Female paler, with the ochreous-yellow brighter, the transparent spots being tinged with the same. Antennee bipectinated in both sexes.. Expanse of male +, of female 14 inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). SYNTOMIS WALKERI, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 9.) Male, dark brown: fore-wing with seven yellow spots, two being disposed along the costal margin and narrow, two along posterior margin, the outer one of which has a minute spot above it, and two- obliquely near the apex; hind-wing with the costal margim whitish, and two spots from the base yellow; collar, shoulders, and abdo- minal bands yellow. Female paler throughout, and the spots larger. Antennee bipectinated in the male, filiform in the female. Expanse of male 19, of female 1 inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). SYNTOMIS PRAVATA, h. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 10.) Fuliginous-black : fore-wing with two transverse pairs of small white spots; hind-wing with small white spots ; cilia at the apex of each wing, and tip of antennz, white. Antennze bipectinated, filiform at the tip. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). SYNTOMIS CRAWFURDI, n.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 11.) Black: fore-wing with a narrow costal streak near the base, two longitudinal spots in the middle of the wing, and five small spots disposed in a semicircle near the apex, transparent ; hind-wing with the anterior margin and two spots transparent ; base of both wings coppery-red ; body black ; collar, shoulders, and abdominal bands coppery-red. Antenne bipectinated, metallic-green. Expanse nearly 1 inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). SYNTOMIS CANTORI,u.sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 12.) Fore-wing from the base to near one-third of its length, a small disco-cellular spot, apex, and narrow space along exterior margin black, which also extends slightly up the first median veinlet ; middle portion of the wing transparent, where the veins and costal margin are yellow; hind-wing black, with a minute transparent discal spot ; cilia black ; body wholly black, glossed with green ; antennee broken off. . Expanse 1,5; inch. Hab. Penang (Dr. Cantor). Genus PHALANNA. Euchromia (Phalanna), Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 218 (1854). Kuchromia, pt., Hubner, 200 PHALANNA HORSFIELDI, n. sp. (Pl. LX. fig. 13.) Dark brown: fore-wing with a lengthened spot below the cell, in- dented in the middle of its posterior margin, a shorter spot within the cell, and a transverse oblique row of spots near the apex, deep yellow ; a small spot at the base and another near the middle of the wing indigo-blue; hind-wing with large yellow spot in its middle, and a semi-transparent spot near the base, the upper half of the latter being yellow; body black ; face, spot on each shoulder, and underside white ; abdomen with two deep-yellow bands, one being situated at the base, the other on the fourth segment ; top of head, thorax, and margin of the other abdominal segments indigo-blue. Antenne bipectinated. Expanse 1,5 inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). Remark.—This species may be distinguished from P. polymena by the two bands on the abdomen being yellow, whereas in P. poly- mena there are three bands, and these of a crimson colour. P. hors- fieldi is also without the crimson spot in front of the thorax. Genus PHaupDa. Euchromia (Phauda), Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 256 (1854). Xenares, Herr.-Scheeffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. pp. 58, 81 (1858). Puaupa? mAsisa,n.sp. (PI. LX. fig. 14.) Wings pale fuliginous-black ; a band along entire length of costal margin of fore-wing, and another along costal and abdominal mar- gins of hind-wing, and body, pale red. Antenne slightly serrated. Expanse 1,4, inch. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). Professor Raddi exhibited numerous preparations illustrative of one of the processes of his new method of preserving animal sub- stances, which were explained to the Meeting by Signor V. de Tivoli. Mr. Gould exhibited some specimens of birds of the genus Uro- cissa (Corvide), and remarked upon the distinctive characters and geographical distribution of the four known species, namely, U. sinensis of China, U. occipitalis of the Himalayas, U. magnirostris of Aracan and Pegu, and U. flavirostris of Bhotan and Thibet. Dr. Crisp related an instance which had occurred, to his knowledge, in Scotland, of a Bantam hen sitting upon the eggs of a Water-Ouzel (Cinclus aquaticus), and hatching and rearing one of the young birds, which was fed principally upon porridge. 21 Mr. Sclater exhibited specimens of two rare species of Arctic birds from the collection of John Barrow, Esq., of Hanover Terrace, Regent’s Park. One of these was the new species of Diver with a white bill, described by Mr. G. R. Gray as Colymbus adamsi ee which had been also obtained in Capt. Collinson’s expedition, on the N.W. Coast of America. The other was an example of the ex- ceedingly scarce Wader with a spatulated bill, Hurinorhynchus pyg- meus (Linn.) (Gray & Mitch. Gen. of B. pl. 152), in what was ap- parently its summer dress, the head, neck, and breast being rufous. This was believed to be the only specimen known in this state of plumage, the bird having hitherto occurred as a straggler in Asia and Europe in its winter dress. The locality of this specimen was supposed to be the North-eastern Coast of Asia. May 24, 1859. G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On THE DEVELOPMENT OF AURELIA AURITA IN THE SOCIETY'S Aquaria. By E. W. H. Hotpswortn, F.L.S. Few persons can have paid any attention to marine aquaria with- out noticing in them the frequent occurrence of the little white polype, commonly known as Hydra tuba. The ova producing them are doubtless introduced with the sea-water; and if the conditions are suitable for their development, the rock-work and sides of the tank are often studded with hundreds of their delicate transparent bells. The changes they undergo before assuming the adult form have been investigated by Sars, Siebold, and many other naturalists ; and it is now well known that these little polypoid forms are only early states of Aurelia aurita—the medusa seen thronging our coasts in such countless thousands during the summer months. The per- fect animal, however, is so rarely produced within the limits of an aquarium, that a recent case of its occurrence in one of the Society’s tanks appears to me worthy of record. Since the establishment of the Fish-house in the Zoological Gardens, not a year has passed without the abundant production of the polypes in several of the tanks, and their transverse splitting and change to medusoids have been frequently observed; but no further development has taken place, and after a short period the young animals have gradually disappeared. In the present year, however, greater success has been attained ; and this is perhaps partly due to the water in the tank having been kept at a nearly uniform temperature, from the absence of any severe cold during the early part of the season. The polypes * See p. 167. 202 made their usual appearance about the end of January ; and after two or three weeks a considerable number of medusoids were de- tached, of which a few only have survived ; but some of these now exhibit all the specific characters of the perfect Medusa, the largest specimen at the present time being 3 inches in breadth when dilated, and the others of various intermediate sizes. It is unnecessary to detail here the gradual changes undergone in the course of deve- lopment to the perfect animal, as they have been fully and accurately described by several authors: I will only mention that an instance was observed of two medusoids having been thrown off together from the parent stock, and remaining united for more than a week ; each gave evidence of independent existence; and their course through the water was marked by great irregularity, from the uncertain and sometimes opposite action of the two disks. The water containing these Medusze has remained for several months unchanged, but its purity has not been endangered by the presence of fish, or other animals requiring a large supply of oxygen. 2. On A New SPEctiEs oF MOLLUSK OF THE GENUS SCISSURELLA, vp Ors. By S. P. Woopwarp, F.G.S. CoMMUNICATED BY Pror. Owen. (Mollusca, Pl. XLVI.) The little shell for which I propose the name of Scissurella -mantelli was found in a sample of ‘“ Menaccanite”’ sand, collected in New Zealand by Mr. Walter Mantell. This sand also afforded a minute species of Ringicula, and numerous examples of Calcarina, Siderolites, and other Rhizopods. Scissurella mantelli resembles the type of the genus, S. elegans, d’Orb., but is rather larger, more depressed, more strongly ornamented, and has a longer sczssural band. 'The specimen has been in my possession several years, but I did not think it worth publishing untii I observed that it exhibited a character hitherto omitted in all descriptions of the genus, viz. that the shell when young has no slit. M.d’Orbigny’s figures of Scissurella elegans, elaborate and highly magnified, represent the scissural band winding round all the whorls and extending to the extreme apex * ; but on referring to the specimens collected by Mr. Jeffreys at Spezzia, I found that the band really terminated within half a whorl of the aperture—a smaller proportional distance than in S. mantelli, and that during the first part of its life the Scissurella elegans also had a simple, entire lip, ike the ordinary T’rochide. M. d’Orbigny’s figures and description are faulty in a still more im- portant respect ; for Mr. G. Sowerby has observed that in the adult shell the fissure became closed at the aperture, leaving only a small foramen +: so that Scissurella presents three phases of growth— having a simple aperture when young, a slit when half-grown, and a * Mémoires de la Société d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1823, pl. 23, p. 340. Y¥ Zool. Journ. 1824, p. 255, and ‘ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ fase. 35. 203 foramen when adult. It is evident from the mode in which the slit is finally closed by the lateral expansion and union of its edges, that this change is final, and coincident with the termination of the shell’s growth ; whereas in the extinct Tvrochotoma the foramen must have been established at an early period, and continued to travel onward with the growth of the shell, as in the genus Rimula. Eleven species of Scissuredla are enumerated by Messrs. H. and A. Adams, under the generic name ‘“‘ Anatomus”’ * :— angulatus, Sow. @ orbignyt, Audouin. asper, Phil. indicus, Montf. bertheloti, Webb. levigatus, V Orb. conicus, d’ Orb. striatulus, Phil. costatus, @ Orb. reticulatus, Phil. crispatus, Flem. Of these, 4. costatus and A. levigatus are only varieties of A. elegans ; “‘ reticulatus’’ appears to be a misprint for S. plicata, Phil., of which S. d’orbignyi, Scac. (not Audouin), isasynonym ; and both this and S. striatula are only varieties of S. elegans, Orb. S. angulata, Loven (not Sow.), appears to be the adult Norwegian form of the British S. crispata; and S. aspera, Phil. (described as fossil only), is the Mediterranean equivalent of the same species. Instead of exght or nine European species of Scissurella, I can find only two; and of these the typical species must be called S. elegans (d’Orb.), that being the only appropriate name of the three first iven. 3 S. bertheloti, Webb, from the Canaries, is closely allied to S. ele- gans ; 8. conica, dOrb., from the Falkland Islands, is more like S. crispata. The British species, S. crispata, differs considerably from the typical Scissured/a in form ; and the slit is permanently open, as in Pleurotomaria,—a character which may be considered of sub- generic importance. Prof. King, in his otherwise excellent remarks on this genus (Pleurotomaria), assumes its identity with Sczssu- rella (crispata), and supposes it to be “essentially non-perla- ceoust;”’ but since the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and recent species of Pleurotomaria are all nacreous, it is reasonable to conclude that those of the older rocks were likewise so, although now metamorphic and destitute of any remains of pearly lustre. Scissurella of d’Orbigny, typified by S. elegans, is distinct from every other genus, recent or fossil, hitherto described. The Messrs. Adams have substituted for Scissurella the name “ Anatomus, Montf.,” which certainly was never intended for any shell of the kind. Montfort’s figure was most hkely taken from a specimen of Serpula spirorbis, which agrees with the description of ** dAnatomus indicus” in being gregarious upon sea-weed, and in having, when detached, a slit in the dower margin of the lip. If it should still be considered desirable to have a subgencric * ‘Genera of Shells,’ p. 439 (June 1854). + Monograph of Permian Fossils, Trans. Pal. Soc. 1850, p. 215. 204 name for Scissurella crispata, 1 have no objection to the adoption of Anatoma, provided it be spelled properly, and not attributed to Montfort. 3. Notre on CYCLOSTOMA ARTICULATUM. By S. P. Woop- WARD, F.G.S. ComMMUNICATED BY Pror. OwEN. (Mollusca, Pl. XLVI.) This land-snail is peculiar to the Island of Rodriguez, and belongs to the subgenus Tropidophora (Troschel), characteristic of the Mascarene Islands. Numerous examples were collected in February 1858 by the late Madame Ida Pfeiffer, who conveyed them to the Mauritius, where they continued active, but took no food during a stay of two months. Three individuals remained alive after the voyage to England, which occupied ten weeks, and several others were sufficiently preserved for examination. They were brought over packed in paper and rags, in a tin pot with a lid, and were not taken out until a fortnight after their arrival. One of these snails lived for some months under a bell-glass with moss and ferns, and afforded frequent opportunities for examination. The animal was of a pale buff colour, with darker tentacles and muzzle ; the tentacles were acute, rugose, and slightly annulated ; the muzzle annulated, grooved beneath, and bilobed at the end, which was constantly used in walking. The foot was ample, with a deep central groove dividing it into two lateral elements moved alternately in walking. When.it retired and closed its shell, it still adhered, and sometimes became suspended, by a tenacious thread of mucus. Madame Pfeiffer also brought home specimens of Cyclostoma ca- rinatum and C. (Otopoma) listeri, from Mauritius, which were in a tolerably fresh state. The lingual dentition of these species differs slightly from that of C. articulatum. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI. Figs. 1-7. Scissurella elegans: several varieties at different periods of growth; magnified 24 diameters. 1, 2. Young shells, exhibiting the commencement and successive filling up of the slit. 3-6. Old examples, showing the extent to which the shell grows after the establishment of the foramen. 7. Front view of a shell with the multispiral operculum. Fig. 8. Scissurella mantelli, magnified 40 diameters. Fig. 9. Scissurella (Anatoma) crispata, magnified six times. From the coast of Norway. In the collection of Mr. MacAndrew. Figs. 10,11. Cyclostoma articulatum, of the size of life—June 9, 1858. Fig. 12. Its lingual ribbon, natural size. Fig. 13. A portion of the same, magnified. 205 4. INDICATIONS OF THE EXISTENCE OF A SECOND SPECIES OF Emev (Dromavus). By A. D. Bartuert. The specimen of Dromeus now exhibited was obtained with others far in the interior of South Australia, several hundred miles from Port Philip. It differs from Dromeus nove-hollandie in having the whole of the feathers of the body distinctly marked with narrow transverse bars of light grey and dark brownish black. The feathers of the back and sides of the bird are broader and longer and less silky in texture than those of the common species: that this is so, is quite evident to the touch. The upper part of the neck and head is nearly black ; and the feathers appear thicker than those on these parts in the com- mon bird. The specimen from which these remarks are taken was one of three examined by me, two of which were adult, and one a young bird about one-third grown. This young bird exhibited the trans- verse bars on its plumage as distinctly as the adult bird; at the same time the broad longitudinal stripes were clearly to be seen. Judging from the skins, I am inclined to consider this bird to be smaller than the common species. As I hope before long to obtain more in- formation respecting these birds, together with other and more perfect specimens, I beg to propose provisionally the name of Dromeus irroratus for this supposed new species. 5. A Recorp or ture NumBer or Days or INCUBATION OF BIRDS WHICH BREED IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. By Paiute Lutiey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. The subjoined table, furnished to me from the observations of our intelligent Assistant Head-Keeper, Benjamin Misselbrook, gives the period of incubation of eighteen species of birds which ordinarily breed in our Gardens. The time of incubation appears to be as constant in each species of bird as the period of gestation in each species of mammal; and I think that every addition to our imperfect knowledge of this subject must be of interest to the naturalist, and is worthy of record in our ‘ Proceedings.’ Days 1. Emeu* (Dromeus nove-hollandia) ..........++ 56 2. American Rhea (Rhea americana) ............ 35 3. Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus) .... 28 4. Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichit) ............ 28 5. Purple Pheasant (Gallophasis horsfieldii)........ 24 6. White-crested Kaleege (Gallophasis albocristatus) 26 7. Black-backed Kaleege (Gallophasis melanonotus). 24 * The eggs of the Emeu and Rhea were hatched in the Society’s incubator. 206 Days 8. Californian Quail (Callipepla californica)....... Soee4l 9. Crowned Pigeon (Goura coronata) ............ 28 10. Crested Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes)............ 14 11. Black-necked Swan (Cygnus nigricollis) ........ 35 12. Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) ................ 35 13. Cereopsis Goose (Cereopsis nove-hollandia) .... 35 14. Sandwich-Island Goose (Bernicla sandvicensis) .. 31 15. Ashy-headed Goose (Chloéphaga poliocephala) .. 30 16. Ruddy Shieldrake (Casarca rutila) ............ 30 17. Summer Duck (Aig sponsa).................. 30 18. Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) ............ 30 6. REMARKS ON EXHIBITING SPECIMENS OF Two SPECIES OF Divers (CotymsBus), rrom Mr. GurNry’s CoLuecTION. By Puarure Luruey Scxuater, M.A., F.L.S., SecrETARY TO THE SOCIETY. On showing to Mr. J. H. Gurney the specimen of the supposed new Diver (Colymbus adamsi, G. R. Gray), belonging to Mr. Bar- row, and exhibited at the last meeting of the Society, that gentleman informed me that he had a somewhat similar bird in his own collec- tion, killed off the coast of Norfolk. Mr. Gurney has kindly ordered this specimen to be sent up for the inspection of the Society. As it is in winter plumage, no comparison can be made relative to the white markings of the neck and scapularies ; but in respect of the thickened and whitened bill, it entirely agrees with Colymbus adamsi. In the British Gallery of the British Museum I have also noticed an ex- ample of the Great Northern Diver in which the bill has become partially white. Upon the whole, therefore, I am inclined to agree with Mr. Gurney’s views that this is the effect of age, the bill becoming thickened and whitened in the very adult birds, and that we cannot use this character as a ground of difference to separate C. adamsi from C. glacialis. It remains, however, yet to be proved that the other characters assigned by Mr. G. R. Gray to his C. adamsi are not of sufficient importance to maintain that species as distinct. As there might be some doubt raised as to whether Mr. Gurney’s specimen was really shot on the English coast, I subjoin the follow- ing letter, which seems to set that question at rest :— ‘24 Kensington Park Gardens, 30th May, 1859. ‘* My pear Srr,—I have been endeavouring to verify the facts respecting the White-billed Diver. ‘Tt was shot on the beach, or from the beach, at Pakefield, on the coast of Suffolk, and was brought in the flesh to My. Scales, a gen- tleman living in Pakefield, who sent it to Mr. Thirtle, a bird-stuffer at Lowestoft, to preserve for him. I saw it at Thirtle’s, and wrote to Mr. Scales to say that I should like to possess it, when he very kindly gave it to me as a present. 207 “JT am sorry to find that I have no exact memorandum of the date when it was procured, but believe it to have been in the early spring, about seven years since. *T am, yours faithfully, «J. H. Gurney.” * P. L. Sclater, Esq.” Mr. Gurney has at the same time forwarded for examination a specimen of the Black-throated Diver (Colymbus arcticus) from the coast of California, in fully adult summer plumage. Mr. Lawrence, in his portion of the ‘Report upon North American Ornithology,’ published in the ninth volume of the ‘ Pacific R. R. Report,’ has separated this bird from the ordinary Colymbus arcticus as a distinct species, observing that, though he had not met with it in summer plumage, its smaller dimensions, and, in particular, more slender and weaker bill, seem to warrant his so doing. Comparing the Pacific example with a fine specimen of the ordi- nary Black-throated Diver from these seas, kindly lent to me by Mr. Leadbeater, we observe just these very differences. In plumage there is none, or none worth mentioning. I am therefore hardly inclined to think that the specific independence of Colymbus pacifi- cus will ultimately be maintainable, knowing, as I do, that there is considerable variation in size prevalent among European specimens of the Black-throated Diver. 7. On A NEw LepipopTERous INsEcT From AvustrRALta. By A. W. Scort, M.A., Memper or THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY oF New SoutH Wates. ComMuNICATED BY Dr. GEORGE BENNETT, Corr. Meme. (Annulosa, Pl. LXI.) HYyPHANTIDIUM SERICARIUM, The silken web, portions of which are herewith transmitted, formed by these small gregarious larvee, is so remarkable for its vast super- ficial extent, the extreme evenness of manufacture, and the fineness and beauty of the texture, that I have been induced to submit these homely Lepidoptera, with their transformations, for publication in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, deeming the subject worthy of notice and interest to the European entomologist ;—the more so, as, after a careful and patient investigation of the families closely related (the European examples of which have been so beau- tifully illustrated and correctly defined by Hubner), I am led to believe that the insects now before me are, in all respects, nonde- script. | Acting in accordance with this impression, I have formed a new genus under the name of Hyphantidium: it will however rest with the scientific naturalist at home, with his numerous books of refer- ence and cabinet specimens, to determine this question and to correct the error which I may thus possibly have fallen into. 208 The larvee, together with fine specimens of the web, were originally sent to me by Helenus Scott, Esq., Police Magistrate of the Wol- lombi district, who had himself obtained them early in July of last year from his neighbour Mrs. Thomas Wiseman of Laguna House, the original discoverer. This gift was accompanied by the following remarks :— “Mrs. Thomas Wiseman of this district had placed a quantity of shelled maize in a verandah room, 8 feet 6 inches long, 6 feet wide, and 9 feet 3 inches high, the stone walls being plastered. Ata subsequent’ period, this room being required for a bed-room, the walls were found to be entirely and uniformly covered by a beautiful white-coloured web, fastened at the ceiling, floor, and corners, by a stouter and coarser fabric, and occasionally to portions of the wall itself. So that in this instance an unbroken sheet of cloth contain- ing some 72 square feet might with care have been obtained ; while the whole of the web inside of the room would contain some 252 square feet.” The specimens of this cloth sent to me were of the size of a large handkerchief, having been rudely torn from the walls. In anticipa- tion of obtaining other specimens, I gave mine to the Australian Mu- seum in Sydney ; but now, unhappily, the whole of the remaining portions of the original construction have been ruthlessly destroyed by the servants. The samples now sent will, however, be sufficient to enable the ad- mirers of the curious and beautiful to form an opinion by ocular demonstration of the extreme delicacy and uniformity of the fabric. The Larva (fig. 1, natural size, fig. 2, magnified) is, when full- grown, about ;2; inch in length, fleshy, with the head and first an- nulation depressed, somewhat horny, and of a blackish brown. It possesses sixteen feet. In colour pale yellowish white, with whorls of six small black spots on each annulation, each emitting a tiny hair. The caudal segment is spotted with brown. In confinement these Caterpillars were found to be active, with a dislike to the light, so that when exposed they immediately com- menced spinning their web over, and connecting several grams of the maize together, upon the mealy portions of which they subsisted. They had likewise lined the top and sides of the box with their silken tissue. In their natural state I am of opinion that during the day they conceal themselves between the wall and the web, and descend at night to carry on their depredations ;—but this is mere supposition. At the latter end of August they changed to the chrysalis, each larva forming a separate cocoon for itself amongst the maize, con- sisting of a flimsy web somewhat tightly envelopmg the chrysalis. The chrysalis (fig. 3) is of a light yellowish-brown, with the wing- cases largely developed, and of 4 inch in length. The perfect insect (fig. 4) took wing in October, and is in expanse 8 inch, and active in its movements. The superior wings elongated, the costal margin arched, and apices rounded. General colour greyish-brown, of a silvery hue, with stigmata and strigze of a darker 209 colour. Inferior wings of a light semitransparent silvery hue, with a deep marginal fringe. Thorax similar in colour to anterior wings and not crested. Abdomen yellowish ; the entire of the under side light silvery grey. The wings are slightly convoluted in repose. Antenne (fig. 5, magnified portion) rather short, setaceous, and scaly above. Labial palpi (figs. 6 & 7, denuded), 3-jointed, covered with fea- thery scales. Basal and terminal joints nearly equal, and each about one half the length of the middle one. The whole cylindrical and terminating in a point, and bending upwards and forwards to about level with the top of the eye. The legs.—Anuterior pair (fig. 8) small and spurless. Tibize half the length of the femora. Second pair (fig. 9), two spurs at ends of tibiee. Posterior pair (fig. 10), four spurs. The second and poste- rior legs are long, and nearly equal to each other. The whole of the legs are closely covered with feathery scales, thicker however, and intermixed with some hairs on the tibiee of posterior pair. Tarsi in all 5-jointed (first joint about equal to remaining four) terminating in small claws. 8. DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES OF PERGA, OR SAW-FLY, FOUND FEEDING UPON THE EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA OF HOOKER, or Wiper Bay LeMon-SCENTED GuM-TREE. By Dr. GEORGE BENNETT, OF SypNEY, F.Z.S., ann A. W. Scort, Esa., MemMBerR oF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF New Soutu WALES. (Annulosa, Pl. LXII.) Among numerous Hucalypti or Gum-trees growing in great pro- fusion in New South Wales, a species, named Eucalyptus citriodora ‘by Sir William Hooker, is peculiar to the Wide Bay district at the northern part of the Colony. It is a tree of graceful and elegant growth, and assumes a picturesque character and appearance devoid of stiffness ; and as the younger branches become elongated towards the top, they gradually yield and become partially pendent. It bears delicate white flowers in clusters, which attract by the honey secreted within them numerous insects and honey-eating birds. The foliage affords food to the larvee of many insects, which sometimes appear in such myriads as to denude the tree ; and the flowers are the resort of a great variety of Coleopterous and other insects. This tree has a great claim to picturesque beauty, and proves an ornament to any landscape when seen growing in its native soil. It does not produce timber of any great size, nor am | aware of its being used for any particular purpose. At Wide Bay it has been known to attain the height of from 80 to 95 feet, with a circumference of from 8 to 10 feet. It has recently been introduced into the Botanic Garden at Sydney, from the Wide Bay district, and has been found to be of quick growth. My friend Mr. C. Moore, the Director of the No. 397,—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLGGICAL SOCIETY. 210 Botanic Garden at Sydney, informs me that a tree now in that garden was planted about six years since ; and I found it had in that time attained the height of 35 feet ; but the top of the tree having been cut off at an early period of its growth, it had divided into several branches. This had retarded its growth*as far as regards elevation, although (as was the intention) it had promoted the ex- tension of its branches: and, but for this circumstance, it might have been expected that by this time the tree would have attained the elevation of about 60 or 65 feet. The leaves of this species of Eucalyptus, on being bruised, yield a delightful citron-like odour, compared by some to the smell of balm, and by others to the scent called Citronella; and when the leaves are dried ‘and placed among clothes or papers, they impart an agreeable scent to them. Consi- dering that it might prove useful in an economical point of view, I procured a quantity of the leaves, which were distilled by Mr. Norie, a practical chemist in Sydney ; and it was found that three pounds twelve ounces weight of the leaves yielded by distillation six drachms and a half of a pure colourless oil. A very small number of drops of the oil (about eight), to an ounce of spirit, produce a very powerful and agreeable perfume, approximating to that known as Citronella, which may be called ‘‘ Essence of Lemon-scented Gum-tree.”’ I sent some of this oil in its pure state to Sir William Hooker, through my friend Dr. F. Miller of Melbourne, to be placed in the Museum of Economic Botany. When the outer bark of the tree was hanging in strips upon the trunk and branches, as is usual with the Hucalypti, the new bark underneath was of a deli- cate greenish white colour. A red gum exudes from this tree. As this tree may eventually prove of great utility in affording perfume, every exertion will be made to propagate it in the neighbourhood of Sydney, and being of rapid growth it will, no doubt, quickly suc- ceed. About September I observed a gregarious Caterpillar feeding upon the foliage of this tree and rapidly destroying it. On a closer. inspection I found the larvee of a species of Perga or Saw-tly, huddled together both on the upper and under sides of the leaves, arranged for the most part in regular rows. When disturbed, they simultaneously bent their bodies in the form of an arch, and emitted a greenish fluid from their mouths, as if to intimidate the intruder, forming, on a small scale, a representation of an angry cat when a dog approaches her lair. When put into a box, the larvee emitted so powerful an odour of the leaves on which they had been feeding, as to scent the room in which they were placed. The larva of the Perga is evidently an omnivorous feeder, as it has been observed upon several species of the Eucalyptus as well as on the Callistemon. On showing the larva to my friend A. W. Scott, Esq., of Ash Island, he informed me that he had made drawings and magnified dissec- tions of this and other species. In a few days I received the ac- companying description of this species, together with the beautiful and accurate drawing (copied in Pl. LXII.) by his daughter, Miss H. Scott. 211 Family SECURIFERA. Tribe 1. TenrHreDINET# (Saw-tflies). Genus PercGa (Leach). PERGA EUCALYPTI, sp. nov.’ (Pl. LXII.) These larvee are gregarious, and live exposed on the leaves of the Eucalyptus, on which they feed, and when full-grown attain a con- siderable size, from 2 inches to 23. Of a uniform velvety black, with numerous short stiff white hairs, they bear a general resem- blance to Lepidopterous Caterpillars, easily discernible however by the possession of only six squamous ‘feet, and these large, powerful and reddish. ; Living, as they do, in considerable numbers, huddled together and even one upon another, on the upper as well as the under side of the leaf, they present so striking an object, that the most unobservant must easily recognize the group of larvee depicted in our plate. We may also add, that during their repast these pseudo-caterpillars keep slowly moving their abdominal portions, rapping their extre- mities against the leaves, and, if disturbed, arching their bodies in a menacing manner, and emitting from their mouths a viscid matter. Our larvae buried themselves underground in October, forming cocoons of a very strong, brownish texture. ‘The perfect insect ap- peared in the following “Mar ch, and measured in expanse of wings 1,5 inch, the Henn of the body being 19, of which the head and Shore constituted 54. Fig. 1. The head magnified. Fig.2. Antenne. T hese are short, 6-jointed, the last joint longest and clubbed ; the whole of a yellow colour. The legs: anterior pair two spurs on tibiee ; second and posterior (fig. 3) have similar spurs, with an additional moveable spine on the middle of their inferior side ; the tarsi are 5-jointed, the first four fur- nished with pairs of blunted appendages, with large pulvilli between, the ultimate one terminated by strong claws. Fig. 4. Anterior wing. This has four cubital cells, the second and third of which receive a recurrent nervure, the transverse nervures of the disc ; but the radial cell is not appendiculated. Fig. 5. Posterior wing. The wings of the live insect are brownish inclining to bronze, but in the cabinet these soon assume a shabby and ragged appearance. Head and thorax have a metallic dark green-red lustre. Abdomen bright shining green; three large orange-yellow patches on the upper sae one at each base of wings, and one over junction of thorax and ab- domen ; underneath similar patches immediately below and between the legs. We have other species of this genus in our possession, exhibiting considerable variations in their larve, as to size, colouring, and markings ; but they are all uniformly supplied with only six power- ful squamous feet. 212 The Eucalyptus, Melaleuca and Callistemon appear to afford the principal food for the Perge. The habits of the Saw-flies are so well described by Latreille, Leach, and others, that it is quite unnecessary for us to make fur- ther comments; and it has been to the larvee of a species which may be considered the type of the genus, that we have principally devoted our attention in this short sketch. The Tenthredinete are represented by numerous examples in this colony, and are well deserving of a memoir devoted exclusively to their family, as many others, in addition to the Perge, may be found worthy of being formed into separate and distinct genera. The following list of additions to the Society’s Menagerie by pre- sentation and purchase during the month of May was read :— 1 Axis Deer eoveoe lee eccace UGannetintcmericcetcsccecce 1 Australian Thick-knee 2 Mooruks 4 Hippocampi 15 Green Lizards ......... | 1 African Civet 1 Kangaroo ..........0008- 2 Tachard Buzzards ... 1 Red-capped Parrakeet | 1 Love Parrakeet 5 Wax-Wings ......+0... 1 Grivet Monkey eocccscce 1 Barred Ichneumon ...| 2 Chinese Pheasants ... 2 Pr. Albert’s Curassow 8 Water Tortoises ......| 4 Land Tortoises 1 Paradoxure Cer ecsces eecveccocrce eocece |Casuarius bennettiz |Viverra civetta 'Petrogale penicillata |Paradoxurus typus Belideus flaviventris Axis maculata ...coorsscoree- Sula bassana CEdicnemus australis......... Hippocampus brevirostris... Lacerta viridis ee eeeeecooens: eee cceeee Buteo tachardus Platycercus pileatus Agapornis pullaria Ampelis garrula eo ccceseeees ae ecccves Cercopithecus engythithia... Herpestes fasciatus .. Boa constrictor eee eee oes cenee- Phasianus torquatus......... Crax alberti Emys —? Testudo —— ? .ec..csse0ee Co ee rence eeneeeses ce eearves eee 4 1 Capuchin Monkey Cebus ——? Presented by Richard Ans- dell, Esq. Presented by T. W. Foster, Esq. Purchased. ’ Presented by Dr. Bennett, F.Z.S. Presented by T. F. Pinto, Tisq. Presented. Presented by Captain R. Hughes. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Presented by B. J. Angell, Esq. Presented by R. F. Bur- ton, Esq., F.R.G.S. Presented by G. Furness, Esq. Presented by Geo. Moss, Esq. Purchased. Presented by Rev. R. T. Lowe, Corr. Memb. Presented by Sir D. Baird. Presented by Dr. Bennett, Corr. Memb. Presented. Of these, the Hippocampus brevirostris, Buteo tachardus, and Belideus flaviventris were stated to be exhibited for the first time. June 28, 1859. Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Norrs on THE Ducx-BILL (ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS). By Dr. Greorce Bennett, F.Z.S. ‘ (Mammalia, Pl. LX XI.) On the morning of the 14th of September, 1848, I received through the kindness of Henry Brooks, Esq., of Penrith, six speci- mens of the Ornithorhynchus—an unusually large number to be captured and sent at one time—consisting of four full-grown males and two full-grown females. As usual, the latter were much smaller in size than the former. Some of these animals had been shot, and others captured in nets at night, at a place named Robe’s Creek, near the South Creek, Penrith, about thirty miles from Sydney. They were all in good and fresh condition, excepting one of the fe- males, in which some degree of decomposition had taken place, but not sufficient to prevent examination. On dissection, I found the uteri of the females (although it was the commencement of the breeding season) unimpregnated ; but in the four males the testes were all enlarged, resembling pigeons’ eggs in size, and of a pure white colour. At other seasons of the year I have observed them in these animals not larger than a small pea, and this being the commence- ment of the breeding season could alone account for their size; so that they show in this respect a great resemblance to what is observed in most birds during the breeding season of the year. I am not aware of this peculiarity existing in any other Mammalia. The testes in all the specimens were of equal size, and measured 13 inch in length and 1 inch in the diameter. I preserved one animal with the testes in situ, and detached the testes from the others, placing them in spirits for a further examination if required. On examining the cartilaginous lips of these animals as they were lying heaped upon the table, dripping wet as if just emerged from the water, they were dark grey above, and mottled of a darker or lighter colour underneath, as is shown in the drawing made from life by G. F. Angas, Esq. (Pl. LXXI.), and which I have not yet seen correctly represented in any coloured drawing or engraving of the animal, in consequence of their not being taken from a living or recently dead animal. Over the eye is a tawny brownish-yellow spot, which marks distinctly the situation of that minute but brilliant organ of vision. These animals have horny teeth on the tongue. On the back part of this organ there is a bulb which serves to pre- vent the passage of the food collected in the mouth together with 214 the water into the gullet, and to direct the former into the tempo- rary receptacles—the cheek pouches, which have an opening on each side at the back part of the mouth. In these I have found the food well comminuted, mingled with fine gravel of a muddy consistence, the food consisting of débris of insects and small shell-fish mingled with mud and gravel to aid digestion, and I have also found the whole length of the alimentary canal filled with mud or sand mingled with .débris of food. I have observed the same in the Echidna or ‘ Por- cupine Ant-eater’ of the colonists. In the stomach of that animal I have found the sand which filled it exhibit under the microscope the remains of ants alone. The sand appears to me to be neces- sary for the proper digestion of the food in both animals. On the morning of the 28th of December, 1858, I received a male and female specimen of the Ornithorhynchus alive; the male very large, and the female much smaller; they had been captured four days before the opportunity occurred of sending them. They were packed in a box with straw, carefully and securely fastened down ; they had burrowed into the straw, and seemed warm and com- fortable. When taken out and placed into a tub of water, they were very lively, diving down and remaining out of sight ; and were so timid, that, when reappearing, it was only to place the end of the mandibles out of the water to inhale some fresh air, when they would speedily disappear again, seeming to be perfectly aware they were watched. The longest time this animal could remain under water, without rising to the surface to breathe, was full 7 minutes 15 seconds, by the watch. I placed them in the evening in a tub of water with turf and grass; they remained quite tranquil, bubbles of air rising occasionally to the surface of the water alone indicating their position, with a movement as if they were shifting their place in the tub, but without showing the body. After some minutes had elapsed, the tip of the black snout would appear on the side of the tub, to the length of about an inch, or just sufficient for the nostrils to be above the surface of the water, they being at the same time dilated as if to imbibe a supply of atmospheric air. They would only remain a few seconds, when they again speedily disappeared. When watched at a distance, one was seen to crawl out from the tub and escape upon the ground, but it was speedily captured and replaced. After leaving them in the water for about an hour, I placed my hand in the tub and took them out, and, on replacing them in the box, they soon burrowed down in the straw. They are, as may be expeeted, fond of darkness and concealment, and dive under water or burrow under ground, coming to the surface to feed and enjoy themselves, principally at the dusk of the evening or at night. I do not believe that the Duck-bill has ever been found in South Australia, no specimen having yet been brought from that locality. These animals are rather crepuscular in their habits, sleeping for the most part of the day ; and, in captivity, I have always found them very annoying at night, disturbing the rest of every one within hearmg by the scratching and restless noises which they make in 219 their vigorous efforts to escape ; whereas in the morning they will be found rolled up and fast asleep. Still I am now of opinion that all the Australian crepuscular and night animals—judging from those I have been able to observe in captivity—although very active, and feeding principally at night, will leave their places of concealment during the day for a short time for the purpose of feeding. The male animal, as if to keep up its bird-like character, has a spur, moveable, like that of the barn-door cocks. This is found also in the Echidna or Porcupine Ant-eater, another of the Monotrematous® family ; but, judging from experiments on both animals, cannot be considered a weapon of offence or defence, and is for some purpose in the economy of the animal at present unknown to us. From my recent observations I consider the question of the spur in the male being a poisonous weapon as now decided; for the living male spe- cimen, though very shy and wild, can be handled with impunity. Although making violent efforts to escape, and even giving me some severe scratches with the hind claws in its attempts, still either in or out of the water he has never attempted to use the spur asa weapon of offence. Indeed the scratching I have before alluded to has not been done by the animal intentionally, as it is to all in- tents and purposes perfectly harmless ; but accidentally by the hind claws, which alone are sharp, in the efforts made to extricate itself from my grasp. The female will float feeding upon the water, and is much tamer than the male. ‘The latter keeps swimming about below, and it is a long time before he ventures to put more than the snout above the water, and then rarely more than the head and a little of the upper part of the body. From the 29th to the 31st of December they were lively and well. IT placed them for one or two hours in the water morning and evening, to feed and wash themselves, which they appeared to enjoy exceed- ingly. I placed some meat minced very fine in the water, to try to feed them, so as to send them alive to Europe, as I considered the manner of feeding them an important preliminary step to ascertain. In their natural state they evidently feed in water. Just before I took them out in the evening they had burrowed to the bottom of the box, among the straw, very warm and comfortable, and they were cuddled close together. Ou the third morning I found them much tamer, and, instead of diving down immediately they were placed in the water, they floated upon the surface. The female would permit me to look close to her little twinkling eyes; her ears were always much dilated, and she would remain tranquil even when I touched or scratched her head or back ; but the instant I touched the sensitive mandibles, she would either dip down partially or disappear altogether under water for a short time. The male is evidently much more timid. I have only once seen his body on the surface of the water; and when taking him out of the water and replacing him in his box, I found great difficulty in capturing him. The female, being generally upon the surface, is secured and placed in the box very easily, but the struggles of the male are very great; and this makes it more difficult to take 216 him every time. The female paddles about upon the surface, and occasionally performs somersaults in the water ; the male sometimes comes up, but dives rapidly down again. The female floats upon the water without any apparent paddling, and remains in a sort of half-immersed position for a great length of time, with the beak lying flat upon the water. If any dust comes near the sensitive nostrils, a bubbling of water is seen to issue from them, as if to drive away the irritating substance ; and, if this does not succeed, the beak is washed in the water to remove it. January Ist, 1859.—Both the animals this morning had a sleek, healthy, and lively appearance ; they did not require to be taken out of the box to be placed in the tub of water, but ran in themselves as soon as the lid of the box was opened. On entering the water they turned and gamboled about, and then reclined on one side, scratching themselves with the hind claws. They would permit me to touch them without being disturbed ; indeed they had become so tame as to allow me to tickle and scratch them gently, and appeared to enjoy it very much. They generally remained half-submerged in the water ; itis only when touching the sensitive mandibles that they would dive down; but even then they would not remain long under water. Their favourite position was half-submerged, with the man- dibles resting down upon the surface of the water. The female is languid and weak, but the male continues vigorous, diving and swimming about. When in the water they play toge- ther, occasionally tumbling one over the other, and then remain on the surface of the water, gently combing their fur. No attempt was ever made (even when he growled at being disturbed) by the male to injure or even scratch with the spur. When I took the male out or disturbed him at night, he growled, and afterwards made a peculiar shrill whistling noise, as if a signal call to his companion. It is principally in the evening and at night that these animals are in the habit of coming out of their burrows to sport and feed both in the water and upon the banks. On retiring to their burrows to repose, they roll themselves up like furred balls. January 2nd.—The female appeared quite exhausted this evening. On being placed in the water, it paddled feebly about, and then, dropping its head, sank. On removing it, I found it was dead. It appeared, on examination, to be in poor condition. January 3rd.—The male does not appear to be thriving, but I have now a large tub prepared for his reception, in which I have made the following arrangements :—The tub is 3 feet 6 inches in length by 1 foot 9 inches broad, and 2 feet deep. At one end I have had a wooden enclosure made, which was partially filled with earth and a sprinkling of straw; this attempt to imitate the burrow was 12 inches deep and 15 inches in length. I then placed sand from a pond a few inches deep in the tub, in which I planted some fresh plants of Damasonium ovatum and other river plants from a pond in the Botanic Gardens. The tub was filled with water up to an inclined plane, which was turfed like a bank; a level space was also left, on which turf was placed, so that the animal might repose 217 and clean himself on emerging from the water. On placing the male into it, he dived down and seemed to enjoy himself very much. He was still lively, lying upon the surface of the water and scratch- ing himself, and again diving and swimming among the weeds ; he then went upon the level bank and again plunged into the water ; after remaining there for nearly an hour, sometimes upon the surface and often for a long time under water, he found his way into the burrow, where he remained. I covered the whole of the cage with zine wire, by which means he had light and air, and we could ob- serve all his actions. This was to prevent his escape, as he could readily have climbed up the surface of the tub. There are openings at each end of the cask, by which means we could draw off: all the dirty stagnant water, and replace it with clean, as often as was re- quired. I fed the animal on meat minced very small, and then thrown into the water. Both of these animals were captured in a net. The man who took them stated he had kept two alive for fourteen days, feeding them upon river mussels, which he broke and gave them in the water: that they seemed to thrive very well ; and that he supposed that they fed upon these mussels, as they had been in good health, their death having been occasioned by accident. It surprises many why these animals, when captured in a net and left all night, are feund drowned in the morning. It is my opinion that when one of these animals is captured in a net (as was the case with a male specimen taken in that way a short time since in the Mulgoa Creek, and found dead in the morning), it is entangled in the meshes, and, being unable to rise to the surface to breathe, is drowned. January 5th.—Last night I observed the animal emerge from the water and enter the burrow: this was about 11 p.m. This morning I did not see him in the water; he appeared yesterday evidently drooping and sickly, and I fear we have not yet got into the method of feeding them. Their food being minute and delicate, it requires some experience to give it to these peculiar animals successfully. On opening the burrow the animal was not there, and on drawing off the water we found him dead and stiff at the bottom. Having, no doubt, been too weak to regain the burrow, he perished when in the water. Thus ends the first experiment of keeping Duck-bills alive. On dissection I found that they had been starved ; there was no food or sand either in the intestines or pouches,—nothing but dirty water. Should I procure other specimens, it is my intention to in- troduce into my tank river-shrimps and insects of different kinds, previous to placing them in it, so that they may obtain a sufficient supply of their natural food. Still all this will increase the difficulty of taking them to Europe, as the supply cannot be kept up at sea. They evidently are very delicate animals, and life is soon destroyed if nutriment is not rapidly kept up. These specimens were not emaciated in body before they died. The testes in this male were very small, being not larger than 218 peas. The animal was full-grown, and of the size of the largest spe- cimens usually seen. Sometimes I have seen the male with the spur so far thrown back and concealed from view, as at a glance to be taken for the female, and when opened for anatomical examination to be mistaken for one ; so that it is not improbable that the large testes resembling pigeons’ eggs may have given rise to the notion of the animal laying eggs. I have no doubt that the Duck-bills make their burrows high in the banks, so as to be out of the reach of the floods which occasionally prevail. Although amphibious in their habits, they require to repose on the dry land, and also to breathe atmospheric air at short intervals of time. Did they not adopt some plan of the kind, they would be destroyed or drowned in their burrows by the floods. Another very young specimen was kept for three weeks, and fed upon worms ; it had a rudimentary spur ; it was very tame and easily fed by hand; it died on the 7th of February, and was preserved in spirits. The plan I propose, besides introducing shell-fish, &c., is to feed them in captivity upon worms, and, if we succeed: in keeping them alive in Sydney by that method for three months, to send them in the place of confinement, arranged as before described, to England, keeping them upon the same diet. At all events it is worthy of a trial; and, on quitting Sydney, I left the artificial burrow and other preparations with a person interested in the subject, in order that he might try the experiment. I have remarked that, when healthy, these animals on emerging from the water are in the habit of cleanmg and drying their fur, and seem to pay great attention to their being in a clean and dry condi- tion, and appear also to be fond of warmth. Not long previous to the death of both these animals, I remarked that they did not dry or clean their fur, and I have no doubt that the chilliness produced by that circumstance accelerated their death, as the body—more espe- cially in the male—-was not so emaciated as would have been the case had death ensued from starvation. 2. On THE LONG-TAILED FiyinG-Opossum (BELIDEUS FLAVI- VENTRIS)*, IN A STATE OF NATURE AND IN Captivity. By Dr. Grorce BEenneETT, F.Z.S. In November 1858 I received from the district near Broulee, south of Sydney, from a station on the Mooruya River, a young female of this comparatively rare species, and, although so young, found it of a very savage and vicious disposition, spitting, screeching, and growl- ing when handled, accompanying the noise by scratching and biting. The claws were sharp, producing scratches as severe as those of a cat ; but the teeth, being as yet only partially developed, were not sufficient to produce much effect. It was evident that any animal displaying such * See Gould, Mamm. of Austr., pt. 1. pl. 3. 219 Vicious propensities when in so young a state would be formidable and savage when adult, which has been found to be the case. The aborigines, who capture them for food, pull them by the tail from the cavity of the tree, and kill them by dashing their brains out against it before they are able to inflict any injury upon their capturers. The animal, from the conformation of its feet, is evidently intended to live in trees, and therefore when seen on the ground has a very awkward, waddling gait. This is shown but seldom, and then only when it is obliged to walk upon the level surface of the ground. When climbing upon a tree it becomes more independent in cha- racter, and it regards the spectator from the top of its perch in a very different manner. It retires either between the forked branches or in the hollow cavities during the day to sleep, and at night pass- ing from one tree to another by flying leaps, aided by its para- chute-like membrane, descends to the ground only from unavoidable necessity, such as the trees being so far apart as to render it impos- sible to traverse the space by leaping. When pursued it takes to the highest branches, and springs from tree to tree with great rapidity, reminding me of monkeys seen in the forests of Singapore, which, when frightened, exhibit a similar degree of activity. It contrives to elude its pursuers by leaps, which, giving an impetus to the body, are very materially aided by the expanded membrane between the fore and hind feet. This enables the animal to pass over a very considerable distance in its leaps. It is surprising to see it passing from branch to branch and tree to tree in the clear and delightful atmosphere of a fine Australian moonlight night, with so extraor- dinary a degree of skill and rapidity. But I remarked that the fly- ing leaps were invariably downwards in an oblique direction; and that, when desirous of ascending, the creature would climb rapidly, and if overtaken would cling so tenaciously to the bark of the tree, as, while living, to be very difficult of removal. Having become tamer from confinement, the animal would suffer itself to be handled without scratching and biting as at first, and would lick the hand for sweets, of which it was very fond, and permit its little nose to be touched and fur examined in any gentle manner. But if any one attempted to take it up by the body, it became most violent in temper, biting and scratching with savage rage, at the same time uttering its snarling, wheezing, spitting kind of guttural growl. If caught by the tail it would be more quiet (excepting if held too long in one position), and would spread the membranes as if to save itself from falling. Its beautiful fur above and beneath could be well seen in that position, much better than in the ordinary position of the animal when in action. Although tamer in confinement, it appears devoid of any attachment to those who feed it, for it evinces all the symptoms of dislike at being taken up by the body, whether by a stranger or by the person by whom it has been accustomed to be fed. It is a crepuscular and night animal, sleeping most of the day, coiled up im a circle, with its bushy tail thrown over it like a blanket ; but it occasionally wakes up and feeds a little. 220 It was fed upon milk, raisins, and almonds ; and indeed sweets of all kinds in the form of preserved fruits, as well as loaf-sugar, met with its approbation. It appears to be a very small eater. In its wild state it feeds upon the honey of the blossoms of the Hucalyptus or gum-trees, as well as on the tender shoots and seeds. No doubt insects would form a portion of its diet. The length of the animal in its present young state, evidently not full-grown, is from the head to the extremity of the tail 1 foot 10 inches, and the length of the tail alone is 1 foot 2 inches. The upper part of the body is of a greyish-black, with handsome deep black broad lines on the upper part of the head, back, and the edges of the parachute-like membrane. The tail is cylindrical, black, and bushy. The under surface of the body is white, with yellowish-white under the throat and about the centre of the abdomen ; feet deep black, nails white. The muzzle is naked and of a delicate pinkish flesh-colour ; the naked palms of the feet of a similar colour. The ears are naked, semitransparent, and mottled with black. The under side of the membrane between the feet is also of a dirty white colour; the fur is rather long, loose, and of a soft silky texture, very delicate and fine to the touch. The head is short and broad; the ears are also broad ; the eyes black, and dull during the day, more brilliant and animated at night, which conveys the idea that it has very imperfect vision during the daylight. I have before observed that during the day it is sluggish, but at night full of activity. The only time I saw it active durimg daylight was on the day on which it was taken to the Zoological Gardens. This may have been occasioned by the cage having been much shaken on the road, or perhaps the gloomy atmosphere of London on that day might have led the animal, so accustomed to the clear sky of its native climate, to regard it, although barely noonday, as the approach of night. In Australia the blacks capture them for food, and having prepared them by singeing the fur, cook them with the skins on, which gives the meat a more delicate and juicy flavour ; but by the colonists they are valued only for their fur, which, in many, for delicacy and beauty, almost equals that of the Chinchilla. This animal traverses the tops of the trees, and passes to the extremity of the outermost branches with the greatest facility. When leaping, it is observed always to ascend a little at the termination of the leap, by which the shock received in coming from a great height is broken. My captured specimen escaped one night from its place of con- finement, and was seen in one of the uppermost branches of a lofty weeping-willow tree, quietly reposing between one of the forks of the larger branches. A boy was sent to climb up the tree to come upon the animal when asleep. By creeping cautiously up he approached the creature without being seen or heard, and, succeeding in seizing it by the tail, threw it down a height of about 60 feet, when by the assistance of its parachute-like membrane it alighted safely upon the ground, and was then readily secured again. It holds a raisin or almond in its fore-paws, licking and nibbling it. It is often seen lying upon its back at the bottom of the cage when feeding, and when 221 drinking milk holds the small vessel containing it between its fore- paws, lapping the milk as a kittea is observed to do. It is evident, from the fondness of this animal for sweets, that, when the Huca- lypti are in flower, it subsists upon the honey which the blossoms yield in very large quantities (this honey is in such abundance as to afford subsistence to honey-eating parrots and other birds, as well as to these animals, and also to myriads of insects of various species). When these have disappeared, it lives upon the nuts and young foliage, and also upon insects. It drinks frequently, and will take water, but evinces a decided preference for and thrives best upon milk. I found that it would sometimes eat the young flower buds of the Hucalyptus, and was also fond of succulent fruit, such as apricots. Although the formation of its teeth would indicate a mixed diet, yet it never, in a state of captivity, has as yet attempted to eat animal food when given to it. It left Sydney, N. 8. Wales, on the 14th of March 1859 by the overland route, arrived at Southampton on the 27th of May, and was safely deposited in the Gardens of the Society in Regent’s Park on the 28th of May, in excellent health and condition, and much grown since it left N. S. Wales. 3. Notes on AUSTRALIAN Cuckoos. By Dr. Grorce Bennett, F.Z.S. The Bronze-winged Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx lucidus) very frequently, but it appears not invariably, deposits its egg in the nest of the Fan- tailed Flycatcher (Rhipidura albiscapa). 1 bring before the Society a sketch of a Fan-tailed Flycatcher feeding the young of that species of Cuckoo, from specimens captured at Ryde, near Sydney, and now preserved in the Australian Museum, from which the draw- ing was made. This Fan-tailed Flycatcher was shot in the act of feeding a young bird in its nest, which, when examined, was found to be the young of the Shining Cuckoo (C. lucidus),—the Golden or Bronze Cuckoo of the colonists. The nestling was full-fledged, brown with black markings. It was ludicrous to observe this large bird filling up the entire nest with its corpulent, well-fed body, and re- ceiving the sustenance intended for several young Rhipidure. We could imagine underneath the nest the skeletons of the former tenants sacrificed to the rearing of this parasitical Cuckoo. On the morning of the 25th of February, 1859, Mr. Alfred Deni- son pointed out to me on the lawn in the garden of Government House among the flower-beds a male Purple Warbler (Malurus cyaneus) of glowing colours, perched upon a rose bush, and the female in its pale-brown plumage. They were both actively en- gaged, hopping about and wagging their tails (which they carry generally in an elevated position), in attending to the wants of a young bird much larger than themselves. This was found to be the 222 young of the Cuculus inornatus, having the speckled breast and greyish-coloured back of the immature age of that species. It had been brought up in fine condition by the old birds, which appeared, judging by their actions, very proud, and apparently took the greatest care, of their parasitical charge, doubtless regarding its size with great satisfaction as an improved breed of Little Warblers. 4, On THE Fisy CALLED GLYPHISODON BIOCELLATUS. By Dr. Grorce Bennett, F.Z.S. (Pisces, Pl. EX.) The following notes on the Glyphisodon biocellatus, together with an accurate drawing from life, were given to me by Mr. G. F. Angas for the purpose of being brought before the Zoological Society. This interesting and elegant little fish we at first supposed to be a new species; but on my arrival in England I found it was the G. biocellatus of Cuvier. As, however, the description of that eminent naturalist has evidently been made from specimens preserved in spirits, his account, as far as regards colour, cannot be entirely de- pended upon; and, as the drawing gives the accuracy of colour and the brilliant hues of the fish when seen alive and swimming about the aquarium, it will form an interesting addition to our more accu- rate knowledge of Australian fishes. Although the fish itself is not at present readily captured even at Sydney, yet I hope that before long it may be brought to Europe, to adorn the aquaria of this country. GLYPHISODON BIOCELLATUS, Cuv. (Pl. IX. fig. 1.) «This brilliant and elegant little fish is found in the pools amongst rocks at low spring tides, both on the outer coast and in several locali- ties inside the harbour of Port Jackson. ‘The first time I met with it was amongst the rocks in a poo! at Coodgee Bay, about four miles from Sydney. The extreme brilliancy of the colours, gold and azure, as the little creatures dart in and out amongst the cavities of the rocks, reminds one of jewels flashing in the sunlight. They are re- markably shy, and on the slightest noise or the shadow of a person approaching the pool, they dart in and conceal themselves under the ledges and in the holes of the rocks ; hence they are very difficult to catch. They generally make their appearance on the coast about November, and remain till May ; during the winter months I have looked for them in vain. The usual size varies from 1 to 2 inches in length. The one figured is of the largest dimensions that has come under my notice; so that it is probable that 4 inches is the largest size they acquire. “In the aquarium they are most exquisite objects. Last summer I only succeeded with every care in keeping them alive in a well- established tank for a week or ten days. At the present moment 223 I have a specimen in perfect health, which was captured at North Harbour three weeks ago. They eat small worms and crumbs of bread greedily when in confinement. **T have sent a small specimen in spirits to accompany the draw- ing. “GEORGE FRENCH ANGAS.” 5. Notes ON SHARKS, MORE PARTICULARLY ON TWO ENORMOUS SPECIMENS OF CARCHARIAS LEUCAS, CAPTURED IN PorT JACKSON, SYDNEY, New SoutH Wates. By Dr. GrorGce Bennett, F.Z.S. Sharks are formidable for their strength and the numerous rows of teeth with which their powerful jaws are armed ; these teeth, in- clining backwards, prevent the prey, once swallowed, from readily escaping without severe laceration, even if at all; the teeth are slightly moveable, which mobility, being merely to an erect position, renders the escape of prey still more difficult. The stomachs of these fish are found to contain a very mixed diet, some holding small fishes, or flying squids ; others, paper, cativas, even tin pots, and offal of every description cast overboard from ships,—the stomachs being of enormous capacity, and, to judge from the contents and quantity found in them, these fishes having enormous powers of digestion. As an article of food, a Shark is not considered good eating ; but the flesh of a young one is preferable to that of many of the deep- water fishes, and by some considered superior to that of Bonitos or Albicores. The large Sharks are very coarse food: the liver in every species yields a large quantity of oil. I have observed that if several Sharks are together, it is very seldom that a Pilot-fish (Naucrates) is seen to accompany them ; but a solitary Shark is rarely or never seen without being accom- panied by one or more of the latter. On capturing a Shark which was accompanied by Pilot-fish, by keeping the Shark in the water until it was exhausted, or, as the sailors termed it, ‘“‘ drowned,” the Pilot-fish kept constantly about it; and, by aid of the towing net at the end of a long stick, I succeeded in capturing it as it swam on the surface of the water. We find, as well in the Sharks as in all those kinds of fish which have a prolonged snout, the mouth situated far underneath, and the upper portion of the tail considerably lengthened, so that it may aid them in turning readily round; for this purpose also the eye-ball revolves on a cartilaginous pedicle with a ball and socket joint, so that they are capable of turning that organ in every direction to cap- ture their prey. An enormous Shark (Carcharias leucas, Valenciennes) was lately captured in Port Jackson by two boatmen, T. Mulhall and J. Rica, who finding him ranging about the harbour, procured a harpoon and went in chase of him. They succeeded in harpooning the monster, who when struck ran away with a great length of line. Being tired, 224 and finding himself fast, he rushed back again and attacked the boat, leaving five teeth broken in the wood. The boat fortunately was strong enough to bear the shock. Hc then ran off again to some distance, and, finding escape hopeless, rushed a second ‘time at the boat. On this the men attacked and finally succeeded in disabling him by violent and repeated blows upon the head with a large piece of wood ; they then towed him the whole length of the line, so as “to drown him,” as it is termed, and brought him to Sydney alive, but helpless. He died some hours after beg landed on the wharf, being very tenacious of life. ‘The huge monster was soon a great object of curiosity, and, being enclosed, was duly advertised for ex- hibition to the public ; whereby the capturers realized the very hand- some sum of about £80. The animal was afterwards presented to the Museum, in which institution it remains in an excellent state of preservation. Its size, by actual measurement, is as follows :— feet. inches. The circumference of the body, about the centre 6 7 Height from the abdomen to the base of the Corsa] shiny oes so teaser ence leva taiele tele Py AK) Height from the base of the pectoral fin...... 2 0 Length from the end of the tail to the point of fhe NOSE). e i.B chek chee ne ace seals 12 ene thyofdorsalstin ye essen risen ol Breadthyolidittoatibase eee oe cmee enact ] Length of pectoral fin ........... 2 Length of second pectoral fin ... Mele aieece MnO Caudalifinsupperjparticscs act ese sae 2 Candall tin’ dlowerspattwes seein acer aL see D) 0 0 1 tole FA GTEN NU INS ee Peer gr Oa othe Th PARSE toa siehe Second dorsal fin .... aa Expansion of jaw, Recah Perpendicular length of j jaw . Si — SCokBWHOKLOWAeE A This is the expansion of the jaw in the dried state; when alive no doubt it could have been expanded to a greater extent. The head ap- ears to be small in comparison to the enormous bulk and length of the body. There is a singular pectinated line running down on each side near the back from the base of the head to the commencement of the tail, as if situated just beneath the cuticle. The fish in its recent state was of a uniform bluish-grey colour, excepting the dorsal, caudal, and other fins, which were of a darker tint. Branchie 5. No spiracles. I would not venture to send one alive to the Zoolo- gical Gardens, as its keep would be ruinous; for the contents of the stomach were as follows :— Eight legs of mutton, half a ham, hind quarters of a pig, head and fore legs of a bull dog with a rope round the neck, about 300 lbs. - of horse-flesh, a ship’s scraper, and a piece of bagging. From the liver of the fish 12 gallons of oil were obtained. On the 29th of September, 1858, I examined a Shark harpooned in the harbour of Port Jackson. It was similar in character to the 225 species of Carcharias previously described, and preserved in the Australian Museum. It measured as follows: : feet. inches. Length from the extremity of the nose to the male Sage MPR se aie vec taranianast eel 13 0 Cir senna ence pated) the neck . 5 6 Length from one end of the pectoral ail en ) that Woniheithen NS eS Sea Ot 3 Hf) 2 Length of pectoral fins . : 2 4 Circumference of the body below the pectoral fins 7 0 tens throttdorsaljfimiene aor orta: arc crac aero d 10 Ofataillepn ga ene pry sd baie. aheaeen? Ory LU oe (AVENETAL MUSH tia a eet i a et Dee 1 — of anal fins i cilia aie (ae 0 5 ——— of second dorsal fin ................ 0 5 The contents of the stomach were large quantities of horse-flesh, as it was feeding upon a dead horse when captured. In the upper jaw there was apparently one row of large teeth, and at the angle there were two teeth of a second row, the largest tooth measuring 1 inch in length. In the lower jaw there were two rows of teeth. The teeth were inclined backwards and moveable. Ona further and more minute examination it was discovered that five rows or more of teeth, fully formed, and well-serrated at their edges, were lying down under the loose thick skin or gum, inside the mouth, either to be elevated if required, or to supply the place of the front rows, when damaged or broken by accident. I have observed the teeth in many Sharks disposed in five or more rows, the first and second rows erect, the others recumbent and concealed by a kind of gum. In the early days of the settlement of New South Wales the oil of the Shark was found to be of great use. Collins states that ‘‘ nothing was lost ;”’ even the Shark was found to contain a certain supply : ; the oil which was procured from its liver was sold at 1s, a quart; and but very few houses in the colony were fortunate enough to enjoy the pleasant light of a candle. Even now at the Custom House station at Botany Bay Heads, Mr. Brett told me he captured the Spotted Tiger Shark, which species is very numerous about that locality, Watt’s Shark, and other kinds, for the sake only of the oil to be produced from the livers, which he found very serviceable for lamps. In the stomach of a Shark, near the pyloric orifice, I found a large quantity of Kntozoa, varying in length, of a white colour and flat- tened form. These, being placed with a portion of the stomach in sea-water, displayed great vitality, rapidly elongating and contract- ing themselves ; but they soon died on being immersed in fresh water, which was done previous to placing them in spirits. A question may arise if any annoyance is produced to the Shark by the multitudes of these parasites; they could hardly have suffi- cient power to irritate the stomach of a fish that swallows, and, as it No. 398.— PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 226 is asserted, digests, tin pots, cloth, canvas, &c. I remarked that the inner surface of the stomach to which these parasites were attached appeared inflamed. On the afternoon of the same day, three small Sharks were taken, the whole of which were also infested by similar parasites about the pyloric orifice of the stomach. It is not a little singular that four Sharks caught about the same locality should have parasites. In one of the Sharks the worms were not only about the pyloric orifice of the stomach, but extended through the whole extent of the intestines, even penetrating the coats of the intestines themselves; and on examination, irritation of the coats of the bowels, and in some parts inflammation and ulcerated portions, were observed in several situations. Preparations of these structures are deposited in the Museum of the College of Surgeons of England. 6. Notes oN THE RANGE OF SOME SPECIES OF NAUTILUS, ON THE MODE OF CAPTURE, AND ON THE USE MADE OF THEM AS AN ARTICLE OF Foop. By Dr. GrorGe BENNETT, F.Z.S. The three best known species of the genus Nautilus are N. pom- pilius, N. macromphalus, and N. umbilicatus. The first species is the most common and has the widest range; the second species is more limited in its range, and rarer; the third, although found in collections, is scarcer than the two preceding, and has a range pecu- liar to itself. The range of NV. pompilius embraces the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, Erromanga, Aneitum, and other islands of the New Hebrides, and also the Feegee group. NN. macromphalus is found about the Isle of Pines and New Caledonia; and the rare N. umbilicatus in the Solomon Archipelago, New Georgia, New Britain, New Ireland, and probably to the eastward of these groups of islands. Two very fine and perfect shells of N. umbilicatus were given to me in Sydney, which had been procured from the natives of Denys Island, New Ireland, eastward of New Guinea. Dr. Mac- donald, of H. M.S. “ Herald,’ informs me that on examination and comparison, there is a marked difference between the tentacula or feelers, in the first two species. ‘The sculpturing on N. wmbili- catus is very distinctly marked on the external surface of the shell, differently from what is observed either in N. pompilius or N. ma- cromphalus, and forming one of its very distinctive characters. The outer edge of the lip of the perfect shell in NV. wmbilicatus has a nar- row, black rim, continuous from the anterior portion of the whorl ; this obtains in perfect shells. I remark that in NV. pompilius and NN. macromphalus the black rim is on the inner side of the edge of the lip. The colour of the shells in the different species varies from brick-red and orange (of brighter or paler tints) to nearly a dark crimson colour, being as various as the colour observed among the common Cowrie shells. 227 The natives of the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and the Feegee group of islands capture this Nautilus, and use it as an article of food. When at Erromanga (one of the New Hebrides group), I observed about the fires of the natives shells of a small species of Harpa, and remains of Nautili shells and their horny mandibles, as if they had been used at a recent meal. A lady residing at the Isle of Pines, at my request, sent me a fine specimen of NV. macromphalus, with the animal, which she informed me was readily procured for her by the natives, who dive for them ; she soon after sent a second specimen of the same species, but it was not in so perfect a state as the first. They were both deposited in the Australian Museum. In 1857 the same lady, then residing at the Island of Aneitum, one of the New Hebrides group, having removed there from the Isle of Pines, when I wrote to her for a specimen of the Nautilus in the shell, and asked whether she had observed them used by the natives as food, and also if they had any method of capturing them, sent me the following reply, accompanied by a specimen of NV. pompilius in the shell :— “TI send you, as requested, a Nautilus containing the animal. I was fortunate in procuring one so soon after I received your letter ; it was cast on shore during a heavy gale, and found by one of our na- tive servants. He was just in the act of putting it upon the fire for a meal, when one of the native girls from the Isle of Pines, knowing the value we set on them, stopped him. This will be an answer to your inquiry. The natives sometimes take them in their fish-falls in from three to five fathoms water; the bait they use is the Sea-ege (Echinus). They are very fond of them. In some of the islands they make a kind of soup of them. These animals are very plenti- ful at Ware, an island about thirty miles from New Caledonia; and I have noticed at that place some difference in the shell’? (V. ma- cromphalus bemg found about that coast) “from the one we have at this place. I am acquainted with a person who was wrecked at that island, and used to have them curried frequently ; he says they taste like whelks when roasted. I once saw one floating past our resi- dence near the beach at the Isle of Pines.” The mode of capturing this animal by the natives of the Feegee Islands was kindly communicated to me by my friend Dr. J. W. Macdonald of H. M.S. “ Herald,” to the natives of which group of islands, as at the Isle of Pines and New Hebrides group, it fur- nishes an article of food. “The Feegeans esteem the Pearly Nautilus highly as an agreeable viand, and their mode of capturing it, for the embers or for the pot, is not a little interesting. When the water is smooth, so that the bot- tom at several fathoms of depth, near the border of the reef, may be distinctly seen, the fisherman in his little frail canoe scrutinizes the sands and the coral masses below to discover the animal in its fa- vourite haunts. The experienced eye of the native may probably encounter it in its usual position clinging to some prominent ledge, with the shell turned downwards, and preparations are accordingly 228 made for its capture, The tackle consists, first, of a large round wicker-work basket, shaped very much like a cage rat-trap, having an opening above, with a circlet of points directed inwards, so as to permit of entry, but preclude escape ; secondly, a rough piece of native rope of sufficient length to reach the bottom; and, thirdly, a small piece of branched wood, with the branches sharpened to form a sort of grapnel, to which a perforated stone is attached, an- swering the purpose of asinker. The basket is now weighted with stones, well baited with boiled ecray fish (Palinurus), suggested no doubt by the large quantity of the fragments of Crustacea usually to be found in the crop of the Nautilus, and then dropped gently down near the victim. The trap is now either closely watched, or a mark is placed upon the spot, and the fisherman pursues his avo- cations on other parts of the reef, until a certain period has elapsed, when he returns and in all probability finds the Nautilus in his cage feeding upon the bait. The grapnel is now carefully let down, and having entered the basket through the opening on top, a dex- terous movement of the hand fixes one or more of the points or hooks, and the prize is safely hoisted into the canoe. Thus we ob- serve that, although it has been a matter of doubt if the animal could be so silly as to run into the nets of the fishermen, as related by Rumphius, whose account was supposed to be exaggerated, yet it is now found that the Nauéili are in reality stupid enough to run into the well-baited baskets of the Feegean and Aneitum fishermen.” The Pearly Nautilus is not found at the Navigator group of islands in the South Seas, and the shells form at that group of islands an important article of exchange. ‘They are brought by European vessels from New Caledonia and the Feegee Islands as articles of trade, and are bartered with the natives at the rate of four for a dollar, or 1s. each. I am told it is indifferent to the natives if the shells are old or rather damaged, as they use the chambered portion for orna- ment, rubbing them down to suit the various purposes to which they apply them. They also make armlets and other ornaments from the shell. A vessel arrived at Sydney from New Caledonia with several tons of these shells, which were disposed of as an article of trade to the Navigator and Friendly Islands; they were sold at Sydney at the rate of about 13d. each. I have seen a very elegant fillet formed of these shells (of very small size, and brought from the Samoan Islands). The fillet, or band, was composed of seventeen small shells, evidently principally of WV. macromphalus, or Pearly Nautilus, each shell having the upper part removed, and the chambered portion only of the shell remaining. Part of the outer coloured coat was left on some of them near and in and about the umbilicated part of the shell; the whole of the shells were similar in size, being about one inch in diameter ; the external coat was removed, so as to exhibit the beautiful pearly hue ; and the brilliancy of the whole ornament was that of the most highly burnished silver, | They are used by the natives in war, and are highly valued. This fillet was valued at 20 dollars, at which price it was purchased in barter. The shells are fixed to a small midrib of 229 cocoa-nut leaf, which supports them on a worked band of sinnet ; upon this, under the row of seventeen shells, small oval pieces of the same pearly shell were placed, to add to the ornamental effect. The length of the band was 12 inches (not including the tying strings) and the depth 3 inches. 7. DescripTions or New Species or SALAMANDERS FROM Cui1na AND Stam. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., eve. . (Reptilia, Pl. XIX.) Mr. Fortune, on his late return from China, brought with him for the British Museum a bottle containing a Salamander, some Fishes, and a Leech, collected from a river on the north-east coast of China, inland from Ningpo. The Fishes are two varieties, olive and golden, of a very peculiar monstrosity of the common gold fish of China, Cyprinus auratus, which has long been known, and is figured in several of the Chinese works. It is peculiar for having a very short and thick body, entirely de- stitute of any dorsal fin, with a regularly trifid or three-finned tail, and more especially for having very large and swollen eyes, which give a distorted appearance to the animal; the pupil of the eyes being on the upper part of the swollen orbs, and on a level with the upper surface of the back. The Salamander or Newt was obtained from the same stream. It is curious as being the first example of the family which has been found in Continental Asia, though there are several species common in Japan. It is nearly allied and appears to belong to the same genus as one of the Japanese specimens; but at the same time it is quite distinct, as a species, from any yet received from that country. i It may be indicated as— CYNOPS CHINENSIS. (PI. XIX., fig. 1.) Above uniform dark olive (in spirits) ; beneath bluish-black, with small, unequal, irregular, yellow spots on the chin, neck, belly, and underside of the legs ; the spots on the belly are the largest ; the ‘under edge of the tail reddish-yellow ; skin acutely granular. Var. 1. Tail pale grey, brown on each side, with a blackish mar- ginal band above and below, and with a yellow inferior edge. Hab. River N.E. Coast of China, inland from Ningpo. This species resembles in the form of the head, the parotoid glands, and in the granular state of the skin, Cynops pyrrogaster of Japan ; but it differs from it in its much larger size and in the style of its colouring, especially on its under side. C. pyrrogaster is dark red, with large black blotches or spots ; while this is dark lead-coloured, with small yellow spots. 230 The Leech is one of the Land Leeches, with a lunate head, similar to those received from Ceylon. The British Museum has also received in a collection of reptiles and fishes, obtained in Siam by Mr. Mouhot, two specimens of a species of Newt, which is so exceedingly like the Plethodon gluti- nosum of North America in external appearance, that is to say in form, size, and colour, and also in the distribution of the palatine teeth, that I was at first inclined to regard them as specimens of the American animal which had been sent to Siam. But I cannot believe this to be the case, as they were inclosed in a bottle containing several kinds of reptiles, which are evidently all natives of Siam. I may observe that this is the first time that any species of Newt ‘has been received from Continental India. I propose to designate the Siamese species PLETHODON PERSIMILIS. (Pl. XIX., fig. 2.) Black, white-speckled, the specks closer and more abundant on the sides; the hind toes elongate, unequal. Tail compressed. Hab. Siam. The only character that I can find between the two specimens re- ceived from Siam, and some twenty or more of P. glutinosum from different parts of the United States in the Museum collection, is that the toes of the hind, feet appeared rather longer, more slender, and unequal in length, and the tail much more compressed. 8. DEscRIPTION OF SCAPHA MARIA-EMMA, A New SPECIES OF VouuTe. By Dr.J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc. (Mollusca, Pl. XLVIIT.) Mr. Cuming kindly sent to me a specimen of Volute, which had been sent to him by Mr. Jamrach, who received it from Singapore. It is most probably from some of the Malayan Islands, Singapore being merely the entrepot. The specimen is unfortunately not.in a very good condition, being rather sponge-eaten on the hinder part of the body whorl, and having a small hole on the spire; but it is otherwise in a perfect state,.with its proper outer lip, so as to be ina good state for description. It combines the characters of several species. It has the large, regular, smooth-whorled, spired nucleus, of Scapha aulica, S. des- hayesii, S. luteostoma, &c., the fusiform shape of Scapha rutila, and especially of the smooth variety of S. aulica ; but it is entirely differently coloured from both of them and all the other large species of the genus, the colouring resembling that of Amoria undulata. Indeed some conchologists, to whom I have shown the specimen, have regarded it as a very large specimen of the latter species, which has lost its external polished coat, and with a larger nucleus than usual. era A careful examination of the shell at once shows the fallacy of such 231 an idea. The form and structure of the nucleus are entirely unlike that of the genus Amoria. The shell is entirely destitute of any polished coat, which is the character of that genus, as is proved by the examination of the body whorl near the inner lip ; for, though the very thin inner lip is almost entirely destroyed, yet the groove which indicates its extent is well marked by a rather broad impressed line, defining its limits and showing that it was not even extended over the lower part of the body whorl of the shell, much less over the extreme surface of it. ScapHa MARIA-EMMA. (Pl. XLVIII.) Shell ovate, fusiform, pale brown, with narrow, deeply-waved, lon- gitudinal, dark brown lines, forming four more or less distinct, mter- rupted, spiral bands, consisting of the broader and straighter portions of the longitudinal lines; nucleus large, subcylindrical, with a re- gular spiral, smooth and rounded apex, without any crenulation near the suture ; spire conical ; whorls rather ventricose ; outer lip rather arched. Hab. g _ I have named this fine species after my wife, Maria-Emma Gray, whose work, entitled ‘ Figures of Molluscous Animals for the use of Students,’ having brought the figure of the animals of a large number of shells within the reach of students, has entirely changed the pre- vious condition of the science of conchology (as is proved by the works of Adams, Philippi, Weigmann, and other Malacologists) ; and who was an industrious collector of shells and mollusca before our marriage, now many years ago. We have also received a Volute from Mr. Cuming which has been lately described at Paris under the name of Voluta rossiniana. It has a large nucleus, with a large rounded apex of regular smooth- edged whorls. It will be called in the Museum Scapha rossiniana. I have also seen a young Volute from New Zealand, which is very like Volutella papillosa ; but the shell shows no sign of the expanded mantle, which may only be expanded in the adult state of the animal. It differs from the specimen of V. papillosa in the British Museum in the nucleus being shorter and of fewer, only one and a half, whorls, though it agrees with those shells in the apex being rather excentric, and the outer edge of the upper or apical whorl being blackish. The shell is much more ventricose, and the spire shorter, than in the usual form of V. papillosa. It may be only a variety of that species, but other specimens are wanting to determine this point. 9. DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW RECENT ENTOMOSTRACA FROM NaGPuR, COLLECTED BY THE Rev. S. Histor. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S., ere. (Annulosa, Pl. LXIII.) The Entomostraca now about to be described were taken from some freshwater pools at Nagpur, and placed in my hands by the 232 Rev. Mr. Hislop. It is interesting to find two species of Cypris in a recent state, that had been already described as fossil. The three species here figured are all true Cypris, the animal in all of them having the pediform antennz provided with the bundle of long setz which characterize the genus. EsTHeriA HisLorPt, Baird. (Pl. LXIII. fig. 1.) Animal.—Head large, prolonged anteriorly into a beak of consi- derable size, which is rounded at the extremity, and toothed on its upper edge. The first three or four teeth are very distinct, they then become smaller and less distinct ; they are very numerous. Eye large, compound. Superior antennz or rami thick, rather short, composed of two branches, each of which consists of seven articula- tions only ; each articulation, close to the joint, is armed with short spines, and the last two or three possess longer setee. Antennules long, nearly half the length of superior antennze, rather slender, composed of four joints, the last jomt rather club-shaped ; all desti- tute of setee. Tail large, armed with seven or eight pairs of strong, slightly curved hooks ; the first pair are long, serrated on the edges ; the second pair, near the root, armed with about ten rather stout spines. Mandibles strong, fleshy. Shell.—Carapace nearly orbicular; umbo prominent ; margins quite round. Altogether the shell very closely resembles that of the genus Artemis or Dosinia amongst the Mollusca. Shell sur- rounded with six or seven concentric ridges; the surface between them, when magnified, is seen to be pitted or marked with very numerous, small, close-set dots or punctures. When dry, it is of a clear, polished, shining appearance. Hab. Freshwater pools at Nagpur (Rev. S. Hislop). Mus. Brit. Cypris susGLososa, Sow. (Pl. LXIII. fig. 2.) The shell is of a green colour, and the surface is strongly punc- tured, the pattern resembling the depressed punctures of a thimble. The anterior extremity is somewhat broader than the posterior, and when seen from the inside appears as it were double, the external edge of the carapace being produced beyond the true margin of the shell. The lateral portion of the carapace is very prominently swollen or gibbous. The dorsal margin is convex ; the ventral is concave and sinuated. Hab. Freshwater pools at Nagpur (Rev. S. Hislop). - Mus. Brit. This species appears to be identical with C. subglobosa of Sowerby, which was found by my old friend the late John Grant Malcolmson, Esq., in the district of the Sichel Hills, the geology of which he has described at length in the fifth volume of the Transactions of the Geological Society, 2nd series. It was described shortly by Mr. J. de C. Sowerby at the end of Malcolmson’s paper, in these words :— «‘ Subglobose, triangular, inflated ; front concave; outer surface is punctured.” It was found in grey chert, with a species of Unio (U. 233 deccanensis), &c., and in indurated clay with Gyrgonites, Paludine, Physe, and Lymnei. Cypris CyLINDRICA, Sow. (PI. LXIII. fig. 3.) - The shell is of a green colour, somewhat mottled. It is cylindrical in shape ;. the anterior margin rounded ; dorsal margin slightly con- . vex till it approaches the posterior extremity, when it suddenly slopes down, and is there bluntly pointed. The ventral margin is slightly sinuated in the centre. The valves are somewhat gibbous on their lateral portion. Internally, we see near the anterior margin a kind of shelf, which extends across that portion of the shell, and is hol- low underneath it—exactly resembling the shelf we see in the shells of the genus Crepidula. The surface of the carapace is very minutely and slightly punctate. The edge of the ventral margin of the cara- pace, both inside and outside, appears thickened, which thickening, as seen on the inside of the shell, extends to the commencement of the dorsal margin at either extremity, and there the shell both in- ternally and externally is strongly and regularly ridged. Hab. Along with C. subglobosa in pools at Nagpur (Rev. S. Hislop). Mus. Brit. This species appears to me to be identical with C. cylindrica, de- scribed by Mr. Sowerby at the end of Mr. Malcolmson’s paper on the “‘ Geology of the Sichel Hills,’ mentioned above. It was found along with C. subglobosa in chert and indurated clay, along with Unio deccanensis, Gyrgonites, Paludine, Physe, and Lymnei. The chief difference consists in the recent shells being so slightly punc- tured on the surface as to appear nearly quite smooth. Mr. Sowerby thus describes it :—-‘‘Twice as wide as long, almost cylindrical ; front very slightly concave; the outer surface, which is very rarely obtained, is punctured.” Cypris CYLINDRICA, Sow., var. mMasor, Baird. (Pl. LXIII. fig. 4.) ; The chief difference in this variety consists in its larger size, being about double in all its dimensions. The typical or smaller variety described above might at first sight appear to be merely the young ; but an examination of a large series of that species shows them to be completely adult shells. The internal shelf, the thickening of the edges of the ventral margin, and the ridges on that margin, are all indicative of a full-grown and adult shell. The colour of the shell of this variety is almost exactly the same as the typical variety ; the form is the same, but the shelf is rather larger, and there is some slight indication of a shelf at the posterior extremity also. Hab. Along with the preceding (Rev. 8. Hislop). Mus. Brit. CyPRIS DENTATO-MARGINATA, Baird: (Pl. LXII. fig. 5.) Shell rounded-oval, swollen, smooth, of a light greenish colour, 234 with a polished shining surface. Anterior extremity slightly nar- rower than posterior; dorsal margin somewhat convex; ventral margin nearly straight or slightly sinuated. Seen from the inside, the shell near each extremity is toothed, or marked with a series of small projections, like the teeth of a saw. Hab. Pools at Nagpur (Rev. S. Hislop). ° Mus. Brit. . [P.S. Since the above was written, I have had my attention called by Mr. Hislop, through my friend Mr. T. Rupert Jones, to a paper by Mr. H. I. Carter, in the ‘ Geological Papers on Western India, 1857,’ in which the author mentions some of the recent Hntomo- straca found in the freshwater deposits of Bombay, and of which he gives an outline sketch in the Atlas accompanying the volume. These Mr. Carter considers as “ the corresponding forms ”’ of the fossil spe- cies mentioned by Mr. Malcolmson and described by Mr. Sowerby ; but he does not attach any name to them. In plate ix. of that Atlas, the species figured No. 19 is, without doubt, the same as what I consider to be the Cypris cylindrica, var. major, of this paper ; and the species figured No. 18 is evidently identical with the Cypris subglobosa described and figured in this paper also. The third species, figured No. 20, differs from any of those collected by Mr. Hislop.—W. B. | 10. Notes on THE Hasits oF TWO MAMMALS OBSERVED IN THE SomAti countTRY, EasteERN Arrica. By Captain J. H. Speke, 467TH B.N.I. The curious Rat discovered by me during my expedition into the Somali country, and named by Mr. Blyth Pectinator spekii (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 294), inhabits the large cellular blocks of lava on the sea-face side of the northern Somali sea-coast range (lat. 9° N. and long. 47° E.). Several frequent one block, from which they emerge on all sides at the same time, sit up like Squirrels, and feed from their fore paws. From their general appearance and size, with grey coating, bushy tails, and jerking hurried action, one is much struck with their close resemblance to the Giléri, or common Squirrel of India. They run in and out of these cells much in the way that the Marmot and other stony-mountain Rats quit and re-enter their abodes on the approach of any suspicious looking object, more especially if that be man. Their habits are quite different from that of the Hyrax (Hyraz habessinicus), which is also found in great quantities about those hills. This animal climbs into and lies about in the branches of bushes or small trees, but usually inhabits the rocky ledges and chinks as described in the Journal As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 296. I have seen it as far south as 5° south lat. 239 11. On a CoxuLEcTION oF Birps FROM VANCOUVER’S ISLAND. By Paiuie Lutuey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., SecreTAaRy TO THE SOCIETY. Dr. Acland of Oxford has kindly placed in my hands for exami- nation a small collection of birds made by Capt. Prevost, R.N., of H. B. M. Ship ‘ Commissioner,’ in Vancouver’s Island. Though the species are not numerous and are all known, as this is, I believe, the first series of Birds that has been brought to England from a colony which is now attracting so much attention, I have thought that their names would be worthy of record. I accordingly subjoin a list of them, adding a few notes on their previous history and geographical distribution. _1. Turpvus micrartorivs, Linn. Several specimens, including the young bird just from the nest. 2. SIALIA MEXICANA, Sw. Several specimens. 3. ReGutus saTRApa, Licht. One example. 4, CERTHIA AMERICANA, Bp. Seems to be rather shorter in the wings than eastern specimens. 5. VIREO ie An imperfect specimen of the section with the first spurious pri- mary, which I am unable to refer to any described species. 6. HirRUNDO THALASSINA, Sw. One specimen, not quite in full plumage. 7. HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say); Baird, Rep. p. 257. Two examples. 8. ZONOTRICHIA GAMBELLI (Nutt.) ; Baird, Rep. p. 460. Two specimens seem to present the character of the continuous superciliaries, which Professor Baird has noted as the only difference between this species and Z. leucophrys. 9. SPIzELLA sociALts (Wils.). 10. MetospizA FALLAX, Baird, Rep. p. 481? 11. Pre1to orEGONUS, Bell. 12. XANTHOCEPHALUS ICTEROCEPHALUS (Bp.). 13. STURNELLA NEGLECTA, Aud., Baird, Rep. p. 537. 236 14. CyANURUS STELLERI (Gm.). I have not yet met with specimens, which I can certainly refer to Prof. Baird’s C. macrolophus, but I possess examples of two other allies of the present species—C. diadematus from the Table-land of Mexico, and C. coronatus from Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 15. CERYLE ALCYON (Linn.). Several specimens. 16. NEPH@CETES BOREALIS (Kennerly ).—N. niger, Baird, Rep. p. 142.—Cypselus borealis, Kennerly. I am much pleased at being able to handle a specimen of this fine Swift from Vancouver’s Island, and to compare it with examples of Gosse’s Cypselus niger from Jamaica in my own collection. Prof. Baird is right in saying that the difference between specimens of these birds is small, yet I am not quite convinced of their specific iden- tity. The bird of the Antilles is smaller in every part, there seems to be a considerable difference in the breadth of the skull, and the northern bird has much more of the fine white edging to the feathers of the face than is found in the southern species, and is generally browner and not so dark in colouring. I am inclined on the whole to think that the birds may yet prove to be distinct. 17. HyLoromus piLeatus (Linn.); Baird, Rep. p. 107. 18. Picus GAIRDNERI, Aud. 19. SpHyROPICUS RUBER (Gm.) ; Baird, Rep. p. 104. 20. CoLAPTES MEXICANUS (Sw.). 21. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.). 22. CoLUMBA FASCIATA, Say. 23. TeTRAO OBSCURUS, Say. This bird appears to be the Tetrao obscurus of Say, and the species generally known and described under that name. The tail has a broad terminal band of pale slate-colour, and I can hardly believe that the bird figured in ‘ Northern Zoology’ (pl. 59), in which, besides other differences, the tail is described and figured as uniform black, can belong to this same species*. 24, Bonasa sABinil, Douglas; Baird, Rep. p. 631. 25. OrEoorTYX pictus (Douglas); Baird, Rep. p. 642. 26. APHRIZA VIRGATA (Gm.). . I believe there can be no doubt about the occurrence of this bird * Sir William Jardine has already expressed this opinion in letters to myself and in a note in the ‘ Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine ’ for April 1859. 237 on the shores of the Northern Pacific. Besides the present example, specimens are in the British Museum from the same country. Prof. Baird, in his ‘General Report’ (p. 698), seems hardly satisfied on this point. 27. MacRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS (Gm.). 28. GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA (Gm.). 29. Trinca witsont, Nutt.; Baird, Rep. p. 721. 30. Taringa ——? 31. QUERQUEDULA CYANOFTERA (Vieill.). 32. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS (Gm.) 9°. 33. Mereus cucut.atus (Linn.). 34. Larus BELcHERI, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. 358.—Larus heer- manni, Cassin ? 35. BRACHYRHAMPHUS MARMORATUS (Gm.); Baird, Rep. p. 915. An adult and two younger specimens. SYNOPSIS OF THE KNOWN ASIATIC SPECIES OF SILK-PRODUCING MorTHS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NeEw SPECIES FROM Inp1A. By Freperic Moors, Assist. Museum, Inpra House. (Annulosa, Pls. LXIV., LXV.) In the following list we have endeavoured to give descriptions of those species of silk-producing Moths that are known to inhabit India, its adjacent countries and islands, and to bring together such information (so far as our present materials will allow) relating to each individual species, as may prove interesting, and, we trust, useful, not only to the Oriental entomologist, but also to those gentlemen, in India and elsewhere, who devote their attention to the advancement of the productive resources of the silk trade. Genus Bomsyx, Schrank. Bombyz, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. pt. 2. p. 150 (1802). Phalena-Bombyz, pt., Linneus. Bombyz, pt., Fabricius. Sericaria, pt., Latreille. 1. Bomsyx mort (Linneus). Phalena-Bombyz mori, Linneus, 8. N.i. 2. p. 817(1767); Ameen. Acad. iv. p. 563; Faun. Suec. p. 832; (Aldrovand, Ins. p. 280; Albin, Ins. pl. 12. f. 16; Réaum. Ins. i. pl. 5. f. 2; Roésel, Ins. iii. Pla 758): 238 Bombyx mori, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 180; Mant. Ins. ii. p.114; Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 431; Godart, Lép. de France, iv. p. 153. pl. 14.f.3,4; Helfer, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. vi. p. 40; Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1505; Royle, Report on the Paris Universal Exhib. pt. 3. p. 216; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, ii. p. 374. Sericaria mori, Blanchard, Gay, Hist. de Chile, Zool. vii. p. 55. The Common Domestic, or Chinese Silkworm Moth. Pat of Benyal, Royle. Hab. China (domesticated in China, Siam, India, Persia, France, Italy, &c.). In a ‘ Dissertation on the Silk Manufacture and the Cultivation of the Mulberry,’ translated from the Chinese works of Tseu-kwang- k’he, called also Paul Siu, a Colao, or Minister of State in China, and recently published at Shanghee, and reprinted in 1858 at Madras, it is stated, that ‘‘the earliest allusion to the mulberry and silk met with in the ancient writings of the Chinese is in the Historical Classic, a work which existed before the days of Confucius, because it is quoted by him, and which embraces the history of China from B.C. 2356 to B.c. 722, a period of 1634 years. In the former part of that period, we have the allusions referred to, recorded in the sec- tion called the tribute of Yai, who flourished 2200 years before Christ. In his days the mulberry is spoken of as a well-known production, and silk as obtained therefrom ; so that it must have been discovered before his days. The usual tradition is, that it was discovered during the reign of Hwangté (B.c. 2640) by his queen.” The passages in the Historical Classic in which references to the mulberry and silk are made are as follows:—In giving an account of Yen-chow, the south-western part of the modern Shan-tung, the writer says, ‘‘ The mulberry region having been supplied with silk- worms, the people descended from the hills, and dwelt in the plains.” On this the commentator remarks :—‘“ The nature of the silkworm is to abhor dampness ; hence it was not till the waters were abated that the silkworms could be reared. The nine regions of China equally depended upon this source of wealth ; but the Yen province alone is mentioned, because it was best adapted for the mulberry.” The Classic goes on to say that the tribute of Yen-chow consisted in varnish and silk, while their tribute-baskets were filled with wove stuffs of various colours (see translation of the Shoo-king, pp. 91, 92). In speaking of the production of Tsing-chow, the north-eastern part of Shan-tung, the Classic says that ‘from the valley of the Taé mountain they brought silk and hemp; while their tribute-baskets were stored with the wild mulberry and silk.” The silk produced from the mountain mulberry is said by the commentator to be so tenacious, that it was peculiarly adapted for harps and guitars (see translation of the Shoo-king, p. 93). Black silk and chequered sarcenets are spoken of as the produc- tion of Tseu-chow, the southern part of Shan-tung and the northern part of Kéang-soo (see translation of the Shoo-king, p. 96). The productions of King-chow, the modern Ho6k-wang, where silk 239 has since been cultivated to a great extent, are spoken of as consisting of black and red silks, with silk fringes (see translation of the Shoo- king, p. 101). ' The next Classic in which we find any reference to the silkworm is the Chow-le, or Account of the Ceremonies of the Chow dynasty, where it is said that “the officer who adjusted the price of horses forbad the people to rear a second breed of silkworms in one season,” because, in accordance with the views of astrologers, the horse be- longed to the same constellation with the silkworms, and they were therefore considered of the same origin. Conceiving that two things of like nature could not prosper at the same time, the Chinese forbad the rearing of the second breed of silkworms, lest it should be of some disadvantage to the horses. However absurd this notion, it shows, at the least, that the rearing of silkworms was a common practice at that period. After this we meet with frequent references to this subject in the Le-ke Book of Ceremonies. This book was written partly in the Tsin dynasty (s.c. 204) and partly in the Han dynasty (s.c. 135), and gives an account of the ceremonies observed by the Chinese in very early antiquity. In the 6th section of this work, entitled Yue- ling, we meet with the following directions :— ‘Tn the first month of spring, orders were issued to the forester not to cut down the mulberry-trees ; and when the cooing doves were observed fluttering with their wings, and the crested jays alight- ing upon the mulberry-trees, people were to prepare the trays and frames, &c., for the purpose of rearing the silkworms. “Tn the spring season, when the empress and her ladies had fasted, they proceeded to the east, and personally engaged in picking the mulberry leaves; on this occasion the married and single ladies were forbidden to wear their ornaments, and the usual employments of fe- males were lessened, in order to encourage attention to the silkworms. When the rearing of the silkworms was completed, the cocoons were divided (for reeling), and the silk weighed (for weaving), each person being rewarded according to her labour, in order to provide dresses for the celestial and ancestorial sacrifices: in all this none dared indulge in indolence.” From another passage of the same section we learn that in “ the last month of summer the order was given to the female officers to dye the silk of various colours, in order to weave chequered sarcenets, comprising black and white, black and green, green and red, with red and white checks! All which was to be done according to the - ancient rule, without the least variation ; the black, yellow, azure, and red tints were all to be correct and good, without the least fault ; in order to provide dresses for the celestial and ancestorial sacrifices, and standards for distinguishing the high and low degrees.” In the 24th section of the same book, on sacrificial rites, we read, that “in ancient times the emperor and his princes had a public mulberry-garden, and a silkworm establishment, erected near some river. On the morning of the first day of the third month of spring, the sovereign, wearing a leather cap and a plain garment, ascertained 240 by lot the chief of his three queens, with the most honourable amongst his concubines, and caused them to attend to the rearing of the silkworms in the above-named establishment. They then brought the eggs of the worms and washed them in the river above alluded to, after which they picked the mulberry leaves in the public garden, and aired and dried them, in order to feed the worms. «© When the season was over, the royal concubines, having com- pleted the business of rearing the silkworms, brought the cocoons to show them to the prince, when he presented the cocoons again to his consort ; whereupon his consort said, ‘This is the material of which your highness’s robes are to be formed.’ Having said which, she covered herself with her robe, and received the cocoons. On this occasion the ladies of the court were honoured with the present of a sheep. This was the mode in which the presentation of the cocoons was anciently conducted.” . Hawae-nan-tsze in the Silkworm Classic, says, that ‘‘Se-ling-she, the principal queen of Hwang-te (8.c. 2640), was the first to rear silkworms; and the Hwang-te was induced to invent robes and gar- ments from this circumstance. Afterwards, when Yu regulated the waters (B.c. 2200), mention is made in his work on the tribute, of the land adapted for the mulberry-tree having been supplied with ‘silkworms,’ from which time the advantage thereof gradually in- creased. In the Yue-ling section of the Le-ke, it is said that in the last month of spring, the trays and frames, with the square and round baskets, were to be got in readiness for the rearing of the worms, &c. It appears, on examination, that the queens and wives of the nobles, through successive generations, personally attended to the rearing of the silkworms ; how much more, then, ought the wives of the common people to busy themselves in the same! All this alludes to what was done in the Chow dynasty, B.c. 1000. It is recorded of WaAn-te, of the former Han dynasty (s.c. 150), that he com- manded his empress personally to attend to the picking of the mul- berry leaves in order to prepare the sacrificial garments. King-té (s.c. 130) enjomed the same thimg on his queen, that she might be an example to the empire. In the time of Yuén-té (B.c. 20) the empress-dowager Wang visited the silkworm establishment, leading on the empress and the different ladies of the court, to gather mul- berry-leaves. In the time of Ming-té (a.p. 70) the empress with the ladies of the princes attended to the rearing of the silkworms. During the Wei dynasty, in the reign of Wan-té (a.p. 250), the empress attended to the silkworms at the northern border, according to the regulations of the Chow dynasty. During the Tsin dynasty, in the reign of Wod-té (a.p. 280), the silkworm palace was built, and the empress personally attended to the business of rearing the silkworms, as had been the practice durmg the two preceding dynasties. During the Sting dynasty, in the reign of Headu-woo (a.p. 460), the silkworm monastery was built, and the empress personally gathered the mulberry-leaves, as had been the practice in the preceding dynasty. ‘Inthe northern Tsé dynasty (a.p. 490) a silkworm palace was 241 erected, and the empress went in person to gather the mulberry- leaves. According to the regulations of the Stiy dynasty (4.p. 620), the empress went to the appomted place to gather the mulberry- leaves. During the Tang dynasty, in the reign of Chin-kwan (a.p. 650), the empress did the same; in the first year of the following monarch Héén-k’hing (A.p. 655), and in the reign of Kéen-yuen (a.D. 747), the empresses all attended to the silkworm ceremony. At the same time a deeree was issued, requiring that the silkworms should be fed in the palace, when the empress went in person to inspect them. During the Sting dynasty, in the reign of K’hae-padu (A.D. 960), on recording the ceremonies performed at the celestial sacrifice, the prayer is given which was offered when the empress went in person to rear the silkworms, From all which we perceive that the empresses through successive dynasties attended in person to the business of rearing the silkworms. By selecting these extracts from the historical documents, we have set this matter in a very clear light, and placed the whole at the head of our treatise.” The Essay from whieh the preceding extract has been made con- tains many other interesting details, showing the importance attached in the earlier periods of Chinese history to the manufacture of silk generally, and especially to the cultivation of the mulberry in its various modifications. “The culture of the mulberry silkworm” (Bombyx mort), re- marks Dr. Royle *, ‘was early introduced into India from China, where it flourishes chiefly about Nankin, or in 32° of north latitude ; but in India none of the old silk filatures extend to beyond 26° of north latitude. This can, I conceive, be ascribed only to the excessive heat and dryness of the north-western provinces of India being unsuitable to the animal, besides producing a dryer and harder leaf than it likes for its food.” The Rev. W. Fox, Curate of West Malling, Kent +, records the fact of Bombyx mori having been found in a wild state in England, and gives the following remarks :— **On the 10th July 1858, a number of silkworms, estimated at from 80 to 100, were found under a hedge in a place called Banksfield, near West Malling, not far from Maidstone, Kent. There was no appear- ance of the insects having been scattered accidentally in the place, but, on the contrary, every indication of their having been hatched and sustained for some time in the spot where they were discovered. The leaves of several plants in the immediate vicinity were much eaten, showing plainly that the larvee had for some time been feeding upon them. A bush of the common Bramble (Rubus fruticosus), among others, had been partially despoiled of its leaves. When discovered, about three-fourths of the whole number had spun their cocoons, which were hanging in all directions upon the weeds and the bramble referred to. Some were just commencing the spinning process, while others were yet in the larva state, and were feeding * Report cn the Paris Universal Exhibition, pt. 2. p. 216. T See ‘Athenzeum’ for October 16th, 1855. No. 399.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 242 quietly or roving about in quest of suitable places in which to con- struct their silken cells. Both the silk cocoons and the remaining larvee were subjected to a close examination by the aid of a micro- scope, and were compared with other silkworms and cocoons, which had been bred or formed under the shelter of a house, but no per- ceptible difference of species could be discovered.” 2. BomByx RELIGIOSA (Helfer). Bombyx religiosa, Helfer, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 41. pl. 6 (1837); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. vi. p. 1506. The Deo-mooga Silkworm, Hugon, J. A. 8. Beng. vi. pp. 32-41. The Joree Silkworm, Helfer. Hab. Assam (Capt. Jenkins) ; Cachar (Hugon). Remark.—Upon examination of typical specimens of B. huttoni, and comparing them with the description of Dr. Helfer’s B. religzosa, I am rather inclined to believe them to be one species. “The Deo-Mooga,”’ says Mr. Thomas Hugon*, “I accidentally became acquainted with, and it is very little known to the natives, and entirely in the wild state. ‘Three years ago, being employed in Jumna-Mukh (Cachar), I had occasion to take some bearings, for which puopose I had a white cloth put up on a large Bur-tree (fvcus indica) ; the year after, being near the same spot, the ryots came and told me that two months after I left (April) they observed that the tree had lost all its foliage ; they went to it and found in the sur- rounding grass and dry leaves a large number of small cocoons; these they spun like the Hria out of curiosity, and used it with the latter. They took no further notice of succeeding breeds, finding the thing of little present use. I lost a few cocoons which I pro- cured at the time, but have lately seen both the worm and the co- coon. The former is quite different from any other ; it 1s more active, its length is under 23 inches, the body very slender in proportion to its length, the colour reddish and glazed. Icould not observe them more particularly, as they were brought to me one evening at dusk : I put them in a box with the intention of examining them the next morning, but they disappeared in the night, although the box was open very little to admit the air. The moth is very much like that of the mulberry ; so is the cocoon also in appearance, colour, and size. Ihave questioned many natives about this worm, but none had ever seen it before.” Capt. F. Jenkins discovered this species in Assam,which “is (says Dr. Helfer) very interesting, as it yields a silk, if not superior, yet certainly equal, to that of B. mori. The cocoon shows the finest filament, and has very much silky lustre. It is exceedingly smooth to the touch, and very different from the cocoon of the mulberry moth. The worm lives upon the Pipul-tree (icus religiosa). Its general introduction would be very easy, as the Pipul-tree grows abundantly over all India.” * J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 32 (1837). 243 3. BomByx HUTTONI (Westwood). Bombyx Huttoni, Westwood, Cabinet, Orient. Ent. p. 26. pl. 12. f. 4 (1847); Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1506 ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, ii. p. 379. Hab. Mussooree (Hutton). “This species,’ says Capt. Hutton, ‘“‘is an inhabitant of these hills (Mussooree), occurring abundantly from the Doon upwards to at least 7000 feet ; and the caterpillar, like that of B. mord, feeds on the leaves of the wild mulberry which grows here in our forests. Unlike the larva of B. mori, however, the present species has the caterpillar covered with long spines, although in colouring and shape there is great similarity between the two. The cocoon is spun in the leaf, which is drawn round it, and the silk is very fine and of a very pale yellow tint. I discovered this species on the 7th May 1842, on some mulberry trees growing at an elevation of about 6500 feet above the sea, with asouthern aspect. Some of the caterpillars were of a large size, and nearly full-grown at this time, whilst others were in all their intermediate stages of growth. The caterpillar is of a pale yellowish cream-colour, mottled or marbled down the back and sides with a mixture of grey, yellow, and rufous or brownish lines ; the anterior segments of the body are mottled above with livid grey, and ornamented with four blackish oblong spots or ocelli placed ob- liquely ; along the back are two rows of long black spimes curving backwards, and on the anal segment is one long spine in the middle ; the two anterior pair of spines spring from the ocelli, and the last pair are curved forwards, instead of backwards, like the rest ; there is also on each side a row of short spines springing from the base of the true legs. The anterior segments swell up into a hump like those of the larva of B. mori. As the caterpillar becomes mature, the rufous colouring fades away and gives place to a mcettling of pale livid grey ; the head is also motéled, It grows to about 24 inches in length, and spins in the leaf early in May. They are double brooded, for mine all hatched in June, and deposited their eggs, a few of which produced caterpillars that year, but the greater number remained until the following spring.”’ —Westwood’s ‘ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology.’ Capt. Hutton, in reply to some inquiries by J. Bashford, Esq., relating to this species, states* that ‘‘ Bombyx huttont cannot be treated like the domestic kinds, but must (at least for the present) be reared upon the trees. The worms will not remain in the trays, nor even upon twigs placed in water, when once the freshness of the leaf is gone. On the tree it is perfectly free from restlessness, and saves a vast expense in feeding, besides possessing the advantage of always having perfectly fresh food at command, —an essential point in forming good silk, as the quality of this substance must always be greatly influenced by the healthy secretions of the animals pro- ducing it. * Journ. Agri-Horticult. Soc. India, ix. p. 391 (1857). 244 *«* Cocoons of B. huttoni, produced in the house from worms placed upon small branches set in jars of water to keep them fresh, are always inferior to those produced upon the trees, and I doubt not you would find this to be the case with the domestic species in Bengal.” The Agri-Horticultural Society of India has lately reported most favourably on the silk of this species, which has been brought into notice by Capt. Hutton. The worm spins in all weathers, whereas the common silkworm, B. mori, is apt to be thrown off work by a passing cloud. It is thought that this new silkworm may prove commercially important, and Government is solicited to mstitute ex- periments regarding its productive powers (vide ‘Madras Journal,’ March 1857, p. 268). 4. Bompyx HORSFIELDI (Moore). Bombyz horsfieldi, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, 11. p.380. pl. lla. fig. 5 (1858). Hab. Java. In Museum, India House. This species, of which a female only was collected in Java by Dr. Horsfield, is of a brownish-grey colour. The fore-wings have two transverse, slightly curved, brown bands, the first one-third from the base, the other one-third from the apex, the latter having undulated margins ; between the two bands is a grey-centred brown discal spot ; a brown streak immediately below the apex, its inner margin being pale. The hind-wing is pale ferruginous at the base, and has a nar- row curved pale submarginal line, the veins being also pale ; and on the abdominal margin are two blackish-brown spots, one being near its base, the other about its middle. Expanse 22 inches. 5. BomByx SUBNOTATA, Walker. Bombyx subnotata, Walker, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. ii. Zool. p. 188 (1859). “Male. Ferruginous, thick, pilose. Fore-wings rounded at the tips, extremely oblique along the exterior border, which is slightly angular in the middle and slightly excavated on each side ; under- side with a yellow costal spot near the tip. Hind-wings with the interior border densely fringed towards the tip. Antenne broadly pectinated. Mouth obsolete. Abdomen much more slender than the thorax, not extending beyond the hind-wings ; anal lateral appen- dages fringed. Legs short, stout. Expanse of the wings 16 lines; length of the body 7 lines.” Hab. Singapore. This species was collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace. 6. Bompyx LuGuBrRis (Drury), Exot. Ins. ii. p. 28. pl. 21. f.5 (1773). Described as inhabiting Madras; requires further confirmation before we can say that it belongs to the genus Bombyw (as now re- 245 stricted). To us it appears like a species belonging to a genus of Drepanulide * Genus Cricuna, Walker. Cricula, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1186 (1855). Euphranor, Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. p. 61 (1858). Antennze in male deeply bipectinated, in female minutely so. Palpi pilose, very short. Proboscis short, distinct. Legs stout, pilose; tarsi short, thick; hind tibize with two minute apical spurs. Abdomen short, thick. Wings broad ; fore-wing in the male slightly convex along the costa, falcate at the tip, concave along the exterior - margin, inner angle rounded ; hind-wing shorter, rounded at the angles. Female with the tip of fore-wing less faleate, and the exte- rior margin nearly straight. 1. CRICULA TRIFENESTRATA (Helfer), Saturnia trifenestrata, Helfer, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 45 (1837); Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov.ser. 1. pl. 17. f. 809. Cricula trifenestrata, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. pp. 1187, 1196; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, ii. p. 384. Huphranor Gl) CHeaE Rae Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. p- 61 (1858). 3 Saturnia zulerka, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 25. pl. 11. f. 1 (1847). Antherea zuleika, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1252. * « Silk is entirely a gum or glutinous substance,” says Mr. F. Bashford. ‘1 have extracted it from many hundred worms in every stage. It is deposited in both sides of the worm in two cylindrical shapes, doubled into three layers or folds, thick in the middle, and tapering at both ends, but much more so at the latter end, which accounts for the end of the cocoon giving a thread of a finer and lighter colour. The gum, if instantly taken from the worm, may be pressed and moulded into various shapes, and is very elastic: but very slight ex- posure gives strength to it, and fixes the thread in the ratio of the cylinders, large in the centre and tapering at the ends. If you expose it to a hot sun, the softer and colouring gummy matter becomes brittle, and may be broken off or separated, leaving the fixed gum in the shape of a thick white thread, strong (if not too much exposed to the sun), and slightly elastic. At the time of spinning, the two cylinders unite in one aperture, and the gummy matter is exuded by the worm in one continued thread; the more sticky nature of the soluble portion fixes the thread to the twigs at first, and ultimately to each other in the formation of the cocoon; the motion of the head of the worm causes it.to be drawn out from the cylinders ; the peculiar nature of the worm’s secretion and the motion of the head enables it to elongate the silky gum, as it is drawn from the body in a soft state, into a thread of considerable length ; exposure immediately hardens and fixes it, but it can only be done by the aid of the outer stick (? sticky) and more soluble gum. The two gums, or animal secretions, differ most materially : the one must be boiled out with a solution of alkali, before the other will take a per- fect dye; but this solution does not injure the fixed gum or silk thread; a more powerful chemical is necessary to render that soluble; it zs soluble, and art may make old silk dresses available some day for weaving and converting into a new fabric, as our Yorkshire friends now do with old woollen cloth rags.”-—(Extracted from the ‘ Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India,’ 1857, ix. p. 269.) « 246 ? Phalena-attacus fenestrata, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. 1. pt.11. p. 811 (1767) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. 372; Cilerck, Icon. pl. 55. f. 1. ? Phalena-attacus perspicua, Linneus, 8. N.i. 11. p. 811. Var. 9. Huphranor multifenestrata, Herr.-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. f. 551. p. 61 (1858). Hab. N.E. and 8. India, Silhet, Assam, Burmah, Java. The larva, chrysalis, and cocoon of C. trifenestrata are figured in the ‘Catal. of Lepidoptera’ in the Museum, India House, vol. ii. pl. 27. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6, copied from the original drawings made under Dr. Horsfield’s superintendence in Java. The larva (according to Dr. Horsfield) “ feeds on the Teng-gulung (Protium javanum), the Kettos (Canarium commune), and the Ingas (Mangifera ingas*). Abundant during December and January ; scarce in March.” The cocoon is of a beautiful yellow colour, and of a rich silky: lustre, and constructed like network, the enclosed chrysalis being visible. Discovered in Assam by Capt. Jenkins, ‘‘ where it lives on the Soon teee, but seems to be not much used” (J. A. S. Beng. 1837, p- 46) ; and at Moulmein by Capt. J.C. Haughton, who states that he “only observed it upon the Cashew-nut tree (Anacardium orien- tale), which, though exotic, has thoroughly taken root both at Tavoy and at Moulmein, and is now to be found in every native garden (Journ. of the Agri-Horticultural Soc. of India, 1858, p. 101).” Gen. nov. Sauassa, Moore. Antherea (Group III. pt.), Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1250. Antennz deeply bipectinated. Abdomen short, rather thick. Wings broad; fore-wings without ocellz; fore-wing with costal margin convex towards the tip, where the angle is faleated ; posterior angle round, inner margin somewhat straight ; hind-wings with ocelli ; the apex round, the anal angle less so. Remark.—This genus, of which only one species is as yet known, may be distinguished from Antherea by the absence of the ocellus in the fore-wing,—all the known species of Antherea possessing a distinct but varying ocellus in doth the fore and hind wings, whereas in Salassa it is replaced by a small diamond-shaped vitreous spot. 1. SALASSA LOLA (Westw.). Saturnia lola, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 25. pl. 12. f. 3 (1847). Antherea lola, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5. p. 1252. Wings rich brownish-red ; fore-wing with an obscure transverse line near the base, a small diamond-shaped vitreous discal spot, fol- lowed by a transverse dark dentated line, beyond which is a greyish- brown fascia bordered on each side by a dark dentated line, and ter- minated at the apex in a grey patch; hind-wing paler at the base, with a black-centred ocellus, which is encircled by a white and then 247 by a red ring; around this runs a broad incomplete circular line, _ extending from above the ocellus and terminating on the abdominal margin ; an exterior submarginal dark dentated line. Expanse 43 inches. Hab. Silhet. Genus ANTHER#A, Hubner. Antherea, Wibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152 (1816). Antherea (part), Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5 (1855). Phalena-attacus, pt., Linnzeus. Antennz broadly bipectinated in male, less so in female. Pro- boscis invisible or obsolete. Abdomen stout, very thick in female. Wings ample, each with a rounded ocellus, whose disc is partly or wholly vitreous, and is traversed by the discal veinlet ; fore-wing convex along the costa; tip faleated in the male, more rounded in the female. : 1. ANTHERZA PAPHIA (Linneus). Phalena-attacus paphia, Linneeus, S. N. i. 2. p. 809 (1767) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 369; Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pp. 78, 81, 82. pl. 146. f.aQ, pl. 147. f. a, 69, pl. 148. flac. Bombyx paphia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 557; Spec. Ins. 11. p. 168; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 108; Ent. Syst. i. 1. p.409; Sykes, Trans. Asiatic Soc. London, iil. p. 541 (with a plate). Phalena.paphia, Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc. vu. p. 33 (1804). Antherea paphia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152 (1816) ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 385. Saturnia paphia, Helfer, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 42 (1837). Phalena-attacus mylitta, Drury, Il. Exot. Ins. il. p. 8. pl. 5.f. 1, App. p- (1773). Bombyx mylitta, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 558. Attacus mylitta, Blanchard, in Jacquemont’s Voy. dans |’Inde, Zool. Ins. p. 24. pl. 3. Antherea mylitta, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152; Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1247. Saturnia mylitta, Westwood, edit. Drury’s Ins. i. p. 10. pl. 5. f. 1; Royle, Reports on the Paris Universal Exhibit. pt. 3. p. 216 ; Guérin-Meneville, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (1855), p. 297. pl. 6. f. 2. Tesser; Folliculus et Eruca bengalensis, vocatur Tesser, Rum- phius, Herb. Amb. ii. p. 115 (1750). Tusseh Silkworm Moth, Hind., Helfer. Bughy Silkworm Moth of the Burbhoom Hills, Roxburgh. Kolisurra Silkworm Moth of the Mahrattas, Col. Sykes. Munga Silkworm Moth of the Meches, B. HW. Hodgson. Kontkuri Mooga of the Assamese, Hugon*. Hab. Difficult to determine; but specimens have been received from N.E. India, Silhet, Assam, S. India, Ceylon, and Java. The transformations of the Tusseh Silkworm Moth are figured in * J. A.S. Beng. vi. p. 32. 248 vol. ii. Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, on plate 29, fig. 1, 1 a, copied from the original drawings made by Lady Isabella Rose Gilbert. Also figured among the drawings of the late Gen. Hardwicke. One of the earliest notices of an insect, very nearly allied to this species, is given by the venerable Rumphius in his ‘ Herbarium Am- boinense,’ vol. iii. p. 113. pl. 75 (1750), who discovered the larva in Amboyna feeding on the Mangium caseolare rubrum (Rhizophora ca- seolaris, Linn.). The figures of the larva, cocoon, and imago, on Rumphius’s plate, show its close affinity to the Anth. paphia. Dr. Roxburgh states this to be the “ Bughy of the natives of the Burbhoom Hills, where the silk, which the same people call Tusseh, is manufactured. It isa native of Bengal, Bahar, Assam, &c. Feeds upon the leaves of Rhamnus jujuba (Byer of the Hindoos) and of Terminalia alata glabra, Roxb. (Asseen of the Hindoos).”’ They are found in such abundance, over many parts of Bengal and the adjoining provinces, as to have afforded to the natives, from time immemorial, an abundant supply of a most durable, coarse, dark- coloured silk, commonly called Tusseh-silk, which is woven into a kind of cloth called Tusseh-doot’hies, much worn by Brahmins and other sects of Hindoos. Eggs white, which hatch in from two to four weeks. The larvee acquire their full size, which is about 4 inches in length, and 3 in circumference, in about six weeks. When the larvee approach their full size, they are too heavy to crawl in search of their food with the back up, as is usual with most caterpillars, but traverse the branch suspended by the feet. When the larvee are ready to spin the cocoon, each of them connects, by means of the recent glutinous filament of which the cocoon is made, two or three leaves into an exterior enve- lope, which serves as a basis to spin the complete cocoon in ; besides, the cocoon is suspended from a branch of the tree by a thick, strong, consolidated cord. The cocoon is of an exact oval shape, and ex- ceedingly firm texture. The chrysalis remains dormant for about nine months, viz. from October until July, the perfect insect always emerging during the night ; and does not exist more than from six to twelve days when confined. Michael Atkinson, Ksq., says, ‘“This species cannot be domesticated. I am informed that the natives cannot even retain any of it for seed. The hill people say that they go into the jungles, and under the Byer and Asseen trees they find the excrement of the insect; on which they examine the tree, and, on discovering the small worms, they cut off branches of the tree sufficient for their purpose, with the young brood upon them; these they carry to convenient situations near their houses, and distribute the branches on the Asseen tree in proportion to the size thereof, but they put none on the Byer tree. The Parieahs, or hill people, guard the insects night and day while in the worm state, to preserve them from crows and other birds by day, and from bats by night.”—Dr. Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc. vil. p. 33 (1804). According to Col. Sykes, this is the ‘‘ Kolisurra silk-worm of the Deccan. It feeds indiscriminately on the Sagwan or Teak-tree 249 (Tectona grandis), the Bor (Zizyphus jujuba), the Asana (Terminalia alata glabra), and the Mulberry Tut (Morus indica). The cocoons are extensively used by matchlock-men, cut into thongs, as ligatures for binding the matchlock barrel to the stock : the thongs are more durable than those of leather.”’ From the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, 1848 (vi. p. 167, e¢ seg.), we extract the following notes by Messrs. B. H. Hodgson and R. W. G. Frith. According to Mr. Hodgson, “this is the Munga silkworm moth of the Meches, and is found wild in the Saul forest. It feeds on the Saul tree (Shorea robusta) ; the fibre yielded is very strong, and must surely be that known to classic commerce, and used by the Romans for the manu- facture of the awnings of their immense theatres.” Mr. Frith says :— ‘* As far as my acquaintance with this insect extends, I believe it to be found throughout the whole of this side of India; that is to say, from the north-western range of the Himalaya direct south as far as Midnapore, and also through the north-eastern range to Assam and southwards to Chittagong. I have no doubt but that it extends further, but cannot state so from my ownexperience. Dr. Royle, in his volume on the productive resources of India, states that it was found by Colonel Sykes in the Bombay, and by Dr. Geddes in the Madras Presidency. I have seen it from Mussooree, and have it in my own collection from Kussowlee, Darjeeling, Assam, Cherra Poonjee, Sylhet, Chittagong, from Chota Nagpore, and from several of the districts of Bengal. In Bengal I have taken the larva at all seasons of the year, except during the cold weather, when the trees constituting its food are useless. It is most abundant, I am informed, in the Bhangulpore district, where the cocoons in their proper season are collected by cart-loads for the manufacture of the Bhaugulpore or Tusseh silk, as it is called, and now so well known. It is not on account of the great size of the larva that it is obliged to take to the under side of the twigs to enable it to traverse them in search of food (as is [above] stated by Dr. Roxburgh), for it can pass along the twigs in any position when they are strong and thick enough for its powerfully clenching feet to find sufficient to grip hold of. It is clear that when the larva approaches the ends of the thinner branches and twigs (which it frequently does, having taken it on some so slight that it has been in a perfectly pendent position), it would be impossible for it to travel with ease to itself in such a position as to keep itself upwards ; it therefore prefers to take the under side of the twig, and passes along it in a suspended position, with the aid of its powerful feet,—for it takes some little trouble to make them release their hold when once firmly fixed. «‘T have known the perfect insect make its appearance out of the cocoon in the rainy season in about twenty days. A great deal de- pends, however, upon the temperature and the state of the atmo- sphere as to the number of days that are required ere the moth makes its exit from the pupa state. The food of the larva seems to be confined to the leaves of but a few trees: I found it only upon 250 the Bair (Zizyphus jujuba), both wild and cultivated kinds, and on the Badaam or country almond (Terminalia catappa). Mr. Hu- gon (see Journ. Asiat, Soc. vi. p. 32) states that it feeds, in Assam, not only on the Moonga trees, but also on the former of those men- tioned above, and on the Semal (Bombaz heptaphyllum). Dr. Helfer describes it as being taken upon and from other trees, and these are transplanted on to the Assun tree (Terminalia alata), but that they feed most commonly in the wild state on the Bair and Semal trees. Mr. Hodgson again has discovered that its food is the Saul tree (Shorea robusta), since writing which I have been informed by a friend that in the Midnapore district the larva feeds upon the Saul tree also. “Dr. Helfer (J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 43) states that, ‘according to Michael Atkinson of Jungypore, this species cannot be domesticated, because the moths take flight before the females are fecundated.’ Dr. Helfer’s opinion does not bear out the truth of this remark ; and I agree with him, as he further states, in continuation, that, having kept them in a musquito curtain to prevent their escape, they were readily impregnated by the males, and deposited thousands of eggs. The moths no doubt, both male and female, will fly away if not con- fined in any manner to prevent them, particularly the males, for the sole purpose of seeking the females. I am of opinion that this silkworm might be reared and domesticated with very little care and attention. A female, for instance, produced from the cocoon, and retained captive, can, as above stated, be readily impregnated by the males, which are so eager for the intercourse, that I have at times taken as many as from ten to fifteen individuals in the course of a couple of hours, between the hours of two and four in the morning, and that for three or four times in succession, with the aid of the same decoy female. The moths, both male and female, live for about ten days, if they are not allowed to approach each other for the purpose of reproducing their species, and this without food of any kind, seeing that they are not provided by nature with a mouth. “Mr. Hugon states that the natives consider there are two varieties of this species, the Bhugy and Jharoo. I do not think so; I be- lieve them to be one and the same species. ‘The larva sometimes, for instance, when feeding on the common Bair of the jungles, is of a very dark green colour, precisely that of the leaf itself, and might by some be considered as a different species, when compared with one that has fed on the Badaam (Terminalia catappa), which is of a much lighter and prettier green, with a degree of transparency at the same time, and a slight tmge of yellow pervading it. The fact of the perfect insect being devoid of any mouth has led me to infer that the secretion which it emits for the purpose of softening the substance of the very hard cocoon from which it has to make its escape is voided from the abdomen ; and when effected, it has to turn itself round in the cocoon to enable it to set to work, with its two fore- feet, which are provided with extremely strong and curved claws, and, thread by thread, works for itself an opening, through which, 251 while yet moist, its escape from the cocoon is effected, and that too before its wings have in any way enlarged by expansion to impede its exit. It is my intention to endeavour to ascertain this point beyond any doubt, if possible*.” Mr. Hodgson, again, says :—‘‘ With regard to the distribution of the species, [ apprehend that Mr. Frith is mistaken in supposing it does or can occur in climates like that of Darjeeling ; for I not only never heard of the species here, but have failed in an experiment to rear it, which was carefully conducted under favourable circum- stances, from cocoons got in the Saul forest, by Mechis in my ser- vice, who are habituated to rearing silkworms. Gentlemen who make collections in this quarter are apt to blend whatever they pro- cure from the Tarai forest, and lower hills, and from the mountains above them; and I conjecture that Mr. Frith’s specimens of dn- therea paphia, said to come from Darjeeling and Cherra Poonjee, were really obtained in the lowlands beneath those places. I notice this point because of the numerous and important mistakes rela- tive to the geographic distribution of zoological and botanical species which have thus been propagated. For example, Mr. Ogilby was led in this manner to suppose an Otine bird (Hupodotis bengalensis) an inhabitant of these vast and precipitous and heavily wooded mountains, and to name the species Hamalayensis, though it is really as little capable of dwelling in such a habitat as is, I apprehend, the Anth. paphia, or, more generally, any species of silkworm what- ever. Silkworms abound south and east upon or near the level of the plains, but I doubt if they pass the limits of Bengal in a north- westerly direction, even upon the plains ; and, so far as I know, the Cosi river is their limit in that direction; nor do I believe they are ever found, tame or wild, at elevations materially above the plain level in Bengal or in Hindostan. In the Saul forest they may pass up towards the north-west as far as that forest extends, or to Hurdwar. But the Saul forest is hardly elevated at all above the level of the adjacent plain ; and Cherra at 4000 and Darjeeling at 7000 differ toto celo in characteristic productions, as in climate, from all places situated on the low open level of the Gangetic plains. The Anth. paphia avoids the open plain, as well as the mountainous heights ; * Captain Thomas Hutton, in the Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India for 1856, p. 166, says, ‘‘ Z doubt this, because I have fully ascertained that the species known as Actias selene, which is furnished on the shoulder of each wing with a hard brown spine for the purpose of dividing the threads, likewise discharges a moistening liquid ; and although, as in Saturnia” (i. e. Antherea), ‘(it is said to have no mouth, yet it is nevertheless from the mouth, or the place where it should be, that the solvent is discharged. The mouth is an imperfect mouth only, and is not organized for the reception of nourishment, although suf- ficiently perfect, it would appear, to secrete the liquid with which the threads are moistened. When the agglutinizing matter is thus dissolved, the threads are easily separated by the wing spines, and an opening afforded for the egress of the moth. I have this season watched this process in no fewer than 200 specimens of Actias selene, and can answer for there being no mistake about the matter, a drop of the clear colourless liquid often remaining upon the tuft of hair or down on the forehead between the eyes, and which tuft appears to be used as a brush for the application of the solvent to the threads of the cocoon.” 252 and, as it seems to me, is exclusively confined to primitive forests on the level, or near it, of the plains. If, therefore, the species be found wild in Bhaugulpore, Sylhet, Chittagong, or even Choto Nag- pore, it is, I apprehend, confined in all those districts to the uncul- tivated and forest tracts at the base of their respective hill ranges. Further inquiry as to the food of the wild worm of the Saul forest confirms my prior information, that this species feeds almost, if not quite exclusively, on the leaves of Shorea robusta: and, as that tree extends not westerly beyond Hurdwar, the habitat of Kussowlee appears to me dubious, unless there be some mistake about the species. “The above remarks,” continues Mr. Hodgson, “ may seem tire- some: but those who are aware of the stress now laid on the geo- graphic distribution of species, and of the numerous errors of fact that have crept into the subject, as relates to this quarter, from the source above adverted to, will probably deem otherwise. My atten- tion was drawn to the subject of the distribution of silkworms in India, with reference to the notices which the classics have left us of the ancient trade of India with the west, in the Roman times par- ticularly.” To the above Mr. Frith replies :—“ Regarding the geographical distribution of the species, I am almost at a loss how to satisfy Mr. Hodgson as to the circumstance of its being found at Darjeeling, having received it from thence myself, from a party collecting for me. Again, those from Cherra Poonjee were collected by persons on the spot who are employed by me for the sole purpose of forming entomological collections.” Again, Mr. Hodgson writes :—‘ The wide diffusion of silkworms throughout the continent of India in the plains seems clear, and is a very interesting circumstance with reference to what we find in the classics about the trade of India with Europe in the latter days of Rome and thereafter. Mr. Taylor (Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal) supposed that the chief ‘ things in commerce’ in those days were products of Assam only. But I had long before traced most of them as indigenous products of all India extra Gangem, from Suddiah to Hurdwar, leaving silk only as an apparent exception. It need be no longer ; fine wild worms of various kinds being, it now appears, found north-west all the way to the débouche of the Ganges into the plains. So far, then, I agree with Mr. Frith. But I con- fess myself still quite a sceptic as to the alleged fact of the silkworms tenanting these mountains at elevations like that of Darjeeling.”’ Tn answer to the above remarks by Messrs. Hodgson and Frith, we quote the following by Captain Thomas Hutton :— “The Tusseh Moth (Saturnia paphia), which Mr. Frith says he has procured from Mussooree and Kussowlee,—a statement doubted by Mr. Hodgson, who confines the insect to the plains and base of the hills, pointing out that collectors are in the habit of jumbling species from various localities into the same box, and calling them a collection of Himalayan species— “Mr. Frith afterwards appeals to my letter to Mr. Westwood as 253 showing, as he imagines, from the mention of Sat. paphia, that I had procured it at Mussooree. This is rather a bold jump to a con- clusion ! “In reply to this part of the discussion, I incline to the side of Mr. Hodgson, whose remarks regarding the mode adopted by collectors of specimens in general, no matter whether birds or insects, are most correct. The practice here at Mussooree is this :—a person wishing to make a collection either takes a native collector into service, or purchases the specimens singly from independent collectors who hawk about insects for sale. These native gentry, whether hired or other- wise, not being over-fond of hard work, invariably go down from Mussooree into the Doon at the foot of the mountains, and having there filled their boxes, return to the hills to sell them. “The collector, in most cases disdaining to know the difference between a moth and a butterfly, stows them all away into his boxes. These collections are then sent off, or carried off, as illustrative of the entomology of Mussooree and Landour, to which the collection bears about as close an affinity as the fauna of Southern India does to that of the Northern Provinces,—species common to both being intermingled with others that exclusively belong to the one locality or the other. Thus the greater portion of species in these collec- tions is exclusively lowland. “Now among the lowlanders I am inclined to include the Tusseh Moth! TI have collected at Simla and its neighbourhood, as well as at Mussooree ; but during my long residence at the latter station, I have only once in fifteen years seen the Tusseh Moth ; and that one specimen was a female captured tn the Dehra Doon near Hurdwur ; besides that, I am not altogether certain that the species is identical with the true Bengal Tusseh. In fact I doubt the occurrence of that species in the hills, whether at Mussooree or at Kussowlee. “Thus far the statements of Mr. Hodgson are, I think, correct ; but when he proceeds to assert that the Saul tree (Shorea robusta) does not extend westward of Hurdwar, he falls into an error that any traveller may correct, since there are splendid forests of Saul throughout the Dehra Doon, and even away as far west as the Jumna, if not farther. ‘*The Tusseh Moths to which I alluded in my letter to Mr. West- wood were all sent to me in cocoon from Bhagulpore by the late Capt. Don. We have here at Mussooree, and also at Simla, a spe- cies of Saturnia | Antherea] feeding on the common Hill Oak (Quer- cus incana), and bearing a resemblance to the Tusseh Moth, though much smaller, and quite distinct : can this be Mr. Frith’s Kussowlee species ? “Mr. Frith mentions having ‘inspected a very fine collection made by a gentleman at Mussooree, in which are no less than eleven spe- cies of true Bombycide, viz. nine of the genus Saturnia, one of Actias, and one of Saturnia [Antherea| mylitta, or the true Tusseh Moth,’ Now if this collection belonged to a son of the late Col. Buckley *, I can easily clear up the mystery of the Tusseh Moth coming from * This collection was presented to the East India Company’s Museum in 1849. 254 Mussooree, since it was one. of my Bhagulpore specimens given in exchange for something else : and I may as well point out that the collection to which J allude contained species from various parts of India, I myself having contributed insects from Mirzapore, Nee- much, and even from Afghanistan in exchanges, while there were also a few from China! Besides which, Mr. Buckley’s object being to make a collection without noting or caring for locality, the greater number of his specimens came, as usual, from the Dehra Doon. This (if I am right in my conjecture about the collection alluded to by Mr. Frith) may serve to show with what degree of suspicion any collection, not made by a naturalist, should be regarded by scientific men both at home and abroad, since, by taking it for granted that the collection contained only the species proper to the locality in which it is stated to have been made, the closet naturalist may be led to form the most erroneous conclusion in regard to the distribution of species. Nor is this remark to be confined to insects only, since it will equally apply to ornithological collections ; so that any modern Adam who may underteke to form a system, founded rather upon the length and breadth of an animals tail than upon the habits and manners of the species in their native haunts, and who thunders forth his dogmas from his artificial paradise of musty skins, may, and doubtless often has, put forth a host of errors for the acceptance of other naturals as little conversant with living species as himself ! “My own limited experience, therefore, leads me to coincide in opinion with Mr. Hodgson, and I accordingly reject the Tusseh Moth from the catalogue of Mussooree and mountain species, not even granting it a place at Kussowlee. ‘* Of true mountaineers, we have, as far as my knowledge extends, three species of Saturnia ; two others are found only in the depths of the warmest valleys, such as S. atlas? and S. katinka (Westw.) ; the former occurring likewise in the Doon along with the Tusseh Moth ; thus making in all six species of Saturnia.” In a foot-note Capt. Hutton further remarks :—‘“ In my enume- ration of the species found here, I omitted one large Saturnia, which I once found upon a quince tree in the Botanical Garden ; the larva when first seen appeared to be a white cocoon on the back of a leaf, but a closer view showed me the caterpillar densely covered with long white hairs. I never procured a second specimen. «To these we may add one species of Actias, which is, I believe, confined to the hills from 5000 feet upwards to 7000 feet, and per- haps higher; it occurs likewise apparently in Sylhet, as Major Jen- kins long ago kindly sent me a drawing of what I take to be this species. And lastly we have one species of true Bombyx (B. hut- toni, Westw.), which occurs abundantly on the wild mulberry from the Doon upwards to at least 7000 feet; thus showing a list of known silk-spinners to the number of nine, viz. seven Saturnia, one Actias, and one Bombyx: more there may doubtless be, although as yet unknown to me; but I strongly suspect that some of those men- tioned by Mr. Frith as coming from Mussooree and Kussowlee were in reality natives of other localities. 295 *« Mr. Hodgson likewise notices the occurrence of what he and Mr. Frith pronounce to be the Arrindy Moth (S. cynthia) ; and I have it also from the Mussooree, where the caterpillar feeds on the shrub Mussooree (Coriaria nipalensis), and from which this station de- rives its name. Dr. Roxburgh’s figure of the caterpillar of S. cyn- thia is, however, so thoroughly unlike those occurring here, that, not- withstanding the identity (if I may so speak) of the imago, I am unwilling to pronounce decisively as to the species until I have com- pared our larvee with those of undoubted S. cynthia from Bengal. Ours occurs from the foot of the hills up to 6000 feet of elevation.’’ Lady Isabella Rose Gilbert figures the transformations of Anth. paphia, and in her MS. Notes says :—‘‘ Tusseh Moths are hatched twice in the year, in May and August: the larve go into the chry- salis state in September, remaining so till the May following; whilst those that enter the chrysalis state in July come out in three weeks. Many of the females lay eggs in eight or ten hours after quitting the chrysalis ; others again do not tiil the following night, or longer. In ten days the young larvee make their appearance, and feed on the Assun tree and the Sal sakooa (Shorea robusta). In about three weeks from the time of their exclusion from the egg, they attain their full size, and in eight or ten days more prepare for their transforma- tion into the chrysalis. The caterpillar commences its operations by drawing a few leaves slightly together, as if to screen it from ob- servation. It then spins a strong cord, composed of many threads, altogether about the thickness of a crow-quill, at the end of which it weaves the cocoon. The cocoon is so transparent for the first six and thirty hours, that the larva may be distinctly perceived at work in the interior ; after that time the cocoon gradually acquires con- sistence by the continued industry of the caterpillar, and becomes quite opaque from the addition of a glutinous liquid with which it moistens the whole. When that dries, the cocoon appears as if covered with white powder, and in the course of a couple of days becomes perfectly hard. «The moth generally deposits its eggs within a few yards of the cocoon; these the villagers collect and keep in their houses till the young caterpillars come forth, when they are placed on the Assun trees in the jungles, the proprietors remaining to protect them from the birds, and to bring home the cocoons when perfect. The people who rear these silkworms are of the Sontal and Bhouree castes, and practise many superstitious ceremonies while tending them in the jungles.” ¢ 2. ANTHER#HA PERNY!I (Guérin). Saturnia pernyi, Guérin-Méneville, Revue et Mag. de Zool. (1855) p- 297. pl. 6. f. 1. Antherea mylitta, var., Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. vi. . 1378. 2 Hab’. China (Guérin). In British Museum Collection. M. Guérin-Méneville observes that 4. pernyi may be distinguished from 4. paphia by the form and texture of its cocoon. In his figures 256 the male of 4. perny# differs from the same sex of A. mylitta by its less faleate fore-wings, and by the exterior band, which is different in colour, more straight ; and in the hind-wings is contiguous to the ocellus. It is well figured in the above work. 3. ANTHERZA FRITHI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXV. fig. 1.) Antherea Frithi, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 396 (1858). wh Male. Yellowish-ferruginous, the dise suffused with patches of darker ferruginous ; the exferior margin and about the base greyish- ferruginous. Fore-wing with the costal band grey ; the submarginal dark line evenly undulated, and parallel with it and before the ocel- lus are two deeply undulated lines, the mner spaces between which are suffused with yellow; a large prominent apical patch and space within the cell yellow. Hind-wing with the submarginal line deeply undulated, with two parallel deeply undulated inner lines, the spaces between which are suffused with yellow, the inner line extending round the ocellus and joining the snb-basal line. Ocelli small, similar to those in Anth. paphia. Antenne yellowish. Frontal band grey. Body yellowish-ferruginous. Expanse of wings 54 inches. Hab. Neighbourhood of Darjeeling. In Museum, India House, London. 4, ANTHER#HA ROYLIIT, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXIV. fig. 1.) Antherea Roylu, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, i. p. 397 (1858). Dull greenish-buff colour. Male.—Fore-wing with the costal band brownish-grey ; the subbasal lines and the oblique submarginal line indistinct, greyish. Hind-wing with the submarginal line indistinct. Ocellus of both fore- and hind-wings ill-defined, greenish-buff colour within, but with the inner half suffused with vinaceous ; vitreous spot minute, the narrow outer ring black on its exterior half and red on the inner half, with an inner yellow line on the former, and a white line on the latter. Female with the wings somewhat brighter coloured exteriorly ; the submarginal line of both wings more di- stinct; ocelli more distinct. Frontal band brownish-grey. An- tennze brownish. Body buff-colour. Expanse of wings of male 53, female 64 inches. Hab. Neighbourhood of Darjeeling. In Museum, India House, London. 5. ANTHERHA JANA (Cramer). Phalena-attacus jana, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 220. pl. 396. f. A (1782): Bombyx jana, Olivier, Ene. Méth. Ins. v. p. 28. Antherea jana, Wibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152; Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5. p. 1250. Hab. Java (Cramer). 257 Remark.—As yet we have no example of this species in England, but its distinguishing character is its small size; the ocelli being nearly opake ; and the hind- wing has, besidesthe usual submarginal line, two additional undulated wider lines proceeding from the abdo- minal margin, the first extending round the ocellus, and the other only to the ocellus. Expanse of wings 43 inches. 6. ANTHERZA PERROTTETI, Guérin. Bombyx perrotéetii, Guérm-Meéneville, Mag. de Zool.1843, pl.123. Antherea perrottetu, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. . 1379. a Hab. Pondicherry (Guérin). Non vidi. Deep yellow; base of costal margin of fore-wing grey, with indi- stinct darker submarginal line; ocelli small, round, red, the exterior ring black, the inner whitish, with a small medial yellow spot ; thorax in front grey ; abdomen deep yellow. 7. ANTHERZA SIMLA (Westwood). Saturnia simla, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 41. pl. 20. f. 1 (1847). Antherea simla, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1249; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, i. p. 399. Hab. Simla (Capt. Boys); neighbourhood of Darjeeling. In Museum, India House, London, and British Museum. «Fore-wings very pale fulvous-brown, thickly irrorated with red scales ; the costa and an oblique fascia, before the middle of the wings, very much attenuated posteriorly, of a pale pinkish white ; the basal portion of the wing reddish, terminated by a dark pink line ; the pale fascia is succeeded by a very oblique streak of reddish- brown, which rests on the anterior edge of the ocellus, which is rather small and of a dusky colour, with a slender curved white line on its inner side ; the succeeding space is thickly irrorated with red-brown scales, followed by two rather indistinct slender and much waved ' strigee, which terminate at the apex of the wing in a white angulated mark and a small black patch; the outer margin of the wing is widely ashy-fulvous, followed by a narrow ashy-coloured edging ; the hind-wings have the greater portion of a pink colour, traversed basally by a dark pink fascia, which is recurved towards the inner margin; the middle of the wing is occupied by a large black ocellus bearing a dull yellow circle with a slender white curved line, and a dark pink one at its base ; between the ocellus and the exterior mar- gin of the wing are two waved red-brown lines, beyond which the colour is of a fulvous red, with a dull pale greyish-buff edging.” Expanse of wings nearly 6 inches. 8. ANTHER#ZA HELFERI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXIV. fig. 2.) Antherea helferi, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, 1. p. 897 (1858). No. 400.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 258 Male. —Yellowish-ferruginous, with a vinaceous tinge basally. Fore-wing with the grey costal band ; three dark ferruginous pink- margined lines: the first sub-basal, transverse, and curved: the second within and near the base of the cell, oblique : the third above and joining the ocellus; the ocellus without a vitreous spot, which is replaced by a short yellow-margined line; a double submarginal indistinct undulated line, its apical end with a blackish spot; an in- distinct suffused inner line close to the ocellus ; and a dark marginal line of undulated streaks. Hind-wing with a dark marginal lunulated line; two darker submarginal deeply undulated lines, the mner line extending round the ocellus to the sub-basal line; the ocellus with the black outer line terminating at its upper end in an oval spot, without a central vitreous spot, which is replaced by a narrow yellow line. Antennze brown; frontal band grey ; body yellowish-ferruginous. Expanse of wings 6 inches. Hab. Neighbourhood of Darjeelmg. In Museum, India House, London. Remark. — Somewhat allied to 4. simla; but may be distin- guished from that species by its more falcated fore-wings, and by the absence of the obliquely transverse dark band, which ascends from the middle of the posterior margin, touching the ocellus on its inner side, and extends to the costa before the apex. The ocelli are also different, those in A. helferi being of a pale colour within, while those in 4. simla are quite black, and on the hind-wing are much larger. 9. ANTHERHA ASSAMA (Helfer). Saturnia assamensis, Helfer, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 43 (1837). Saturnia assama, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 41. pl. 20. f, 2. Antherea assama, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5. p. 1249; Moore, Catal. Lep. Ind. House, 1. p. 398. Mooga or Moonga of the Assamese, Hugon, J. A. S. Beng. vi. pp. 26-32 ; Helfer. Moonga, Royle, Report of Paris Exhib. pt. 3. p. 216. Hab. Assam, Silhet, Ceylon. In British Museum Collection. The larva and cocoon of the Moonga are figured by Mr. Hugon in the Journal of the Asiatic Society above referred to, and he states that “although the Mooga Moth can be reared in houses, it is fed and thrives best in the open air and on the trees. The trees which afford it food are known in Assam by the followimmg names, viz. 1. Addakoory ; 2. Champa (Michelia, sp.?); 3. Soom; 4. Kon- tooloa; 5. Digluttee (Tetranthera diglottica, Hamilt.) ; 6. Pattee Shoonda( Laurus obtusifolia, Roxb.) ; 7. Sonhalloo (Tetranthera ma- crophylla, Roxb.). There are generally five broods of Moonga worms in the year.” 10. ANTHERHA LARISSA (Westwood). Saturnia larissa, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 49. pl. 24. f. 1 (1847). 259 Antherea larissa, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1250 ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 398. Hab. Java (Dr. Horsfield). In Museum, India House, London, and M. Dalen, Rotterdam. Remark.—This beautiful species may be at once distinguished from all the preceding by the ocellus of the fore-wing, which has the exterior black ling dentated towards the costa. It is also more fal- cated in the male. The figure referred to above is a good repre- sentation of the male. Another species of Antherea inhabits Mantchouria, as appears from the following :— **Tt has long been known that in the land of the Mantchour Tar- tars, in a climate at least as rigorous as our own (7. ec. England), a kind of silk is obtained, of which very large quantities go into con- sumption among the Chinese. This species is announced by M. Guérin-Méneville as having lately been reared in France. “Some years since Mr. Rutherford Alcock, Her Majesty’s Consul at Shanghae, sent home samples of this material, both manufactured and unmanufactured, along with live chrysalids (cocoons) ; but the latter perished on the voyage, and the samples were accidentally misplaced and lost in the Great Exhibition of 1851. The silk was strong, with little lustre, and resembled some strong thin yellow woollen linen. It now appears that the French have been more suc- cessful, some males having already been hatched. Of the other cocoons sent to Italy and Algiers, no account is given. ‘According to Guérin-Méneville, this Silkworm forms a new species of Saturnia, and is nearly related to the S. mylitta, which produces the Tusseh silk of India. But the peculiarities observable in the form, texture, and mode of attachment of the cocoons forbid the Mantchour Moth being regarded as merely a northern local form of the Tusseh Silkworm. It is also one of the same group as the Moonga Silkworm of Assam (Sat. assamensis, Helfer). ““Two circumstances give peculiar interest to the introduction of this useful insect ; namely the coldness of the country it naturally inhabits, and its feeding upon a species of oak, not on a mulberry. The country called Mantchouria is described as mountainous, very cold in winter, and producing furs among other articles of trade. Oaks, pines, willows, birches, maples, and wild roses, said to consti- tute the main feature of its woods, are all indications of a northern climate. The oak on which this silkworm feeds is not clearly de- scribed. According to M. Isidore St.-Hilaire, two sorts have been raised in France from the acorns received with the cocoons, one re- sembling the Quercus castaneefolia, which is well known to be a native of Northern China, and one of a species apparently unde- scribed. But it is by no means improbable that the common oaks of this country would be taken to by the silkworms in question ; and if so, the sole obstacle to the introduction of silk-growing among our rural population would be removed. 260 “It is right to add, upon the authority of Mons. St.-Hilaire, that the interesting acquisition is mainly owing to the assistance given by Mons. Verrolles, Bishop of Colomby, and Vicar-Apostolic in Mant- chouria, to M. de Montigny, the French Consul at Shanghae.” (From Journ. Agri.-Hort. Soc. India, 1856, ix. p. 63, and extracted from ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 30th June, 1855.) Aa Genus Lorra, Moore. Antherea (Groups IT. and ITI., pt.), Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1250. Loepa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ti. p. 399 (1858). Antenne bipectinated. Palpi very short. Proboscis obsolete. Abdomen not very stout. Wings moderately long and broad, each with an ocellus, whose dise is thinly clothed with hairs ; fore-win convex towards the tip, which, m the male, is somewhat falcated ; hind-wing with the angles rounded. 1. Loepa KATINKA (Westwood). Saturnia katinka, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 25. pl. 12. f. 2 (1847). . Antherea katinka, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1251. Loepa katinka, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, 11. p. 399. Hab. Assam; Silhet; Java. Yellow; costa of fore-wings grey. Each wing with a fulvous- brown ocellus, the middle of which is purplish, and has a curved white streak which is bordered by a slender black line ; across the middle of the wing is an indistinct, waved and bidentated line, beyond which is a double blackish waved line terminating near the apex in a black demi-oval spot, followed by a fulvous apical patch containing two white lunules; near the exterior margin of the wings is a submarginal row of slender white lunules, and near the base of each wing is a Slender rosy zigzag streak. Expanse 22 to 33 inches. The larva and cocoon of Loepa katinka are figured in Catal. Lep. Mus. India House, vol. ii., plate 20. fig. 1, copied from the ori- ginal drawing made by Dr. Horsfield in Java, where the larva “feeds on the Galing (Cissus, sp. ) and the Girang (Leea, sp. Ne Abundant during December, January and February.” 2. LoEPA THIBETA (Westwood). Saturnia thibeta, Westwood, P. Z.S. (1853) p. 166; Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xv. p. 302 (1855). Antherea thibeta, Walker, List Lep.*Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 5. p- 1250. Fore-wings yellow, much varied with grey scales, especially at the base and beyond the middle; near the base is a transverse oblique slender red striga. In the middle of all the wings is a moderate- sized oval ocellus, with a black central dot, marked on its inner edge 261 with a curved white line, the outer part being lhiver-coloured, edged with a black ring. Outside the ocellus the wings bear a darker ful- vous, ill-defined, very oblique fascia, followed by two slender very strongly undulating dark lines ; the undulations being much stronger towards the tip of the wing, where the outer one is connected with a white curved line, like a U, which ends on the costa in an oval black patch, and is bounded on its outside by a slender rich red-brown lie ; parallel and near the apical margin is an interrupted slender black striga, followed by a row of submarginal oblong fulvous spots. The ocellus of the hind-wing is preceded by a curved dark brown line, and is followed by three slender very much undulated lines, the two next the ocellus being chestnut and the outer one black ; beyond the last is a broad greyish fascia, edged outwardly with a slender interrupted black line, followed by a row of oblong sublunulated fulvous spots. Antennee, body, and legs fulvous-yellow ; front of thorax with a grey band. Hab. Thibet (Westwood). Genus Actras, Leach. Actias, Leach, Zool. Mise. ii. p. 25 (1815); Macleay. Tropea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 152 (1816). Plectropteron, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v. p. 45 (1847). Phalena-attacus, pt., Linneeus. 1, ACTIAS SELENE (Macleay). Actias selene, Macleay, Leach’s Zool. Mise. ii. p. 26. pl. 70 (1815); Hutton, P. Z. 8. Lond. (1856) p. 5; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, i. p. 400. Tropea selene, Wtbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 158; Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 6. p. 1262. Plectropteron selene, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. vy. p. 85. Plectropteron diane, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v. p. 45 (1847); Aun. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 60. Phalena attacus luna, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 31. f. A, B (nec Drury). Hab. N. India; Darjeeling; Masuri. The larva of this curious species is figured by Capt. Hutton in the ‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,’ vol. v. pl. 5. He remarks, “A specimen of this splendid Moth was brought to me on the 13th April 1842, by a boy who had captured it in a _ deep and warmly sheltered glen at Mussooree. The specimen was a female, and was found clinging to the branches of a tree, or rather shrub, very similar to the Tartarian honeysuckle; it was accom- panied by a male (én coztw), which effected its escape. As the spe- cimen was much injured by her rough captor, I suffered her to live and deposit her eggs, which she did on the evening of the same day, to the number of thirty-two, each being of the size of a large mus- tard seed, and of a mottled brownish colour. During the whole of the succeeding day she remained perfectly stationary, but in the 262 evening deposited 84 eggs; and on the following evenings she again deposited as follows :—-On the 15th, 38 eggs; on the 16th, 21; on the 17th, 16; on the 18th, 21; on the 19th, 14; on the 20th, 14; and on the 21st, 7; amounting in all to 246 eggs, and she then died. “On the 28th April I received a male and female from the same place; and in the evening the female deposited 89 eggs, and con- tinued each night to increase the number until she had deposited 300 eggs, when she died. “On the 30th April, or eighteen days from the time of deposition, the first batch of eggs began to hatch ; the newly born larva is about 3 lines in length, hairy, and of a pale rufous-red, with a single black band across the middle of the body, and a small black transverse mark on the anterior segment ; along the back are two rows of small tubercles, and another along each side, from each of which spring a few short hairs, the base of which forms a small black dot ; there is also an anal tubercle, larger than the others, and placed between the two last tubercles of the dorsal rows; the head is black. I was now exceedingly puzzled to find out the proper food, and, having unsuc- cessfully tried several kinds, at last gave them the leaves of our com- mon hill oak (an Ilex), of which they ate sparingly arid without ap- petite. This was evidently not the proper food ; and although they continued to eat it they did not thrive, but died in such numbers, that I had at last only five larvee left out of 546, and even these I was in daily expectation of losing ; when, by a lucky chance, on the 30th of June, I discovered a single larva in the forest feeding on a tree known to the natives as the ‘ Munsooree’ (Coriaria nipalensis). Branches of this tree were now substituted for the oak, and from thenceforward the larvee ate greedily and increased rapidly in size. The first moult commenced when six days old, and this occupied three days, so that at the end of nine days the larva appeared in its second stage. The black transverse band upon the body had disappeared, but the head still remained of that colour, and the rest of the body was hairy and rufous; the tubercles being black on the summit and more promi- nent ; pro-legs brown. ‘‘The period between each change was about ten days in some specimens, but varied in others between that and shorter periods. “In the ¢hird stage the caterpillar appeared of a bright rufous colour, the black dots or tubercles being larger and more prominent, but there were no black bands. In the fourth stage the change was still more remarkable, for the caterpillar now appeared of a beauti- ful apple-green, each tubercle headed with bright orange, except the four which spring from the second and third segments, which are ringed with black, and crowned with pale yellow; and the anal and two posterior tubercles, which are green throughout. From each tubercle springs a small tuft of hair, the centre of each being longer than the others; the head and prolegs brown; along each side is a line which is red above and yellow below, and the spiracles are red ; there is a line of very small yellow dots along each side, between the rows of tubercles. In the fifth stage the colours are the same, as 263 they are also in the stwth and seventh stages ; but the caterpillar increases rapidly in size, and is most beautiful and delicate in appear- ance, with a semi-transparency of hue, which makes it look some- thing like wax-work. “One of these commenced spinning its cocoon on the 17th July, being then about forty-six or forty-seven days old, and the remainder after the interval of a day or two. ‘The cocoon is formed of coarse brown silken threads, closely interwoven, and of an ovate form ; it is inclosed among the leaves of the tree, which are in fact glued closely round it. It is hard, and not furnished interiorly with a soft silken bed, the chrysalis lying within a hard and hollow chamber. The chrysalis remained thus until the 14th August, when the one which had turned on the17th July produced a perfect female, after a period of twenty-nine days. Another, which had turned on the 19th July, came forth a male on the 16th August, showing the time to be pretty uniform. A large caterpillar, however, which I found im the forest on the 16th July, turned to a chrysalis on the 24th of that month ; but, instead of coming forth in the autumn, it remained in the chry- salis state throughout the winter, as did some others, coming out’ in the following summer, namely on the 11th, 14th, and 18th of June. “The caterpillar feeds upon several trees common on these hills. The most common food appears to be the Munsooree, a shrub which is So common, as to have given rise, I believe, to the name of this settlement, viz. ‘Munsoory,’ or more commonly among Europeans ‘ Mussooree ’ (Coriaria nipalensis).”” “‘T have again reared specimens of 4. selene, and observed atten- tively the method by which it cuts its way through the cocoon, by means of the instrument which I have named ‘ the wing spur’ or ‘spine.’ Before proceeding to separate the threads of the cocoon by means of the wing spines, I have ascertained that the Moth ejects from the mouth a few drops of a clear colourless fluid, with which the gum is dissolved ; and it appears to use the tuft of down on the front, between the eyes, as a brush for the application of the solvent.” —P.Z.S8. 1856, p. 5. Capt. Hutton further remarks (Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, ix. p. 167-9 (1856), “‘I have this season (1855) watched the process of the escape of this Moth from the cocoon in no fewer than 200 specimens, and can answer for there being no mistake in the matter, a drop of the clear colourless liquid often re- maining upon the tuft of hair or down on the forehead between the eyes, and which tuft appears to be used as a brush for the applica- tion of the solvent to the threads of the cocoon. “J have this year (1855) reared a number of the caterpillars of A. selene for the purpose of ascertaining the value of the silk, but am sorry to say have failed in my attempts to unwind the silk from the cocoons. With some difficulty I managed to procure a supply of eggs from the moths, which came forth i October, and had in- tended sending them to Europe, when to my regret and surprise they began to hatch on the 4th of November, and are still coming forth 264 daily (10th). They are at present thriving on the shrub, Coriaria nipalensis, growing in the open air; but whether they will be able to spin up again before the frosts set in remains yet to be seen. These caterpillars feed naturally on Cortaria nipalensis, Andromeda ovalifolia, the walnut, and I think also upon Carpinus bimana. 'The first-named shrub would probably grow well and rapidly in some parts of Europe, and so furnish nourishment both for the larvee of Act. selene, if found worth introducing, and also of S. cynthia, which seems to be acclimated in Italy. «‘This species, I believe, is confined to the hills from 5000 feet upwards to 7000 feet, and perhaps higher ; it occurs also in Silhet, as Major Jenkins kindly sent me a drawing of what I take to be this species.” zi _ The transformations of Act. selene were also observed by Lady Isabella Rose Gilbert, and are figured among her Ladyship’s original drawings, from which those given in the Catal. Lep. Mus. India House (vol. ii. pl. 19.) were copied. 2. ActiAs M&Nas, Doubleday. Actias menas, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 95; West wood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 45. pl. 22. Tropea menas, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1263. Hab. Silhet. In British Museum Collection. This species differs from 4. selene in the following characters :— «The wings are yellow; the thorax is wholly purplish in front; the wings are red along the exterior margin, and have no exterior band ; the fore-wings have a band between the base and the ocellus, the ocellus being large and sickle-shaped, and very different from that of A. selene ; and the hind-wings have longer tails.” 3. AcCTIAS stnENsSIS, Walker. Tropea sinensis, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. 6. p. 1264 (1855). ee North China. In British Museum Collection. “‘ Male.—Yellow. Wings with a slender, deeply undulating, tawny middle band; ocellus rose-coloured in the centre, luteous in front, with a brown border, which is much darker and broader in front than elsewhere. Fore-wings rose-coloured along the costa. Hind- wings ferruginous along the exterior border and across the tails, which are much shorter than the breadth of the wings. Thorax rose-colour in front. Expanse about 4 inches.” Genus SaturniA, Schrank. Saturnia, Schrank, Faun. Boica, ii. pt. 11. f. 149 (1802). Pavonia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 157 (1816). Phalena-attacus, pt., Linnezeus. Types Saturnia pyri, S. spini, and 8. carpini of Europe. 9 REE ge 265 1. SaTuRNIA PYRETORUM, Boisduval. Saturnia pyretorum, Boisduval, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p-49.'pl. 24.f.2(1847) ; Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p.1273; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 404. Hab. China. In Collection, India House; British Museum. Milky-white ; costal and frontal band white, each wing with a moderate-sized oval black ocellus, having a slender fulvous line sur- mounted by pale blue lunule, and with a curved vitreous central streak ; beyond the middle of the wings are two strongly dentated slender dark lines, resting on a broad brownish submarginal band ; a brown band also on the exterior margin, base of fore-wings, and a sub-basal band on both fore- and hind-wings, dark brown. Head, hind part of thorax, and large anal tuft dark brown. Expanse 3 to 33 inches. 2. SATURNIA GROTEI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXV. fig. 2.) Saturnia grotei, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 404. Fore-wing pale buff-colour, brownish along the costa and about the apex, and thickly irrorated with black and brown seales to beyond the middle; a large black-margined, maroon-coloured ocel- lus, containing a narrow transverse white lunule; a submarginal black band, bounded inwardly with a double zigzag pale margined black line, which extends to near the apex, where the space contains a maroon-coloured patch and a black spot, both of which are irro- rated with white scales; exterior margin dull buff, with a row of narrow oval maroon-brown spots. Hind-wing brownish at the base and along the abdominal margin; the dise pink, containing a similar, but smaller ocellus, as the fore-wing; a submarginal black band, bounded inwardly by two undulated black lines, the inner line ex- tending round the ocellus; exterior margin dull buff, with a row of narrow oval maroon-brown spots. Thorax crossed by a pale buff line. Expanse nearly 3 inches. Hab. Darjeeling. In Museum, India House, London. Genus Arracus, Linnzeus. Phalena-attacus, Linnzeus, 8. N. i. pt. 2. p. 808 (1767). Attacus, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 155 (1816). Hyolophora, pt., Duncan, Nat. Libr. vii. 1. Arracus aTuas (Linneeus). Phalena-attacus atlas, Linneus, 8. N.1. pt. 2. p. 808 (1767) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 366; Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pp. 180, 183, pl. 381 .£.€) pl. 382. fk. Bombyx atlas, Fabricius, Syst Ent. p. 566 ; Spec. Ins. ii. p. 167 ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 108; Ent. Syst. mi. 1. p. 407; Olivier, Enc. Méth. Ins. v. p. 24. pl. 69. f. 1. Attacus atlas, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 156; Walker, List 266 Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p.1218; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii, p. 405. tae Phalena-attacus atlas,Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p.13. pl. 9.f. A. Var. Saturnia silhetica, Helfer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 41 (1837). Hab. China; N.&S. India; Ceylon; Burmah; Java. The larva and cocoon of this (the largest of all known Lepido- pterous insects) are figured on plate 20. of vol. ii. of the Catal. of Lep. Mus. India House, from the collection made by Dr. Horsfield in Java. “The larva feeds on the Molokka (Phyllanthus emblica), Kupu-gaja, &c., where it was abundant during December and January.” From the MS. Notes made by Lady Isabella Rose Gilbert in 1825, we extract the following :—“ A specimen (female) of this magnificent moth was brought to me on the 4th September. On the following morning she laid several pink-and-white eggs. On the 15th the young caterpillars were hatched. Being uncertain what plant they fed on, I placed them upon slips of different trees, viz. apple, peach, plum, &c. The young caterpillars were black, with numerous white spines ; as they grew larger and changed their skins, the spines be- came covered with a kind of white powder, giving them a very de- licate appearance, added to which the ground colour of the body, since the first few days after they were hatched, had become a light green. They always ate their skins after casting them. Those on the apple tree grew to an enormous size, and on the 12th October one of them began to prepare for its transformation, by bending back a large leaf and enclosing itself in a web, which it completed on the 13th. On the 22nd June following the moth came out.” It is said that the Chinese Tusseh silk is obtained from the cocoon of this species. 2. ATTACUS EDWARDsI, White. Attacus edwardsii, White, P.Z.S. (1859) p. 115. pl. 57; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 406. Hab. Darjeeling. In Collection British Museum and India House. This species is distinguished from Attacus atlas “by its intensely dark colour, especially on that band, bounded by angled and curved white, defined lines, in which the fenestrae occur. This band is of a dark blackish-brown, passing into a rich chestnut-brown above the fenestrze of the upper wings and on their posterior margin ; the inner margin of the lower wings is of this red-brown also; the fenestrae are not bounded by a margin of black scales as in Att. atlas, but by ochreous-yellow squamulation ; the part of the fenestra towards the base of the wings, which in 4é¢. atlas is curved convexly, is in Aét. edwardsivi straight; the fenestra is longer, the white lines on the wings, breaking up the brown so beautifully, are wider, and that on the lower wing is less scalloped than in 4ét. atlas; the margin of the lower wing on the outside has two much-waved lines ; the inner is yellow, with thirteen or fourteen undulations, continued on the 267 upper wing till it leaves off where the wing is dilated into the lobe, which gives the wing its hooked-like character; the lower line is brownish-black, and is straight, except in six places, where the black runs up the nerves triangularly to a point, and meets two of the yellow lobes, which are conjugate.” 3. Arracus cynTHIA (Drury). Phalena-attacus cynthia, Drury, Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 6. f. 2; App. p- ii. (1773) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. p. 62, pl. 39. f. A. Phalena cynthia, Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. p. 42. pl. 3; Buchanan, Descr. Dinajpur, p. 214; Helfer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 45. Bee cynthia, Olivier, Enc. Meth. Ins. v. p. 30. Samia cynthia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 156. Saturnia cynthia, Westwood’s ed. Drury’s Ins. ii. p. 12, pl. 6. f. 2. Attacus cynthia, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p. 1220. Saturnia arrundi, Royle, Reports on the Paris Universal Exhib. pt. 3. p. 216 (1856). Arrindy or Arrundi Silkworm Moth, Roxburgh, Helfer. Eria of Assam, Wugon, J. A. 8. Beng. vi. p. 21. Eri or Evia of Assam, Royle. Hab. Specimens in Museum, India House, from China, Assam, N. E. India, Thibet, Java. 4, ATTACUS RICINI (Boisduval). ? Phalena ricini, Sir W. Jones. Saturnia ricini, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 3rd ser. ii. p- 755 (1854). Attacus lunula, Walker, List Lep. Het. B.M. pt. 5. p.1221(1855). Attacus ricini, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, i. p. 407. Hab. Specimens in the Museum, India House, from N. KE. India, Assam ; and others in the British Museum from Ceylon. The specimens from Assam, under examination, are identical with those named A. dunula by Mr. Walker, and with others sent from Paris as A. ricini. Some of the references to the preceding species doubtless belong to this. Domesticated in Malta, Piedmont, Tripoli, France, and in the Island of Granada. The insect known to the Hindoos by the name of Arrindy in some parts, in others Arrundi, appears to be peculiar to the interior parts of Bengal ; and, so far as I can learn, to two districts only, viz. Di- nagepore and Rungpore, where the natives breed and rear it in a domestic state, as they do the common silkworm. The food of the caterpillar consists entirely of the common Ricinus, or Palma Christi, which the natives of these districts call Arrindy (hence the name of the insect), and is abundantly reared over every part of India, on account of the oil obtaimed from the seed. The late Sir William Jones mentions this insect in a letter to Dr. Anderson, dated 17 May, 1791, under the name of Phalena ricini :— 268 “‘ Eges pure white, which hatch in from ten to fifteen days. The larvee arrive at their full size, which is from 24 to 3 inches, in about one month, during which they cast their skins three or four times. They are very voracious. The cocoon, or covering thereof, is white or yellowish, of a very soft, delicate texture ; in general about 2 inches long and 3 in circumference, pointed at each end ; the perfect insect comes out after a period of from ten to twenty days.” Mr. Atkinson remarks, that ‘‘they are reared in a domestic state, and entirely feed on the Palma Christi plant. The cocoons are re- markably soft and white, or yellowish ; the filament so exceedingly delicate, as to render it impracticable to wind off the silk ; it is there- fore spun like cotton. The yarn, thus manufactured, is woven into a coarse kind of white cloth, of a seemingly loose texture, but of incredible durability, the life of one person being seldom sufficient to wear out a garment made of it.’’—(Dr. Roxburgh, Trans. Linn. Soc. vil. p. 42, 1804.) According to Mr. Hugon, the caterpillar of the Eria (see Journ. A. 8. Beng. vi. pp. 23, 24), in a domesticated state at Assam, “is, when young, about 1 inch in length, and nearly black; as it in- creases in size it becomes of an orange colour, with six black spots on each of the segments; the head and legs are black ; after the second moult they change to an orange colour; that of the body becomes lighter, in some approaching to white, in others to green, and the black spots gradually become the colour of the body ; after the fourth and last moult, the colour is a dirty white or a dark green: the white caterpillars invariably spin red silk, the green ones white. On attaining its full size, the worm is about 33 inches long; its colours are uniform and dull; the breathing holes denoted by a black mark,—the moles have become the colour of the body, and have increased to long fleshy points, without the sharp prickles the Moonga worm has; the body has a few short hairs, hardly percep- tible. In four days the cocoon is completed. The hill tribes settled in the plains are very fond of eating the chrysalis. “The Arrindy, Arria, or Eria silkworm is reared over a great part of Hindostan, but more especially in the districts of Dinajpur and Ranjpur, in houses, in a domesticated state, and feeds chiefly on the leaves of Ricinus communis. The silk of this species has hitherto never been wound off, but people spun it like cotton. It is so pro- ductive as to give sometimes twelve broods of spun silk in the year. The worm grows rapidly, and offers no difficulty whatever for an extensive speculation.”’ (Dr. Helfer, J. A.S. Beng. 1837, p. 45.) In the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India (vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 61) is an accouut of the successful experiment of winding off the silk from the cocoon of the Eria worm. Some further accounts also appear in the Transactions of the Entomolo- gical Society of London for December 1854, and reprinted in the above Agricult. and Horticult. Soc. Journal, vol. ix. pt. 2. p. 29. ‘One of the most active and distinguished of the members of the Society of Acclimation, M. Guérin-Méneville, who has been especially interested in the introduction of new silkworms, has recently succeeded oe es so ae 269 in acclimatizing in France a new silkworm from China, where it lives on the varnish-tree (dilanthus glandulosus). The species is the true B. cynthia of Drury (1773), figured for the first time by Dau- benton, jun., in his coloured plates, which were published between 1760 and 1765, and raised for some centuries in China, where its silk clothes the people. Roxburgh, in 1804, supposed the Hria which is raised in British India to be the same; and this confusion has continued till recently : so that the Hrza (or ‘ Arrindy-arria,’ as it is called in Hindostan) has gone by the name of Saturnia cynthia. The Lria is a different species, living on the Ricinus. «The study of the species by Guérin-Méneville has brought to light differences between the two in the cocoons and the habits of the worms. ‘The cocoons carded give an excellent flock of silk, which is used in China and Bengal for very firm tissues. The colour of the silk isa fine flax-grey ; and clothes made of it are not injured by the rain, or oil, and wear long.’’—(From ‘ Silliman’s Journal,’ Noy. 1858 ; vide Ann. N. H. Jan. 1859.) 5. ATTACUS GUERINI, Moore. (Annulosa, Pl. LXV. fig. 3.) dttacus guerini, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Ind. House, ii. p. 409 (1858). on May be distinguished from 4. cynthia and -d. ricini by its smaller size and darker colour, the fore-wings having the two transverse white lines jomed together about the middle, the junction forming a somewhat rounded spot ; and by its being without the lunate vitreous streak, which is replaced by a small yellowish spot, which spot, in some specimens, is nearly obsolete. Hind-wing with a small rounded, yellowish, slightly vitreous spot. Expanse from 33 to 33 inches. Hab. Bengal. In Museum, India House. The following remarks by M. Guérin-Méneville appeared in the Annals of Nat. Hist. June 1859, entitled “ Fertile Hybrids of two species of Saturnia” :— «‘ Last year I succeeded in getting some females of Bombyx cyn- thia fecundated by males of Bombyx arrindia*, and vice versd; and the eggs laid by them produced caterpillars. These caterpillars, reared last autumn, have shown nearly all the characters of B. cynthia, which is the wider and more vigorous of the two species. Their cocoons, although resembling a little those of B. arrindia by their deeper colour, conducted themselves in the same manner as those of B. cynthia ; that is to say, being kept in a similar tempera- ture, the moths did not come out in the winter, as those of B. arrin- dia constantly do. However, the influence of this latter species has been felt from this first generation; for, having placed some hybrid cocoons in the reptile-room of the Museum, where the tem- perature is never below 13° Centigrade, the moths came out at the end of March, whilst those of B. cynthia proper, which I had placed by their side for comparison, have not stirred yet. The moths pro- * T am in doubt as to what species is here indicated. 270 duced by this hybridation show on the whole, as their caterpillars have done, more of the character of B. cynthia than of B. arrindia. They are larger; their abdomen is brown, with white tufts,—not white, as in B. arrindia ; the band across their wings is edged with rosy atoms instead of whitish-grey, as in B. arrindia: however, they resemble this species inasmuch as their wings are of a browner and deeper colour than those of B. cynthia. The species which pre- dominates physically is B. cynthia; but morally, so to speak, the influence of the other species has been more strongly felt; for the hybrids of the two categories give caterpillars which, although re- sembling those of B. cynthia, are less wild, or more domestic, which assimilates them to the caterpillars of B. arrindia. These hybrids take from B. arrindia the faculty of leaving their cocoons earlier, without, however, continually coming out during winter; and it is worthy of note that hybrids obtained from the female B. cynthia and male B. arrindia have come out a few days earlier than the opposite hybrids. “TI may add that the hybrids are polyphagous, as nearly all the Bombyces are ; for they may be fed with teazel-leaves, as wellas the ordinary silkworms, which have been fed at all times with lettuce, Scorzonera, goat’s-beard, bind-weed, elm, rose-tree, and privet-leaves, &c.”’—(Comptes Rendus, April 11, 1859 ; Reprinted in ‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.’ June 1859.) In conclusion, I beg to add a few references where additional re- marks on silk-producing moths, more interesting to the general reader, will be found, viz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1837, pp. 21, 38; Trans. Linn. Soe. London, vol. vii. p. 33 ; Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 88; vol. ix. pt. 3. pp. 259, 391; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 68; Proc. Entom. Soc. Lond. for Dec. 1854; Journal of the Society of Arts for Feb. 6th, 1857 ; the trans- , lation from the Chinese of the works of Tseu-kwang-k’he, Shanghae, 1849; and the Report on the Raw Products of Southern India in Madras Exhibition, 1858; Dr. Balfour’s Cyclopeedia of India; No- land’s History of the British Empire in India, pp: 211, 403. 13. A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE GENUS TEREBRA, AND A DrE- SCRIPTION OF New Species. By Mons. DresHayes. Mr. Hinds, in 1844, published in the ‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum ’ a very complete Monograph of the genus Terebra. When, ten years afterwards, we studied this beautiful group of Molluscs in the magnifi- cent collection of Mr. Cuming, we did not suppose that the number of species would be considerably augmented; but the actual fact disabused us of this notion, for it was not without surprise we saw the number of species had nearly doubled itself. Mr. Cuming proposed to put at our disposal all these valuable materials, if we would undertake to publish them ; and we recognized 271 in this generous offer that exalted love of science which has always guided him. For we must say that Mr. Cuming is not only the zealous collector who has had the merit of bringing together the most ex- tensive collection of recent shells in existence, but that, whilst adhering faithfully to the rule he has imposed upon himself, to write nothing himself on Conchology, he has exercised notwithstanding for the last five and thirty years the most favourable influence upon that science. Whilst on his long and arduous travels, Mr. Cuming has often gathered precious observations on the habits of the Molluscous ani- mals, their localities, the various depths of the sea they live in, and the nature of the bottoms they prefer. These observations, commu- nicated without reserve to authors, have become part and parcel of science, and have shown to other investigators that such an example should be followed, in order to obtain in time competent notions of the geographical distribution of molluscous animals. This knowledge, in its infancy and still imperfect, will become of the last importance to Geology and Paleontology, when the distribution of beings existing during past geological periods comes to be com- - pared with that of those we now witness ; for already the first attempt of Forbes shows the interest attached to these questions, to illustrate which the observations of Mr. Cuming have been of such great value. ‘Adanson, in 1757, in his ‘Voyage to Senegal,’ instituted the genus Terebra, to include those species which Linnzeus afterwards included in his genus Buccinum. It is true that Adanson’s genus brought together two very distinct forms of mollusks; one group belonging to true Buccinum, and to be comprehended within that genus ; whilst the other contains species which have been considered by Brugiére and Lamarck as typical of the genus Terebra, and this genus, so reconstituted, has been recognized by all naturalists. Notwithstanding this unanimity with respect to the genus, an attempt has been made by Schumacher and supported by Blainville, to make an alteration in its constitution. Schumacher, in fact, pro- poses to give the name Tereéra to the bucciniform species, and to call the others by a new generic name re-formed by Brugic¢re and Lamarck. This change might have been brought about if, during the time of Adanson, the genus Buccinum had not been established by Linnzeus, since which period it has only been necessary to embrace under it the two species erroneously referred to Bueermwmn-by Adanson, and in this way the genus becomes naturally constituted. The nomenclature of Brugicre and Lamarck ought therefore to be retained. The inutility of the genus Subula of Schumacher is in this manner demonstrated. Heeding but little the nomenclature established before his time, Humphrey, a man remarkable for the sagacity he has shown in an Essay on the classification of shells, called(Zerebrax. Turritella,’,and proposed the name of Acus for the true Terebra of Adanson ‘ind Brugiére. No one had dreamt of this genus till the Messrs. Adams recently attempted to establish it in their work intituled ‘The Genera of 272 Recent Mollusca.’ These naturalists support their views by a fact mentioned first by Blainville, and confirmed by Souleyet, that the animal of T. maculata has the tentacles very thin and short, carrying the eyes at their summits. Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard on the con- trary prove that in 7. dimidiata, referred notwithstanding to the genus Acus of Humphrey by the Messrs. Adams, the eyes are placed at the middle of the tentacles. These are the very words of these naturalists (‘Zoology of the Voyage of the Astrolabe,’ vol. it. p. 462):—“ The animal has a tolerably large head; the distant tentacles are excessively thin and short, and one can hardly perceive the eyes about the middle of their length.” On the subject of the Terebra, the same naturalists add some interesting details. ‘This species (Terebra subulata) is figured,” they say, “at page 465, to show that the animal does not differ from the preceding (7. dimidiata) ; its head is prolonged into the form of a little muzzle, which disappears when the siphon expands and is put out ; the tentacles are bigger and less distinct. We believe that in that one which we saw the eyes were placed altogether at their extremities ; this arose probably from the contraction of the points which surmount them.” Hence, according to the facts established by Blainville, Souleyet, and Quoy and Gaimard, there would be in the group of Acus, as re- employed by the Messrs. Adams, some species having the eyes at the tip of the tentacles, and others bearing them at the middle of those organs. It also follows that in the Terebra proper of the Messrs. Adams, to which T. subulata belongs, the eyes appeared situated at the extremity of the tentacles, if we admit the doubt expressed by M. Quoy on the subject of the contraction of the upper ends of the tentacles. , What has just been said will tend to weaken much this division into two genera of the species belonging to the old genus Terebra of Lamarck. Before we admit the genus deus, we think it more pru- dent and wise to await the result of further observations. This seems the more necessary, as in the shells we do not notice any con- stant character by the help of which we could distimctly and easily separate the genera. There are found a great number of links between the different forms of the aperture of the columella, of the notch, and of the short terminal canal. The external form and the diversity of ornamentation, are repeated from one group to the other. Also, in examining the characters given by the Messrs. Adams, we find that the most important, and that to which these authors attri- bute the most value, is borrowed from the animal; that is to say, the position of the eyes on the tentacles. It might, perhaps, be interesting to put forth the various opinions of naturalists upon the relative position to be assigned to the genus which occupies us at present, in a natural arrangement of molluscous animals; but, to show with certainty the opinions successively ad- vanced, it would be necessary to enumerate in detail all the facts already known respecting the organization of the animal, to deduce from these facts the whole of the differences and resemblances with 273 other known genera, and so by these means to ascertain which is the best of these classifications. Had it been our task to publish a complete monograph of the genus, we should have prosecuted all the researches necessary for thoroughly illustrating this subject ; but, as we are confined to a gene- ral review for the sake of placing in the genus a description of a great number of new species, we feel bound to abstain from all which does not immediately concern the task we have undertaken, as the reader may supply what is wanting by consulting the works of the naturalists quoted above. When we enumerate the species of Terebra, published by natural- ists of the last century, we are astonished at the small number. In the 12th edition of the ‘Systema Naturee,’ Linnzeus had put together only ten in the 7th section of his genus Buccinum, which includes only Terebra. . Martini and Chemnitz in their great work added a few species. Schroeter, having observed in the old plates a considerable number of figures that had been overlooked, separated them carefully from each other, and placed them in the genus after the Linnzean species, but only distinguished them by numbers, so preparing the way for Gmelin, who unscrupulously and without quoting him, contented himself with putting a specific name to each of Schreeter’s numbers, and bor- rowing his synonyms, good and bad. 7 A deep study of the two works enabled me some years ago to dis- cover the unscrupulous plagiarism of Gmelin. In the work of Gmelin, the 13th edition of the ‘Systema Naturee,’ the number of species was considerably increased, for we find as many as forty-three. But this number would be greatly diminished if we submitted all the species to a strict examination, and we shall find that, besides a number of species absolutely unascertainable, we have turreted shells of Melampus, Melania, Fusus or Pleurotoma, Ireton, Buccinum, Cerithium, Pyrula, Achatina, Pyramidella, and Turritella. If from this miserable list we suppress duplicates, we shall find the number of true Terebre (whose synonymy Gmelin had talent enough to make most incorrect) will exceed but little that of the 12th edition of the ‘ Systema Nature.’ Lamarck has doubled the number of the species of Linnzeus in his ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres ;’? but at the end of the genus he places two which do not possess the generic characters, and should be taken from the Tereére@ and put with Buccinum, where we have already placed them. Our travelling naturalists, from the great scientific expeditions they have undertaken, have been enabled to enrich the public collections with a great number of new species. Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard con- tributed a few of them collected during the voyage of the ‘Astrolabe.’ M. Kiener added some others in his ‘Species générales et Icono- graphie des Coquilles vivantes,’ and carried up to thirty-five only the number figured and described. Shortly afterwards Dr. Gray described summarily in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society No. 401.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 274 of London,’ in 1834, twenty new species, among which some remained doubtful ; and lastly Mr. Hinds, in 1843, in the work we have pre- viously cited, after having described fifty new species, coming almost all from the Cumingian Collection, gave a prodromus of a complete monograph of the genus, and raised the number of the species known to one hundred and eight. This Monograph, accompanied by very good figures, was published by the author the followmg year im the ‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum’ of Mr. Sowerby. This very considerable number was still farther augmented by Messrs. Adams and Reeve, who described ten species. Since the publication of these two works, Mr. Cuming has con- tinually added to his collection all the new species he could obtain possession of. We remark amongst his recent acquisitions some objects most worthy of attention, on account of their elegant orna- mentation and colours, as also the novelty of their forms. To these precious materials put at our disposal, we have joined those we had collected ourselves, and M. Edouard Verreaux has permitted us to add some other species in order to render our task more complete. Thanks to so favourable a combination, we are able now to add seventy-five species to those already known, which has raised the number to nearly two hundred, if we exclude duplicates and doubt- ful species; for, had we enumerated indiscriminately all the names given, they would have amounted to more than two hundred. We are happy to do justice to the sagacity displayed by the Messrs. Adams in bringing together and grouping the species of the genus Terebra according to their natural affinities. Before we had consulted their work we had arrived at nearly similar conclusions. It is useful and even necessary to multiply, as much as the characters permit, the subdivisions, when so great a number of species have to be arranged. By means of this artifice it becomes more easy to naturalists to determine the characters of the species they possess, —an ungrateful and repulsive task, when they are obliged in every case to wade through nearly two hundred descriptions. If we had had at our disposal all the species known we should have essayed to divide them by means of the dichotomic method so admirably made use of by Lamarck in the study of plants, for fizures can never supply the place of natural objects. Those published by Mr. Sowerby in the ‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum’ to accompany Mr. Hind’s Monograph, have the inconvenience of showing the large species reduced in size and making the smaller of their natural size, whilst, to show their characters well, they should have been consider- ably enlarged. In the general catalogue of the species of the genus we shall not repeat the observations already published by us in the 2nd edition of the work of Lamarck, the ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres,’ vol. x. p. 236 and following. We applied ourselves in that work to rectify and complete the synonymy of the known species. An attentive comparison of our synonymy with that of Linneus, Gmelin, and others, will show that we have not spared pains to obtain more favourable results than our predecessors. We shall not therefore 279 have to repeat here the same labour, but merely to refer to the syn- onymy only where it is absolutely necessary to guide the reader in his search after species. Thirty-seven new species have been described and figured in the ‘ Zeitschrift fir Malacologie’ for 1846; they were named and placed where they should stand in the completed series. Other species equally new will be described according to natural characters which link them with their congeners: thus will be found completed the series of species that can be at this day admitted into the genus. Besides the admissible species, there will remain sixty or more names introduced from different motives into the genus, and which we ought to reject. Of these we shall make an alphabetical list, and introduce a few brief observations to show why we have rejected them. Some are names repeated, others are uncertain species insufficiently described or badly figured, and the rest have been given to species not belonging to the genus. The Terebre have the closest relation to Buccinum, as Concho- logists well know, and it fell to Lamarck to introduce two species of true Buccinum amongst the Terebre. And the reverse has also taken place, for some true Terebre have been ranged with Buecinum. These facts show how nearly these two genera are related; and so it seems natural to place first the species most nearly allied to Buccinum, and lastly those which are farthest removed from them. Genus TEREBRA. PREMIERE Division (Acus, Humphrey). A. Coquille buccinoide (Sous-genre Zuryta, A. Adams). 1. TeREBRA AciIcuLATA, Lamk. Buccinum aciculatum, Lamk. An. s. vert. 2° ed. t. 10. p. 175. no. 41. Terebra aciculata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 183, pl. 45. f. 104. Hab. Acapulco ; Xipixapi. 2. TEREBRA COSENTINI, Phil. Terebra cosentini, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. t. 1. p. 227. pl. 11. | f. 29; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 184. pl. 45. f. 107. Hab. Tarento (Philippi). Aprés avoir donné ce nom a cette espéce dans le premier volume de ses Mollusques de Sicile, M. Philippi la réunit 4 la 7. aciculata dans le second volume du méme ouvrage. Nous aurions suivi cet ex- emple si déja plusieurs fois on ne nous avait mentionné cette forme dans le Méditerranée. Avant de supprimer l’espéce il est convenable d’attendre de nouvelles observations. 276 3. TEREBRA NODOSOPLICATA, Dunker. Terebra nodosoplicata, Dunker, Zeits. fir Malac. 1853, p. 110. no. 37. Hab. Q 4, TEREBRA FULGURATA, Phil. Terebra fulgurata, Phil. Zeits. fiir Malac. 1846, p. 53. 1847, p- 181, no. 14. Terebra arguta, Gould, Mex. et Calif. Shells, p. 7. pl. 14. f. 19. Hab. California; Mazatlan ; Guatemala. 5. TEREBRA TIARELLA, Desh. /*% 7 Jde Conchy 614! T. testa elongata, turrita, angusta, acuminata, fulva, anfrac- tibus latis, primis longitudinaliter tenue plicatis, alteris ad suturam nodoso-crenatis, transversim obsolete rare striatis, striis exilibus incisis ; ultimo anfractu elongato, cylindraceo ; apertura intus fulva, elongata, angusta, canali brevi terminata; columella recta, cylindracea, contortula, intus uniplicata. Var. 3. Testa castaneo fuscescente, tuberculis pallidioribus. Var. y. Testa omnino candida. Long. 32 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Cape Natal. Collection Cuming. B. Coquille alongée subulée. 6. TEREBRA CRENULATA, Lamk. Buceinum crenulatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1205. Var. 2. Buccinum varicosum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 165 ; Seba, Mus. t.3. pl.56, f. 1:7. Hab. Madagascar ; Ocean de l’Inde, &c. 6. TBREBRA FIMBRIATA, Desh. /£9/. ~ de Conch C17! T. testa elongato-conica, basi lata, apice acuminata, castaneo- Suscescente alboque marmorata, ad marginem superiorem lineis brevibus, castaneis fimbriata, punctulis castaneis, biseriatim distantibus, in ultimo anfractu triseriatim ornata ; anfractibus latis, planis, sulco impresso divisis; primis tenue plicatis, alteris levigatis ; margine suturali convexiusculo, obsolete noduloso ; nodulis sepius albis; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, intus fusca, basi late emarginata ; columella alba cylindracea. Long. 88 mill., larg. 19. Hab. 2 Collection Cuming et la mienne. Chord 277 8. TEREBRA INTERLINEATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, conica, valde acuminata, alba pallide fravicante, maculis rufis irregularibus nubeculata et punctulis saturatioribus biseriatim et in ultimo anfractu triseriatim dis- positis; anfractibus octodecim planis sulco inequaliter divisis, primis plicatis, ultimis obsolete plicatis ; margine suturali albo, plicato, linea rufa plicis interposita ; ultimo anfractu basi con- vexo, levigato, canali brevi profunde emarginato terminato ; apertura elongato-subquadrata, albida ; columella albida, cy- lindracea, uniplicata. Long. 60 mill., larg. 13. Hab. Les Iles Sandwich. Collection Cuming. Elle a des rapports avec le T. fimbriata, avec des caractéres spé- cifiques qui lui sont propres. 9. TEREBRA PATAGONICA, d’Orb. Terebra patagonica, d Orb. Voy. en Amér. Moll. p. 442. pl. 62. 1. Up ga Ue 10. TEREBRA TROCHLEA, Desh. Ide Conchy T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, apice acutissimo, fulvo- Suscescente, albo maculata et flammulata, maculis albis multo minoribus ; anfractibus latis, longitudinaliter plicatis, sulco lato profundeque in duas areas bipartitis ; area angustiore, depressa, minus elevata, nodulosa, in anfractibus ultimis no- dulis evanescentibus ; apertura ovato-angusta, basi dilatata, late emarginata ; columella alba, uniplicata. Long. 69 mill., larg. 13. fMab. Zanzibar. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 11. TEREBRA SOWERBYANA, Desh. (f°7 Jo @ Che ie T. testa conico-elongata, albida vel pallide rufescente ; anfrac- tibus latis, planis, sulco impresso divisis, longitudinaliter un- dato-plicatis, plicis distantibus, angulatis, interstitis obsole- tissime bi- vel tri-striatis ; ultimo anfractu elongato, basi de- pressiusculo, strus transversalibus distantibus notato; aper- tura parum obliqua, elongato-angusta, subquadrangulari, antice canali breve terminata; columella valde contorta, profunde biplicata. Long. 56 mill., larg. 12. Hab. La mer de Gambie. Collection Cuming. ! ] Ce Ce fi eny se fs Of 12. TEREBRA REEVEI, Desh. // 7 / T. testa elongato-subulata, omnino pallide albo-flavidula ; an- fractibus numerosis, latis, sulco profundo angusto divisis, suturis profundis, crenulatis, longitudinaliter tenue et regula- 278 riter plicatis ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, late profundeque emarginata ; columella candida, cylindracea, unt- plicata, angulo oblique descendente basi circumdata. Long. 92 mill., larg. 11. Hab. Les les Moluques. Collection Cuming. Belle espéce voisine de la T. duplicata, mais plus courte et plus sombre; elle rappelle un nom cher a la science Conchyliologique. 13. TEREBRA GOULDI, Desh. /%5 7 d.de bonchq ©: cat T'. testa elongato-subulata, crassiuscula, albo-lutescente; anfrac- tibus planulatis, latis, transversim sulco inequaliter bipartitis ; area suturali nodoso-plicata, nodulis albis, interstitis fuscescen- tibus ; altera latiore tenue plicata, zonula fuscescente superne distincta ; ‘ultimo anfractu elongato, zonulis duabus fuscis ornato ; apertura elongato-subquadrata ; columella alba, erecta, margine dextro parallela, cylindracea, extus angulo acuto separata. Long. 70 mill., larg. 18. Hab. Les Les Sandwich. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 14. TEREBRA SENEGALENSIS, Lamk. Terebra senegalensis, le Faval, Adanson, Voy. au Senegal, p. 54, pl. 4. f. 5; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 160. no. 27. pl. 41. f. 11-14. Hab. Sénégal. 15. TEREBRA CINGULA, Kien. Terebra cingula, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 30. no. 25. pl. 9. f. 19. Hab. Sénégal. 16. TEREBRA FATUA, Hinds. Terebra fatua, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 58. no. 20. pl. 42. f. 28. Hab. St. Christophe (Indes occidentales). 17. TerEpRA Festiva, Desh. /£27 ‘ce Conch 6/74 T. testa elongato-conica, angusta, acuminata, fulva ; anfractibus latis, suleo impresso divisis ; margine suturali lato, plicis no- dulosis, crassiusculis, albicantibus notato, interstitits castaneis ; altera parte anfractuum tenue et regulariter plicata, inter- stitus stmplicibus, obsolete maculis pallide castaneis, biseriatim, in ultimo anfractu triseriatim picta ; ultimo anfractu elongato; apertura oblonga, angusta, late emarginata. Long. 39 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Sénégal. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 279 18. 'TEREBRA SPECIOSA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, apice acuminato, flava, in margine an- Sractuum castaneo regulariter maculata ; longitudinaliter tenue plicata, anfractibus latis, planiusculis, sulco impresso, inequa- liter bipartitis; margine suturali, late plicato, albescente ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, basi profunde mar- ginata ; columella acuta, conoidea, extus angulo angusto, cir- cumdata. Hab. ? Collection Cuming et la mienne. Par sa forme et sa coloration cette coquille se rapproche de la Te- rebra festiva: elle s’en distingue par plusieurs bons caractéres ; les tours sont élargis, peu convexes ; le bourelet de la suture est assez large, peu proéminent, et il présente avec le reste de la surface un contraste assez remarquable : on y remarque en effet des plis larges, réguliers, blanchatres, entre chacun desquels se dessine une tache d’un beau brun. Ces plis, au lieu d’étre en méme nombre que ceux du reste de la surface, occupent un espace beaucoup plus large, de telle sorte que chacun d’eux regoit deux ou trois des plis qui par- courent la surface supérieure des tours. Long. 39 mill., larg. 7. 19. TEREBRA DILLWyNII, Desh. T. testa elongato-conica, subulata, in medio ventricosiuscula, pallide fulva ; anfractibus quindecim, planulatis, sulco impresso divisis, regulariter costellatis, levigatis ; margine suturali lato, plicis albulis maculisque castaneis interstitialibus notato ; ultimo anfractu breviusculo, obtuso; apertura quadrata, bre- viuscula, antice late profundeque emarginata ; columella brevi, Susea, cylindracea, extus angulo acutissimo circumdata. Long. 40 mill., larg. 9. Hab. Les mers du Japon. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 20. TEREBRA RAPHANULA, Lamk. Terebra raphanula, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 21, no.16, pl.10. f. 20; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 159. no. 23. pl. 44. f. 94. Hab. Amboine. En rapprochant les figures que nous citons, on remarque entre elles des differences assez considérables pour faire supposer qu elles appar- tiennent 4 deux espéces distinctes. 21. TEREBRA MARMORATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuto, fusco alboque alternatim et irregulariter maculata, marmorata, ad suturam maculis intensioribus seriatim dispositis ; anfractibus primis violaceo-lividis, ultimo ad peripheriam albo cincto; anfractibus angustis, longitudinaliter et regulariter costatis in ultimis cos- 280 tulis evanescentibus, transversim striato-punctatis, linea punc- tata profundiore marginatis, margine plicato ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi quinque-sulcato, convexo ; apertura ovato-angusta, utringue attenuato, antice canal angusto, profundo, brevi ter- minato. Long. 41 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Moreton Bay. Collection Cuming. 22. TeEREBRA CHLORATA, Lamk. Buecinum maculatum, var. 3, Gmel. p. 3499. no. 130. Terebra chlorata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 24. pl. 6. f. 2. Hab. Iles Seychelles. 23. TEREBRA EBURNEA, Hinds. Terebra eburnea, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p.166. no. 45. pl. 45. f. 123. Hab. Wes Seychelles. 24. TereBRA PUNCTICULATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-conica, crassiuscula, acuminata, omnino candida, longitudinaliter plicata, interstitis plicarum profunde puncti- culatis ; plicis regularibus, depressis, latis, obtusis ; anfracti- bus circiter quindecim angustis, convextusculis, linea transversalt puncticulata subequaliter divisis ; ultimo bast convexo, tenue sulcato; apertura minima, ovato-acuminata, basi angustata ; columella conica, uniplicata, basi extus angulo circumdata. Long. 25 mill., long. 6. Hab. ? Ma Collection. Espéce facile 4 distinguer par les profondes fourbisations situées entre les plis longitudineaux. 25. TEREBRA MACULATA, Lamk. Buccinum maculatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1205. Acus columna trajana, Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. p. 31. no. 865. Subula maculata, Blainv. Malac. pl. 16. f. 2. Terebra maculata, Kiener, Icon. des Cog. Viv. p.4. no. 1. pl. 1. fale Hab. Tes Moluques. 26. TEREBRA STRIGATA, Sow. Terebra strigata, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 23. Buccinum elongatum, Gray, Wood, Ind. Test. Sup. pl. 4, f. 25. Terebra cebra, Kieuw, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 5. no. 2. pl. 3. f. 5. Terebra flammea, Lesson, Illus. Zool. pl. 18. Hab. Panama, Realejo. 27. TEREBRA ALBIDA, Gray. Terebra albida, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 158. no. 21. pl. 43. f. 96. Hab. Nouvelle Hollande. 281 28. TEREBRA MUSCARIA, Lamk. Terebra muscaria, Lamk. Anim. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. 10. p. 241; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 151. no. 11. pl. 41. f. 17-20, pl. 42. f. 41. Hab. Mles de la Société, ete. 29. TEREBRA TIGRINA, Desh. Terebra tigrina, Desh. dans Lamk. au. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. 10. p. 253. Buccinum tigrinum, Gmel. p. 2602. Buccinum felinum, Dillw. Cat. t. 2. p. 644. no. 135. Terebra muscaria, var. (3, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 3. f. 4. Hab. Ocean indien. 30. TEREBRA DIMIDIATA, Lamk. Buccinum dimidiatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206. Subula dimidiata, Schumacher, Nouv. Syst. p. 233. Terebra dimidiata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 6. no. 3. pl. 2. fe 25 Hab. Ocean indien, Moluques, Nicobar. 2 ae - 31. TEREBRA SPLENDENS, Desh. /£°7 J o2@ Covch 6) 7- T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, angusta, apice acutissimo, ni- tente, levigata; anfractibus latis, convexiusculis, sulco im- presso bipartita, primis tenue plicatis; area marginali paulo depressiore, unicolore, flavido-rubente ; area altera latiore, ma- culis flammulatis alternatim albis et flavido-rubescentibus or- nata ; apertura obliqua, semi-ovata, angusta ; basi late emar- ginata; columella parumper obliqua, intus plana, basi extus angulo acuto circumdata. Long. 79 mill., larg. 12. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Ma Collection. 32. TreREBRA PURA, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, candida, nitente, eburnea ; anfractibus latis, vix convexiusculis, sulco impresso, obsoleto, divisis, primis tenue plicatis, alteris levigatis vel substriatis, ultimo elongato, attenuato; apertura elongato-angusta, antice late emarginata, columella subcylindracea, extus angulo crasso, decurrente soluta. Long. 69 mill., larg. 11. Hab. Zanzibar. Collection Cuming. ft roan TER ar Lb ep ng yao) 33. TEREBRA GLABRA, Desh. /f47 Sede CoOoncny, ¢:70!% T. testa turrito-subulata, acuminata, albida, polita, nitida, em- 3 > maculata, aliquantisper flavicante ; anfractibus numerosis, an- gustis, planulatis, sulco impresso divisis, ultimo brevi, primis > 282 tenue plicatis, alteris levigatis; margine suturali paululum prominulo et convexo, ad suturam crenato, in sulco punctato- crenato; apertura elongato-angusta, antice canali brevi termi- nata, columella contortula, brevi, cylindracea. Long. 70 mill., larg. 13. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Ma Collection. 34. TerEBRA Buccinutum, Desh. /f°7 J oe Covey © T. testa elongato-turrita, brevicula, acuminata, albo-griseola ; anfractibus convexiusculis, latis, integris, ad suturas tenue longitudinaliter plicatis, transversim sub lente minutissime striatis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, ad extremitates attenuata, antice profunde emarginata ; columella concava, brevi, unipli- cata, extus tristriata, bast margine angusto obtuso circumdata. Long. 37 mill., larg. 10. Hab. La cote orientale de l Australie. Collection Cuming. 35. TEREBRA HASTATA, Kiener. Buccinum hastatum, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 144. Terebra hastata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 22. no. 17. pl. 10. f. 23. Terebra costata, Menke, Synops. p. 84. Hab. ? 36. TEREBRA SOLIDA, Desh. /** T. testa elongata, oblonga, solida, obesula, in medio ventricosa, apice acuto, albo-eburnea ; anfractibus planis, contiguis, longi- tudinaliter plicatis, in primis plicts profundioribus, in ultimis obsoletis, linea pallida translucida in medio bipartitis ; ultimo anfractu elongato, attenuato, transversim trifasciato ; aper- tura elongato-angusta, basi late profundeque emarginata ; co- lumella crassa, superne uniplicata. Long. 30 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Le Japon. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 37. TEREBRA CRASSULA, Desh. T. testa elongata, subfusiformi, crassa, solida, alba, ad apicem flavida, longitudinaliter plicata, plicis regularibus, obliquatis, undulosis ; sutura regulariter crenulata ; ultimo anfractu elon- gato, cylindraceo; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, basi late profundeque emarginata; columella crassa, conica, superne uniplicata, extus sulco impresso marginata. Long. 27 mill., larg. 7. Hab. 2 Ma Collection. G2 9 Hy oe Co NC h y 6 i TG 283 38. TEREBRA OBESA, Hinds. Terebra obesa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 94. pl. 45. f. 106. Hab. 54° 4 ale ~f 39. TEREBRA CIRCUMCINCTA, Desh. /*? 7. Ide Conchy. ©. T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, solida, alba, strigis nonnul- lis raris flavidulis irregulariter sparsa; anfractibus vix con- veaiusculis, transversim quadrisulcatis, sulcis impressis, multi- punctatis ; in ultimo anfractu sulcis novem ; apertura elon- gata, angusta, subquadrata, antice anguste emarginata ; colu- mella crassa, brevi, uniplicata. Long. 40 mill., larg. 8. Hab. La Mer Rouge. Collection Cuming. C. Coquille subulée, tours aplatis, conjoints, le plus souvent striés sur la suture. (a.) Ouverture étroite. 1. Stries fines sur la suture. 40. TEREBRA LANCEATA, Lamk. Buccinum lanceatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206. Terebra lanceata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 178. no. 82. pl. 43. f. 52. Hab. Taiti, Ile de France, Moluques. 41. TEREBRA PENICILLATA, Hinds. Terebra lanceata, var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 10. f. 22 a. Hab. Iles Seychelles. 42. TEREBRA VENOSA, Hinds. Terebra Ce var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 10. f. 22 6. Hab. 43. TEREBRA ALBULA, Menke. Terebra albula, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec. p. 30. no. 163 ; Uae Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 93. pl. 45. f. 126. Hab. Nouvelle Hollande. 44, TeEREBRA INCOLOR, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, subfusiformi, paulo ventricosa, crassa, solida, candidissima ; anfractibus planulatis, primis longitudi- naliter plicatis, alteris plicis breviusculis ornatis, in suturam crenulatis ; apertura prelonga, ovato-attenuata ; columella brevi, crassa, subcylindracea, late profundeque emarginata. Long. 34 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Mes Philippines. Collection Cuming. 284 Par sa forme générale cette coquille se rapproche de la Terebra hastata de Lamk. ; elle avoisine également notre Terebra crassula. Atténude au sommet elle est légérement ventral dans le milieu; ses tours sont trés-nettement s¢parés, ils sont aplatis ou trés-mediocrement convexes. Sur les premiers s’étendent d’une suture 4 l’autre des plis longitudinaux simples et droits; bientot ces plis n’atteignent plus que la partie inférieure des tours ; le reste de la surface est lisse ; la suture est crenelée avec beaucoup de régularité. Le dernier tour est allongé, cylindracé ; l’ouverture, trés-longue et trés-étroite, est largement échancrée 41a base. La columelle est plus courte que le bord droit. 45. TEREBRA CasTA, Hinds. Terebra casta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 163. no. 42. pl. 44. f. 84. Hab. Philippines. 46. TEREBRA DISPAR, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, albo-flavidula, aliquantisper griseo-fasciata, longitudinaliter tenue plicata, transversim acu- tissime striata; anfractibus numerosis, planulatis, continuis, plicis in medio evanescentibus ; apertura elongato-angusta ; co- lumella brevi, acuta, late profundeque basi emarginata. Long. 29 mill., larg. 6. Hab. t Ma Collection. 47. TEREBRA BIPARTITA, Desh. T. testa elongato-acuminata, subfusiformi, crassa, solida, albo griseoque transversim bipartita; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, ad suturam crenulatis, plicis superne evanescentibus ; ultimo anfractu elongato-attenuato, basi late profundeque emarginato ; apertura elongato-angusta, superne attenuata, intus flavidula. Long. 22 mill., larg. 5. Hab. les Sandwich. Collection Cuming. 48. TEREBRA APICINA, Desh. T. testa elongato-angusta, apice acutissimo, alba vel flavidula, ad suturam fasciola fuscula, castaneo-punctata; anfractibus nume- rosis, planis, primis violaceo-lividis, longitudinaliter. plicatis, plicis obliquis superne evanescentibus ; ultimo anfractu apice attenuato, canali brevissimo terminato, basi late profundeque emarginato; apertura alba, ovato-angusta, utrinque attenuata; labro tenui, convexo ; columella brevi, angulo acuto basi circum- data. Long. 22 mill., larg. 5. Hab. Singapore. Collection Cuming. 285 49. TrEREBRA BACILLUS, Desh. T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, albo-cornea vel atrata, lon- gitudinaliter tenue plicata, plicis superne evanescentibus ; an- fractibus numerosis, angustis, planis, continuis, sutura vix di- stinctis, ultimo brevi, attenuato ; apertura minima, superne acute angulata, basi dilatata ; columella nigrescente, brevi, late pro- Sundeque emarginata. Long. 23 mill., larg. 5. Hab. Yes Sandwich. Collection Cuming. 50. TEREBRA DUNKERI, Desh. Terebra eburnea, Desh. 1853 (nec Hinds, 1844), Zeits. fir Malac 1853, p. 96. no. 35. Go =n 51. TEREBRA CUSPIDATA, Hinds. Terebra cuspidata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 181. no. 90. pl. 45. f. 128. Hab. Cote d'Afrique. 52. TEREBRA LACTEA, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acutissimo, can- dida, ad suturam lactea, opaca, longitudinaliter tenue plicata ; anfractibus planis, ad suturam anguste et obsolete marginatis, margine simplict, primis nigris; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi attenuato, levigato ; apertura minima, brevissima, ad angulum superiorem valde angustata, paullo callosa, basi dilatata, pro- Sunde lateque emarginata. Long. 21 mill., larg. 4. Hab. Tes Sandwich. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 53. TEREBRA TRAILLII. T. testa minima, elongato-acuminata, subulata, apice acutissimo, Sulva eleganter transversim griseo-fasciata, in ultimo anfractu fasciis duabus ; anfractibus planis, continuis, longitudinaliter _ tenue semiplicatis ; apertura minima, triangulari, inferne attenuata, superne dilatata, late profundeque emarginata ; columella conoidea, macula fusca notata, callo albo angusto extus circumdata. Long. 23 mill., larg. 43. Hab. Vasigapatam, Océan Indien. Collection Cuming. Charmante petite coquille appartenant au méme groupe que les semiplicata, bipartita, apicina, &e., mais trés-distincte de toutes ses congénéres ; allongée, étroite, trés-aigiie au sommet ; ses tours sont plans et conjoints ; ils sont ornés de nombreux plis longitudi- naux qui naissent 4 la suture et disparaissent vers le milieu des tours. 286 La coloration est remarquable: sur un fond d’un beau jaune fauve, tirant un peu a lorangé, se dessine au-dessus de lasuture une large fascie blanche partagée en deux parties presque-égales par un ruban étroit d’un gris ferrugineux sombre: une fascie de la méme couleur occupe la base du dernier tour. 54, TeREBRA MERA, Hinds. Terebra mera, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 184. no. 102. pl. 45. f. 108, 114. Hab. Détroit de Malacca. 2. Plis continus dun tour aU autre. 55. TEREBRA VERREAUXI, Desh. /f° 7 Jide Eonchy. 6/98 T. testa elongato-subulata, nitidissima ; anfractibus latis, planis, continuts, indivisis, plicis appressis, parum obliquis, eleganter regularibus, utrinque sutura sculptis; apertura elongato-an- gusta, utrinque attenuata; labro tenui, in medio productiore ; columella alba, cylindracea, obsolete uniplicata, basi extus marginata ; colore pallide flavescente, ad suturam fasciola alba, punctis castaneo-rubris ornata; ultimo anfractu fasciola alba altera circumdato. Long. 38 mill., larg. 9. An eadem ac Terebra striatula, Kiener (non Lamk.), Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 9. f.18? Hab. 2 Ma Collection, communiquée par M. Verreaux. 56. TEREBRA ARGENVILLII, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, pallide rubro-violascente, ad suturam albo fasciata, rubro eleganter punctata ; anfractibus numerosis, planis, longitudinaliter costulatis,ad suluram crenulatis; ultimo anfractu elongato, fasciola pallida in medio partito; aper- tura elongato-angusta, utrinque attenuata, castaneo-rubescente; labro tenui, recto; columella cylindracea, extus marginata, apice acuminata. . Long. 35 mill., larg. 63. Hab. ig Ma Collection. 57, TEREBRA CONTINUA, Desh. T. testa elongato-acuminata, nitida, albo-flavida vel carneola, longitudinaliter regulariterque plicata ; anfractibus latis, planis, continuis, sutura impressa viz separatis ; ultimo an- fractu elongato, basi attenuato ; columella alba, brevi, conoidea; apertura elongato-angusta, utraque extremitate attenuata ; labro tenwi, recto. Long. 31 mill., larg. 7. Hab. 2 Collection Cuming et la mienne. _ 287 58. TeREBRA ACUMEN, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, angustissima, apice acutissimo, castaneo- cinnamomea ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis appressis, simplicibus, suturis undulatis, fasciola alba, rubro-punctata ornatis ; ultimo anfractu fasciola alba in medio bipartito; apertura elongato-angusta, intus pallide castanea, utrinque attenuata ; columella cylindracea, simplici, bast an- guste profundeque emarginata. Long. 22 mill., larg. 3. Hab. a Collection Cuming et la mienne. Petite espéce remarquable avoisinant le T'erebra argenvillei ainsi que le matheroniana, mais différente de l'une et de l’autre par la taille, la coloration et les autres caractéres spécifiques. 59. TEREBRA CONCINNA, Desh. Terebra concinna, Desh. dans Lamk. An. s.Vert. ed. 2. x. p. 259 ; D’Argenville, Conch. pl. 11. f. R. Buccinum strigilatum, var. (3. ex parte Gmel. p. 3501. Buccinum concinnum, Dillw. Cat. t. ii. p. 647. no. 144. Hab. 2 60. TEREBRA MATHERONIANA, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, acuminata, nitidissima, cas- tanea, ad suturam fasciola angusta alba atro-punctata ornata ; anfractibus planiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis crassis rectis, in ultimo anfractu evanescentibus ; ultimo anfractu elongato, ad aperturam coarctato, in medio fasciola alba bi- partito; apertura minima, angusta, basi dilatata, intus cas- tanea. Long. 18 mill., larg. 3. Hab. Taiti. Ma Collection. 61. TEREBRA SALLZANA, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, apice acuminato, fusco- fuliginosa ; anfractibus subplanis, ad suturam semiplicatis, plicis albicantibus, interstitis fusco-castaneis exilissimis, sub lente transversim striato-punctatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, ad peripheriam fasciola albicante cincto; apertura brevi, subtri- gona, castanea ; columella cylindracea, extus alba, basi late pro- fundeque emarginata. Long. 24 mill., larg. 5. Hab. Mexico (Sallé). Collection Cuming. 62. TEREBRA CALIGINOSA, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, castaneo-grisea, livida, lon- 288 gitudinaliter regulariterque acute costata ; anfractibus planis, conjunctis, linea impressa via perspicua, inequaliter divisis, interstitiis costularum obsoletissime transversim striatis ; ultimo anfractu. elongato ; apertura minima, ovato-attenuata, fusca, canali brevi latoque terminata; columella cylindracea, extus angulo acuto marginata. Long. 30 mill., larg. 6. Hab. Wes Philippines. Collection Cuming. 63. TEREBRA NITIDA, Hinds. Terebra nitida, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 164. no. 40. pl. 45. f. 103. Hab. Iles Marquises. 64. TeEREBRA MODESTA, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, nitida, micante griseo-fuscescente, pal- lide unifasciata, longitudinaliter plicata, transversim obsolete striata ; anfractibus planis, sutura crenulata junctis ; apertura minima, intus castanea, ovato-angusta, utraque extremitate attenuata, zonula alba intus bipartita ; columella acuta, fusco maculata, superne obliquissime uniplicata. Long. 22 mill., larg. 4. Hab. L’embouchure de } Indus. Collection Cuming. Malgré son analogie avec le matheroniana, le caliginosa et quelques autres espéces du méme groupe celle-ci se distingue facilement, non- seulement par sa coloration, mais encore par les cotes nombreuses, droites et réguliéres, que portent les tours. Ses cdtes sont peu pro- éminentes, parfaitement réguliéres ; elles disparaissent a la circon- férence du dernier tour; la coloration est d’un gris brunatre, uni- forme, si ce n’est a la suture, ou elle devient plus blanchatre. 65. TEREBRA LEPIDA, Hinds. Terebra lepida, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 92. pl. 45. f. 102. Hab. Guinée. 66. TEREBRA BOURGUIGNATI, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-turrita, angusta, atro-fuscescente, ad . suturam zonula alba cincta, longitudinaliter costata, costis rectis, angulatis, simplicibus ; anfractibus convexiusculis, linea punctata via impressa marginatis, ultimo brevi, attenuato, canal brevi, angusto terminato ; apertura minima, ovata, profunde fusca; columella brevi, cylindracea, biplicata, extus angulo marginata. Long. 19 mill., larg. 4. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 289 67. TEREBRA CRossiI, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuminata, longitudina- liter plicata, nitida, cerulescente, zona alba maculis rubro-fuscis interrupta ad basin anfractuum ornata, venulis ramosis sangui- neis in parte superiore anfractuum dispersis ; anfractibus pla- nulatis, linea vix impressa subequaliter divisis, ultimo brevi, attenuato ; columella alba, extus basi angulo acuto circumdata. Long. 23 mill., larg. 5. Hab. L’océan de V Inde. Collection de M. Crosse. Espéce remarquable par sa coloration d’un bleu peu fonce, inter- rompu & la base des tours par une large zone blanche interrompue par des taches d’un beau brun rougedatre ; de ces taches partent des lignes rameuses qui occupent tout la largeur des tours; ces linéoles sont d’un brun rouge foneé et ressemblent 4 de petites veines san- guinolentes. La surface est brillante, couverte de gros plis ; une strie transverse A peine apparente divise les tours en deux parties presque égales. 68. TEREBRA PHILIPPIANA, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-turrita, angusta, acuminata, zonula fusco-rubescente et zonula alba equaliter bipartita; anfrac- tibus viz convexis, longitudinaliter tenue plicatis, interstitis levigatis ; ultimo anfractu basi levigato et candido, attenuato ; apertura minima, candida, ovato-attenuata, profunde lateque emarginata ; columella conica, simplici, alba. Long. 8 mill., larg. 23. Hab. Iles Marquises ? Collection Cuming. Elle est l’une des plus petites espéces du genre; elle se distingue facilement par sa coloration, qui consiste en deux zones d’égale largeur, Yune blanche A la base des tours, l’autre brune qui montent en spi- rale de la base au sommet. 69. TEREBRA PYGMA, Hinds. Terebra pygmea, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 184. no. 103, pl. 45. 112 Hab. Chine ; détroit de Malacca. 70. TEREBRA TENERA, Hinds. Terebra tenera, Winds, Thes. Conch. p.184. no. 104, pl. 45. f. 111. Hab. Chine ; détroit de Malacca. (b.) Ouverture dilatée a la base. 1. Tours lisses ou finement striés. 71. TEREBRA NiIMBOSA, Hinds. Terebra nimbosa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 159. no. 26, pl. 42. f. 21. Hab. Nouvelle Hollande. No. 402.—ProcrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 290 72. TEREBRA CHRULESCENS, Lamk. Buccinum niveum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 154 (nee niveum, p. 3495). Buccinum edentulum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 162? Buccinum bifasciatum, Dillw. Cat. t. 1. p. 651. no. 155; Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 17. no. 17, pl. 6 et 7. f. 12. Hab. Nouvelle Hollande; Iles de la Société, &e. 73, TEREBRA JAMAICENSIS, C. B. Adams. Terebra jamaicensis, Lister, Conch. pl. 979. f. 37; C. B. Aaaee Contr. to Conch. 1850, no. 4. p. 58. Buccinum strigatum, var. y, Gmel. p. 3501. T. testa elongato-acuta, griseo-fuscescente vel nigrescente ; an- fractibus latis, contiguis, sutura lineari junctis, fasciola albi- ~ dula aliquantisper irregulariter punctata ad suturam notatis, tenue plicatis, plicis in medio anfractuum evanescentibus, un- dique sub lente minutissime punctulatis ; apertura angusta, superne alternata, basi dilatata, late emarginata; columella obliqua, atro-fuscescente, callo albo-flavescente, angulo acuto extus separata. Colore variabilt, Long. 60 mill., larg. 13. Hab. La Jamaique ; toutes les Antilles. 74, TeEREBRA STYLATA, Hinds. Terebra stylata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 161. no. 30, pl. 44. f. 79. Hab. Philippines; Japon. 75. TEREBRA LucTUuoSA, Hinds. Terebra luctuosa, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p. 181. no. 89, pl.45. f.121. Hab. Golfe de Nicoya ; Porto Portrero ; céte ouest de P Amérique. 76. TEREBRA LAURINA, Hinds. Terebralaurina, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 161. no. 29, pl. 42. f. 27. Hab. Cote occidentale de l Afrique. Si les échantillons que nous a communiqués M. Cuming, des trois especes précédentes (stylata, luctuosa, laurina) sont bien identiques a ceux décrits par M. Hinds, il en résulterait quils en different en rien d’essentiel du 7. jamaicensis et devront lui étre réunis; mais avant de prendre une décision définitive 4 ce sujet il serait néces- saire d’examiner de nouveau les types eux-mémes figurés et deécrits par Hinds. 77. TEREBRA CASTANEA, Kiener. Terebra castanea, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 19. no. 14, pl. Vee fealAle Hab. Ve de France ; Océan Indien. Cette espéce comme les précédentes a les plus grands rapports avec le pamaicensis. 291 78. TEREBRA MICANS, Hinds. Terebra micans, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 181. no. 91, plestontl2o, Hab. 2 79. TEREBRA ADANSONI, Desh. T’. testa elongato-acuminata, nitida, albo-luteola, aliquantisper griseo vel fusco fasciata ; anfractibus latis, contiguis, sutura lineart vix separatis, tenuiter longitudinaliter semistriatis ; ul- timo anfractu magno, subventricoso ; apertura elongato-acuta, superne attenuata, busi dilatata, profunde lateque emarginata ; columeila brevi, conoidea, apice acuminata, extus callo albo induta. Long. 39 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Sénégal. Collection Cuming et la mienne. 80. TEREBRA INCONSTANS, Hinds. Terebra inconstans, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 179. no. 85, pl. 44. f. 83. Hab. Wes Sandwich. 2. Plis continus dun tour & Ul autre. 81. TEREBRA ANOMALA. Terebra anomala, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 62; Hinds.Thes. Conch. p. 180. no. 86, pl. 44. f. 97. Hab. Singapore. 82. TEREBRA STRIGILATA, Lamk. Buccinum strigilatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 180. no. 88, pl. 45. f. 101, 102. Hab. Nouvelle Guinge; Macassar ; Philippines. 83. TEREBRA CINEREA, Born. Buccinum cinereum, Born, Mus. p. 267, pl. 10. f. 11, 12. Hab. Philippines. En comparant au cinerea de Born la coquille figurée sous le méme nom par M. Hinds nous remarquons des différences qui nous font - goupconner une erreur dans la détermination spécifique de ce dernier naturaliste. Le T. cinerea de Basterot (Foss. de Bord. p. 52, pl. 3. f. 14) est une espéce trés-distincte de celle-ci. 84. TEREBRA NANA, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-acuminata, subfusiform, pallide flava, bifariam maculis pallidis fulvis ornata ; anfractibus angustis, view convextusculis, primis costatis, ultimis simplicibus ; aper- 292 tura minima, basi dilatata ; columella brevi, conica, extus an- gulo acuto angustissimo marginata. Long. 10 mill., larg. 23. Hab. L’embouchure de !’ Indus. Collection Cuming. D. Coquille ayant Vouverture oblongue, étroite, les tours nombreux, sillonnés, plissés ou treillissés (Myurella, Hinds). a. Un sillon transverse partageant presque également la surface des tours. 85. TEREBRA DUPLICATA, Lamk. Buccinum duplicatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206; Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 32. no. 27, pl. 12. f. 26. Hab. Madagascar ; Océan Indien, &e. Nous avons séparé comme espéce distincte (7. kieneri) la variété junior de M. Kiener. 86. TEREBRA LAMARCKII, Kiener. Terebra Lamarckii, Kiener, Icon. des Cog. Viv. p. 30. no. 25, pl. 9. f. 19. Terebra duplicata, var., Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 155, pl. 41. f. 2. Hab. Moluques. M. Hinds n’a point accepté cette espéce ; elle nous parait distincte aprés examen d’un grand nombre d’individus. 87. TEREBRA DUSSUMIERI, Kiener. Terebra dussumieri, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 31. no. 26, pl. 8. f. 16. Hab. Chine. 88. TEREBRA EVOLUTA, Desh. ys T. testa elongato-turrita, apice acuto, fusco-fuliginosa ; anfracti- bus latis, rapide evolutis, ad suturam marginatis, depresso-ca- naliculatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis albicantibus, inter- stitiis levigatis ; margine suturali depresso, crenulato; ultimo anfractu elongato, basi convexiusculo ; apertura ovato-oblonga, Susca, antice profunde lateque emarginata ; columella obliqua. Long. 50 mill., larg. 11. Hab. Japon. Collection Cuming. Belle et remarquable espéce voisin du Dussumieri, mais bien distincte par le canal profond qui sépare le bourrelet de la suture. Sur un fond d’un brun enfoncé se détachent des cdtes droites et blanchatres. 91. TEREBRA JuUKESI, Desh. /977:- J ve Conpechy 6, 7% 93. TEREBRA PLICATELLA, Desh. /*°7 293 89. TEREBRA ARMILLATA, Hinds. Terebra armillata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 173. no. 66, pl. 43. 49. Hab. Panama; Californie ; baie de la Madeleine. 90. TEREBRA BERNARDII, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, acuminata, grisea, albo superne uni- Sasciata, in ultimo anfractu fasciola alba, mediana ; anfracti- bus latis, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis con- vexis, regularibus, transversim sulco inequaliter bipartitis, ultimo anfractu ad basin attenuato ; apertura intus castanea, labro intus fasciola alba diviso ; columella labro breviore, fla- vicante, angusta, extus basi angulo carinato circumscripta. Long. 58 mill., larg. 14. Hab. Les cotes orientales de I’ Australie. Ma Collection, communiquée par M. Bernardi. T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, omnino griseo-plumbea, ultimo anfractu fasciola alba in medio cincto; anfractibus latiusculis, sulco profundo bipartitis, longitudinaliter tenue et regularite: plicatis ; margine suturali angusto, convexo, plicis apice albis notato ; apertura minima, angusta, obliqua, intus castanea, basi late emarginata; columella cylindraceo-conica, extus an- gulo acuto circumdata. Long. 33 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Le Port Essington. Collection Cuming. 92. TEREBRA ADDITA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, subfusiformi, apice acuminata, griseo- fSuscescente, transversim albo-fasciata ; anfractibus latis, lon- gitudinaliter plicato-costulatis, linea impressa inequaliter transversim partitis, ad suturam subcrenulatis, ultimo anfractu cylindraceo, antice attenuato, costulis ad basin evanescentibus ; apertura elongato-subquadrata, intus castanea; labro fasciolato, albo bipartito; columella elongato-cylindracea, extus angulo acuto marginata, bast profunde emarginata. Long. 33 mill., larg. 7. Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen. Collection Cuming. T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, acuta, omnino pallide grisec- fravidula; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, longitrorsum regu- lariter costulato-plicatis, punctatis, interstitialibus unica serie notatis, ultimo anfractu brevi coarctato, basi levigato; aper- tura parvula, intus flavida, utraque extremitate attenuata, un- { “a } ie ee Sek Cone Mh uf 6, 7 é 294 tice canali brevi et angusto terminata, margine sinistro proemt- nente. Long. 37 mill., larg. 6. Hab. “a Terre de Van Diemen. Collection Cuming. 94. TEREBRA LONGISCATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, livide fusco-grisea, longitu- dinaliter costulata, transversim obsolete striata; anfractibus numerosis, sulco impresso subequaliter divisis, planis, subcon- tinuis, ultimo brevi, apice attenuato; apertura intus castanea, minima, ovato-angusta, utraque extrenitate attenuata. Long. 29 mill., larg. 9. Hab. Les Iles Philippines. Collection Cuming. 95. TEREBRA SPECTABILIS, Hinds. Terebra spectabilis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 157. no. 17, pl. 44. _f. 88, 89. Hab. Guinée ; Sumatra. 96. TEREBRA usTULATA, Desh. /%*%7: Jde Gopchy ©:97 T. testa elongato-conica, apice acuminata, basi lata, breviuscula, castanea, ultimo anfractu superne castaneo nitentiore picto ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, subaqualiter sulco bipartitis ; area inferiore paulo angustiore, multo depressiore, altera lon- gitudinaliter plicata; plicis regularibus crassiusculis ; inter- stitiis simplicibus, in margine suturali minus proeminentibus ; apertura brevi, angusta, fusca, canali brevissimo terminata. Var. 8. Testa albido-fuscescente, ultimo anfractu basi fusco. Long. 35 mill., larg. 10. Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen. Collection Cuming. 97. TEREBRA KIENERI, Desh. Terebra duplicata, var. junior, Kien. Spec. Gen. pl. 12. f. 26 A. T. testa elongato-turrita, pallide castanea, tenuissime longitudi- naliter plicata ; anfractibus latis, convexiusculis, sulco impresso inequaliter bipartitis ; margine suturali depressiusculo, ultimo anfractu brevi, basi obtuso ; apertura minima, ovata, basi an- guste emarginata. Long. 22 mill., larg. 6. Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen. Collection Cuming et celle du Mus. de Paris. b. Bourrelet de la suture €troit. 98. TEREBRA GEMMULATA, Kiener. Terebra gemmulata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 15. no. 11, Plo taalle Hab. ? 295 99. TeREBRA DIsLocaTA, De Kay. Terebra dislocata, De Kay, Zool. of New York, pt. 5. p. 152, ple fat. 58: Cerithium dislocatum, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat.Sc. Philad. t. ii. p. 235, Terebra petiti, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 37, pl. 13. f. 32. Hab. Maryland. Le Terebra petiti n’appartient pas au rudis de Gray, ainsi que Daffirme M. Hinds, mais bien. au, dislocata de Say, ainsi que nous avons pu nous en assurer autrefois dans la collection de M. Petit. La description et la figure de M. Kiener, et la localité qu'il indique ne laissent aucun doute ace sujet. M. Hinds n’a point connu l’espgce. 100. TEREBRA suBNoDosA, Carpenter. Terebra subnodosa, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 386. no. 452. Hab. Mazatlan. 101. TEREBRA HINDsI, Carpenter. Terebra hindsi, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 385. no. 451. Hab. Mazatlan. 102. TEREBRA RUFOCINEREA, Carpenter. Terebra rufocinerea, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 386. no. 453. Hab. Mazatlan. 103. TEREBRA ALBOCINCTA, Carpenter. Terebra albocincta, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatl. Moll. p. 384. no. 450. Hab. Mazatlan. 104. TEREBRA CHILENSIS, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, castaneo-fusca, longitudinaliter tenue plicata ; unfractibus numerosis, convexiusculis, sulco lato im- presso inequaliter bipartitis ; sutura marginata ; margine an- gusto crenulato ; ultimo anfractu elongato, attenuato, fasciola albidula, transversim bipartito ; apertura ovato-angusta, utrin- que attenuata; columelia angusta, eylindracea, apice atte- nuata, canali angusto-emarginata ; extus contorta. Long. 42 mill., larg. 8. HTab. Les mers du Chili. Ma Collection. 105. TEREBRA BICINCTA, Hinds. Terebra bicincta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 175. no. 71, pl. 44. f. 72. Hab. ? : 106. TEREBRA NODULARIS, Desh. T’. testa elongato-angusta, acuminata, albida, luteo pallidissime tincta ; anfractibus numerosis, circiter septemdecim, angustis, involutis, late bimarginatis, crenato-nodosis, plicatis, superne 296 transversim bistriatis ; margime suturali crassiore, altero an- gustiore, paulo depressiore, aequaliter noduloso ; ultimo an- Sractu brevissimo, obtuso, transversim bast striato ; apertura minima, subquadrangulari, canali brevi et angusto terminata ; columella cylindracea, biplicata. Long. 35 mill., larg. 6. Hab. Les Iles ‘Sandwich. Collection Cuming et la mienne. Coquille remarquable par le double bourrelet noueux qui accom- pagne la suture ; le premier est trés-épais, le second est un peu moins saillant et un peu plus étroit ; ils envahissent la presque totalité de la surface; le peu d’espace qui reste est occupé par deux, quelquefois trois stries transverses. 107. TEREBRA VARIEGATA, Gray. Terebra variegata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 173. no. 64, pl. 43. f. 53. Terebra africana, Gray dans Griff. An. Kingd. pl. 23. f. 5. Hab. Golfe de Californie. 108. TeEREBRA GEMINATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, subulata, fusco alboque transversim fasciata ; anfractibus planulatis, suleo lato profundo bipar- titis, utroque latere serie granularum geminatis, superne cos- tellatis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, angusta, intus castanea ; columella cylindracea, extus angulo albo lato acuto circumdata. Long. 30 mill., larg. 7. Hab. Cap Natal. Collection Cuming. ee 109. TEREBRA MARGINATA, Desh, /¢° T. testa conica, turrita, acuminata, griseo-plumbea, basi anfrac- tuum albo marginata, fusco irregulariter maculata ; anfractibus latis, sulco divisis, longitudinaliter costellatis, transversim tenue striatis ; margine suturali crasso, convexo, albo, nodulis crassis acutis asperato; ultimo anfractu basi obtuso, transversim sul- cato, zonula alba notato; apertura elongato-angusta, intus castanea, labro linea alba bipartito ; columella contorta, sub- plicata. Long. 34 mill.; larg. 8. Hab. L’embouchure de la Gambie. Collection Cuming. 110. TEREBRA BREVICULA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, griseo-fusca, longitudinaliter plicata, plicis lutis, planis, undulatis ; anfractibus planis, latis, albo marginatis, margine conveaiusculo, fusco irregulariter punctato, ultimo an- Fractu basi dilatato, fasciola alba in medio bipartito, flammulis castaneis numerosis se@pius ornato ; apertura elongato-subquadrata, 2. J de Concha. G. id 297 intus castanea ; columella cylindracea, sub-uniplicata, extus angulo acuto marginata. Long. 37 mill., larg. 8. Hab. La Terre de Van Diemen. Collection Cuming. 111. TEREBRA BIFRONS, Hinds. Terebra bifrons, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 174, pl. 43. f. 57. Hab. Japon. 112. TEREBRA BRUGUIERI, Desh. T. testa elongata, turri‘a, angusta, apice acuminato, candida, rubro- purpurascente, pallido maculata et strigata ; ultimo anfractu ad basin flavo-rubente ; anfractibus angustis numerosis, sulco viv impresso divisis, supra marginem suturalem transversim striatis ; costulis minutis, longitudinalibus, numerosis, regularibus, decus- satis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, retuso ; apertura parva, ovata, utrin- que attenuata, intus rosea; columella brevi, cylindracea, unipli- cata, angulo minuto extus vix distincta. Long. 42 mill., larg. 9. Terebra hindsi, Desh., non Carpenter, Journ. de Conch. 1857. Hab. La Chine. Collection Cuming. 113. TeEREBRA AMa@NA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuminato, flava, ad suturas albo rubroque alternatim maculata; anfractibus numerosis, an- gustis, planulatis, linea punctato-impressa inequaliter divisis, lon- gitudinaliter tenue regulariterque lirato-costulatis, interstitis trans- versim tenue striatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi depressiusculo ; apertura ovato-angusta, intus rufescente ; columella cylindracea, subplicata, basi late profundeque emarginata, angulo acuto extus circumscripta. Long. 24 mill., larg. 6. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Collection Cuming. 114. TEREBRA PULCHELLA, Desh. /£2 ' See Cenchy ¢: 944 T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, flavida, basi albo cincia; an- Fractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter arcuatim tenue plicatis, sulco impresso divisis, sulco utroque latere crenato, margine prominulo, convexo, regulariter plicato; apertura intus flava, elongato-an- gusta, canali brevi terminata ; columella cylindracea, parum obli- qua, alba, angulo acuto perobliquo extus circumdata. Long. 40 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Collection Cuming et celle de M. Crosse. 298 115. TEREBRA CRENIFERA, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, albo-flavida ; anfractibus nume- rosis, longitudinaliter tenue costellatis, sulco subimpresso divisis, ad suturam regulariter crenulatis, transversim tenue striatis, cre- nulis albis, punctulis rubris interjectis; ultimo anfractu brevi, canali elongato terminato ; apertura elongato-angusta, flavida ; co- lumella tylindracea, apice contorta. Long. 30 mill., larg. 6. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Collection Cuming. 116. TEREBRA BLANDA, Desh. ’'T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, obsolete longitudinaliter plicata, alba, ad suturam fusco punctata, flammulis pallidioribus ornata ; anfractibus numerosis, ungustis, sulco impresso inequaliter bi- partitis, marginatis, ultimo breviusculo, attenuato ; apertura elon- gato-angusta, utrinque attenuata, alba, basi anguste emarginata ; columella elongata, apice acuminata. Long. 30 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Les mers du Japon. Collection Cuming. 117. TEREBRA NEBULOSA, Sow. Terebra nebulosa, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 25; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 162. no. 33, pl. 43. f. ol. Hab. 2 118. TEREBRA PERTUSA, Kiener. Buccinum pertusum, Born, Mus. p. 267, pl. 10. f. 13. Buccinum duplicatum, var. 3, Gmel. p. 3501. Terebra pertusa, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 34. no. 20, pl. 11. f. 24, exclus. variat. Hab. 2 M. Kiener confond sous ce nom plusieurs espéces ; il faut en ex- clure toutes les variétés. La premiére (24 a) nous est inconnue ; la seconde (24 d) représente le Terebra affinis, Gray ; la troisieme (24 c) est notre Terebra approximata. 119. TeREBRA ALVEOLATA, Hinds. Terebra alveolata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 162. no. 34. pl. 45. f. 120. Hab. Détroit de Malacca. 120. TEREBRA UNDULATA, Gray. Terebra undulata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60 ; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 172. pl. 43. f. 55. Hab. Nouvelle Guinée; détroit de Malacca. 299 121. TEREBRA COLUMELLARIS, Hinds. Terebra columellaris, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 172. no. 61, pl. 44. nevide Hab. 2 122. TEREBRA FLAVESCENS, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, apice acuminato, omnino flava ; anfractibus latiusculis, convexiusculis, subinvolutis, sulco impresso marginatis, sutura profunde separatis, longitudinaliter et arcuatim multicostatis, primis transversim striatis, alteris obsolete striatis ; ‘margine suturalt crasso, regulariter crenato; ultimo anfractu basi convexo, canali brevi profunde emarginato terminato ; aper- tura angusia, elongato-quadrata; columella cylindracea, obsolete biplicata. Long. 45 mill., larg. 9. ‘ Hab. Les Wes Sandwich. Collection Cuming. 123, TEREBRA AFFINIS, Gray. Terebra affinis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60. Terebra striata, Quoy & Gaim. (non Basterot) Voy. de l’Astr. t. 1. . 468, pl. 36. f. 23, 24. Terebra pertusa, var. C, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 11. f. 24 C. Hab. Madagascar ; Océan Indien, &c. 124. TEREBRA CERITHINA, Lamk. Terebra cerithina, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 33. no. 25, pl. 11. . 20. Buccinum aciculatum, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 145? Hab. Philippines ; Océan Austral. 125. TEREBRA APPROXIMATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-acuminata, turrita, angusta, longitudinaliter costata, costulis apice albis interstitiis flavicantibus ; anfractibus nume- rosis planis, linea vix impressa, inequaliter bipartitis ; interstitis costularum densissime transversim striatis ; ultimo anfractu cylin- draceo, basi depressiusculo, costulis evanescentibus ; apertura elongato-subquadrata, intus albo-flavicante ; columella arcuata, cylindracea, basi canaliculata, late profundeque emarginata. Var. Testa paulo angustiore, flavo-ferruginea. Long. 42 mill., larg. 8. Terebra pertusa, var. c, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 11. f. 24 C. Hab. 2 Ma Collection. 126. TEREBRA SWAINSONI, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, solida, angusta, apice acuto, omnino colore mali armeniaci ; anfractibus viginti, angustis, longitudinaliter 300 costatis, convexiusculis, primis transversim striatis, alteris levi- gatis, sulco impresso, inequaliter bipartitis ; costis numerosis, acutis, regularibus, rectis ; ultimo anfraciu brevi, bast convexo ; apertura minima, candidula, ovato-angusta, utrinque attenuata, canali brevi, angusto terminata; columella obliqua, uniplicata. Long. 30 mill., larg. 5. Hab. Les Iles Sandwich. Collection Cuming. 127. TEREBRA SUBANGULATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, flavida, longitudinaliter costata, trans- versim striata; anfractibus convexiusculis, inferne subangulaiis, sulco vie impresso bipartitis, costulis latis, obtusis ; ultimo an- fractu elongato, superne attenuato, canali brevi, lato, terminato ; apertura flava, elongato-angusta, subquadrata ; columella angusta, apice acuta, basi cylindracea. Long. 34 mill., larg. 7. Hab. 2 Ma Collection. 128. TEREBRA COPULA, Hinds. Terebra copula, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 157. no. 19, pl. 44. f. 76. Hab. Guinée. 129. TEREBRA UNDATELLA, Desh. Terebra cancellata, Hinds (nec Quoy), Thes. Conch. p. 178. no. 80, pl. 44. f. 80. Hab. 2 Ce Terebra cancellata de Hinds constitue une espéce bien distincte de celle de MM. Quoy et Gaimard. II suffit pour s’en convaincre de rapprocher les figures publiées par ces deux auteurs. 130. TEREBRA BERMONTI, Lorois. Terebra bermonti, Lorois, Journ. de Conch. 1857, p. 389, pl. 12. {505 Hab. Taiti. 131. TeREBRA ROSEATA, A. Adams et Reeve. Terebra roseata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30, pl. 10. f. 24. Hab. Lies Sooloo. 132. TeREBRA BADIA, Desh. Terebra castanea, Hinds (nec Kiener), Thes. Conch. p. 161. no. 31, pl. 43. f. 59. Hab. Guinée. Nous avons du changer le nom de l’espéce de M. Hinds parce qu'elle est trés-distincte de celle de méme nom publice par M. Kiener ; 301 cette derniére est lisse, l’autre est fortement plissée ; elle a les tours simples, la seconde les a partagés par un sillon transverse, Xc. 133. TeREBRA ALBICOsSTA, A. Adams et Reeve. Terebra albicosta, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30, jobs NO) Se OA Hab. Mers de la Chine. 134. TEREBRA PULCHRA, Hinds. Terebra pulchra, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 178. no. 81, pl. 45. f. 129. Hab. Iles Marquises. 135. TEREBRA TEXTILIS, Hinds. Terebra textilis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 177. no. 79, pl. 44. f. 73. Hab. Baie de Manille; détroit de Macassar. 136. TEREBRA FLAVA, Gray. Terebra flava, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 60; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 177. no. 77, pl. 44. f. 75. Hab. g 137. TeEREBRA ExIGUA, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, castaneo-livida ; costellis longitu- dinalibus sulcisque transversis clathratis ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, sulco impresso transversali inequaliter bipartitis ; mar- gine suturali oblique crenulato, transversim tenue striato ; aper- tura elongato-angusta, intus castaneo-rubescente ; columella cylin- dracea, brevi, extus angulo acutissimo angusto basi circumdata. Long. 19 mill., larg. 33. Hab. La céte orientale d’ Australie. Collection Cuming. 138. TEREBRA POLYGYRATA, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, subulata, pallide rufescente, fascia alba ad suturam ornata, longitudinaliter plicata, transversim minutissime striata, striis profundis, regularibus ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, convexiusculis, ultimo basi obtuso, canali brevi, contorto terminato ; apertura minima, angusta, subquadran- gulari, superne anguste et profunde emarginata ; columella cylin- dracea, contorta. Long. 13 mill., larg. 3. Hab. Les es Philippines. Collection Cuming. Petite espéce remarquable par son élégance. Les tours nombreux et étroits sont partagés en deux zones inégales par un sillen légére- ment déprimé: elle se sépare plus facilement encore par la différence de coloration ; car la zone marginale est d’un beau blanc, tandis que le reste est d’un fauve pale. La surface des tours est ornée d’un 302 grand nombre de petites cotes légérement courbées, dans lintervalle desquelles existent un grand nombre de fines stries, transverses, régu- ligres, que l’on voit aussi bien sur le bourrelet marginal que sur le reste de la surface. 139. TEREBRA RADULA, Hinds. Terebra radula, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 174. no. 68, pl. 44. f. 95. Hab. Porto Portrero ; céte ouest de ? Amérique. 140. TEREBRA ASPERA, Hinds. Terebra aspera, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 174. no. 67, pl. 43. f. 44. Hab. Panama; Monte Christi; S* Elena. 141. TEREBRA PETIVERIANA, Desh. Terebra petiveriana, Petiver, Gazoph. pl. 75. f. 5. T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, fusco-nigrescente, fasciola albi- cante basi notata; anfractibus planiusculis, sulco profundo im- presso divisis, longitudinaliter costellatis, transversim striato- sulcatis, profunde decussatis, subgranulosis ; margine suturali regulariter crenato-plicato; apertura intus nigrescente, ovato- oblonga, antice angusta, canali brevi terminata ; columella atrata, contorta, extus angulo prominente acutissimo circumdata. Long. 42 mill., larg. 10. Hab. Panama. Collection Cuming. Cette intéressante et belle espéce a été trés bien figurée autrefois dans le remarquable ouvrage de Petiver. 142. TEREBRA GLAUCA, Hinds. Terebra glauca, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 175. no. 70, pl. 44. f. 85. Hab. ? 143. TEREBRA RUDIS, Gray. Terebra rudis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 165. no. 43, pl. 43. f. 60 (exclusa T. petiti, Kiener). Hab. ( 144. TerREBRA PEAsII, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, crassa, solida, apice acuta, albo flavidoque pallido alternatim picta ; anfractibus circiter seadecim, lutis, lon- gitudinaliter tenue plicatis, striis transversis puncticulatis, decus- satis, sulco impresso, profundo, inequaliter divisis ; margine su- turali regulariter plicato, plicis albis ; apertura alba, elongato- angusta, subquadrata, canali brevi, angusto, profundo terminata ; columella conica, uniplicata, angulo acuto extus basi marginata. Long. 45 mill., larg. 9. fab. Les Iles Sandwich. Collection Cuming. Les stries transverses se voient sur toute la surface, méme entre les plis du bourrelet marginal. 303 145. TEREBRA TUBEROSA, Hinds. Terebra gabenCsa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 183. no. 97, pl. 45. f. 99. ffab. A la juger par la figure, cette coquille semblerait un Cérite dont Vouverture aurait été mutilée ou serait restée imparfaite. 146. TEREBRA vARIcosA, Hinds. Terebra varicosa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. ‘p. 163. no. 37, figuré dans le texte. Hab. Golfe de Papagayo, cdte ouest de l’ Amérique. 147. TEREBRA TUBERCULOSA, Hinds. Terebra tuberculosa, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 175. no. 73, pl. 43. f. 48. . Hab. Panama ; Golfe de Papagayo; San Blas. 148. TEREBRA INTERTINCTA, Hinds. Terebra intertincta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. P- 173. no. 6a, pl. 44. f. 81. Hab. Gambie. 149. TeEREBRA PLICATA, Gray. Terebra plicata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 165. no. 44, pl. 43. f. 61. Hab. Guayaquil. 150. TerREBRA SPECILLATA, Hinds. Terebra specillata, Winds, Thes. Conch. p. 163. no. 35, pl. 44. f. 96, et pl. 45. f. 116. Hab. San Blas, Mexico. Lorsque lon rapproche les deux figures qui, dans Pouvrage de M. Hinds, doivent représenter la méme espéce, on est étonné des diffé- rences que lon y remarque; elles se montrent non-seulement dans la forme générale et la coloration, mais encore dans les caractéres plus essentiels de l’ouverture et de lacolumelle. Il est probable que deux espéces sont ici confondues. 151. TEREBRA LARVIFORMIs, Hinds. Terebra larveformis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 176. no. 73, pl. 43. f. 46, 47. Hab. Santa Elena, Monte Christi, cdte ouest de J Amérique. Nous: avons a présenter sur cette espéce la méme observation que sur la précédente. Les deux figures citées par l’auteur semblent_re- présenter deux ssi Deeas distinctes ; lune ayant l’ouverture plus courte, le bord droit, plus long que la columelle, &e. 152. TEREBRA SOULEYETI, Desh. T. testa elongato-acuminata, longitudinaliter dense plicata, trans- 304 versim tenuiter striata, griseo-rufescente ; anfractibus nume- rosis, angustis, vix convexiusculis, sulco impresso, profundeque punctato inequaliter bipartitis ; margine suturalt angusto, cre- nato, plicato; ultimo anfractu brevi, bast obtuso; apertura minima, brevi, angusta ; columella cylindracea, contorta, canalt brevi terminata. Long. 49 mill., larg. 8. Hab. Golfe de Mexique. Ma Collection. Le Terebra larviformis est Vespéce qui se rapproche le plus de celle-ci; elle en est différente par plusieurs caractéres qui nous semblent suffisamment exprimée aussi bien dans la phrase caracté- ristique de M. Hinds que dans landétre. Les tours sont nombreux, étroits, 4 peine cqnvexes ; nous en comptons 24; ils sont chargés de petites cdtes un peu obliques, rapprochées, un peu onduleuses sur le dernier tour, vers la base duqnel elles disparaissent pour étre rem- placées par de fines stries transverses : ces stries se continuent sur le reste de la surface dans les interstices des cétes seulement. Le bourrelet marginal est étroit ; mais il est nettement séparé par un sillon assez profond dans lequel s’enfonce une ponctuation plus pro- fonde encore. Dans Vintervalle de chaque céte, des plis formant crenelure sur la suture terminent les cétes longitudinales. 153. TEREBRA DIFFICILIS, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, albo-flavicante, longitudinaliter densis- sume costellata ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, sulco impresso inequaliter bipartitis, transversim superne substriatis ; ultimo anfractu brev, basi obtuso; apertura minima, elongato-angusta; columella cylindracea, contorta, subplicata, basi profunde emar- ginata. Long. 33 mill., larg. 8. Hab. ——? Ma Collection. 154. TEREBRA C&LATA, A. Adams et Reeve. Terebra celata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30. no. 3, pl. 10. f. 22. Hab. Philippines. 155. TEREBRA TORQUATA, A. Adams et Reeve. Terebra torquata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samar. p. 30. no. 6, pl. 10. f. 13. Hab. Mers de la Chine. 156. TeEREBRA ELATA, Hinds. Terebra elata, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p.177. no. 78, pl. 44. f. 68, 69. Hab. Baie de Montijo. 305 157. TEREBRA CANCELLATA, Quoy et Gaimard. Terebra cancellata, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’Astr. t. ii. p. 471, pl. 36. f. 27, 28. Cette espéce est celle 4 laquelle le nom de cancellata doit rester. La coquille nommée cancellata par M. Hinds est trés-distincte ; nous lui avons donné le nem de 7". undatella. 158. TEREBRA CINCTELLA, Desh. T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, longitudinaliter costellata, griseo-fusca, livida, nitida; anfractibus convexiusculis, sulco lato inequaliter bipartitis, transversim striatis, striis quatuor vel quinque impressis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, fasciola pallida cincto ; apertura minima, ovato-angusta, extremitatibus at- tenuata, intus fusca ; columella brevi, cylindracea, basi canalt brevi terminata. Long. 29 mill., larg. 6. Hab. L’embouchure de |’Indus. Collection Cuming. 159. TereBRa AREOLATA, A. Adams et Reeve. Terebra areolata, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30. no. 4, pl. 10. f. 23. Hab. Mers de la Chine. 160. TEREBRA PLUMBEA, Quoy et Gaim. Terebra plumbea, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. t. i. p. 470, pl. 36. f. 29, 30. Hab. Tes Moluques. A juger d’aprés les figures il y aurait trois espéces réunies sous ce nom—celle de M. Quoy, qui reste le type spécifique, celle de M. Kiener, et celle de M. Hinds. De deux choses, l'une ou les espéces sont fidelement représentées, et alors elles different entre elles, ou les figures sont mauvaises et les coquilles reproduites ont besoin d’une nouvelle étude comparative. 16]. TEREBRA VIOLASCENS, Hinds. Terebra violascens, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 177. no. 76, pl. 44. f. 98. Hab. Nouvelle Guinée ; Philippines. 162. TeEREBRA PicTaA, Hinds. Terebra picta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 176. no. 75, Be 45. f. 105. Hab. Philippines. ~ 163. TEREBRA DECUSSATA, Phil. Terebra decussata, Philippi, Zeits. fiir Malak.1851, p.124. no. 48. Hab. 2 No. 403.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 306 164. TeREBRA BELCHER], Phil. Terebra belcheri, Philippi, Zeits. fiir Malak. 1851, p. 123. no. 47. Hab. ? (Du Voyage du Belcher.) 165. TEREBRA FRIGATA, Hinds. Terebra gracilis, Gray, 1834 (nec Lea, 1833), Proc. Zool. Soc. p- 61; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 163. no. 38, pl. 44. f. 71. Hab. Afrique (Gray) ; Iles Galapagos (Cuming). 166. TEREBRA CONSPERSA, Hinds. Terebra conspersa, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p.163. no. 36, pl. 44.£.74, Hab. Tle Samao, Philippines. 167. TeREBRA RUSTICA, Hinds. Terebra rustica, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p.183. no. 98, pl. 45. f. 113. Hab. ? 168. TeREBRA suBDIVvISA, Phil. Terebra subdivisa, Phil. Zeits. fiir Malak. 1851, p. 96. no. 46. Hab. 2 169. TerEBRA Nassorpes, Hinds. Terebra nassoides, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 182. no. 95, pl. 45. f. 115. 18, ——=- 170. TerREeBRA FicTILIs, Hinds. Terebra fictilis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 183. no. 96, pl. 45. f. 109, 110. Hab. Australie. 171. TeREBRA TRISTIS, Desh. T.. testa elongato-turrita, conoidea, albo-grisea, longitudinaliter fusco flammulata ; costulis crassis, regularibus, in ultimo an- fractu evanescentibus ornata ; anfractibus convexiusculis, ultimo bast obtuso, canali lato, brevi, contorto, terminato; apertura ovato-angusta, utrinque attenuata; columella brevi, cylindracea, contorta. Long. 19 mill., larg. 9. Hab. Les mers du Japon. Collection Cuming. Petite coquille assez singuliére qui devra se placer sur la limite du genre, comme un intermédiaire avec les Buccins: elle est turriculée, mais assez large & la base ; ses tours assez larges sont convexes; ils portent de grosses cétes longitudinales un peu obliques, larges, ob- tuses et peu saillantes ; il n’existe aucune trace de bourrelet marginal, et l’on n'y trouve aucune strie transverse. Sur un fond d'un blanc grisAtre se dessinent des flammules inégales, d’un brun fausse, inter- rompues 4 la circonférence du dernier tour par une large zone blanch- 307 atre, au dessus de laquelle est nettement circonscrite une autre zone également large, d’un brun livide, qui occupe toute la base de ce dernier tour. Deuxiime Dtviston (Terebra, A. Adams). 172. TEREBRA ROBUSTA, Hinds. Terebra robusta, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 155. no. 5, pl. 42. f. 35. Hab. Panama; Golfe de Nicoya; Golfe de Papayo; San Blas. 173. TEREBRA OCULATA, Lamk. Terebra oculata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 11. no. 7, pl. 4. f. 7. Hab. Moluques ; Iles de la Société, Océan Pacifique. 174. TEREBRA ORNAFA. Terebra ornata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.1834, p. 62; Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. ii. p. 245, pl. 274.f. 1. Hab. Galapagos. 175. TEREBRA rorMmosA, Desh. LG at JS Aan 6 Mee T. testa turrita, conico-subulata, solida, alba, maculis rufis qua- dratis inequaliter biseriatim ornata ; anfractibus planulatis, indivisis, in margine crenulatis, biseriatim granulosis, crenulis granulisque in ultimis anfractibus evanidis, ultimo brevi tri- seriatim maculato; apertura brevi, angusta, superne canalr lato, elongato, contorto terminata; columella brevi, crassa, cylindracea. Long. 72 mill., larg. 13. Hab. Panama. Collection Cuming. 176. TEREBRA SUBULATA, Lamk. Buccinum subulatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1205; Kiener, Icon. des Cog. Viv. p. 10. no. 6, pl. 4. f. 6. _ Hab. Madagascar ; Océan Indien ; Iles de la Socicte. 177. TEREBRA INCOMPARABILIS, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, pallide albo-lutescente ma- culis magnis castaneis, quadratis, approximatis, biserratim picta ; ultimo anfractu seriebus tribus ornato ; anfractibus an- gustis, convexiusculis, subinvolutis, late binarginatis, trans- versim striato-punctatis ; margine suturali latiore, in anfrac- tibus primis crenulato, in alteris plicato ; ultimo anfractu basi convexo, levigato, canali brevi terminato ; apertura alba, elon- gato-angusta, subquadrata ; columella alba, cylindracea, unt- plicata. Long. 85 mill., larg. 13. Hab. Panama. Collection Cuming. 308 Cette belle espéce a beaucoup de rapports avec le Terebra maculata de Lamarck: la coloration est la méme, seulement les taches sont plus nombreuses et plus serrées; les tours de spire sont en proportion plus étroits, plus enveloppants, et leur surface présente une struc- ture particuliére. 178. TEREBRA LIGATA, Hinds. Terebra ligata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 166. no. 48, pl. 45. f. 117, 118. Hab. Mes Marquises. 179. TEREBRA CONSOBRINA, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, alba ; anfractibus planulatis, sulco vie perspicuo transversim divisis, maculis quadratis fuscis, biseriatim cinctis ; ultimo tricincto ; primis in margine suturala nodoso-crenatis, transversim striatis, alteris levigatis ; aper- tura vix obliqua, elongato-angusta, subquadrata, intus alba, canali brevissimo, lato, terminata; columella brevi, alba, su- perne uniplicata, extus angulo minimo circumdata. Long. 93 mill., larg. 12. Hab. La Mer Rouge. Collection Cuming et la mienne. Cs 180. TEREBRA INSIGNIS, Desh. /%° 7 de Conch ¥«t T. testa elongato-conica, acuminata, solida, alba, in medio an- fractuum maculis magnis castaneis quadrato-oblongis irregula- ribus ornata; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, convexiusculis, sulco impresso divisis, primis regularibus, plicato-arcuatis, alteris plicis distantioribus, crassis, ultimis levigatis, ultimo brevi, biseriatim picto, basi coarctato ; apertura angusta, brevit, recta, canali brevi, lato profundoque terminata; columella brevi, cylindracea, superne uniplicata, extus angulo prominentt, acuto, circumdata. Long. 78 mill., larg. 15. Hab. Panama. Collection Cuming. 181. TEREBRA LINGUALIS, Hinds. Terebra lingualis, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p.167. no. 49. pl. 43. f. 50. Hab. Golfe de Papagayo; Baie de Montijo. 182. TeREBRA HISTRIO, Desh. //% / de Conch. 6. 76 T. testa elongato-subulata, crassiuscula, pallide albo-lutescente, maculis longitudinalibus fusco-castaneis subundatis picta, ad suturas lineis rufo-rubescentibus fimbriata, maculis in ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam interruptis ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, planis, sulco divisis ; margine suturali plano, in primis anfractibus granuloso, in alteris plicato ; ultimo anfractu basi depressiusculo ; apertura angusta, parum obliqua, subquadrata, 309 : canali brevi, contorto terminata ; columella alba, brevi, valde contorta. Long. 48 mill., larg. 11. Hab. ? Ma Collection. 183. TEREBRA HOPEI, Lorois. Terebra eee Lorois, Journ. de Conch. 1857, p. 388, pl. 12. f.1. Hab. 184. TEREBRA FLAMMEA, Lamk. Terebra flammea, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 12. no, 8, pl. 2. flO: Hab. Madagascar ; Océan de |’Inde. 185. TEREBRA MyuROs, Lamk. Buccinum strigilatum (pro parte), Gmel. p. 3501. Buccinum commaculatum, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 143. Terebra commaculata (ex parte), Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 170. no. 58 (exclusa Lamarckii). Terebra scabrella (vide Lamk. An. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. x. p- 248. note). Hab. Océan de I'Inde ; les Moluques. 186. TEREBRA SCABRELLA, Lamk. Terebra scabrella, Lamk. An. s. Vert. 2 ed. t. x. p. 247. no. 19. Terebra myuros, var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 14. f. 34 a. Terebra commaculata (ex parte), Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 170. no. 58, pl. 42. f. 37. Hab. Nouvelle Guinée. 187. TeREBRA Consors, Hinds. Terebra consors, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 154. no. 9, pl. 42. f. 26. Hab. Iles de la Société. 188. TEREBRA ARGUS, Hinds. Terebra argus, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 154. no. 10, pl. 43. f. 64. Hab. Iles de la Société. 189. TEREBRA CHINENSIS, Desh. TL. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, subulata, albo-flavidula ; anfracti- bus numerosis, angustis, tenuiter transversim striatis, sulco im- presso inequaliter bipartitis, ultimo anfractu cylindraceo, basi at- tenuato ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata, margine acuto concavo ; columella cylindracea, lata, contorta. Long. 49 mill., larg. 7. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Ma Collection. 310 . 190. TEREBRA TRICOLOR, Sow. Terebra tricolor, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 24. Terebra teniolata, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de |’Astr. p. 446, pl. 36. f. 25, 26. Hab. Tongatabou ; Tle St. Thomas. i91. TeREBRA L&VIGATA, Gray. Terebra levigata, Gray, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 171. no. 60, pl. 44. f. 93. Hab. Ceylon. 192. TrEREBRA VIRGINEA, Desh. /*%7 7 toe Conchy 6: €5 T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, levigata, nitida, omnino candi- dissima ; anfractibus latis, planis, sulco divisis, sutura subcrenu- lata separatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi obtuso ; apertura brevi, obliqua, ad basin dilatata, profunde emarginata ; columella conica, simplici, bast extus angulo circumdata. Long. 52 mill., larg. 11. Hab. Zanzibar. Collection Cuming. 193. TEREBRA OBSOLETA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, acuminata, angusta, pallide flavida; an- fractibus numerosis, angustis, stria impressa subequaliter bipar- titis ; margine suturali lato, obsolete plicato, levigato, candido ; altera parte anfractuum transversim tenuiter striata, strits sub- equalibus, minutis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi obtuso ; apertura minima, alba, subquadrata, basi anguste profundeque emarginata ; columella brevi, contorta, cylindracea. Long. 40 mil. larg. 7 mill. Hab. Ma Ae 194, TeEREBRA BABYLONIA, Lamk. Terebra striata, Gray (fide Hinds), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60; Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 38, pl. 14. f. 35. Hab. Mers de la Chine ; Iles de la Société, &c. Il faut exclure de lespéce la Var. 35 a. de M. Kiener ; elle constitue une espéce distincte nommeée Terebra straminea par M. Gray. 195. TeREBRA CoLuMNARIS, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, alba; anfractibus numerosis, primis conveaiusculis, marginatis, ultimis convexiusculis, simpli- cibus, transversim minutissime striatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi obtuso, canali brevi latoque terminato ; apertura minima, ovato- subquadrata ; columella contorta, cylindracea, angulo acuto extus marginata. Long. 47 mls larg. 8. ae. Ma ce | 196. TEREBRA STRAMINEA, Gray. Terebra straminea, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 62. Terebra babylonia, var., Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. pl. 14. f. 35 a. Hab. Tranquebar ; mer de la Chine. -/) ie | 7) 197. TEREBRA PALLIDA, Desh. eid J de Conchy. 6! £7 T. testa elongato-angusta, acuminata, subulata, omnino flavo-au- rantia ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, primis planis, ultimis convexiusculis, sulco divisis, transversim tenue striatis, striis in- cists, inequaliter distantibus ; margine suturali simplici, viz di- stincto ; ultimo anfractu elongato, basi attenuato, tenuiter et obso- lete striato ; apertura elongata, angusta, canali longo, recto ter- minata, late profundeque emarginata ; columella cylindraceo- conica. Long. 72 mill., larg. 11. Hab. Les Iles Marquises. Collection Cuming. gay, / 198. TEREBRA CUMINGHI, Desh. /8°7. J de Conchy “© T. testa pulcherrima, elongato-angusta, turrita, alba pallide lutes- cente ; anfractibus triginta, angustis, sulco impresso divisis ; mar- gine suturali duplicato ; altero convexiusculo, eleganter crenulato- plicato, transversim tenuiter striato ; altero unica serie granulo- rum formato ; anfractibus in medio parum excavatis, elegantis- sime costulis longitudinalibus striisque transversalibus clathratis, siriis mediis superisque majoribus ; ultimo anfractu brevi, superne obtuso, striato; apertura minima, quadrata, canali brevi angusto terminata ; columella cylindracea, contorta, simplict. Long. 95 mill., larg. 12. Hab. Chine. Collection Cuming. La plus belle et la plus remarquable espéce du genre. 199. TeEREBRA PRETIOSA, Reeve. Terebra pretiosa, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 200; Conch. Syst. t. ii. p. 245, pl. 274. f. 2. Hab. Chine. 200. TEREBRA FENESTRATA, Hinds. Terebra fenestrata, Hinds,Thes. Conch. p.176. no. 74, pl. 44. f. 86. Hab. 2 ae / Le Conchy ZOE 201. TrEREBRA REGINA, Desh. /¥% 7; de Conchy. 676) T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, multispirata, alba, triseriatim maculis fuscis vel castaneis parvulis picta; anfractibus angustis, sulco impresso transversaliter divisis, levigatis ; margine tenuiter et eleganter crenulato, crenulis albis, interstitiis macula pallide fusca notatis ; ultimo anfractu quadrifariam maculato, superne Le ~ 312 coarctato, canali longo terminato ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrata; columella brevi, uniplicata, valde contorta, extus angulo acuto proeminente oblique circumdata. Long. 89 mill., larg. 13. Hab. Le Sénégal. Collection Cuming. | (heay Desi 7a & GY | ae Le i & 202. TEREBRA LIMA, Desh. /f/5/ T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, turrita, pallide flavicante, flam- mulis flavo-rufescentibus pallidis picta ; ultimo anfractu basi fulvo tincto ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, sulco utroque latere mar- ginato bipartitis, transversim striatis ; longitudinaliter plicis un- dulatis, decussatis, in intersectionibus subgranulatis, asperatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi plano; apertura brevi, angusta, sub- quadrangulari, canali longo, angusto, contorto terminata ; colu- mella alba, contorta, in medio extus angulata. Long. 78 mill., larg. 11. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Collection Cuming. 203. TEREBRA SUCCINEA, Hinds. Terebra succinea, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 151. no. 4. pl. 42. f. 40. Hab. er) hoop Gre LHe 904, TeREBRA FORTUNII, Desh. _’?*'2 © 9 b™ 4 T. testa elongato-angustissima, subulata, subscalaroides, omnino can- dida ; anfractibus numerosis, latis, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, transversim tenue sulcatis, decussatis ; ultimo elongato, basi attenuato ; apertura elongato-angusta, subquadrangulart, antice canali prelongo, angusto terminata. Long. 69 mill., larg. 9. Hab. Les mers de la Chine. Collection Cuming. 205. TEREBRA MONILIS, Quoy et Gaim. Terebra monilis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astr. t. ii. p. 467, pl. 36. ify Ally IE, Hab. Ves Marquises; Iles de la Société, Tahiti. 206. TEREBRA SEROTINA, A. Adams et Reeve. Terebra serotina, A. Adams et Reeve, Voy. du Samarang, p. 30. no. 1, plato. 20, Hab. Japon. 207. TEREBRA FUNICULATA, Hinds. Terebra funiculata, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 168. no, 51, pl. 43. f. 63. Hab. ? 313 208. TeREBRA CORRUGATA, Lamk. Terebra punctata, Gray (teste Hinds), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61. Terebra corrugata, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 35. no. 20, pl. 13. f. 31 (exclusa varietate). Hab. ? ~ M. Kiener confond évidemment deux espéces sous ce nom. Sa varieté junior constitue pour nous l’espéce suivante. Nous sommes redevable 4 M. Crosse de connaitre en nature cette belle et rare espéce. 209. TEREBRA BITORQUATA, Desh. Terebra corrugata, var. junior, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 25. note, pl. 13. f. 31 a. T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, acuminata, multispirata, pallide flava, flammulis longitudinalibus castaneis picta, punctulis conco- loribus, interstitialibus in margine suturali regulariter dispositis ; anfractibus angustis, superne ad suturam inflato-bimarginatis, marginibus inequalibus, regulariter granulosis ; margine inferiore majore ; ultimo anfractu brevi, flammulis ad peripheriam inter- ruptis ; apertura brevi, subquadrata, margine dextro paulo exca- vato ; columella brevi, cylindracea, contorta, bast anguste et pro- Sunde emarginata. Long. 75 mill., largeur & la base 15. Hab. ? Collection de M. Crosse. Nous soupconnions depuis longtems que la variété junior du Te- rebra corrugata de M. Kiener devait constituer une espéce distincte, mais n’ayant sous les yeux ni le type de Lamarck ni la varicté de M. Kiener, nous avons hésité de les séparer jusqu’au moment ot M. Crosse voulut bien nous communiquer un bel individu adulte de la variété de M. Kiener. Dés lors les doutes disparurent, car cette co- quille est en effet parfaitement distincte du corrugata. LElle est par- ticulitrement remarquable par la double collier de perles qui accom- pagne la suture, la rangée supérieure est la plus grosse et la plus épaisse, et interval des granulations est occupée par une linéole d’un beau brun. 210. TEREBRA CINGULIFERA, Lamk. Terebra cingulifera, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. p. 39. no. 34, pl. 13. f. 30. Hab. Nouvelle Hollande. En comparant 4 celle de M. Kiener la figure du cingulifera de M. Hinds, on y remarque des différences telles que lon pourrait séparer cette derniére sous un nom spécifique particulier. 211. TeREBRA LoroisI, Desh. Terebra ncbulosa, Lorois (nec Sow. nec Kiener), Journ. de Conch. 1858, p. 90, pl. 1. f. 4. Hab. ——?* 314 Nous avons substitué au nom de nebulosa, qui ne pouvait lui rester, celui de amateur plein de zéle auquel est di la connaissance de cette espéce. 212. TEREBRA ALBOMARGINATA, Desh. T. testa elongato-turrita, angusta, acuminata, aurantiaca, albo- marginata ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, planis, sulco im- presso inequaliter divisis, transversim striato-punctatis, striis quatuor ; ultimo anfractu brevi, obtuso, canali brevi, contorto, angusto terminato ; apertura minima, pallide lutea, ovato-subqua- drata, angusta, extremitatibus attenuata ; columella cylindracea, _ contorta, uniplicata. Long. 44 mill., larg. 8. Hab. L’ Australie. Collection Cuming. Trés-belle espéce rapprochée du cingulifera de Lamk., mais par- faitement distincte de ses congénéres par sa coloration remarquable et les autres accidents de sa surface ; le bourrelet blanc qui suit la suture est plissé et finement crénelé. 213. TEREBRA EXIMIA, Desh. T. testa elongato-angusta, subulata, candida, ad suturam rufo regu- lariter punctata; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, subequaliter sulco impresso divisis ; margine suturali convexiusculo, crenulato ; in altera parte anfractuum striis tribus granulosis, profunde punctatis ; columella brevi, cylindracea, biplicata. Long. 92 mill., larg. 8. Hab. ig Ma Coilection. i / iy { + rea? pe5°9. soe Conch. 6178 a aes 214. TEREBRA DECORATA, Desh. T. testa minima, elongato-angusta, acuminata, alba, fusco-castanea, biseriatim punctata, ultimo anfractu punctulis triserialibus ; an- fractibus numerosis, angustis, levigatis, sulco impresso divisis ; murgine suturali candido, convexo, noduloso ; apertura brevissima, subquadrangulari ; columella brevi, cylindracea, subuniplicata, extus angulo vix prominente circumdata. Long. 28 mill., larg. 6. Hab. Pidang (Ile Sumatra). Collection Cuming. 215. TEREBRA TESSELLATA, Gray. Terebra tessellata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 166. no. 47, pl. 45. f. 124. Hab. ——? 216. TEREBRA ARCHIMEDIS, Desh. T. testa elongato-subulata, turrita, albo-eburnea ; anfractibus nume- rosis, angustis, transversim inequaliter tricostatis, costula suturali 315 proeminentiore interstitiis profundis, minutissime punctulatis ; ulti- mo anfractu brevissimo, basi depresso, transversim tenuiter sul- cato ; apertura minima, brevi, ovato-subquadrata, alba; columella cylindracea, brevi, ad apicem contorta, canali brevi, latoque ter- minata. Long. 31 mill., larg. 6. Hab. ’ Ma Collection. 217. TEREBRA AMANDA, Hinds. Terebra amanda, Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 166. no. 46, pl. 45. f. 100. Hab. Détroit de Macassar. 218. TEREBRA CIRCINATA, Desh. /*% 7 Ide Conchy 6/49 T. testa elongato-subulata, angusta, fusca; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, in medio excavatis, ad suturam biseriatim plicato-cre- natis, bimarginatis, in medio transversim quadristriatis ; ultimis anfractibus plicis longitudinalibus decussatis, ultimo ad periphe- riam sulco majore crenulato circumdato ; apertura minima, elon- gato-angusta, canali contorto, brevi latoque terminata; labro sinistro proeminente. Var. 6. Testa minore margine, suturali latiore. Long. 42 mill., larg. 6. Hab. Mers de la Chine. Collection Cuming et la mienne. ‘ os / PRY / 219. Terepra acuta, Desh. /*° “ tide Conchy.. 6, /00 T. testa turrito-subulata, angusta, polygyrata, omnino fusco-fulti- ginea ; anfractibus numerosis, angustis, plano-concaviusculis, sulco inequaliter divisis, transversim tenue striatis ; margine suturali convexo, in anfractibus primis granuloso, in sequentibus plicato, crenato ; ultimo anfractu brevi, basi striato; apertura minima, intus fusca, canali brevi lato terminata ; columella brevi, cylin- dracea, marginata. . Long. 97 mill., larg. 7. Hab. Mers de la Chine. Collection de M. Cuming. 220. TEREBRA TRISERIATA, Gray. Terebra triseriata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61; Hinds, Thes. Conch. p. 171. no. 59, pl. 45. f. 119. Hab. Philippines. 221. TeREBRA PRELONGA, Desh. T. testa elongato-angustissima, acuta, prelonga, polygyrata, omnino fulva ; anfractibus triginta, angustis, planis, transversim quinque- striatis, ad suturam inequaliter bimarginatis, marginibus in an- fractibus primis simplicibus, in ultimis granulosis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, ad peripheriam angulo granuloso circumdato, basi depresso, striato, canali contorto, brevi, ambitu dilatato, terminato ; aper- 316 tura brevi, minima, quadrangulari; margine sinistro paulo expanso ; columella cylindracea, brevi, contorta, paulo excavata. Long. 93 mill., larg. 9. Hab. Port Curtis. Collection Cuming. La pointe de la coquille est casscée ; entiére elle devait avoir au moins dix centimétres de longueur. II existe peu d’espéces dans le genre Terebra qui soient aussi longues et aussi étroites en proportion que celle-ci; aussi c’est avec le Terebra triseriata quelle a le plus de rap- ports. Notre travail sur le genre Terebra resterait incomplet et défec- tueux, si, a la suite du catalogue général des espéces qui peuvent rester, nous ne donnions la liste de celles qui sont douteuses, ou qui forment de facheux doubles emplois dans la nomenclature. Dans ~ cette liste se trouvent comprises celles des espéces de Gmelin réunies dans le groupe du genre Buccinum, qui 4 V instar de celui de Linné , 9 . représente le genre Terebra d’Adanson et des conchyliologues mo- dernes. Buccinum acicuta, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 152. Pour une figure de Lister, pl. 1055. f. 7, représentant le Pyrena terebralis, Lamk., Strombus ater, Linn. TEREBRA ACICULINA, Lamk. Espéce douteuse dont il faut retrancher le Buccinum cinereum de Born. M. Kiener la rend plus difficile encore 4 déterminer parce qu'il range sous ce nom trois espéces bien distinctes. Laquelle représente le type de Lamarck ? nous l’ignorons. Buccrnum acvus, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 141. Acus sartoria, Martini, t. 4. f. 1451. Espéce indéterminable par la défectuosité de la figure ; il n’est pas bien certain pour nous qu'elle appartienne au genre Terebra. . TEREBRA AFRICANA, Gray, Griff. Anim. Kingd. pl. 23. f. 5.- Double emploi du Terebra variegata, Gray. TEREBRA ALBA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 60. Esptce douteuse incomplétement décrite et non figurée. Buccinum AspERUM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 148. Deux espéces figurées trés-incorrectement dans Lister, des Fusz ou des Pleurotome indéterminables. TEREBRA BUCCINOIDEA, Blainv. Nom donné par Blainville au Miran @’ Adanson, Buccinum politum. BuccINUM CANALICULATUM, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 164. Espéce faite sur une mauvaise figure de d’Argenville répresentant probablement un trongon de Turrite/la indéterminable. 317 TEREBRA CARNEA, Perry. Double emploi du 7. dimidiata. TEREBRA CANCELLATA, Gray (nec Quoy et Gaimard), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61. Esptce douteuse non figurée et trés-incomplétement deécrite. BuccinuM CHALYBEUM, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 158. Pour une figure indéterminable de Rumphius appartenant cepen- dant au genre Teredra. BuCCINUM COMMACULATUM, Gmel. Nous renvoyons aux observations que nous avons faite 4 son aryl a larticle du Terebra myuros. TEREBRA CosTaTA, Menke, Synops. Moll. p. 84. Double emploi du Buccinum hastatum, Terebra hastata, Kien. TEREBRA COSTATA, Kiister. Ce nom avait déja été employé trois fois avant M. Kuster; par Borson en 1823 pour une espéce fossile, par Menke en 1831 comme nous venons de le dire, enfin par Lea en 1833 pour une espice fossile d’Amérique. Ce costata de M. Kiister n’est point figuré ; il reste pour nous parmi les espéces douteuses. Buccinum cuspPipaTum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 166. Pour une figure de Seba représentant une Melania. BucctnuM DIGITELLUvS, Gmel. p.3504. no. 156. Un Triton, trés-jeune, indéterminable, figuré par Rumphius. BuccinuM EDENTULUM, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 162. C’est avec doute le Terebra cerulescens, d’aprés une trés-mauvaise figure de d’ Argenville. TEREBRA ELEGANS, Kister, Chemn. 2° ed. p. 31. Espéce douteuse non figurée, quoique ‘Vauteur renvoie & une planche 6 qui n’a point encore paru. TEREBRA ELONGATA, Gray, dans Wood, Ind. Test. Supp. pl. 4. f. 25. Double emploi du T. strigata de Sowerby. BuccinumM FascroLatum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 153. Absolument indéterminable, méme le genre. La figure de Bo- nanni, 4 la quelle Gmelin renvoie, représente une coquille travaillée et méconnaissable. TEREBRA FELINA, Sow. Tank. Cat. p. 76. Double emploi du Terebra tigrina. 318 TEREBRA FLAMMEA, Lesson, Ilustr. Zool. pl. 48. Double emploi de la Terebra strigata, Sow. BuccinUM FLUMINEUM, Gmel. p. 3903. La fig. 13 de la pl. 118 de Lister, 4 laquelle Gmelin renvoie, re- présente une Melania. BucciInuM FLUVIATILE, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 159. Pour une Melania mal figurée dans Rumphius, Mus. pl. 30. f. P. TEREBRA FUSCA, Perry. Double emploi de la Terebra subulata. TEREBRA FUSCOMACULATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. p. 23. D’aprés M. Hinds ce serait un double emploi de la 7. senegalensis. Buccinum GEMINUM, Linn. Mant. p. 550. Description malheureusement trop courte ; elle ne permet pas la détermination de l’espéce. TEREBRA GRACILIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, nec Lea, 1833. M. Hinds a donné a lespéce le nom de frigata. TEREBRA GRANULOSA, Lamk. C’est un Buccinum du groupe des Bullia. BuccinuM HECTICUM, Linn. Espéce incertaine, diversement interprétée par les auteurs. Sous ce nom Chemnitz représente une variété du dimidiata, mais en réalité cette opinion n’a rien qui la justifie dans la description et la syn- onymie de Linné. Voyez nos observations sur cette espéce dans le seconde édition de Lamarck et celles de M. Hanley dans son savant ouvrage, ‘Ipsa Linnei Conchylia,’ p. 260. TreREBRA KNORII, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61. Double emploi du Terebra chlorata, Lamk. TEREBRA L&vis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61. M. Hinds affirme qu’aprés l’avoir examinée il a trouvé cette espéce faite avec un misérable specimen de la 7’. muscaria ou de loculata. TEREBRA LINEOLATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. p. 76. Buccinum voisin du B. vittatum. BuccinuM LivipuLUM, Gmel. p. 3505. Espéce faite sur une mauvaise figure de Gualtieri (pl. 56. f. F) re- présentant un Cerithium. TEREBRA MACULATA, Perry. Double emploi de la 7. crenulata, Lamk. 319 Buccinum MONILE, Linn. Mant. p. 550. Malheureusement la description trop courte de cette espéce la laisse parmi les indéterminables. Buccinum mucronatvum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 155. La figure de Bonanni 4 laquelle renvoie Gmelin représente I’ dcha- tina columna, Miller. BuccinumM murRicinuM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 149. La figure de Lister citée représente un Triton alongé. BuccinuM MURINUM, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1206. Espeéce Linnéenne douteuse fondée sur une figure trés-incorrecte de Gualtieri (pl. 57. f. P.). La description est tellement bréve qu’elle ne peut suppléer a l’insuffisance de la figure. M. Hanley n’ayant pas trouvé l’espéce dans la propre collection de Linné n’a pu faire cesser le doute 4 son égard. TEREBRA NEBULOSA, Kiener. Ce nom de nebulosa avait été appliqué dés 1825 (Tank. Cat. par Sowerby) 4 une espéce que M. Kiener ne connut pas sans doute, car il Pattribua plus tard 4 une espéce trés-différente a laquelle M. Hinds donna le nom de Terebra argus. ' Buccitnum Niveum, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 154. Probablement une varicté de la Terebra cerulescens. TEREBRA NUBECULATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 25. Espéce restée incertaine depuis la publication, et que M. Hinds n’a pu retrouver. BuccinuM osBLiquuM, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 157. La figure de Rumphius citée par Gmelin représente 4 la vérité une Terebra rapproché de notre 7. chinensis, mais néanmoins indétermi- nable. TEREBRA PETITII, Kiener. Rapportée a tort par M. Hinds 4 la T. rudis de Gray, cette espéce est simplement un double emploi de la 7. dislocata, Say. BuccinuM PHALLUS, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 146. M. Pfeiffer dans son Index de Martini et Chemnitz rapporte au Pleurotoma buccinoides de Lamarck la figure de Martini dont Gmelin s’est servi pour le B. phallus. TeREBRA POLITA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 63. C’est le Buccinum politum de Lamk., le Miran d’ Adanson. Buccinum puato, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 163. Figure de d’Argenville, qui représente probablement une jeune individu de la 7’. senegalensis. 320 TEREBRA PUNCTATA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61. D’aprés M. Hinds cette espéce serait un double emploi de la 7. corrugata de Lamarck. TEREBRA PUNCTATO-STRIATA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61. TEREBRA PUNCTULATA, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 24. Ces deux espéces selon M. Hinds sont des doubles emplois de la T. cingulifera de Lamarck. BuccrnuM PUNCTULATUM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 151. Lister, Conch. pl. 979. f. 38, Cerithium indéterminable. Buccinum RApIATUM, Gmel. p. 3504. no. 160. La figure citée de Gualtieri (pl. 52. f. D.) représente un Cerithiwm indéterminable. TEREBRA SANDWIZENSIS. Nous ne connaisssons ni l’origine ni application de ce nom men- tionné par M. Hinds 4 la fin de sa Monographie. TEREBRA STRIATA, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’ Astr. Les auteurs ignoraient que le nom de striata avait été donné par Basterot en 1825 & une espéce fossile de Bordeaux ; ils Pont appliqué & une espéce vivante a laquelle le nom d’afinis a été donné par M. Gray. Ce qui n’a pas empéché ce dernier naturaliste d’attribuer ce nom de striata 4 une coquille depuis longtems connue sous le nom de babylonia de Lamk. TEREBRA STRIATULA, Kiener, Icon. des Coq. Viv. (non Lamk.). L’auteur confond deux espéces sous ce nom, qui ne sont mi l’une ni Pautre le striatula de Lamk. L’une nous parait étre le Terebra verreauai, et autre le strigilata de Linné. Buccinum succinctum, Gmel. p. 3502. no. 142. Espéce trés-douteuse faite sur une trés-imparfaite figure de Mar- tini (t. 4. f. 1451) ; nous doutons quelle soit du genre Terebra. Ce- pendant M. Pfeiffer dans son Index la considére comme bonne espéce et dit l’avoir dans sa collection ; il serait bien utile que le savant con- chyliologue en donnat une description et une bonne figure. TEREBRA TENIOLATA, Quoy et Gaim. Double emploi de la Terebra tricolor de Sowerby. TEREBRA TAHITENSIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 61. C’est un Buccin, Buecinum tahitense, Gmel. BuccINUM TUBERCULATUM, Gmel. p. 3503. no. 150. Gmelin renvoie 4 une figure de Lister (pl. 958. f. 11 6) qui repré- sente un véritable Buccin. 321 Buccinum varicosum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 165. Variété de la Terebra crenulata. Buccinum vireineum, Gmel. p. 3505. no. 168. C’est encore une Melania d’aprés la figure citée de Lister, pl. 113. feeZe TEREBRA vViTTATA, Lamk. C’est un Buccin (B. vittatum, Linn.) du groupe de Bullia de M. Gray. TEREBRA ZEBRA, Kiener. Double emploi de la 7. strigata, Sow. Pour compléter notre travail sur le genre Teredra, il faudrait ajouter ici la liste des espéces fossiles. Déja nous avons rassemblé de nombreux matériaux, nous comptons plus de 80 noms inscrits ; mais nous n’avons pu nous procurer un grand nombre d’espéces qu'il fau- drait comparer pour en assurer la synonymie. Nous sommes done foreé d’ajourner 4 un moment plus propice cet appendix intéressant d’une monographie du genre Terebra. 14. A Synopsis oF THE THRUSHES (TURDIDZ) OF THE NEW Worup. By Puixtie Lutury Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., Secre- TARY TO THE SOCIETY. The true Thrushes, of the Linnean genus Turdus as now re- stricted, almost perfectly cosmopolitan in their range, since they occur in every part of the world, tropical and temperate, with the exception of Australia, are found in great abundance in America. Counting the Merule of some authors amongst their number, for I believe that their structural differences from Turdus are unappre- ciable, we find nearly forty species of this genus already known to occur in the New World; and, from the number of species which have escaped detection until quite recently, we may reasonably pre- sume that we are not yet acquainted with all the American members of this group. It is useless to enlarge here upon the characteristics of these well-known birds. Suffice it to say, that, as far as we know, their general habits and manners are the same in the New World as in the Old, and that in the few cases in which we are ac- quainted with the mode of nesting and peculiarities of the eggs, these also are similar. Connected with the typical Thrushes of America is a small group of birds forming the genus Catharus of Prince Bo- naparte. This section, until lately known to have but one representa- tive, is now extended to embrace seven species,—Mr. Gould’s type Malacocichla, founded upon one of them, being inseparable generi- cally from Catharus. The differences indeed between these birds and the true Thrushes are but slight—consisting in rather longer No. 404.—PROcCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 322 tarsi and shorter wings and tail, which render the group more fit for terrestrial and less adapted to arboreal life. Commencing our subfamily of Thrushes with the six Cathari, we enter Turdus by the typical small Thrushes of N. America, already alluded to, of which there seem to be eight species, difficult to be distinguished énter se. The second group of the genus—a section denominated by Prince Bonaparte Planesticus—in which the sexes are similar, and the throat is either spotted or striated,—is composed of twenty species, amongst which is the well-known Robin of the Americans, Turdus migratorius. A third group, in which the plumage is dusky: and uniform, but the sexes are still alike, may be called Semimerula. It is composed of five species. There remain the Black-birds—of the section Merula—in which the sexes are different. Of these in the New World there appear, according to the present state of our knowledge, to be at least six, which make up the large number of thirty-nine species of American Turdi. The genera Cichlerminia and Margarops, which in the greater de- velopment of the first spurious primary (always small among the true Thrushes) show an abnormal tendency, contain three or four species peculiar to the Antilles. They may, perhaps, be arranged most naturally next to Turdus—and serve to lead off towards the Mock- birds, the several genera of which follow next in my arrangement. The typical Mock-birds show in many respects striking differences, when compared with the true Thrushes. Being adapted for a life inside the thick bushes and near the ground, they are distinguished by their low crown, their short and graduated wings—the first (spu- rious) primary being much lengthened and generally half as long as the second,—and their longer and more graduated tail. These characters and the strongly-developed scutella on the front of the tarsi, which are wanting in Turdus, have induced recent authors to disconnect them entirely from the Thrushes and arrange them with the Wrens. But there are some forms (such as Galeoscoptes, Cichlerminia, and Melanotis) so clearly intermediate in one or other of these respects, that Iam unable to draw the line of demarcation between the two groups, and for the present am inclined to consider the affinities of the Mock-birds as closer with the Thrushes than with the Wrens. _ In their mode of nesting and in the colour of the eggs (points by no means to be neglected in considering natural rela- tionships), the Mock-birds also exhibit Thrush-like characters. The series of Mock-birds may be best commenced with Galeo- scoptes—embracing a well-known North American type—and two Antillean species nearly allied to each other, the strong Thrush-lke appearance (and habits) of which have induced me to call them sub- generically Mimocichla. Next comes the singular type Melanoptila, of which the nearest ally is perhaps Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Me- lanotis with its two species is also nearly affine to Galeoscoptes, and perhaps hardly separable generically therefrom. Rhamphocinclus and Cinclocerthia, on the other hand, are so aberrant in form that they have been ranged by some authors in a different group altogether; but there can be no doubt that their right place is here. In the 323 elongated and incurved bill, some species of Harporhynchus, which next follows, shows much resemblance to them. These latter birds are clearly connected by Oreoscoptes with the typical Mock-thrushes of the genus Méimus, in which group an accurate comparison of specimens and a careful attention to geographical distribution are requisite to enable the student to distinguish the numerous closely- allied and similarly-clad species. Genus I. CaTHARUS. Catharus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850). Malacocichla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 285. - a. Catharus. 1. CATHARUS MELPOMENE. Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 5.—Catharus aurantiiros- tris, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294; 1858, p. 97; Ibis, 1859, p. 6. Cinnamomeo-brunneus, uropygio, alis extus et cauda rufescentioribus : subtus pallide cineraceus, gula et ventre medio crisoque dilutiori- bus, albis: periophthalmiis, rostri basi et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°!, caudee.2°6, tarsi 1°25. Hab. Southern Mexico, near Cordova (Sallé) ; Orizaba (Bott.) ; Guatemala (Skinner). Mus. P..S8. 2. CATHARUS AURANTIIROSTRIS. Turdus aurantiirostris, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 158; Contr. Orn. 1851, pl. 72.—Catharus immaculatus, Bp. Consp. p. 278. Supra dilute olivaceus: subtus albidus ; pectore, hypochondriis col- lique lateribus cinerascentibus : subcaudalibus albis: gula cine- rascente paulum variegata: rostro, pedibus et periophthalmiis flavis. Hab. Venezuela. Mus. Lugd. I have not had an opportunity of comparing specimens of these two nearly allied species ; but Dr. Hartlaub considers the present bird as distinct. 3. CATHARUS OCCIDENTALIS, Sp. nov. Cinnamomeo-brunneus, vertice saturatiore : subtus cineraceus, gula albicante, cervice et pectore fusco subobsolete flammulatis : ventre medio et crisso albis: rostro fusco-nigricante, hujus basi et pedi- bus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2°9, tarsi 1°15. Hab. Western Mexico, Oaxaca, Totontepec (Boucard). Mus, P.L.S. M. Sallé’s recent collections from M. Boucard contain four ex- amples of this Catharus. It seems clearly distinct from C. melpo- mene of Eastern Mexico, in its rather larger size, shorter tarsi, and 324 spotted neck and breast ; these parts in C. melpomene bemg imma- culate. {. Malacocichla. 4, CATHARUS DRYAS. Malacocichla dryas, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 285, pl. 75; Ibis, 1859, p. 7. Supra saturate olivaceus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigerrimis ; subtus pallide ochraceus, pectore olivaceo variegato : rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°75, caudze 2°8. Hab. Guatemala (Skinner). Mus. Brit. 5. CATHARUS MACULATUS. Malacocichla maculata, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 64. Supra nigricanti-schistaceus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigerrimis : subtus ochracescenti-albidus, lateraliter schistaceus : gula, pectore et ventris lateribus nigro maculatis : rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°6, caude 2°8. Hab. Ecuador, banks of the Napo. Mus. Brit. 6. CATHARUS MEXICANUS. Malacocichla mexicana, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 998, et Orn. Foss. p. 35. Cinereo-olivaceus, subtus albido-fuscescens ; abdomine medio albo ; pileo nigro : rostro flavo-aurantiaco, pedibus flavo-corneis. Long. tota 6:0, alee 3°5, caudze 2°4. Hab. Southern Mexico, near Jalapa (Sallé) ; Guatemala, prov. Vera-Paz (Delatire). Mus. Derbiano, P. L. 8. 7. CATHARUS FUSCATER. Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 341. — Catharus fuscater, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 136. Schistacescenti-niger ; subtus cinerascentior, abdomine medio albo, gutture fuscescente : rostro aurantiaco, pedibus flavo-corneis. Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°5, caudze 3:0. Hab. Interior of New Granada; Ecuador, near Pallatanga (Fraser). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S. Genus II. Turpvs. Turdus, Linn. S. N. (1766). Merula, Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. (1816). Planesticus, Bp. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1854, p. 118. 329 a. Turdus. Minores : subtus plus minusve guttulati : sexus inter se similes. “7, TuRDUS MUSTELINUS. Turdus mustelinus, Gmel. 8S. N.i. p. 817; Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pl. 62; Aud. B. Am. iii. pl. 144; Bp. Consp. p. 270; Baird, Rep. p. 212; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294; Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470; Ibis, 1859, p. 6.—Turdus melodus, Wils. Am. Orn. i. pl. 2. Supra clare cinnamomeo-brunneus, pileo intensiore ; subtus pure al- bus, in lateribus cervicis, pectore et ventre maculis subtriangulari- bus nigricantibus distincte notatus: rostro corneo, basi flavida : pedibus flavis. Long. tota 7:5, alee 4:1, caudze 2°75. Hab. Eastern United States to the Missouri; Mexico ; Cordova (Sallé); Guatemala; Cuba, and Jamaica (in winter). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. I have not seen Turdus densus, Bp. (Compt. Rend. xxviii. p. 2; Notes Orn. p. 26), from Tabasco in Mexico, said to be nearly allied to T. mustelinus. The type is in the Museum at Brussels. I doubt its distinctness. 2. TuRDUS PALLASI. Turdus pallasi, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, 1. p. 205; Mus. Hein. p. 5; Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470; Baird, Rep. p. 212.—Turdus solitarius, Wils. Am. Orn. v. p. 95; Bp. Consp. p. 270; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 212.—Turdus minor, Bp. Obs. Wils. Orn. no. 72. —Turdus guttatus, Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 187. Supra pallide olivaceo-brunneus, uropygio et cauda rufis: subtus albus, pectore ochracescente: gutturis lateribus et pectore nigro triangulariter maculatis : hypochondriis subolivaceis. Long. tota 7°5, alee 3:5, caudze 2°5. Hab. Eastern N. America to the Mississippi and southwards to Mexico ; Orizaba (Botteri) ; Cuba (Gundlach). Mus. P.L.S. 3. TURDUS NANUS. Turdus nanus, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 201; %. Amer. iu. pl. 147; Baird, Rep. p. 213. Similis Turdo pallasi, sed minor: subtus purius albus: lateribus magis cinerascentibus nec cinnamomescentibus : colore caude sa- turatiore. Long. tota 6:5, alee 3°3, caudee 2°9. Hab. Pacific slope of N. America, replacing T. pallasi: California and Oregon. Mus. P.L.S. 4. TURDUS SILENS. Merula silens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369; North. Zool. 1. p. 186; Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 300. 326 Similis Turdo pallasi, sed colore corporis superi pallidiore, cine- rascentiore et multo minus cinnamomeo : cauda flavicanti-brunnea et pallidiore. Hab. Southern Mexico; Oaxaca (Boucard). Mus. P.L.S. Further specimens are requisite to confirm the validity of this species of Thrush. Having now examples of Turdus nanus, I should be inclined to refer it to that species, were it not of rather larger proportions. 5. TurRDUS FUSCESCENS. Turdus fuscescens, Steph. G. Z. x. p. 182; Baird, Rep. p. 214.— Turdus mustelinus, Wils. Am. Orn. v. pl. 43.—Turdus wilsoni, Bp. ; Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 188; Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470. Supra rufescenti-brunneus, subtus albus ; gutture et pectore antico flavido-rufescentibus, maculis parvis triangularibus brunnescenti- olivaceis parce aspersis. Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°8, caudee 2°8. Hab. Eastern North America to the Missouri. Mus. P.L.S. 6. TuRDUS USTULATUS. Turdus ustulatus, Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 400 (1840); Baird, Rep. p. 215. Hab. Coast region of Oregon and Washington Territory. I have not seen examples of this Thrush, and can only refer to Prof. Baird’s description. V 7. TURDUS SWAINSONI. Turdus swainsoni, Cab. in Tseh. F. P. p. 188; Mus. Hein. p. 5; Baird, Rep. p. 216; Ibis, 1859, p. 6.—Turdus minor, Gm. (part.) et Bp. Consp. p. 271; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 212.—Turdus oli- vaceus, Giraud.—Turdus minimus, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 5; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 111; 1855, p. 145. Supra pallide olivaceus unicolor: subtus albus ; gula et pectore di- lute flavescenti-brunneis, gule lateribus et pectore toto maculis triangularibus fusco-nigris crebro sparsis. Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°7, caudz 2°8. Hab. Eastern North America to Greenland, and southwards to Mexico, Orizaba (Bolt.) ; Guatemala; New Granada, Heuador, and Peru; Cuba (Gundlach) ; Gualaquiza, Ecuador (Fraser). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 8. TURDUS ALICI&. Turdus alicia, Baird, Rep. p. 217. Hab. Interior of N. America—Illinois and Upper Missouri. ¥ have not seen this bird. 327 }B. Planesticus. Majores: subtus unicolores, gula nigro striata aut punctata: seus inter se similes. 9. TURDUS PHHOPYGUS. Turdus pheopygus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. 666, et Mus. Hein. p- 4; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 64.—Turdus jamaicensis, Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 329 (1847), nec Gm. Supra saturate olivaceo-brunneus, uropygio cinereo: subtus pallide cinereus, gula alba nigro striata; collo antico et crisso albis : rostro et pedibus nigricanti-fuscis. Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°9, caudze 3:0. Hab. Guiana (Schomb.); Northern Brazil; Venezuela; Trinidad ; Tobago (Kirk); New Granada; Hastern Ecuador, Rio Napo. Mus. P.L.S. Kasily known by its small size, and grey rump in contradistinction to the cinnamomeous back. 10. TuRDUS JAMAICENSIS. Turdus jamaicensis, Gm. 8S. N. 1. p. 809; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 142, et Ill. pl. 24. — Turdus capucinus, Hartl.; Bp. Consp. p. 271. — Turdus lereboulleti, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 3, et Notes Orn. p- 27. Saturate ardesiacus, capite undique et striis in gula alba obscure cinnamomeis : subtus pallide cinereus, collo antico et ventre medio albis : rostro nigro ; pedibus clare fusco-nigris. Long. tota 8°7, alee 4°6, caudee 3°6. Hab. Jamaica (Gosse). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. 11. TurRDUS CROTOPEZUS. Turdus leucomelas, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. 226, et Ene. Méth. p- 644, ex Azara, no. 80?—Turdus crotopezus, Licht. Doubl. p. 38 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 3; Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 122; Bp. Consp. p. 272.—Turdus albicollis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 71, pl. 70. Saturate cinnamomeo-brunneus, subéus pallide cinereus, gula alba nigro striata: ventre medio et crisso pure albis ; lateribus fulvis : tectricibus subalaribus pallide cinnamomeis: rostro corneo, man- dibule inferioris basi flava : pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 8°5, alee 4:4, caudze 3°3. Hab. South-eastern Brazil. 12. TuRDUS ASSIMILIS. Turdus assimilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 4; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 202. Supra olivascenti-brunneus, cauda concolore ; subtus pallide cine- 328 rascenti-olivaceus ; gula alba, nigro striata ; collo antico et ventre medio cum crisso albis : rostro omnino corneo: pedibus fuscis. Long tota 9°5, alee 5:0, caudee 4:0. Hab. Southern Mexico, Vera Cruz (Saillé) ; Orizaba (Botteri) ; Puente Nacional (Pease) ; Oaxaca (Boucard). Mus. P. L. S8., Acad. Philadelph. The under surface of this species much resembles that of T. cro- topezus, showing only a larger white patch on the neck and a deeper cinereous on the breast. Above, the present bird is wholly of a paler and more cimereous brown. 13. TurDUS LEUCAUCHEN. Turdus leucauchen, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 447; Ibis, 1859, p. 6. Supra nigricanti-cinereus alis et cauda saturatioribus: capite toto et gula nigris, hac albo striata: collo antico pure albo ; abdomine toto pallide cinereo, ventre medio crissoque albis : tectricibus sub- alaribus pallide ochracescentibus: rostro flavo, pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 9:0, alee 4°6, caudze 2°8. Hab. Guatemala (Skinner). This Guatemalan species is nearly allied to the two latter, but distinguishable by its dark cinereous colour above, more conspicuous white neck-patch and yellow bill. 14. TuRDUS ALBIVENTRIS. Turdus albiventris, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, pl. 69 ; Cab. in Schomb. Reisen, iii. p. 666, et Mus. Hein. p. 4; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 124; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 451. Brunnescenti-olivaceus, subtus pallide cinereus ; gula albida nigro striata ; ventre medio et crisso pure albis : tectricibus subalaribus pallide cinnamomeis : rostro corneo: pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 8°5, ale 4:5, caudee 3°8. : Hab. Guiana (Schomb.) and valley of the Amazon up to Rio Napo and Eastern Ecuador; Zamora (Fraser); Brazil, Bahia, and coast- region generally ; Bolivia ? Mus. Brit., P. L.S. I am unable at present to decide that specimens collected by Mr. Fraser at Pallatanga, on the western slope of the Andes, are really referable to this species ; but they appear to be very closely allied to it. 15. TURDUS IGNOBILIS. Turdus ignobilis, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 273. Cinerascenti-fuscus, subtus dilutior ; gula albicante, fusco striata ; abdomine albo: tectricibus subalaribus fusco-cinereis, rufo viz tinctis : rostro corneo, pedibus fusco-nigris. Long. tota 9-0, alee 4°5, caudze 3°9. Hab. Ynterior of New Granada. Mus. P. L. 8. et Acad. Philadelph. 329 Apparently a larger bird than the preceding, and of more uniform colouring. The colour above is darker, browner, and without any cinereous tinge ; the breast is much more brown, and the throat more obsoletely streaked ; the tarsi are stouter and thicker. 16. TuRDUS ALBICOLLIS. Turdus albicollis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p.226,et Enc. Méth. p.640; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 5; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 125. Cinnamomeo-brunneus, subtus pallide cinereus, gula alba nigro striata: collo antico, ventre imo et crisso albis : hypochondriis et lateribus ventris saturate cinnamomeo-rufis: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo : pedibus clare fuscis. Long. tota 9°4, alee 4°8, caudz 4:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil; Paraguay and La Plata; Monte Video (Mus. Berol.). Mus. P.L.S. 17. TURDUS AMAUROCHALINUS. Turdus amaurochalinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 5. Supra olivaceo-viridis, preecipue in capite brunnescens : loris nigri- canti-brunneis : subtus brunnescenti-griseus ;. gula albida fusco striata, plaga medialt immaculata: tectricibus subalaribus dilute ferrugineis : ventre medio et crisso albis: rostro adulti flavo, juvenis fusco (Cab.). Hab. Brazil. I have not yet met with specimens of this species. 18. TuRDUS GYMNOPHTHALMUS. Turdus gymnophthalmus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 665.—Tur- dus nudigenys, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 4.—Turdus gymnopsis, Temm. Mus. Lugd., et Bp. Consp. p. 272. Brunnescenti-olivaceus, orbitis late nudis: subtus cinerascens, gut- ture fusco striato, ventre medio et crisso albis: subalaribus cin- namomeis. Long. tota 9-0, ale 4°5, caudze 4-0. Hab. Guiana; Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago (Kirk); Surinam (Hering in Mus. Acad. Philadelph.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 19. TuRDUS FUMIGATUS. Turdus fumigatus, Licht. Doubl. p. 38.—T. ferrugineus, Wied, Beitr. iii. 649 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. in. 122; Bp. Consp. p. 272; Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iti. 665 ; Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 260. —Turdus olivaceus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. 1. p. 16, juv. ? Rufescenti-brunneus, subtus dilutior, gula striata, subalaribus satu- rate cinnamomeis: rostro et pedibus fuscis. Juv. Fuscescenti- olivaceus, subtus dilutior. Long. tota 9-0, alze 4°6, caudze 3°7. Hab. Kastern Brazil and northwards to Guiana; Para (Wallace). Mus. P.L.S. 330 20. TuRDUS GRAYII. Merula tristis, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369 ?—Turdus grayi, Bp. P.Z.S. 1837, p. 118; Bp. Consp. p. 272 ; Ibis, 1859, p. 5.—Turdus tristis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294.—Turdus helvolus, Licht. Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 4; Notes Orn. p. 28. Supra olivascenti-fuscus : subtus flavicanti-cinnamomeus, gutture vie fusco striolato: tectricibus alarum inferioribus pallide cer- vinis : rostro plumbeo, apice flavo ; pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 9:0, alee 5:0, caudee 4°3. Hab. Southern Mexico ; Cordova (Sallé); Orizaba (Botteri). 21. TuRDUS CASsIUS. Planesticus casius, Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. 657. Cinnamomeo-ferrugineus ; subtus pallidior, gula obsolete striata (Bp:)-7 7 Hab. In isthmo Panama (Mus. Brit.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. I doubt much the real distinctness of this bird from Turdus grayit. I have a specimen, believed to be from Guatemala, which agrees nearly with Prince Bonaparte’s type in the British Museum. It only differs from the preceding in having rather smaller dimensions and paler colouring, particularly beneath. I am not acquainted with Planesticus luridus, Bp. (Compt. Rend. xxxviil. p. 4; Notes Orn. p. 28), said to be from New Granada; but from the characters* assigned to it, I should imagine it to be the same as the present. 22. TURDUS SERRANUS. Turdus serranus, 'Tsch. Av.Consp. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 1. p. 280, et Faun. Per. p. 186; Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 260. Supra obscure fuscus, pilei plumarum scapis ferrugineis : remigibus rectricibusque nigricantibus : subtus ex olivaceo fuscus, pectore Fferrugineo-fusco ; crisso saturatiore: rostro nigro ; pedibus faavis (Tschudi). Hab. Andes of Western Peru, Sierra-region, alt. 9000 to 14,000 ft. (Tsch.). Mus. Novo-Castellano. I have once had the type of this species in my hand. My im- pression was that it was nearly allied to Turdus ferrugineus ; but I had no means of comparison. 23. TuRDUS FALKLANDICUS. Turdus falklandicus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de |’Uranie, p. 104; D’Orb. Voy. p. 202; Darwin, Voy. p. 59.— Turdus magellanicus, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 14; Bp. Consp. p. 272; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 111.—Merula falklandica, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped. Birds, pe loz. * Plus pale et moins roussatre en dessous (se. compared with Turdus grayi?). 331 Brunneo-olivaceus, pileo nigricante: subtus dilute ochraceus, latera- hter cinerascens ; gutture albo, nigro striolato: rostro et pedibus avis. ee tota 10°5, ale 5°4, caudee 4°3. Hab. Falkland Islands, Southern Patagonia, and Chili: Valdivia (Philippi). Mus. Brit., P. L. S., Derb. Specimens of this bird vary a little. Those in the Derby Museum from the Falklands are of a deeper rufous tinge below than conti- nental specimens. W24. TuRDUS MIGRATORIUS. Turdus migratorius, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 292; Wils. Am. Orn. i. pl. 2; Aud. B. Am. in. pl. 142; Bp. Consp. p. 272; Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. Birds, p. 157; Baird, Rep. p. 218; Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p: 368; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294. Cineraceus vix olivacescens: capite nigro, regione oculari alba: gula alba nigro striata : abdomine toto et tectricibus subalaribus castaneis : tibiis et crisso albis: rostro flavo, apice obscuro ; pedibus cornets. Long. tota 8°25, alee 5:0, caudee 4:0. Hab. Whole continent of North America, Eastern and Western States, and down to 8. Mexico in winter; Cordova (Sallé) ; acci- dental in Antilles, Tobago (Kirk). 25. TuRDUS NEVIUS. Turdus nevius, Gm.8. N.i. p. 817; Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii. pl. 66; Aud. B. Am. ii. pl. 143; Bp. Consp. p. 271; Baird, Rep. p. 219. Cineraceus : lateribus capitis et torque pectorali nigris : superciliis elongatis, fasctis alarum et corpore subtus ferrugineo-rufis : ventre medio et crisso albis rufo perfusis : caude@ rectricibus albo ter- minatis: rostro nigro: pedibus flavidis. Long. tota 9-0, alee 5:0, caudze 3°5. Hab. Pacific Coast of N. America; Oregon and California ; Mon- terey (Gambel). The true type of Prince Bonaparte’s subgeneric term [xoreus, used by Professor Baird for this bird, is, as I know from its having been pointed out to me by the founder in the Jardin de Plantes’ collection, the S. American Tenioptera rufiventris (Tyrannus rufiventris, Vieill. ; Tenioptera variegata, G. R. Gray; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. t. 39. fig. 2; gen. Myiotheretes, Reichb.). It was from confounding this bird with the present, that the strange remark was made, which I have already alluded to (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 4), concerning the natural position of this bird, in Compt. Rendus, xxxvill. p. 3 (Notes Orn. p. 26). 26. TuURDUS FULVIVENTRIS. Turdus fulviventris, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 273. Nigricanti-cinereus : capite toto cum gutture nigris : cervice antica 332 cinerascente : abdomine et subalaribus saturate cinnamomeo-rujis : rostro flavo : pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 10°5, alze 4:8, caudee 4:0. Hab. Interior of New Granada. Mus. P. L.S. et Bruxelliano. 27. TuRDUS RUFIVENTRIS. Turdus rufiventris, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 226, et Enc. Méth. p- 639; Azara, no.79; unde Turdus chochi, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p- 226, et Ene. p. 639; Max. Beitr. ii. 639; D’Orb. Voy. p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iu. p. 122; Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, pl. 68; Bp. Consp. p. 272; Darw. Zool. p. 59. Brunnescenti-olivaceus ; gutture albo fusco striato: abdomine cum crisso saturate ferrugineis. Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:6, caudee 4:0. Hab. South-eastern Brazil; Paraguay (4zar.) ; interior of Bo- livia and Argentine republic down to Rio Negro (D’Ord.). Mus. Brit., P.L.S., &c. 28. TURDUS FLAVIROSTRIS. Turdus flavirostris, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369.—Turdus rufo- palliatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 259.— Turdus palliatus, Bp. Consp. p. 272. Cinereo-olivaceus, dorso et abdomine rufo-cinnamomeis ; ventre medio et crisso albis: gula alba, nigro striata: rostro et pedibus flavis. © dorso dilutiore. Long. tota 5:5, alee 4°9, caudee 3°75. Hab, Western Mexico and Lower California; Monterey (La/r.). Mus. Brit. y. Semimerula. Majores : ptilosis unicolor, fusca aut fusco-nigra: sexus similes. 29. TuRDUS GIGAS. Turdus gigas, Fraser, P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 59; Bp. Consp. p. 275 ; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 144; 1858, pp. 451 & 550. Nigricanti-fuscus, subtus dilutior : rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 13:0, alee 6:0, caudee 6:0, tarsi 1°7. Hab. Interior of New Granada and Ecuador; Cuenca, and plateau of Riobamba (Fraser). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. Easily distinguishable from the next-following species by its larger dimensions. The colouring is also lighter and more greyish below. 30. TuRDUS FUSCATER. Turdus fuscater, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 16; D’Orb. Voy. p- 200, pl. 9. f. 1; Bp. Consp. p. 275; Gay, Hist. de Chili, Zool. p. 331; Fraser in P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 120; Tschudi, Faun. Per. p. 186. 333 Fuliginoso-nigricans : rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 10°5, alee 5:9, caudee 4°5, tarsi 1°45. Hab. Andes of Peru and Bolivia ; Cochabamba and Chuquisaca (D’Orb.) ; Mendoza in Argentine republic (Bridges and Burmeister). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 31. TuRDUS CHIGUANCO. Turdus chiguanco, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. p. 16; D’Orb. Voy. p- 201, pl. 9. fig. 2; Bp. Consp. p. 275; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 450 & 540. Fuliginoso-cinereus, subtus dilutior ; gula albicante: tectricibus sub- alaribus rufis: rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 10:0, alee 5°3, caudze 4:4. Hab. Andes of Peru and Ecuador—Tacna (D’Orb.) ; Cuenca and plateau of Rio Bamba (Fraser). Mus. Paris., P. L.S. 32. TuRDUS AURANTIUS. Turdus aurantius,Gm.8.N. i. p. 832; Bp. Consp. p. 275.—Turdus leucogenys, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 341.—Merula leucogenys, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 136, et Ill. no. 23. Nigricanti-cinereus, subtus dilutior ; mento, abdomine medio et macula alari albis: rostro aurantiaco, pedibus flavis. Long. tota 9:0, alee 4:6, caudze 3°6. Hab. Jamaica. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 33. TURDUS OLIVATER. Merula olivatra, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 2. Olwvascenti-brunneus, subtus dilutior ; ventre medio precipue palli- diore: alis caudaque intus nigricantibus: capite et collo toto undique ad medium pectus nigerrimis : tectricibus subalaribus ventre concoloribus ; rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 9:0, alee 4:6, caudze 3°7. Hab. Venezuela, between La Guayra and Caraccas (Salle). Mus. Derbiano, Bremensi. 0. Merula. Sexus inter se dissimilis: mares nigri aut nigro vari: fomine Susce aut fuscescentes. 34. TuRDUS ATROSERICEUS. Merula atrosericea, Lafr. Ri. Z. 1848, p. 3. Turdus atrosericeus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 136. Atrosericeus, rostro et pedibus flavis: 2 brunnescenti-olivacea, rostro et pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 9:0, alee 4°7, caudze 4:0. Hab. Venezuela, New Granada, and Eeuador ; Pallatanga (Fraser). Mus. P.L.8. 334 35. TuRDUS INFUSCATUS. Merula infuscata, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 41.—Turdus infus- catus, Sclater et Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 6; Bp. Consp. p. 275. Obscure niger : rostro et pedibus flavis. 2 brunnescenti-olwacea, subtus dilutior, gutture striato ; tectricibus subalaribus rufis : rostro fusceo : pedibus flavis. Long. tota 9°5, alze 5:0, caudee 3°75. Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala; Jalapa (de Oca) ; Oaxaca (Boucard). Mus. P.L.S. - This Blackbird seems truly different from the preceding, as I judge from the examination of several specimens. It is not of so deep a black; the bill is much shorter (0°9 inch from the gape instead of 1°3) ; the wings are longer and more pointed, and the tarsi are shorter. 36. TuURDUS XANTHOSCELES. Turdus xanthosceles, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1847, p. 14, pl. 1, et Ann. N. H. xx. p. 329 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. p. 275. Niger : rostro et pedibus flavis. Q fusco-olivacea. Long. tota 8:0, alee 4°3, caudee 3°5. Hab. Tobago (Kirk). Mus. Gul. Jardine, Bart., et P. L.S. 37. TURDUS FLAVIPES. Turdus flavipes, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. 277; Ene. Méth. p. 670 ; Spix, Av. Bras. i. pl. 67. f. 2, p. 69.—Turdus carbonarius, Licht. Doubl. p. 37; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 643 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 125. Niger: dorso toto et ventre imo et laterali schistaceis : rostro et pedibus flavis. @ olivaceo-brunnea, subtus dilutior, rostro et pedibus fuscis. Long. tota 9:0, ale 4:5, caudee 3:5. Hab. 8. E. Brazil. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 38. TURDUS RUFITORQUES. Turdus rufitorques, Hartl. R. Z. 1844, p- 214; DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 19 & 20; Bp. Consp. p. 275; Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1849, p. 6. Nigro-fuliginosus, mento albo; cervice undique et pectore rufo- cinnamomeis : rostro flavo. @ fusco-brunnea, gula striata, pectore et collo postico rufo tinctis. Long. tota 9:5, ale 5-0, caudee 4:0. Hab. Guatemala (Salvin). Mus. Derbiano, Brit., P. L. S. 39. TURDUS PINICOLA, Sp. nov. Fusco-niger, capitis et dorsi plumarum scapis brunneis: alarum tectricibus majoribus fumido-albo extus late limbatis : prima- 335 riorum parte basali extus et intus macula magna alba occupata : secundariorum apicibus grisescenti-albo late terminatis: cauda nigra, hujus tectricibus superioribus et rectricum apicibus albis : abdomine cum crisso et tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis : rostro nigro, pedibus flavis. 2 brunnescentior : coloribus dilutioribus ; gutture et pectore toto brunneis, colore pallidiore marmoratis. Long. tota 8°28, ale 5:0, caudee 3°28, tarsi 1-0. Hab. Southern Mexico, Pine-forests of the tableland above Jalapa (de Oca). Mus. Bremensi et P.L.S. Genus IIT. CicHitermintia. Cichlerminia, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 3 (1854). 1. CICHLERMINIA BONAPARTII. Turdus herminiert, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 167. Saturate brunnea, plumis abdominis albis brunneo marginatis, tanquam squamatis : oculorum ambitu denudato. Long. tota 8°5, alee 5:0, caudee 3°5, tarsi 1°65. Hab. Island of Guadeloupe (L’ Herminier). Mus. Brit. This is a singular bird, and must be separated from the three following species, differing as it does in its much stronger bill and longer tarsi, which give it somewhat the semblance of an Ant-thrush (Grallaria). Genus [V. MarGarops. Cichlalopia, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1857, p. 205, nee Bp. Compt. Rend. XXxviil. p. 6 (1854). 1. MARGAROPS FUSCATUS. Turdus fuscatus, Vieill. Ois. de PAm. Sept. ii. p. 1, pl. 57 bis; Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 226, et Enc. Méth. p. 639; Bp. Consp. p: 276 ; Cichlerminia fuscata, A. & K. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 141. —Collu- ricincla fusca, Gould, P. Z.S. 1836, p. 6. Fusco-brunneus, plumis colore dilutiore marginatis : subtus albo variegatus: ventre crissoque albis fusco striatis : caude rectri- cibus lateralibus albo terminatis: rostro et pedibus corneis. Long. tota 10°5, alee 5°0, caudze 4°25, tarsi 1°3. Hab. Islands 8. Domingo and Porto Rico (Vieill.); St. Croix et St. Thomas (Newéon). Messrs. Newton have described the nest and eggs of this bird in the ‘Ibis’ (1859, p. 142). Not being able to concur in Prince Bonaparte’s transfer of his name Cichlalopia to this genus, I have used the term Margarops (papyapos et wp)—se. “ Pearly-eyed Thrush,” as Messrs. Newton call it. 336 2, MARGAROPS DENSIROSTRIS. Turdus densirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 233, et Enc. Méth. p. 642; Bp. Consp. p. 271; Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 167. Similis precedenti, sed paulo minor ; rostro breviore, et magis crasso: tarsis brevioribus, validioribus : pectore magis striato. Hab. Island of Guadeloupe (Z’ Herminier) ; Martinique ( Vierll.). Mus. Brit. 3. MARGAROPS MONTANUS. Turdus montanus, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 167. Precedentibus minor, supra unicolor fuscus ; secundaris, tectrici- bus alarum majoribus et cauda albo terminatis : gutturis totius et pectoris plumis nigro-brunnescentibus, albo vix marginatis : ventre imo albido. Long. tota 9:0, ale 4°9, caudze 3°8. Hab. Island of Guadeloupe (L’ Herm.). Mus. Brit. Genus V. GALEOSCOPTES. Galeoscoptes, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82 (1851). Felivoz, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvii. p. 56 (1854). / a. Galeoscoptes. 4 1. GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS. Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 328.—Turdus felivoa, Vieill.—Turdus lividus, Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 14. f. 3.—Mimus caro- linensis, Baird, Report, p. 346 ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 294; Cab. Mus. Hein. 1855, p. 470; Ibis, 1859, p. 6. Plumbeus, subtus dilutior, pileo nigro ; crisso ferrugineo: rostro nigro, pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 8-0, ale 3-5, caudee 3°5. - Hab. Eastern N. America down to Mexico, Guatemala, and Hon- duras (in winter) ; Cordova (Sallé) ; Belize (Salvin) ; Cuba (Gund- lach). Mus. Brit., P..S. B. Mimocichla. “2, GALEOSCOPTES RUBRIPES. Turdus rubripes, Temm. Pl. Col. 409 ; La Sagra, Cuba Ois. pl. 4. —Mimus rubripes, Bp. Consp. p. 276.—Galeoscoptes rubripes, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82, et Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470. Dilute plumbeus, mento et crisso albis : gutture toto nigro : ventre rubro: rostro nigricante, pedibus aurantiacis. Long. tota 10:0, alee 4°6, caudee 3:3. Hab. Cuba. Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 337 3. GALEOSCOPTES PLUMBEUS. Turdus plumbeus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 294; Pl. Enl. 560. f. 1; Vieill. Ois. de ’Am. Sept. ii. pl. 58, p. 2.— Turdus ardosiaceus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 646. — Galeoscoptes plumbeus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82; Sallé, P.Z. S. 1857, p. 231. Cinereus: lateribus capitis nigris: gula alba nigro striata: ventre imo et crisso albis : cauda nigra, albo terminata. Long. tota 10:5, alee 5:1, caudee 4°5. Hab. S. Domingo (Sallé) ; Porto Rico (Maugé in Mus. Par.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. Genus VI. MELANOoPpTILA. Melanoptila, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 275. 1. MELANOPTILA GLABRIROSTRIS. Melanoptila glabrirostris, Sclater, P. Z.S8. 1857, p. 275. Nigra unicolor, ceruleo-nitens: alis caudaque eneo magis splen- dentibus : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 7°8, alee 3:5, caudee 4°3. Hab. Honduras, vicinity of Omoa. Mus. Derbiano, Brit., P. L. 8. Genus VII. Mzzanoris. Melanotis, Bp. Consp. 1. p. 276 (1850). 1. MELANOTIS CHRULESCENS. Orpheus cerulescens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369.-—Turdus me- lanotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 498; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294; Bp. Consp. p. 276. Schistaceo-cerulescens, facie nigra, rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 10:0, alee 4°5, caudze 4:7. Hab. Southern Mexico; Cordova (Salle). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2. MELANOTIS HYPOLEUCUS. Melanotis hypoleucus, Wartl. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 460; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 7. Schistaceo-cerulescens, lateribus capitis nigris: subtus candidus, crisso obscure ceruleo: rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 10-0, alee 4:3, caude 5:0. Hab. Guatemala, central region (Salvin). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. Genus VIII. RuaAmpuocinc.wus. Ramphocinelus, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 66. Legriocinclus, Less. Ann. Sc. Nat.ix. p. 168 (1838). Cinclops, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 1. No. 405.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 338 1. RHAMPHOCINCLUS BRACHYURUS. Turdus brachyurus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 255, et Enc. Méth. p- 655; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1143, p. 66; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 213. —Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. p. 259.—Cinclops melanoleueus, Bp. Nigricanti-fuscus : lateribus capitis nigris : subtus albus, hypo- chondriis et crisso dorso concoloribus: rostro nigro, pedibus Susco-nigris. Long. tota 8:0, alee 3:9, caudee 3°0. Hab. Islands of St. Lucia and Guadeloupe (Mus. Paris.) ; Mar- tinique (Vierll.). Mus. Paris., P. L. 8S. Genus IX. CincLocEerRTHIA. Stenorhynchus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 186. Cinclocerthia, G. R. Gray, List. of Gen. 1840, p. 22. Herminierus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 325. 1. CINCLOCERTHIA RUFICAUDA. Stenorhynchus ruficaudus, Gould, P. Z.S. 1835, p. 186.—Cinclo- certhia ruficauda, G. R. Gray.—Ramphocinclus tremulus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1833, p. 67; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 214. Fumoso-brunnea unicolor, paulum rufescens: subtus paulo dilu- tior magis cinerascens : rostro nigro, basi brunnescente; pedibus Suscis. Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:0, caudze 3:4, rostri a rictu 1°7. Hab. {sland of Guadeloupe (Lajr.), Nevis (Gould). Mus. Brit., P. 1.8. 2. CINCLOCERTHIA GUTTURALIS. Ramphocincelus gutturalis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 67; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 214. Nigricanti-fuscocinerea, subtus valde dilutior: gutture et ventre medio albis: tectricibus. subalaribus pallide fusco-cinerascen- tibus. Long. tota 9°5, alee 4°4, caudee 3:2, tarsi 1:2, rostri a rictu 1:5. Hab. Island of Martinique (Mus. Brit.). Mus. Brit. Genus X. HARPORHYNCHUS. Harpes, Gamb. Pr. Ac. Phil. ii. p. 264. Harporhynchus, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1848, i. p. 98. Toxostoma, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 528. Methriopterus, Reichb. Av.S. N. pl. 55. 339 a. Harporhynchus. 1. HARPORHYNCHUS REDIVIVUS. Harpes redivivus, Gamb. Pr. Ac. Phil. i. p. 264. — Towxostoma rediviva, Gamb. Journ. Ac. Phil. i. p. 42 (1847) ; Bp.Consp. p. 277 ; Cassin, B. Californ. pl. 43.—Harporhynchus redivivus, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1848, p. 98 ; Baird, Rep. p. 349. Supra brunnescenti-olivaceus: infra pallide cinnamomeus, gula pallidiore, ventre imo et crisso saturatioribus ; pectore antico et lateribus brunnescenti-olivaceis, dorso pallidioribus : super- cilis et linea infra-oculari, hac obsoletiore, obscure cineraceis : regione auriculari et striga maxillari indistincta obscure fuscis ; caude apice pallidiore. Long. tota 11°5, alee 4:2, caudee 5°75. Hab, California. Mus. Brit. “G HARPORHYNCHUS LECONTII. Toxostoma lecontit, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 109. — Harpo- rhynchus lecontii, Bp.Compt. Rend. xxviii. p. 57 ; Notes Orn. p. 39 ; Baird, Rep. p. 350. Assimilis precedenti, sed crassitie inferiore et coloribus dilutio- ribus. Hab. Vicinity of Fort Yuma, Gila River, California. Mus. Institut. Smithsonian. 3. HARPORHYNCHUS CRISSALIS. Toxostoma crissalis, Henry, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1858, p.117 ; Baird, Rep. p. 351. Supra olivaceo-brunneus, grisescente tinctus: infra pallidior, brunnescenti-griseus, gula albicantiore : crisso ferrugineo. Long. tota 11:0, alee 4°0, caudze 5:8. Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains. Mus. Institut. Smithsonian. 4. HARPORHYNCHUS CURVIROSTRIS. Orpheus curvirostris, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369. — Pomato- rhinus turdinus, Temm. Pl. Col. 441.—Towostoma vetula, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p.528; Baird, Report, p. 351.—Toxostoma curvirostre, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 212. Cinereus, alarum tectricibus anguste albo terminatis ; subtus alous, pectore cinereo variegato : caude rectricibus extimis in pogonto interiore albo terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:3, caudze 4°4. Hab. Southern Mexico ; Orizaba (Botter?). Mus. P. U.S. f. Methriopterus. 5. HaRPORHYNCHUS LONGIROSTRIS. Orpheus longirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 55, et Mag. de 340 Zool. 1839, Ois. pl. 1; Baird, Rep. p. 352. —Mimus longirostris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294. Sordide castaneus: alarum tectricum apicibus albis, macula sub- apicali nigricante : subtus albus, ngrolongitudinaliter striatus, gula et abdomine medio immaculatis. Long. tota 11-0, alee 4:0, caudze 5:3. Hab. Eastern Mexico ; Rio Grande (Couch) ; Cordova (Salle). Mus. Brit., P. L. 8. 6. HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS. Turdus rufus, Linn. 8. N.1. p. 293; Wils. Am. Orn. ii. pl. 14.— Orpheus rufus, Sw.—Har Joe hynchus rufus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82 ; Baird, Report, p. 353. Supra lete castaneus, alarum tectricum apicibus albis, macula subapicali nigricante: subtus albus brunnescenti-nigro trian- gulariter notatus : gula et abdomine medio immaculatis : rostro breviore et mandibula inferiore recta: rostro nigricanti-fusco, pedibus corneis. Long. tota 11:0, alee 4:0, caudze 5:0. Tab. Eastern N. America. Genus XI. OrnEoscopTes. Oroscoptes, Baird, Report N. A. Orn. p. 346. 1. OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS. Oroscoptes montanus, Baird, Rep. p. 347.—Orpheus montanus, Townsh. Journ. Ac. Philad. vii. 2. p. 192; Aud. B. Am. pl. 139.— Mimus montanus, Bp. Consp. p. 276. Supra fusco-cineraceus, subtus albus, maculis parvis triangularibus, nisi in gula et ventre medio notatus: alarum tectricibus et remigibus albo anguste marginatis : rectricibus later Bley albo terminatis: rostro nigro, pedibus corneis. Long. tota 8°5, alee 3°8, caudee 3:5. Hab. Rocky Mountains southwards to Mexico, and Gila Valiey to California. Mus. Bremensi et P. L. 8. Genus XII. Mimus. Mimus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972. Orpheus, Sw. Zool. Journ. (1827) i. p. 167. a. Species rectrice extima omnino alba. v ¥ 1. Mimus POLYGLOTTUS. Turdus polyglottus, Linn. 8. N.1i. p. 293; Wils. Am.Orn. ui. pl.10. f. 1.—Mimus polyglottus, Bp.Consp. p. 276; Baird, Report, p. 344 ; 341 Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 212; Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470.— Orpheus polyglottus, Sw. Nigricanti-cinereus, subtus albus: alis nigris, cinerascente lim- batis, tectricum et secundariorum apicibus cum speculo magno alart, primariorum basin et alulam spuriam occupante, albis : cauda nigra albo terminata: rectrice extima tota, secunde pogonio interno, et tertie parte mediali albis. Long. tota 9-5, alee 4°7, caudee 5:0. Hab. North America, eastern and western (?); southwards to Mexico, Cordova (Saillé) ; Orizaba (Bottert) ; Cuba (Gundlach). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 2. MIMUS ORPHEUS. Mimus, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 263.—Turdus orpheus, Linn. ; Edwards, Birds, pl. 28; Vieill. Ois. de Am. Sept. u. p. 12, pl. 68; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 144. Albicanti-cinereus, subtus albus : alis nigris cinerascente limbatis, tectricum et secundariorum apicibus cum speculo magno alart albis : cauda nigra albo terminata : rectricibus duabus extimis Sere omnino et sequentibus duabus ex majore parte albis. Long. tota 9:0, alee 4:0, caudee 4'3. Hab. Jamaica. Mus. P.L.S8. Distinguishable from M. polyglottus by its smaller size, and the greater extension of the white on the outer tail-feathers. 3. Mimus DOMINICUS. Merula dominicensis, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 284.—Turdus dominicus, Linn. i. p. 295; Sallé, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 232. Similis precedenti et forsan ab illo vix distinctus. Hab. 8S. Domingo. 4. Mimus TriurRws. Calandria tres colas, Azara, no. 224, unde Turdus triurus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 276, et Enc. p. 668.—Orpheus tricaudatus, Latr. et d’Orb. Syn. i. p. 18; @Orb. Voy. p. 208; Bridges, P. Z. 8.1843, p. 120; Bp. Consp. p. 277. Fusco-cinereus, uropygio rufescente, subtus albus: alis nigris, tectricibus majoribus et secundartis (nisi tribus dorso proximis) omnino albis: cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus extimis omnino albis, sequentibus duabus albo variegatis. Long. tota 8°5, alee 3:9, caudee 4:0. Hab. Paraguay (Az.); Bolivia, Chiquitos (d’ Ord.) ; rep. Argen- tin., Mendoza (Bridges). Mus. Brit., Derbiano, P. L.S8. 5. MIMUS DORSALIS. * Orpheus dorsalis, Lafr. et @ Orb. Syn. Av.i. p. 18; d’Orb. Voy. p- 211, pl. 11. f. 2; Bp. Consp. p. 277. 342 Saturate fuscescenti-rufus, supercilis albis: subtus albus: alis nigris, speculo alari magno et tectricum secundariorumque mar- ginibus angustis albis : caude rectricibus tribus extimis omnino albis, duabus sequentibus albo variis, ceteris nigris. Long. tota 10:0, alee 4:9, caudee 4°9. Hab. Interior of Bolivia ; prov. Cochabamba (d’ O70.). Mus. Brit., P.L.S. B. Species rectricis extime parte basali nigra. a. Supra unicolores. 6. Mimus LIvipvus. Turdus lividus, Licht. Doubl. p. 39.—Turdus orpheus, Spix, Av. Bras. 1. p. 71, pl. 71.—Mimus lividus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 653 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 128. Supra pallide cinereus, superciliis et corpore subtus albis; hypo- chondriis nigricante striatis : regione auriculari obscura: alis nigricantibus, albo anguste marginatis: rectricibus nigris, api- cibus angustis albis. Long. tota 10°5, alee 4°5, caudee 5:1. Hab. S.E. Brasil. Mus. P.L.S. 7. MimMUS GUNDLACHII. Mimus gundlachii, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 470. Similis Mimo livido, sed caude rectricum apicibus albis angusti- oribus, rostro longiore, et corpore subtus magis puro. Hab. In ins. Cuba (Gundlach). (Non vidi.) 8. MImUS GILVUS. Turdus gilvus, Vieill.Ois. de? Am. Sept. ii. p.15. pl. 68 dts ; Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 296; Enc. Méth. p. 678. Supra fuscescenti-cinereus, superciliis et corpore subtus albis : re- gione auriculart paulo obscuriore : alis nigricantibus, tectricibus albo terminatis, remigibus cinereo stricte marginatis : cauda nigricante, rectricum apicibus latis albis. Long. tota 10, alee 4°5, caudze 4°5. Hab. British Guiana (Schomd.). Mus. Brit., P.L.8. Obs. Affinis Mimo livtdo, sed supra fuscescentius cinereus et rec- tricum apicibus albis latioribus. 9. MIMUS MELANOPTERUS. Mimus melanopterus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1845, p. 35. pl. 2.— Mimus colombianus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 82.—Mimus 2, Sclater, P.Z.8. 1855, p. 145.—Mimus gilvus, Jard. Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xx. p. 329. Cano-cinereus : subtus albus: superciliis albis, regione oculare nigricante : alts ngricantibus, tectricibus albo terminatis, re- 343 migibus cinereo stricte limbatis: cauda nigricante, rectricum apicibus latis albis. Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:4, caudee 5:0. Hab. New Granada; Venezuela; Trinidad ; Tobago (Kir). Mus. P.L.S. Obs. A Mimo gilvo, crassitie inferiore, rostro paulo longiore et rectricum apicibus albis minus latis vix distinguendus. 10. MIMUS GRACILIS. Mimus gracilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 83; Sclater et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 5. Cano-cinereus ; subtus albus, alis et cauda nigerrimis : tectricum apicibus angustis albis; remigibus strictissime cinereo margt- natis ; rectricum apicibus latioribus et une utrinque extime pogonio interiore a basi albis. Long. tota 9-3, alee 4:2, caudee 5:0. Hab. Guatemala and Honduras (Salvin). Mus. P.L.S. Obs. Alis et cauda coracino-nigris primo visu distinctus. b. Supra nigro variegate. 11. Mimus MODULATOR. Mimus modulator, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 6. Supra cinerascenti-brunneus nigro flammulatus, uropygio rufes- cente : superciliis latis et longis albis: alis nigricantibus, albo et rufescenti-griseo extus marginatis: cauda nigra, rec- tricum lateralium tertia parte apicali alba: subtus albus, ventre et lateribus rufescente perfusis. Long. tota 11:0, alee 4:5, caudee 5:0, rostri a rictu 1:1. Hab. Southern Brazil, Rio Grande (Plant) ; Maldonado (Darw.). Mus. Brit., P. L.S. Obs. Species crassitie majore et rostro brevi insignis, et facile distinguenda. 12. Mimvus CALANDRIA. Calandria, Azara, no. 223.—Orpheus calandria, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 17; d’Orb. Voy. p. 206. pl. 10. f. 2.— Mimus orpheus, Darwin, Zool. Beagle, p. 60; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iil. p. 126? Supra fusco-fuliginosus, plumis in disco obscurioribus, alarum tec- — tricum et secundariorum apicibus sordide albescentibus ; pri- mariis angustissime albo marginatis : flecura alba : superciliis latis et corpore subtus sordide albescentibus : cauda fusco-nigra, rectricibus quatuor extimis late albo terminatis (d’Orb.). Hab. Paraguay; La Plata, near Monte Video, and Buenos Ayres @ Orb.). : Obs. Minor quam M. thenca (teste d’Orbigny), itaque cum Mimo modulatore, Gouldii, majore minime confundendus! Burmeister and other writers unite this species to M. modulator, which is certainly wrong. I have a Bolivian bird (agreeing with two specimens in the British Museum from the same country, collected 344 by Bridges) which I am inclined to refer to it. My example is very like M. modulator, but much smaller (Long. tota 9°5, alee 4-0, caudze 4°2), though the bill is of the same size. 13. Mimus PATAGONICUS. Orpheus patagonicus, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 16; d’Orb. Voy. p. 210, pl. 11. f. 2; Darwin, Voy. Beagle, p. 60. Fusco-cinereus superciliis angustis albicantibus ; tergo parum rufescente : alis nigris, primariis anguste, secundarws et tec- tricibus late albo marginatis : rectricibus nigris, harum latera- libus macula cuneiformi alba terminatis: subtus cinerascens, gula et abdomine medio albis : hypochondriis rufescentibus fusco striolatis: gutture albo, maeulis minutis fuscis utrinque mar- ginato. Hab. Patagonia; Rio Negro (@ Ord. and Darwin). Mus. Brit. 14. Mimus THENCA. Turdus thenca, Molina, Saggio 8. N. Chili, p. 213.— Orpheus thenca, d’ Orb.Voy. p. 209.—Mimus thenca, Darw. Zool. Beagle, p.61. Supra fuscus, nigro paulum variegatus, pileo obscuriore: superciltis latis albis : alis nigris albo limbatis: subtus sordide cinereus, striga gulari utrinque nigricante : hypochondrus nigro flam- mulatis: cauda nigra: rectricum lateralium apicibus albis. Long. tota 10, alze 4:5, caudee 4°8. Hab. Chile, near Valparaiso (d’Oré.) ; sea-coast of Central and Northern Chile (Darwin). Mus. Brit., P. L. S. Obs. Gula utrinque striata conspicuus. 15. Mimvus LEUCOSPILUS. Mimus leucospilus, v. Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxi. p. 323.— Mimus peruvianus, Peale, B. of U. 8. Expl. Exp. ed. 1. p. 877. Sordide cinereus, plumis medialiter nigricantioribus, cimereo circumeinctis : lateribus capitis cervice et corpore subtus albis ; pectore cinereo lavato ; lateribus nigro striatis : alis nigricanti- brunneis extus albo limbatis : teetricibus dorso concoloribus sed albo limbatis, tectricum primariorum apicibus omnino albis maculam alarem conspicuam constituentibus : cauda supra nigricanti-cinerea, subtus pallidiore, rectricibus omnibus nise duabus intermediis albo late terminatis; rectricibus duabus eatimis item in utroque pogonio anguste albo marginatis : tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 10°5, alze 4°8, caude 5°5. Hab. Coast of Ecuador, Bay of 8. Elena (Kellett). Mus. Brit., Vindobiensi. 16. Mimus SATURNINUS=s Mimus saturninus, Licht. Doubl. p. 39; Max. Beitr. mi. 658 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ui. 127. 345 Fusco-cinereus, plumis medialiter nigricantioribus ; subtus sordide albido-cinerascens, hypochondriis rufescentibus fusco striolatis : vitta lata superciliart albicante, regione auriculari nigra : re- migibus totis fuscis, albido marginatis: rectricibus fusco-nigrt- cantibus, albo late terminatis. Long. tota 9°5, ale 4:1, caudee 4°7, rostri a rictu 1°05. Hab. Coast-region of Brazil; Para (Licht.). Mus. Brit., P..S. 17. Mimvus LONGICAUDATUS. Mimus longicaudatus, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 1. p. 280; ERaun. Per. p> 190; pl. 15. £. 2: Supra cinereo-fuscus, alis saturatioribus albo-vittatis ; cauda longa, fusca, apice alba: subtus albicans, pectore dorso con- colore: rostro nigro: pedibus fuscis. (Tsch.) Hab. Wood-region of BK. Peru (7Tsch.). I have not seen this species. Tschudi says it resembles M. thenca in colouring, but differs in its longer, more compressed, and more incurved bill. 18. Mimus TRIFASCIATUS. Orpheus trifasciatus, Gould, P. Z.S. 1837, p. 27; Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Zool. p. 62, pl. 16. Sordide fusco-nigricans, plumis medialiter obscurioribus, uropygio rufescente ; alis albo trifasciatis : supercilits, regione auricu- lari et corpore subtus albis, vitta lata pectorali ex maculis “confluentibus nigra: cauda nigricante, rectricibus lateralibus albo terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 10°6, alee 5:0, caudee 5°95. Hab. Galapagos, Charles Island. Mus. Brit. 19. Mimus MELANOTIS. Orpheus melanotis, Gould, P. Z.S. 1837, p. 27 ; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, p. 62, pl. 17. Sordide fusco-nigricans, plumis medialiter obscurioribus : alarum tectricibus et secundariis albo terminatis: loris et regione au- riculari nigris: supercilus albis: subtus sordide albus, hypo- chondriis nigricante striatis : cauda nigricante, rectricibus lateralibus omnibus albo terminatis: rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 9°5, alee 4:5, caudee 4°5. Hab. Galapagos, Chatham and James Islands. Mus. Brit. 20. Mimus PARVULUS. Orpheus parvulus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 27; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, p. 63, pl. 18. Precedenti similis, sed paulo minor: forsan vie distinctus. Hab. Galapagos, Albemarle Island. Mus. Brit. 346 "DIY *2U0SULDMS “2U0SULDMS ‘2uU0sUurDms “2UOSUuLDMS *7U0suLDMS “2U0SULDMS “2U0suDMs “SNgDINISN “suaasaosnf *sua]2s “snUuDu "2SDp.00 "s2Lquanrans “snUyagsnUL ‘snumagsnut *snuyazsniu “snuyazsnu “SILISOMQDY *sisuaowUDne ‘snbhdowyd ‘snbidowyd “uayannanay "S7]VUISSD °82LJUAQLQID *syzqoube *“SNUD LAOS é Sn2SDd sahpab 2houb “SNIgJUDAND “smiawmU “ooumnbiya *sn2Loqoubrur *sndopo.sbrut *sniLognsbrur “apvasng “spb “svbib “mood -sandLojyind "8NIILASONID "89J9ISOYJUDLX ssnpposnfur *sngposn fur SS RR ae IS I ede | ee cet | ° . | 6 . 0 A "ROLIOULY [e14UaD A eoLawWy RoLIOWy | nigg W194seq Lopenoy epeurly MON soy QUY pue vjemayeny OD1X9IN, YMOoN w19js0m | YON w1o\seq | 8 ‘L ‘9 g v § G ‘I | ‘WOYONVOIVENVY WOYOCUAL SALOAdSNOO 347 -snbidowyd -snbhdowyd *92.0JUIQ2Q]D snpohuunt ssnujoy ry douwhs | -snugoyzydouuhb *4090QY0 "SRIDWMASOLID “pepiuny : pue vjonzouo A ere) ‘OT a1 ssnbidowyd -squuaangyD “snpobiun~ *TIZeIg U194SVd-Y}.10 | mal ‘sququaayfind “s1uquaayine “snaypunyyof °82910919]0 *snzadojo49 ‘snpohiunf “avant saan “[lzeig -AUnSeIVg pue ; usaysea-ynog | ‘orqndes *yueS1y viuoseyed cat 1 “snompunyyyof -oounnhiya NIIq U.14S9\\ pue mo “OL “s2uquanyne “Laqnasnf “eIATLOG JO LOLI0jUT 6 Eo Se I ee se ee ee eee ee eee ae eee (panuyuo?) SA. LOAdSNOO 348 15. On some New Fresuwater SHELLS FROM CENTRAL ~ Arrica. By S. P. Woopwarp, F.G.S. ComMuNiIcATED By Pror. OwEN. (Mollusca, Pl. XLVII.) The four sheils which form the subject of the present note were collected by Captain Speke in the great freshwater Lake Tanganyika in Central Africa. The large bivalve belongs to the genus Iridina, Lamarck,—a group of river-mussels, of which there are nine reputed species, all belong- ing to the African Continent. This little group has been divided into several subgenera. ‘That to which the new shell belongs is di- stinguished by its broad and deeply-wrinkled hinge-line, and is called Pletodon by Conrad. The posterior slope of this shell is en- crusted with tufa, as if there were limestone rocks in the vicinity of its habitat. The small bivalve is a normal Unio, with finely sculptured valves. The smaller univalve is concave beneath, and so much resembles a Nerita or Calyptrea that it would be taken for a sea-shell if its history were not well authenticated. It agrees essentially with Lv- thoglyphus,—a genus peculiar to the Danube; for the American shells referred to it are probably, or, I may say, certainly distinct. It agrees with the Danubian shells in the extreme obliquity of the aperture, and differs in the width of the umbilicus, which in the European species is nearly concealed by the callous columellar tip. In the Upper Hocene Tertiaries of the Isle of Wight there are several estuary shells, forming the genus Globulus, Sow., whose affi- nities are uncertain, but which resemble Lithoglyphus. The Lake Tanganyika (situated in lat. 3° to 8° S. and long. 30° E.), which is several hundred miles in length and 30 to 40 in breadth, seems entirely disconnected with the region of the Danube: but the separation may not always have been so complete, for there is another great lake, Nyanza, to the northward of Tanganyika, which is be- lieved by Speke to be the principal source of the Nile. The other univalve is a Melania, of the subgenus Melanella (Swainson), similar in shape to M. hollandi of S. Europe, and similar to several Eocene species of the Isle of Wight. Its colour, solidity, and tuberculated ribs give it much the appearance of a small marine whelk (Massa) ; and it is found in more boisterous waters, on the shores of this great Inland Sea, than most of its congeners inhabit. 1. IRtpINA (PLEIODON) sPEKII, n. sp. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 2.) Shell oblong, ventricose, somewhat attenuated at each end; base slightly concave; epidermis chestnut-brown, deepening to black at the margin; anterior slope obscurely radiated ; hinge-line com- pressed in front and tuberculated, wider behind and deeply wrinkled. Length 4%, breadth 2, thickness 13 inches. Testa oblonga, tumida, extremitatibus fere atlenuata, basi subar- cuata ; epidermide castaneo-fusca, marginem versus nigricante ; 349 linea cardinali antice compressa tuberculata, postice latiore, paucis rugis arata. 2. Unto surRTOoNI, n. sp. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 1.) Shell small, oval, rather thin, somewhat pointed behind ; umbones small, not eroded ; pale olive, concentrically furrowed, and sculptured more or less with fine divaricating lines ; anterior teeth narrow, not prominent ; posterior teeth laminar ; pedal scar confluent with ante- rior adductor. Length 12, breadth 83, thickness 5} lines. Testa parva, ovalis, tenuiuscula, postice subattenuata ; umbonibus parvis, acuminatis ; epidermide pailide olivacea ; valvis lineolis divaricatis, decussatim exaratis ; dentibus cardinalibus angustis, haud prominentibus. 3. LirHoGLYPHUS ZONATUS, n. sp. (PI. XLVII. fig. 3.) Shell orbicular, hemispherical ; spire very small; aperture large, very oblique; umbilicus wide and shallow, with an open fissure in the young shell; lip continuous in front with the umbilical ridge ; columella callous, ultimately covermg the fissure; body-whirl flat- tened, pale olivaceous, with two brown bands, darker at the apex ; lines of growth crossed by numerous oblique, interrupted strize. Diameter 5-6, height 3 lines. Testa orbicularis, hemispherica, late umbilicata(apud juniores rimata), spira minuta; apertura magna, valde obliqua ; labio calloso (in testa adulta rimam tegente): pallide olivacea, fasciis duabus fuscis zonata ; lineis incrementi striolis interruptis oblique decussatis. 4. Mevanta (MELANELLA) NASSA, n. sp. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 4.) Shell ovate, strong, pale brown, with (sometimes) two dark bands; spire shorter than the aperture; whirls flattened, orna- mented with six brown spiral ridges crossed by a variable number of white, tuberculated, transverse ribs; base of body-whirl with eight tuberculated spiral ridges variegated with white and brown ; aper- ture sinuated in front ; outer lip simple; inner lip callous. Length 83, breadth 53 lines. Testa ovata, solida, pallide fusca, zonis 2 nigricantibus aliquando notata; spira apertura breviore; anfractibus planulatis, lineis 6 fuscis spiralibus et costis tuberculatis ornatis ; apertura antice sinuata ; labro simplici ; labio calloso. P.S. July 27th.—In addition to the foregoing shells, several others were collected by Capt. Speke, when employed, under the command of Capt. Burton, in exploring Central Africa in the years 1856-9 ; these were deposited in the first instance with the Geographical Society, and are now transferred to the British Museum. A specimen of Ampullaria (Lanistes) sinistrorsa, Lea, and odd valves of two species of Unio, both smooth and olive-coloured, were picked up in the Ugogo district, an elevated plateau in lat. 6° to 7° S., long. 34° to 35° E. 350 A large Achatina, most nearly related to 4. glutinosa, Pfr., is the “common snail” of the region between Lake Tanganyika and the East coast. Fossil specimens were obtained in the Usagara district, at a place called Maroro, 3050 feet above the sea, overlooking the Lufiji River, where it intersects the coast range (lat. 7° to 8° S., long. 36° to 37° E.). Another common land snail of the same district is the well-known ‘« Bulimus caillaudi, Pfr.,” a shell more nearly related to Achatina than Bulimus. Captain Speke also found a solitary example of Bulimus ovoideus, Brug., in a musjid on the island of Kiloa (lat. 9° S., long. 39° to 40° E.). This species is identical with B. grandis, Desh., from the island of Nosse Bé, Madagascar, and very closely allied to B. libe- rianus, Lea, from Guinea. Mr. Hermann Schlagintweit exhibited specimens of heads of a Sheep from Thibet, which showed a curious modification in the form of the horns. He referred them to the sheep described as Ovis hunia by Mr. Hodgson (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1. p. 348, xvi. p- 1005 ; and Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1834, p. 99) : but the specimens exhibited were remarkable on account of a curious malformation —the horny part of the two horns being entirely grown together so as to form apparently but one single horn. This might, it was stated, not. improbably have given rise to one of the various mo- difications of the fabulous Unicorn of Thibet. This peculiar for- mation was only met with in tame animals; and in the three spe- cimens laid before the Society (one of which was presented some time ago by Mr. Hodgson to the India House, the two others being from Messrs. Schlagintweit’s collections) the upper part of the horns, which perhaps would have touched the animal’s neck, had been artifi- cially cut off. It was considered to be well worthy of notice, that this peculiar malformation seemed to be limited to the Ovis hunia, none of the ~ members being aware that a similar malformation was ever met with among either wild or domesticated sheep. On searching the rich collections of London for similar objects, Messrs. Schlagintweit found one example in the College of Surgeons, where, by an evident mistake, it is called in the Catalogue a malfor- mation of Ovis ammon. Another specimen was stated to exist in the British Museum. The Secretary exhibited an egg laid by the Apteryx (Apteryx mantelli) which had been living in the Gardens since 1852. The ege when deposited (June 9th) weighed 143 ozs., the contents thereof weighing 133 ozs. The shell was smooth, and of a dirty white colour; the form an elongated oval, slightly tapermg towards the small end, 4°75 inches in long, and 2:9 inches in short diameter. The weight of the living bird was ascertained to be 60 ozs. ; so that the egg was nearly equal to one-fourth of the weight of the bird. 351 Mr. S. Stevens exhibited two beautiful new Butterflies collected by Mr. Wallace in the Island of Batchian. One of these was an Orni- thoptera of the group containing O. priamus and its allies ; the other a Papilio allied to P. ulysses. Dr. George Bennett exhibited specimens of the egg of the Mooruk (Casuarius bennettii). Mr. Gould exhibited specimens of the new Paradise-bird (Semi- optera wallacii) discovered by Mr. A.R. Wallace in the Island of Bat- chian, Moluccas, as mentioned at the meeting held on March 22nd (see antea, p. 129), and pointed out its peculiarities and supposed affinities, which, as he stated, seemed to be rather with Ptilorhis and its allies, than with the true Paradisee. Mr. Gould also exhibited a drawing, by Mr. G. F. Angas of Sydney, of the nest and egg of Sittella chrysoptera. (See the accompanying woodcut.) A series of twelve coloured drawings of various species of Nudi- branchiate Molluses from the harbour and vicinity of Port Jackson, New South Wales, made by Mr. George French Angas, Secretary of the Australian Museum, Sydney, were exhibited to the Society. The drawings were all taken from living specimens, and afforded 392 indications of thirty-four new species, and probably of two new genera of this class of animals. The following list of additions to the Society’s Menagerie by pre- sentation and purchase during the month of June was read :— 2 Spring-boks .......e0. Gazella euchore .+...+0 2) (OSM NES ‘Soosaccscocose. Struthio camelus ...... BYU MVRASISS condacegoaoodcocee Crenilabrus cornubicus 6 BlennieS .........-..00. Blennius pholis .,......- 4 COttl ......000..2ceceeoe: Cottus GObio ....0..000. 1 Paradoxure .......+.... Paradoxurus B cco I Cobrapecrcccaccesscecrc Naia haje .....s...e00r+. 2 Green Tree-Snakes ...|Philodryas viridissima 1 Cirl Bunting............ Emberiza cirlus......--- 1 Capybara ..........0000 Hydrocherus capybara 1 Shieldrake ............ Tadorna vulpanser ... 1 Capuchin Monkey ...|Cedus B podonsooooac 1 Water Lizard ......... Hydrosaurus salvator 1 Vervet Monkey 1 Macaque Monkey 1 Goat (Chinese variety) 18 Wrasse ......000.00. Go000 1 Crested Blenny 3 Green Tree-Frogs...... eccscceetoes 2 Trumpeters 2 Opossum Squirrels ... 6 Wonga Pigeons 3 Bronze-winged Pigeons 1 Bush Bronze-winged Pigeon. 2 Turquoisine Parrakeets 2 Ichneumons ............ 1 Black-tailed Parrakeet 1 Spotted Cavy ecceooectece 8 Guinea-Pigs 4 Spotted Gunnels ...... 3 Eels 20 Viviparous Blennies... we eee ccccvcsecencscce .|Blennius galerita -.|Ceelogenys paca Macacus cynomolgus... Labrus maculatus Tyla viridis ......+00000 Psophia crepitans Belideus breviceps eeeccs Leucosarcia picata...... Phaps chaleoptera...... Phaps eleqgans...+e Euphema pulchella Herpestes griseus ?...... Polyteles melanurus 2 eoceesocvcce Cavia aperea Gunnellus guitatus Anguilla 3 Zoarces viviparus eeeecceee eeccee eooeee eeccoe ...| Cercopithecus pygerythrus .. eecocee Capra hircus, Var....+0....... eeecccecrcee Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B. Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Presented by Mrs. Carew. Purchased. Purchased. Presented by Comm. Be- -dingfield, R.N. Presented by S. Graham, Esq. Presented by J. Bowman, Esq. Purchased. Purchased. Presented by Adam Duff, Esq. Purchased. Presented by Charles Hut- ton, Esq. .|Presented by Geo. Mac- leay, Esq., Corr. Memb. Presented by Geo. Mac- leay, Esq., Corr. Memb. Presented by Geo. Mac- leay, Esq., Corr. Memb. Presented by Geo. Mac- leay, Esq., Corr. Memb. Presented by H. Grant, Esq. Purchased, Presented by D. A. Mel- ville, Esq. Presented by Master Ab- bott. Purchased. Purchased. Purchased. Of these, the Philodryas viridissima, Hydrosaurus salvator, Be- lideus breviceps, and Zoarces viviparus were stated to be exhibited for the first time. VWUNLIEINID ere Ld OY | e Page On a New Snake from the Galapagos Islands. By Dr. ALBERT GON DEUS fee iyie ls co 8k wha e ofete nen etateyl tapeh yn ioteutcn shercitti 97 Contributions to the Anatomy of the Giraffe. ee T. SPENCER Cosson, M.D., F.L.S. .... 99 On the Occurrence of Aenean Birds | in A Hurgnee oe Hine EP) Garin) of Helizolamd (geiyen cts .)a ac welaedy arate a enue 105 On some Birds collected in Angola. ie Dr. G. eee of Bremen, and J. J. MontTerRo.. 109 Notes on the Habits of Menura best By i i Lecce: Esq. (In a Letter addressed to John Gould, Hsq., F.R.S., SE Ae A OS RIMMER GCA RIA) 113 On the Reptiles of Siam. By Dr. ALBert GUNTHER ...... 113 . Description of New Species of the Genera Dosinia and Cyclina from the collection of H. a anes vel Dr. E. R6meER of Cassel ....... MOTEL, Note on the Punjab steed eine in the ‘Society's Guide By Puintie Luttey Scuater, M.A., Secretary to the OLICLY (ons arse cieneat ciclo Nauci ora ar Mey Mata uca eae 2 126 Notes on some Young Hybrid Bears bred in the Gardens of the Zoological Society. By A. D. Bartiert . : aloo Note on the supposed occurrence of the Hir Te oe of North America in isin By ALFRED nee M.A., ZZ ec Gan) whaysiie 131 Description of a New Gene of Boide idineovre ne Mr. ae on the Upper Amazon. By Dr. J. E.Gray .......... 132 Descriptions of Thirty-six New Species of Land-shells from Mr. H. Cuming’s Collection. By Dr. L. Preirrer........ 133 Descriptions of New Species of Mollusca from the Sandwich Islands. By W. Harper Pease. (Communicated by Dr DE GRAY) ae he Pane pc Maal eR EP UENEL che PL 14] Contributions to a Knowledge of the Reptiles of the Himalaya Mountains. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER ............ 148 On the Causes of Death of the Animals in the Society’s Gar- dens, from 1851 to the present ane 1860. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., &c. ..... ca Mealnptanmach sl Wiss ACG) Additions to the ee ve the onthe of J ae and February ..... 183 Exhibition of the Fea ie we Fr. pecwuae Neeru 184 Exhibition of Oreophasis derbianus ; and announcement of the arrival of Steboldia maxima and Baleniceps rex im the Society’s yore a P. L. Scuater, ee to the Society ..::. AVE atatlai eae Pg to Extract from letter reed Up Mr. P.L. Sinimenda: ee the capture of a young female Gorilla ......... .. 184 Exhibition of specimens and drawings of Conurus ee from the brains of the Common Sheep, by Dr. Crisp.... 185 Extract from the Bermuda ‘ Royal Gazette,’ relating to chen re- cent capture of a large ee of ae by J J. Mat- THEW JONES, F.L.S. . ae BRT abo dl lee Description of a New Species of Peieua fon Noe eee Cen- tral India. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. ....... . 188 Descriptions of Three Species of Marine Shells fro om ithe Prone Oceans) By We HARPER: PEASE Ao ieee cae alias 189 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. TERMS FOR THE ADMISSION OF FELLOWS. FeLtows pay an Admission Fee of £5, and an Annual Contri- bution of £3, or a Composition of £30 in lieu thereof; the whole payment, including the Admission Fee, beng £35. Honorary, Foreren, and CorrEsPONDING MEMBERS pay no contribution. PRIVILEGES OF FELLOWS. FELLows have personal admission to the Gardens with Two Com- ‘panions daily. On Saturday they have the power of admitting Two Friends to the Gardens, by written Order, instead of by their per- sonal introduction ; on Sunday they have the power of admitting Two Friends by written Order, in addition to Two by their personal introduction. They receive also Twenty Tickets on payment of their Annual Subscription, for the admission of Friends to the Gardens at any time. The Wire of a FeLLow can exercise all these privileges in his absence. Honorary, ForeiGn, and CorresrponpiInc Memeers have personal admission to the Gardens on all occasions when they are open tg,the. Fellows. Fretiows, Honorary, Foreign, and CorresponpinG Mem- BERS are entitled to one copy of the Scientific Proceedings of the Society on application at the Office, and are entitled to purchase the Transactions, and other publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less than the price charged to the Public. They may obtain, on the payment of One Guinea annually, an Ivory Ticket, which will admit a named person of their immediate family to the Gardens, with One Companion, daily. They may obtain a TRANSFERABLE Ivory Ticket admitting Two Persons, available throughout the whole period of Fellowship, on payment of Ten Pounds-in one sum. They may also obtain any number of Tickets, in packets of Twenty each for Adults or of Forty for Children, in addition to those . to which they are ordinarily entitled, for the Free Admission of the Bearer to the Gardens at any time without personal introduction, by an increase of the Subscription, in the proportion of One Pound for each packet. Fellows are expected to give their names on entering the Gardens. The Gardens are open from Nine o’clock a.m. till Sunset ; and the Office, where all communications should be addressed, from Ten till Five, and on Saturday from Ten till Two o'clock. PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Secretary, il Hanover Square, W. PROCEEDINGS ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY QF- LONDON. PART III. JUNE—DECEMBER. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ; SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE, AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS, PATERNOSTER ROW. [ Price 2s. | LIST OF CONTENTS OF PART MTL Exhibition of Diardigallus crawfurdi and Platalea regia, _ Joun Gounp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. . LES Ss Exhibition of the Eggs of Grus ee, G. virgo, and G. cinerea; and also of Baleniceps rex, by the SECRETARY Exhibition of a Collection from the oasis of vo by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, F.L.S.. Notes on the Kiang of Thibet Eins fing). By Major W. EK. Hay, F.Z.S.. ae On the Sea Lions, or ae marinos of ile Sea on the Coast of California. By Dr. J. EK. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. On a series of Birds collected in the vicinity of Jalapa, in Southern Mexico. By Puitie Luttey Scuatrer, M.A., Necretanyac ce cio arG err eters ger ert perenne ana Sect ey" List of Birds collected by M. A. Boucard in the State of Oaxaca, in South-western Mexico, with Descriptions of New Species. By Puiure Lutvey Scuater, M.A., Secretary........ Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Barbu de I’ Afrique occi- dentale. Par Jutes Verreaux, Membre a ee de la Société Zoologique de Londres. . Notice of a Rare Asiatic Pigeon. By Paenene Moone. Second list of Cold-blooded Vertebrata, collected by Mr. faba in the Andes of Western Ecuador. By Dr. A. aug: Foreign Member Z.S. ae 5 Description of a New Species of ve ae Baie ele, By Dr. A. Ginruer, Foreign Member Z.S. Descriptions of Butterflies from the Collection of Mr, Walle By W. C. Hewitson .... On a New Species of the Family Pepiiondef ae ie By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. & F.Z.S. Page 353 393 393 369 .. 422 424 [Contents continued on puge 3 a Wrapper. 353 November 8th, 1859. John Gould, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of a fine species of Pheasant from Siam, transmitted to him by Sir Robert Schomburgk. He ‘stated that the oldest specific appellation for this bird, which had been called Diardigallus prelatus by the late Prince Bonaparte, and Di- ardigallus fasciolatus by Mr. Blyth, appeared to him to be crawfurdi. This name was established by Dr. J. E. Gray in Griffith’s edition of Cuvier’s ‘Animal Kingdom’ upon a drawing of a bird obtained by Mr. Crawfurd in Siam many years ago, which Mr. Gould regarded as representing the female of this species. He proposed therefore to call this bird Diardigallus crawfurdi. Mr. Gould also exhibited a specimen of the Royal Spoonbill of Australia, Platalea regia. The Secretary exhibited eggs of Montigny’s Crane (Grus montz- gnesia), the Demoiselle Crane (Grus virgo), and the Common Crane (Grus cinerea), laid by birds in the Society’s Gardens ; and an ege of the Baleniceps rex, obtained by Mr. Petherick on the White Nile. The Rev. H. B. Tristram, F.L.S., exhibited some Mammals, Rep- tiles, Batrachians, and Fishes, collected by himself in the Algerian Sahara. Among the former were particularly noticed a Genet (Genetta bonapartii) and a small species of Hare (Lepus) from the oasis of Waregla. Dr. A. Giinther made some observations on the Reptiles, Batra- chians, and Fishes exhibited by Mr. Tristram, some of which he considered as undescribed, and promised a full account of them at a future meeting. The following papers were read :— 1. Norres on THE KiAneG or TurBet (Equus KIANG). By Masor W. E. Hay, F.Z.S. (Mammalia, Pl. LX XIII.) In presenting a “ Kiang” to the Zoological Society, I am only trying to merit a further continuance of the approbation so kindly and generously marked by the presentation to me of the Silver Medal in 1857, for the part I took in sending to England the Pheasants of the Himalaya. ‘Together with the animal, the Society may probably expect some remarks from myself, as it has been in my possession for nearly two years. The animal I now make over to the Society was an exchange pre- sent with the Zong-piin, or Chinese Governor of Ridék, a Hill-fort No. 406.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 354 situated beyond the Pang-Kong Lake in Little Thibet. I had sent up from Kalli to procure two dogs of enormous size, evidently of the same breed as was described by Marco Polo as being of the size of donkeys. One of these, however, had died, and the person de- puted, thinking I should prefer a wild horse to a single dog, secured it forme. At that time it had never been haltered or handled. It was said to have been caught in a pit, and was much attached to a white Chimirti ghoont, which alone it would follow. In December 1857 it was delivered to me in Kill, but, the white ghoont being claimed by a Tibetan Lama, I purchased a Tibetan mule to keep it company. With this it did not agree, and the mule led anything but a happy life. The Kiang would, however, follow it, and was always restless unless it had some horse in company: of colours its preference was for white. It always showed the greatest aversion to pass over any of our vile wooden bridges ; and when its companion passed over the bridge, waited until it saw that the latter had gained the opposite bank, and then in a fearless manner it would plunge into the most rapid stream and usually make a uearly straight course across. In leaving Kalli to take it to Simla, it had to cross the river Biass, which was at that season a foaming torrent, It plunged in, but was carried down the stream several hundred yards, and landed upon an island. Here it remained quietly all night until the following morning, when I had to send the mule across to the island to tempt it to follow to the shore, which it did. It afterwards crossed a broad part of the river with great ease, where it was less rapid. The Sutlej was at this season so full and running at such a frightful pace, that I deemed it advisable to throw the animal and secure it upon a raft, which was with great difficulty got across. I then brought it imto Simla, where it gradually became accustomed to see more people and (to it) strange sights. I kept it there during the whole of one rainy season, although rather doubtful of the result, since Adolph Schla- gintweit had given it as his decided opinion that the animal could not live under an elevation of 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. At Simla it was never a day sick. I thence had it marched to Ferozepore. On reaching the plains it seemed rather inclined to enjoy freedom, and I was obliged to have as many as four men to hold and lead it ; and even then on several occasions it got away, but was not very difficult to secure again. At Ferozepore I determined to get rid of the mule, which had thitherto accompanied it, and to take it down to Kurrachi by water im a boat purposely fitted up. When first I succeeded with much difficulty in getting it on board, the hollow sound of the boards beneath its feet so alarmed it that it cleared the side of the boat at one spring, carrying hatch and all withit. I then turfed the bottom, and by main force of many men pulled it again on board. It got on well to Kothree, when I again disembarked it, to its great delight. I then marched it across the country to Kurrachi; but, as I sent a strange horse with it, it was very uneasy, and, but for its old ser- vant having accompanied it, would have run back to Kothree. After keeping it a month at Kurrachi, I took a passage in the 355 barque ‘ Sumner,’ laying in a large quantity of hay, kirbee, and dried lucern, also grain. The latter was worm-eaten, and it was long before the animal could be induced to touch it. Our passage was very long, and, the captain’s people having unceremoniously used my provisions to feed their own stock, the Kiang was twice reduced to eat the straw with which the sailors’ beddings had been stuffed. This proves the hardiness of the animal. At first it refused to drink any tainted water; but before reaching St. Helena, where I had to lay in fresh supplies, it would eat or drink almost anything. The putting it on board the ship at Kurrachi was very diflicult, and the poor thing struggled so much, that it was painful to watch it as it was lowered into the boat to be conveyed to the ship. So anxious were my friends concerning its safety, that a lady and gentle- man who had allowed it to stand in their stables, and had given it many a tid bit of lucern, carrots, &c., came off in the boat with it. The sea was rough, and we had some miles to go to the ship; the shaking of the sails frightened it much. However, at last it was hoisted into the ship and placed in a house which had been built for it, and in which it continued until it reached England. It became exceedingly knowing, and balanced itself so beautifully that I never had to sling it unless the weather was very rough. In an actual gale the poor creature laboured dreadfully, and seemed grateful for attention. It became latterly extremely docile, and always knew me by my voice. In crossing the line the first time the weather was very trying, and for three or four days the Kiang suf- fered greatly from the extreme heat. Its urinary organs became disordered ; all the medicine I administered was a little sweet spirits of nitre. It recovered, and never afterwards during the whole voyage showed a symptom of sickness ; and with the exception of about three days it always had a voracious appetite, and consumed. in four as much as | had laid in for six months. During the voyage the Kiang became twice in season for sexual intercourse. I may add that I never have allowed her to be placed with any stallion. That they do breed with the horse I was assured in Tibet, and that their produce was highly valued. It was also stated that the produce bred again, which is an interesting fact, and proves that the Kiang is more nearly allied to the horse than to the ass. Cunningham, in his ‘ Ladak and Surrounding Countries,’ describes its dentition, &c.; but I cannot agree with him that its neigh resembles that of a horse. I have often heard this one attempt a neigh, but it is a sad failure; at the same time it as little resem- bles the bray of an ass ; indeed its mode of calling to its companions is, like itself, quite unique. I feel confident that this female Kiang may be got to breed with a horse, and perhaps she would give the preference to one of a white colour. I always found the Kiang very susceptible of kindness, its satis- faction being usually expressed by throwing its ears forwards ; it generally shows a sort of pettish displeasure when any one is leaving it after giving it bread, &c. I twice placed a native of India on its back, but this was after it had gone a march, when it was slightly 356 distressed by the heat of the weather: it took no notice whatever of its rider. I have been accustomed to have the animal groomed with acurry-comb. I should recommend this to be continued; it will keep the animal docile and improve its appearance. I was convinced of the Kiang’s specific difference from the wild Ass of Scinde, when I saw one of the latter at Delhi, intended for conveyance to England, and this made me persevere the more to get it home. I have often watched the herds of this animal on the plains or slopes of hills in Tibet ; one invariably stands sentry at from 100 to 200 yards from the flock, and when danger is at hand he commences walking leisurely towards his companions. They take the alarm, and as soon as he comes up, off all go together in a trot or canter as the case may require. I don’t know to what space to limit the range of the Kiang. Mareo Polo speaks of Asses, but evidently alludes to those of Persia. Hue and Gabet evidently saw them towards Lassa; and I have been told that they are to be met with on all the level country between Ladak and Lassa, or in the valleys between the various ranges. I have seen them only north of the great Himalayan ranges, first upon the Rupcher plains and in the neighbourhood of the Salt Lakes, often in company with the Ovis ammon or “‘Nyan.” I have also seen them north of the Pang-Kong lake. The passes from Hindustan into Tibet are never open before June, when I have seen flocks of the Kiang feeding almost entirely on the roots of a species of Arte- misia, or Worm-wood. Their natural enemies besides man seemed to be a white panther, which lurks amongst the rocks; and a large species of wolf. I have found their skeletons on the melting of the snow. Beyond the Pang-Kong lake I was informed that in winter many of them were to be seen in the Shap-Yok valley, in company with wild Yaks or Dong, also the “‘ Nyan” (Ovis ammon), and the “ Sis or Tibetan Antelope (Panthalops hodgsoni). A few tamarisk bushes seem then to support them, and at the end of winter all these animals are spoken of as being like walking skeletons. I have sometimes approached flocks of Kiang quite close, at other times could not get within a mile of them. On one occasion two Kiangs followed a pony on which I had a servant mounted,—in fact, kept so close that my servant feared they were going to attack him. I never could ascertain satisfactorily when the Kiang breeds ; but I think it must bring forth in winter, for I have seen a mare shot with a young one in the womb, nearly mature, in August ; and in the many flocks I have met with running wild I never perceived a foal that I should have taken to be of less than six months old. When very young, the hair of the foal has the appearance of wool. The winter coat of the adult is also very thick and curly, and is of darker colour than its summer coat. It appears to shed its winter coat in May. The Kiang may be said to inhabit plains and undulating hills, at from 15,000 to 16,500 feet above the sea; if found in the steeper 307 hills, they have been driven there. It is most wonderful to see the rapidity with which they can ascend mountains, and although they descend quickly I never saw one lose its footing. After they have been pursued for some time on the hills and driven on to the plains, they will frequently make a charge past you at about 100 yards distance in preference to ascending the steep parts again, thus show- ing their preference for level ground. They are almost always seen in the neighbourhood of lakes or ponds im the unfrequented spots which are usually beyond the sportsman’s beat. 2. On THE Sea-Lions, on LOBOS MARINOS OF THE SPANIARDS, ON THE Coast oF CatirorNiA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P.E.S. &e. (Mammalia, Pl. LX XII.) Mr. John H. Gurney has kindly presented to the British Museum, along with a very interesting series of Crustacea, and the skins of some birds and animals from California, two skulls of Seals from that coast. One is the skull of a young 4rctocephalus, belonging to a skin which Mr. Gurney gave to the Museum a year or more ago ; and the other is a very fine adult skull of that genus, which is la- belled— ‘Skull and tongue bones of the Californian Sea-Lion (Spanish Lobo marino) taken near Monterey.—A. S. Taylor, July 1858.”’ This skull is as large as, and very like in external appearance to, the skull of the adult Otaria leonina, or Southern Sea-bear of the southern part of the west coast of America, which we have in the British Museum from the coast of Chili. These two large skulls are easily distinguished, and, when they are more closely examined, prove to belong to two different genera. The Californian skull has the short flat palate, contracted behind, of the genus Arctocephalus, and the other the very long deeply concave palate, nearly as wide behind as in front, of the genus O¢aria. It also has the high nose, with a nearly horizontal facial line over the nose, of the former genus, instead of the low nose shelving towards the edge of the upper jaw of the O¢aria or Sea-lion of Chill. The adult skull is more than double the size of the adult skulls of the other species of Arctocephali which we have in the Museum Col- lection, and shows the existence of a Seal of a very large size in these seas,—as large as the Sea-lion of Chili. It is not improbable that the skin sent some time ago, and the skull belonging to it now sent, may be the young of this species; though the skin is so like that of Arctocephalus nigrescens, that we were in- duced to regard it, before we received the skull, as a second specimen of that species. But the skull of the original specimen of that Seal shows that the adult animal and skull are not nearly half the size of the animal and skull of the Lobo marino of Monterey. 358 I may mention that we have well-developed adult skulls of the following species, which have been compared with the one here de- seribed :— Arctocephalus delalandii, from the Cape, figured Proc. Zool. Soc- 1858, t. 69. Arctocephalus lobatus, from Australia. Arctocephalus gillespit, from California, /. c. t. 70. Arctocephalus ursinus, from Behring’s Straits, J. c. t. 68. Arctocephalus nigrescens, from Falkland Islands ? The only one that nearly approaches it in size is that of the very old Arctocephalus lobatus from Australia; but this skull is at once known from that of the Monterey Sea-lion by having a rather deeply concave palate, much narrowed behind, and with a semicircular edge to the hinder palatine opening ; while in the Monterey Sea-lion the palate is nearly flat, slightly concave in front, and not so contracted behind, and with a transverse hinder margin to the posterior opening. The Monterey species is very distinct from A. gillespii, also from California, which, beside being very much smaller, not more than one- third of the size, has a much narrower skull with a longer face, and a very different form to the hinder palatine opening. I refer the species to the third section, as defined in my previous paper in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1859, p. 109, and propose to designate it by the name of ARCTOCEPHALUS MONTERIENSIS. (PI. LXXII., skull.) Face rather short; palate rather concave in front, nearly flat behind, the hinder aperture rather contracted, with a nearly straight transverse hinder edge. Teeth large ; the lower jaw rather elon- rate. Hab. California (Monterey). Called Lobo marino by the Spa- niards. If the skin sent last year by Mr. Taylor to Mr. Cue and by that gentleman presented to the Museum, is the young of this species, the young animal is blackish, silvered by the short white tips to the short black hairs ; those on the nape and sides of the hinder part of the body having longer white tips, making those parts whiter and more silvery. The under fur is very abundant, reaching nearly to the end of the hair. The end of the nose and sides of the face are whitish. The whiskers are elongate, rigid, smooth and white. The hind feet are elongate, with rather long fiaps to the toes. The skull is very small for the size of the skin, and I should have doubted its belonging to the skin if it were not accompanied by the following label : “ Skull of the Fur- Seal I sent last year. It is very imperfect, from my forgetting where I had put it; but it must do until acci- dent throws another in the way ; the other bones were lost.— AaSmele 4 It is the skull of quite a young animal, with what I am induced to believe are its milk teeth, and, like the young skulls of most of the species of this genus, is very unlike the adult form. It also 359 differs from the adult one in the form of the hinder opening of the palate, which is very large and gradually contracted to an angle in front of the mouth. I am not aware that the form of this part is changed by the age of the specimen. It may be the case in this species, but it is not so in the only species with which I have the opportunity of comparing it, that is to say, in a series of skulls of different ages from the young to the adult, of a Seal of the allied genus Otaria (O. leonina). The Monterey Seal may be the “ Lion Marin de la Californie” of Choris, ‘ Voy. Pittoresque,’ t. 11, from which Phoca californiana of Fischer’s ‘ Synopsis Mammaliun,’ p. 231, the Otaria californiana of Lesson, have been derived ; but the accounts of the species are so very slight, that there is nothing but the habitat and the name to lead one ; and we already have two very distinct species of Sea Lions— Arctocephalus monteriensis and A. gillespiifrom California. The skull of the Behring Straits Sea-Bear is so distinct from that of the other species, that 1 am induced to suggest that it should be regarded as a distinct genus from the drctocephalt of F. Cuvier. The three genera may be thus defined. I. CALLORHINUS. The face short, forehead convex, regularly rounded from the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex ; the nasal opening is small; the palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, nearly reaching the middle of the zygomatic arch. Lower jaw short, thick, flattened, expanded beneath just in front of the condyle. 1. CALLORHINUS URSINUS. Arctocephalus ursinus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, pl. 68. p. 108. II. ArcTrocEPHALUS. The face rather elongate; the forehead flattened and nearly horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; the palate rather con- cave, contracted behind, short, not reaching beyond the middle of the zygomatic arch ; the nose aperture large, high; the lower jaws moderate, with a crest-like ridge behind beneath just in front of the condyle. : The crest-like process on the hinder part of the under edge of the large jaw differs rather in shape and development in the different spe- cies ; but it nowhere resembles the flat expanded disk found in a similar situation in the lower jaw of the preceding genus. In my former paper I divided this subgenus into two sections, separating A. hookert from the other species ; but I had only young or half-grown specimens of the skulls of this species ; and, since I have obtained the young skull from California, I am induced to be- lieve the slight convexity of the forehead and the slenderness of the lower jaw to be dependent on the age of the specimen, and that most probably the forehead of the adult animal becomes flatter, and the lower jaw stronger, as the animal increases in age. 360 The skulls which we have may be divided, according to the form of the hinder edge of the palate, thus :— * The hinder edge of the palate, transversely truncated. 1. Arctocephalus monteriensis, pl. 72. Skull broad. California. 2. Arctocephalus hookerv. Skull narrow, elongate. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. ** The hinder edge of the palate slightly arched, hemispherical. 3. Arctocephalus lobatus. 2 Skull broad. Australia (Port Essington). 4. Arctocephalus nigrescens. Skull broad. Falkland Islands ? **k* The hinder edge of the palate contracted, ovate. 5. Arctocephalus gillespu, antea p. 110, pl. 70. The skull elongate, narrow. California. 6. Arctocephalus delalandii, antea p. 107, pl. 69. Skull short and broad. Cape of Good Hope. #kk* The palate very short, hind edge contracted, acute, angular. 7. The young skull from California above noticed. The skull of 4. hookeri, in the concavity and comparative greater width of the palate behind, and in the form of the hinder palatine opening, most resembles that of the genus Otaria; but it is very distinct from the skulls of that genus, which may be thus defined. III. Orarta. Face short, shelving; the nose aperture large, oblong ; the fore- head flat, shelving from the edge of the nose-bone to the middle of the vertex; the palate very concave, decurved deeper with age, scarcely contracted behind; ear elongated, extending nearly to the articulation of the lower jaw; the lower jaw with a crest-like ridge on the inner side of the hinder part, just in front of the condyle. There is doubtless a great difference in the development of the skull in the male and female Seals, but unfortunately the sex of the specimens from which the skulls have been derived is not marked. In the only species where I have been able to observe this fact, 361 almost the only difference was in the size and in the strength of the marking on the skull, and in the size of the canine teeth. The full number of the teeth of these animals is developed early in life; and the canines of the second set are gradually developed, the roots being far in the socket, and protruded as the jaw enlarges. The changes in the form of the palate and of the distance between the teeth of the same set in the younger and older skull of the same species after they have obtained their full set of teeth is very great, quite as much as the difference in the external form of the skull pro- duced by the development of the occipital ridges, &c. The following are the measurements of the different skulls in inches and eighths : les} ee) es} tee tel dep 5 = e To) oO 4 8 S$ S a am F Sf & & & £ SP z 5 eo) ie) 2 i=) ar) Lary — > oo Ro og io) is) N eh is} 2 = Sg & 2S =| — 09 i=} lo) i oO 2 fu faye AS) 4 oS a bes} B 2 tue 2 =— et Fc) — ) = ° (=) oe Be fa el op = ASE a) ae on ° <<) ° er SR fap Sie ais Manne ats er iS p ro) O wa . ~) : Biles ° nm Bik ae ae cuentas Bei Shells, Siingvallase ada rs oo tS | Callorhinus ursinus, Se SiS is adult. = _ oo oc = “SN * | Arctocephalus monte- RON eS Nene east oh tes riensis, adult. =) . oF Fe fo & S | Arctocephalus hooker, ES RS RENAN half-grown. = i ao fo Oo KH SD 6 «| Arctocephalus lobatus, a 7) very old. oy OS || Arctocephalus) nigres- Ba) BD So Se S EOS: — ou ot iy Arctocephalus gillespii. a = © Ss © SS — SOIC ers tne SHA) | Arctocephalus dela- a 2 o & to & | landit. ee Ca SN So aN Aretocephalus, young: ASICS ASU ea SUN IRS from California. = = GS es Sa) BE : : Otaria leonina, aged. o orf F&F SC ft a =_ & oO eR | 6 Ofaria leonina, half- no cs » OD & grown. 362 3. On a Suries OF BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF JALAPA, IN SouTHERN Mexico. By Puiuie Luriey ScuaTeRr, M.A., F.L.S., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. Mr. J. H. Gurney has kindly placed in my hands for examina- tion a series of about 850 skins of birds collected by Senor Raphael Montes de Oca in the vicinity of Jalapa in the State of Vera Cruz. The greater number of the species have already occurred in M. Sallé’s and other collections formed in the same country, which I have from time to time brought before the notice of the Society *; but there are several amongst them which have not been obtained by former collectors, and others of rare occurrence. The following is a list of all the species, with remarks upon such as are new or rare in each family. Fam. TurpIpD&. 1. Turdus infuscatus, Lafr. 7. Catharus melpomene (Cab.). Lo migratorius, Linn. 8. Melanotis cerulescens (Sw.). 3. —— grayu, Bp. 9. Galeoscoptes carolinensis 4, assimilis, Cab. (Linn.). D. pinicola, Sclater. 10. Harporhynchus longirostris, 6 mustelinus, Gm. Sw. These birds have all occurred in previous collections from this State, with the exception of Turdus pinicola and Turdus infuscatus. The former of these I described in my “Synopsis of American Thrushes,” read before the Society in June last (see antea, p. 33-4), from M. de Oca’s specimens, which are now. in my collection. M. de Oca informed me that he met with but a single pair of this species on the high land among the pines, whence I named it pinicola. The Mexican representative of our Blackbird (Turdus infuscatus), I have until lately only seen in collections from Guatemala. The present series contained five males and a single female—so that bird would appear not to be rare in these parts. M. Boucard has re- cently obtained specimens, as noted below, in the State of Oaxaca. Fam. Cincuip&. 11. Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. A single specimen of this Dipper was in the collection. Fam. Syiviip&. 12. Stalia wilsoni, Sw. 14. Regulus calendula. 13. Sialia mexicana, Sw. Fam. CerTHIID®. 15. Certhia mexicana, Reichb. * See P. Z, 8. 1856, p. 283; 1857, pp. 81, 201, 210, 226; and 1858, p. 294. 363 Fam. TRoGLODYTID&. 16. Troglodytes aédon,Vieill.? 19. Campylorhynchus megalo- 17. Thryothorus maculipec- pterus (Lafr.). tus, Lafr. 20. zonatus (Less. ). 18. Cyphorinus prostheleu- 21. capistratus (Less.). cus, Sclater. Fam. Parip&. 22. Sitta carolinensis, Lath. 25. Polioptila cerulea (Linn.). pygmea, Vig. 26. mexicana (Bp.). 24. Parus meridionalis, Scl. The occurrence of Sitta pygmea, a Californian species, now noticed for the first time on this side of Mexico, is curious. I have no northern specimens of Sitta carolinensis ; but there is considerable difference in the dimensions of these skins from Jalapa and one from Oaxaca, collected by M. Boucard :— | ex Jalapa. ex Oaxaca. Long. tota...... dose cocoa 4:9 4°6 aleecrtneys Ao ae hs erne.e 3°6 3°35 CAUGCEEE seeieccuers. Aes 1°85 1:70 TOStIa MICH 4.40 us 0°75 0°70 Arsh eis Geen (2710) 0°65 Fam. MnioTiILTipz&. 27. Sturus noveboracensis (Gm.). 37. Dendreca superciliosa. 28. ludovicianus, Bp. 38. olivacea. 29. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). 39. icterocephala. 30. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). 40. estiva. 31 macgillivrait (Aud.). 41. maculosa. 32. Helmitheros vermivorus. 42. Myiodioctes pusillus. 33. Helminthophaga rubrica- 43. Cardellina rubra (Sw.). pilla. 44. Basileuterus rubrifrons. 34. Dendreca virens (Gm.). 45. Huthlypis lacrymosa, Cab. 39. coronata (Linn.). 46. Setophaga miniata (Sw.). 36. blackburnie (Gm.). Of these Wood-warblers, Geothlypis macgillivrai, Helmitheros vermivorus, Dendreca icterocephala, and D. maculosa have not hitherto been noticed as occurring in collections from Vera Cruz. Fam. VIREONIDE. 47. Vireosylvia olivacea(Linn.). 50. Cyclorhis flaviventris, Lafr. 48. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). 51. Icteria velasquezi, Bp. 49. Vireolanius melitophrys, Bp. The bill of the Mexican Icteri@ is always thicker than in N. Ame- rican birds, and white at the base of the lower mandible. I have never yet seen specimens of the true N. American Icteria viridis from Mexico. 364 Fam. HiruNDINID#. 52. Progne dominicensis(Gm.). 54. Cotyle fulvipennis, sp. nov. 53. Petrochelidon bicolor (Vieill.). CoTYLE FULVIPENNIS, Sp. nov. Murino-brunnea, alis caudaque obscurioribus, alarum tectricibus omnibus et secundariis fulvescenti-rufo extus late marginatis, dorso imo eodem colore vix tincto: subtus sordide alba, la- teraliter obscurior, ventre medio crissoque pure albis: gutture et pectore toto et campterio alarum colore fulvescenti-rufo per- fusis : rostro nigro : pedibus pallide brunneis. Long. tota 4°2, alee 3°7, caudse 1°7. This pretty little Cotyle is most nearly allied to C. flavigastra of S. America, though considerably smaller in size. The edgings of the wings, which in the latter species are white, are here of a pale tawny rufous, whence I have called it fulvipennis; and the same colour pervades the neck, breast, and bend of the wings below. The belly is also white instead of being yellow. The only other Cotyfe I consider as undoubtedly Mexican is Cotyle serripennis ; for 1 cannot help thinking that the single ex- ample of C. flavigastra, which occurred in M. Botteri’s collection (mentioned in P. Z. 8.1857, p. 211), must have been a South Ame- rican skin introduced by accident. 25. 56. Fam. AMPELID. Ptilogonys cinereus (Sw.). 57. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). Myiadestes obscurus (Lafr.). Fam. Ca@reBip&. 58. Certhiola mexicana, Scl. 59. Diglossa baritula, Wag). Fam. TANAGRID&. : 60. Chlorophonia occipitalis. 70. Phenicothraupis rubi- 61. EHuphonia elegantissima. coides (Lafr.). 62. hirundinacea, Bp. 71. Buarremon albinuchus 63. Tanagra abbas, Less. (d’Orb. & Latr.). 64. diaconus, Less. 72. brunneinuchus(Lafr.). 65. Ramphocelus sanguino- 73. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus lentus, Less. (Du Bus). 66. Pyranga estiva (Livn.). 74. Saltator atriceps, Less. 67. hepatica, Sw. 75. magnoides, Lafr. 68. erythromelena, Licht. 76. —— grandis (Licht.). . Pyranga bidentata (Sw.). All these Tanagers have already been noticed as either in M. Sallé’s or M. Botteri’s collections from Vera Cruz. A curious variety of Buarremon albinuchus has the throat nearly of a crimson colour. 36 5 Fam, FRINGILLID. . Cardinalis virginianus, Bp. . Hedymeles ludovicianus. 79 melanocephalus (Sw.). 80. Coccothraustes abeillii, Less. 81. Guiraca cerulea (Linn.). 82 parellina (Bp.). . Sprza versicolor, Bp. . Volatinia jacarina (Linn.). 85. Phonipara pusilla (Sw.). 86. Chameospiza torquata (Du Bus). 87. Passerculus lincolni, Aud. . Spizella socialis (Wils.). . Junco cinereus (Sw.). . Hemophila rufescens, Sw. . Chrysomitris mexicana, Sw. notata, Du Bus. . Spermophila moreleti, Bp. . Loxia mexicana, Strickl. Two Finches occur in this list which I have not myself previously observed in Mexican collections. The beautiful Mexican Grosbeak (Coccothraustes abeillit), a close ally of the North American Cocco- thraustes vespertinus, was only known to me from Guatemalan spe- cimens transmitted by Mr. Skinner*. The Cross-bill I refer to Loxia mexicana, described by Strickland from examples collected near the city of Mexico (Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 43 (mote)). I have not the means of comparing it with other American species. Fam. IcTERID. 95. Hyphantes baltimorensis. 101. Cassiculus prevosti(Less.). 96. Bananivorusafinis(Lawr.). 102. Sturnella hippocrepis? 97. Icterus gularis (Wagl.). 103. Molothrus pecoris ? 98. —-~— melanocephalus. 104. eneus (Wagl.). 99. Cacicus montezume (Less.). 105. Quiscalus sumichrasti, de 100. Ageleus gubernator. Sauss. M. de Oca’s collection contained one example of Quiscalus sumi- chrasti, lately described by M. H. de Saussure (Rev. Zool. 1859, p-19). The same bird was in M. Sallé’s first collection (Quiscalus, sp. 137, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 300), and I have also examples collected by Botteri. Fam. Corvip&. 106. Psilorhinus morio(Wagl.). 110. Cyanocorax unicolor, 107. Cyanocorax luxuosus. Du Bus. 108. -—— ultramarinus. 111. ——- nanus, Du Bus. 109. ornatus. WN coronatus, Sw. Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID. 113. Picolaptes affinis (Sw.). 115. Sittasomus sylvioides, Lat. 114. Dendrornis erythropygia, 116. Sclerurus mexicanus, Scl. Sp. Nov. 117. Anabates rubiginosus, Scl. The Dendrornis erythropygia has occurred in several previous collections, but I have hitherto confounded it with D. triangularis of New Granada, from which it appears truly distinct. sesee “Tbiss7 18595. p: LO: 366 DENDRORNIS ERYTHROPYGIA, Sp. Ov. Dendrornis triangularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 289, nec Lafr. Supra obscure olivacea, secundariis extus, uropygio toto et cauda rubiginoso-rufis ; capite stris, dorso medio maculis ovalibus ochracescenti-albidis distincte notato: subtus obscure olivacea, guttis subtriangularibus pallide ochracescenti-albidis, in gula crebrioribus, et totas fere plumas occupantibus notata: rostri albicantis parte culminali nigricanti-cornea : pedibus nigris. Long. tota 9-0, alze 4-6, caudze 4:0, rostri a rictu 1°45. Hab. In Stat. Veree Crucis et Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanze (Sallé et Boucard). Mus. P.L. 8. Obs. Affinis Dendrornithi triangulari ex Nova Granada, sed se- cundariis extus et uropygio omnino rufis, guttis interscapulii ova- libus et gutture fere toto ochracescente facile distinguenda. Fam. ForMIcariip&. 118. Thamnophilus doliatus 119. Grallaria guatemalensis, (Linn.). Prévost. Fam. TYRANNID&. 120. Scaphorhynchus mexicanus, Lafr. 121. Prtangus derbianus, Kp. 122. Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieill.). 123. Contopus borealis (Sw.). 124. Myiozetetes tewensis (Giraud). 125. Myzodynastes lutewentris, Sclater. 126. Pyrocephalus mexicanus, Sclater. 127. Sayornis pallida (Sw.). 128. Mitrephorus pheocercus, Sclater. 129. Mionectes assimilis, Sclater. 130. Legatus variegatus, Sclater. 131. Myiarchus lawrencii (Cass.). fuscus (Gm.). 133. Empidonax flaviventris, Baird. 134. Attila citreopygius, Bp. Fam. CoTINGID&. 135. Tityra personata (Jard. & Selb.). 136. Platypsaris affinis, Elliot. 137. Pachyrhamphus major, Cab. Numerous specimens of a rosy-breasted Becard are in the collec- tion, which seem all referable to the light-backed bird lately distin- guished by Mr. Elliot as Platypsaris affinis (Ibis, 1859, p. 394. pl. 13). On the other hand, specimens from Oaxaca and Central America belong to the dark-backed variety, which he considers to be the true P. aglaie. There is certainly no difference in size between 367 some individuals of the two supposed species, for I have examined skins of P. affinis quite as large as those of P. aglaie. 138. 139. 141. 142. 145. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. The known Fam. Momortip. Momotus ceruleiceps, Gould. Fam. CAPRIMULGIDE, Nyctidromus americanus? 140. Antrostomus vociferus? Fam. TROGONID&. Trogon caligatus, Gould. 143. Trogon mexicanus, Sw. melanocephalus,Gld. 144. puella, Gould. Fam. ALCEDINID&. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 146. Ceryle americana (Gm.). Fam. TRocHILID. Phaéthornis adolphi, 154. Delattria rhami (Less.). Gould. 155. clemencie (Less.). Lampornis prevosti 156. Cyanomyia cyanocephala. (Boure. & Muls.). 157. Amazilius arsinoé(Less.). Campylopterus pampa 158. ocat, Gould. (Less.). 159. Sporadinus caniveti delattrii (Less.). (Less.). Petasophora thalassina 160. Circe latirostris (Sw.). (Sw.). 161. Trochilus colubris, Linn. Ceeligena fulgens (Sw.). 162. Tryphena heloise (Less. Delattria henrici (Less.). et Del.). only Humming-bird in this collection not previously well as an inhabitant of Mexico was Amazilius ocai, described from M. de Oca’s specimens by Mr. Gould in the ‘ Annals and Maga- zine of Natural History’ for August last (ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 96). Fam. Picip&. 163. Dryocopus scapularis (Vig.). 168. Chloronerpes oleagineus 164. 165. 166. 167. guatemalensis (Licht.). (Hartl.). . 169. Centurus santacruzi(Bp.). Colaptes mexicanus (Sw.). 170. Picus scalaris, Wag}. Melanerpes formicivorus 171. varius, Linn. (Sw.). 7 q jardini, Malh. Chloronerpes yucata- Wise stricklandii, Malh. nensis (Cabot). Picus stricklandi is the same bird as in Sallé’s first collection I called P. cancellatus upon Prince Bonaparte’s authority. It is de- scribed by M. Malherbe in the ‘ Revue Zoologique’ for 1845 (p. 375). There was but one specimen in M. de Oca’s collection. 368 Fam. RHAMPHASTID. 175. Aulacorhamphus prasinus, 174. Rhamphastos carinatus, Gould. Sw. Fam. Psirracip&. 176. Ara pachyrhyncha (Sw.). 177. Conurus holochlorus, Scl. Neither of these Parrots have occurred in previous collections from Vera Cruz. The Conurus I described from M. de Oca’s spe- cimens in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for July last (ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 224). Fam. CucuLip&. 178. Piaya thermophila, sp.nov. 180. Dromococcyx mexicanus, 179. Crotophaga sulcirostris, Bp. Sw. 181. Geococcyx affinis, Hartl. Piaya thermophila is the common species of the tierra caliente, which I have hitherto referred to Swainson’s Cuculus mexicanus. Having now received the true P. mexicana (with the tail-feathers red, as described by Swainson: see below, p. 388), I propose to call this bird PIAYA THERMOPHILA. Saturate castanea, subtus cinerea, gutture pallide cinnamomeo- rufescente, ventre imo crissoque nigricantibus : caude rectri- cibus subtus unicolori-nigricantibus, lateralibus in pogonio ex- teriore et mediis duabus in utroque pogonio rufescentibus, omnibus albo late terminatis : rostri plumber culmine et apice toto flavo-virentibus : pedibus nigris. Long. tota 17:0, alee 6-2, caudee 10°8. Hab. In terra calida reipublicee Mexicanze et in Guatemala. Mus. P.L.S. Fam. FALcCONIDz. 182. Polyborus tharus (Mol.). 187. Asturina nitida. 183. Herpetotheres cachinnans 188. magnirostris. (Linn.). 189. Micrastur wanthothorax 184. Buteo borealis (Gm.). (Temm.) ? 185. erythronotus (Lafr. 190. Tinnunculus sparverius. et d’Orb.). « 191. Ictinia plumbea. 186. Asturina albifrons. 192. Hypotriorchis femoralis. Fam. STRIGIDZ. 193. Syrnium virgatum. 194. Pholeoptynx hypogea. Fam. COLUMBID. 195. Geotrygon montana. 197. Zenada leucoptera. 196. albifacies, G.R. Gr. 198. Leptoptila albifrons. 369 199. Zenaidura carolinensis. 202. Columba fasciata. 200. Chamepelia passerina. 203. flavirostris. 201. rufipennis. Fam. CRACID. 204. Penelope purpurascens. 205. Ortalida vetula. Fam. PERDICID. 206. Dendrortyx barbatus. 208. Odontophorus thoracicus. 207. Ortyx pectoralis. Fam. TinamMiIp&#. 209. Tinamus saller, Bp. GRALLE. 210. Gallinago wilsoni. 216. Butorides virescens. 211. Charadrius virginicus. 217. Garzetta candidissima. 212. Mgialites vociferus. 218. Herodias eyretta. 213. Calidris arenaria. 219. Nycticorax gardent. 214. Cancroma cochlearia. 220. ulica americana. 215. Botaurus lentiginosus. NATATORES. 221. dnas maxima, Gosse. 224. Lophodytes cucullatus. 222. Querquedula carolinensis. 225. Podiceps dominicus. 223. Fuligula affinis. 226. Plotus anhinga. Anas maxima of Gosse is, no doubt, the bird referred to in Prof. Baird’s Report on N. American Ornithology (p. 774) as the large variety of the Mallard. Fuligula affinis has already been noticed as far south as Guatemala (Salvin, in ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, p. 231), though not hitherto brought from Mexico. 4. List or Brrps coLLEcTED By M. A. BoucaARD IN THE STATE oF Oaxaca IN SOUTH-WESTERN Mexico, witu Derscrip- TIONS OF New Species. By Paitie Lutriry Scrater, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. M. Sallé having kindly submitted to my examination several col- lections of birds formed by his correspondent M. Adolphe Boucard im various parts of the State of Oaxaca in Southern Mexico during the past eighteen months, I am induced to bring before the Society a list of the species included in them, together with the localities in which they were obtained, at the same time giving characters of no less than twelve amongst them, which, as far as I have been able to ascertain, are hitherto undescribed. Science is greatly indebted to No. 407.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 370 M. Boucard for the energetic way in which he has worked out the ornithology of Southern Mexico ; and, taking his discoveries in con- nexion with those of M. Sallé himself, Signor Botteri, and Sefor R. M. de Oca, we may soon hope to attain a tolerably perfect know- ledge of the aspect of the Avi-fauna of this region. Totontepec, Teotalcingo, Choapam, &c., are villages of more or less importance, as M. Sallé informs me, situated in the mountains of Oaxaca, in the district of Villa Alta. Playa Vicente is a rancheria consisting of a group of cabins of bamboo, situated on the confines of the three States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Tehuantepec on the borders of the Rio Tesechoacan at the foot of the mountains of Oaxaca in the hot country (terra caliente). Here the river first becomes navigable; and at this point, during the war of Indepen- dence, the cochineals of Oaxaca destined for Kurope were embarked for transportation to Alvarado, the port on the Gulf of Mexico. Fam. Turpip2&. 1. CATHARUS MELPOMENE, Cab. Totontepec (Jan.). 2. CaATHARUS OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 323. Totontepec (Jan.). Described, from the specimens contained in this collection, in my Review of the Turdide (antea, p. 321), where the synonymy and characters of all the species of this family are given. 3. Turpvus 1nruscatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 41. Totontepec (Jan.). 4, Turpus Grayi, Bp. Choapam and Villa Alta. 5. Turpus asstminis, Cab. Juquila and Teotalcingo. Rather darker m plumage than speci- mens from Jalapa, and so resembling somewhat the Guatemalan 7’. leucauchen. Eggs of this bird from Oaxaca are lke pale varieties of those of our Blackbird (Turdus merula), bemg of a pale-greenish white, spotted and freckled with two shades of rufous. ‘They mea- sure 1'1 by 0°75. 6. CALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS (Linn.). Totontepec and Playa Vicente. 7. MELANOTIS CHRULESCENS (Sw.); anted, p. 337. Talea, Juquila, Villa Alta (Jan.), and Totontepec (Feb.). 8. HARPORHYNCHUS CURVIROSTRIS (Sw.) ; P.Z.8.1859, p. 339. Oaxaca. Females are not so much variegated on the breast. The bird seems to agree with Kastern Mexican specimens. 371 Fam. SyLviip&. 9. SIALIA WILSON], Sw. Juquila. 10. REGULUS CALENDULA (Linn.). Talea. Fam. TROGLODYTIDZ. 11. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS MEGALOPTERUS (Lafr.) ; P.Z.S. 1857, p. 298. Llano verde. Sexes alike. 12. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS CAPISTRATUS (Less. ). Juquila and Playa Vicente. <¢ et Q similes. 13. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS JOCOSUS, Sp. nov. Sordide brunneus, capite colloque nigricantioribus, superciliis latis et maculis interscapulu tectricumque alarium triangulart- bus albis ; alis caudaque nigricanti-fuscis, remigum rectricumque pogoniis externis maculis quadrangularibus sordide albis regu- lariter transvittatis ; cauda fusco terminata, et nisi in rectri- cibus mediis fascia subapical lata alba: subtus albus, maculis rotundis nigris frequenter aspersus, gula immaculata : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6°6, alze 2°8, caudze 2:4, rostri a rictu 1-1, tarsi 0-9. Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee. Mus. P.L.S. Two specimens of this apparently new species of Campylorhynchus were procured by M. Boucard at Oaxaca ia March 1858. They are of different sexes, but present no outward distinctions. The bird is most nearly allied to C. drunneicapillus of Northern Mexico, but differs in its smaller size, shorter wings, and the shape of the spots below, which are rounded instead of being elongated. The upper surfaces of the two species are not dissimilar. 14, SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS (Say): Baird, Report, p. 3. Oaxaca (May). <¢ et 2. 15. THRYOTHORUS FELIX, Sp. nov. Murino-fuscus, pileo frontem versus rufo: loris eé capitis latert- bus albo nigroque striatis : subtus cinnamomeo-rufescens, ventre medio pallidiore, gutture albo ; crisso nigro transvittato : cauda pallide murina, nigricante regulariter transfasciata : rostro nigricanti-plumbeo, tomiis et apice pallidis: pedibus plumbeis. Long. tota 5:0, alze 2°2, caudze 2°1. Hab. In statu Oaxaca, reipubl. Mexicanee. A specimen of this Thryothorus was obtained by M. Boucard at Juquila in May last. It is something hke 7. rufalbus (Lafr.), but 372 is smaller in size, and has no bars on the wings (these being edged outwardly like the back, only slightly more rufescent in tinge), and is pale rufous below instead of white. It seems to be distinct from any described species. 16. THRYOTHORUS MACULIPECTUS, Lafr. Teotalcingo (March). 17. THRYOTHORUS BEWICKII (Aud.): Baird, Rep. p. 363. Oaxaca. 18. TROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS, Sclater, P.Z.S.1858, p. 297. Cinco Seftores, ¢ (Feb.). 19. TrRoGLopyTES ——-? Four specimens of a species of Wren which I have hitherto re- ferred to T. aédon of N. America. The recurrence of examples in the same plumage, differing from that of 7. aédon in being of a pale rufous tinge below, inclines me to think that it is really a distinct species. 20. CyPHORINUS PROSTHELEUCUS, Sclater. Llano Verde and Playa Vicente. 21. CyPHORINUS PUSILLUS, Sp. nov. Murino-brunneus, loris et superciliis posticis albis: secundariis extus et cauda nigro obsolete transfasciatis: regione auriculari albo variegata: subtus albus, lateraliter cinerascente tinctus, hypochondriis, ventre imo et crisso pallide brunneis: rostro superiore plumbeo, inferiore albido : pedibus pallide corylinis : cauda brevissima : tarsis elongatis. Long. tota 3°5, alee 1°75, caudee 1°1, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°75. Hab. In statu Oaxaca, reipubl. Mexicanze. Mus. P.L.S8. Four examples of this Wren were procured at Playa Vicente in May last. The sexes are similarly coloured. The bird belongs to a smaller and weaker form of Cyphorinus, as distinguished by its compressed lengthened and incurved bill, short tail, and long tarsi, and is congeneric with the preceding species, though perhaps both are strictly divisible from C. thoracicus and C. cantans. Fam. CeRTHIID. 22. CERTHIA MEXICANA, Reichenb. Cinco Senores. Fam. ALAUDIDA. 23. OTOCORYS CHRYSOLAZMA (Wagler). Oaxaca: several specimens. A male, killed in March in full sum- mer plumage, does not seem different from Californian examples of 373 O. occidentalis. Perhaps Prof. Baird may be right im uniting all the N. American birds under O. cornuta; but there is great differ- ence in size between Eastern and Western birds. Fam. Parip. 24, LOPHOPHANES WOLLWEBERI (Bp.): P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 299. Talea. 25. SITTA CAROLINENSIS, Linn. Cinco Sefiores. Smaller than examples from Vera Cruz : see anted, p. 363, and P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 300. 26. PoLiopTILA MEXICANA, Bp.? Four examples: Oaxaca (March). Iam still doubtful about this species, whether it is anything more than P. cerulea in winter plu- mage. One example, marked male, shows traces of the black front- band. Fam. MNioTILTID. 27. Srurus tupovicrianus, Bp.; Baird, Rep. p. 262. Totontepec (Jan.). 28. Mniorittra varia (Linn.). Juquila and Totontepec. 29. ParuLA suPERCILIOSA (Hartl.): P. Z.S. 1857, p. 299. Talea. 30. GroTHLyPis TRICHAS (Linn.): Baird, Rep. p. 241. Totontepec and Oaxaca. 31. GEOTHLYPIS MACGILLIVRAII (Aud.): Baird, Rep. p. 244. Choapam (Feb. 1859); Cinco Sefores (Feb.). Males in full plumage, and females. 32. HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA ( Wils. ): Baird, Rep. p. 256. $ adult et juv. Oaxaca (Feb.). 33. HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say): Baird, Rep. p. 257. 2 Oaxaca and Cinco Sefiores. One specimen is curiously clouded with dark colour. The other shows traces of the vertical spot. 34. HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA (Wils.): Baird, Rep. p. 258. In a state of plumage which I believe to be the winter dress of this species. 35. DENDROICA VIRENS (Gm.). Talea and Playa Vicente (April). 374 36. DENDROICA TOWNSEND! (Aud.). Totontepec (Jan.). 37. DeNDROICA NIGRESCENS (Towns.). Oaxaca (March), ¢. A male in winter plumage, with the throat white, the black just beginning to appear. 38. DENDROICA ICTEROCEPHALA (Linn.). Playa Vicente (April). ¢, in fine plumage. 39. DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gm.). Playa Vicente. 6, in fine plumage. 40. Denproica supERcrItiosa (Bodd.): Baird, Rep. p. 259. Oaxaca. <,in good plumage. 41. MyroprocteEs pusitius (Wils.). Totontepec and Villa Alta. 42. BASILEUTERUS BELLI (Giraud).—Muscicapa belli, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 7.—B. chrysophrys, Bp. Consp. p. 314; P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 202. Llano Verde and Totontepec. 43. BaSILEUTERUS BRASIERI (Giraud).— Muscicapa brasieri, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 12.—B. culicivorus, Bp. Consp. p. 313. Teotalcingo. 44, SETOPHAGA PICTA, Sw. Cinco Senores. 45. SETOPHAGA MINIATA, Sw. Cinco Senores and Totontepec. 46. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA. Playa Vicente (March and April). 47. CARDELLINA RUBRA (Sw.): P.Z.S. 1856, p. 292. Llano Verde and Totontepec. 48, CARDELLINA RUBRIFRONS, Giraud; P.Z.8. 1857, p. 299. Cinco Senores. 49. GRANATELLUS SALLA&1, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1856, p. 292, pl. 120. 3. Cerulescenti-plumbeus, litura post-oculari alba, abdomine medio cum crisso rosaceo-rubris, lateribus albis. 2. Fuscescenti-plumbea, fronte et litura post-oculart rufis : sub- tus cinnamomeo-rufescens, gutture et ventre medio dilutioribus, albescentibus : pedibus pallidis. 375 I have repeated the characters of the male of this interesting species in order to add those of the female, which M. Boucard has now for- warded with another male specimen from Playa Vicente. Grana- tellus venustus (Bp. Consp. p. 312), of which M. DuBus has kindly sent me a figure, is a closely-allied species, but easily known by its white throat and narrow black breast-band, and white terminations to the external tail-feathers. There is an imperfect specimen of the latter bird in the British Museum. Fam. LANIID. 00. Lanius mexicanus, Brehm, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. ii. p. 145. —L. excubitoroides, Baird, Rep. p. 327? Four examples, ¢ and 2: Oaxaca (Feb. and March 1858). Tn the absence of specimens for comparison, I think it best to refer this species to Brehm’s LZ. mevicanus, though my impression is that it does not differ from L. excubitoroides, as described by Baird. This is the most southern point in the New World at which Lanius has yet been noticed. Fam. VirEONID&. 51. Icrerta veLasquezi, Bp. Playa Vicente. 52. VIREO SOLITARIUS, Vieill. Talea. _ 53. ViIREOSYLVIA FLAVOVIRIDIS, Cassin. Playa Vicente (April). 54. HyLopHILUS OCHRACEICEPS, Sp. nov. Olivacescenti-fuscus, pileo rufescenti-ochraceo, alis nigricantibus pallido brunneo extus limbatis ; cauda pallide brunnea: subtus pallide fiavicans, guiture grisescenti-albo, pectore et lateribus ochracescenti-fuscis: rostro pallide corneo, pedibus pallide cory- linis. Long. tota 4°3, alee 2°2, caudee 1°5, tarsi 0°65. Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee. Mus. P.L.S. This is the only species of the little genus Hylophilus I have yet seen from the country north of Panama. It is tolerably typical in form, the bill beg rather longer and more slender than in fH. peci- lotis, and the tail longer. The first primary is short (0°8 inch from the insertion) ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth nearly equal and longest. ‘Two examples, obtained at Playa Vicente in April 1859, of different sexes, are coloured alike. 376 Fam. HiruNDINID&. 55. PETROCHELIDON SWAINSONI, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 296. Oaxaca: ¢ et Q similes. Two pairs of this very beautiful Swal- low quite confirm the validity of this species as distinct from P. lunifrons and P. fulva. Fam. AMPELID&. 56. PriLOoGONYS CINEREUS (Sw.). Totontepec (Jan.). The eggs of this bird, sent by M. Boucard from Oaxaca (May 1858), are minutely freckled and striated with brownish ash-colour on a white ground, the markings being denser and forming a ring round the large end. They measure °875 by ‘61 inch. They somewhat resemble some varieties of those of An- thus pratensis. 57. Myiapestes osscurus (Lafr.). Totontepec (Jan. ). M. Boucard has forwarded five eggs belonging to this bird, taken at Yoletepec in May 1858. They are very Robin-like in appearance, being white, minutely spotted and freckled with reddish brown, par- ticularly at the larger end, where the spots cover nearly the entire surface. They measure 0°95 by 0°75 inch. Fam. C“/REBIDA. 58. CERTHIOLA MEXICANA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 286. Playa Vicente. 59, C@REBA CARNEIPES, sp. nov. ? Cereba cyanea, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 286. Assimilis C. cyaneee, ex Cayenna, et rostro breviore, tenuiore, puler colore turcoso magis restricto, nucha cum lateribus capitis concolore, et pedibus vivide carneis specifice vix distinguenda. Hab. In rep. Mexicana. There seem to be minute differences which always distinguish this bird from its 8S. American representative, though it is questionable whether they are sufficient for specific separation. The present examples were obtained at Playa Vicente. M. Sallé procured others at Cordova. I have not yet seen examples of this bird from Guate- mala. 60. DigLossa BARITULA, Wagl. Juquila and Totontepec. Fam. TANAGRID. 61. PrryLus POLIOGASTER, DuBus. Choapam (Feb.); Teotaleingo (March); Playa Vicente (April and May ). 377 62. SALTATOR ATRICEPS, Less. Playa Vicente. 63. SALTATOR MAGNOIDES, Lafr. Playa Vicente (May). 64. SALTATOR GRANDIs (Licht.). Playa Vicente (May). 65. ARREMON AURANTIIROSTRIS, Lafr.: P. Z.S. 1856, p. 83. Playa Vicente. Two males and a female of this beautiful species. The vertical band in the male is cinereous, and bend of the wing orange. ‘The female is less decidedly coloured,—the vertical band being olivaceous like the back, sides and flanks more greenish, and belly not pure white. I had supposed this Arremon to be from Panama, much further south; but, besides these examples, I have also lately met with specimens from Guatemala, in the collections forwarded by Mr. Salvin. 66. BuARREMON ALBINUCHUS (d’Orb. and Lafr.). Totontepec. 67. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.). Teotalcmgo (March). Mexican and New Granadian specimens seem to be really identical. 68. CHLOROSPINGUS OPHTHALMICUS, DuBus. Totontepec (Jan.). 69. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBICOIDES (Lafr.). Playa Vicente (May). 70. PyYRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA (Sw.): Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 125. Juquila; Totontepec. 71. PyRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wils.). Oaxaca (March). 72. PYRANGA HEPATICA, Sw. Talea (g et 9), Villa Alta, and Choapam. 73. PyRaNGa astIva (Gm.). Playa Vicente. 74, RAMPHOCELUS SANGUINOLENTUs (Less. ). Playa Vicente (March and April). 378 75. TANAGRA ABBAS, Licht. Teotalcingo and Villa Alta. 76. EuPHONIA HIRUNDINACEA, Bp. Playa Vicente (March). 76*. EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bp.). Eggs of this bird, taken at Juquila in Oaxaca in May, are rounded in shape, and of a creamy white with a few scattered spots and blotches, principally at the larger end, of two shades of brown. They measure ‘65 by *5 inch. They are the first authentic speci- mens of the eggs of any Huphonia that I have seen. Fam. FRINGILLID. 77. CARDINALIS VIRGINIANUS, Bp. Playa Vicente (May) ¢. In fine plumage. 78. GutIRACA CHRULEA (Linn.). Oaxaca (Sept. 1858). 79. Gurraca concreta (DuBus). Playa Vicente (April), ¢ et @. Q@ Saturate cafeo-brunnea, unicolor, subtus vix dilutior: alarum et caude plumis intus nigricantibus, rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudee 2°2. I am not aware that the female of this bird has been hitherto noticed. 80. GUIRACA PARELLINA, Bp. Consp. p. 502. Totontepec (Jan. and March), ¢ et 9. 81. OrRYZOBORUS FUNEREUS, Sp. Nov. Coracino-niger unicolor, subalaribus, campterio et speculo alara, alula spuria obtecta, albis: rostro nigro, pedibus fuscescenti- nigris. Long. tota 8°8, alee 2°2, caudze 2°1, rostri a fronte 45, rostri al- titudo °45. Hab. In statu Oaxaca, reipubl. Mexicanz. Mus. P.L.S. This little black Finch agrees in the structure of the bill with Oryzoborus crassirostris, and I have therefore referred it to that venus. M. Boucard’s example was collected at Suchapam in April 1859. I have never seen it before, and cannot make it agree with any described species. 82. SPERMOPHILA MORELETI, Puch.: Bp. Consp. p. 497. Playa Vicente (May 1859). 379 83. SPERMOPHILA CORVINA, Sp. NOV. Coracino-nigra, speculo alari parvo et tectricibus subalaribus albis, rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 4°4, alee 2°2, caudee 2:0; rostri altitudo °3. Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicane (Boucard), et in rep. Honduras. Mus. P.L.S8. I have had a specimen of this bird in my collection for some time, purchased along with other birds from Honduras, but I never felt certain about the locality. Two examples were obtained by M. Boucard at Playa Vicente in April 1859. The beak is much smaller than in the previous species, and has the culmen incurved as in Spermophila. 84. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.). Playa Vicente, ¢ (April 1859). 85. CYANOSPIZA CYANEA (Linn.). Playa Vicente, Totontepec, and Oaxaca. 86. CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR (Bp.). Oaxaca. 87. PHONIPARA PUSILLA (Sw.). Totontepec (Jan.). 88. Pomcreres GRAMINEUS (Gm.): Baird, Rep. p. 447. Four examples: Oaxaca (March). I cannot distinguish between these and specimens from the U.5S., except that the present are rather purer in colouring, and in parti- cular more white below. 89. CoTURNICULUS PASSERINUS, Bp. Oaxaca (March), ¢. 90. CHONDESTES GRAMMACA (Say). Oaxaca, ¢ et Q. 91. ZONOTRICHIA MYSTACALIS, Hartl. Four examples, ¢ et 9, Oaxaca (March). Sexes nearly alike ; female rather less strongly coloured. 92. SPIZELLA PALLIDA (Sw.): Baird, Rep. p. 474. Oaxaca (March), ¢ et 9. These examples seem to agree with my specimens of S. pallida. I do not possess examples of S. brewer. 93. MELosPiIzA LINCOLN! (Aud.): Baird, Rep. p. 82. Totontepec, Teotaleingo, and Oaxaca. . 380 94. Peucwa ruricers, Baird? ; Baird, Rep. p. 486.—Ammodra- mus ruficeps, Cassin. Three examples, Oaxaca (March 1858). I have no examples of Peucea ruficeps of California, and am consequently unable to say positively that this is the same bird, the species in this group of Finches requiring a close comparison. In my own collection are three specimens of this same species of Peucea obtained by Botteri at Orizaba. 95. ATLAPETES PILEATUS, Wagler: Sclater, P. Z. 8.1857, p. 304. State of Oaxaca. 96. EMBERNAGRA RUFIVIRGATA, Lawr. Playa Vicente (April 1859). 97. Ha&MOPHILA RUFESCENS, Sw.? Juquila and Villa Alta (Jan.). 98. PrrILo MACULATUS, Sw. Cinco Senores. 99. Prp1Lo ALBICOLLIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 304. Totontepec (Jan.) and Oaxaca. 100. CHRYSOMITRIS MEXICANA, Sw. Totontepec (Jan.). 101. CurysomiTris NOTATA, DuBus. Totontepec (Jan. and Feb.). 102. CaRPODACUS H&MORRHOUS (Wagl.). Oaxaca, many examples, ¢ et 2. Fam. IcTeRID&. 103. OsTINOPS MONTEZUM& (Less.). Playa Vicente. 104. CassICULUS MELANICTERUS, Bp. Consp. p. 428.—Zct. me- lanicterus, Bp. Pr. Ac. Phil. iv. 389. so et 2, Rio Grande. 105. CassicuLus PREVOsTI (Less.). Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente. 106. IcreRus spuRrus, Bp. ? Playa Vicente (Mareh). T find much difference in the size of Mexican specimens of these birds, and am inclined to agree with Prof. Baird that I. afinis is not a really distinct species. 381 107. IcrERus auDuBONT, Baird, Rep. p. 542. Juquila. * 108. IcrERUS wWAGLERI, Sclater: Baird, Rep. p. 945. Villa Alta (Jan.) ; Oaxaca (March). 109. AGEL&ZUS PH@NIcEvs (Linn.). Oaxaca. Called ‘el Collegial.’ 110. MoLoTHRUS &ZNEUS. Yetla (Feb.). 111. SruRNELLA HiprocrReris, Wagl. ? Oaxaca. 112. QuiscaLus sumicHRASTI, de Sauss., antea, p. 365. Playa Vicente (May). Fam. Corvipb&. 113. Cyanura coronata (Sw.): P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 302. Juquila. 114. CyanociTTa CALIFORNICA (Vig.) : Baird, Rep. p. 584. Cinco Sefores. Seems to agree with a specimen from San Fran- cisco: female smaller. 115, CyaNociTTa oRNATA (Less.). Teotalcingo. 116. Cyanocrrra NANA, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 25; P.Z.S. 1857, p-. 204. Llano Verde. 117. Catocirra Formosa (Sw.).—Pica formosa, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 437.—Pica bullockii, Wag}. The front of this example is white, and the pectoral band rather broader than in Guatemalan specimens, and the nape has rather more black. Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID&. 118. Prcovaptes arrinis, Lafr. R. Z. 1850, p. 275. Totontepec (Jan.). 119. DENDRORNIS FLAVIGASTRA (Sw.): P. Z.S. 1856, p. 289. Playa Vicente (April). 120. DENDRORNIS ERYTHROPYGIA, Sclater, antea, p. 360. Oaxaca. 382 121. D&ENDROMANES ANABATINUS. Dendrocincla anabatina, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 54, pl. 150 ; Ibis, 1859, p. 118. Playa Vicente (April). The peculiar form of the beak in this and the following species seems to necessitate the formation of a new generic name for them, which I accordingly propose shall be Dendromanes. This organ is short, straight, and much compressed, though somewhat broad at the base, but not sufficiently to enable us to arrange it with Den- drocincla or Dendrocops, as I have previously done. In fact it more resembles that of some species of Dendrornis, though so much shorter, smaller, and with the tip more incurved. The stiff spiny tail shows at once that its natural situation is in the subfamily Dendrocolaptine. The following is an outline of the characters of this new form of Dendrocolaptine :— Rostrum capite vix longius, rectum, subulatum, compressum, ad basin paulum dilatatum, mandibule superioris apice uncinato: ale subbreves, dimidium caude superantes, remigibus tertio quarto et quinto longissimis: cauda spinosa, plumarum rachi- bus denudatis et acutis : pedes scansoru, unguibus acutis. 122. DENDROMANES HOMOCHROUS, Sp. Nov. Fusco-rubiginosus, unicolor, gula dilutiore, alis caudaque vegetio- ribus ; loris grisescenti-rujis ; remigum sex externorum pogoniis internis nigricante terminatis : rostro fuscescenti-corneo, pedi- bus pallide corylinis. Long. tota 7°5, alee 3°8, caudee 3:2, rostri a rictu 1:0, tarsi 10. Hab. In statu Oaxacensi reipubl. Mexicanee. Mus. P.L.S. Only one example of the present bird was in M. Sallé’s collections— a male obtained by M. Boucard at Teotalcingo in March 1859. In form it precisely resembles the last species, having only the tail a trifle longer, but just as much rounded, and with the shafts spiny and projecting. The fourth and fifth primaries are equal and rather longer than the third. The sixth is longer than the second. 122*. XENOPS MEXICANUS, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 289. Playa Vicente (April). 123. SYNALLAXIS ERYTHROTHORAX, Sclater. Playa Vicente (March and April). 124. ANABATES CERVINIGULARIS, Sclater. Playa Vicente (April). 125. ANABAZENOPS VARIEGATICEPS, Sclater, P.Z.S.1856, p. 289. Choapam and Totontepec. 383 Fam. ForMICARIIDS. 126. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS (Linn.). Choapam and Playa Vicente. 127. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould? Playa Vicente (May 1859), 2. 128. ForMictvorA BOUCARDI, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 301. Playa Vicente (March), ¢ et 2. I have already described the female of this species, now sent along with the male by M. Boucard, among the birds collected m Hon- duras by Mr. Leyland (P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 55). 129. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 245, et 1859, p. 5). Playa Vicente (May), two pairs. I have again compared these with New Granadian specimens without finding any material differ- ence. 130. RAMPHOCANUS RUFIVENTRIS (Bp.). Playa Vicente (April). Rather more rufous below than in specimens from New Granada (S. Martha). 3 Roane nnns MONILIGER, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294. Playa Vicente (March). 132. GRALLARIA GUATEMALENSIS, Prévost. Playa Vicente. More darkly coloured below than examples from Vera Cruz, but not so intense as in a Guatemalan specimen in my possession. Fam. TyRANNID&. 133. ATTILA CITREOPYGIUS, Bp. Two examples, ¢, Playa Vicente. 134. SAvYORNIS NIGRICANS, Sw. Oaxaca (March) ; Cinco Senores (Feb.). 135. MyiopyNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS, Sclater, P. Z.8.1859, p.42. Juquila. 136. TyRANNUS INTREPIDUS, Vieill. Playa Vicente (May). 137. TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS, Sw. Oaxaca (Feb.). 384 138. Mitvutus monacuus, Hartl. Playa Vicente. 139. MyiarcHus LAWRENCII (Giraud). Talea. Eggs of this bird from this locality are of a pure white, with spots of two shades of brown principally towards the larger end, where they form a ring. They seem small for the size of the bird, measuring only 0°7 by °525 inch. 140. Myiarcuus coorert, Baird, Rep. p. 180. Oaxaca, S$ (March 1858). 141. My1ARCHUS CINERASCENS (Lawr.). Oaxaca, ¢ (March 1858). 142. ConTOPUS BOREALIS (Sw.). Cinco Sefnores (Feb.), 2. 143. Emprponax MINIMUS, Baird. Playa Vicente (April). 144. MirrepHoRvus PHZOCERCUS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 44. Talea. 145. Mylonius SULPHUREIPYGIUS, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1856, p. 296. Playa Vicente (May). 146. CycLORHYNCHUS CINEREICEPS, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 443. Playa Vicente (March 1859). 147. PuatyruyNncHus cANcRomMaA (Licht,): Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 295. Playa Vicente (May). 148. Top1IROSTRUM SCHISTACEICEPS, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 444. Playa Vicente. 149. TopIROSTRUM CINEREIGULARE, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p- 295. Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente. 150. LEprorpoGoON AMAUROCEPHALUS, Cab. Playa Vicente. Fam. CoTiInGID&. 151. Tiryra ALBITORQUES, DuBus; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 71. Playa Vicente, one example, 9. I am surprised at finding this Becard so far north, and should like to examine more specimens of 3895 both sexes, as it may prove to be distinct from the New Granadian species. 152. TiryrRA PERSONATA, Jard. Playa Vicente. 153. PLatypsaris AGLAtE (Lafr.): Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 74. This specimen belongs to the dark variety (?), considered by MM. Elliot and Verreaux to be the true P. aglaie in contradistinction to the P. affinis of the former. See ‘Ibis,’ 1859, p. 394 ; and above, p. 366. 154. LiIPAUGUS UNIRUFUS, Sp. Nov. Fuscescenti-rufus unicolor, subtus paulo dilutior, precipue in gut- ture et ventre medio: remigibus alarum intus obscurtoribus : rostro pallescente corneo, mandibule inferioris basi albicante ; pedibus fusco-cinereis. Long. tota 9°75, alee 5:4, caudze 4:3. Hab. In statu Oaxacensi Mex. Merid. (Boucard) ; in rep. Gua- temalensi (Skinner). Mus. Brit. et P.L.S. This fine large Lipaugus is readily distinguishable from every other species of the genus by its size and colour. Besides the present example (a male, obtained by M. Boucard at Playa Vicente in March 1859), I have noticed a specimen in the British Museum, which was received in Mr. Skinner’s collections from the province of Vera Paz in Guatemala. Mr. Salvin has also lately forwarded a specimen col- lected at Coban. 155. Manacus CAND! (Parzud.). Playa Vicente, 5 et 2. 156. Pipra MENTALIS, Sclater. Playa Vicente, ¢ et 2. Fam. TROCHILID. 157. PuattHornis ADoLpa#t, Gould. Teotalcingo (March 1859) ; Playa Vicente (April). 158. Lamvornis prevosti (Boure. & Muls.). Choapam (March 1859). 159. CAMPYLOPTERUS PAMPA (Less.). Teotalcingo. Found breeding in March, and nest and eggs re- ceived by M. Sallé. 160. CAMPYLOPTERUS DELATTRII (Less.). Teotalcingo. No. 408.—ProcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 386 161. C@LIGENA FULGENS (Sw.). Totontepec (Jan. 1859). 162. DELATTRIA HENRICI (Less.). Totontepec. 163. PETASOPHORA THALASSINA (Sw.). Totontepec (Jan. 1859). 164. SAPPHIRONIA LUCIDA (Shaw). Totontepec (Feb.). 165. THAUMANTIAS CANDIDUS (Bourc.). Playa Vicente (May). 166. Cyanomyia vioticers, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3 ser. iv. p. 97. . Described from M. Boucard’s specimens. 167. CyANOMYIA QUADRICOLOR (Vieill.). Found breeding at Choapam in the month of March, and nest and eges transmitted to M. Sallé by M. Boucard. 168. CyaNomyiA sorpD1DA, Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. iv. p. 97. Oaxaca. 169. AmAziLIus CORALLIROSTRIS (Bourc.). State of Oaxaca. 170. AMAZILIUS ARSINOE (Less.). Playa Vicente (April). 171. Amazinius puBust, Bourc. & Muls. Ann. Soe. Lyons, 1852. Choapam (March) ; Playa Vicente (April). Is-this distinct from A. riefferi? 172. TrRocuiLus couusRis, Linn. Oaxaca. 173. SELASPHORUS HELOIsH (Less. & Del.). Totontepec (Jan. 1859). 174. CaLoTHoRAX PULCHRA, Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. iv. p. 97. Oaxaca. 387 Fam. GALBULID#. 175. GALBULA MELANOGENIA, Sclater. Playa Vicente (April). This is the most northern locality I have yet become acquainted with for Galbula. The specimen is marked male, but is in female plumage, being perhaps immature. Fam. ALCEDINID. 176. CERYLE SUPERCILIOSA (Linn.). Playa Vicente (April), 3 et @. Fam. Momorip. 177. Momotus mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 442; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 253. Rio Grande. 178. Momortvs tessont, Less. Playa Vicente and Teotalcingo. 179. HyLoMANES MomorTULA, Licht. Playa Vicente (April 1859). Fam. TROGONID2. 180. TRoGoN Mexicanus, Sw.: Gould, Mon. pl. 1. Cinco Senores. 181. TRoGON amBiGuus, Gould, Mon. pl. 4. Talea. 182. TRoGon caLicatus, Gould, Mon. pl. 7. Playa Vicente. 183. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould, Mon. pl. 12. Playa Vicente, g et 9. 184, TRoGoNn MAssENA, Gould, Mon. pl. 16. Playa Vicente, d et 9. 185. TRoGON PUELLA, Gould. Playa Vicente. Fam. CucuLip&. 186. Grococcyx arrinis, Hartl. Juquila. 388 187, PrayA MEXICANA (Sw.).—Cuculus mezxicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 440. 3 Juquila (May 1858). This is a different species of Piaya from that which inhabits the tierra caliente of Vera Cruz and Guatemala. The plumage is of a much brighter chestnut-red ; the lower belly is hardly darker than the breast; and the tail-feathers are bright ru- fous, with a well-defined broad subapical band of black, tipped with white. In the common bird of Vera Cruz, which I have until lately supposed to be Swainson’s Cuculus mexicanus, the tail-feathers, looking at them from below, are nearly black, and have no defined patch towards their termination as in the present bird, and the lower belly is altogether black. See anted, p. 368, for description of Piaya thermophila. 188. CroTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw. Oaxaca. Fam. RHAMPHASTID. 189. RHAMPHASTOS CARINATUS, Sw. Playa Vicente (March). 190. PreRoGLossus TORQUATUS (Wagl.). Playa Vicente (March). 191. AULACORHAMPHUS WAGLERI. Xacatepec, ¢ (March 1858). Fam. Picip#. 192. Dryocopus GUATEMALENSIS. Llano Verde and Playa Vicente. Rather small in dimensions. 193. Picus varius, Linn. Llano Verde ; Totontepec (Jan.). 194. Prcus sARDINII, Malh. Oaxaca, 3. 195. CHLORONERPES ZRUGINOSUS (Licht.). Teotalcingo (March). 196. CHLORONERPES OLEAGINEUS. Playa Vicente (March). 197. CrELEUS CASTANEUS (Wagl.). Playa Vicente (March). Fam. Psirracip2. 198. Conurus Astec, Souaneé, Rey. Zool. 1857, p. 97. Playa Vicente (April 1859). 389 . 199. Curysoris ocHROPTERA (Gm.): Gray, List of Psittacide, p- 79. Rio Grande ; Playa Vicente. 200. CHRYSOTIS AUTUMNALIS (Linn.). Playa Vicente. I now doubt much whether Bonaparte’s C. esti- valis is really distinct from this species. The only difference between the representatives of the two species in the British Museum is the presence of rather more red on the lores of the supposed true C. aw- tumnalis, im which respect it agrees better with Edwards’s plate, upon which the name was founded. Fam. Farconip#. 201. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (Linn.). Playa Vicente. 202. SpizaAETUS ORNATUS (Daud.). Teotalcingo (March 1859). 203. Burro BorEALIs (Gm.). In adult and immature plumage. Talea and Oaxaca. 204. Burro HARLANI, Aud. The variety of B. borealis alluded to in P. Z. S. 1857, p. 211. Oaxaca. 205. Burro EryYTHRONOTUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.). Talea. 206. ASTURINA NITIDA. Talea and Playa Vicente. 207. ACCIPITER PILEATUS (Max.): Temm. Pl. Col. 205. Adult male: Playa Vicente. This is the first specimen of Accipiter pileatus that Mr. Gurney has seen from the northern portion of the American continent, as he informs me. 208. AccrPITER CooPER!I, Bp.: Baird, Rep. p. 16. Totontepec (Jan. 1859) and Oaxaca. Decidedly distinct from the preceding (with which it is united by many authors—Strickland, Gray, &c.), in Mr. Gurney’s opinion :— Accipiter pileatus is distinguishable from 4. cooperi, (1) by its smaller size; (2) by the whole-coloured hood with which its head is covered in all ages; (3) by the plumbeous colour of the breast and belly in the adult, the corresponding parts in 4. cooperi, when adult, being rufous, mottled with white. The adult 4. pileatus has the curious peculiarity of exactly resembling zz colour the adult of Har- 390 pagus bidentatus. In the Norwich Museum are specimens of 4. pileatus from Brazil; Ecuador, Pallatanga (fraser) ; Chili, and Straits of Magellan,—and of A. cooperi from California, Monterey ; Texas and Mexico, Orizava. The adult specimens of the present bird from Oaxaca show a whole-coloured hood nearly as dark as in 4. pileatus, which younger specimens never do, whereas, as stated above, A. pileatus does so in all ages.” —J. H. G. in epist. 209. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.). Villa Alta (Jan. 1859). 210. Hyporriorcuis RuFIGULARIS (Daud.): Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 88. Playa Vicente. 211. IcTtrnra PLUMBEA (Gm.). Playa Vicente (March), ¢ adult. 212. Circus Hupsonicus (Linn.). Oaxaca. Fam. STRIGIDE. 213. Srrix PRATINCOLA, Bp. Oaxaca. 214. Bracuyorus Cassini, Brewer. Oaxaca. 215. Buso vireGinianus (Gm.). Oaxaca. Fam. COLUMBID. 216. CoLUMBA NIGRIROSTRIS, Sp. Nov. Obscure olivascenti-fusca eneo vix tincta, capite et collo supero cum corpore subtus et tectricibus subalaribus vinaceis, gula albescentiore, ventre plumbescentiore: remigibus et rectricibus Susco-nigricantibus unicoloribus : rostro nigro: pedibus coral- lino-rubris. Long. tota 10°5, alee 6°5, caudee 4°6. Hab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee. In spite of the number of new species that have lately been de- scribed among the Pigeons, this bird appears to have remained un- noticed. There is no specimen of it in the British Museum ; and it is not included in Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ which contains such an elaborate account of the family. I therefore consider it to be pro- bably new. Its nearest allies are Columba flavirostris, which has the bill yellow, and C. rufina, which has a cinnamomeous-brown tail, 391 besides other differences. Its proper place is intermediate between these species. 217. CotumBA FLAvtROsTRIS, Wagl. Teotalcingo (March). 218. Leproprina aALBIFRONS, Bp. Consp. i. p. 74. Playa Vicente. 219. GEOTRYGON ALBIFACIES, G. R. Gray : Sclater, P. Z. 8.1858, p- 98. Latani (Feb. 1859). 220. PERISTERA CINEREA (Temm.). Playa Vicente. 221. ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS (Linn. ). Talea and Oaxaca. 222. CHAMZPELIA PASSERINA, Linn. Oaxaca ; several specimens. 223. SCARDAFELLA INCA (Legs.). Oaxaca. The egg of this species, forwarded by M. Sallé, mea- sures 0°9 by 0°6 inch, and is of the usual uniform white. Fam. CRACID&. 224. PENELOPE PURPURASCENS, Wagler. Rio Grande ; called < Faisano.’ 225. ORTALIDA VETULA (Wagl.). Playa Vicente. I have never seen but two Ortalide from Mexico —the two here mentioned. I can hardly believe that Baird’s O. maccallit is different from the present bird. 226. ORTALIDA LEUCOGASTRA, Gould. Rio Grande. The female like the male, but smaller. I have now little doubt that this is really the true O. poliocephala of Wagler. It seems to be the representative of O. vetula in the Pacific coast-region. Fam. Perpicip. 227, ODONTOPHORUS GUTTATUS, Gould. Teotaleingo (March 1859). Fam. TINAMIDZ&. 228. TINAMUS BOUCARDI, Sallé, MS. Obscure cinereus ; dorso toto et alis extus brunneis, nigro minutis- 392 sime vermiculatis: remigibus alarum fusco-nigris, scapis plu- marum atris: subtus dilutior, gula pallescentiore : ventre toto fulvescenti-brunneo lavato : crisso et tectricibus subeaudalibus nigro variegatis : rostrt mandibula superiore plumbea, inferiore albida : pedibus clare corylinis. Long. tota 10-0, alee 6:5, caudee 2:0, tarsi 2°0, rostri a rictu 1:3. fab. In statu Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanee. Two examples of this fine Tinamou are in M. Boucard’s collections, both males, one from Playa Vicente (May), and the other from Teo- taleingo (March). The nearest allied species is the 8S. American 1’. cinereus. 229. Trnamus SALL&1 (Bp.).—WNothocercus sallai, Bp. C. RB. xli. p. 955. Nigricans, rufo undulatus: alarum vittis latioribus et flavescen- tioribus : cervice postica et dorso superiore fere puris ; pileo nigricante ; nucha rufescente, nigro undulata : lateribus capitis rufis: subtus cinnamomeo-rufus, cervice obscure cinerea, gula nivea, lateribus et crisso nigro variegatis : rostro corneo : man- dibula inferiore et pedibus flavis. 2. Cervice antica rufescente : pileo, sicut nucha, vittato. Long. tota 10-0, alze 6:2, caudee 1-5, tarsi 1°8. This is the only Mexican species of Tinamou which is at all like the South American Tinamus variegatus, and I believe that it is the “same to which Prince Bonaparte applied the name 7’. delattrii in C. R. xlviii. p. 955. I know, from the Prince’s own mouth, that he was in doubt upon this point. The examples described above were obtained at Playa Vicente in May 1850. M. Sallé suggests that this bird may be Lesson’s Nothura cinnamomea (Rev. Zool. 1842, p- 210). Though I know from experience the vileness of Lesson’s descriptions, I think this hardly possible. 230. TINAMUS MESERYTHRUS, Sp. Nov. Ez olivaceo rufescens ; alis ngricantibus, extus rufo marginatis ; . pileo toto nigricanti-cinereo : subtus saturate ferrugineo-rufus, medialiter clarior ; crisso pallide cinnamomeo ; hypochondrits et pectore antico obscurioribus, nigricante adumbratis : remigibus subtus pallide schistaceis: tectricibus caude elongatis, satu- rate castaneis: rostri mandibula superiore plumbea, inferiore albicante: pedibus clare corylinis. Long. tota 9°5, alee 5°2, caudze 1°5, tarsi 1°7, rostri a rictu 1°15. Had. In statu Oaxaca reipublicee Mexicanee. This Tinamou is nearly allied to 7. sovt of South America and 7. castaneus of New Granada. It is easily distinguished by the deep- chestnut medial line below, contrasting with the darker sides of the body. There are but very faint traces of spots on the crissum. The male and female, procured by M. Boucard at Playa Vicente in May, are coloured alike. 393 Fam. CHARADRIID. 231. AXGIALITES VOCIFERUS (Linn.). Oaxaca. Fam. ScoLopAcip&. 232. GAMBETTA FLAVIPES (Gm.): Baird, Rep. p. 732. Playa Vicente (April 1859). Fam. RALLID&. 233. ARAMIDES CAYENNENSIS (Gm.). Oaxaca. 234. PARRA GYMNOSTOMA, Wagl. Oaxaca. ‘Two examples in young plumage. Fam. ANATIDE. 235. QUERQUEDULA bDiscors (Linn.). State of Oaxaca. 236. ERISMATURA RUBIDA (Wils.). Oaxaca. 5. DrESCRIPFTION D'UNE NOUVELLE ESPECE DE BarsBu DE L AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE. Par Jutes VeERREAUX, Mem- BRE CORRESPONDANT DE LA SOcIETE ZOOLOGIQUE DE LONDRES. (Aves, Pl. CLVIL.) LAIMODON ALBIVENTRIS, sp. nov. Téte et cou rouges ; la base des plumes noire a partir du vertex jusque sur le haut du dos; ce dernier ainsi que le reste des parties supérieures, le devant du cou et du thorax d’un brun terreux plus foncé au centre de ce dernier, presque toutes les plumes de ces par- ties ayant le rachis d’un blanc plus ou moins pur; une tache ob- longue de cette couleur au centre du croupion; ventre, bas ventre et couvertures sous-caudales d’un blane pur; les plumes des flancs assez longues et délicates ; cuisses brunes, 4 plumes bordées de plus clair; ailes et queue noires. Les mémes lignes blanches du rachis sont trés distinctes sur les couvertures alaires ainsi que sur les ré- miges secondaires les plus rapprochées du corps. Bec plus haut que large, 4 mandibule supérieure bidentée, bleudtre a sa base qui est garnie de soies noires dirigées en avant, jaunatre sale sur le reste ; tarses fortement scutellés, bleuatres ainsi que les doigts ; ongles assez crochus et bruns; aile 4 penne batarde trés courte, les 4, 5 et 6™°* rémiges les plus longues, et les secondaires de 394 la méme longueur ; leurs couvertures inférieures blanches ainsi que la partie interne des rémiges; queue arrondie. cent. mill JOB Boesgaookn soos 005s nooo 60 o000 IG. 7 del ailesferméem cau eee. emanate SCO GUSTO Co sbssSs ants bo eebbooss on Fw ——— dui beca, pant denangle). 52: sii... Sita en Rd CAaTSES eigen) sors cs sre teeeenee Darcy, Za) Cette description a été prise sur un sujet male trés adulte, pro- venant de l’ Afrique occidentale, mais sans désignation de localité exacte. Nous devons a l’obligeance de M. Emile Parzudaki, de la faire connaitre au monde savant, ainsi que quelqu’autres nouveautés que nous ne tarderons pas a publier. Nous saisissons avec empressement loccasion de le remercier de l’intérét qwil porte a cette belle science en nous offrant toutes les facilités de visiter et d’étudier les nom- breux objets qui passent chaque jour dans ses magasins. Nous saisissons avec empressement l’occasion qui se présente par Vespéce nouvelle que nous décrivons, pour indiquer toutes les espéces africaines que nous connaissons sur cette famille, en ajoutant leur synonymie telle que nous nous proposons de la reproduire dans le ‘Conspectus Generum L. lat. 28. L. transv. 3/9. Nape of the neck convex ; the upper profile of the head is straight, abruptly descending. The total length is three times the height of the body, and 32 times the length of the head. The width be- tween the orbits equals 14 diameters of the eye. The posterior dorsal and anal rays reach to the middle of the caudal, if laid back- wards, and the ventral to the second anal spine. Greyish-green, with broad dark vertical bars, less distinct with age. A black blotch below the lateral line, corresponding to the last four dorsal spines ; preeorbital and cheeks with oblique, waving, bluish, shining silvery streaks ; the scales of the operculum and of the anterior part of the body with spots of the same colour. Dorsal fin with dark longi- tudinal streaks ; ventral and anal greyish ; pectoral and caudal colour- less.—Several specimens of different ages ; the largest 4 inches long. 3. LEBIASINA BIMACULATA, Cuv. et Val. 4. Macropon TAREIRA, Cuv. et Val. 5. LEPORINUS FREDERICI, Bloch. 6. ANODUS TROSCHELII, n. sp. D.12. A.10. V.9. L.lat.46. LL. transv. 7/8. The total length is four times the height of the body, and 42 times the length of the head. The width of the space between the eyes is not quite one-half the length of the head; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of it. The height of the dorsal is much less than the length of the head, and its origin corresponds to the fourteenth scale of the lateral lme; the base of the ventrals falls vertically below the middle of the dorsal. Silvery, back greenish; a black spot on the ~ root of the caudal. Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador. 419 inches. lines. Total length. Height of the body .. SISSIES) site tla lo a NST en age Fenathyoftherhead 9 i -/58 o2iek oie 1 2 Width between the orbits .............. 0 54 Diameter, ofstheteyes 75. ety tole ate A 0 33 Eleieht of the dorsal = ee. dee aes 0 11 Height of the anal . Jae eee arate Rent oD) 18.77! There can be no doubt that this i is auite a different species from Anodus alburnus, described and figured by Miller and Troschel in the ‘ Hore Ichthyologicee.’ The difference from Ourimatus gilberti, figured by Quoy and Gaimard, and insufficiently described by Valen- ciennes, must be rather maierred: by help of the figure of Anodus alburnus. Valenciennes describes it as a fish of entirely the same form as A. alburnus ; therefore it is very improbable that our spe- cies is identical with it, as it has the back very little elevated (as in Leuciscus vulgaris), the dorsal fin much lower and situated far more backwards, so that its end falls vertically as much behind the ventral as its origin before it. The somewhat greater number of the scales of the lateral line corresponds with these differences. 7. PROCHILODUS HUMERALIS, 0. sp. D2 AL. WV On alate 33.) 1G. transv., 5) 7. The total length is 34 times the height of the body, and nearly five times that of the head. The width between the eyes is one-half the length of the head, or nearly twice the diameter of the eye; the end of the dorsal falls vertically above the end of the base of the ventral. Back greenish, sides and belly yellowish ; each longitudinal series of scales with a shining streak. A black spot behind the shoulder on the fourth, fifth, and sixth scales of the lateral line. No spot on the root of the tail ; dorsal dotted with blackish posteriorly ; the other fins immaculate. Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador. Total length. . Height of the body .. Length of the head .. PE ie a sae Width between the Orbits. Be. See eg Diameter of the eye.... Bers Length of the third oral ray Length of the third anal ray .. inches. lines. Sore OCR e D SOoekN WN O ble — 8. CHALCEUS ALBURNUS, 0. sp. PD. iL. A’. 35.) VW. 8 Li. lat. 60. LL. transv. 13/5". The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The width between the orbits is rather more than that of the eye, and one-fourth the length of the head. The snout is produced, and equals 13 diameters of the eye. Anterior teeth rather small ; several of the lateral teeth of the mandibula much 420 stronger than those of the upper jaw. The ventral fin reaches to the origin of the anal, the pectoral somewhat beyond the base of the ventral. Scales very thin ; the lateral line descends abruptly above the pectoral towards the belly, and runs much nearer to the abdo- men than to the back. Silvery, with a light blackish spot behind the shoulder, above the lateral line; caudal red. Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador. inches. lines. Total length ie cn: alee eid e cme 5 93 Heishtof theibodyyes se ercen caer: Teel Tene thyoictheshendy is eer scree Lad Wardthwbetweenmstheteves tact iiieeee rie 0 4 Diameter,otthevever ance oe eee. Height ofsthe dorsalis sae ener ec 0 9F Heightjofathevanall peers ttn ene eiers te Oe ei One of the specimens has blackish vertical lines all along the side, and the fins broadly margined with blackish. Another has the ven- tral fins very short, only half the usual length, though with the full number of rays. 9. CHALCEUS BREVIROSTRIS, N. Sp. D.11. A. 37. V.8. U.lat. 46. 1. transv. 6/7. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. (The width between the orbits equals the diameter of the eye, and is rather more than the extent of the snout*. | The snout is shortand obtuse, the upper maxillary slightly overreach- ing the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The anterior teeth are the strongest, those of the lower jaw much stronger than the upper ones. The ventral fin reaches to the origin of the anal, the pectoral somewhat beyond the base of the ventral. Scales very thin. The laterai line descends in a gentle curve from its origin, and runs a little nearer to the ventral margin than to the dorsal. Shining silvery, with an indistinct lateral band, contimued to the middle of the caudal margin, where it is black. Hab. Western Andes of Ecuador. inches. lines. otal lengthy A ey ici s ote ce rately ere aeee Diy. Heightiof theibody, oh. ea. even sees OR eie. Tueneth of the headwear ee ROO Diameter of theveye a e-2 as. eee 0 2 10. PimeLopuvs, sp. ? A single mutilated specimen. 11. Hyrosromus ERINACEUS, Cuv. & Val.=Ohetostoma lobo- rhynchus, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Ichth. p. 29. tab. 4. 1 onal Dyas ea * These statements may require modification upon examination of mature spe- cimens, as those collected by Mr. Fraser are perhaps young ones. 421 8. Description oF A New Species OF ANOLIS FROM CENTRAL America. By Dr. A. Ginrner, ForerGn Mems. Zoou. Soc. The following new species of Anolis was discovered by M. Sallé in Central America, and is now in the Collection of the British Museum. ANOLIS SALLI, n. sp. Diagnosis.—Snout moderately elongate and rather depressed, with the canthus rostralis sharp, and with a pair of obtuse ridges, arising from the bony superciliary margins and divergent anteriorly ; a slight groove between these two ridges; the upper surface of the head is covered with small shields ; occipital shield present. Loreal region slightly concave, with four series of small shields. Scales of the back, belly, and tail distinct, imbricate, strongly keeled; those of the sides very small; no trace of a crest ; tail rounded, not verti- cillated ; gular pouch small. Greyish or brownish, with a more or less distinct yellowish vertebral band ; sides and belly sometimes with fine blackish longitudinal lines. Description.—The snout is moderately depressed and slightly elongate, the distance between the anterior angles of the orbits being a little less only than that between the orbit and the extremity of the snout. The canthus rostralis is distinct and, near the orbit, rather sharp. There is another pair of low ridges, arising from the bony superciliary margin and divergent anteriorly, with a slight groove between; they extend to the middle of the length of the snout. The shields of the upper surface of the head are small, arranged in irregular transverse series, about seven in the series between the angles of the orbit ; the shields along the bony super- ciliary margin are rather larger, but both series are separated from each other by smaller shields. An occipital shield is distinct. The nostril opens laterally, and is situated immediately behind the extremity of the snout. The labial shields are exceedingly narrow, eight or ten in number; three or four series of smaller shields run parallel to that of the lower labials, the remainder of the throat being covered with very small polygonal scales. The pouch of the throat is very little developed. The tympanum is very small. The temple and the neck are granular. No crest whatever is visible, but the scales of the back are very distinct, imbricate, keeled ; those of the sides are one-half smaller and smooth ; those of the belly rhombic and distinctly keeled, rather larger than the dorsal ones. The tail is rounded, not verticillated or crested, covered with rhombic, imbricate, strongly keeled scales, the keels forming longitudinal ridges. The fore-leg does not reach to the loin, if laid backwards; it is covered with rhombic keeled scales, and with minute smooth ones inferiorly ; the fingers are slightly dilated ; the fourth is very little longer than the third, then follow the fifth, the second, and the first. The hind-leg reaches beyond the tympanum, if laid forwards ; it is covered with keeled 422 scales, except the inferior and posterior sides of the humerus, which are granular. The ground colour of the upper parts is greyish or brownish, darkest along the margins of the vertebral band ; a broad yellowish or yellow dorsal band reaches from the occipital shield to the tail, where it is gradually lost. The lower parts are whitish. In one of the two specimens, the sides, the belly, and the lower part of the tail are longitudinally lined with blackish. inches. lines. Distance between the tympanum and the extre- Miby ole ysnout syracuse ope eey cet eae 0 5% Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 1 4 Lengthy ofthe tath 925.8 to be ca Raney) pana Distance between the extremity of the snout and the anterior margin of the orbit............ On 25 Distance between the anterior angles of the orbit 0 24 Length of the fore-leg......... Biers She ara 08 Of the hhimd-leg. cites len newer. wa lege 9. DrscRIPTIONS OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTION OF Mr. Watuace. By W. C. Hewirtson. (Annulosa, Pls. LX VI. LXVII.) PAPILIONID&. 1. Paprutio parApoxa, var. (Pl. LXVII. figs. 1, 2, 3, and Pl. LXVI. fig. 4.) Zelima paradoxa, Zinken Sommer, pl. 15. Papilio paradozus, Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 9. Papilio telearchus, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soe. ti. n.s. pl. 6. if Upper side of male (fig. 1) dark brown; both wings with a sub- marginal band of white spots; anterior wing with its outer half glossed with blue ; two spots within the cell, one near the costal margin and one near the costal margin beyond the middle, light blue. Under side of a uniform rufous-brown, with the submarginal spots as above. he Female (fig. 2) rufous-brown ; both wings with a submarginal band of white spots as in the male. Anterior wing with its outer half dark brown glossed with blue; a longitudinal ray and two spots of white within the cell ; a transverse curved band of hastate white spots tinted with blue beyond the middle ; two rays of dirty white forming a triangle near the inner margin; the margin itself of the same colour. Posterior wing with a loop-ray of white within the cell, and similar rays between the nervures, each ray having at its termination a lunular spot also white; the outer margin spotted with white ; under side as above, except that there is no blue. 423 Variety A, female (fig. 3). Dark brown; both wings with a submarginal band of white spots ; anterior wing with two white spots within the cell, and five large white hastate spots near the apex; posterior wing with the outer margin spotted with white. Variety B, female (fig. 4). Anterior wing dark brown ; posterior wing rufous-brown, with a ray of lighter brown within the cell and between each of the nervures ; a ene band of rufous lunules ; the outer margin spotted with white. Expanse, ¢ 4 inches, @ 4,5 inches. Hab. Borneo. - Widely as the four Butterflies figured in the two plates differ from each other, I have little doubt that they are of the same species, —varieties of paradowxa of Zinken Sommer, and also of telearchus of Hewitson. The typical paradora is from Java. The insects now described mee taken in Borneo by Mr. Wallace. Telearchus is a native of ylhet. 2. Parinio Noctis, Hewitson. (Pl. LXVI. figs. 5, 6.) Upper side of female dark brown; all the nervures, except those which enclose the cell, margined with lighter colour, with white near the apex of the anterior wing and the outer margin of the posterior wing ; posterior wing with a band of dirty white near the outer mar- gin; outer margin of both wings light yellow. Under side as above, except that the margins of the nervures of the anterior wing are whiter, and that the outer margin of the poste- rior wing is broadly cream-colour, marked with a double row of black spots. Expanse 4,°, inches. Hab. Borneo. I had at first named this Butterfly Papilio nox, believing it only a variety of that species. Having since seen several females of now, none of which have either the light margin or black spots of the pos- terior wing of this insect, I have thought it better to consider it at present as a distinct species; I have not, however, done so to follow in the steps of those who give names to varieties, because I think that custom entirely indefensible. The Butterflies of the East seem to be subject to vary more than those of other countries. It is usual amongst entomologists to argue, that if two insects, however closely resembling each other, come from distant localities, they must be distinct species. I would reverse the argument and say, that two insects, differing but slightly, are most likely distinct species if they come from the same locality ; but if they come from a distance, they are most likely the same species changed by the 424 difference of locality. Those localities need not be far distant from each other to produce the variety, if the sea divides them. 10. Ox a New Species or THE Famity PAPILIONIDZ FROM Batcutan. By Georce Ropert Gray, F.L. & Z.S., erc. (Annulosa, Pls. LX VIII. LXIX.) In the Catalogue of the family of Papilionide, which I formed on the specimens contained in the Collection of the British Museum, I enumerated several species that belong to the subdivision Ornitho- ptera, which had previously been considered as only varieties of Papilio priamus. It now falls to my lot to add another splendid species (also supposed by some entomologists to form only a further variety of that insect), sent by the indefatigable collector and natu- ralist, Mr. A. R. Wallace, from the Island of Batchian, one of the Moluccas. The beautiful golden colour of the insect about to be described, has induced the discoverer to propose for it the name of Ornitho- ptera cresus, which I have adopted. I should otherwise have called it after Mr. Wallace himself, as a slight record of the valuable ser- vices he has rendered to entomology during his sojourn amongst the Eastern Isles. I am further led to describe this insect as distinct from any hitherto recorded, as, after a careful comparison with all the others, many peculiarities can be pointed out, which will be in- corporated in the following account. Parinio (ORNITHOPTERA) CRGSUS. Primary wings deep black, with the anterior band widening to- wards the middle, and this is of a golden orange-colour ; this colour is also represented by an abbreviated band at the base of the inner margin, and by a few scattered specks on the inner and outer margins. Secondary wings of a dull orange-colour, with some spots of kings- yellow ; this difference of colour is occasioned by the semitrans- parency of the more decided spots of the under surface of the wings when the insect is held against the light; the base, subcostal and medial nervures, first subcostal nervules, and the narrow edge on the outer margin are deep black. A black spot is sometimes found between the second and the first discoidal nervules. The under surface of the primary wings is most like that of Ornithoptera richmondia in the form of the markings, but they are of a rich golden-green. The under surface of the secondary wings also closely approaches that of Ornithoptera richmondia ; but it is of a golden-green, with a lengthened spot of rich kings-yellow above the black spot be- tween the costal nervure and the first nervule, and a small spot below the black spot ; the same kind of yellow spot above and below the black spot in each space between the first and second nervules 425 and the second and first discoidal nervules ; the next two black spots with a yellow spot beneath each: in the discoidal cell is placed a lengthened spot of kings-yellow. The anal angle kings-yellow, with- out any black spot such as is. found in the other species. The base, nervures, and narrow margin deep black. Length across the primary wings 63 inches. Mr. Westwood has remarked, that he was not sure whether the present insect ‘“‘might not be a local variety of Ornithoptera priamus.”’ I will, however, point out some dissimilarities, which mduce me to differ from so high an authority. The form of the primary wings appears rather shorter and thereby broader than in O. priamus, while the band that runs near the anterior margin is much broader; the middle and these wings are without the band that borders the poste- rior and exterior margins, except at the base of the former, where there is an abbreviated band, and but slight indication of spots (formed by a series of minute specks) on the latter. The dull black hirsute space is formed of a single large spot, which in O. priamus is composed of two, a large one and small one. The under surface of the primary wings has the golden-green spots that occupy the spaces between the nervures divided by a wider irregular band than is found in O. priamus. The secondary wings are without the black spots at the anal angle ; and the marginal border is much narrower, while the edge is less dentated than in O. priamus. The under surface of the secondary wings has various gold marks not found in O. priamus : one in the discoidal cell ; and a spot above each of the black spots between the second and third discoidal ner- vules is very small, while the marginal black spots are further removed from the outer margin: the discoidal cell is more broadly surrounded with black. Many of these peculiarities cause Mr. Wallace’s insect to approach nearer the species I have named Papilio (Ornithoptera) rich- mondia, than any of the others recorded in my Catalogue of the family Papilionide ; viz. the want of the posterior and exterior band, the single form ‘of the dull black space on the primary wings, the * increased number of the golden spots on the under surface of the secondary wings, and the breadth of the black margin within the discoidal cell. It may also be remarked that the female is decidedly more like that of P. richmondia in its colour and markings than the same sex of P. priamus. 11. Description or A New Species or ENTOzOON, SCLERO- STOMA SIPUNCULIFORME, FROM THE INTESTINES OF THE Evepuant. By W. Batirp, M.D., F.L.S. The genus Sclerostoma, which forms only a section of the genus Strongylus of Rudolphi, but which has been adopted by De Blain- ville, Dujardin, and Diesing, is not numerous in species. Removing 426 the genus Syngamus of Siebold from it (which, however, is not ad- mitted by Diesing), there would remain only four, or perhaps five species. Two of these have been observed in the Horse (Zquus ca- ballus), the Ass (#. asinus), and in the Mule; a third in the Pig (Sus scrofa) and in the Pecearies (Dicotyles torquatus and albirostris); a fourth in the American Tapir (Tapirus americanus) ; and perhaps a fifth in the Puma (felis concolor). An addition to this small number may not be uninteresting. The Sclerostome which I am now about to describe is a small Nematoid worm, of from 10 lines to l°inch in length; of a light flesh-colour when alive, but nearly white in spirits. The body is cylindrical in shape, thicker in the middle, tapering towards each extremity, aud finely striated across, though the strive are rather distant from each other. The head is rather large, cylindrical, about 1 line in length, truncated at the apex, thicker than the neck, and separated from it by a distinct line or groove. The mouth is orbi- cular, placed in the centre of the truncated part of the head, and surrounded with two horny capsules or bullze, the limb or margins of which are each armed with a row of numerous teeth. The limb of the external capsule is the larger of the two ; and the teeth, though numerous, are less so than in the internal limb, and are stronger and pointed outwards. The limb of the inner capsule is much smaller, the teeth very minute and exceedingly numerous. This portion of the body does not differ in the two sexes. The tail of the male is in the form of a membranous expansion or pouch surrounding this extremity of the body, and is divided into three lobes. The central lobe is the largest, and is supported by seven ribs or rays, three in the middle and two at each side. The three central ribs are dichotomous, and the middle one of these has its two branches sending off two or three short processes, like buds ; the two others are simple. Of the lateral ribs (two on each side), the innermost one is dichotomous, the two branches into which it is divided sending off short processes or buds; the outer rib is simple. The two lateral lobes of this caudal expansion are smaller than the central one, and are each supported by four simple ribs. The tail of the female terminates in arather long and sharp point, which is oblique in position to the body, owing to a sort of tubercle, about half a line from its extremity, under which is situated the anus. This aperture is very distinctly seen immediately underneath the tubercle ; and the vulva, which is not very conspicuous, and is in the form of a narrow slit across the body, is situated immediately above the tubercle. The cesophagus is rather long, and terminates in a lobed stomach, which extends for a short distance and then terminates in a straight intestinal canal running through the whole length of the animal. The uterus is peculiar in form, and presents a very pretty appearance under the microscope ; it is two-branched, and has during its length several expansions or swellings followed by contractions ; and the ovaries are very long and twisted round the intestine. This species of Sclerostome differs in many characters from any 427 other that I have seen. From the common Sclerostome of the Horse, Sel. armatum, it differs in the position of the vulva in the female, in the sharp pointed tail, and the cylindrical head ; from the male it differs in the structure of the caudal pouch and the form of the head. From the other species found in the Horse, Sel. tetracanthum, it differs in the form of the head and the circle of teeth round the limb of the external capsule of the mouth, and in the structure of the caudal pouch of the male. They differ also in the relative sizes of the two sexes: in both of these species the female is longer than the male, whereas in the species now described the male is longer . than the female ; and it is rather curious that there is amongst the specimens collected a much greater proportional number of males than of females. From the two other species of Sclerostome found in the Pig and in the Tapir, this one differs in the structure of the caudal pouch of the male, the shape of the head, &c. Very few opportunities, apparently, have occurred to helmintho- logists of examining the bodies of Elephants. In Diesing’s enume- ration of Entozoa found in the Mammalia, only one species is men- tioned by him as having been observed and described as a parasite of this Pachyderm. This is an Ascaris, first mentioned by the cele- brated Rudolphi as infesting the liver. The same parasitic worm has since then been found in the biliary ducts of a young Indian Elephant m America by Dr. Jackson of Boston. In his mention of this Ascaris (Ascaris lonchoptera, Diesing), Dr. Jackson states that it occurred along with numerous specimens of a Distoma, which he refers to the species D. hepaticum. The poor animal from which these worms were taken died of disease of the liver with ascites, and there was found also a large, deep, chronic ulcer in the stomach. The species here described will now make a third parasite recorded as belonging to the Elephant. L,am indebted for it to Mr. Edward Gerard of the British Museum, who found it in the large intestines of a young Indian Elephant which recently died in London, after having been only a very short time in England. This animal, from Mr. Gerard’s account of it, had suffered also from dropsy, as a large quantity of water escaped upon opening the abdomen. SCLEROSTOMA SIPUNCULIFORME, Baird. Caput cylindricum, magnum, truncatum ; oris limbo interno den- ticulis densis, externo aculeis majoribus numerosis, armato. Corpus rectum, utrinque attenuatum, sipunculiforme, bursa maris triloba, lobo intermedio producto, radius septem (quorum quinque bifurcati sunt) instructo ; lobis lateralibus radiis quatuor instructis ; extremitate caudali femine oblique trun- cata, subulata, apertura genital supra caude apicem. Long. feminze 10 linez, long. maris 1 uncia. Hab. In intestinis crassis Elephantici indici. Mus. Brit. 428 2. DEescrIPTIONs or New SHELLS IN THE COLLECTION OF H. Cumine. By G. B. Sowersy, F.L.S. (Mollusea, Pl. XLIX.) 1. SponpyLus victTori# (fig. 8). S. testa subregulari, depressa, ovali, alba, ad umbones roseo variegata, costis quatuor magnis, paululum elevatis, intermediis alternatis angustioribus ; spinis majoribus elongatis, arcuatis, ad terminos palmatis, depressis, ad latera undulatim fimbriatis ; spinis minoribus aculeatis, ar- cuatis, spinis valve inferioris elongatis, arcuatis, concavis. Hab. Gulf of California. This beautiful Spondylus resembles S. imperialis in some respects, but the large spines are depressed and fringed at the sides almost like those of S. cumingit. 2. Murex ocroconus (fig. 7). M. testa turbinata, subventri- cosa, spiraliter costata, pallide cinerea, ad costas medio fusco maculata; apertura ovali, cauda recta, laminata ; costis octo crassis, nodulosis, imbricatis, superne aculeatim recurvis, medio, frondis extantibus, sulcatis ornatis, ad caudam continuiter frondosis ; spira obtusa, sutura subexcavata. Hab. New Caledonia. In M. humilis, which this species most nearly resembles, there is a space without fronds on the ribs between the swollen part of the body-whorl and the caudal projection, while the ribs of this species are continuously frondose. 3. Murex EXPANSUS (fig. 5). MM. testa fusiformi, carneola, tri- costata, spiraliter striata, inter costas unituberculata ; costis jfimbria lata, elevata, superne angulata, infra ad caudam ter- minali expansis ; cauda brevi » spira elevata, acuta. Hab. China. In Mr. Reeve’s M. eurypteron the expanded fringe on the ribs terminates at the commencement of the caudal process, instead of being continued to the end, as in this species. 4. Murex nusiwus (fig. 4). M. testa fusiformi, fusca, scabra, punctata, spiraliter striata, obscure trifasciata, longitudina- liter tricostata, inter costas unituberculata; costis crassiusculis, scabrosis, superne spina fimbriata recta, medio fimbria paulu- lum extanti, ad caudam spinis palmiferis tribus parvis armatis ; spira elongate, acuta; cauda recta, mediocri. Hab. A dusky, cake y-looking shell; and yet there is no other species which exactly corresponds with it. 5. Murex Taniatus (fig. 3). M. testa fusiformi, fusco bifas- ciata, spiraliter costata, costis longitudinalibus octo crassis, imbricatis, frondosis ; spinis brevibus, acutis, recurvis armatis ; apertura parva, dentata; cauda acuta, obliqua, angusta, ew- tanti ; spira acuta, anfractibus quatuor subangulatis. Hab, Gulf of California. ? 429 6. Murex ROSEO-TINCTUS (fig. 6). M. testa oblongo-fusiform, pallide rosea, maculis roseis ornata, oblique tricostata, inter costas medio crenulatim nodulosa ; costis elevatis, superne in- ermibus striatis, ad caudam spinis subfimbriatis tribus parvis armatis ; cauda lata, costata ; spira elongata. Hab. Philippines. Resembling M. trigonulus, but wanting the expanded fringe at the lower part of the fronds of that species. 7. Conus PROxiMuUs (fig. 1). C. testa oblonga, subpyriformi, inferne subcoarctata, spiraliter liners subelevatis castaneis albo interruptis cincta, medio maculis magnis nigrescentibus in se- riebus duabus picta; spira nodulis acutis coronata inter nodis castaneo lineata. Hab. More neatly marked and much more smooth than C. moluccensis, which in form it resembles. 8. CONUS NIGRESCENS (fig.2). C. testa ob onga, tubercutis parvis, acutis, distantibus coronata, medio et Ynfra alternatim striata, prope angulum subrotunda, fusco-nigrescente, maculis cordiformibus rubescentibus, et alteris albis ad angulum, prope medium, et infra medium fasciatim dispositis ornata. Hab. There is a semitransparent appearance about this Cone which, with the smallness of its cordiform white spots, distinguishes it from C. nocturnus and others of the same group. 13. Descriptions or New UNIVALVE SHELLS FROM THE CoL- LECTIONS oF H. CumInG anp SyLvanus Hanuey. By Syt- vVANuS HANLEY. 1. PskuDOLIVA ANCILLA. Testa oblongo-conica, nitida, solida, imperforata, sublevigata, fulvo-rufescens. Ultimus anfractus in medio pallescens et ventricosus ; superne late, haud autem profunde, concavus ; inferne lente declivis, et sulco lato, qui partem fere quartam superficier segregat, ievsus : cingulum siphonale planum cum cingulo basalt vie convextusculo confluens. Spira producta tertiam partem longitudinis teste implet ; an- fractus ejus 4 haud humiles infra suturam conspicuam et pro- fundam retusi sunt, supra eam conveat: apex obtusus. Apertura elliptico-acuminata (duos trientes longitudinis teste fere equat), postice callo columellari albo magno prominente et angulato angustata. Labium columellare leve, album, convexum, falca- tum, latiusculum. Long. 12, lat. 7 poll. Hab. Caffrariam. Mus. Hanley. I have never seen but a single individual of this remarkable-looking shell, which reminds one alike of Buliia and Ancillaria. The whorls 430 of the spire are not twice as broad as high. The basal distinctive groove is nearly square-cut ; its bottom is closely traversed by wrinkles of increase, and is flat, not concave. 2. PsruDOLIVA NassoipES. Testa parva, solida, imperfo- rata, ovali-conica, fulvo-rufescens, levigata. Ultimi anfractus antice satis dechivis fere quartam partem segregat sulcus latus profundus. Cingulum siphonale pallidum retusione cinguli basalis fit prominentior. Spira satis producta tertiam partem longi- tudinis teste implet ; sutura simplex anfractus ejus 4 convexos profunde dividit : apex obtusiusculus. Apertura parva, sub- elliptica, antice posticeque angustata, dimidiam longitudinem teste haud multum superat. Labium columellare crassum, album, leve, callo pliciformi nullo postice munitum, sed ad ex- tremitatem anticam subuniplicatum. Long. 3, lat. 5; poll. Hab. Malabaricum littus. Mus. Hanley. The only specimen known to me bears the aspect of being fully adult. Its outer lip seems thickened externally, and the tooth-like projection over the characteristic groove is rather conspicuous. 3. Dotium FavANNuU. Testa subglobosa, magis minusve va- lida, longitudinaliter arcte corrugata, fulvo-rufescens, costis (quarum circiter 16 anfractum ultimum, et 4 penultimum cin- gunt) a maculis brunneis pallidisque remote tessellatis, latius- culis, rotundatis, et valde prominentibus, conspicue ornata. Sulcorum interstitialium (qui costarum magnitudinem emulan- tur) pauci in anfractu ultimo superiores, omnesque in gyris spire brevissime humilibus linea elevata divisi. Sutura excavata. Labium exterius repandum : labii interioris lamella haud (ut in D. fimbriato) lidera extans. Laitus umbilici satis magni latus et levis. Extremitas cinguli siphonalis rotundati emi- nentis et inconspicue porcati haud caudata. Long. 2;4,, lat. 258; poll. Hab. ——? Mus. Cuming. This very rare shell is intermediate in aspect between D. chinense and D. fimbriatum : from the former it may be distinguished by the pattern of its colouring, and the coarseness and fewness of its ribs ; from the latter by its very dissimilar shape, its umbilicus, Xc. The whorls, which rise concavely from the profound suture, do not gradually taper above, but seem, as it were, truncated. The rounded body is about as broad as it is long ; its anterior declination is sudden. The spots with which all the ribs, but not their intervals, are painted, are often cloudy. Having as yet seen only two specimens (on one of which the last- formed portion of the ribs was roughened by a few irregular raised spiral lines), I cannot say that the outer lip may not, in perfect and adult individuals, become reflected and dentated. 431 4. Dotium DUNKERI. Testa magis minusve solida, ovato- globosa, fulva aut livido-carnea, maculis parvis brunneis re- motis, maculisque majoribus albidis (super costas fere omnes) subtessellatim picta : macule sepissime in seriebus longitudina- libus undulatim ordinate. Coste multe, conferte, plano-con- vere, suleis perangustis subbiangulatis divise. Spire anfractus breves inflati: corpus ventricosum, antrorsum lente declive. Sutura simplex. Apertura haud valde lata, fauce brunnea. Labium exterius haud refiecum haud dentatum ; intus, autem, lyratum. Cingulum siphonale haud prominens, haud caudatum. Long. 155, lat. 14 poll. Hab. Portum Natal. Mus. Cuming. The sculpture of this rare shell, of which no example is known in fine condition, reminds one of cumingii ; upon the whole, however, D. variegatum is its nearest congener. As the largest specimen examined by me, although solid, and copiously spread with parietal enamel, had only attaied to two volutions and a half (the first of a pinkish cast) beyond its smooth yellow nucleus, I am not sure that it was adult. Its body was encircled by eighteen ribs, in the narrow intervals of the few superior ones of which might be discerned the commencement of a raised stria. Its spire was remarkably short in comparison with the elongated and rather narrow aperture : its contracted umbilicus was almost concealed by the pillar-lip. 432 “9UIT} ISI 9} 1OJ pozuyxa aq 0} poxwys oJom snysuhysouyzh1a sozsnydunyy pus uaenvaprsd sninbog oy} ‘asoy JO ‘bsq ‘Aeispneyy “jy, Aq pojuosorg “bsq ‘ssoy praeq Aq pojuosatd ‘bsq ‘ssojq e81005 Aq pojUuosolg *bsq ‘pre1eszytg °Q Aq poquesaig “bs ‘oxteTD “iL ¢ Aq poquesoig *paseqoing | sirttetiseeeseeeeeseses pap/MaDUL SLUP “+ snoaruauna UohI04g snavuvanl sngnbo. J, riteeecrseecsesceerssonesersnphad UOY pig DIDILAQUIE DLUOJAY) s+ snagdhbo sndigr see eeeecccooescses sUsooIUod sniuUuag se cccre se oe sec eccsosecsesesocseoe puonby adoiny sees SrUDbINA DAPUDUDIDE “°° BOLIQULY "N coors svenesseee snqo9nb sigrydowsady eecece eoLypy “M rereceeeeesreceeeess MUDIIALD DUNAIY IE seerese -BTTBIISNY soos esocccesooe psouhynf oysibunjoy q meses goupy cm[retetieees sypuagn) Dplaagsey e@oaccerce A@MION terterecsosecerereessesean Lib SYaduUpy seereeeee guuakeg| ss “snyouhysoryjhsa sopsoydunyy sereooreepITeIysMY| eee" aypUnyOY BAaoUu ngsp” ** oorxaytl|* °° pyoydas0anay DQUNjOD eooesecoeoree [izeig ceisicieciciecielsie sc ceiecies 70200 sojspydupyy veeeeereeee BIDUT “++ BOLaULY *g|" wAulrercesssesseeses BOTY “MA “ROLISY “NI ececccces puesuq seoeeseees SOT see oeesssopeeee sce eccocaree eerecee Bluroyeg| ss vanusofyva vjdadiyog “39809 YSI[sugq| sere oanvapisd sninbog “--qse09 Ysysug| cc vyoyyod vrswopy "98809 ysipsuq teesseseecovooesoosss on DULL smuuarg Socom e rs secs reseecevese tert osseee 129 SIXV tertreeeercsoeersseoe TOQQIVY SUIYVI-qeIQ Poet Seao POP oeegas = **e9Feesr"%e08 199q Sn eeiveucleeticiesseeesese’ BOG UeoLyy SOA see OPIN, PoT[Iq-yMe Hy seoqaae sess sebeeeengcceecere st SOlluolg peysvi9 stseetosortseereeessoveseeereesersensss arp ST “** srapueueyeg payjodg S|UT[SNOg UBoTeUIy serererereeeseeceecomtdnolod patez-ysnig elec ccleeneursnoa sss Ue [CUE &yo00g steseessereeseees SQUOUIG [IIG-XBA\ BIGOT, etereeeerereoeeeeeegrgta7849) SULM-KE AY coerce est esrcnestsovcsee uvonoy, P2TIIG-pey eee eecececs sc evoeerce yaAavysoy uel[e1ysny Pere ooreaeleaeoeesoneresersersgossee eovccesecccocsn verses pos ssesoussencgusunvsnre kes BONO |: Puy sees gece ecescevecseccoss send UeIULOFe) wee ee en sees coeccccssccsseesececcess eluyoy soosiesieSleeieie cece sericse se reecss ATU —: peor sem Aqne jo qyUOW oY} SuLIMp ol1aSeusyy ay} 0} opeUl SUOIIPpe JO 4ST] SUTMOT[OJ OTL, AOOMNSCH AR MANANANS OCA RA ees 3 ‘ L 43 “aoplac(y “II Aq poyuosarg |**"* Doers seooeces “bsg ‘yooyod *H Aq paquesarg|s***-: odomay *paseyoan d Freee TB SNY “9+ BoLyaULy *S sees BoLIOULY *S Heeseeeeees BOTY) [pees Trzeag eurinsg “eOLlaULy ‘Ni “ POUTV “AM BOL “AA woe et tene purpsug [sereeee pueiSury ooueog0%0 purpsuy sreeeres pueypsun see awaree purysuq | | | | Hes COLITY “AN BOW TAN Heep RASH eee ee eas | adomy [oooree ere sn y see -Rrensny seer asny sereeere Iopesoyy ++ eROTIOULY “Ny so Bresny re segonTO Py "*- ggSuey 1A] “+ soSuery) JOATY OOIX9 [AI |" 60901000000800500909000008 Caf) Wana KN sasresereeeseeeseseeeeeerss | sonnuea DIALT tetecerrserseceres SH UNMDIIUL SaIaIhIOT eeasereerseecseeeeeesses 5 gram Sma seseeeseressesscns DUDIUOU UOHNLJOILH SNIJIJDISULI SALIY JOP F sesesateeneaceeesseeeeee © UNDADAD DAP GUOO0IOO0GD00 9999.0) M0L0]YI DLE sersreseoes on 770 /bfj0d snwapy seers 4opxag SiUsojUDYyahET “-nasnfoaunjsno siusojunyadhyy SOOO eS a 7 NT) REY) SninbhDg sevteeseeerseeesssees sophia SNADULOLT teetewoerssess SN IDMLIS UOWDID Be eS Sa D DOC COUGOBO OGG SNIDINIDU SNAQDT rereseseeseseeorss srsoarund snumMag silaleeieieleels eccrine? S770 7SULO) ST NALD 2) reerseewersress snsourbyns 8ngaI0Isa) puuoand pawwayng se wungnanb Uuojppy das0yv7 veteseteresseesces SIUDHINA DAPUDULDIDS Teeeeeess29s TIQIDADIIUG SNANJDUYDET seereserserseee 72929uUUdg SNUOLID] eecccoees eecere sirseeeeresseeeees mandina nysibunjDoy |" Cool oersecoessssessetcasese © é SNLDT cesses eescorersre’ SUSUILOUIIIVG SN40}9T Peersreeessseeesee LO709177NUL snjoydasg *°°9.4a7d04YI0 sagoshsy) secee’ DIJIDULOP SNOT PANG0989 D9QIECRCOOS HT TTAn) shu aoe eevecscces see es oreeoe wnjIa? shu sielels ivi teenie ieee s OSTOTTOM puey eee ccee cere s cae tes edeeneenscssees B01 weedy peters ecoecesesoce qooyeareg poltey-yoelg Cocos secreaetttresecsoesens Pee oesceccereee (Sunod) 40[990 SOAO(-punoAH ULdLIEWy DOO PHOEFOLOESCOGODHOGHOIOOOr {hI BLAST ISLES) seeteteceeoeces MBQOVIN ANT PU MOT[IA Tereseeeeesrors MBOOBIN ONJG pue poy sreeeeseree Shite SUTHOOTN “7 PATG-TIAVI AA WOUTIOD reetereseseseenens SH IIGH-IIABO AA WNUYSIYD risestenaecerdevereervoseeese SUBIC GIOLIOH 194SQO'] SUMCIG “teeeeeeeee ee geeel At se ccccoce= seeeeteestereseeeveeeseee=-SQTTUTG PaqsaI9 DR eS BEE eee shee on [gd UeolLiouny srreseee ovo AJ00S Deda DOpHHGGOC1SD0 VENI) woot treet ooecestttoesceeces ooyeyoo9 eSsuoy soot ss Oenrceerer sss oacvaseeese® seer eseacses ts eecceree sgpuriueyes sete esenretessonvoce soolesuey Mleleleteleteteteyeretete Jasueyeyq ourdn a Peet eee see eeeeceeersvonterese sing Sunox “Te8* SQTOLQ a10WyTeg spoyeLeg 1opoonpnyy “yore URIOZRULY paproy-MoOTIO weareiatieoet*=° 7 SOT1OTY peddeo-antg wen eseccossseeceoeeeceer==* SQSIONIOT AO} A\ —: pPol SBM JSN a oO NY JO PYQUOW ot) Surmmp oltaseropY oy} 0} SUOTIIPpPL JO 4ST] SUTMOTI[O} at] J, Un en nc oe a G re NN es — Lo) N CORN TNN Lom MW NAAN ANA DINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. = Dj No. 411.—PRocE! 434 ‘bsq ‘Summoe7y *y *¢ Aq poquosarg *eoWOMV YON ‘poLlauly WyNIG eoLIaMy INOS ‘bsq ‘uospraeg “yy ‘¢ Aq poyuasetg) °°" BOTATY -yueqiamog “tq Aq paquesarg|““"*"""** edoang “bsq ‘oyirtTg °9 ‘¢ Aq poquasatg)******"°* BauINyD “19MIN “A “Iq Aq poquesetg| "°° elpeaysny e2ee00220095000eGR22#90000099°% 81.09 nzdy soesrsesesseess 9779IDISIAI LIAJDULIGN * DIDNINI DLDOLDT eecccccacececesoce snunartfo oajvUny)” seeeerereceeereressees S720@ DPLBOUT eecveasccceseoerse awuyds sryoydasoulia : stes-sngounjaut orihydsog BOBORDGGOOHGCOGONNG000000% FAY f ereduon eeeeeeooer®tern000 yeutpsery)y po}so.10-3oe [A sjeuipieg popeey-poy eceeceesenseceesensesererteress TOQTAUIBYO seesseetecoeesseoeeeaseserees DIBZITT U99IE) erccoresoeteos uo0oqeg eouiny) sooeeseoerrsoseccs tteseeees SQ TOIVAA V[GINg UeIeysny —: peor sem soquioydog jo yJUOUI oY} SuLIMp oltoseuT, Ot[} 0} SUOTIIPPe JO 4ST SUIMO][OF OUT, Nest Aes es ‘QUIT} ISI, Ot} LO Pozi xa oq 0} pazeys 919M YzNUL0d shsydozp.tay) pure ‘nwo2uow uohhz024) ‘posnfoaunjspa siusozunydhzy “ungnayob uojpydaaojjng “wopmoy shupy ‘wunjoag shu “seus JO “yuog soley Aq pojuesatg -yomyg ‘ap, Aq poyuesoig bsq ‘Aajpurpy “My Aq pojuesotg Tayo “A AQ pojuosaig “bsy “HOOT °C. “H Aq poquesorg “bs ‘ay009 *L Aq poyuesoig sramnbseg ug “ay Aq poyuesarg “yjapqzeg ‘aq, Aq paquesorg y0qqy ureydeg Aq paqytosarg bsy ‘ataeg ugor Aq poyuesoig ‘yore “apy Aq poquesotgy *Ioura, Jofeyy Aq pojuasarg *194ys1Og “Say Aq pojtesaig “Arua ‘sig Aq poquosaig “TApoOoTeIW “Sap, Aq poyuasotg siseeeeees BIPUT eocccseee purpsuy "45809 YsI[suq sree BN BBIVOIN BUIY) ULYIO) titeeeseeees BID] es ccevece puepsuy sesseeeeres BAe ++e5* BOLIOULY *S see cccerssoveccoseers Heese eTeSNY “-asvog Ysysuaq “48809, YSI[sU “799° BOLIOULY “S coors scorcceccccccscr snyvajid snavonyy Aistsieisisieleisieiele s1upbyna DAINTY snalaa nayjuUp eee ceorcece st oceceseseees eccescoascocossoecseore® AVyUO I pojyouuog 19}1Q UOTIWOD welUTOV eo ccescvesss cass Otegov0nee® weer stcocsssoces essen ss eset oassesee® se ecescceceeoccs SNUDILLIUD sngypoI0u) tee vceccoccnercssseeseee (Zuno4) a]Ipov019, sterssestectsencorsrscreres GnIaa SNUALLS streeccosccoessceesereoe KOVUOTA OOLOPUB MA eee esc soese toons ee ecceee Snsayt Snovav jy eeoces sevsecorercesorerress KOWTOIN snsoyy ee eeescocrsseoeoeegoesssoresa0e#*o00 alaleleleleleleielaleleleratersiere sajhipopbo.} pUjpopy xuyoy eeceaccaccesscsces snbjowoulha Ssnavan yy sngnusoa shsydojo.say eaccccccccesecosesere suvbaja nuwaydny perce coer estes tone CORete teense eset oossss ons quUDUID S1Z9DUKLO) seececereseesssses 2UUDUYID SIJIDUALOD SnULInUL SnAnuoD *(panuiquos) ysnsny Ul SUOIyIppe Jo 4sv'T sescccccetoes Aayuoytl anbeory, eisfo(eiclecirie@enreecneocsscsc IS BOT pouloy steccecennerceseresesenssersrercers AOTUOT sececccscccesces ss eeeres qooyerieg quese[ soyouly scececesrsceccsooerce syoeud109 jo sdno1y eee cetcccccccseseroce stovussog Jo sdnoiy steceserssoorerees QO iNUOY poysvatg-Aaty N onal ANNAN RAN AN ee eT Oe eS | 435 *bsy ‘arourpryg — Aq paqyuesorg “hey soley, Aq poquasosg|: reeseceoe NOBTSUT “* puepsuq eoecocerre purpsuq seooscccen purpsuq secccecee purpsuq seeeerss Q9qTT, "1OS91H, IN WOoeW Ag Aq poyuosaig|****** VOOULY “Ss ‘yooury “y “ynevy Aq poquesarg|7***** puepsug 'SUITT “V °O. “WoH Aq paquasatg}****7"** puepsug . “bsg ‘Tassuy ‘HA Aq poquesetg “bsg ‘stZ1n4g qjassny Aq poyuesetq Heeeeeees BIDUT *NT Heer QOYDOOT “bs ‘ySanqxoy *q Aq poytasarg|*"ysvog Yysysugq "TW “bsq ‘qossny “y Aq poquesatg|****** Boley *s¢ ‘bsq ‘purag e81005 Aq poquasorg|""**"""* ejosuy sO)» “POU j ‘Aory “9 ag Aouatpooxy ste Aq poquesarg}**""** BOLIFY “S ‘Kary “9 tg AouaT[oox SIE] AQ poyuesarg) 7" VIpUy seosoraccserooverecos mn INGLDG SI22GO) |" °°" sevesereeescees sonpamiangyl UOZhMoljag resecesccooosccones © 69701000 snasianaT ADQGOQIGAGNSO GEORG SN]1JNA SNISIANAT eerererss ss orgpanyl DILAT erPorcocccoccccee bunny snnby eo oercce scoot ot en cneoseeeee pasnf ONSONT 200 000°° 000 ect 008 $19]1919]0 SnJaDYDT @eccgeces yoro'y * suradmey seeseeeeereseeeaeeeecercneeneeesertcers TOON eoaveccesece ee cecoeee ooo re cceseseeaeg eocsscceece Suery st tereecceeereseeseerses Sper snoslOUl) seoeessese’"DPahIUld DIPAP “*"Suolapy{ UOWMOD eccccsvesecceecocs snwpjaqgng SOJIADIOET sels (aetless elect eles vecs ate OG, UeZoqry TF, eo 00Scece Dose caoersces saproubha MOSUpy seseesicieelelselvielsiclecinwesinsicie se R99 Ky asoulyg eoocccvcccocccocss SIULODISSDLI (EBL) PA po On ae oe ocoOR ORC OOD OUDS HE HGooS4000 euyoy sea eerecgcssseeceeeectsresmhyngn in DAp|** “55 98" MBDOVTN MOTOR PUL ONT te eseecccvesceccccece ods ‘snydojoy dag SG0BURAGE ORR ROGEISOOCHSDSBHONG Say a; roysngy sovccesccecscccescccs snajva sna1juo01axy se ceececeooasceceer=*c00 SIq] popesy-preg eeceoarteooaoececesce syouboa SNINALID een on oO 23h Ese) Qj sehunyy TPUOUI-14OD SSBF ON BA SS RKB RNS —? pvot SBM 139q0JQ fo YyuCU ou} sunmp OLIISBUI TY oY} 03 SUOTITPpe Jo 4ST] SUIMOT[OF OU “9ULT} SAY OY} LOJ paztqryxe oq 0} pozeys alam snuozhjod xnLayayy PUE snsojnavU ogng ase} JO ( "poseyoing 4 N bsg ‘sta “H Aq poyuosorg ‘Tea ‘IN Aq paqueserg “beg ‘meysymepy *¢ Aq poquesotg ocr POLY “AN OLIV "AN coeeeccce purpsuq ececeo VOLT “AN ee evescee puepsuq seceleers a POLITY, eescoocee puelsuq slasivicielelele purysaq ecccce sseessmpasas sya" sseeseereeeegiparag setaseesccecserecesseess 971790109 myunb pr see poecoesecccntetesscccces so[seq § 1]jou0g pucousesiccc=soien RNUOZ MOM MOUAO{| se nee eee ee MOTE Te OUTS UBLS) eeocerSeeoescoseesceccen snsojnavuU oqng eee gcarrcresceccctecs [MOQ-pous0 yy UvolIyy aieiectareiors snjganyDpy UorpUn gy ee erecccverseetoog OBOE EGHSIGOOUOUGOS Ne) (IY) seocesereseress gomamanut snydojpydan| tee? adopayUYy equiojue[iyg pgdoodcD|aD0H6eCbesoG030800 7717 £9) OPTED ZA Poo ACO IEEE OSEACO SIIYSHSULY e008 Seecccaror0e0 snunaisfo OaJDUDYy') reer ereseeeseesseoerecoccss” UOSTBUeY seee9-cupI1dald SNUMIUIIP A) * soouy-YOUy BEEEAGOOADE BE BOIONOINO INGE FATT TAA) LG Lepr oma oI IACI OCA AIG OOO TET LLY 9) “OUIT} 4SIL. OY} LOJ PozTGIyX9 oq 0} poyeys o1aM wsduoonp nnzvovD pur Funry snnby oy} ‘as2y3 JO “° puR[sugq [sisi BOY *N [sents eeecoes 4d k3q | |e occcerseocs BOLV ' [sisielstessistey adoimy (29000000 edoiny |eeceeecoe edo.mq |Spue[s] uowWOo[eES BAC ses ccvccscoe eIpuy wLUIOFI UD) ee cere oo cere cers s 000 seeeeeee puesag wovevovcrscgecscceors tees BOLITW °g “+ -BOLIOULY “Nl ‘trees gdoung re" BOTIQUTW “S ey adoiny Sieeeeees BIDUT [ [ttre seoonjoyy wey “bsq ‘Aofdaepy -¢ “yy Aq poquasorg|: ees BIDUT *pavgoiig ssi Aq pequaserg)**''"** puepsug “y110G ‘Aq Aq poyuasatg} 7 BIpUT “bsq ‘aosmoyy, somer {q paquasetg|s "7" viquiey 36 ‘ « *paseyoing 4 4 S820 2000990 EASOOR SSO ay TTVAD SnD ye: SODUGOOOOO00 DADQADG S1QDIID) vrreeeees 3 sn@uy pha sniajdoouay J eee ee er weeeworesSIYIUQUAL) '@[6 e[e\e)e)6 0 /a\e\0\e/» » elvicielelolelciclelsicleieieye pidnardnay Ohi saprodowy pup | oe eer ec eset covers eeecescoe pasaura SNL sete o cet oeecercscaee wsdsoonp onyvany “ eee ees vocesccaccee Dowunvanl suUsowyD gy eee coer ssoccece SNSAYL SNIDID IT reese norusofyna vjdadiyjn) eccceecoee BOOOOODOOOOONG snydojoydap neeeeeeeseneeorsnandpig srry downy) | sestereeesssecsees SNUNIIA{D O9JDUDY) eleleieleleléieieleleieisieieieieleicieivieicle ywaz Dvn TTetewessreseccees WU IDSLOP UOZIY JIM ee oseees soreerescessececozsss DALND DIIOLAASDT QeDENEPEOEORAREORN COT ER TAUNO DULOPD I sereteeeserseeeecsees snagauh sagsadsapy eretteeseereeeess sysuagangout DNIDID) seemeescessessees DIpaULdajur DINIDAY eeeeeeseeees Gm409 SRAsOD pee cercareseseocescsove “TeA “gaz sog secseessreeors= suazaaUUD UadesoprdaT eocececcee ‘(panuazuod) A93GO0}ZIQ Ut SUOHIPpe Jo 4ST 202G09088 2nG>0nECHOSOSOOOROSS TT LER MERLIN trreeecereeeecerscesreessa Spread Aleqieg Peer coe steer cees cee ses steaesaceses SIOSTITUL] | Co SoT[Iqtar) Sooustcaosar50 pessEEDadeaoIGScO5090 (a) EFT AN fA) see ceecrcevascocseesessee auedg d[[Psloweqd GE580029900092095B08R0909°0 AY) ueadoing teese2e9*-QOIRHIOD sdioong gecedundoorcies ccs seo Ry LTE S MOOUSE} eee c eer ccceceerertoeessc00 AdyUuoy, snsoyy ee elelelelelevelelsielsic(sie e'eielsisieicie sprend ULIULOFI[ED sereeeeeeeereeeeecseererteresesecees QM QTOIUY eolunzIy, popavag sured BOUBHEOOIE SSCP AGORSUOHSOSUSGAORE Tae] ANNAN) 90959090500200000205020000600000000.. AIPA LNT S! eoccececsvescocccsccs auidno10g ueipeueg oe ROMPUC cevecccaces syuosy uap]oy eovvccccoreessons SoyeippaIys CCOCHOOFSSHSETHFEHTHE OHH LESSEE OOO ESD uomnouyoy rreeeereoesoersresQOqeyd0D pagsald-a}1T AA CoCo sorcerers soreeccveseseersogs SPUITY, IU °° TeAeyY UOMMO) terres TING UBIPUT BEPOODEEOOIOSGOROA PO GAOSOGCOSOOOT EN To) NCE | ee coccacccerescocesee+toonscecs eorger eco oeeccecee SEA NR BON RF SF Fe MR OA NR RR ReMANO R 437 November 22, 1859. Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Daniel G. Elliot of New York exhibited three specimens of hybrid Ducks from his own collection, which had been obtained on the south shore of Long Island, U.S. A. One of these was consi- dered to have been produced by a cross between the Wild Duck (Anas boschas) and Pintail (Dajila acuta), the second by the Wild Duck and Muscovy Duck (Catrina moschata), and the third pro- bably by the American Scaup (Fuligula afinis) and the Canvas- back (F. valisneria) or the American Pochard (f. americana). Dr. Hamilton exhibited three curiously plumaged Pheasants shot in Norfolk, which had the appearance of males on the lower surface. and females on the upper. ‘They were birds of the year. Upon careful dissection, no traces of sexual organs, either male or female, were discernible. The following papers were read :— 1. Descrirprion oF MacANDREWIA AND MyuiusiA, TWO NEW FORMS OF SponGes. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P.E.S., ETc. (Radiata, Pl. XV. XVI.) In 1841 Mr. Stutchbury described in our Proceedings a Sponge brought from Barbadoes, in the Museum at Bristol, which was pecu- liar for being entirely formed of agglutinate silicious spicula, forming a tough semitransparent glass-like spongy mass. By exchange I have obtained half the specimen of this most curious and interesting sponge, so that I have the means of comparing those I have described with the one then made known. In July 1851 Mr. R. MacAndrew kindly presented to the British Museum a Coral from St. Michael’s, one of the Azores, which then attracted my attention, but I put it aside in hopes that I might ob- tain a specimen of it in spirits, which would enable me to under- stand more completely its history and character. No other specimen having, however, come under my examination, the subject dropped out of my mind. It was accidentally placed with the Stony Corals, and its hardness and resemblance to the genus Gemmipora are some excuse for this mistake. Some time ago Mr. Holdsworth, when studying the corals in the Museum, observed that it evidently did not belong to that group: and a very superficial inspection, indeed its mere lightness, was enough to show that such was the case. I again placed it aside, thinking that I had seen a figure of the animal as an Alcyonium in Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard’s ‘ Voyage,’ and in Dana’s ‘ Zoophytes,’ and that I would study it when I had 438 that family under my hands, or leave it for some other person to examine who might take up the group. Having lately had occasion to consult Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard’s work, and the essay of Mr. Dana, I became satisfied that the sub- stance from the Azores could not be the Aleyonium glaucum or Al- cyonium latum (Dana, Zooph. 623. t. 58. f. 6), which I had before thought from recollection might be the case; for these authors de- scribe 4. glaucum as soft and fleshy, and d. latum as ‘‘more rigid in its texture than 4. glaueum.”’ As Mr. MacAndrew’s specimen is hard, inflexible, and brittle, though very light, this induced me to examine the specimen more carefully ; and I then found that the supposed coral was a silicious sponge, covered below with a thin fleshy envelope without any apparent apertures, and above with a thicker fleshy coat, studded with large-sized, regularly-disposed, cir- cular cells, which look like the cells of the Polypes in the two Al- cyonia above referred to. The apertures are destitute of a radiating _lamina, and appear in their dry state to be subdivided into six or eight small circular tubes, and have all the appearance of being the cells of a pinnated tentacled zoophyte. The small part of the lower surface of the spongy axis, which is exposed, is pierced with minute perfo- rations, and the upper surface is furnished with groups of larger pores, which, as far as I can judge without injuring the specimen, are placed under the cells above described. There are grooves di- verging from the small cylindrical perforations in one of the groups to the perforations in the other groups. I have thought proper to call the genus after the gentleman who discovered it, and who has been very liberal in doing all in his power to extend our knowledge of zoology and geology, and has several times placed his yacht at the command of scientific men, to assist them in their researches. The genus may be thus defined :— MacANnNDREWIA. Cup-shaped, expanded, more or less sinuated or lobed, atiixed by a more solid dilated base, covered with a fleshy bark, which is fur- nished with cells on the upper surface, supported by a very light porous silicious spongy cup-shaped axis, the upper surface of which is furnished with groups of small cylindrical pores placed in roses, and with grooves radiating between each group of pores; the lower surface uniformly porous. MacAnpReEwIA Azorica. (Pl. XV.) Hab. St. Michael’s, Azores, 1851 (Robert MacAndrew, Esq., F.R.S., &c.). This sponge? has so much the general appearance and habit of a zoophyte with pinnated tentacles like the Aleyonium to which I have referred above, that Iam as yet by no means certain that it may not be the product of such animals; but I have not been able to find any traces of the remains of them, and therefore must wait the 439 arrival of some other specimen preserved in spirit to determine the fact. At the same time the bark is unlike that of any sponge that I am acquainted with, the existence of such a bark on any true sponge being as yet unknown to me. On the other hand, the ex- istence of an axis of the spongy texture and the silicious composi- tions found in this marine body are novelties in the order of zoophytes in which its general appearance would lead one to place it. But that 1s no reason why it may not prove to be a zoophyte, as the same may be said to be the case with regard to the genus Hyalonema, the axis of which is so anomalous that several of the French zoolo- gists— Valenciennes, Milne-Edwards, and others—considered the bark of it as a parasite on some unknown substance, overlooking the fact that the bark is strengthened by fibres exactly like those of which the axis is composed. Such an idea would require a belief in the existence of two bodies always found together, and unknown in any other form, instead of their being regarded as parts of the same animal. The axis of this body has many characters in common with the body which is called a Sponge described by Mr. Stutchbury in our Proceedings for 1841, p. 87, as mentioned above under the name of Dactylocalyx pumiceus, and which has been more lately described under another name by M. Valenciennes, a very fine specimen of which is in my collection ; but in this sponge it is the outer surface which is marked ‘with deep sinuosities radiating from the root to the outer circumference.” We have lately received from Dr. William MacGee of Belfast a very curious specimen of a silicious sponge?, which is also allied to the Dactylocalyx and MacAndrewia, but so distinct in its form and structure that I am inclined to regard it as a type of a new genus, which may be called Myutvusta. Sponge? silicious, funnel-shaped, fixed by the base; the upper surface smooth, marked with numerous minute perforations placed in nearly parallel grooves radiating from the centre to the circum- ference, and with numerous large, oblong, rather unequal-sized per- forations, which are fringed on the lower side with a high wall of a similar structure to the rest of the sponge; these edges of the cavities causing the under surface to be covered with unequal irre- gular shaped tubes of nearly the same length, and more or less con- fiuent together: some of these tubes are simple and subcylindrical, others are expanded out and more or less crumpled on the edge around the cavity, so as to end in two, three, or even four, more or less circular mouths. Myuiusia CALLocYATHES. (Pl. XVI.) Hab. West Indies (Dr. MacGee). Dr. Bowerbank informs me that the silicious spicula of this sponge are very different from those of Dactylocalyx pumiceus. As he is working on that subject, I leave the peculiarities for him to de- 440 scribe ; but I should not bein the least surprised if the genera Mac- Andrewia, Myliusia, and Dactylocalyx should all prove to be a peculiar family of zoophytes rather than sponges. If these bodies are sponges, they will form a family in that group, which may be named MacAndrewiade, characterized by the peculiar form and structure of the axis, the distinctness of the bark, and the position of the oscules or cells. The structure of the base of Dactylocalyx and of the spicula which are found in the interspaces of the network are figured by Mr. Quekett in his ‘ Lecture on Histology.’ I have named this genus after Christlob Mylius, who first de- scribed the curious zoophyte since called Umbellularia grenlandica ; and I think that any one who reads his simple and plain account of the animal in his letter to Haller, and the account of the same animal given by John Ellis in his work on Corallines, will be satisfied that the latter was not very liberal in his praise towards his contem- porary. There might have been reasons why he did not mention the name of Mylius, but I cannot conceive why those of Coliimson and Dunze should have been omitted. It is much to be regretted that nothing is known as to what became of the two specimens of this animal described by Mylius and Ellis, and that no other specimen has been found since that period, now more than a century ago. 2. ON SOME NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN Brirbs FROM THE Rio NApo. By Puiure Luruey Scuarer, M.A., SrcrReETARY TO THE SOCIETY. Among some birds lately received from the Rio Napo, and kindly submitted to my inspection by M. Verreaux of Paris, are several spe- cies not included in the series from the same locality which I had the pleasure of bringing before the notice of the Society last year *. To these I now beg leave to call the Society’s attention, some of them appearing to be new to science, and others, although already described, to be of rare occurrence. 1. BASILEUTERUS NIGRI-CRISTATUS (Lafr.).—Myiothiolypis ni- gri-crisiata, Bp. Consp. p. 311. 2. Dicuossa ATERRIMA, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846. p. 319. 3. CALLISTE RUFIGULARIS, Sclater, Mon. Call. pl. 13. The occurrence of this species on the eastern side of the Andes is certainly singular, as M. Bourcier obtained his specimens at Calacali, on the western side of the great range. 4, CALLISTE CHRyYsOTIS, DuBus; Sclater, Mon. Call. pl. 43. * See P. Z. 8, 1858, p. 59. 441 5. CALLISTE CYANOTIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 294. A specimen in more perfect plumage than the bird which I ori- ginally described from, but unmistakeably recognizable as belonging to the same rare species. Its nearest ally is certainly Calliste labra- dorides (Mon. of Calliste, pl. __), from which, however, it is easily distinguishable by the black sides of the head and well-defined su- perciliary stripe. 6. BUARREMON CASTANEICEPS, Sp. Nov. Saturate oleagineus, subtus via dilutior : remigibus et rectricibus nigricanti-fuscis: ipileo castaneo, lateribus capitis cum gula mgricanti-cinereis : rostri ngricanti-plumbet basi pallida ; pedibus nigris. Long. tota 6°5, alee 3-1, caudee 2°6. But one example of this Buarremon was in the collection. It may be arranged next to B. rufinuchus and B. latinuchus, from which, however, it is easily distinguished by its general deep olive colouring. 7. BUARREMON ASSIMILIS (Lafr.). * Agrees with New Granadian specimens. 8. GRALLARIA ‘NUCHALIS. sp. nov. Saturate brunnescenti-oleaginea, pileo rufescentiore, nucha et re- gione post-ocularit clare castanets: subtus nigricanti-schistacea : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 7°5, alee 4:5, caudee 2:1, rostri a rictu 1°2 ; tarsi 2:15. This bird is a long-legged Grallaria in structure, though in plumage it rather resembles the different species of the allied genus Formicarius. I have never seen but this one example, now in my collection. 9. PIpREOLA CHLOROLEPIDOTA, Sw. An. in Men. p. 357. This bird agrees so well with Swainson’s description, that I have no hesitation in recognizing it as belonging to his species. It is a female of one of the beautiful green Cotingas of the genus Huch/ornis or Pyrrhorhynchus, as 1 had always supposed was likely to be the case*, It is probably the female of Huchlornis sclateri, Cornalia (Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 133. pl. 4), which is from this same country ; but I am not yet clear upon this point. Its identification is of im- portance, as it proves that the generic name Pipreola should be used for this group, in place of Luchlornis or Pyrrhorhynchus, established many years subsequently. * Annals of Natural History, June 1856. 442 3. On somE Hysrip DUCKS BRED IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. By Puitiep Lutitey Sciuatrer, M.A., SrcreTARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Aves, Pl. CLVIII.) I have the pleasure of exhibiting Mr. Wolf’s drawing of both sexes of a Hybrid Duck bred this season in the Society’s Gardens, between a male of the Common Shieldrake (Tadorna vulpanser) and a female of the White-fronted Shieldrake or Mountain Goose of Southern Africa (Casarca cana). The old female Casarca was acquired by the Society at the sale of the late Lord Derby’s collection in 1851. She has on three previous occasions bred in the Gardens: in the first instance with an Indian male of the Ruddy Shieldrake (Casarca rutila), and subsequently twice with one of the male hybrids pro- duced by her union with the Ruddy Shieldrake. Upon being placed this spring in a small pond in company with a pair of the Common Shieldrake, she so persecuted the male with her attentions that she succeeded in persuading him to tread her, though in the society of his proper mate. The result was that she laid fertile eggs, and hatched and successfully reared three strong hybrid birds (Pl. CLVIII.), two of which appear to be males, and one a female. They present a curious combination of the colours of the two parents, though the dusky-grey flanks seem scarcely deducible from either. The female has the bill black ; in the male it is flesh- coloured at the base, as in the male parent. The female also takes rather after her mother’s likeness, in possessing white round the beak and round the eye. The black hood in both sexes is derived from the male parent. In the Gardens this year we have also bred two other broods of Hybrid Ducks. One of these was the produce of a male Dusky Duck (Anas obscura), and a cross-bred female between the Dusky Duck and the Wild Duck. The other was the issue, as we believe, of parents themselves both cross-bred, and both originating from hybridism between the Tufted Duck (Fuligula cristata) and the White-eyed (Nyroca leucophthalma). But, as there is a male pure- bred White-eyed Duck in the same pond, we cannot be quite certain on this point. During the next season we hope to take such measures as will put to test in the case of the Anatide, a favourite dictum of naturalists, and one which has recently met the approval of a high authority * upon such matters, that ‘it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case of the hybrid offspring of two animals clearly distinct being themselves perfectly fertile.”’ * Darwin, “ On the Origin of Species,” p. 26. 443 4. List or MALAyaAn Brrpos COLLECTED BY THEODORE CANTOR, Ksa., M.D., wir DescripTiIONS OF IMPERFECTLY-KNOWN Srecies. By Freperic Moore. Part II.* 113. PaAssER MONTANUS, Fringilla montana, Linn. 8. N. 1. p. 324. Passer montanus, Stephens, Shaw’s Zool. xiv. p.40; G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p.372; Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xiii. p. 947; xiv. p. 553; Catal. B. Mus. A. 8. Beng. p. 120; Moore, Catal. B. Mus. BE. I. C. i. p. 500. Specimens obtained at Singapore. ‘This is the common sparrow of Java, and is the more common species in Arracan generally ; about sixty of this species occuring to one of Passer indicus. It is also common in China and Japan, also in the Himalaya, and in Afghanistan, extending westward to the British Islands.” — Blyth. 114. PApDA ORIZIVORA. Lowa orizivora, Linn. 8. N. 1. p. 302 (Vieillot, Cis. Chant. t. 61). Fringilla orizivora, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161 ; Swainson, Zool. Ill. lst ser. t. 156. Munia orizivora, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 451. Padda orizivora, Reichenbach (1854); Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. East Ind. Comp. ii. p. 504. Oryzornis orizivora, Cabanis, Catal. Birds Mus. Heine, p. 174. Loxia javensis, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. t. 89. Orizivora leucotis, Blyth, Indian Ornithology, MSS. Guate, Java (Horsfield). GELATIK, Sumatra (Raffles). 115. MuNIA PUNCTULARIA. Loxia punctularia, Linn. 8. N.1i. p. 302. Munia punctularia, Blyth, Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 117; Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 452; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. . 505. ‘ Fringilla punctularia, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 161. Amadina punctularia, Hay, J. A. 8. Beng. xiv. p. 554. Uroloncha punctularia, Cabanis, Catal. Birds Mus. Heine, p. 174. Fringilla msoria, Temm. Pl. Col. 500. f. 2. Coccothraustes javensis nevia, Briss. Orn. il. p. 239. t. 39. f. 2. The Cowry Grosbeak, Latham. PEKKING, Javanese (Horsfield). From Pimang. Distinguished from M. undulatus, Lath., by the whitish-grey on the rump, upper tail-coverts and tail, which is represented by glis- tening fulvous in M. undulatus. * Continued from Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 285. 444 116. Munia MAJA. Loxia maja, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 301 (Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 56). Munia maja, Blyth, Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 116; Moore, Catal. B. Mus. E. I. C. iv. p. 505. Fringilla maja, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 162. Dermophrys maja, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 174. Lowia leucocephala, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 314. Bonpotu, Java (Horsfield). Pirrr, Sumatra (Raffles). Petar WuHopun, Malays (Blyth). From Pinang. 117. MunNIA SINENSIS. Coccothraustes sinensis, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 238. Munia sinensis, Blyth, Catal. Birds, Mus. A. 8. Beng. App. p. 337; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. East Ind. Comp. i. p. 508. Loxia malacca, var. 3, Linn. 8.N. i. p. 302. Munia malacca (part.), Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 432. Lowxia atricapilla, Vieillot, Ois. Chant. t. 53. Chinese Sparrow, Edwards, Birds, t. 43. Malacca Grosbeak, var. A, Lath. Hist. of B. v. p. 244. Obtained at Pinang. 118. MuNIA ACUTICAUDA. Munia acuticauda, Hodgson, As. Res. 1836, p. 153; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. East Ind. Comp. i. p. 510. Amadina acuticauda, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 949 ; Strick- land, P. Z. 8.-1846, p. 103. Amadina molucca, apud G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. 11. p. 370. Uroloncha molucca, apud Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 173. ? Lowia molucca, Linn. S. N. 1. p. 302; Lath. Hist. v. p. 246. Sparp-tailed Munia, Hodgson. Perap, Pinang (Blyth). From Malacca and Pinang. This bird has the chin and throat only blackish, the breast being dark brown, with whitish shafts and borders to the feathers, and the belly dull white, with dusky pencillings; whereas in M. striata (Linn.) the throat, to breast inclusive, is uniform blackish, and the belly, vent, and flanks, white. The upper parts of both are nearly similar, but in M. acuticauda the brown colour is paler, and the upper tail- coverts are brown ; in M. striata these being black. Also inhabits Nepal, Assam, and Tenasserim. 119. PLocrvus BAYA. Ploceus baya, Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xiii. p. 945 (1844). Pinang and Malacca. 120. EULABES JAVANENSIS. Corvus javanensis, Osbeck, It. p. 102 (1757); Edw. B. t. 17, lower fig. 445 Eulabes javanus, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. Pastor musicus, Wagler, Syst. Av. Past. sp. 2. Gracula religiosa, apud Horsfield et Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. pp. 162, 303. The Malayan Grackle. Bro seu Mrencuo, Java (Horsf.). TionG, Sumatra (Raffles). Malacca. Inhabits the Malayan peninsula and archipelago; also the Nicobar Islands. 121. ACRIDOTHERES FUSCUS. Pastor fuscus, Wagler, Syst. Av. Past. sp. 6 (1827). Acridotheres fuscus, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 420; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 537. Pastor mahrattensis, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 95. Maina cristatelloides, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836). Acridotheres griseus, apud Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xv. p. 335 id. Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 108. From Pinang and Malacca. Identical with specimens from Tenasserim, China, and Nepal ; and differs from South Indian examples ouly in being greyer. 122. CALORNIS DAURICUS. Sturnus dauricus, Pallas, Acta Stockh. ui. p.198. pl. 7. f. 1 (1778). Turdus striga, Raftles. Pastor malayensis, Kyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 103. Brass-prass, Malays. Malacca. «« Kyes black ; legs greenish-brown. Sleeps with the body down- wards, suspended by the claws. Common at Malacca.’’—Dr. Cantor's MS. 123. CALORNIS CHALYBEUS. Turdus chalybeus $ et T. strigatus 2, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 148 (1820). : Lanius insidiator, Raffles, id. p. 307 3. Lamprotornis cantor, apud Temm. Pl. Col. 149. TERLING seu PaRLIoNG, Malays. From Malacca. 124. Corvus CULMINATUS, Corvus culminatus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 96; Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xv. p. 24, xvi. p. 727; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. 953. : Corvus corax, apud Rafiles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 300? BuronG GAGA-GAGA, Malays. An adult and young specimen from Pinang, agreeing with Tenas- serim and Indian examples. 446 Remark.—-C. macrorhynchus is distinct from this, and occurs also at Malacca, and, according to Mr. Blyth (J. A.S. xv. p. 24), “is a much slyer bird, with a different caw, and a longer beak.” 125. PLarySMURUS LEUCOPTERUS. Glaucopis leucopterus, Temm. Pl. Col. 265. Glenargus leucopterus, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 216. TALONG-GAGA or KoLone-Gaca, Malays. Inhabits Malacca. 126. PLATYLOPHUS GALERICULATUS. Corvus galericulatus, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. p. 399 (1817) ; Le- vaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 42. Platylophus galericulatus, Swainson, Classif. of B. p. 263 ; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. EH. 1. C. ii. p. 574. Lophocitta galericulata, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 305; Blyth, Catal. B. Mus. A.S. Beng. p. 94; Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 374; P.Z.S8. 1850, p. 79; Cabanis, Cat. B. Mus. Heine, p. 218. Lanius scapulatus, Lichtenstein, Doubl. p. 49. Lanius coronatus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1822, p. 306 (female). Vauga cristata, Griffith’s An. Kingd. p. 486 (male). Lophocitta histrionica, Miller, Bonap. C. G. Av. p.374; P.Z.S. 1850, p. 79 (female). Garrula rufula, Temminck, Mus. Lugdens. (female). Lophocitta ardesiaca, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 219; Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 374 (young male). Burone JERI, Sumatra (Rafiles). “*Common at Malacca.’’—Dr. Cantor's MS. 127. RHINOPLAX SCUTATUS. Buceros scutatus, Boddart, Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent. (1783). Buceros galeatus, Gmel. Tisspane Muntovan, Malays (Farquhar). From Keddah, Malay Peninsula. “Iris, eyelids, pouch, legs, and feet, Indian red.””—Dr. Cantor’s MS. 128. BUCEROS RHINOCEROS. Buceros rhinoceros, Linn. (PI. Enl. 934; Levaill. Ois. d’ Amer. et Ind. t. 1, 2; Edw. B. t. 281. f. B); Bontius, Java, t. 64; Raffles, Trans. Linn. xiii. p. 291; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 993; xiv. p. 188; xvi. p. 993; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C, ii. p. 582. Buceros africanus, Gmelin, 8. N. i. p. 359. Buceros niger, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 7 (Levaill. t. 13). Buceros lunatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 546. Buceros sylvestris, Vieillot. Buceros diadematus, Dumont. Ineeane Danto, Malays (Raffles). Burone Taun, Sumatra (Marsden). 447 RanGKoxk or YONGRANG, Java (Horsfield). Male and female obtained at Malacca. “The sexes of this Hornbill are distinguished by the posterior surface of the horn, above the forehead, being black in the male, and concolorous with the rest of the horn in the female; besides which the male has a black line dividing the bill and casque, and continued forward and upward upon the latter, parallel with its anterior margin. It may be remarked further, that this species seems to wear away the cutting edges of its mandibles more than any other ; so that, when the tips meet, a wide hollow occurs along the medial portion of its bill.””— Blyth. 129. HomRratvus BICORNIS. Buceros bicornis, Linn. (Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 7, 8). Homraius bicornis, Bonap. Ateneo Ital. (1854); Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E.I.C. ii. p. 583. Buceros cavatus, Shaw (Levaill. t. 3, 4,5); Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 291 ; Gould, Cent. of B. tab. 44; Jerdon, Madras Journ. x1. p. 37; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 986; xiv. ps 187 5:xvi- p.993; Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 279. Buceros homrai, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. p. 251 (1832); Asiatic Res. 1833, p. 169, tab. Bifid-casqued Hornbill, Shaw. Concave-casqued Hornbill, Shaw. Ban Rao (7. e. Jungle King), Masuri (Hutton). Homrat, Nepal (Hodgson). GaruDA, natives of Forests of 8. India (Jerdon). Maan-MorAYKEY, Malyalum (Elliot). Youny-yenG, Arracan (Phayre). Burone-Oonpan, Malays (Raffles). InccGane Papan, Sumatra (Raffles). Adult male from Malacca, and adult and young female from Penang. “This bird inhabits the extensive hill forests of all India, Assam, Arracan, Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, and Sumatra. It does not appear to be subject to any variation of plumage, either sexual or according to age ; but there are some differences in the colouring of the bill and casque of the sexes, and also of the irides.””—Blyth. Mr. Hodgson in his description states that “the casque and upper mandible are deep waxen-yellow, passing to rich red on the top of the casque, and towards the tip of upper mandible; the tip itself and the lower mandible ivory white; base of both mandibles, anterior and posterior surface of the casque, a line along the ridge of the bill, its cutting edges, and the whole inner surface of the bill, and naked skin round the eyes, black ; iris intense crimson. The female, and young of a year old, has the iris pure hoary, the naked skin of the ophthalmic region pale purpurescent dusky ; and the black colour which distinguishes the casque, and ridge, cutting edges, and interior surface of the bill in the male, being red. 448 «« From a comparison of many specimens, showing both sexes in maturity, and the young in various stages of progression towards it, I am led to conclude that the body does not reach its full size under two or three years, and that the bill and casque, especially the latter, are not perfectly developed in less than four or five years.” Mr. Hodgson also gives an elaborate description of the growth of the young, and also a description of the skeleton by Dr. M. J. Bramley. An account of its anatomy is given by Prof. Owen in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 102. The Rev. J. Mason, in his work on Burmah, states of the Concave Hornbill, ‘‘ Their nests are constructed in a superior manner of clay in the stumps or hollows of old trees. After the female has laid five or six eggs, the male bird shuts her entirely in with mud, except a small hole where she can only peep out her head. Here she must sit during her incubation, for if she breaks through the enclosure, her life pays the forfeit ; but, to compensate for the loss of freedom, her spirited mate is ever on the alert to gratify his dainty mistress, who compels him to bring all her viands unbroken, for if a fig or any fruit be injured, she will not touch it.” Capt. Tickell, writing from the Tenasserim provinces, remarks : “T obtained the egg of B. cavatus, and have seen with my own eyes that the male builds the female in, by covering the hole in the tree where she incubates with mud, leaving only room for her bill to protrude and receive food from his! I thought that this was a fable.” —J.A.S. Beng. 1855, p. 279. 130. HyprocissA CONVEXA. Buceros convexus, Temm. Pl. Col. 530 (@ ). Hydrocissa convexa, Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. EB. I. C. i. p. 591. Buceros intermedius, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. 1847, p. 994; xvii. p- 803; Catal. Birds Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 43. Buceros albirostris, apud Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 175. Buceros malabaricus, apud Raffles, id. p. 291; Vigors, App. Mem. Raffles, p. 666. Buceros violaceus, apud Hay, Madras Journ. xii. pt. 2. p. 148. KuINnGLINGAN, Java (Horsfield). AneKa ANGKA, Sumatra (Raffles). Marrer Sre-cawan, Malays (Cantor). Adult males from Malacca, and adult and young of both sexes from Pinang. In plumage this species is like H. albirostris (Shaw), but with the four lateral pairs of tail feathers wholly white in adults (in the young these are black at base), and the middle pair tipped with white. Bill and casque vellowish-white, the latter with a black patch, as in HZ. albirostris. ‘‘ Naked space round the eyes and sides of throat bluish-white.”’— Dr. Cantor. 131. HypRrocisSA MALAYANA. Buceros malayanus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 292 (1822); 449 Temminck, Text de Pl. Col.; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 995; xviii. p. 803; Catal. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 43. Hydrocissa malayana, Bonap. C. G. Ay. p. 90; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 592. Buceros anthracinus, Temm. Text. de Pl. Col. 529. Buceros bicolor, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 104; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 995. Buceros elliotti, Hay, Madras Journ. xiii. pt. 2. p. 152. Quay Quay, Malays (Eyton). Martree SEE-Cawan, Malays (Cantor). Two female specimens from Province Wellesley, Malacca. In the presumed immature male the plumage is wholly glossy- black, excepting a superciliary coronal circle and tips of the four outer tail-feathers, which are white ; the bill and casque are spotless yellowish-white, excepting the base of the former and hindmost part of the latter, which are black ; the casque sloping gradually in front to the curvature of the bill. Length of wing 10} inches ; of tail 125 inches, its outer feather 3 inches less ; bill from gape 4? inches, from hindmost part of casque to point of bill, im a straight line, 6 inches, height from chin to top of casque 3 inches. Presumed adult female has the superciliary coronal circle repre- sented by obscure silvery-greyish. Length of wing 133 inches; of tail 16 inches; outermost feather 4 mches less; bill from gape 5} to 6 inches ; length of casque 5 to 53 inches ; height from chin to top of casque 3 to 3} inches. The casque in this species is allied in shape to that of H. albi- rostris and H. convexa, and is of a totally different form to that of HI, nigrirostris. The female, according to Dr. Cantor’s notes, has the “ Iris greyish- brown. Bill yellowish-white or buff. Naked space round the eyes livid. Feet black.” 132. HypROCISSA NIGRIROSTRIS. Buceros nigrirostris, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xvi. p. 995 (1847) ; xviii. p. 803; Catal. B. Mus. A. 8. Beng. p. 44. _Hydrocissa nigrirostris, Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. EK. I. C. u. p. 593. Buceros malayanus, apud Lord A. Hay, Madras Jotrn, xiii. pt. 2. 5 NGike : Quay Quay, Malays (Cantor). Male and female obtained at Malacca. Plumage in the presumed male glossy-greenish black, including the chin and throat, which, and the underparts, are less glossy ; head adorned with a broad yellowish-white superciliary coronal circle ; tips of the four outer tail-feathers yellowish-white ; space round the eyes and basal angle of lower mandible naked, and in the dry speci- men yellowish. Presumed female as in male, excepting that the superciliary circle is represented by obscure silvery-greyish. Bill and casque blackish, “‘and in the young,” says Mr. Blyth, “ white, No. 412.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 450 the form of the casque is low, thinly compressed towards the front, and abruptly truncate anteriorly, with a longitudinal ridge on each side in old birds, occasioning a broad shallow groove above and another below it. Length about 29 inches; of wing 114 inches ; tail to tip of middle feathers 13 inches ; to tip of outer feather 103 inches ; bill from gape 43 inches ; length of casque 3 inches; height from chin to top of casque 24 inches. _ Mr. A. R. Wallace states, in a letter from Smgapore (Ann. Nat. Hist. Feb. 1855), that “ B. nigrirostris is the female of B. malay- anus, Rattles ; I satisfied myself of this fact from the dissection of about a dozen specimens shot off the same tree.” The bill and casque of B. malayanus are allied in form to the corresponding parts of H. albirostris and H. convexus, Temm ; and that of H. nigrirostris to that of the next species. We have described these birds as male and female on the authority of Dr. Cantor. 133. ANORRHINUS GALERITUS. Buceros galeritus, Temm. Pl. Col. 520. Hydrocissa galerita, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 90. Anorrhinus galeritus, Reichenbach, Syst. Av. (1849); Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. HK. 1. C. i. p. 594. Buceros carinatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 187 (1845), xvi. . 996. Quay Quay, Malays (Cantor). Colour green-glossed black, with the basal two-thirds of the tail drab-coloured, the wing-feathers slightly margined paler : head fully crested, composed of broad longish feathers. Throat naked, or merely showing two single rows of ill-developed feathers along the middle. Bill and casque black in the one sex, which seems always to have the abdominal region pale; in the other yellowish-white, with black along the summit of the casque nearly to the end, and also occupying the basal two-thirds of the lower mandible, and the tomiee of the upper one, and, according to Dr. Cantor’s MS. notes, the ‘‘iris vandyke-brown ; naked space round the eyes, and pouch black. Feet greenish-grey.”’ The casque is low, and with a keel- shaped ridge, sloping off to the front. “In a young specimen,” remarks Mr. Blyth, “the plumage is quite similar to that of the adult, but has no trace of casque, and the bill is nigrescent with a whitish ridge and tip.” Several specimens obtained at Malacca. 134. BERENICORNIS COMATUS. Buceros comatus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 339 (1822) ; Schlegel et Miller, Verh. Naturl. Gesch. Aves, p. 29. t. 4; Temm. Text. de Pl. Col. ; Hay, Madras Journ. xiii. pt. 2. p. 149; Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xvi. p. 996. t. 44. f. 2 2. Berenicornis comatus, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 91; Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 594. Buceros lugubris, Begbie, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 405. 451 A single specimen of the female obtained at Malacca. In this species the adult males have the finely plumed head, neck, breast, abdomen, tail, and tips of the wings pure white ; the remainder being black, a little tinged with brown upon the back: whereas the females have the neck, breast, and abdomen, also black. MRafties described the young male only with “back, wings, and tail, of a dark brown ; the belly of the same colour, mixed with white ; and the wing- and tail-feathers all tipped with white at their points.” Colour of the beak and casque dusky, the former laterally whitish towards its base. ‘Throat moderately well feathered. Size rather large, intermediate to B. pica and B. rhinoceros, with proportionally long and broad cuneated tail. Inhabits the Malayan Peninsula and Sumatra. 135. RHYTICEROS PLICATUS. Buceros plicatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 146 (Levaillant, Ois. d’ Afr. t. 239 3). Rhyticeros plicatus, Reichenbach, Syst. Av. (1849); Moore, Catal. Birds Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 598. Calao plicatus, Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 90. Buceros obscurus, Gmelin. Buceros undulatus, Shaw (Levaill. Ois. d’ Am. et Ind. t. 20, 21 2); Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 175. Buceros javanicus, Shaw (Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 22, jun.). Buceros javanus et niger, Vieillot. Buceros annulatus, Drapiez. Buceros pusaran, Raffies, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 293; Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 990;. xvi. p. 998. Wreathed Hornbill, Lath. Syn. i. p. 358. Adult and young male and female obtained at Pinang. “Male with the medial part of the crown and the whole occiput and nape dark rufous bay, or deep marronne, and the sides of the head and neck, with the front of the latter glistening yellowish- white ; all the other parts are greenish-glossed black, except the tail, which is buffy-white. Bill yellowish-white, the basal portion of both mandibles dark reddish-brown laterally, with a series of narrow transverse, whitish ridges, nearly similar to those of Rhyticeros cassidix ; the casque is scarcely elevated above the outline of the rest of the upper mandible, but is broad and flat above, having a series of narrow transverse plaits, the intervals between which are nearly filled up with a brownish substance, so that the profile is almost even, and towards the front is quiteso. Length above 3 feet ; of wing 19 inches ; tail 103 inches ; bill to gape 7% inches, and with casque 3 inches high, the latter nearly 2 inches broad.”’ —Cantor’s Notes. 160. MErIGLYPTES TRISTIS. Picus tristis, Horsf. Trans, Linn. Soe. xii. p. 177 (1821). _ Picus poicilophus, Temm. Pl. Col. 197. f. 1. Guato Bawan, Malays. Pinang and Malacca. 161. MEIGLYPTES BRUNNEUS. Hemicercus brunneus, Kyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106. Guiato Eram, Malays. Malacca. 162. Prcus MOLUCCENSIS. Picus moluccensis, Gmel. 8S. N. i. p. 439 (Pl. Enl. 748. f. 2). Tripsurus auritus, Kyton, Ann. N. H. 1845, p. 229. Malacca. Inhabits the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Java. As compared with the Indian species (P. variegatus, Wag]. figured in Gray’s Ul. Ind. Zool.), this has rather larger bill and feet ; the crown is darker coloured, passing to blackish, or deeply infus- cated, on the occiput and median line of nape ; the wings are shorter, and there is a difference in the barring of the tail-feathers, and in the form of the tips of the more outer ones, which in the Indian bird are more rounded, or somewhat truncated, with a slight emargi- nation at the tip of the shaft ; while in the Malayan bird they atte- nuate, and are obtusely pointed ; the white bars also assume more the appearance of transverse bands in the Malayan species, and of separated round spots in the Indian, while the outermost feather is in the former tipped with white, and the penultimate has an all but terminal white bar, both these feathers in the Indian bird being broadly black-tipped, with a more interrupted white bar above. 163. CENTROPUS VIRIDIS. Cuculus viridis, Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. (1786), Cuculus bengalensis, Gmel. 8S. N. 1. p. 412 (1788). 458 Centropus affinis 3 et C.lepidus 2, Worsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xin. p- 180. Pinang and Malacca. 164. PH@NICOPHAUS CURVIROSTRIS. Cuculus curvirostris, Shaw, Nat. Misc. t. 905. Kapo Besar, Malays. Malacca. A common species at Malacca. 165. ZANCLOSTOMUS JAVANICUS. Phenicophaus javanicus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 178 ; id. Zool. Res. in Java, t. 57. Kaka Arte, Malays. Malacca. 166. ZANCLOSTOMUS SUMATRANUS. Cuculus sumatranus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 287 Phenicophaus crawfurdii, J.E.Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 3. t. 2 Malacca. 1821). 1832). oN 167. ZANCLOSTOMUS DIARDi. Melias diardi, Lesson, Tr. d’ Orn. (1831) p. 132. Capvow Kacuie, Malays. Malacca. 168. RHINORTHA CHLOROPHAA. | 2 Cuculus chloropheus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 288 (1821). 3 Rhinortha caniceps, Vigors. 2 Coccyzus badius, J. E. Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 3. t. 1 (1832). @ Phenicophaus viridirostris, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 105. SLAyA, SEE-Saya, Malays. Pinang and Malacca. 169. PoLYPHASIA MERULINA. Cuculus merulinus, Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. (1786) ; Sonnerat’s Voy. t. 81. Cuculus flavus, Gmel. (Pl. Enl. 814). Pinang. “ Tris pale lake-colour ; legs pale orange.”—Cantor’s Notes. 170. PoLyPHASIA TENUIROSTRIS. Cuculus tenuirostris, J. E. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 34. f. 1 (1833). Pinang. 171. PoLYPpHASIA SONNERATI. Cuculus sonneratii, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 215 (1790). Cuculus pravata, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 179. Cuculus venustus, Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. et Sc. xi. pt. 2. p. 140. Malacca. 459 172. CoccysTES COROMANDUS. Cuculus coromandus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 171 (Pl. Enl. 274. f. 1). Cuculus collaris, Vieillot (Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 213). Red-winged Crested Cuckoo. Pinang. 173. SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS. Cuculus lugubris, Horsfield (Zool. Res. in Java, t. 58). Cuculus albopunctatus, Drapiez. Malayan Drongo-Cuckoo. Malacca. 174. Hirrococcyx VARIUS. Cuculus varius, Vahl (Strickland, Ann. N. H. xviii. p. 399). Cuculus fugax, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 178 (1821). Cuculus lathami, J. KE. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. t. 34. f. 2. C. nisicolor, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 943. Malacca. 175. ? CucULUS STRIATUS. Cuculus striatus, Drapiez, Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat. Cuculus micropterus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 137. Young specimens, Malacca. 176. CHryYsOcoccyYyxX MALAYANUS. Cuculus malayanus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 286 (1821). Cuculus lucidus apud Temm. PI. Col. t. 102. f. 1. Malacca. 177. EUDYNAMYS ORIENTALIS (Linn.). Adult and young, Malacca. 178. HARPACTES DUVAUCELI. Trogon duvaucelii, Temm. Pl. Col. 291 ; Gould, Monogr. Trog. oe : Trogon rutilus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 2ud ed. viii. p.313; Le Vaill. Hist, Nat. des Cour. t. 14. Harpactes duvauceli, Gould, Birds of Asia, 1859. Trogon kasumba (jun.), Raffles. Rameusa, Malays. Malacca (Cantor). Male: head and throat jet black ; breast, under-surface, rump, and upper tail-coverts fine scarlet ; back reddish cinnamon brown ; wings black, coverts and secondaries crossed by numerous white lines ; primaries margined basally externally with white ; two medial rectrices dark cinnamon brown, tipt with black; the two next blackish- brown ; the three outer being blackish-brown at the base, and largely tipt. with white. Female differs in having the head dark-brown ; back dark cinnamon-brown, lighter and suffused with scarlet on the 460 rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts crossed with ochreous lines ; under surface orange-brown, washed with scarlet on the abdomen and under tail-coverts. 179. HARPACTES KASUMBA. Trogon kasumba (adult), Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 282 1821). ee fasciatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 321. Trogon temminckii, Gould, Monogr. Trog. t. 29. Harpactes kasumba, Gould, Birds of Asia, 1856. Burone Kasumsa, Malays. Malacca. 180. HARPACTES DIARDI. Trogon diardi. Temm. Pl. Col. 541. Harpactes diardi, Gould, Monogr. Trog. t. 30. Malacca. 181. ARACHNOTHERA FLAVIGASTRA. Anthreptes flavigaster, Kyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 105. Arachnothera flavigastra, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 981; xiv. p- 997; xv. p. 43. Arachnoraphis flavigaster, Reichenbach (1854). Curicuap Rimsa, Malays (Eyton). CoLreecuap PancGone, Malays (Blyth). Curecuurp Basar, Malacca. From Malacca. Length about 8 inches; of wing 4 ; tail 2; bill to forehead 13; and tarse 4 ths. 182. ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS. Arachnothera chrysogenys, Temm. Pl. Col. 388. f. 1 (1826). Arachnothera flavigenis, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 329 (1837). Certhia longirostra, apud Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 167. Prit-Anpun, Java (Horsf.). Srap JANTUNG, Sumatra (Raffles). Remark.—A. chrysogenys and A. flavigastra are allied, but the former is much less in size, and the latter has a broad circle of yel- low feathers surrounding the eye, in addition to the ear-tuft ; whereas A. chrysogenys is naked under the eye, and has a semicircle of yei- low feathers above it. 183. ARACHNOTHERA MODESTA. Anthreptes modesta, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 105. Arachnothera modesta, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 981. Arachnothera latirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 982 (1843). Cuicuar Niro, Malays (Eyton). Upper-parts bright yellowish olive-green, the lower pale ashy- green, and obscurely striated ; lower tail-coverts tipped with whitish ; 461 tail with a subterminal dusky band, all but the medial two pairs having a well-defined pure white spot near the extremity of the outer web, successively larger to the outermost. Bull dusky-brown, pale below. Feet yellowish. Length 6 inches ; of wing 27; middle rectrices 13 inch, the outermost feore 3 less; bill to forehead 12 inch ; tarse 5 inch. Malacca. 184. AXTHOPYGA SIPARAJA. 3 Certhia siparqa, Raftles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 299 (1822); Vigors, Mem. Rafiles, p. 673. Nectarinia siparqja, Jardine, Nat. Libr. Nect. pp. 235, 273. Nectarinia mystacalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 126. f.3 6; Miiller, Verh. Naturl. Gesch. Ned. Ind. Zool. Aves, p. 54. pl. 9. f. 192. 3 Nectarinia lathami, Jardine, Nat. Libr. Nect. pp. 233, 268 1842). Sipa-Rajsa, Sumatra (Rafiles). Sir Stamford Raffles in his description of this species evidently omitted describing the rump as yellow. This I find is the case upon examining a typical drawing from his collection, and also specimens before me from Pinang. Jardine’s description of N. lathami certainly agrees with this spe- cies, both in the colour of the crown, and deep yellow of the rump, and in the gradation of the tail-feathers ; but I have still some doubt about Temminck’s N. mystacalis. Pinang. 185. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS. Certhia malaccensis, Scopoli, Del. Flore et Faune Insub. (1786) ; Sonn. Voy. pl. 116. f. 1. Anthothreptes malaccensis, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 104. Certhia lepida, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. pl. 35 (1787). Nectarinia lepida, Temm. Pl. Col. 126. f. 1, 2. Nectarinia javanica, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 167 (1820). Cinnyricincla gavanica, Reichenbach (1854). PrIT-GANTIL, Java (Horsf.). From Malacca and Pinang. Inhabits the Burmese and Malay countries, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Macassar (Wallace). 186. ANTHREPTES HYPOGRAMMICA. 3 Nectarinia hypogrammica, Miller, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Ind. Zool. Aves, p. 63. pl. 8. f. 3 (1839-44). 2 Anthreptes macularia, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 107 (1842). 3 Anthreptes nuchalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 980 (1843). Hypogramma nuchalis, Reichenbach (1854). Upper parts rich dark olive-green; the tail dusky, its outer feathers successively more broadly margined with whitish, chiefly on their inner webs; base of hind-neck and the upper tail-coverts (of the male only) brilliant steel-blue ; under-parts streaky, each 462 feather being broadly marked with dark olive-green along the middle, and laterally margined with pale sulphur-yellow, brightest on the belly. Bull dedse brown. Legs leaden-colour. Leng about 53 inches ; of wing 22; tail 12; bill to forehead above £; and but little curved ; and tarse 2 2 cack From Pinang. Inhabits the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. 187. CyRTOSTOMUS FLAMMAXILLARIS. Nectarinia fammacillaris, Blyth, J.A.S. Beng. xiv. p. 557 (1845); xv. p. 370. Nectarinia jugularis apud Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 979. Male. Colour of the upper-parts dull olive-green, brightening a little on the rump; beneath moderately bright chrome-yellow ; and the axillary tuft intense yellow, with flame-colour anteriorly ; throat and front of neck very dark glossy purple, margined laterally and at the gorget with bright steel-purple, below which is a narrow cross- band of dark red. Female. Colours similar, except in wanting the axillary tuft, and having the throat and fore-neck yellow, like the rest of the lower- parts. ‘Tail blackish, its outermost feathers tipped with pure white, this SHOE decreasing in quantity on the two or three next. Length 41; wing 24; tail 12; bill to forehead 3; tarse 4 inch. A presumed young male has the chin and middle of neck to breast dark glossy purple, with a few steel-blue feathers laterally from the chin, the sides of the neck from base of bill being yellow ; no flame- coloured axillary tuft. From Pinang. Also inhabits Arracan and Tenasserim. 188. LeEPTOCOMA HASSELTI. Nectarinia hasseltii, Temminck, Pl. Col. 376. f.3; Jardine, Nat. Libr. Nect. pp. 218, 262. pl. 22; Miller et Schlegel, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. Aves, p. 59. pl. 10. f.59. Leptocoma hasselti, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 104. Certhia brasiliana, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 257. Certhia sperata apud Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 298. Nectarinia phayrei, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xi. p. 1008 (1843). CuIRICHIT, CHECHAP seu SiAp, Sumatra (Raffles). Male. Crown brilliant golden-green ; cheeks, sides and back of neck, interscapularies, and wings, deep black; tail also black, but richly glossed with purple ; scapularies, rump, and upper tail-coverts brilliant steel-blue ; throat and fore-neck splendid amethystine- purple ; breast and “flanks anteriorly rich dark red, posteriorly with the vent and under tail-coverts dull greyish-black. Female. Upper-parts including the shoulder and upper tail- eoverts dull olive-green ; crown tinged with grey ; wings dusky- black, the larger range of wing-coverts margined with grey, the primaries with cimnamon-yellow ; tail blue-black ; cheeks, throat, 463 and breast, dull greenish-yellow ; abdomen and under tail-coverts pale yellow, the abdomen more or less tinged with dark chrome- yellow. Length 32 inches; wing 14 inch; tail 11 inch; bill to forehead 4 inch. Obtained plentifully at Pinang and Malacca. Also inhabits Borneo, Sumatra, Tenasserim, and Arracan. 189. CHALCOPARIA PH@NICOTIS. ee phenicotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 108. f.1 3. 388; f. 29 RS 2p): Anthreptes phenicotis, Blyth, J. A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 979 (1843) ; RAV O07 Nectarinia cingalensis, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 99. Chaleoparia cingalensis, Cabanis, Catal. B. Mus. Heine, p. 103. ? Motacilla cingalensis, Gmel. S, N. i. p. 964 (Brown’s Ill. pl. 32). Male. Upper-parts glossy bronzed-green, including the crown and wing-coverts ; upper tail coverts glossy-green, without the bronzing ; rest of the wings and tail dusky, the latter margined exteriorly with shining-green, and the secondaries and tertiaries with faint purple ; throat, fore-neck, and breast, light-ferruginous ; the rest of the under-parts bright yellow ; ear-coverts amethystine, passing into ruby-red on the sides of the neck, and separated from the hue of the throat by a stripe of glossy purple; bill dull black ; legs greenish. Female. Upper-parts glossless olive-green, tinged with grey ; throat and breast as in male, but paler; under-parts dull greenish- yellow ; wings and tail margined with aureous-green. The young resemble the female, except in the more downy texture of their feathers, and the chestnut colour of the throat and breast is reduced to a slight tinge. Male, female, and young from Malacca. Inhabits the Burmese and Malay countries. 190. PRIONOCHILUS PERCUSSUS. Pipra percussa, Temminck, Pl. Col. 394. f. 2. Prionochilus percussus, Strickl. P. Z.S. 1841, p. 29. Diceum ignicapillum, Eyton, P. Z.S8. 1839, p. 105. Natow, Malays (Eyton). Adult male. Upper parts dull lavender-blue, the lower parts bright yellow, passing to whitish on the lower tail-coverts ; a large igneous-red spot on the vertex, and another along the centre of the breast ; a white streak from the side of lower mandible, divided from the yellow of the throat by another of lavender-blue. Primaries narrowly margined with pale lavender-blue, secondaries with olive- green, and the tertiaries with dull lavender-blue. Bull black above, more or less whitish beneath, legs lead-coloured. Young male. Upper-parts as in adult, but intermixed throughout with olive-green, igneous spot on vertex smaller and less bright ; 464 wings margined with olive-green ; white streak from lower mandible and under-parts paler and duller coloured, the igneous spot smaller. Female. Olive-green above, paler and more yellowish below, with ale yellow along the throat, and darker yellow along the breast ; streak from bill whitish. Coronal spot igneous-yellow. In both sexes the axillaries and under wing-coverts are pure white. Length about 34 inches; wing 2 to 2% inches; tail 14 inch; bill to gape ;2;; and tarse 3 inch. Pinang and Malacca. Common. 19]. PRIONOCHILUS MACULATUS. Pardalotus maculatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 600. f. 3. Prionochilus maculatus, Strickl. P. Z. 8. 1841, p. 29. Adult. Upper-parts olive-green, the igneous coronal spot pale ; lores dull whitish ; a whitish streak from base of lower mandible separating another of olive-green from the yellowish-white of the middle of the throat ; under-parts yellow, brightest along the middle, and streaked laterally with olive-green. Avxillaries and under wing- coverts pure white. Size of P. percussus. From Pinang and Malacca. Also inhabits Borneo. 192. BuTRERON CAPELLII. Columba capellei, Temm. Pl. Col. 143; Knip. et Prev. Pig. t. 38. Vinago capellei, Cuv. Rég. Anim. i. p. 492 (1829). Toria capellei, Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xiv. p. 848. Vinago giganteus, Vigors, Zool. App. Mem. Raffles, p. 674. Treron magnirostris, Strickland, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, p. 115. Butreron capellii, Bonap. C. G. Av. il. p. 9. From Pinang. : In this species the beak is lengthened by the prolongation of its soft and tumid basal portion, becoming, as remarked by Mr. Strick~ land, “‘ almost vulturine in form.”’ Iris blackish-brown ; bill pale yellow ; feet pale orange.—Cantor, MS. Note. 193. TRERON NIPALENSIS. Toria nipalensis, Hodgson, Asiat. Res. xix. p. 164. t. 9, fig. (1836) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 847. THorta (i. e. beaked), Nepal (Hodgson). Krocna, Malays (Blyth). Poonat Canto-ara, Malacca (Cantor). Green, yellowish beneath and towards the tail ; crown ash-coloured ; mantle of the male, deep marrone-red, and a faint tinge of fulvous on the breast ; primaries and their larger coverts black, the latter margined with yellow; middle tail-feathers green, the rest with a blackish medial band, and broad grey tips ; lower tail-coverts cinna- mon-coloured (more or less deep) in the male ; subdued white, marked with green in the female. Bill greenish-white, with a large vermilion spot occupying the membrane at the lateral base of the 465 mandibles ; legs also vermilion ; irides deep red-brown, with a blue inner circle ; orbital skin bright green. Length 102 by 17 inches; closed wing 53 inches. Inhabits the central and lower hilly regions of Nepal, and more abundantly those of Assam, and Arracan, spreading southwards to the Tenasserim Provinces and Malayan Peninsula. It also occurs, says Mr. Blyth, in the hilly districts of Bengal, but rarely strays into the plains, though specimens are occasionally met with even near Calcutta. 194. OsmMOTRERON VIRIDIS. Columba viridis, Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. p. 94 (1786); Pl. Enl. 138; Sonn. Voy. t. 64, 65. Columba vernans, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 789 (1788); Horsfield, Raffles. Treron vernans, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 851; Mosley et Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 30. Osmotreron vernans, Bonap. C. G. Av. ii. p. 12. Col. purpurea, Gmel. (Brown’s Ill. pl. 18). Kate ¢, Jowan 9, Java (Horsf.). Poonat Crocut, Malays (HKyton). Povye, Malays (Blyth). Malacea and Pinang. Common. 195. OSMOTRERON OLAX. 3 Columba olax, Temm. Pl. Col. 241; Knip, et Prev. Pig. t. 12. Osmotreron olax, Bonap. C. G. Av. i. p. 15. SemBoan, Malays. Malacca. Male. The whole head, nape, throat, flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts ash-colour, palest on the forehead and throat; mantle very dark marroon ; wings black, the larger coverts margined with yellow ; tail ashy-black, each feather, except the two medial, with a pale tip ; breast with a buff-orange patch, passing to green along the middle of the abdomen; tarsal plumes, vent, and under tail-coverts dark cinnamon, mingled on the former with ashy. Female. Differs in having the forehead and crown only ash coloured ; the upper parts being dark green, and the medial rectrices above wholly green, with the two next also greenish basally along the outer web ; throat pale ashy, passing to yellowish-green on the breast and middle of abdomen, the sides of the latter, below the ashy flanks, being dark green; tarsal plumes, vent, and under tail- coverts cinnamon-white, mingled on the two former with dark green, the latter dusky along the shafts. Length about 8 inches, of wing 5 inches, tail 3 inches. 196. RAMPHICULUS JAMBU. Columba jambu, Gmel.S. N. i. p. 784 (1788) ; Temm. Pig. t. 27, 28; Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 316. No. 413.—PRoOcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 466 Poonat JAmBoo, Sumatra (Marsden; Raffles). Poonar Gapine@, Malays (Eyton; Cantor). From Pinang and Malacca. Adult male. Head deep crimson, this “oloue extending fon the front to the middle of the crown, behind the eyes, and across the ear- coverts to lower part of the throat; a cinnamon-black stripe down the throat ; hind part of the head, nape, and whole upper parts dark green, but with a buffy caste of plumage; primaries black, their outer webs dark greenish; secondaries and tips of primaries nar- rowly margined exteriorly with buffy-white; tail green, exterior feathers with the inner webs black, the whole with a broad pale ter- minal band; hind part of ear-coverts, sides, and front of neck pure white, passing to buffy-white along the sides of the breast and whole of abdomen, the middle of the breast being of a beautiful suffused- pink colour ; flanks and axillaries greyish-green ; under tail-coverts deep cinnamon. Female. Wholly green, with the crimson of the head and gular stripe very dull and pale; abdomen mingled green and buff; under tail-coverts paler. Young male. Head and sides of throat greyish-green, gular stripe dark cinnamon ; breast mingled green and pink ; abdomen and under tail-coverts buff-white. A still younger specimen is like the female, but has no trace of crimson about the head; the throat being pale cinnamon-brown, Length of adult about ¥ inches ; of wing 53; tail 33 inches. 197. CARPOPHAGA SYLVATICA. Columba sylvatica, Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1. p.581 (1833). Carpophaga sylvatica, Blyth, Journ. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 856; Ann. N. H. xix. p. 52; Bonap. C. G. Av. p. 33; G. R. Gray, List of Columb. Brit. Mus. p. 17. Carpophaga enea of India, Auctorum. Pinang. “Tris and tarsus palpebrarum and feet crimson ; bill pale crimson, apex light grey.” 198. MyRrisTICIVORA BICOLOR. Columba bicolor, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Ins. p. 94 (1786); Sonn. Voy. t. 103. Myristicivora bicolor, Reichenbach, Bonap. C. G. Av. ii. p. 36. Carpophaga myristicivora (Scop.), G. R. Gray. Oolumba alba, Gmelin. Columba litoralis, Temm. Pig. t. 7. “Tris blackish-brown. Tarsus palpebrarum cobalt. Bill cobalt, apex of mandibles black. Feet cobalt.” Province of Wellesley. 199. GEOPELIA STRIATA. Columba striata, Linn.S. N.i. p. 282 (1767); Edw. Birds, pl. 16. Columba malaccensis, Gmelin. 467 Columba bantamensis, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. iii. t. 67 ; Horsfield et Raffles. Katitrran, Sumatrans (Raffles). Pinang. 200. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA. Columba indica, Linn. S. N.i. p. 284 (1767); Edw. B. pl. 14. Columba javanica, Gmel. 8. N. 1. p. 781; Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 183; Raffles, id. p. 317. Columba ceruleocephala, Gmel. Columba superciliaris, Wagler, Syst. Av. Col. sp. 80. Monornis perpulchra, Hodgson. Chalcophaps augusta, Bonap. C. G. Av. ii. p. 92. Taxoat et Poonar TAnna, Malays. From Pinang and Malacca. Identical with Indian and Javanese specimens. “Tris dark brown; bill light scarlet; feet pale lake.’’—Cantor’s Notes. 201. TuRTUR TIGRINUS. Columba tigrina, Temm. Pig. t. 43 (1808) ; Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 183. Turtur tigrinus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. pp. 263, 480. Turtur chinensis (pt.), Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. 1. p. 63; G. R. Gray, List of Columbee, Brit. Mus. p. 42. Dero seu Derxuxu, Java (Horsfield). Adult and young. Specimens procured at Pinang and Malacca. “This species resembles 7’. suratensis,’ says Mr. Blyth, ‘but wants the pale vinaceous spots on the scapularies and wings, whilst it retains the black mesial streaks, which are wanting in 7’. chinensis, Scop. (Sonn. Voy. t. 102): there is also much less ash-colour on the wings than in 7’. suratensis, but it is of the same size as the latter, or much smaller than 7. chinensis (which last has also deep ash- coloured lower tail-coverts).”’ 5. REMARKS ON THE Hasirs or A HerrinG Guu (Larus ARGENTATUS). By A. D. Bartuerr. In calling attention to the singular and remarkable habits of a bird of this species, permit me to give an extract from the ‘ Garden Guide’ of 1852, in order that the origin of this individual specimen may be perfectly known. “In the beginning of June 1850, a Herrmg Gull (Larus argen- tatus) hatched out her young ones in the enclosure (No. 17), which is overshadowed by two weeping ash trees. The male bird had assisted her so constantly in incubation, that his strength gave way, 465 and he died just as the young birds were chipping out of the shell. The female then became restless, left the eggs, and was only induced to resume her place for the few hours which were necessary to com- plete the hatch by the keeper having arranged the dead body of her mate in counterfeit presentment of the position he generally took up near her when not himself upon the eggs.””—Hztract from ‘ Garden Guide,’ 1852 It will, I hope, be understood that the birds so hatched in 1850 were the parents of the individual whose habits I now wish to record. This bird was one of two hatched about the latter end of May 1857, and was reared by its parents in the gardens, where it remained during the summer and autumn of that year. At the commence- ment of the winter he was in the habit of flying about (not having been pinioned), and occasionally staying away a day or two, then for a week or more, returning again generally about feeding-time, and alighting among the other gulls and feeding with them. This continued till the end of March 1858, at which time he disappeared. Nothing more was seen or heard of him until the middle of November 1858, when, to the delight and astonishment of all who knew him, he returned one afternoon at the usual time. Meeting the keeper with the box of food, he followed him to the enclosure where he was hatched, and settling down among the other gulls, took his dinner as though he had never been away, not appearing the /east shy or wild. Here he remained with his parents and the other gulls, occasionally flying off for a day or two, until the beginnmg of February 1859. He again departed and by many was given up for lost; others, however, thought he might again return. And on the morning of Saturday last, between eight and nine o'clock, we were gratified to behold the long-lost Gull making his way to his old quarters much improved in his appearance, having nearly completed his adult plu- mage. He immediately came down and was greeted by his old friends, who evidently recognized him. He appeared fatigued and hungry : I sent for some food, and he came boldly towards us, and fed almost from the hand. As soon as his appetite was satisfied, he walked about, quite at home among the other gulls. Since Saturday I have seen him flying now and then over the Gardens and Park, but returning after a short flight. In conclusion, I beg to say I am indebted to one of the Society’s most careful and very intelligent keepers (B. Misselbrook) for some of the facts which have enabled me to bring before you these very interesting particulars. 6. ON THE MOST EFFICIENT MEANS OF PRESERVING THE EGes or BIRDS IN ORDER THAT THEY MAY BE AFTERWARDS HATCHED. By A. D. BAartuertt. I believe there are but few persons who are quite satisfied by seeing and examining the dried skins and feathers of birds. The great desire, therefore, to see, or to possess, in a living state, 469 these wonderful and generally beautiful creatures, has led me to consider the possibility of preserving their eggs for a sufficiently long period to allow of their being brought from distant places and after- wards hatched. We might thus be able to obtain some of the more delicate species, and many perhaps that a long sea voyage would prevent our obtaining by any other means. The mere keeping fresh and sweet the eggs of birds has been ac- complished in many ways: for instance, they will keep for a long period imbedded in lime and water, or in fat or salt; but by these means the vitality is destroyed. It appears to me, therefore, to be essentially necessary, not only to prevent evaporation, but also to keep the texture and surface of the shell in its pure and perfect con- dition. To accomplish this object the eggs must be newly laid, or nearly so, and the following is the best method of preserving them. Obtam the gut of any animal whose intestine is large enough to admit the egg intended to be preserved, and, having carefully cleaned the gut and rendered it free from fat, dry it as much as possible in powdered chalk or other earthy matter. Pass the egg into the gut, tying it close to the shell at both ends of the egg, and hang it up in a cool, dry place until it is quite dry. Two, three, or more eggs can be tied in the same gut like a string of beads, or they can be tied separately. When thoroughly dry, they may be packed up in a box with oats, wheat, or any other dry grain or seeds, until the box is quite full. The object in having the box full is for the great con- venience of turning the eggs. This is accomplished by turning the box bottom upwards, which should be done occasionally. Thus the whole of the eggs may be effectually turned with very little trouble. The eggs thus packed must be kept in a dry, cool place, and ought not to be taken out or unpacked before the means are at hand for hatching them. Upon wishing to place them under a hen, or other- wise, if the dry gut be cut with a sharp knife, it will peel off without in any way injuring the shell of the egg. I was successful in hatching and rearing the young from some eges kept three months in this manner, and I have no doubt that under favourable cireumstances they may be kept for a longer period. 7, ON THE REPTILES AND FIsHES COLLECTED BY THE Rev. H. B. Tristram 1n NortHernN Arrica. By Dr. A. GUNTHER, For. Memes. Zoou. Soc. (Pisces, Pl. IX.) A small collection of Reptiles and Fishes, made by the Rev. H. B. Tristram in the Desert, southwards of Algeria and Tunis, and kindly forwarded by him for my examination, has served to give va- luable information on the southward extent of several known species, and proves to contain two others new to science. The collection is composed of twelve Reptiles and two Fishes, most of the species being represented by several specimens. 470 REPTILIA. 1. Chameleo vulgaris. 7. Scincus officinalis. 2. Tarentola mauritanica. 8. Gongylus ocellatus. 3. Uromastix spinipes. 9. Seps tridactylus. 4. Agama colonorum. 10. Coronella cucullata. 5. Lacerta ocellata. 11. Rana esculenta. 6. Zootoca deserti, n. sp. 12. Bufo viridis. Pisczs. 1. Haligenes tristrami, n.sp. 2. Cyprinodon dispar. I first proceed to give descriptions of the new species. ZOoTOCA DESERTI, Gthr. Diagnosis.—The posterior portion of the vertical shield very nar- row, the width of the interorbital space being one-third only of that of the superciliary plate. Twelve longitudinal series of rhombic ventral shields. Above greenish-blue, reticulated with black. Hab. N’Goussa, oasis between Waregla and the M’zab Country, Southern Sahara. Description.—This species may be readily distinguished from all the other Lacerte and Zootoce by its very narrow interorbital space. 1. The rostral is obtusely conical. 2. The nostril is formed by three plates: the superior nasal, which forms a suture with its fellow behind the rostral, the first upper labial, and a single small posterior nasal. 3. There are three frontal plates, a single anterior one, six- sided, broader than long, with a longitudinal impression, and a pair of posterior ones. 4. The vertical is cuneiform, its anterior portion being broadest, with a longitudinal impression ; it tapers posteriorly, and is very narrow between the orbits. 5. The occipital region is covered by two pairs of plates, one pair behind the other ; there is a small plate in the centre of their meeting angles ; the plates of the anterior pair are triangular, those of the posterior quadrangular. 6. The roof of the orbit is formed by a pair of semi-elliptical super- ciliaries, in front of which is a small triangular plate ; the orbital margin itself is bordered by two series of very small scales. 7. One loreal and one ante-orbital, the latter being bent on the upper surface of the head, but not reaching to the vertical. The lower eyelid is opaque and covered by very minute scales. ‘There is a long, low, triangular plate below the eye (suborbital), interrupting the series of the upper labials. 8. Four upper labials before, and four much smaller ones behind the sub-orbital. 9. Six lower labials ; the chin- shields are arranged as usually in the species of this genus, without showing any peculiarity. 10. The upper portion of the cheeks is granular, like the back ; the lower is covered with small plates. The collar-fold is shallow, and formed by scales of moderate size ; a very indistinct groove reaches from one ear to the other across the throat. The upper and lateral parts of the extremities and of the body are granular; the ventral shields are nearly regular rhombs- and arranged in twelve longitudinal series. The space between the 471 symphysis and the vent is covered by rhombic scales, the medial series of which contains the largest, the posterior being as large as one of the ventral shields. The series of femoral pores meet at a right angle. The fore-leg reaches to the extremity of the snout, if laid forwards, —the hind-leg nearly to the ear. The ground-colour is bluish-green, the upper parts being reticu- lated with black ; whitish spots appear on the hind-legs ; the lower side white. inches. lines. Distalmengting 526 Wee ht otk Go cemsecthaeee ata oS Distance between the extremity of the snout and the tympanuii oon Sete este, elec sin OF 25 Distance between the tympanum and the vent .. 1 3 Weng thy of te ptailiy. .» WAIT. 6s. ee. ©. 4 Ae 6s. EET ROXOV 6s. ap Olle 6s. » XXVII. 1859 S. ee cecses coven Svo. 2 vols. Part II. a Niet apt 6s. aR teres aie 6s. . 26 vols. 1847. 1 vol. Svo...6s. 1848. $5 ...08. 1849. a ++ 0S. 1850. ns .. 68. 1851. ss ...6s. 1852. ne ...68. 1853. “ ...68. 1854. a ...68. 1855. x 2.08. 1856. x ..-0S. 1857. Ms ...68. 1858. wi 2.08. Part We -ee2ss Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, with Ilustra- tions. 1849, containing 28 Plates 1850, a 1851, eb 1852, is 1853, a 1854, EY 1855, iS 1856, 5 1857, 39 1858, es 1859, Part I. oy) 23 II. 8vo. 10 vols. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 3 vols. and 6 parts. Vol. I., containing 59 Plates Vol. II., ue Vol. IIL., Ss Vol. IV., Part 1, 33 b) DP On Pd Ge bO co 39 Og ak Price 1 7 6 OST. 0) ta Maley an malienaed beh alias, (0) BY he a @ i OW, Pee E bey iO) Say alia aye BR al ean fe) BRE edna 2) (0) » O16 0 BO WS © Ato. EDN Oh, ... Price 4 18 O {yeh SOs Oe 6 5) ab UM © O12 6 en eres 140) OMS" 20 egies aime 2 (0) eeute Lia eel: (0) avo AaeO 3 The “ Transactions ”’ contain the following articles :— Vou. I. 1885. . On the M’Horr Antelope. By E. T. Bennett, Esq. . On the Nervous System of Beroé Pileus, Lam.; and on the Structure of its Cilia. By Robert E. Grant, M.D. ; , Observations on the Laws which appear to influence the Assumption and Changes of Plumage in Birds. By William Yarrell, Esq. F.L.S. & ZS. . On the Structure and Characters of Loligopsis, and Account of a new Species (Lol. guttata, Grant) from the Indian Seas. By Robert E. Grant, M.D. . On the Characters and Description of a new Genus of Carnivora, called Cynictis. By W. Ogilby, Esq., A.M. . On the Chinchillide, a Family of Herbivorous Rodentia, and on a new Genus referable to it. By E. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S., See. Z.S. . On the Sacculated Form of Stomach as it exists in the Genus Semno- pithecus, F. Cuv. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S. . Description, with some additional particulars, of the Apteryx Australis of Shaw. By William Yarrell, Esq., F.L.S. & Z.S. . On the Anatomy of the Sepiola vulgaris, Leach; and Account of a new Species (Sep. stenodactyla, Grant) from the Coast of Mauritius. By Robert EH. Grant, M.D. - On a new Genus in the Family of Corvide. By Mr. John Gould, F.L.S. Communicated by the Secretary. . Characters and Descriptions of several new Genera and Species of Coleopterous Insects. By the Rev. F. W. Hope, A.M. . Observations on the Neck of the Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridac- tylus, Liu. By Thomas Bell, Esq., F.R.S. . On the Anatomy of the Concave Hornbill, Buceros cavatus, Lath. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S. . Description of a new Genus of Acanthopterygian Fishes. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, B.A., Corr. Memb. Z.S. . On the Anatomy of the Cheetah, Felis jubata, Schreb. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S. . Notice of a Mammiferous Animal from Madagascar, constituting a to) 3 to} new form among the Viverridous Carnivora. By EH. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S. . Descriptions of some new Species of Cuvier’s Family of Brachiopoda. By W. J. Broderip, Esq. . On the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda ef Cuvier, and more especially of the Genera Terebratula and Orbicula. By R. Owen, Esq., F.Z.S. . Some account of the Maneless Lion of Guzerat. By Capt. Walter Smee, of the Bombay Army, F.Z.S. . Description of a new Species of the Genus Hurylaimus of Dr. Hors- field. By Mr. John Gould, F.LS. . A few Remarks tending to illustrate the Natural History of two An- nulose Genera, viz. Urania of Fabricius and Mygale of Walcke- naer. By W.S. Macleay, Esq., F.Z.S. &ce. . Descriptions of some new Species of Calyptreide. By W. J. Brode- rip, Esq. 23. On the Anatomy of the Calyptreide. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S. 24. On the Structure of the Heart in the Perennibrauchiate Batrachia. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S. . On the Young of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Blum. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S. IN, bo mw 6. 4 . Notes on the Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Blum. By Dr. G. Bennett. . Description d’un nouveau Genre de Mollusques de la Classe des Gastéropodes Pectinibranches. Par E. Riippell, M.D., Memb. Ext. L.S. & Z.8. 3. On Clavagella. By W. J. Broderip, Esq. . On the Anatomy of Clavagella, Lam. By Richard Owen, Ksq., F.R.S. & Z.S. . On Nycteribia, a Genus of Wingless Insects. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. . Some Account of Macropus Parryi, a hitherto undescribed species of Kangaroo from New South Wales. By EK. T. Bennett, Esq. . On the Genus Chama, Brug., with Descriptions of some Species ap- parently not hitherto characterized. By W. J. Broderip, Esq. 3. Characters and Description of a new Genus of the Family Melolon- thide. By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S. &e. . On a Species of Moth found inhabiting the Galls of a Plant near to Monte Video. By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S. &e. . Description of a Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S. . On the Anatomy of Linguatula Tenioides, Cuv. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & ZS. . Additional Remarks on the Genus Lagotis, with some Account of a second Species referable to it. By EK. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S., See. Z.S. . Observations on the Genus Cancer of Dr. Leach (Platycarcinus, Latr.), with Descriptions of three new Species. By T. Bell, Esq., F.R.S. . On the Osteology of the Chimpanzee and Orang-Utan. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. . On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum, Rud. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & ZS. . Description of a new Species of Tapeworm, Tenia lamelligera, Owen By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.8. . Remarks on the Entozoa, and on the Structural Differences existing among them, including Suggestions for their Distribution imtc other Classes. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S. 3. Additional Observations on Alepisaurus feroz. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A., Corr. Memb. Z.8. Vou. II. 1841. . On the Quails and Hemipodi of India. By Lieut.-Colonel William Henry Sykes. . Descriptions of a few Invertebrated Animals obtained at the Isle of France. By Robert Templeton, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.8. . On a remarkable Species of Pteropine Bat. By E. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S . Some Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of South America, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species; founded principally on the Collections obtained by Mr. Cuming and Mr. Miller. By Thos. Bell, Esq., F.R.S. . Some Observations on the Economy of an Insect destructive to Turnips. By William Yarrell, Esq. Mémoire sur une nouvelle Espéce de Poisson du Genre Histiophore, de la Mer Rouge. Par M. KE. Riippell, M.D. . On the Genus Octodon, and on its relations with Ctenomys, Blainv., and Poéphagomys, F. Cuv., including a Description of a new Spe- cies of Ctenomys. By KE. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S. 5 . On the Anatomy of the Lamellibranchiate Conchifera. By Robert Garner, Esq., F.L.S. . Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. . Mémoire sur Ies Gerboises et les Gerbilles. Par M. Fred. Cuvier. . Description of a new Genus of Mammiferous Animals from Australia, belonging probably to the Order Marsupialia. By George R. Waterhouse, Esq. . Descriptions of several new Species of Insects belonging to the Family of the Sacred Beetles. By J. O. Westwood, Ksq., F.L.S, &c. . Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Orang-Utans (Simia, Erxleben). By Richard Owen, Ksq., F.R.S. &c. . A Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira; with the principal Synonyms, Portuguese Names, and Characters of the new Genera and Species. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A. . Observations on the Genus Galictis (Bell), with the Description of a new Species. By Thomas Bell, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.R.S. &c. . On a new Subgenus of Fishes, allied to Ophidium. By William Thompson, Esq. . Description of a new Species of Antelope. By Capt. W. C. Harris. 18. Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c. . On a new Genus of Insectivorous Mammalia. By W. C. L. Martin, Ksq., F.L.S. . On the Anatomy of the Southern Apteryx (Apteryx Australis, Shaw). By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c. . Observations upon Pelagic Serpents. By Dr. Theodore Cantor. . Outlines of a Classification of the Marsupialia. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &e. 3. On the Genus Galeopithecus. By G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. . On the Skull of the North American Badger, Meles Labradoria of Authors. By George R. Waterhouse, Esq. . On the Fishes of the Dukhun. By Lieut.-Col. W. H. Sykes, F.R.S. . On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c. Vou. Ill. 1849. . Supplement to “ A Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira.” By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A. . Notes on the Birth of the Giraffe at the Zoological Society’s Gardens, and Description of the Foetal Membranes and of some of the natural and morbid appearances observed in the Dissection of the Young Animal. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c. . Notice of a fragment of the Femur ofa Gigantic Bird of New Zealand. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &e. . Monograph of the Hollow-horned Ruminants. Part I. By William Ogilby, Esq., M.A. . Description of Australian Fish. Part I. By J. Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. Description of Australian Fish. Part II. By John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. &e., Inspector of Naval Hospitals, Haslar. . Observations on the Stenochoride of New Holland, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species of that family. By the Rev. F. W. Hope, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &e. . Description of a new Genus and Species of Sponge (Huplectella Asper- gillum, O.). By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S., F.Z.8. &e. . Description of some Coleopterous Insects from Tropical Africa, belong- ing to the section Heteromera. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. 10. 11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. to 6 . Mémoire sur la Famille des Touracos, et Description de deux Espéces nouvelles. Par le Dr. Edouard Riippell. On Dinornis, an extinct genus of Tridactyle Struthious Birds, with Descriptions of portions of the Skeleton of five species which for- merly existed in New Zealand. By Professor Owen, M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8. &e. On the Anatomy ofthe Apteryx Australis, Shaw. Part II. (Myology.) By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e. . On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. (Part II.) Comparison of the Skulls of the Wombats of Continental Australia and of Van Diemen’s Land, whereby their specific distinction is established. By Pro- fessor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c. On Dinornis (Part II.) : containing Descriptions of portions of the Skull, the Sternum, and other parts of the Skeleton of the species previously determined, with osteological evidences of three additional Species, and of a new Genus, Palapteryx. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Observations on the Dodo (Didus ineptus, Linn.): an Appendix to the foregoing Memoir on the Dinornis. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. On a new Genus of the Family Lophide (les Pectorales Pédiculées, Cuv.) discovered in Madeira. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A., Corr. Memb. of the Zool. Soc. &e. On Dinornis (Part IIL.): containing a Description of the Skull and Beak of that Genus, and of the same characteristic parts of Pal- apteryx, and of two other Genera of Birds, Notornis and Nestor: forming part of an extensive series of: Ornithic remains discovered by Mr. Walter Mantell, at. Wamgongoro, North Island of New Zealand. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.8. &c. On a new Species of the Genus Apteryx. By John Gould, F.R.S., F.L.S. &e. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees {Troglodytes, Geoffroy), including the Description of the Skull of a large Species (Troglodytes Gorilla, Savage) discovered by Thomas S. Savage, M.D., in the Gaboon country, West Africa. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e. Vou. IV. Part 1. 1850. . On Dinornis (Part IV.): contaiming the restoration of the Feet of that Genus and of Palapteryx, with a Description of the Sternum in Palapteryx and Aptornis. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c. . Contributions to the knowledge of the Animal of Nautilus Pompilius. By J. Van der Hoeven. Vou. IV. Parr 2. 1852. . On the Anatomy of the Indian Rhinoceros (Rh. wnicornis, L.). By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e. On Dinornis (Part V.): contaming a Description of the Skull and Beak of a large Species of Dinornis, of the Cranium of an immature specimen of Dinornis giganteus (?), and of Crania of Species of Palapteryx. By Professor Owen, F'.R.S., F.Z.S. &c. . Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantell in the Middle Island of New Zealand, of a living specimen of the Notornis, a Bird of the Rail family, allied to Brachypteryx, and hitherto unknown to Natu- ralists, except im a Fossil state. By Gideon Algernon Mantell, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. &e. . Remarks on Notornis Mantellu. By J. Gould, F.R.S. ies) PH. 12: 13. 14. 4 Vou. LV. Part 3. 1853. . Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees (Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. IV. Description of the Cranium of an Adult Male Gorilla from the River Danger, West Coast of Africa, indicative of a variety of the Great Chimpanzee (Troglodytes Gorilla), with Remarks on the Capacity of the Cranium and other characters shown by sections of the Skull, in the Orangs (Pithecus), Chimpanzees (Troglodytes), and in different varieties of the Human Race. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c. Vou. IV. Part 4. 1857. . Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees (Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. V. Comparison of the Lower Jaw and Vertebral Column of the Troglodytes Gorilla, Tro- glodytes niger, Pithecus Satyrus, and different varieties of the Hu- man Race. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e. . Onthe Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.). 10. | By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c. On Dinornis (Part VI.): containing a Description of the Bones of the Leg of Dinornis (Palapteryx) struthioides and of Dinornis gracilis, Owen. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e. Vou. IV. Part 5. 1858. On Dinornis (Part VII.) : contaming a Description of the Bones of the Leg and Foot of Dinornis elephantopus, Owen. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c. On Dinornis (Part VIII.) : contaiing a Description of the Skeleton of the Dinornis elephantopus, Owen. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &e. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees (Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. III. Characters of the Skull of the Male Pithecus Morio, with Remarks on the Varieties of the Male Pithecus Satyrus. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c. On the Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.). Part II. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &e. Vou. IV. Partré6. 1859. . Additional Evidence relative to the Dodo. By W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., L.S., G.S., V.P.Z.8. . On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo, in the Collection of the Zoological Society of London. By H. E. Strickland, F.G.S. 17. Notice of an original Painting, including a Figure of the Dodo, in the Collection of His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, at Sion House. By W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c. 18. Monograph of the Strigide. By Dr. J. J. Kaup, Director of the Museum at Darmstadt ; Correspondmg Member. 19. On some New or little-known Species of Accipitres, in the Collection of the Norwich Museum. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S. &e. 20. Description of a New Species of the Genus Buteo from Mexico. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S., &e. 21. Description of a New Species of Owl of the Genus Ciccaba. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S., &c. PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, 11, Hanover Square, Secretary. Dee. 1859. ADVERTISEMENTS. NEW ORNITHOLOGICAL PERIODICAL. Now ready (price 6s.: Annual Subscription £1: 1s.), Nos. I. 11. Il]. & IV., completing Vol. 1., of THE IBIS, A MAGAZINE OF GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. EDITED BY PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., FELLOW OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD, SECRETARY OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, F.L.S., ETC. London: N. Trisner ann Co., 60, Paternoster Row. Paris: Fr. Kninckstecr, 11, Rue de Lille. Leipzig: F. A. Brocxuaus. New York: Winry anp Haustep, 351, Broadway. : To be completed in 12 Folio Parts, price £1: 1s. each, of which 6 are now ready, ZOOLOGICAL SKETCHES By JOSEPH WOLF. MADE FOR THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, FROM ANIMALS IN THEIR VIVARIUM. EDITED, WITH NOTES, By THE LATE D. W. MITCHELL, B.A., F.L.S. &e. &c., LATE SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. London: GRaveES AND Co., Pall Mall. Price 6d., Sewn, A GUIDE TO THE GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. By tHe Late D. W. MITCHELL, B.A., F.L.S. &c. &c., LATE SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. Third Edition, corrected according to the present Arrangement of the Gardens, By PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. London: Brappury Anp Evans, 11, Bouverie Street; and at the Society’s Gardens in the Regent’s Park. ConTENTs (continued). Page Description of a New Species of Entozoon, from the intestines of the Elephant. By W. Barro, M.D.. CEN ean Ano. Descriptions of New Shells in the Guiecion, of tL. Cuming. By G. B. Sowrrsy, F.L.S.. a . 428 Descriptions of New Univalve Shells fro om the Collections of i. Cuming and 8. Hanley. By Sytvanus HAaNuey...... 429 Exhibition of three specimens of Hybrid Ducks, obtained on the south shore of Long Island, by Daniex G. Exuior, Esq., le New Wor Ki 20a ers ci Nsie ie as)ctel tke ebitaeh ats teres olaiiets 437 Exhibition of curiously plumaged Pheasants, by Dr. Haminron, LDR /Do lies Bead Pan een ene Ma bia slbjel as aaunya.a yh 437 Description of Macandrewia and Myliusia, two new forms of Sponges), ‘By, Dr Jo by Gray, VB e7S sane 6 to 6 don, On some new or little-known Birds from the Rio Napo. By Puitip Lutiey Scuater, M.A., Secretary .......... 440) On some Hybrid Ducks bred in the Society's Gardens. By _ Puitie Luruey Sciater, M.A., Secretary ......... nn AAD List of Malayan Birds collected by Dr. Cantor, with Descrip- tions of imperfectly-known Species. By Freperic Moore 443 Remarks on the Habits of a Herring Gull (Larus argentatus). VIA DMB ARIEL DIG cr yeni) yok ceeng eee jvete Cieieiaiu 467 On the most efficient Means of preserving the Eggs of Birds in order that they may be afterwards hatched. By A. D. BAR EER ets as cies Weeds sida he oe ple ayia ee 468 On the Reptiles and Fishes collected by the Rev. H. B. Tris- tram in Northern Africa. By Dr. A. GUNTHER ...... 469 Notes on the Reptiles and Fishes of the Sahara. By Rev. H. B. Tristram, F.L.S. aS a Ayo Description of a New Species of Seniel (scan Us es from Siam, in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr Joh Grav Ve PAS ii oe ui ae 47.8 Description of a New Species of Freshwater Tortoise fon Sad By Dr. J. EK. Gray, V-P.Z.S Peat . 478 Description of some New Genera of Lithophytes, or Stony oo! phytes. By Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P.Z.S. 479 Description of a new Conchiferous Mollusk of a genus Dae dora: By ARoaUR ADAMS, WoNe eo. S one ere 487 Systematic List of the oe of ie restricted. ey SYL- vANUS HANLEY .... 487 On Two New Species of Cae ay Joan Gouy v. P. ZL. s. 493 Exhibition of specimens of Corystes cassivelaunus, and the young of Comatula rosea, by T. H. Stewart............ 494 Vielen tie eee Oey ere sine A i Ua ad sia ananno Be ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. TERMS FOR THE ADMISSION OF FELLOWS. Fri~uows pay an Admission Fee of £5, and an Annual Contri- bution of £3, or a Composition of £30 in lieu thereof; the whole payment, including the Admission Fee, being £35. Honorary, Forzien, and CorrespoNDING MEMBERS pay no contribution. PRIVILEGES OF FELLOWS. Fz.uows have personal admission to the Gardens with Two Com- panions daily. On Saturday they have the power of admitting Two Friends to the Gardens, by written Order, instead of by their per- sonal introduction; on Sunday they have the power of admitting Two Friends by written Order, in addition to Two by their personal introduction. They receive also Twenty Tickets on payment of their Annual Subscription, for the admission of Friends to the Gardens at any time. The Wire of a Feitow can exercise all these privileges in his absence. Honorary, Fore1en, and CorrRESPONDING MemBers have personal admission to the Gardens on all occasions when they are open to the Fellows. Fre.tows, Honorary, Foreren, and Corresponpinec Mem- BERS are entitled to one copy of the Scientific Proceedings of the Society on application at the Office, and are entitled to purchase the Transactions and other publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less than the price charged to the Public. They may obtain, on the payment of One Guinea annually, an Ivory TicKe7, which will admit a named person of their immediate family to the Gardens, with One Companion, daily. . They may obtain a TRANSFERABLE Ivory Ticker admitting Two Persons, available throughout the whole period of Fellowship, on payment of Ten Pounds in one sum. They may also obtain any numbex of Tickets, in anes of Twenty each for Adults or of Forty for Children, in addition to those to which they are ordinarily entitled, for the Free Admission of the Bearer to the Gardens at any time without personal introduction, by an increase of the Subscription, in the proportion of One Pound for each packet. Fellows are expected to give their names on entering the Gardens. The Gardens are open from Nine o'clock a.m. till Sunset; and the Office, where all communicatious should be addressed, from Ten till Five, and on Saturday from Ten till Two o'clock. PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Secretary. i1 Hanover Square, W. Vy nw \s 3] 2 xf vg D REN MAX >" yp = bud 2 Gye ENN. F SY) Ge se ys Es re : | sRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI salyvugl ES LIBRARIES SMITHS¢ LIBRARIES SSiaYVvVudit LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI S3IYVuysgit SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI r NVINOSHLINS SAIYVYSITLIBRARI SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN NVI NOSHLIWS \ INLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, S3INVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN AMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVUGIT_LLBRARIES ITUTION Ny ia iA all) E = 5 = 5 z O z o z Ww = 5 a8 Ww (@} a > > SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS \ aS SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN . 3RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IUVUa! “ 3 0 SO ae a z = WC e (a dae = a S PQ oe 0 WY 3% ws S So EE iD a =a feuod > < ay are | LOLILSNI _NVINOSHLINS S23 1yvugd Se LIBRARI ES, SMITHSONIAN E nau Of is # =m oO —_ ) ty, a 50 NO fi = We & S = Gly = Kam, = Ne s 2 UL 2 WY = 2 eA ae SRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI _NVINOSHLINS Sa luvugl y ‘Gy od g SMITHS( SMITHS! NVINOS!| SMITHS( a RIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS RIES RIES LIBRARIES SStYVYgIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN Gil LIBRA 0] > x INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI SAIyvygit S3tdy SJ! RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS % NVINOSHLIWS NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS aii LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN Yin, SX LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI NOLLALILSNI RIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI git LIBRARIES “ij NVINOSHLINS C ALSN Ssluvadil ws INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI INSTITUTION saruvagiy INSTITUTION i SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS S31YVy SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NVINOSHLIWS RIES LIBRARIES LIBRARIES ALSNI SJ'uvudii LIBRARIES 5 SMITHSONIAN Yugil LIBRA ¥ WS Ri ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI Ssjiuvuadl SaJiuvydi 22) NOILNLILSNI _ NVINOSHIIW —_ =} NYINOSHLINS INSTITUTION Ph SG s S3IMVUSIT INSTITUTION SAtYvegit saluvudil INST Satay ITUTION NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN gi NVINOSI wee LI NOILNLILSNE N¢ INSTITUTION LI N¢ os] N ti a ee NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION Ni Sj afdvealt INSTITUTION LI N Cay re Pie Rie Me sage "2 Pie PRP He SIM Sy Ste s : 5 y Tse : : MWe Ce rarurs : ; ee : PFO rLG pearls ee EL e c “. 4 : ae My sae . : rhe Xie meine Yn BSE a Sen rian ; LE YF PY i te z -! ad Bede ca heruran ‘ : Yor nee van see